Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (Russian Version)Руководство по возведению подпорных
сооружений методом «Press-in»

International Press-in Association

Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (Russian Version)Руководство по возведению подпорных
сооружений методом «Press-in»Издание второе, 2021

International Press-in AssociationЦель данной публикации – представить точную и достоверную информацию по рассматриваемой теме. При еепродаже и/или распространении подразумевается, что ни авторы, ни издатель не участвуют в предоставлении
определенных юридических или иных профессиональных услуг. Хотя были предприняты все возможные усилиядля обеспечения точности и полноты публикации, не предоставляются и не подразумеваются никакие гарантииили обязательства соответствия, а авторы и издатель не несут ответственности ни перед каким-либо физическимили юридическим лицом в отношении любых убытков или ущерба, возникших в результате ее использования.
Все права, включая перевод, защищены. Никакая часть этой публикации не может быть воспроизведена,сохранена в поисковой системе или передана в любой форме либо любыми средствами - электрическими,механическими, фотокопировальными или иными - без предварительного письменного разрешения Издателя,International Press-in Association (IPA), 5F, Sanwa Konan Bldg, 2-4-3 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan.

Содержание
Предисловие
Глоссарий
Глава 1 Обзор
1.1Область применения и рассматриваемые вопросы ···························································· 1-1

1.2Структура Руководства ······························································································· 1-2

1.3Погружение свай методом «Press-in»
1.3.1 Способы погружения свай методом «Press-in» ······················································· 1-3
1.3.2 Характеристики погружения свай методом «Press-in» с перемещением по сваям ···········1-4
1.3.2.1 Развитие способа погружения свай методом «Press-in» с перемещением посваям ······································································································ 1-7
1.3.2.2 Механизм погружения свай методом «Press-in» с перемещением по сваям ···1-7
1.3.2.3 Низкий шум и вибрация ····································································· 1-9
1.3.2.4 Прохождение плотных грунтов ························································· 1-11
1.3.2.5 Работа в ограниченном строительном пространстве ······························ 1-13
1.3.2.6 Преимущества консольных подпорных сооружений и способа погружения
свай методом «Press-in» с перемещением по сваям ········································· 1-14
1.3.2.7 Снижение воздействия на окружающую среду ······························ 1-15
1.3.2.8 Автоматический сбор и использование данных о процессе погружения
методом "Press-in" ·················································································· 1-17
1.3.2.9 Другие характеристики ···························································· 1-18
1.3.2.10 Сводка основных характеристик ··············································· 1-18
1.3.3 Сравнение существующих технологий и погружения свай методом «Press-in» сперемещением по сваям ·················································································· 1-23
1.3.3.1 Система погружения стальных шпунтовых свай (профили корытный, зетовый,Hat, Zero) ······························································································· 1-23
1.3.3.2 Способы погружения для траншейных панелей ···································· 1-24
1.3.3.3 Способы погружения стальных трубчатых свай с замками (замковые
соединения P-P, P-T и L-T) ········································································· 1-24
1.3.3.4 Способы погружения стальных трубчатых свай ···································· 1-25
1.3.3.5 Способы погружения бетонных шпунтовых свай ·································· 1-26
1.3.3.6 Системы погружения сборных железобетонных свай ····························· 1-27
1.3.3.7 Системы погружения свай для комбинированных стен ··························· 1-27

1.4Погружение свай методом «Press-in» с перемещением по сваям при строительстве заглубленных
сооружений
1.4.1 Подпорные сооружения (подпорные стены, дамбы, волноотбойные стенки, больверки,временные подпорные стены, перемычки и т.п.) (от а до м) ···································· 1-27
1.4.2 Усиление дамб, укрепление берегом (от н до п) ···················································· 1-30i

1.4.3 Противодействие разжижению (н, о, р, с) ···························································· 1-30
1.4.4 Стены-диафрагмы (т) ···················································································· 1-31
1.4.5 Ограждения от распространения давлений (у) ····················································· 1-31
1.4.6 Обеспечение устойчивости насыпей, предотвращение оползней, аварийновосстановительные работы (ф, х) ······································································ 1-31
1.4.7 Фундаментные работы (гражданские инженерные сооружения, порты и гавани, здания)(от ц до я) ····································································································· 1-31
1.4.8 Несущие подпорные стенки ····································································· 1-33
1.5Применяемые нормативные документы и рекомендации ················································· 1-33

Список литературы ············································································································· 1-36
Глава 2 Планирование и изыскания
2.1

Планирование
2.1.1 Общая информация ·························································································· 2-1
2.1.2 Рекомендации по планированию ········································································· 2-1
2.1.2.1 Топографические, геологические, грунтовые, гидрографические иклиматические условия стройплощадки ························································· 2-3
2.1.2.2

Воздействие

наокружающую

среду

и

соседние

конструкции;технологические ограничения ······································································ 2-3
2.1.2.3 Условия, которые могут повлиять на строительство ································· 2-3
2.1.2.4 Технические требования к подпорной стенке, предельное состояние,проектирование, требования и критерии, относящиеся к эксплуатационным
параметрам ······························································································ 2-4
2.1.2.5 Условия проектирования ···································································· 2-4
2.2Изыскания
2.2.1 Общая информация ·························································································· 2-4
2.2.2 Цели и содержание изысканий ··········································································· 2-5
2.2.2.1 Сбор необходимой документации и данных ······································· 2-5
2.2.2.2 Изыскания на местности ···································································· 2-6
2.2.2.3 Геологические изыскания ··································································· 2-6
2.2.2.4 Определение условий, которые могут повлиять на строительство ···············2-8
2.2.2.5 Изыскания, относящиеся к охране окружающей среды ·························· 2-10
2.2.2.6 Оценка грунтовых условий на основе данных о вдавливании свай ············ 2-10
2.2.3 Отчет об изысканиях ······················································································ 2-12Список литературы ············································································································· 2-12Глава 3 Проектирование
3.1

Вступление ···································································································· 3-1

3.2

Общие вопросы проектирования
3.2.1 Основные принципы проектирования ·························································· 3-2ii

3.2.1.1 Область применения ··································································· 3-2
3.2.1.2 Иерархия эксплуатационных требований ········································· 3-2
3.2.1.3 Предельные состояния, воздействия и расчетные случаи ····················· 3-3
3.2.1.4 Эксплуатационные требования ······················································ 3-5
3.2.1.5 Эксплуатационные параметры ······················································ 3-5
3.2.1.6 Процесс проверки эффективности ················································· 3-6
3.2.1.7 Квалификация инженеров-проектировщиков ···································· 3-7
3.2.1.8 Документация ··········································································· 3-7
3.2.2 Корректировка проекта с учетом журналов строительства

······························· 3-7

3.2.3 Воздействия и сочетания нагрузок для подпорных стен автодорог

····················· 3-7

3.2.3.1 Общая информация ··································································· 3-8
3.2.3.2 Собственный вес ······································································ 3-8
3.2.3.3 Давление грунта и давление воды ················································· 3-8
3.2.3.4 Сейсмическая нагрузка ······························································ 3-9
3.2.3.5 Нагрузка на поверхности грунта ··················································· 3-9
3.2.3.6 Снеговая нагрузка ····································································· 3-9
3.2.3.7 Ветровая нагрузка ····································································· 3-9
3.2.3.8 Ударная нагрузка ······································································ 3-9
3.2.3.9 Прочие нагрузки ······································································· 3-9
3.2.3.10 Комбинация нагрузок для их типичных сочетаний ························ 3-10
3.2.4 Материалы

························································································· 3-10

3.2.4.1 Сваи ··················································································· 3-10
3.2.4.2 Свойства стальных материалов ················································· 3-11
3.2.4.3 Учет коррозии / защита от коррозии ··········································· 3-11
3.2.4.4 Расчетная изгибная жесткость ··················································· 3-11
3.3Проектирование заглубленных консольных подпорных стен··································· 3-12

3.3.1 Подходы к проектированию ····································································· 3-12
3.3.2 Проектирование конструкций стен ···························································· 3-12
3.3.2.1 Проектирование подпорных стен автодорог ································· 3-12
3.3.2.2 Проектирование портовых причальных стенок ····························· 3-18
3.3.3 Устойчивость дна котлована ····································································· 3-22
3.3.3.1 Учет разрыхления ·································································· 3-23
3.3.3.2 Учет суффозиозного выноса грунта ············································ 3-24
3.3.3.3 Учет пучения ········································································ 3-24
3.3.3.4 Учет пучения дна котлована ····················································· 3-24
3.3.3.5 Меры по повышению устойчивости дна котлована ························ 3-24
3.3.4 Общая устойчивость ·············································································· 3-25
3.3.5 Воздействия на прилегающие сооружения ·················································· 3-25
3.3.5.1 Деформация грунта из-за деформации подпорных стен ··················· 3-26
iii

3.3.5.2 Осадка грунта вследствие понижения уровня грунтовых вод ············ 3-26
3.3.5.3 Осадка грунта вследствие удаления заглубленных подпорных стен ···· 3-26
3.3.5.4 Упругое восстановление основания при снятии нагрузки ················ 3-27
3.4Отчет о проектировании ··················································································· 3-27

Список литературы ··································································································· 3-28
Глава 4 Строительство
4.1

Общая информация ··································································································· 4-1

4.2

Основы погружения свай методом «Press-in» ··························································· 4-2
4.2.1 Машины для вдавливания свай методом перемещения по сваям ································ 4-2
4.2.1.1 Базовая комплектация погружателя ·············································· 4-2
4.2.1.2 Компоненты свайного погружателя «Press-in» ·································· 4-3
4.2.1.3 Основные движения свайного погружателя «Press-in»-1 (Повторяющиеся
движения вверх и вниз) ········································································ 4-5
4.2.1.4 Основные движения свайного погружателя «Press-in»-2 (Перемещение посваям) ····························································································· 4-5
4.2.2 Выбор подходящей машины, технология вдавливания и системы погружения «Press-in» 4-6
4.2.3 Сваи заводского изготовления ·········································································· 4-10
4.2.3.1 Стальные шпунтовые сваи ······················································· 4-11
4.2.3.2 Стальные трубчатые сваи ························································· 4-14
4.2.3.3 Комбинированные стенки ························································ 4-15
4.2.3.4 Бетонные шпунтовые сваи ······················································· 4-16
4.2.3.5 Сегмент железобетонной стенки заводского изготовления ··············· 4-16

4.3

План строительства ························································································· 4-17
4.3.1 План строительства – общие соображения ·························································· 4-17
4.3.2 Рекомендации по планированию вдавливания свай методом «Press-in» ····················· 4-17
4.3.2.1 Выбор технологии вдавливания и свай, соответствующих грунтовым
условиям ······················································································ 4-18
4.3.2.2 Рекомендации по погружению стальных шпунтовых свай ··············· 4-19
4.3.2.3 Вдавливание трубчатых свай с замками и без замков ······················ 4-25
4.3.2.4 Применение системы «Press-in» при наличии ограничений настройплощадке ················································································ 4-29
4.3.2.5 Процесс вдавливания свай, оставляющий пространство между сваями
(шаг в осях 2.5 D) ············································································ 4-40
4.3.3 Подготовка проектно-строительной документации для работ по погружению свайметодом «Press-in» ························································································· 4-42
4.3.3.1 Машины для вдавливания свай методом «Press-in», технологии
вдавливания и система «Press-in» ·························································· 4-43
4.3.3.2 План доставки машин, оборудования и материалов ························ 4-43
4.3.3.3 Компоновка размещения машин и материалов ······························ 4-45
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4.3.3.4 Планирование свайных работ ··················································· 4-49
4.3.3.5 План управления строительством ·············································· 4-49
4.3.3.6 План охраны окружающей среды ·············································· 4-50
4.3.3.7 План управления охраной труда и техникой безопасности ··············· 4-51
4.3.3.8 Планирование организации стройплощадки ································· 4-54
4.4Выполнение свайных работ методом «Press-in» ······················································ 4-56
4.4.1 Подготовительные работы ··············································································· 4-56
4.4.2 Операции по погружению свай ········································································· 4-56
4.4.2.1 Технологии, общие для вдавливания свай методом «Press-in» ············ 4-56
4.4.2.2 Процесс погружения свай для начального этапа вдавливания ··········· 4-65
4.4.2.3 Процесс погружения для стандартного вдавливания «Press-in» ·········· 4-68
4.4.2.4 Процесс погружения при вдавливании свай с применением размыва
струей воды ··················································································· 4-72
4.4.2.5 Процесс погружения для вдавливания с разбуриванием ·················· 4-73
4.4.2.6 Процесс погружения свай методом вращательного вдавливания ······· 4-76
4.4.2.7 Процесс строительства комбинированных стен ····························· 4-82
4.4.2.8 Криволинейное направление погружения ···································· 4-84
4.4.2.9 Угловое погружение ······························································· 4-85
4.4.2.10 Самостоятельное перемещение назад ········································ 4-85
4.4.3 Система вдавливания для преодоления ограничений при строительстве ···················· 4-87
4.4.3.1 Рекомендации по погружению свай при различных строительных
ограничениях ················································································· 4-87
4.4.3.2 Процесс погружения свай для автономной системы ······················· 4-89
4.4.3.3 Процесс вдавливания свай для системы погружения с малым высотным
зазором ························································································· 4-90
4.4.4 Извлечение свай ···························································································· 4-94
4.4.4.1 Влияние процесса извлечения свай и управление им ······················ 4-94
4.4.4.2 Процесс извлечения свай ························································· 4-97
4.4.5 Наращивание и разрезание свай ········································································ 4-98
4.4.5.1 Соединение сварных швов в стальной шпунтовой свае ··················· 4-98
4.4.5.2 Сварка стальной трубчатой сваи ················································ 4-99
4.4.5.3 Болтовое соединение ····························································· 4-100
4.4.5.4 Механическое соединение ······················································ 4-100
4.4.5.5 Резка сваи ··········································································· 4-101
4.4.6 Очистка сточных вод и шлама ·········································································4-101

4.5Надзор над строительством, управление строительством, мониторинг ······················· 4-102
4.5.1 Общие положения ························································································4-102
4.5.2 План строительного надзора, управления строительством и мониторинга ················4-103
4.5.3 Подготовка площадки ····················································································4-103
4.5.4 Управление строительством ············································································4-103v

4.5.5 Управление строительством ············································································4-105
4.5.5.1 Контроль работы свайного погружателя ····································· 4-105
4.5.5.2 Настройка оптимальных параметров вдавливания ························ 4-105
4.5.5.3 Информация, полученная при вдавливании сваи ·························· 4-109
4.5.5.4 Обеспечение вертикальности сваи за счет повторяющихся движений
вверх и вниз ·················································································· 4-110
4.5.5.5 Оценка процесса погружения свай по данным, полученным привдавливании ················································································· 4-111
4.5.5.6 Автоматическая работа свайного погружателя ····························· 4-112
4.5.5.7 Оценка грунтовой информации, получаемой при вдавливании ········ 4-113
4.5.6 Контроль графика вдавливания свай ································································· 4-113
4.5.7 Допуски для положения в плане, отметок верха и низа и вертикальности сваи после
погружения. Контроль графика вдавливания свай ················································ 4-114
4.5.8 Здравоохранение и безопасность ······································································ 4-115
4.5.9 Осмотр и обслуживание оборудования для погружения сваи ································· 4-115
4.5.10 Мониторинг ································································································ 4-115
4.5.11 Отчет о строительстве ··················································································· 4-118
Список литературы ·································································································· 4-120viПредисловие
Метод вдавливания свай по технологии «Press-in» был разработан пол века назад в связи с практической
необходимостью обеспечения безопасного и бесшумного погружений шпунтовых свай. Первое издание (2016)«Руководства по возведению подпорных сооружений методом «Press-in» имело целью представить накопленный
обширный практический опыт в терминах и подходах, применяемых при устройстве фундаментов. В нем удалось
собрать воедино полезную информацию, относящуюся к практике проектирования и строительства подпорных
сооружений методом вдавливания свай по технологии «Press-in», а также ряд примеров из практики строительствасо всего мира.
Публикация второго издания Руководства в 2021 году – это переработанная версия издания 2016 года. Основными
целями корректировки первого издания были: (I) привести материал Руководства в соответствие с пересмотренным
«Руководством по проектированию и строительству методом «Press-in» (на японском языке, опубликовано в 2020г.), (II) отразить достижения в области разработки оборудования для погружения свай методом «Press-in» иисследовательские работы за последние пять лет, (III) улучшить описания для удобства чтения и использования
Руководства, и (IV) улучшить лаконичность, исключив некоторые элементы из издания 2016 г.
Тем, кто интересуется практическими случаями, связанными с погружением свай методом «Press-in», можно
порекомендовать книги «Новые горизонты в погружении свай – разработка и применение погружения свайметодом «Press-in» Малкольма Болтона и др. (“New Horizons in Piling – Development and Application of Press-in Piling”
by Malcolm Bolton et al.), опубликованную издательством CRC Press в 2020 году, и «Примеры из практики
вдавливания свай методом «Press-in», Том 1, подготовленную Комитетом по научным исследованиям
Международной ассоциации по вдавливанию свай (International Press-in Association - IPA) и изданную IPA в 2019году.
Как председатель редакционного комитета данного Руководства, я хотел бы выразить искреннюю благодарность
всем членам редакционного комитета, перечисленным ниже.
Осаму Кусакабе (Osamu Kusakabe)Председатель Редакционного комитета второго издания.
(Chair, Editorial Committee for the Second Edition)vii

Редакционный комитет:Yoshiaki Kikuchi, Professor, Tokyo University of Science
Osamu Kusakabe, Emeritus Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tsunenobu Nozaki, International Press-in Association Secretariat
Mitsuhiro Okada, GIKEN LTD.
Takefumi Takuma, Giken America Corporation
Masaaki Terashi, International Press-in Association
Masafumi Yamaguchi, International Press-in Association Secretariat(Фамилии в алфавитном порядке)Члены Международного консультативного совета:Stuart Haigh, Reader, The University of Cambridge
Chun Fai Leung, Professor, National University of Singapore
Goh Teik Lim, AtsuNEW GIKEN Pte. Ltd.
Ramin Motamed, Associate Professor, University of Nevada Reno(Фамилии в алфавитном порядке)Предисловие научного редактора перевода на русский языкВ последнее десятилетие технологии вдавливания свай находят применение в Восточно-европейских странах бывшего
Советского Союза. Поэтому предложенная версия Руководства представляется актуальной и своевременной.
В данном переводе Руководства мы ставили целью представить существующие подходы к изысканиям, проектированиюи строительству сооружений, возведенных на вдавленных в грунт сваях, а также адаптировать их к известным нормам итерминологии, принятым в странах бывшего СССР.
Хочу выразить благодарность аспирантке Одесского национального морского университета Владиславе Дубравиной завесомую помощь при подготовке и техническом редактировании перевода данного Руководства.

Михаил Дубровский
Научный редактор перевода на русский язык,докт. техн. наук, профессор, Одесский национальный морской университет

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