ISSN 0917-057X

防災科学技術研究所研究資料 第三五〇号

防災科学技術研究所研究資料

December 2010

Technical Note of the National Research Institutefor Earth Science and Disaster Prevention No.350

アジア防災科学技術情報基盤（DRH-Asia）
コンテンツ集Collection of Technology and Knowledge Informationby the Disaster Reduction Hyperbase – Asian Application (DRH – Asia)

アジア防災科学技術情報基盤（）コンテンツ集
DRH-Asia

Tennodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006 Japan

防災科学技術研究所

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

第350号

独立行政法人

防災科学技術研究所
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan

防災科学技術研究所研究資料
第 274 号

強震ネットワーク

第 275 号

全国を対象とした確率論的地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（付録 CD-ROM 1 枚） 393pp．2005 年 8 月発行

強震データVol. 18（平成 16 年 No. 3）（CD-ROM）．2005 年 3 月発行
90pp．2005 年 9 月発行

防災科学技術研究所研究資料
第 321 号

平成 17 年度大都市大震災軽減化特別プロジェクト 実大 6 層 RC 建物実験報告書（付録 CD-ROM）46pp．
2008 年 3 月発行

第 322 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 37 集「福岡・中津」24 葉（5 万分の 1）．2008 年 8 月発行

第 276 号

シンポジウム「日本の地震観測の現状と将来展望」講演速記録集

第 277 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 24 集「姫路」15 葉（5 万分の 1）．2005 年 11 月発行

第 323 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 38 集「長崎・唐津」29 葉（5 万分の 1）．2008 年 9 月発行

第 278 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 25 集「松江・高梁」26 葉（5 万分の 1）．2005 年 12 月発行

第 324 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 39 集「鹿児島」24 葉（5 万分の 1）．2008 年 11 月発行

第 279 号

三陸沖北部の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．2005 年 9 月発行

第 325 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 40 集「一関・石巻」19 葉（5 万分の 1）．2009 年 2 月発行

第 280 号

長岡における積雪観測資料 (29)（2004 年 11 月～ 2005 年 4 月） 39pp．2005 年 11 月発行

第 326 号

新庄における気象と降積雪の観測 (2007/08 年冬期 )第 281 号

琵琶湖西岸断層帯の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．2005 年 10 月発行

第 327 号

防災科学技術研究所 45 年のあゆみ（付録 DVD）224pp．2009 年 3 月発行

第 282 号

高山・大原断層帯の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．2005 年 11 月発行

第 328 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 41 集「盛岡」18 葉（5 万分の 1）．2009 年 3 月発行

第 283 号

石狩低地東縁断層帯の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．2005 年 12 月発行

第 329 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 42 集「野辺地・八戸」24 葉（5 万分の 1）．2009 年 3 月発行

第 284 号

地震ハザードステーション J-SHIS DVD 2005 年版（DVD）．2005 年 12 月発行

第 330 号

地域リスクとローカルガバナンスに関する調査報告

第 285 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 26 集「浜田・大社」17 葉（5 万分の 1）．2006 年 1 月発行

第 331 号

第 286 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 27 集「広島」 16 葉（5 万分の 1）．2006 年 2 月発行

第 287 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

53pp．2009 年 3 月発行

E-Defense を用いた実大 RC 橋脚（C1-1 橋脚）震動破壊実験研究報告書 -1970 年代に建設された基部曲げ破壊タ
イプの RC 橋脚震動台実験 -（付録 DVD） 107pp．2009 年 1 月発行．2006 年 3 月発行
Vol. 19（平成 17 年 No. 1）（CD-ROM）

第 332 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

Vol. 25（平成 20 年 No. 1）（CD-ROM 版）．2009 年 3 月発行

Vol. 20（平成 17 年 No. 2）（CD-ROM）．2006 年 3 月発行

第 333 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

Vol. 26（平成 20 年 No. 2）（CD-ROM 版）．2009 年 3 月発行

第 288 号

強震ネットワーク

第 289 号

新庄における気象と降積雪の観測 ( 2004 / 05 年冬期 ) 41pp．2006 年 3 月発行

強震データ33pp．2008 年 12 月発行

第 334 号

平成 17 年度大都市大震災軽減化特別プロジェクトⅡ 地盤基礎実験 - 震動台活用による構造物の耐震性向上研究 （付録 CD-ROM） 62pp．2009 年 10 月発行

第 290 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 28 集「山口」21 葉（5 万分の 1）．2006 年 3 月発行

第 291 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 29 集「岡山及丸亀」15 葉（5 万分の 1）．2006 年 3 月発行

第 335 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 43 集「函館」14 葉（5 万分の 1）．2009 年 12 月発行

第 292 号

日本の火山ハザードマップ集（付録 DVD 2 枚） 20pp．2006 年 3 月発行

第 336 号

全国地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（７分冊＋ CD-ROM 版）．2009 年 11 月発行

第 293 号

水害に対する住民の防災意識と防災行動等に関するアンケート調査資料集（CD-ROM）．2006 年 3 月発行

第 337 号

強震動評価のための全国深部地盤構造モデル作成手法の検討（付録 DVD）．2009 年 12 月発行

第 294 号山崎断層帯の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．2006 年 3 月発行

第 338 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 44 集「室蘭・久遠」21 葉（5 万分の 1）．2010 年 3 月発行

第 295 号

中央構造線断層帯（金剛山地東縁・和泉山脈南縁）の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．

第 339 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 45 集「岩内」14 葉（5 万分の 1）．2010 年 3 月発行

2006 年 3 月発行

第 340 号

新庄における気象と降積雪の観測 (2008/09 年冬期 ) 33pp．2010 年 3 月発行

日向灘の地震を想定した地震動予測地図作成手法の検討（CD-ROM）．2006 年 3 月発行

第 341 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

Vol. 27（平成 21 年 No. 1）（CD-ROM 版）．2010 年 3 月発行

第 297 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 30 集「徳島・剣山」23 葉（5 万分の 1）．2006 年 9 月発行

第 342 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

Vol. 28（平成 21 年 No. 2）（CD-ROM 版）．2010 年 3 月発行

第 298 号神奈川県西部山北南高感度地震観測井の掘削および坑内検層 32pp．2006 年 10 月発行

第 343 号

阿寺断層系における深層ボーリング調査の概要と岩石物性試験結果（付録 CD-ROM）15pp．2010 年 3 月発行

第 299 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 31 集「高知・窪川」17 葉（5 万分の 1）．2007 年 3 月発行

第 344 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 46 集「札幌・苫小牧」19 葉（5 万分の 1）．2010 年 7 月発行

第 300 号

強震ネットワーク

第 296 号

．2007 年 3 月発行
強震データ Vol. 21（平成 18 年 No. 1）（CD-ROM）

第 345 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 47 集「夕張岳」16 葉（5 万分の 1）．2010 年 8 月発行．2007 年 3 月発行
強震データ Vol. 22（平成 18 年 No. 2）（CD-ROM）

第 346 号

長岡における積雪観測資料（31）（2006/07 , 2007/08 , 2008/09 冬期）47pp．2010 年 9 月発行

第 301 号

強震ネットワーク

第 302 号

長岡における積雪観測資料 (30)（2005. 11 ～ 2006. 3） 37pp．2007 年 3 月発行

第 347 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 48 集「羽幌・留萌」17 葉（5 万分の 1）．2010 年 11 月発行

第 303 号

2003 年十勝沖地震の観測記録を用いた強震動予測手法の検証（CD-ROM 版）．2007 年 3 月発行

第 348 号

平成 18 年度 大都市大震災軽減化特別プロジェクト実大 3 層 RC 建物実験報告書（付録 DVD）68pp．2010 年 8 月発行

第 304 号

アジア・太平洋国際地震・火山観測網構築計画に関する事前調査

第 349 号

防災科学技術研究所による深層掘削調査の概要と岩石物性試験結果（足尾・新宮・牛伏寺）（付録 CD-ROM）

第 305 号

新庄における気象と降積雪の観測 (2005/06 年冬期 ) 45pp．2007 年 3 月発行

第 306 号

地震荷重を受ける減肉配管の破壊過程解明に関する研究報告書

第 307 号

根尾谷断層水鳥地区における深層ボーリング調査と地殻応力測定（付録 CD-ROM）33pp．2007 年 8 月発行

第 308 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 32 集「松山・宇和島」26 葉（5 万分の 1）．2007 年 9 月発行

第 309 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 33 集「大分」18 葉（5 万分の 1）．2007 年 11 月発行

第 310 号

Geological and Logging Data of the NIED wells, Japan -Active fault, Seismogenic zone, Hingeline － 29pp．

96pp．2007 年 3 月発行

78pp．2007 年 3 月発行

新庄における気象と降積雪の観測 (2006/07 年冬期 )35pp．2007 年 11 月発行

防災科学技術研究所研究資料 第 350 号

編 集 委 員 会
（委員長）

2008 年 3 月発行
第 311 号

12pp．2010 年 8 月発行（委員）

第 312 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 34 集「延岡・宮崎」19 葉（5 万分の 1）．2008 年 3 月発行

武田哲也

第 313 号

微動探査観測ツールの開発 その 1 －常時微動解析ツール－（付録 CD-ROM）133pp．2008 年 3 月発行

佐藤正義

中井専人

第 314 号

距離減衰式による地震動予測ツールの開発（付録 CD-ROM）66pp．2008 年 3 月発行

中村いずみ

関口宏二

第 315 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 35 集「八代」18 葉（5 万分の 1）．2008 年 3 月発行

第 316 号

地すべり地形分布図 第 36 集「熊本」15 葉（5 万分の 1）．2008 年 3 月発行

井口

第 317 号

2004 年新潟県中越地震による斜面変動分布図（付録 CD-ROM）37pp．2008 年 3 月発行

樋山信子

第 318 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

Vol. 23（平成 19 年 No. 1）（CD-ROM 版）．2008 年 3 月発行

第 319 号

強震ネットワーク

強震データ

Vol. 24（平成 19 年 No. 2）（CD-ROM 版）．2008 年 3 月発行

第 320 号

平成 17 年度大都市大震災軽減化特別プロジェクトⅡ 木造建物実験 - 震動台活用による構造物の耐震性向上研究 -平成 22 年 12 月 24 日 発行

眞木雅之
小澤

拓

（事務局）自然災害情報室
隆

編集兼 独 立 行 政 法 人
発行者

防災科学技術研究所〒 305-0006

茨城県つくば市天王台３－１
電話 (029)863-7635

http://www.bosai.go.jp/

鈴木比奈子
印刷所 松 枝 印 刷 株 式 会 社
茨城県常総市水海道天満町 2438

© National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention 2010

（付録 CD-ROM）152pp．2008 年 3 月発行※防災科学技術研究所の刊行物については，ホームページ（http://www.bosai.go.jp/librar y/publication.htm）をご覧下さい．
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Informationby the Disaster Reduction Hyperbase – Asian Application (DRH-Asia)＊＊＊

Edited by Hiroyuki KAMEDA , Hiroaki NEGISHI , Koichi SHIWAKU ,＊＊Naho IKEDA , and Miho TOKUTAKE*

Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center,
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan

Abstract
Disaster Reduction Hyperbase-Asian Application (DRH-Asia) is a facility disseminating disaster reduction technology
and knowledge. While DRH-Asia is focused on Asian context, it is ready to accommodate contributions from otherregions to enhance cross-regional collaboration. DRH-Asia is originally operated as Web-based database system and thecontents are provided via Internet. The operation of this web-database has started in 2006. About 60 technologies havebeen submitted and 38 of them have passed through the facilitation process and registered in DRH database (as of October2010). This volume is the collection book of the DRH contents registered in the DRH-Asia Web-database system, which
consists of the main contents of each technologies represented by DRH Template form. There are index lists by thecategory of technologies, hazards focused, and countries where the technology originated in the end of this volume, toidentify the target DRH contents easily. In the original DRH-Asia Web database, not only DRH Template documents
printed in this volume but also various kinds of advanced data (movie, executable application, etc.) can be referred. The
readers are encouraged to access to the DRH-Asia Website (http://drh.edm.bosai.go.jp), too.
Key words : Disaster reduction technology, DRH-Asia, Implementation strategy, Database− 1−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Contents
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Collection of DRH-Asia Contents ................................................................................................................................................... 9
DRH 1 : Earthquake Early Warning and its Application to Mitigate Human and Social Damages ............. 10
Hiroaki Negishi

DRH 2 : Effective Disaster Reduction Education by Making Simple Equipments and Experimental
Apparatus from Accessible Materials ................................................................................................................... 16
Hiroaki Negishi and Yasuyuki Nohguchi

DRH 3 : Application of Spatial Temporal GIS for Earthquake Disaster Recovery Service .............................. 22
Hiroyuki Yamada, Takashi Furuto and Shigeru Kakumoto

DRH 4 : Disaster Protection Technology of Traditional Wooden cultural Buildings ............................................ 27
Yasuhiro Araki

DRH 6 : Proposal to Realize RARMIS (Risk Adaptive Regional Management Information System)
Concept by Spatial Temporal Information System DiMSIS-EX and Some Case Studies- Toward Collaborative Realization of Common Software (System) Platform for Disaster
Prevention (CSPDP) - ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Shigeru Kakumoto, Takashi Furuto, Hiroyuki Yamada, Mitsuaki Sasaki and Koichi Shiwaku

DRH 8 : Indigenous Knowledge from Japan Experience: Prevention, Damage Reduction and Erosion
Control by Flood Disaster .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Yukiko Takeuchi, Hiroyuki Kameda, Rajib Shaw and Naho Ikeda

DRH 10 : Application of Mangrove Forest for Countermeasure Against Tsunami Disaster .............................. 48
Dinar Catur Istiyanto

DRH 11 : Rediscovery and Revival of Traditional Earthquake-Resistant Techniques in Algeria:
The Casbah of Algiers (Algeria). ............................................................................................................................... 55
Amina Aicha Abdessemed-Foufa and Djillali Benouar

DRH 12 : Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technique by Coastal Greenbelt .................................................................. 62
Tetsuya Hiraishi

DRH 13 : Integrated Natural Risk Reduction through a Sustainable Cities Programme ................................... 66
Julio Kuroiwa

DRH 15 : Village Tank Cascade Systems of Sri Lanka ...................................................................................................... 78
C.M.Madduma Bandara

DRH 16 : Stilt House Building Technology for Flood Disaster Reduction in Flood-prone Areas ...................... 84
Weihua Fang and Fei He− 2−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH 17 : Indigenous Knowledge on Flood Risk Management in Bangladesh ........................................................ 89
Muhammad Saidur Rahman

DRH 18 : Bamboo T-shelter for Post Disaster Reconstruction ....................................................................................... 95
Atsushi Iizuka, T. Shigemura and T. Asai

DRH 19 : Effective Cyclone Early Warning Dissemination at Community Level .................................................. 99
Muhammad Saidur Rahman

DRH 22 : Process for Community Acceptance of Earthquake Technology --- UNCRD Experiences
Applying NSET Approach of Shaking-table Demonstration --- .............................................................. 105
Shoichi Ando, Phong Van G. Tran, Hayato Nakamura and Amod M. Dixit

DRH 23 : Engineering of Non-Engineered Masonry Houses for Better Earthquake Resistance inIndonesia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 111
Ir Teddy Boen and Krishna S. Pribadi

DRH 24 : Social Skills Required to the Researchers Ensuring for Acceptability to Disaster Area ................. 116
Tomohide Atsumi

DRH 25 : Earthquake Risk Reduction and Education .................................................................................................... 121
Farokh Parsizadeh and Mohsen-Ghafory Ashtiany

DRH 26 : Disaster Management Support System by Utilizing Satellites under the Framework of"Sentinel Asia" ............................................................................................................................................................. 129
Takayuki Nakamura

DRH 28 : Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) .............................................................................. 135
Krishna S. Pribadi, Teti Argo and Wayan Sengara

DRH 29 : Indigenous Knowledge for Water Management and Drought Mitigation in India ......................... 141
Vinod K. Sharma

DRH 33 : Numerical Model for Tsunami Inundation and Making Tsunami Hazard Map .............................. 147
Fumihiko Imamura

DRH 36 : Traditional Construction Method: the Saihiro Itabame Panel Dam ..................................................... 152
Masahiro Goto

DRH 38 : Promoting Earthquake Resistant School Buildings in Japan - Policies, National Subsidies
and Prioritization of Vulnerable School Buildings - ...................................................................................... 156
Takashi Fujii

DRH 39 : RADIUS Program for Earthquake Damage Estimation ............................................................................ 164
Kenji Okazaki

DRH 40 : Nonstructural Seismic Retrofitting for School Buildings in Japan-Publication of a Reference Book - ....................................................................................................................... 172
Koichi Shinpo, Masao Yamakawa and Takayuki Nakamura

DRH 41 : Seismic Retrofitting for School Buildings in Japan- Publication of a Reference Book - ................. 177
Masao Yamakawa, Koichi Shinpo and Takayuki Nakamura

DRH 44 : Dujiangyan Project ..................................................................................................................................................... 183
Weihua Fang, Xingchun Zhong, Fei He and Hong Xu− 3−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH 45 : Karez Technology for Drought Disaster Reduction ...................................................................................... 188
Weihua Fang, Fei He and Hong Cheng

DRH 48 : Experiences Sharing and School Disaster Education: Implementation of Essay andDrawing Competition as School Disaster Education .................................................................................... 192
Koichi Shiwaku, Muhammad Shakeel, Yukiko Takeuchi, Rajib Shaw, Ayako Fujieda and Jishnu Subedi

DRH 49 : Hazards Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-based Disaster
Risk Management or “READY” Project .......................................................................................................... 200
Lenie Duran-Alegre and Renato U. Solidum, Jr.

DRH 50 : Safety Confirmation System using GIS and QR code ................................................................................. 211
Koichi Shiwaku, Mitsuaki Sasaki, Shigeru Kakumoto and Takashi Furuto

DRH 51 : Effective International Communication Method with Video Conference Network System ........ 219
Tatsuo Narafu

DRH 53 : Implementation of Folk-Song Program in Disaster Awareness Raising ............................................... 224
Binaya Kumar Mishra and Kaoru Takara

DRH 56 : Low-cost and Adaptive Technology to Support a Community-based Landslide Early
Warning System in Developing Countries ........................................................................................................ 230
Teuku Faisal Fathani, Dwikorita Karnawati, Kyoji Sassa and Hiroshi Fukuoka

DRH 57 : University-Community Collaborative Education Model for Developing Resilient Society in
the Areas Vulnerable for Geological Disasters, in Indonesia. .................................................................... 239
Dwikorita Karnawati, Teuku Faisal Fathani, Wahyu Wilopo, Budi Andayani, Kyoji Sassa and Hiroshi
Fukuoka

DRH 58 : School-Catchments Network for Water-related Disaster Prevention .................................................... 249
Masato Kobiyama

Appendix : DRH Template (ver.7.3) .......................................................................................................................................... 255
Index A : Category Index ................................................................................................................................................................ 263
Index B : Hazard Index .................................................................................................................................................................... 264
Index C : Country/Region Index ................................................................................................................................................... 265− 4−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Information on earthquake early waning system (DRH 1)

Disaster management training using safety confirmation
system by GIS and QR code (DRH 50)

Shake-table demonstration (DRH 22)

Process Technology (PT)

Drawing competition as school disaster education(DRH 48)

International communication with video conference system(DRH 51)−5−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Tsunami evacuation drill (DRH 49)

Transferable Indigenous Knowledge (TIK)

Traditional step well for rain water harvesting (DRH 29)

Maximum reuse and minimum replace for traditional wooden cultural building (DRH 4)−6−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Foreword

This document is a collection of disaster reduction technology information compiled in the Disaster Reduction
Hyperbase–Asian Application (DRH-Asia). DRH-Asia is an interactive web-based facility constructed to disseminate
appropriate technology for disaster risk reduction. It is a major product of the DRH Initiative whose basis was the
DRH-Asia Project conducted in April 2005-March 2006 (Phase I) and July 2006-March 2009 (Phase II). EDM-NIED(Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Prevention) served as the lead institution in this international project. MEXT, CAO, and Kyoto University collaborated
as core institutions in managing the project.
The DRH development has a clear policy basis. At the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR),
January 2005, the Japanese government proposed international promotion of “Disaster reduction portfolio”, effective
information platforms for disaster risk reduction. The proposal was intended to contribute to implementing the Hyogo
Frame for Action 2005-2015 adopted at the WCDR. The DRH Project was launched to substantiate the proposal. On
this basis, the project was operated in close collaboration with UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction(UN/ISDR) Secretariat, particularly with its Information Management Unit.
DRH-Asia was designed as a vehicle to compile and disseminate “useful” disaster reduction technology andknowledge and to facilitate its implementation. To realize this objective, the DRH Project team practiced various
challenging tasks including conceptualization of useful DRR technology, definition of DRH attributes, compilation of
DRH contents, and establishing international ties to promote such activities. A key issue was how to make DRH asignificant tool that will help fill gaps between research and practice, the notion being referred to as “implementation
strategy”. Another important component of the DRH Initiative was the EDM-NIED International Team who
constructed a web system Tech-DRAW, which was applied as the DRH-Asia platform, a powerful tool to substantiate
the DRH philosophy.
Through the DRH Initiative, new concept developments and system productions were realized, including“implementation technology”, “implementation oriented technology (IOT)”, “process technology (PT)”, “transferable
indigenous knowledge (TIK)”, “understandable, doable, and shown to be useful (DRH contents acceptance criteria)”,“multilingual operation using Tech-DRAW”, etc.
These activities led to the current state of DRH-Asia (http://drh.edm.bosai.go.jp/ ), operating stably, now withthirty-eight DRH Contents registered in the DRH Database. Continuing efforts are being taken for increasing thenumber of registered DRH Contents and for disseminating them. Actions are also being taken to offer the Tech-DRAW
software to assist establishing national DRH systems.
−7−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

While all disaster reduction technology information is readily accessible on the DRH-Asia web site, it was judged
appropriate to publish an exhaustive collection of all registered DRH contents in a hard copy to publicize DRH-Asia
where internet is not available as well as to invite the readers to an initial visual contact with the DRH contents. It is
hoped that this document will be a good guide for those who are interested in approaching useful disaster reduction
technology information.
Finally, it is emphasized that successful management of the DRH Initiative was enabled by many institutional aswell as personal cooperation and supports. The DRH-Asia Project (Phase I and Phase II) was financially supported by
MEXT, government of Japan. Under this framework, international participants dedicated their time and efforts forrealizing DRH-Asia as our common property. They were from eleven countries (Asia: Bangladesh, China, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka / Africa: Algeria / South America: Peru) and international
institutions including UN-ISDR, EC/JRC, etc.
The true fruits of DRH-Asia are the set of disaster risk reduction technology and knowledge compiled in DRH
Database. They have been contributed by researchers and NGO practitioners from Algeria, Bangladesh, China, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, and Sri Lanka. Edition of this volume relied very much on theseaccomplishments.
All these contributions are gratefully acknowledged.

October 30, 2010
EDM-NIED Editorial Team
Hiroyuki Kameda, Hiroaki Negishi, Koichi Shiwaku, Naho Ikeda, and Miho Tokutake−8−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Collection of DRH  Asia Contents

1# DRH ID is applied to each contents in order of proposing, so the DRH ID that does not exist in this volume is still under facilitation process at the time ofthe publication.
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 1)
I. Heading
1. Title

Earthquake Early Warning and its Application to Mitigate Human and Social
DamagesID:
Hazard:DRH 1Earthquake, Tsunami
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Hiroaki Negishi

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

07 January 2008

Date published:

29 September 2010
Earthquake Early Warning system in Japan.

Contact
Hiroaki NEGISHI (Senior Researcher)
National Research Institure for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention,
3-1, Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan
E-mail: negishi bosai.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
By applying quick determination of epicenter and magnitude of an earthquake within a few seconds after its occurrence, we may be able totake urgent action to mitigate damages before arriving strong motion and/or Tsunami. Such information can save not only human lives (e.g.,
evacuation from crushing death cause by falling furniture), but also social and economic loss (e.g., to minimize defective units at instrument
factory)

3. Keywords
Earthquake Early Warning (EEW), immediately before, alarm, automated control

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district,etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Financing and insurance business personnel, Information technology specialists
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Tsunami

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Business and livelihoods, Information and communication system, Urban areas, Coastal areas

III. Contact Information−10−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Hiroaki NEGISHI (Senior Researcher)
National Research Institure for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention,
3-1, Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan
E-mail: negishi bosai.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention,
Japan Meteorological Agency

11. Title of relevant projects if any
The Leading Project "Research Project for the Practical Use of Real-time Earthquake Information networks" by Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and NIED, JAPAN12. References and publications
Horiuchi, S., H. Negishi, A. Kana, A. Kamimura, and Y. Fujinawa, “An Automatic Processing System for Broadcasting Earthquake
Alarms”, Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, Vol. 95, No. 2, 708-718, 2005.
Negishi, H., and S. Yamamoto, Earthquake early warning system at a local government and a private company in Japan, Proceedings of 1st
European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Paper No.741, 1-7, 2006.
Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan (Japan Meteorological Agency):
http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/eew.html
Research on the transmission and utilization of real-time earthquake information (“Endeavor research project” by NIED, 2002-2006)
http://www.bosai.go.jp/tokutei/reis/eng/index.htm

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceAn all-Japan dense seismic network (Hi-net) was established after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, and the development of the earthquake early
warning system of a nationwide scale was conducted. Since EEW should be actually spread to the society, we need to investigate not only
scientific side of EEW but also various kinds of applications using EEW information, such as automatic control unit, information
distribution system to quite a lot of houses at the same time, and effective pictogram and sound for announce.

Fig. 1 All-Japan seismic network used for Earthquake Early Warning system in Japan. National Research Institute for Earth Science andDisaster Prevention (NIED) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) are operating about 1,000 seismic stations with real-time telemetry.
These real-time monitoring data is processed automatically.

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Just a few seconds after a big earthquake occurs, EEW system using a seismic network provide the information about the forthcomingstrong motion (predicted intensity and time to shake). The information is provided to people by sound and pictogram to press a prompt
evacuation action. Moreover, the machine operation with the possibility of harming the person is stopped, and the equipment of the factory
is also stopped before the economic loss occurs due to product of defective goods by strong motion, made by the information triggering.

Fig. 2 Example of Earthquake Early Warning information broadcasted by our system. This event occurred in the offshore of Miyagi
Prefecture, Tohoku, Japan in 26 May 2003. The rupture of this earthquake began at the depth of about 70 km, and 10.8 seconds after thatthe nearest station to the epicenter caught the P-wave. The first earthquake early warning information was sent momentarily at the time
when P-wave reached the secondarily nearest station. As the result, we succeeded in giving a warning 10 to 20 seconds before the main
shock hits to some major cities, such as Shiogama (about 13 seconds) and Sendai (about 16 seconds).

Fig. 3 Example of displayed information on EEW system. This window appear automatically just after receiving EEW information fromEEW providing system via Internet, satellite broadcasting, or other kinds of communication line. Not only display but also sound andvoice information is also provided.

16. Necessary process to implement
The processes can be divided roughly to three parts;
1) introduction and operation of EEW information generation system by seismic network system,2) infrastructure of the information transmission, and3) the system that inform alert to people and/or that control equipments automatically.
If dense and real-time seismic array already have been maintained and the communication network (e.g., Internet) is maintained widely,seismic network system is better for EEW since a lot of people and the enterprises can have the information at low cost.
−12−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength
1) The disaster mitigation effect is high because the alert provides before the strong motion and/or tsunami hits.
2) Since they know the earthquake information before the occurrence of network infrastructure damage, they can share important
information and save and/or make back-up of their critical data. It is effective in the damage prevention of the business.
3) It is effective also in the factory that receives damage by the shake under operation.
Limitations:1) It takes high cost for maintenance to put out EEW.
2) It is necessary to maintain the communication infrastructure in case of widely applying to a lot of people.
3) The education and the training to make it act promptly when the person is targeted are indispensable.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
During the pilot project by NIED (2002-2006), we had conducted the proving test for one local government (Fujisawa City, Kanagawa
Prefecture) and one private company (Tokio Marie and Nichido Risk Consulting Co., Ltd.). This test clarified that this information is tocontribute to not only saving human lives, but also saving properties of governments and companies, important data on computer system,
Business Continuity Plan (BCP), and corporate value itself (Society’s evaluation of taking anti-earthquake procedure). Please refer theattached paper (paper741.pdf) for details.

Fig. 4 Information providing of Earthquake Early Warning in Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan.

Fig. 5 The outline of the Earthquake Early Warning System in Tokio Marine and Nichido Risk Consulting Co. Ltd.

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
A real-time telemetered seismic network as wide and uniform as possible is needed. One or two personal computers (CPU power andmemory-size depend on the traffic of the waveform data) is necessary to process the telemetered data at the data center. The program source
run on the PCs (Fortran 77) can be provided free of charge (contact to H.N.). The EEW information will be provided to users via network(e.g., Internet and/or leased line). A PC (windows) that calculates and display the predicted intensity and time-to-shake should be placed ateach user. The specification is open to the public, and users can code programs for it by themselves, or get Windows software developed by
NIED. The Japan Meteorological Agency (http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html) and Real-time Earthquake Information Consortium(http://www.real-time.jp/ ; Japanese) have disclosed a method of using the data in various fields and a content teaching to people (to ourregret now only Japanese).
it is necessary to conduct the test operation for half or one year to tune the parameters of auto-process until stable operation. Sometimes false
alarm might be given until operation is steady. It is better to have the data of ground amplification factor and/or the seismic data set(hypocenter, magnitude and seismic intensity at your objective place of several earthquakes) prior to its installation. However, even if thosedata doesn't exist, necessary data can be obtained with this device by the test operation for one or several years.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Because it costs too much to establish a wide and dense seismic network only for this system, it is not realistic. Therefore, this is a method
for the country that has already maintained a real-time seismological network. If such a network has already been maintained, however, aminimum system can be united only by buying some PCs stand for the analysis and a PC for the display and sound. If you would install theautomatic control unit to your equipments, the additional cost for the unit should be needed.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Real-time earthquake disaster prevention system in LSI manufacturing factoryE1-2. Place
Miyagi Oki Electric Industry Col.Ltd., Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
E1-3. Year
Since 2005
E1-4. Investor
Miyagi Oki Electric Industry Col.Ltd.
E1-5. People involved
K. Yoshioka, President, Miyagi Oki Electric Industry Col.Ltd., Y. Fujinawa, Executive Director, Real-time Earthquake Information
Consortium
E1-6. Monetary costs incurredBecause it costs too much to establish a wide and dense seismic network only for this system, it is not realistic. If such a network has
already been maintained, a minimum system can be united only by buying some PCs stand for the analysis and a PC for the display
and sound. If you would install the automatic control unit to your equipments, the additional cost for the unit should be needed.
E1-7. Total workload required
If real-time seismic network and information distribution infrastructure already exist, it takes about one week to setup PCs, install thesoftware and tune-up and customize the parameters. Software installation and parameter tuning should be executed by the well-versed
specialists.
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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Normal operation and effectiveness were shown at the earthquake occurred on August 16th, 2005. Please access the following PDF
file for details on this project.
Reference: Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) Disaster Mitigation System Protecting Semiconductor Plant
http://www.oki.com/en/csr/report/2006/pdf/OKI_CSR2006e_6_7.pdf

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Assistance of shelter action at earthquake and education on disaster in elementary schoolE2-2. Place
Nagamachi elementary school, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
E2-3. Year
Since 2003
E2-4. Investor
M. Motosaka, Professor, Tohoku University
E2-5. People involved
M. Motosaka, Professor, Tohoku University, JapanY. Fujinawa, Executive Director, Real-time Earthquake Information Consortium
M. Saito, Japan Meteorological Agency
E2-6. Monetary costs incurredThis system used the information from the Earthquake Early Warning providing system (see No.2). Only one Windows PC (cheaper
than 1,000 US$) is needed. The software is provided from some commercial companies and institutions. The Internet fee is different
according to the country.
E2-7. Total workload required
It takes only a few hours to install the software. Everyone who is versed in Windows-PC can set it up.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
The student came to be able to take shelter in about three seconds by several-time training. Time from the occurrence of the Off
Miyagi Earthquake to the shake of this place is estimated to be 16 seconds. Even if the earthquake occurs, the danger that the trained
student injures is low.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgradeThis contents was revised to focus on the EEW alert system on network warning materials, instead of both of on-site warning and network
warning simultaneously in the previous version. This is due to avoid the misunderstanding of the introduction methods and effects of
EEW technology (September 29, 2010).

Attached files:> paper741.pdf (PDF - 1720 Kb)−15−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 2)
I. Heading
1. Title

Effective Disaster Reduction Education by Making Simple Equipments andExperimental Apparatus from Accessible Materials
ID:

DRH 2

Hazard:Earthquake, Volcanic eruption, Other
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Hiroaki Negishi

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

07 January 2008

Date published:

09 June 2009
Experiment of PET-bottle seismometerContact
Hiroaki Negishi (Senior Researcher)
Yasuaki Nohguchi (Principal Senior Researcher)
Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED)
3-1, Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, JAPANE-mail: negishi bosai.go.jp (Negishi)
E-mail: nhg bosai.go.jp (Nohguchi)

2. Major significance / Summary
Some kinds of experimental equipments (e.g., seismograph, liquefaction experiment bottle) can be made from accessible materials such as
PET bottle, fine sand, copper wire, plastic tube, etc. It is possible to learn more effectively about mechanism of hazard and action to natural
disaster by such handy-crafting and experiments than by only reading books and lecture.

3. Keywords
Experiment-based education, PET bottle, school education

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Teachers and educators
5-2. Other users: Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Volcanic eruption, Other (Liquefaction)

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Urban areas, Coastal areas−16−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Hiroaki Negishi (Senior Researcher)
Yasuaki Nohguchi (Principal Senior Researcher)
Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED)
3-1, Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, JAPANE-mail: negishi bosai.go.jp (Negishi)
E-mail: nhg bosai.go.jp (Nohguchi)

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Hiroaki Negishi and Yasuaki Nohguchi, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
Nohguchi, Y. (2001) Liquefaction simulator “Licky” for science education, Report of the National Research Institute for Earth Science andDisaster Prevention, 61, 49-53 (in Japanese with English abstract)

13. Note on ownership if any“Liquefaction bottle (Licky)” and “Bottled seismograph” are protected by the patent that Nohguchi and Negishi acquired respectively.
However, there is no limitation in non-commercial use.

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceThere have been occurred a lot of disasters by various hazards, such as earthquake, volcanic eruption, liquefaction, etc. It is subjacent to deal
with disasters by them for people to know the mechanism and the factor of hazards. However reading books and/or classroom lecture bring
only “knowledge” of hazards and disasters. In this document we introduce processes of educational experiments to know mechanism of
hazard by using accessible materials and learning “knowledge related to actual action” from experiences.
In National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), we have conducted various kinds of education activities
on natural hazard, such as open-house to citizen, "Science Camp" for high school, junior high school, and elementary school
students. Through those long-term educational activities we developed these teaching materials as a more effective natural disastereducation method.
Now the outlines how to make these materials and the experimental methodology are introduced with the magazine for the teacher, andsome companies are selling the materials as the kit for a school teaching materials.

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute- Students make educational equipments (PET bottle seismograph, liquefaction bottle) with accessible materials under the lecture of lecturer
and/or manual document.
- It is good for students to explain the meanings of structure and the relation to actual natural phenomena while crafting it.
- Students observe the waveform of ground motion, find the moment action when liquefaction occur by experimental equipments made by
their own.
- The lecturer explains that these behaviors are the similar as natural phenomena, let them image they are inside the PET bottle, and let themrealize their state objectively when they are in the disaster.
- As an application case, the lecturer teaches only a basic mechanism to students, and then they think about the structure of equipment basedon the knowledge and make equipments by them. This is effective to high school and university students.

16. Necessary process to implement- Refer to the attached documents for details of how to make PET bottle seismograph and Licky.
- Lecturer must understand the contents of equipments (both handicrafts type and what specialists are actually using) and analogies between
them and actual natural phenomenon accurately.
- Students make it and experiment by themselves.
- The lecturer teaches not only experiments but also that the phenomena seen in PET bottle are as similar as in actual nature.
- The lecturer let the students imagine the situation they are in the hazard, and realize that the causes of the hazard seen in the model (e.g.,
moment phenomenon of liquefaction) is similar as in actual nature.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength:- It is easy to understand the mechanisms for students because of making experimental equipments by them.
- The teaching material with movement catches students' interests.
- Handy introduction since a special material is not needed.
Limitation:- There is an individual variation at the crafting pace, so smooth class progress might be difficult for the large number of people, such as inschool class.
- Because the experiments are on the base and mechanism of hazards, it doesn’t relate directly to actual education of disaster mitigation.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
PET bottle seismograph:
PET bottle (500 ml), thin wire (about 10 m), vinyl chloride tube (one that enters mouth of PET bottle), earphone cable, vinyl tape, personal
computer (or pen-recorder), software that displays waveforms of input signal to mike terminal. See the attached PDF file
(PET-seismo_en.pdf) for details.
Liquefaction bottle (Licky):
PET bottle, fine sand (coast sand is better), map-pin (4 or 5 for one bottle), water.

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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Liquefaction simulation bottle ("Licky"). Put fine sand (approx. 100 ml for 500 ml size bottle) and ball-shaped map-pins (4 to 5) into 500 ml
size PET-bottle and fill with water.

(left) Shake the bottle well and put it on flat place.
(middle) Wait quietly until sand precipitates. The map-pins are in sand.
(right) Snap the bottle lightly and the map-pins float to sand's surface because of liquefaction.

Change in height of sand before (left) and after (right) liquefaction. Water in sand is pushed out by liquefaction, and the surface of sand falls
down.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
The cost of materials: about 200 to 500 yen (1.5 to 4.5 US$) for each. The student of the upper-grade of elementary school can craft them atshort time (30-40 minutes in the seismograph, 5-10 minutes in Licky).

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any−19−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Understanding of seismic intensity and magnitude with PET bottle seismographE1-2. PlaceClass intended for junior high school students and high school students in NIED
E1-3. Year
2003-2005
E1-4. Investor
Planning section, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
E1-5. People involved
Hiroaki NEGISHI, Senior Researcher, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
E-mail: negishi bosai.go.jp
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Total: 41,600 yen (about 360 US$): 300 yen x 12 people = 3,600 yen (about 32 US$) for PET bottle seismograph materials, 14,000 yen(about 120 US$) for manufacturing cost of oil-drum that packs concrete, 24,000 yen (about 210 US$) for operation fee of truck crane.
E1-7. Total workload required
1. Craftwork guidance and explanation concerning seismograph by a lecturer (40-50 minutes).
2. All members move to the field in outdoor, and set the PET bottle seismographs that students nearby- and far-from the crane. The
lecturer connects wires from the seismometers to personal computer or pen recorder. (5-10 minutes)
3. A special operator drops the drum from various heights, and students read the difference of the output amplitude from the screen of
the personal computer or the pen recorder. (10-20 minutes)
4. The lecturer explains the relation between seismic intensity and magnitude by the analogy of output amplitude from theirseismographs and the height in which the oil-drum dropped. (5 minutes)

Photo "Drum-drop Earthquake" experiments. The drum filled with mortar is dropped from various height, and the shake is recordedwith PET-bottle seismograph. In this case, we have set not only PET-bottle seismographs but also Liquefaction bottles.

−20−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

E1-8. Evidence of positive result
By these experiments, the students understood about the relation among "magnitude (height of mortar drum)", "epicentral distance(distance between drop point and seismographs)" and "seismic intensity (amplitude of seismograms)". They also found thatliquefaction is not proportional to epicentral distance but all of the bottles within a certain epicentral distance has completely causeliquefaction. They understand that ground motion does not conduct all liquefaction process but shaking is "trigger" of the beginning ofliquefaction phenomenon.
Almost all of the students realized the difference between seismic intensity and magnitude, in spite of the student more than half
confused them before the lecture. Some students designed application experiments voluntarily after the lecture.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Experience course of natural disaster understanding intended for civilian
E2-2. Place
The public event places that staged by governmental organizations, municipality, and institutions (NIED)
E2-3. Year
Since 2000
E2-4. Investor
Planning section, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
E2-5. People involved
Y. Nohguchi, Principal Senior Researcher (nhg bosai.go.jp),
H. Negishi, Senior Researcher (negishi bosai.go.jp)# National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
Each cost of materials is 200 to 500 yen (1.5 to 4.5 US$) for PET bottle seismograph, Liquefaction bottle (named “Licky”).
E2-7. Total workload required
The time frame depends on participant's ability, but the person to whom it takes 15 minutes (50 minutes for PET bottle
seismometer) to make them is rare. Ten or less of participants for one lecturer is preferable.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Participants realized the actual phenomena of liquefaction (liquefaction occurs not slightly but suddenly) and the observation ofearthquake (the earthquake observation is to record ground motion, and complex calculations are necessary to determine hypocenterand seismic intensity).

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> PET-seismo_en.pdf (PDF - 883 Kb)> audacity-win-1.2.6.exe (2.6.EXE - 2177 Kb)−21−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 3)
I. Heading
1. Title

Application of Spatial Temporal GIS for Earthquake Disaster Recovery Service
ID:

DRH 3

Hazard:Earthquake, Multi-hazard
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Hiroyuki Yamada

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

10 January 2008

Date published:

02 January 2009
Example of Spatial Temporal database.

Contact
Hiroyuki Yamada (Research Fellow), Takashi Furuto (Technical Staff) and Shigeru Kakumoto (Invited Research Fellow)
4th Floor, Human Renovation Museum, 1-5-2, Wakinohama-kaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-0073, JAPAN
yamada edm.bosai.go.jp (Yamada), furuto (Furuto), kaku (Kakumoto)

2. Major significance / Summary
The aim of this activity was to improve efficiency of earthquake disaster recovery operation for victims’ relief. Significant issue is toachieve the information processing required in recovery service by spatial-temporal GIS. Therefore, through the support of municipality,
establishment and verification of the system was done and the system was identified to contribute to improvement of efficiency of recovery
operation.

3. Keywords
Municipality, recovery operation, Spatial-Temporal GIS

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state,
prefecture, district, etc.), Experts, Information technology specialists
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Multi-hazard

7. Elements at risk
Information and communication system−22−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Hiroyuki Yamada (Research Fellow), Takashi Furuto (Technical Staff) and Shigeru Kakumoto (Invited Research Fellow)
4th Floor, Human Renovation Museum, 1-5-2, Wakinohama-kaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-0073, JAPAN
yamada edm.bosai.go.jp (Yamada), furuto (Furuto), kaku (Kakumoto)

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center (EDM) National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
Supporting Municipality Using Spatial Temporal GIS in 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake, Hiroyuki YAMADA, Furuto TAKASHI,
Naofumi SASAKI, Kaoru FUKUYAMA, Koji YOSHIKAWA and Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Proceedings of the 7th International
Cooperative Seminar between KAGIS & GISA, pp.53-60, 2005.

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake was occurred in October 23 in 2004. The earthquake gave devastating damages on houses, lifeline,
agriculture, and others related to livelihood. Recovery services of the municipality were not working properly. The reduction of humanloss is more important. But rapid recovery can also reduce economic loss and it is a part of disaster reduction. Additionally, municipal
service was not working well because of discrepancy between record of ledger and the state of the affected area. It caused the delay ofrecovery and reconstruction.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Aim: Disaster reduction using information technology.
Key mechanism: Efficiency improvement of recovery operation
Information problem to be solved, which were identified from the support activity on the site were as below;- reduction of information processing time relate to recovery operation- register and referring of disaster situation- discrepancy between map and the state of the affected areas- man-machine interface of information checking up
For the resolution of this problem, it is considered that cooperating many RDB with common unique ID or incorporating spatial positional
relation with GIS which define topology. The fundamental factors of information management of municipality are family unit code, houseaddress, and the number of each house. Area which home addresses shows is just a site which has house(s), and the address does notindicate specific location of each house. In other words, size of house site (family unit code or taxpayer code) is ranged from tens of square
meters to hundreds of square meters orders but house need accuracy of scale of several meters to tens of meters to berecognized. Therefore, the current information database could identify address of houses but not identify more specific location than space
which address shows. To achieve prompt recovery, integration of information from different dissolution levels is necessary for municipality
recovery operation.
The solution is spatial key (x, y, t: t is period of information) as DB index. In addition, adding information of location and time (period) isentered to DB. Spatial Temporal GIS enable the dynamic topology calculation. To achieve the proposed information processing, theelements of Spatial-temporal information processing, decentralized independence information processing, open and public data schema,and spatial-temporal database are required. Fig. 1 shows procedures. Respective information is processed to be read out with spatial
information of ID or attribute from each DB. Then, for calculating spatial topology, it is needed to sort out the correlation of space where
attribute information exist. Consequently, attribute information is correlated in map (border of government such as street name, border of lot
number, shape of house and so on) that border of space is previously described in time of attribute information exists. When using map, ID−23−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

of attribute is described on a map. Topology on a map is defined by this processing. Spatial Temporal GIS enable the dynamic topology
calculation.

Fig.1 Spatial-temporal information processing procedures

16. Necessary process to implement
17. Strength and limitations
One example of strength:
Spatial-temporal photographic databases of disaster damage are constructed. Effectiveness of photographic data is shown below.
- It is useful as objectivity information on comparing.
- Making up of information difference at map and current state- Record and reference to disaster situation
Limitation:
The map should be suited to the current status prior to disasters. Construction of Spatial Temporal data base (base map, fixed asset ledger
data, etc.) is necessary before disasters.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Spatial Temporal GIS and Laptop PC, (According to the situation: scanner, GPS unit, GPS camera) were required.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Cooperation of local government is absolutely crucial.
Spatial Temporal GIS is developed by NIED. Software fee is free for non-commercial use.
The base map construction cost depends on the situation. (digitize from paper map, digitize from satellite image, etc.)
GPS digital camera: 80,000 yen (about 700 US$)GPS unit: 20,000 yen (about 170 US$)
Scanner: 40,000 yen (about 350 US$)VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message"Applicability of world wide"
In 1999 Kocaeli Turkey Earthquake, DiMSIS applied disaster information management in Duze city. Afterwards, DiMSIS is used byroutine work in the Duze city. In addition, system were customized to intended for the task. The initial cost and running cost can be cut
down compared with conventional GIS. DiMSIS license managed consortium agreement and DiMSIS can be provided free of charge incase of non-commercial use. Cooperate with other systems is available, because DiMSIS employ open data structure and open API. The−24−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

converter of shape and the DXF format were commercially available in general market. Disaster information management can bestreamlined by managed with the position and time based on DiMSIS. Momentarily managed to handle information is required when thecatastrophic disaster, and disaster information management based on address and the index is difficult to execute recovery operations at themunicipality. DiMSIS contributed to the promotion of streamlining for recovery service at municipality in time of the Great Hanshin
Earthquake in 1995 and the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake, etc.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that is shown to be effective based on case studies/experiments in field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Supporting Municipality Using Spatial Temporal GIS in 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake.
E1-2. Place
Areas devastated by the Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake.
(Tokamachi city, Kawaguchi town)
E1-3. Year2004
E1-4. Investor
NIED, GIS Association of Japan
E1-5. People involved
Recovery services at the municipality after Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake has been assisted under the support of GIS Association ofJapan. A GIS volunteer group was organized for the Spatial-temporal GIS-SIG and the Disaster GIS-SIG special activities.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
The base map construction cost is about 500,000 yen.
Staying cost of volunteer student is about 700,000 yen (About two months)
E1-7. Total workload required
Case example:
The Kawaguchi town recorded the maximum seismic intensity and house damage was extensive. In the whole area of the Kawaguchi
town received extensive damage from the earthquake (house, road, and farmland). The photograph databases of the all houses(dwelling house and incidental house) were constructed. Six volunteers executed the registration of about 5,000 pieces photographs(about 1,600 family units) in five days. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 Example of Spatial Temporal database−25−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 3 Example of utilization for local government
Total workload Activity period:
About 150 man-day. (Activity period: About two months)
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Spatial-temporal GIS was used for management of recovery services by municipality staff. The support activities in the municipality
contribute to improve efficiency of recovery services.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−26−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 4)
I. Heading
1. Title

Disaster Protection Technology of Traditional Wooden cultural Buildings
ID:

DRH 4

Hazard:Earthquake, Cyclone/Typhoon
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:Yasuhiro Araki

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

15 January 2008

Date published:

29 August 2008
Examples of repair with dismantlement.

Contact
Yasuhiro Araki
Research Fellow,
National Research Inst. for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED),
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Res. Ctr. (EDM)
araki edm.bosai.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
Japanese traditional wooden cultural buildings have been survived for long times.
The key technology for surviving may be “regular maintenances with appropriate intervals”, and this technology brings the sustainability ofbuildings.

3. Keywords
Sustainability of buildings; Regular maintenance with appropriate intervals

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district,etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Experts, Architects and engineers, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users:

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Cyclone/Typhoon

7. Elements at risk
Buildings, Cultural heritages−27−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Yasuhiro Araki
Research Fellow,
National Research Inst. for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED),
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Res. Ctr. (EDM)
araki edm.bosai.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Wooden cultural buildings like temples are one of the symbols of emperor's power in ancient times. These buildings are also the base of thebeliever’s belief. So these buildings are required to exist permanently. However, Japan suffers many strong earthquakes that might damage
those buildings, and Japan has warm and humid climate, which might deteriorate members (= timber) of those buildings. These cultural andnatural backgrounds developed the preservation and restoration technologies of wooden buildings in Japan. Today wooden culturalbuildings like temples are still the bases of the believer’s beliefs. Moreover, these buildings have high cultural value. Therefore, wooden
cultural buildings are required to continue to exist permanently. In addition, the development of the structural design technology that canquantitatively evaluate Japanese traditional structural elements is also required.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute(1) The preservation technology of wooden buildings The following two points are indispensable to the preservation technology of woodenbuilding.
1) Regular maintenance with appropriate intervals. Almost all of the materials used for the construction of those cultural buildings are wood.
These materials might deteriorate with the passage of time, since the climate is warm and humid in Japan. Therefore, all or several parts ofthe buildings are checked whether they need to be repaired. Generally, all parts of the cultural wooden buildings in Japan are dismantled andrepaired approximately every 300 years, and meanwhile roofs are repaired approximately every 100 years (See Chart 1).
Chart 1 EX. of Toshio-dai-ji−28−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

2) Maximum reuse of members of buildings (= timber) and minimum replace of damaged members. At the time of maintenance, themembers that have been damaged seriously are replaced with new ones. Usually most of the damaged members are such part as the roofing
materials and the edge of the columns where these members suffered damages easily. On the other hand, other members located at otherparts with good condition remain in use even if they have been used for hundreds of years. At the time of replacing materials, maximum
reuse of members of buildings (= timber) and minimum replacement of damaged members are considered as much as possible. For
example, when the inside of a column is found out damaged at the time of dismantlement, the inside part, where the member is damaged,
will be removed, and a new material substitutes for the part removed. Therefore, outside of the columns don’t change (Fig.1).

Fig.1 Examples of maximum reuse and minimum replacement(2) Quantitative evaluation of Japanese traditional earthquake resistant elements Today, by using Earthquake-resistant design techniquessuch as “Limit Strength Method” and “earthquake response analysis”, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate Japanese traditional
earthquake resistant elements such as “restoring force for stabilizing made by column rocking”, structural performances of “nuki” (= a kindof joint of column and beam), and “tuchi-kabe”, which enable structural designers to evaluate quantitatively the structural performances ofthe buildings. Designers can evaluate earthquake resistant performances of those cultural wooden buildings as well as other modern
architectures like Steel and RC buildings. They can reinforce the building if necessary. Designers can also evaluate the effect of past
reinforcements which have not been evaluated quantitatively so far.
Although these technologies are the results of the development of the earthquake proof engineering in recent years, it should be noted thatthey are simply secondary technologies of the preservation technology that has a long history.

Fig. 2 Example of analysis models like "Limit Strength Method" and "earthquake response analysis"Fig. 3 Example of "nuki" (=a kind of joint of column and beam)−29−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 4 Example of "tuchi-kabe"

Fig. 5 Restoring force for stabilizing made by column rocking1) Suo Kokubunji HP : http://www5.ocn.ne.jp/~suoukoku/index.html
2) Toshodaiji HP : http://www.toshodaiji.jp/
3) MORI Yusuke, SUZUKI Takashi, IZUNO Kazuyuki and TOKI Kenzo, Effect of Axial Force Fluctuation in Supporting Columns on
Earthquake Response of Traditional Wooden Japanese Temple, Journal of JAEE, Vo1.7, No.1, 2007 (in Japanese)
4) Kiuchi Osamu, “Design technique of contemporary carpenters”, Shin-kentikusha
5) Forestry and Forest products Research Institute HP, http://ss.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/labs/etj/setugo/setugo9804/9611Dento/9611Dento.html

16. Necessary process to implement(1) The preservation technology of wooden buildings1) （Structural and）Deterioration investigation of the buildings. At first, the levels of deterioration of members are investigated. By theseinvestigations, designers estimate members that should be replaced at the time of dismantlement.
2) Planning for restoration considering maximum reuse of members and minimum replacement of damaged members. The repair plan is
proposed based on the deterioration investigation. At the time of planning, maximum reuse of members and minimum replacement ofdamaged members are considered.
3) Checking the dismantled members during the dismantlement At the time of dismantlement, the deteriorations of the members which
can’t be found at the deterioration investigation are checked, and if necessary, these members are added to the repair plans.
4) Rebuilding: After the repair, the buildings are rebuilt.
(2) Quantitative evaluation of earthquake-resistant elements.
1) Structural investigation Structural performances are also investigated at the same time as investigating deterioration. In theseinvestigations, the earthquake-resistant elements of the traditional building of Japan are picked up.
2) Modeling for applying to structural design techniques Earthquake-resistant elements which picked up are modeled. These modeled
elements are applied to structural design techniques such as “Limit Strength Method” and “earthquake response analysis”. Designers canevaluate earthquake-resistant performances quantitatively by using these methods.

−30−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Fig. 6 Toshodaiji Kyoto

Fig. 7 Analysis model of Tosho-dai-ji

Fig. 8 Toshodaiji Kondo

Fig. 9 Analysis model of Tosho-dai-ji

Takenaka Corporation HP http://www.takenaka.co.jp/syaji/daiji/daijitop.html

17. Strength and limitations(1) The preservation technology of wooden buildings
1) “Regular maintenance with appropriate intervals” “Regular maintenance with appropriate intervals” enables buildings to survive for longtime. Although they are damaged by the earthquake, if the buildings have the records about building plans, they can restore original form ofbuildings.
2) “Maximum reuse of members of buildings” “Maximum reuse of members of buildings” also enables buildings to restore original formof buildings.
These technologies are considered to be connected with sustainability of buildings.
(2) Quantitative evaluation of earthquake-resistant elements. The designer comes to be able to evaluate earthquake resistant performances
for the assumed force of the cultural wooden building as well as other modern architectures. The designers can reinforce the buildings ifnecessary.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Usually at the time of dismantlement of the buildings like temples, temporary housing is needed to protect the entire building from windand rain (Fig. 10).

−31−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig.10 Examples of temporary housing
Moreover, spaces where the exchanged materials are processed and dismantled members are kept are needed.
New materials (Timber) are needed for replacing damaged members.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
In order to dismantle, repair and rebuild the building, the carpenters who are expert at building and repairing cultural buildings are needed.
They are usually called “Miya-daiku” in Japan (Fig.11).

Fig.11 Miya-daiku
At the time of deterioration investigation and structural investigation, experts in deterioration of the timber and structure of the cultural
wooden buildings are needed.
Organization in which carpenters, experts and parties concerned in the building discuss are also needed
1) Higashi Honganji HP : http://higashihonganji.jp/nikki/nikki.html
2) Suo Kokubunji HP : http://www5.ocn.ne.jp/~suoukoku/index.html

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available−32−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

“Toshodaiji Kondo Heisei Dai shuri”(= Large Scale repair with dismantlement of Toshodaiji Kondo)
E1-2. Place〒630-8032 13-46 Gojo mati, Nara city, Nara prefecture, Japan

E1-3. Year
1998〜2009
E1-4. Investor
Nara Prefectural Board of Education
E1-5. People involved(1) The carpenters who are expert at building and repairing cultural buildings are needed.
(2) At the time of deterioration investigation and structural investigation, experts in deterioration of the timber and structure of thecultural wooden buildings are involved.
(3) Parties concerned in the building are also involved.
(4) Organization in which carpenters, experts and parties concerned in the building discuss are also needed.

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E1-6. Monetary costs incurredE1-7. Total workload required
Chart 2 is Schedule for repair. It takes about 10 years to complete.
Chart 2 Repairing schedule of Toshodaiji Kondo

E1-8. Evidence of positive result(Tangible) Because of the damages of Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake in 1995, this temple needs large scale of repairs withdismantlement and improvements of structural performances. This time the latest structural analysis technologies are applied to thistemple.
The deterioration and structural investigation enable designers to evaluate deterioration and structural performances of the temple andpropose the repair plans considering for maximum reuse of members and minimum replace of damaged members.
Earthquake-resistant design techniques enable structural designers to evaluate the structural performances of the buildings
quantitatively.
Designers can also evaluate the effect of past reinforcements which have not been evaluated quantitatively so far.

Fig.12 Examples of deterioration and structural investigation

Fig.13 Examples of analysis of current structural performances(intangible) Preservation technologies such as “Regular maintenance with appropriate intervals” and “Maximum reuse of members ofbuildings” are considered to be connected with sustainability of buildings (Fig.14).
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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Fig.14 Examples of repair with dismantlement (1)−35−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig.14 Examples of repair with dismantlement (2)1) Takenaka Corporation HP http://www.takenaka.co.jp/syaji/daiji/daijitop.html

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−36−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 6)
I. Heading
1. Title

Proposal to Realize RARMIS (Risk Adaptive Regional Management Information
System) Concept by Spatial Temporal Information System DiMSIS-EX and Some
Case Studies -Toward Collaborative Realization of Common Software(System) Platform for Disaster Prevention (CSPDP)ID:DRH 6

Hazard:Earthquake, Flood, Multi-hazard
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:Shigeru Kakumoto

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

16 January 2008

Date published:

15 October 2009
Information system for disaster prevention and dailytasks of Kiyotake-cyou (local government).

Contact
Shigeru Kakumoto (Invited Research Fellow), Takashi Furuto (Technical staff), Hiroyuki Yamada (Research Fellow), Mitsuaki Sasaki(technical staff) and Koichi Shiwaku (Research Fellow)
4F, Human Renovation Museum, 1-5-2, Wakinohama-kaigan-dori,Cyuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo-ken, 651-0073, Japan
Kaku edm.bosai.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
Researchers and developers have developed many software systems for disaster prevention such as database system, GIS, simulation, andso on, individually. However, these systems are not interoperable nor exchangeable, even functions are similar. Most of the systems are
based on commercial based with lots of hidden functions which limit innovated system development. Expensive fee are requested fordeveloping countries to use the system even most of the application part are free to use.
Common Software Platform which are open among researchers, every local language adaptable, and allow practical use according to thesituation of each country.

3. Keywords
Common software platform for disaster prevention (CPDP), RARMIS concept, Spatial temporal information system, DiMSIS-Ex,
Collaborative development

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state,
prefecture, district, etc.), International organizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial
entrepreneurs, Financing and insurance business personnel, Experts, Information technology specialists, Urban planners, Rural
planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers−37−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Flood, Multi-hazard

7. Elements at risk
Infrastructure, Buildings, Information and communication system

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Shigeru Kakumoto (Invited Research Fellow), Takashi Furuto (Technical staff), Hiroyuki Yamada (Research Fellow), Mitsuaki Sasaki(technical staff) and Koichi Shiwaku (Research Fellow)
4F, Human Renovation Museum, 1-5-2, Wakinohama-kaigan-dori,Cyuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo-ken, 651-0073, Japan
Kaku edm.bosai.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (EDM-NIED)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any
Patent (Japan): Hiroyuki Kameda, Shigeru Kakumoto and Michinori Hatayama
Patent Management (Japan): TLO Hyogo (http://www.niro.or.jp/n_prog_tlo/index.html)
Commercial uses in Japan: Charged (contact TLO Hyogo)
Non-profit uses in Japan and other overseas uses outside Japan: Free of charge (Contact Shigeru Kakumoto (kaku dimsis.jp), Michinori
Hatayama (hatayama imdr.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp) or Hiroyuki Kameda (kameda rarmis.jp)

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceGeneral disaster events: Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (1995), Nigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake (2004), Sendaigawa river Flood ( 2006),
Kiyotake-cyou HPAI (2007) and other disasters. Spatial temporal information system are proposed as suitable software system to support
local government for countermeasure disasters. RARMIS concept is proposed, considering a cost of system in practical use and guarantee
the system to be used in certainty under various of unknown situation. Information sharing between independent organizations and local
language adapt (allow different terms and different language) are also considered in standalone basis information with informationexchange.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Disaster reduction and prevention are common topics for all country, even constitution, language and culture is different. Common
Software (System) Platform for Disaster Prevention (CSPDP) is proposed to get a solution for disaster prevention using information
technology.
Position (geographical and temporal) are also common even language is different. Therefore, proposed CSPDP has a possibility to berealized by spatial temporal position base database handling.
Spatial temporal information handling means management of information related to position and also changes which can be operated as
temporal position information. Advantage of this idea is a possibility of combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) and databasemanagement system (DBMS).

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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Generally any information system including conventional GIS with RDBMS has a possibility to process information handling by STIS, if
all information to handle is predetermined like daily task such as tax management of local government and database handling schemer isprefixed. These characteristics come from by using unique numbers for keys to represent relations in database.
However, disaster information is not easy to be predetermined, because unexpected events happen. The system for disaster information
processing has to be flexible enough to adaptive handling any information. STIS use a position and period (temporal position) for
specifying every object in database. Therefore new information can be added without any influence to stored database. Relation is
calculated when using the database and specified according to the usage. Kiyotake town did not have a system for countermeasure H5Ni
bird influenza. They only could use STIS for preventing this disaster. Item free means term free, which has a possibility to realize language
free system by single program. There is a possibility to organize common system for different country by STIS, because spatial position andtemporal position is same in everywhere on the earth. This means there is a possibility to organize common disaster prevention application
system on STIS integrating knowledge of researchers.
This system is developed focusing on disaster prevention but also adaptive to daily tasks for normal duties of local governments. Anotherway of saying, this system has a possibility to cover almost of local government tasks as a platform.
Here, this spatial temporal information system has a possibility to become information-processing platform for local government
applications and disaster preventions. Moreover this system has a possibility to contribute to worldwide use because tasks of local
government are different but similar in each countries and no difference in disasters.

16. Necessary process to implement
Using DRH which is software platform for exchange and sharing knowledge, develop common software platform for practical system for
local government and others together under the collaborative researchers and development among researchers and adapt the system to eachcountries.
Integrating experiences in each county are shared as common knowledge and can be implemented into common system which can be used
another counties as well.
Requirement to disaster prevention system is not same for different country because regional management method is different. But map
information is similar. House, road, river and so on are described on a map. STIS also can accept illustration map in which accuracy is notguaranteed. First step for implementation is making map database. Even if survey map is not available illustration map can be used. Then
attribute data representing information of disaster and others can be connected to proper position and period.
Advantage to use this system is easy to combine databases organize by different group or different organization independently. Eachorganization can organize most suitable database for them. They do not need to consider any regulation to shire database of others.

−39−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 201017. Strength and limitations
Practical system can be used with free in each county including core system developed already. Commercial base systems also allow
developing for each country. One regulation is every company has to obey Japanese local rule when one try to join Japanese market.
Some rules for development would be necessary in future which makes improve collaborative research and implementation.
It is not easy to make compatibility to other system which database architecture and format is closed such as commercial GIS. But STIS can
use their map data by extract to exchange format using tool software. It is still hard to keep compatibility in a system if the system is closed
and manufacturer hide database information. Database can be used in DiMSIS-EX by organizing database again using print out.
It is possible for others to get compatibility to DiMSIS-EX, because DiMSIS-EX database format is open. Programmer can write program
to read and write DiMSIS-EX database and make a bridge system.
Common bridge system named DATABASE-HUB (GIS-HUB or STIS-HUB) is proposed and finished feasibility study. But not
implemented yet because of financial limitation.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Technologies can be improved seriously through applying to practical use even takes a time and efforts for researchers.
Field study and/or implementation are a basis of innovation.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Windows PC (Not windows-Vista and before windows95)

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Cost for developing additional application functions or systems which is not cover in DiMSIS-Ex and its applications now.
Cost for developing conversion language table for new language which is not developed.
Software design to adapt requirement of the country.
Visual Basic and/or C++ software development ability.
Cost for using DiMSIS-Ex is free, however, additional fee is necessary for new functions. Spatial data (map based database) is also
necessary which is expensive if include measurement. If paper map or digital data is available, it become small or zero (researchers few
days or weeks effort is good enough).
DiMSIS-EX is not matured yet. But it has a possibility to be common platform, because it is adaptive to Multi-language and common
flexible interface has a possibility to adapt different requirement by definition without changing program. It also has a possibility to
implement simulation functions related to disaster prevention such as earthquake damage and so on by expert researchers. Cost is notincrease when use implemented function realize by other country.

−40−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Information system for disaster prevention and daily tasks of Kiyotake-cyou (local government)
E1-2. Place
Kiyotake-cyou Miyazaki-pref.
E1-3. Year
2006, 2007
E1-4. Investor
EDM/NIED
E1-5. People involved
Officers of Kiyotake-cyou municipality
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
5M yen: for developing map based database (not include survey)
1M yen: for additional functions for correcting damage information
E1-7. Total workload required
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
DiMSIS-EX was used effectively and adaptively to countermeasure of HPAI (bird influenza, H5N1 type) which happened
unexpectedly and mayor and officers had not been prepared. Analysis of area by distance is important in this case (Figure shows Map
displayed).

Fig. 1 Damage data collection−41−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 2 Analysis of house damage
Land ownership data is managed by DiMSIS-Ex has been developing.
Land ownership and Building data will be a basis of disaster data handling. DiMSIS-Ex provide flexible interface according to thedemand by managing all information connecting to geographical location and temporal location.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Turkish case studies
1) Damage data analysis of Ducze earthquake2) Land ownership and tax (tapu and cadastro) managementE2-2. Place
Duzce (earthquake 1999) and Maltepe (part of Istanbul) in Turkey
E2-3. Year
(1999-)2006
E2-4. Investor
EDM/NIED
E2-5. People involved
1) Prof. Michinori Hatayama, Prof Koji Yoshikawa, Prof. Hiroyuki Kamaeda
E2-6. Monetary costs incurredE2-7. Total workload required
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
System was used to summarize damage of houses after Duzce earthquake and analyzed to find out damage ratio change according to
the story of building. One of a advantage of the system is multi language adapt which allow Turkish interface.

Fig. 3 Damage data correction−42−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Fig. 4 Analysis of house damage

Fig. 5 Land ownership management system of Maltepe
Land ownership data is managed by DiMSIS-Ex has been developing.
Land ownership and Building data will be a basis of disaster data handling. DiMSIS-Ex provide flexible interface according to thedemand by managing all information connecting to geographical location and temporal location.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−43−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 8)
I. Heading
1. Title

Indigenous Knowledge from Japan Experience: Prevention, Damage Reduction
and Erosion Control by Flood Disaster
ID:

DRH 8

Hazard:Flood
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

Yukiko Takeuchi

Country:

JAPAN；

Date posted:

30 January 2008

Date published:

27 December 2008
This house (Mizuya) has been uplifted by about
2~5 m in height compared to the main house.

Contact
Yukiko TAKEUCHI, Hiroyuki KAMEDA, Rajib SHAW and Naho IKEDA
KU-NIED Survey Teamy.takeuchi fw7.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
Three kinds of Indigenous Knowledge and Technology for flood disaster can be observed in the Noubi plains area of central Japan. These
are: (1) Flood prevention; Waju (Inside Ring)=communities protected by ring dikes. (2) Erosion control; Hijiri-Ushi (Grand OX)=control
water force. (3) Damage reduction; Mizuya (Flood House)=evacuation house.

3. Keywords
Flood disaster, Flood Prevention, Erosion Control and Damage Reduction

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), Experts, Teachers and educators, Urban planners, Rural planners
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Flood

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings, Rural areas, River banks and fluvial basin−44−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Yukiko TAKEUCHI, Hiroyuki KAMEDA, Rajib SHAW and Naho IKEDA
KU-NIED Survey Teamy.takeuchi fw7.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN; Gifu prefecture

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Unknown. But has been practiced since 17th century by community person.

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Nothing

12. References and publications
Nothing

13. Note on ownership if any
Unknown

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceNoubi Plains, located in the Gifu Prefecture of central Japan, constitute alluvial plains formed by three major rivers (Ibi River, Ngara Riverand Kiso River). Due to strong meanders of these rivers, Noubi Plains experienced many serious flood disasters. Communities living in
Noubi Plains have developed knowledge and technologies to cope with flood disasters, which are described below.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Three Categories Knowledge and Technology+Flood Prevention: Waju (Inside Ring): Communities protected by Ring Dike
Communities living in lowland areas suffered from many flood disasters from several centuries. In the 14th century, communities built aring dike to protect its people. Those dikes were managed by local groups of people aimed at flood control. Seeing the effectiveness of thesering dikes, many communities copied the method. These dikes not only represented the physical structures, but also helped in developing
community ties and ethical values through participatory decision making in maintenance and upgrading. As the results of physicalcountermeasures taken by the government in the Kiso, Nagara and Ibi Watershed Areas in 18th century, the frequency of flood in thoseareas has been reduced than before. Consequently, importance of the ring dikes became low, and in some cases were broken in order torenew the land use patterns.

−45−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

+Damage Reduction: Mizuya (Flood House): Evacuation House
This house has been uplifted by about 2~5 m in height compared to the main house. Ordinarily Mizuya is used as a storage room. Whenflood happens, this house is used for evacuation. Possession of these houses are limited to rich land owners.

Age-fune (Preparedness Boat) House owners prepared boats for emergency needs at the time of flood.

Age-Butsudan (Lift up Buddhist Family Alter) Buddhist Family Alter is important item in this area. This system lifts up alters in order toprotect them from submerging.

+Erosion Control: Hijiri-Ushi (Grand OX)
Grand OX is erosion control tools for controlling water force.
Grand OX is used in the areas where rapid rivers meander.

−46−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

16. Necessary process to implement
Waju (Inside Ring)=Community Protected by Ring Dike-Agreement of Community-Make management team Damage Reduction:
Mizuya (Flood House)=Evacuation House- Agreement of Family- Need to research type of floods with depth of water using previous disasterrecords. Erosion Control: Hijiri-Ushi (Grand OX)=Control water force- Decide where to install it.- Decide the material for the construction

17. Strength and limitations
Strength: This technology can use local material. Therefore, can easy implement it. Limitation: This technology can not protect all scale
floods. Need assessment to implement place for Erosion control technology.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
They can develop strong community through the ring dike. Ring dike need agreement and management by community.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Flood Prevention: Soil, Tree and measurement technology Erosion Control: Wood or Concrete, Wire or Creeper and sand bag Damage
Reduction: Another House and Carpenter

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Dikes were management by local flood control team.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−47−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 10)
I. Heading
1. Title

Application of Mangrove Forest for Countermeasure Against Tsunami DisasterID:

DRH 10

Hazard:Tsunami, Storm surge
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Dinar IstiyantoCountry:

JAPAN; INDONESIA;

Date posted:

31 January 2008

Date published:

05 January 2009
Avicena Apiculata Mangrove forest_at the Grajagan
Coast_East Java.

Contact
DINAR CATUR ISTIYANTO
Senior Research Engineer, Coastal Dynamic Research Center (CDRC), Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology,
Indonesia.
Present position: Research Specialist Fellow, International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM, under the auspiceof UNESCO, Public Works Research Institute (PWRI), Japan.
1. Coastal Dynamic Research Center BPPT, Jl. Grafika No.2, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
Telp. 62-274-586239; Fax. 62-274-542789, e-mail: pakdinar yahoo.com; dinar webmail.bppt.go.id.
2. International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM), Public Works Research Institute (PWRI), 1-6 Minamihara,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan; Phone: +81-29-879-6809; Fax: +81-29-879-6709; e-mail: dinar55 pwri.go.jp;

2. Major significance / Summary
This implemented orientation technology has been developing to provide a tool for planning effective mangrove forest as tsunami damperat the beach.
A set of procedure is provided for the calculation of possible reduction of tsunami wave height and energy by the existing mangrove forest
at certain area. On the other hand, the procedure is made enable for designing effective mangrove forest to reduce predicted tsunami
conditions.

3. Keywords
Mangrove forest, tsunami, disaster reduction, design

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities , National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Financing and insurance businesspersonnel, Experts, Teachers and educators, Architects and engineers, Sociologists and political economists, Urban planners, Rural
planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists−48−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Tsunami, Storm surge

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Urban areas, Coastal areas, Riverbanks and fluvial basin, Agricultural lands

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
DINAR CATUR ISTIYANTO
Senior Research Engineer, Coastal Dynamic Research Center (CDRC), Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology,
Indonesia.
Present position: Research Specialist Fellow, International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM, under the auspiceof UNESCO, Public Works Research Institute (PWRI), Japan.
1. Coastal Dynamic Research Center BPPT, Jl. Grafika No.2, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
Telp. 62-274-586239; Fax. 62-274-542789, e-mail: pakdinar yahoo.com; dinar webmail.bppt.go.id.
2. International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM), Public Works Research Institute (PWRI), 1-6 Minamihara,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan; Phone: +81-29-879-6809; Fax: +81-29-879-6709; e-mail: dinar55 pwri.go.jp;

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN; INDONESIA;JAPAN: Southern islands, e.g. Okinawa.
INDONESIA: e.g. Banyuwangi (East Java)

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
1. Dinar Catur Istiyanto, Coastal Dynamic Research Center, Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology, Indonesia.
2. Satrijo Karuniadi Utomo, Civil Engineering Department, State University of Semarang, Indonesia.
3. Widjo Kongko, Coastal Dynamic Research Center, Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology, Indonesia.

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Research On Tsunami Hazard and Its Effects on Indonesia Coastal Region, 2001-2004

12. References and publications
1. Dinar C. Istiyanto, Widjo Kongko, Application of Mangrove Forest for Countermeasure Against Tsunami Disaster, Presented at DRH
Content Meeting, EDM-NIED, Kobe, 2007.
2. Dinar C. Istiyanto, Implementation of Greenbelt Technique As Coastal Protection Against Tsunami: Experience With EqTAP
Implementation Strategy and Expectation on DRH-Project, Presented at Asian Disaster Reduction Science and Technology Forum,
EDM-NIED, Jakarta, 2006.
3. Dinar C. Istiyanto, Utomo, K.S., Suranto, Jauzi, M.Z., The Influence of Rhyzopora-Shrub on Tsunami Propagation at The Beach,
Proceeding of National Seminar on Tsunami, JICA-CDRC, Indonesia, 2006, pp. 311-322 (in Indonesian language)
4. Utomo, K.S., Dinar C. Istiyanto, Suranto, Triatmadja, R., Yuwono, N., Hydraulic Characteristics of Mangrove Forest in Reducing
Tsunami Energy, Proceeding of National Seminar on Tsunami, JICA-CDRC, Indonesia, 2006, pp. 323-340. (in Indonesian language)
5. Dinar C. Istiyanto, Suranto, Shadikin, A., Physical Hydraulic Modeling of Tsunami Runup Over Various Coastline Geometric,
Proceeding of National Seminar on Tsunami, JICA-CDRC, Indonesia, 2006, pp. 81-92. (in Indonesian language)
6. Dinar C. Istiyanto, Investigating Tsunami Propagation at the Beach by Using Physical Model, Presented at National Workshop on
Disaster Mitigation at Coastal Area, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2003. (in Indonesian language)
7. Dinar C. Istiyanto, First Year Activities, Research on Tsunami Hazard and Its Effects on Indonesia Coastal Region, Proceeding of the 5thMulti-Lateral Workshop on The Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies and Their Integration for
Asia-Pacific Region, Bangkok, Thailand, 2002

13. Note on ownership if any−49−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceAsian countries, especially those are laid along “ring-fire” of Western Pacific Ocean (i.e. Japan, Korea, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea, Pacific Islands) and Indian Ocean (i.e. Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh), are the most tsunami prone areas. Between theyears of 1600 to 2004 (ITDB, 2004), 282 events of tsunami were recorded by which more than 361,000 death toll are sentenced. The
biggest death toll contributions are from the tsunami event of 2004’ Indian Ocean (about 230,000) and 1883’ Krakatau eruption (36,000).
In order to reduce the risk of tsunami disaster, comprehensive tsunami disaster countermeasure is urgently necessary in these region.
Among many complementing countermeasures, the idea of utilizing greenbelt as coastal protection against tsunami has been widely spreadamong engineers during last fifteen years, especially in the region where various beach trees well grown up naturally. Many post-tsunami
site investigations howed that mangrove forest and other types of beach tree were found at many coastal areas where its shaded inland hasless damage after tsunami attack. It is known that coastal forest stops driftwood and other floatages, reduces water flow velocity andinundation water depth and provides a live-saving means by catching persons carried out off by tsunami (Shuto, 1987).
Mangrove forest is not as expensive as hard structure like seawall or breakwater. Mangroves forest also have advantages on its
environmentally friendly and its relatively economical cost of implementation. And, many coastal areas in the above mentioned region areappropriate for mangrove habitation.

Avicena Apiculata Mangrove forest_at the Grajagan Coast_East Java

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
This technology has been developing to provide engineering tool for planning coastal protection by using mangrove-forest or to appraise theeffectiveness of existing mangrove forest in reducing potential tsunami wave height and energy.
The main required inputs are tsunami wave height and length as well as the expected inland reduced wave height. Tsunami wave height
and length, along with the existing geomorphology of the objective beach, are the fix input parameters, whereas the expected inland reduced
wave height is a variable according to the data of designed mangrove-forest density, mangrove-forest width (perpendicular to the coast line),and mangrove tree’s height.
Tsunami wave height and length are determined based on statistical analysis of historical event or numerically simulated one. Numericalsimulation calculation must be conducted in advance by person or institution who is expert in this field.
Design parameters in this proposed technology are called together as hydraulic dimension of mangrove forest, which include hydraulicheight of mangrove forest ( hydraulic width of mangrove forest (BL) and hydraulic density of mangrove forest (). Determination ofeach parameter shall be referred to the following procedure.
1. Hydraulic height of mangrove forest ( = (d+ [1/(1 – KR)]H)/tB(1)
where: d is water depth just at the seaward line of mangrove forest, KR is reflection coefficient of mangrove forest, H is design tsunami
wave height just before interacts with mangrove forest and tB is average height of the trees in mangrove forest. See Fig. 1.

−50−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Fig. 1 Diagram of variables related to the determination of 
The value of will contain KR variable as KR value is not yet determined.
2. Mangrove forest density (K)Mangrove forest density (K) expresses parts of trees occupation in a space volume of mangrove forest. This is the total volume of thetrees (including roots, trunk, branches, and leafs if possible) divided by the total volume of space in which the total volume of the trees
were measured.
(total volume of trees in the measured area)
K = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(total volume of space in which the total volume of the trees were measured)(2)

Example: if the average height of mangrove trees is 5 m, and the unit area of mangrove forest is 5m by 5m, hence the total volume ofspace in which the total volume of the trees is measured is 5 m x 5 m x 5 m = 125 m3. If the measured total volume of the trees within
this space is 5 m3, hence the forest density K is = 5/125 = 0.04.
3. Hydraulic density of mangrove forest ()Hydraulic density of mangrove forest () is determined according to the value of mangrove forest density (K) and hydraulic height ofmangrove forest (The  value shall be calculated by equation (1), whereas K is by equation (2).
Based on the results of laboratorium experiment, the relations between  and  are provided for K equal to K1 = 0.0125 and K2 = 0.05 as in
the equation (3) and (4). Linier interpolation shall be conducted for the K value between K1 = 0.0125 and K2 = 0.05. However, solutions for
K < K1 and K > K2 are still not available at present.
For K = K1 = 0.0125,(3)
For K = K2 = 0.05,(4)
The above relation is derived from the following graphics in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Graphics of relation between hydraulic density of mangrove forest (), mangrove forest density (K) andhydraulic height of mangrove forest ()−51−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

4. Hydraulic width of mangrove forest (BL)(5)
BL = B/L
where: B is the width of mangrove forest in the direction perpendicular to the coastline and L is tsunami wave length.
5. The resulted value of  and BL are then inputted into equation (6), which is the correlation equation of KR and (.BL) as it is also shownin the graphics of Fig. 3.
KR = 0.0872 ln(.BL) + 0.782(6)

Fig. 3 Graphics of correlation between KR and (.BL)
Accordingly, an equation with KR variable both in the left and right side will be derived.
This equation shall be solved by carrying out iteration procedure or trial and error calculation. KR shall be given initial value of 0  KR 
1.
6. Once KR is determined, the definite value of  and  could be calculated.
7. Further, the value of transmission coefficient (KT) and transmitted wave height (HT) shall be calculated by referring to the equation (7),that is related to Fig. 4, and equation (8) consecutively.
KT = -0.1644 ln(.BL) - 0.4601(7)
HT = KT.HIR(8)
where:HIR = [1/(1 – KR )] H
(9)Fig. 4 Graphics of correlation between KT and (.BL)

16. Necessary process to implement
The provided simple diagrams and equations shall be used directly to appraise the capacity of existing mangrove forest in reducing tsunami
wave height or energy that passing through the forest into the shaded inland.
The provided diagrams and equations are also made enable to design mangrove forest width and density for preliminary planning of coastal
protection against tsunami.
Any body has capability of reading graphics and diagrams and carrying out graphics interpolation will be able to make preliminary
calculation for mangrove forest dimension and or prediction of mangrove forest capacity in reducing tsunami wave height. However a local
multi-stakeholder workshop related to the application of this method (methodology, possibility, etc) is necessary before its implementation.
The result of calculation or prediction is implemented only for a unit length of mangrove in the transverse direction parallel to the coast. In
order to get more detail picture of tsunami inundation over wide coastal area, the users are suggested to use numerical simulation tools
provided by other researchers or make further consultation with the relevant experts.
To determine the appropriate distance between the trees, experts in mangrove plantation must be involved in the design processes.

17. Strength and limitations
Once the tsunami wave inputs, the mangrove forest parameters, and the expected wave height reduction is determined this method is
straightforward utilized.
The application of the proposed design’ diagram is limited to the field conditions that are agree with the laboratory investigation conditions.
The present technology shall be implemented by assumptions that:
1. The trees, individually or as a group, have enough resistance against tsunami wave forces. In other words, the trees never collapse underpossible range of the design wave height.
−52−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

2. The diagrams and equations are empirically derived from laboratory investigation. No comparison or calibration have been conductedagainst field data observation.
3. The investigated tree’s height were not higher than 5 m.
Further investigations are necessary to find out solution of the problem that out of present range of application.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Facilities and equipments for design and planning of mangrove forest dimension:
1. A personal computer or calculator that has capability for doing general calculation, iteration calculation or "trial and error" calculation
process. At least has worksheet for database works.
2. Meter-wire or any practical tools for measuring the dimension of the trees to calculate its volume as well as mangrove forest density
calculation.
Facilities and equipments for mangrove plantation:
Please refer to the commonly available guidance of mangrove plantation

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Costs: Budget are required for the following action:
1. purchasing personal computer or calculator, tools for measuring trees dimension.
2. labour fee for the mangrove forest measurement activities.
Organization: The best result will be achieved if cooperation and coordination among stakeholders is conducted.
1. Experts from university or research institution provide their suggestion on the potential of tsunami wave height in the designated area, andalso technology of mangrove plantation.
2. Local government or municipality provide support or guarantee on the continuous supply of mangrove seeds; Local government officer,
under expert advisory, design and planning the mangrove forest; Local government officers, together with residents group, regularly
make inspection and advise on the mangrove maintenance.
3. Local people (community) do cooperation and participate in mangrove planting action as well as its maintenance under coordination ofcommunity leader; it will be helpful if the residents living surrounding the area are divided into groups and each group take responsibility
for planting and maintaining mangroves.
Manpower: No sophisticated skills are necessary; the most important provision are understanding about the danger of tsunami disaster andthe urgency of initiating action of reducing tsunami disaster risk in their own area by self-help and mutual-support.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
This study results have not yet been applied to any specific project. Whereas many of the mangrove plantation projects are implemented not
directly for tsunami issues but with more emphasize on environmental enhancements, these two aspects are effective simultaneously. It isbelieved that, if not direct application, the research output presented herein should be very useful for assessment of the effects of mangrove
forests for tsunami disaster reduction.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that is shown to be effective based so far only on scientific experiments in laboratory.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
This technology is derived from laboratory experiment results with many limitations related the laboratory experiment conditions. However,this calculation method is considered reliable for preliminary design of mangrove forest for tsunami protection at coastal area. Mangrove
forest habitat is within tidal area with muddy or silty soil. It is usually hard to grow the seeds in the coastal area attacked by severe wave.
Semi-permanent protection must be provided until the trees strong enough to stand against wave force (usually until about two years old).

IX. Application examples
X. Other related parallel initiatives if any−53−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Hamzah, Harada, and Imamura (1999), Tohoku University, Japan
Harada and Imamura (2000), Tohoku University, Japan
Hiraishi and Koike (2002), Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan
Widjo and Sakai (2003), Iwate University, Japan
Harada & Kawata (2004), Tohoku University, Japan

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> Rhizopora_mangrove_forest_at_Sinjai_Sulawesi.png (PNG - 382 Kb)> Figure-1-1.jpg (JPG - 22 Kb)> Figure-2.tif (TIF - 111 Kb)> Mangrove_forest_outside_view_1.jpg (JPG - 41 Kb)> mangrove_view_from_seaside.jpg (JPG - 49 Kb)> Mangrove_forest_at_the_coastline_tip_1.jpg (JPG - 37 Kb)> Figure-3.bmp (BMP - 101 Kb)−54−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 11)
I. Heading
1. Title

Rediscovery and Revival of Traditional Earthquake-Resistant Techniques inAlgeria: The Casbah of Algiers (Algeria).
ID:

DRH 11

Hazard:Earthquake
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

Amina Aicha Abdessemed-Foufa

Country:

Algiers, Algeria. Since 18th century, after the 1716 Algiers
earthquake

Date posted:

31 January 2008

Date published:

22 December 2008
The Horseshore-pointed arches (Arcads).

Contact
Dr. Amina Aicha Abdessemed-Foufa (Architect, Senior Researcher)
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineers Sciences, University “Saad Dahleb” of Blida, (USTB) , Route de Soumaa, BP 270 Blida.
Algeria.
E-mail: foufa_a_dz yahoo.fr
Tel/fax: +213 25 438 434
Cell phone +213 771 309 595
Dr. Djillali Benouar (Professor)
University of Bab Ezzouar (USTHB): BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Alger 16111, Algeria
E-mail: dbenouar yahoo.com
Tel: +213 21 24 79 14

2. Major significance / Summary
Contributed effectively in reducing human live losses and damage to properties. Easy and cheap to put in place. These techniques whichhave been in place for more three centuries have had the time to be tested during several destructive earthquakes which affected the site andthus proven their efficacy in reducing seismic risk. These techniques should be again promoted among the political authorities, the decision
makers and the civil society in Algeria.

3. Keywords
Traditional preventive techniques, Casbah of Algiers, Algeria

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Financing and insurance businesspersonnel, Experts, Teachers and educators, Architects and engineers, Urban planners
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents−55−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Buildings, Urban areas, Coastal areas, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Dr. Amina Aicha Abdessemed-Foufa (Architect, Senior Researcher)
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineers Sciences, University “Saad Dahleb” of Blida, (USTB) , Route de Soumaa, BP 270 Blida.
Algeria.
E-mail: foufa_a_dz yahoo.fr
Tel/fax: +213 25 438 434
Cell phone +213 771 309 595

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
Algiers, Algeria. Since 18th century, after the 1716 Algiers earthquake
North Africa/ Mediterranean Basin

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
ancient communities,
USTB of BlidaUSTHB of Algiers, Pr. Djillali Benouar Civil Engineer, Built Environment Laboratory (LBE), Faculty of Civil Engineers. University“Houari Boumediene”, of Bab Ezzouar, (USTHB), Algiers. Algeria
BP 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Alger 16 111, Algeria.
E-mail: dbenouar gmail.com
Cell phone: +213 771 842 428
Tel / fax : +213 21 247 914/247 992

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
04/2000- “Reducing Risk to Cultural Heritage (Medinas and Casbah) in the Maghreb Countries“, Archeoseismicity and historic seismicity,
France.
05/2001 - “ Introduction to the local seismic culture in the old cities of the Maghreb”. Second Workshop on Seismic Risk in North Africa,
Tetouan. Morocco.
08/2001- “Reducing the geo-environmental effects on historical and archeological monuments and sites. Theme A: living with natural andenvironmental hazards. Topic 11/ Reducing risk to Cultural Heritage”, International workshop on disaster reduction. American Society of
Civil Engineers. Reston, Virginia, an Activity of the alliance for disaster reduction, USA.
08/2001- “Local Seismic Culture in the Old Cities in North African Countries. Topic 11: Reducing Risk to Cultural Heritage”, International
workshop on disaster reduction. American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, Virginia, an Activity of the alliance for disaster reduction,
USA.
05/2005- “Contribution for a Catalogue of Earthquake-Resistant Traditional Techniques in Northern Africa: the Case of the Casbah of
Algiers (Algeria)”, European Earthquake Engineering Journal, 02/05, pp23-39.
08/2007- Investigation on the 1716 Algiers (Algeria) earthquake from historical documentary sources. Proceeding of IDRC. Harbin, China.
03/2007- “ Damage Survey of the Old Nuclei of the Casbah of Dellys (Algeria) and Performance of Preventive Traditional Measures in the
Wake of the Boumerdes 2003 earthquake”. European Earthquake Engineering Journal, 03/07, pp10-20.

13. Note on ownership if any
PublicIV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The Algiers 1716 destructive earthquake whose intensity was estimated at IX (MSK) caused the loss of about 20,000 human lives andconsiderable damage to the Casbah of Algiers and its surroundings. It was reported that about 200 houses collapsed and several other were−56−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

seriously damaged; the Great Mosque was fissured and even then countryside houses suffered considerable damage and some of themwhere thrown to the ground, in a distance of about 3 km of the city centre. The ground has also presented large opening. Following thisevent, it is reported that the public authority at that time, in fact the Dey Ali Shaush imposed to the inhabitant of Algiers (Casbah) preventive
measures.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The Casbah of Algiers, which was rebuilt after the Algiers 1716 earthquake by the Ottoman, is classified as a world cultural heritage by
UNESCO and where there are still people living in these houses. Theses traditional earthquake-resistant techniques have played a great rolein protecting the Casbah of Algiers from earthquake which affected the site of Algiers during the last three centuries. These techniquesshould be enhanced and used for the preservation of historical site and monuments, not only, in Algiers but in other historical cities in North
Africa and in the Mediterranean Basin where the old constructions have similar characteristics. This earthquake-resistant system concern
the urban scale as a whole as well as the house unit by using constructive procedures adapted to the architectural typology developed during
the 18th century. This construction system contributed to the perennially of this historical cultural heritage for the humanity.
Wall Structures

Arch-Column system−57−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Floors structure

Corbellings

16. Necessary process to implement
First, this earthquake-resistant system should be promoted to the public authorities, decision makers, local authorities, researchers, design
offices, contractors, and general public. The following strategic process for implementation is proposed: (1) Politically, accept that historicalbuildings are not only object to preserve but they also constitute a national and regional scientific resource. (2) Promote these traditional
seismic protective measures rediscovered in historical sites. (3) Contribute to the understanding of these arrangement or constructions tips
that have protected the historical monuments and sites. (4) Analysis and study of the evolution of the constructions procedures during thelast centuries (typology, morphology). (5) Characterization of the seismic source parameters on the region under consideration.
(6) Integration of these techniques into national building codes. (7) Revival of old professions capable of dealing with historical buildings.
(8) Study the effects of an expected seismic event (i.e., a scenario event) on the site containing a relevant historical structure, using the
scenario to characterize the behavior of different structural typologies, including local seismic culture elements. (9) Identify the main
historical monuments and sites at risk, in order to take reinforcement actions of the relevant structure by implementing these traditional
techniques. (10) Transmit the traditional seismic preventive techniques to decision makers and end users. (11) Provide end users (engineers,architects, decision makers, politician, civil protection, etc.) effective and comprehensible description of the procedure. The above
propositions constitute the starting point for the development of an efficient and cost effective preservation strategic plan for cultural
heritage. (12) Training skilled builders.

17. Strength and limitations
In this position, we note the facility to implement theses traditional techniques and also the cost they involve. In the negative side, what typeof materials (wood, mortar, bricks, etc.) we have to use. Also, it will take some of making these techniques accepted by decision makers,
design offices, contractors, general public, etc.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Not yet newly implemented. Theses techniques were used and in place since 1716. Possible lessons can be:
Diffusion of knowledge acquired by the training of qualified workers (masons, builders).
Vulgarizing the research of the earthquake resistant technics trough Universities and Official Authorities.
Concentrating on coast effective of technology and social impact in the field of preservation of cultural heritage.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Really, there no much need in large and equipments. What is really needed is training and also the adequate building materials satisfying
certain conditions for this type of work. Experts and consultants having a good experience in historical construction are required. Lobbyingis also important to revive these traditional techniques.

−58−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
1. Developing a sound culture of preservation by incorporating local seismic culture through universities and official authorities.
2. Developing an intervention methodology for the preservation of historical monuments and sites based on science.
3. Producing an exhaustive traditional preventive techniques catalogue including their role and their use as a practical tool.
4. Diffusing knowledge acquired by the training of qualified workers in the field of preservation.
5. Concentrating on cost effective and social impact of the preservation actions.
The budget per building/project will depend on size and complexity, availability of information, accessibility, and the existence of local
resources as qualified manpower and facilities, such as workshops.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
These Traditional-Resistant Techniques have contributed effectively in reducing damage on old constructions since their adoption andallowed tomorrow similar effects if an earthquake occurs in the site of the Casbah of Algiers.
The majority of Cultural Heritage in Region Algeria is located in urban and coastal areas which are also located in the seismic zone.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that is shown to be effective based on case studies/experiments in field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
The techniques are applicable in the remaining houses in the Casbah of Algiers which is classified as UNESCO World Cultural Heritage(since 1992)

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
The Casbah of Algiers (Algeria) and several other historical cities in North Africa as well in Turkey and Syria (Not new projects but
original constructions)E1-2. Place
Algiers, Fez (Morroco), Tunis (Tunisia), Damascus (Syria), etc.
E1-3. Year
18th century
E1-4. Investor
The government at that time according to the Ottoman archives
E1-5. People involved
We have to go back to the Ottoman archives to find out.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Not available today.
E1-7. Total workload required
Need a study according to today’s standard.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
The constructions of the Casbah of Algiers built in 1520’s are still there today after surviving several destructive earthquakes that haveaffected the site of Algiers in the past.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Casbah of Dellys (Algeria)
E2-2. Place
Dellys (Algeria)−59−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E2-3. Year
10th century
E2-4. Investor
Government at that time.
E2-5. People involved
InhabitantsE2-6. Monetary costs incurred
Not available today, needs some research in Arabic and Ottoman archives.
E2-7. Total workload required
Not available today, needs research
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
The old nuclei of the site of Dellys is still standing and thus surviving several destructive earthquakes in the past centuries (1632) andafter the 21st century (2003 Boumerdes (Algeria) earthquake).
Major Damages

Minor Damages

Corbelling−60−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
More of others old cities in Algeria (Constantine, Oran, etc.) Morocco (Fez, Meknez, ect.) and Tunisia (Tunis, etc.).

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> Total_collaps_Dellys_2003.jpg (JPG - 346 Kb)> Arch-Column_departure_2.jpg (JPG - 27 Kb)> Minor_Damages_Dellys_2003.jpg (JPG - 373 Kb)> 8_TIK1_P1.pdf (PDF - 510 Kb)> 8_TIK1_P2.pdf (PDF - 1113 Kb)−61−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 12)
I. Heading
1. Title

Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technique by Coastal Greenbelt
ID:

DRH 12

Hazard:Tsunami, Storm surge, Flood
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Tetsuya Hiraishi

Country:

INDONESIA; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; JAPAN;

Date posted:

31 January 2008

Date published:

01 September 2008
Japanese traditional forest barrier Discussion note in
PNG.

Contact
Tetsuya Hiraishi
Head, Wave Division, Port and Airport Research InstituteNagase 3-1-1, Yokosuka, Japan 239-0826
Tel 81-46-844-5036, Fax 81-46-844-1274
e-mail hiraishi pari.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
Coastal greenbelt composed of mangrove, coconuts, mango etc has an effect to reduce the tsunami flow velocity when its density and width
becomes appropriate. The suitable arrangement of greenbelt is necessary to mitigate the coastal tsunami disaster especially in the Asia andPacific area where the implementation of hard barriers like breakwaters is difficult.

3. Keywords
Tsunami force, Disaster mitigation, Greenbelt, Evacuation support tool, Tsunami countermeasure, Numerical simulation

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, NGO/NPO project managers andstaff, Environmental/Ecological specialists, Others
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focused
Tsunami, Storm surge, Flood

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Infrastructure, Coastal areas−62−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Tetsuya Hiraishi
Head, Wave Division, Port and Airport Research InstituteNagase 3-1-1, Yokosuka, Japan 239-0826
Tel 81-46-844-5036, Fax 81-46-844-1274
e-mail hiraishi pari.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDONESIA; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; JAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Port and Airport Research Institute

11. Title of relevant projects if any
This technology employs local plants according the regional condition. The technique is applicable to any coastal area with several coastal
tree plants.

12. References and publications
Greenbelt Tsunami Prevention in South-Pacific Region, Report of Port and Airport Research Institute, Vol.42, No.2, 2003.

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The Papua New Guinea Earthquake in 1998 caused a heavy damage at the northern coast in the country. After the damage, a regional
meeting to discuss on the countermeasures against tsunami hazard was held in Madan city in Papua New Guinea. The greenbelt
countermeasures were proposed in the meeting because the cost for hard barriers was very large. Several physical and numerical works
were done to evaluate the effect of greenbelt against tsunami. The experimental results in the Port and Airport Research Institutedemonstrated that at least 15 trees per 100 m2 might be necessary to reduce the tsunami force to the level safe to wooden houses.

1998 Tsunami hazard in Papua New Guinea

Japanese traditional forest barrier Discussion note in PNG−63−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
A vertical column in the flow becomes an obstacle to reduce a flow velocity. The effect of resistance is evaluated by the drag coefficientterm of a column in a steady flow. In the experiment, the drag force reduction in the greenbelt were studied.

Image of greenbelt

16. Necessary process to implement
Costal greenbelt can be planted in an appropriate area facing to tsunami hazard risk. In the first year the plant is very weak so the protection
from sea wave and current is necessary.

Plantation of Pandung in Java

17. Strength and limitations
The dense coastal forest is effective to reduce the tsunami force and tsunami hazard. But the flow velocity in a access road between
greenbelts units may become very fast. The evacuation along the access road becomes difficult.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Plantation can be done by the local residence. The regional meeting to unite the local opinion is very important.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Appropriate vegetation in the target area and enough space in front of coastal villages.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Coat is not so large.

−64−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
The risk due to tsunami, storm surge and high wave increases rapidly in the recent years. The hard prevention like breakwater needs a lot of
costs and construction time. The greenbelt coastal prevention technique becomes one of the most effective countermeasures done in few
cost and relatively short time.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.
The experiment was done in the Port and Airport Research Institute.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
Any coastal trees are applicable to the greenbelt (Dense Coastal Forest). For example, a local plant (named BUNI) had an effect to reducetsunami force. It was revealed in the field survey in Solomon Island (2007).

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
East coast tsunami prevention project in Indonesia
E1-2. Place
East coasts in Indonesia Example of Mangrove plantation
E1-3. Year
2004E1-4. Investor
Indonesia Government
E1-5. People involved
Local residenceE1-6. Monetary costs incurredNone
E1-7. Total workload required
Two years
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Several hazards were prevented.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 6.jpg (JPG - 8 Kb)> 3.jpg (JPG - 5 Kb)−65−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 13)
I. Heading
1. Title

Integrated Natural Risk Reduction through a Sustainable Cities ProgrammeID:

DRH 13

Hazard:Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption,
Landslide, Mudflow, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm
surge, Flood , Flash flood , Snow avalanches,
Drought, Multi-hazard
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Julio Kuroiwa

Country:ln Peru, South America. On going since 1998

Date posted:

04 February 2008

Date published:

09 November 2008
General Plan of El Pinar by Miguel Romero, architect
and urban developer.

Contact
Prof. Julio Kuroiwa
Chief technical advisor (CTA) of the SCP. Professor Emeritus National University of Engineering (UNI). Lima, Peru
Av. Del Parque Sur 442. Lima 27. PERU
E-mails: jkuroiwah infonegocio.net.pe / editnsg speedy.com.pe
Telefax (511) 719-3555 Phone office (511) 719-3554 Phone home (511) 476-4834

2. Major significance / Summary
Great impact in reducing human lives and material losses. Easy and cheap to implement.
Widely accepted by communities and local authorities. Expanding. Action Plan for 2007-2011 approved. Productions being used toconsolidate Peru’s National System for Disaster Reduction. Needed to safely settle new inhabitants. Recognitions: UN/ISDR, World Bank,
Johannesburg Action Plan. Good Governmental Practice 2006 Award in Peru. Applied in the reconstruction of cities affected by the Peru
2007 earthquake.

3. Keywords
Sustainable city, hazard map, land use plan, disaster mitigation project, implementation, municipal ordinance and reconstruction of affected
cities.

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Financing and insurance business personnel, Experts, Teachers andeducators, Architects and engineers, Sociologists and political economists, Information technology specialists, Urban planners
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents−66−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption, Landslide, Mudflow, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood, Snowavalanches, Drought, Multi-hazard

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Urban areas, Coastal areas, Riverbanks and fluvial basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Prof. Julio Kuroiwa
Chief technical advisor (CTA) of the SCP. Professor Emeritus National University of Engineering (UNI). Lima, Peru
Av. Del Parque Sur 442. Lima 27. PERU
E-mails: jkuroiwah infonegocio.net.pe / editnsg speedy.com.pe
Telefax (511) 719-3555 Phone office (511) 719-3554 Phone home (511) 476-4834

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedln Peru, South America. On going since 1998
130 Peruvian cities, located all over the country.

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Julio Kuroiwa, Alfredo Perez and Alfredo Zerga, members of SCP Task Force. Peru’s Civil Defense. Peruvian Government. Ciro
Mosqueira SCP National Director.

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Safer homes for the poorest. Included in the SCP-1S for the period 2007-2011, and route map for Peruvian municipalities for the period
2008-2021

12. References and publications
Idriss, I. M. (1991). Earthquake Ground Motions at Soft Soil Sites. Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotech. Earthq. Engg.
And Soil Mechanics. Pp 2265-2273. St. Luis. MO. USA.
Seed, R. B. et al. (2001). Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering and seismic site response evaluation. Proc. 4th Intern. Conf. on
Recent Advances in Geotech. Earthq. Engg. and Soil Mechanics. Paper No SPL-2, 45p. San Diego, CA. USA.
Kuroiwa, Julio. Disaster Reduction. Living in Harmony with Nature. Book in English 512 p. Editorial NSG S.A.C. Lima. Officiallypresented during the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction Kobe, Hyogo, January, 2005.
Kuroiwa, Julio. Sustainable Cities, a Regional Seismic Scenario, and the 2001-06-23 Arequipa Peru Earthquake. Natural Hazard Review,Vol. 3, No 4, Nov. 1, 2002. An ASCE publication.
Kuroiwa, J. & Alva, J. (1991) Microzonation and its Application to Urban & Regional Planning in Peru. Proc. 4ICSZ. Vol. I, pp 771-794.
Stanford. CA. USA.
Podesta, J. L. & J. Kuroiwa (2006). “Risk Governance of Natural Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development”.
International Disaster Reduction Conference. IDRC Davos 2006. Davos, Switzerland Aug. 27-Sep. 1, 2006.

13. Note on ownership if any
Free use. Belong to the public domain

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceIn November 1998, there was a need to reconstruct the Peru’s NW cities severely affected by El Niño 1997-98. The author proposed to thethen Prime Minister of Peru and Head of El Niño Reconstruction Committee (CEREN) to safely reconstruct the cities according to theattributes of a Sustainable City, just defined by him. His ad-honorem services were immediately accepted. In 2001 the SCP was transferred−67−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

from CEREN to Peru’s Civil Defense (INDECI) and the Arequipa earthquake occurred. So the SCP was expanded to the S-W region, themacroseismic area. INDECI evaluated the results of the application of the SCP in Peru’s NW and SW regions and it was expanded
countrywide. The key tool is the hazard map based on microzonation studies, which was developed in Peru after the 1970 earthquake. In
the early 1980s it reached the state-of-the-art. The microzonation methods and techniques were simplified to be of practical use andaffordable cost. At the end of 2006, the new top decision-making authorities of INDECI approved the Action Plan for 2007-2011.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
As population and values are concentrated in the cities, in intense events the loss of lives in developing countries and the material losses inindustrialized nations may be very high. For example, in the Indian Ocean 2004 tsunami, 230,000 victims; Peru 1970 EQ 67,000; andPakistan 2005 EQ 95,000. In the New Orleans 2005 “Katrina” and Kobe 1995 EQ, losses surpassed US$ 100 billion, unacceptable even byrich countries. According to the UN, 2 billion people will be added to the world population in the next three decades. So a global effort isnecessary to reduce losses in urban areas. The Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP), focusing on the first attribute of a SC, its physicalsafety (PCS-1S), is one of the ongoing programmes in that direction. In the SCP-1S the key tool is the hazard map based on microzonation
studies.
Population densification and city expansion take place in sectors of low to medium hazard. High-hazard sectors are used with restriction andvery high- hazard sectors are not permitted for urban occupation.

16. Necessary process to implement
First, it is necessary to formulate a project/programme (p/p) with a good cost-benefit ratio; practical; with tangible results; and of great
benefit to the communities.
The awareness of communities and authorities must be raised by means of workshops, lectures and the media.
Funding by national, regional and local governments. Use international auspices only as seed money or in complementary investments.
Firm commitment of the local authorities to impulse the p/p. Use local trained consultants to reduce operating costs and for (p/p) follow up.
Leadership of the executing institution and efficient task force; indispensable to have good communication with the top level ofdecision-making.
Efficient and transparent management of the funds (this time in charge of UNDP). Be proactive. For example, some theses are developed atuniversities 1-2 years before an activity is initiated.

17. Strength and limitations
The multihazard approach hazard map - a key tool for safe, sound urban development - uses microzonation methods and techniques basedon global existing knowledge and experience, mainly in Japan and California as well as the results of damage surveys of 22 disasters ofgeological and climatic origin that occurred in the Americas from 1963 to 2007. During the development it reached the state-of-the-art level,
early in the 1980s.
Limitation: The SCP-1S consists of: hazard map, land-use plan, disaster mitigation profile projects and implementation by municipalities.
The SCP implementation is not being carried out as expected, due to the limited economic and technical capacities of local governments.
During the next few years INDECI and UNDP will concentrate on tackling this important problem.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
For a long-lasting programme as is SCP-1S it is necessary to have:• Strong support from the highest political decision-makers to ensure continuous funding. This is possible using windows of opportunities.
• Good governance. In this case, smooth correlation between the institutional management and the disaster-assessment working group.
Team work with prudent leadership, so that every member feels that he “owns” the programme, and that his contribution is very important.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
In this era of the interconnected computer, there is no need for large offices: a small one is sufficient for the SCP Task Force and its
assistants. As the Programme uses conventional engineering methodology, it is possible to use existing private laboratories or those at thenational universities, with which most of the INDECI consultants are associated. But the methodology is updated according to international
advances. For example, the contribution of Idriss, 1991, and Seed et al. 2001 on the great amplification of seismic waves in soft soil versus
rigid soil or rock in the range of small acceleration.
The conclusion agreed well with our own research into the microzonation effects in field surveys of 15 EQs occurred in the Americas from1963 to 2007; the impact on the vulnerable adobe housing, very sensitive to V to VIII MMI degrees, was analyzed. Modern technology is
included also through young consultants such as Dr. Zenon Aguilar who was trained by Prof. H. Iemura at Kyoto University. Dr. Aguilar
owns modern equipment and software.

−68−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
First and foremost, a strong, well organized executing institution is needed, with quick access to decision-makers at the top level of central
government.
A well informed, highly motivated task force, and knowledgeable and able consultants on geology, soil mechanics, hydrology/hydraulics,
urban planning, the environment and GIS will be required. In this case most of them are university professors, who were trained on the job
by the SCP Task Force.
The cost per city varies widely depending on size, existing information, accessibility, and the existence of local resources in terms of
personnel and facilities, such as a laboratory.
But the cost may be the cheapest of the ongoing SC programmes, because of the very reasonable consulting fee, thanks to the participationof graduated students developing their thesis.
Existing soil data in use as a complement of soil exploration plan. They are available at the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Healthsince sites were investigated for the design and construction of new schools and hospitals.
The SCP designates some US$ 200,000/per year for consulting fees and supervision, paid by Peru’s Central Government. This does notinclude salaries of the INDECI authorities or of the SCP Task Force and its assistants nor does it include the operational cost of INDECICentral Office or those of INDECI’s regional offices when they provide assistance to the SCP Task Force (for example, transportation costsin their respective regions).
UNDP and municipalities provide some contributions is cash or in kind.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Three disasters of natural origin, three opportunities.
When the Ica region or Pisco Peru earthquake occurred, (Mw 8.0 USGS) on August 15, 2007 (Fig. 1), the SCP-1S had completed thehazard maps, land-use plans and disaster mitigation profiles of 123 Peruvian cities and towns with 6,3 million inhabitants. On that list were
16 cities and towns located in the macroseismic area, including the provincial capitals of the worst affected zone: Ica, Pisco, Chincha, andCañete.
Two days after the earthquake, the author started a systematic damage survey focused on the seismic microzonation effects. In the SCP-1S
2001-2002 hazard maps, the Pisco beach area (Fig. 2) and Tambo de Mora (Fig. 3) were graded as very-high-hazard and high-hazard,
because these sectors are threatened by soil liquefaction and tsunami, as in fact occurred on August 15, 2007.
Since the hazard maps of the investigated cities and towns were in good agreement with the actual degree of damage caused by the August
15, 2007 event and its geographic distribution, the national authorities, i.e. Peru’s Civil Defense (INDECI) and the Ministry of Housing,
Construction, and Sanitation (MVCS) decided to reconstruct and expand the affected cities based on their validated – i.e. reviewed andexpanded – hazard maps. The UNDP continues supporting this Peruvian national effort. The regional and local authorities and the affected
communities were fully informed on the general situation, and they accepted that decision.
In mid-September 2007, the validation of the hazard maps of the main affected cities was started. To the list were added 10 towns which
had been severely affected by the August 2007 earthquake. By June 2008, validated or new hazard maps were available for 26 cities andtowns, and these are now being applied in their urban plans for reducing the risk of disaster.
The validation of the hazard map for the city of Pisco started in mid-September 2007. Due to a quick decision of Peru’s Civil Defense(INDECI), funds were immediately made available from the INDECI 2007 investment programme. Pisco city’s validated hazard map wascompleted by December 2007 (Fig. 4).
In September, 2007, Dr. Kim Howells, Minister of Foreign and Common-wealth Office (FCO) of the United Kingdom visited the affected
area. The author gave Dr. Howells a very brief explanation of the SCP-1S, the updated 1998-2007 results, and how its applications reducethe initial construction/reconstruction costs, and especially the maintenance cost, if the constructions are damaged in future events. By using
the hazard maps and earthquake-resistant techniques developed in Peru during the last decade, this cost is able to be reduced substantially.
Consequently, the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom (DFID, UK) donated US$500,000; thanks to thewell-prepared request formulated by the UNDP/Peru.
With part of the funds donated by the DFID-UK, the hazard maps of Ica, Chincha and Cañete were validated, these being the provincial
capital cities located in the macroseismic area. The hazard maps of 12 towns, and an additional 10 towns that had not previously been
investigated but which were severely affected by the 2007 earthquake, were studied. All those studies started in November 2007 andconcluded in May 2008. Most of the consultants had previously engagements with the SCP-1S; they were residents in the affected area, andprofessors and researchers of the National University of Ica. The resulting hazard maps are of good quality and they were completed ontime, thanks to the hard work and dedication of the SCP-1S INDECI/UNDP consultants.
The Minister of Housing, Construction and Sanitation, Mr. Enrique Cornejo Ramirez in the presentation of the Manual on the Developmentof Sustainable Cities, edited and printed by UNDP/Peru in May 2008 with DFID funds, said that it had been “unanimously decided toreconstruct the cities affected by the Ica region’s earthquake of 15 August 2007 applying their validated hazard maps.”−69−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

The SCP-1S programme started in 1998, when there was the need to reconstruct the cities affected by the El Niño 1997-98, and it was
expanded country-wide when the Regional Seismic Scenario 1992-95 was seen to coincide closely with the real effects of the 2001
Arequipa earthquake; the programme is now being consolidated as a result of the Ica region 2007 earthquake.
It may be concluded: Three disasters of natural origin, three opportunities, well used as a result of team work on the part of national, regional,
and local Peruvian authorities, UNDP/Peru the affected communities, and consultants.

Fig. 1 Macroseismic area of the Peru August 15, 2007 earthquake, where the location of Pisco and Tambo de Mora are underlined. In those
localities occurred the worst destruction in the macroseismic area as had been foreseen by the 2001–2002 hazard map. In both places, strips
parallel to the coastal line, were graded as very–high-hazard. Those strips are threatened by soil liquefaction and tsunami
intrusion.

Fig. 2 Pisco Hazard map developed by the SCP-1S INDECI/PNUD in 2001 – 2002. At the location indicated; damage sustained there insome locations is shown below.

−70−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

1. Damage on the Pan-American Highway.
2. Soil at downtown Pisco.
3. Collapsed Embassy Hotel.
4. R.C. building in downtown Pisco.
5. Tsunami effects in San Andres.
6. San Clemente Church at the Pisco main square.

1. Soil liquefaction in the upper part of Tambo de Mora.
2. Settlement in the jail of Tambo de Mora.
3. Sand volcano.
4. Lateral spread of a wall, “opening a door”. Both walls were separated only 2 cm and were aligned.
5. A house that had settled some 0.70 m due to soil liquefaction.
6. Adobe church, with no damage at all. Located only 200 m from where widespread soil liquefaction occurred. The church is located ondry, stiff soil very different from the saturated silty sand existing nearby. This is a clear example of the microzonation effect.
Fig. 3 Effects of the August 15, 2007 Earthquake in Tambo de Mora

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 4 Validated Pisco hazard map (December 2007)
The hazard map reviewed from September to December 2007, by the SCP-1S INDECI/PNUD Pisco was also studied by the Japan Peru
Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation from the Civil Engineering Department of the National University ofEngineering (CISMID/FIC/UNI). The SCP-1S (2001-2002) and the validated hazard map agreed well, the very high hazard sectors of thethree maps are practically carbon copies of each other.
This is one of the mean reasons why Mr. Enrique Cornejo Ramirez, the Minister of Housing, Construction and Sanitation (MVCS) said: “Itwas decided by consensus to develop the reconstruction plans of the main affected cities based on their validated hazard maps”.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
According to the UN, during the next 3 decades the world population will increase by two billion people. Most of them are going to live inlarge and medium cities of developing countries. It is necessary to settle them safely and orderly. The SCP is easy to replicate as it uses
conventional expertise existing around the globe; specialists: in geology, soil mechanic, hydrology/hydraulics, urban planning, environment
and GIS.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Sustainable Cities Programme, 1st Step (SCP-1S)
E1-2. Place
130 cities and towns located countrywide in Peru, with 6.4 million inhabitants−72−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

SUSTAINABLE CITIES PROGRAM INDECI/UNDP, 1998-2008. RESULTSREGIONSCITIES&TOWNS

From 11/1998 to 06/2008, 133 cities and towns with 6.4 million inhabitants have been investigated. Agreements have been signedwith participating local national universities: . In 10 years some 80 consultants have been trained on the job.
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

SECTORS CLASSIFIED PER DEGREE OF HAZARD

To provide some guidance in the development of hazard maps, a matrix with the degree of hazard, their characteristics, some typicalexamples of natural threats and restrictions and recommendations on the use of different sectors are included.
HAZARD MAP, LAND USE PLAN, AND A DISASTER MITIGATION PROJECT FOR SULLANA, PERU.

a. Hazard Map for Sullana, Peru. The continuous red blue strip is the canal constructed in 1984-85, following a route traced by naturein 1983, when a 100-300 m strip was destroyed by dammed water overflowing because the platform of the Pan American Highway
had broken. (Dam break).
b. Damage in La Quebrada during El Niño 1982 – 1983.
c. The canal along La Quebrada freeway flooded by El Niño 1997-98. No significant damage was reported in Sullana.
d. Land-use plan for Sullana, Peru, 2000. Note that a lot of agricultural land next to the city has been protected with a green belt. The
area to be developed is the desert zone to the left, to the south west.
(From Kuroiwa, Julio 2004. Disaster Reduction Living in Harmony with Nature. Chapter 2. Sustainable Cities. Agenda for the 21stCentury. p43)
E1-3. Year1998 to dateE1-4. Investor−74−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Mostly Peru’s Central Government funds Contributions from local governments and UNDP, DFID from the U.K.
E1-5. People involved
SCP Task Force: Prof. Julio Kuroiwa, leader, Mr. Alfredo Perez (CE), Mr. Alfredo Zerga (urban planner). Mr. Ciro Mosqueira,National Director of the SCP and deputy chief of INDECI. Dozens of consultants.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
For consulting fee and supervision, an average US$ 200,000/per year, including use of laboratories considered in the consulting fee.
That amount does not include full time permanent staff of SCP, Task Force; nor does it include INDECI authorities in their
headquarters and regional offices, nor does it include supporting employees.
E1-7. Total workload required
Full time work of the SCP Task Force and its assistants, a dozen of 6-8 months part time of each consultant.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Hazard maps, land-use plans and disaster-mitigation profiles have been developed for 80 cities, and hazard maps for 130 cities,
including the former 80. All those results have been unanimously approved by their communities, mayors and council members, andenforced by municipal ordinances.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Relocation of Tipon town.
E2-2. Place
Tipon is located some 10 km south east (SE) from of Cusco city, Peru, in the Peru south-eastern region
E2-3. Year
Flooded in 1992 and in 1994
E2-4. Investor
Peru Civil Defense (INDECI) funded. The families involved in the relocation
E2-5. People involved
The relocation of Tipon, severely inundated in 1992 and again in 1994, was recommended and executed by Ruperto Benavente,
Professor of Geology at the National University of Cusco, who is the local consultant of SCP-1S INDECI/UNDP, trained on the job
by the SCP-1S Task Force. The process started in the 1990s and is almost completed in 2008. About 400 people’s now living in the
new location. About 200 continue living in its original location, but out of the inundation threated sectors
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
The consultancy fee of Prof. Benavente was less than US$ 3,000 and paid by Peru Civil Defense. The new location was provided by
the Peruvian State and the relocated families built their homes at this new location by themselves.
E2-7. Total workload required
The most important resource was the convincing argument delivered by Prof. Benavente to the local communities and authorities
regarding their future safety.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Most of the former residents of Tipon are now living in their new town.
TIPON

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

1. Prof. Ruperto Benavente (Geologist) of the National University of Cusco, showing Tipon. According to the American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE), Tipon is a water engineering masterpiece of the Inca Empire which covers a 500–acre, self–contained
walled settlement. Kenneth R. Wright P.E, of Denver, CO, said that Tipon was planned integrating water, soil, agriculture andtopography, creating a virtual water garden that impresses all who visit this place.
2. General view of Tipon, located in the rural community of Choquepata, province of Quispicanchis, Cusco region, at 13º 34´ 09´´S
and 71º 47´ 20´´W, some 10 km south east of the city of Cusco, Peru, at 3,560 m.a.s.l, on average. The community of Choquepata,which was relocated, is some 2 km, downstream from Tipon.
3. To the left, the lower part of the community of Choquepata, which was affected by mud flows in 1992 and 1994. Far on the slope is
New Tipon. At present (2008), some 400 people are resettled in New Tipon, and 200 remain at Choquepata, both on flood-freeareas. Prof. R. Benavente developed the hazard map, and did the coordination with the Peruvian Civil Defense Regional Office ofCusco, local authorities and the Choquepata community members. He convinced all of them of the need to relocate part of
Choquepata (Photo courtesy of Prof. R. Benavente, taken on September 29, 2008)
4. Closer view of New Tipon. Photo taken by the author in August 2007.

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
New Antamina Town named El Pinar, where management, high-ranking staff, employees and labors of the Antamina Mining
Company live at present.
E3-2. PlaceEl Pinar is located in the upper part of Huaraz, the capital city of the Ancash Region. Huaraz was razed during the Peru 1970
earthquake, near 10,000 people were killed under their adobe houses, built on soft, water-saturated soil. Previously, in 1941, anavalanche had killed some 5,000 people there.
The location of El Pinar was initially selected by the Antamina executives and its main consultant, Mr. Miguel Romero, an urban
planner and Peru’s former Deputy Minister of Housing and Construction.
E3-3. Year2000
E3-4. Investor
Antamina Mining Company. It is an important Peruvian polymetallic mining company. Mitsubishi (10 % share in theorganization) provided powerful pumping equipment to transport semi-liquid ore from the high Andean mountain region (over 4,000
m.a.s.l.) to a sea port.
E3-5. People involved
Antamina Mining Operation Manager, Mr. Miguel Romero, an urban planner and his team. They were selected following a public
bidding. The author was in charge of coordinating the microzonation studies and the El Pinar hazard map.
E3-6. Monetary costs incurred
The site investigation, urban development plan including the design of lifelines services as water, sewage energy and communication
systems and housing typical design, cost some US$ 250,000
E3-7. Total workload required
The project was developed in 10 months in the year 2000 by a team of urban planners, architects, civil, structural and sanitationengineers. Some 40 men/month + assistants.
E3-8. Evidence of positive result
In the El Pinar Town live now some 5,000 residents. It was constructed from 2001 to 2004 by a private construction company.
EL PINAR−76−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

1. Location of El Pinar in the Huaraz area, Peru.
2. General Plan of El Pinar by Miguel Romero, architect and urban developer.
3. Satellite view, 2005. Notice that the north-eastern part is not developed yet, and the round plaza is located in the center of El Pinar.
The drainage canals: one located in the lower part of the Plaza is the original drainage that has been functioning for centuries. The
hazard map was developed by a team headed by the author.
4. General view of El Pinar. Note that the houses are located on gentle slopes inclined toward the plaza. The general drainage is toward
the left of the picture.
5. Partial view of the built-up area of El Pinar.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any• The UNISDR/UNESCO SCP focuses on reducing earthquake damage. Damage from climatic disasters is gradually being included.
• The aim of the UNHABITAT/UNEP SCP is that the cities and towns will be made economically, socially and environmentally
sustainable. This is one of the leading technical cooperation programmes in the field of urban environmental planning and management,
and it is in agreement with Agenda 21 and UNHABITAT Agenda.
The SCP of the United Nations University, UNU, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, includes climatic hazards, and it is to be applied in SE Asia.

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
The INDECI/UNDP SCP, making good use of SCP-1S 1999-2008 results, is integrating public and private sectors, international aid
agencies and NGOs to strengthen and enlarge this Programme in the 2007-2011 Action Plan, as already approved by the top authorities ofPeru’s Civil Defense. It will continue receiving UNDP support.

Attached files:> 6_IOT3_P.pdf (PDF - 376 Kb)−77−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 15)
I. Heading
1. Title

Village Tank Cascade Systems of Sri LankaID:

DRH 15

Hazard:Flash flood, Drought, Land degradation
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

C.M. Madduma Bandara

Country:

SRI LANKA;

Date posted:

05 February 2008

Date published:

14 January 2009
The present status of a village tank located within acascade.

Contact
Prof. C.M.Madduma Bandara
Emeritus Professor, University of Peradanaya; Visiting Professor, Kyoto University, (2007/8) Japan
Home: 45-C, Angampitiya Road, Meda Bowala, Kandy. Sri Lanka.
Tele: 0094-81-2388397; Mobile Phone 0094-777-289998
Email: madduband yahoo.com

2. Major significance / Summary‘Cascade Systems’ - an ancient, small- scale but widespread irrigation technology is observed in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Some dateback to over two millennia, but remain still operational, providing a unique case of resilience and long-term sustainability. However, due todeforestation of catchments, changes in management systems, increasing external economic controls and the breakdown of old social order,
their present functioning remains far below optimum levels. This may be rectified through certain improvements in land use planning,
innovative management approaches and promotion of market- oriented agriculture.

3. Keywords
Cascade Systems; Form and Substance; Relevance; Potential for Improvement; Rural Development

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users

5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, National governments and other intermediate
government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focusedFlash flood, Drought, Land degradation
The main disasters addressed by cascade systems are Droughts and Flash Floods. They also address the issues of land degradations as
indicated by their function as silt traps. Other related disasters are health hazards resulting from the present use of agro-chemicals;Interactions with wild-life (e.g. Human-elephant conflict).

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7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Rural areas, River banks and fluvial
basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Prof. C.M.Madduma Bandara
Emeritus Professor, University of Peradanaya; Visiting Professor, Kyoto University, (2007/8) Japan
Home: 45-C, Angampitiya Road, Meda Bowala, Kandy. Sri Lanka.
Tele: 0094-81-2388397; Mobile Phone 0094-777-289998
Email: madduband yahoo.com

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
SRI LANKA;
Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, North Central Province

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Re-discovery of Cascade systems (Madduma Bandara (1985) University of Peradeniya; Research Studies Sakthivadivel et.al. (1997) and(Panabokke 2000) International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Watershed Management, Ecology and Rural Development

12. References and publications
Madduma Bandara, C.M. (1982) Effect of Drought on the Livelihood of Peasant Families In the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka: A Study of theMahapotana Korale in the North Central Province. ClimatologicalNotes: No.30, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Madduma Bandara C.M. (1985) Catchment Ecosystems and Village
Tank Cascades in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka: A Time-Tested System
of Land and Water Management; in Strategies for River BasinManagement (Eds. Lundqvist,J. et.al.) Linkoping, Sweden.
Madduma Bandara, C.M. (1995). Tank cascade systems in Sri
Lanka: Some thoughts on their development implications. In Haq, K
A,et.al (Eds.), International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo.
Panabokke, C.R (2000). The small tank cascade systems of the Rajarata: Their setting, distribution patterns, and hydrography. Colombo, Sri
Lanka: Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka.
Sakthivadivel, R. et.al. (1997) Rehabilitation planning for small tanks in cascades: A methodology based on rapid assessment. Colombo, Sri
Lanka: IIMI research report 13.

13. Note on ownership if any
Administratively, Minor Irrigation Systems come under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agrarian Services. However, they are owned
and operated by the local community under the provisions of the Agrarian Development Act.
Cascade systems were originated within the community and practiced over many generations. Presently managed by Farmer Organizations
and Provincial Councils

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice1) Recurrent Droughts and long dry spells (and their tendency to accelerate due to global climate change).
2) Floods during high rainfall and dam breaches
3) Physical setting with an array of watersheds of different sizes, shapes and their natural resources endowments
4) Ecological change, deforestation, soil erosion. Increasing human elephant conflicts5) Social cohesion and kinship in rural society6) Poverty, backwardness and food shortages during droughts7) Out-migration and flight of talent and productive resources−79−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute1) More efficient management of scarce water resources in a drought prone area
2) Physical rehabilitation of tank cascade systems
3) Restoration of the community spirit and appropriate rural institutions4) Land use zoning and nature conservation
5 Economic upliftment without environmental damage through appropriate cropping, animal husbandry and aqua-culture.

−80−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

16. Necessary process to implement
1) Submission of a comprehensive proposal
2) Official clearance and approaches
3) Location of adequate funding sources4) Implementation strategy at field level5) Identification of resource persons and field personnel
6) Interim evaluations and mid-term corrections
7) Ensuring sustainability of the project

17. Strength and limitations
Strengths
1. Clear Identification of a traditional technology
2.Unique nature and sustainability of an ancient system
3. Although small in scale the practice is more widespread in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, and possibly even outside Sri Lanka (e.g. India,
Thailand, China, and Japan)
4. Increasing recognition of the value and potential of cascade-based development among regional planners and civil engineers
Constraints
1. Lack of funding for research and development
2. Location of the cascade technology in remote under-privileged areas of the country
3. Inadequate political and administrative will to embark on a major programme of this nature

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Some initiatives have been made by international organizations such as ‘Plan International’ and North Central Provincial Council topromote cascade-based rural development. These efforts, though commendable, lacks vision, direction and leadership. Activities at fieldlevel are often not coherent due to lack of an understanding of the systems principle and the actual cascade mechanisms. Evaluations of the
progress in most implementation programmes is often biased and not so professional. The resources input to implement the necessary
strategies had been marginal and minimal. The need for training a group of committed cadre of personnel with a clear understanding andvision is seriously felt.

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
1) Need for some initial support for development of a comprehensive proposal is vitally necessary. Both seed money and expert technicalsupport is needed for this purpose 2) Facilities for field surveys (official space, travel, salaries and subsistence for experts and field
personnel) 3) One full-time team leader and at least three experts with attractive remuneration. 4) At least One 4-weel vehicle, 3 motor
cycles and 2 bicycles 5) Communication facilities, computers, office and field materials and facilities for promotion of education andawareness

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Funds; Around US$ 250,000 Organization: Office space, one project leader and three experts Man power; about 8-10 assistants Project
period; 5-6 years Area of Operation: North Central Dry Zone of Sri Lanka with the base at Anuradhapura Town
Cost given is to cover the development needs of about 3 model cascade systems of different sizes ranging from 3-10 Square Kilometers.
Proposed cascade development could be undertaken in collaboration with the local office of PLAN Sri Lanka, which is presently handlingsome experimental cascades in the area.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Village cascade systems reflect the wisdom of managing droughts, flash floods and land degradation in a tropical environment that suffers
chronically from seasonal water shortages. The cascade technology has withstood the test of time and lasted for over two millennia.
Restoration and development of cascade systems is still useful in rural renewal and local resource management. The development of a few
model cascade systems may create a multiplier effects on managing water resources in similar environments. Therefore there is a need tocompare similar systems developed in a few other countries such as India, Thailand and Japan in collaboration with appropriate agencies.
This may also help in addressing the impending world food crisis by way of ensuring sustainable food production leading to mitigation ofrural poverty.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
Currently there is much interest in the issues of ecology and sustainability. Proposed project would prove to be an ideal testing ground forsuch concepts and the development of model human settlements for the future.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Village Tank Cascade Systems for Drought Mitigation and Rural Development. Cascade development forms part of the current
Provincial Development Plan. Its implementation is undertaken on an experimental scale by PLAN Sri Lanka - an NGO withinternational networks.
E1-2. Place
North Central and North Western Provinces of Sri Lanka
E1-3. Year
2009-2014
E1-4. Investor
Presently Plan International, Possibly FAO, UNDP, ADB, JBIC
E1-5. People involved
To be Provided with the Comprehensive Technical Proposal
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
To be Provided with the Comprehensive Technical Proposal
E1-7. Total workload required−82−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

To be Provided with the Technical Proposal
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
To be ascertained at Interim Evaluations. A tangible result would be the creation of a few model cascade systems that could beemulated in other areas. An intangible result would be rural renewal and improvement of community spirit.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
Among the other parallel or related initiatives may include the following:
1. Traditional Knowledge World Bank, located at Renaissance villa in Florence, Italy and its activities; Website : http://www.tkwb.org/
2. UNCCD. (2005). Revitalizing Traditional Knowledge. A Compilation of Documents and Reports from 1997 – 2003. UNCCD, Bonn,
Germany; Website: http://www.unccd.int
3. UN Decade for Indigenous People; Website : http://www.un.org/rights/indigenous/mediaadv.html
4. World Bank Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Programme; Website: http://go.worldbank.org/CFZJDCEDM0
Some activities related to the above International initiatives are also undertaken in Sri Lanka. However, they do not cover the subject ofcascading systems.

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 100715_Scientific_Validation_of_Cascade_Management_P.pdf (PDF - 580 Kb)> 8_TIK6_P.pdf (PDF - 501 Kb)> An_Illustrative_of_Photograph_of_a_Village_Tank_in_a_Cascade_System.doc (DOC - 285 Kb)−83−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 16)
I. Heading
1. Title

Stilt House Building Technology for Flood Disaster Reduction in Flood-prone
Areas
ID:

DRH 16

Hazard:Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

Weihua FANGCountry:

CHINA;

Date posted:

06 February 2008

Date published:

01 February 2009
Newly built concrete house in water-logging areas in
Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province.

Contact
Dr. Weihua Fang (Associate Professor of the Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal
University) and Fei HE
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University
No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Bejing 100875, China.
E-mails: fang ires.cn
Tel: +86-10-58802283
Fax: +86-10-58802158

2. Major significance / Summary
Flood is a major threat to lives and properties in the riparian and coastal regions. The stilt Flood is a major threat to lives and properties in
the riparian and coastal regions. The stilt house building technology, an indigenous knowledge in West Hunan Province, China, has beenverified by its history of more than 1,000 years. It has also been developed into new forms and applied in modern concrete buildings.

3. Keywords
Stilt house, building technology, flood risk reduction

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district,etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Experts, Architects and engineers, Rural planners
5-2. Other users: Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings, Rural areas, Coastal areas−84−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Dr. Weihua Fang (Associate Professor of the Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal
University) and Fei HE
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University
No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Bejing 100875, China.
E-mails: fang ires.cn
Tel: +86-10-58802283
Fax: +86-10-58802158

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
CHINA;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any
Free use.

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
People live in low-lying flood-prone areas for many reasons: history, tradition, livelihood, social status etc. To fight with flood, the major
threat to their lives and properties, residents in such areas were forced to develop the unique stilt building technology so as to raise theirhouses to a higher and safer level while leaving spaces for flood flowing through.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The mechanism of stilt house building technology is simple: raise the house to a higher level and leave spaces for flood flowing through.
Design and build using the following approaches: keep them from blowing away
 keep the rain out elevate the structures
 build with materials that can get wet build with materials that can get wet design assemblies to easily dry when they get wet

Fig. 1 Wooden stilt house along the riverside with hundreds of years of history in Fenghuang County of Hunan Province of China−85−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 2 Reconstruction of normal buildings built in around 20 years ago, to stilt concrete house in Xiangjiang River basin of Hunan Provinceof China

Fig. 3 Newly built concrete house in water-logging areas in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province

Fig. 4 New home in Florida Panhandle of the U.S.A−86−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

16. Necessary process to implement
First, knowledge of the highest historical water level should be acquired, through indigenous knowledge or scientific analyses, thus todetermine the height of the stilts to be built;
Second, characteristic relating to floods should also be taken into consideration, such as flow direction, lasting time etc; Third, properbuilding technologies should be chosen according to availability of building materials and characteristics of local terrain;
Finally, the stilts must be strong enough to withstand both the weight of the house and strike of flood waves.

17. Strength and limitations
The use of stilt house building technology can effectively reduce flood or water-logging risk. A possible limitation is that this kind oftechnology may not be suitable for regions where erosion is severe or ground is unstable. Moreover, the stilts must be strong enough.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
For houses built along the river, cylinder stilts will produce much less resistance against water flow and thus are more stable. While forhouses built in areas where water flow is slower, square stilts have the advantage of easy constructing.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Common building equipments.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Costs of stilt houses vary according to the material used and number of floors to be built. Cost of a brick-concrete stilt building, usually two
to three floors, is between 5,000 and 40,000 RMB (about 600 to 5,000 US Dollars); The time of building such a house is generally one totwo months, with manpower of about twenty to thirty.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Stilt Wooden Houses in West Hunan Province, China
E1-2. Place
Fenghuang County, Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, China
E1-3. Year
About 1,000 years ago
E1-4. Investor
E1-5. People involved
Local residents
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
The cost of a two store wooden house is about 20,000 RMB (in average) Building materials: 10,000 Fitment materials: 3,000 Wagefor workers: 7,000
E1-7. Total workload required−87−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

About ten manpowers need to work for one month to complete a two to three floor stilt wooden house.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
New stilt house in the Dongting Lake region
E2-2. Place
Wangcheng County, Hunan Province, China
E2-3. Year1998
E2-4. Investor
E2-5. People involved
Local residents
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
The cost of a two store building is about 30,000 RMB (in average). Building materials: 15,000 Fitment materials: 5,000 Wage forworkers: 10,000
E2-7. Total workload required
About ten to fifteen manpowers need to work for one or two months to complete a two to three floor stilt brick-concrete house.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 8_TIK4_P.pdf (PDF - 198 Kb)−88−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 17)
I. Heading
1. Title

Indigenous Knowledge on Flood Risk Management in Bangladesh
ID:

DRH 17

Hazard:Flood
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:Muhammad Saidur Rahman

Country:BANGLADESH;

Date posted:

06 February 2008

Date published:

13 October 2008
Toilet and houses built on platform raised above
flood level.

Contact
Muhammad Saidur Rahman
Director, Bangladesh Disaster Preparedness Center (BDPC)House 15A, Road 8, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Telephone: + 88 (02) 9862169, +88 (02) 9880573, +88 (02) 8819718
Mobile: +88 (02) 1711524722
Fax: +88 (02) 8819718
E-mail: saidur1943 gmail.com and saidur bdpc.org.bd

2. Major significance / Summary
Due to geographical location Bangladesh is one of the most flood-prone countries in the world. Every year it is affected by flood of varying
magnitude. Since the term “disaster management” is understood as post-disaster relief and rehabilitation operations by policy makers andthe key actors, hardly any importance is given on pre-disaster preparedness. Early warning against flood is not disseminated in a way whichis understandable by the people at risk.
Since people in different areas use their indigenous knowledge to cope with flood disasters, there is a need to collect and collate goodpractices from different areas and promote them widely to the entire flood-prone areas through effective communication media.

3. Keywords
Indigenous knowledge, flood risk, vulnerabilities

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Teachers and educators, Rural
planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Flood

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Rural areas, River banks and fluvial basin, Agriculturallands

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Muhammad Saidur Rahman
Director, Bangladesh Disaster Preparedness Center (BDPC)House 15A, Road 8, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Telephone: + 88 (02) 9862169, +88 (02) 9880573, +88 (02) 8819718
Mobile: +88 (02) 1711524722
Fax: +88 (02) 8819718
E-mail: saidur1943 gmail.com and saidur bdpc.org.bd

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
BANGLADESH;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Bangladesh Disaster Preparedness Center-BDPC

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
BDPC: Flipcharts, Baner Shathe Bosobas (living with flood), BDPC project reports.

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceBangladesh is characterized by flat terrain of alluvial soil, criss-crossed with an intricate system of over 230 rivers and rivulets. It is thelargest delta of the three major river systems of the world i.e. The Ganges, The Bramahputras and The Meghna. 92.5 % of the catchment
areas of these river systems lie in the upstream, beyond the international boundary of Bangladesh. As such, the very geographical location
makes the country very prone to flood disasters. Due to poor economic condition, the impacts of floods are high and heavy on the physicalinfrastructure and the life and livelihood of the people. A brief statistics of three major flood disasters during the last two decades ispresented below:
Event
Impacts
1988 floods
Inundated 61 % of the country, estimated damage US$ 1.2 billion,
affected more than 45 million people

1998 floods

Inundated nearly 100,000 sq-km, estimated damage US$ 2.8 billion,
damaged 500,000 homes, rendered 30 million people homeless,heavy loss to infrastructure, 1,100 deaths

2004

Inundation 38 %, damage US$ 6.6 billion deaths 700, affected
people nearly 3.8 million

Disaster management is quite often understood by the key actors as post-disaster relief and rehabilitations operation. As such, inadequatelevel of importance is given on risk management and disaster preparedness at family and community level. This can be reflected by the factthat flood early warning issued by very well equipped public agency is not easily understood by the community at risk. Nor are they related
to local context. Hence there is a need to promote indigenous knowledge of survival and coping with floods to all the people living inflood-prone areas.

−90−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Poor people living in flood prone areas for hundred of years, practice indigenous knowledge for a number of activities including thefollowing ones for preparedness, coping and response in flood disasters.
1. Preparedness before the flood
Before the flood season starts in June, the people conduct various activities which include raising the plinths of houses, cattle shed,installing toilet on raised ground (these are done considering the highest level of previous flood). Repair and strengthen houses by puttingstrong bamboo or other wooden pillars and make the thatched wall of the houses stronger. Plant trees around their houses to protect thosefrom soil erosion. Store emergency survival dry food, fodder, seeds, fire woods and keep portable earthen cooking stove for use during
emergencies.

Figs. 1&2 Toilet and houses built on platform raised above flood level
2. Coping with flood disasters
There are a lot of coping mechanisms practiced in flood-prone areas. People make raised bamboo or wooden platforms inside their rooms
to live and keep useful materials above the level of flood water which enters their houses. During the flood season, all the roads areinundated. It becomes difficult to move from the houses for daily essential activities. It is quite common during this time that people use raft,
made of banana-plants, for their movement and communication.
“Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink”, this is the common scene during the flood. Almost all the tube wells go under flood
water. To keep the hand pump of the tube well above the raising level of water, in some areas people add additional pipe.

Fig. 3 Raft made of banana plants

Fig. 4 Traditional cultivation in flood prone area

3. After the flood
At this stage, flood affected people repair their houses, clear the debris from the house, plant quick growing vegetables and start income
generating activities.

16. Necessary process to implement
Raising plinth of houses and cattle shed
For raising the plinth of houses, toilets and cattle sheds, people generally use earth from the nearby open space. They raise the platform bypiling up earth considering the highest flood level. For compressing the land they use rammer. Grass and other small plants are planted on
the slopes of raised houses.

Fig. 5 Raising the plinth houses−91−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Installing toilets on raised ground
Most of the toilets in flood prone areas are built on digging the earth and setting up the rings made of concrete in it. During the flood season
toilets go under water, cause problems for people especially the women and creates water pollution. As such, people install toilets on raised
ground. At first they raise the ground with earth and then install the toilets on it.
Tree plantation for protecting houses from soil erosion
There are a number of trees which can protect houses from soil erosion. These include Dhol Kolmi, Kasia, Bamboo, Banana, Hogla,
Chailla (local Bengali names) etc. The people in flood-prone areas plant these surrounding their houses. These quick growing trees arefound in every flood prone area.
Food preservation
Flood creates scarcity of food. During the flood in Bangladesh, it is the people of the community who survive in emergency period
managing food by themselves. Generally, emergency food supplied by the humanitarian organizations or government organizations reachthose areas after a few days of the flood. Even the quantity of food is not enough for the victims. So, the people of these areas preserve dryfoods for using in flood emergency. The foods which are preserved before the flood are Muri (puffed rice), Chira (pressed rice), Sugarcane
Molasses, Naru (made of coconut and molasses), dried jackfruit seeds. These food are stored in various means such as preserving in shika (akind of bag made of jute strings which are hanged from ceiling), packing dry food in air tight polythene.
Preservation of portable earthen cooking stove and fuelGenerally, the people in flood-prone areas cook their food by earthen cooking stove using fuel like jute stick, dried up cow dung. Since
maximum families rear cattle, so, cow dung is easily available. They preserve portable earthen cooking stove and fuel for using during theflood disasters.

Fig. 6 Earthen cooking stove
Raising suction head of tube well
The suction head of tube well is raised above the level of rising flood water by using additional pipe.

Fig. 7 Raising the suction head of tube well
Cultivating on floating platform
During the flood, people use floating platform for the purpose of growing crops (mainly vegetables). Generally these platforms are made ofbamboo. At first the bamboos are put on the water keeping equal gap among the bamboos. Then these are tied with rope. The bamboos arecovered with mats which are also made of bamboo. Clay is piled up on the mat to prepare a land for plantation.
Making Raft
Banana plants are grown widely in flood prone areas. Generally, people grow these around their houses for fruits. During the flood season,
banana plants are used as raft. A few banana plants, at least two are used for making raft. The plants are affixed with each other by strong
sticks then it is tied up by rope. It is used during flood as a way of communication.
Repair the houses
After the flood, people start to repair their houses by themselves. They use thatch or bamboo to repair their houses.
Plant fast growing vegetables
Fast growing vegetables are planted after the flood like cucumber, spinaches, ladies finger, brinjal etc.

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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength There are a number of strengths of the projects. They include the following: The indigenous knowledge is practiced for hundreds of years
 It is rooted in the traditional culture of rural society They are easy to replicate in areas where some of the good practices are not used
The project will have sustainable impact on the life and livelihood of people for generations
Limitations
 The public and private institutions place dis-proportionate emphasis on post-flood relief and rehabilitation operations giving very limited
focus on appreciation and supporting community practice and culture Lack of appreciation from key actors in the field of disaster management, including donors and NGOs, for empowerment of the poorand the disadvantaged living in areas vulnerable to the threats of flood disaster.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
A project on promotion and disseminate of indigenous knowledge titled as “Promotion of Family and Community Level Flood
Preparedness Through Public Awareness Program” was implemented in the Chowhali Upazila (sub-district) Under Sirajgonj district ofBangladesh. The lessons learned through implementation of the project are as follows:a. early warning systems were integrated at community levelb. people were aware on preparedness activities
c. people’s coping capacity against flood was enhanced
d. established network between community, NGOs, GOs and other service providing agencies.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Local facilities included: School, Union Parishad, Upazila Parishad, UNO (Upzila Nirbahi Officer) conference room etc. were used forproviding training and arranging meetings.
Equipments required: computer, training materials, materials for collection of secondary information etc.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Approximately US$ 300,000 would be required to design, develop and pilot the project for a population of approximately 300,000 in two
highly flood prone sub districts of Bangladesh.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Promotion of Family and Community Level Flood Preparedness Through Public Awareness Programme
E1-2. Place
The project was implemented in the Chowhali Upazila (sub-district) under the district of Sirajgonj of Bangladesh. Total land area of
the area is about 210 sq. km.
E1-3. Year
2001
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E1-4. Investor
DIPECHO (European Union) through an Italian NGO called APS
E1-5. People involved
The involvement of people to implement the projects were as follows:
Project Staff: Project Director, Project Coordinator, Research Consultant, Research Officers, Research Assistants, Program Officers,
Admin-cum-Accounts Officer, IEC Materials Development Officer, Training Officers, Computer Operator, Messenger, Local NGO
Workers and Security guards.
Volunteers: Change Agents (volunteers as teachers, social respected persons, students, imams of the mosques etc.)
Disaster Management Committee: UDMC (Union Disaster Management Committee) members, UzDMC (Upazila Disaster
Management Committee) members.
Government Officers: UNO (Upazila Nirbahi Officer), Agriculture Officer, Livestock Officers and other department’s officers.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
US$100,000
E1-7. Total workload required
Timeframe: One year
Human Resources: 28 Project Staffs, UzDMC and UDMC committee members and Change Agents (volunteers).
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Positive Results: enhancement of coping capacity, loss reduces, raising awareness, identification of the indigenous survival techniques,awareness on preparedness, promotion of effective links and partnerships between community and NGOs, CBOs, and/or Government
agencies, Key actors’ encouragement and inspiration to integrate indigenous risk reduction practices into the planning andimplementation of their disaster management programs

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−94−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 18)
I. Heading
1. Title

Bamboo T-shelter for Post Disaster Reconstruction
ID:

DRH 18

Hazard:Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption,
Landslide, Mudflow, Dust storm,
Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood, Drought
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Atsushi Iizuka

Country:

INDONESIA;

Date posted:

06 February 2008

Date published:

09 June 2009
Bamboo shelter built at a village.

Contact
Atsushi Iizuka
Professor of Civil Engineering, Kobe University
T.Shigemura: Professor of Architecture, Kobe University
T.Asai, Assistant Professor of Architecture, Kobe University
tsutomu kobe-u.ac.jp, asait kobe-u.ac.jp
TEL:(+81)78-803-6065, Dept. of Architecture, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan

2. Major significance / Summary
Bamboo T-shelter, aiming at housing reconstruction after the Java earthquake, 2006 was designed having features including.
1) Semi permanent housing: easily extending rooms
2) Easy construction and inexpensive cost3) Sufficient strength: well devised joint part

3. Keywords
Reconstruction, Housing, Bamboo material, Temporary shelter

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Others (Local residents who lost heir houses, Sufferers)
5-2. Other users: Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption, Landslide, Mudflow, Dust storm, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood, Drought

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings−95−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Atsushi Iizuka
Professor of Civil Engineering, Kobe University
T.Shigemura: Professor of Architecture, Kobe University
T.Asai, Assistant Professor of Architecture, Kobe University
tsutomu kobe-u.ac.jp, asait kobe-u.ac.jp
TEL:(+81)78-803-6065, Dept. of Architecture, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDONESIA;
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Tsutomu Shigemura and Tamotsu Asai, Kobe University

11. Title of relevant projects if any
21 century COE project “Design Strategy towards Safety and Symbiosis of Urban Space”, Kobe University

12. References and publications
Not yet13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceJava earthquake, 27th, May, 2006, took about 6,000 lives of local people in Yogyakarta area. And many people lost their housings. A major
reason of death of people was due to the collapse of brick-built houses. In this earthquake, the necessity of providing temporary housing forthe people who lost their houses arose as an urgent treatment under a critical financial situation. Some NGO and NPO financially or directly
supported to supply the temporary houses and permanent houses to the people who lost their houses. However, such a support caused a sortof unfairness between the disaster-stricken areas.
Then, Professor T. Shigemura and Dr. T. Asai, the COE research group of Kobe University, designed and proposed the bamboo T-shelter
which could be self-built by the local people.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Prof. Shigemura and Dr.Asai (Kobe U. COE) designed Bamboo T-shelter 1) Semi permanent housing: easily extending rooms 2) Easy
construction and inexpensive cost 3) Sufficient strength: well devised joint part−96−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

16. Necessary process to implement
The bamboo T-shelter does not require the special skill to build it. And it is expected to cost less than 2,000 thousand Indonesian Rupiah.

17. Strength and limitations
Sufficient strength for a permanent house can be expected. However, connecting the bamboo columns by ropes requires proper care for
ensuring the sufficient strength of the house when it is built. Also, there are some local people who have unpleasant feeling for the bamboo
houses depending on localities.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Not found yet.

Bamboo shelter built at a village

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Described in ‘Feature and attribute’

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Described in ‘Necessary process to implement’VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
No information
E1-2. Place
Yogyakarta in Indonesia
E1-3. Year
2006
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E1-4. Investor
Local government
E1-5. People involved
No information
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Approximately 1,900 thousand Indonesian Rupiah per a bamboo T-shelter.
E1-7. Total workload required
It is expected that a man can build an unit of the bamboo t-shelter in a couple of days.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
This bamboo T-shelter was officially employed by the Yogyakarta local government and reported in a local newspaper, see ‘Feature
and attribute’.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−98−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 19)
I. Heading
1. Title

Effective Cyclone Early Warning Dissemination at Community Level
ID:

DRH 19Hazard:Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:Muhammad Saidur Rahman

Country:BANGLADESH;

Date posted:

07 February 2008

Date published:

29 September 2010

Contact
Muhammad Saidur Rahman
Director, Bangladesh Disaster Preparedness Center (BDPC)House 15A, Road 8, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Telephone: + 88 (02) 9862169, +88 (02) 9880573, +88 (02) 8819718
Mobile: +88 (02) 1711524722
Fax: +88 (02) 8819718
E-mail: saidur1943 gmail.com and saidur bdpc.org.bd

2. Major significance / Summary
Cyclone is the natural hazard which causes huge loss of lives and properties in Bangladesh. Since cyclones can not be prevented, the mostcost-effective way to minimize the loss is to put in place an effective and sustainable early warning dissemination system at family andcommunity level.

3. Keywords
Cyclone, early warning, volunteerism, community

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, National governments and other intermediate
government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), Teachers and educators
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Rural areas, Coastal areas, Agricultural lands−99−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Muhammad Saidur Rahman
Director, Bangladesh Disaster Preparedness Center (BDPC)House 15A, Road 8, Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Telephone: + 88 (02) 9862169, +88 (02) 9880573, +88 (02) 8819718
Mobile: +88 (02) 1711524722
Fax: +88 (02) 8819718
E-mail: saidur1943 gmail.com and saidur bdpc.org.bd

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
BANGLADESH;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Mr. Claes Hagstroem
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
and Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

11. Title of relevant projects if any
This concept and practice of early warning dissemination through community volunteer is being tested in flood prone areas of Bangladesh.

12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceBangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, the main cause of which could be attributed to it's geographical location.
The impact of disaster is quite high because of inadequate physical infrastructures and poor socio-economic condition of the people of thiscountry.
Floods and cyclones are the major disasters, of which the later cause severe destruction to lives and properties. The cyclone of 12
November 1970, the worst in the recorded history in the world, killed over 500,000 people in just one night. The reason for this colossal lossof human lives was the failure on the part of the public authorities to disseminate early warning to the people at risk.
Immediately after the devastating cyclone, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, responding to a resolution
taken in the United Nations General Assembly, took the initiative to set up a program for dissemination of early warning at family andcommunity level against approaching cyclone. Today, this is the widely acclaimed Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) of Bangladesh.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) is the organization of volunteers in the truest sense of term. The volunteers are recruited under a setof criteria which includes the minimum age of 18, ability to read and write the national language (Bengali) etc. They are dedicated andcommitted. In fact, they come to CPP with the sprit of service to the people living in the areas vulnerable to cyclone. They don’t receive any
remuneration for the services they provide. Today CPP has the strength of over 49,000 volunteers, spread over 3,280 Units/villages in theentire coastal belt and offshore islands of Bangladesh.
The primary aim of the CPP is to minimize the loss of lives and properties in the cyclonic disasters by strengthening the capacity of thepeople of the coastal belt to reduce the risk and cope with disaster. The volunteers have the following specific responsibilities, and aretrained in the relevant disciplines: * Dissemination of early warning
 Evacuation to safe havens and shelter management *Conduction of rescue operation
 Provision of first aid to the injured
 Assistance for post-cyclone relief and rehabilitation operations−100−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

The primary and the basic responsibility of the volunteers is to disseminate the early warning to over ten million people living in the coastal
belt and offshore islands. The Storm Warning Center of the Bangladesh Meteorological Department informs the Headquarters (HQ) of
CPP, located in capital city of Dhaka, as soon as a depression is formed in the Bay of Bengal. The later (CPP HQ) immediately transmits
the message to their zonal and sub-district offices through single-side-band radio. In turn, the message is passed on to the unit team leadersin the villages via the Union Team Leaders through VHF radio and/or volunteer messengers.
There is a time gap of at least four days between the formation of a depression in the Bay of Bengal, its turning into severe cyclone andcrossing over the coast. Since the time of the first information of formation of depression is received at the village level, the volunteers keepon watching the movement of the depression through the weather bulletins broadcast by national radio and disseminate the information to
the people at threat through various means. These include hoisting of warning flags in pre-selected public places (e.g. educational
institutions, mosques, market places, big boats, etc), announcement by megaphones and other public address systems, blowing of sirens,interpersonal communication through door to door visits, etc.

Fig. 1 Volunteer Training

Fig. 2 Signal Flag

Fig. 3 Warning Dissemination−101−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

A flowchart showing the process of dissemination of early warning from the Headquarters of CPP down to family and community level ispresented below:

When the great danger signals are announced by the Meteorological Department, people are encouraged to evacuate to shelters. The
vulnerable groups (e.g. the disabled children, elderly, pregnant) are assisted by the volunteers of CPP in their process of evacuation. They
conduct rescue operations during the height of cyclones. Cyclone being a sudden-onset and high impact disaster, causes a lot ofphysical injuries. As such, immediately after the cyclone has struck, professionally trained volunteers of CPP provide first aid to the persons
in need. Finally, CPP volunteers provide cooperation, support and assistance to the Government, National Red Crescent Society and theprivate sectors engaged in emergency relief and rehabilitation operations. The voluntary nature of the organization and the sprit of thevolunteers contribute greatly not only to the quality of services they provide but also the sustainability of the organization. The volunteers
performed very well in the last super cyclone “Sidr”. They are so committed that 26 of them lost their lives while trying to save others
during the cyclone of 1991, which killed 138,000 people.
In early 70’s, after the devastating cyclone of 1970 and the brutal war of liberation in 1971, the IFRCS started a number of projects. Only
CPP is still surviving for the last 38 years because of the voluntary nature of the organization and commitment of the volunteers.

16. Necessary process to implement
There is a very well-defined and elaborate arrangement for implementation of CPP. In each Unit (composed of one or more than one
villages) there is a team of 15 volunteers, including five women, and headed by a Unit Team Leader, democratically elected by thevolunteers. On an average ten units would form an Union, the lowest level of local government institutions. The Union Volunteer
Committee is formed with all the ten unit leaders and is headed by an elected Union Team Leader. In turn, the Upazila(sub-district) Volunteer Team, composed of all the Union Team Leaders, will have a democratically elected Upazila Team Leader.
At the national level, CPP is managed by two committees (Policy Committee and Implementation Board), composed of representatives
from both the Government and the National Red Crescent Society. The “Policy Committee”, responsible for giving policy directions andmobilization of resources, is headed by the Minister-in-charge of the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management. The management of CPP
is overseen and monitored by the “Implementation Board”, which is headed by the Secretary (highest ranking civil servant) of the Ministryof Food and Disaster Management.
CPP is an organization of volunteers with Red Cross in nature (using it's emblem and imbibed with it’s spirit) with one hundred percent of
its recurring cost coming from the Government of Bangladesh. IFRCS and other funding agencies provide resources for transports, warningand telecommunication equipments, training of volunteers etc., as when needed.

17. Strength and limitations
Strengths: The following are the strengths of CPP
1. Volunteers organization
2. Spirit, commitment and dedication of the volunteers
3. Rooted in the community
4. Use of the emblem of Red Cross (symbol of impartiality and neutrality) and the service-orientation of the organization
5. Assured and sustained funding support from the Government
6. Check and balance through the policy and management committees, constituted with the representatives form the Government and the
Red Crescent Society.
Weaknesses:
1. The officers in civil administration are transferred quite frequently from one Ministry/Department to another. As such, the Director of
Administration of the Programs nominated from the Ministry of Disaster Management and the representatives from different Ministries
who sit in the Policy Committee and the Implementation Board of the Program CPP can not have the sustained commitment for longtime which is required for such a vital program.

−102−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

2. The performance of CPP is appreciated by all concerns, particularly during and after cyclonic disasters. Since the program was started
by Red Cross and the volunteers use its emblem, quite often the National Red Crescent Society claims ownership of the Program,which is not always appreciated by the other stakeholder.
3. The Policy Committee and the Implementation Board, responsible for framing policy and management of the Program respectively, arecomposed of representatives from the Government and the Red Crescent Society. Both the stakeholders have the tendency ofcontrolling the management of the Program, which sometimes create confusion among the staff members and slows down theimplementations of planned activities.
4. Since the Government of Bangladesh pays all the costs related to running the Program, the accounts are maintained and audited under
Government rules and systems. This leaves no space for flexibility which is required to run a Program like CPP.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Lessons learned: The proposer of the project, being the first director of CPP in 1972, identifies the following challenges for replication of the
project in other countries:
1. The process of planning and development of CPP during the years of its formation and growth, and also the ups and downs that CPP
had during the last thirty five years, must be documented properly to learn both the enabling and the hindering lessons.
2. The need of a Champion, with 100 % commitment and dedication, and charismatic leadership, who would generate and sustain thecommitment of service to tens at thousands of local poor people to act as volunteers for years. Another challenge is to maintain a teamof officials who would develop professionalism among the community volunteers.
3. The third challenge is to keep the volunteers engaged and involved in social and development activities or programs in their localities
throughout the year so that they are able to respond professionally and efficiently in time of need.
4. Systems should be developed in such a way that due recognition are given to the volunteers by all the concerns e.g. the community,
private and public sectors.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Office set ups, communication equipments e.g. single side band, VHF and transistor radios, warnings equipments, e.g. flags,
megaphones, sirens etc. transports etc.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
At present, there is a strength of 146 full-time staff members. The recurring cost is over half a million US dollars per year.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Effective early warning, relevant to the local contexts and disseminated through volunteers trusted and respected by the communities at risk,
contribute greatly in reducing the loss of lives and properties caused by any disaster. For sustainability of such warning dissemination
program, there is no other alternatives but to empower the community and develop their sense of ownership.
Cyclone Preparedness Program is a time-tested program. Initiating, participating or even supporting such program is a great opportunity toserve the distressed humanity, a MUST for people of all faiths and religions.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
The cyclone of 1970, which killed around half a million people, is the worst in the recorded history of the world. This devastating disaster
was followed by the war of liberation in 1971 in which over three million people were killed. So, the National Red Cross Society had huge
operations to alleviate the sufferings of the people affected by the natural and man-made disasters respectively. As such, the Red Cross had
the resources and technical support from other national societies in the world, particularly the Japanese Red Cross and the Swedish Red
Cross, to initiate the Cyclone Preparedness Program.

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Cyclone Preparedness ProgramE1-2. Place
Bangladesh
E1-3. Year
Since 1972
E1-4. Investor
E1-5. People involved
The Community Volunteers, National Red Crescent Society and the Government
E1-6. Monetary costs incurredE1-7. Total workload required
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
The organization has survived, grown and has successfully performed it's duties in several cyclones during the last 38 years. Effective
dissemination of early warning at family and community levels contributed significantly in reducing the death toll in recent cyclones.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 5.JPG (JPG - 11 Kb)> E.JPG (JPG - 68 Kb)> 2.JPG (JPG - 38 Kb)> 3.JPG (JPG - 31 Kb)> 4.JPG (JPG - 39 Kb)> k.JPG (JPG - 22 Kb)−104−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 22)
I. Heading
1. Title

Process for Community Acceptance of Earthquake Technology --- UNCRD
Experiences Applying NSET Approach of Shaking-table Demonstration --ID:

DRH 22

Hazard:Earthquake

Category:

Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT) , Process
Technology (PT)

Proposer:

Shoichi AndoCountry:

NEPAL; JAPAN; AFGHANISTAN; BANGLADESH;
INDIA; INDONESIA; IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF;PAKISTAN; TAJIKISTAN;

Date posted:

07 February 2008

Date published:

09 June 2009
Masonry Training before Shake-table Demonstration

Contact
Shoichi Ando Dr. (UNCRD) andos hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Phong Van G. Tran Dr. (UNCRD) tranp hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Hayato Nakamura (UNCRD) nakamura hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Amod M. Dixit Mr. (NSET-Nepal) adixit nset.org.np
Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office,United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), UN DESA
1-5-2 Wakihama-kaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, Hyogo, Japane-mail: rep hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Tel: +81-78-262-5560,
Fax: +81-78-262-5568

2. Major significance / Summary
Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) activities utilizing shake-table demonstration resulted in effective to disseminate
earthquake resistant technology as well as to raise public awareness through the experiences of Disaster Management Planning Hyogo
Office of the United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD).

3. Keywords
CBDM (community based disaster management), public awareness, shake-table demonstration, NSET approach

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT), Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, NGO/NPO project managers andstaff, International organizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.) , Experts, Teachers and educators, Architects
and engineers, Information technology specialists, Others, Academic institutes, Specialists group, Community members−105−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 20105-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Business and livelihoods, Buildings, Urban area, Rural areas, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Shoichi Ando Dr. (UNCRD) andos hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Phong Van G. Tran Dr. (UNCRD) tranp hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Hayato Nakamura (UNCRD) nakamura hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Amod M. Dixit Mr. (NSET-Nepal) adixit nset.org.np
Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office,United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), UN DESA
1-5-2 Wakihama-kaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, Hyogo, Japane-mail: rep hyogo.uncrd.or.jp
Tel: +81-78-262-5560,
Fax: +81-78-262-5568

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
NEPAL; JAPAN; AFGHANISTAN; BANGLADESH; INDIA; INDONESIA; IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF; PAKISTAN;
TAJIKISTAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
National Society for Earthquake Engineering - Nepal (NSET)
Amod M. Dixit Mr.(NSET-Nepal) adixit nset.org.np
United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) / UN DESA
Shoichi Ando Dr. (UNCRD) andos hyogo.uncrd.or.jp

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Sustainability in Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) (-2004)
Urbanisation and CBDM (2005)
Gender in CBDM (from 2006-)

12. References and publications
See website: http://www.hyogo.uncrd.or.jp/publication/proceedings.html andhttp://www.hyogo.uncrd.or.jp/cbdm/htfviii.htm

13. Note on ownership if any
UNCRD, NSET

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceHigh human casualties in earthquakes in Bam, Iran and Gujarat, India are attributed to the collapse of traditional adobe and masonry houses
built informally by homeowners themselves with input from local masons. The buildings did not have the engineering input to be safe fromearthquakes. There is large stock of such residential buildings in seismically active part of the world and people, particularly in developing
countries, continue practice to build and live in such houses because of the socio-economic and technical reasons.

−106−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The improvements over the traditional construction for earthquake resistance should be simple to adopt so that local craftsmen can easily
get the know-how and implement it without difficulty in construction. Awareness to the homeowners is critical for safer construction of
non-engineered buildings as owner themselves do decide the construction.
UNCRD is committed to providing expertise, opportunities, and ways for communities to be empowered to increase their resiliency
against disasters. Simultaneously, it aims to impart the CBDM and low-tech safer construction practice at the government level so that bothcommunities and government can sustain efforts at the grass-roots level through institutionalization of these activities.

16. Necessary process to implement
Masons are the technical service providers for non-engineered construction. Urban dwellers may take service from technicians to prepare
building layout drawings for municipal approval, if permit process exists. Hence technicians and masons are key persons in implementing
the safer construction practice. As capacity building of the community for safer technology, training to these groups is must. Projects havebeen formulated in such way that hands-on trainings, which are much more effective than classroom session for masons, can be provided ina demonstration work. Shake table tests have also been used as confidence building measure for masons on what they would have beenlearning. It requires knowledge on earthquake engineering to explain the damages of buildings to the public, it needs also easily
understandable explanation to disseminate the necessary information to the governmental officers and general public.

(Sponsored by JICA)−107−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 201017. Strength and limitations
Positive aspects
1) All participants easily aware the danger of collapse of vulnerable houses.
2) It is also easily understandable how retrofit works effectively.
3) Masons training can be implemented during the preparation process.
Negative aspects
1) It will take almost two weeks to prepare the demonstration model.
2) It may be rather expensive to prepare a shake-table.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
All participants recognized the importance of seismic retrofit and reinforcement of their own houses aster the shake-table demonstration, notonly in the urban area but also in the rural area.

2003 Tajikistan

2002 Afghanistan

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Simple test demonstration on pair of building models, one in traditional form and another with proposed seismic improvement, prepared at
1/10th scale and shook on the top of improvised shake-table is found as a very convincing tool for common people to opt seismic resistancesystem. As this methodology was developed by NSET (National Society for Earthquake Technology – Nepal), UNCRD calls this method
as “NSET Approach” recently. At some incremental shaking to the table, traditional building will collapse and one with seismic measures
will withstand with minimum or no damage.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Resource persons from NSET Manpower: one project manager, one engineer, and one experienced mason in addition training participants
such as local masons and engineers Fund: approximately 15,000-20,000 US$ for full demonstration and training

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples−108−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
PNY project(Patanka New Life Plan)
E1-2. Place
Patanka village, Gujarat, India
E1-3. Year2003
E1-4. Investor
CODE (NGO Kobe), SEEDS,
and other organizations
E1-5. People involved
Manu Gupta (SEEDS),
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center (EDM),
National Center for People’s-Action in Disaster Preparedness (NCPDP), NSET,
UNCRD
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
oint project implementation by SEEDS, EDM, NCPDP, NSET, and UNCRD (UNCRD covered mission cost of researchers)
E1-7. Total workload required
See Patanka New Life Plan; The report summarizing the purpose, the methods and the activities of the PNY (Patanka New LifePlan) project (Published by UNCRD)
E1-8. Evidence of positive result

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Afghanistan Shake-table Demonstration
E2-2. Place
Kabul, Afghanistan
E2-3. Year2003
E2-4. Investor
Afghanistan government, UNCRD
E2-5. People involved
Minister, Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, Afghanistan
Prof. Anand S. Arya, India and professors of Kabul Univ.
NSET,
UNCRD
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
Public organizations (Implementation by NSET) (UNCRD covered mission cost of researchers)
E2-7. Total workload required
See GUIDELINES For Earthquake Resistant Design, Construction, and Retrofitting of Buildings in AFGHANISTAN; Ministry of
Urban Development and Housing / Government of Afghanistan UNCRD Hyogo (Published by UNCRD)
E2-8. Evidence of positive result

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
Bam Shake-table Demonstration
E3-2. Place
Bam, Kerman province, IranE3-3. Year2004
E3-4. Investor
Kerman government, Hyogo prefecture−109−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E3-5. People involved
Iranian Ministries
NSET, CODE
UNCRD
E3-6. Monetary costs incurredE3-7. Total workload required
E3-8. Evidence of positive result

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
Project name if available

XI. Remarks for version upgrade

Attached files:> ShakeTablePamphlet_0.pdf (PDF - 388 Kb)> Presentation1.ppt (PPT - 2243 Kb)> 1.jpg (JPG - 37 Kb)−110−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 23)
I. Heading
1. Title

Engineering of Non-Engineered Masonry Houses for Better Earthquake
Resistance in Indonesia
ID:

DRH 23

Hazard:Earthquake

Category:

Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT) , Process
Technology (PT)

Proposer:

Krishna S. Pribadi

Country:

INDONESIA;

Date posted:

07 February 2008

Date published:

09 June 2009
Correlation of Analysis Result with Actual Damage.

Contact(1) Ir Teddy Boen
Senior Advisor World Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI) and Director PT Teddy Boen Konsultan
PT Teddy Boen Konsultan
Prisma Kedoya Plaza C 7-8, Jalan Raya Perjuangan, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta Barat 11530
Phone: +62-21-5310478 Fax: +62-21-5310591
Email: tedboen cbn.net.id(2) Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi, Senior Researcher in Center for Disaster Mitigation, Insitut Teknologi Bandung - INDONESIA
Center for Disaster Mitigation, Integration and Application R & D Building ITB, 8th Floor, Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung-Indonesia 40132
E-mails : ksppribadi bdg.centrin.net.id; ksuryanto si.itb.ac.id
Phone Office : (+62) (22) 70808949, 2504987 ext. 1819(+62) (22) 2502272
Fax. : (+62) (22) 2510714; 2508125
Handphone : (+62) 811217666
Office website : http://kppmb.itb.ac.id

2. Major significance / Summary
Brick masonry is the most utilized building material in the non-engineered buildings in Indonesia which includes the people’s ordinary
housings and many public buildings such as schools and health facilities. The process is useful in improving their safety from earthquake
hazards, through a series of process which includes analysis and devising techniques to strengthen the masonry buildings and a way toensure that the method is properly implemented in the field by the concerned parties.

3. Keywords
Rural, urban, non-engineered buildings, earthquake, damage analysis

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT), Process Technology (PT)−111−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Municipalities, NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UN organizations and programmes,
WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Experts, Architects and engineers and others
Builders, masons and technicians
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)(1) Ir Teddy Boen
Senior Advisor World Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI) and Director PT Teddy Boen Konsultan
PT Teddy Boen Konsultan
Prisma Kedoya Plaza C 7-8, Jalan Raya Perjuangan, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta Barat 11530
Phone: +62-21-5310478 Fax: +62-21-5310591
Email: tedboen cbn.net.id(2) Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi, Senior Researcher in Center for Disaster Mitigation, Insitut Teknologi Bandung - INDONESIA
Center for Disaster Mitigation, Integration and Application R & D Building ITB, 8th Floor, Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung-Indonesia 40132
E-mails : ksppribadi bdg.centrin.net.id; ksuryanto si.itb.ac.id
Phone Office : (+62) (22) 70808949, 2504987 ext. 1819(+62) (22) 2502272
Fax.: (+62) (22) 2510714; 2508125
Handphone: (+62) 811217666
Office website: http://kppmb.itb.ac.id

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDONESIA;(Bengkulu, Aceh, Yogyakarta)

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers(1) WSSI(2) CDM-ITB

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Retrofitting of School Buildings Post-earthquake Reconstruction of Bengkulu, 2002

12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any
Teddy Boen, CDM-ITB

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
In year 2000, the Bengkulu Earthquake devastated many houses and school buildings. Approximately 200 people died, many others were
injured due to collapsed buildings. Most of the buildings and houses were of the type masonry construction. They are either reinforced or
non-reinforced, using either baked clay brick or sand-cement brick. The buildings are usually non-engineered, built by masons withtraditional knowledge of construction technique, transferred from father-to-son and from common practice. Despite the availability of some
simple guidelines, the method of building practice varies from place to place, mostly in improper ways of constructing the building
elements, resulting in poor, vulnerable building and houses.

−112−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

The development of the process is driven by the general spread of these characteristic vulnerable non-engineered buildings in Indonesia,
and the intention to improve the building practice in order to reduce their vulnerability to earthquake.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The process is aimed at improving the seismic safety of the non-engineered houses and buildings, by improving the construction process
and by imparting some technologies to ensure the integrity of the building elements during earthquake. It is expected that by transferring theimproved knowledge without neglecting the indigenous knowledge, the community could protect themselves and even could help others in
reducing the disaster risk by implementing proper building construction.

16. Necessary process to implement
The process needs a survey and identification of typical damages suffered by many non-engineered masonry structures during earthquakes.
Understanding of masonry building behavior shown by characteristic damages found in post-earthquake stricken areas is important todevise methods in reducing its vulnerability.
A structural analysis to correlate field observation and structural simulations using 3D models of the non-engineered masonry structures
would help to better understand how damages occurred at various building elements during an earthquake (See Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Correlation of Analysis Result with Actual Damage
Field observation on how the field technicians and masons work during the construction process would lead to the understanding of thecauses of the failures of the elements in performing properly during earthquake. The lack of proper connection details and proper crucial
elements designing as well as lack of workmanship and material quality and other factors add to the cause of the weaknesses of thestructures.
With the understanding of the above factors, a set of guidelines for masonry non-engineered building is developed, which include also theprovision of adequate confinement for the masonry walls and proper connection between elements. The dissemination process of thetechnology should include developing user friendly field guidelines for local technicians and masons and proper training to implement theguidelines, which include some demonstrations of weak and proper non-engineered structures, proper connection details including detailsof reinforcement bar splices, and proper way of preparing the construction materials and executing the brick laying as well as pouringconcrete.
Proper supervision during the learning process is very important to develop good understanding and proper working attitude and behavior
from the part of the field technicians and masons (See Fig. 2). The experience obtained by them during the process can then be replicated toothers and also they can perform similar education process to other technicians and masons as well as to home or building owners.

Fig. 2 Execution of new construction and retrofitting−113−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 201017. Strength and limitations
The strength of this method lies in the fact that it does not introduce new technology to the people, but it encourages the use of alreadyexisting local technology with some incremental improvements which enhance the current practices to improve its performance in resisting
earthquakes.
It is however limited to the practical uses of confined masonry technique which has been long practiced by masons and technicians inIndonesia, which is part of the local culture, using truly available local resources (materials, human resource and technology). The
application of this method in other country should be based on thorough assessment of the local customs in constructing their houses and in
the availability of local materials.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
There were some resistances from the side of local masons in practicing the recommendations on construction detail improvements, as it
needed some skills to be able to implement properly the techniques. However through proper training and supervision, this difficulty could
be overcome.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
The survey needs a keen eye on the various types of construction damages, supported by the use of ordinary digital camera. The analysis
requires the use of structural analysis such as SAP 2000 and ETABS, and CAD drawing software. For the purpose of demonstrating bad
and good behavior of non-engineered buildings, simple house building model is constructed with the purposes of showing the necessary
proper connections between building elements (foundation, beams, columns, walls, roof trusses). For the shaking table, an ordinary table
can be used, shaking is simulated by several strong impacts to the side of the table. Mock-ups are necessary for the purpose of showing theproper fabrication of the building elements and their connections.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Funding is not crucial, but good organization and adequate human resources for conducting the survey, analysis, design works, training andsupervision of the masons are necessary. Efficient and transparent management of funds and whole activities are as well strongly needed in
the process of project implementation. Strong, well organized executing institutions with excellent human resources are needed in thisproject, and this is part of the capacity building process within the program.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
School repair and retrofitting projects in Bengkulu post-earthquake reconstruction project, 2001
E1-2. Place
Bengkulu Province (Bengkulu City and surrounding districts).
E1-3. Year
2001- 2002
E1-4. Investor
Bengkulu City Government, Indosiar TV Station
E1-5. People involved−114−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Ir Teddy Boen
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Approximately US$ 40,000 for a 6 months works in analysis, design, training and supervision of about 20 school buildings (eachworks worth about US$ 30,000), which includes travel expenses and other operational costs (training, material preparation,
counseling/supervising and advising, workshops)
E1-7. Total workload required
Full time work with total duration of 6 months
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Since the construction of the schools, no damage has been reported during the subsequent earthquakes in the region.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 7_PT8_P.pdf (PDF - 537 Kb)−115−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 24)
I. Heading
1. Title

Social Skills Required to the Researchers Ensuring for Acceptability to Disaster AreaID:

DRH 24

Hazard:Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption,
Landslide, Mudflow, Dust storm, Cold wave,
Heat wave, Zud, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge,
Flood, Flash flood, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF), Snow avalanches, Epidemic, Drought,
Desertification, Land degradation, Multi-hazard
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:Tomohide ATSUMICountry:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

07 February 2008

Date published:

27 October 2008

Contact
Tomohide Atsumi
Associate Professor, Center for the Study of Communication-Design, Osaka University, Japan
1-1 Senri Expo Park, Suita, Osaka 565-0826, Japan
atsumi hus.osaka-u.ac.jp
TEL: 81-6-6879-8066 FAX:81-6-6879-8064

2. Major significance / Summary
Describes what to know and how to get into the disaster-stricken area after the disaster based on long-term participatory observations in
Chuuetsu region of Japan, where a series of major earthquakes hit in 2004, focusing on activities by researchers, graduate, andundergraduate students.

3. Keywords
Process technology, participatory observation, researchers, students

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Experts,
Teachers and educators, Architects and engineers, Sociologists and political economists, Information technology specialists, Urban
planners, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption, Landslide, Mudflow, Dust storm, Cold wave, Heat wave, Zud,
Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge, Flood , Flash flood, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), Snow avalanches,
Epidemic, Drought, Desertification, Land degradation, Multi-hazard−116−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Information and communication system, Urban
areas, Rural areas, Coastal areas, River banks and fluvial basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Tomohide Atsumi
Associate Professor, Center for the Study of Communication-Design, Osaka University, Japan
1-1 Senri Expo Park, Suita, Osaka 565-0826, Japan
atsumi hus.osaka-u.ac.jp
TEL: 81-6-6879-8066 FAX:81-6-6879-8064

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;
Kobe and Niigata

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Osaka University

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Case Station and Field Campus (Dr. Norio Okada, Kyoto University, Japan)

12. References and publications
Related to a book chapter in Japanese
Atsumi, T. (in press) Wrap-up your research: To be a bi-lingual. J.Koizumi & K. Shimizu eds. Invitation to Practical Research. Tokyo:
Yuhikaku.

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Since the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, I have been involved in disaster relief, recovery, and revitalization processes both as a researcher and as avolunteer member of a non-profit organization for disaster. It has been obvious that some researchers and/students are successful in researchand practices in the disaster-stricken area, while others are not. It is usually not due to their research background, but due to their social skills
to get into the area and meet people. As a social/human scientist with group dynamics as a major background, I examined and summarized
the skills as a process technology for disaster research and practice. Theoretical and methodological investigations have been re-conducted
for its traditional method, i.e., action research, and social skills described here are examined.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
If researchers and/or students start to investigate disaster field, it is essential for them to be sensitive to survivors of the disaster and thecommunity. Needless to say, survivors do NOT live for the research. They are NOT the object of research, but possible partners. Therefore,
although researchers would like to conduct their own research, they should re-think the following questions before actually starting the
research: What does this research for? How do they contribute to the survivors in front of the researchers? Such reflective consciousness
may lead researchers to achieve the aim with survivors. Here are a list of what to know and how to get into the disaster-stricken area after
the disaster.

16. Necessary process to implement
You are supposed to examine the items listed up in this technology before, during, and after your research and practice. There are a coupleof lists: One is categorized by phases of disaster-cycle, while the other is divided into three categories, i.e., for researchers, graduate, andundergraduate students, respectively. The first lists include, for instance, "Survivors First", "Do participate and practice rescue and relief.
Don’t be an Observer", and "Do not stick to doing research; it’s just a result" during early relief phase, whereas the second lists covers, for−117−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

example, "Try to work together with local leaders day-to-day", "Study the local history", and "Talk easily about your theory" for researchers(See the attached documents for detail). Remember that the operation of these skills depends on the specific context of the particular disaster,and on the personality of the researcher. In other words, it changes from case to case, and “Ten men, ten colors”. It is suggested that, once
readers study these skills from this database with some examples, they just go out to the field. In the field, try to be creative and to improvise
the skills they study here. If they are still at the learning stage, they need to be trained in the field. In other words, it is best for them tofollow an experienced researcher and ask her/him to take them to her/his field. This on-the-job-training (OJT), or in-the-field-training(IFT) should be effective and education program including IFT should be established.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2−118−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

17. Strength and limitations
This technology is based on actual experiences of a series of long-term fieldwork by one who is both a researcher and an NPO staff
member. So that, it is relatively easy to implement. However, it still lacks how to teach this technology in a classroom in advance for theactual disaster.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Please refer to an example (e.g., Cases of Shiodani). Some people are already sensitive to this technology, while others are not. As indicatedabove, there has been no good/perfect way of teaching this technology yet. Hence, the next step is to develop an effective program to makepeople sensitive to this technology.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Educational program for this technology.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Usual cost for managing a class.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
This technology is one of many possible procedures to go into a field. Whether users make use of this technology or not depends on theparticular context they are involved in. To understand this technology fully, users are recommended to be guided to a field by anexperienced instructor and to learn how to understand and utilize this process technology in the field. Surely, anyone wishing to use it
should be strongly advised to contact the author.
It is essential for the researchers to make contact with survivors in the disaster field because nothing can be done there without any good
relationship between survivors and researchers. Of course, natural science attempts to produce universal knowledge; whereas humanscience focuses on particularity (e.g., historical, cultural differences) of the knowledge. In other words, the former is categorized as"nomothetic science", while the latter "narrative science" (Atsumi, 2007). Therefore, this technology may be used more frequently for thelatter than for the former. However, since both natural and human sciences of disaster attempt to make the current situation better forsurvivors, even natural scientists are supposed to use this technology to pursue their scientific research. It is simply because sciences ofdisaster, both natural and human, should contribute to survivors first.
Although this PT is described as a technology, it also contains the spirit of researchers toward survivors. Hence, readers are expected tolearn this PT with its spirit here, but do NOT simply "apply" it to a particular field. Once you put this PT with its spirit, just go out to thefield and think from time to time including its historical, cultural, and political contexts.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
This technology does not take into account a possibility of activities with people in different languages. So, linguistic aspects of thistechnology (e.g., how to involve an interpreter effectively) are for future investigation.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Foot-bath by university students at shelters
E1-2. Place
E1-3. Year2007
E1-4. Investor−119−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Tomohide Atsumi with NPO members in Kobe
E1-5. People involved
University students, mostly undergraduate, from Kobe University, Kobe Gakuin University, Osaka University, and Nagaoka
University of Technology, with Hisaichi-NGO Kyodo Center, Nippon Volunteer Network Active in Disaster, and Chuuetsu Fukko
Network.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurredTransportation, Meal, Accommodation, and Stipend (total budget is still growing, but about ten thousand US dollars)E1-7. Total workload required
A group of students have visited the area several times under the coordination of a leader for about two months. Before starting thisproject, students of Osaka University learned how to offer the foot-bath from a specialist in 2004 in order to provide this service to thesurvivors of the 2004 Chuetsu earthquake. They offered the foot-bath service for more than 2 years there. Students of other universities
learned this technique from Osaka University students at the temporary housing in Nagaoka. They learned not only how to take care of
the feet of survivors, but also how to talk to them, how to listen to them, how to smile to them, and how to keep contact with them inthe field. It is easy to describe its physical side of technique (i.e., what water temperature are comfortable, how to use a basin), butsocial skills were learned through the in-the-field-training (IFT).
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Reports from the students and the leader have been read positively through internet and media responded in positive ways.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Side-by-side with local relief operators
E2-2. Place
Kariwa Village, Niigata, Japan
E2-3. Year2007
E2-4. Investor
Tomohide Atsumi and NPO members in Kobe and Nagoya
E2-5. People involved
Staff members of Nippon Volunteer Network Active in Disaster including Tomohide Atsumi as a researcher, The NGO Collaboration
Center for HANSHIN QUAKE Rehabilitation, and Rescue Stock Yard.
E2-6. Monetary costs incurredTransportation, Meal, Accommodation, and Stipend (total budget is still growing, but about ten thousand US dollars)E2-7. Total workload required
The Chuetsu-Oki earthquake hit Kariwa Village as well as Kashiwazaki-city. Not only volunteers from outside, but also staff membersof the local Social Welfare Council were supposed to help survivors in the village. The staff members were residents of the village andthey themselves were affected by the disaster. They had to support not only their own family members, but also other residents in thevillage. They were extremely busy for their own family, but they had to spend their time to other survivors. They also felt somepressure from the outsiders who came to the village to share their experiences from past disasters. The staff members of NPOs from
Kobe and Nagoya described above attempted to stay close to the local staff of the Social Welfare Council and keep listening to their
voices. It was a good way to researchers to be accepted to disaster area.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Staff members of the NPO above have still been working with survivors in the village. When there is an event, they are asked to join.
Such friendly relationship should contribute to the long-term revitalization of the village.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−120−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 25)
I. Heading
1. Title

Earthquake Risk Reduction and EducationID:

DRH 25

Hazard:Earthquake

Category:

Process Technology (PT), Transferable indigenous
knowledge (TIK)

Proposer:

Farokh Parsizadeh

Country:

IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF;

Date posted:

07 February 2008

Date published:

01 December 2008
"Earthquake and Safety" Drills

Contact
Mr. Farokh Parsizadeh (Research Associate)
Mr. Mohsen-Ghafory Ashtiany ( Distinguished Professor)
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES)
26 Arghavan St., N. Dibajie, Farmanieh
Tehran, I.R.Iran
Tel: 0098 21 22294932; Email: parsi iiees.ac.ir

2. Major significance / Summary
・ Universal
・ Children represent the future
・ Schools have post
・ Disaster roles as shelters and relief centers
・ Important role in development
・ Act as a catalyst to bind the community
・ Provides confidence in the community
・ Promotes safety culture
・ Ensure leadership among future generations

3. Keywords
Disasters, Education, Risk, Earthquakes

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT), Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Financing and insurance business personnel, Experts, Teachers and educators,
Others5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents−121−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Mr. Farokh Parsizadeh (Research Associate)
Mr. Mohsen-Ghafory Ashtiany (Distinguished Professor)
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES)
26 Arghavan St., N. Dibajie, Farmanieh
Tehran, I.R.Iran
Tel: 0098 21 22294932; Email: parsi iiees.ac.ir

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES)
Vida Heshmati, IIEES, Heshmati iiees.ac.ir
Ali Ehsaan Seif, IIEES, seif iiees.ac.ir
Yasamin O. Izadkhah, IIEES, izad iiees.ac.ir

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
Planning Guides for Preparedness Before, During, and After an Earthquake, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (SEE-2), May 1995.Y.O. Izadkhah and, F. Parsizadeh
Guideline on Earthquake and Safety for Kindergarten Teachers (English-2007) F.Parsizadeh, Y.O.Izadkhah, V.Heshmati.
What we should know about Earthquakes (Pesian-2005) F.Parsizadeh, P.Fatemi.
Earthquake and Safety (Persian-2004) F.Parsizadeh, A.E.Seif,V.Heshmati.
Earthquake and Safety Councils in Schools (Persian-2004) F.Parsizadeh, A.E.Seif.
Earthquake and Safety Guideline for Kindergarten Instructors (Persian-2004) F.Parsizadeh, V.Heshmati.
Guideline on National Earthquake & Safety Drill for Schools Administrators (Persian since 2001). F.Parsizadeh, A.E.Seif.

13. Note on ownership if any
IIEES

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Iran, being in one of the most active tectonic regions of the world, faces high seismic hazard. The country has experienced many devastating
earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.0 or more throughout its history. After the Manjil-Rudbar Earthquake of June 1990 and during IDNDR,
there has been considerable effort in Iran, nationally and internationally to develop effective public awareness and education for different
levels of the society. The comprehensive earthquake risk reduction programme in Iran was launched in 1991. Along with the improvementof new methods for design and construction of structures, earthquake education has developed and grown as another effective activity.
In this regard, educating the children, as the future of any community at risk, can be regarded as an effective strategy to communicate safety
messages to the entire community. In other words, educating the children serves to disseminate vital information to most of the population
via the knowledge, skills and enthusiastic motivation of children. The children convey messages throughout society, starting with theirparents. Consequently, schools play a major role in the development of disaster-aware citizens. It is proposed that children can act as a key
factor in the promotion of safety culture, leading to disaster prevention and risk reduction.
−122−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The main objective is to initiate a series of activities to protect people from the impacts of future earthquakes.
Also:- Development and implementation of a comprehensive program addressing all groups of the society. - Increasing public awareness andpreparedness using all types of media. - Educating children and youngsters about earthquake preparedness at all school levels by including
materials in textbooks, films, conducting drills, exhibitions, drawing and writing competitions, posters, etc. - Conducting annual national
drill in schools on November 8th. - Organizing annual art, painting and training exhibitions.
-Strengthening the key role of women in hazard mitigation programs and promotion of seismic safety culture.

16. Necessary process to implement
In order to update the teacher’s information, there is on-the-job training, for teachers as well as administrative staff. Materials including
scientific definitions of earth and the related science, earthquake preparedness, and the national drills have been taught. These classes are in
two participatory and non-participatory sections. In participatory section, the face to face method is used by the instructors. In
non-participatory sessions, the teachers use books. They will then be tested in a specific date through an exam. It is worth to mention that thesources for these materials is produced by the IIEES and is distributed through Ministry of Education.
In order to increase the public awareness and teaching on national drills, the TV short announcements is conducted by IIEES and isbroadcasted through national Radio and TV 10 days before the drills.

17. Strength and limitations
18. Lessons learned through implementation if any

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
1- Conducting guidelines: The guideline is for schools’ administrators giving instructions on how to perform the national drill. The contentsof this guidelines consists of: - The necessity of performing the drills - Drills objectives - Role of parents - Drill performance - Time of thedrill - Necessary measures before and during drills This guideline is published in 150,000 copies and is sent to all schools.
2- Posters: One of the ways to increase the public awareness is through posters. The poster should be designed in a way that it can transfer
some visual information to the children as well as increase their awareness. The poster is published in 300,000 copies each year and every
school receives two copies.

−123−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

3- Street billboards: This is another media to help in increasing the public awareness and stimulating the society curiosity and interest about
national drill, the seismic strengthening and the seismicity of the country.
4- Conducting films and short announcements: One of the methods in teaching students is through educational films. The educational film
related to national drill is conducted and produced by IIEES. Additionally, for public awareness and distributing more information on drills,
short announcements are produced by IIEES and broadcasted from national Radio and TV channels. National Drill Permanent Council The
strategy of drill performance is designed through the National Drill Permanent Council. This council consists of the representatives of
Ministry of Education (with the full authority), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Ministry of Interior, The Red CrescentSociety of Iran, and National TV and Radio. This council submits the projects to the planning committee after identifying the general policy
for implementing them. It is worth mentioning that the permanent secretariat of this council is located in IIEES. Planning Committee This
committee has to implement the approved issues of the National Drill Permanent Council after review. The members of this committee
consists of: A representative from IIEES, 4 representatives from Ministry of Education, one representative from Tehran Ministry of
Education, one representative from National TV and Radio, one representative from The Red Crescent Society of Iran, one representativefrom Ministry of Interior, and one representative from the Student Organization. Provincial Committee In order to approve the decisions in
the whole country, a provincial committee is held in each province. This committee consists of the representative of the province (The headof unexpected events committees), the representative of National TV and Radio, the representative of the Red Crescent Society of Iran, andthe representative of Ministry of Education. Their responsibilities are to accomplish an effective drill in their province.

−124−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

−125−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
100,000 US Dollars

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
1-The implemented public education programs in Iran have proven to be effective in raising the awareness of young generation toward
earthquake safety and the valuable experiences can be applied in other countries as well.
2-Following is the response of the author to the DRH Facilitators' comments in the discussion screen. It is duplicated here with someillustrations added.
1) Exam is a method to encourage teachers to update their knowledge about earthquakes and how to deal with it which would lead to abetter understanding of risk and measures for reducing it. The questions for exams come from books which are published by IIEES.
2) Earthquake risk education in general leads to an enhanced perception of risk, better understanding of protective measures and less fearof a hazard. What is difficult to assess is how all this understanding is used during a disaster event. The question is posed: “Does thisunderstanding really influence the children’s behaviour and consequently the behaviour of their family? The children’s knowledge andunderstanding of earthquakes does not guarantee that the knowledge will be appropriately applied when it is needed. Therefore the useof participatory methods as well as non-participatory was to test the example of the “knowledge-to-behaviour” relationship and theirinterrelation. In practice, behaviour is not always necessarily as expected and taught. Therefore, to achieve behavioural change, there isa need to incorporate appropriate knowledge into the culture of the target group for the current and future generations. In earthquake
safety, both concepts of ‘how to do’ and ‘what to do’ needed. This is why there is a need for both participatory and non-participatory
approaches.
3) All educational materials are prepared by IIEES by group of specialist consist of earth science, Structural engineering, social sciencesand educationalist.

4) The textbooks material in various levels of the schools can be classified into the three categories as follows: a. Scientific subjects onearth and earthquake: Science books of 4th, 5th, 8th and 12th grade and Geography books of 8th and 10th grade cover scientific materials
on the earth structure, continental movements, earthquake phenomenon, faults, seismicity, and seismic hazard. Considering that thegeography books are regionally prepared, provides earthquake information related to the related province. b. Earthquake preparedness,
response and recovery: “Earthquake Preparedness” book for 8th and 9th grades and “Technology and Careers” book for the 8th grade
covers materials on the most appropriate activities to be preformed before, during and after a damaging earthquake; as well as
guideline for school preparedness and the first aids. c. Technical and engineering aspects of safe building: How to build a safe andearthquake resistant building is being though in the construction major of the technical high schools. The curriculum and text book ofthis major has been modified in order to train construction technician aware and knowledgeable on building standards and criteria of aseismically safe building. d. Social and cultural aspects of earthquake: “Social Science” books of 3rd and 7th grades and “Persian
Literature” book of the 8th grade look at earthquake from social and literature point of views with the aim of creating self confidence
and proper social behavior at the time of earthquake.

−126−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Conducting Earthquake Safety Council (Phase 1)
E1-2. Place
10 Secondary and High School in Tehran
E1-3. Year2007-2008
E1-4. Investor
E1-5. People involved
10 staff
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
35,000 US Dollars
E1-7. Total workload required
1,240 hours
E1-8. Evidence of positive result

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Earthquake Safety Council (Phase 2)
E2-2. Place
20 Secondary and High School in Tehran
E2-3. Year
2008-2009
E2-4. Investor−127−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E2-5. People involved
10 staff
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
40,000 US Dollars
E2-7. Total workload required
1,240 hours
E2-8. Evidence of positive result

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
Earthquake Safety Network (Phase 3)
E3-2. Place
30 Secondary and High School in Tehran
E3-3. Year
2009-2010
E3-4. Investor
E3-5. People involved
10 staff
E3-6. Monetary costs incurred
30 million Toman (30,000 US Dollars)E3-7. Total workload required
1,240 hours
E3-8. Evidence of positive result

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> DRH.pdf (PDF - 801 Kb)> Slide4-1.jpg (JPG - 109 Kb)−128−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 26)
I. Heading
1. Title

Disaster Management Support System by Utilizing Satellites under the Frameworkof "Sentinel Asia"ID:

DRH 26

Hazard:Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption,
Landslide, Mudflow, Cyclone/Typhoon,
Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood, Glacial Lake Outburst
Flood (GLOF), Snow avalanches,
Wildfire, Drought
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Takayuki Nakamura

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

12 February 2008

Date published:

22 September 2008
Satellite Images before and after Disaster.

Contact(1)Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Disaster Management Support Systems Office (DMSSO)
2-2-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
TEL: -81-3-3516-9100, FAX: -81-3-3516-9160
E-mail: sentinel.asia jaxa.jp(2) Satellite Applications and Promotion Center (SAPC), Asian Branch of the Disaster Management Support Systems Office
B.B. Building 15th Flr. Room No.1502, 54 Asoke Road, Sukhumvit 21, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
TEL: -66-2259-4192 (ext. 12), FAX: -66-2260-7027
E-mail: sentinel.asia jaxa.jp

2. Major significance / Summary“Sentinel Asia” initially is an internet-based, node-allotted, information distribution backbone, eventually distributing relevant satellite andin-situ spatial information on multiple hazards in the Asia-Pacific region. The system will draw on satellite derived products and imagery
from all available earth observing geostationary satellites, or low-earth orbiting satellites, including meteorological satellites that provide
routine data to the region. The main derivates of Sentinel Asia are overlaid satellite images on digital maps provided by Digital Asia
Web-GIS functions, where satellite images are value-added images with extraction of stricken area, original satellite images for FTP andon-site digital camera images.
(Web Site: http://dmss.tksc.jaxa.jp/sentinel/)

3. Keywords
Space technology, Satellite image, Disaster management support system

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)−129−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Experts,
Information technology specialists, Urban planners, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption, Landslide, Mudflow, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge, Flood, Flash flood,
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), Snow avalanches, Wildfire, Drought

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Infrastructure, Buildings, Urban areas, Rural areas, Coastal areas, River banks and fluvial basin,
Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)(1)Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Disaster Management Support Systems Office (DMSSO)
2-2-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
TEL: -81-3-3516-9100, FAX: -81-3-3516-9160
E-mail: sentinel.asia jaxa.jp(2) Satellite Applications and Promotion Center (SAPC), Asian Branch of the Disaster Management Support Systems Office
B.B. Building 15th Flr. Room No.1502, 54 Asoke Road, Sukhumvit 21, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
TEL: -66-2259-4192 (ext. 12), FAX: -66-2260-7027
E-mail: sentinel.asia jaxa.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Satellite Applications and Promotion Center (SAPC)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
None

12. References and publications
None

13. Note on ownership if any
None

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
According to UN statistics, the Asia and Oceania region has the largest proportion of natural disasters in the world. Even before the recent
Indian Ocean Tsunami and earthquakes in India and Pakistan, compounded by its high levels of population (close to 3 billion), the region
covers more than 50 % of the global fatalities associated with such disasters. While droughts are still considered world-wide the number one
cause of fatalities associated with disasters, other calamities such as flooding, earthquakes, wildfires, high winds and landslides are high on
the list of sources of deaths, destruction and economic losses in the region.

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V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Many of the causes and impacts of natural hazards, including droughts, are observable in real-time from space by earth observing systems.
When efficiently combined with modern information-distribution methods, such data can be sent rapidly to affected communities and local
emergency agencies as early warning before the disaster occurs, or as post-disaster maps to assist in recovery operations. A new projectcalled "Sentinel Asia" was proposed in 2004 by the Asia-Pacific Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) to showcase the value and impact ofearth observation technologies, combined with near real-time internet dissemination methods and Web-GIS mapping tools.
“Sentinel Asia” is a "voluntary and best-efforts-basis initiative" led by the APRSAF to share disaster information in the Asia-Pacific region
on the Digital Asia (Web-GIS) platform and to make the best use of earth observation satellites data for disaster management in the
Asia-Pacific region.

“Sentinel Asia” consists of three steps of the Disaster Management Support System. The first step was carried out in 2006 to 2007 by
utilizing the earth observation satellite data. It aims at improving safety in society by ICT and Space technology. It improves speed andaccuracy for disaster preparedness and early warning, leading to a minimization of victims, and social and economic losses.
Currently participating satellites are ALOS, IRS, MTSAT-1R, Terra & Aqua and others. The ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite),
which was launched by JAXA on January 2006, is an earth observation satellite designed to obtain the precise topographic data. The ALOS
has three remote sensing instruments, or the Panchromatic Remote sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM), the Phased Array typeL-band Synthetic Aperture Rader (PALSER), and the Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2).

ALOS

PRISM

PALSAR−131−

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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

16. Necessary process to implement
To promote Sentinel Asia, the Joint Project Team (JPT) was organized. JPT is open to all the APRSAF member countries, disasterprevention organizations and regional and international organizations who wish to participate in disaster information sharing activities.
Currently JPT consists of a total of 59 organizations including 51 agencies from 20 different countries and 8 international organizations, aswell as the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre.
The main activities of “Sentinel Asia” are manifold, such as emergency observation in case of major disasters, observation requests fromthe members of the JPT, wildfire and flood monitoring, as well as capacity-building for the utilization of satellite images for disastermanagement. The system is also to be used by member countries of “Sentinel Asia” in the Asia-Pacific region to 'trigger' dedicatedsatellite-data acquisitions through their participating and cooperating space agencies during major disasters in their countries.
Sentinel Asia is promoted under cooperation among the following four communities: Space Community (APRSAF); International
Community (UN/ESCAP, UN/OOSA, ASEAN, and AIT etc.); Disaster Reduction Community (ADRC and its member countries); andDigital Asia Community (Keio University etc.).

The goal of the project is that a fundamental distributing service is created, which produces disaster related data products and images in the
Asia-Pacific region in near real-time. These services encompass a variety of different deliverables. Space organizations provide true-color,
best resolution JPEGS of satellite images. Satellite data also produces wildfire hotspot and precipitation data. Other basic data given by
Digital Asia is a millionth digital map by the NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) and LANDSAT images, which cover theentire area of Asia. Furthermore on-site digital camera images are supplied and fine regional digital maps, which are contributed by national
geography organizations alongside others.
Furthermore, additional detailed disaster information will be made available by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC).

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17. Strength and limitations
Strength The project focuses on retrieving and sharing disaster information. A lot of state-of-the-art space technologies such ascommunication satellites and advanced information technologies are utilized in order to implement this project. In addition, the framework
APRSAF (Asia- Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum) and the network of ADRC (Asian Disaster Reduction Center) are useful for thesake of making this project function appropriately.
Limitation On the other hand, it is a still challenge to find adequate ways how effectively and precisely satellite images are distributed to
end-users, for example, national or local decision-makers to deal with the damage caused by natural disasters in Asia-Pacific region.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
It is still a challenge to find adequate ways how to effectively distribute satellite images to end-users, such as national or local
decision-makers to enable them to deal with the damage caused by natural disasters.
Moreover, in order to send satellite images to the regions affected by natural disasters properly and prompt, the capacity for downloading is
critical. According to the survey conducted by Keio University of Japan, the downloading speed differs in Asian countries. Many Asian
countries joining JPT (Joint Project Team) of APRSAF utilize low-speed circuits which are less than 512KB in case of downloading fromJapanese servers. The only exceptions are Australia and Korea. The average speed is approximately 190KB. The Web site system of“Sentinel Asia” should be developed to be efficiently utilized even in these narrow band areas.
Aiming at a more robust and user-friendly Web-GIS system and reflecting wider ranges of user requests of data and information services,
the “Sentinel Asia Step2 (2008-2012)” was agreed at the APRSAF-14, which was held in Bangalore, India in November 2007. The main
objectives of “Sentinel Asia Step2” are as follows.
1. Participation of Various Satellites- Earth observation satellites: ALOS (JAXA), MTSAT-1R (JMA), IRS (ISRO), KOMPSAT (KARI), THEOS (GISTDA), etc.
- Communications satellites: WINDS (JAXA) etc.
2. Improvement of Accessibility to Information- From data sharing (Step1) to data sharing and transmission- Facilitate access to disaster-related information through various means including satellite communication using WINDS
3. Value-added Data
- To provide analyzed images and easily comprehensible interpretations from images- To organize framework of analysis group
4. Expansion of Disaster Scope- To extend STEP1’s focus on Wildfires and Floods- To include monitoring during signs before disasters happen and environmental change- Strengthening contribution to management of wildfire which bears substantial influence on global warming
5. User Expansion- To expand users to local disaster authority in cooperation with UNESCAP

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
The common information-sharing platform, 'Digital Asia (DA)'internet-based Web-GIS, is recommended, for use in this project bycountries that do not already operate Web-GIS systems. DA is one of Academic Frontier Projects of MEXT (Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japanese Gov.) It is promoted by Keio University which supports easy distribution of various
kinds of geospatial and other linked data like natural and social data via the Internet, in order to make rapid strategic planning and risk
management decisions across Asia.
A large database already exists as core data held in Keio University, which is then externally distributed to all Digital Asia servers orcompatible systems in each participating organization across Asia. All relevant data for this project on Digital Asia servers will be freely
open to the general public on the Internet as public assets. “Sentinel Asia” is one of the many applications of the overall Digital Asia
program for disaster management objectives.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
A schematic of the operation of the Digital Asia system is that geo-coded information can be easily uploaded to OGC-based Digital Asia
servers. For implementation of Digital Asia servers, the Sentinel Asia Technical Implementation Team will provide the necessary technicalsupport to organizations that request it. Digital Asia server (Hardware) will also be provided by Digital Asia, if requested.

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The members of Joint Project Team (JPT) can request an emergency observation at disasters. Besides, in case any readers hope to obtain
the data, they are recommended to contact with the Disaster Management Support Systems Office (DMSSO) in Tokyo or the Asian Branchof the DMSSO in Bangkok.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
In case readers hope to acquire more technical information such as the utilization of satellite images, methodologies of using remotesensing technique, or more specified information such as emergency observation, wildfire monitoring, flood monitoring, capacity building,etc., they are recommended to visit the website of the Sentinel Asia.
(Web Site: http://dmss.tksc.jaxa.jp/sentinel/)

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
Asia-Pacific region is prone to natural hazards. However, not only in Asia-Pacific region but also in other regions in the world, many people
suffer from natural disasters every year. There are also strong needs in other continents for the utilization of satellite images to lessen thedamage caused by natural hazards. In view of this, “Sentinel Asia” can be replicated in other areas as a good application of spacetechnology.

IX. Application examples
X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
None

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 3.jpg (JPG - 23 Kb)−134−

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DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 28)
I. Heading
1. Title

Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR)ID:

DRH 28

Hazard:Multi-hazard
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Krishna S. Pribadi

Country:

PHILIPPINES; INDIA; NEPAL; CAMBODIA;INDONESIA;

Date posted:

17 March 2008

Date published:

09 June 2009
Community members working together in reducing
village flood risk as part of action plan
implementation.

Contact
Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi
Center for Disaster Mitigation, Integration and Application R & D Building ITB, 8th Floor, Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung-Indonesia 40132
E-mails: ksppribadi bdg.centrin.net.id; ksuryanto si.itb.ac.id
Phone Office: (+62) (22) 70808949, 2504987 ext. 1819 (+62) (22) 2502272
Fax.: (+62) (22) 2510714; 2508125
Handphone: (+62) 811217666
Office website: http://kppmb.itb.ac.i
Dr Teti Argo
Researcher at Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institut Teknologi Bandung (CDM-ITB).
Dr Wayan Sengara
Head, Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institut Teknologi Bandung (CDM-ITB).

2. Major significance / Summary
Reducing social vulnerabilities resulting in reducing disaster impact on human lives and property by improving the community’s disaster
resilience through enhancing their awareness, and in organizing disaster planning and preparedness at the local community level. The
community will have the ability to identify risk, plan, prioritize and implement actions to reduce risk from natural hazard at the community
level.

3. Keywords
Community, hazard, vulnerability, natural disaster, resilience,

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UN−135−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

organizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Experts , Teachers and educators, Sociologists and political economists, Rural
planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focusedMulti-hazard

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Urban areas, Rural areas, Coastal areas, River banks and fluvial basin, MountainslopesIII. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi
Center for Disaster Mitigation, Integration and Application R & D Building ITB, 8th Floor, Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung-Indonesia 40132
E-mails: ksppribadi bdg.centrin.net.id; ksuryanto si.itb.ac.id
Phone Office: (+62) (22) 70808949, 2504987 ext. 1819 (+62) (22) 2502272
Fax.: (+62) (22) 2510714; 2508125
Handphone: (+62) 811217666
Office website: http://kppmb.itb.ac.i
Dr Teti Argo
Researcher at Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institut Teknologi Bandung (CDM-ITB).
Dr Wayan Sengara
Head, Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institut Teknologi Bandung (CDM-ITB).

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
PHILIPPINES; INDIA; NEPAL; CAMBODIA; INDONESIA;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers(1) CDM ITB

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Community Based Flood Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Study of Bandung and Jakarta Cities
Developing Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Aceh Province and West Sumatra Province

12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any
Center for Disaster Mitigation (CDM ITB)

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceDisaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing the technology or enhancing thepractice Indonesia is an archipelago located at the conjunction of four tectonic plates (Eurasia, Pacific, Philippines and Indo-Australian). The
topography varies from mountainous to long coastal zones. The country is exposed to considerable threats from natural hazards such as
earthquake, landslides, volcanoes, floods and tsunamis. Communities are mostly at risk because of the lack of awareness and capacity tocope with the disasters. On the other hand, government capacity to protect the population from natural disasters is limited. As thecommunities can not depend solely on government actions to protect their life, there is a need to improve their awareness and capacity inorder to make them safer from disaster. The Jakarta big flood event in 2002 and the catastrophic tsunami event of 26th December 2004
which strike the coastal areas in Aceh Province and Nias Island had been the driving force for enhancing the practice. The Tsunami haddevastated large parts of the coastal areas, destroyed settlements and social and economic infrastructure (schools, health centers, publicbuildings, lifelines), caused 200,000 human lives loses and loss of livelihoods. Strengthening the local community capacity for preparing
them to face various hazards and reducing its impact is considered as one of the strategic moves to reduce the disaster risk.

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V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The aim of CBDRR is to reduce vulnerabilities and increase capacities of households and communities to withstand damaging effects ofdisasters. CBDRR contributes to people’s participation and empowerment in achieving sustainable development and sharing its benefits.
One of many benefits of CBDRR addressed in the United Nations International Decade for Disaster Reduction (UN-IDNDR) is that:
Community participation will positively address the local socio-economic concerns. It will empower them with knowledge and skills;
develop the leadership capability of the community members, which will further strengthen their capacity to contribute to development
initiatives. The process is more about capacity building and community empowerment process for improving the community capacity in
reducing their vulnerability against natural hazard.

16. Necessary process to implement
The whole process is shown in Fig. 1. During the process, it is important to develop and enhance the collaborative mechanism between thelocal authorities, the local communities and other stakeholders, and to build up the vulnerability reduction measures while capitalizing on
the already existing indigenous capacity and wisdoms. This is a process based initiative and learning process which is as (if notmore) important as the project outcomes for both project and targeted communities.

Fig. 1 CBDRR Implementation Framework
First, the necessary step for implementation is communicating the intention of implementing CBDRR program to the local government andcommunity in each concerned area of work. The discussions with the local community as well as local government officials could takeplace in different places such as in public venue (government office, school, mosque etc), community leader’s house, coffee shops, open
field and other places in the community, in order to cater to the needs and availability of different groups within the community to be
involved. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 Discussion of CBDRR Program with the community and Local Government officials
One of initial and essential activity towards developing community-based risk reduction would be to conduct hazards and vulnerability
assessment of the area. Information on local capacities (community and government) has to be collected to be combined with hazard andvulnerability to provide a picture of level of risk of the area and community toward potential/future disaster. Experts’ input is necessary to
the process of the general risk assessment. Participatory risk assessment is developed as part of the process. Participatory method is used
when dealing with the community in order to develop collaboration among community members in selecting, designing and implementing
community action plan (Fig. 3).
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Facilitating the organizing of the local community is a crucial process. It is expected that at the end of this facilitation, a local committee on
disaster reduction is formed. This committee will take the role in leading the local community in the process of developing a community
action plan in disaster reduction. In the implementation, the community is the one who will claim ownerships over the process that isworked out in the area and take initiative lead to innovation among community members. As the process should also enhance the
networking capacity of the community, we need also to involve the local government in the process to become the partner of thecommunity in reducing disaster risk in the area. Conducting workshops where local government and community representatives sit together
to discuss their role in disaster reduction is also used in this process as a means to foster collaboration between them (Fig. 4).
Implementation of community actions is often in the form of a collective community work (Fig. 5).

Fig. 3 Dissemination of disaster knowledge and participatory process in community hazard and vulnerability assessment

Fig. 4 Workshops on CBDRR for local community Disaster Committee, Local authority, NGOs

Fig. 5 Community members working together in reducing village flood risk as part of action plan implementation

17. Strength and limitations
The CBDRR process empower the community to develop their own disaster coping mechanism, enhanced with outside technical input andstrengthened with the development of their networks to ensure the sustainability of the process. The community becomes less dependent togovernment action and resources. However, the community will not be able to sustain their actions if they cannot mobilize their own
resources and cannot also solicit support from potential funding agencies. However, it is important to ensure that the community can realize
their own strength and weakness, and that the process does not create a more dependent community toward outside support.
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18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Good communication and strong coordination is the key to the success of this venture. Experience shows that it will be much easier to workwith community in pre-disaster situation, provided that risk awareness can be developed during the process. Working in a post-disastersituation will be more difficult, especially if the relief stage is still a major enterprise and the social tissue is seriously affected by the disaster.
Situation will be more difficult when there are many organizations working in relief stage distributing aid gifts, which create an atmosphereof dependence within the community. Building community preparedness in this situation will require a lot of efforts.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
To support the activities in the fields, local facilitators are needed. They need to be supported by some basic tools such as maps, measuring
tools, discussion facilitating tools such as meta-plan, simple awareness materials etc. In some stages, expert input will also be needed forenhancing the process. Local transportation means is needed by facilitator for accessing different places in the process. Some
communication equipment will also be useful in the facilitation process. The local community committee will need a place which willfunction as a disaster information center as well as disaster committee’s office. It may also cover the necessity for enhancing the
preparedness system such as contingency planning, stockpiling (food, float, boat, etc) and early warning system at community level.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Budget is required for operational cost such as facilitators’ cost and efforts for expert input, transportation and communication costs, officefacilities and expenses for organizing meeting events and dissemination materials. Experts in multi hazard phenomena as well as incommunity based approach are needed to support the process. Training specialist support is needed for organizing various trainings, which
are needed for forming the facilitators as well as to provide trainings to local government officials and community leaders. Both of them cancome from individuals, universities and NGOs. Trainings on emergency preparedness and response such as earthquake and tsunami drills atvillage level, first aid, emergency sheltering etc. can be conducted by involving other organizations such as Red Cross, Fire Brigade, SAR
Unit, Health Department, local government Disaster Management Unit. The process can be implemented by various organizations withadequate capacity to implement CBDRR. Action oriented research institutions can develop and implement methodology for effective andsustainable CBDRR programs. Much respected religious-based organizations can play an important role in the implementation of theprocess. With the respect they already obtained from the community, the strong network of informal religious leaders deployed within it
and the regular communication with their members through regular religious practices, they are well positioned to implement successful
CBDRR programs. Technical support to these organizations can be obtained from technical organizations such as the research anddevelopment/academic institutions already armed with best practices and tools. This collaboration can enhance the development of
CBDRR knowledge through constant exchange of knowledge and experience, between field works and research and development
activities.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Developing Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Aceh Province and West Sumatra Province
E1-2. Place
5 villages in 3 Districts (West Aceh, Aceh Jaya and Nagan Raya) in Aceh Province and 1 City in West Sumatra (Pariaman) Indonesia
E1-3. Year2006 to 2007
E1-4. Investor−139−

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UNDP
E1-5. People involved
The people from the local community.
Researchers from CDM ITB : Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi (Project manager and Disaster Management Expert); Dr. Teti Argo (Community
Based Disaster Management Expert); Mr. Soleh Hadisutisna (Community Based expert); Dr. I Wayan Sengara(Geotechnical/Earthquake Hazard Expert); Dr. Hamzah Latief (Tsunami Hazard Expert); Dr. Soebagiyo Soekarnen (Flood Hazard
Expert);; Dr. Dyah Kusumastuti (Non-engineered Structure Expert); Ir. Engkon Kertapati (Geology Hazard Expert);
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
The project’s cost is approximately USD 400,000, funded by UNDP, for all activities in 3 districts in Aceh Province and 1 City inWest Sumatra province, such as general risk assessment, training for local facilitator, workshop on disaster management, training on
how to build a simple earthquake resistant building, implementation of Community Action Plans, National workshop on Lesson
Learnt, Developing Recommended Framework for implementing CBDRR and some other training and drills related to disaster.
E1-7. Total workload required
The project duration is 16 months, involving all the above experts on a non-continuous involvement basis. Full time Project Manager,
Project Coordinators, Project Management staffs and full time facilitators are required for the whole process.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
In five villages where CBDRR programs were implemented, local committees for disaster reduction have been established and they
had developed community action plans, some of them have been implemented. The City of Pariaman has allocated its own budget to
replicate the program in two other villages, involving the first pilot-project community as resource persons.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
E2-2. Place
E2-3. YearE2-4. Investor
E2-5. People involved
E2-6. Monetary costs incurredE2-7. Total workload required
Full time work with total duration of 26 months
E2-8. Evidence of positive result

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
Technical support in capacity building of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah disaster risk management program, a program
implemented by CDM-ITB to provide technical support for two large religious-based organizations, funded by AusAid (Australian
government development fund), in developing the capacity for conducting community based disaster risk reduction at the pesantren(Moslem boarding school) communities and Islamic school children and Moslem youth organizations, implemented in Sumatera (Padang
and Rejang Lebong districts), West Java (Garut district), Jakarta, Central Java (Magelang and Bantul districts), and East Java (Jember
district)

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
A version upgrade of the CBDRR implementation framework will be available at the end of the UNDP CBDRR Pilot-Project (September2007).

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DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 29)
I. Heading
1. Title

Indigenous Knowledge for Water Management and Drought Mitigation in IndiaID:

DRH 29Hazard:Heat wave, Drought, Desertification

Category:

Process Technology (PT), Transferable indigenous
knowledge (TIK)

Proposer:Prof. Vinod K. SharmaCountry:

INDIA;

Date posted:

17 March 2008

Date published:

15 June 2009
Rajasthan, India.

Contact
Dr. Vinod K. Sharma
Professor of Disaster Management and Environment,
Indian Institute of Public Administration, India
profvinod gmail.com
IIPA, I.P. Estate, New Delhi -110002, India

2. Major significance / Summary
Water harvesting and equitable distribution of water are two major approaches that have proved successful in the mitigation of droughts intraditional societies in the region. The water harvesting technologies are low cost, use local materials and labour, are time tested and are
based on simple and easy to understand people’s science. The concept of equitable distribution of water is a process technology with its
roots in local resource governance, under which local people’s councils govern how scarce resources will be distributed within the society.

3. Keywords
Equitable distribution, resource management, participation, low-cost, local skills

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT), Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Experts, Teachersand educators, Architects and engineers, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focused
Heat wave, Drought, Desertification

7. Elements at risk
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III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Dr. Vinod K. Sharma
Professor of Disaster Management and Environment,
Indian Institute of Public Administration, India
profvinod gmail.com
IIPA, I.P. Estate, New Delhi -110002, India

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDIA;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Local Communities / Developed Traditionally

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Global Open Learning for Risk Education/ Certificate Course on Disaster Management for Field Practitioners.

12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any
No ownership. People’s knowledge.

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The Thar Desert region, mostly lying in the East Indian state of Rajasthan, is an arid region and has always had scanty rainfall. It has
therefore been a traditional practice since ancient times to harvest rainwater and use it as judiciously as possible. Now, with modern dams
providing water to the region through canals and piped water systems, the use of such traditional technologies is going down. However,whenever there is a severe drought, the modern systems fail and the people are hard pressed for water for survival.
In such a modern drought situation, the process technology of equitable distribution of water was evolved in recent years. This process isbased on determining per capita use of water and then fulfilling this need.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
There are two primary features:
1. Harvesting of rainwater so that no water that drops in a watershed area is allowed to leave the area through surface run-off. Harvested
water is either captured on the surface in tanks for purification and direct use, or else it is allowed to percolate in the ground for recharging
the sub-surface water source.
2. Formation of community council to determine the basis for sharing the available amount of common water resource. This council
ensures that distribution is based on individual needs and not on the basis of wealth or land holding.

16. Necessary process to implement
There process includes the following stages:
1. Agreement on availability of land for the rainwater harvesting installations
2. Construction of water harvesting installations through use of local materials, low cost technologies, and voluntary labour
3. Water purification systems, and storage system for direct use purpose, and infiltration system for ground water recharge
4. Formation of a local council for determining the principles and systems of water distribution.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength: The process as well at the technology has been successful for generations due to their simplicity. They are simple to understandand replicate, are low cost, have no harmful side effects, and are totally people centric.

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Limitation: Being people centric, these processes are time and labour intensive, and cannot compete with modern technology in terms ofthroughput. Therefore they are losing out.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
The main lesson learnt has been that people have stopped looking at these solutions since they are so attracted with modern technology.
Even after the modern technology has very bad impact on the local environment, people forget to turn back and look at their traditional
systems. SEEDS implemented a project in the dry region of Gujarat State in India, where water harvesting systems were revived, andpeople received them very well. The need has now come to sell people’s technology back to the people, since they have forgotten about
what they have!

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
The requirements for the intervention are very low, and include:
1. Locally appropriate, culturally acceptable and technically reliable (time-tested or technically verified) technology for water harvesting,purification, storage and recharge.
2. Commitment within community to make available the land, materials and labour for the intervention
3. Commitment and respect of the local council for deciding water governance principles that will be respected and followed by everyonein the community

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Requirement of resources varies, based on scale and type of water use (direct use or ground water recharge). On a broad level, it is asfollows:
1. Land parcel – either sourced from a common pool (belonging to the village council), or else donated by owner of the identified land, or
else purchased from the owner through a common money pool
2. Materials for the construction – mostly sourced from the local area (items like timber, stones, mud), and some materials purchased from
common money pool of the community based organization or village council
3. Labour for construction and maintenance – voluntarily contributed by community members

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
This is indigenous knowledge, but besides being verified historically, it has been tested in a number of cases across the Indian sub-continent,
and found to be very successful. Organizations such as Tarun Bharat Sangh, SEVA, SEEDS, Dasholi Gram Swaraj Mandal and manyothers are examples.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Rain Water Harvesting Check Dams
Check dam in Alwar District creates a water source for villagers to survive on during dry months. Photo:www.boloji.com/environment
E1-2. Place
Rajasthan, India−143−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Check dam in Alwar District creates a water source for villagers to survive on during dry months.
Photo: www.boloji.com/environment
E1-3. Year
1985-2000
E1-4. Investor
Tarun Bharat Sangh (Local NGO)
E1-5. People involved
Rajendra SinghE1-6. Monetary costs incurred
In 1994, TBS undertook a project in village Neembi, which comprised construction of two check dams, repair of an old dam, andconstruction of a structure perpendicular to the old dam. The total cost of the project was Rs. 500,000. There are many other activities
with varying costs.
E1-7. Total workload required
A typical check dam construction may take a month of contributed labour. This may be voluntary or in times of difficulty, based on
cash or food for work programmes.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
There is documented evidence of increased water supply during summer months, and of improved agricultural output from the same
parcels of land.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Traditional Structures for Rain Water HarvestingE2-2. Place
Rajasthan, India

Traditional step well, Delwara. Picture: SEEDS
E2-3. Year
Ancient−144−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

E2-4. Investor
Local kings, communities
E2-5. People involved
Entirely driven by local communities
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
Sometimes voluntary contributions Mostly contributed by the rulers in the form of cash or food for work programmes under drought
relief schemes.
E2-7. Total workload required
These could be long term architectural projects employing local villagers as labour during years of drought when crops failed.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Many of such structures can still be found dotted across the desert region of India, and are functional even today. There is documented
as well as ground evidence of the availability of water during dry months because of these structures.

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
Pani Panchayat (local water governance council)
E3-2. Place
Village Mahur, Madhya Pradesh, India

One of the irrigation tanks at Mahur, constructed by the Pani Panchayat. Photo: TERI

Jal Biradari (water community) meeting in progress in Naukhada (Rajasthan).
Photo: rainwaterharvesting.org.
E3-3. Year1972 E3-4. Investor
Gram Gaurav Pratishthan (local NGO)
E3-5. People involved
Vilasrao Salunkhe
E3-6. Monetary costs incurred
In 1982, a project in Mahur village was undertaken that involved the building of three lift irrigation schemes. The total project cost was
Rs. 300,000. The total cost of the project was borne by the GGP, the government and the villagers themselves, the ratio being 40 % 20 % respectively. Forty percent was a state government subsidy under a lift irrigation scheme (which does not exist anymore). Forty−145−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

percent was given by the GGP as an interest-free loan, to be repaid over five years. The remaining 20 percent was contributed by thevillagers in cash. There are many other activities with varying costs.
E3-7. Total workload required
The process has two components – one is the construction of lift irrigation structures that can take a few months, but the second andmore important component is the process of forming people’s committees that take decisions for equitable distribution of water. Water
is distributed to families based on the number of people, and not on the size of land holding or wealth.
E3-8. Evidence of positive result
There is documented evidence of a manifold increase in yield from the agricultural activities. There is also evidence of a shift from dry
land farming to cash crops including horticulture, which yielded much higher income for the people.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
A number of organizations are promoting similar approaches of water conservation and governance across the drought prone areas of India.
Some of these are:
1. Tarun Bharat Sangh (www.tarunbharatsangh.org)
2. SEVA (www.sewa.org)
3. SEEDS (www.seedsindia.org)

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
The upgraded version is clearer and easier to understand and follow.

Attached files:−146−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 33)
I. Heading
1. Title

Numerical Model for Tsunami Inundation and Making Tsunami Hazard Map
ID:

DRH 33

Hazard:TsunamiImplementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:Fumihiko Imamura

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

27 March 2008

Date published:

14 January 2009
Tsunami generation and propagation by thesimulation.

Contact
Fumihiko Imamura
Prof. of Tsunami Engineering, Disaster Control Research Center, Tohoku University
6-6-11 Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Imamura tsunami2.civil.tohoku.ac.jp+81-22-795-7513

2. Major significance / Summary
Technology to simulate a tsunami inundation by TUNAMI-model providing the numerical code with the manual and to support making
hazard map at each region for tsunami mitigation plan

3. Keywords
Tsunami simulation, inundation, hazard map

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Municipalities, Teachers and educators, Information technology specialists, Urban
planners
5-2. Other users: Policy makers

6. Hazards focused
Tsunami

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Urban areas, Rural areas, Coastal
areas, River banks and fluvial basin, Agricultural lands−147−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Fumihiko Imamura
Prof. of Tsunami Engineering, Disaster Control Research Center, Tohoku University
6-6-11 Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Imamura tsunami2.civil.tohoku.ac.jp+81-22-795-7513

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Tsunami Engineering, Disaster Control Research Center, Tohoku University

11. Title of relevant projects if any
TIME (Tsunami Inundation Modeling Exchange) Project

12. References and publications
IOC/UNESCO MANURAL and GUIDES 35 “Numerical method of Tsunami Simulation with the Leap-frog Scheme”, 1997,
http://ioc3.unesco.org/indotsunami/documents/6-2_imamura.pdf
Imamura, F: Tsunami counter-measures in Japan; could people evacuate after receiving a warning ?, Marine Habitats, KNOW RISK,International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United Nation, Tutor Rose Pub., pp.222-223, 2005.
http://www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/hokusai3/J/projects/manual-ver-3.1.pdf
Imamura, F., K. Goto, S. Ohkubo, A numerical model for the transport of a boulder by tsunami. Journal of Geophysical Research, Ocean,
Vol.113,C01008,doi:10,1029/2007JC004170, 2008
Abe, I., K. Goto, F. Imamura, K. Shimizu, 2007, Numerical simulation of the tsunami generated by the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake andimplications for unusual tidal surges observed in Toyama Bay. Earth, Planets and Space. Vol.60, pp.133-138, 2008
Maeno, F., and F. Imamura, Numerical investigations of tsunamis generated by pyroclastic flows from the Kikai caldera, Japan,
Geophys.Res. Lett., 34, L23303, doi:10.1029/2007GL031222, 2007
Imamura, F., S. Koshimura, K.Goto, H. Yanagisawa and Y. Iwabuchi, Global disaster: The 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, Journal of Disaster
Research, Vol.1.No.1, pp.131-135, 2006

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The TIME (Tsunami Inundation Modeling Exchange) started in 1991 is a joint project of IUGG and IOC/UNESCO in IDNDR. The
Tsunami Engineering Laboratory, Disaster Control Research Center (DCRC) of Tohoku University, has been acting as the center of TIME,
to transfer its technique of the tsunami numerical simulation to the countries which suffered or will suffer tsunami damages.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The estimation and/or prediction of the tsunami inundation in each area is indispensable in order to make a plan for countermeasure against
the tsunami disaster which has the possibility of the occurrence in the future and dealing in the area in the past. Since various numericalvalue models were proposed we selected the most expensive practical use and expensive including the reliability. And the preparation of themanual which is easy to use and the training was made.

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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Tsunami generation and propagation by the simulation. The snap shot is the propagation of the 1896 Meiji Sanriku Tsunami 10 minutes
after the earthquake. The tsunami is one of the worst tsunami in the past, causing more than 22,000 death and recorded 38 meter of runup
height.

Tsunami runup simulation. The tsunami front reaches the land and runup into the area. One of your advantage on the numerical simulationis stability on the wave front on the land and high accuracy of the inundation.

Community based hazard map as example. The map was made by the collaboration with Tohoku University, Higashi-matsushima city andPacific consultant. The map provides not only the inundation area but also safety area and its direction.
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16. Necessary process to implement
The computer facility to carry out the simulation by using TUNAMI, Fortran numerical code is necessary. Input data are digital bathymetrydata, fault parameters. The digital data of bathymetry and topography to cover the target area should be ready to use. Maps and information
at the target area will be able to be used to make the digital data.

17. Strength and limitations
In order to carry out the numerical simulation, the background and knowledge of wave/ fluid dynamics and FORTRAN is required.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Technological transfer of the simulation was carried out in the 13 organization in 11 countries. And four young member research workers
were invited in Tohoku university for the training and joint research on the tsunami mitigation. Report activities in ITSU (International
Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific) gives the gratitude for the TIME –project every times. A manual ispublished as the 35th publication of IOC/UNESCO and it is being distributed. The argument of the report of the execution and theexamination is made in the Tsunami subcommittee in IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics).

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Free for non-profit purpose to transfer the codeVII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that is shown to be effective based on case studies/experiments in field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
TIME (Tsunami Inundation Modeling Exchange)
E1-2. Place
No. of institutes/university and countries to be transferred the code and manual is 39 and 21.The TIME (Tsunami Inundation Modeling
Exchange) started in 1991 as a joint effort of IUGG and IOC/UNESCO during IDNDR. The Disaster Control Research Center(DCRC), Tohoku University, Japan has been acting as the center of TIME, to transfer numerical technique of tsunami simulation to
the countries which suffered or will suffer tsunami hazards.
E1-3. Year
1995-2005
E1-4. Investor
Profs. Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura and Dr. Shunichi Koshimura
E1-5. People involved
E1-6. Monetary costs incurredE1-7. Total workload required
Name: Modesto Ortiz, researcher. Institute: Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada. Country:
Mexico. Period: From May to November, 1993. Name: Gegar Sapta Prasetya, researcher. Institute: Coastal Engineering Laboratory,−150−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

LPTP-BPP Teknologi. Country: Indonesia. Period: From 15 October, 1995 to 25 November, 1995.Name: Nur, Adi Kristanto,
researcher. Institute: Marine Geology Institute. Country: Indonesia. Period: From 2 October, 1996 to 31 March, 1997.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Several types of tsunami hazard maps have been made in the target area

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> Imamura_et_al_(2008)_JGR.pdf (PDF - 1045 Kb)> EPS2184NT_typeset.pdf (PDF - 1008 Kb)> 2007GL031222.pdf (PDF - 314 Kb)−151−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 36)
I. Heading
1. Title

Traditional Construction Method: the Saihiro Itabame Panel Dam
ID:

DRH 36

Hazard:Flood
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

Masahiro GOTOCountry:

JAPAN/Ibaraki

Date posted:

03 April 2008

Date published:

09 June 2009
Sectional view of Itabame weir.

Contact
Goto Masahiro
Department of Rural Technologies, Research Team for Urban-Rural Interchange
griese affrc.go.jp
TEL +81-29-838-7558

2. Major significance / Summary
The Saihiro Itabame Panel Dam is a wood frame weir 61 m wide and 2.3 m high built on the Yoro Riverin Chiba Prefecture to supply irrigation water. It combines 4 members: Oyabashira, Kashira, Hikae,
Hotate, and scallops linked transversely by Hari. Its upstream surface is waterproofed by Uwaita,
Shitaita, Makura and Dohgi. When the water rises, the stiffeners at both ends are removed to instantly
overturn the dam, allowing the water stored upstream to discharge safely. This is a traditional
technology incorporating our ancestors’ wisdom and ingenuity.

3. Keywords
Panel dam, wood frame weir, traditional technology, supplying irrigation water, weir opening

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers
5-2. Other users:

6. Hazards focused
Flood

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Rural areas−152−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Goto Masahiro
Department of Rural Technologies, Research Team for Urban-Rural Interchange
griese affrc.go.jp
TEL +81-29-838-7558

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN/Ibaraki
National Institute for Rural Engineering

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
National Institute for Rural Engineering

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
Technical Report of the National Institute for Rural Engineering No. 204

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
It is a facility for taking water from a river, but equipped with a mechanism for safely discharging stored water during flooding, it is sure to
be used in regions where flooding and droughts occur.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute

板羽目堰の断面概要図 Sectional view of Itabame weir

板羽目堰の平面概要図 Plane view of Itabame weir−153−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

胴木 = Dohgi
親柱 = Oyabashira
頭 = kashira
張 = hari
控 = hikae
帆立 = hotate

16. Necessary process to implement

張，親柱，控が左右岸方向に移動する Hari, Oyabashira, Hikae are moved to left - right bank direction
頭が親柱からはずれ、親柱が下流に傾く Kashira are shifted from newels so Oyabashira are inclined downstream
各部材がはずれる Members are shifted out of position−154−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

17. Strength and limitations
18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
It is a traditional technology, so technology is needed to make the wooden members.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Its members are made of wood so a nearby forest is needed. And because it is submerged, the wood must be very water resistant. To build awooden frame weir on a river or canal, concrete work is needed as foundation work in order to install the wooden members on the riverbed.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Precision woodworking is needed, but it is possible to make a duplicate of the Saihiro Itabame Panel Dam. It would cost several million
yen.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
PR for traditional technology

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
E1-2. PlaceJAPAN/Chiba prefecture
E1-3. YearE1-4. Investor
government
E1-5. People involved
E1-6. Monetary costs incurredE1-7. Total workload required
E1-8. Evidence of positive result

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−155−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 38)
I. Heading
1. Title

Promoting Earthquake Resistant School Buildings in Japan- Policies, National
Subsidies and Prioritization of Vulnerable School Buildings ID:

DRH 38

Hazard:Earthquake
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:MEXT Shisetsu Bousai

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

19 May 2008

Date published:

02 January 2009
Funds for School Building Seismic Retrofitting.

Contact
FUJII, Takashi
Director,
Office for Disaster Prevention, Department of Facility Planning and Administration,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)
3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Zip 100-8959
Tel: +81-3-6734-3036
Fax: +81-3-6734-3689
Email: bousai mext.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
Making schools safe against earthquakes is a crucial issue in Japan because earthquake can occur anywhere in the country. Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT), promotes making school buildings earthquake-resistant with the useof the national subsidy system and the “Guidelines for the Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings” with which local
municipalities can systematically prioritize and plan seismic retrofitting of school buildings.

3. Keywords
Earthquake resistant school buildings, seismic retrofitting

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state,
prefecture, district, etc.)5-2. Other users: Policy makers

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake−156−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
FUJII, Takashi
Director,
Office for Disaster Prevention, Department of Facility Planning and Administration,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)
3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Zip 100-8959
Tel: +81-3-6734-3036
Fax: +81-3-6734-3689
Email: bousai mext.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
In Japan, earthquakes can occur anywhere in the country. In 1981, the reinforced Earthquake-Proof codes of the Japanese BuildingStandard Law, known as the “New Earthquake-Proof Standards”, were enacted. Since then, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology, Japan (MEXT), has been promoting to make school buildings built before 1981 earthquake resistant.
But when the Great Hanshin-Awaji disaster occurred in 1995, many school buildings built before the enforcement of the New
Earthquake-Proof Standards received severe damages because they had not been reinforced for earthquake resistance.

Devastating damage

A collapsed column−157−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Following the Great Hanshin-Awaji disaster, a new law to promote seismic rehabilitation was enacted by the Ministry of Construction
and under this law, owners of publicly used buildings (including school buildings) have to make efforts to make buildings earthquake
resistant.
Also, the Special Measures Law on Earthquake Disaster Prevention was passed for the purpose of preventing earthquake disasters
through promoting research concerning earthquakes and establishing special financial support for earthquake countermeasures taken by
local governments. With this law, the national subsidy rates for seismic reinforcement projects in public school buildings were raised from
1/3 to 1/2.
But despite these events, a survey carried out by MEXT in fiscal year 2002 showed that seismic diagnosis was carried out on only 30
percent of buildings built under the pre-1981 Earthquake-Proof Standards, and only about 45 percent of all public primary and junior highschool buildings had earthquake resistance. Public school buildings had not been improved satisfactorily and there was a need to promoteearthquake more strongly.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Promoting Earthquake Resistance
The slow progress in the improvement of earthquake resistance in school buildings is due to two primary factors;(1) Many municipalities possess many numbers of school buildings and making all the buildings earthquake resistant at once is difficult,due to financial straits and lack of manpower.
(2) There were no methods for forming earthquake resistance promotion plans including ways to assess the priority of improvement
projects
Taking this situation into consideration, MEXT called together a council of experts in October 2003 to consider a way to promoteearthquake resistance in the numerous school buildings under the jurisdiction of the local governments. The outcomes of the councils’
discussions were submitted to MEXT in April 2003 in a report entitled “Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings”. In order topromote earthquake resistance, following 7 propositions were made in the report: (1) Develop a guideline for promotion of earthquake
resistance based on the report (2) Raise awareness of the responsibility as establishers of schools to take action to make schools earthquake
resistant. (3) Implement budgetary measures on both national and local level (4) Provide substantial information concerning the promotionof earthquake resistance in school facilities (5) Promote the development of reinforcement methods fit for use in school buildings(6) Further promote academic research on earthquake mechanism (7) Promptly take emergency restoration measures after earthquakes.
Guidelines for the Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings
Following the proposition in the report, the “Guidelines for the Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings” was drawn up by
MEXT in July 2003.
In the “Guidelines for the Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings”, the basic approach to promoting earthquake-resistantschool buildings is described.
The basic policy for promoting earthquake resistant school buildings are:(1) Prioritize earthquake resistance measures for school facilities with high risk of collapsing or severe damages (2) Implement seismic
resistance capacity evaluation, promptly (3) Form a plan for promoting earthquake resistance, promptly (4) Disclose results of seismic
resistance capacity evaluation and plans for promoting earthquake resistance (5) Check and take measures for the earthquake resistance of
non-structural elements.
Also, a systematic method for prioritizing vulnerable buildings is presented. This methods takes into account the school buildings’
construction year as the basic classification factor and by using 5 correction items (concrete strength, aging, plan, position of earthquake
resisting walls, expected seismic intensity), the priority level of a school building is ranked according to vulnerability; level 1 (highpriority) through level 5 (low priority). Using this method, local governments and school establishers possessing numerous school buildings
can determine which building needs priority in seismic diagnosis.

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Assessment flowchart of priority by correction items
The guideline also displays how to evaluate the results of the school building’s seismic diagnosis to determine the urgency of earthquake
resistance projects, along with points to bear in mind when devising a plan for promoting seismic resistance in school buildings.

MEXT distributed the guidelines in May 2003 and urged municipal governments, which are responsible for school buildings, to promoteschool building retrofitting using the guidelines.
Budgetary Measures
In addition, MEXT prepared a budget of approximately 100 billion Japanese yen every year for the improvement of school buildings,
emphasizing seismic retrofitting for municipal government buildings (115 billion Japanese yen in the 2008 fiscal year).
Impact
The following pie chart shows the result of the April 2008 MEXT survey on earthquake resistance situation of public primary and juniorhigh school buildings in Japan.
As a result of the above mentioned measures, by 2008, seismic diagnosis was carried out on approximately 96 per cent of buildings built
before 1981. Results also showed that of all public primary and junior high school buildings, about 62 per cent of existing school building
now have earthquake resistance.

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16. Necessary process to implement
Budgetary Measures
Because retrofitting school facilities is costly, budgetary measures is essential for progress. Not only securing enough budgets for subsidies,but other measures such as reforming the subsidy system for a more flexible use by the local municipality, have also been taken. But still,
the progress of making schools earthquake resistant is not fast enough and MEXT is making further efforts. In December 2007, it wasestimated that approximately 10,000 buildings were at high risk of collapsing in the event of a large scale earthquake and the Japanese
government made a strong commitment to making these buildings earthquake resistant within the next 5 years (starting from year2008) and called on local governments to carry out seismic retrofitting of these facilities. Since April 2008, MEXT has been carrying out anationwide promotion tour.
In order to encourage local governments to accelerate seismic retrofitting, the national government revised the Special Measures Law on
Earthquake Disaster Prevention, in June 2008. Under the revised law, the government expanded its fiscal measures by raising the portion of
costs covered by its subsidies to local governments, for the purpose of making public elementary and lower secondary school buildings
earthquake resistant. (This expansion of subsidies is applicable to the reinforcement and reconstruction of school buildings that are at highrisk of collapsing in the event of a large scale earthquake.) With this revision, the actual expense that local governments share is lessened
considerably.

Furthermore, the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, together with the Minister of State for Disaster
Management, and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are urging local governments to accelerate efforts to makeschool buildings earthquake resistant.
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In August 2008, the Japanese Prime Minister decided the “Comprehensive Measure for Pursuing Life Security” in which states theaccelerating of making school buildings earthquake resistant. In accordance with this policy, MEXT requested each municipality toaccelerate its retrofitting of 10,000 vulnerable public school buildings to within four years, one year sooner than the initial five year timeframe.
MEXT secured its source of funding for such operations from the supplementary budget for fiscal 2008. Adding with the primary budget,the national budget for improving public school buildings for the FY 2008 totals to approximately 330 billion yen.
Shifting from Rebuilding to Retrofitting
Up until recently, old school buildings (built 30 or more years ago) were rebuilt rather than be retrofitted and refurbished. However,considering the urgent task of securing seismic safety in the enormous number of school buildings with the limited budget, a change in thebasic concepts for school building development was needed. A report commissioned by MEXT in March 2005 proposed shifting toretrofitting and refurbishing of school buildings, which is less costly and takes less time in construction compared to rebuilding, as a way tosecure safety and fulfill the needs of the educational curriculum. MEXT has taken in the proposal and now promotes retrofitting andrefurbishing school buildings unless there is a specific reason that prevents a building from being retrofitted, such as inefficient strength of
concrete in a RC building.
Arousing AwarenessIn Japan, municipal governments are responsible for public school buildings. Though the national government funds partial of the costfor retrofitting school buildings through grants, the rest of the costs must be budgeted by local municipalities. Therefore it is necessary to
arouse awareness of the importance of seismic resistance in school buildings in order to promote them.
Disclosure of the rate of schools that have been evaluated for seismic resistance capacity and the rate of schools with seismic resistancehelps arouse awareness in the community. Since 2006, MEXT began disclosing the results and ranks of the yearly survey of eachmunicipality. This allowed the municipalities to see how high or low their results were compared to other municipalities. Some local
governors were motivated to make more effort in seeing their status compared to neighboring municipalities.
MEXT has urged local governments to disclose the seismic resistance capacity evaluation results and plans for retrofitting of each school
so that the local community will know and understand their schools status. In some municipalities, voices from the local community that
aroused with the disclosure of such information have triggered local governors to make more effort in making their schools safe. Taking a
step further, with the revision of the Special Measures Law on Earthquake Disaster Prevention, the Japanese government has made it
compulsory for the local governments to evaluate the seismic capacity of school buildings and disclose the results.
Sufficient and Adequate Information
MEXT cooperating with architectural experts, conducted research and study of earthquake resistance for school facilities to establish
seismic resistance capacity evaluation methods for school facilities, present methods for seismic retrofitting, and also compile examples ofseismic retrofitted school facilities that municipalities can use as reference.
Also, MEXT established a consultation service where municipalities and school facility designers can seek technical advice.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength
The approach taken here emphasizes on prioritization and planning. The guideline emphasizes prioritization and urgency based on
vulnerability assessment and also stresses the need to develop yearly plans for earthquake resistance projects which can be used to help inmaking administrative decisions. Combined with efficient budgetary measures, municipalities can make plans and take action in making
schools safe against earthquakes, systematically.
Limitations
The actual implementation of seismic resistance measures in school buildings is the responsibility of the municipal governments;
therefore, the progress of the promotion of earthquake resistance relies on the motivation and decisions of municipal governments. Though
MEXT has taken measures to promote seismic safety of schools in all of Japan, due to the local financial and other situations, the progress
varies largely between municipals.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
To promote earthquake resistance in school buildings, it is important to recognize the various factors the problem withholds in various
levels. The measures introduced here is an approach taken on the national level.
However, to make it effective, consideration is needed towards the factors on the local level. Factors such as integration of schools in low
population areas, methods for construction while using the building, educational needs of the local community, and other various local
circumstances, combined and complicated, must be taken into consideration to produce material results. In the nation wide promotion tour,
MEXT officials meet with the municipal government officials to promote and persuade local governments directly to take action. Meetingwith local authorities has helped MEXT know the various situations the local municipalities face and in some cases, meeting face to facewith local governors has helped in persuading municipalities to make more effort in making schools safe against earthquakes.

−161−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that Others
Method for promoting a policy.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
The approach and the concept of systematical prioritization may be applicable in other countries. However, the actual technology forprioritization may not be applicable in other countries because it is designed specifically for school buildings in Japan.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Model Projects for Promoting the Forming of Earthquake Resistance Promotion Plans for School Facilities
E1-2. Place
In order to promote “Guidelines for the Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings” and its concept, MEXT has aided
several local municipalities throughout Japan through model projects to form earthquake resistance promotion plans for school
facilities. Each year, 5 to 10 municipalities or school establishers were selected as model project participants. Each participant
examined their school facilities and gave each school building priority ranks according to the method presented in the “Guidelines for
the Promotion of Earthquake-Resistant School Buildings”.
The resulting priority ranks of each school building will be used to form plans for retrofitting school buildings.
E1-3. Year
2003~2007
E1-4. Investor
MEXT
E1-5. People involved
Municipalities that participated in the Model Project for each year is as follows
2003 Toyonaka-city (Osaka Pref.), Tachikawa-city (Tokyo Pref.)2004 Hokkaido Prefecture, Muroran-city (Hokkaido Pref.), Tomakomai-city (Hokkaido Pref.),
Hachinohe-city (Aomori Pref.), Hitachinaka-city (Ibaraki Pref.)2005 Otaru- city (Hokkaido Pref.), Kushiro- city (Hokkaido Pref.), Nanai- city (Hokkaido
Pref.), Hitachi- city (Ibaraki Pref.), Akitakada- city (Hiroshima Pref.), Uki- city
(Kumamoto Pref.), Minamiaso-village (Kumamoto Pref.), Sasebo- city (Nagasaki Pref.)2006 Wakkanai- city (Hokkaido Pref.), Date- city (Hokkaido Pref.), Naka- city (Ibaraki
Pref.), Ibaraki-town (Ibaraki Pref.), Shirosato-town (Ibaraki Pref.), Nara Prefecture,
Zenntsuji- city (Kagawa Pref.), Nagasaki- city (Nagasaki Pref.), Shin-Kamigoto- city
(Nagasaki Pref.), Amakusa- city (Kumamoto Pref.), Minamata- city (Kumamoto Pref.)2007 Nanyo-city (Yamagata Pref.), Ikeda-city (Osaka Pref.), Tsushima-city (Nagasaki Pref.),
Joso-city (Ibaraki Pref.)E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
The total cost MEXT funded for model projects each fiscal year is as follows:−162−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Costs of the model projects consist of costs for (1) setting up committee, (2) survey and evaluation of school buildings, (3) forming
earthquake resistance promotion plans. The cost for each model project varies with each municipality.
E1-7. Total workload required
Each model project was carried out within each fiscal year.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
The process and results of the model projects were collected into reports which MEXT distributed throughout Japan for other local
authorities to use as reference.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> Public_fiscal_resources_breakdown.ppt (PPT - 59 Kb)> PT38_2-3.jpg (JPG - 119 Kb)−163−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 39)
I. Heading
1. Title

RADIUS Program for Earthquake Damage EstimationID:

DRH 39Hazard:Earthquake
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:Kenji Okazaki

Country:

Other; UN/IDNDR (United Nation/ International Decade for
Natural Disaster Reduction)

Date posted:

09 June 2008

Date published:

09 September 2008
Casualty distribution.

Contact
Kenji Okazaki
Professor
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-8677 Japan
Tel: 03-6439-6214 Fax: 03-6439-6010
Email: okazakik grips.ac.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
This simplified computer program aims to present earthquake damage estimation of any cities, i.e. building damage and casualty in amanner that is easily understood by a wide range of users, even without engineering knowledge. This program aids users in understanding
the seismic vulnerability of their own cities and learning how to reduce the possible damage and prepare for the probable earthquakes.

3. Keywords
Earthquake, Damage estimation, Cities

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Internationalorganizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Financing and insurance businesspersonnel, Experts
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Infrastructure, Buildings, Urban areas−164−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Kenji Okazaki
Professor
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-8677 Japan
Tel: 03-6439-6214 Fax: 03-6439-6010
Email: okazakik grips.ac.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
Other; UN/IDNDR (United Nation/ International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction).

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Kenji Okazaki, UN Secretariat of International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
Fumio Kaneko, Oyo Corporation

11. Title of relevant projects if any
RADIUS (Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters) Project

12. References and publications
Kenji Okazaki et al, “RADIUS - Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters” 2000, UN IDNDRSecretariat, Geneva

13. Note on ownership if any
This program is free software, maintained by Oyo Corporation.

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceUrban seismic risk is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing countries. In order for earthquake disaster reduction, it is essential for
urban people to understand how their city is vulnerable and how severely the city would be damages by probable earthquakes. Althoughdamage estimation is the first step for disaster risk management, only the experts and engineers were able to estimate disaster damage in thepast. If the stakeholders for disaster reduction, e.g. policy makers, government engineers, NGO staff, community leaders and residents,
could easily understand possible damage of their city, it would be quite useful for them to raise awareness, convince people to act against
disasters, foster feeling of ownership of problems and actions, and develop policies and initiatives for earthquake disaster reduction. This
program was developed as an educational and training tool to help the stakeholders understand the seismic vulnerability of their own cities
and learn how to manage disaster risk.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
This simplified computer program is a practical tool to present earthquake damage estimation for cities. This program requires input of asimple data-set and provides visual results with user-friendly prompts and help functions. Minimum input data are population and building
types by ward or district in a city and a scenario earthquake. Users can apply either a user defined earthquake or a historical earthquake suchas Tangshan (1976, China), Kobe (1995, Japan), or Kocaeli (1999, Turkey) as a hypothetical scenario earthquake. Optional input data, if
available, are ground types, and lifeline facilities. Outputs are seismic intensity (MMI), building damage, lifeline damage and casualties byward, which are shown with tables and maps. GIS information is also applicable.

Fig. 1 Flow of damage estimation of the RADIUS program−165−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 2 Inputting demographic data and soil typeFig. 3 Create or choose a scenario earthquake

Fig. 4 Create the Building Inventory (by observation)

Fig. 5 Casualty distribution−166−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

16. Necessary process to implement
Collection of the basic data, i.e. total population and ward areas, building types distribution in every ward or district of a city. For buildings
types, an inventory should be developed. Additional collection of data such as a scenario earthquake, ground types, and lifeline facilities will
enhance the accuracy of the estimation. Please contact Prof. Kenji Okazaki (okazakik grips.ac.jp) or Mr. Fumio Kaneko(kaneko oyointer.com) to obtain the program

17. Strength and limitations
This program can be used by any interested people, i.e. policy makers, government engineers, NGO staff, community leaders and residents,
to understand the seismic vulnerability of their own cities and learn how to reduce the possible damage and prepare for the probable
earthquakes. It would greatly help local people to promote earthquake disaster reduction activities. On the other hand, the accuracy level ofthe results is limited, and the result should be regarded as a preliminary estimation.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any- This program is widely used in the world.
- It is good as an educational and training tool

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
PC with “Excel” program

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
No cost, no manpowerVII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
This program should be used as an educational tool to understand the process of seismic damage estimation and how the seismic risk can be
reduced at city level.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
It can be applied to any city in the world as the first step for earthquake damage estimation

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
RADIUS (Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters) ProjectE1-2. PlaceRADIUS pilot projects were carried out in the 9 cities, namely Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Antofagasta (Chile), Bandung (Indonesia),
Guayaquil (Ecuador), Izmir (Turkey), Skopje (TFYR Macedonia), Tashkent (Uzbekistan), Tijuana (Mexico), and Zigong (China).
The RADIUS program was developed, based on these pilot projects.
E1-3. Year
1997-99
E1-4. Investor
UN/IDNDR Secretariat
E1-5. People involved-Kenji Okazaki, Manager, IDNDR Secretariat,−167−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Assisting Institutions-Fumio Kaneko, Rajib Shaw, Shukyo Segawa, Jichun Sun (OYO Group, Japan)-Philippe Masure, Pierre Mouroux (BRGM, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, France-Carlos Villacis, Cynthia Cardona (GHI, GeoHazards International, USA)
Advisors-Dr. Anand S. Arya, Professor Emeritus, University of Roorkee, India - Dr. Jack Rynn, Director, Centre for Earthquake Research
Australia (CERA), Australia-Dr. Tsunehisa Tsugawa, Senior Chief Research Engineer, Kajima Technical Research Institute, Japan-Dr. Mohamed Belazougui, Director of CGS, Algeria-Dr. Victor Davidovici, French Bureau de Controle SOCOTEC, France-Ms. Shirley Mattingly, Former Chair of the Emergency Management Committee City of Los Angeles, USA-Prof. Carlos E. Ventura, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia-Admitachew Sebhat, Expert, Foreign Relation and Development Cooperation Bureau-Kifle Eshete, Urban Works and Urban Dept. Bureau,
Antofagasta, Chile-Cesar Castillo Lilayu, Intendente II Region, Antofagasta-Mario Pereira Arredondo, Geologist, Geological Science Department Director, U.C.N.
Bandung, Indonesia-Kamalia Purbani, Co-Project Manager, RADIUS Project-Krishna S. Pribadi, Prof. Institute for Research, Bandung Institute of Technology
Guayaquil, Ecuador-Arq. Arguello, Director Plan de Desarrollo Urbano Cantonal-Ing. Jaime Argudo, Director de Proyectos, IIFIUC-Universidad Catolica
Izmir, Turkey-Fugen Selvitopu, Director, Department of Construction, Metropolitan Municipality of Izmir-Muzaffer Tuncag, Head of Technical Committee of Chamber of Civil Engineering,
Skopje, TFYR of Macedonia-Naum Dimitrovski, Councilor ny Grad Skopje (Skopje Town Assembly)-Zoran Milutinovic, Head, Section for Risk and Disaster Management - RDM, Institute for Earthquake engineering and Engineering
Seismology, University "St. Cyril and Methodius"
Tashkent, Uzbekistan-Athamhon Djalilovich Mirdjalilov, First Deputy of Mayor (khokim) of Tashkent City
-Academician Tursunbay Rashidovich Rashidov, Head of Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics and Seismic Resistant Constructions-Shamil Abdullaevich Khakimov, Head of Department, Uzbek Research Institute of Typical and Experimental Design
Tijuana, Mexico-Antonio Rosquillas Navarro, Director de Proteccion Civil-M.C. Luis H.Mendoza Garcilazo, Scientific Researcher, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y Educacion Superior de Ensenada(CICESE), Earth Sciences Division, Seismology Dept.
Zigong City, Sichuan Province, China-Xu Rongxuan, Vice-Mayor, Zigong-Han Weibin, Research Professor, Deputy Director of Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province, China
And many other people.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
US$ 2.5 million (all the activities under the RADIUS project)
E1-7. Total workload required
About 2 years
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Earthquake Damage Scenario and Action Plan were developed in each city through active discussions at workshops and interviews.
The workshops were widely covered by mass media and the outcome was widely distributed, greatly raising public awareness. Somelocal partnership sustained and efforts continued even after the project. Some examples are as follows. - Skopje adopted RADIUS
recommendations in Master Plan. - Guayaquil created a new Division for Disaster Mitigation. - Bandung changed its building permit
process. - Antofagasta generated US$ 1 million to remove schools from Tsunami areas. - Tijuana created an NGO called RADIUS
and gathered periodically. - Experience was transferred to neighboring cities.

−168−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

An NGO called RADIUS in Tijuana

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Earthquake Damage Estimation of Kathmandu City (study)
E2-2. Place
Kathmandu City, Nepal
E2-3. Year2006
E2-4. Investor
Mr. Janak Bahadur CHAND, Department of Mines and Geology, Nepal
E2-5. People involved
E2-6. Monetary costs incurredE2-7. Total workload required−169−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E2-8. Evidence of positive result
The result of summarized total casualty within the Kathmandu Metropolitan area

The result can be used to raise awareness and improve the disaster risk management of the city.

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
Earthquake Damage Estimation of Tabuk City (study)
E3-2. Place
Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia
E3-3. Year2007
E3-4. Investor
Mr. Abdulrahman Abdullah Mohammad AL- HASAWI
Director, Civilian Protection, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
E3-5. People involved
E3-6. Monetary costs incurredNA
E3-7. Total workload required(One person for 1-2 weeks)
E3-8. Evidence of positive result
The result of summarized total casualty of Tabuk City (in case of M7.3 earthquake).

−170−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

The result can be used to raise awareness and improve the disaster risk management of the city.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgradeThis program was developed in 1999, and has been improved since then. So far, there has been no strong earthquake in cities where theprogram was applied. Any upgrading proposals of the program from the users would be welcome and appreciated.

Attached files:−171−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 40)
I. Heading
1. Title

Nonstructural Seismic Retrofitting for School Buildings in Japan -Publication of aReference Book ID:

DRH 40

Hazard:Earthquake
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Takayuki Nakamura

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

24 September 2008

Date published:

07 November 2008
Damage Conditions and Retrofitting; Case 9.

Contact(1) Koichi SHINPO (NIER)
Director, Educational Facilities Research Center, National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER)
shinpo nier.go.jp, TEL: -81-3-6733-6990(2) Masao YAMAKAWA (MEXT)
Director, Office for Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
m-yama mext.go.jo, TEL: -81-3-6734-2290(3) Takayuki NAKAMURA (Hokkaido University)
Director, Facilities Department, Hokkaido University
s-bucho facility.hokudai.ac.jp, TEL: -81-11-706-2063

2. Major significance / Summary
Securing the safety of school buildings and facilities against earthquakes is important, because children spend a large part of the day
studying and playing at schools, which also act emergency evacuation facilities for the local community. NIER published a reference bookfor retrofitting nonstructural members of school buildings under the cooperation with MEXT. The book includes many nonstructural
seismic retrofitting examples with various pictures, charts and plans. Even though the readers don’t have enough technical knowledge andinformation about nonstructural seismic retrofitting, they can easily understand what are critical for retrofitting the nonstructural members ofexisting school buildings.
Readers are encouraged to access the full text of the Reference Book at the website (http://www.nier.go.jp/shisetsu/pdf/e-jirei.pdf)
NIER: National Institute for Educational Policy Research
MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

3. Keywords
Nonstructural seismic retrofitting, School buildings

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)−172−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state,
prefecture, district, etc.)5-2. Other users: Policy makers

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)(1) Koichi SHINPO (NIER)
Director, Educational Facilities Research Center, National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER)
shinpo nier.go.jp, TEL: -81-3-6733-6990(2) Masao YAMAKAWA (MEXT)
Director, Office for Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
m-yama mext.go.jo, TEL: -81-3-6734-2290(3) Takayuki NAKAMURA (Hokkaido University)
Director, Facilities Department, Hokkaido University
s-bucho facility.hokudai.ac.jp, TEL: -81-11-706-2063

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceWith the introduction of the new seismic codes (1981) in the Building Standard, seismic retrofitting of buildings has made progress. For
school buildings and facilities, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has established the Guideline for
Improving the Seismic Resistance of School Facilities (July 2003). At the investigative research cooperator meeting for establishing the
Guideline for Improvement of School Facilities, which was held in March 2005, a proposal was made for the urgent improvement ofseismic resistance in school buildings and facilities. Through these efforts, damages to the school main structure from earthquakes would be
reduced. However, when retrofitting is insufficient, nonstructural members, such as ceiling material, equipment, and various fixtures could
fall or topple, and could cause significant harm to children and others. In recent years, people have been harmed by falling nonstructuralmembers from earthquakes, such as from the Geiyo Earthquake (March 2001), Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (October 2004) and the
Fukuoka Prefecture West Offshore Earthquake (March 2005). It is still fresh in our memories that many people, who were inside a sports
facility, were hurt from falling ceiling material during the earthquake (Magnitude 7.2, maximum seismic intensity 6 lower), that occurred inAugust 16, 2005, with a hypocenter off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture. This reference book is based on the "Investigative Survey Report on
the Seismic Inspection of Nonstructural Members in School Facilities" (March 2002) (hereafter called the "Academic Report on
Nonstructural Members"), which MEXT commissioned the Architectural Institute of Japan to develop. The examples of nonstructural
seismic retrofitting in school buildings and facilities show the conditions of damages from previous earthquakes, as well as retrofitting
examples, by using photos and illustrations to make them easier to understand. It is hoped that this case study, together with the "Academic−173−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Report on Nonstructural Members", will help increase the awareness among school founders, administrators, teachers and staff, toward theneed for seismic retrofitting of non-structural members as well as toward retrofitting methods.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The following 19 case studies of nonstructural members are shown in this reference book. These members are relatively prone to damages
by earthquakes. Nonstructural seismic retrofitting of such items is thought to be possible with low costs through daily inspections.
1. Ceiling material
2. Window and windowpane
3. Exterior wall and siding (concrete block and ALC walls)
4. Lighting fixture
5. Outdoor unit (air conditioner and heating unit)
6. Elevated water tank and cooling tower
7. Chimney
8. Refrigerator
9. Bookshelf and locker
10. TV and computer
11. Piano
12. Machine tool
13. Storage shelves in special classes
14. Gymnasium equipment and facility
15. Shoe locker
16. Wall and gate post
17. External staircase and surroundings
18. Retaining wall
19. Other items−174−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

16. Necessary process to implement
Arousing AwarenessIn Japan, municipal governments are responsible for public school buildings. Though the national government funds approximately
two-thirds of the cost for retrofitting school buildings through grants, the one-third of the costs must be budgeted by local municipalities.
Therefore, it is necessary to arouse awareness of the importance of seismic resistance in school buildings in order to promote them. For thispurpose, the results of the yearly survey done by MEXT concerning the seismic resistance capacity evaluation rates and seismic resistance
rates of public schools of each municipality is disclosed. Also, MEXT urges local authorities to disclose the seismic resistance capacity
evaluation results and plans for retrofitting of each school.
Sufficient and Adequate Information
MEXT cooperating with architectural experts, conducted research and study of earthquake resistance for school buildings to establish
seismic resistance capacity evaluation methods for school buildings, present methods for seismic retrofitting, and also compile examples ofseismic retrofitted school buildings that municipalities can use as reference. Also, MEXT established a consultation service wheremunicipalities and school building designers can seek technical advice.
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Budgetary Measures
Because retrofitting school buildings is costly, budgetary measures is essential for progress. Not only securing enough budgets for subsidies,but other measures such as reforming the subsidy system for a more flexible use by the local municipality, have also been taken.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength
The purpose of this reference book is to enlighten the general public and those who are in charge of school buildings and facilities with
understandable manners. There are many pictures, charts and plans in this reference book, so the readers can easily understand what arenecessary for retrofitting the nonstructural members of existing school buildings.
Limitations
In order to apply the technologies shown in this reference book to other real cases, more detailed investigations and analyses about the realcase are necessary. Especially, when these technologies are applied to the cases in foreign countries, more careful attention to the regional
characteristics and social backgrounds ought to be paid.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
It is costly to retrofit vulnerable school buildings, and municipalities have to address other public needs; therefore there is a difficult
condition to assign higher budgets to school buildings. Under these budget constraints, it is critical to develop cheaper technologies for
retrofitting the nonstructural members of existing school buildings.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Many people tend to pay attention to only the structural seismic retrofitting, however the retrofitting of nonstructural members such as
ceiling materials, windowpanes, bookshelves, lockers, etc. is also critical. Even though the structures of school buildings are not seriously
damaged by earthquake, children can be killed or injured by the fall of nonstructural members. Therefore, the importance of retrofitting thenonstructural members should be acknowledged among the people who are in charge of school buildings and facilities.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
The technologies introduced in this reference book are thought to be applicable to other regions in the world. However, in that case, more
careful attention to the regional characteristics such as building materials, structural components, skills of construction workers, etc. shouldbe paid.

IX. Application examples
X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
19 case studies shown in this reference book can be seen at the following website. (http://www.nier.go.jp/shisetsu/pdf/e-jirei.pdf)

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−176−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 41)
I. Heading
1. Title

Seismic Retrofitting for School Buildings in Japan- Publication of a ReferenceBook ID:

DRH 41

Hazard:Earthquake
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Takayuki Nakamura

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

24 September 2008

Date published:

07 November 2008
Installing Steel Bracing

Contact(1) Masao YAMAKAWA (MEXT)
Director, Office for Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
m-yama mext.go.jp, TEL: -81-3-6734-2290(2) Koichi SHINPO (NIER)
Director, Educational Facilities Research Center, National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER)
shinpo nier.go.jp, TEL: -81-3-6733-6990(3) Takayuki NAKAMURA (Hokkaido University)
Director, Facilities Department, Hokkaido University
s-bucho facility.hokudai.ac.jp, TEL: -81-11-706-2063

2. Major significance / Summary
Earthquakes can occur anywhere and at any time in Japan. Improving the seismic resistance of school buildings is a pressing issue, because
children spend a large part of their daily lives in school. MEXT published a reference book for retrofitting school buildings under thecooperation with NIER. The book includes many seismic retrofitting examples with various pictures, charts and plans. Even though thereaders don’t have enough technical knowledge and information about seismic retrofitting, they can easily understand what are critical for
retrofitting existing school buildings.
Readers are encouraged to access the full text of the Reference Book at (http://www.nier.go.jp/shisetsu/pdf/etaishinjirei.pdf )MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
NIER : National Institute for Educational Policy Research

3. Keywords
Seismic retrofitting, School buildings

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state,
prefecture, district, etc.)−177−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 20105-2. Other users: Policy makers

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Buildings

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)(1) Masao YAMAKAWA (MEXT)
Director, Office for Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
m-yama mext.go.jp, TEL: -81-3-6734-2290(2) Koichi SHINPO (NIER)
Director, Educational Facilities Research Center, National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER)
shinpo nier.go.jp, TEL: -81-3-6733-6990(3) Takayuki NAKAMURA (Hokkaido University)
Director, Facilities Department, Hokkaido University
s-bucho facility.hokudai.ac.jp, TEL: -81-11-706-2063

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceIn recent years, there have been frequent large earthquakes in Japan, such as the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake and the 2005
Fukuoka Seihou-oki Earthquake. It is hard to tell when and where such earthquakes could occur in Japan. Improving the seismic resistanceof school buildings has become a pressing issue, because children spend a large part of their daily lives in school, and such schools secure
the safety of children as well as act as emergency evacuation facilities for local communities. Therefore, the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has taken measures for early application of seismic retrofitting on school buildings. This was byproducing the "Guideline for Promoting the Seismic Retrofitting of School Facilities" to tackle the retrofitting of school buildings.
Furthermore, there is great demand for the effective, efficient and systematic improvement of school buildings under the tight fiscal
situation of the government and regional authorities. There is a need to study methods for more effective improvements, such as by shiftingfrom the replacement of buildings to the seismic retrofitting and refurbishment of buildings in the future. However, the general public andthose in charge of school buildings are usually not acquainted with seismic retrofitting, and there were opinions that it is difficult to imagine
what retrofitting is about and how much it would cost.
Therefore, MEXT commissioned the Research Institute of Educational Facilities in 2005, and performed the "Investigative research on
seismic retrofitting of school facilities". Then, MEXT published a reference book on school buildings to resist earthquakes, based on thesurvey on examples of seismic retrofitting methods throughout Japan. This reference book is intended to make it easier to understand for
those who are not specialized in architecture, and to contribute in improving the understanding of the importance of seismic retrofitting aswell as for further applications of seismic retrofitting.

−178−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Collapsed Column

Fallen Roof

Steel Bracings

Steel Bracings (Details)

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
After introducing some examples of school buildings damaged by recent major earthquakes and explaining about the backgroundinformation of seismic retrofitting, this reference book shows the following examples of retrofitted school-buildings. - Retrofitting structureswith steel bracings and seismic shear walls - Retrofitting by installing steel bracings and structural slits - Retrofitting of structures withsteel tube bracings - Retrofitting the structure by replacing the roof - Retrofitting of structure with steel tube bracings and seismic shear
walls- Retrofitting the structure by installing external steel bracings and seismic shear walls - Retrofitting structures by installing steel
frame bracings and bracings along the roof - Retrofitting structures by installing external horizontal steel truss Each example
above-mentioned describes the outline of seismic retrofitting method, the approximate cost, the effectiveness of retrofitting, the design for
retrofitting, the explanation of keyword for retrofitting, etc. In addition to these examples, the reference book includes simple description ofother 14 seismic retrofitting cases.

16. Necessary process to implement
Arousing AwarenessIn Japan, municipal governments are responsible for public school buildings. Though the national government funds approximately
two-thirds of the cost for retrofitting school buildings through grants, the one-third of the costs must be budgeted by local municipalities.
Therefore, it is necessary to arouse awareness of the importance of seismic resistance in school buildings in order to promote them. For thispurpose, the results of the yearly survey done by MEXT concerning the seismic resistance capacity evaluation rates and seismic resistance
rates of public schools of each municipality is disclosed. Also, MEXT urges local authorities to disclose the seismic resistance capacity
evaluation results and plans for retrofitting of each school.
Sufficient and Adequate Information
MEXT cooperating with architectural experts, conducted research and study of earthquake resistance for school buildings to establish
seismic resistance capacity evaluation methods for school buildings, present methods for seismic retrofitting, and also compile examples ofseismic retrofitted school buildings that municipalities can use as reference. Also, MEXT established a consultation service wheremunicipalities and school building designers can seek technical advice.
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Budgetary Measures
Because retrofitting school buildings is costly, budgetary measures is essential for progress. Not only securing enough budgets for
subsidies, but other measures such as reforming the subsidy system for a more flexible use by the local municipality, have also been taken.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength
The purpose of this reference book is to enlighten the general public and those who are in charge of school buildings with understandable
manners. There are many pictures, charts and plans in this reference book, so the readers can easily understand what are necessary for
retrofitting existing school buildings.
Limitations
In order to apply the technologies shown in this reference book to other real cases, more detailed investigations and analyses about the realcase are necessary. Especially, when these technologies are applied to the cases in foreign countries, more careful attention to the regional
characteristics and social backgrounds ought to be paid.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
It is costly to retrofit vulnerable school buildings, and municipalities have to address other public needs; therefore there is a difficult
condition to assign higher budgets to school buildings. Under these budget constraints, it is critical to develop cheaper technologies for
retrofitting existing school buildings.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
It is clear that school buildings should be built to withstand earthquakes. In addition, since school buildings are places where many children
spend the most part of the day to study and live, it is also crucial to maintain school buildings safer and more healthy conditions. Therefore,
the improvement of educational circumstances ought to be paid attention at the time of retrofitting school buildings.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
The technologies introduced in this reference book are thought to be applicable to other regions in the world. However, in that case, more
careful attention to the regional characteristics such as building materials, structural components, skills of construction workers, etc. shouldbe paid.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Retrofitting Structures with Steel Bracings and Seismic Shear Walls
E1-2. Place
Niigata Prefecture, Toukamachi Sougou Senior High SchoolE1-3. Year
2004-2005
E1-4. Investor
Niigata Prefecture
E1-5. People involved−180−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Total Cost: 173.5 million yen Cost for retrofitting: Steel bracings: 254,000 yen/m2, RC Wall: 140,000 yen/m2
E1-7. Total workload required
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Is value (Structural seismic performance index): Before: Isx=0.30, Isy=0.69
After : Isx=1.01, Isy=0.88

After retrofitting (Inside view)

Before retrofitting (Outside view)

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Retrofitting by Installing Steel Bracings and Structural Slits
E2-2. Place
Niigata Prefecture, Toukamachi Senior High SchoolE2-3. Year
2003-2005 (3 months/each year)
E2-4. Investor
Niigata PrefectureE2-5. People involved
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
Total cost: 343.8 million yen Cost for retrofitting: Install steel bracings: 125,000 yen/m2, Install RC wall: 88,000 yen/m2, Steel jacket
reinforcement of columns: 254,000 yen/each, Carbon fiber jacket reinforcement of columns: 385,000 yen/each
E2-7. Total workload required
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Is value (Structural seismic performance index): Before: Isx=0.42, Isy=0.39
After : Isx=0.80, Isy=0.75

Installing Steel Bracing

Adding Seismic Shear Wall

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Carbon Fiber Reinforcement

Steel Jacket Reinforcement

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
Retrofitting of Structures with Steel Tube Bracings
E3-2. Place
Niigata Prefecture, Kawaguchi Junior- High School Gym
E3-3. Year1997
E3-4. Investor
Kawaguchi Town
E3-5. People involved
E3-6. Monetary costs incurred
Total Cost: 101.7 million yen Cost for retrofitting: Steel bracings: 10,000 yen/m2
E3-7. Total workload required
E3-8. Evidence of positive result
Is value (Structural seismic performance index):
Before: Isx=0.08, Isy=0.70
After : Isx=0.73, Isy=0.70

Steel Tube Bracings

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
Other 19 examples of retrofitting school buildings can be seen at the following website.
(http://www.nier.go.jp/shisetsu/pdf/e-taishinjirei.pdf )XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−182−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 44)
I. Heading
1. Title

Dujiangyan ProjectID:

DRH 44

Hazard:Flood , Drought
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

Weihua FANGCountry:

CHINA;

Date posted:

29 December 2008

Date published:

16 March 2009
Flying Sand Fence

Contact
Weihua FANG, Xingchun ZHONG, Fei HE, Hong XU
Position : Associate Professor
Affiliation: Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, MOCA & MOE, China; Beijing Normal University
Address: No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
E-mail: fang ires.cn
Tel: 86-10-58802283
Fax: 86-10-58802158

2. Major significance / Summary
Dujiangyan Project, which consists of Fish Mouth Water-dividing Dam, Flying Sand Fence and Bottle-Neck Channel, is a hydraulicengineering with a history more than 2000 years. It is still being used today for flood disaster prevention, sediment control and irrigation. Itscompletion changed Chengdu Plain from a disaster-prone area to affluent area honored as “The Land of Abundance”

3. Keywords
Dujiangyan, Drought, Flood, Sediment control, Irrigation

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), International organizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB,
ADRC, EC, etc.), Experts, Teachers and educators, Architects and engineers
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focused
Flood, Drought

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Infrastructure, River banks and fluvial basin, Agricultural lands−183−

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III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Weihua FANG, Xingchun ZHONG, Fei HE, Hong XU
Position : Associate Professor
Affiliation: Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, MOCA & MOE, China; Beijing Normal University
Address: No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
E-mail: fang ires.cn
Tel: 86-10-58802283
Fax: 86-10-58802158

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
CHINA;At 30° 58′ 56″ N, 111° 25′ 10″ E; 45 km north of Chengdu, in Sichuan Province, Southwest of China.

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Li Bing, who lived in the 3rd century BC, organized local people with his son to build Dujiangyan hydraulic engineering during he served
as the procurator of Shu State (Sichuan province today).

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
1. Guo Wentao. Drought Principles and Historical Experience of Drought Prevention in Shangqiu Areas. History of Chinese Agriculture.
1993, 12 (1): 93-104
2. Li Keke, Li Peihong. Dujiangyan - Great Achievement of Chinese Trditional Hydraulic Culture. China Water Resources, 2004,
18:75-78.
3. Si Maqian, SHIJI (historical records), 91 B.C.
4. Shouyi BAI (eds.), General history of China, 2004, Shanghai People’s Press.
5. Su Renqiong, Yang Qinye.Treatment Policy to Comprehensively Harness the Disaster Environment in the Yellow River Basin. Yellow
River, 1996,11: 16-20
6. Wang Wenkai, Wang Chao, Liu Airong. Disaster Reduction in China, 1999,9 (2): 19-22.
7. Xiao Kaiqian. Flooding Disasters and Prevention Strategies in Dujiangyan Irrigation Regions of the Outer River. Sichuan Water
Resources, 1998, 3:26-29
8. Xiong Dacheng. Summaries of Sediment Control Theory and Experience of Dujiangyan Project. Chengdu Water Resources, 1998,
3:29-39.
9. Zhao Ji, Geography of China, 2001, Higher Education Press.
10. Zhao Shuling. Study the Disasters in the Yellow River Reach from the Historical Perspectives. Journal of North China Institute of
Water conservancy and Hydroelectric Power (Social Science), 2002, 18 (1):51-54.
11. Zhang Jiacheng. Scientific Thought of Water Controlling in Ancient China. Advances in Water Science, 1996, 7 (2): 158-162.
12. Zhong Deyu, Zhang Hongwu. Extended 2-D Numerical Model for Alluvial River Considering Transverse Transport of Sediment andBank Erosion due to Secondary Flow in River Bends. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2004, 7: 14-20.
13. http://it.chinahw.net/homepage/2006/baman/homepage/08xinjiang/01xinjiang/01.htm
14. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/xinjiang/turpan/karez.htm
15. http://blog.cersp.com/2005/11/06/165519.jpg
16. http://www.cdbot.chengdu.gov.cn
17. http://www.dujiangyan.com.cn
18. http://www.djy.gov.cn
19. http://www.cs.iastate.edu
20. http://www.17u.com/destination/s_detail_1731.html

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceDujiangyan Region is a transition belt from Tibetan Plateau to Chengdu Plain. It is a high risk region of earthquakes. Broken rock layers
and alternating mountains and valleys lead to high complexity of topography. Subtropical zone humid climate in this region brings annual−184−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

average rainfall of 1,244 mm, 70 % of which comes from June to September. Strong rainstorms together with the complex topography caneasily lead to disasters, such as landslides, debris flows and floods.
During Summer and Autumn, especially after a rainstorm, feculent water with mixed sand and stones in the Minjiang River often surges
and rushes out from the mountain areas. According to data since 1936, mean annual discharge of Minjiang River at Dujiangyan is 500 m3/s
and historically maximum discharge is 7,700 m3/s. The annual total flow reaches 15 billion m3.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Flood prevention, drought reduction and sediment control are the three major aims of the system. To achieve these aims, threecomplementary sub-projects are built and serve as an integrated systematic engineering.

1. Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam (Yu Zui in Chinese) was built to divide the Minjiang River into inner and outer river. The outer riveris wider and functions as the main stream to discharge floods, while the inner one is deeper and diverts water to Chengdu Plain for
irrigation.

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2. Flying Sand Fence (Fei Sha Yan in Chinese) was built to keep runoff for irrigation stable. When water in the inner river exceeded its
demand, the extra water could run over the Fence. It looks like an arc and this makes the inner channel little curved. The arc-shaped
fence and channel can make sand and pebbles thrown back into the outer river together with the extra water. Roundabout Flow Theory
was perfectly applied in this project.

3. Bottle-Neck Channel (Bao Ping Kou in Chinese) is a long and narrow canal dug through the Yuleishan Mountain which stops
Minjiang River flowing eastward. This canal leads intake water from Inner River into Chengdu Plain to irrigate tens of thousands ofhectares farmland.

16. Necessary process to implement
1. A dam should be built in the center of the river to divide the water.
2. A canal should be dug through the impediment hill to lead the water to where it is needed.
3. A spillway with a fence whose height is apposite should be built near the access of canal to make the water for irrigation stable andcontrol the sediment.

17. Strength and limitations
Dujiangyan fully used the local topography that northwest was higher and southeast was lower. Water of Minjiang River is automaticallyconverted and channeled into the irrigation canal. No extra power is needed besides the gravity. Dujiangyan Project has been designed andconstructed to cope with both floods and draughts.
As a hydro junction, it has done great contribution on flood prevention, irrigation and shipping for over 2,260 years. It has also supplied
water of productive and living use for people in Chengdu Plain.
However, its dependency on the topography also becomes the limitation that makes the engineering irreproducible.
The scale issue is also a limitation of this TIK. Consider the three sub-projects separately (A dam, a fence and a channel), each ofthem might just be an ordinary project. However, lacking any of them, the project will be much less effective than it is now. This means thefunction of the project is more than simply adding the function of its sub-projects. It is almost impossible to apply the whole project at
smaller scale. However, the sub-project could be applied at a proper place to serve certain function, such as building a canal to split
stream and lead water or building a fence to keep runoff stable.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
1. Site selection
The site selection of Dujiangyan Project took full account of natural environment, such as river depth and channel camber, and humantechnology, which made the Project a coordinated water management system. We should consider and fully use the natural conditions of a
specific region when we design a project.
2. Simple Materials.
Dams and other structures of Dujiangyan Project are mainly constructed using pebbles, stones and bamboos. Sources of these simple
materials are close to Dujiangyan Project. Pebbles and stones are easy to be collected from the river bed and banks. Bamboos are widelydistributed in Dujiangyan Region, which are made to baskets to fill with pebbles and stones.

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VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
When Dujiangyan was firstly being built, iron tools was used to dig mountain. Fire was also used to burn the rocks to crack. Cages made bybamboo and filled with rocks and cobble stones were used to build the dam in the center of river.
Nowadays, such antique facilities and equipments can be replaced by modern facilities and equipments, such as excavator, dynamite,concrete and so forth.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
To complete Dujiangyan hydraulic engineering, thousands of local people were organized to work many years. This is due to the backward
facilities and equipments at that time. Building such a project would be much easier today but would still cost highly.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that Others
This project has been used for more than 2,000 years and is still being used effectively. It could not be totally duplicated anywhere due tothe special prerequisites. However, knowledge and experience learned from this project are valuable.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−187−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 45)
I. Heading
1. Title

Karez Technology for Drought Disaster ReductionID:

DRH 45

Hazard:Drought , Desertification , Climate change impact , Landdegradation
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

Category:
Proposer:

Weihua FANGCountry:

CHINA;

Date posted:

30 December 2008

Date published:

16 March 2009

Small Reservoir.

Contact
Weihua FANG (Associate Professor), Fei HE (Phd. Candidate), Hong CHENG (Master Candidate)
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, MOCA & MOE, China; Beijing Normal University
No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
E-mail: fang ires.cn
Tel: 86-10-58802283
Fax: 86-10-58802158

2. Major significance / Summary
Karez is a traditional irrigation water system with a long history in Xinjiang area of China which makes use of underground water
efficiently. As a comprehensive system, Karez is primarily made up of vertical wells, underground canals, a surface canal and small
reservoirs. It is still being used to supply water resources for irrigation, domestic uses and others.

3. Keywords
Karez, Drought, Irrigation.

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Transferable indigenous knowledge (TIK)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), Internationalorganizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Experts, Teachers and educators, Architects and engineers,
Urban planners, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Local residents

6. Hazards focusedDrought, Desertification, Climate change impact, Land degradation

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Infrastructure, Rural areas, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Others
Livestocks and household assets−188−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Weihua FANG (Associate Professor), Fei HE (Phd. Candidate), Hong CHENG (Master Candidate)
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, MOCA & MOE, China; Beijing Normal University
No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
E-mail: fang ires.cn
Tel: 86-10-58802283
Fax: 86-10-58802158

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
CHINA;In Turpan depression, Northwest of China, in Xinjiang Aera.

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Karez Irrigation System is developed through community practices over time.

11. Title of relevant projects if any
The similar irrigation systems have been used in Iran and Afghanistan.

12. References and publications
1. SI Maqian, SHIJI (historical records), 91 B.C.
2. Shouyi BAI (eds.), General history of China, 2004, Shanghai People Press.
3. Xingqi ZHONG and Huaizhen CHU (eds.), Turpan Karez system, Xinjiang University Press, Page 5~19, 1993.
4. Ji ZHAO, Geography of China, 2001, Higher Education Press.
5. http://it.chinahw.net/homepage/2006/baman/homepage/08xinjiang/01xinjiang/01.htm .
6. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/xinjiang/turpan/karez.htm .
7. http://www.karez.org .
8. http://blog.cersp.com/2005/11/06/165519.jpg

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Turpan is very dry in all seasons and very hot during spring, summer and autumn. The highest temperature recorded is 47.7 °C in summer.
The annual sunshine duration is about 3,100 hours. High temperature and strong solar radiation result in high annual evaporation amounting
to 2,800~3,000 mm. Turpan is in an inner land with total annual precipitation of only around 16~17 mm. Because of strong evaporation or
the evapotranspiration process, precipitation (rain or snow) falling on the slope of the mountain would evaporate or seep underneath sandand soil before it can converge into a stream and reach the flat agricultural area along the foot of the mountain. Surface water is scarce inmost areas. Under such tough circumstances, few plants or animals survive.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
1. Support by Earth’s Gravity. Since Karez takes advantage of topography to divert deep subsurface flow through an underground canalto land surface for gravity irrigation, the cost for water-lifting equipment and its maintenance are almost negligible.
2. Stable Outflow. The major water sources of the Karez system are melting snow and underground water. The underground canal canminimize high evaporation in the windy Turpan district hence, the impact of climate change is small. In addition, problems with sandblast can be avoided in the underground canal. All this makes the Karez system able to provide stable water resources, though total
water volume may not be very large. As observed, there is a very stable population regardless of environment changes for thousands ofyears in Karez areas.
3. High Water Quality. Melting water from snow infiltrates and the soil provides a very good filter to remove polluted materials. Unlike
water channels on land, the underground canal minimizes water pollution and at the same time is rich in minerals. The water quality issuitable for drinking and domestic use.
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4. Construction with Simple Tools. Most Karez systems were built with simple tools and do not require complex equipment.

16. Necessary process to implement
Karez is a traditional irrigation water system with a long history in Xinjiang area of China which makes use of underground water
efficiently. Where farmland is located in the mountainous area, it is built on an alluvial fan or plain. The structure of a complete Karez
system can be complex but its basic structure is essentially composed of vertical wells, underground canal, surface canal, and small
reservoirs.

1. Vertical wells. The major functions of vertical wells are for ventilation, proper orientation of the canal during construction andexamination and repair of canals after construction. Besides for digging canals, vertical wells are also utilized to take out water fromunderground canals after the whole Karez system is completed. An aerial image of vertical wells is presented below.

2. Underground and Surface Canals. The majority of the canals are underground. The canals under the surface are generally a networkof canals in order for underground water to accumulate (left image). When the underground canal reaches the farmland, it becomes asurface canal and is linked to a small reservoir or directly connected to a system of water channels for irrigation (right image).

3. Small Reservoir .Water resources are collected in small reservoirs which can be adjusted for water level and temperature. Constructing
reservoirs increase the water level as well as temperature so that a larger area of farmland is irrigated.

17. Strength and limitations
The strength of Karez Technology are 1) collect waters from rainfall and melted snow, 2) provided stable water resources and 3) highquality water. As a result, it reduced drought disaster effectively.
On the other hand, the limitations of this technology are 1) cost is too high, 2) building time last several decades and 3) demand of
manpower is more than thousands.
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18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Karez Irrigation System is a great result and enormous project of the ancient Chinese people. Although building time must be shorter toconstruct by modern instruments at present, the cost is still highly.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
A variety of simple tools can be utilized in building Karez systems, such as excavating hoe, planning hammer, basket, winch, and oil lamp.
The excavating hoe and planning hammer are used for digging passages underground. The basket and winch are used for carrying soil andsand. Iron oil lamps with an arrow for orientation are used for digging underground canals. The lamp can also be conveniently fixed on
canal walls.
Here are the pictures of equipments:(a) traditional oil lamp with side-arrow, (b) excavating hoe, (c) basket, and (d) a modern sheave used in building Karez system.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
For Karez Technology is a famous system engineering in the world, consequently, costs are too high and the time of constructions continue
many years. Furthermore the demand of manpower is much higher and continued for decades.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Karez Irrigation System is the great gift from Chinese Ancients. Karez provided an effective way the elemental resources of human lives. In
the modern day, how to used other scientific technologies to building and maintaining is the new challenge of us.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−191−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 48)
I. Heading
1. Title

Experiences Sharing and School Disaster Education: Implementation of Essay andDrawing Competition as School Disaster EducationID:

DRH 48

Hazard:Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption,
Landslide, Mudflow, Dust storm, Cold wave,
Heat wave, Zud, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm surge,
Flood, Flash flood, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF), Snow avalanches, Epidemic, Wildfire,
Drought, Desertification, Climate change impact,
Land degradation, Multi-hazard, Other
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Koichi Shiwaku

Country:

PAKISTAN;

Date posted:

20 January 2009

Date published:

09 June 2009

Drawing competition

Contact
Koichi Shiwaku (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED), Muhammad Shakeel (President of STAR Foundation), Yukiko Takeuchi (Lecturer,
Kyoto University), Rajib Shaw (Associate Professor, Kyoto University), Ayako Fujieda (PHD student, Kyoto University), and Jishnu
Subedishiwaku edm.bosai.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
Knowing experiences of past disasters as school disaster education is important for disaster reduction. Essay and drawing competition canbe an opportunities to collect experience and share experiences among students. Such experiences are important materials for future
generation to understand past disasters.

3. Keywords
education, Pakistan, school, teachers, students, earthquake

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Teachers and educators, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Motivated researchers, Local residents−192−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption, Landslide, Mudflow, Dust storm, Cold wave, Heat wave, Zud, Cyclone/Typhoon, Storm
surge, Flood, Flash flood, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), Snow avalanches, Epidemic, Wildfire, Drought, Desertification, Climatechange impact, Land degradation, Multi-hazard, OtherThis technology can be utilized for reduction of any types of disasters.

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Information and communication
system, Urban areas, Rural areas, Coastal areas, River banks and fluvial basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural
heritages, Others
This technology can cover any types of elements.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Koichi Shiwaku (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED), Muhammad Shakeel (President of STAR Foundation), Yukiko Takeuchi (Lecturer,
Kyoto University), Rajib Shaw (Associate Professor, Kyoto University), Ayako Fujieda (PHD student, Kyoto University), and Jishnu
Subedishiwaku edm.bosai.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
PAKISTAN;
Bagh, AJK (Kashmir)

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Koichi Shiwaku, Research Fellow, EDM-NIED
Muhammad Shakeel, President of STAR Foundation
Yukiko Takeuchi, Lecturer, Kyoto University
Rajib Shaw, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
Ayako Fujieda, PHD student, Kyoto University
Jishnu Subedi

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Promotion of School Disaster Education in Affected Areas

12. References and publications
Experiences of Pakistan Earthquake of 2005: Student's Messages from Kashmir, EDM-NIED Publication, January 2009
Guidelines for School Disaster Education: Express and Extend Experiences, EDM-NIED Publication, January 2009

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
On October 8th 2005, an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale hit the northern part of Pakistan, a part of the NWFP province ofPakistan and three districts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. More than 73,000 people including more than 18,000 children died in thisearthquake. 400,153 houses were destroyed or severely damaged. 2.8 million people lost their own houses.

−193−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

It is necessary for people to reduce risks and impacts of future disasters. To reduce risks and impacts, people are needed to take action fordisaster reduction. Disaster education plays important a role to solve this problem. Experiences are important for people. People who
experienced disasters can realize importance of disaster management. But it is difficult for people who has not experienced disasters to“REALIZE” importance even if they “KNOW” importance. Therefore, how we use experience in school disaster education is important
challenge for future disaster reduction.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
In the affected areas, current generation has actual disaster experiences. But future generation can not have experiences directly after longtime passes. There are major issues to be solved on disaster management as below;
 People think disaster is just past event in the affected area
 People do no think disasters will come to them outside affected area
To solve above issues, it is necessary to utilize experiences or lessons of the past disasters and to transfer them to next generation. School
disaster education can contribute to solving these issues.
Essay competition and drawing competition are famous activities in extra-curriculum education in schools especially in South Asian
countries. This technology is combination of these activities and disaster education. In these competition, students are requested to write
their own disaster experiences. It is an opportunities for students to express their experiences and for conductor (e.g. school teachers) tocollect experiences. These experiences will be know by future children to know past disasters. These experiences are published as textbook
for both present and future students. In addition, guidelines are also published for teachers to utilize the textbook.

Features of this technology are following; Utilization of extra curriculum Provide awareness raising programs
 Can collect experiences to share among current students and transfer to next generation
 Specialized knowledge is not necessary to apply−194−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Textbook includes essays and drawings. Present students can know other students feelings in disaster situation. Future children can know
past disasters to think what they have to do for disaster reduction.

Guidelines provides 1) How to conduct competition and 2) how to utilize textbook. School teachers can use the guidelines to implement
disaster education in their schools even if they do not have specialized knowledge on disaster management.

16. Necessary process to implement
Instruction to teachers
Before conducting competitions, teachers need to understand purpose of the activities. Education department, local NGO, or otherspecialized organization should provide instruction.

−195−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Instruction to students
Students also need to know purpose of competition. It is preferable that teachers give instruction.

Group discussion
Before writing essays and drawing, it is better to have group discussion. Through group discussion, students can remember what happened
in disaster situation and can write their own specific experience. In addition, group discussion contribute to raising cooperation with otherpeople.
Writing essays and drawing
Students write essays and drawings. It is hoped that students write their own specific disaster experiences. General experiences are easy to
imagine for future children. But many problems which is difficult to imagine happen when disasters occur. Specific problems are needed tobe written to understand actual disaster situation.

−196−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Development of education materials
Essays and drawings need to be kept for future children in order to understand past disasters.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength
Essays and drawing competition is a tool to share experiences and to transfer them to future generation. It is not difficult to conduct thesecompetitions. Therefore, any teachers can conduct competition as a part of school education and a part of disaster education.
Limitation
Competition is one of awareness raising program and is not program to provide knowledge on disaster management or natural hazards.
In the competition, students are requested to write their own disaster experiences. It means that students need to have experiences. Therefore,
this technology can be applied in disaster affected areas but developed manual (textbook and guidelines) can be utilized in any areas.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Combination of competition and disaster education was the first experiences for teachers in the affected area of Pakistan Earthquake of2005. It was great opportunities for teachers to realize that extra curriculum can be utilize as disaster education and that they can conductdisaster education by themselves.
Students enjoyed competition. It is very important to implement disaster education, especially awareness raising.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Essay competition
 Pen
 Essay sheet
 Drawing competition
 Drawing tools
 Drawing sheet

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
To give instruction, local organization is necessary. But competition can be implemented by schools without any large help from outside.
To implement this technology, it does not cost much. When schools conduct, they need to prepare some facilities to have competitions.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message−197−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that is shown to be effective based on case studies/experiments in field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Promotion of School Disaster Education in Affected Areas
E1-2. Place
Two schools in Tehsil Bagh, AJK, Pakistan (affected area of Pakistan Earthquake of 2005)

E1-3. Year2008
E1-4. Investor
Hyogo Earthquake Memorial 21st Century Research InstituteE1-5. People involved
Koichi Shiwaku, Research Fellow, EDM-NIED
Muhammad Shakeel, President of STAR Foundation
Yukiko Takeuchi, Lecturer, Kyoto University
Rajib Shaw, Associate Professor, Kyoto University−198−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Ayako Fujieda, PHD student, Kyoto University
Jishnu Subedi
students
school teachers
local NGO staffs
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred--E1-7. Total workload required
Planning: 2 month
Arrangement by local NGO (1 month)
Implementation (competition): 2 days (1 day in one school)
Development of textbook and guidelines: (3 month)E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Local NGO and teachers acquired ability to conduct disaster education. Students can share experiences of Paksitan Earthquake of2005 among them.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> essay_drawing_competition.JPG (JPG - 100 Kb)> SANY1161.JPG (JPG - 599 Kb)> SANY1165.JPG (JPG - 535 Kb)−199−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 49)
I. Heading
1. Title

Hazards Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-based Disaster Risk
Management or “READY” ProjectID:

DRH 49Hazard:Multi-hazard, Other
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Renato Solidum

Country:

PHILIPPINES;

Date posted:

30 March 2009

Date published:

15 October 2009

Contact
Ms. Lenie Duran-Alegre
Civil Defense Officer/Project Monitoring Officer
Office of Civil Defense- National Disaster Coordinating Council
Department of National Defense
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City, 1110 Philippines
e-mail: lenie017522 yahoo.com
Telefax nos: +632 9120441, 9125947
Dr. Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Director, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Department of Science and Technology
Department of Science and Technology
CP Garcia Avenue, University of the Philippines Campus
Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
e-mail: solidr phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Tel :+632 9262611, Fax :+6329298366

2. Major significance / Summary
The project addresses the problem of disaster risk management (DRM) both at the national and local level. At the national level, the project
aims to institutionalize and standardize DRM measures and processes by different organizations involved in the Project while managementof the timing of project implementation and engagement with local government has been taken cared of. At the community level, it willaddress the availability of hazards maps, the lack of community based hazard monitoring and warning systems and the need to build up thecapability of community leaders to implement activities and measures for disaster reduction. It also empowers the most vulnerable
municipalities and cities in the country and enables them to prepare disaster risk management plans. The project develops a systematic
approach to community based disaster risk management thru: (1) scientific multi-hazard mapping as the first step to risk assessment;(2) community based disaster preparedness and (3) initiation of mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into the development planning
process of the local government units. The Project targets 27 high risk provinces in the country to natural hazards.

3. Keywords
Multi-hazards mapping, community based disaster preparedness, community-based flood early warning systems (CBFEWS),
community-based tsunami early warning system (CBEWS for Tsunami), Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Rapid
Earthquake Damage Assessment Software (REDAS), disaster risk reduction (DRR), disaster risk management (DRM)−200−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Experts, Architects and engineers, Information
technology specialists, Others
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focusedMulti-hazard, Other
Multi-hazard covered by the Project refers to the following: A: Geological Hazards: Earthquake-related hazards: ground rupture, groundshaking, liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslide and tsunami. Volcanic-related hazards: pyroclastic flows, lahars
B: Hydro-meteorological hazards: rainfall-induced landslide, flooding/flashfloods and storm surge

7. Elements at risk
Human lives , Human networks in local communities , Business and livelihoods , Infrastructure , Buildings , Information andcommunication system , Urban areas , Rural areas , Coastal areas , River banks and fluvial basin , Mountain slopes , Agriculturallands , Cultural heritages
All the elements at risk identified above are included. Natural disaster knows no bound and limits, thus, its inclusion.

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Ms. Lenie Duran-Alegre
Civil Defense Officer/Project Monitoring Officer
Office of Civil Defense- National Disaster Coordinating Council
Department of National Defense
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City, 1110 Philippines
e-mail: lenie017522 yahoo.com
Telefax nos: +632 9120441, 9125947
Dr. Renato U. Solidum, Jr.
Director, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Department of Science and Technology
Department of Science and Technology
CP Garcia Avenue, University of the Philippines Campus
Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
e-mail: solidr phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Tel :+632 9262611, Fax :+6329298366

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
PHILIPPINES;
Manila, Philippines

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Administration (PAGASA)
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)
National Mapping Resource and Information Authority (NAMRIA)
Office of Civil Defense (OCD)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Strengthening the Disaster Preparedness Capacities of the Municipalities of Real, Infanta and Nakar from Geologic and Meteorological
Hazards (REINA Project)

12. References and publications−201−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

13. Note on ownership if any
The Project is owned by the Government of the Philippines

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The Philippines was hit by successive four (4) tropical cyclones (Tropical Storm Muifa and Merbok, Tropical Depression Winne andTyphoon Nanmadol) in November and December of 2004. The affected areas were Visayas Islands and Luzon Island. The tropical
cyclones triggered floods/flashfloods and landslides and together with the associated strong winds caused destruction and damage to homes,
community buildings, agricultural crops, critical infrastructures and lifelines. The total affected population reached 3.6 million anddamages to facilities, infrastructures and agriculture, excluding damaged and destroyed houses, amounted to US$ 78.2 million. One of themost severely affected areas is the triangular low-lying plain east of the Sierra Madre mountain range in Quezon province, where themunicipalities of Real, Infanta and General Nakar (known as REINA) are located. Hundreds of people died in these areas because oflandslides and flashfloods. The Government of the Philippines sought the assistance of UN Country team to help the Philippine government
in its continued rigorous implementation of DRM and DRR programs, thus, the smaller scale REINA Project covering the three Quezon
towns was started with similar aims as the scaled up and currently implemented READY Project.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The Project aims to provide immediate, reliable information on the various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards that threatencommunities. It is also meant to equip key stakeholder groups, particularly those in the target disaster prone areas, with capacities to prepare
for and cope with the impact of natural disaster, strengthen coordination processes and procedures for effective risk reduction and start theprocess of mainstreaming risk reduction into local development planning. The project uses a multi-hazards, multi-disciplinary andmulti-sectorial approach involving national government organizations and local governments. The Project is implemented by the National
Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC through the Office of Civil Defense as the executing agency with the Collective Strengthening ofCommunity Awareness for Natural Disasters (CSCAND- a sub-committee on Preparedness of NDCC) Technical Working Group(TWG) headed by PHIVOLCS with PAGASA, MGB and NAMRIA as members. The CSCAND TWG members are the responsible
agencies to deliver the required outputs of the project. In addition, at the local level, a Local READY Team, composed of regional or local
employees of the involved national government agencies and representatives of local government, is also organized to follow-up activities
and assists in the coordination aspect of the Project. Further sustainability is ensured with the assistance and institutionalization of the Local
READY Team.

16. Necessary process to implement
Component I. Multi-hazard identification and assessment (maps are targeted to be produced for the 27 target provinces in the
country)
The natural hazards posing threat to concerned communities are documented in the form of multi-hazard maps. The mapping exercise
involve the following process:1. Table top analysis of the study area, including aerial photo and topographic map interpretation, remote sensing data analysis,
mathematical modeling (especially for ground shaking, storm surge and tsunami hazard mapping) and literature research;
2. Production of preliminary hazard data interpretation and sometimes maps of these areas;
3. Field verification. Involves interviews with local residents to gather local knowledge about the concerned hazards, checking out of
the landforms and geologic features to verify initial table top interpretation and conduct of surveys using various scientific, geodetic
and rock/soil testing equipment.
4. Transformation of findings into preliminary hazard maps. Multi-hazard maps such as (1) earthquake-related hazards at 1:50,000
scale (i.e. ground rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslide and tsunami) (2) volcanic hazards also at
1:50,000 scale, (3) hydro-meteorological hazards, such as rain-induced landslide, floods/flashfloods both at 1:10,000 scale andstorm surge at 1:50,000 scale are put into paper and digital form.
5. Peer review by the multi-agency mapping group (PHIVOLCS, PAGASA, NAMRIA and MGB) with the executing agency.
The accepted results are further transformed into digital format and integrated by NAMRIA. The integrated maps will then be presented toconcerned local government units (LGUs) through the conduct of IEC campaign. Updates and further technical comments are thenintegrated for the finalization and printing of the maps for further information and distribution to target LGUs, government offices anddecision-makers.
The following are examples of the finished multi-hazard maps:−202−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Component II: Community-based Disaster Preparedness
1. Development of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) strategies and materials for specific target groups
The Project’s mapping result is presented to the concerned local government units (LGU) for their information and the maps itself are used
for disaster risk management and development planning. In preparation to the IEC event, LGU coordination is done, the maps undergo peer
review, dry run for lectures are done, conduct of IEC proper with media/press beefing/conference and the review/report of activity is finallydone.
Local leaders (province, municipalities, cities and villages) in action during the conduct of IEC Workshop :The Project also produced IEC materials, such as posters and flyers, with standard design and format and using the simplest of thetechnical terms for each hazards. Below are samples of such materials:−203−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

2. Establishment of Community-based Early Warning System
The community based early warning systems (CBEWS) for floods and tsunami is a cheap, non-structural mitigating system that empowers
the concerned community to plan and act in the event of sudden onset events like floods/flashfloods and tsunami.
In all CBEWS activities, memoranda of agreements are forged between READY agencies and local communities for sustainability.
Under the said agreements, the LGUs provide financial allocations for the operation and maintenance of the CBEWS to ensure the systems’sustainability.
A. Community-based Flood early Warning System (CBFEWS)
For floods, a community based and river basin approach is employed and a network of rainfall and water level monitoring gauges in theriver basin of concern is installed. The communities occupying each basin are linked together in one CBFEWS with strategically installedrain gauges and water level monitoring system.
The warning set up is based on source, path and depositional area. Site survey, installation of monitoring facilities, measurement of thedepth or carrying capacities of rivers to establish flood warning levels, on-site and formal training of observers and volunteers and dry run orpilot testing of the system thru a flood drill with the flood prone communities are the procedures and activities undertaken. Volunteers
identified by the LGU officials are mobilized to conduct readings. The volunteers/observers are trained to observe and transmit the data to
the Disaster Operation Centers (DOC) of the city/municipality/village. The observed data are the basis for the LGUs to issue flood warnings,
together with the weather forecasts for the local PAGASA (weather agency) station.
Issuance of warnings will be based on:
1. Assessment water levels

Level 1

Water Level
1.1 m

Meaning
Awareness

Flood Warning
READY

Level 2
Level 3

1.5 m
2.0 m

Preparedness
Response

GET SETGO

2. Threshold values of rainfall

In brief, the major activities undertaken are:(1) Consultation Meeting with LGUs where the benefits of a CBFEWS, activities to be undertaken in the implementation phase, role &responsibilities of stakeholders and the agreement on the establishment of the CBFEWS are all explained to the LGU concerned.
(2) Ocular survey of Proposed Sites

Sample of the result of site survey where strategic location of rainfall and tide monitoring stations are identified−204−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

3. Installation of Monitoring and Warning Instrument

4. Hydrographic Survey is composed of leveling and cross-sectioning of rivers and river flow measurements.

5. Drawing-up of Information Dissemination Network−205−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

6. Dry Run on the Operation of the CBFEWS and Community Drill

7. Ceremonial MOA signing & Turnover of the CBFEWS to LGUs

The READY Project implements a community based EWS that:• involves institutions, instrumentation & community• people centered• cheap flood mitigating measure
The success of an EWS is implicit in the operative capability and the response of the community which operates it.
B. Community-based Early Warning System for Tsunami
For tsunami CBEWS, hazards and risk assessment, evacuation planning, installation of tsunami signage, IEC campaign and tsunami drills
are undertaken in pilot sites recommended by the experts in consultation with officials in concerned LGU. Preparatory activities involve site
suitability assessment involving site investigation, gathering of community maps, identification and evaluation of evacuation sites androutes and determination of tsunami signage location. IEC campaigns are conducted a few days before the tsunami drill. Basic information
about earthquake and how it generates tsunami and preparedness activities are taught during these IEC. The whole community is enjoined
to be involved in the actual evacuation. Conduct of an on-site assessment of the results of the activity for purpose of improving theeffectiveness of the exercise is done immediately.
A set of preparedness activities that teaches a barangay basic tsunami information and appropriate response to its hazard, includes:
1. Table top analysis for tsunami modeling using the Rapid Earthquake Damage assessment software developed by local scientists at
the PHIVOLCS
2. Coordination Meetings with the LGUs
3. Pilot Site Selection based on the following criteria:
a. High tsunami hazard
b. No other fluvial hazards (flooding from adjacent major river)c. Elevated, open area (possible evacuation site)d. Access routes (simple barangay layout; wide or uncluttered roads)
e. Emplaced warning systemf. Size of population (moderate-size or <1,000 -3,000)
g. Largely residential areas (for maximum participation)
h. Venue for IEC
i. Security (of CBEWS implementers
j. Willingness of LGU (Mayor of town//Barangay [village] captain)
k. Local politics situation−206−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Tsunami evacuation site survey in Brgy Barobaybay Lavezares, Northern Samar

4. Tsunami Evacuation Planning

5. Development & Installation of Signage (3 kinds) & Batingaw (bell)

6. Tsunami IEC−207−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

7. Tsunami Evacuation Drill

8. Tsunami Drill Assessment & Evaluation
C. IEC campaign conducted for 27 provinces
The READY Project Team are directly responsible for the design and publication of facts about the natural hazards in the country. Standard
format and design for the posters and flyers were established. Mapping results and IEC materials are disseminated in a province-wide
conduct of IEC campaigns.
D. IEC materials on disaster risk mitigation produced and disseminated to 27 provinces and
E. Hazard signed (i.e. floods, tsunami, landslide and rock fall) installed in 27 target provinces
Outcome 3:
1. Develop LGU capacity to integrate risk reduction in development planning though the use of risk assessment tools likeREDAS
The REDAS (Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System) is a seismic hazard and risk assessment software developed by
PHIVOLCS-DOST that can produce hazard and risk information which can guide disaster managers in assessing the potential impact
and appropriate response immediately after the occurrence of a strong earthquake or in establishing earthquake scenarios. Althoughoriginally designed for earthquake hazards assessment, other hazard maps, such as those produced under the READY project areeasily incorporated into the REDAS Software. The software also contains a database of earthquake occurrences in the Philippines andalso of available data of elements at risk such as location of population centers, houses, roads, bridges, schools and other criticalfacilities. The database on exposure can be updated easily by local governments. Thus, the software is a tool that can be used not only
by disaster managers in planning for preparedness, response or mitigation activities but also by development planners in integratinghazards and risk information in land use and development planning.
A five-day training course is conducted by PHIVOLCS for provincial and city or town development planners and disaster managers
under the READY project. An introduction on the local hazards and how the software can be used in integrating hazards and risk
information in planning through case studies are given prior to actual detailed lectures and hands on use of the software. The
participants are also taught how to map exposed elements (at risk) in the field by GPS and how the update the exposure data base in thesoftware.

17. Strength and limitations
Availability of national and local experts both in the scientific field and DRM.
Local politics oftentimes sets back the smooth implementation of the Project
The project can only become sustainable if it is supported by both local and national government thru mainstreaming in its programs andallocating appropriate financial requirement thereof.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Multi-hazard approach and tapping expertise of multi-agencies are effective tools in hazard mapping and for conducting public education
campaigns.
Development of sustainable community-based early warning systems especially for sudden-onset natural hazards is an effective way toempower communities in disaster risk mitigation. Nurturing of stakeholders at the local level, however, by concerned agencies during thecourse of Project implementation is needed.
Effective and sustainable DRM in the community level must always have LGU support to succeed;
Local technical expertise exists in the field of hazard mapping;−208−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

It is best to tap local experts for IEC campaigns as they are more familiar with local needs and can relate more with local people; andIt is important to tap non government organizations (NGO) in ensuring sustainable disaster risk mitigation efforts.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
An institutionalized project management office and working offices of the experts are needed with the corresponding functional working
stations for data processing and simulation. Mapping equipment such as micro-tremor instrument, global positioning system (GPS) usually
hand-held, and various geodetic and rock/soil testing equipment are needed. Rain gauges (automatic and manual), IT equipment andsoftware are also required.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
The Project total estimated cost is US$ 1.9 million. There are primarily five government organizations involved ie. OCD, PHIVOLCS,PAGASA, MGB and NAMRIA. These are the mandated and technical agencies involved in disaster risk management/disaster risk
reduction. Mapping of one hazard in a province necessitates 60 man-days. Conduct of IEC days ranges from one week –two weeks
depending on the number of villages the province has. Establishment of community based early warning systems for floods and tsunami
are community coordination intensive. The establishment usually runs from 2-3 months.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Natural disasters know no bounds and limits, but, preparing our communities for its ill-effects is our responsibility regardless of culture andethnicity. Thus, this project is in response to the need for a more rational and effective basis for contingency and long term development
planning and most importantly, increasing the capacities of our communities to prepare for and respond to natural disasters and ultimately,
getting out of harms way.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any
This project is most applicable to communities which are prone to natural disaster because of its geologic setting like the Philippines.
Most specifically, for developing countries where DRM and DRR has been starting to gain momentum side by side with Climate Risk
Reduction.

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
READY Project started its implementation in 2006 and its on-going and targeted to be finished by 2011
E1-2. Place
27 high risk provinces in the Philippines, finished and on-going provinces are the following: Surigao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Leyte,Southern Leyte, Bohol, Aurora, Cavite, Pampanga, Laguna, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Zambales, Ilocos Sur
E1-3. Year
2006-2011
E1-4. Investor
United Nations Development Programmed (UNDP) Philippines
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
E1-5. People involved
General Glenn J Rabonza (Project Manager), Officers and Staff of OCD
Director Renato U. Solidum, Jr, Officers and Staff of PHIVOLCS
Director Prisco D Nilo, Officers and Staff of PAGASA
Director Horacio Ramos, Officers and Staff of MGB
Undersecretary Diony Ventura, Officers and Staff of NAMRIA−209−

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E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
US$ 1.9 million for the estimated Project costs excluding work stations, salaries and emoluments of government employees involved
as these are the counterpart of the Philippine Government
E1-7. Total workload required
Please refer to the details in items no. 19 and 20
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Outputs of the project (attached as pictures) and awareness and preparedness of the people in the communities covered and thepossible numbers of lives save and properties protected because of the knowledge and technology imparted by the Project are theintangible outputs and results/evidenced by the Project.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> 091011_READY_figure2-1.png (PNG - 408 Kb)−210−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 50)
I. Heading
1. Title

Safety Confirmation System using GIS and QR codeID:

DRH 50

Hazard:Earthquake
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Koichi Shiwaku

Country:

JAPAN;

Date posted:

20 April 2009

Date published:

09 June 2009
System interface

Contact
Koichi Shiwaku (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED)
Mitsuaki Sasaki (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED)
Shigeru Kakumoto (Visiting Researcher, EDM-NIED)
Takashi Furuto (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED)
shiwaku edm.bosai.go.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
When disaster occurs, community people need to help each other. The proposed system using spatial temporal GIS and QR code help
community cooperation in disaster situation especially, response. The system help to collect safety information of each person and identify
who need rescue or help promptly.

3. Keywords
Spatial Temporal GIS, QR code, safety confirmation, IT, community, response

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.)5-2. Other users: Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake

7. Elements at risk
Human lives−211−

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III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Koichi Shiwaku (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED)
Mitsuaki Sasaki (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED)
Shigeru Kakumoto (Visiting Researcher, EDM-NIED)
Takashi Furuto (Research Fellow, EDM-NIED)
shiwaku edm.bosai.go.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originatedJAPAN;

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Shigeru Kakumoto, Mitsuaki Sasaki, Takashi Furuto, and Koichi Shiwaku (EDM-NIED)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Kobe Earthquake occurred in 1995 at Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. More than 6,000 people died. Many people out of 6,000 people
died because of house collaptions. Meantime, most of people under collapsed houses were rescued by community people. This experience
is one of the lessons of Kobe Earthquake. Community people play important roles for disaster reduction.
In disaster situation, police or self defense force have difficulties to provide sufficient rescue services because of too many injured persons or
traffic problems (road problems). Community people have to survive by themselves especially soon after disasters occurs.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
DiMSIS (Disaster Management Spatial Information System) is a one of GIS. The characteristic of DiMSIS is that DiMSIS is spatial
temporal GIS. It means that DiMSIS can cope with temporal data as well as spatial data.
To provide prompt and effective rescue activities, it is necessary for community people to understand who need rescue or help where when.
But it is difficult to find such people directly in disaster situation. In case of Japan, people are requested to visit evacuation center (e.g.
schools) after disasters. If it is identified who come to evacuation center, it is identified who are not in evacuation center. People who are notin evacuation center are mainly divided into two types;
1) people who need rescue and can not come to evacuation center2) people who are outside affected area and can not come to evacuation center.
It is the concept to develop safety confirmation system. The most important thing on system development is how system can collectinformation (who are in evacuation center) promptly and how system can show results effectively.
As mentioned above, DiMSIS is spatial temporal GIS. If results show on map properly, it is effective for people to rescue promptly.

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Database has linking between house owner and location (coordinates) of his/her house. When people come to evacuation center, systemuser asks them about family information or any damages and enter information by clicking corresponding information (refer to the above
figure). But it is difficult for system user to enter information promptly and accurately when many people come to evacuation center.
To collect information promptly, QR code is utilized. QR code is a kind of bar-code.

The above card with QR code is distributed to each house before disaster occurs. This QR code has coordinate of each house which can beavailable in the system. Reading the QR code by bar-code reader, location of each house and name of house owner can be identified in thesystem and shown on map and interface to enter other information.
To enter other information, QR code is also used in order to enter information fast, compared to clicking. Following figures are the sheets toenter damage information or family information.

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These sheets are used after identification of family (house owner) through reading QR code of the card distributed to each family.
Mouse is not used if QR code is utilized. QR code can reduce time to enter information.
In addition to the function of safety confirmation, the system has following functions;- Rescue management (who visit where and when with what): This function is human resource management and rescue tools management.
- Identification of passable route: When system user asks people about damages, he/she also asks which route was used to come toschool. This function records which route can be passable or not.
- Counting: Through reading QR code in evacuation center, it is identified who came to evacuation center. Counting function shows statusof people (e.g. number of people in evacuation center, number of people who need help, and other)−214−

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16. Necessary process to implement
Development of user-friendly system
The user of the proposed system is local community in disaster situation. All of local people are not specialist of information technology.
Therefore, complicated operation or handling should not used in system. System developers need to know which kind of interface isuser-friendly or which operation is easier for user through discuss with persons who are not familiar with information technology orcomputer.
User training
The concept of system development is that anybody can use the system easily. But it does not mean that anybody does not need instruction.
In disaster situation, system developer is not in affected area. Local community have to use system soon after disasters. Therefore, user
training is necessary before disasters. But long time training is not necessary. If such training is necessary, system should be modified. Photo
below shows training by EDM-NIED. Trainees are house wife and elderly person. They are not so familiar with using computer daily life.

Understand of QR code by local community
It is possible to enter information without QR code. But QR code is effective to enter information effectively. Local community needs tounderstand how QR code works in the system and are requested to keep QR code with them always. Evacuation training is one ofopportunities for local community to understand the system and QR code.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength- In emergency situation, infrastructure may be collapse down. In such situation, internet may not be available. Web GIS or Web system
can not work in such situation. The system proposed is stand alone and not connecting to network. Even if network is stopped in disastersituation, the system works properly.
- The system is easy to use for local people although short training is necessary.
- It is easy and fast to enter information if QR code is used. Only bar-code reader and PC are necessary.
Limitation- If people do not come to evacuation center or send information to system, the system can not work effectively. It means that people can
not find people who need rescue or help.
- To utilize QR code in disaster situation, people are requested to keep QR code always in daily life although it is possible to enter
information by clicking.
- QR code has coordinate of each house. The coordinate can work in only the system. But some people in Japan hesitate to have QR code
because they think QR code is private information and the coordinate may be abused.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
The system was tested in a part of community disaster management training (refer to application examples). Through the training,awareness on disaster reduction was raised as well as enhancing understand of QR code and the system.

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VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required- PC which DiMSIS and the system are installed- Bar-code reader- Card with QR code which is distributed to each house owner

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
- Bar-code reader: 600-700 US$- The system: the system is output of the research. If necessary, the system can be installed by free. (Spatial Temporal GIS is developed by
NIED. Software fee is free for non-commercial use.)VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
This is not any project. Local community conducted community based disaster management training once a year. EDM-NIED helped
the training and tested the system according to request of local leader.
Training is one day (2-3 hours).
E1-2. Place
Katsura Elementary School, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
E1-3. Year2007
E1-4. Investor
E1-5. People involved- Community organization- EDM-NIED- Local community
E1-6. Monetary costs incurredE1-7. Total workload required
When the training started, local community come to school. It is a situation that people come to evacuation center when disaster occurs.
The system users (local trained persons) read QR code at the entrance of school and enter information of each house through asking tolocal people.

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In the training, EDM-NIED provided lecture with local community. The system aims to help effective response activities. In otherwords, the system can work in response duration. In the lecture, EDM-NIED emphasized importance of mitigation and preparedness
and the system can just help response. In addition, it was told to local people how and when the system work effectively and how local
people act in disaster situation.

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E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Before the training, most of local people did not know this kind of system and it was the first time for them to participate in training
using the system. Through the training, many people were interested in the system and QR code. This is important result as the firststep to introduce the system to community.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> map.jpg (JPG - 358 Kb)> SANY1307.JPG (JPG - 658 Kb)> Photo020.jpg (JPG - 2676 Kb)> interfacetoenterinformation.jpg (JPG - 122 Kb)> systeminterface002.jpg (JPG - 166 Kb)−218−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 51)
I. Heading
1. Title

Effective International Communication Method with Video Conference Network
SystemID:

DRH 51

Hazard:Multi-hazard, Other
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Tatsuo Narafu

Country:

INDONESIA; JAPAN; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; TURKEY;

Date posted:

20 May 2009

Date published:

09 June 2009
Video conference

Contact
Tatsuo Narafu
Senior Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(formerly) Senior Coordinator for International Cooperation, Building Research Institute (BRI)
tatsuozzz gmail.com

2. Major significance / Summary
International communication requires a lot of time and money if we employ conventional ways like meeting in person. Video conference
network system offers a great possibility to save them. Building Research Institute (BRI) applied this tool for international collaborative
research project on earthquake disaster mitigation from 2006 to 2008 with four countries and proposes an effective method based on our
experiences.

3. Keywords
Video conference network system, international communication, international collaboration, save time, save money

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies (state,
prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB,
ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Experts, Architects and engineers, Sociologists and political economists, Information
technology specialists, Urban planners, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists, Others
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers

6. Hazards focusedMulti-hazard, OtherThis method is a communication technology applicable for any kind of international communication−219−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

7. Elements at risk
OthersThis method is a communication technology applicable for any kind of international communication

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Tatsuo Narafu
Senior Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(formerly) Senior Coordinator for International Cooperation, Building Research Institute (BRI)
tatsuozzz gmail.com

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDONESIA; JAPAN; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; TURKEY;
Conference rooms with video conference facilities

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Building Research Institute (BRI) applied the method with technical support service provided by World Bank (We rely on the network ofWorld Bank because it has established international network all over the world and offers professional support services to support
communication)

11. Title of relevant projects if any
Collaborative Research and Development Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation on Network of Research Institutes in Earthquake
Prone Areas in Asia financed by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Science (MEXT), Japanese Government

12. References and publications
13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Sharing experiences and exchanging lessons are important in disaster reduction. Our collaborative research project with Asian countries
focuses on non-engineered houses to which limited human and financial resources are devoted. We use video network system for aneffective tool for communication for the collaboration works.

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V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
The video conference network system allows us to communicate with less expense and time compared with meeting in person.

16. Necessary process to implement
Establishing basis for communication: It is recommendable to share basic knowledge and common target for communication basis. We
invited partner researchers from abroad and conducted a series of lecture meetings and technical visits for basic knowledge and had
intensive discussion for common target and understanding each other. Preparatory discussion: Discussion on topics and presentationmaterials for video conferences in advance is necessary to have fruitful conferences. Emails are convenient and useful tool. Preparation forthe conferences: Preparation and exchange of presentation materials in advance is recommendable for well understanding. It also works inthe case of unstable communication conditions such as interruption or unclear image. Confirmation of minutes: Necessary procedures fornext steps

17. Strength and limitations
Cost and time effectiveness is the biggest point. With self-owned facilities and fixed charge for internet, cost is almost free. Deepness ofcommunication is less than direct talking or discussion. Communication only through video conference system is not enough. Direct
discussion in advance and occasional meeting in person makes the communication more successful.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Periodical video conferences are recommendable for good command of the tool. Occasional meetings in person are preferable for better
understanding. Professional technical support (confirmation and keeping of connection) is effective in the case of multilateral meeting or
unstable communication conditions in developing countries.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Video conference facilities become quite usual recently and many research institutes including developing countries have their own.
Facilities open for public is available at World Bank in almost all the countries.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Charges for the video conference facilities and meeting room are necessary in the case you rent them. Additional communication charge if
you do not contract your internet service on fixed charge.

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VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
An example of collaborative works: Research with shaking table experiments−222−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has high application potential verified by implementation in various field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Collaborative Research and Development Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation on Network of Research Institutes in Earthquake
Prone Areas in Asia financed by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Science (MEXT), Japanese Government
E1-2. Place
Collaboration with Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey and Japan
E1-3. Year
2006-2008
E1-4. Investor
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Science (MEXT), Japanese Government
E1-5. People involved
13 workshops (five hours in each) in three years
usually connecting 8 to 10 venues in five countries with participants of 80 to 150
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
One workshop for five hours connecting 10 venues Rental charge for meeting room of 100 seats in Tokyo: US$ 1,800
Professional technical support service: US$ 2,100
E1-7. Total workload required
Same as usual workshops such as preparation of agenda, arrangement of presenters, announcement, management of workshop,
making proceedings etc. Additional works for VC facilities are managed by professional technical support
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
We have 80 to 150 participants every time with supportive response Outline of some of the workshops:
http://www.kenken.go.jp./english/information/information/event/tokyo-2008/index-e.htm
http://www.kenken.go.jp./english/information/information/event/ws2008/index-e.htm
http://www.kenken.go.jp./english/information/information/event/tokyo-2007/index.htm
http://www.kenken.go.jp./english/information/information/event/tokyo-2006/index.htm

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> DRH_Case_Disaster.pdf (PDF - 227 Kb)> DRH_Case_WS.pdf (PDF - 261 Kb)> 3-1WS-PB230196.jpg (JPG - 38 Kb)−223−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 53)
I. Heading
1. Title

Implementation of Folk-Song Program in Disaster Awareness RaisingID:

DRH 53

Hazard:Landslide, Flood, Flash flood, Climate change impact
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Binaya Kumar Mishra

Country:

NEPAL;

Date posted:

22 October 2009

Date published:

29 December 2009
Participants of the Folk-Song Program performing at
the stage

Contact
Binaya Kumar Mishra (Research fellow)
Kaoru Takara (Professor)
Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Uji Campus,
Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. Tel.: +81-774384133,
Fax: +81-774384130; Email: mishra flood.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

2. Major significance / Summary
In country like Nepal, most of the disaster awareness raising education/training programs has been able to attract only educated and leading
people of the community. The implementation of Folk-Songs like programs with disaster awareness theme can be useful in attracting thechildren, women, minorities and other marginalized groups who generally don’t take part in other such activities.

3. Keywords
Folk-Song, disaster reduction, public event, effective, marginalized people

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Landslide, Flood, Flash flood, Climate change impact

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Rural areas, River banks and fluvial basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural
lands
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III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Binaya Kumar Mishra (Research fellow)
Kaoru Takara (Professor)
Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Uji Campus,
Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. Tel.: +81-774384133,
Fax: +81-774384130; Email: mishra flood.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
NEPAL
Various districts of Nepal (for example, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Banke, Bardiya)

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Practical Action Nepal (a non-profit organization)

11. Title of relevant projects if any(i) Flood security projects in Nepal(ii) Disaster risk reduction and climate change projects in Nepal

12. References and publications
See the website of Practical Action Nepal below for more information.
http://practicalaction.org/nepal/region_nepal_ia1

13. Note on ownership if any
No restriction for the non-commercial use. Usage has been encouraged for disaster awareness raising, however credit should be given to thePractical Action Nepal.
See website: http://practicalaction.org/dipecho/dipecho_video
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Nepal is highly vulnerable to natural disaster. There is a high risk of floods in the plain (Fig. 1) and landslide in the hills. The frequency ofsuch disaster is increasing year by year. Low awareness level in terms of disaster preparedness and management, lack of efficientmechanisms and capacity to deal with these natural disasters have severe impacts on the lives of the people, property and economy at large.

Fig. 1 Flood in Sunsari due to Sapta Koshi River Eastern Embankment Breach on 21-08-2008. (Source: UN-NIP)−225−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Raising awareness of risks and an understanding of the factors which underlie them are critical to reducing vulnerability. Only by
understanding fully the risks can people plan their response. Different kinds of programs/training are found to be conducted for the disasterawareness raising in the rural community. However, rural women, children and minors, who are the most affected group by any natural
disaster, are unable to get attracted by the usual disaster awareness trainings/programs because of illiteracy, poverty, religious/cultural
obligations etc.
In this regard, the implementation of Folk-Song like programs (Fig. 2) can be highly effective to rural people, particularly the marginalized
people, for disaster awareness raising.

Fig. 2 Folk-Song program for the disaster awareness in Chitwan, Nepal

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
If the mediums of communication are based on local language to raise awareness, the marginalized group of the community are found to belargely benefitted. Song or "Dohari" competitions are common events throughout the year, the traditional form of song being a dialogue
between two individuals or groups, male and female. This form lends itself naturally to a "questions and answers" or dialogue structure
within a song with competitions being hard fought and creative in their attempts to achieve the most innovative or amusing stories.
The proposed technology of implementation of Folk-Song program for disaster awareness raising is simple to implement in practice. In
addition, the technology is inexpensive. Such technology can be useful to various types of natural disasters. Since the technology is based on
local language and culture, it can effectively attract and make the rural uneducated, women, children, minors etc., who generally do notparticipate in other community awareness programs, understand the nature of disasters, their tangible/intangible impacts and the importanceof existing protective measures.

16. Necessary process to implement
To implement the proposed technology of Folk-Song like cultural program, the training team needs to contact the local community leadersand governmental/non-governmental organization people as the first step. After discussion with the local leaders, decisions are made on theplace for the Folk-Song competition event, probable participants, disaster theme explanation to the participants, event information to the
expected people through loud speakers and others that required for successful completion of any such program.
Given basic information or messages competitors create their own songs. Based on their performance in term of their songs' strength andperformance skill to communicate the message for disaster awareness raising, the winner is declared by the selected judges. These make thecompetitors as well as the participants, specially marginalized who do not possess other forms of entertainment, interested to take part insuch disaster awareness raising.

17. Strength and limitations
The proposed technology will enable effectively to know about the nature of disasters, their impact and how to cope with the disasters. In
particular, the rural women, children, uneducated men and other marginalized people who are not able to access the disaster raisingprograms delivered through TV, radio, school etc. will be largely benefitted (Fig. 3). Like the street drama events the Folk-Song or "Dohari"competitions have proved an alternative means of communicating risk messages to audiences which might not have been accessible
through more formal approaches. However, the proposed technology may not be effective to urban people.

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Fig. 3 Folk-Song program with the presence of large marginalized group of people.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
The technology was found to be largely effective after the implementation of the Folk-Song Program for flood disaster awareness raising in
the various districts of Nepal. Villagers who were not attentive to the importance existing early warning system and other structuralcomponents were found to be largely careful to siren sound, safety of river bank, levee etc. after such program was implemented. Hence, theprograms like this can be largely effective in the rural sector of the developing/under-developed nations.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Local community leaders/technicians and governmental/non-governmental organizations can play important roles in the implementation ofsuch cultural-based Folk-Song competition program in disaster awareness raising. A venue for the event needs to be prepared for watching
the program. The venue should be such that it can accommodate the expected people. Arrangement of loudspeakers, chair, carpets, drinking
water, and sanitation facilities need to be made at program venue. Sometime, such program may be more effective in night. In this case,there should be good facility of lights.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Budget is required for the manpower involved in training program, expenses in the preparatory works with local leaders, governmentalorganization, transportation, communication etc. Other costs will include labor cost involved in carrying the arrangement of the program,the rental hiring cost of loudspeaker, chair, carpet, lights etc for the event and the prize money for participants of Folk-Song Program.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available(i) Flood security projects in Nepal, and (ii) Disaster risk reduction and climate change projects in Nepal
E1-2. Place
Chitwan district, Nepal (See video with file name flood1 attached at the end)
E1-3. Year−227−

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2002-2007
E1-4. Investor
Practical Action Nepal (a non-profit organization)
E1-5. People involved
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np
E1-7. Total workload required
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
After the implementation of program, the vulnerable villagers are largely sensitive to evacuation, and hence enable to reduce thedisaster damage losses (Fig. 4). It has also helped reduce loss of lives and assets - from landslide, floods and other forms of natural
disaster - through the use of early warning systems, local preparedness planning and other initiatives.

Fig. 4 People evacuating their belonging effectively to safe place after hearing the warning siren at Chitwan, Nepal.
Basanta Chaudhari, a resident of Bagaincha tole expressed his experience as “As soon as we heard the sound of the siren, we came outof our house, we took our cattle to a nearby highland area, called Thule Chour, and shifted our valuables from the ground floor to theupper floor of the house.”

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available(i) Flood security projects in Nepal, and (ii) Disaster risk reduction and climate change projects in Nepal
E2-2. PlaceBanke district, Nepal−228−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Fig. 5 Folk-Song program being implemented at Banke, Nepal
E2-3. Year
2002-2008
E2-4. Investor
Practical Action Nepal (a non-profit organization)
E2-5. People involved
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np
E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np
E2-7. Total workload required
Contact email: info practicalaction.org.np
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
This was the first time that Biraha (Awadhi) and Kathaura (Tharu) song competitions had been used for public awareness purposes.
This program was a part of the project intended for reducing vulnerability to the flood. For example, the implementation of Folk-Song
program led the local marginalized people to know the importance of newly constructed flood warning siren.
Many farmers in Joraiya, Khalla Tepari, Gulaldeva, Bisambharpur and Sidhanawa villages, on hearing the warning, started taking theirploughs, oxen and agricultural tools to higher land. Traditionally farmers here leave their tools and oxen near their farm land, as it canbe distant from their homes, but as in past years, when there was no warning, they had often been lost, they moved them in advance
this time.
Fishermen, such as Balak Godia, Bahur Godia and their friends, were fishing on the Rapti on 28th June. On hearing the sound of thesiren from the Joraiya area about 6:45 pm, they realized the threat and returned quickly to the river bank, stating if they had not heard
the siren they might have remained fishing ‘till midnight, possibly camping on one of the many islands in the river. If they had it could
have been disastrous.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
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Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 56)
I. Heading
1. Title

Low-cost and Adaptive Technology to Support a Community-based Landslide
Early Warning System in Developing Countries
ID:

DRH 56

Hazard:Landslide, Climate change impact
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

Category:
Proposer:

Teuku Faisal FathaniCountry:

INDONESIA;

Date posted:

02 March 2010

Date published:

15 March 2010

Contact
Name: Dr. Teuku Faisal Fathani
Position: Assoc. Professor in Geotechnical Engineering
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2 Yogyakarta 55281,
INDONESIA
E-mail: tfathani yahoo.com / fathani tsipil.ugm.ac.id
Tel: +62 274 545675 Fax : +62 274 545676
Co-writer (1): Prof. Dwikorita Karnawati
Position: Professor in Geological Engineering
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Co-writer (2): Prof. Kyoji Sassa
Position: Prof. Emeritus of Kyoto University – Executive Director of ICL
Affiliation: International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)
Co-writer (3): Dr. Hiroshi Fukuoka
Position: Assoc. Professor of Kyoto University
Affiliation: Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University

2. Major significance / Summary
Simple and low-cost equipments for landslide monitoring and early warning have been developed and installed at five provinces inIndonesia. These monitoring equipments are connected to siren system in order to directly warn the local community for taking necessary
actions in dealing with landslide disaster. In addition, the local community in remote areas can easily operate and maintain the equipment
based on their own capability.

3. Keywords
Landslide early warning, simple technology, community development, disaster risk reduction−230−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology (IOT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, NGO/NPO project managers and staff, Internationalorganizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Experts
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Landslide, Climate change impact

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Information and communication
system, Urban areas, Rural areas, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Name: Dr. Teuku Faisal Fathani
Position: Assoc. Professor in Geotechnical Engineering
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No. 2 Yogyakarta 55281,
INDONESIA
E-mail: tfathani yahoo.com / fathani tsipil.ugm.ac.id
Tel: +62 274 545675 Fax : +62 274 545676
Co-writer (1): Prof. Dwikorita Karnawati
Position: Professor in Geological Engineering
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Co-writer (2): Prof. Kyoji Sassa
Position: Prof. Emeritus of Kyoto University – Executive Director of ICL
Affiliation: International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)
Co-writer (3): Dr. Hiroshi Fukuoka
Position: Assoc. Professor of Kyoto University
Affiliation: Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDONESIA;
Central Java, West Java, East Java, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Dr. Teuku Faisal Fathani and Prof. Dwikorita Karnawati
Institution: Gadjah Mada University, INDONESIA

11. Title of relevant projects if any
1. Development of community-based landslide early warning system in Central Java and East Java, supported by Indonesian Ministry for
Development of Disadvantages Region (2007-2008)
2. Installation and dissemination of appropriate technology for landslide disaster risk reduction in Central Java and West Java, supported by
the Indonesian Agency for Disaster Management (2008)
3. Integration of low-cost and simple technology of landslide monitoring with a real-time landslide early warning technology in Central
Java, supported by International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University(2007–now)
4. Seismic and Landslide Hazard Mapping for Community Empowerment (including landslide early warning dissemination), supported by
British Council of DELPHE Project (2007-2010)−231−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

12. References and publications
1. Fathani T.F. and Karnawati D. (2009) Early warning of landslide for disaster risk reduction in Central Java Indonesia, Proceeding ofInternational Workshop on Early Warning for Landslides Disaster Risk Reduction in the Eastern Asian Region, ICL – CGS, Kunming,
China.
2. Karnawati, D. , Fathani T.F., Andayani B., Burton P.W. and Sudarno I. (2009) “Strategic program for landslide disaster risk reduction; alesson learned from Central Java, Indonesia” , in Disaster Management and Human Health Risk; Reducing Risk, Improving Outcomes.
Eds : K. Duncan and C.A. Brebbia. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, WIT Press, Southompton, UK. p.115-126.
3. Karnawati, D., Fathani T.F., Andayani B., and Burton P.W. (2009) “Landslide Hazard and Community-based Risk Reduction Efforts in
Karanganyar and the Surrounding Area, Central Java, Indonesia”, published in the Proceeding of the 7th Regional Conference of IAEG
(Int. Assoc. Of Engineering Geology), 9-11 September 2009, Chengdu, China. p.436-441.
4. Fathani, T.F., D. Karnawati, K. Sassa, H. Fukuoka, K. Honda (2008) Development of Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning System
in Indonesia. Proceeding of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 Nov. 2008. United Nation University, Tokyo, Japan. Global
Promotion Committee of The Int. Program on Landslide (IPL) – ISDR. p. 195 - 198.
5. Andayani B., Karnawati D., Pramumijoyo S. (2008) Institutional Frame Work for Community Empowerment towards Landslide
Mitigation and Risk Reduction in Indonesia. Proceeding of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 Nov. 2008. United Nation
University, Tokyo, Japan. Global Promotion Committee of The Int. Program on Landslide (IPL) – ISDR. P. 57-59.
6. Karnawati D., Pramumijoyo S., Andayani B., Burton P.W. (2008) Earthquake and Landslide Hazard Mapping For Community
Empowerment. Proceeding of the 51st Annual Meeting Assoc. of Engineering and Environmental Geologist.Sept. 15 – 20, 2008. New
Orleans, Lousiana, USA.
7. Karnawati D. and Fathani T.F. (2008) Mechanism of Earthquake Induced Landslides in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Published in
The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006. Eds. D. Karnawati, S. Pramumijoyo, R. Anderson and S. Hussein. STAR Publishing
Company Inc., Belmont, CA. ISBN 978 – 0 – 89863 – 304 – 7. p 8-1 to 8-8.

13. Note on ownership if any
Gadjah Mada University, INDONESIA

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practiceAs the dynamic volcanic-archipelagoes, more than 60 % of Indonesian region are covered by the mountainous and hilly areas of weathered
volcanic rocks, which are intersected by faults and rock joints. These geological conditions give rise to the high landslide susceptibility of
the region. Moreover, the high rain precipitation which can exceed 2,000 mm to 3,000 mm per year, frequent earthquake vibrations as wellas the extensive landuse changing and deforestation cause the occurrence of landslides frequently increase recently. Since the last 8 years,
more than 40 landslide disasters occurred and result in 1,326 people died or missing. Urgently, some efforts should be done to avoid or
reduce the risk of landslides. Unfortunately, most landslide susceptible areas have very fertile soils and very good quality and quantity ofwater. This makes the susceptible areas are densely populated, and it create serious inducement to slope instability.
In order to improve the community resilience, a strategic program for landslide risk reduction should be carried out by establishingappropriate landslide risk management program with respect to social vulnerability. Despite an effort to establish slope protection zone,
which is restricted for any development and settlement, the relocation program is not easy to be carried out due to socio-economical
constrains. Therefore, landslide monitoring, prediction and early warning system are urgently required to guarantee the safety of community
living in hazard prone area.

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Aim:
1. To propose a simple and low-cost technology for landslide monitoring and early warning, so that the local community in remote area
could easily operate and maintain the proposed technology by their own capability.
2. To support landslide disaster risk disaster program in Indonesia, though the installation and dissemination of the most adaptive
technology for landslide early warning to guarantee the safety of community living in hazard prone area
Mechanism:
The aims can be achieved by implementing a socio-technical strategic approach through community-based landslide early warning system.
As the initiation of quantitative investigation, two types of simple extensometers and automatic raingauge were installed at several pilot
areas in five provinces in Indonesia. The first type of extensometer is a handmade manual reading extensometer. Another type is theautomatic extensometer, where the relative movement between two points is mechanically enlarged by 5 times and recorded on a paper
continually (Fig. 1). Both types of extensometers are connected to the siren system in order to directly warn the local community for taking
necessary actions in dealing with landslide disaster. Furthermore, a simple modified raingauge has also developed with hourly rainfall−232−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

intensity recorded on a paper continually. This raingauge is also connected to the siren system to warn the community if the precipitation
reaches a certain value. During the installment, five local operators have been trained on how to install and operate this simple equipment

Fig. 1 Handmade manual reading extensometer and with recording to a paper manually.

Fig. 2 Simple modified raingage to monitor critical rainfall, which connected to siren system
In line with the development of simple equipment, a field survey to support the establishment of low-cost real-time landslide monitoring
and warning system has been conducted. This system presents the results of real-time measurement by using automatic extensometer(Fig.3), tiltmeter, groundwater measurement and tipping bucket raingauge (Fig. 4). The monitoring equipment connected with a data logger
and integrated in a fieldserver. This sensing device provides real-time online data display system, which gathers the data from multiple
sensors and shows them in a webserver. This unit also implements early warning that can be adjusted depending on the site condition.

Fig. 3 Automatic upper-ground extensometer.
−233−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Fig. 4 Automatic tipping bucket raingage with siren and rotary light

16. Necessary process to implement
Procedure:
The equipment installation and operation need to be supported by local community through the establishment of Task Force for Disaster
Mitigation and Management. This team is responsible for the installment, operation and maintenance of the technical system. To provide an
early warning, an alarm is connected to each equipment in the system and the alarm is automatically set to be “on” when the critical rainfall
which can induce landsliding and/ or the critical conditions of slope movement occurs. To set the alarm to be on at the appropriate time, allof those equipments are generated by the dry battery and/ or solar energy which can work effectively during the heavy rainfall when theelectricity power does not work properly. Small group in charge from local community installed the equipment by themselves under thesupervision of the students of Gadjah Mada University (Fig. 5). Fig. 6 shows a student of Gadjah Mada University is checking a newly
installed simple extensometer. Fig. 7 shows the placement of handmade manual extensometer crossing to a crack at the upper part of adense residential area.

Fig. 5 Equipment installation conducted by the local community

Fig. 6 A student of Gadjah Mada University is checking the performance of simple extensometer at Karanganyar, Central Java.
−234−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Fig. 7 Placement of simple extensometer at Banjarnegara, Central Java.
Village action plan (including the contingency plan) for disaster prevention and response program is accordingly developed by this Task
Force Team. Obviously, one of the most important program to guarantee the effectiveness in implementing this early warning system in thevillage is public education and evacuation drill such as illustrated in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. These programs need to be conducted regularly to
improve the awareness and readiness of local community for any possible landslide disaster. In fact, this simple early warning system has
successfully saved 35 families from landslide which occurred in Kalitelaga village at Banjarnegera Regency on November 7, 2007.

Fig. 8 Training for operator as a part of public education program

Fig. 9 Evacuation drills involving primary school students
Major actors:
a. The university students, researchers and lectures.
b. The local government leader and officers as the stake holders.
−235−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010c. The local key persons and local communities as the local task force for disaster mitigation and management.
d. The local NGO may also participate as the partners.
e. Private or Governmental Companies may also participate to provide financial sponsors as a part of their Corporate Social Responsibilities.

17. Strength and limitations
Strength:
This simple and low-cost technology of landslide monitoring and early warning is very effective and practical to be implemented indeveloping countries having a large landslide susceptibility area and limited budget.
An integrated approach of both technical and social system could establish an effective community-based early warning system, hence thecommunity resilience in disaster-prone area at village level can be effectively improved.
Limitations:
The implementation of early warning technology needs a strong support from central and local government as well as related stakeholders.
However, they willingness in working for disaster risk reduction is still very low compare to their sudden-reactive effort for disaster
quick-response and reconstruction-rehabilitation activities.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
Some lesson learned can be derived from this program that landslide early warning system should be based on the appropriate and mostadaptive technology with the involvement of community participation. Therefore, both technical skill and communication skill are the main
requirements to achieve the success of early warning system program. The system should include some technical aspect such as thegeological surveys and site selection, design of monitoring equipment which is simple (low cost) but effective, determination of early
warning levels, installment and operation/maintenance at the field site, as well as include the social aspect such as social mapping andevaluation, public consultation and dissemination of program, community empowerment including the technical training and evacuation
drill for landslide hazard preparedness. The role of scientist or researcher is more like to be the motivator and facilitator, instead of the
instructor or manager of program.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments requireda. Detail geological investigation to determine the necessity of early warning and type of technology to be installed.
b. Simple and low-cost technology for monitoring and early warning of landslide, such as: handmade simple extensometer, extensometerwith data logger, automatic raingauge, groundwater level gage and tiltmeter.
c. Community empowerment through the establishment of Task Force for disaster mitigation and management, training, focus group
discussion and evacuation drills.
d. Hazard, vulnerability and risk mapping, as well as evacuation map in village or sub-village level.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Cost of this program is mainly supported by Gadjah Mada University, but some additional which may become the major supports can also
be generated from the government institutions/local government resources/ private companies/ and international organizations (International
Consortium on Landslides-ICL).
Estimated cost for detail field investigation, development of one set of early warning equipment, installation and dissemination of early
warning system to the local community is about 20,000 USD for each landslide area (approximately 100 ha covered area). One set of
equipment consist of 5 extensometer or tiltmeter, 1 raingauge and 1 groundwater measurement. The type of early warning equipment to beinstalled will be decided based on the results of detail field investigation.
The manpower mainly supported by the 10 students and 4 lecturers who are deployed in the field together with the local communities (10persons in charge as local operators), in coordination with the local governments.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

−236−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Development of community-based landslide early warning system in Central Java and East Java Province
E1-2. Place
Banjarnegara Regency – Central Java Province and in Situbondo Regency – East Java Province, INDONESIA
E1-3. Year2007-2008
E1-4. Investor
Gadjah Mada University-Ministry of National Education, Indonesian Ministry for Development of Disadvantages Region, Local
Government of Banjarnegara Regency and Situbondo Regency for the financial and facility supports, as well as the International
Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University
E1-5. People involved- Students, Researchers and Lecturers with multidisciplines background from Gadjah Mada Univresity- Local community and Task Force for disaster mitigation and management.
- Local government of Banjarnegara and Situbondo Regency- Indonesian Ministry for Development of Disadvantages Region
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
USD 30,000 (provided by Gadjah Mada University – Ministry of National Education & Indonesian Ministry for Development of
Disadvantages Region)
E1-7. Total workload required
Deployment of students and lecturers for field investigation was undertaken for 2 months.
Designing the simple and low-cost technology in the laboratory was undertaken for 3 months.
Installation and dissemination of early warning system were conducted for another 2 months.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible evidence:a. The establishment of new technology for landslide monitoring and early warning system.
b. The establishment of Community Task Force for Disaster Mitigation and Management.
Intangible evidence:a. Improvement of community awareness and capacity for landslide mitigation.
b. Improvement of students’/young researchers’ knowledge and skill for landslide disaster management.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Installation and dissemination of appropriate technology for landslide disaster risk reduction in Central Java and West JavaE2-2. Place
Karanganyar Regency – Central Java Province and Cianjur Regency – West Java Province, INDONESIA
E2-3. Year2008
E2-4. Investor
Gadjah Mada University-Ministry of National Education, Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management, Local Governmentof Karanganyar Regency and Cianjur Regency for the financial and facility supports, as well as the International Consortium on
Landslides (ICL) and Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University
E2-5. People involved- Students, Researchers and Lecturers with multidisciplines background from Gadjah Mada University, ICL and DPRI-Kyoto
University- Local community and Task Force for disaster mitigation and management.
- Local government of Karanganyar and Cianjur Regency- Indonesian National Agency for Disaster ManagementE2-6. Monetary costs incurred
USD 35,000 (provided by Gadjah Mada University – Ministry of National Education & Indonesian National Agency for Disaster
Management)−237−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

One set of landslide early warning system – provided by The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL).
E2-7. Total workload required
Deployment of students and lecturers for field investigation was undertaken for 2 months.
Designing the simple and low-cost technology in the laboratory was undertaken for 2 months.
Installation and dissemination of early warning system were conducted for another 2 months.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible evidence:a. The establishment of new technology for landslide monitoring and early warning system.
b. The establishment of Community Task Force for Disaster Mitigation and Management.
Intangible evidence:a. Improvement of community awareness and capacity for landslide mitigation.
b. Improvement of students’/young researchers’ knowledge and skill for landslide disaster management

No.3
E3-1. Project name if available
Integration of low-cost and simple technology of landslide monitoring with a real-time landslide early warning technology in Central
JavaE3-2. Place
Banjarnegara Regency – Central Java Province
E3-3. Year2007 - now
E3-4. Investor
Gadjah Mada University-Ministry of National Education, Local Government of Banjarnegara Regency, the International Consortiumon Landslides (ICL) for the financial and facility supports and Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University
E3-5. People involved- Students, Researchers and Lecturers with multidisciplines background from Gadjah Mada University, ICL and DPRI-Kyoto
University- Local community and Task Force for disaster mitigation and management.
- Local government of Banjarnegara Regency
E3-6. Monetary costs incurred
One set of real-time landslide early warning system -provided by The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and DPRI Kyoto
University.
Once set of simple and low-cost landslide early warning system-provided by Gadjah Mada University.
E3-7. Total workload required
Deployment of students and lecturers for field investigation was undertaken for 6 months.
Designing the simple and low-cost technology in the laboratory was undertaken for 4 months.
Installation and dissemination of early warning system were conducted for another 4 months.
E3-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible evidence:a. The integration of low-cost and simple technology of landslide monitoring with a real-time landslide early warning technology.
b. Development of integrated online early warning system website of Gadjah Mada University : http://www.ews-ugm.com
Intangible evidence:a. Improvement of community awareness and capacity for landslide mitigation.
b. Improvement of students’/young researchers’ knowledge and skill for landslide disaster management.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
The development of the most adaptive (simple and low-cost) technology for community-based landslide early warning system has beenpromoted and recognized as one research excellence of International Programme on Landslides under UNESCO (No: IPL-158)

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
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Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 57)
I. Heading
1. Title

University-Community Collaborative Education Model for Developing Resilient
Society in the Areas Vulnerable for Geological Disasters, in Indonesia.
ID:

DRH 57

Hazard:Earthquake, Landslide, Mudflow, Flash flood,
Multi-hazard
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:Dwikorita Karnawati

Country:

INDONESIA;

Date posted:

03 March 2010

Date published:

10 April 2010

Contact
Name : Dr. Dwikorita Karnawati
Position : Professor in Geological Engineering Department and also the Coordinator of the Main Facilitating Institution for theInterdisciplinary Research in Disaster Mitigation of ASEN University Network/ SEED Net.
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Address: Geological Engineering Department, Jl. Grafika no 2. Yogyakarta 55281, INDONESIA.
Email: geologi ugm.ac.id/ dwiko2007 yahoo.co.id
Tel & Fax: 62 274 513668 / 62 274 883 919 / 62 811 286 756
Co-writer 1: Dr. Teuku Faisal Fathani
Position: Researcher and Lecturer in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Co-writer 2: Dr. Wahyu Wilopo
Researcher and Lecturer in Department of Geological Engineering Affiliation : Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Co-writer 3: Ms. Budi Andayani,
Position : Researcher and Lecturere in Faculty of Psychology
Affiliation : Gadjah Mada University
Co-writer 4: Prof. Kyoji Sassa
Position : Prof. Emeritus of Kyoto University – Executive Director of ICL
Affiliation : International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)
Co-writer 5: Dr. Hiroshi Fukuoka
Position : Assoc. Professor of Kyoto University
Affiliation : Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University

2. Major significance / Summary
The project addresses a university-community collaborative education model to support the geological disaster risk reduction(DRR) program at the local or village level. The specific objective is to provide a media for capacity development of students and young
researchers to enable them to dedicate their knowledge and skill to support the development of society resilient in a particular village, which
is vulnerable for any geological disaster.

3. Keywords
Research-based education, capacity development for students and young researcher, local community, society resilient−239−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Municipalities, National governments and other intermediate government bodies(state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UN organizations and programmes, WB,
ADRC, EC, etc.), Financing and insurance business personnel, Teachers and educators, Architects and engineers, Sociologists and political
economists, Information technology specialists, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists, Others
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Earthquake, Landslide, Mudflow, Flash flood, Multi-hazard

7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Information and communication
system, Rural areas, River banks and fluvial basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)Name: Dr. Dwikorita Karnawati
Position: Professor in Geological Engineering Department and also the Coordinator of the Main Facilitating Institution for theInterdisciplinary Research in Disaster Mitigation of ASEN University Network/ SEED Net.
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Address: Geological Engineering Department, Jl. Grafika no 2. Yogyakarta 55281, INDONESIA.
Email: geologi ugm.ac.id/ dwiko2007 yahoo.co.id
Tel & Fax: 62 274 513668 / 62 274 883 919 / 62 811 286 756
Co-writer 1: Dr. Teuku Faisal Fathani
Position : Researcher and Lecturer in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Co-writer 2: Dr. Wahyu Wilopo
Position: Researcher and Lecturer in Department of Geological Engineering Affiliation : Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Co-writer 3: Ms. Budi Andayani,
Position: Researcher and Lecturere in Faculty of Psychology
Affiliation: Gadjah Mada University
Co-writer 4: Prof. Kyoji Sassa
Position: Prof. Emeritus of Kyoto University – Executive Director of ICL
Affiliation: International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)
Co-writer 5: Dr. Hiroshi Fukuoka
Position: Assoc. Professor of Kyoto University
Affiliation: Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
INDONESIA;
Central Java & West Sumatra

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Prof. Dr. Dwikorita Karnawati
Gadjah Mada University
INDONESIA

11. Title of relevant projects if any
a. Earthquake microzonation mapping at Bantul Regency of Yogyakarta Province, supported by JICA AUN/SEED Net (2006-2007).
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b. Development of community-based landslide early warning system supported by Indonesian Ministry for Development of Disadvantages
Region (2007), as well as by the Indonesian Agency for Disaster Management (2008), Gadjah Mada University (2008-2009) and theInternational Consortium on Landslide (2007-now).
c. Seismic and Landslide Hazard Mapping for Community Empowerment, supported by British Council under Development Partnership in
Higher Education (DelPHE) Project (2007-2010)
d. Development of Landslide Early Warning System with respect to Community Empowerment and Appropriate Technology, Research
Excellent for National Strategy, supported by Indonesian Ministry of Education (2009)e. Development of Landslide Early Warning based on GPS “on-line” system, supported by Gadjah Mada University under Research
Cluster Project (2009).
f. Student Community Service for Disaster Mitigation Program in Central Java supported by Gadjah Mada University and the Indonesian
Ministry of National Education (2009) and in West Sumatra (2009-2010) supported by the Indonesian Ministry of National Educationand the Oil and Gas Industries.

12. References and publications
1. Karnawati, D. , T.F. Fathani, Budi Andayani, P.W. Burton and I. Sudarno, “Strategic program for landslide disaster risk reduction; alesson learned from Central Java, Indonesia” , in Disaster Management and Human Health Risk; Reducing Risk, Improving Outcomes.
Eds : K. Duncan and C.A. Brebbia. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, WIT Press, Southompton, UK. p.115-126.
2. Karnawati, D., T.F. Fathani, Budi Andayan and P.W. Burto “Landslide Hazard and Community-based Risk Reduction Efforts in
Karanganyar and the Surrounding Area, Central Java, Indonesia”, published in the Proceeding of the 7th Regional Conference of IAEG
(Int. Assoc. Of Engineering Geology), 9-11 September 2009, Chengdu, China. p.436-441.
3. Karnawati, D., S. Pramumijoyo, S. Hussein, B. Andayani, P.W. Burton. 2009. A New Approach of Earthquake Hazard Mapping as A
Tool to Facilitate Public and Non Technical Decision Maker; A Pilot Study in Bantul, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Proceeding of
Geohazard and Geo-Disaster Mitigation RC-GeoEnvi 2009. March 2 – 4, 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. p. 32-38.
4. Karnawati, D. and S. Pramumijoyo. 2008. Strategy for Promoting Education for Natural Disaster Reduction in Indonesia and ASEAN
Region. Proceeding of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 Nov. 2008. United Nation University, Tokyo, Japan. Global Promotion
Committee of The Int. Program on Landslide (IPL) – ISDR. p. 301 – 305.
5. Karnawati, D., T.F. Fathani, Ign. Sudarno, B. Andayani. 2008. Development of Community-based Landslide Early Warning System inIndonesia. Proceeding of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 Nov. 2008. United Nation University, Tokyo, Japan. Global
Promotion Committee of The International Program on Landslide (IPL) – ISDR. p. 305 – 308.
6. Fathani, T.F., D. Karnawati, K. Sassa, H. Fukuoka. 2008. Development of Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning System inIndonesia. Proceeding of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 Nov. 2008. United Nation University, Tokyo, Japan. Global
Promotion Committee of The Int. Program on Landslide (IPL) – ISDR. p. 195 - 198.
7. Andayani, B. D. Karnawati, S. Pramumijoyo. 2008. Institutional Frame Work for Community Empowerment towards Landslide
Mitigation and Risk Reduction in Indonesia. Proceeding of the First World Landslide Forum, 18-21 Nov. 2008. United Nation
University, Tokyo, Japan. Global Promotion Committee of The Int. Program on Landslide (IPL) – ISDR. P. 57-59.
8. Karnawati, D., Pramumijoyo, S. Andayani, P.W. Burton. 2008. Earthquake & Landslide Hazard Mapping For Community
Empowerment. Proceeding of the 51st Annual Meeting Assoc. of Engineering and Environmental Geologist.Sept. 15 – 20, 2008. New
Orleans, Lousiana, USA.
9. Karnawati, D. and T. F. Fathani. 2008. Mechanism of Earthquake Induced Landslides in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Published in
The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006. Eds. D. Karnawati, S. Pramumijoyo, R. Anderson and S. Hussein. STAR Publishing
Company Inc., Belmont, CA. ISBN 978 – 0 – 89863 – 304 – 7. p 8-1 to 8-8.
10. Karnawati, D. 2008. Earthquake Induced Landslide at Sengir , Prambanan District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Published in The
Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006. Eds. D. Karnawati, S. Pramumijoyo, R. Anderson and S. Hussein. STAR Publishing
Company Inc., Belmont, CA. ISBN 978 – 0 – 89863 – 304 – 7. p 9-1 to 9-11.
11. Karnawati, D. S. Hussein, S. Pramumijoyo, A. Ratdomopurbo, K. Watanabe and R.. Anderson. 2008. Earthquake Microzonation andHazard Maps of the Bantul Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Published in The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006. Eds. D.
Karnawati, S. Pramumijoyo, R. Anderson and S. Hussein. STAR Publishing Company Inc., Belmont, CA. ISBN 978 – 0 – 89863 –
304 – 7. p 7-1 to 7–15.
12. Karnawati, D, S. Pramumijoyo and H. Hendrayana, 2006. Geology of Yogyakarta, Java; the Dynamic Volcanic Arc City. Proc. of 10th
International Assoc. of Engineering Geology (IAEG) International Congress, Nottingham United Kingdom, September 6-11, 2006
13. Karnawati, D, S. Pramumijoyo and K. Uchino, 2006. Strategy and Programs for Geological Education in Geohazard Vulnerable Areasin the South East Asia. Proc. of 10th International Assoc. of Engineering Geology (IAEG) International Congress, Nottingham United
Kingdom, September 6-11, 2006

13. Note on ownership if any
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia−241−Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
Several disaster events and the factual finding that community resilient at the village level in Indonesia is still quite low are considered as thedriving force for this development of Process Technology for capacity development. In fact, series of disaster events, such as Yogyakarta
Earthquake in May 27, 2006; Bengkulu Earthquake in September 2007; Cianjur Earthquake in September 2009 and West Sumatran
Earthquake in September 30, 2009, as well as various debris floods and landslide disasters which more frequently occur since the year of
2000, have been seriously resulted in thousands of death tolls and very bad socio-economical loss, due to low community resilient at thevillage level.
Another important driving force is the mission of Gadjah Mada University as the research university that should be dedicated for educationand community service. In fact, this University has been developed the research-education model for sustainable development since morethan five years a go, and this mission is strongly relevant to be implemented for the disaster risk reduction.
Various disasters as the driving force of this proposed capacity development activities are illustrated below:

Fig. 1 Yogyakarta Earthquake on May 27, 2006 (left) and rain-induced landslide in Karanganyar, Central Java on February, 2009.

Fig. 2 Debris slides (left) and rock falls (right) induced by the earthquake in West Sumatra occurred on September 30, 2009.

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V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
Aim :• To enhance the education process by exposing and providing more opportunity for the students to learn and implement their knowledge
and skill gained in the class for solving the real disaster problem in the field and society.
• To support the disaster risk reduction program in Indonesia, through the capacity development of students/ young researchers, as well as
through the community empowerment
Mechanism ;This capacity development program is implemented as a summer school to facilitate the compulsory subject in undergraduate curricula at
UGM, and this program is so called as a Student Community Service-Community Empowerment Learning (SCS-CEL) program (with 3
credits). Such program consists of pre-departure course (for one week) followed by the field works at the village and workshop for datacompilation and analysis either at the village or in the Campus. This Program is implemented by deploying a team of students (consist of 20- 30 students) from various disciplines in Engineering, Natural and Social Sciences, Agriculture, Health and may also from Economic andBusiness, in order to support the geological disaster risk reduction program at the village. Thus, the students should be capable to work
together as a multidisciplinary team, and to integrate their knowledge and skill for disaster risk reduction. Joint participation of students,
community and the local government should be developed through this program, to guarantee the effectivity and sustainability of geologicaldisaster risk reduction program.
This summer school can be a supporting research for undergraduate students to conduct their final year project (with an additional 5 credit
units), and for master student to carry out the thesis work (with 8 credit units). Those research projects may include hazard, vulnerability
and risk mapping; natural and social resources mapping; slope stability analysis and prediction for landslide prevention, psychologicalassessment for community empowerment, formulation of community-based disaster management, etc.
Indeed, this education model provides various benefits not only for the students/ young researcher, but also for the local community.
Capacity of students or young researchers in applying their discipline-based knowledge and skill for reducing the risk of geological disastercan be effectively developed by cross-discipline approach. Emotional management and various ethical values can also be significantly
stimulated during their interaction with the local community.
Obviously, this mechanism of education model is important to support the improvement of community awareness and empowerment to
reduce the risk of geological disaster, and it has been implemented in Bantul Region of Yogyakarta Province, financially supported by
JICA/ AUN SEED Net (in 2006-2007) and by the British Council (2007-2010), in Karanganyar Regency of Central Java supported byInternational Landslide Consortium, the British Council, Gadjah Mada University, and Indonesian National Agency for Disaster
Management (2008-2009), and also in West Sumatra in December 2009 up to 2010 for the community-based earthquake-induced landslide
mitigation, in which the multi-national oil companies in Indonesia and the Indonesian Ministry of National Education provides the financial
supports whilst the International Consortium on Landslide provide the technical and scientific supports.
More detailed information related to course is enclosed in the paper accepted as the keynote speech in the International Symposium on
Disaster Management that will be held on February 25-26, 2010 in Bal
Expected Users:
Expected users of this method may be those shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5.

Fig. 3 Member of Parlement as the user of this technology and knowledge for developing national strategy and policy in disaster risk
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Fig. 4 Overseas students and motivated researchers from Asia, Africa, Europe & USA are interested to have joint learning actions in thiseducation program.

Fig. 5 Local residents and local government are the most immediate users of the outputs of this joint capacity development

16. Necessary process to implement
Procedures:
Major actors:
a. Students of Undergraduate at Gadjah Mada University from various disciplines of Engineering, Natural, Social, Business, Law and
Medical Sciences, should be the main actors through the implementation of University Curriculla with the compulsory course on student
community service program (3 credits), and or through the final year project (5 credits).
b. Students of Master Coure at Gadjah Mada University from various disciplines, can be the main actors (not compulsory) to be involved
by integrating this research-based education model for his/her master thesis work (8 credits).
c. The young and/ or senior lecturers/ researchers as the students’ supervisors.
d. The Management Staff of University Research and Community Service Program.
e. The Senior Vice Rector for Education, Research and Community Service of Gadjah Mada University as the Responsible person in
Charge.
f. The local Government Leader and Officers as the stake holders.
g. The local key persons and local communities as the participants for community empowerment.
h. The local NGO may also participate as the partners.
i. Private or Governmental Companies may also participate to provide financial sponsors as a part of their Corporate Social
Responsibilities.
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17. Strength and limitations
Strength:
This research-based education model is considered as an excellent media to provide holistic approach in capacity development program fordisaster risk reduction actions. Not only academic or scientific and education approach are implemented, but this model also addresses thehumanity and sustainable development concerns.
Limitations:
Effective communication process with the community and multi-stakeholders is the key driving force to assure the success of this capacity
development program. To initiate, develop and maintain such effective communication quite a lot efforts and time are required. Indeed,this is the most tough challenge for the adviser and the students to work out.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any
It is learned that this researched based education model is also very valuable not only to develop the knowledge and skill of students inhandling the disaster risk reduction program, but also considered as a useful media to stimulate the development of ethical values withrespect to the humanity and moral issues.
During the implementation of this education model, community empowerment at village level for disaster risk reduction can also be
stimulated and developed.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required
Facilities required for:a. hazard, vulnerability and risk mapping.
b. Socio-economical mapping.
c. Community empowerment program through training, focus group
discussion, and other community participation program such as
public education and evacuation drill.
d. Development of local and/ or indigenous technology andinfrastructures for disaster risk reduction actions, such as theindigenous technology for early warning system, local
communication system and network, revegetation and green
technology for environmental protection, etc.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
Cost of this program is mainly supported by Gadjah Mada University, but some additional budget which may become the major supports
can also be generated from the private companies/government institutions/ and local government resources.
The manpower mainly supported by the students and lecturers or young researchers who are deployed in the field together with the local
communities, in coordination with the local governments.

VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
This capacity development program provides a lot of opportunity for conducting public communication and education actions. Thus this
proposed program can be implemented as an effective mechanism to solve conflict of perception about the risk of disasters, which usually
to become one serious obstacle for disaster mitigation program.
The main challenges in conducting this program is to understand the community aspiration and then to motivate them to be actively inparticipating in the disaster risk reduction actions at the village. That is why social survey and mapping need to be carried out at the
beginning of the such program. Then, the establishment of a community task force at the village should be the most important target, inorder to assure the sustainability and effectivity of the implementation of this capacity development program.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.

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IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available
Research-based education for rain-induced landslide disaster risk reduction in Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency, Central
Java, Indonesia
E1-2. Placein Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
E1-3. Year2009
E1-4. Investor
Gadjah Mada University-Ministry of National Education, Local Government of Karanganyar Regency for the financial and facility
supports, as well as the International Consortium on Landslide and the British Council Delphe Project for the scientific and facility
supports
E1-5. People involved
Students, Researchers and Lecturers with multidisciplines background from Gadjah Mada Univresity and from Andalas University
Local community and the key person at the project area.
Local government of Karanganyar Regency
Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management.
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
USD 8,000 (provided by Gadjah Mada University – Ministry of National Education & The British Council DELPHE Project)
One set of landslide early warning system – provided by The International Consortium on LandslideE1-7. Total workload required
Deployment of students in the field was undertaken for 2 months.
Analysis results was conducted for another 2 months.
E1-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible evidence:a. The availability of landslide early warning system equipment as reported by Fathani.
b. The establishment of Community Task Force for Disaster Risk Reduction and early warning system (Fig. 6 left)
c. Landslide hazard and risk map, supported by the map of evacuation route and shelter (Fig. 6 right)
d. Standard Operational Procedure for Evacuation.
e. Materials of public education for improving community awareness (Fig. 7)

Fig. 6 Schematic framework of the community task force for DRR and landslide early warning system (left) and community hazard
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Fig.7 Materials for public education: landslide calendar and early warning (most left), community hazard and risk map and theevacuation route (center), and procedure for evacuation (bottom right).
Intangible evidence:a. Improvement of community awareness and capacity for disaster risk reduction.
b. Improvement of students’/young researchers’ knowledge and skill for landslide disaster management.
c. Positive attitude of students with respect to ethical values for humanitarian and sustainable development spirits.
d. Better communication and coordination for disaster early warning and risk reduction with the regency and provincial disastermanagement institutions.

No.2
E2-1. Project name if available
Research-based education for earthquake induced landslide risk reduction
E2-2. Place
Tanjungsani Village at Agam Regency and Tandikek Village at Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
E2-3. Year2009 to 2010
E2-4. Investor
Gadjah Mada University – Ministry of National Education
Multi-national Oil Companies in Indonesia
E2-5. People involved
Students, Researchers and Lecturers with multidisciplines background from Gadjah Mada Univresity and from Andalas University
Local community and the key person at the project area.
Local government of Agam and Pariaman Regency, as well as of the West Sumatra Province.
Geological Survey of Indonesia.
Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management.
E2-6. Monetary costs incurredFirst Batch in December 2009 to January 2010:
30,000 USD supported by Oil Companies
10,000 USD supported by Gadjah Mada University-Ministry of National Education
E2-7. Total workload required
First Batch (Dec 2009 – January 2010): 21 students and 10 researchers/ lecturers, plus two volunteers.
E2-8. Evidence of positive result
Tangible evidence:a. The establishment of Community Task Force for Disaster Risk Reduction (Fig. 8).
b. Landslide hazard and risk map, supported by the map of evacuation route and shelter (Fig. 9).
c. Modules/ materials for public education with respect to landslide disaster risk reduction.
d. Standard Operational Procedure for Evacuation.
e. Materials (modules, posters, booklet and calendar) for public education with respect to landslide disaster risk reduction.
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Fig. 8 Community task force of Tanjungsani Nagari at Agam Regency (left) and Tandikek Nagari at Pariaman Regency (right) inWest Sumatra Province

Fig. 9 Landslide hazard map of Maninjau Lake, Tanjungsani Nagari (left) and of Tandikek Nagari (right) at West Sumatra.
Intangible evidence:a. Improvement of community awareness and capacity for disaster risk reduction.
b. Improvement of students’/young researchers’ knowledge and skill for landslide disaster management.
c. Positive attitude of students with respect to ethical values for humanitarian and sustainable development spirits.
Additional outcomes to be proposed for the second batch:
The availability of landslide early warning system equipment.
Improvement of practical skill of the Community Task Force as the main driving force for Disaster Risk Reduction at the village level.
Better communication and coordination for disaster early warning and risk reduction with the regency and provincial disastermanagement institutions

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
This education model has been promoted and recognized as one research excellence of International Program on Landslide under
UNESCO (no IPL 159)

XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:> DRH57_Cover_photo.png (PNG - 99 Kb)−248−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

DRH-Asia Contents (DRH 58)
I. Heading
1. Title

School-Catchments Network for Water-related Disaster Prevention
ID:

DRH 58

Hazard:Landslide, Mudflow, Flood, Flash flood, Drought,
Desertification, Climate change impact, Landdegradation, Multi-hazard
Process Technology (PT)

Category:
Proposer:

Masato Kobiyama

Country:

BRAZIL;

Date posted:

29 March 2010

Date published:

23 April 2010
School-Catchments Network in Upper Rio Negrowatershed, Brazil

Contact
Dr. Masato KOBIYAMA
Associate Professor, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
Coordinator, Laboratory of Hydrology (LabHidro), UFSC, Brazil
Contact: kobiyama ens.ufsc.br / +55 (48)3721-7749

2. Major significance / Summary
Implementation of School Catchments Network is conducted by constructing various hydrological stations. This network is utilized forscientific research, environmental education and disaster prevention, by local inhabitants, scientists, water resources managers and the Civil
Defense organization. Local communities can recognize the hydrological processes of their region and establish adequate manages of water
resources and natural disasters.

3. Keywords
School catchment; monitoring; education; water resources management; disaster prevention.

II. Categories
4. Focus of this information
Process Technology (PT)

5. Anticipated Users
5-1. Practitioners: Community leaders (voluntary base), Administrative officers, Municipalities, National governments and otherintermediate government bodies (state, prefecture, district, etc.), NGO/NPO project managers and staff, International organizations (UNorganizations and programmes, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.), Commercial entrepreneurs, Experts, Teachers and educators, Architects andengineers, Information technology specialists, Urban planners, Rural planners, Environmental/Ecological specialists, Others
Civil Defense organization
5-2. Other users: Policy makers, Motivated researchers, Local residents

6. Hazards focused
Landslide, Mudflow, Flood, Flash flood, Drought, Desertification, Climate change impact, Land degradation, Multi-hazard−249−

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7. Elements at risk
Human lives, Human networks in local communities, Business and livelihoods, Infrastructure, Buildings, Urban areas, Rural areas, Riverbanks and fluvial basin, Mountain slopes, Agricultural lands, Cultural heritages

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer of this template)
Dr. Masato KOBIYAMA
Associate Professor, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
Coordinator, Laboratory of Hydrology (LabHidro), UFSC, Brazil
Contact: kobiyama ens.ufsc.br / +55 (48)3721-7749

9. Place where the technology/knowledge originated
BRAZIL;
Upper Negro River basin, Santa Catarina state.

10. Names and institutions of technology/knowledge developers
Laboratory of Hydrology (LabHidro) of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)

11. Title of relevant projects if any"Analysis of the water and sediment production of the Rio Preto watershed through the use of school-catchments”, funded by the National
Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) of Brazil.

12. References and publications
Kobiyama M, Chaffe PLB, Rocha HL, Corseuil CW, Malutta S, Giglio JN, Mota AA, Santos I, Ribas Junior U, Langa R (2009).
Implementation of school catchments network for water resources management of the Upper Negro River region, southern Brazil. In:
Taniguchi M, Burnett WC, Fukushima Y, Haigh M, Umezawa Y (eds). From Headwaters to the Ocean: Hydrological Changes andWatershed Management, London: Tayor & Francis Group, 2009. p.151-157.

13. Note on ownership if any

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or societal circumstances, which became the driving force either for developing thetechnology/knowledge or enhancing its practice
The Upper Negro River (UNR) basin (3,552 km²) is one of the headwater basins of the Iguaçu River basin (68,410 km²) which is locatedalong the border between the Paraná and Santa Catarina States, southern Brazil (Fig. 1).

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The Iguaçu River basin is characterized with a very high potential to generate the hydroelectric energy and there are 5 largehydroelectric-power-dams along the Iguaçu River. Some local communities have thought that the frequent floods are caused by the dam
construction. Also, the Iguaçu River basin is characterized with the Subtropical Ombrophilous Forest (SOF). Since only 2 % of its original
area remain, this ecosystem must be preserved. Recently the conversion of the pine reforestation areas to the SOF has been strongly
requested without the consideration that the regional economy depends mainly on the reforestation activities. Therefore, the ecological andhydrological researches in the UNR basin are indispensable to reduce the damages caused by the water-related disasters. In thesecircumstances, seven small experimental catchments (0.1 to 10 km2 scales) with hydrological monitoring were constructed in the UNR
basin in order to answer the question about what kind of land-use is best for the water resources management (Fig. 2).

V. Description
15. Feature and attribute
School catchment network is a network of experimental catchments which serve for scientific research and educational purposes, such asenvironmental education activities of local communities and qualification lectures for technicians. The catchments should be equipped withmeteorological, hydrological and/or sedimentological stations for scientific research and educational activities. Data provided by the stations
can also be used for water and disaster management. Ideally, the school-catchments network should have catchments with different
land-uses and also with different scales. This technology can be implemented through agreements between university, government andenterprises. In each municipality or region, the school-catchment network should be established and inhabitants, scientists, managers
working together with the Civil Defense organization do the hydrological monitoring. The final goal of the school catchments network is
disaster reduction. This technology would increase an individual’s knowledge on hydrology, which would enhance his (or her) participationin the community in terms of water resources management and disaster prevention. Consequently, an enhanced participation of eachmember would elevate the quantity and quality of the community action, and would increase the efficiency of the water resourcesmanagement and disaster prevention processes (Fig. 3).

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16. Necessary process to implement
This technology can be implemented through agreements between university, government and enterprises (Fig. 4).

Steps of the implementation: - Agreement between university and land owner (enterprises, government) for allowance of installation ofmonitoring stations in the strategic sites; - Installation and maintenance of meteorological, hydrological and/or sedimentological stations: byscientists; - Monitoring: by community, scientists, managers and Civil Defense organization; - Educational activities: by scientists andgovernment; for children, students, teachers, technicians, managers and/or community; - Scientific research (monitoring and computationalmodeling): by scientists, university; - Data providing: database fed directly by automatic stations or by scientists; data freely available forscientists, government, enterprise, managers, Civil Defense organization, and community.

17. Strength and limitations
Strengths: - Contribution not only to the scientific researches but also to the environmental education activities; - Hydrological data
provided for water resources management and disaster management; - Hydrological data available for enterprises, which can motivate themto participate in the project; - Hydrological data available for Civil Defense organization, which can improve its actions; - Hydrological data
available for scientists, which can increase the understanding of natural processes; - Hydrological data available for community, which canincrease its awareness about hydrological processes; - Hydrological data available for managers, which is essential for their water resourcesand disaster management; - Hydrological data available for government, which is useful for land and water management and urban
planning; - Visiting school catchments allows a person to understand hydrology better; - People will recognize the hydrological processes of
their region and can plan most adequate water resources and disaster management.
Limitations: - Site for the installation of stations is needed, for long-term period; - Financial resources for purchase and installation of
stations is needed; - Maintenance of stations is needed.

18. Lessons learned through implementation if any~ Agreement between the scientists (university) and land-owner (enterprise) and long-term commitment are essential; ~ Partnership withgovernment (Municipality, Prefecture, District, or other) is important; ~ Frequent maintenance of stations is required; this task can be doneby scientists and inhabitants.

VI. Resources required
19. Facilities and equipments required~ Monitoring stations (automatic or not): rainfall gauge, river gauge station, meteorological station (optional), sediment sensor (optional),
tensiometer (optional). ~ If stations are automatic: system for data transmission (e.g., radio, internet, satellite) and computer for dataacquisition.

20. Costs, organization, manpower, etc.
~ Manpower is required for installation of the stations: inhabitants and scientist; ~ Human resource is required for collecting data
periodically: about once a week or once a month, if the stations are automatic, or every day if station is not automatic; it can be done byinhabitants and/or scientists; ~ Human resource is required for maintenance of stations: by inhabitants and/or scientist; ~ Organizational
support is required for educational activities: by government; ~ Capacitated human resource is required for lecturing in education activities:
scientists; ~ Financial resources are required for installation of the stations: by government, university and/or enterprise.
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VII. Message from the proposer if any
21. Message
Small, slow, simple and science are beautiful.

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the technology/knowledge that you have proposed?
It is a technology/knowledge that has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one or more field sites.
23. Notes on the applicability if any

IX. Application examples
No.1
E1-1. Project name if available"Analysis of the water and sediment production of the Rio Preto watershed through the use of school-catchments"
E1-2. Place
Upper Negro River watershed (Bacia Hidrografica do Alto Rio Negro), Rio Negrinho city and vicinities, Santa Catarina state, South ofBrazil.

Fig. E-1 School-Catchments Network in Upper Rio Negro watershed, Brazil
E1-3. Year2006
E1-4. Investor
National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) of Brazil
Modo Battistella Reflorestamento S.A. - MOBASA (currently Battistella Florestas)
E1-5. People involved
Laboratory of Hydrology - Federal University of Santa Catarina (LabHidro/UFSC)
Rio Negrinho City Hall
Modo Battistella Reflorestamento S.A. - MOBASA (currently Battistella Florestas)
Laboratory of Hydrogeomorphology - Federal University of Parana[Masato Kobiyama (Dr.), Pedro Luiz Borges Chaffe (Msc.), Henrique Lucini Rocha (Eng.), Fernando Grison (Msc.), Claudia Weber−253−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Corseuil (Dr.), Simone Malutta, Joana Nery Giglio, Aline de Almeida Mota, Pedro Guilherme de Lara, Irani dos Santos (Dr.), Ulisses
Ribas Junior (Eng.), Reinaldo Langa (Eng.), Elaine Cristina Schoeffel]
E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
Not every equipment are required. In the case of financial limitation, simpler gauges (not automatic) can be used. ~ Meteorologicalstation US$ 2,500.00 ~ Parshall flume US$ 800.00 ~ Current meter US$ 6,000.00 ~ Pressure sensor (for water level) US$ 2,000.00 ~Integrating Sediment sampler US$ 2,000.00 ~ Turbidity/Sediment station US$ 6,000.00 ~ Tensiometer US$ 200.00 ~ Microcomputer
US$ 1,000.00 ~ Laptop US$ 1,000.00 ~ GPS US$ 700.00
E1-7. Total workload required
About 200 hours per week, by 20 people (mean + B208 of 10 hours per week per person).
E1-8. Evidence of positive result~ Participants of the educational activities carried out so far were keen to attend more complementary hydrology courses that relate
forest, water resources and natural disasters; ~ It is easily perceived that visiting school catchments allows a person to understandhydrology better.

X. Other related parallel initiatives if any
XI. Remarks for version upgrade
Attached files:−254−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Appendix: DRH Template (ver.7.3)
Template for DRH Database(ver.7.3)

Disaster Reduction Technology and Knowledge under Implementation Strategies
I. Heading
1. Title

2.Major significance(summary less than 60
words)

3. Keywords
II. Categories (Multiple answers allowed)
4. Focus of this information
Implementation Oriented Technology
Instruction for writers:
Process Technology- For definitions, see the DRH website.
Transferable indigenous knowledge
http://drh.edm.bosai.go.jp/

5-1. Practitioners

5. Anticipated users- Mark main and sub categories freely.
There are no hierarchical rules.
- Items of “experts” may overlap with othercategories. In that case, mark bothcategories.

Community leaders (voluntary base)
Administrative officers
Municipalities
National governments and other intermediate
government bodies (state, prefecture, district,
etc.)
NGO/NPO project managers and staff
International organizations (UN organizations andprogrammers, WB, ADRC, EC, etc.)
Commercial entrepreneurs
Financing and insurance business personnel
Experts−255−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Teachers and educators
Architects and engineers
Sociologists and political economists
Information technology specialists
Urban planners
Rural planners
Environmental/Ecological specialists
Others (Explain using the blank space below.)

5-2. Other users

6. Hazards focused- Secondary hazard should be included in the
categories of the original hazards.
- Multi-hazard approach: Initiatives that focus
on the combined risks of all hazards likely to occur
in a given region.

Policy makers
Motivated researchers
Local residents
Earthquake
TsunamiVolcanic eruption
Landslide
Mudflow
Dust storm
Cold wave
Heat wave
Zud
Cyclone/ Typhoon
Storm surge
Flood
Flash flood
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
Snow avalanches
Epidemic
Wildfire
Drought
Desertification
Climate change impact
Land degradation
Multi-hazard (Multi-hazard approach)
Others (Explain using the blank space below. Other
hazards, disaster chains, etc.)−256−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

7. Elements at risk

Human lives
Human networks in local communities
Business and livelihoods
Infrastructure
Buildings
Information and communication system
Urban areas
Rural areas
Coastal areas
River banks and fluvial basin
Mountain slopes
Agricultural lands
Cultural heritages
Others (Explain using the blank space below.)

III. Contact Information
8. Proposer(s) information (Writer(s)of this template)- Name(s), position and affiliation, andother information (at least one of mailingaddress, e-mail address, tel. & fax.) are
required.

9. Place where 9-1. Country(ies)the technology/
knowledge
9-2. Location(s)originated
10. Names and institutions oftechnology/knowledge developers

11. Title of relevant projects if any

12. References and publications

13. Note on ownership if any−257−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

IV. Background
14. Disaster events and/or
societal
circumstances,which became the driving
force either for developing
the technology/knowledge orenhancing its practiceV. Descriptions
15. Feature and attribute(Aim and key mechanism toachieve the aim)

16. Necessary process to
implement (Procedure andmajor actors)

17. Strength and limitations(Positive and negative sides)

18. Lessons learned throughimplementation if any−258−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

VI. Resources required
19.
Facilities
equipments requiredand

20. Costs, organization,
manpower, etc.

VII. Message from the proposer (if any)
Instruction for writers:
Any message from you to readers regarding intention, interpretation, utilization, etc. of this technology/knowledge.

21. Your message

VIII. Self evaluation in relation to applicability
22. How do you evaluate the “It is a technology/knowledge that…”
technology/knowledge thata. has high application potential verified by implementation in
you have proposed?
various field sites.
b. has fair applicability demonstrated by implementation in one orInstruction for writers:
more field sites.
- Only a single answer allowed
c. is shown to be effective based on case studies/experiments infield sites.
d. is shown to be effective based so far only on scientificexperiments in laboratory.
e. Others (Explain using the blank space below.)

23.
Notes
on
applicability if any

the

−259−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

IX. Application examples
Instruction for writers:- Fill in this section with the examples that the technology/knowledge was applied to any fields. You may also write about ongoing projects.
- Writers who marked “a” and “b” in Section VIII are expected to provide as many examples as possible. Those who marked“c” to “e” are also strongly recommended to fill in here, but not compulsory.

No.1 (E1)E1-1. Project name
if available
E1-2. Place- Specify as much as
possible.

E1-3.
E1-4.
Year
Investor
E1-5. People involved- Indicate all contributors with theirtitles when available.

E1-6. Monetary costs incurred
-

Show

the

breakdownwithapproximate cost for each facility or
equipment, if possible.

E1-7. Total workload required
(Time
frame
and
human
resources)
E1-8. Evidence of positive results(Tangible / intangible)
No.2 (E2)
E2-1. Project name
if available
E2-2. Place- Specify as much as
possible.

E2-3.
E2-4.
Year
Investor
E2-5. People involved- Indicate all contributors with theirtitles when available.

E2-6. Monetary costs incurred
-

Show

the

breakdownwithapproximate cost for each facility or
equipment, if possible.

E2-7. Total workload required
(Time
frame
and
human
resources)
E2-8. Evidence of positive results−260−

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

(Tangible / intangible)
No.3 (E3)E3-1. Project name
if available
E3-2. Place- Specify as much as
possible.

E3-3.
E3-4.
Year
Investor
E3-5. People involved- Indicate all contributors with theirtitles when available.

E3-6. Monetary costs incurred
-

Show

the

breakdownwithapproximate cost for each facility or
equipment, if possible.

E3-7. Total workload required
(Time
frame
and
human
resources)
E3-8. Evidence of positive results(Tangible / intangible)
No.4 (E4)E4-1. Project name
if available
E4-2. Place- Specify as much as
possible.

E4-3.
E4-4.
Year
Investor
E4-5. People involved- Indicate all contributors with theirtitles when available.

E4-6. Monetary costs incurred
-

Show

the

breakdownwithapproximate cost for each facility or
equipment, if possible.

E4-7. Total workload required
(Time
frame
and
human
resources)
E4-8. Evidence of positive results(Tangible / intangible)
No.5 (E5)E5-1. Project name
if available−261−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

E5-2. Place- Specify as much as
possible.

E5-3.
E5-4.
Year
Investor
E5-5. People involved- Indicate all contributors with theirtitles when available.

E5-6. Monetary costs incurred
-

Show

the

breakdownwithapproximate cost for each facility or
equipment, if possible.

E5-7. Total workload required
(Time
frame
and
human
resources)
E5-8. Evidence of positive results(Tangible / intangible)
X. Other related parallel initiatives (if any)

XI. Remarks for version upgrade−262−Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Index A : Category Index
Implementation(IOT)

Oriented

Technology

DRH 1, DRH 3, DRH 6, DRH 10, DRH 12,
DRH 18, DRH 22, DRH 23, DRH 26, DRH 33,
DRH 39, DRH 40, DRH 41, DRH 50, DRH 56

Process Technology (PT)DRH 2, DRH 13, DRH 19, DRH 22, DRH 23,
DRH 24, DRH 25, DRH 28, DRH 29, DRH 38,
DRH 48, DRH 49, DRH 51, DRH 53, DRH 57,
DRH 58Transferable Indigeous Knowledge (TIK)
DRH 4, DRH 8, DRH 11, DRH 15, DRH 16,
DRH 17, DRH 25, DRH 29, DRH 36, DRH 44,
DRH 45−263−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

Index B : Hazard Index
Flood

Earthquake
DRH 1, DRH 2, DRH 3, DRH 4, DRH 6, DRH 11,
DRH 13, DRH 18, DRH 22, DRH 23, DRH 24,
DRH 25, DRH 26, DRH 38, DRH 39, DRH 40,
DRH 41, DRH 48, DRH 50, DRH 57

TsunamiDRH 1, DRH 10, DRH 12, DRH 13, DRH 18,
DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 33, DRH 48

DRH 6, DRH 8, DRH 12, DRH 13, DRH 16, DRH
17, DRH 18, DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 36, DRH 44,
DRH 48, DRH 53, DRH 58

Flash flood
DRH 13, DRH 15, DRH 16, DRH 18, DRH 24,
DRH 26, DRH 48, DRH 53, DRH 57, DRH 58

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)

Volcanic eruption
DRH 2, DRH 13, DRH 18, DRH 24, DRH 26,
DRH 48

DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 48

Snow avalanches
DRH 13, DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 48

Landslide
DRH 13, DRH 18, DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 48,
DRH 53, DRH 56, DRH 57, DRH 58

Mudflow
DRH 13, DRH 18, DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 48,
DRH 57, DRH 58

Epidemic
DRH 24, DRH 48

Wildfire
DRH 26, DRH 48

Drought

Dust storm

DRH 13, DRH 15, DRH 18, DRH 24, DRH 26,
DRH 29, DRH 44, DRH 45, DRH 48, DRH 58

DRH 18, DRH 24, DRH 48

Cold wave

Desertification

DRH 24, DRH 48

DRH 24, DRH 29, DRH 45, DRH 48, DRH 58

Heat wave

Climate change impact

DRH 24, DRH 29, DRH 48

DRH 45, DRH 48, DRH 53, DRH 56, DRH 58

Zud

Land degradation

DRH 24, DRH 48

DRH 15, DRH 24, DRH 45, DRH 48, DRH 58

Cyclone/ Typhoon
DRH 4, DRH 13, DRH 18, DRH 19, DRH 24,
DRH 26, DRH 48

Storm surge
DRH 10, DRH 12, DRH 13, DRH 16, DRH 18,
DRH 19, DRH 24, DRH 26, DRH 48−264−

Multi-hazard (Multi-hazard approach)DRH 3, DRH 6, DRH 13, DRH 24, DRH 28, DRH
48, DRH 49, DRH 51, DRH 57, DRH 58

OthersDRH 2, DRH 48, DRH 49, DRH 51

Collection of Technology and Knowledge Information by Disaster Reduction Hyperbase–Asian Application - H. Kameda et al.

Index C : Country/Region Index
Afganistan

Peru

DRH 22

DRH 13

Algeria

Philippines

DRH 11

DRH 28, DRH 49

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

DRH 17, DRH 19, DRH 22

DRH 15

BrazilTajikistan

DRH 58

DRH 22

Cambodia

TurkeyDRH 28

DRH 51

China

Other

DRH 16, DRH 44, DRH 45

UN/ IDNDR (International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction): DRH 39

India
DRH 22, DRH 28, DRH 29

Indonesia
DRH 10, DRH 12, DRH 18, DRH 22, DRH 23,
DRH 28, DRH 51, DRH 56, DRH 57

Iran
DRH 22, DRH 25

Japan
DRH 1, DRH 2, DRH 3, DRH 4, DRH 6, DRH 8,
DRH 10, DRH 12, DRH 22, DRH 24, DRH 26,
DRH 33, DRH 36, DRH 38, DRH 40, DRH 41,
DRH 50, DRH 51

Nepal
DRH 22, DRH 28, DRH 51, DRH 53

Pakistan
DRH 22, DRH 48, DRH 51

Papua New Guinea
DRH 12−265−

Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 350 ; December, 2010

アジア防災科学技術情報基盤（DRH-Asia）コンテンツ集
＊

＊

＊

＊

＊

亀田弘行 ・根岸弘明 ・塩飽孝一 ・池田菜穂 ・徳武美穂 編集＊

防災科学技術研究所 地震防災フロンティア研究センター

要 旨
アジア防災科学技術情報基盤（DRH アジア）は，災害軽減のための技術および知識を広く普及させる事を目的として構築されたデータベースである．文字通り，主にアジアを対象とした防災技術を取り扱うものであるが，実際には世界の様々な地域で考案され，検証された技術がアジア地域へ適用される可能性を持っており，その結果として広く世界中からの技術を対象とする．本データベースはウェブ上のインタラクティブなシステムにより運用され，コンテンツの投稿受付から議論を基にした改善作業（facilitation），そして公開までが一元的に行われる．2006 年から実際のコンテンツ収集を開始しており，
2010 年 10 月現在，約 60 のコンテンツが投稿されており，そのうち 38 がデータベース上に登録され，公開されている．本巻
は，DRH アジアのウェブデータベースで公開されている防災技術コンテンツを，DRH テンプレートの形式でまとめたものである．巻末には防災技術のカテゴリ，対象とする自然災害，およびその技術の検証された国による簡単な索引も付してある．
オリジナルであるウェブ上の DRH アジアデータベースは，ここに掲載されているコンテンツ本体の他に様々な付加データ（動画ファイルやアプリケーション等）を含んでおり，本巻と同時に DRH アジアウェブサイト（http://drh.edm.bosai.go.jp）にもアクセスしてコンテンツを参照願いたい．
キーワード：防災技術，DRH アジア，現場適用戦略，データベース（原稿受理：2010 年 10 月 26 日）−266−