目

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はしがき

第I部
第1章

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第2章

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第3章

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英文法の諸問題

動名詞が危ない········································································· 2
動名詞無用論について··················································································· 2
動名詞無用論の根拠······················································································· 2
動名詞のために ······························································································ 5
名詞的動名詞と動詞的動名詞再訪 ······························································· 6
どこでつまずくか··························································································· 7
同音異構造をどうするか············································································· 10
結語 ············································································································ 10所有形始末記 ······································································· 12
見落とされてきた問題点············································································· 12

an old man’s book について······································································· 12
所有形における定・不定について ····························································· 13
所有形の機能 ································································································ 14
主要部名詞との関係····················································································· 15
不定の所有形名詞句は存在しないか ························································· 18
総称的な所有形名詞句について ································································· 19
危険なパラフレーズ····················································································· 20
残る問題 ········································································································ 21

助動詞のあとにおける be の出没 ······································ 23
先行研究 ········································································································ 23
どこから始めるか························································································· 25

may と must の場合····················································································· 25
どこが違うか ································································································ 27

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第4章

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第5章

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第6章

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第7章

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4.

認識様態的意味の見分け方 ········································································· 27

be の有無と対応する意味上の違い ···························································· 31
ひっくり返してみる ····················································································· 32
結語············································································································· 34

等式型の be 構文再訪·························································· 36
先行文献について ························································································· 36
等式型という名称について ········································································· 36
ひっくり返しということ ············································································· 37
始発点を定める····························································································· 39
際限のないひっくり返しに対する歯止め·················································· 39
始発点の種類とその異同について······························································ 40
どちらが主語か····························································································· 42
指定と叙述の間····························································································· 43
疑問代名詞が what である場合··································································· 44
まとめ············································································································· 47

分裂文の時制について ························································ 49
問題点············································································································· 49
現在時制が用いられる場合 ········································································· 50
過去時制が用いられる場合 ········································································· 51
まとめ············································································································· 53

英語に未来時制はあるか ···················································· 54
眠っている子を起こす ················································································· 54
認めないための理由は簡単である······························································ 54
賛成するための議論は簡単ではない·························································· 55
まとめ············································································································· 57

過去完了形の特別な用法 ···················································· 59
時制における視点の移動ということ·························································· 60
現在完了は過去へ転位できるか ································································· 61
未来からみた過去完了の場合 ····································································· 63
まとめ············································································································· 65

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第8章

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第9章

主語と補語との間における数の不一致について ············· 67
問題の所在 ···································································································· 67

be 動詞の数が主語の数と一致している場合 ············································ 69
be 動詞の数が補語の数と一致している場合 ············································ 71
結語 ············································································································ 74

等式型 be 構文の問題点······················································ 77

1. 前提となる疑問文························································································· 78
2. あいまい性の除去························································································· 79
3. 叙述することと叙述しないこと ································································· 81
4. 叙述性をめぐって························································································· 83
5. 非叙述性をめぐって····················································································· 86
6. 「は」と「が」とのかかわり ······································································· 87
7. 等式型 be 構文の果たすテクスト的機能 ··················································· 89
8. 結 語 ············································································································ 90

自動詞と他動詞の間 ·························································· 93

第 10 章

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第 11 章動詞の分類と用法について········································································· 93
自動詞の他動詞用法と他動詞の自動詞用法について······························ 94
同族目的語と -self 形目的語について ······················································· 98
形容詞的な目的語について······································································· 100
非他動詞について······················································································· 102
行為領域という概念をめぐって ······························································· 104
結語 ·········································································································· 106

What Is the Capital of England? の答え方について ···· 109
第 II 部

第 12 章英語学の見える風景

英語学の見える風景 ························································ 120

1. 英語学って何をするの··············································································· 120
2. 音の形 ·········································································································· 121
2.1. アルファベット字母の発音 ······························································· 121
2.2. 開音節の母音······················································································· 121x2.3. u と v·······················································································122
2.4. 字母 e の発音 ······················································································· 122
2.5. ko-, ka- で始まる語 ············································································ 123
2.6. picnicking について ··········································································· 123
2.7. criticize について················································································ 124
2.8. 英語を話すことと聞くこと································································ 124
2.9. 連音のくずし方 ··················································································· 124
2.10. 先取り現象について ········································································· 125
3. 語の形··········································································································· 125
3.1. 可能な語と不可能な語 ······································································· 125
3.2. 語頭 3 子音結合 ··················································································· 126
3.3. 不規則な名詞の複数形 ······································································· 128
3.4. 使用頻度 ······························································································· 128
3.5. 新語の登場 ··························································································· 129
3.6. -o で終わる語の複数形······································································· 129
3.7. 再帰代名詞の形 ··················································································· 129
3.8. itself ······································································································ 130
3.9. 2 通りの可能性···················································································· 130
4. 文の形··········································································································· 131
4.1. 二重目的語構文 ··················································································· 131
4.2. 教えると覚えるか ··············································································· 133
4.3. 無責任な「英語教育」 ······································································· 134
4.4. announce と donate ············································································ 135
4.5. 前置詞の出没 ······················································································· 135
4.6. 書き換えの to と for ··········································································· 137
4.7. 結果の目的語「湯を沸かす」···························································· 138
4.8. 料理の動詞 ··························································································· 139
4.9. 自明でない省略物 ··············································································· 140
4.10. up と相性のよい動詞········································································ 140
4.11. dust が好きなもの············································································· 141
4.12. 疑似自動詞························································································· 142
4.13. smoking women ··············································································· 142
4.14. 能格動詞····························································································· 143
4.15. break と cut ······················································································· 145
4.16. 重出をきらう英語の特性 ································································· 145
5. やり取りの形······························································································· 152
5.1. はじめに ······························································································· 152
5.2. 話してよいこと・いけないこと························································ 152xi
5.3. 言ってはいけないこと ······································································· 153
5.4. あいさつの作法··················································································· 155
5.5. 「坊やはよい子だ，ねんねしな」 ····················································· 157
5.6. 未来は限りない··················································································· 159
5.7. ことばどおりでない否定 ··································································· 160
5.8. 相手を混乱させない ··········································································· 161
6. 風景の見方 ·································································································· 162

第 III 部 視点を変えて見る

文法的メタファー事始め ················································ 164

第 13 章

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第 14 章

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第 15 章

文法的メタファーというもの ··································································· 165
品詞転換と文法的メタファー ··································································· 166
整合性の欠如 ······························································································ 170
文法的メタファーの目指すもの ······························································· 171
整合形の姿 ·································································································· 172
構成要素の一部が欠けている文法的メタファー···································· 175
英・日翻訳の長さについて······································································· 180
問題点と展望 ······························································································ 182
名詞化形の解釈について··········································································· 183
結語 ·········································································································· 187

文法的メタファーと可算名詞········································· 190
可算用法の名詞と不可算用法の名詞とをどう読むか···························· 191
混沌の中に ·································································································· 192
操作可能性を求めて··················································································· 193
可算名詞と不可算名詞とのせめぎ合い ··················································· 195
具現化というドリフト··············································································· 197
変動名詞の正体 ·························································································· 198
まとめ ·········································································································· 201

パラダイムの変遷と英語学研究̶サピア復権のために ··················································· 203

1. パラダイムの変遷をこの目でみる ··························································· 203
2. アメリカ構造主義言語学の総括 ······························································· 204

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3. 変形生成文法の登場 ··················································································· 208
4. パラダイムの変遷をどう読むか ······························································· 210
4.1. アメリカ構造主義言語学の場合························································ 212
4.2. 生成文法の場合 ··················································································· 213
5. 結 語··········································································································· 216

第 IV 部

書斎の窓から

第 16 章コミュニケーションに思う ············································ 220

第 17 章

翻訳とコミュニケーション ············································ 226

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コミュニケーションにおける翻訳の位置づけ ········································ 226

dog は犬でよいか ······················································································· 226
翻訳が可能なわけ ······················································································· 227
翻訳ができない場合 ··················································································· 227

gazump とその訳語···················································································· 228
翻訳の歩留まり··························································································· 229
歩留まりがゼロの場合 ··············································································· 230“A Happy New Year” と「明けましておめでとうございます」 ········ 231

第 18 章 「ことだま」について ······················································ 233

1. 「ことだま」とは何か ················································································· 233
2. ことだまと認可表現（PC 表現）····························································· 234
3. 認可表現と言語学の立場 ··········································································· 237
4. ことだまの力について ··············································································· 239
5. よみがえることだま ··················································································· 240
6. 結 語··········································································································· 242
第 19 章 「痛み表現」について ······················································ 244

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英語の傷は「しみる」ことがない···························································· 244
痛みの形······································································································· 245
痛み表現とオノマトペ ··············································································· 246
日本語のオノマトペと英語のオノマトペ················································ 247
翻訳におけるオノマトペの扱い ······························································· 249

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9.

痛み表現とメタファー··············································································· 250
痛み表現の文法 ·························································································· 252
痛み表現の統語的側面··············································································· 253
結第 20 章語 ·········································································································· 255

早期英語教育をどうする̶｢公立小学校での英語教育」討論集会に寄せて ············· 257

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賛成することと反対すること ··································································· 257
早期英語教育ってそんなによいものですか ··········································· 258
従来の英語教育はそれほどだめなものでしたか···································· 260
基本的学力とは何か··················································································· 262
国際理解・コミュニケーション・外国人教師・英語優越主義などについて ·········································································································· 263

6. 終わりに ······································································································ 267

小酒井五一郎さん····································· 269

第 21 章伝説上の人

第 22 章

縄跳びで体を暖め，執筆̶研究社と私··························· 272

第 23 章英語語法文法学会賞を受賞して····································· 277

参考文献 ·········································································································· 281
索

引 ·········································································································· 283