Biotechnology:

Driving Solutions for
Sustainable Development

ABOUT US
The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA) is a coalition of non-profit, national
biotechnology trade associations formed to educate, and to advocate public understanding of, andto advocate for, public policies that support the growth of the innovative biotechnology industries.
The ICBA represents the global voice of the industry in international fora with the goal of promoting
continued innovation in the human health, agriculture, and industrial and environmental sectors.

Biotechnology drives solutions for sustainable development
Leveraging biotechnology innovation will be a key to meeting the global call for action aroundsustainable development. Adopted by the United Nations (U.N.) as a part of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight the interconnected
work necessary to address challenges facing the world across social, economic, and environmental
fronts. Breakthrough innovations in biotechnology can and, in many cases, already are bringing
forward solutions the world needs by providing tools to feed, fuel, and heal communities around theglobe. Companies across sectors are coming to the table to address critical challenges throughout
the innovation ecosystem. Breakthroughs in biotechnology can:Cure once-incurable diseases and enable rapid response to health crises;
Enhance food security and improve plant health through more resilient seed varieties and advancesin crop protection;
Strengthen agriculture and food systems and promote animal health;Address antimicrobial resistance;
Reduce greenhouse gases and advance climate mitigation, adaptation, and resilience; andSupport economic and educational well-being by investing in resilient supply chains andworkforce development.

The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA) partners with its national authorities
and international organizations to unleash the tools of biotechnology to overcome global challenges.

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ICBA Members
Africa BIO | Africa
Association of Biotech-Led Enterprises (ABLE) | India
AusBiotech | Australia
Belgian Life Sciences Industry Association (Bio.be) | Belgium
BIO Deutschland | Germany
BioIndustry Association (BIA) | United Kingdom
BioPharmaChem Ireland | Ireland
Biotech Austria | Austria
BIOTECanada | Canada
Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) | United States of America
Costa Rican Biotechnology and Medical Device Business Association (CRbiomed) | Costa Rica
Czech Bio | Czech Republic
EuropaBio | European Union
Finnish BioIndustries (FIB) | Finland
Foro Argentino de Biotecnologia (FAB) | Argentina
German Association of Biotechnology Industries (DIB) | Germany
Holland BIO | Holland
Hong Kong Biotechnology Organization (HKBIO) | Hong Kong
Hungarian Biotechnology Association | Hungary
Italian Association for the Development of Biotechnology (Assobiotec) | Italy
Japan BioIndustry Association (JBA) | Japan
Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization (KoreaBIO) | South Korea
NZBio | New Zealand
PeruBiotec | Peru
Portugal’s Biotechnology Industry Organization (P-BIO) | Portugal
Spanish Bioindustry Association (ASEBIO) | Spain
SwedenBIO | Sweden
Swiss Biotech Association (SBA) | Switzerland
Taiwan Bio Industry Association | Taiwan
The Greek Initiative on the Bioeconomy | Greece

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Biotechnological innovations contribute to poverty reduction by supporting the resilience of crops
and farmers, improving living conditions and health outcomes, and increasing access to affordable
medical therapies. The use of biotech crops has been shown to increase farm income by $225 billion
USD over 23 years, lowering agricultural emissions, helping farmers withstand the impacts of climatechange, and greatly reducing global poverty levels.1,2

Increasing farmer income with agricultural biotech:
Biotechnological innovations in agriculture have helped farmers increase their incomes and reduce theirvulnerability to climate change. These innovations are particularly beneficial for smallholder farmers.
Notable examples of technologies that both increase farm income through higher productivity andlower production costs, as well as improve crop resiliency to climate change, enabling more-stable
farm incomes include:
Drought-tolerant maize: Maize is the most widely grown staple crop in Africa, and more than 300
million Africans depend on it as their main food source. Maize production, however, is severely
affected by frequent drought in Africa, leading to crop failure, hunger, and poverty. The publicprivate Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project is developing drought-tolerant and insectresistant maize.3 These varieties will help farmers mitigate the risks associated with drought, thus
stabilizing yield and increasing farmer income.4,5
Bt cowpea: Scientists in Nigeria, Ghana, and Burkina Faso are working to develop a Bt cowpea thatis resistant to the pod borer insect, which can devastate up to 90% of a farmer’s crop.6
Golden rice: Golden rice is produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene,a precursor of vitamin A. It is intended to produce a nutritionally fortified food to be grown andconsumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A.7
Napigen is addressing unmet needs of future food supplies by creating hybrid crop plants to boost
yields to unprecedented levels.8 By boosting crop yields, Napigen’s technology can increase foodproduction, which is crucial for addressing global hunger and poverty. Higher yields can lead to increased
income, which can impact smallholder farmers who make up a substantial proportion of the world’s
poor. Increased yields can lift farmers and their communities out of poverty.

Increasing the affordability of healthcare:
Additionally, innovations in genetic therapies have made critical healthcare more affordable than ever.
Biotech innovations in healthcare can lead to the development of affordable treatments for diseases that
disproportionately affect low-income populations.9,10 In the next decade, the global adoption of digitaltechnology, including by those experiencing poverty in low-and middle-income countries, presents agenuine opportunity to reduce inequality in the healthcare sector, hypothesizes a 2022 study.11
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Innovations in plant breeding have substantially transformed the efficiency of food production since
the mid-20th century, with innovations improving crop yields and the nutritional values of food crops.8,9Other studies have also highlighted the environmental benefits of biotech crops.10,11
Protecting crops with new genes: Herbicide-tolerant soybeans are genetically modified to be resistantto certain herbicides, which allows farmers to use these herbicides for weed control without damaging
the crop.12,13 Bt maize and Bt cowpea have increased farm yields by expressing the insect-resistantgenetics in the crops. In Africa, where more than 300 million African farm families rely on maize yields,a pest or disease is a large threat.14 Innovations that improve crop resilience are essential in achieving
the goal of zero hunger.
Developing more-productive crops: One variety of genetically engineered wheat under development
is more efficient at converting sunlight, resulting in a 10% increase in yield, regardless of the growth
conditions.15,16 And bean farmers in South America who grow IR Soybean see an average 9.3% increasein their yields.17

Alleviating under-nourishment around the world:
Through the Africa Biofortified Sorghum Project (ABS), an international public-private partnership,
researchers are enhancing the bioavailability of iron and zinc, increasing the amount and stabilityof pro vitamin A (such as beta-carotene) and improving the protein digestibility of sorghum.18
The Banana21 initiative, a public-private partnership funded by the Gates Foundation, is working
to develop a genetically engineered cooking banana with a three-fold increase in iron and a fourfold increase of pro-vitamin A.19
Royal DSM, a Dutch biotechnology company, has been providing nutritionally enhanced protein
powders to communities across sub-Saharan Africa.
In British Columbia, Canada, one biotech company is innovating to end hunger by extending the shelf
life of produce. Meet Okanagan Specialty Fruit (OSF), who created a non-browning apple that stays
fresher for a longer duration than conventional apples. This company specializes in the development,
growing, processing, and marketing of novel tree fruit varieties developed through bioengineering.
Their flagship product, the Arctic apple varieties, provides a sustainable way to reduce food waste
and increase fresh fruit consumption20,21 among children. The OSF’s Artic apple is thereby improving
nutrition and contributing to the achievement of Zero Hunger.

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Biotechnological innovations are not only bringing new vaccines and therapies to patients, but alsofinding cures for diseases that were once incurable. Biotechnological innovations are enabling the rapid
introduction of clinical trials of vaccines, the search for effective therapies, and a deep investigation ofboth the origins and the ways in which viruses spread.22,23
Reducing the spread of infectious diseases while containing epidemics and pandemics: Vaccines
prevent approximately 10.5 million cases of infectious illnesses each year.24,25 The British company Oxitec
has developed a technology to control the spread of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for dengue,
chikungunya, and Zika virus outbreaks around the world.26,27
Increasing survival rates: The survival rates for children with cancer have improved significantly, with
83% of children now surviving, compared to 58% in 1970.28,29 The survival rates for Chronic Myeloid
Leukemia (CML) patients have also improved dramatically: today, 80% of people with CML experience
10-year survival rates.30,31,32,33,34 And HIV/AIDS is no longer fatal: a 20-year-old diagnosed with HIV canlive well into his/her 70s due to the development of antiretroviral (ARV) combination treatments.35,36,37,38
Advancing good health practices and treatments: Biotech tests have improved the detection anddiagnosis of conditions, leading to better patient prognoses.39,40 Advances in marine biotechnology
have led to the development of over 20,000 novel marine natural products, including products tomanage pain, reduce inflammation, treat cancer, and regenerate tissue.41
Many biotechnology companies are working toward good health and well-being across the globe. At theforefront of the search for new cures and therapies are the small and medium-sized biopharmaceuticalcompanies.42 In fact, Dyadic’s Gene Expression Platform is driving the development of novel biologic
drugs, including vaccines and antibodies, improving global healthcare and enhancing our ability tocombat diseases effectively. Their pioneering technology has been shown to enable faster and more
efficient vaccine and antigen production.
Their CI gene expression platform takes information from a gene and uses fungal cells to create
antigens from them. Dyadic has found additional benefits from their accelerated vaccine production
technology — addressing health inequalities. “We have a platform now that can lower the cost andimprove the access of vaccines for the world”, CEO Mark A. Emalfarb said, noting that he is working
with organizations internationally, including in Bangladesh, India, and South Africa to produce vaccines
for distributions in those countries.43

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Biotech companies invest in the future of innovation by creating educational opportunities for all levels,
but especially younger populations. These programs not only contribute to the growth of the biotech
industry but also play a significant role in promoting STEM education and creating opportunities foryoung people that are accessible as well as equitable.
Providing quality STEM educational opportunities: Employment in STEM occupations has grown
79% in the past three decades, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,44 and STEM jobs areprojected to grow an additional 11% from 2020 to 2030.45 Amgen is a biopharmaceutical company thathas established two major programs to support STEM education:Amgen Biotech Experience (ABE): This program empowers teachers to bring biotechnology into theirclassrooms.46 Established in 1990, ABE introduces students to the excitement of scientific discovery
and builds bridges between school and real-life biosciences.47 The program provides teacherswith professional development and education materials and loans research-grade equipment tohigh schools in 16 countries all at no cost.48 ABE has a strong focus on developing and advancing
opportunities for underserved and underrepresented populations to access, engage and succeedin pathways to bioscience.49 Fifty-six percent of participating schools in the United States serve
low-income student populations.50
Amgen Scholars Program: This program provides opportunities for undergraduates to participate
in cutting-edge, summer research opportunities at world-class institutions.51 Established in 2006,
the Amgen Scholars Program is an undergraduate summer research experience hosted at 24
premier educational and research institutions across the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, andCanada.52 Participants conduct a research project under top faculty, participating in seminars andnetworking events, and taking part in a symposium in their respective region.53 Throughout the
program, participants meet peers, present their research findings, learn about biotechnology, andhear from leading scientists.54 Financial support for students is a critical component of the program,which helps ensure that eligible students, regardless of income, can participate.55
Another example, BASF contributes to the SDGs via its products, solutions, and technologies, but also
works toward sustainable learning projects for young people. BASF’s Kids Labs project and educational
initiatives foster sustainable learning environments for youth, enabling quality education, and building
the skills for a brighter future. BASF's youth labs engage young students in science at an early age
through inspirational programs, providing hands-on learning that helps today’s students become theinnovators and leaders of the future.56 More than 1.2 million kids and teens in 45 countries have taken
part in these experimentation programs since the first hands-on workshops in 1997.57 They also offer
a Virtual Lab where junior researchers can experiment just like in a real lab.58

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Biotechnology can develop gender-inclusive opportunities in healthcare, focus on empowering womenin science, and invest in gender-transformative opportunities.
Improving health: Biotechnology can contribute to women’s health by developing new treatments
and preventive measures for diseases that disproportionately affect women, and increase women’s
participation in clinical trial diversity efforts. Biotechnology research necessitates tracking of key sex
and gender factors that are being considered at five critical stages of health biotechnology researchand development: priority setting; technology design; clinical trials; commercialization; and healthservices delivery.59 This ensures that the needs of all genders are taken into account in the developmentof new technologies.60
Empowering women in science: Biotechnology increases the representation of women in scientificresearch and leadership roles. For instance, the Department of Biotechnology launched a Biotechnology
Career Advancement and Re-orientation Program (BioCARe) for women scientists.61 Similarly, many
companies have made a concerted effort to increase the representation of women in their seniorleadership ranks.62
Creating economic opportunities: Biotechnology can create new economic opportunities for women,
particularly in developing countries. Biotech crops can increase farm productivity and income, which
can be particularly beneficial for women farmers. As countries move to make bigger investments intheir innovation ecosystems, an opportunity arises to ensure they are gender transformative.63
Leading by example: The Biotech Sisterhood, an initiative by women in corporate leadership at biotech
companies, is working to overcome barriers to women’s advancement and opportunity in the biotech
industry through networking and advocacy. They identify unconscious bias in venture capital investment,
research funding and corporate leadership development, and advocate for greater focus by policy
makers, investors, and biopharma companies on developing treatments and access to treatment for
health conditions predominantly experienced by women.
Organon is committed to women’s everyday health needs, focusing on reproductive health issues
that are unique to women and conditions that disproportionately affect women.64 They are working
to redefine and harness innovation to help women and girls achieve their promise and lead healthier,more empowered lives.65 Organon is also working to promote balanced gender representation at
all levels.66 They aim to reflect the gender equity within their company that they want to see in theworld.67 Organon has been recognized in Bloomberg’s 2023 Gender Equality Index (GEI), a benchmark
indicator that tracks the performance of public companies committed to disclosing their efforts to
support gender equality.68

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Biotechnology companies develop solutions that reduce water usage and waste, and ensurethat water is safe from contaminants.69 Water is a vital resource – once clean, it can be used
for drinking or for growing crops.
Delivering clean drinking water to communities around the world: Innovations like thedevelopment of biofilters or biosensors find and remove contaminants from water, ensuring
safe and clean drinking water. Biotechnology can utilize certain bacteria and algae to remove
pollutants from wastewater, thereby improving water quality.70 For example, a European-African
alliance called SafeWaterAfrica Project developed a novel water-cleaning system that purifies
chemical contaminants and disinfects water by removing pathogens.71 This project was acollaborative effort between academic and industrial partners from Germany, Spain, and Italy
who provided knowledge on new technologies for water purification as well as academic
and industrial partners from Mozambique and South Africa who contributed with additional
technologies and system integration.72
Improving water conservation: The development of drought-tolerant crops, both by conventional
methods and by genetic engineering, is an important strategy to meet global food demands
with less water.73 Some examples of conventional breeding programs for drought tolerance
are the development of rice, wheat, and Indian mustard varieties tolerant to salt and to alkalisoils by the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute in Karnal, India.74
Reducing wastewater: Industrial wastewater is a major source of pollution around the world;
biotech solutions can be used to remove contaminants and reduce wastewater. Novozymes
uses enzyme technology to improve sludge management by drying out the biomass in thewater. This not only decreases costs, but also can reduce the use of polymers by up to 20%.75

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Biotech innovations have led to the development of fuel alternatives like biofuels and microbial fuelcells, which use bacteria to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.76 Biotechnology can leadto more efficient and sustainable methods, reducing the environmental impact and improving theenergy balance of these fuels.
Producing cleaner fuel options with biofuels: Biofuels, a cleaner and more-sustainable source of energy,
are produced from a wide range of renewable biomass feedstocks and can contribute to the reductionof greenhouse gas emissions by substituting for hydrocarbons in transportation fuel, providing a cleaner
alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuels can be produced from various biological materials and processes,
including plants, algae, agricultural waste, and even recycled carbon from the atmosphere.77 Biofuels
contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as countries and cities adopt them as a
primary source of energy and as production of biofuels increases.
The United States Biofuel production capacity reqached 23 billion gallons per year, which is a 6%
increase from Jan 2022.78
Brazil and Indonesia ranked second and third, with figures at roughly 915 and 390 petajoules,
respectively.
In Germany, biofuels production reached 138 petajoules in 2022, placing the country as the top
producer in biofuels in Europe.
Other countries with significant biofuel production include China, Argentina, India, Netherlands,
Thailand, and France.79
Reducing emissions with biogas: Biogas is a renewable source of energy, made from organic wastethat can be used for heating, electricity, and other operations that require energy-intensive equipment.
In Europe, Germany is the most advanced in biogas/biomethane. The country’s biogas industry
has expanded significantly due to the feed-in-tariff (FIT) scheme introduced with the Renewable
Energy Sources Act. As of 2020, the cumulative installed capacity of German biogas power plants
reached 5,700MW, producing 33TWh of power annually, which is approximately 6% of all electricity
generated in Germany.80
Denmark has taken major steps in biogas/biomethane lately. Renewables make up 36% of Denmark’s
total energy supply in 2019, with bioenergy playing an important role, representing three quartersof renewable energy supply.81

10In Finland and Norway, the use of biogas-fueled power plants and vehicles is highlighting thetrue viability of this fuel. In Finland, the use of liquid biofuels in transport represents 10% of overall
transport energy consumption, with increased focus on advanced biofuels82 and in Norway, thecountry ruled that 24.5% of traded fuels must be biofuels by 2021 and 9% must be advanced biofuels83
A private facility recently opened in Salt Lake City that takes restaurant food waste and converts it
to biomethane, a renewable energy source84. Enough natural gas will be created from previously
landfilled materials to supply a community of 40,000 people. The solids from the process createsa by-product that is a nutrient-rich, carbon based fertilizer for agricultural products.
Global companies and institutions formed the below50 coalition to promote best-of-breed of sustainable
fuels that can achieve significant carbon reductions, and scale up their development and use.85 Some
members of the coalition include Audi, DuPont, DSM, Joule, LanzaTech, Novozymes, and Yale University.
Yet another company “biofueling” the way is Virent, whose BioForming® technology converts plantbased sugars into hydrocarbon fuels to produce a range of products, including gasoline, diesel, andjet fuel, as well as the chemicals used for plastics, fibers, and films. One of the significant achievementsof Virent’s BioForming® technology is the production of synthesized aromatic kerosene (SAK), a criticalcomponent that made 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) possible.86 In December 2021, United Airlines
flew an aircraft full of passengers using 100% SAF in one engine and petroleum-based jet fuelin the other.87 Leading into COP28, Virgin Atlantic flew the world's first 100% SAF flight from London
to New York, powered in part by BIO member, Virent.

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The global biotechnology market is currently valued at $752.8 billion and growing. The developmentof breakthrough health initiatives from biotech will transform our future as we tackle global crises
including disease, environmental pollution, and food management.88
Bringing economic benefits to countries and farmers: Genetically engineered (GE) crops have brought
about substantial economic benefits. A study found that GE technology adoption has reduced chemical
pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%.89 These benefits
are particularly significant in developing countries.90
Alleviating poverty: GE crops also help alleviate poverty for millions of resource-poor farmers and theirfamilies around the world. A study found that farmers in developing countries received $4.42 for eachdollar invested in genetically engineered crop seeds.91
Improving productivity using healthcare biotechnology products: Biotechnology products in healthcare
have led to healthier workforces and economic development; for example, biologics have contributed
to healthier and more productive labor forces due to less hospitalization, career interruptions, and school
and work absenteeism.92,93 A study conducted by the Global Initiative on Health and the Economy
showed GDP losses between 6 and 10% across 19 countries due to absenteeism or presenteeism due
to health-related issues.94 These numbers are projected to rise with the increase in chronic diseases,95
making biotech even more important to keeping people healthy and workforces productive.
Enhancing economic productivity with biologics: A study showed that over two years, a rheumatoid
arthritis patient treated with a novel biologic product remained in employment 31 weeks longer.96
Furthermore, the bioscience industry’s economic impact on the U.S. economy amounted to $2.9
trillion USD in 2021, as measured by overall output.97 The U.S. bioscience industry employed 2.1 million
employees across more than 127,000 U.S. business establishments in 2021. As the overall economy
shed 1.5% of its job base, the biosciences industry increased employment by 11% since 2018.98 In total,
the bioscience industry’s economic impact on the U.S. economy amounted to $2.9 trillion USD in 2021,
as measured by overall output.99
Increasing farm capacity: Arzeda is a company that creates designer proteins for biomaterials andthereby has improved the capacity of both farmers and crops leading to economic growth. They aim
to solve some of today’s hardest problems – from food production and better nutrition to sustainable
materials and home care – by creating new designer proteins and enzymes.100 Their Intelligent Protein
Design Technology™ combines physics-based protein design and AI to create entirely new designerproteins and enzymes more efficiently and with less risk.101 Arzeda's innovative designer proteins are
optimizing agricultural processes, leading to higher crop yields, reduced resource use, and improved
economic growth for farmers, promoting a more sustainable agriculture industry. Arzeda’s approachto protein design will lead to improved work conditions. Workers may be exposed to fewer harmful
chemicals by reducing the need for labor-intensive trial-and-error methods, leveraging AI andcomputational design.102
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Biotech companies are fueling a new wave of innovation. Research and development in the fieldof biotechnology is occurring across the globe.103 Companies are contributing to the innovation
ecosystem by incentivizing the construction of biotechnology parks, securing investment in researchand development capabilities, and connecting to the international community for investment andongoing partnership opportunities.

Launching R&D partnerships with companies, multinational
institutions, and NGOs to invest in the industry:
The African Access Initiative (AAI) is a public-private partnership that targets the growing cancer
crisis in Africa. Driven by Africa – for Africa – AAI’s innovative approach engages stakeholders acrosssectors to accelerate access to cancer treatment.104,105
The annual BIO International Convention continues to provide a platform for startup companies
and researchers worldwide to showcase their research and innovation, fostering ties with investors,
companies, NGOs, and other researchers.106

Creating connections with the international community:
BiotechTown, the first private center in Brazil providing a space and resources for startups to expand
their operations, continues to thrive and support the growth of biotech startups.107
BioPark Mauritius, established in March 2015, provides a dedicated space for research anddevelopment in the biotechnology sector. Startups focusing on microbiology, chemistry, toxicology,
pharmacology, and epidemiology are establishing operations at the biopark.108
The Institute for Biotechnology Research (IBR) at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture andTechnology (JKUAT) in Kenya continues to train the next generation of homegrown scientists.109
Corteva Agriscience is actively involved in reinvesting in the innovation industry. They are partnered withresearch parks, foster startup relationships, and complete capital investments globally. One of their notableprojects in Africa is their collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development(USAID) West Africa Trade & Investment Hub, Warc Group, and John Deere to improve smallholder
production in Ghana’s Upper West Region.110 This project leverages $1.2 million USD in development
funding to increase the productivity and incomes of 20,000 smallholder farmers.111 The aim is to increasesmallholder farmer adoption of climate-optimized hybrid maize seeds, educate farmers on sustainableagriculture practices, and improve access to credit, with the goal of increasing farmers’ yields from 2 to 4
metric tons per hectare.112,113 In terms of industry reinvestment, Corteva Agriscience has made significant
commitments. They have announced that they are spending more than $1.3 billion USD on R&D in 2023
and are increasing their R&D investment to 8% of annual net sales by 2025.114
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Biotech companies are constantly finding innovative solutions to global challenges and are consequently
creating opportunities to reduce inequalities.
Addressing health inequalities: Biotechnology can contribute to reducing health inequalities bydeveloping affordable treatments for diseases that disproportionately affect low-income populations.115
A major research partnership led by Imperial College London and University College London has beenlaunched to explore ways of reducing health inequalities in cities around the world.116 This project isfunded by £10 million from the Wellcome Trust and collaborates with institutions in 10 cities, including
London,117 and aims to address health inequalities by developing digital healthcare technologies.118
Solving for economic inequalities: Biotechnology can support sustainable agriculture in low-income
countries by developing modified crops that are more resilient to climate change and pests. This canhelp increase farm productivity and income, thereby reducing economic inequalities.119
Agrorite is a Nigerian startup that provides input financing as well as agricultural technology andconsultancy to help small farmers be profitable.120,121 Since 2019, Agrorite has improved the livelihoodof smallholder farmers by providing innovative solutions, including warehousing and profitable
markets, both locally and internationally for agrocommodities.122 This not only reduces income
inequality but also advances the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 2 of Zero Hunger.123
Genentech, a leading biotechnology company, is actively working to reduce inequalities throughtheir technologies.124 Genentech has launched the Health Equity Innovation Fund, which focuses
on strengthening trust and community engagement in clinical trials between communities ofcolor and healthcare providers, and incorporating bias training and accountability with healthcare
providers to achieve high-quality care for all patients.125 They also have the Diverse Future of STEM
Fund, which reinforces their commitment to breaking down barriers for underrepresented students
across all stages of their education journey, from K-12 to postgraduate support.126 These initiatives
are designed to address systemic racism in healthcare and STEM education pathways, and theyembody Genentech’s commitment to using biotechnology to drive social change.127,128
Genentech also recognizes that climate change has the potential to impact everyone’s health andwellbeing, and exacerbates many of the diseases they work to treat.129 They have set ambitious
sustainability goals to reduce their global environmental footprint 50% by 2029, and achieve true
zero emissions by 2050.130 This includes transitioning to 100% sustainable electricity for their SouthSan Francisco campus by 2025, reducing Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 75% by 2029
(compared to 2019), and electrifying their sales and site vehicle fleet by 2030.131

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Biotechnology can contribute to sustainable urban development by providing innovative solutions
in areas such as waste management and energy production. For example, biofuels produced fromurban waste can provide a renewable source of energy, while biotechnological processes can be used
to treat wastewater.132 Furthermore, biotech companies hold capacity-building training programs thatdevelop and embed sustainable practices into cities and communities.
Investing in sustainable production: Biotechnology can help achieve sustainable and efficientmanagement and use of natural resources,133 including microbes essential for industries such as
pharmaceuticals and food production. Harnessing the power of microbes to convert renewable
resources into electricity, fuels, and chemicals has paved the way for a "green bioeconomy".134 Living
Seawalls combines ecological and engineering know-how to bring marine life back to concrete
urban coastlines.135
Reducing waste: Biotechnology can contribute to the reduction of consumer-level food waste andfood loss in the production and supply processes.136 For example, genetically modified crops canbe more resilient to pests and diseases, reducing crop loss.137 One company, Greencity Solutions,tested 16,000 species of moss to find the most effective ones for use in moss wall biofilters. Living
walls are becoming more common architectural features, and with the new moss version, cities
have an improved ability to bring the fresh smell and clean air of a forest to crowded, busy locations,as well as reducing waste.138
Promoting sustainable practices: Biotechnology companies are being encouraged to adopt
sustainable practices and integrate information regarding sustainability into their reporting cycle.139 Thiscan help promote responsible consumption and production within the biotech industry.140 Scottish
biotech start-up Oceanium uses sustainably-farmed seaweed to create food and nutrition products
and compostable biopackaging.141 BitaGreen develops software and maps that identify how urban
green infrastructure helps to reduce flooding and increase the quality of life.142

Many biotech companies are making positive changes in the space.
Both Renmatix and Modern Meadow's sustainable supply chain projects are turning carbon pollution
into valuable resources, creating circular and sustainable supply chains that benefit communities
and cities while addressing pollution.
Simplot’s sustainability efforts are woven into the fabric of their company.143 They are committed
to finding ways to produce more with less as they contribute to feeding the world’s growing
population.144 As part of their 4 Sight 2030 Goals, Simplot has pledged to reduce energy, water,
carbon, and waste across all of their production facilities worldwide.145 They aim to reduce energy
use by 15% per ton of product, reduce freshwater intake by 15% per ton of product, reduce carbon
emissions by 20% per ton of product, and achieve zero waste to landfill in their food processing
plants.146 This addresses many of the sustainable development goals.
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Biotechnology can play a key role in promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns.
For example, it is a driver in the development of bio-based materials that are biodegradable and thus
reduce waste. Bio-based plastics and innovative bioprocesses that are genetically engineered to break
down plastic waste more rapidly and effectively can contribute to emissions reduction targets, which
can lead to economic benefits in terms of avoided costs related to climate change.
Replacing petroleum-based plastics with bioplastics: Bioplastic can replace waste destined for a landfill
with biodegradable, compostable consumer products.147,148 In terms of market share, bioplastics currently
represent approximately 1% of the global plastics production volume.149 This share is expected to growas bioplastics become more sophisticated and diverse.150 By 2030, it is expected that bioplastics willaccount for a 40% share of the global plastics market.151 In 2023, the Coca-Cola Company unveiled theworld’s first PET plastic bottle made entirely from plant materials using innovative technology from
Virent.152 The bottle is fully recyclable and made from renewable plant materials.153
Reducing the use of crop protection products with genetically engineered (GE) crops: From 1996 to
2018, crop biotechnology reduced the spraying of crop protection products by 776 million kilograms, a
global reduction of 8.6%.154 As a result, farmers who grow biotech crops have reduced the environmental
impact associated with their crop protection practices by 19%.155

Helping to ensure the environmentally sound managementof chemicals:
Phytonix, a biotech company, uses photosynthesis and cyanobacteria to produce renewablechemicals.156,157 Their process directly reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the rate of one
metric tonne of CO2 per 138 gallons of biobutanol produced.158 This significantly carbon-negative
process is expected to produce industrial chemicals at less than half the cost of the incumbent
fossil producers.159
One biotech leader in this space is Vestaron, whose innovations contribute to climate mitigation
through the development of peptide-based biopesticides.160 These biopesticides are derived fromnaturally occurring peptides, making them a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional
synthetic pesticides.161 By reducing the reliance on synthetic pesticides, Vestaron’s products canhelp decrease the emission of harmful chemicals into the environment.162 This not only helps
protect biodiversity but also reduces the carbon footprint associated with the manufacturing
and application of synthetic pesticides.163 Moreover, the use of biopesticides can contribute tosustainable agriculture practices, which play a significant role in climate change mitigation.164
Sustainable agriculture practices, including the use of biopesticides, can help reduce greenhouse16gas emissions, enhance the soil’s ability to sequester carbon, and improve farm resilience to climatechange.165,166 Through its innovative biopesticides, Vestaron is playing a part in the broader efforts
to mitigate climate change.
Similarly, Recombinetics leverages their proprietary gene-editing platform to improve the healthand welfare of food animals. Healthier animals mean less disease, which can reduce the need for
antibiotics and other treatments that can have environmental impacts. By improving animal healthand productivity, they can help to reduce the environmental footprint of livestock farming.167

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Biotechnological innovations can help mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Biofuels serve as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. Moreover, genetically modified crops are more
resilient and adaptable to changing climate conditions, thereby ensuring food security.168,169 Biotech as
an industry is agile and ready to meet the emerging needs of climate action as it grows.
Reducing agricultural emissions with GE crops: Biotech crops continue to contribute to the reductionof greenhouse gases. Recent studies suggest that if the European Union adopted genetically modified
crops more widely across its farmlands, it could reduce its agricultural emissions by almost 10%.170,171,172
This is due to the fact that GE crops are typically more productive, reducing the need for land and thus
decreasing deforestation.173,174,175
Decarbonizing air travel: Airlines are increasingly using biofuels to reduce carbon emissions from air
travel. In 2022, United Airlines announced a strategic investment in NEXT Renewable Fuels, which isdeveloping a flagship biofuel refinery in Port Westward, Oregon, with expected production beginningin 2026.176 The biorefinery could produce up to 50,000 barrels per day of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF),
renewable diesel, and other renewable fuels.177 Qantas Airlines completed the world’s first U.S.-Australia
biofuel flight in 2018, using a blend of biofuel processed from Brassica Carinata, a non-food mustard
seed.178 The flight resulted in a 7% drop in emissions along the route.179
Driving resilient innovation through partnerships: The below50 coalition – which includes companies
like Audi, DuPont, DSM, Joule, LanzaTech, Novozymes, and Yale University – continues to promotesustainable fuels that can achieve significant carbon reductions.180,181 The coalition has grown over theyears, with more companies joining to contribute to the development and use of sustainable fuels.182
Virgin Atlantic and LanzaTech are collaborating to produce jet fuel derived from waste industrial gases
from steel mills via a fermentation process.183,184 This results in carbon savings of 65% compared toconventional jet fuel.185,186 In 2023, Virgin Atlantic announced a partnership with LanzaTech to develop
and commercialize a new sustainable aviation fuel.187 They aim to have three UK plants running by
2025, producing up to 125 million gallons of sustainable fuel per year.188,189
LanzaTech is a biotechnology company that focuses on the production of bio-ethanol.190 Their technology
allows for the capture and processing of carbon-rich gases before they enter the atmosphere, whichhelps to reduce environmental harm.191 In 2021, their commercial plants produced more than 30 million
gallons of ethanol from waste carbon, the equivalent of offsetting 150,000 metric tons of CO2 fromthe atmosphere.cxcvii192,193 They also recycle over 90% of the water they use, and the spent bacterial
biomass from their process can be used as a nutrition source for aquaculture.194

18

LanzaJet, a spin-off of LanzaTech, is a sustainable fuels technology company dedicated to carbon
recycling and expanding sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and renewable diesel to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and to decarbonize the aviation and transportation industries.195,196 Their technology converts
ethanol derived from a variety of sustainable sources into SAF, which has the potential to reduce lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions by at least 70% compared to conventional jet fuel.197 LanzaJet has achieveda major construction milestone for the world’s first alcohol-to-jet SAF commercial production plant.198

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Biotechnology supports the development of sustainable aquaculture practices, which can help ensure
food security without depleting marine biodiversity.199,200 Biotechnology can also contribute to thepreservation of marine ecosystems by innovating in food production processes and technologies, andby safeguarding the sea from indirect threats like pollutants and nutrient runoff.
Innovating in food production from the sea: Biotechnology companies are using genomics technology
and recombinant DNA technology to address issues with overfishing and ensure a healthy marine
ecosystem. Kepley Biosystems is a U.S.-based life science startup developing OrganoBait, a synthetic
alternative to bait fish.201 This could help reduce the demand for wild-caught bait fish. Aker BioMarine202 isa Norwegian fishing and biotech company providing krill203 products through a fully documented
and secured catch-and-process chain. Krill is mainly used for the production of krill meal and krill oil,which is used for animal or aquaculture feed and for human consumption through health products
and omega-3 supplements. AlgaSpring, based in the Netherlands, is the largest producer of the marine
phytoplankton Nannochloropsis; phytoplankton plays a crucial role in oceanic food chains and in
regulating carbon dioxide levels.204
Safeguarding ecosystems from direct and indirect threats: Biotechnology has developed marinederived biosensors to monitor marine environments by revealing the presence of an element, molecule,or organism of interest. In 2011, a team at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science reported the creationof a portable biosensor that could detect marine pollutants, including oil, much more quickly andeconomically.205 Furthermore, DNA-based monitoring tools can also validate the identity of species
and alert to the presence of invasive species.206 Bawat A/S is a company based in Hørsholm, Denmark,whose product protects the eco balance of the global oceans by providing sustainable solutions
for ships’ ballast water management. The management systems are simple, flexible, cost-effective,
and sustainable solutions207 that keeps chemicals, filters, and UV out of the water by innovating thepasteurization process for ballast water in the world’s oceans. Marine biotechnology can also play a role
in remediation through the identification of bacteria that can metabolize certain types of hydrocarbons.
These bacteria can be used to break down pollutants without any danger to the ecosystem.208
AquaBounty's bioengineered fish offer opportunities for improved nutrition, reduced chemical usage,and enhanced sustainability in aquatic ecosystems, providing new ways to safeguard life below
water.209 AquaBounty’s land-based Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is far less susceptible todisease-related pressures of conventional salmon farming and has the added benefit of keeping theconventional treatments out of coastal waterways.210 Their RAS system features biological filters toremove waste and return freshwater to maintain an optimal growing environment for the salmon.
According to AquaBounty’s 2022 SDG report, its innovations in energy and water management via
salmon farming have both economic and environmental advantages.211

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15

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Biotechnology is a promising tool for improving soil health and nutrient cycling in sustainable agriculture.
Microorganisms with specific properties can be added to soil to promote plant growth, suppress plant
pathogens, and enhance soil structure and fertility. Biofertilizers and biopesticides are examples ofutilizing natural resources to enhance soil health, plant health, and productivity. Biotechnology has vastpotential in sustainable agriculture, providing several opportunities to enhance agricultural productivity,
quality, and sustainability.
Supporting sustainable forest management: Genetically engineered trees can be more resistant
to diseases and pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.212 Moreover, biotechnology cancontribute to the restoration of degraded land.213
Preserving water and topsoil with GE crops: Certain bacteria and fungi can be used to restore soil
fertility and structure.214
Herbicide-tolerant genetically modified crops enable farmers to apply conservation tillage. Less tillingmeans less soil erosion, as well an improved moisture retention. No-till agriculture also protects waterby reducing clogged waterways. Additionally, future nitrogen use efficient genetically modified
crops could also help reduce chemical runoff while potentially increasing yield by 15% per acre.215
Insect-resistant crops require less pesticide applications than conventional crops, better preserving
biodiversity - for example, the Bt eggplant, where pesticide use on eggplants was reduced by asmuch as 92% because of biotechnology.216
GE crops use one-fifth less farmland to produce food, resulting in less deforestation and thepreservation of biodiversity.217 From 1996-2015, the 574 million tons of productivity gained throughbiotechnology has saved 174 million hectares of land from being ploughed and cultivated.218
Reducing chemical pesticide use: Companies like Aphea.Bio are developing technologies to makebiopesticides out of microorganisms, offering an organic alternative to chemical pesticides.219 Global
Bioenergies, a French company, is harnessing microorganisms to break down agricultural or forestry
waste to produce fuels,220 and in December 2022, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced aninvestment of $9.5 million USD to support the scale-up of sustainable bioproduct manufacturing in
the United States.221
Calysta, a biotech company based in Silicon Valley, seeks to improve global protein availability while
preserving biodiversity for this and future generations.222 Their technology has a tiny water footprint,
requires no animal or plant products, and can be placed anywhere in the world. Their product, Feedkind,223“can produce 100,000 tonnes per year on just 10 hectares of developed land.” An equivalent quantityof soy protein would require a quarter of a million hectares of arable land.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Biotechnology is playing a role through the sector’s contributions to justice in healthcare and theenvironment. Biotechnology advancements are helping to address health disparities and ensure thatlifesaving treatments and vaccines are accessible to all.224,225 Furthermore, the ethical and responsible
use of biotechnological innovations can promote peaceful and inclusive societies. Transparency inbiotechnological research and development can foster trust and cooperation among nations.226
Improving health outcomes: Biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies tocombat debilitating and rare diseases.227 The Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) launched
the BIOEquality Agenda in 2020 as one step to counteract systemic injustice, inequality, and unfair
treatment of underserved communities.228 This initiative seeks to expand diversity in the biotech
industry and within clinical trials.
Protecting the environment: Biotechnology can help to reduce our environmental footprint.229 Thiscan contribute to environmental justice by ensuring that all communities have access to a clean andhealthy environment.
Enhancing food security: Biotechnology can help to feed the hungry by improving agricultural
productivity.230 This can help to address food insecurity and ensure that all individuals have access to
sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
Cleaning energy supplies: Biotechnology can help to use less and cleaner energy.231 This can contributeto energy justice by ensuring that all communities have access to affordable and sustainable energy.
Maximizing the efficiency of industrial manufacturing: Biotechnology can help to have safer, cleaner,and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.232 This can contribute to economic justice by
creating jobs and promoting sustainable economic growth.
BioNTech, a German biotechnology company, has made significant contributions to peace, justice,and strong institutions through its development of the first authorized COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine,
known as the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, was first authorized for emergency use by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration in December 2020.233 This marked a major public health step towards
ending the pandemic.
The development and distribution of the vaccine have addressed health disparities in several ways. The
vaccine has been tested in clinical trials that included thousands of participants from racial and ethnic
minority, American Indian and Alaska Native, and other diverse communities.234 This ensures that thevaccine is safe and effective for a wide range of populations.235 Furthermore, the vaccine helps to reduce
the severe impacts of COVID-19, which has disproportionately affected certain communities.236 In thisway, BioNTech’s work in developing the COVID-19 vaccine has contributed to the promotion of peace(by helping to end the pandemic), justice (by addressing health disparities), and strong institutions (byworking with regulatory bodies to ensure the vaccine’s safety and efficacy).
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No Poverty
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Biotechnology companies often engage in partnerships with governments, NGOs, academia, and otherstakeholders. These collaborations facilitate knowledge sharing, capacity building, and the mobilizationof resources needed to implement sustainable development initiatives.237

Fostering global partnerships for health:
The Access Accelerated program is a partnership involving more than 20 biopharmaceuticalcompanies and associations, the World Bank, and the Union of International Cancer Control. The
initiative works with stakeholders in select cities in low- and middle-income countries to address
specific issues affecting access to Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) care.238
The African Access Initiative (AAI) is a partnership of companies, governments, healthcare providers,and NGOs focused on sustainably expanding access to cancer medicines and technologies,
improving healthcare infrastructure, and building clinical and R&D capacity in Africa.239
MSD for Mothers in Uganda supports building a health ecosystem, including strengthening franchise
clinics, engaging local transport providers to improve linkages to care, working with drug shops toprovide essential supplies, promoting savings schemes, and training community health workers toraise awareness about safe motherhood and the importance of giving birth in a facility.240
GlaxoSmithKline partnered with Hôpital Sacré Coeur and Project HOPE to build, implement, andsustain a central vaccine/pharmaceutical handling system comprising a central temperaturecontrolled warehouse and supply chain with distributable cold-chain capabilities in Northern Haiti.241

Building partnerships for knowledge sharing:
Biotechnology Society of Nigeria (BSN): BSN aims to advance the biotech sector in Nigeria bypromoting collaboration between the local and the international community.242
Africa Pavilion at the annual BIO International Convention: African R&D innovations are showcased
and international partnerships are fostered with investors, companies, NGOs, and other researchers.243
BIO Ventures for Global Health: Along with pharmaceutical companies, BVGH is providing
fellowships and equipment donation to build capacity for research in Low and Middle-Income
Countries (LMICs).244,245

23

Sanofi Pasteur and Biovac agreement: Sanofi Pasteur entered into a technology transfer agreementwith Biovac, a South African developer and manufacturer of vaccines, to entrust Biovac with latestage manufacturing operations for the processing of the multi-national’s bulk product into afinished vaccine product for sale and distribution.246
J.R. Simplot is committed to leveraging biotechnology for sustainable agriculture and food security on
a global scale through partnerships. Simplot partners with the Biotechnology Potato Partnership247 tosupport smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and Indonesia through blight-resistant potato research.
In another project, Simplot partnered with the Sainsbury Laboratory and the University of Leeds toshare the company’s expertise in blight resistance.248

24Endnotes
1 AgriLinks, Agricultural Biotechnology: A Vital Tool to Address Food Security and Climate Change, February 24, 2022, at https://agrilinks.org/post/agricultural-biotechnology-vital-tool-address-food-security-and-climate-change
2 Genetic Literacy Project, Why grow GMOs? Over 23 years, biotech crops boosted farm income $225 billion, cuts pesticide use and slashed carbon emissions, July 15, 2020, at
https://pgeconomics.co.uk/press+releases/3/Global+economic+benefits+of+GM+crops+reach+++%26%2336%3B150+billion
3 Alliance for Science, WEMA achieves major milestone in African agriculture, May 29, 2018, at https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2018/05/wema-achieves-major-milestone-african-agriculture/#:~:text=The%20WEMA%20project%20has%20developed,drought%20tolerance%20and%20insect%20resistance
4 AgriLinks, Agricultural Biotechnology: A Vital Tool to Address Food Security and Climate Change, February 24, 2022, at https://agrilinks.org/post/agricultural-biotechnology-vital-tool-address-food-security-and-climate-change
5 World Trade Association, “The Role of the WTO SPS Agreement in Enabling Access to Tools and Technologies and Facilitating International Trade: A Case Study on Fall Armyworm”,
G/SPS/W/305, September 11, 2018
6 Frontiers, Constraints and Prospects of Improving Cowpea Productivity to Ensure Food, Nutritional Security and Environmental Sustainability, October 22, 2021, at https://www.
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.751731/full
7 Genetic Literacy Project, Why grow GMOs? Over 23 years, biotech crops boosted farm income $225 billion, cuts pesticide use and slashed carbon emissions, July 15, 2020, at
https://pgeconomics.co.uk/press+releases/3/Global+economic+benefits+of+GM+crops+reach+++%26%2336%3B150+billion
8 PIARCS PBC, About PIARCS, http://piarcs.org
9 World Trade Association, “The Role of the WTO SPS Agreement in Enabling Access to Tools and Technologies and Facilitating International Trade: A Case Study on Fall Armyworm”,
G/SPS/W/305, September 11, 2018
10 Springer Nature, SDG 3: Good Health & Well-Being, 2023, at https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/sdg-programme/sdg3?utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=MLSR_ALLPR_BAWG_US_PMLS_01AH5_USmedSDG03&utm_term=sdg%20goal%203&utm_content=SDG03%7CGeneric%7CGood%20Health%20%26%20
Well%20Being%7CBroad&msclkid=54149378fcd312edfe6df62a19ab1790&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=MLSR_ALLPR_BAWG_US_PMLS_01AH5_USmedSDG03&utm_term=sdg%20goal%203&utm_content=SDG03%7CGeneric%7CGood%20Health%20%26%20Well%20Being%7CBroad
11 BIOHK2023, Biotech crops good for environment, December 28, 2020, at https://2023.bio-hk.com/news/industry-news/biotech-crops-good-for-environment/
12 Genetic Literacy Project, Why grow GMOs? Over 23 years, biotech crops boosted farm income $225 billion, cuts pesticide use and slashed carbon emissions, July 15, 2020, at
https://pgeconomics.co.uk/press+releases/3/Global+economic+benefits+of+GM+crops+reach+++%26%2336%3B150+billion
13 Genetic Literacy Project, Why grow GMOs? Over 23 years, biotech crops boosted farm income $225 billion, cuts pesticide use and slashed carbon emissions, July 15, 2020, at
https://pgeconomics.co.uk/press+releases/3/Global+economic+benefits+of+GM+crops+reach+++%26%2336%3B150+billion
14 Frontiers in Nutrition, Conservation Agriculture Affects Grain and Nutrient Yields of Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Can Impact Food and Nutrition Security in Sub-Saharan Africa, January 26, 2022, at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8826957/#:~:text=Maize%20is%20the%20main%20staple,intake%20(1%2C%204)
15 AgriLinks, Agricultural Biotechnology: A Vital Tool to Address Food Security and Climate Change, February 24, 2022, at https://agrilinks.org/post/agricultural-biotechnology-vital-tool-address-food-security-and-climate-change
16 World Trade Association, “The Role of the WTO SPS Agreement in Enabling Access to Tools and Technologies and Facilitating International Trade: A Case Study on Fall Armyworm”, G/SPS/W/305, September 11, 201817 AgriLinks, Agricultural Biotechnology: A Vital Tool to Address Food Security and Climate Change, February 24, 2022, at https://agrilinks.org/post/agricultural-biotechnology-vital-tool-address-food-security-and-climate-change
18 GMO Answers, Improving Nutrition in the Developing World with GMOs, 2021, https://gmoanswers.com/improving-nutrition-developing-world-gmos
19 GMO Answers, Improving Nutrition in the Developing World with GMOs, 2021, https://gmoanswers.com/improving-nutrition-developing-world-gmos
20 Okanagan Specialty Fruits, About OSF, 2023, at https://osfruits.com
21 Genetic Literacy Project, Why grow GMOs? Over 23 years, biotech crops boosted farm income $225 billion, cuts pesticide use and slashed carbon emissions, July 15, 2020, at
https://pgeconomics.co.uk/press+releases/3/Global+economic+benefits+of+GM+crops+reach+++%26%2336%3B150+billion
22 McKinsey & Co., The Bio Revolution: Innovations transforming economies, societies, and our lives, May 13, 2020, at https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/the-bio-revolution-innovations-transforming-economies-societies-and-our-lives
23 AATF, PBR Cowpea, An innovation of hope, July 10, 2023, at https://www.aatf-africa.org/news-pbr-cowpea-an-innovation-of-hope/
24 Medical News Today, Screening sharply improves lung cancer long-term survival, study finds, 2023, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/screening-sharply-improveslung-cancer-long-term-survival#What-researchers-found-in-lung-cancer-screening-study
25 GMO Answers, Improving Nutrition in the Developing World with GMOs, 2021, https://gmoanswers.com/improving-nutrition-developing-world-gmos
26 Nature, Biotech firm announces results from first US trial of genetically modified mosquitoes, April 18, 2022, at https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01070-x
27 GMO Answers, Improving Nutrition in the Developing World with GMOs, 2021, https://gmoanswers.com/improving-nutrition-developing-world-gmos
28 World Trade Association, “The Role of the WTO SPS Agreement in Enabling Access to Tools and Technologies and Facilitating International Trade: A Case Study on Fall Armyworm”, G/SPS/W/305, September 11, 2018
29 BioSpace, Small and Medium Biotech Companies Still Growing in Uncertain Times, September 6, 2022, at https://www.biospace.com/article/how-small-to-medium-biotechcompanies-are-growing-in-uncertain-times/
30 BioSpace, Small and Medium Biotech Companies Still Growing in Uncertain Times, September 6, 2022, at https://www.biospace.com/article/how-small-to-medium-biotechcompanies-are-growing-in-uncertain-times/
31 Cornell Chronicle, Bt eggplant improving lives in Bangladesh, July 16, 2018, at https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2018/07/bt-eggplant-improving-lives-bangladesh
32 AATF, PBR Cowpea, An innovation of hope, July 10, 2023, at https://www.aatf-africa.org/news-pbr-cowpea-an-innovation-of-hope/
33 American Cancer Society, Survival Rates for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, June 19, 2018, at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-myeloid-leukemia/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
34 My Leukemia Team, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Survival Rates and Outlook, August 23, 2021, at https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/chronic-myeloid-leukemia-survival-rates-and-outlook
35 BioSpace, Small and Medium Biotech Companies Still Growing in Uncertain Times, September 6, 2022, at https://www.biospace.com/article/how-small-to-medium-biotechcompanies-are-growing-in-uncertain-times/
36 Healthline, Facts About HIV: Life Expectancy and Long-Term Outlook, January 23, 2023, at https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/life-expectancy
37 National Institute of Health, Benefits of Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Infection, August 10, 2015, at https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/benefits-early-antiretroviral-therapy-hiv-infection
38 Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Healing the World, https://archive.bio.org/articles/healing-world
39 USA Today, In 'major breakthrough,' new test can detect Parkinson's disease before symptoms appear, April 14, 2023, at https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/25

health/2023/04/14/parkinsons-test-detect-disease-before-symptoms-appear/11648232002/
40 Science Daily, Using artificial intelligence for early detection and treatment of illnesses, August 20, 2021, at https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210820135346.htm
41 Frontiers, The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology, March 16, 2021, at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.629629/full
42 BioSpace, Small and Medium Biotech Companies Still Growing in Uncertain Times, September 6, 2022, at https://www.biospace.com/article/how-small-to-medium-biotechcompanies-are-growing-in-uncertain-times/
43 The Palm Beach Post, CEO: ‘From blue jeans to genes’, at https://d2ghdaxqb194v2.cloudfront.net/2606/192055.pdf
44 The Harvard Gazette, Growing gap in STEM supply and demand, November 18, 2021, at https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/11/increasing-access-and-opportunity-in-stem-crucial-say-experts/
45 The Harvard Gazette, Growing gap in STEM supply and demand, November 18, 2021, at https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/11/increasing-access-and-opportunity-in-stem-crucial-say-experts/
46 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Biotech Experience, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-biotech-experience
47 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Biotech Experience, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-biotech-experience
48 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Biotech Experience, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-biotech-experience
49 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Biotech Experience, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-biotech-experience
50 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Biotech Experience, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-biotech-experience
51 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Scholars, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-scholars-program
52 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Scholars, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-scholars-program
53 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Scholars, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-scholars-program
54 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Scholars, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-scholars-program
55 AMGEN Foundation, Amgen Scholars, 2023, at https://www.amgenfoundation.org/science-education/amgen-scholars-program
56 BASF, STEAM Education in North America, 2023, at https://www.basf.com/us/en/who-we-are/community/Science-Education.html
57 BASF, Curiosity and interest in science for a brighter future, 2023, at https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/sustainability/we-value-people-and-treat-them-with-respect/societal-commitment/future-skills/education.html
58 BASF, Virtual Lab, 2023, at https://basf.kids-interactive.de/us-en
59 BMC International Health and Human Rights, Sex, gender, and health biotechnology: points to consider, July 21, 2009, at https://bmcinthealthhumrights.biomedcentral.com/
articles/10.1186/1472-698X-9-15
60 BMC International Health and Human Rights, Sex, gender, and health biotechnology: points to consider, July 21, 2009, at https://bmcinthealthhumrights.biomedcentral.com/
articles/10.1186/1472-698X-9-15
61 Government of India Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology supports women scientists to achieve SDG5 towards gender equality in STEM fields, March 9,
2021, at https://dbtindia.gov.in/dbt-press/department-biotechnology-supports-women-scientists-achieve-sdg5-towards-gender-equality
62 Harvard Business Review, How One Biotech Company Narrowed the Gender Gap in Its Top Ranks, June 2, 2021, at https://hbr.org/2021/06/how-one-biotech-company-narrowed-the-gender-gap-in-its-top-ranks
63 World Economic Forum, 4 ways inclusive innovation ecosystems can accelerate gender equality, March 6, 2023, at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/international-womens-day-4-ways-inclusive-innovation-ecosystems-can-accelerate-gender-equality/
64 Organon, Organon Launches as New Global Women’s Health Company, June 3, 2021, at https://www.organon.com/news/organon-launches-as-new-global-womens-health-company/
65 Organon, Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) 2022 Report, 2023, at https://www.organon.com/about-organon/environmental-social-governance/
66 Organon, Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) 2022 Report, 2023, at https://www.organon.com/about-organon/environmental-social-governance/
67 Organon, Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) 2022 Report, 2023, at https://www.organon.com/about-organon/environmental-social-governance/
68 Organon, Organon recognized in Bloomberg’s 2023 Gender Equality Index, January 31, 2023, at https://www.organon.com/stories/organon-recognized-in-bloombergs-2023-gender-equality-index/
69 Mass Challenge, 5 Biotechnology Trends and Innovations to Watch in 2023, January 23, 2023, at https://masschallenge.org/articles/trends-in-biotechnology/
70 PIARCS PBC, About PIARCS, http://piarcs.org
71 Springer Link, Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: a Review of its Applications and Health Implications, May 10, 2021, at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-021-05154-8
72 Springer Link, Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: a Review of its Applications and Health Implications, May 10, 2021, at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-021-05154-8
73 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), Pocket K No. 32: Biotechnology for the Development of Drought Tolerant Crops, March 2008, athttps://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/32/default.asp
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75 Labiotech, Biotech Drives the Water Purification Industry Towards a Circular Economy, January 20, 2021, at https://www.labiotech.eu/in-depth/water-purification-industry-circular-economy/
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81 IEA Bioenergy, Implementation of bioenergy in Denmark – Update 2021, October 2021, at https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CountryReport2021_Denmark_final.pdf
82 IEA Bioenergy, Implementation of bioenergy in Finland – Update 2021, October 2021, at https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CountryReport2021_Finland_final.pdf
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84 POLITICO Magazine, How Cities Are Turning Food Into Fuel, November 21, 2019, at https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2019/11/21/food-waste-fuel-energy-sustainability-070265
85 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Global companies unite in below50 to scale up sustainable fuels for a low-carbon, June 1, 2016, at https://www.wbcsd.org/
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89 PLOS ONE, A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops, November 3, 2014, at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111629
90 PG Economics, New report highlights 20 years of economic and environmental benefits from using biotech GM crops, June 5, 2017, at https://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/press+releases/2/New+report+highlights+20+years+of+economic+and+environmental+benefits+from+using+biotech+GM+crops/
91 Frontiers, Opportunities for Orphan Crops: Expected Economic Benefits From Biotechnology, June 23, 2022, at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.825930/full
492 PLOS ONE, The Cost-Effectiveness of Biologics for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review, March 17, 2015, at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119683
93 Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Innovation Saves, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/legacy/bioorg/docs/BIO_infographic_Innovation%20Saves_final.pdf
94 PLOS ONE, The Cost-Effectiveness of Biologics for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review, March 17, 2015, at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119683
95 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), The Role of Marine Biotechnology in the Bioeconomy, May 30, 2012, at https://www.oecd.org/sti/emerging-tech/session%205%20calewaert.%20pdf.pdf
96 MDPI, Indirect Costs of Rheumatoid Arthritis Depending on Type of Treatment—A Systematic Literature Review, August 17, 2019, at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/16/2966
97 Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Biotech Sector Thrives, Generating Nearly $3 Trillion Economic Impact – New Report Shows, October 26, 2022, at https://www.bio.org/
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98 Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Biotech Sector Thrives, Generating Nearly $3 Trillion Economic Impact – New Report Shows, October 26, 2022, at https://www.bio.org/
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99 Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Biotech Sector Thrives, Generating Nearly $3 Trillion Economic Impact – New Report Shows, October 26, 2022, at https://www.bio.org/
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100 Arzeda, About Arzeda, 2023, at https://arzeda.com
101 Arzeda, About Arzeda, 2023, at https://arzeda.com
102 Arzeda, Supercharging Nature Through Intelligent Protein Design, 2023, at https://arzeda.com/how-we-innovate/
103 McKinsey & Co., The Bio Revolution: Innovations transforming economies, societies, and our lives, May 13, 2020, at https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/the-bio-revolution-innovations-transforming-economies-societies-and-our-lives
104 BIO Ventures for Global Health, About African Access Initiative, 2023, at https://bvgh.org/african-access-initiative/
105 BIO Ventures for Global Health, Improving Cancer Patient Outcomes in Africa: A Holistic, Multi-Sector Approach, 2023, at https://www.wins.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/
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107 Valuer, Innovative Companies & SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, August 25, 2020, at https://www.valuer.ai/blog/identifying-new-business-models-and-technologies-within-sdg9108 Statistics Mauritius, Sustainable Development Goals, 2020, at https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Pages/Statistics/By_Subject/SDGs/SB_SDG.aspx
109 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), 2023 at https://www.nist.gov/ibbr
110 Corteva Agriscience, Working Together to Support Smallholder Farmers in Ghana, November 8, 2022, at https://www.corteva.com/resources/blog/working-to-support-smallholder-farmers-in-ghana.html
111 Corteva Agriscience, Working Together to Support Smallholder Farmers in Ghana, November 8, 2022, at https://www.corteva.com/resources/blog/working-to-support-smallholder-farmers-in-ghana.html
112 Corteva Agriscience, Working Together to Support Smallholder Farmers in Ghana, November 8, 2022, at https://www.corteva.com/resources/blog/working-to-support-smallholder-farmers-in-ghana.html
113 Corteva Agriscience, About Dow DuPont, 2023, at https://www.corteva.in/who-we-are/our-merger.html
114 Corteva Agriscience, Agricultural Transformation in Focus at Corteva Agriscience ‘Growing for Good’ Initiative, June 29, 2023, at https://www.corteva.com/resources/media-center/agricultural-transformation-in-focus-at-corteva-agriscience-growing-for-good-initiative.html
115 The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), Biotechnology: Driving Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/
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120 Agrorite, AgriBusiness Made Easy, 2023, at https://www.agrorite.com
121 StartUs Insights, Discover 5 Social Tech Startups to Watch in 2021, 2020, at https://www.startus-insights.com/innovators-guide/discover-5-social-tech-startups-to-watch-in-2021/
122 Agrorite, AgriBusiness Made Easy, 2023, at https://www.agrorite.com
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124 DESIGN – I CAN’T FIGURE HOW TO GET RID OF THIS SPACE
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126 Roche, Genentech R&D (gRED), 2023, at https://www.roche.com/innovation/structure/genentech
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128 Genentech, Giving for a More Just Healthcare System, February 10, 2021, at https://www.gene.com/stories/giving-for-a-more-just-healthcare-system
129 Genentech, Sustainability, 2023, at https://www.gene.com/good/sustainability
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132 The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), Biotechnology: Driving Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/
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133 The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), Biotechnology: Driving Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/
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134 The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), Biotechnology: Driving Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/
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135 World Economic Forum, 15 innovations bringing nature back into our cities, January 27, 2022, at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/15-innovations-helping-cities-become-nature-positive-biodiverse-hubs/
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137 The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), Biotechnology: Driving Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/
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138 Spring Wise, Five Innovations for Sustainable Cities, November 2, 2022, at https://www.springwise.com/innovation-snapshot/five-innovations-for-sustainable-cities/
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140 The International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), Biotechnology: Driving Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019, https://www.bio.org/sites/default/
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141 World Economic Forum, 14 innovative projects helping to save the planet and make the world a better place, January 13, 2021, at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/
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142 World Economic Forum, 15 innovations bringing nature back into our cities, January 27, 2022, at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/15-innovations-helping-cities-become-nature-positive-biodiverse-hubs/
143 Simplot, Feeding the World Responsibly, 2023, at https://www.simplot.com/sustainability
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149 Statista, Global bioplastics industry - statistics & facts, June 5, 2023, at https://www.statista.com/topics/8744/bioplastics-industry-worldwide/#topicOverview
150 Statista, Global bioplastics industry - statistics & facts, June 5, 2023, at https://www.statista.com/topics/8744/bioplastics-industry-worldwide/#topicOverview
151 Statista, Market share of bioplastics worldwide from 2015 to 2030, October 2017, at https://www.statista.com/statistics/981791/market-share-bioplastics-worldwide/
152 Coca-Cola Company, Coca‑Cola Unveils New Prototype Bottle Made From 100% Plant-Based Sources, October 21, 2021, at https://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/coca-cola-unveils-new-prototype-bottle-made-from-100-percent-plant-based-sources
153 Coca-Cola Company, Coca‑Cola Collaborates with Tech Partners to Create Bottle Prototype Made from 100% Plant-Based Sources, October 22, 2021, at https://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/100-percent-plant-based-plastic-bottle
154 Alliance for Science, New study: GMO crops reduce pesticide use, greenhouse gas emissions, July 27, 2020, at https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2020/07/new-study-gmo-cropsreduce-pesticide-use-greenhouse-gas-emissions/
155 Alliance for Science, GMO crops have reduced pesticide poisoning among farmers, report finds, November 18, 2021, at https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2021/11/gmo-cropshave-reduced-pesticide-poisoning-among-farmers-report-finds/
156 The Biofuels Digest, Phytonix: Converting CO2 Emissions into Sustainable Solar Chemicals & Fuels, June 21, 2022, at https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2022/06/21/phytonix-converting-co2-emissions-into-sustainable-solar-chemicals-fuels/
157 Phytonix, 2021 First Place Global Award-Winning Company, December 8, 2021, at https://phytonix.com
158 Phytonix, Combining Ancient & New, 2019, at https://phytonix.com/?page_id=58
159 Phytonix, Combining Ancient & New, 2019, at https://phytonix.com/?page_id=58
160 NASA Global Climate Change, Responding to Climate Change, November 8, 2023 at https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/
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163 NASA Global Climate Change, Responding to Climate Change, November 8, 2023 at https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/
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165 Frontiers, Agriculture's Contribution to Climate Change and Role in Mitigation Is Distinct From Predominantly Fossil CO2-Emitting Sectors, February 3, 2021, at https://www.
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167 Recombinetics™, Finding New Answers for Global Food Security, 2023, at https://recombinetics.com/acceligen/
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172 Science Daily, Genetic engineering can have a positive effect on the climate, February 8, 2022, at https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220208105310.htm
173 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, We Mean Business gets behind below50, June 19, 2017, at https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Climate-and-Energy/Climate/News/We-Mean-Business-and-WBCSD-to-expand-the-reach-of-below50
174 Anthropocene, Here’s how GMO crops could reduce greenhouse gas emissions—particularly in Europe, February 11, 2022, at https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2022/02/
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175 Science Daily, Genetic engineering can have a positive effect on the climate, February 8, 2022, at https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220208105310.htm

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176 United Airlines, United Becomes First U.S. Airline to Invest in Biofuel Refinery, November 15, 2022, at https://united.mediaroom.com/2022-11-15-United-Becomes-First-U-S-Airlineto-Invest-in-Biofuel-Refinery
177 United Airlines, United Becomes First U.S. Airline to Invest in Biofuel Refinery, November 15, 2022, at https://united.mediaroom.com/2022-11-15-United-Becomes-First-U-S-Airlineto-Invest-in-Biofuel-Refinery
178 Qantas, World First U.S.-Australia Biofuel Flight Takes Off, January 29, 2018, at https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/world-first-us-australia-biofuel-flight-takesoff/
179 Qantas, World First U.S.-Australia Biofuel Flight Takes Off, January 29, 2018, at https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/world-first-us-australia-biofuel-flight-takesoff/
180 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, We Mean Business gets behind below50, June 19, 2017, at https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Climate-and-Energy/Climate/News/We-Mean-Business-and-WBCSD-to-expand-the-reach-of-below50
181 Biofuels Digest: Below 50: Coalition of the Willing for Low-Carbon Transport Fuels, June 5, 2016, at https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/06/05/below50-coalition-ofthe-willing-for-low-carbon-transport-fuels/
182 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, We Mean Business and WBCSD to expand the reach of below50, June 19, 2017, at https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Climate-and-Energy/Climate/News/We-Mean-Business-and-WBCSD-to-expand-the-reach-of-below50
183 Virgin Atlantic, Low carbon fuel project achieves breakthrough as LanzaTech produces jet fuel from waste gases for Virgin Atlantic, September 14, 2016, at https://www.virginatlantic.com/gb/en/media-centre/press-releases/lanzatech-and-virgin-atlantic-fuel-breakthrough.html
184 Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Atlantic and LanzaTech sustainable fuel project takes flight, 2023, at https://flywith.virginatlantic.com/gb/en/stories/virgin-atlantic-and-lanzatech-celebrate-as-revolutionary-sustainable-fuel-project-takes-flight.html
185 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, We Mean Business and WBCSD to expand the reach of below50, June 19, 2017, at https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Climate-and-Energy/Climate/News/We-Mean-Business-and-WBCSD-to-expand-the-reach-of-below50
186 Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Atlantic and LanzaTech sustainable fuel project takes flight, 2023, at https://flywith.virginatlantic.com/gb/en/stories/virgin-atlantic-and-lanzatech-celebrate-as-revolutionary-sustainable-fuel-project-takes-flight.html
187 The Guardian, Jet planes and sugar cane: Qantas and Airbus get on board biofuel factory in Queensland, March 30, 2023, at https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/
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189 Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Atlantic and LanzaTech sustainable fuel project takes flight, 2023, at https://flywith.virginatlantic.com/gb/en/stories/virgin-atlantic-and-lanzatech-celebrate-as-revolutionary-sustainable-fuel-project-takes-flight.html
190 Craft, LanzaTech, 2023, at https://craft.co/lanzatech
191 LanzaTech, Recycling Carbon with Biology, 2023, at https://lanzatech.com
192 Craft, LanzaTech, 2023, at https://craft.co/lanzatech
193 LanzaTech Investor Relations, 2021 Impact Report, 2022, at https://ir.lanzatech.com/static-files/d28354d2-97e3-4de8-bf31-7246cd58bf39
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195 LanzaJet, Someday is now, 2023, at https://www.lanzajet.com
196 LanzaJet, What We Do, 2023, at https://www.lanzajet.com/what-we-do/
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201 OECD, The Role of Marine Biotechnology in the Bioeconomy, May 30, 2012, at https://www.oecd.org/sti/emerging-tech/Session%205%20CALEWAERT.%20pdf.pdf
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209 The Atlantic, What Will It Take for Americans to Eat Genetically Engineered Salmon?, February 26, 2018, at https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/02/aquabounty-genetically-engineered-salmon/553757/
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230 ThoughtCo., Societal Concerns with Biotechnology, June 25, 2019, at https://www.thoughtco.com/societal-concerns-with-biotech-3973289
231 ThoughtCo., Societal Concerns with Biotechnology, June 25, 2019, at https://www.thoughtco.com/societal-concerns-with-biotech-3973289
232 ThoughtCo., Societal Concerns with Biotechnology, June 25, 2019, at https://www.thoughtco.com/societal-concerns-with-biotech-3973289
233 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine, August 23, 2021, at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-firstcovid-19-vaccine
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