ῒΐ  .3  (,**.)
 0  -01ῌ-2+ ῕ ῔ 




,**-  /  +3  ,**.  +*  ,+ Magma Process during the Ninokura Stage, at Towada Volcano, NE Japan
Miwa KURI῍ and Kei KURITA῍῍
The activity of Towada Volcano started about ,**,*** years ago and more than ,* eruptive episodes havebeen geologically recognized. The Ninokura scoria group, investigated in this study, is a series of pyroclastic fall
deposits (NK-a to NK-k) that erupted just after the latest caldera-forming Hachinohe pyroclastic ﬂow (+-,*** y.
b.p.). In order to understand both the deep and shallow magma processes of the Ninokura stage, we haveparticularly examined the chemistry of glass inclusions enclosed in phenocrysts, in addition to whole-rock andmineral chemistry. Glass inclusions are useful because they are considered to represent magmatic melt present at
the time of crystal growth. The bulk rock compositions of the Ninokura scoria belong to tholeiitic series. On
the other hand, the compositions of glass inclusions range from tholeiitic series to calk-alkalic series, suggesting themixing of both series magma.
The compositional change and supposed magma processes during the Ninokura stage are summarized asfollows. In the earlier stage (NK-k to NK-i), each scoria has large heterogeneity in the composition ofphenocrysts and glass inclusions, and the chemical compositions of magmas tend to be more maﬁc with time. The
compositions of glass inclusions are on a mixing line formed by the Hachinohe magma and a basaltic magma.
We interpret the compositional variation as a result of mixing of the residual felsic magma (Hachinohe) with the
newly injected maﬁc magma. In the middle (NK-h to NK-e) and later (NK-d to NK-a) stages, the compositions
tend to become SiO,-rich. The heterogeneity is minimum at the NK-h stage. The interpretation is that theresidual magma was replaced by the maﬁc magma at the time of the NK-h stage. Magma of NK-g to NK-e canbe explained by fractional crystallization. In the last stage (NK-b) remarkably SiO,-rich glass appears. It is
probably crustal melt generated by the heat of repeatedly injected basaltic magma.
Key words : Ninokura scoria, Towada volcano, glass inclusions, magma process+ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏

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3 ,,*** o:|E
K. %MN;<OA)

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XY;<) (Table +)2=> (NK-aNK-k) 189:;<9 Fig. +Z [\]^01)_ `Tabcde 

P~ Fig. ,2 Z0 (,**-) %~Q: ++ 

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q:% abcd:%X32*ῌ2/12  ¡M¢£ ¡X¤X¤¥¤[\¦§¤¨©§ª}w¦¤¦
Inst. of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic
Geology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 32*ῌ
2/12, Japan.
++-ῌ**-, «¬­«M®¯ +ῌ+ῌ+«X¤§°[\±§ªj>²³´
Division of Earth Mechanics, Earthquake ResearchInstitute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi +ῌ+ῌ+,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ++-ῌ**-,, Japan.
Corresponding author : Miwa Kuri
e-mail : kuri-m@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

368

῍ῒῑΐῌ῎ῐ ῏Table +. Summary of eruptive episodes and stratigraphy of the Towada volcano after Hayakawa (+32/)
and Kuri and Kurita (,**-).

@ A
 NK-kNK-i 

UVU

369

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NK-e 

S,()`)* xFerriz  

!"# $%&'()* NK-dNK-a +

and Mahood, +321 ; Hochstein, +33/ ; Hunter, +332 ;Laube and Springer, +332 Sy-,Hunter and Blake (+33/) . /01 2345

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3J

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E

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 UVU MZ[(\],^_(\- `&
a

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3%UVU>j( `& k lm ¯~ °&±(\S^$ (Clocchiatti and

%nop)q\,>rs\-

Massare, +32/ ; Roedder, +313 ; Watanabe et al., +33, ;t5uA (+333) . +BCOP &8*).UV

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(

S

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,ῌ ΐῒῐ῕῍῏῎ΐῒῑ῔&+ J8#9 (Table +)~ª01=&. ²q&`)8M ³.2301FGHIE &oP´3Jª}&µ¶)* t 5 uA
Loc. - / 0 1 2 +* +- +1 +3 ,+ 01BCDCBE ],^_((,**-)\-·¸`\¹%!*\- NK-a 8#9 NK-d . Loc. +E UVU KL,UVU01 E|}Sc~ &º» ¼M NK-f . Loc. - 8#9 +*Fig. +. Location of the studied area. Isopach of each Ninokura scoria eruption unit from Towada volcano is also
shown after Kuri and Kurita (,**-).

,

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370

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

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(L) !"#$%Loc. . : &'()* ,**-+ , HP. (Hayakawa, +32/)-./0123῍+ ῍4567῍-vwxy4I^Jz{|S

4vwxy,!

SEM ,{1 EDS  %$"Efz{|qr"EsZtu+ EPMA ,{1 WDS  ῍,!89et al. (+331) ,   Zt!

45b1

, mm (:+ f) ;<4=> ? @4ABC4DE  FG! ῍>HIJ45%qr"T+ 

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©L0ª £4!M4«¬ª\­WL01¤¥f-

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gp ,! XRF %qr"EsZtu+®¯° 5\0Se°ª\1£4±? vwxyz{|]῏xy}~,

  ²ῑIJ³´3µf,! T  ST`῍§9¶·¸¹dº ! Nakano

Fig. ,. Idealized columnar section of the Ninokura products after Kuri and Kurita (,**-).
the data on dispersal axis at about +* km away from inferred eruption source.

Section is based on%®¶·ST¸¹¸º»¼



 +** wt.ῌ 371

 !"^deE. Fig. - 
[Q NK-j # NK-k  + H :;-ῌ ῎ ῑ ῏ ῐ 

NK-h : S !": 6,7,&!"# $%&(Pl) '$(& (Cpx) $(& (Opx) )῍*+,-.

DE89 (Fig. -) $%& '$(& $(&W =] mm _gC W + mm _` + "/+01234 NK-f, g 5 6,7

mm _`$%& DE34 $%,& (Ol) 89  +,῍,,ῌ :; (Fig. -)

& '$(& $(&W lmntc&<

v: jc +* mm _`N7QE W=>3 ,*?+* mm @AB C DE FG

HI J:;K LMG N7OPQ R
STUVWN7OX¡ Type-a W Type-b jNK-g : $ % &  *./ mm _ g  ¢ O  £¤ (Type-a) W + mm _`HMJ ¥mnc

YZ Fig. . [ Type-a 8\

(Type-c+)  aj6,7,&2

Type-b ]^89 Type-c ]^

34j (Fig. -)

_`89:; ab Type-c c + cde3fghi: +* NK-e : *./ mm _g%¦$%&J:;K 6,7,&~0D =mm j *./ + _`jj: Type-c+ j Type-c, kQmm  \:C W}tc 6,7,&'H

Type-d?Type-i clmnWopqr§ $(&WQ¨©:kQ - _`slmntc

d!ª =Loc. 1 : «"¬­® ,**-C :

STMJuQv:;
wxyz&{|}_guK:;
NK-k῍NK-i : $%&H~0D =mm j + mm  \:C :; \ $%&

J:34H#$b ¯ :HMJ ¥mntc$%& (Type-c+) °±:;
NK-c : $%& '$(& $(&W + mm _`¢OH#$c

'$(& $(&I}|hi3

NK-b : $%& '$(& $(&W + mm _`4 v 6,7,& NK-i :N7

¢OH#$b a4²lmntc

OO HP%

\4 °±lmntb HMJ

O234  NK-i :´µ ; "MJ ¥mntc}|$"W!³

Fig. -. Representative modal compositions and whole-rock compositions of each unit. The data of NK-i?NK-kvary widely in each scoria.

¸()*¹º» ¼

372 (Type-c+, Type-g, Type-h)   

NK-b

NK-c

NK-b

NK-c  

 !"#$%& '

(



.ῌ,

 H  IJKJ4LMN
+,4STU  4V.-.

OPQKR

W+, 5"X## SiO, 67 8.
5YZ /# SiO, [\ ].

.  

.ῌ+ 

)*+,-.

YZ##> _` SiO, 4>4a QK
4 SiO, R NK-k /0 NK-i /1 SiO,

2/-3/0 wt.ῌ 4 5 67 8.9: ;NK-h 9:<
SiO,2.13/- wt.ῌ 4 5 =0#>44 ?@A

B/CD/67EFG (Fig. / a)

+,^ SiO, bcd  (Fig. / a)

NK-h)*+,4V.)efg SiO, 67hi
EFj
Fig. 0 )* k QKR

4 SiO, p FeO lmnoQKR

CaO q QKR

 oQKR4+, ?@rslt ^ SiO,
;0* wt.ῌ < u ` SiO, ;0* wt.ῌ 9v< u4 ,#4wx/0 yz k4{m0
D + #4|}J~s i4i
]4Lk4 +,

 ;Fig. 0 8< (

Gi qs M4QKR P0ktOPh_& 4|+, h)* QKR

Fig. 1lmnoQKR4 SiO,p FeO*ῌMgO q 4ST)*+,}|u!"4p
 QKRlmnoQKR+, }|u/0IIu4"W -4^ SiO, u }|u ` SiO,u IIup NOPQKR

 +,4p 

NOPQKR

SiO,  0*ῌ 

1*ῌ 9v#% 0/ῌ 9v4



4V-.4$

Type-g Oh  NK-b 4( Type-c +,Type-h 4k+"#.ῌ-  ¡῍¢£J¤U %¤¥¦§klm

n#¨sh 4 An© ª >

4V.)efg An22*33/ 4"«¬­
"X lm An21* &®>c¯¬­"#° An±0/ 4^dqk$% ST²
4U QKR4U (Fig. / b)

k+  4V.4)e '³ !"h/ ´µ4'³ !q (Fig.

Fig. .. Schematic illustration of morphologicaltypes of glass inclusions. Classiﬁcation is basedon zoning patterns of phenocrysts, distribution
patterns of glass inclusions and the relative sizeof glass inclusion to the host crystal.

2) STM4  NK-k4©

1/ 3 3* 4

An 2 23 ¶8

5"# ª(Fig. / b) NK-b k)eType-c+ 4 (Fig. .) 4 An



An2

!"#

HA4k48 >=0#( An21+321 qh (Fig. / b) NK-b lmn
NK-cµ4'³ !"#·4ST

373

Fig. /. a) Histogram of SiO, content in glass inclusions, matrix glasses and bulk rocks for each unit. The SiO,
values are recalculated for the total weight to +** wt.ῌ. The data is revised from Kuri and Kurita (+333).
b) Histogram of anorthite content of plagioclase for each unit. AnCa/(CaNa)+** in molῌ. The
data is revised from Kuri and Kurita (+333) and Hunter and Blake (+32/). The range of host plagioclases
including high SiO, glass inclusions is shown by .

,-@A./0 B

374

 (Fig. 2) 



An2+22  An122+ 

 An1+2*  An/.0* (Fig. / b)

 !"# $% Mg῍0012 &'()* +,-./0 +3331 23
456 Mg῍ ,ῌ 789*:;&<=>? (Fig. 2)

Fig. 0. CaO and FeO vs. SiO, wt.ῌ variation diagram for composition of phenocrysts, glass inclusions, matrix
glasses and bulk rocks. There are two distributions of glass composition ; i.e., the low-SiO, series and thehigh-SiO, series. None of the distributions are inﬂuenced by the e#ect of secondary crystallization,
represented by the bold arrows, in any host crystals (pl, cpx, opx). The low-SiO, series can be explained byfractional crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene.

RSTU VWVXYZ[

Mg῍

0,

2*

 

 +333)   !"#$%!&

375

NK-i k :;< =>?@A./ BC@9./

DE! F0 An

3* 0 Mg῍

1* 3G NK-i !F1-

'( )  NK-b, NK-g, NK-h !*

1. 50 Mg῍+',"#$%-&./01234 (Fig. 2) 5 (H@./I,J5"#$%  6708'9

KL (Fig. 2) MNO!./PQ BC@900

Fig. 1. FeO*/MgO vs. SiO, wt.ῌ variation diagram for composition of glass inclusions, matrix glasses and bulk
rocks in the stage of NK-k NK-i, NK-h and NK-b. Boundary between tholeiitic series (TH) andcalk-alkalic series (CA) is from Miyashiro (+31.).

376



Fig. 2. Deviation diagram of the An (core)-An (rim) in plagioclase and Mg# (core)-Mg# (rim) in pyroxene.
Mg#Mg/(MgFe)+** in molῌ.

Fig. 3. Pyroxene quadrilateral with isothermal lines by Lindsley (+32-).
line, and Mg-rich pairs are tied with dashed line.

Typical pairs are tied with continuous´῏µ¶·jkl¸¹¸º»¼w

377

EFg 67 jklml C (2**ῌ+*/*^)& j/ 



klOlno F 67 (3**ῌ+,+2*^) NK-h 
Lindsley (+32-)  +EF5 => +,+2*^

6 (Fig. 3) ῎  !"#$%& '()* +,-+,& ./-./0123 '45 6789:

0 



jklbpq]@W`-crstr>;< =>- ?*./-@AB C

uvwxyq CaῌNa z{|}~670123 =B@D& EF50123G

uvwxyq @+,it./i#

HD Mg IJK NK-e,

NK-i,

NK-j

LM7>

7> & uvwxyq

Fig. ++ 67>*

NFig. 3 OPQ '(5 RS7>50123

g 6 & uvwxyqKi

KLMTU;<T& NK-c F Ca VW

7>1& ./ig   

& NK-c, NK-e, NK-g F Fe VW& NK-i F*ῌ{;<# KD RS7>

Mg WX& NK-i, NK-j, NK-k F Fe WX

+,iLM7>xyq-./iLM7>xyq=> NFig. 3 OY)Q NK-i Z*[ \]

T rT ¡rW`*K¢£T 3/*^

6& _L7>W` Ana3*῍¤¥¦ \T¡- (Fig. 2) -§1 => ¨©

Fig. 3D-bEF5-EC5

=B
Fig.

Tª& « ] K¬ D& NK-b, c, e, i, j +* 67 U;<T]@& c5ῌd e

G­ kfg-@6 h@+,i ECg& ./i

NFig. ++ O²)Q& NK-h - NK-g #$g KD (³



(KD)

-..

D]®¯°±ZO

Fig. +*. Minimum and maximum temperature estimated using pyroxene geothermometer of Lindsley (+32-) for
each unit.

¹º

378

(KD) /./

 + 

»b ¼
qLrs8tuGvwMN;xy !"# +    NK-b

$rstuGvwM/U(zG(UTM{|  Type-b y}y}: (Fig. 1) !"#$rs~(KD) -..

!"#$%& Ca ῌ Na '()* , h@8; (Fig. 0, Fig. 1) o

Type-c+, Type-g, Type-h (Fig. .)  , +(,-./0 & SiO, !"#$rswutuGvw
M*y /mm8 2ῌ 8 -.ῌ



8 2ῌ
1 



8 0ῌ῎$ +./ῌ N0 ooN $ NK-h U

1ῌ+ 

"60!"#$rs> r67

s U"q> F An

89: ;:<8= : >= ?@12345 KD (Fig. ++) 00F Mg῍/D5> ῎AB

DEFG(HIJKLMN$W@rs>:n  F SiO, !

7OP< + kb, . wt.ῌ 67QR KDC/./ "#$X!"#rstuGvwM/KDC-.. 

FG(HIJKL/&STU

LMN 7OP

U(zG(UTM{|y}?y}` t< , kb, 0 wt.ῌ 67QRVW (Sisson anduGvwMsl+l/U(zG(UTM

Grove, +33-) Sisson and Grove (+33-) XYZ F

sl+lN?o ¡@¢G(UTJKLMN
N% KD > ,.*7[\]N< ,* kb ^_£¢rs¤fy@:¥`¦§N;

bcd&G(U¨]N ¢£!"#$rs X ῎

TJKLM8e@% fghijkl©(w CaῌNa 3ª4% «E¬­+la@76mN:no8*p0®¯°±²}l+l-³´#µ¶ (Fig. +,)1ῌ,

N;` a 

NK-kNK-i ; ¢X¢', ¢·v¸Fig. ++. Molar Ca/Na plot of glass inclusion and the host plagioclase in Ninokura scoria. Slopes of continuouslines show exchange equilibrium coe$cient KD between plagioclase and melt (Sisson and Grove, +33-).

¶ ·n¸¹º»010?@¼ 

379/tu CD (Sparks et al., +311)-

 !"#"!$%&NK-h ; 4+ , - ./ 0102 4| '(  '()*

$3,456 7 89:;(KD) -.. <=>(?@ABCDE  F '(G/'GE  
D010 C G- EElm

HIJD KLM NG(O 010

Qp'(  |*PB PQ'/EPRSBCD- NK-k C xyz }~BC/010$ ¡'/PT U VPW SiO,

X01 wt.

tu CD- ECE¢£g42 !¤¤:P¥

ῌ YZ[ $\J8 ]:P^_JD- ]:`ab c

QJDE ]:x`abg +,+2*e W`$\JE

d4 CD`a 2**e f`ghD (Fig. +*)- E4¦i 8 ]: jkQ'/lmno$4/ 'P8©JD- KD P /./ VCYZ4P2*ghD- 89:῍ "§$\Jj¨/010 Xlmp010[ pqPr s.C/

U C §5ª  010PF «gG/EP

tuD v'wJG- EC E xyz\BCD-

 {/|010}~Ph>( 

P

"¬( 89:q

lmp010L hG O a$3,

Pc C7 ²P³BGE$"$'(r sU P $B

tu6D 8©´µ'( 010g)*ghDE ­®q¯g°± Fig. +,. Schematic illustration of the magma system with temporal development in the Ninokura stage. In theearlier stage (NK-k to NK-i) basaltic magma was supplied into a magma chamber that had been ﬁlled with the
Hachinohe magma (the residual magma). In the middle stage (NK-h to NK-e) the residual magma was
replaced by the supplied basaltic magma and a part of the supplied magma was evolved and heated the crust.
In the last stage (NK-b) crustal melting started.

yLDzM ¼

380

 



   ++.1ῌ

67  7q ]^,!  '(',

W8Y '('\P1RS+ 02  (Fig. -)   !"#$%

CW

o_` ! &   '('% )*2ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏*H  NOP !abc"#CT+,
NK-g ; ῍"#$-./ NK-h  

0'(' 1    2 5 NK-h 34 dM:;|ef!'('\PCv
 >?@A$B d#e@#dSBjk67

 34  '(''('

678 , 9:, ;  <=>?

3# :;|4| gXY4 / @A$BC D ! = "#E=$4

'(' hi'(' (2**c) 

%&++67 , 9'(''F  34gXY4
(+,+2*c)NK-e ; (:, NK-h + NK-g

)G *H"# SiO, I+JKL++*,M  NOP',W8-: "#$.

SiO, 

M  UV/ '('XY=2

Z

8 :;|.|
/

'('

jkCL,++  '(' :;|h xj{ | gXY4 / '(' >p?@"#$ x3** &{! SiO, I+++ & 4  QR@!8=STUVC,   '(

d#e@#dSB

[4U SiO, +NOP

!"# >gXY4 '(' hi! C, :;|4| hef!
i!kCl81 k, 7>m ef
78 pk7"#Cf



NK-b ; ῍"#$"#[@ , 9(#\9 g'('XY e8q4

]F ^_ ]01 -

 C,  "#67 , 9'(''F 
  3 4   U Ca ῌ Na  # ) C  , ( #  \(Type-b) >?@A$B"# !  Housh and

Z

Hno

!8 :;|4|"#Uo7pk`rst4 :;|.|'('!8k 2 '(' uv>p&w- :;|h| NK-b

 uv>p@LZ 

Luhr (+33+) V&` ab'('V&+,+**c %& 2CaῌNa #)C,(#\ (Type-c+, g, h) d#e@#dSB3# "
gZ

ΐ

ῒ

xyzU>  ab#Cf9NOP!

 '('V&

w8 yzU> B¡{|}~¢ £73-*῍30*c %&V (Fig. 1) 45!) 4l¤Co 5  W  EPMA  = ¥yz

8 jk

6h6C  7 i867U SiO,

V7'(''F



Cl9,

U

=¦§M¨E©  XRF =¥yzU> B.|ª¢© «¬7 5    :;PRS@ Sr m<"#­U>k¢®  SEM LTC¯=n abo Hunter and Blake (+33/) >p?@  5  x°#  8U±"#$A&C3

M²¢!8³}7´l¤C 5  µ¶~©

B1



Type-c+, Type-g, Type-h 7q@CrD+EFGrDC

f9hHIst (G : Table +)JK1

uv4w8 xyLDzM +333{ 2| hH'('}NOP~% Q!)  *H"#D"#DNOP !"#RSCT :;| wUV'('\
PCW ,  o  h ῌ XOYwZ[ !8FGrD+ !"#67(Fig. 0) ῍  NOP !"#-./C, = < Q NOP !-  4  ῎ \Q Q 

 , ·6w!¸ µ© 
oZ¹@ºAPC 5  C8w»ῐ ῕ ῔ ῑClocchiatti, R. and Massare, D. (+32/) Experimental crystal growth in glass inclusions : the possibilities and limitsof the method. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 23, 3-῍,*..
Ferriz, H. and Mahood, G. (+321) Strong compositional
zonation in a silicic magmatic system. J. Petrol., ,2, +1+῍,*3.
Gioncada, A., Clocchiatti, R., Sbrana, A., Bottazzi, P.,"#>?>@AB$

Massare, D. and Ottolini, L. (+332) A study of melt
inclusions at Volcano (Aeolian Island, Italy) : insight on
the primitive magmas and on the volcanic feeding
system. Bull. Volcanol., 0*, ,20ῌ-*0.
Hayakawa, Y. (+32/) Pyroclastic geology of Towada volcano. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 0*, /*1ῌ/3,.
Hochstein, M. P. (+33/) Crustal heat transfer in the Taupo
Volcano Zone (New Zealand) : comparison with othervolcanic arcs and explanatory heat source models. J.
Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 02, ++1ῌ+/+.
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Hunter, A. G. (+332) Intracrustal controls on the coexistence of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series at Aso
Volcano, SW Japan. J. Petrol., -3, +,//ῌ+,2..
Hunter, A. G. and Blake, S. (+33/) Peterogenetic evolution of a transitional tholeiitic - calc-alkaline series :Towada volcano, Japan. J. Petrol., -0, +/13ῌ+0*/.
  (+333)    ! /*! 033ῌ1+*.
  (,**-) "#$%&'()*+,-./0"#$%&'1 23! .2! ,.3ῌ,/2.
0
Laube, N. and Springer, J. (+332) Crustal melting byponding of maﬁc magmas : a numerical model. J.
Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 2+, +3ῌ-/.

381

Lindsley, D. H. (+32-) Pyroxene thermometry. American
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Miyashiro, A. (+31.) Volcanic rock series in island arc andactive continental margins. Amer. J. Sci., ,1., -,+ῌ-//.
Nakano, T., Jeon, S.-R. and Sueno, S. (+331) X-ray ﬂuorescence analysis of rock samples using Philips PW+.*.
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45678 9:;<=