ྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀࡢ⥔ᣢ࡜⤊↉ࡢㄽ⌮̿་⸆ရ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ␎ኚ໬ࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚̿

The Logic of Long-Term Management by Family Manager
㸫A Study of Strategy Changes in the Pharmaceutical Industry㸫⁠㈡኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ⸨㔝 ⩏࿴
by Family Manager

せ᪨ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊᡓ␎ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ◊✲ࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡋࠊ᪂་⸆ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿࢃࡀᅜࡢ୺せ௻ᴗ࡟ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

࠾ࡅࡿࠊ1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᡓ␎ኚ໬࡜ྠ᪘

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ᪂་⸆ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢᡓ␎࡟╔┠㛵୚ࡢኚ໬ࡢ㢮ఝᛶࢆㄪᰝ࣭ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࡑࡋࠊ㢮ఝࡋࡓᡓ␎ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ௻ᴗ⩌ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ྠ᪘௻ᴗ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢ㐣ࡈࡉࢀ࡚ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࡢ⌧㇟࡜ྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡢࡁࡓศᯒどゅࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ

⥔ᣢ࡜⤊↉࡜࠸࠺௻ᴗ⤫἞࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡿ஦ࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊ㍺ධ་⸆ရࡀྠ᪘ⓗ ࢃࡀᅜࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡣࠊྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿ௻ᴗ

ᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᏳᐃⓗ࡞཰┈※࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

ࡀከࡃ㸦⸨㔝,2013㸹಴⛉,2003㸹ྜྷᮧ,2007㸧ࠊࡉࡽ➨஧࡟ࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᑐ᪥ᡓ␎ᙉ໬࡟ࡼࡾࠊ཰┈ᵓ㐀࡟㛗ᮇᏑ⥆ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡶከ࠸࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿

ࡢᏳᐃ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ㍺ධᡓ␎ࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗࡋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣኚ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡓࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊつᶍࡢ኱ࡁ࡞௻ᴗࡣ㍺ධ࠿ࡽ㍺ฟ࡬࡜㈈ົࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ⸨㔝㌿᥮ࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛ྠ᪘㛵୚ࡀ⤊↉ࡍࡿഴྥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋ

㸦2014a㸧ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸་⸆ရ⏘ᴗࠊ⛣ື㞀ቨࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ࢢࣝ

⩌ࡣࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࢆ㝖ࡁྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡞࠸ഴྥ

࣮ࣉࠊྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶࠊ

ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࡾࠊྠ᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ་⸆ရᴗ

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㛵୚ࡀ⥆ࡃࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜⤊↉ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝ$EVWUDFWࣉ࡟ࢃ࠿ࢀጞࡵࡓ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋThe purpose of this study is twofold. First, it is ࡉࡽ࡟ࢃࡀᅜࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡣࠊከࡃࡢᰴᘧࢆಖ᭷ࡋ

directed to a pharmaceutical industry, to analyze࡞࠸ྠ᪘௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࡶ࠶ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࡢ་⸆

the relationship of the family management andရᴗࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊࢫ࢖ࢫࡢࣟࢵࢩࣗࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ

strategy using the strategy group. Second, toࡸ࣮࣮࣭࣋ࣜࣥ࢞࢖ࣥࢤࣝࣁ࢖࣒ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྠ᪘ࡀᰴ

point out the problem awareness analysis andᘧࢆࡶ࡜࡟ᨭ㓄ࡍࡿྠ᪘௻ᴗࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢃ

viewing angle that has been overlooked in theࡀᅜࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᰴᘧᨭ㓄࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠿ࡎࠊྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟family business research based on the analysis.

㛵୚ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ௻ᴗࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝ከࡃ࡞࠸࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋTwo become clear by this study. First, the importࡉ࡚ࠊྠ᪘㛵୚ࡀ⤊↉ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࠕྠ᪘ᚋ⥅⪅ࡀ

strategy helped the management of long-term࠸࡞࠸ࠖࠕྠ᪘ᚋ⥅⪅ࡀ⫱ࡓ࡞࠸ࠖࠕྠ᪘ᚋ⥅⪅ࡀࣅview. Secondly, the superiority of the importࢪࢿࢫ࡟⯆࿡ࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ࡞࡝ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ௻ᴗࡢྠ᪘

strategy,  collapsed in the Japanese marketࡢෆ㒊஦᝟ࡀస⏝ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊἲ๎ᛶ࡞࡝࡞࠸

strengthening by foreign firms. Finally, the big࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㛗ᮇ㛫ྠ᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࢆ⥆ࡅࠊ

companies of scale tended to end the family࠿ࡘᰴᘧࡢศᩓࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ་⸆ရᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ

manager in the process of conversion to exportಶࠎࡢ஦㇟ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᴗ⏺ᅛ᭷ࡢ≉Ṧ஦᝟࡟᥋㏆࡛ࡁࠊ

from imports.

ࡑࢀࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡅࡤᰴᘧࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋࡓ⥔ᣢ⌮⏤࡜

Key words: Pharmaceutical Industry,Mobilityࡣ␗࡞ࡿศᯒどⅬࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ

Barrier, Import Strategy Group,་⸆ရᴗࡢ≉Ṧ஦᝟࡜ࡣఱࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ་⸆ရᴗࡣ

Management of a Long-Term Viewᑓᴗᗘࡀ㧗ࡃከゅ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊࡔ࠿ࡽྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ࡍࡿࡢࡔ㸦಴⛉,2003㸧ࠊ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ☜࠿࡟་⸆ရᴗࡣ㣗ရࡸ໬Ꮫ〇ရࢆᢅ࠺௻ᴗࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝ከゅ໬ࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ௻ᴗ

ྠ᪘௻ᴗ◊✲ࡀ་⸆ရࡢ཰┈࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓḟࡢ≉ᚩࡶࡼࡲࡎᮏ◊✲࡛ᢅ࠺ྠ᪘௻ᴗ࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ

ࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟་⸆ရࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡣ᫬㛫࡚࠾ࡃࠋ᪤Ꮡ◊✲࡛ࡣྠ᪘௻ᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࡣᐃࡲࡗ࡚࠾

ࡀ࠿࠿ࡾከ㢠ࡢᢞ㈨ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ

ࡽࡎࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀ⊂⮬࡟タᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ

ᡂຌ☜⋡ࡀపࡃᢞ㈨ࡀᐇࢆ⤖ࡤ࡞࠸஦ࡀከ࠸ࠋ

⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ๰ᴗ⪅୍᪘㸦ྠ᪘㸧ࡀ♫㛗ຍㆤ㔝㸦2003㸹2008㸧ࡸྜྷᮧ㸦2007㸧ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟ࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࡶࡘྠ᪘ࡣࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࢆᚿ࡟ᑵ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࠊ
ࡑࡢ௻ᴗࢆྠ᪘௻ᴗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ྥࡋ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝࡛⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜࠺࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ

ྠ᪘௻ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ከ✀ከᵝᏑ࠺࡞ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᚿྥᛶ࡜ୖ㏙ࡢ་⸆ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵ࡍᅾࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ᫬௦ูࠊᆅᇦูࠊ⏘ᴗู࡟ྠ᪘௻

ࡿ≉Ṧ஦᝟࡜ࡀ࣐ࢵࢳࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀᨾ࡟་⸆

ᴗࡀ࡝ࢀ࡯࡝Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊྛᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ≉ရᴗ࡟ࡣྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࡜ᙼࡽࡣゝ࠺ࠋᚩࢆグ㏙ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤຍㆤ㔝࣭ୖ㔝࣭ྜྷࡇࡢᙼࡽࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᮧ㸪2003㸹ྜྷᮧ㸪2007㸧ࠋ୰࡛ࡶຍㆤ㔝࣭ୖ㔝࣭ྜྷᣢ⌮⏤ࢆ⣣ゎࡃୖ࡛᭷ຊ࡞ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜➹⪅ࡣ⪃࠼ࡿࠋᮧ㸦2003㸧ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ㞟ᅋࡸྠ᪘௻ᴗࢆ౛࡟࡜ࡾࠊBerleࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗࡢ≉Ṧ஦᝟ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼

and Means㸦1932㸧ࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿ⤒Ⴀ⪅ᨭ㓄ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᑐ㇟௻ᴗࡢᡓ␎ࡢኚ໬ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊྠ

࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡓ⌮⏤ࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿ࡜࡜Ⴀ㛵୚ࡀ⥆ࡃ⌮⏤ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡶ࡟ᙼࡽࡢㄝࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓྠ᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢᴗ⦼ࡢⰋࡋᝏࡋࢆุู

ࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྛ௻ᴗࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࢆ㑅ࡍࡿ◊✲㸦Anderson and Reeb,2003㸹᳃ᕝ㸪2008㸹ᢥࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࢆಠ▔ⓗ࡟ぢࡿసᴗ࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ

ᩪ⸨㸪2006㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽ◊✲࡛ࡣᵝࠎ࡞㈈ົࢹ

ࡀᡓ␎ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸦௨ୗᡓ␎ G㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊྠ◊࣮ࢱ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁศᯒࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊྠ᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ✲ࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡋࡓㄪᰝ࣭ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ

௻ᴗࡣᴗ⦼ࡀⰋ࠸࠿ᝏ࠸࠿ࡣ⤖ㄽ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

኱ࡁࡃࡣḟࡢ 3 ࡘࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᩚ⌮௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣐ࢡࣟⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽྠ᪘௻ᴗࡢ≉ᚩࢆ➨୍࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ᫬ᮇࡲ࡛㍺ධᡓ␎ࢆ㑅ዲࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀ

ศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲ࡢ௚ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢྠ᪘௻ᴗࡢ஦౛࡟ࡶ

ከࡃࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ኎ୖ

࡜࡙ࡁࠊྠ᪘ᚋ⥅⪅㑅ᐃࡸྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡞࡝つᶍࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊ኎ୖつᶍ࡛ࡳࡿ࡜➇தࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ᭷

ࢆලయⓗ࡟ᣦ༡ࡍࡿつ⠊ⓗ◊✲㸦Rouvinez andࡋࡓࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ1990 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽ㍺ධᡓ␎ࡢ⥅⥆ࡀ㞴ࡋ

Ward,2005㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊྠ᪘௻ᴗࡢ⊂⮬㈨※ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᑐ᪥ᡓ␎ᙉ໬࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡢゎ᫂㸦Zellweger,Nason and Nordqvist, 2012䠅ࡸࡿࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ 1990ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ௻ᴗᐙⓗάື࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓ◊✲ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀῶࡗࡓࠋ

㸦Habbershon and Williams,2003㸹ຍ⸨,2014㸧࡞ࡑࢀࡽⓎぢ஦ᐇࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ࡞ࡐྠ᪘㛵୚ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉ࡝ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊྠ᪘௻ᴗࡢᡓ␎ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ▱ࡿ࠺࠼࡛♧၀ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊ㛗ᮇⓗど㔝࡟ࡼࡿ࡟ᐩࡴࠋࡋ࠿ࡋಶู஦౛◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣ㠀ୖሙ௻ᴗࢆ

⤒Ⴀ࡜࠸࠺ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ≉ᚩ࡜㍺ධᡓ␎࡟ࡼࡿሀᐇ

ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢⅭࠊព㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣู

࡞཰┈⋓ᚓᡭẁࡀ࣐ࢵࢳࡋࡓ᫬௦ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ

࡜ࡋ࡚ྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡀ⥆ࡃ஦ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸

㛵ಀᛶࡀ⣣ゎࡃ㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡿࠋ

ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕከࡃࡢᰴᘧࢆಖ᭷ࡏࡎࠊ࡞ࡐྠ᪘ࡀ⥅ ᮏ◊✲ࡢᵓᡂࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎྠ᪘௻ᴗ◊⥆ⓗ࡟⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡋ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠖ
ࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྠ᪘

✲࠾ࡼࡧᡓ␎ G ◊✲ࢆᴫほࡍࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚་⸆ရࡢ୰

㛵୚ࡢỌ⥆ᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

࡛᭱ࡶ᪂つᛶࡢ㧗࠸་⸆ရࡢᢎㄆືྥࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍ

౛እⓗ࡟ࡑࡢၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ຍㆤ㔝ࡿࠋྠㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㍺ධ་⸆ࡢືྥࡀ≉ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦2003㸧ࡸྜྷᮧ㸦2007㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣྠ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᡓ␎ G ≉ᐃ࡟୙᪘㛵୚ࡀ⥆ࡃ⌮⏤ࢆࠕ㛗ᮇⓗࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࠖ࡜࠸

ྍḞ࡞ᡓ␎ḟඖࢆタᐃࡋࠊศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ

୺ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ4 ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ␎ G ࡢᏑᅾ࠾ࡼࡧ

ຍㆤ㔝㸦2003㸧ࡣࠊྠ᪘ࡀࡶࡘ㛗ᮇⓗࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓

ࡑࡢኚ໬ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊᡓ␎࡜⤫἞ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ㆟ㄽࣥࢺࡣ 2 ࡘ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ
ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕྠ᪘ࡣࠊᣢࡕᰴẚ⋡ࡀపࡃ࡜ࡶࠊ௻ᴗࡢⓎ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ᒎ࡟ᑐࡋឡ╔࡜࠸࠺ᚰ⌮ⓗࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࡶࡗ࡚

୍᪉ࠊࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞⎔ቃ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⛣ື㞀ቨࡢ࠸ࡿࠖ㸦ຍㆤ㔝㸪2003㸪198 㡫㸧ࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ㏥ฟ

ຠᯝࡣ୍᫬ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ㸦Dranove, Peteraf and㞀ቨ࡜㛵㐃ࡋࠊ
ࠕྠ᪘ࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㈨⏘ࡢ࡞࠿࡛఍♫Shanley㸪1998㸧ࠋ≉࡟ᕷሙᡂ㛗ࡸ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠊ

ࡢᰴᘧࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ẚ㔜ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ఍♫ࡀ࠺ࡲࡃ⤒ࡑࡋ࡚௦᭰ရࡢᾐ㏱ࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ⛣ື㞀ቨࢆᙧ㧁໬ࡉႠࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ྠ᪘ࡣᙉ࠸ࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺ

ࡏࡿ㸦Dranove, Peteraf and Shanley,1998㸧ࠋࡲࡓࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
㸦ຍㆤ㔝㸪2003㸪198 㡫㸧ࠊ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᕷሙኚືࡣ␗࡞ࡿ➇தࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛

௨ୖ 2 ࡘࡢࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࡶࡘྠ᪘ࡣ௻ᴗࡢ⤫࡜␗࡞ࡿ⛣ື㞀ቨࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀㄌ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ
ᡓ␎ G ◊✲ࡢព⩏ࢆ Porter㸦1980㸧ࡣࠊ➇த⪅἞⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡿࡢࡔ࡜ຍㆤ㔝㸦2003㸧ࡣᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ

ࡀ⌧ᅾ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙ࡬࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ

ຍㆤ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡸྜྷᮧ㸦2007㸧ࡣ௨ୖࡢຍㆤ㔝࠸࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀุ᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡓ␎ G ࣐ࢵࣉ㸦௨ୗ࣐

㸦2003㸧ࡢᡂᯝࢆ㋃くࡋࠊ་⸆ရᴗ࡟ྠ᪘௻ᴗࡀከ

ࢵࣉ㸧ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ᡓ␎ G࠸⌮⏤ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝࡃࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ་⸆ရࡢ◊✲ࡢ≉ᐃ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ᡓ␎ḟඖࡣࠊᐈほⓗ࡟Ỵࡵࡿࡇ࡜

㛤Ⓨ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠊࡑࡢⅭࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝࡛⤒Ⴀࡀ㞴ࡋࡃᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚࢔ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ഃ㠃ࢆࡍࡿጼໃࠊỌ⥆ࢆ➨୍࡜⪃࠼ࡿᐙᴗⓗ࡞Ⓨ᝿ࠊࡑࢀᣢࡓࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸㸦ᒣ⏣,1994㸧
ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡽࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀࡀ⥔ᣢࡉᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᢎ▱ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ

ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡔ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢㄝࢆᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣྠ᪘㢮ఝࡍࡿᡓ␎ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ

⥔ᣢ௬ㄝ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᙼࡽࡣࠊྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣ㛗ᮇ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋᡓ␎Gࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ୍࡚ᮇ㛫ࡢࡳⓗ࡞ど㔝࡛⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ࡜ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡀぢฟࡋ࡛࡞ࡽࡎ㛗ᮇ㛫ほᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆ௻ᴗ

ࡓྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶ

ࡢධ᭰ࡸ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᙧᡂࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ

࡜ࡍࡿࠋ௨㝆ࠊ་⸆ရᴗࡢᡓ␎ኚ໬࡜ྠ᪘ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ⤒᫬ⓗ࡟ぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᙼࡽࡢㄝࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ≉࡟ᡓ␎ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⤒᫬ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿసᴗ࡟㐺ࡋࡓࢶ࣮ࣝࡀᡓ␎ G ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ་⸆ရᴗࡢᡓ␎ḟඖࡢ᳨ウ࡜ศᯒᯟ⤌་⸆ရࡢ✀ู་⸆ရ࡟ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࡝ࢀࢆᡓ␎ၟ

ᡓ␎ * ◊✲ရ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡾ➇தࡍࡿᕷሙࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋ

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㢮ఝᡓ␎ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ௻ᴗ⩌ࡢᢳฟస་⸆ရࡣ኱ูࡍࡿ࡜ࠕ་⒪⏝་⸆ရࠖ1)࡜ࠕ୍⯡ᴗ࡟ᡓ␎ G ◊✲ࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࠋྠ◊✲࡛ࡼࡃ▱⏝་⸆ရࠖ2)࡟ࢃ࠿ࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟་⒪⏝་⸆ရࡣ᪂

ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ Porter㸦1980㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᐑඖ㸪2009㸧ࠋ་⸆ရ࡜ᚋⓎ་⸆ရ㸦Generic Medicines㸸௨ୗ GE㸧

Porter㸦1980㸧ࡣᡓ␎ G ࢆࠊࠕ࠶ࡿ⏘ᴗෆ࡟࠾࠸

3)࡟ࢃ࠿ࢀࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ᪂་⸆ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿ 16 ♫ࢆ࡚ᡓ␎ḟඖ࡛ྠࡌ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㢮ఝࡢᡓ␎ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚

ㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࠋㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 4.1 ࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋ

࠸ࡿ௻ᴗࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠖ
㸦Porter,1980㸸㑥ヂ p.183㸧
ࠊࡉ࡚ࠊ᪂་⸆ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㛤Ⓨࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ᪂つⓗ࡜ࡉࢀ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᡓ␎ḟඖ࡜ࡣࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿኚᩘ࡛࠶

ࡿࡢࡀ᪂᭷ຠᡂศྵ᭷་⸆ရ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂᭷ຠᡂศྵ

ࡾࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ᥈⣴࡟ࡣࡑࡢ㑅ᐃࡀ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠋ

᭷་⸆ရ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕࡍ࡛࡟ᢎㄆࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ་⸆ရࠊ

ຍ࠼࡚ࠊᡓ␎ G ࡢព࿡⪃ᐹ࡟࠾࠸࡚⛣ື㞀ቨ࡜࠸࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏ⸆ᒁ᪉࡟ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ་⸆ရࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠺ ᴫ ᛕ ࡶ 㔜 せ ࡞ ព ࿡ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ 㸦 Leask and࡟ࡶ᭷ຠᡂศ࡜ࡋ࡚ྵ᭷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᡂศࢆ᭷ຠᡂศ࡜

Parker,2007㸹Mascarenhas and Aaker ,1989㸧ࠋ⛣ࡋ࡚ྵ᭷ࡍࡿ་⸆ရࠖ
㸦᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺ᴗ㐃ྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊ື㞀ቨ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕ௻ᴗࡀᡓ␎ୖ࡛ࡢ୍ࡘࡢ఩⨨࠿ࡽࠊู⦅㸪1995㸪123-124 㡫㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢎㄆࡉࢀࢀࡤ⸆౯

ࡢ఩⨨࡬⛣ືࡍࡿࡢࢆጉࡆࡿせᅉࠖ
㸦Porter㸪1980㸸ຍ⟬ࡢ㠃࠿ࡽከࡃࡢ཰┈ࡀぢ㎸ࡵࡿ㸦すᮧ㸪2009㸧ࠋ㑥ヂ p.188㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓ␎ G 㛫ࡢ཰┈ᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࡑ᪂་⸆࡟ࡣ᪂᭷ຠᡂศྵ᭷་⸆ရࡢ௚ࠊ᪂ᢞ୚⤒ࡢ⛣ື㞀ቨ࡟ࡼࡾỴࡲࡿ㸦Cave and Porter㸪1977㸧ࠋ㊰་⸆ရࡸ᪂ຠ⬟་⸆ရࠊ᪂๣ᙧ་⸆ရࠊ᪂⏝㔞་⛣ື㞀ቨࡀ㧗ࡅࢀࡤᶍೌࢆጉࡆࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢࢢ࣮ࣝ

⸆ရࠊ᪂་⒪⏝㓄ྜ๣ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ 4)ࠋᏳ⏣࣭ᑠ㔝ࣉཧධࢆ㛗ᮇ㛫㜵ࡄࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆ௻ᴗࡢ➇த

㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢ✀ูࡈ࡜࡟⮫ᗋ㛤Ⓨᮇ㛫ࢆㄪᰝຊࢆ㧗ࡵ㸦D'Aveni, 1994㸧
ࠊඃ఩ᛶࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂᭷ຠᡂศྵ᭷་⸆ရࡢ㛤Ⓨ

ࡢ㈨※ࡸ⬟ຊࡢ⵳✚ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿ㸦Cave andᮇ㛫ࡀ᭱ࡶ㛗ࡃࠊࡑࡢᮇ㛫ࡣ᪂⏝㔞་⸆ရࡸ᪂་⒪Porter,1977㸧
ࠋ⏝㓄ྜ๣ࡢ⣙ 2 ಸ࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

㏆ᖺࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢩ࣮ࢬࡀᯤῬࡋࠊ᪂᭷ຠᡂศࡢⓎぢᅗ 1 ࡛ࡣࠊࢢࣛࣇୖ㒊࡟ྛᮇ࡟ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓ NCEࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㟷஭࣭୰ᮧ㸪2003㸹௒㸪1999㸧ࠋࡢ⥲௳ᩘࢆグ㏙ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ࡢࡳ⿵㊊ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ᪂⸆ࢆୖᕷࡋࡓᚋࡶᨵⰋ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࠊ᪂࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀᢎㄆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ௳ᩘࢆᣓᘼෆ࡟グ㏙ຠ⬟ࡸ᪂๣ᙧ࡞࡝ࡢ㐺ᛂᣑ኱ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡋࡓࠋ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ௳ᩘ࠿ࡽࡑࢀࢆᘬ࠸ࡓṧࡾࡣࠊ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦すᮧ㸪2009㸧ࠋすᮧ㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊ2007 ᖺᗘᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᏊ఍♫ࡸ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡜ᾏእ௻ᴗࡢྜᘚ఍♫ୖ఩ 67 ရ┠୰ࠊ⣙ 8 ๭ࡀ㐺ᛂᣑ኱ࡢ་⸆ရ࡛࠶ࡿ

➼ࡀᢎㄆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ௳ᩘ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᅗ 1 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ኱ࡁ

࡜ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㐺ᛂᣑ኱࡜࠸࠺

ࡃࡣḟࡢ 4 ࡘࡢ≉ᚩࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋ

◊✲㛤Ⓨᡭἲࡣࠊ᪂⸆ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤព࿡ࢆ࡞ࡉ

➨୍࡟ࠊ
1980 ᖺ௦ࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡋ⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀῶࡗ࡚

࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡢⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ
ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᑡᩘ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ

࠸ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ2 ࡘࡢᅜෆ NCE ࡼࡾྠ㍺ධ NCE ࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨຊࢆࡣ࠿ࡿࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚

࡯࠺ࡀከ࠸ࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊ᭱ࡶከ࠸ࡢࡀ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE

᪂᭷ຠᡂศྵ᭷་⸆ရ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟‽ࡎࡿ 5)་⸆ရࡢᢎ

࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ

ㄆືྥࡣព⩏῝࠸ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ௨㝆ࡀྲྀᚓࡋࡓ௳ᩘ㸦ᣓᘼෆᩘ್㸧࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ1970ࡑࢀࡽࢆ NCE㸦New Chemical Entity㸧6)࡜ࡋྠ⸆

ᖺ௦ࡀ 92 ௳ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡀ 75 ௳ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡀ 41ࡢᢎㄆືྥ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ

௳ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡀ 34 ௳࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

1&( ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘㄪᰝ

ࡣ 1990 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽ኱ᖜ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀᢎㄆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
NCE ࡢᢎㄆ࡟ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ

≉࡟ࠊ඲యࡢഴྥ࡜ࡋ࡚㍺ධ་⸆ရࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀ

ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾࠊᅜෆ༢⊂ NCEࠊᅜෆඹྠ NCEࠊ㍺ከ࠸᫬௦࡜ᑡ࡞࠸᫬௦ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡣࠊㄪᰝᑐ

ධ༢⊂ NCEࠊ㍺ධඹྠ NCE ࡢ 4 ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㇟௻ᴗࡢᡓ␎ኚ໬ࡢㄪᰝศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࡿୖ࡛ὀ┠࡟್ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘ࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀ

ࡍࡿࠋ

㛤Ⓨࡋᢎㄆࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ NCE ࡣࠕ〇㐀ᢎㄆࠖ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢᢎㄆࢆ༢⊂࡛⾜࠺࠿ࠊ」ᩘࡢ௻ᴗ࡛⾜ᡓ␎ḟඖࡢ㑅ᐃ࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡾ NCE ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ 2 ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᡓ␎ G ࡢ≉ᐃ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ᡓ␎ḟඖ࡟ࡣ๓⪅ࢆᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡜ࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࢆᅜෆඹྠ NCE

኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡࡜㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋ

࡜ࡍࡿ 7)ࠋ௚᪉ࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ་⸆ရࡶࡋࡃ

๓㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾ⸨㔝㸦2014a㸧ࡣࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓࡣᢏ⾡ࡸཎᩱࢆ㍺ධࡋ㛤Ⓨࢆ⤒࡚ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓ NCE

௻ᴗࡣྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀ஺௦ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࡑࢀࢆ㍺ධ NCE ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ㍺ධ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸NCE ࡶᅜෆ NCE ࡜ྠᵝࠊ༢⊂࡜ඹྠ࡟ࢃ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ

࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᙼࡀⓎぢࡋࡓ⌧㇟ࢆ෌⌧ࡋࠊᡓ␎ࡢ

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊ
ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘ࢆཧ↷ࡋࠊࢃኚ໬࡜ྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࠊࡀᅜ඲యࡢ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ➨୍ࡢᡓ␎ḟඖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ㄪᰝᮇ㛫ࡣ 1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢㄪᰝࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᡓ␎ḟඖ࡟㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࢆ᥇

ᮇ㛫ࢆ 10 ᖺ༢఩࡛ᣓࡾࠊୖ㏙ࡢ 4 ࡘࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡢ

⏝ࡍࡿࠋ㑅ᐃ⌮⏤ࡣḟࡢ 3 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ 1 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ
1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ㍺ධ NCE
ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀῶᑡࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆ 3.2 ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟
ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡢቑῶ࡟╔ᅗ 㸸୺せ௻ᴗู 1&( ᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡢ᥎⛣
㍺ධඹྠ

ϯϬϬ
ϮϱϬ

ィϮϵϳ
ϰϳ

┠ࡍࢀࡤࠊᡓ␎ G ㄽࡢ୰ᚰㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠕ➇தࡢඃ఩ᅜෆ༢⊂ᛶࢆࡶࡘ௻ᴗ⩌ࠖࡢⓎぢ࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ϲϳ

ϭϮϭ;ϵϮͿ➨஧࡟ࠊ㍺ධ〇ရࡸ㍺ධᢏ⾡ࡣࠊ௚௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ➇த

ィϯϭϯ
ϱϭ

ィϮϱϮ

࡟࠾࠸࡚᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦㛗㇂ᕝ,1986㸹᪥ᮏ

ϱϵ

ϭϲ
ϯϬ

⸆ྐᏛ఍⦅,1995㸧ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ➨஧ḟ኱ᡓᚋ࡟άⓎ໬ϭϭϳ;ϰϭͿ

ϭϭϬ;ϯϰͿ

ࡋࡓᢠ⏕≀㉁ࡢ㍺ධࡣࠊ
ࠕ〇⸆௻ᴗࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ㉁ⓗ࡟ኚϴϲϵϲϭϵϵϬᖺ௦

ϮϬϬϬᖺ௦

ϱϲ

ϭϲ

ϮϬϬ
ϭϱϬ

㍺ධ༢⊂

ィϯϳϭ

ϰϬϬ
ϯϱϬ

ᅜෆඹྠ

ϭϯϮ;ϳϱͿ

໬ࡉࡏࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘つᶍࡢᣑ኱ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ

ϭϬϬ
ϱϬ

ϭϭϯ

ϭϭϲ

ϭϵϳϬᖺ௦

ϭϵϴϬᖺ௦

ࡓࠖ㸦㛗㇂ᕝ,1986,71-72 㡫㸧ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ Maurer㸦1989㸧Ϭฟᡤ㸸ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘
㸦ྛᖺ∧㸧ࢆࡶ࡜࡟సᡂ



9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ࡣࠊᇶ♏◊✲㈝ࡀⓎ⏕ࡏࡎࢥࢫࢺ㍍ῶຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤Ⓨ௻ᴗࡢ㈨ᩱࢆά⏝࡛ࡁ◊✲㛤Ⓨᮇ㛫ࡀ▷⦰࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ 2 ࡘࡢຠᯝࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈍኎ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡣᾏእᕷሙ࡟ẚ࡭」㞧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ௚࡟ࡶࠊ〇ရࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ㍺ධࡋ〇ရ໬ࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ

Ⅽࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ᑐ᪥ᡓ␎ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞

๰⸆඲⯡࡟ಀࡿᢏ⾡ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⟶⌮ᡭἲࡸ⤒Ⴀᡭࡃࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡜ྜᘚ௻ᴗࢆタ❧ࡋࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ᕷሙ㐍ἲࢆᏛ⩦࡛ࡁࡓ㸦ཎ,2007㸧ࠋ౛࠼ࡤㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ⸨ἑ

ฟࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ཎ㸪2007㸹㛗㇂ᕝ㸪1986㸧ࠋ⸆ရᕤᴗ㸦⌧࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫ㸧ࡣࠊ1961 ᖺ࡟ⱥᅜࡢ

ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰ࠊMOSS ༠㆟ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ ICH ࡜࠸

NRDC㸦ⱥᅜᅜ❧◊✲㛤Ⓨබ♫㸧࠿ࡽࢭࣇ࢓ࣟࢫ࣏

ࡗࡓᨻᗓ㛫ࡸつไ୺య㛫ࡢ༠㆟࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ

ࣜࣥ C ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢዎ⣙㔠ࡣᙜ᫬ࡢ⸨ἑࡢᖺ㛫つไࡀ⦆࿴ࡉࢀࡓ 11)ࠋࡑࡢつไ⦆࿴ࡣᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᑐ◊✲㈝ᐇ⦼ࡢ 7.7%࡟┦ᙜࡋࡓ㸦⸨ἑ⸆ရᕤᴗᰴᘧ఍

᪥ᡓ␎ࡢᙉ໬ࢆಁࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ┤᥋㐍ฟࡀ㐍ࡳ♫⦅㸪1995㸧ࠋ⸨ἑ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚Ỵࡋ࡚Ᏻࡃࡣ࡞࠸ዎ⣙᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢ㍺ධࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ

㔠࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ
ࠕ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᖖົྲྀ⥾ᙺࡢࠗࡸࢁ࠺ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿ࠊᦆࢆࡋ࡚ࡶᢏ⾡ࢆࡳࡀࡃࡓ

ศᯒᯟ⤌࡜௬ㄝࡵࡢᤵᴗᩱࢆᨭᡶࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠼ࡤࡼ࠸࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࠘࡜

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊNCE ࡢᢎㄆືྥࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓ

࠸࠺Ⓨゝࡀ኱ໃࢆỴࡋࠊ♫㛗⸨ἑ཭ྜྷࡢỴ᩿࡟ࡘ࡞࠺࠼࡛ࠊᡓ␎ G ᢳฟ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ᡓ␎ḟඖࡢ㑅ᐃ⌮⏤ࡀࡗࡓࠖ㸦⸨ἑ⸆ရᕤᴗᰴᘧ఍♫⦅,1995,164 㡫㸧ࠋ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤࠊࢃࡀᅜ

⸨ἑࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽࠊ㍺ධྲྀᘬ࡟ࡣ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡⋓ᚓࡢࡢ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㍺ධ་⸆ࡀ௻ᴗࡢ➇தඃ఩ࡢඛ⾜ᢞ㈨࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡀྵពࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋ

ᙧᡂ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ

㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓ㏻ࡾࠊ㍺ධྲྀᘬࡣ〇ရᑟධ࡜࠸࠺║๓

㍺ධ NCE ࢆᡓ␎ḟඖ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ➇தඃ఩࡞௻ᴗ⩌ࠊࡢ཰┈⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࠿ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ཰┈⋓ᚓ࡟᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡢᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㋃くࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㛤Ⓨຊࡸ⤒Ⴀᡭἲ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⤌⧊⬟ຊྥୖ࡟ࡋࡓ௻ᴗ⩌࡜ࡑࢀࡀฟ᮶࡞࠸㸦⾜ࢃ࡞࠸㸧௻ᴗ⩌ࡢࡶᐤ୚ࡋࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㍺ධ࡟✚ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀᢳฟ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟⸨㔝㸦2014a㸧ࡀぢฟࡋࡓᡓ␎࡜ྠ᪘㛵୚ᴟⓗ࡞௻ᴗ࡯࡝ຠᯝⓗ࠿ࡘᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞཰┈⋓ᚓᡭẁࢆᙧᡂ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨୕࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ᑟධࡋࡓ〇ရࡣ≀㉁≉チไᗘࡢ࠶ࡿ
ᅜ࡟㍺ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸦ᯇᒃ,1973㸧8)ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵ

㛵ಀᛶࡢ෌⌧ࢆ௻ᅗࡋࠊ኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆࡶ࠺୍ࡘ
ࡢᡓ␎ḟඖ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟⣽࠿ࡃࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࢺࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㍺ධ࡜㍺ฟࡣ⾲⿬୍యࡢ㛵ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡓ␎ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ

ಀ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡࡜㍺ධ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿືྥࢆ࠶ࢃࡏ

໬ࡋࠊࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡈ࡜࡟ྠ᪘㛵୚࡟㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࡚ㄪᰝࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊືែⓗ࡞ᡓ␎ኚ໬࡟᥋㏆࡛ࡁࡿ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ஦㇟㛫ࡢ㐪࡜⪃࠼ࡿ 9)ࠋࡇࢀࡀ㍺ධ NCE ࢆᡓ␎ḟඖ࡜ࡍࡿ➨࠸ࡀ᫂☜࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡇࡑࡀྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᣢ⌮⏤ࢆ୕ࡢ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⣣ゎࡃ㘽࡜࡞ࡾ࠼ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊᡓ␎

ࡉ࡚ࠊ3.2 ࡛ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳G ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕࡓࡿ⛣ື㞀ቨ࡜ྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᩘࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢῶᑡ⌮⏤ᚿྥᛶ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࠊࡑࡋ࡚⛣ື㞀ቨ࡜ྠ᪘⥔ᣢ௬ㄝࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊᚋ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᡓ␎ኚ໬ࡢព࿡⪃ᐹࡢ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚‽ഛࢆ⾜࠺ࠋῶᑡ⌮⏤࡟ࡣḟࡢ 2 ࡘࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡢ⥔ᣢ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࡀ῝ࡲࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ

➨୍࡟ࠊࢩ࣮ࢬᯤῬ࡟క࠸඲యⓗ࡟ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ◊✲ࡢ௬ㄝࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡍࡿࠋ௳ᩘࡀῶࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ஦ᐇ㛵ಀࡣᅗ 1 ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡢῶᑡࡣࠊ㍺ධྍ⬟࡞᪂⸆ࡢῶᑡ

ࢃࡀᅜࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡀ᥇⏝ࡍࡿᡓ␎ G ࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࠊᡓ␎

࡟┤⤖ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋG 㛫ࡢ⛣ື㞀ቨࡀࠊྠ᪘ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᣢ⤊↉࡟ᙳࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰ࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡣྲྀᘬ௻ᴗࡢ㑅ูࢆ㐍ࡵ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ

ࡓࠋMaurer㸦1989㸧ࡣ୍ࡘࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕఱ࠿㈗♫



࠿ࡽ୍ࡘ࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤࠊࢃࡀ♫ࡶ୍ࡘᕪࡋୖࡆࡲࡋ

ḟ⠇௨㝆ࠊࡑࢀࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ

ࡻ࠺ࠖࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀᘬ᮲௳ࡢኚ໬ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஧ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᑐ᪥ᡓ␎ᙉ໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏࡢ་⸆ရᕷሙ࡟ࡣ⊂⮬ࡢၟ័⾜ࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ㸦᪥ᮏ⸆ྐᏛ఍⦅㸪1995㸧ࠋࡑࡢၟ័⾜ࡣ≉␗࡞ࡶ࡜࡜
ࡋ࡚ᾏእࡢᐇົᐙ࡟ᫎࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ 10)ࠋ≉࡟ᅜෆᕷሙࡢ

ᡓ␎ * ࡜ྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ㛵ಀᛶㄪᰝ࡜⤖ᯝㄪᰝᴫせᮏ◊✲ࡢㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡣࠊ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 2009 ᖺ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ᗘ኎ୖ㧗ୖ఩40 ♫ࡢ୰࡛᪂་⸆ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿ21 ♫࡛ྠ᪘ᰴ୺ࡢุ᩿ࡶຍㆤ㔝௚㸦2003㸧࡟ೌ࠸ࠊ๰ᴗ⪅࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࢹ࣮ࢱධᡭࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸௻ᴗࡀᩘ♫࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡑࡢ୍᪘ࡢಶேᣢᰴࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊྠ᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚12)ࠋࡑࢀࡽࢆ㝖࠸ࡓࠊṊ⏣⸆ရᕤᴗࠊሷ㔝⩏〇⸆ࠊ࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ୍⯡ἲேࡸ㈈ᅋἲேᰴ୺ࢆྵࡵࡓࠋ

࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࠊ࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫ㸦๓⸨ἑ⸆ရᕤᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ๓ᒣ

⾲ 1 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ1970 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 16 ♫୰ 10 ♫࡛ྠ᪘அෆ〇⸆㸧ࠊ➨୍୕ඹ㸦๓➨୍〇⸆࠾ࡼࡧ๓୕ඹ㸧ࠊࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ᑠ㔝࡜ᣢ⏣ࢆ㝖ࡃṧ୰እ〇⸆ࠊ኱᪥ᮏఫ཭〇⸆㸦๓኱᪥ᮏ〇⸆㸧ࠊ⛉◊〇

ࡾ 8 ♫ࡢྠ᪘ࡢᣢᰴẚ⋡ࡣ㧗ࡃ࡞࠸ 13)ࠋ⸆ࠊ࠶ࡍ࠿〇⸆ࠊᣢ⏣〇⸆ࠊᑠ㔝⸆ရᕤᴗࠊࡳࡽ࠿ࠊ

ࡑࡢᚋࠊᰴᘧࡢศᩓࡀ㐍ࡳࠊࡉࡽ࡟ྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟࢟ࢵࢭ࢖ࠊᰤ◊໬Ꮫࡢ 14 ♫㸦ྜే๓ 16 ♫㸧ࢆᮏ◊ᑵ࠿࡞࠸௻ᴗࡶቑ࠼ࡓࠋ௒᪥ࡢືྥࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ

✲ࡢㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ᣢ⏣ࡢࡳᡤ᭷࡜⤒Ⴀࡀ୍⮴ࠊ࠶ࡍ࠿ࠊ୰እࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ

ㄪᰝᮇ㛫ࡣ 1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ㄪᰝ㡯┠ࡣࠊ♫㛗ࡢฟ⮬ࠊ⥲኎ୖ㧗ࠊ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗ࠊᢎㄆྲྀᚓ
ࡋࡓ NCE ࡢ௳ᩘࠊࡑࡋ࡚ྠ᪘ࡢᣢᰴ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࢖ࠊ࢟ࢵࢭ࢖ࡣศᩓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵࡃᙧែࡢྠ᪘௻ᴗ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊ୺せ௻ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᰴᘧࢆᨭ㓄ྛㄪᰝ࡟⏝࠸ࡓ㈨ᩱࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ♫㛗ࡢฟࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ྠ᪘௻ᴗࡀぢ㐣ࡈࡍࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸

⮬࡜ྠ᪘ᣢᰴࡣ᭷౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ⥲኎ୖᩘᏑᅾࡋࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ⣣ゎࡃࡓࡵࠊᡓ␎

㧗࡜㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗ࡣ᪥⤒ NEEDS Financial QUESTG ࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡋᑐ㇟௻ᴗࡢᡓ␎ኚ໬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

ࢆ୺࡜ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ධᡭ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㡯┠ࡣ᭷౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩࡛⿵᏶ࡋࡓࠋNCE ௳ᩘࡣ 3.2 ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥ

ㄪᰝ࡜⤖ᯝࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋㄪᰝࢹ࣮ࢱᴫほ࡜ᡓ␎ * ࡢ㑅ᐃᇶ‽ࡉ࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡣከࡃࡢᰴᘧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸

ᡓ␎ḟඖ࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡿㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ NCE ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ࠾

ྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᡓ␎

ࡼࡧ㍺ฟẚ⋡➼ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢࡀ⾲ 2 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ 2

G ㄪᰝࡢ๓࡟ࡑࡢ஦ᐇ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋ

࡛ࡣࠊᅗ 1 ࡜ྠࡌࡃㄪᰝᮇ㛫ࢆ 10 ᖺ༢఩࡛ᣓࡾྛ

⾲ 1 ࡣࠊㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ 1970 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ♫㛗࡜ 1970ᖺ௦ࡢືྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᖺࠊ1980 ᖺࠊ1990 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2010 ᖺࡢྛ᫬Ⅼࢃࡀᅜ඲యࡢ NCE ࡢᢎㄆືྥㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ1990ࡢྠ᪘ᣢᰴࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛ♫♫㛗ࢆୖẁᖺ௨㝆ࠊ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ

࡟グࡋࠊྠ᪘♫㛗࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸦ࠕ‫ࠖە‬㸧ࢆ௜ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾

࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢഴྥࡣㄪᰝᑐ㇟௻ᴗ࡟ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲ

♫㛗ุูࡣຍㆤ㔝௚㸦2003㸧࡟ೌ࠸ࠊ๰ᴗ⪅࡜ྠጣࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࡲࡎぢ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ

⪅ࢆྠ᪘࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇጣࡀ␗࡞ࡿ୍᪘ࡶᏑ

⾲ 2 ࡢ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆࡳ࡚

ᅾࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡿ㈨ᩱࡀ࠶ࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ࡀ 3.1 ௳ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡀ 2 ௳ࠊ1990࡚ྠ᪘࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
ୗẁࡣྠ᪘ࡢᣢᰴẚ⋡ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᖺ௦ࡀ 0.69 ௳ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡀ 0.5 ௳࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲ 㸸ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ♫㛗࡜ྠ᪘ࡢᣢᰴ ᑠ㔝⸆ရṊ⏣⸆ရᕤᴗ
ሷ㔝⩏〇⸆
኱᪥ᮏ〇⸆
ᣢ⏣⸆ရ
୕ඹ〇⸆
➨୍〇⸆
⸨ἑ⸆ရᕤᴗᒣஅෆ〇⸆䛒䛩䛛〇⸆䠄ᪧᖇᅜ⮚ჾ䠅
୰እ〇⸆
䜶䞊䝄䜲
䜻䝑䝉䜲
⛉◊〇⸆
䜏䜙䛛㻴㻰
䠄ᪧᐩኈ䝺䝡䜸䠅ᰤ◊໬Ꮫ♫㛗 䖃ᑠ㔝㞝㐀㻝㻥㻡㻢䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃Ṋ⏣㛗ර⾨㻝㻥㻠㻟䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃ሷ㔝Ꮥኴ㑻㻝㻥㻡㻟䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 ᐑṊᚨḟ㑻㻝㻥㻡㻢䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃ᣢ⏣ಙኵ㻝㻥㻢㻠䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 㕥ᮌ୓ᖹ㻝㻥㻠㻥䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 ▼㯮Ṋ㞝㻝㻥㻢㻟䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗᪩ᕝ୕㑻㻝㻥㻢㻣䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗Ώ㎶㡰ᖹ㻝㻥㻢㻤䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃ᒣཱྀᰤ୍㻝㻥㻡㻞䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃ୖ㔝බኵ㻝㻥㻢㻢䡚䚷ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃ෆ⸨♸ḟ㻝㻥㻢㻢䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃⚄⃝㑥㞝㻝㻥㻢㻢䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 㛗㇂ᕝ㛗ᾈ㻝㻥㻢㻡䡚䚷ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃⸨⏣ග୍㑻㻝㻥㻢㻠䡚ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ♫㛗 䖃㯮ఫ๛㻝㻥㻟㻥䡚
ྠ᪘ᣢᰴ

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䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䖃ᑠ㔝㡰㐀㻝㻥㻣㻣䡚䚷㻟㻞㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䖃ᑠす᪂ර⾨㻝㻥㻣㻠䡚
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୙᫂䚷
䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷Ἑᮧ႐඾㻝㻥㻣㻡䡚䚷㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷ᐑṊ୍ኵ㻝㻥㻣㻢䡚
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㻌䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷బ㔝୍ኵ㻝㻥㻤㻢䡚䚷㻥㻚㻝㻜㻑䚷಴ᯘ⫱ᅄ㑻㻝㻥㻤㻝䡚ᱵᮏ⣧ṇ㻝㻥㻤㻢䡚㻠㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷႐ከၿᖹ㻝㻥㻤㻞䡚䚷ྜྷ฼୍㞝㻝㻥㻤㻟䡚䚷㻞㻚㻤㻜㻑䚷⸨ཎᐩ⏨㻝㻥㻤㻝䡚㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䖃ᣢ⏣ⱥ㻝㻥㻤㻡䡚㻟㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑

㻝㻥㻥㻜ᖺ䚷䚷䚷ୖ㔝฼㞝㻝㻥㻥㻟䡚㻡㻚㻝㻢㻑䚷᳃⏣᱇㻝㻥㻥㻝䡚㻌㻌䖃Ṋ⏣ᅧ⏨㻝㻥㻥㻟䡚㻞㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䖃ሷ㔝ⰾᙪ㻝㻥㻥㻞䡚䚷䚷䖃ሷ㔝ඖ୕㻝㻥㻥㻥䡚㻝㻚㻥㻣㻑䚷ΏᏲṊ೺㻝㻥㻥㻟䡚䚷䚷䚷䚷ᐑṊ೺ḟ㑻㻝㻥㻥㻥䡚㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䖃Ώ㎶㐍㻝㻥㻥㻜䡚䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䖃ᣢ⏣┤ᖾ㻝㻥㻥㻥䡚㻞㻡㻚㻜㻝㻑

㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㕥ᮌṇ㻝㻥㻤㻣䡚
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑

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᳃⏣Ύ㻝㻥㻥㻥䡚
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䖃⸨⃝཭ྜྷ㑻㻝㻥㻣㻤䡚䚷䚷⸨ᒣᮁ㻝㻥㻥㻞䡚䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㟷ᮌึኵ㻝㻥㻥㻥䡚䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 䜰
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䚷䚷䚷୰ᮧ┒ኴ㑻㻝㻥㻣㻠䡚䚷ᑠᓥᨻኵ㻝㻥㻣㻣䡚䖃᳃ᒸⱱኵ㻝㻥㻤㻜䡚䚷䚷ᑠ㔝⏣ṇឡ㻝㻥㻥㻞䡚➉୰Ⓩ୍㻞㻜㻜㻜䡚

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୙᫂䚷
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୙᫂䚷
䚷䚷኱ཎᘯ㈨㻝㻥㻣㻟䡚䚷⁪⃝⇃୍㻝㻥㻣㻣䡚
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䚷ἑၨ⚈㻝㻥㻤㻝䡚䚷䚷䚷⬥ᒣዲᬕ㻝㻥㻤㻣䡚㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷⚟ᒣ຾㻝㻥㻤㻤䡚୙᫂䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䖃㯮ఫᛅኵ㻝㻥㻤㻢䡚䚷୙᫂䚷䚷ฟᡤ㸸ྛ♫᭷౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩ࢆࡶ࡜࡟➹⪅సᡂࠋ



㻞㻜㻜㻜ᖺ
ᯇᮏබ୍㑻㻞㻜㻜㻝䚸ᒾ஭Ꮥྖ㻞㻜㻜㻡䚸᫝㔠ಇ἞㻞㻜㻜㻢䚸⚟ᓥ኱ྜྷ㻞㻜㻜㻤䚸┦Ⰻᬡ㻞㻜㻜㻤䡚㻞㻚㻢㻣㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻞㻚㻣㻝㻑㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㛗㇂ᕝ㛩ྐ㻞㻜㻜㻟䡚㻞㻚㻜㻝㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻞㻚㻣㻜㻑㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌ᡭ௦ᮌຌ㻞㻜㻜㻤䡚㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌ከ⏣ṇୡ㻞㻜㻜㻤䡚㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻡㻚㻠㻥㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻞㻟㻚㻠㻟㻑㧗⸨㕲㞝㻞㻜㻜㻜䡚䚷䚷䚷ᗉ⏣㝯㻞㻜㻜㻟䡚➨ ♫ ᗉ⏣㝯㻞㻜㻜㻡䡚
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
୍ 㛗
䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 ୕㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
ඹ ᰴ
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

䚷䖃ᒣཱྀ㝯㻝㻥㻥㻝䡚㻠㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䖃Ọᒣ἞㻝㻥㻥㻞䡚
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
䚷䚷䖃⚄⃝㝣㞝㻝㻥㻥㻞䡚㻝㻢㻚㻟㻠㻑
䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷஝ᅄᮁ㻝㻥㻥㻥䡚㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䖃⸨⏣ග୍㑻㻝㻥㻥㻤䡚
㻡㻚㻣㻜㻑
㻢㻚㻜㻜㻑

♫ ➉୰Ⓩ୍㻞㻜㻜㻡䡚㛗 㔝ᮌ᳃㞞㒔㻞㻜㻜㻢䡚ᰴ㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻠㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻟㻚㻠㻡㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌䚷䚷䚷㻝㻝㻚㻣㻤㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻝㻞㻚㻥㻡㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑ᚨග㐩⏕㻞㻜㻜㻜䡚䚷䚷䚷㕥ᮌ༤ṇ㻞㻜㻜㻟䡚䚷㻞㻚㻤㻡㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷ᑎᮏဴஓ㻞㻜㻜㻣䡚㻡㻚㻜㻜㻑䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻞㻜㻝㻜ᖺ㻟㻚㻣㻡㻑⾲ 2 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㍺ධ NCE ࡢ௳ᩘࡀᖹᆒ௨ୖ࡛࠶⾲ 㸸ྛ 1&( ௳ᩘཬࡧ㈈ົࢹ࣮ࢱࡲ࡜ࡵ 㻝㻥㻣㻜ᖺ௦
ᅜෆᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ ᅜෆィ ༢⊂
ඹྠ
Ṋ⏣
ሷ㔝⩏
䜶䞊䝄䜲
୰እ
኱᪥ᮏ
ᒣஅෆ
⸨ἑ
➨୍
୕ඹ
ᑠ㔝
䛒䛩䛛
ᣢ⏣
ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ

㍺ධᢎㄆ௳ᩘ

ᅜෆ༢⊂
㻺㻯㻱ẚ⋡

㍺ධィ

༢⊂

ඹྠ

㻜
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻟
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻤

㻣
㻣
㻝
㻠
㻢
㻞
㻝㻝
㻣
㻝㻝
㻜
㻝
㻠
㻡㻚㻝

㻠
㻟
㻝
㻟
㻢
㻜
㻤
㻞
㻡
㻜
㻝
㻠
㻟㻚㻝

㻟 㻢㻡㻚㻜㻜㻑㻠 㻞㻣㻚㻞㻣㻑㻜 㻣㻣㻚㻣㻤㻑㻝 㻟㻣㻚㻡㻜㻑㻜 㻟㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑㻞 㻡㻣㻚㻝㻠㻑㻟 㻞㻡㻚㻜㻜㻑㻡 㻞㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑㻢 㻟㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻞㻚㻜
㻟㻥㻚㻝㻠㻑

ᅜෆᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ ᅜෆィ ༢⊂
ඹྠ

㍺ධィ

㻞㻜
㻝㻝
㻥
㻤
㻝㻜
㻣
㻝㻢
㻝㻜
㻞㻜
㻡
㻝
㻠
㻝㻜㻚㻝

㻝㻟
㻠
㻤
㻠
㻠
㻡
㻡
㻟
㻥
㻡
㻜
㻜
㻡㻚㻜

㻝㻟
㻟
㻣
㻟
㻟
㻠
㻠
㻞
㻢
㻡
㻜
㻜
㻠㻚㻞

ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ䠄༢఩䠖ⓒ୓෇䠅 ኎ୖ㧗㍺኎ୖ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗 ฟẚ⋡㻞㻠㻢㻘㻡㻥㻠
㻣㻥㻘㻢㻣㻝
㻠㻥㻘㻤㻢㻟
㻟㻢㻘㻞㻢㻥
㻞㻣㻘㻠㻡㻞
㻠㻢㻘㻥㻢㻥
㻢㻥㻘㻤㻥㻡
㻠㻜㻘㻟㻥㻞
㻤㻟㻘㻞㻝㻡
㻝㻠㻘㻟㻡㻞
㻣㻘㻟㻠㻡㻝㻡㻘㻠㻟㻜
㻡㻥㻘㻣㻤㻣

㻝㻟㻘㻝㻝㻡
㻝㻘㻝㻡㻟
㻞㻘㻥㻠㻠
㻣㻢㻝
㻟㻞㻠
㻡㻣㻞
㻟㻘㻟㻣㻠
㻟㻘㻤㻞㻥
㻝㻘㻡㻞㻣
㻞㻢㻞
㻜
㻞㻣㻤
㻞㻘㻟㻠㻡

㻡㻚㻟㻞㻑
㻝㻚㻠㻡㻑
㻡㻚㻥㻜㻑
㻞㻚㻝㻜㻑
㻝㻚㻝㻤㻑
㻝㻚㻞㻞㻑
㻠㻚㻤㻟㻑
㻥㻚㻠㻤㻑
㻝㻚㻤㻠㻑
㻝㻚㻤㻞㻑
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝㻚㻤㻜㻑
㻟㻚㻜㻤㻑

㻝㻥㻤㻜ᖺ௦

Ṋ⏣
ሷ㔝⩏
䜶䞊䝄䜲
୰እ
኱᪥ᮏ
ᒣஅෆ
⸨ἑ
➨୍
୕ඹ
ᑠ㔝
䛒䛩䛛
ᣢ⏣
⛉◊
ᰤ◊
䜏䜙䛛
䜻䝑䝉䜲
ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ

㍺ධᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
༢⊂

ඹྠ

ᅜෆ༢⊂
㻺㻯㻱ẚ⋡

㻝㻢
㻝㻟
㻣
㻢
㻟
㻞
㻝 㻠㻟㻚㻣㻡㻑
㻝㻣
㻢
㻠
㻞
㻝㻝
㻣
㻠 㻞㻟㻚㻡㻟㻑
㻝㻜
㻢
㻠
㻞
㻠
㻞
㻞 㻠㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻞
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻝 㻡㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝㻞
㻠
㻟
㻝
㻤
㻠
㻠 㻞㻡㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝㻠
㻥
㻡
㻠
㻡
㻜
㻡 㻟㻡㻚㻣㻝㻑
㻥
㻞
㻞
㻜
㻣
㻞
㻡 㻞㻞㻚㻞㻞㻑
㻝㻜
㻡
㻠
㻝
㻡
㻟
㻞 㻠㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝㻤
㻤
㻣
㻝
㻝㻜
㻞
㻤 㻟㻤㻚㻤㻥㻑
㻡
㻠
㻝
㻟
㻝
㻜
㻝 㻞㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻥
㻠
㻝
㻟
㻡
㻡
㻜 㻝㻝㻚㻝㻝㻑
㻣
㻟
㻜
㻟
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㻞
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
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㻜
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㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻞
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㻝
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㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻠
㻞
㻝
㻝
㻞
㻞
㻜 㻞㻡㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻤㻚㻡㻢 㻠㻚㻟㻤 㻞㻚㻢㻟 㻝㻚㻣㻡 㻠㻚㻝㻥 㻞㻚㻜㻜 㻞㻚㻝㻥㻟㻡㻚㻥㻡㻑

ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ䠄༢఩䠖ⓒ୓෇䠅 ኎ୖ㧗㍺኎ୖ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗 ฟẚ⋡㻡㻟㻤㻘㻥㻟㻡
㻞㻝㻢㻘㻣㻢㻤
㻝㻟㻠㻘㻥㻢㻝
㻝㻜㻝㻘㻤㻠㻝
㻣㻟㻘㻝㻞㻟
㻝㻝㻞㻘㻡㻤㻥
㻝㻤㻜㻘㻟㻞㻥
㻝㻜㻞㻘㻝㻣㻡
㻞㻞㻥㻘㻟㻣㻜
㻠㻤㻘㻡㻞㻞
㻝㻢㻘㻤㻟㻥
㻠㻡㻘㻢㻝㻟
㻞㻤㻘㻠㻞㻤
㻝㻜㻘㻤㻜㻢
㻟㻝㻘㻣㻡㻜
㻝㻡㻘㻤㻠㻞
㻝㻝㻣㻘㻥㻥㻟

㻟㻜㻘㻟㻞㻝
㻞㻘㻜㻡㻢
㻣㻘㻥㻢㻝
㻟㻘㻜㻢㻝
㻥㻤㻥
㻡㻘㻠㻜㻜
㻝㻜㻘㻞㻟㻞
㻣㻘㻞㻡㻥
㻟㻘㻟㻜㻢
㻟㻢㻞
㻜
㻝㻘㻞㻠㻤
㻣㻟㻜
㻝㻤㻠
㻣㻢㻜
㻟㻞
㻠㻘㻢㻝㻥

㻡㻚㻢㻟㻑
㻜㻚㻥㻡㻑
㻡㻚㻥㻜㻑
㻟㻚㻜㻝㻑
㻝㻚㻟㻡㻑
㻠㻚㻤㻜㻑
㻡㻚㻢㻣㻑
㻣㻚㻝㻜㻑
㻝㻚㻠㻠㻑
㻜㻚㻣㻡㻑
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻞㻚㻣㻠㻑
㻞㻚㻡㻣㻑
㻟㻚㻞㻞㻑
㻟㻚㻜㻠㻑
㻟㻚㻞㻜㻑
㻟㻚㻞㻝㻑

㻝㻥㻥㻜ᖺ௦
ᅜෆᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ ᅜෆィ ༢⊂
ඹྠ
Ṋ⏣
ሷ㔝⩏
䜶䞊䝄䜲
୰እ
኱᪥ᮏ
ᒣஅෆ
⸨ἑ
➨୍
୕ඹ
ᑠ㔝
䛒䛩䛛
ᣢ⏣
⛉◊
ᰤ◊
䜏䜙䛛
䜻䝑䝉䜲
ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ

㍺ධᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
㍺ධィ

༢⊂

ඹྠ

ᅜෆ༢⊂
㻺㻯㻱ẚ⋡

㻝㻝
㻝㻜
㻝㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻝 㻥㻜㻚㻥㻝㻑
㻝㻜
㻢
㻟
㻟
㻠
㻝
㻟 㻟㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻤
㻢
㻠
㻞
㻞
㻜
㻞 㻡㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻟
㻟
㻞
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜 㻢㻢㻚㻢㻣㻑
㻠
㻞
㻞
㻜
㻞
㻞
㻜 㻡㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝㻝
㻢
㻡
㻝
㻡
㻜
㻡 㻠㻡㻚㻠㻡㻑
㻣
㻟
㻟
㻜
㻠
㻞
㻞 㻠㻞㻚㻤㻢㻑
㻣
㻠
㻞
㻞
㻟
㻝
㻞 㻞㻤㻚㻡㻣㻑
㻥
㻣
㻞
㻡
㻞
㻜
㻞 㻞㻞㻚㻞㻞㻑
㻟
㻟
㻜
㻟
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻞
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻞
㻝
㻝
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻟
㻞
㻜
㻞
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻟
㻟
㻜
㻟
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻡
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻠
㻟
㻝
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻡㻚㻡㻜 㻟㻚㻢㻟 㻞㻚㻝㻟 㻝㻚㻡㻜 㻝㻚㻤㻤 㻜㻚㻢㻥 㻝㻚㻝㻥㻟㻞㻚㻥㻞㻑

ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ䠄༢఩䠖ⓒ୓෇䠅 ኎ୖ㧗㍺኎ୖ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗 ฟẚ⋡㻣㻢㻠㻘㻝㻣㻝
㻟㻠㻞㻘㻢㻝㻜
㻞㻡㻜㻘㻝㻜㻜
㻝㻡㻟㻘㻟㻤㻟
㻝㻟㻠㻘㻞㻤㻣
㻟㻤㻜㻘㻤㻠㻤
㻞㻟㻜㻘㻢㻣㻤
㻞㻝㻝㻘㻥㻞㻝
㻠㻝㻟㻘㻢㻞㻡
㻝㻜㻜㻘㻠㻟㻢
㻞㻟㻘㻢㻢㻞
㻢㻝㻘㻣㻢㻠
㻢㻠㻘㻤㻞㻡
㻞㻝㻘㻢㻣㻞
㻞㻤㻘㻟㻥㻢
㻠㻢㻘㻟㻥㻠
㻞㻜㻝㻘㻣㻥㻤

㻣㻥㻘㻝㻝㻠
㻟㻘㻝㻤㻡㻞㻜㻘㻜㻜㻞㻤㻘㻡㻣㻥㻝㻘㻡㻝㻜㻠㻤㻘㻤㻥㻜
㻞㻥㻘㻟㻣㻣
㻞㻝㻘㻠㻟㻡
㻠㻡㻘㻞㻤㻥
㻤㻥㻢
㻜
㻞㻥㻝
㻞㻘㻜㻥㻞
㻞㻣㻤
㻝㻘㻥㻞㻤
㻝㻠㻣
㻝㻢㻘㻠㻟㻤

㻝㻜㻚㻟㻡㻑
㻜㻚㻥㻟㻑
㻤㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻡㻚㻡㻥㻑
㻝㻚㻝㻞㻑
㻝㻞㻚㻤㻠㻑
㻝㻞㻚㻣㻠㻑
㻝㻜㻚㻝㻝㻑
㻝㻜㻚㻥㻡㻑
㻜㻚㻤㻥㻑
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻜㻚㻠㻣㻑
㻟㻚㻞㻟㻑
㻡㻚㻥㻠㻑
㻡㻚㻢㻜㻑
㻡㻚㻥㻢㻑
㻡㻚㻥㻞㻑

㻞㻜㻜㻜ᖺ௦
ᅜෆᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ ᅜෆィ ༢⊂
ඹྠ
Ṋ⏣
ሷ㔝⩏
䜶䞊䝄䜲
୰እ
኱᪥ᮏ
䜰䝇䝔䝷䝇
➨୍୕ඹ
ᑠ㔝
䛒䛩䛛
ᣢ⏣
⛉◊
ᰤ◊
䜏䜙䛛
䜻䝑䝉䜲
ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ

㍺ධᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
㍺ධィ

༢⊂

ඹྠ

ᅜෆ༢⊂
㻺㻯㻱ẚ⋡

ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ䠄༢఩䠖ⓒ୓෇䠅 ኎ୖ㧗㍺኎ୖ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗 ฟẚ⋡

㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑 㻝㻘㻝㻡㻣㻘㻣㻢㻢
㻥
㻣
㻞
㻡
㻞
㻜
㻞 㻞㻞㻚㻞㻞㻑 㻞㻣㻡㻘㻢㻝㻠
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑 㻡㻟㻤㻘㻣㻜㻠
㻤
㻡
㻡
㻜
㻟
㻞
㻝 㻢㻞㻚㻡㻜㻑 㻞㻤㻥㻘㻢㻞㻟
㻝㻝
㻥
㻞
㻣
㻞
㻞
㻜 㻝㻤㻚㻝㻤㻑 㻞㻜㻟㻘㻜㻠㻞
㻥
㻡
㻟
㻞
㻠
㻜
㻠 㻟㻟㻚㻟㻟㻑 㻤㻢㻥㻘㻢㻠㻤
㻣
㻠
㻟
㻝
㻟
㻞
㻝 㻠㻞㻚㻤㻢㻑 㻤㻥㻟㻘㻥㻝㻣
㻣
㻣
㻝
㻢
㻜
㻜
㻜 㻝㻠㻚㻞㻥㻑 㻝㻟㻤㻘㻟㻥㻠
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻞㻠㻘㻢㻝㻝㻟㻟㻟㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑㻢㻤㻘㻜㻟㻥㻞㻝㻝㻜㻝㻝㻜 㻡㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻣㻡㻘㻝㻤㻟㻝㻝㻝㻜㻜㻜㻜 㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑㻞㻞㻘㻥㻢㻥
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻣㻟㻘㻣㻤㻜
㻞
㻞
㻜
㻞
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻢㻜㻘㻤㻤㻞
㻠㻚㻠㻟 㻟㻚㻞㻝 㻝㻚㻡㻜 㻝㻚㻣㻝 㻝㻚㻞㻝 㻜㻚㻡㻜 㻜㻚㻣㻝㻟㻝㻚㻢㻣㻑 㻟㻟㻡㻘㻝㻡㻡㻠㻥㻝㻘㻝㻣㻝
㻝㻠㻘㻟㻡㻤
㻞㻤㻥㻘㻜㻟㻡
㻞㻢㻘㻣㻜㻞
㻣㻘㻡㻡㻟㻟㻤㻟㻘㻞㻝㻡
㻞㻢㻥㻘㻟㻟㻝
㻞㻘㻢㻤㻠
㻜
㻝㻤㻝
㻠㻘㻜㻞㻣
㻞㻟㻥
㻤㻘㻝㻞㻟
㻝㻘㻝㻤㻜
㻝㻜㻢㻘㻥㻤㻢

㻠㻞㻚㻠㻞㻑
㻡㻚㻞㻝㻑㻡㻟㻚㻢㻡㻑㻥㻚㻞㻞㻑㻟㻚㻣㻞㻑㻠㻠㻚㻜㻣㻑
㻟㻜㻚㻝㻟㻑
㻝㻚㻥㻠㻑
㻜㻚㻜㻜㻑
㻜㻚㻞㻣㻑
㻡㻚㻟㻢㻑
㻝㻚㻜㻠㻑
㻝㻝㻚㻜㻝㻑
㻝㻚㻥㻠㻑㻝㻡㻚㻜㻜㻑

ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘ⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ࡟༨ࡵࡿᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸௻ᴗࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤ 1970 ᖺ௦ࡢṊ⏣㸧16)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗࡣࠊ㍺ධࢆᚓព࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ⮬♫㛤Ⓨ࡛ࡶ⤖ᯝࢆṧࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ
࠺࡞௻ᴗ࡜⤖ᯝࡀฟ࡚࠸࡞࠸௻ᴗ㸦౛࠼ࡤ 1970 ᖺ௦ࡢሷ㔝⩏㸧
࡜࡛ࡣ཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ஦ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᮏ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ␎ G ࡢ㑅ูᇶ‽ࡣࠊࡲࡎྛᖺ௦࡟࠾࠸࡚㍺ධ NCE ࡢ௳ᩘࡀᖹ
ᆒࢆୖᅇࡿ௻ᴗࢆࠕ㍺ධᡓ␎ Gࠖ
ࠊᖹᆒ࡟‶ࡓ࡞࠸
௻ᴗࢆࠕ⮬♫ᡓ␎ Gࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ 17)ࠋࡓࡔࡋ㍺ධᡓ␎ G
࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢ୰࡛ࠊ⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆ༢⊂NCE ࡀᖹᆒ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡢࠕࣂࣛࣥࢫ
ᆺࠖࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠕ≉໬ᆺࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᡓ␎ḟඖࡓࡿ኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡓ␎ G ࡢ㑅ูࡣḟࡢᇶ‽࡛⾜࠺ࠋ⾲ 2 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
1990 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ྠ್ᖹᆒࡣ࠿࡞ࡾప࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀㄞࡳྲྀ
ࢀࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊྠᖺ௦ࡲ࡛㍺ฟࢆᚓព࡜ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣ
ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶ㍺ฟᆺ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ
2000 ᖺ௦ࡢࡳᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗࡓ௻ᴗࢆ
ࠕ㍺ฟᆺࠖ
ࠊྠᖺ௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡗࡓ௻ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ 1990 ᖺ௦௨๓ࢆࠕᅜෆᆺࠖ࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᡓ␎ G ࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡢࡳࠊ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G㸦㍺ฟᆺ㸧࡜㍺ධᡓ␎ G㸦ࣂࣛࣥࢫᆺ㸸㍺ฟᆺ㸧ࠊ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G㸦ᅜෆᆺ㸧࡜㍺ධᡓ␎ G
㸦ࣂࣛࣥࢫᆺ㸸ᅜෆᆺ㸧
ࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G㸦≉໬ᆺ㸸ᅜෆᆺ㸧ࡢ 5 ࡘࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡣ 3 ᡓ␎ G ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆྛᡓ␎ G ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ⾲ 3 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ 3 ࡛ࡣྛᖺ௦ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢୗ㒊࡟ྛᡓ␎ G ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢ኎ୖ㧗ᖹᆒࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓྛ௻ᴗࡢ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࢽࣥࢢࠊ
ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢฟ⮬ࠊ኎ୖ㧗ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ 2 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾୧ᅗ⾲࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄪᰝᮇ㛫ࡢᢅ࠸ࡣᅗ 1 ࡸ⾲ 2 ࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ฟᡤ㸸ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘
㸦1977㹼2011㸧࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ຍ࠼࡚ᅗ 2 ࡛ࡣࠊ⾲ 1 ࡛ㄪᰝࡋࡓྛ♫ࡢ♫㛗ࡢฟ

⤒ NEEDS Financial QUEST ཰㍕ࢹ࣮ࢱࠊྛ♫᭷⮬ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ♫㛗ࡀྠ᪘࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㯮෇㸦
ࠕ‫ࠖە‬
㸧
ࠊ␗࡞

౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩㸦ྛᖺ㸧ࢆࡶ࡜࡟➹⪅సᡂ

ࢀࡤⓑ෇㸦
ࠕ‫ࠖۑ‬
㸧࡛ᅗ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣏ࢪࢩࣙࢽࣥࢢ࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣ 2 ࡘࡢᡓ␎ḟඖࢆࡶ௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊㄪᰝᑐ㇟௻ᴗࡶ㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE࡜࡟఩⨨௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎᶓ㍈ࡣྛᖺ௦ࡢ㍺ධNCEࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢ௚ࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⥲ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡢᮇ㛫ྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉⦪㍈ࡣࠊྛ௻ᴗ

ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀῶᑡࡋ

ࡢ⥲኎ୖ㧗࡟༨ࡵࡿ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗ࡢᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽ್ࡶ๓㏙ࡢ඲యഴྥ࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ෇ࢆࡉࡽ࡟ά⏝ࡋ⥲኎ୖ㧗ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒࡢከᐻ

ࡉ࡚ࠊᡓ␎ḟඖࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚㍺ධ NCE ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࢆ♧ࡍࠋ෇ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡯࡝ྠ್ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᡓ␎ G ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ⥲ᢎㄆ௳ᩘ༨ࡵࡿ

ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣḟ࡟⾲ 3 ࠾ࡼࡧᅗ 2 ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ྛᖺ௦ࡢ≉ᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡢẚ⋡ࡶ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠋ

ᚩࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

   8'0674'4'8+'90Q/CTEJ

⛉◊

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ϰ

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㍺ධE䠄௳ᩘ䠅

୕ඹ

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䜻䝑䝉䜲

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ͲϯϬй

ͲϭϬй

ϭϬй

ϯϬй

ϱϬй

ϳϬй

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ᣢ⏣䠄䖃䠅

Ͳϭ

ᑠ㔝䠄䕿䠅 ᰤ◊䠄䕿䠅

Ϭ

ϰ

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䜻䝑䝉䜲䠄䖃䠅

኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡Ͳϰ኎ୖ㧗㍺ฟẚ⋡

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㍺ධE䠄௳ᩘ䠅䜰䝇䝔䝷䝇⥲኎ୖ㧗䠄෇䠅ϭϬ

㍺ධE䠄௳ᩘ䠅୕ඹ⥲኎ୖ㧗䠄෇䠅ฟᡤ㸸ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘㸦1977㹼2011㸧࠾ࡼࡧ᪥⤒ NEEDS Financial QUEST ཰㍕ࢹ࣮ࢱࠊྛ♫᭷౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩㸦ྛᖺ㸧ࢆࡶ࡜࡟➹⪅సᡂ

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ᅗ 㸸*( ୺ࢆ㝖ࡃ་⒪⏝་⸆ရࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᡓ␎ * ࣐ࢵࣉ࡜ࡑࡢኚ໬  ⾲ 㸸ᡓ␎ * ูᴗ⦼  

㻝㻥㻣㻜
ᖺ௦

㻝㻥㻤㻜
ᖺ௦

㻝㻥㻥㻜
ᖺ௦

㻞㻜㻜㻜
ᖺ௦

 ᖺ௦

㍺ධᡓ␎㻳
⮬♫ᡓ␎㻳
䝞䝷䞁䝇ᆺ
≉໬ᆺ
ሷ 㔝 ⩏ 䚸 ୕ ඹ 䚸䜶 䞊 䝄 䜲 䚸 ᒣ அ ෆ 䚸 ୰ እ 䚸 Ṋ⏣⸨ἑ䚸➨୍䚸኱᪥ᮏᅜ ᣢ⏣䚸ᑠ㔝䚸䛒䛩䛛ෆ⣙㻥㻝㻞൨෇
ᆺ⣙㻞㻤㻠൨෇
⣙㻞㻘㻠㻢㻢൨෇⣙㻢㻜㻝൨෇ሷ 㔝 ⩏ 䚸 ୕ ඹ 䚸Ṋ ⏣ 䚸 䜶 䞊 䝄 䜲 䚸 ୰ እ 䚸 ➨୍⸨ ἑ 䚸 ᒣ அ ෆ 䚸ᑠ㔝䚸⛉◊䚸ᰤ◊䚸䜻䝑䝉䜲䚸ᅜ኱᪥ᮏ䚸ᣢ⏣
䛒䛩䛛䚸䜏䜙䛛
ෆ⣙㻝㻘㻟㻣㻝൨෇ᆺ⣙㻝㻘㻜㻟㻝൨෇⣙㻝㻘㻜㻞㻝൨෇⣙㻝㻘㻠㻟㻜൨෇Ṋ⏣䚸୰እ䚸ᣢ⏣䚸ᑠ㔝䚸 ᒣ அ ෆ 䚸 ሷ 㔝 ⩏ 䚸 ୕ ඹ 䚸⛉◊䚸ᰤ◊䚸䜏䜙䛛䜶 䞊 䝄 䜲 䚸➨ ୍ 䚸 ኱ ᪥ ᮏ 䚸ᅜ䛒䛩䛛䚸䜻䝑䝉䜲⸨ἑෆᆺ⣙㻞㻘㻞㻢㻜൨෇⣙㻝㻘㻤㻜㻢൨෇⣙㻞㻘㻤㻣㻞൨෇⣙㻞㻘㻠㻤㻜൨෇⮬♫ᡓ␎㻳䠖⣙㻞㻘㻠㻜㻜൨෇㍺ධᡓ␎㻳䠖⣙㻡㻘㻜㻢㻠൨෇➨ ୍ ୕ ඹ䚸
㍺ Ṋ⏣䚸䜶䞊䝄䜲䜰䝇䝔䝷䝇ฟᆺ⣙㻤㻘㻠㻤㻞൨෇⣙㻤㻘㻤㻝㻤൨෇ሷ㔝⩏䚸኱᪥ᮏᅜ ᑠ㔝䚸⛉◊䚸䜻䝑䝉䜲䚸ᣢ⏣䚸 ୰እෆ 䜏䜙䛛䚸ᰤ◊䚸䛒䛩䛛ᆺ⣙㻢㻢㻟൨෇
⣙㻞㻘㻥㻜㻜൨෇⣙㻞㻘㻟㻥㻟൨෇

1990 ᖺ௦ࡢ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡣ 7 ♫࠶ࡾࠊṊ⏣ࠊ୰እࠊᣢ⏣ࠊᰤ◊ࡢ 4 ♫࡛ྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᡓ
␎ G ࡢ኎ୖᖹᆒࡣ 1,806 ൨෇࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡢ≉໬ᆺࡣ 6 ♫࠶ࡾࠊሷ㔝⩏ࠊ࢟ࢵࢭ࢖ࠊ࠶ࡍ࠿ࡢ 3 ♫ࡢ♫㛗ࡀྠ᪘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋྠ
ᡓ␎ G ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫᆺࡣ 3 ♫࠶ࡾࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢࡳྠ᪘
ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ≉໬ᆺࡢ኎ୖᖹᆒࡣ⣙ 2,480൨෇ࠊࣂࣛࣥࢫᆺࡢ኎ୖᖹᆒࡣ⣙ 2,872 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࢀࡽ࠿ࡽࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡶ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡼࡾ㍺ධᡓ␎
G ࡢ኎ୖࡀከ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋ
࡞࠾࢟ࢵࢭ࢖࡜࠶ࡍ࠿ࡣࠊ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࠿ࡽ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⥲ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ࢟ࢵࢭ࢖ࡀ 5 ௳ࠊ࠶ࡍ࠿ࡀ 2 ௳ࠊ㍺ධὀ㸧⾲ෆࡢ್ࡣྛᡓ␎ * ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢ኎ୖ㧗ࡢNCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀ 4 ௳࡜ 2 ௳࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ

ᖹᆒࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊ1990 ᖺ௦࡟㍺ධྲྀᘬࢆάⓎ໬ࡉࡏࠊ⥲ᢎฟᡤ㸸➹⪅సᡂ

ㄆ௳ᩘࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋ

 ᖺ௦ ᖺ௦⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡣ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࠊᒣஅෆࠊ୰እࠊᣢ⏣ࠊᑠ

 2000 ᖺ௦ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜ẚ࡭㍺ฟẚ⋡㔝ࠊ࠶ࡍ࠿ࡢ 6 ♫ࡀヱᙜࡋࠊ඲࡚ྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵ࠸ࡀ኱ࡁࡃఙࡧࡓ௻ᴗࡀᩘ♫࠶ࡿࠋṊ⏣ࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࠊ

࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᖹᆒ኎ୖ㧗ࡣ⣙ 284 ൨෇࡛࠶➨୍୕ඹࠊ࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫࡢ 4 ♫ࡀࡑࢀ࡟ヱᙜࡋࠊࡑࢀ

ࡗࡓࠋṧࡾ 6 ♫ࡀ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛Ṋ⏣ࡽࡢ኎ୖ㧗ࡣᅜෆᆺࡼࡾከ࠸ࠋࡲࡓ࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫ࡜➨ࡣᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚Ṋ⏣ࡣ㍺ධᡓ

୍୕ඹࡣ௻ᴗྜే࡜࠸࠺ኚ໬ࡶࡉࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㍺

␎ G ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࣂࣛࣥࢫᆺ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋṊ⏣ࢆධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦࠿

㝖ࡃሷ㔝⩏ࠊ୕ඹࠊ⸨ἑࠊ➨୍ࠊ኱᪥ᮏࡣ≉໬ᆺࡢࡽᖹᆒ࡛ศ㢮ࡍࡿᮏ◊✲ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ㍺ධᡓ␎ G㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ୧᪉ࢆྜࢃࡏࡓ㍺ධᡓ

࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ㍺ධྲྀᘬࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡇ࡜

␎ G ࡢᖹᆒ኎ୖࡣ⣙ 912 ൨࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㍺ฟᆺ࡛ྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵࡃ௻

3 ಸ௨ୖࡢ್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰࡛ࡶሷ㔝⩏࡜⸨ἑ࡛ᴗࡣ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢࡳ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

1990 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛௻ᴗᩘࡀከࡃࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖつᶍࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡀ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
2000 ᖺ௦ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡢ≉໬ᆺࡣሷ㔝⩏࡜኱᪥ᮏ

1980 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ๓ᮇ࡛ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⛉ࡢ 2 ♫ࡢࡳ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡶ኎ୖᖹᆒࡀ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G◊〇⸆ࠊᰤ◊໬Ꮫࠊࡳࡽ࠿ࠊ࢟ࢵࢭ࢖ࡀຍࢃࡿࠋࡑ

඲యࢆࢃࡎ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࡀୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㍺ධᡓ

ࡢኚ໬ࢆྵពࡋ๓ᮇ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ

␎ G ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ➨୍୕ඹࡸ࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫࡀヱᙜࡍࡿࣂࡲࡎ⛣ືࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢࡣᒣஅෆ࡜ᣢ⏣㸦⮬♫ᡓ␎ Gࣛࣥࢫᆺࡣࠊ኎ୖᖹᆒࡀ≉໬ᆺࡢ 2 ಸ௨ୖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚

࠿ࡽ㍺ධᡓ␎ G㸧ࡢ 2 ♫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ 2 ♫ࢆྵࡴ㍺

࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㍺ฟ࡟

ධᡓ␎ G㸦≉໬ᆺ㸧6 ♫ࡢ኎ୖᖹᆒࡣ⣙ 1,430 ൨෇ࢩࣇࢺ࡛ࡁࡓ௻ᴗࡣつᶍᣑ኱ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࠊฟ᮶࡞࠿ࡗ

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛⸨ἑࠊᒣஅෆࠊᣢ⏣ࡢ 3 ♫ࡢ♫ࡓ௻ᴗࡣపᡂ㛗࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

㛗ࡀྠ᪘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௚࡟ࡶṊ⏣ࡀ㍺ධᡓ␎ G㸦ࣂࣛ௚᪉ࠊ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ᅜෆᆺࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ḟࡢ≉ᚩࡀࣥࢫᆺ㸧࠿ࡽ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢṊㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ኎ࡾୖࡆつᶍࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࠋྠࢢࣝ

⏣ࢆྵࡴ⮬♫ᡓ␎Gࡣ9♫࠶ࡾࠊ኎ୖᖹᆒࡣ⣙1,031

࣮ࣉࡢ኎ୖᖹᆒࡣ⣙ 663 ൨෇࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⮬♫ᡓ൨෇࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡢ୰࡛ྠ᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵ࠸␎ࢆ㑅ዲࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡛ࡶ㍺ฟᆺ࡜ẚࡋ࡚⣙ 10 ศࡢ 1࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࠊ୰እࠊࡳࡽ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡍ࠿ࠊ࢟ࢵࡢ኎ୖつᶍ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ྠࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢࡳྠ

ࢭ࢖ࡢ 5 ♫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

᪘ࡀ♫㛗࡟ᑵࡃ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸ࠋ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

㆟ㄽ㸸ᡓ␎࡜ྠ᪘ࡢ㛵୚ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࠊ▱ྡᗘ࡜࠸࠺↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡣ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡢ⛣ື㞀ቨࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

➨୍࡟ࠊ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྠ᪘ࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ

࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡣ࡞ࡐ⊂⮬㐍ฟ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㛫࠸࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ☜࠿࡟⾲ 1 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ᥋ⓗ࡞ᕷሙ㐍ฟࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓㄪᰝጞⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ 1970 ᖺ࡟ࡣ༙ᩘ௨ୖࡀྠ᪘௻ᴗ࡛

࡜࠾ࡾࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙཧධࢆ㜼ࡴ㞀ቨࡀ᪥ᮏᕷሙ

࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢከࡃࡀᰴᘧಖ᭷ࡢᑡ࡞࠸ྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵࡟Ꮡᅾࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㞀ቨ࡜ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜᅛ᭷

୚ࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤊Ⅼࡢ 2010 ᖺ࡟ࡣࡢၟ័⩦ࡸἲไᗘࡀࡘࡃࡾࡔࡋࡓྲྀᘬࡢ࣮࡛ࣝࣝ࠶

ࡑࢀࡀ 14 ♫୰ 4 ♫࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࢃࡀᅜ࡛ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓ NCE ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢ❧ሙ࡛ࡑࡢ㞀ቨࡢព࿡ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᾏ

㍺ධ༢⊂ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀ᭱ࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ

እ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙཧධࢆᢚṆࡍࡿ㞀ቨࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ

᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀᢎㄆྲྀᚓࡋࡓࡑࢀࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊῶᑡ་⸆ရࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ㍺ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢຠᯝࡣ

ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

๓㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ║๓ࡢ཰┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ〇ရㄪᰝᑐ㇟௻ᴗࡢࡑࡢືྥࡣ⾲ 2 ࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ

ࡸᢏ⾡ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᚋ࡟཰┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡸ࡟ᅗ 2 ࡸ⾲ 3 ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡲ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ

࡛ࡣ㍺ධᡓ␎ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣ኎ୖつᶍࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊ

ࡑࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡢ౵ධࢆ㜼ࡴཧධ㞀ቨࡣࠊ➇தඃ఩ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡢ⛣ື㞀ቨ࡜࡞ࡾࠊྠࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ

඲యഴྥ࡜ྠᵝࠊᚎࠎ࡟ࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ኎ୖつᶍཬࡢ➇தࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡧࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ⮬యࡢつᶍࡀ⦰ᑠࡋࡓࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ

MOSS ༠㆟➼ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊྛ✀つไࡀ⦆࿴ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ

Ⅼ࡛ 2 ᴟ໬ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊ㍺ฟࢆఙࡤࡋࡓ⮬⤖ᯝࠊཧධ㞀ቨࡀᔂࢀᾏእ௻ᴗࡣᑐ᪥ᡓ␎ࢆᙉ໬ࡋ

♫ᡓ␎ G ㍺ฟᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᡓ␎ G ࡛ࡣ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖

ࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟క࠸᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡣࠊ་⸆ရࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ㍺ධࡍ

ࢆ㝖ࡁྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋ

ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࡢ⥅⥆ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ

ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡀ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ᅜෆᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G

࡚㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡣ➇தࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆኻ࠸ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࢢࣝࡢ୰࡛ࡶᅜෆᆺࡣࠊྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ

࣮ࣉ⮬యࡀᾘ⁛࡟ྥ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶ࡜㍺ධᡓ␎ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ㍺ධᡓ␎* ࡢ⛣ື㞀ቨ࡜ᾏእ௻ᴗࡢཧධ㞀ቨࡢ㛵ಀᛶၟရࡶࡋࡃࡣᢏ⾡ࢆ㍺ฟࡍࡿᾏእ௻ᴗࡣࠊ⮬♫〇ရࢆ᪩ࡃṇ☜࡟ὶ㏻ࡉࡏࠊࡼࡾከࡃ኎ୖࡆࡿ௻ᴗࢆ

་⸆ရ࡟ࡣ✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ㛤Ⓨࡢࢥࢫࢺࡸ
ᮇ㛫ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ 3.1 ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋከ✀ከᵝᏑᅾࡍࡿ་⸆ရࡢ୰࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘ
࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

ዲࡴ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㍺ධࡍࡿഃࡢ᪥ᮏ

NCE ࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊ᭱ࡶ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡾከ

௻ᴗ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨຊࡸ㈍኎ຊࠊࡑ

㢠ࡢᢞ㈨ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽ⬟ຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿሙࡸ㐨ලࡓࡿ≀ⓗタഛࡀࡋ࠿ࡶ㛤Ⓨ࡟ኻᩋࡋᢞ㈨ࡀ↓㥏࡟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᭱ࡶᩚࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ⥲ྜࡋࡓ⤌⧊⬟㧗࠸ࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ࣜࢱ࣮ࣥࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ

ຊࡀ㧗࠸௻ᴗ࡯࡝ᾏእ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢྲྀᘬࢆඃ఩࡟㐍ࡵࡿࡢࡶᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ▱⸨㔝㸦2014b㸧ࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1995 ᖺࡲ࡛ࢆᑐ

ྡᗘ࡜࠸࠺↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡀྲྀᘬࢆ⤖ࡪୖ࡛㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆ㇟࡜ࡋࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ኎ୖ㧗ୖ఩ 10 ရ┠ࢆ⸆✀ู࡟ᩚᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡀ᭱ࡶከ࠸

౛࠼ࡤ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢ 2 ௦┠♫㛗ෆ⸨♸஧Ặࡣࠊ๰ᴗ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟౫ᣐࡋࡓㄪᰝ

⪅ࡢෆ⸨㇏ḟẶ࡜ᾏእ௻ᴗࡢどᐹ࡟ฟ࠿ࡅࡓ㝿ࠊ⌧࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᡂຌࡍࢀࡤࠊᆅ௻ᴗ࡟㍺ධྲྀᘬࢆᣢࡕ࠿ࡅࡓࡀࠊ
ࠕ▱ྡᗘࡀప࠸ࡓ

Ⳙ኱࡞཰┈ࡀ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡵࠊྥࡇ࠺ࡀ┦ᡭ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ
㸦ẖ᪥᪂⪺ᮅ
ห,1989 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 21 ᪥,10 㠃㸧࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽࠊ▱ྡᗘࡀపࡃࡅࢀࡤ

ዎ⣙ࡀ⤖࡭ࡎࠊ㍺ධྲྀᘬࢆጞࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ࡉ࡚ࠊྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝࡛⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ㸦ຍㆤ㔝,2008㸹ྜྷᮧ,2007㸧ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶࡣࠊ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓᅜෆ༢

⊂ NCE ࡢ〇ရ໬≉ᛶ࡜ぶ࿴ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡉ࡚ࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊṊ⏣ࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࠊ

ྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᣢࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ௻ᴗࡀᏑ⥆࡛࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫࠊ➨୍୕ඹ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ኱᪥ᮏ࡜ሷ㔝ࡁ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡀ⤊↉ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢⅭࠊ௻ᴗࡀᡂ

⩏ࡣ㍺ධᡓ␎ࡀ➇தࡢඃ఩ᛶ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ᫬௦ࡣୖࡢ

㛗ࡶࡋࡃࡣᏑ⥆ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㛗ᮇ

4 ♫࡟⥆ࡃつᶍᣑ኱ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ

ⓗ࡞ど㔝ࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡜࠸࠺ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᚿྥᛶ࡜་⸆ရ

㏆ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㍺ฟᡓ␎࡬ࡢࢩࣇࢺࡀᶵ⬟ࡏࡎࠊᴗࡢ≉ᛶࡀ࣐ࢵࢳࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㛗ᮇᢞ㈨ࡢࣜ

኎ୖつᶍࡢⅬ࡛ᚋࢀࢆྲྀࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢせᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ

ࢫࢡࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿᏳᐃⓗ࡞཰┈※ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶࡚ࠊᾏእᕷሙ࡛㏻⏝ࡍࡿ᪂⸆ࢆᑟฟฟ᮶࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇࡿ 20)ࠋ

࡜ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ᮏ◊✲ࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡣ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᾏእᕷሙ࡛㏻⏝

࡜ẚࡋ࡚ࠊ
2000 ᖺࡈࢁࡲ࡛ᖹᆒⓗ࡟኎ୖࡀከ࠸ࡇ࡜

ࡍࡿ᪂⸆ࢆᑟฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍౛ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿ࡜ࠊṊ⏣ࡢࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㍺ධ NCE ࡣࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡀ㛤Ⓨ࣮ࣜࣗࣉࣜࣥࠊᒣஅෆࡢ࢞ࢫࢱ࣮ࠊ୕ඹࡢ࣓ࣂࣟࢳ

࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ་⸆ရ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ〇ရ໬ࡢࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡀ࠶ࡿ

ࣥࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢ࢔ࣜࢭࣉࢺࡀࡑࢀ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀ㸦Maurer,1989㸧
ࠋࡼࡗ࡚㍺ධ NCE ࡣࠊపࣜࢫࢡࢆ

ࡽࡣ⮬♫㛤Ⓨࡢ NCE ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ⏬ᮇⓗ᪂⸆࡜఩⨨௜ᡤ୚࡜ࡋࠊࢥࢫࢺ㈇ᢸࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ▷ᮇ㛫࡛ၟရ໬࡛ࡁ

ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏬ᮇⓗ᪂⸆ࡣࠊᅜෆ༢⊂ NCE ࡜ྠࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟⸆౯࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈍኎౯᱁ࡀ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘ⥔ᣢࡉࡌࡼ࠺࡟㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᢞ㈨ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋࣜࢫࢡࡶ㧗࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㍺ධ་⸆ࡔ࠿ࡽ㈍኎౯᱁ࡀప࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ

࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢ〇ရ໬≉ᛶ࡜ྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୖࡢ஦࠿ࡽࠊ㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀ

ᛶࡣぶ࿴ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬♫㛤Ⓨᙉ໬࡜㐃㛵ࡋࡓ㍺ฟᡓ

ቑࡍ࡯࡝཰┈ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࢀ

␎ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ࡜ࡋ࡚ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀ࡚ࡶⰋ࠸ࡣࡎ

ࡤࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝ࡢ⤒Ⴀࠊࡘࡲࡾྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶ

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗ⩌ࡣྠ᪘⤒ࢆᨭ࠼ࡓሀᐇ࠿ࡘᏳᐃⓗ࡞཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡣ㍺ධ་⸆ရࡢ

Ⴀ⪅ࡢ஺௦ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࠋ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡼࡾᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀ㍺ධᡓ␎ࢆᙉ໬࡛ࡁࡓヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ≀ⓗタഛࡀᩚ࠸ࠊᙉ࠸㈍኎ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐇែ࡜ㄽ⌮ࡀ▩┪ࡍࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ᐇ
㛵ಀࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ▩┪ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ኱ࡁࡃࡣḟࡢ 2 ࡘࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ▱ྡᗘ࡟➃ࢆⓎࡋࡓᾏእ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ

ࡲࡎࠊ㍺ฟᡓ␎࡬ࡢ㌿᥮࡜┤᥋㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࠊ㍺ධ་

ࡢᙉ໬ࡀᡓ␎㑅ᢥࢆ㜼ࢇࡔࠋࡑࡢⅭࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ௻ᴗ

⸆ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᏳᐃⓗ࡞཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡢᔂቯࡀྠ᪘㛵୚ࡋ࠿ࡑࢀࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡢ⤊↉࡟⤖ࡧ௜࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ
Ᏻᐃⓗ࡞཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྠ᪘ࡀ⤒㍺ฟᡓ␎࡬ࡢ㌿᥮࡟క࠺⛣ື㞀ቨࡢ⛣ື㸸ᏳᐃႠ࡟㛵୚࡛ࡁࠊᏳᐃⓗ࡛࡞ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ㛵୚࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞

ࡢ⤊↉࡜ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ஺௦ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᮏ◊✲࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㍺ධ་⸆ရࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡀከࡃࠊࡲ

ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡣၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㍺ฟᡓ␎ࡓ㍺ධᡓ␎ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸᫬௦ࡣࠊ኎ୖ㧗㍺

࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡟㉳ࡇࡗࡓᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡸἲไᗘࡢኚ

ฟẚ⋡ࡀపࡃࠊྠ᪘௻ᴗࡀࡲࡔከࡃᏑᅾࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ

໬࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

๓⪅ࡣࢤࣀ࣒๰⸆ࡸ IT ά⏝࡞࡝ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡀ࠶ ㍺ධ་⸆ရࡀ཰┈ࡢᏳᐃ໬࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ๓㏙

ࡆࡽࢀࠊᚋ⪅࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ 2007 ᖺࡢᨵṇ

ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᏳᐃ≧ែࡣࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᑐ

⸆஦ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ᪥ᮏ࡟〇㐀ᣐⅬࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ᾏእ௻ᴗࡢ

᪥ᡓ␎ᙉ໬࡟ࡼࡾኚືࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚືࡢ୰ࠊ

ཧධࡀᐜ᫆࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡸ〇㐀ࡢ࢔࢘ࢺ࢔࢘ࢺࢯ࣮

᪤Ꮡᡓ␎ࢆぢ┤ࡋࠊࡼࡾࣜࢫࢡࢆ㑅ዲࡋࠊ⮬♫㛤Ⓨࢩࣥࢢࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ

࡜ᑐእᡓ␎ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗ௨ୖࢆ୍౛࡜ࡋࡓᢏ⾡ࡸἲไᗘࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ་⸆ရ

ࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗ⩌ࡣࠊ㍺ࡢࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡢ▷⦰໬ࡸ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢩ࣮ࢬࡢⓎฟẚ⋡ࡢప࠸௻ᴗ࡜ẚ࡭ࠕ኎ୖつᶍࡢⅬ࡛➇தࡢඃぢ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ➇தࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ఩ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ
ࠊ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ஦ᐇ

ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣࠊࡑࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜ࡣ

㛵ಀ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡅࡤࠊ㍺ධ࠿ࡽ㍺ฟ࡬࡜௻ᴗᡂ㛗ࡢ௙␗࡞ࡿ➇த࡟㌟ࢆ⨨࠿ࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁ

⤌ࡳࡀኚࢃࡗࡓ஦ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡓ␎ G ㄽ࡟ࡶࢇࠊ඲࡚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀࡑࡢ➇த࡟㌟ࢆ⨨࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞

࡜࡙ࡅࡤࠕ⛣ື㞀ቨࡀ⛣ືࡍࡿࠖࠊ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ㉳ࡇ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟㍺ฟẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗࡣ኎ୖ

ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋつᶍࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ஦࠿ࡽࠊ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣ㍺ฟᡓ␎࡟ࡼ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ࡿ཰┈⋓ᚓࡣ་⸆ရᴗࡢᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ㍺ฟࢆ

ࡑࢀࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦⾜ࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸧⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⛣ᚿྥࡋ࡞࠸⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣࡑࡢᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝື㞀ቨࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไ⣙ࡀᏑ࠿ࡽ㐓⬺ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ᅾࡍࡿ୰ࠊྠࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆ௻ᴗࡣᕷሙࡸ⸆ຠ㡿ᇦࢆ㝈ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡟⤖ᯝࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡿ⎔ቃࡀฟᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛₞㐍ⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

᮶ୖࡀࡗࡓ஦࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝࡛⤒Ⴀࡍࡿࡇ࡜

⸨㔝㸦2014a㸧ࡣࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࡢప࠸௻ᴗ⩌ࡣ㈍኎

ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ▷ᮇⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࡶ㔜せどࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟

ࡍࡿ⸆ຠ࡟೫ࡾࡀ࠶ࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠸஦ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚

࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᡂ㛗ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊྠ

࠸ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤᣢ⏣ࡣᚠ⎔ჾ⣔ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ⣙ 67%ࠊࡳࡽ

᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝ࡸ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ࢥ࣑࠿࡛ࡣデ᩿⏝⸆ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ⣙ 80%㸧ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ

ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࡔࡅ࡛ࡣṇᙜᛶࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡶ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࡢప࠸௻ᴗ⩌ࡣࠊᕷሙࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ

࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞እ㒊せᅉ࡜㛵㐃௜ࡅࡓ⪃࠼⸆ຠ㡿ᇦࡶ㝈ᐃࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ

᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ᅜෆᆺࡣࠊᕷሙࡸ⸆ຠ㡿ᇦࡢᣑ኱ࢆ┠ᶆࡓࡔࡋ➨஧ࡢせᅉ࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㍺ฟ࡬ࡢࢩࣇࢺ

࡜ࡍࡿࢮࢿࣛࣝࣇ࢓࣮࣐࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡜ྠ᫬ᮇ࡟㐍ࢇࡔ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿᮏ◊✲ࡢࡓࢫ࣌ࢩࣕࣜࢸ࢕ࣇ࢓࣮࣐ࢆᚿྥࡋάືࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜

⌮ゎࡣᖖ㆑ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜࠸࠺እ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ௻ᴗ⩌㒊せᅉࡀྠ᪘஺௦ࡢዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ஦ࡣ⮬࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠊ

㸦⌧㍺ฟᆺࡸ㐣ཤࡢ㍺ධᡓ␎ G㸧࡜␗࡞ࡿ➇தࢆᒎ࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

㛤ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ₞㐍ⓗ࡟ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࢃࡀᅜࡢ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ࿴₎⸆㸦㹼1867㸧࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ஦ࡣࠊ௒᪥࡛ࡶࡑࢀࡽ௻ᴗ⩌࡛ࡣ

࠿ࡽ㍺ධ⸆㸦1868㹼1914㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜෆ〇㐀㛤ጞྠ᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠸࡜࠸࠺஦࡛

㸦1915㹼44㸧ࢆ⤒࡚Ḣ⡿ᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධ㸦1945㹼60㸧ࠊ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᅜ⏘᪂⸆㛤ጞ㸦1960 ௨㝆㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦᱓ᔱ࣭ᑠ⏣ษ㸪2003㸧ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᏳᐃ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⤒῭ⓗᣦᶆ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁᤊ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ

1990 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ྠ᪘௻ᴗࡀከ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞

࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ⎔ቃㄆ㆑ࡸ⤒Ⴀ⪅㑅௵࡟࠿࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡅࡤࠊヱᙜࡍࡿྠ᪘௻ᴗࡣ

ࢃࡿ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀ⪃࠼ࡿ⤒Ⴀάືࡸ⤫἞ᵓ㐀ࡢᏳᐃ

ୖ㏙ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗᣦᶆࡔࡅ࡛ࡣᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶࡞࠸ྍ⬟ྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜

ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚ḟ࡟ᚲせ࡞ศᯒࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢢ

࠿ࡽࠊᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜࠸࠺እ㒊せᅉࢆྠ᪘஺௦࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ཰┈ࡢ※Ἠ࡜࡞ࡿྛ♫ࡢάືࡢศᯒ

ࡅࡿ࡟ࡣὀពࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡸᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡢẚ㍑ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⤒῭ⓗᣦᶆ࡛⌧㇟ࢆ௨ୖࡢ㆟ㄽ࠿ࡽࠊㄽ⌮࡜ᐇែࡢ▩┪ࢆ⣣ゎࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜㏆ᖺࡢࡑࢀ࡜࡛

ࡳࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ูࡢศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ୙ྍḞ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡣఱࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
ୖ࡛ྛ௻ᴗࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀ⤌ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚
ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ༢఩࡛ࡑࢀ࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃᚲ
せࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

࠾ࢃࡾ࡟㸸ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜ㄢ㢟ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊྠ᪘ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᣢ࣭⤊↉⌮⏤ࢆ⣣ゎࡃࡓࡵᡓ␎ࡢኚ໬࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᡓ␎

ᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽࡢ㐓⬺࡜ྠ᪘㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᣢ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ୺せ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ
1990 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡣ㍺ධᡓ␎G ◊✲ࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡋᑐ㇟௻ᴗࢆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ໬ࡋࠊᡓ
␎ኚ໬࡜ྠ᪘㛵୚ኚ໬࡟㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡢᙉ໬࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡣ㍺ฟᡓ␎ࡢᙉ໬࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

➨୍࡟ࠊㄪᰝጞⅬࡢ 1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ㍺ධᡓ␎ G

ࡑࢀࡽᡓ␎ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊつᶍࡢᣑ኱ࢆᐇ

ࡀ➇தඃ఩ࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᾏእ௻ᴗࡢᑐ

⌧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

᪥ᡓ␎ᙉ໬࡟ࡼࡾ㍺ධᡓ␎ࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ

࡛ࡣ་⸆ရᴗࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ⎔ቃࡣྠࡌࡣࡎ࡞ࡢ࡟ࠊ

2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ➇தࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆኻࡗࡓࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ㛗ᮇ࡞ࡐ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ᅜෆᆺ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣつᶍࡢᣑⓗど㔝ࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟ࡣᏳᐃࡋࡓ཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ኱ࢆ┠ᣦࡋᑐእᡓ␎ࢆᙉ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡉ

㍺ධᡓ␎ࡀࡑࡢᐇ⌧࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊ⸨㔝ࡽ࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࡓࡿ

㸦2014a㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊ㍺ฟẚ⋡㧗ࡵࡓ௻ᴗࡣ

㍺ධᡓ␎ࢆᙉ໬ࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

ྠ᪘ࡢ஺௦ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࠋࡑࡢᐇែࡣྠ᪘⥔ᣢ௬ㄝ࡛ࡣ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ➨ᅄ࡟ࠊᅜෆ⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡣྠ᪘௻ᴗ

ࡣ୍᫬Ⅼࢆษࡾྲྀࡗࡓศᯒ࡛ࡣⓎぢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୖ

ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣᕷሙࡸ⸆ຠࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛Ᏻᐃ

ࡢ஦࠿ࡽࠊᡓ␎ G ㄽࡢ୰ᚰᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ⛣ື㞀ቨ࡜ྠ≧ែࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

᪘௻ᴗࡢ⥔ᣢ࣭⤊↉࡜ࡀᐦ᥋࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ௜ࡅྜྷᮧ㸦2007㸧ࡸຍㆤ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡣࠕ㛗ᮇⓗࢥ࣑ࢵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋ

ࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸ྠ᪘ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡢ⥔ᣢࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣᡓ␎ G ◊✲ࡢ▱ぢࢆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ㛗ᮇ໬ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨά⏝ࡋࡓࡔࡅࡢ༢║ⓗ࡞ศᯒ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ␗ᮇ㛫ࠖࠕ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ࢥࢫࢺ࡜ࣜࢫࢡ㈇ᢸࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ་⸆

࡞ࡿศᯒᯟ⤌ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⦓ᐦ࡞ศᯒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲရࡢ〇ရ໬≉ᛶࡀྠ᪘ⓗᡓ␎ᚿྥᛶ࡜ぶ࿴ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ NCE ᢎㄆ௳ᩘࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ཰┈࡬ࡔ࠿ࡽྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿࡢࡔ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࡑࡢ㈉⊩ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ฟ᮶࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ⤒῭ⓗᣦࢀࢆྠ᪘⥔ᣢ௬ㄝ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡓࠋᶆ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᏳᐃ࡜ࡣูࡢព࿡ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ㛗ᮇⓗど㔝ࡢ⤒Ⴀࡿࠋ௒ᚋࠊ௨ୖࡢⅬࡢඞ᭹ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࡟ࡣ௻ᴗᡂ㛗ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊ་⸆ရᴗࡢ
≉ᛶࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚿྥᛶࡀ

࠙ㅰ㎡ࠚ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᚿྥᛶࡔࡅ

ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊ➨ 2 ᅇ࢔ࣥࢺࣞࣉࣞࢼ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢥࣥࣇ࢓ࣛࣥࢫ࡛࠸

࡛ࡣ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀࡣ⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ⤒Ⴀࢆ෇⁥࡟㐍ࡵࡿࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ᡓ␎ G ◊✲ࡢ▱ぢࢆྲྀࡾධࢀ

ୖ࡛Ᏻᐃⓗ࡞཰┈ᇶ┙ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ఍ᥦฟㄽᩥࢆ኱ᖜ࡟ಟṇࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ≉࡟ウㄽ⪅࡜ࡋᮏ◊✲ࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㍺ධ་⸆ရࡀ཰┈ࡢᏳᐃ໬

࡚Ⓩቭ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࠊⓗ☜࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓຍㆤ㔝ᛅ⏨ඛ⏕࡜࡟኱ࡁࡃᐤ୚ࡋࡓ஦ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜࠿

⃝஭ᐇඛ⏕࡟ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋࡲࡓᮏ✏ࡢᑂᰝ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ

ࡽࠊ㍺ධ་⸆࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ሀᐇ࡞཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡓ᪂⸨ᬕ⮧ඛ⏕࡜ 2 ྡࡢ༏ྡࡢඛ⏕࠿ࡽ♧၀࡟ᐩࡴࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓ

Ᏻᐃ≧ែࡢୗ࡛ࠊྠ᪘ࡀ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࢥ࣑ࢵࢺࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟グࡋ࡚ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ

࡟ࡼࡾ⤫἞ᵓ㐀ࡢᏳᐃ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝࡛⤒Ⴀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ࠙ὀ㔘ࠚࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣලయⓗ࡟᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ ་⒪⏝་⸆ရ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕ་ᖌ࣭ṑ⛉་ᖌ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓ

ྠ᪘⤒Ⴀ⪅࡜௻ᴗᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡓሙྜࠊࡇࢀ

ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ⪅ࡢฎ᪉ࡏࢇ࣭ᣦ♧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗࡲ࡛ࡢ་⸆ရᴗࡢⓎᒎࢆ㢳ࡳࢀࡤࠊᏳᐃⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿ་⸆ရࠖ
㸦᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺ᴗ㐃ྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊⦅㸪ୗࠊྠ᪘࡛࠶ࡿࡀᨾ࡟ࣜࢫࢡࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑ

1995㸪21 㡫㸧ࠋࢀࡀᡂ㛗࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ྠ᪘⥔ᣢ௬ㄝࡀ㐺ྜࡍࡿ᫬௦ࡸᡓ␎ࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ

2) ୍⯡⏝་⸆ရ࡜ࡣࠊࠕ་⒪⏝་⸆ရ௨እࡢ⸆ᒁ⸆ᗑ࡛㈍኎ࡍࡿ
་⸆ရ࠾ࡼࡧ㓄⨨⸆ࢆ࠸࠺ࠖ
㸦᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺ᴗ㐃ྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊㐺ྜࡋ࡞࠸ࡑࢀࡽࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏ

⦅,1995,13 㡫㸧ࠋ࡞࠾㓄⨨⸆࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺ᴗ㐃◊✲ࡢⓎぢ࡟ࡼࡾࠊྠ᪘⥔ᣢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ゝࢃྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊⦅㸦1995㸪91㸫192 㡫㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࢀࡿ〇ရ໬≉ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ㟼ែⓗ࡞ᕷሙࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓࡶࡢ

3) GE ࡣࠊࠕ᪂་⸆ရ࡟⥆࠸࡚ᢎㄆࢆཷࡅࠊᕷሙ࡟ฟࡉࢀࡿྠ✀࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝༢⣧໬ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ྠຠရࠖ㸦᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺ᴗ㐃ྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊⦅,1995,81 㡫㸧
ࠋ

ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

4) ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜୖྛ་⸆ရࡢᐃ⩏ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ௨

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊྠ᪘ࡀ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵୚ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡞ࡀࡽ⏘ᴗୗࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ᪂ᢞ୚⤒㊰་⸆ရࡣ᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺ᴗ

ᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡟㐺ᛂࡋ௻ᴗࡢᡂ㛗ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ㏆㐃ྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊⦅㸦1995㸧ࡢ㸦111 㡫㸧ࠊ᪂ຠ⬟་⸆ရࡣྠୖ㸦109ᖺࡢኚ໬࡟ྠ᪘௻ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚㐺ᛂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸௻ᴗࡀቑຍ

㡫㸧ࠊ᪂๣ᙧ་⸆ရࡣྠୖ㸦109 㡫㸧ࠊ᪂⏝㔞་⸆ရࡣྠୖ㸦109ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊ㐣ཤࡢ㡫㸧ࠋᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜⌧ᅾࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣఱࡀ㐪࠺ࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟

5) NCE ࡢᢎㄆືྥࡣࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘
㸦ྛᖺ∧㸧ࢆά⏝ࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢୖ࡛ྠ᪘⥔ᣢ௬ㄝࢆ᳨ウࡋ┤ࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋྠⴭ࡛ࡣ NCE ࡢᢎㄆືྥࢆ 2008 ᖺ∧ᮏ◊✲ࡢ㈉⊩ࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊධᡭྍ⬟࡞බห㈨ᩱ࡟

࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺ∧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕ᭷ຠᡂศࠖ࡜グ㍕ࡉࢀࠊᢎㄆືྥ

ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁ஦ᐇ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡇ

ࡀࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1976࠿ࡽࠊఱࢆࡶࡗ࡚㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ど㔝࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀࡀྍ⬟࡜ᖺࡲ࡛ࠕ᪂㛤Ⓨ་⸆ရ୍ぴ⾲ࠖࠊ1977 ᖺ∧࠿ࡽ 1995 ᖺ∧ࡲ࡛࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࢆලయⓗ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࠕ᪂་⸆ရ୍ぴࠖ
ࠊ1996 ᖺ∧࠿ࡽ 2007 ᖺ∧ࡲ࡛ࠕ᪂᭷ຠᡂศ

⤒᫬ⓗ࡟௻ᴗࡢ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࢽࣥࢢࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ

ྵ᭷་⸆ရ୍ぴࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡢ⾲࡛ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ

⛣ື㞀ቨࡀ⛣ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ

ࡑࢀࡽࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ NCE ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠕ‽ࡎࡿࠖ࡜⾲⌧ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ≀㉁≉チไᗘࡀ 1976 ᖺ࡟᪋ᕤࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀ௨๓࡜ࡑࢀ௨㝆࡛ࡣ་⸆ရࡢศ㢮ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜

12) ᪂་⸆୺ࡣ 21 ♫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࢣ࣑ࣇ࢓ࠊ᪥ᮏࢣ࣑࢝ࣝࠊ

⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ
ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘࡟ࡣ᫂☜࡞ኚ᭦ᇶ‽ࡢグ

༠࿴Ⓨ㓝࢟ࣜࣥࠊ⏣㎶୕⳻ࠊ᪥ᮏ᪂⸆ࡢ 5 ♫ࡣㄪᰝ࡟ᚲせ࡞㈨㍕ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢⅭࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ 1977 ᖺ∧࡟グ㍕ࡢ࠶ࡿ
1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1976 ᖺࡢࠕ᪂㛤Ⓨ་⸆ရ୍ぴࠖ࡟グ㍕ࡢ་⸆ရࢆ NCE ࡟ྵࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
6) ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ᱓ᔱ࣭ᯇᑿ㸦1997㸧࡟ೌ࠸ NCE ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
NME㸦New Molecular Entity㸧࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᩱࡢධᡭࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾᑐ㇟࠿ࡽእࡋࡓࠋ
13) ศᩓࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣ௻ᴗᨭ㓄ㄽ࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ᮏ◊✲ࡢ❧ሙࡣࠊBerle and Means㸦1932㸧࡟ೌ࠸ 20%ᮍ‶ࢆ⤒Ⴀ⪅ᨭ㓄࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
14) ࠶ࡍ࠿ࠊࡳࡽ࠿ࠊ࢟ࢵࢭ࢖ࠊᰤ◊໬Ꮫࡣࠊㄪᰝᮇ㛫ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᭷

7) ᱓ᔱ࣭ᯇᑿ㸦1997㸧ࡣ NCE ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡶ࡜࡟ඹྠ◊✲࡟╔┠౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩ࡀᥞࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢⅭࠊ㐳ࡗ࡚ㄪᰝྍ⬟࡞ࠕ♫ࡋศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ〇㐀ᢎㄆ༢⊂ࠖࠊᚋ⪅ࢆࠕ〇

㛗ࠖ࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣグ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠ᪘ᣢᰴ࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣ୙᫂

㐀ᢎㄆඹྠࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠕ〇㐀ᢎㄆࠖࢆࡼࡾ㍺

࡜ࡋࡓᖺ௦ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᰤ◊໬Ꮫࡢ㯮ఫ๛Ặ࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣ

ධᡓ␎࡜ᕪู໬ࢆࡣ࠿ࡿࡓࡵࠕᅜෆࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ

ྠ♫࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪෆࠕἢ㠉ࠖࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ8) ᐇ㝿ࠊ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢ๓♫㛗ෆ⸨♸ḟࡣࠊࠕ࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮᫬௦࠿ࡽ

15) ኱᪥ᮏࡣ 2005 ᖺ࡟ఫ཭〇⸆࡜ྜేࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈨ᩱ཰㞟ࡢ㛵ಀᢏ⾡ᑟධࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㈍኎ᆅᇦࡣ᪥ᮏ࡜Ἀ⦖ࡔࡅ࡟㝈ᐃࡉ

ୖࠊᅗ 2 ࡛ࡣ࢔ࢫࢸࣛࢫ➼࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊྜే๓ࡢఫ཭〇⸆ࡢືࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࡽ௚♫ࡣ㍺ฟẚ⋡ࡀప࠸ࠖ
㸦1979 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 16 ᪥ྕ㸪ྥࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྛ NCE ࡢືྥࡣධᡭྍ⬟᪥⤒ࣅࢪࢿࢫ㸧࡜㏙࡭࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㍺ฟࡀఙࡧ࡞࠸⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵྜేᚋࡢ NCE ࡢືྥࡢࡳఫ཭⣔ࡢᢎㄆ௳

࡚㍺ධ᫬ࡢዎ⣙ࡀ㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᩘࢆྵࡵࡓࠋ
ࡑࢀࡣ⾲2࠾ࡼࡧᅗ2࡛཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋෆヂࡣࠊ9) ᢏ⾡ᑟධࡋࡓ〇ရࡣ≀㉁≉チไᗘࡢ࠶ࡿᅜ࡟㍺ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜

ఫ཭໬Ꮫࡀ 8 ௳ࠊఫ཭〇⸆ࡀ 3 ௳ࠊ኱᪥ᮏࡀ 8 ௳ࠊ኱᪥ᮏఫ཭

ࡢぢゎ㸦ᯇᒃ,1973㸧ࡸ⬮ὀ 8 ࡛ෆ⸨♸ḟẶࡢⓎゝࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋࡀ 2 ௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡢ➨୍୕ඹࡢ NCE ᢎㄆ௳ࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡅࡤࠕ㍺ධࡀఙࡧࢀࡤ㍺ฟࡀῶࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺㈇ࡢ

ᩘࡣࠊ2002 ᖺ࡟➨୍〇⸆࡜ඹྠタ❧ࡋࡓࢧࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࣇ࢓࣮࣐

┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㍺ฟ኎ୖ㧗࡜㍺

ࡢ 4 ௳ࢆྵࡴࠋ

ධ NCE ࢆᡓ␎ḟඖ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ⊂❧࡛࡞࠸ࠊ16) 2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢṊ⏣ࡸ࢚࣮ࢨ࢖ࡢ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝

࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛┦㛵ಀᩘࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ኎ୖࢆఙࡤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ

ࡓࡀࠊ㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘ࡜㍺ฟẚ⋡ࡣ┦㛵ಀᩘࡀపࡃࠊ᳨┤᥋ゐࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟ᑟฟࡋࡓ⏬ᮇⓗ᪂⸆ࡢ㈉⊩ᐃࡶ᭷ព࡛ࡶ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㍺ධ⸆ࡣ㍺ฟࡀ

࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ

㞴ࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᯇᒃ㸦1973㸧ࡸෆ⸨♸ḟẶࡢⓎゝࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺

17) ㍺ධ NCE ࡢᢎㄆ௳ᩘࢆ㍈࡟㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡜⮬♫ᡓ␎ G ࡜ࢆศ࡟⌮ゎࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿᚲせ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ௒

㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᅜෆ NCE ࢆྲྀᚓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸௻ᴗࡶ⮬♫ᡓ␎

ᅇࡣ㍺ฟẚ⋡࡜㍺ධNCEࡢ୧ኚᩘࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝG ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ᚲࡎࡋࡶ⮬♫ᡓ␎࡜࿧࡭࡞࠸௻ᴗࡶᏑ

࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ␎ḟඖ࡟㑅ᐃࡍࡿࠋᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀᮏ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ␎ G 㑅ูࡢ㝈⏺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ

10) ࢻࣛࢵࢢ࣐࢞ࢪࣥ♫ࡢࠗࢻࣛࢵࢢ࣐࢞ࢪࣥ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ 1988 ᖺࡔࡋᚋ࡟ࠊ㍺ධ་⸆࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࡑࡢ་⸆ရࡀ௻ᴗᡂ㛗࡟ࡶࡓࡽ

2 ᭶ྕ࠿ࡽ 1989 ᖺ 12 ᭶ྕ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚
ࠕ㟷࠸┠ࡢぢࡓࢽࢵ࣏ࣥ་

ࡋࡓຠᯝ࡜ྠ᪘ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ㆟ㄽࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ

⸆ရᕷሙࠖ࡜࠸࠺㐃㍕ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊP.R.࣐࣮࢘ࣛẶ㸦ᙜ

Ⅽࠊᡓ␎ศ㢮࡟࠾࠸࡚୰ᚰⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣ㍺ධᡓ␎ G ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ᫬⡿ᅜ〇⸆ᕤᴗ༠఍᪥ᮏ௦⾲㸧ࠊࢪ࣮ࣕࢡ࣭ࣛࢡ࣮ࣟࢬẶ㸦ᙜ࠿ྰ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᫬ࢧࣥࢻ⸆ရ௦⾲ྲྀ⥾ᙺ♫㛗㸧ࠊࣇ࢛࣮࣭ࣝ࢝࢝࢖ࢸࣝẶ㸦ᙜ18) ྛ࣐ࢵࣉ࡛෇ࡀ㔜࡞ࡾ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࣥࡀㄞࡳྲྀࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸ಶᡤࡀ࠸

᫬࣊࢟ࢫࢺࢪࣕࣃࣥᑓົྲྀ⥾ᙺ㸧ࠊM㸬J.࢔ࢫ࣮࣋ࣜẶ㸦ᙜ᫬ࡃࡘ࠿࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಶᡤ࡟ࡣ▮༳ࢆຍ࠼⿵㊊ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟୍

࢔࢖࣭ࢩ࣮࣭࢔࢖ ࣇ࢓࣮࣐௦⾲ྲྀ⥾ᙺ๪♫㛗㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓᾏእ

᪉ࡢ෇ࡢⰍࢆⷧࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡢຍᕤࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ 2000 ᖺ௦ࡢ࣐ࡢᐇົᐙ࠿ࡽࡳࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ་⸆ရᕷሙࡢ⌧≧ゎ㔘ࡀ⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚ࢵࣉ࡟㝈ࡾࠊㄞࡳྲྀࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸」ᩘࡢ෇ࢆⅬ⥺࡛ᅖࡳヱᙜ௻ᴗࡢ࠸ࡿࠋ୍㒊ᢤࡁฟࡍ࡜ࠊ
ࠕᝈ⪅ࡀ⮬ศࡢ᭹⏝ࡍࡿ⸆ࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿ

௻ᴗྡᶓ࡟♫㛗ࡢฟ⮬ࡢグྕࢆ௜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡢ࠿▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ
㸦࢝࢖ࢸࣝẶ㸧ࠊࠕඃࢀࡓ〇ရࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ┦஫19) 2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ␎ G ༢఩ࡢᖹᆒ኎ୖ㧗ࡣ௚ࡢᖺ௦࡜␗࡞

ಙ⏝࡜ಙ㢗ࡶ࡜࡙࠸ࡓὶ㏻⤒㊰ࠊ㐺ษ࡞⸆౯ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟་ᖌ

ࡾ௻ᴗྡୖ㒊࡟グ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟௻ᴗྡୗ㒊࡟㍺ฟᆺ࡜ᅜ

఍ࡸཌ⏕┬࡜ࡢ᥋ゐࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤኻᩋࡍࡿࠖ
㸦࢝࢖ࢸࣝෆᆺ࡟ศ㢮ᚋࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆグ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Ặࠊࣛࢡ࣮ࣟࢬẶ㸧ࠊࠕḢᕞᕷሙཧධࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ௻ᴗࢆ㈙࠼ࡤⰋ࠸

20) 㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㈨㔠ㄪ㐩※࡜ࡋ࡚௚࡟ࡣࠊ
᪥ᮏⓗ⤒Ⴀࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ

ࡔࡅࠊࡋ࠿ࡋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᝟⥴ࡸᚰ⌮ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠖ
㸦࢝࢖ࢸࣝࠕ࣓࢖ࣥࣂࣥࢡไࠖ
ࠊࡑࡋ࡚௻ᴗ㞟ᅋ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽ

Ặ㸧ࠋ≉࡟௨ୖࡢᣦ᦬ࡀ♧၀࡟ᐩࡴࠋ

ࢀࡿࠋ୕ᡞ㸦2001㸧ࡣࠊ་⸆ရᴗࡣ௚⏘ᴗ࡜ẚ࡭ࡑࢀࡽࡢ㛵11) ྠάື࡜つไ⦆࿴࡟࠿ࢇࡋ࡚ࡣඛ⾜◊✲ࢆࡶ࡜࡟⸨㔝

㸦2014b㸧࡛ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡕࡽࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK

ಀᛶࡣ㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᙼࡢ◊✲࡟౫ᣐࡋࠊ㖟⾜➼ࡢ೉ධ࡟ࡼࡿ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡸᰴᘧ࡟ࡼࡿ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇᢞ㈨ࡢᏳᐃ໬࡟ᑐࡋᙉ࠸ᙳ㡪ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙࢆ࡜ຍㆤ㔝ᛅ⏨㸦2008㸧ࠕ⤒ႠᏛ࡜ࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜࣅࢪࢿࢫ◊✲ࠖࠗᏛ⾡ࡢ
ືྥ࠘13 ᕳ 1 ྕࠊ68㸫70 㡫ࠋຍㆤ㔝ᛅ⏨࣭ྜྷᮧ඾ஂ࣭ୖ㔝ᜤ⿱㸦2003㸧
ࠕ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᰴᘧᡤ᭷ᵓࡿࠋ㐀࡜⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᒓᛶ㸸୺せドๆྲྀᘬᡤ࡟ୖሙࡍࡿ඲㺀〇㐀㺁௻ᴗ࠾࠙ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ࠚ

ࡼࡧࠕၟᴗࠖ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ௻ᴗ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿᐇドศᯒࠖࠗDiscussion

Anderson,R.C and D.M.Reeb 㸦 2003 㸧 “Fouding Family

paper New Series㸸Osaka prefecuture University࠘ No.2003-1ࠋ

Ownership and Performance:Evidence from the S&P500”
Jounal of Finance Vol.58 pp.1301-1327㸬

ຍ⸨ᩗኴ㸦2014㸧ࠕࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗᐙάືࡢࢲ࢖
ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒㸸࣑ࢶ࢝ࣥࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 7 ௦ᙜ୺࡜ 8 ௦ᙜ୺ࡢ௻

㟷஭೔୍࣭୰ᮧὒ㸦2003㸧
ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝་⸆ရᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿእ㒊⎔ቃᴗᐙ⥅ᢎ࡜ᡓ␎๰㐀ࠖࠗ⤌⧊⛉Ꮫ࠘47 ᕳ 3 ྕࠊ29㸫39 㡫ࠋࡢኚ໬࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨᆺ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪㸸᪥ᮏࡢไᗘ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨᆺ〇௒ゝᡂ㸦1999㸧ࠕ᪂⸆◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ௒᪥ⓗㄢ㢟࡜ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣡

⸆௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ
ࠗ་⒪࡜♫఍࠘13 ᕳ 2 ྕࠊ
85㸫111 㡫ࠋ࣮ࢡࠗ◊✲ ᢏ⾡ ィ⏬࠘14 ᕳ 4 ྕࠊ235㸫241 㡫ࠋ಴⛉ᩄᮦ㸦2003㸧
ࠗࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜ௻ᴗࡢ⤒ႠᏛ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࠋBerle, A.A and G.C.Means,㸦1932㸧 The Modern Corporation᱓ᔱ೺୍࣭ᯇᑿ㝯㸦1997㸧ࠕ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ〇㐀ᢎㄆࠖඹྠྲྀ

And private property The Macmillan Company 㸦໭㔝ᛅ⏨ᚓࡢᡓ␎ⓗព⩏ࠖ
ࠗ་⒪࡜♫఍࠘7 ᕳ 3 ྕࠊ134㸫151 㡫ࠋヂࠗ㏆௦ᰴᘧ఍♫࡜⚾᭷㈈⏘࠘ᩥ㞞ᇽ㖟⾜◊✲♫ࠊ1974 ᖺ㸧ࠋ᱓ᔱ೺୍࣭ᑠ⏣ษᏹஅ㸦2003㸧ࠕ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗࠖᚋ⸨᫭࣭ᑠ⏣ษᏹஅCaves RE and M.E.Porter㸦1977㸧 “From entry barriers to⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ 3㸸ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫᆺ⏘ᴗ࠘NTT ฟ∧ࠋmobility barriers : conjectural decisions and contrived

Leask,G and D.Parker㸦2007㸧“Strategic Groups,

deterrence to new competition.” Quarterly Journal ofCompetitive Groups and Performance within the U.K.

Economics Vol.91 No.2 pp.241-262.
D'Aveni, R. A. 㸦1994㸧Hypercompetition : Managing

Pharmaceutical Industry: Improving Our Understanding oftheDynamics of Strategic Maneuvering. Free Press.

the Competitive Process”Strategic  Management

Journal Vol. 28 No. 7 , pp. 723-745.

Dranove D, Peteraf MA,and M.Shanley(1998)“ Do strategic

Mascarenhas, B. and D.A.Aaker, (1989)“Mobility Barriers andgroups exist? An economic framework for analysis” Strategic

Strategic Groups”Strategic Management Journal  Vol.10

Management Journal Vol.19 No.11 pp. 1029-1044.

pp.475-485.

ࢻࣛࢵࢢ࣐࢞ࢪࣥ㸦1988 ᖺ 2 ᭶ྕ㹼1989 ᖺ 12 ᭶ྕ㸧ࠗࢻࣛࢵࢢ࣐࢞ࢪࣥ࠘ࢻࣛࢵࢢ࣐࢞ࢪࣥࠋ

ᯇᒃ⚈஧㸦1973㸧ࠕ≀㉁≉チ࡜་⸆ရᴗ⏺ࠖࠗ᭷ᶵྜᡂ໬Ꮫ༠఍ㄅ࠘
31 ᕳ 12 ྕࠊ1045Ɇ1048 㡫ࠋ⸨㔝⩏࿴㸦2013㸧ࠕୖሙ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ๰ᴗ⪅୍᪘ࡢ⥅⥆ⓗ㛵୚ࡢື

Maurer,R㸦1989㸧Competing in High-Tech Japan ⱥ∧ᮍฟ∧㸦ᯘྥ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿㄪᰝࠖ
ࠗࡧࢃࡇ⤒῭ㄽ㞟࠘12 ᕳ 1 ྕࠊ51㸫70 㡫ࠋ἞㑻ヂࠗ᪥ᮏᕷሙ࡛ࡢ➇த㸸ᅾ᪥ 18 ᖺࡢᐇᡓ⤒㦂࠘ࢧ࢖࣐ࣝฟ

⸨㔝⩏࿴㸦2014a㸧
ࠕ་⸆ရᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྠ᪘ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㛵୚࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ
ㄪᰝ◊✲ࠖࠗVenture Review࠘23 ྕࠊ47㸫52 㡫ࠋࠕ୺せ་⸆ရᴗࡢṔྐⓗᴫほձࠖࠗࡧࢃ†⤒῭ㄽ⸨㔝⩏࿴㸦2014b㸧㞟࠘12 ᕳ 2 ྕࠊ31㸫50 㡫ࠋ⸨ἑ⸆ရᕤᴗᰴᘧ఍♫⦅㸦1995㸧ࠗࣇࢪࢧ࣡ 100 ᖺྐ࠘⸨ἑ⸆ရᕤ
ᴗᰴᘧ఍♫ࠋ
Habbershon,T. and H.Williams(1999) “A  Reource Basead
Fremework for Assessing the Strategic Advantages of Family
Firms”Family Business Review No.12 No.1 pp.1-25㸬
ཎᣅᚿ㸦2007㸧ࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿḢ⡿௻ᴗ㸸ṔྐⓗᴫほࠖࠗᅜẸ⤒῭㞧ㄅ࠘196 ᕳ 1 ྕࠊ91㸫107 㡫ࠋ㛗㇂ᕝྂ㸦1986㸧ࠗ་⸆ရ㸸⏘ᴗࡢ᫛࿴♫఍ྐ 1࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭ホㄽ♫ࠋࡌ࡯࠺㸦2000㹼2011㸧ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘ࡌ࡯࠺ࠋ

∧఍㸪1989 ᖺ㸧ࠋ୕ᡞᾈ㸦2001㸧ࠕ〇⸆఍♫ࡢᡤ᭷≧ἣࡢኚᐜ㸸ᖹᡂ 12 ᖺㄪᰝࠖࠗ་⒪࡜♫఍࠘11 ᕳ 1 ྕࠊ45-57 㡫ࠋᐑඖ୓⳯⨾㸦2009㸧
ࠕᡓ␎ G ㄽࡢ௒᪥ⓗ෌ᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵࡢ᳨ウࠖࠗ᪥ᮏ⤒ႠᏛ఍ㄅ࠘23 ྕࠊ14㸫24 㡫ࠋ᳃ᕝṇஅ㸦2008㸧ࠕྠ᪘௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ㸸᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡼࡿᐇドศᯒࠖ
ࠗRIETI Discussion Paper Series࠘08-J-029
1Ɇ29 㡫ࠋ᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ༺㐃ྜ఍ᗈሗ㒊⦅㸦1995㸧
ࠗ་⸆⏝ㄒ㎡඾࠘⸆஦᫬ሗ♫ࠋ᪥ᮏ⸆ྐᏛ఍⦅㸦1995㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗྐ࠘⸆஦᪥ሗ♫ࠋすᮧ῟୍㸦2009㸧ࠕᨵⰋᆺ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜་⸆ရࡢ௜ຍ౯್ࠖ
ࠗᨻ⟇◊ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ࠘28 ྕࠊ12㸫16 㡫ࠋ
Porter,M E(1980) Conpetitive Strategy, Macmillan(ᅵᒱᆞ࣭୰㎷ຍㆤ㔝ᛅ⏨㸦2003㸧
ࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࡢ⌮ㄽࠖᐑᮏཪ㑻࣭ᮡ࠘ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫ࠊ1982)ࠋ
ⴙ἞࣭᭹㒊↷ኵヂࠗ➇தࡢᡓ␎㸦᪂ゞ∧㸧ᮏ⸅࣭᭹㒊Ẹኵ࣭㏆⸨ග⏨࣭ຍㆤ㔝ᛅ⏨࣭⊦ᮌṊᚨ࣭➉ෆὒ⦅

Rouvinez,D.and J.Ward(2005) Family Business Macmillan.㸦ᐩࠗ᪥ᮏᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏㸸࡝࠺࡞ࡿ࡝࠺ࡍࡿᡓ␎࡜⤌⧊࡜ேᮦ࠘᭷ᩫ

ᶔ┤グ┘ヂࠗࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜࣅࢪࢿࢫỌ⥆ࡢ᮲௳࠘ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫㸪㛶ࠋ2007 ᖺ)ࠋ

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㰺⸨༟∞㸦2006㸧ࠕ◊✲ࣀ࣮ࢺ㸸ࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜ௻ᴗࡢ฼┈⋡࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࠖࠗ௻ᴗ࡜ἲ๰㐀㺀▱ⓗ㈈ ⏘ἲไ◊✲㺁࠘171㸫185 㡫ࠋᒣ⏣ᖾ୕㸦1994㸧
ࠕᡓ␎ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᴫᛕ࡜ㄆ▱ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࠗᒸᒣ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ఍㞧ㄅ࠘25 ᕳ 4 ྕࠊ281㸫299 㡫ࠋ⸆஦᫬ሗ♫㸦1977㹼1999㸧ࠗ⸆஦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘⸆஦᫬ሗ♫ࠋᏳ⏣㑥❶࣭ᑠ㔝ಇ௓㸦2008㸧ࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪂་⸆ရࡢ⮫ᗋヨ㦂ᩘ࡜⑕౛ᩘࠖࠗᨻ⟇◊ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ࠘24 ྕࠊ9㸫13 㡫ࠋྜྷᮧ඾ஂ㸦2007㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞㸸⚄ヰ࡜ᐇែ࠘NTT ฟ∧ࠋ
Zellweger,T.M, Nason, R.S. and M. Nordqvist㸦2012㸧
“From

Longevity

of

Firms

Entrepreneurshipof

Families:

Entrepreneurial

toOrientation”Family

TransgenerationalIntroducing

FamilyBusiness

Review

Vol.25 No.2 pp.136-155.

(ㄽᩥཷ⌮᪥: 14.8.25 ᥇ᢥ᪥: 15.1.14
ᢸᙜᑂᰝ⦅㞟ጤဨ: ᪂⸨ᬕ⮧)

9(1785(5(9,(:1R0DUFK