INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIASOCIO-ECONOMY SURVEY METHODFOR REDD+ PROJECT:FOREST DEPENDENT COMMUNITY
Mohd Parid, M., Mukrimah, A., Motoe Miyamoto & Tetsuya Michinaka
FRIM-FFPRI Training Workshop on REDD+
Research Project in Peninsular Malaysia

10-12 February 2015
Xcape Resort, Taman Negara, Pahang, Malaysia

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myAim
Conducting socio-economic studies
households in communities and villages

Techniques involved

among• Rapid rural appraisal(Group discussion, community meetings, key informant interviews, stories &taking-note)- Preliminary stage of the study, provide basic information, & ethno-histories ofthe study site for baseline in questionnaire design• Survey research- Collect quantitative & qualitative data, through structured interviews with thehead of the household, using both closed & open questions- Gather specific information, relevant to the survey objective• Field research- Qualitative data
- Better understanding on the socio-economic conditions & activities of villagers- The data gathered are used to cross-check information collected from thesurveyBrandLaureate
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Steps in developing & implementing
the socio-economics survey
Step 1: Designing the survey
•
•

•
•

•

- includes survey design; sampling techniques & sample size; datarequirement (types of data and data collection); target sample; andquestionnaire design

Determine the objective & purpose of the survey(provide the framework for the content & scope of the survey work. It is used to help identify whichkinds of stakeholders & communities are to be surveyed)
Data requirement- primary data
(rapid rural appraisal, individual & group discussion & household survey)- Secondary data(comprises information gathered from published media such as books, articles, journals& reports)
Determine the sample size
ensure the data accuracy and precession(the sample size needs to be sufficient to ensure that the survey results will be statistically relevant)
Sampling technique- Random sampling - ensure that the sample is representative of the study area
(approaches to determining a random sample, e.g. simple random sample, systematic,
stratified and clusters)
Questionnaire design- questions can be structured & asked as open, closed or partially open questions. The type ofquestion used will depend on the information that is being gathered
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Step 2: Planning and training the team
• Well-trained & experienced team is essential for the success ofany socio-economic survey• Relevant technical knowledge in socio-economics, forestry andnatural resources – great asset• All members of the team should be trained in all types of survey(household, focus groups, and key informant interviews)• Should understand of the aims of the work & the meaning of
every question to be asked• Conduct workshop & practical field-based training - provide thebest understanding of survey methods and procedures(enhance the communication skills and ability of enumerators
to interview during data collection or survey)
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Step 3 – Implementation
Conducted:• Rapid Rural Appraisal includes-Community meetings

 valuable way for the survey team to meet with the villagers, explain the survey
work – its aims and approach – and ensure that all members of the community
understand the expected outcomes of the survey work
 A decision to conduct a community meeting should be made only after meetingthe community or village head

-Key informant interviews
 key informants - individuals who are deemed to have knowledge ofparticular issues. provide the interview team with detailed information &importantly, interpretation of key issues that other members of thecommunity may not be able to provide potential key informants should be selected, in consultation with thevillage head, traditional local leader, for an in-depth interview with thesurvey team-Group discussions
 discussions with small groups consisting of a few individuals
 obtain comments or reactions of the respondents• Household survey- A face-to-face interview survey, where interviewer asks the questionnaireorally & record the respondents’ answers- Interviewer was guided by structured questionnaire• Field research

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIAHIGHLIGHTS

Socio-economic survey(land development scheme in P. Malaysia)
2012

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myNew land development, P. Malaysia
Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)o Opened > 600,000 ha (1970-1990)
State agencies – Regional Development Authorities(RDAs)o Pahang Tenggara Development Authority (DARA), South
Kelantan
Development
Authority(KESEDAR),
Terengganu
TengahDevelopment
Authority(KETENGAH), Johor Tenggara Development Authority(KEJORA), Jengka Regional Development Authority(JENGKA)

Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation
Authority (FELCRA)
Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority(RISDA)

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Main Goals(New land development, P. Malaysia)
Poverty eradication andthe restructuring ofsocietyoBrandLaureate
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Focuses - opening up of newland schemes & modernisationof agriculture

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myIssue;Whether introduction of these
programmes helps to improveincome and alleviate rural
poverty

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myIncidence of poverty, Malaysia
Malaysia - incidence of poverty has reduced from 49% (1970) to
3.8% (2009), a reduction of 46% in 39 years
o Rural areas declined from 59% to 8%
o Urban areas from 21% to 2%

Source: Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia

 The significant reduction in poverty is a result of concerted government’s efforts in
implementing national development programmes to eradicate poverty
 Began - implementation of the New Economic Policy (1970-1990), continue after the NEP period
via National Development Policy (1990-2000) and National Vision Policy (1991-2020)

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Case study(Socio-economic study)
Main objective:

Examining the importance of agriculture activities within landdevelopment scheme area to local household economy, especiallyin terms of income generation & eradicating poverty

Methodology

Technique of data collection (2 main techniques)o rapid rural appraisal; group discussion, ethno-histories,
stories and taking-noteo survey research; a face-to-face interview survey (whereby
the interviewers ask the questionnaire orally and record the
respondents’ answers)

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myStudied villages

Survey - successfully conducted in 6 villages
8 enumerators involved
Conducted in the months of September &December 2012
Villages surveyed
Villages

FELDA Bukit Goh, Pahang
RKT Lebir (KESEDAR), Kelantan
Kubang Pasu (RISDA), Kedah
FELDA Trolak Utara, Perak
Kg. Melayu 4, Paloh (FELCRA), Johor
Kg. Sg. Ara, K. Tinggi (FELCRA), Johor
Total

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Estimatedhouseholds
671
186
400
475
45
277
2,054

Sampled% ofhouseholds household
213
32
100
54
86
22
148
31
37
82
113
41
697
34

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myResults(level of average monthly household income)In 2012, the average monthly household income of six villages studied
was RM3,188
Lowest in RKT Lebir (KESEDAR) (RM1,736 a month)Highest in FELDA Bukit Goh (RM4,014 a month)
The income level is higher than that of the average household for Rural
Malaysia (RM2,545)
Villages
FELDA Bukit Goh
RKT Lebir (KESEDAR)
Kubang Pasu (RISDA)FELDA Trolak Utara
Kg. Melayu 4, Paloh (FELCRA)
Kg. Sg. Ara, K. Tinggi (FELCRA)
Six villages
Rural Malaysia (2009)

Average monthly
household income
(RM)
4,014
1,736
3,942
3,182
2,376
2,619
3,188
2,545

Source: Six villages – field data.
Tenth Malaysia Plan (Government of Malaysia 2010)

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.mySources of average monthly
household income
Bukit
Goh

%

RKT
Lebir

%

Kbg.
Pasu

%

TrolakUtara%

A. Cash Income
I. Employee

9.39
0
25.35
328.64852.1144.6
0130.05

Oil palm mill worker
Rubber mill worker

Other mill worker

Salary (Government)

Salary (Private sector)
Contract worker
Nursery worker
Others

0
1
8

21
1
0
3

II. Sales/Self-employed
Sales of oil palm

Sales of rubber

Dividend (land scheme authority)
Homestay operators

Retail store/restaurant operators
Petty trade

Sales of livestocks
Others1796.4600074.65
248.8325.02
166.6745

Vegitable farming

0
0
4.69
54.23

0

Othersiv. Remittancev. Others (bonus, rental,
benefits/interest)

6
1

0
1
0

0

0.09
10.26
230.52000Sub-total

241

6

111

TOTAL

4014

100

1736

Imputed rent

Natural water consumed
Others

10
2.5
0
64

94

Poultry and vegetable

2
2

0

0
3

0

2

3773

Fish consumed

0

0

0

B. In-kind Income

0

4

0

12.06

Sub-total

0

0 01283.9 74
0 0
0 0
60 3
38.5 2
11.5 119.5 1

0III. Agriculture products
Orchard farming

0
0
0
40
40
5
0
50

0

0
6
0

1625

2.06
3.48
94.7
10.5
0.1

0
5.81
8.37
545.4
832.6
44.19
0
41.86
0
1905
0
0
0
6.98
0
172.1

54.73
0
25
163.51221.62
33.11
0
23.65

2

1955.70
00
43.92
194.59
11.49
44.39

61

0

0
0
0
155.07

0

0

0
0
0

14
21
1

0
1
0

48
0
0
0
0
0
4

0
1
5
7

1

0
1

Kg.
Melayu
4

81.08
0
78.38
188.38297.3
107.03
40.54
44.32

1

93

0

0

6

172

0

0
1.69
217.03
1.93
0

0

1

0
0
171.6
0
0

4

221

7

153

100

3942

100

3182

100

2376

5
0

0
4
0

2
2

2223

0

2961

0

5

1

6

96

34.46

13

0

1

3771

0

8

0

0

0

5

3

0
0
0
43.24

0

94

4

0

0

14

0

0

3

324.320706.54027.03
00271.35

0

0
0
0
208.7

1

%

0
5

0
7
0
0

13.51

1.35
0.81
150
0.54
0

0

30
0

1

0
0

11
0
0
2
1

Kg. Sg.
Ara

6.19
26.55
38.94
301.77398.6795.13
2.21
196.628.85
35.4
844.78
15.04
114.6
217.7
0
84.07
0
0
0
32.3
8.85

%

0

1
1

12

15
4
0
8

0
1

32
1

4

8

0

3
0
0
0
1
0

6 Villages
(RM)

19.8
5.02
24.56
267.1
496.34
47.93
2.51
91.33

%

1

0
1

8

16
2
0
3

982.91424.95174.462.44
60.76
159.0411.74
112.42

31

1.43
0.36
1.43
91.97

0

13.15

13
5
0
2
5

0
4

0
0

3
0

94

2428

93

2992

94

0

0

0.4
4.48
189.85
1.94
0.01

0

0

0
2.74
188.72
0
0

6

191

7

197

6

100

2619

100

3188

100

0

6
0

0

7
0

0

0

6

In total, highest percentage (cash income)- Agriculture activities within the land
scheme area (oil palm & rubber), 49%
FELDA Bkt. Goh, sale of oil palm – 45%
RKT Lebir, rubber tapper – 74%
RISDA Kbg. Pasu, rubber tapper – 48%
FELDA trolak, sale of oil palm – 61%
FELCRA Kg. Melayu 4, sale of oil palm
& dividend – 44%
FELCRA Sg. Ara, , sale of oil palm, rubber& dividend – 33%
Non-cash income - use of residence/dwelling from home (6%)
Cash income – 94%
Income in kind – 6%00

Source: Field data.

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myAverage monthly household income within
land development scheme (RM)
Income generated within land scheme area isgenerally high compared to those outside it
On average - RM2,260 (71%), generated from theLand scheme area
Lowest (RM1,587) - RKT Lebir (KESEDAR)
Highest (RM2,709) - FELDA Bukit Goh
Within Land
Scheme area

Outside Land
Scheme area

Total

FELDA Bukit Goh

2,709 (67)

1,305 (33)4,014 (100)

FELDA Trolak Utara

2,584 (81)598 (19)

3,182 (100)Village

RKT Lebir (KESEDAR)

1,587 (91)

Kubang Pasu (RISDA)

2,303 (58)

Kg. Melayu 4, Paloh (FELCRA)

1,661 (70)

Kg. Sg. Ara, K. Tinggi (FELCRA)

1,752 (67)

All 6 villages

2,260 (71)149 (9)1,639 (42)715 (30)
867 (33)928 (29)

figures in parentheses are percentages of average monthly household income

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1,736 (100)3,942 (100)2,376 (100)2,619 (100)
3,188 (100)INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.my

Poverty eradication
The extent of poverty among these local villagers could beindicated from the incidence of poverty among the households inthe six villages
Poverty - "is measured on the basis of a minimum expenditurelevel or the poverty line income (PLI) to separate the poor from
non-poor"
In 2009, the per capita PLI was RM197
Taking into consideration the rise in the consumers’ price index ofabout 3.5% between 2009 and 2012, the per capita PLI was
calculated to be RM204 in 2012 and this used to measure theincidence of poverty among the six villages studied

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myIncidence of poverty
6 villages averaged 4% in 2012 (ranging from 0.7% in
FELDA Trolak Utara to 14% in RKT Lebir)
Poverty among villages in Land schemes area except
in RKT Lebir (KESEDAR) was relatively lower
compared to 8.4% among all Rural Malaysian
households in 2009
FELDA Bukit Goh

Total
households
213

No. of poor
households
6

Incidence ofpoverty (%)
2.8

FELDA Trolak Utara

148

1

0.7

Villages
RKT Lebir (KESEDAR)
Kubang Pasu (RISDA)

100
86

Kg. Melayu 4, Paloh (FELCRA)

37

Kg. Sg. Ara, K. Tinggi (FELCRA)
All six villages

113
697

Rural Malaysia, 2009 ('000)

2211

Source: Six villages – field data.
Malaysia – Government of Malaysia (2010)

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14
1
3

3
28

186

14

1.2
8.1
2.7
4

8.4

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.my

Conclusion
Income received from oil palm and rubber
activities under rural land development
scheme is important in eradicating poverty
among local households

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIAHIGHLIGHTS

Socio-economic survey(Extent of forest dependent by local community in P. Malaysia:
A case study of protected area)
2014

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myPA Coverage in P. Malaysia(terrestrial)
STATE
JOHOR
KEDAH
KELANTANMELAKANEGERI SEMBILAN
PAHANGPERAKPERLISPENANGSELANGORTERENGGANUFEDERAL TERRITORY (FT)PENISULAR MALAYSIA

Size of State(ha)
1,898,688
942,500
1,510,462
165,200
665,7093,596,500
2,100,500
79,500103,104
793,020
1,295,514
38,364
13,189,061

Size o Protected
Area (ha)235,4902
127,947
107
55,343
821,463
278,4124,380
1,414
106,734
139,822153
1,748,610

%
12.4
0.0
8.5
0.1
8.3
22.8
13.3
5.5
1.4
13.5
10.8
0.4
13.3

In general, P. Malaysia – totalling more than 1.7
million hectares (protected area)
About 13% of the country’s land surface

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myPA’s Managers in P. Malaysia
 Ownership and management of PA’s responsibility of the federal or state government

direct There exist several legislative instruments that provide
facilities to create PA and to gazette parks
 National parks are under the jurisdiction of the federal
government while various states, under the Malaysianconstitution, have jurisdiction over land and forests
Department of Wildlife & National Park
Forestry Dept Peninsular Malaysia
Perak State Park Corp
Johor State Park Corp
Department of Marine Parks
Fisheries Department
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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myManagement focus:
Focused on the planning and implementation of various
activities which contribute to the long-term
conservation of the areas while mitigating/reducing
conflicts between human & the environment
The development of areas was done sustainably toensure optimum benefit to human and prosperity to
the environment for the present & future generation

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myIssue;Whether introduction of these
programme/systems helps toimprove income and alleviate
rural poverty

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myIncidence of poverty, Malaysia
Malaysia - incidence of poverty has reduced from 49% (1970) to
1.7% (2012), in 42 years
o Rural areas declined from 59% to 3.4%
o Urban areas from 21% to 1%

Source: Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia

 The significant reduction in poverty is a result of concerted government’s efforts in
implementing national development programmes to eradicate poverty
 Began - implementation of the New Economic Policy (1970-1990), continue after the NEP period
via National Development Policy (1990-2000) and National Vision Policy (1991-2020)

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Case study(Socio-economic study)
Main objective:

To assess the socio-economic impact of forest dependentcommunity, especially in terms of income generation &eradicating poverty

Methodology

Technique of data collection (2 main techniques)o rapid rural appraisal; group discussion, ethno-histories,
stories and taking-noteo survey research; a face-to-face interview survey (whereby
the interviewers ask the questionnaire orally and record the
respondents’ answers)

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myStudied villages

Survey - successfully conducted in 4 villages
8 enumerators involved
Conducted in the months of February &March 2014
Villages surveyed
Villages

Estimatedhouseholds

Kg. Kuala Tahan*
Kg. Kuala Koh**
Kg. Aring 5**
Kg. Sg. Berua**
Total

390
27
70
100
587

*Traditional village**Orang Asli village

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Sampled% ofhouseholds household
158
12
28
43
241

40.5
44.4
40.0
43.0
41.1

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myMap:Location of study area (traditional &Orang Asli villages)

Kg. Chemol

Kg. K. Tahan

Kg. Gusai
Kg. Bantal
Kg. Merapoh
Kg. Kuala Sat
Kg. Pagi

Kg. Gol

Kg. Kuala Koh

Kg. Aring 5

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myResults(level of average monthly household income)In 2014, the average monthly household income of four villages
studied was RM3,218
Lowest in Kg. Sg. Berua (RM1,337 a month)Highest in Kg. K. Tahan (RM4,035 a month)
The income level is higher than that of the average household for Rural
Malaysia (RM3,080)
Villages
Kg. Kuala Tahan
Kg. Kuala Koh
Kg. Aring 5
Kg. Sg. Berua
Four villages
Rural Malaysia (2012)

Malaysia (2012)

Average monthly
household income
(RM)
4,035
2,032
2,002
1,337
3,218
3,080

Source: Four villages – field data.
Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia

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5,000

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Cont.

Monthly household income by typeof incomeOn the whole, about 91% of the average monthly
household income from the four villages was cash
income while 9% income in kind
VillageKg. Kuala Tahan
Kg. Kuala Koh

Kg. Aring 5

Kg. Sg. Berua
Four villages

Source: Four villages – field data.

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Cash income Income in kind
RM

%

3,646
1,800
1,870
1,268
2,924

90.4
88.6
93.4
94.9
90.9

5S

RM
388
232
131
69
294

%
9.6
11.4
6.6
5.1
9.1

Total
RM

%

4,035
2,032
2,002
1,337
3,218

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.my

Cont.

(Average monthly household income fromforestry related activities)
About RM1,683 (52%) of the average monthly household income isgenerated related to forestry activities
The income generated - varies between the four villages
Lowest (RM1,216) in K.Koh & highest (RM1,895) in K. Tahan
Within PR/SL
Outside TN
Outside TN(forestry related) (non-forestry)
forestVillage

RM
Kg. Kuala Tahan
Kg. Kuala Koh

Kg. Aring 5

Kg. Sg. Berua
All 4 villages

4
888
900
1,230
371

%
0.1
43.7
45.0
92.0
11.5

Source: Four villages – field data.

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RM
1,891
328
451
18
1,312

%
46.9
16.1
22.5
1.4
40.8

RM
2,139
816
651
89
1,535

%
53.0
40.2
32.5
6.6
47.7

Total
RM
4,035
2,032
2,002
1,337
3,218

%
100
100
100
100
100

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.mySources of average monthly
household income
Items

Kg. K. Tahan%

RM

VillageKg. K. Koh
Kg. Aring 5

Kg. Sg. Berua

RM

4 village

%

RM

%

RM

%

RM

%

900
-

45.0
0.0

1,230
-

92.0
0.0

370
1

11.5
0.0

68

-

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.3

202
199
12
187
345
259
43
57
8

6.3
6.2
0.4
5.8
10.7
8.0
1.3
1.8
0.3

-

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.2
3.6
0.0
100.0

27
423
195
67
86
93
95
15
7
92
75
27
26
27
51
18
210
1
3,218

0.8
13.2
6.1
2.1
2.7
2.9
2.9
0.5
0.2
2.9
2.3
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.6
0.6
6.5
0.0
100.0

Within PR/SL Forests
NTFP harvested
Creative crafts

4

Outside TN (forestry related)

-

0.1
0.0

871
17

42.9
0.8

Resort worker
Chalet operators
Homestay operators
BoatmanTour guide
Retail store/restaurant operators
Fishing
Fish consumed *Natural water consumed*

295
304
19
285
503
395
23
58
10

7.3
7.5
0.5
7.1
12.5
9.8
0.6
1.4
0.2

125
50
148
5

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.2
0.0
2.5
7.3
0.3

216
80
8

3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.9
0.0
10.8
4.0
0.4

41
624
298
88
131
142
135
6
10
116
100
4
8
39
75
22
297
1
4,035

1.0
15.5
7.4
2.2
3.2
3.5
3.3
0.1
0.3
2.9
2.5
0.1
0.2
1.0
1.9
0.6
7.4
0.0
100.0

125
100
188
54
13
250
8
30
49
2,032

0.0
0.0
0.0
6.2
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.2
0.0
2.7
0.0
0.6
12.3
0.0
0.4
1.5
2.4
0.0
100.0

121
29
11
12
115
54
188
71
7
12
31
2,002

0.0
6.1
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.0
5.7
2.7
9.4
3.6
0.4
0.0
0.6
1.6
0.0
100.0

Outside TN (non-forestry)

Mill worker
Salary (government)
Salary (private sector)
Contract worker
Others (makan gaji)
Petty trade
Others (self employed)
Vegetable farming
Paddy farming
Rubber tapper
Sales of oil palm
Orchard farming
Other cash (agriculture)
Remittance
Other cash (bonus, dividend, rental & etc)
Poultry and vegetable *Imputed rent*
Other income inkind
Total

Source: Field data.

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-

79

5S

-

14
4

19
12
8
3
48

1,337

In total, highest percentage (cash income)- Forestry related activities, 50%
Kg. K. Tahan – 45%
Kg. K. Koh – 52%
Kg. Aring 5 – 63%
Kg. Sg. Berua – 92%
Non-cash income – fish & natural water
consumed (2%)
Cash income – 91%
Income in kind – 9%

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.my

Poverty eradication
The extent of poverty among these local villagers could beindicated from the incidence of poverty among the households inthe four villages
Poverty - "is measured on the basis of a minimum expenditurelevel or the poverty line income (PLI) to separate the poor from
non-poor"
In 2010, the per capita PLI was RM197
Taking into consideration the rise in the consumers’ price index ofabout 9.7% between 2010 and 2014, the per capita PLI was
calculated to be RM216 in 2014 and this used to measure theincidence of poverty among the four villages studied

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myIncidence of poverty
4 villages averaged 17% in 2014 (ranging from 4.4% in
Kg. Kuala Tahan to 51% in Kg. Sg. Berua)
Poverty among villages adjacent to the TN area wasrelatively higher compared to 3.4% among all Rural
Malaysian households in 2012
Village

Totalhouseholds

No. of poor
households

158
12
28
43
241

7
5
7
22
41

Kg. Kuala Tahan
Kg. Kuala Koh
Kg. Aring 5
Kg. Sg. Berua
All four villages
Rural Malaysia (2012)

Source: Four villages – field data.
Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia

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Incidenceof poverty
(%)
4.4
41.7
25.0
51.2
17.0
3.4

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.mySignificance of income sourceson poverty status
Income sources

CoefficientWithin PR/SL Forests
Outside TN (forestry related)
Outside TN (non-forestry)
Mill worker
Salary (government)
Salary (private sector)
Contract worker
Others (makan gaji)
Petty trade
Others (self employed)
Vegetable farming
Paddy farming
Rubber tapper
Sales of oil palm
Orchard farming
Other cash (agriculture)
Remittance
Other cash (bonus, dividend, rental & etc)

S.E.

-.000116-.000023.000036 ***.000008 ***-.000088-.000073-.000002-.000075-.000029-.000053.000032-.000292-.000184-.000077-.000147-.000165-.000156-.000152-.000121.000089.000025 ***.000038.000082.000059.000060.000049.000201.000303.000074.000077 *.000121.000098.000235.000128

Determined - relationship between the income
sources attributes and poverty status
Multiple regression test
Income sources attributes - independent variables
Poverty status - dependent variable
Illustrated results - 4 of the 17 income sources
attributes (cash income) are significant predictors ofpoverty status
Overall, regression model accounted forapproximately 22% of the variance associated withthe poverty status

Response scale is 1= poor (percapita income ≤RM216), 0=non-poor (percapita income >RM216)* denotes significant at the 10% level (p<0.10)*** denotes significant at the 1% level(p<0.01)

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http://www.frim.gov.my

Conclusion
Income received from forestry related
activities under PA system is important ineradicating poverty among local households

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INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIAFOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA
http://www.frim.gov.myTerima kasih

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http://www.frim.gov.my