⾗Ḯഃ಴ℂ⺰ᐨ⺑
Towards a theory of resource creation᧲ർᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ⑔᎑ 〝᧲ർᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ᮭ ᄸືresources, (3)creative combination of resources.

ⷐᣦ

Based on the discussion and case studies, we޿ߊߟ߆ߩਛዊ㔖⚦ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ડᬺ߿࿾ၞߪ⚻༡

provide a framework for explaining resource⾗Ḯߩਇ⿷ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߦኻߒ‫⁛ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ഃ⊛߆ߟ

creation and some issues that need further㕟ᣂ⊛ߥᣇᴺߢ⚻༡⾗Ḯࠍഃ಴ߒߘࠇࠍᵴ↪ߒߡ޿

consideration.

ࠆ‫⾗ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬Ḯഃ಴ߣ޿߁⃻⽎ߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽ

Key Words: Resource Creation, Resourceߩ⾗Ḯࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆℂ⺰ߢߪߤߜࠄ߆ߣ޿

Availability, Change of Point of View,߁ߣᚲ᦭ᮭࠍ߽ߟ⾗Ḯࠍኻ⽎ߦ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ↪ㅜࠍᚲਈ

Resource Combinationߩ߽ߩߣߒ‫ߩߘߚ߹ޔ‬ᵴ↪ߦಽᨆߩὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇ
ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯഃ಴‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁⃻⽎ߦ߹ߢ⋡ࠍะߌߚ⎇ⓥߪߘࠇ߶ߤᄙߊߥ޿‫⎇ᧄޕ‬ⓥߪ 20 ߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩᐨ੐଀ಽᨆ߿ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߥߤ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯߩ೑↪น⢻ᕈ‫ޠ‬ਛዊડᬺ߿ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ડᬺߦߣߞߡ⚻༡⾗Ḯߩਇ‫ⷞޟ‬ὐߩォ឵‫ޠ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯߩ⚵วߖ‫ޠ‬ߣ޿ߞߚⷞὐࠍ᛽಴

⿷ߪᘟᕈ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣢߒ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ߣ޿߁⃻⽎ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ߼ߩᣂߚߥࡈ

ߦ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩⷙᮨ߹ߢᚑ㐳ߒߚડᬺߩഃᬺᦼ߿ᚑ㐳࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢࠍឭ␜ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ੹ᓟ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ࠍᦼ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ㄭᐕᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ

ࠃࠅ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ߊ਄ߢ⼏⺰ߔߴ߈⺰ὐࠍឭ␜ߒ

࡯ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ␠ળߩ໧㗴ࠍ⸃᳿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ૞ࠄࠇߚ

ߚ‫ޕ‬ડᬺ૕ߩᱧผࠍᝄࠅ㄰ߞߡ⷗ߡ޿ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߪ⚻༡ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼㧦⾗Ḯഃ಴‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ೑↪น⢻ᕈ‫    ޔ‬⾗Ḯߩਇ⿷ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߦኻߒ‫⁛ޔ‬ഃ⊛߆ߟ㕟ᣂ⊛ߥⷞὐߩォ឵‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ⚵วߖ

ᣇᴺߢ⚻༡⾗Ḯࠍഃ಴ߒᵴ↪ߒᚑ㐳ߒߡ߈ߚߎߣ߇
ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᓐࠄߪߎࠇ߹ߢઁߩੱ‫⾗ޟ߇ޘ‬Ḯ‫ޠ‬

#DUVTCEVߣߺߥߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ␠ᄖߩ߽ߩࠍ⚻༡⾗Ḯߣ⠨߃‫ޔ‬ߘࠇߦᚻࠍട߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᣂߚߥଔ୯ࠍ߽ߟ⚻The purpose of this paper is to theorize the༡⾗Ḯߦォ឵ߒߚࠅߒߡ‫ޔ‬೑⋉ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔࡆࠫࡀࠬ

phenomenon of resource creation and provide aࠍ᭴▽ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ડᬺߩ⾗Ḯߦ

framework for analyzing it. These days, we canኻߔࠆ⠨߃ᣇߪ‫ߩઁޔ‬ડᬺߣᲧセߔࠆߣ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩsee that some companies (and regions) with poorߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

resource can find out unused-resources andᧄⓂߪ‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯഃ಴‫ߩߡ޿ߟߦ⽎⃻߁޿ߣޠ‬ℂ⺰ൻ

succeed in utilizing them in unique ways. For߇ᧂߛਇචಽߢ޽ࠆ⃻⁁ࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ਄ߢ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴

these phenomenon, existing theories, such asࠍ⺰ߓࠆ਄ߢࠞࠡߣߥࠆࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠍ⷗ߟߌ‫ࠄࠇߘޔ‬resource based view (RBV)  and dynamicࠍ⛔วߒߚಽᨆࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡capability, can’t provide enough explanation.

⊛ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Firstly, we discuss limitations of existing theories

ᧄⓂߩ᭴ᚑߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫⚻ޔߕ߹ޕ‬༡⾗

on explaining resource creation. Secondly, from 20Ḯߦ㑐ߔࠆߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⚻༡ᚢ⇛⺰ߩ⼏⺰ࠍ᭎ⷰߒ‫ޔ‬case studies scrutinized, we categorize them intoߘߩ⺖㗴ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ડᬺ߇ᜬߟ⚻༡⾗Ḯ߿‫ޔ‬

4 types of resource creation. We found theߘࠇࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆ⢻ജߢ޽ࠆࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߩᓎഀߦ

following process of resource creation; (1)ߟ޿ߡ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᄙᢙߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߚߜ߇⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ

redefining resources, (2) shifting viewpoint to߈ߚ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪߎࠇࠄ⼏⺰ߩਛߢ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴߇ߤߩ

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

⎇
ⓥ
⺰
ᢥ

ࠃ߁ߦขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ᭎ⷰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐕઍᓟඨ㨪90 ᐕઍ೨ඨߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄડᬺߩべㅴ߇ߘߒߡ‫⚻ޟ‬༡⾗Ḯ‫ߩޠ‬Ⴚ⇇ࠍᚲ᦭ߢߪߥߊ‫ޟ‬೑↪น޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢߪੱߦ૕ൻߐࠇߚࠬࠠ࡞࡮ࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙‫ޔ‬⢻ᕈ‫ࠄ߆ޠ‬ᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ߩࡈ㑐ଥᕈߥߤ‫ޔ‬นⷞൻߔࠆߩ߇࿎㔍ߢ‫ߦ߃ࠁࠇߘޔ‬ᮨ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬୮ߒࠃ߁ߦ߽ࠦࠬ࠻ߣᤨ㑆ߩ߆߆ࠆࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯࠍᣣ╙ੑߦ‫ࠄ߆࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚⷞὐߦᴪߞߡ 4 ߟᧄડᬺߪ⫾Ⓧߒ‫߇ࠇߘޔ‬ᣣᧄડᬺߩ┹੎ఝ૏ࠍ↢ߺߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩᣇᴺ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇ‫࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬಴ߒߚߩߛߣᜰ៰ߐࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᣣᧄ࡯ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ੐଀߇⚫੺ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ડᬺߩ┹੎ఝ૏ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆℂ⺰ߣߒߡ RBV ߪ⺑ᓧ╙ਃߦઍ⴫⊛੐଀ߩᬌ⸛ߩ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬੐଀ߪ৻ߟߩࠞജߩ޽ࠆℂ⺰ߣߒߡㄫ߃౉ࠇࠄࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦ෼߹ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬㑆ࠍ⒖േߔࠆ‫ޔ‬ߒ߆ߒ RBV ߦߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ໧㗴ὐ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ

ߟ߹ࠅⶄᢙߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴ࠍ⚻㛎ߔࠆ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯ޿ࠆ‫ ߦ৻╙ޕ‬RBV ߪ㕒ᘒ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߢ޽ࠆߎ

ഃ಴ߩㅪ㎮‫߇ߣߎࠆࠇࠄ⷗߇ޠ‬ᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
RBV ߪ┹੎ఝ૏ࠍ↢ߺ಴ᦨᓟߦ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯൻߩ⼏⺰ߩ⺖㗴ߣ੹ᓟߩዷᦸߦߟ޿

ߔ⾗Ḯߩ‫ޟ‬ᚲ᦭‫߇ޠ‬㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣߒߚ߇‫߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫⚻ߦ․ޕ‬༡⾗Ḯߩ‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯൻࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ‫ߦޠ‬ߥ⾗Ḯ߇޿߆ߦഃ಴‫ޔ‬⢒ᚑ‫⫾ޔ‬Ⓧ‫ߪߦࠄߐޔ‬ᵴ↪ߐߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠇࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪචಽ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬╙ੑߦ‫ߩ৻╙ޔ‬ὐߦ߽㑐ㅪߔࠆ߇‫ޔ‬RBV ߪၮᧄ⊛ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩ૏⟎ߠߌఝ૏ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔ⾗Ḯߪ⫾Ⓧߦᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠅ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ᮨ

4GUQWTEGDCUGFXKGY㧔4$8㧕ߣ⾗Ḯഃ಴୮߇࿎㔍ߥߩߢ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߪ␠ౝ޽ࠆ޿ߪ㐳ᦼ⛮⛯⊛㑐 ‫⚻ޟ‬༡⾗Ḯ‫⎇߇ޠ‬ⓥ⠪ߩ㑆ߢᵈ⋡ࠍฃߌࠆࠃ߁ߦ

ଥߦ޽ࠆ♽೉߿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊળ␠ౝㇱߦሽߔࠆߎߣ߇઒

ߥߞߚᄾᯏߪ‫ޡߩ࠭࡯ࡠࡦࡍޔ‬ળ␠ᚑ㐳ߩℂ⺰‫ޢ‬ቯߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄖߦ޽ࠆ⾗Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦߟ޿

㧔1959㧕ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߢᓐᅚߪડᬺࠍ‫⛔ޟ‬ว⊛ߡߪ޽߹ࠅ⋡߇ะߌࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߥ▤ℂ૕♽ߩ߽ߣߢ⛔ᓮߐࠇࠆ⚻༡⾗Ḯߩ㓸ว૕‫ޠ‬╙ਃߦ RBV ߢߪ‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯߪᚲਈߩ↪ㅜ‫ߎߟ߽ࠍޠ‬ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃‫ޔ‬ડᬺߪߘߩౝㇱ࡮ᄖㇱߩᧂ೑↪߆ߟߣ߇઒ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ㧔Foss, 2005,ẜ࿷⊛ߥ↪ᓎࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ߊ⍹Ꮉ‫ޔ‬2006㧕
‫ޕ‬RVB ⺰⠪ߦࠗࡦࠬࡇ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍਈ

ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬߃ߚߣ޿ࠊࠇࠆࡍࡦࡠ࡯࠭⥄りߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߘߩ߽ߩߪ

ࡍࡦࡠ࡯࠭ߪળ␠ᚑ㐳ߩ⺃࿃ߣߒߡળ␠‫ޟ‬ౝㇱ‫ޠ‬ᦨೋ߆ࠄߘߩ↪ㅜ߇ᚲਈߦ᳿߹ߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ

ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆᧂ೑↪ߩ↢↥⊛↪ᓎߩሽ࿷ࠍᜰ៰ߒ‫ߎޔ‬ߊ‫⚻ޔ‬༡⠪߇޽ࠆ↪ㅜ߳ߩ೑↪ࠍ᳿߼‫↪ޟ‬ᓎ‫ߦޠ‬ォߩᵴ↪ߎߘ߇ડᬺߩᚑ㐳ߩේേജߢ޽ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬឵ߒߚᤨ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߪߪߓ߼ߡߘߩଔ୯ࠍ⊒⃻ߐߖࠆߩડᬺ᜛ᒛߩᣇะᕈࠍⷙቯߔࠆᄢ߈ߥⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆߣߒ

ߛߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧔Penrose,1959㧕‫޿ߣޠੱޟ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ߚ‫ޕ‬߁⾗Ḯࠍ㓹↪ߔࠆߎߣߛߌߢߪଔ୯ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߐߥ޿

ࡍࡦࡠ࡯࠭ߩ⎇ⓥࠍฃߌߡ‫ޔ‬
1980 ᐕઍߦߪ⾗Ḯࡌ߇‫઀ࠆ޽ޔ‬੐ࠍਈ߃ߘࠇࠍታⴕߐߖߡ↪ᓎߦォൻߐ࡯ࠬࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴㧔resource based view㧦એਅ‫ޔ‬RBV㧕ߖߡ‫ߩߘߡ߼ߓߪޔ‬ଔ୯ߪ⊒⃻ߐࠇࠆ‫⾗ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬߇บ㗡ߒߡ߈ߚ㧔Rumelt 1984; Wernerfelt 1984;Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆߣ߈ߦߪ‫ޔ‬੐೨ߦߘߩ⾗Ḯߩẜ࿷น⢻Barney 1986 ߥߤ㧕‫ߩߘޕ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇߪ‫ޔ‬
㧔1㧕ᕈࠍត⚝࡮ᬌ⸛ߒ‫ޔ‬‫↪ߥࠎߤޟ‬ㅜ‫߆⺕ޔࠍ߆߁૶ߦޠ‬ડᬺߏߣߦ⚻༡⾗Ḯߪ⇣⾰ߢ޽ࠅ‫⾰⇣ߩߘޔ‬ᕈ߇ࡄ߇᳿߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬߩ⋧㆑ࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔ‬㧔2㧕ߘࠇࠄߩ⋧㆑ߪᲧセ⊛ߦ቟ቯ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫޽ߢߩ߽߁޿ߣޔ‬ࠅ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߩᜬ⛯⊛┹੎ఝ૏ߩḮᴰࠍડᬺ߇‫ߔ᦭଻ޟ‬ࠆ‫⾗ޠ‬Ḯߦ᳞߼ߚ㧔Barney,1991,Wernerfelt,1984㧕‫ޕ‬
RBV ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߩᜬߟ⾗Ḯߩਛߢ┹੎ఝ૏ߩḮᴰ
ߣߥࠆ⾗Ḯߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬Barney(1991)ߪ‫ޟ‬ଔ୯߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬⒘ዋߢ‫ߦ␠ઁޔ‬ᮨ୮ߐࠇߦߊ޿‫ޔ‬ઍᦧߐࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁
ߥ⾗Ḯ‫ޔ߇ߘߎޠ‬ડᬺߩ┹੎ఝ૏ߩḮᴰߦߥࠅ߁ࠆ
ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⼏⺰ࠍᵴ⊒ൻߐߖߚ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬1970ߦ␠ౝߦ޽ࠆ⾗Ḯߩᵴ↪ࠍᔨ㗡ߦ߅޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫┹ޕ‬੎

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚ߒ߆ߒ RBV ߢߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࠍ⺕߇‫ޔߒ⼂⹺ߦ߆޿ޔ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚ઁડᬺߣߪ⇣⾰ߥ⾗Ḯ߳ߣォൻߒߡ޿ߞߚߩ߆ߣ޿
߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⸅ࠇࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߦߐ߹ޕ‬ߘߎߦߎߘ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴⺰ߩ૛࿾߇޽ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߣ⾗Ḯഃ಴㨪ᚲ᦭߆ࠄᵴ↪߳ߘߩᓟ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࡌ࡯ࠬࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩ㑐ᔃߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩౝኈߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࠍ⫾Ⓧ࡮ዷ㐿ߔࠆ⢻ജ㧔capability㧕ߦὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ߟޕ‬

㧔2003㧕ߪᚢ⇛ߣ⾗Ḯߩਇဋⴧ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓࠍឭ໒

߹ࠅหߓࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯࠍ߽ߞߡ޿ߡ߽‫ߎ޿૶ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ડᬺߩᚑ㐳ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߩߦ‫ޔ‬ᚢ⇛ߣ⾗Ḯࠍ㕒⊛ߥߔ⢻ജ߇⇣ߥࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᚑᨐ߇⇣ߥࠆߣ޿߁ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߦㆡวߐߖࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߣᚢ⇛ߩ㑆ߦਇဋⴧߎ ࠇ ࠍ ⺑ ᣿ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߼ ߦ ‫ ޔ‬Teece, Pisano, andࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒડᬺᚑ㐳ࠍ࿑ࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚢ

Shuen,(1997)ߪ‫ࠖ࠹࡝ࡆࡄ࡯ࠤ࡮ࠢ࠶ࡒ࠽ࠗ࠳ޟ‬⇛ታⴕᤨߦ߅޿ߡ⾗Ḯ߇ਇ⿷ߒߡ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ᵴേࠍⴕ㧔Dynamic Capability㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ឭ໒ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߞߡ޿ߊ߁ߜߦ‫⥄߇ޠ↥⾗ࠆߑ߃⷗ޟ‬ὼߦ⫾Ⓧߐࠇ

‫ޟߪߣޠࠖ࠹࡝ࡆࡄ࡯ࠤ࡮ࠢ࠶ࡒ࠽ࠗ࠳ޟ‬ᕆㅦߥⅣ

ߡ޿߈‫ߡ߇߿ߪࡊ࠶ࡖࠡߩߘޔ‬ၒ߹ࠆߣ޿߁ߩߢ޽

Ⴚߩᄌൻߦኻᔕߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ౝᄖߩࠦࡦࡇ࠲ࡦࠬࠍ

ࠆ‫ޕ‬⛔วߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬᭴▽ߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ౣ᭴ᚑߒߚࠅߔࠆડᬺߩ

ߎߩࠃ߁ߥਇဋⴧᚑ㐳⺰ߪ‫ߩ❱⚵ޔ‬ౝㇱߦ޽ࠆੱࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ㧔Teece et al, p.516㧕‫ߎޕࠆ޽ߢޠ‬⊛⾗Ḯ࡮ᖱႎ⊛⾗Ḯߦ⌕⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺᵴേࠍⴕ߁ਛߢ

ߩℂ⺰ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ડᬺ߇ߘߩ⾗Ḯࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⫾Ⓧ‫ޔ‬৻ㇱߩ⾗Ḯߪ‫⫾ߣߕߩ߅ޔߡߒߣޠ↥⾗ࠆߑ߃⷗ޟ‬᭴▽‫⊒ޔ‬ዷߒߡ޿ߊߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ㆊ⒟ߩ⸃᣿

Ⓧߐࠇߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁⃻⽎ߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ৻ߟߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߦὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ℂ⺰ߢ޽ࠆߣߺߥߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬േ⊛ߥ⾗Ḯ ㊁ਛ࡮┻ౝ㧔1996㧕߽ੱ⊛⾗Ḯߩ⍮⼂ഃㅧᵴേߦ

ዷ㐿ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߒ‫ޔ‬ⅣႺߩᄌൻߦኻᔕߒ

ᵈ⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬⍮⼂ഃㅧℂ⺰ࠍឭ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪᥧ㤩⍮ߣߡ‫❱⚵ޔ‬ౝߦ޽ࠆࠬࠠ࡞߿ࠦࡦࡇ࠲ࡦࠬߛߌߢߪߥ
㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚ߊ‫❱⚵ޔ‬ౝᄖߦ޽ࠆ⚵❱⢻ജ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯ‫ޔ‬ᯏ⢻⊛⢻ജࠍᒻᑼ⍮ߩォ឵߆ࠄᣂߚߥ⍮⼂߇↢߹ࠇࠆߣߒ‫ࠄߐޔ‬ౣ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣ߽ਥᒛߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⾗ޟߚ߹ޕ‬Ḯߩ଻᦭‫ޠ‬㕙ൻ㧕ࠍ 4 ߟߦಽߌ‫ߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬㗡ᢥሼࠍߣߞߚ SECIߘߩ߽ߩ߇┹੎ఝ૏ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔߣ޿߁ߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍឭ໒ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㊁ਛࠄߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⼂ഃㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦ

⾗Ḯߩዷ㐿ᣇᴺߦߎߘᗧ๧߇޽ࠆߣߒ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯᵴ↪ߩ߅ߌࠆਥⷰߩᓎഀࠍ㊀ⷞߒ‫ޔ‬⍮⼂ഃㅧߦߪ‫ޟ‬ᕁ޿‫ޠ‬ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦ⺰ὐࠍ⒖േߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬߿‫߇ޠࡦ࡚ࠫࡆޟ‬ᔅⷐⷐઙߢ޽ࠆߣߒߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬߹ߚ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߢߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᚲ᦭‫ޠ‬ࠍ⾗ḮߩႺ⇇ࠍ್೎ߔࠆၮḰߣߒߚ RBV ߣߪ⇣ߥ㧚㧚㧚㧚ࠅ‫ߩ❱⚵ޔ‬Ⴚ⇇ࠍ⿧߃ߚଔ୯ഃㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍߘߩಽ
ᨆන૏ߣߒߡ߅ࠅ‫⾗ޟߪࠇߘޔ‬ḮߩႺ⇇‫ޔߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ᚲ᦭ࠍේೣߣߔࠆ RVB ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ⠨߃ᣇࠍឭ␜ߒ
ߚ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒߎߎߢ߽ RBV ߣ౒ㅢߔࠆ໧㗴ὐ߽ᜰ៰ߐ
ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߟ߹ࠅଔ୯߇޽ࠆ⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᡰេߔࠆ‫ޔ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚ᮨ୮࿎㔍ߥౝᄖߩ⚵❱⢻ജࠍ‫ޔ‬੐೨ߦ‫߆޿ޔ߇⺕ޔ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚
ߦ⹺⍮ߔࠆߩ߆‫⇼ߛᧂޔߡ޿ߟߦޔ‬໧߇ᱷࠆ‫߹ߟޕ‬ߦ⍮⼂ォ឵ߩࡕ࡯࠼㧔ౝ㕙ൻ‫⴫ޔ‬಴ൻ‫ޔ‬ㅪ⚿ൻ‫ޔ‬ౝᜰ៰ߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅߩਥⷰᕈߩᓎഀࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ⼏⺰ߣ⋧ㅢߓࠆㇱಽ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩદਤ‫ޔ‬㊁ਛࠄߩ⼏⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬RBV ߿࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶
ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ㧙ߦᲧߴ⾗Ḯ㧔ਥߦᖱႎ߿⍮⼂㧕
ഃ಴ߦ㊀߈ࠍ⟎޿ߚℂ⺰ߢ޽ࠆߣಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ
߈ࠆ‫ߛߚޕ‬ᓐࠄߪ⚻༡⾗Ḯߩਛߢ߽ੱ⊛⾗Ḯ㧔߅ࠃ߮ੱߦ૕ൻߐࠇߚᖱႎ⊛⾗Ḯ߿⍮⼂㧕ߦὶὐࠍ޽ߡ
ߡ߅ࠅ‫⾗ߩઁߩߘޔ‬Ḯ߆ࠄߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߦߟ޿ߡߪ޽
߹ࠅ㑐ᔃࠍᛄߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬߹ߚᓐࠄߩℂ⺰ߦࠃࠆߣ‫ޔ‬┹੎ఝ૏ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯߩ⫾Ⓧߦߪᤨ㑆ߣࠦࠬ࠻߇߆߆ࠆߣ޿߁ᰳὐ߇޽ࠆ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ⷗ࠅ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ߢߔޔ‬߃ߑࠆ⾗Ḯ߿⍮⼂ഃㅧߪ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆߿ࠦࠬ࠻ߦ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ

ߦሽ࿷ߒ߆ߟ⹺⍮น⢻ߥᒻߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆࠬࠠ࡞߿ࠤ

૛⵨߇޽ࠆᄢડᬺߦㆡߒߚℂ⺰ߢ޽ࠆߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ߇೨ឭߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ߺ⚵ߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬วࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠊߖࠆࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠗ࠳ߚ߹ޕ‬࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߩ⼏⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬ᕆỗߥⅣႺߩ

⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩℂ⺰ᄌൻ߳ߩ‫ޟ‬ኻᔕ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬஥㕙߇ᒝߊ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩഃ಴߿

2000 ᐕߦ౉ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬⾗Ḯߩਲߒ޿ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ડᬺ߿

ⅣႺ߳ߩ௛߈߆ߌߣ޿߁⢻േ⊛ߥ㕙ߦߪ޽߹ࠅశ߇

࿾ၞߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩਛ߆ࠄ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㑐ᔃᒰߡࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬߇㜞߹ߞߡ߈ߚ‫⚻ޕ‬༡⾗Ḯ߇ਲߒߊ‫ޔ‬ౝㇱ㐿⊒ࠍߒࠃ߁ߦ߽ߘࠇࠍ⸵ߐࠇߥ޿⁁ᴫߦ޽ࠆਛዊ㔖⚦ડᬺ ‫ޟߣޠ↥⾗ࠆߑ߃⷗ޟ‬⍮⼂ഃㅧℂ⺰‫ޠ‬߿ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ડᬺ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࠍ⫾Ⓧߔࠆߦߪᤨ㑆߇⿷ࠅ㨪ੱ⊛⾗Ḯߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߚࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴

ߥ޿ᚑ㐳ᦼߦ޽ࠆડᬺ‫␠ߚ߹ޔ‬ળ߳ߩ⽸₂ࠍ⋡⊛ߦ

RBV ߿ࡍࡦࡠ࡯࠭ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌ‫ ߚ߹ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍ⸳┙ߐࠇࠆ࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯߿࿾ၞߪ‫߆޿ޔ‬ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄડᬺߩべㅴࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߩߦ‫ޔ‬દਤߦ⾗Ḯࠍᣧߊ⏕଻ߒߚࠄࠃ޿߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߦᏱߦ⋥

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ߘ߽ߘޕ‬Ꮧዋߥ⾗Ḯߒ߆ᜬߚߥ޿ડᬺ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅߩ⾗Ḯߦኻߔࠆᗵᐲ߿㍈ᢅߐ߿࿾ၞߪ‫ߦ߆޿ޔ‬ᚻరߦ޽ࠆ௖߆ߥ⾗Ḯࠍല₸⊛߆ߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ߦ߅޿ߡ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߎߣߪߎ

ߟᦨᄢ㒢ߦᵴ↪ߒߡߢ߈ࠆߛߌᄢ߈ߥଔ୯ࠍ↢ߺ಴ࠇ߹ߢߩ⼏⺰ߢ߽ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔ߆‫⾗ߦߕߌ߆ࠍ࠻ࠬࠦߦ߆޿ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬Ḯࠍ⏕଻⾗Ḯߩ⚿วߣࡉ࡝ࠦ࡜࡯ࠫࡘ

ߒߚࠄࠃ޿ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ᗧ⼂ߩ߽⾗Ḯߩ⚿วߪ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩਛߢ⷗ฃߌࠄߣ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯഃ಴‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߦ฽߻⎇ⓥ߇

ࠇࠆ߽߁߭ߣߟߩ㊀ⷐߥࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩ⼏޿߹ߛዋᢙߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫ࠇࠊ⃻ߦޘ‬ᆎ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ⺰ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᗧ⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਅߢߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯഃ಴ℂ⺰ࠍ⚫੺ߒߟߟ‫ߎߘޔ‬ߢߩ⺰ὐࠍᢛℂߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ߇⚵❱ౝᄖߦ޽ࠆࠦࡦ

⾗Ḯߩਥⷰ⊛⹺⍮ࡇ࠲ࡦࠬࠍ⚿߮ߟߌࠆߣ޿߁ᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߔߣߒ‫ߘޔ‬

RBV ߿࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߩ⼏⺰ߢ໧㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆଔ୯ߪᚲਈߥߩߢ

଀߃߫࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ⺰ߢߪ‫࠳ޔ‬ߩਛߦߪ⾗Ḯ⚿ว߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇฽ᗧߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬޽ࠈ߁߆‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ὐߪ‫࠭࡯ࡠࡦࡍߦߢߔޔ‬㧔1959㧕

Baker and Nelson㧔2005㧕ߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࠍഃ಴ߔࠆ

ߦࠃߞߡᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ೑↪ᣇᴺࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ‫ߞ૶ࠍ⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ ࡘࠫ࡯࡜ࠦ࡝ࡉޟ‬㧔↪ᓎ㧕ߪᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ડᬺ⠪㧔ᓥᬺຬ㧕ߩߡ⺑᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪ⾗Ḯ߇೙⚂ߐࠇߚ 29 ડᬺ⍮⼂ߦࠃߞߡਥⷰ⊛ߦⷙቯߐࠇࠆߣਥᒛߒߚ

߳ߩࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼⺞ᩏߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅ߇⾗Ḯߩਲߒ޿

㧔Penrose, 1959, p.99㧕‫ޕ‬ห᭽ߥਥᒛߪ‫ޔ‬RBV ࠍᛕ

ⅣႺߩਛߢ޿߆ߦ⾗Ḯࠍഃ಴ߒኻᔕߒߡ޿ߞߚߩ߆‫ޔ‬್ߒߚ Foss (2005)⍹Ꮉ㧔2006㧕ࠄ߽ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ ޕ‬ߘߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ✎ኒߥࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍㅢߓߡ᣿ࠄ߆

หߓࠃ߁ߥ೨ឭࠍ౒᦭ߒ‫ޔ‬ડᬺౝߩ㓝ࠇߚ⾗Ḯߩߦߒߚ‫ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ߡߒߘޕ‬ડᬺߪߘߩೋᦼߩᲑ㓏ߦ⊒ជߣᵴ↪ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߒߚ Zook(2007)ߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߩઁޔ‬ડᬺ߇ήⷞߒߚࠅ᳇߇ߟ߆ߥ߆ߞߚࠅ

ߪᔅߕࠦࠕ੐ᬺࠍㅢߓߡၭߞߚ‫ޟ‬㓝ࠇߚ⾗↥‫޽߇ޠ‬

ߒߚ‛ℂ⊛‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ⊛ࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ਄ᚻߊ೑

ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ႐วߘࠇߪ⺕ߦ߽᳇ߠ߆ࠇߕ⚻༡ߦ↢↪ߒ‫ޔ‬ᚻరߦ޽ࠆ⾗Ḯߣ⚿วߒ‫ޔ‬૗ߣ߆߿ࠅߊࠅߒ

߆ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣ‫ޔ‬ߘߒߡߘࠇߦ᳇ߠ߈‫ޔ‬⊒ជߒ‫ޔ‬(making do)‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࠍഃࠅ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᚢ⇛ォ឵ߩᚑഞ⏕₸߇㜞߹

Baker and Nelson ߪߎࠇࠄડᬺߩᵴേࠍ‫ࠦ࡝ࡉޟ‬ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
Zook ߪ㓝ࠇߚ⾗↥ߦ᳇ߠߊߚ߼

࡜࡯ࠫࡘ‫ߡߒߘޕߛࠎࠃߣޠ‬ᚑ㐳ࠍߺߖߚડᬺߪ‫ޔ‬ߩᚻដ߆ࠅߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬
㧔1㧕ㆊዊ⹏ଔߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ੐ᬺၮ

ೋᦼߦࡉ࡝ࠦ࡜࡯ࠫࡘߦࠃߞߡᝳ಴ߐࠇߚ⾗Ḯࠍ᪠⋚‫ޔ‬㧔2㧕ᧂᵴ↪ߩ㘈ቴࠗࡦࠨࠗ࠻㧔㘈ቴߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮ሶߦࡆࠫࡀࠬࠍ᜛ᄢߐߖߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬

⼂߿⹺⼂㧕
‫ޔ‬
㧔3㧕ၒ߽ࠇߚࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖ㧔૗߆ࠍหߓࠃ߁ߦડᬺߩ‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯഃ಴‫ޠ‬ᵴേࠍಽᨆߒߚ

ᚑߒㆀߍࠆ⢻ജ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩᬺോ࡮ᵴേࠍ෻ᓳน⢻ߥᒻ

Bowman and Collier(2006) ߪ ‫ ⾗ ޟޔ‬Ḯ ഃ ಴ߢ㆐ᚑߔࠆ⢻ജߩߎߣ㧕ߦ⋡ࠍ߻ߌࠆߎߣࠍឭ᩺ߒ

㧔resource creation㧕‫ߩޠ‬ᚢ⇛ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬1㧕ㆇ‫ޔ‬2㧕ߚ‫ࠄࠇߎߚ߹ޕ‬㓝ࠇߚ⾗↥ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬
㧔1㧕⾗Ḯណข(resource picking)‫ޔ‬3㧕ౝㇱ㐿⊒‫ޔ‬4㧕ࠕ࡜⥄␠ߩ੐ᬺߩࠦࠕࠍᷓߊℂ⸃ߒ‫ޔ‬
㧔2㧕ࠦࠕ੐ᬺߦ⾗ࠗࠕࡦࠬ‫ ߩޔ‬4 ⒳㘃ࠍឭ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆߩߪ

Ḯࠍ㓸ਛߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦⴕ߈⹣ߞߚ੐ᬺࠍขࠅ㒰ߊߣ

1㧕ㆇ‫ޔ‬2㧕⾗Ḯណขߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬޿߁‫ޟ‬ᚑ㐳ߩߚ߼ߩ❗ዊ‫߽ࠍޠ‬ㄉߐߥ޿ߎߣ‫ޔ‬
㧔3㧕

1㧕ㆇ㧔Luck or Chance㧕ߣߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺ߇ᒰ⹥⾗Ḯ㓝ࠇߚ⾗Ḯࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ⚵❱૕೙ࠍᢛ߃ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ߩ዁᧪ߩଔ୯ࠍ⍮ࠄߕߦ஧ὼߦ଻᦭ߒߡ޿ߡ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ߥߤߩౕ૕⊛ߥࠬ࠹࠶ࡊࠍឭ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬߇ߚߜ␠ળ߇ᄌൻߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡߘߩଔ୯߇਄᣹

Bowman and Collier(2006)ߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ᵴേߦ߅

ߒ࡟ࡦ࠻ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣࠍߐߔ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬ߌࠆડᬺኅߩ⾗Ḯߦኻߔࠆ‫ޟ‬᳇ߠ߈‫ߩޠ‬㊀ⷐᕈߦߟ⾗Ḯ߇࡟ࡦ࠻ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ㆡಾ޿ߡ⸒෸ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⾗ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬Ḯഃ಴ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߥ⵬ቢ⊛⾗↥㧔complementary asset㧕ߩࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ

ߩᘠ⠌߿࡞࡯࡞ߦ❈ࠄࠇߚ࡜ࠗࡃ࡞ડᬺߦߪ⷗߃ߥ

࡯࡞‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ⁛⥄ᕈ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡜ࠗࡃ࡞ߩਇ࿷

޿‫ޔ‬⥄␠ߦߣߞߡଔ୯޽ࠆ⾗Ḯߦ޿ߜᣧߊ⋡ࠍߟߌ‫ޔ‬ߥߤߩ᧦ઙ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬⾗Ḯߩଔ୯ࠍ⹏ଔߒ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ኻᔕߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ

2㧕⾗Ḯណขߣߪ‫ߩઁޔ‬ડᬺߣ⇣ߥࠆ዁᧪ࡆ࡚ࠫ

޽ࠆߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯߩଔ୯ࠍ⷗ᛮߊ⢻ജߪ‫ޔ‬ࡦࠍᜬߜ㧔ߎߩὐ߇ㆇߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ㧕‫⃻ޔ‬࿷⹏ଔࠍฃߌ

Kirzner㧔1973,1999㧕ߩ޿߁⿠ᬺኅߩ alertness㧔ᯏߡ޿ߥ޿⾗Ḯࠍ‫ߡ߃޽ޔ‬వขࠅߒߡ⏕଻ߔࠆߎߣߢ

ᢅߐ㧕ߦ⋧ㅢߓࠆ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬޽ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ଔ୯߇⊒⃻ߐࠇࠆ᧦ઙ߇ߊࠆߩࠍᓙߟ

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߦߎߎޕ‬ડᬺኅߩାᔨߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇฽

ߘߩଔ୯߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚࠅߒߚ߽ߩ߇‫ޔ‬ડᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⾗ߦࠄߐޕ‬Ḯណขߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᚻరߦ޽ࠆ⾗ᬺኅߩ⹺⍮ࠍㅢߓߡ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߣߒߡߘߩଔ୯ࠍᒁ߈಴

Ḯࠍ૶޿‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩ⾗Ḯߣ⚵ߺวࠊߖߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿⋡⊛ߐࠇ⾗Ḯൻߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޔᤨߩߎޕ‬ડߦะߌ߿ࠅߊࠅߔࠆߣ޿߁ Baker and Nelsonᬺኅߩ⾗Ḯߦኻߔࠆ⹺⍮ߪߎࠇ߹ߢታ〣ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ

㧔2005㧕ࠄߩ޿߁‫߽ޠࡘࠫ࡯࡜ࠦ࡝ࡉޟ‬฽ᗧߐࠇߡ

ᚢ⇛‫ߚ߹ޔ‬዁᧪ታ〣ߔࠆᚢ⇛ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ఺ࠇࠆߎߣߪ

޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬Bowman and Collier(2006)ߪઁߦ‫ޔ‬3 ౝㇱ㐿⊒ߣ╙ੑὐ⋡ߪ⾗Ḯߩᚲ࿷ߦ㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣢሽ

4 ࠕ࡜ࠗࠕࡦࠬࠍ᜼ߍߚ߇‫ᤨ߿࠻ࠬࠦߪࠄࠇߎޔ‬㑆ߩᚢ⇛⺰߿RBVߢߪ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ߦߢߔޟ‬Ḯߣ⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ‫ޠ‬‫ޔ‬ߩ޿ߕࠇ߆߇߆߆ࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫⚻ޕ‬༡⾗Ḯߦ૛⵨ߩ‫❱⚵ޟ‬ౝ޽ࠆ޿ߪ⚵❱ᄖߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޔ‬ᚲ᦭ᮭ߿๮઎

޽ࠆડᬺߦߣߞߡߪ⏕ታ߆ߟታ⃻น⢻ᕈߩ޽ࠆ⾗Ḯᮭ㒢ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ⾗Ḯ‫ߦޠ‬ᵈ⋡ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ᧄߒ߆ߒޕ‬Ⓜߢ

ഃ಴ᣇᴺߢߪ޽ࠆ߇‫⚻ޔ‬༡⾗Ḯ߇ਲߒ޿ਛዊ㔖⚦ડߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᚲ᦭‫ߦޠ‬ၮߠ޿ߚ⾗Ḯߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕ‫❱⚵ޔ‬ౝᄖᬺ߿ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ߦߣߞߡߪ‫ࠅ߹޽ޔ‬㝯ജ⊛ߥㆬᛯ⢇ߦ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޔࠅߚߞ߆ߥࠇࠄߺ⋭ࠄ߆ੱߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ଔ୯ࠍ⹺߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚࠅߔࠆᧂ೑↪⾗Ḯ‫ࠍޠ‬એ਄‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠃࠅ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ⹺⼂ߒ‫⾗ࠍࠇߘޔ‬Ḯߦォൻߒ‫↪ޔ‬ᓎߣߒߡᵴ↪ߔࠆ಴ᤨߦ↢ߓࠆ⃻⽎ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯߘߩ߽ߩߦኻߔࠆ

ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍⷞ㊁ߦ޿ࠇࠆ‫ᧂޕ‬೑↪⾗Ḯࠍ⷗ᣇߩォ឵‫⾗ޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠ‬Ḯ㑆ߩ㑐ଥᕈ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ੑὐ⾗Ḯൻߒᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߪᣢሽ⾗Ḯߛ߇᛽಴ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ߌࠍ೨ឭߣߒߡᚢ⇛╷ቯࠍߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥߊߥࠅ‫ࠃޔ‬ࠅᐢ޿ᚢ⇛⊛ㆬᛯ⢇ࠍ߽ߟߎߣ߇น⢻ᕈߦߥࠆ‫ߟޕ‬߹ࠅߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⊒ᗐߩォ឵ߦࠃߞߡ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ೙⚂ߦࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢߩឭ␜

❈ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᚢ⇛ࠍᄢ߈ߊ᭴ᗐߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥᣢሽ⎇ⓥߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍฃߌߡ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ޘ‬߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߪᣂߚߥ⾗Ḯഃ಴⺰ߦะߌߚࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢࠍឭ␜

╙ਃὐ⋡ߣߒߡ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯൻߩㆊ⒟ߦߪ⾗Ḯ㑆ߩ⚿วߔࠆ‫․ߩࠢ࡯ࡢࡓ࡯࡟ࡈߩߎޕ‬ᓽߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢ

߿⵬ቢ⊛⾗Ḯߣߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߇฽߹ࠇࠆ

޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫⾗ޕ‬Ḯߪ⹺⍮ߐࠇߡ߽‫ߢ߹߹ߩߘޔ‬╙৻ߦᧄⓂߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᚢ⇛ߦᵴ↪ߐࠇࠆ‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯ‫ߪޠ‬ᚲߪ૶↪ߢ߈ߥ޿႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫⾗ߩઁޕ‬Ḯߣ⚵ߺวࠊߖਈߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫⾗ޕ‬ḮߪᏱߦੱߦ⹺⍮ߐߡߪߓ߼ߡߘߩଔ୯ࠍ⊒⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ‫↪ߩߘޔ‬ㅜ߽ᚲਈߢ޽ࠆߩߢ

ᣢሽߩੱ⊛ߟߥ߇ࠅߣᣂߒ޿⾗Ḯࠍߟߥߍߡߺࠆߎ࿑⴫ ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢ
␠ᄖ

␠ౝ

ᧄⓂ 䈪
ᜰ៰ 䈜
䉎䊒 䊨䉶
䉴

ᚢ ⇛╷ ቯ䊶ታⴕᢥ⣂ 䈱ឭ ␜ડ ᬺኅ䊶 ⚻༡⠪⾗Ḯ ត⚝⾗Ḯ 䈫䈚䈩 䈱⹺ ⍮

↪ᓎ

䈖䉏 䉁䈪
ᵈ⋡䈘 䉏
䈩䈐䈢 䊒
䊨䉶 䉴

ᧂ೑ ↪
⾗Ḯ
⾗Ḯൻ 䊶
䉝 䉪䉶 䉴 ⏕┙␠ᄖ 䈱⾗Ḯߪߥ޿‫ࠄ߆ੱߩઁߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬㘈ߺࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚࠅ‫ޔ‬

␠ ౝ䈱
⾗Ḯ

ߣߦࠃߞߡᣂߚߥଔ୯߇↢߹ࠇߚࠅ‫ࠍࠅ߇ߥߟޔ‬ഃ

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

ࠅ಴ߒߚࠅߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫⾗ߡ߼ߓߪޔ‬Ḯ߇㗼࿷੐଀

ൻߐࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ‫ߪࠬ࠮ࡠࡊߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᣢሽߩⷞὐߩォ឵ࠍㅢߓߚ⾗Ḯൻ⾗Ḯࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߢߪ⠨ᘦߩኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅߦࠃߞߡ⾗Ḯߦߟ޿ߡߩ⸃㉼ߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ߘߩ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬หߓࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯࠍ߽ߟડᬺߢ߽ߘࠇࠄᚑ

⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩ੐଀

ᨐ߇⇣ߥࠆὐࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ડᬺኅߦࠃߞߡห

਄⸥ߩࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫⾗ߪߢ▵ᧄޔ‬Ḯߓ߽ߩࠍ⷗ߡ߽‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ਈ߃ࠆଔ୯ߪ⇣ߥࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬ഃ಴ߩ੐଀ࠍี๧ߒߟߟ‫ࠍࡊࠗ࠲ߩߘޔ‬ಽ㘃ߒ‫ߘޔ‬޽ࠆડᬺኅߦߣߞߡߎࠇ߹ߢ⾗Ḯߣ⹺⼂ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞ

ࠇߙࠇߩ࠲ࠗࡊߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ࠍട߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߚ߽ߩ߇‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ડᬺኅߦߣߞߡߪ⾗Ḯߣߒߡ⹺⼂ߐࠇ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡഃㅧ⊛ߥᚢ⇛ࠍᛂߜ಴ߔߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆ‫⾗ߢ߹ࠇߎߚ߹ޕ‬Ḯߣ⹺⼂ߐࠇ⺞ᩏߩ⋡⊛ߣᣇᴺ⺰
ᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ߦߟ޿ߡߩℂ⺰ഃ಴ࠍ⋡ߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥෂᯏ߿഍⊛ߥⅣႺᄌൻߦ⋥ᜰߔ૞ᬺߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰᭴▽ߩߚ߼ߩᏫ⚊ᴺ

㕙ߒߚߚ߼‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߦኻߔࠆ⇣ߥࠆ⷗ᣇ߇ߢ߈ࠆ႐ว

(theory-building inductive research㧦Glaser and߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Strauss, 1967)ࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥડᬺኅߩ‫ⷞޟ‬ὐߩォ឵‫ޔߡߞࠃߦޠ‬ౕ૕⊛ߥ૞ᬺߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᣂ⡞⸥੐࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ

␠ౝᄖߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕ೑↪น⢻ߥ⾗Ḯࠍ⊒ជߒߚ੐଀

㧔ᣣ⚻࠹࡟ࠦࡓ㧕‫ޔ‬㔀⹹⸥੐ត⚝࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ

ߪ‫࡯ࡖ࠴ࡦࡌޔ‬ડᬺߩഃᬺᦼ߿ᚑ㐳ᦼߦ߅޿ߡᢔ⷗

㧔Magazine Plus㧕‫ޔࠄ߆ߤߥ☋ᦠޔ‬‫ᧂޟ‬೑↪⾗Ḯߩߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᵴ↪ߦၮߠ޿ߚ੐ᬺൻ‫ߣߚࠇࠊⴕ߇ޠ‬ᕁࠊࠇࠆ 20࡮⑔ᱞᦠᐫߩ⿒ࡍࡦవ↢੐଀ࠍ෼㓸ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ౝኈߦߟ޿ߡี๧ߒ‫ࠍࠄࠇߘޔ‬⑔ᱞᦠᐫ㧔⃻㧦ࡌࡀ࠶࠮㧕ߪ 1955 ᐕߦጟጊᏒߢ

એਅߦឭ␜ߐࠇࠆࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢߦᓥߞߡಽ㘃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ഃᬺߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ర‫ߪޘ‬ਛቇ࡮㜞ᩞ↢ะߌߩ↢ᓤᚻᏭ‫ޔ‬઒⺑ᬌ⸽ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߩߢ‫ޔ‬੐଀ߩㇹ࿯࿾࿑‫ޔ‬໧㗴㓸࡮ෳ⠨ᦠߥߤࠍᛒ߁಴ ␠ߢ޽ߞ✂⟜ᕈ߿ઍ⴫ᕈ߇ᜂ଻ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᰳὐߪ఺

ߚ‫ ޕ‬⑔ᱞᦠᐫߪ 1969 ᐕߦㅢାᷝ೥⻠ᐳࠍ㐿ᆎ㧔ㅴ⎇ࠇ߃ߥ޿ߎߣߪઃ⸒ߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬࠯ࡒ㧕ߒߚ‫ⴕ⹜ޕ‬㍲⺋ߔࠆਛߢ‫ޔ‬ㅢାᢎ⢒ߦᔅⷐߥߩߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᔃߩ੤ᵹ‫ޠ‬‫࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦ࡮ࠗࠚ࠙࡯࠷ޟ‬੐଀ߩಽ㘃೨▵ߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߢ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦߪ‫ޔ‬‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯߩਥⷰ⊛⹺⍮‫ޠ‬‫⾗ޟ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬Ḯ㑆ߩ⚿ว‫ⷐ߁޿ߣޠ‬ࡦ‫ߦߣߎࠆ޽ߢޠ‬᳇ઃ߈‫ޔ‬‫ࡦࡍ⿒ޟ‬వ↢‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ୘ੱᜰዉߩⷐ⚛߇ᒝ޿ᷝ೥੐ᬺߦォ឵ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⚛߇฽߹ࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߚ‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬ฃߌߡ‫ᧄޔ‬ᒰೋ‫ࡦࡍ⿒ޔ‬వ↢ߪᄢቇ↢߇ਛᔃߛߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬▵ߢߪ࿑⴫ 2 ߩࠃ߁ߥಽ㘃ᨒ⚵ߺࠍ૞ᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬એਅ‫ޔ‬

1980 ᐕઍߦ౉ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㅢାᷝ೥੐ᬺࠍਛቇ↢ߩߺߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ߘࠇߙࠇߩಽ㘃ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ੐଀ࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬ዊቇ↢࡮㜞ᩞ↢ߦ߽᜛ᄢߒߚߚ߼ߦ⿒ࡍࡦవ↢߇ਇ⿷ߒߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᒰᤨߩ␠㐳ߢ޽ߞߚ⑔ᱞ❢৻㇢᳁߇࿑⴫ ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩಽ㘃⾗Ḯߦኻߔࠆਥⷰ⊛⹺⍮ߩᣂⷙᕈ
ૐ޿

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⚿
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⧰⡺ߩ╷ߣߒߡ⠨߃ߛߒߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ↢ߦട߃‫ޔ‬ਥᇚࠍ⿒ࡍࡦవ↢ߣߒߡ൐㓸ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ  ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߪ↵ᅚ㓹↪ᯏળဋ╬ᴺ೨ߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩዞᬺߪ࿎
㔍ߢ޽ࠅ৻ᐲળ␠ࠍㄉ߼ߡߒ߹߁ߣ⡯႐ߦᓳᏫߔࠆ

ᣢሽ⾗Ḯߩ

ẜ࿷⾗Ḯߩ ߩߪ࿎㔍ߥᤨઍߢ޽ߞߚ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ሶ⢒ߡࠍ⚳߃‫ޔ‬

⚿ว

㗼࿷ൻ

ᤨ㑆߿ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ߽ߡ޽߹ߔਥᇚߚߜ߇␠ળߦߪ

㧔ࡄ࡯ࠢ 㧕

㧔-+8#㧕ᢙᄙߊሽ࿷ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬൐㓸ࠍ಴ߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ࡍ⿒ޔ‬ᣢሽߩߟߥ߇

ⷞὐߩォ឵

ࡦవ↢߳ߩᔕ൐ߪ޽ߞߣ޿߁㑆ߦၒ߹ߞߚ  ‫ޕ‬ࠅߩᄙ㊀೑↪㧔⿒ࡍࡦవ↢㧕㧔ࠢࡠࡀࠦࡗࡑ࠻㧕ᄙߊߩᔕ൐⠪ߪ↢ᵴߩߚ߼ߦ߅㊄ࠍⒿ߉ߚ޿ߣ޿
߁ࠃࠅߪ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟ߽␠ળߣߩធὐࠍ⛽ᜬߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬⥄ಽߩᜬߟ⢻ജࠍᵴ߆ߒߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆᗧ᰼ߩ㜞޿ਥᇚߢ޽ߞߚ㧔㕍ፉ‫ޔ‬2003㧕
‫ޕ‬



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ࡍࡦࡠ࡯࠭㧔1959㧕
‫ޔ‬Foss(2005) ‫ޔ‬⍹Ꮉ㧔2006㧕

ᓐᅚߚߜߪߘߩᓟ‫⑔ޔ‬ᱞᦠᐫߩᚑ㐳ߩᄢ߈ߥේേ

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

ജߣߥߞߚ‫ࡦࡍ⿒ޕ‬వ↢ߪ‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕ⃻࿷‫ోޔ‬૕ߢ⚂࠾ࠪࠞࡢ໡ળߣ޿߁⾗ᧄ㊄100ਁ౞ߩዊߐߥળ␠ߢ

18,000ੱߢ޽ࠅࡌࡀ࠶࠮␠ຬߩ6୚ߦ߽਄ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1971 ᐕߦ‫ࡢࠞࠪ࠾ޔ‬໡ળߪ‫ޟ‬㚢ゞ⑌ᱛ‫ߩޠ‬߹ߚ⿒ࡍࡦవ↢ߩቯ⌕₸ߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㜞޿ߣ޿ࠊࠇߡ޿⋴᧼ߩ⽼ᄁࠍᆎ߼ߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬㚢ゞ႐ߢߩゞਔߩ࿕ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ቯ߆ࠄᢱ㊄ᓽ෼߹ߢήੱߢⴕ߁ᯏ᪾‫ޔ‬‫࠶ࡠࠢ࡯ࡄޟ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯ⊒ជߩߚ߼ߩ‫ⷞޟ‬ὐߩォ឵‫ߪޠ‬ࠢࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ‫ࠍޠ‬⍮ੱߦ⚫੺ߐࠇ‫⵾ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ㅧߒߡ޿޿߆ߦߒߡ⿠ߎࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ߕ߹ޕ‬ડᬺኅߩᯏᢅ

ߚᣣᧄାภ߆ࠄ⽼ᄁᮭࠍขᓧߒߚ‫ࠪࠢ࠶ࡠࠢ࡯ࡄޕ‬ߐ㧔alertness㧕ࠍේ࿃ߣߔࠆ⺑ߢ޽ࠆ‫࠭࡯ࡠࡦࡍޕ‬ࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⽼ᄁߦࠃߞߡ‫ࡢࠞࠪ࠾ޔ‬໡ળߩᄁ਄ߪ 10ߪ‫ޔ‬೙⚂ߐࠇߚⅣႺ߆ࠄ↢↥⊛ᯏળࠍ⷗಴ߒ‫᦭଻ޔ‬ం౞߹ߢߦ᜛ᄢߒߚ‫ޕ‬⾗Ḯ߆ࠄߘࠇߦ޽ߞߚ೑↪น⢻ᕈࠍ⷗಴ߖࠆડᬺߣ‫ޔ‬ߒ߆ߒࡄ࡯ࠢ 24 ߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߥᚑ㐳ࠍ⷗ߖߚߩߪ

ߘ߁ߢߥ޿ડᬺߩ⋧㆑ࠍ‫ޔ‬ડᬺ⠪↪ᓎߩᏅߦ᳞߼ߚ‫ޕ‬

1990 ᐕઍߦ౉ߞߡ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᄾᯏߩ৻ߟߪ‫ޔ‬

Kirzner(1973)߽ડᬺኅߩᯏᢅߐ㧔alertness㧕߇㊀ࡃࡉ࡞፣უߦࠃߞߡ࿯࿾ଔᩰ߇ਅ߇ࠅ‫ޔ‬࿾਄ߍߦᄬ

ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Baker and Nelson㧔2005㧕

ᢌߒߚ࿯࿾߇ㇺᔃㇱߩ޽ߜߎߜߦ⯻㘩޿⁁ᘒߢᱷߐ߽‫ߦࡘࠫ࡯࡜ࠦ࡝ࡉޔ‬ขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ࠆડᬺኅߩ․⾰ࠇ᡼⟎ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߟ৻߁߽ޕ‬ᄾᯏߪߣߒߡ‫⾗ޔ‬ḮⅣႺߦኻߔࠆᡰ㈩⊛ቯ⟵ߦࠃߞߡ⺖ߐ

1991 ᐕߩ⥄േゞߩ଻▤႐ᚲߩ⏕଻╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆᴺᓞ

ࠇߚ೙⚂ߦ❈ࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍᜎߺ‫⾗ޔ‬ḮⅣႺࠍቴⷰ⊛㧔ゞᐶᴺ㧕ߣ㆏〝੤ㅢᴺߩᡷᱜߦࠃߞߡ‫⥄ޔ‬േゞ଻ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡߺߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ᭴▽ਥ⟵⊛ߦ⸃㉼᦭⠪߇㚢ゞ႐ࠍ⏕଻ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߩ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢ߇

ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁௑ะ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬෩ߒߊߥࠅ‫ޔ‬วࠊߖߡ㆑ᴺ㚢ゞ߇෩ߒߊขࠅ✦߹ࠄߎࠇߦኻߒ Zook㧔2007㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅߩ⾗⾰ߢߪࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߥߊ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߩᎿᄦߦࠃߞߡⷞὐߩォ឵߇↢ߓ߁ࠆߎߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫࠍߺߚ⷏Ꮉᷡ␠㐳ߪ‫ޔ‬ㇺᔃߦᢔ࿷ߣࠍ‫┙ߩࠣࡦࠖ࠹࡞ࠨࡦࠦޔ‬႐߆ࠄ⺰ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐߒߡ޿ߚਛㅜඨ┵ߥᐢߐߩ࿯࿾ߩ଻᦭⠪߆ࠄ࿯࿾ࠍ

ߪડᬺౝߢⷞὐ߇⎬⋥ߔࠆߩࠍ㒐ߋᣇᴺߣߒߡ‫╙ޔ‬୫ࠅ޽ߍ‫⽼߇␠⥄ߦߎߘޔ‬ᄁߒߡ޿ߚࡄ࡯ࠢࡠ࠶ࠢ

৻ߦੱ㑆ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇․ቯߩ߽ߩߩ⷗ᣇߦ࿕ၫߒ߿

ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ஻߃ઃߌ‫ޔ‬24 ᤨ㑆༡ᬺߩήੱᑼᤨ㑆⾉ߒߔߊ‫ޔ‬஍ࠅࠍᱜߔߎߣ߇㔍ߒ޿ߎߣࠍࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߦ⥄ࠦࠗࡦ㚢ゞ႐ߦ઀┙ߡ޽ߍߚ‫ࠄࠇߎߦࠄߐޕ‬㚢ゞ႐ⷡߐߖࠆߎߣ‫╙ޔ‬ੑߦᣂߚߥ⷗ᣇߪ⚵❱ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߢ

ࠍࠝࡦ࡜ࠗࡦߢ⚿߮‫⥄ޔ‬േゞߩ⋙ⷞ‫ޔ‬㚢ゞ႐ᢱ㊄ߩߪߥߊ‫⚻ߡߒߡ߃ޔ‬༡ᗧᕁ᳿ቯᮭ㒢ߣߪ⒟㆙޿┙႐࿁෼‫ߦ࡯࠲࡯ࡇ࡝ޔ‬ኻߔࠆࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠞ࡯࠼ߩ⊒ⴕߥߦ޽ࠆᣂ౉␠ຬ߿ᄖㇱߩੱ㑆߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᓐߤߩᯏ⢻ࠍ㓸ਛ⊛ߦⴕ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࠄࠍਛᔃߣߒߚኾછߩ⚵❱ࠍ૞ߞߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄖㇱߩⷞὐࡃࡉ࡞፣უߩߚ߼࿯࿾ଔᩰ߇ਅ⪭ߒߚߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄࠍ߁߹ߊขࠅ౉ࠇߚࠅߔࠆߎߣࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߕਛㅜඨ┵ߥᐢߐߩߚ߼ᄁࠈ߁ߦ߽ᄁࠇߥ޿࿯࿾ߩ

ᣢሽ⾗Ḯߩ⚿วࠍㅢߓߚ⾗Ḯൻᛒ޿ߦ࿎ࠅᨐߡߡ޿ߚ࿯࿾ᚲ᦭⠪ߦߣߞߡ‫ࠢ࡯ࡄޔ‬ߔߢߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ⾗Ḯߣ޿߃ߤ߽‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߪᔅߕ

24 ߩ↳ߒ಴ߪ᱑ㄫߐࠇߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㚢ゞ႐߇ዋߥ޿ㇺᔃߒ߽ᦨೋ߆ࠄ೑↪น⢻ߥᆫߢሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄㇱߢ⍴ᤨ㑆ߩ㚢ゞࠍߒߚ޿࠼࡜ࠗࡃ࡯ߦߣߞߡ߽‫ޔ‬ߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬ᄙߊߪಽᢔߒߡሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߟ৻ߚ߹ޕ‬⁜޿ߌࠇߤ߽ᢔ࿷ߒ‫߽߆ߒޔ‬቟޿ Times24h ߩࠃ߁৻ߟߪห⾰ߢߚ޿ߒߚߎߣߩߥ޿⾗Ḯߢ߽‫ޔ‬㓸߼ߚߥ㚢ゞ႐ߩሽ࿷ߪଢ೑ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠅਗߴߚࠅ⒎ᐨࠍਈ߃ߚࠅߔࠆߛߌߢᣂߚߥଔ୯ࠍ

߫ࠄ߫ࠄߥ࿯࿾ࠍ㓸߼ߡ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ήੱ㚢ゞ႐ߣߒ↢ߺ಴ߔࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㘃ૃߔࠆ⾗Ḯࡈ࡜ࡦ࠴ࡖࠗ࠭ൻߒߚࡄ࡯ࠢ 24 ߪ‫⷗৻ߦߐ߹ޔ‬ଔห჻ߩ⚿߮ߟߌᣇࠍᎿᄦߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫࠻࠙ࠕޔ‬୯߇ߥ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⾗Ḯࠍ⊒⷗ߒ⚿߮ઃߌࠆߎߣߦ

ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ㘧べ⊛ߦ᜛ᄢߐߖߚࠅ‫ࠆߥ⇣ߊోޔ‬ᵴ↪ᴺࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬࿯࿾ᚲ᦭⠪߅ࠃ߮࠼࡜ࠗࡃ࡯ߦኻߒᣂߚߥ

ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒߚࠅߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ଔ୯ࠍឭଏߒߚ߭ߣߟߩ੐଀ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߜߥߺߦᧄ▵ߢߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᣢሽ⾗Ḯ‫ߎޟࠍ⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬ᣢሽߩߟߥ߇ࠅߩᄙ㊀೑↪ࠇ߹ߢߘߩሽ࿷ߪ⹺⍮ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ᵴ↪ߦߟ⾗Ḯߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߣ⾗Ḯࠍߟߥߋ઀⚵޿ߡᣂߚߥ⷗ᣇ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚ⾗Ḯ‫޿ߣޠ‬ߺ߿㑐ଥࠍᄌ߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫߇ࠇߘޔ‬ᣂߚߥଔ୯

߁ᗧ๧ߢ૶↪ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫␠ߛߚޕ‬ળ࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ 24 ߩ੐଀ ߩਛߢᣂߚߥ㑐ଥࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߩߦߪᄙᄢߥࠦࠬ࠻߇

㧕

ࡄ࡯ࠢ 24 ᩣᑼળ␠ߪࠦࠗࡦᑼήੱ㚢ゞ႐‫ޔ‬߆߆ࠆ‫߇ࠅ߇ߥߟߩߘߒ߽ޕ‬ᄙ㊀ᵴ↪น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ႐‫ޟ‬Times24h‫⚻ࠍޠ‬༡ߔࠆડᬺߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߣ߽ߣ߽ޕ‬ว‫⾗ߩઁࠍࠇߘޔ‬Ḯߣ⚿߮ߟߌߡᣂߚߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߿

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

ࡆࠫࡀࠬࠍዷ㐿ߒ‫ߥߚࠄ޽ޔ‬ଔ୯ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔߎߣ߇
น⢻ߣߥࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᣢሽߩߟߥ߇ࠅࠍ೎ߩ⾗Ḯߦᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬┹੎ఝ૏ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔ⾗Ḯߪ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦ㗼࿷ൻߐࠇߚᒻ
ߢሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ࠍߺ⚵઀ޕ‬૞ߞߚࠅ⵬

࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠤ࡯ࡄࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߪ⇣ߥࠆࠦࡦࡇ࠲

ቢ⊛⾗Ḯࠍឭଏߒߚࠅߔࠆߎߣߢ‫⾗ߡ߼ߓߪޔ‬Ḯ߇ࡦࠬࠍߟߥߋࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩᯏ⢻߽൮฽ߒߡ

㗼࿷ൻߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߣߺ⚵઀߁޿ߢߎߎޕ‬޿ࠆ߇‫߇ࠬࡦ࠲ࡇࡦࠦࠆࠇ߇ߥߟޔ‬ᄌࠊࠆߎߣߦࠃ

౏ᑼ⊛ߥ೙ᐲ‫ⷙޔ‬ೣ‫ࡆ߿ࡓ࠹ࠬࠪࡉࠖ࠹ࡦ࠮ࡦࠗޔ‬ߞߡ‫߇࠻࠶ࡊ࠻࠙ࠕޔ‬ᄌࠊࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬หߓߎߣࠫࡀࠬࡕ࠺࡞ߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫౒ޔ‬ᗵࠍ๭߱ࠃ߁ߥℂᔨ߇‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯഃ಴ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߢ߽⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬߿ᢥൻߥߤ࠰ࡈ࠻⊛ౝኈ߽฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕࡮ࠢࡠࡀࠦࡗࡑ࠻ߩቛᕆଢㅴ಴ߩ੐଀ ࡮⊒ዷㅜ਄࿖ߩ⿠ᬺኅߣవㅴ࿖ߩⲢ⾗ኅࠍߟߥߋ

ࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャߪ 1919 ᐕߦഃᬺߐࠇߚ࠻࡜࠶ࠢャㅍ

㨪KIVA ߩ੐଀

ᬺߩࡄࠗࠝ࠾ࠕ⊛ሽ࿷ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ߒ߆ߒޕ‬1950 ᐕઍ

KIVA ߣߪ‫ࠍޠ⚷ޟߢ⺆࡝ࡅࡢࠬޔ‬ᗧ๧ߔࠆ⸒⪲ඨ߫߆ࠄߩ࠻࡜࠶ࠢㆇャᬺ⇇ߩ┹੎ߩỗൻߦ઻޿‫ޔ‬ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬KIVA ߪ‫ ߩࠦࠬࠪࡦ࡜ࡈࡦࠨޔ‬+6 ࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャߪᓢ‫ߩߘߦޘ‬ఝ૏ࠍᄬߞߡ޿ߚ‫ࠃߩߎޕ‬ࠕ‫࡯࡝࠽࡜ࡈ࡮࠻࠶ࡑޔ‬㧔Matt Flannery㧕ߦࠃߞ߁ߥਛߢࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャߩ␠㐳ߦߥߞߚዊୖ᣽↵᳁ߪߡ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ NPO ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬KIVA ߪ‫⊒ޔ‬ዷㅜ਄࿖

1971 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ዊญ࡮㕖໡ᬺ⩄‛ャㅍ㧔ቛ㈩ଢ㧕߳ㅴ಴ߔߩ⿠ᬺኅߦ৻⥸Ꮢ᳃㧔ਥߦవㅴ࿖㧕߇࠙ࠚࡉ਄ߢⲢ

ࠆߎߣࠍ᳿ᗧߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ߆ࠄ୘ੱ߳ߩ㈩ㅍߪ

⾗ߔࠆ઀⚵ߺࠍឭଏߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㕖ല₸ߢ޽ࠅណ▚߇ߣࠇߥ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇ‫ߩߤޔ‬ડᬺ߽

KIVA ߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ㧔http://www.kiva.org/㧕ߦ୘ੱะߌ㈩ㅍ߳ߩෳ౉ߦߪዥߏߺࠍߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ߪ‫⊒ޔ‬ዷㅜ਄࿖ߩ⿠ᬺኅߩฬ೨‫ޔ‬࿖ฬ‫◲ޔ‬නߥࡊࡠࠃ߁ߥ㔍㗴ࠍਸ਼ࠅ⿧߃ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ዊୖߪ৻ቯߩ႐ᚲ

ࡈࠖ࡯࡞‫⿠ޔ‬ᬺኅߩࡆࠫࡀࠬߩౝኈ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ᔅⷐߥߢขࠅᛒ߁⩄‛߇ᄙߊߥࠇ߫࿕ቯ⾌߿㑆ធ⾌߇ഀ቟

⾗㊄㗵ߦߟ޿ߡߩᖱႎ╬߇ឝタߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠍ⾗Ⲣޕ‬ߦߥࠆߣ⠨߃‫ޔ‬㔛ⷐ߇㜞ኒᐲൻߐࠇߚ૑ቛ࿾ၞࠍ࠲

⠨߃ࠆੱ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔߪޘ‬ᖱႎࠍ߽ߣߦⲢ⾗ߔࠆ⿠ᬺ࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߣߒߚࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ኅࠍㆬ߮‫ࡉࠚ࠙ޔ‬਄ߢ৻ญ 25 ࠼࡞ࠍⲢ⾗ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬୘ੱะߌ㈩ㅍࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߦߪᣂߚߥ㓸⩄ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ⊒ዷㅜ਄࿖ߩ⿠ᬺኅߪⲢ⾗ߐࠇߚ⾗㊄ࠍరᚻߦ੐

ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߚ‫࠻ࡑࡗߒ߆ߒޕ‬ㆇャ߇૑ቛ࿾ၞߏߣߦ

ᬺࠍⴕ޿‫ޔ‬6㨪12 ࡩ᦬ౝߦⲢ⾗ߐࠇߚ㊄㗵ࠍ㄰ᷣߔ㓸⩄႐ᚲࠍᣂߚߦ૞ࠆߦߪᄙᄢߥࠦࠬ࠻߇߆߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㑆ߩⲢ⾗⠪ߣ⿠ᬺኅߩ㑆ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯ࠪ

ߘߎߢዊୖ߇ᕁ޿ߟ޿ߚߩߪ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ኅᐸߦりㄭߥ☨࡚ࡦࠍขࠅᜬߟߩ߇‫ޔ‬KIVA ߣ KIVA ߣㅪ៤ߔࠆ⃻ደ࡮㈬ደ࡮ࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠍࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャߩ‫ޟ‬ขᰴᐫ‫ޔߒߣޠ‬࿾ߩ NPO࡮NGO ߢ޽ࠆ‫⾗Ⲣޕ‬⠪ߣ⿠ᬺኅߪ⃻࿾ࠬᓐࠄࠍ㓸⩄૕೙ߦ⚵ߺㄟߺ೑↪ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᚻᴺߢ޽

࠲࠶ࡈߩᡰេࠍ߁ߌߡ‫࠻࠶ࡀ࡯࠲ࡦࠗޔ‬਄ߢቯᦼ⊛ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫☨ޔ‬ደ‫ޔ‬㈬ደ‫⥸৻ߪ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠬޔ‬ኅᐸߩਥߦࠦࡦ࠲ࠢ࠻ࠍߣࠅ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺߩㅴ᝞⁁ᴫ߿୘ੱߩㄭᴫ

ᇚߦߣߞߡߪりㄭߥሽ࿷ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬Ფᣣߩࠃ߁ߦⴕ߈

ߥߤࠍႎ๔ߒ޽޿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࿑ࠆ‫⿠ޕ‬ᬺ᧪߇޽ߞߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ኅᐸߣ☨ደ࡮㈬ደߩ㑆ߦߪߔߢኅߩਛߦߪ੐ᬺߦᄬᢌߒߚࠅ㄰ᷣ߇ṛߞߚࠅߔࠆ߽

ߦߟߥ߇ࠅ߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫࠻ࡑࡗޔ‬ㆇャߪߎࠇࠍᵴ

ߩ߽޿ࠆ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬႐วߪ⃻࿾ߩ NPO࡮NGO ߇઀੐↪ߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠍᢷᣓߒߚࠅߒߡ‫߆ߣࠎߥޔ‬㄰ᷣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁⿠ᬺ

ࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャߪ‫☨ޔ‬ደ‫ޔ‬㈬ደ‫ߤߥ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠬޔ‬ขᰴᐫኅࠍᡰេߔࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷‫ޔ‬਎⇇ߩ 4 ਁੱࠍ⿥߃ࠆⲢ⾗⠪ߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ขࠅᰴ޿ߛ⩄‛৻୘޽ߚࠅᚻᢙᢱ 100 ౞߇ KIVA ࠍㅢߓߡ⊒ዷㅜ਄࿖ߩ⿠ᬺኅߦⲢ⾗ࠍߒߡࠍᡰᛄ߁ߎߣߦߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㘈ቴߦኻߒߡ߽ขᰴᐫ߹

޿ࠆߣ޿߁‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㄰ᷣ₸߽ 97㧑ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿ࠊࠇߡ޿

ߢ⩄‛ࠍᜬߜㄟりߦኻߒߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ቛߦᒁ߈ขࠅߦⴕߊࠆ  ‫ޕ‬ࠃࠅ߽ 100 ౞ߩഀᒁࠍߒߚ‫ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ਥᇚߪ☨ደ‫ޔ‬

KIVA ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢߪ‫ޔ‬㄰ᷣߩ⟵ോߩߥ޿ነઃ߿㈬ደ‫ߚࠇߥ߈ⴕߤߥ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠬޔ‬ᐫߦ⩄‛ࠍᜬߜߎ߻

េഥߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬‫ޠ⾗Ⲣޟ‬
ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ࠍ‛⩄ߚ߹ޕ‬ᜬߜㄟࠎߛߟ޿ߢߦ⾈޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬KIVA ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪ‫ޟ‬୫ࠅߚ߽ߩߪ㄰ߐߥߌࠇ

‛ࠍߔࠆߩߢ‫⚿ߩߘޔ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬ขᰴᐫߩᄁࠅ਄ߍ߽਄߇

߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ⼂ࠍ⿠ᬺኅߦᜬߚߖ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩࠆߣ޿߁೽ᰴലᨐ߽↢߹ࠇߚ‫ ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬1976 ᐕ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺࠍᚑഞߐߖࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ࠗࡦ࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖࡉࠍ㜞߼‫ޔ‬ࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャߪቛ㈩ଢࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᧄᩰ⊛ߦ㐿ᆎߔࠆߎ⚿ᨐߣߒߡᓐࠄߩ⚻ᷣ⊛⥄┙ࠍଦߔߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬

KIVA ߳ߩⲢ⾗⠪ߪን⵨ጀ߇ਥߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ਛᵹ㓏ጀߩᏒ᳃߇ᄢᄙᢙࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫࡯ࡇ࡝ߩ⾗Ⲣߚ߹ޕ‬ẜ࿷⾗Ḯߩ㗼࿷ൻ

8'0674'4'8+'90Q5GRVGODGT

࠲࡯߇ᄙ޿ߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬25 ࠼࡞ߪ‫ޔ‬వㅴ࿖ߢߪᄕ㘵 1޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᚑഞ੐଀ߦ߅޿ߡ⾗Ḯഃ㘩ಽߦߔ߉ߥ޿ࠊߕ߆߫߆ࠅߩ㊄㗵߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬಴ߪㅪ㎮⊛ߦ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Ⲣ⾗ࠍฃߌࠆ⊒ዷㅜ਄࿖ߩ⿠ᬺኅߦߣߞߡߪੱ↢ࠍᄌ߃ࠆߚ߼ߩరᚻߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙 KIVA ߆ࠄߩⲢ⾗ࠍฃߌ⽺࿎߆ࠄ⣕ߒ⥄┙ࠍᨐߚߒߚ⿠ᬺኅ߽ߢߡ߈ߡ

੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴޿ࠆ‫߽ߣࠅߥ߆ߕࠊߦࠬ࠮ࡠࡊߩߘޕ‬දജ߇ߢ߈ߚ

 ᧄⓂߪ⾗Ḯഃ಴⺰ߩน⢻ᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ╙৻ᱠߢ޽ߣ޿߁ḩ⿷ᗵ߿㆐ᚑᗵ߇‫⾗Ⲣޔ‬⠪ࠍౣ߮Ⲣ⾗ߦะ߆ࠅ‫ߛᧂޔ‬ᬌ⸛߇ዧߊߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿⺰ὐ߇ᄙᢙᱷߐࠇ

ࠊߖࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߘߩ߁ߜ 3 ὐࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬਎ߩਛߦߪᏂ㗵ߥⲢ⾗ߪήℂߣߒߡ߽‫ޔ‬ዋ㗵ߥࠄⲢ⾗ࠍߒߡ߽ࠃ޿ߣᕁ߁Ꮢ᳃ߪᄙᢙሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬੐೨ߦ೑↪น⢻ߥ⾗Ḯࠍ޿߆ߦ⷗ᭂ߼ࠆ߆

KIVA ߩࡆࠫࡀࠬࡕ࠺࡞߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬

ᧄⓂߢߪⷞὐߩォ឵ࠍㅢߓ‫ޟ‬೑↪น⢻ᕈ‫ࠆ޽ߩޠ‬ߎࠇࠄ⾗㊄߇㗼࿷ൻߐࠇ‫⊒߇ࠇߘߡߒߘޔ‬ዷㅜ਄࿖⾗Ḯߩ⊒ជߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍᜰ៰ߒߚࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ࠇߘޔ‬ߩ⿠ᬺኅ♖␹ߩ⊒឴ߩ৻ഥߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᓐࠄߢߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⾗Ḯ߇᦭↪ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍ੐೨ߦ

ߣߩធ⸅߇Ⲣ⾗⠪㆐ߩ↢߈ᣇߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃್ᢿߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫⾗ߚ߹ޕ‬Ḯߣߒߡߪ᦭↪ߢߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߒ߽ޕ‬KIVA ߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺ߇ߥߌࠇ߫‫ޔ‬‫৻ޟ‬޽ࠆ߇‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯൻߔࠆ߹ߢߦࠦࠬ࠻߿ᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠆ႐

⥸Ꮢ᳃߆ࠄߩⲢ⾗‫⊒ޟ߿ޠ‬ዷㅜ਄࿖ߩ⿠ᬺኅ♖␹‫ޠ‬ว߽޽ࠆ‫⾗ޔ⷗৻ޕ‬Ḯൻ߇ኈᤃߘ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇ᗐቯᄖ

ߣ޿߁⾗Ḯߪᒻࠍߥߔߎߣ߽ߥߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬ሽ࿷ࠍ⹺߼

ߩℂ↱ߩߚ߼ߦᕁ޿ߩ߶߆ߦ⾗Ḯൻߦᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠆࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽ߥ߆ߞߚ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧႐ว߽޽ࠆ‫⾗ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬Ḯߩ‫ޟ‬೑↪น⢻ᕈ‫ߤࠍޠ‬ߢ‫ޔ‬KIVA ߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺߪẜ࿷⊛⾗Ḯࠍ㗼࿷ൻߐߖ߁੐೨ߦ್ᢿߒߚࠄࠃ޿ߩ߆‫್ߚ߹ޕ‬ᢿߪߢ߈ࠆߩ

ࠆߚ߼ߩ⵬ቢ⊛⾗Ḯߢ޽ߞߚߣߺߥߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬߆‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ታോኅߦߣߞߡߪᦨ߽㑐ᔃߩ޽ࠆ໧޿ߢ

޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬⠨ኤ 㨪࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢߥࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߒߡߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴⾗Ḯ߳ߩࠕࠢ࠮ࠬߩ໧㗴એ਄‫ޔ‬ฦࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍઍ⴫ߔࠆ੐଀ࠍ⚫੺ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⾗Ḯ߆ࠄ↪ᓎࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߚ߼ߦߪ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯࠍ⹺⍮ߔᧄ⺞ᩏߢߪߎࠇએᄖߦ 16 ੐଀‫ߚߒ੺⚫ޔ‬੐଀ࠍ޿ࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫߽ߣߎࠆߔ࡞࡯ࡠ࠻ࡦࠦޔ‬ਇนᰳߦࠇࠆߣ✚⸘ 20 ੐଀ࠍᬌ⸛ߒ‫⚿ߩߘޔ‬ᨐ‫(ޔ‬1)ⷞὐߩ

ߥࠆ‫⾗ߒ߆ߒޕ‬Ḯࠍࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡯࡞ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ߘޔ‬ォ឵ࠍㅢߓߚ⾗Ḯൻߦߪ 9 ੐଀‫(ޔ‬2)ᣢሽ⾗Ḯߩ⚿วࠇࠍ૶޿ߎߥߔ⢻ജ߽ᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Rajan andࠍㅢߓߚ⾗Ḯൻߦߪ 5 ੐଀‫(ޔ‬3)ᣢሽߩߟߥ߇ࠅࠍᵴ

Zingale(1998)ߪߎࠇࠍ‫ߣޠࠬ࠮ࠢࠕޟ‬๭߮‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬㊀ⷐ↪ߒߚ⾗Ḯൻߦߪ 3 ੐଀‫(ޔ‬4)ẜ࿷⾗Ḯߩ㗼࿷ൻߦߪߥ⾗Ḯࠍ૶↪ߒ‫ޔ‬৻✜ߦ௛߆ߖࠆ⢻ജ‫ޠ‬ߣቯ⟵ߒߚ‫ޕ‬

3 ੐଀ߦಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬

ߚߣ߃߫㊀ⷐߥ⾗Ḯ߇ᯏ᪾ߛߞߚߣߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᯏ᪾ࠍߒ߆ߒ੐଀ࠍี๧ߔࠆਛߢ⊒⷗ߐࠇߚߎߣߪ‫ᦨޔ‬૶޿ߎߥߔ⢻ജ߇ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ડᬺኅߪ೑↪นೋߪ৻ߟߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦಽ㘃น⢻ߢ߽‫ᤨޔ‬㑆߇ߚߟ⢻ߥ⾗Ḯࠍ⹺⍮ߔࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫࠮ࠢࠕߩ߳ࠇߘޔ‬ߦߟࠇߡઁߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦ⒖േߔࠆ੐଀߇ᄙᢙ⷗ฃ

ࠬࠍ޿߆ߦ⏕┙ߔࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ߨ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߌࠄࠇߚߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡗࡑ࠻ㆇャ߿ KIVA ߩ੐଀ߥߤࠍ⷗ࠆߣ‫ࠬ࠮ࠢࠕޔ‬଀߃߫⑔ᱞᦠᐫߩ੐଀ߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈࠍ⿒ࡍࡦవ↢ߣࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ੐ᬺࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᎿᄦ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽

ߒߡᚢജߣߒߡ⹺⍮ߒߚᓟ‫ޔ‬ᓐᅚߚߜࠍ⚵❱ൻߔࠆࠆߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺ૞ࠅ㧔㧩⾗Ḯߩ⚿ว㧕ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ߚ‫ ࠢ࡯ࡄߚ߹ޕ‬24 ߩ੐଀߽ᱜ⏕ߦ⸃㉼ߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ㇺᣢሽ⾗ḮߣߩⲢวߩ໧㗴ᔃߦᢔ࿷ߔࠆ࿯࿾ࠍ㚢ゞ႐ߣ޿߁⾗Ḯߦ⸃㉼ߒߥ߅⾗Ḯ⊒ជࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆᣢሽ⾗Ḯߩᓇ㗀ߦߟߒߚᓟߦ‫ߡߞࠃߦߣߎࠆߍߥߟࠍࠇߎޔ‬ᣂߚߥଔ୯

޿ߡ߽੹ᓟ⠨ᘦߐࠇߨ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬Zookࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒߡ޿ߚߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪⷞὐォ឵ߦ߽ಽ㘃(2007㧕߇ᜰ៰ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽ⾗Ḯ߇ᤨߦ⾗Ḯ⹺ߐࠇ߁ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᚑഞⵣߦⴕࠊࠇࠆ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߩࡊࡠ

⍮߿⾗Ḯᵴ↪ࠍᅹߍࠆߩߢฎ޿ᣢሽ⾗Ḯࠍᑄ᫈ߔࠆ

࠮ࠬߪ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩဳߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴ߛߌߢ⚳ࠊࠆࠃ߁ߥ㕒ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⊒ߚ߹ޕ‬ជߐࠇߚ⾗⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬೎ߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩ⾗Ḯഃ಴߇ᒁ߈⛯Ḯߪ߃ߡߒߡᣂⷙᕈ߇㜞޿߽ߩߥߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽ⾗Ḯߣ߈ㅪ㎮⊛ߦ↢ߓࠆࠃ߁ߥ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢߥࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߢ

Ⲣวߐߖࠆߣ߈ߦ໧㗴߇↢ߓࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬

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ߦߟ޿ߡߪ੹ᓟߐࠄߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research,⚕㕙ߩ㑐ଥ਄‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߢߪએ਄ߩὐࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ

Chicago, IL: Aldine㧔㇌⸶㧦ᓟ⮮㓉‫ޔ‬᳓㊁▵ᄦ‫ޔ‬ᄢᚻᤐᳯ‫࡯࠺ޡ‬ߪߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ᣿⊕ߢ࠲ኻ⹤ဳℂ⺰ߩ⊒⷗㨪࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ޿߆ߦℂ⺰ࠍ߁ߺߛߔ߆‫ޢ‬ᣂ޽ࠆ‫⾗ޕ‬Ḯഃ಴ߩ⎇ⓥߪ߹ߛㅜߦߟ޿ߚ߫߆ࠅߢ޽

ᦐ␠‫ޔ‬1996ᐕ㧕ࠅ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟ‫߿ࠢ࡯ࡢࡓ࡯࡟ࡈޔ‬ℂ⺰ߩᵞ✵ൻ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬੐⍹Ꮉદ็㧔2006㧕‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯࡌ࡯ࠬߩᚢ⇛⺰ߦ߅ߌࠆ┹੎ఝ૏ߩḮᴰߣ଀ߩ⫾Ⓧߪਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜ߇੹ᓟߩℂ⺰⊒ዷߩડᬺኅߩᓎഀɆࠝ࡯ࠬ࠻࡝ࠕቇᵷߩ⾗ᧄℂ⺰ߣડᬺኅ⺰߆ࠄߩߚ߼ߩߐߐ߿߆ߥ৻ᱠߣߥࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒߟߟⓂࠍ

ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴‫ޠ‬‫┙ޡ‬๮㙚⚻༡ቇ‫ ╙ޢ‬45 Ꮞ╙ 4 ภ, pp.195-222

㐽ߓࠆߎߣߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬દਤᢘਯ㧔2003㧕‫⚻ޡ‬༡ᚢ⇛ߩ⺰ℂ‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣᣂ⡞␠㧖ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ⽷࿅ᴺੱ␠ળ⚻ᷣ↢↥ᕈᧄㇱ㧔⃻࡮ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣ↢↥ᕈᧄㇱ㧕ߩ↢↥ᕈ⎇ⓥഥᚑࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆ‫⻢ߦߎߎޕ‬ᗧࠍ⴫ߔࠆ‫ᧄߚ߹ޕ‬Ⓜߩၫ╩ߦ㓙ߒߡ߅ੑੱߩඞฬ࡟ࡈ࡝࡯ߩᣇ߆ࠄᄙߊߩ᦭⋉ߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻
ࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ‫ߡߒ⸥ߦߎߎޕ‬ᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬

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‫ޣ‬ᵈ㉼‫ޤ‬1㧕ࡉ࡝ࠦ࡜࡯ࠫࡘߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߣ߽ߣ߽ޔ‬ᢥൻੱ㘃ቇ⠪ߩ࡟ࡧࠖ࡮ࠬ
࠻ࡠ࡯ࠬ߇ឭ໒ߒߚ⸒⪲ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩቯ⟵ߦࠃࠆߣ‫࡜ࠦ࡝ࡉޔ‬࡯ࠫࡘߣ޿߁ᵴേߦߪ‫ޔ‬Ԙ߿ࠅߊࠅߔࠆ㧔making do㧕‫ޔ‬ԙᣂߒ
޿⋡⊛ߩߚ߼ߦ⾗Ḯࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆ‫ޔ‬Ԛᚻరߩ⾗Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆ‫ޔ‬
ߣ޿߁ 3 ߟߩⷐ⚛߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬
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