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Richard Madsen
University of California, San Diego
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revolution as a part of Chinese nationalism. He thought that the Chinese communists had
prevailed in the civil war because, at the time, they were better organized and in closer
touch with the grassroots than an incompetent and corrupt KMT. The implications of thiswere, first, that the United States should not see Chinese communism as a part of a global&RPPXQLVWFRQVSLUDF\DQGVHFRQGWKDWLWVKRXOGQRWUHO\RQWKH.07WR³UROOEDFN´WKH
Chinese communist regime. Such views did not support the more expansive notions of aglobal crusade against Communism that some proponents of the cold war wanted to wage.
Joseph McCarthy and his followers wanted to destroy the influence of intellectuals who
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other such intellectuals. In the name of protecting academic freedom, Harvard helped
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the China experts were purgedIURPWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVOHDYLQJ86SROLF\WRZDUG$VLD
vulnerable to being driven more purely by ideological considerations. This contributed atleast partially to the disastrous slide into the Vietnam war.
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opposition to the Vietnam and strong opposition to US policy toward China. The&RPPLWWHHRI&RQFHUQHG$VLDQ6FKRODUVZDVIRXQGHGE\\RXQJ$VLDVFKRODUVDWWKH
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JRRGH[DPSOHRIVXFKDVFKRODU%XWKHZDVE\QRPHDQVDQRXWVLGHUWR&KLQDDUHDstudies. The support for his research came IURPWKH+DUYDUG)DLUEDQN&HQWHUIRU(DVW$VLDQ5HVHDFK
This account of the development of China area studies in the United States differs slightly
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orientalism as well as support for orientalism.
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area studies that is based in China research ceQWHUVDW$PHULFDQXQLYHUVLWLHV ,ZLOOQRW

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talk here about the situation in Japan.) I would, however, have more confidence thatcritiques of such orientalism could arise from within such research centers. In the United
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within the mainstream, specialized social science disciplines: economic, political science,sociology. Very often, these disciplines seek to develop universal theories that are in fact
based particularisticly in American conditions. Area studies centers tend to support moreinterdisciplinary approaches with more of an orientation toward the languages andFXOWXUHVRI&KLQD7KH\DOVRHQFRXUDJHIRUPVRIUHVHDUFKEDVHGPRUHRQ³SUDFWLFDOUHDVRQ´WKDQ³WKHRUHWLFDOUHDVRQ´7KLVLVPRUHOLNHO\WRIRVWHUJHQXLQHLQWHUVXEMHFWLYH
encounters with China than research in mainstream social science. One sign that areastudies centers could possibly harbor threats to the hegemonic ethnocentrism (orientalism)in American social science is that under present circumstances universities and funding
agencies are no longer so willing to support such centers. Pushed out of the mainstream,
they are a good place to begin swimming against the tide.

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