This English translation is provided for information purposes only.

Application Guidelines
for Doctoral Programin Biomedical Science and Engineering
April 2025 or October 2024 Enrollment

Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering,
Hokkaido University

Admission Policy
Philosophy
Contribute to the realization of a healthy, long-lived society by promoting research on thedevelopment of new medical technologies utilizing cutting-edge science and engineering and by
developing individuals who can pursue that research.
Educational Goals
Under the four basic philosophies of Hokkaido University (Frontier Spirit, Global Perspectives,
All-round Education and Practical Learning), the Graduate School of Biomedical Science andEngineering aims to cultivate individuals who possess advanced expertise, broad perspectives
and a strong sense of ethics, who are able to contribute to the sustainable development of society
as specialists in biomedical science and engineering, who possess outstanding knowledge andexcellent research abilities, and who are able to meet the demand for sophistication andglobalization regarding various issues related to medical technology, medical device
development and the like.
Desired Students(1) Knowledge, skills, interest and motivation
・Desired students are those who are inquisitive and strongly interested in biomedical scienceand engineering and their underlying disciplines (science, engineering and medicine), andwho have academic and research abilities necessary for these studies
・Desired students are those who are willing to contribute to the sustainable development ofsociety as specialists in biomedical science and engineering by earnestly engaging inresearch utilizing the acquired knowledge and technology(2) Thinking, judgment and expressive abilities
・Desired students are those with scientific thinking, ethics and logical thinking(3) Openness to learning independently in collaboration with various people
・Desired students are those who are willing to work independently on research that helps thedevelopment of new medical technology in collaboration with people from various fields
What to learn before admission
For people with experience as full-time workers in society
Professional knowledge and skills related to medical care or science and engineering,practical leadership, and English skills sufficient for one to obtain internationallyaccepted information
For people without experience as full-time workers in society
Professional knowledge and skills related to biomedical science and engineering or
medicine, science and engineering, practical leadership, and English skills sufficient for
one to obtain internationally accepted information
Basic Policy for Entrant Selection(1) General entrance examination and entrance examination for working students
Entrants are selected based on the following: Paper on a given topic, specialized examination, external English proficiency test,
and statement of purpose and research plan for knowledge and skills
 Specialized examination and statement of purpose and research plan for interest andmotivation
 Paper on a given topic, specialized examination, and statement of purpose andresearch plan for thinking, judgment and expressive abilities
 Specialized examination for openness to learning independently in collaboration
with various people1(2) Special selection for international students
Entrants are selected based on the following: Oral examination, external English proficiency test, and statement of purpose forknowledge and skills
 Oral examination and statement of purpose for interest and motivation
 Oral examination, and statement of purpose for thinking, judgment and expressive
abilities
 Oral examination for openness to learning independently in collaboration withvarious people
Entrance exam
classification

Knowledge, skills, interest
and motivation

Thinking, judgment andexpressive abilities

Openness to learning
independently incollaboration with various
peopleGeneral entrance
examination and entrance
examination for working
students◎◎

Paper on a given topic
Specialized
examination
Statement of purpose
and research plan○

Specialized
examination

Special selection forinternational students◎◎

Oral examination
Statement of purpose○

Oral examination

Paper on a given
topicSpecialized
examination
External English
proficiency test
Statement of purpose
and research plan
Oral examination
External English
proficiency test
Statement of purpose

The mark ◎ indicates elements that are particularly important, and the mark ○ indicates elements that are important.

Note: The Second Round Examination mentioned in the guidelines may not be conducted
depending on the outcome of the First Round Examination. Plans are slated to post anannouncement regarding whether or not the Exam will be conducted on the website abovearound late September 2024.

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Application Guidelines forDoctoral Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering
Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering
Hokkaido University
April 2025 Enrollment
1. Number of Students Admitted：
5 (including working students)
The outlined curriculum and research contents for this program are provided in “Organization andmain research contents at Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido
University” (page 17 and on).

2-1. Qualifications of Applicants (general examination)
Individuals who can enter this doctoral program are confined to those who satisfy one of the following
requirements:(1) Those who possess master’s degree or the professional degree (the professional degree stipulated in
Article 5-2 of the Academic Degree Rules (Ministry of Education Ordinance No. 9, 1953) based on
Article 104 Paragraph 3 of the School Education Act; hereinafter the same) or are expected toacquire master’s degree or a professional degree by March 2025;(2) Those who have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to professional degree atan overseas university or are expected to acquire master’s degree or any other degree equivalent toprofessional degree at an overseas university by March 2025;(3) Those who have completed a distance course of education provided by an overseas school while
residing in Japan and have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to theprofessional degree from that overseas school or are expected to acquire a master’s degree or any
other degree equivalent to the professional degree from that overseas school by March2025;(4) Those who have completed in Japan the postgraduate course of an overseas educational institution
accredited as providing the course of graduate university by the said foreign country’s school
education system and specifically designated by the Japanese Minister of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology and have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to theprofessional degree or are expected to acquire master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to theprofessional degree by March2025;(5) Those who have completed the course of the United Nations University (hereinafter called “UNU”)
founded on the basis of the United Nations General Assembly resolution dated December 11, 1972and stipulated in Article 1 Paragraph 2 of Act on Special Measures Incidental to Enforcement of the"Agreement between the United Nations and Japan regarding the Headquarters of the United
Nations University" (Act No. 72, 1976) and have acquired master’s degree or any other degree
equivalent to master’s degree or are expected to acquire master’s degree or any other degree
equivalent to master’s degree by March2025;(6) Those who have completed an educational course at an overseas school, an educational institution
which falls into the specification of above (4) or the UNU, have passed the examination orassessment stipulated in No. 16-2 of the Standards for the Establishment of the Graduate Schools,
and have been certified as possessing academic ability equivalent to or greater than mastergraduates or are expected to be certified as possessing academic ability equivalent to or greater thanmaster graduates by March2025;(7) Those who designated by Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (under
the Public Notice of Ministry of Education No. 118, 1989) (See Note.)ⅰ) Those who have been engaged in research at university, research institute or the like for 2 years
or more after graduation of a university and are deemed by our graduate school to having
academic ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates on the basis of the outcome of
the research and so on;ⅱ) Those who have been engaged in research at university, research institute or the like for 2 years
or more after completion of a 16-year school educational course in a foreign country or after3

completion of a distance educational course in Japan provided by overseas schools for a period
equivalent to the 16-year educational course in that country, and deemed by our graduate schoolas having academic ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates on the basis of theoutcome of the research and so on;(8) Those who deemed by our graduate school under individual qualification review as possessing
academic ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates or individuals possessing aprofessional degree and will be 24 years of age or older before March 31,2025. (See Note.)Note) Those who apply under Qualifications of Applicants (7) or (8) must undergo Qualification Review. Refer
to 3. (4) Qualification Review for further information.
Those who have completed the course of medicine, dentistry or the 6-year course of veterinary
medicine or pharmaceutical science or are expected to complete such a course by March 2025 must
undergo individual qualification review with respect to Qualifications of Applicants (8). Refer to 3. (4)Qualification Review for further information.

2-2. Qualifications of Applicants (examination for working students)
The examination for working students is for individuals satisfying one of Qualifications of Applicants (1)through (8) for the general examination in page 3-4, having experienced expertise work at healthcare/publichealth/welfare facilities, educational/research facilities, government agencies, enterprises or others as ofApril 2025 and are expected to be able to attend our graduate school while remaining at the current work
place after entering our graduate school.

3. Application Procedure(1) Application Period (Note that the Second Round Examination may not be conducted. For details,
refer to page 2.)
First Round Examination: July 11, 2024 (Thursday) to July 17, 2024 (Wednesday)
Second Round Examination: December 12, 2024 (Thursday) to December 18, 2024 (Wednesday)
Office hours: 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (JST) on weekdays
If the applicants send the application by post, send it by registered express mail. Application
documents must reach our Student Affairs Office within the application period.
Qualifications of Applicants (7) or (8) must undergo Qualification Review. Refer to 3. (4)Qualification Review for further information. Apply for Qualification Review within the application
period enclosing with all necessary documents described in 3. (4) Qualification Review.
(2) Application Documents and Examination Fee [general examination/examination for working
people]Please request Student Affairs Office for the original booklet: “Application Guidelines for Doctoral
Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Science andEngineering, Hokkaido University” and its English translation reference.
If any of the necessary documents may not be submitted within the application period, contact Student
Affairs Office, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering.
Application
for Admission（入学願書）
Statement of Purpose
and Research Plan

Prescribed form. Included in the original booklet.
Prescribed form. Included in the original booklet.

The original score sheet of one of the following (1) to (4). (score of the test you
took after September 2022
(1) TOEFL-iBT(2) TOEFL-ITP (Level 2 and Digital Test unacceptable)
Score Sheet of *External
English(3) TOEIC Listening & Reading Test (Bridge and S&W unacceptable)
proficiency test
For the TOEIC Listening & Reading Test taken after April 2023, submit
the original score sheet or a printed PDF version of the digital official
certificate.
(4) TOEIC-IP (Online unacceptable)4(5) IELTS (Academic Module)
If you only have a score sheet other than the above, contact the Student Affairs
Office promptly as there are cases in which such a document may be accepted.
List of Research
Achievement
Academic Transcripts
of Graduate School

Certificate of Graduation(or expected
Graduation or Completion )Examination Card /Photo ID Card
Self-addressed
Envelope
Address Label Seal

Examination Fee

Form to Paste thePayment Certificate
for Examination Fee

Prescribed form. Included in the original booklet.
*Not required if you completed (are expected to complete) the master’s programof Graduate School or Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido
University or if you have no history as a graduate student.
Must be issued by a university/college president or Dean.
(For graduates, be sure that the certificate includes information on your degree).
Not required if you completed (are expected to complete) the master’s programof Graduate School or Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido
University*Those who graduated or will graduate from a university in China (excluding
Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau) must submit the following documents inaddition to a Certificate of (Expected) Graduation (Completion) .
Graduates:
a. Online Verification Report of Higher Education Qualification Certificate（教育部学历证书电子注册备案表）b. Certified copies of your Graduation Diploma（毕业证书）and Degree Diploma（学位证书）that has been authorized by your university/college
Expected Graduates :a. Online Verification Report of Student Record（教育部学籍在线验证报告）Obtain documents “a” above by requesting it at “中国高等教育学历证书查询”:
http://www.chsi.com.cn/xlcx/bgys.jsp.
Also be sure that there are 15 or more days left until the expiration date of theonline verification at the time of its submission.
*Not required if you have no history as a graduate student.
Fill in your information and paste your photograph taken within the last 3
months (full-face, 4 x 3cm, applicant’s name printed on back) in thedesignated field.
Included in the original booklet.
Self-addressed envelope (23.5×12cm) with 94 JPY stamp* affixed toreceive your Examination Card.
*If the stamp fee changes for the Second Round Examination, we will
notify on the website.
Prescribed form to receive the acceptance letter and documents foradmission.
Included in the original booklet.
JPY30,000.
Pay by the attached Remittance Form (for use at Japan Post Bank or otherbanks in Japan), which is attached to the original booklet.
If you are expected to complete the master course of our graduate school
and are going to apply for this doctoral program after master course
completion or if you are a government-financed international student(person receiving MEXT Scholarship grants), you are exempted from thisfee but must include a statement to this effect when submitting theapplication.
Prescribed form. Included in the original booklet.
Fill in your name and affix the payment certificate of examination fee(certificate E) which is included in the original booklet and to be returned
from the bank upon payment.

5

(If applicable)
Photocopy ofApplicants from abroad must submit photocopy of passport.
Residence Card
(If applicable)
Consent to Transfer Applicants from EEA must confirm the Handling of Personaland Process Personal Information on page 9 and submit the consent.
Data
Applicants for Working Students Admission must submit the following additional documents.
Written Consent to School Attendance
Prescribed form.
Issued by the head of your department.
Certificate of Employment
Documents to confirm your occupation and work
period (free format)
 i) The score sheet needs to be an original. If you cannot submit the original score sheet, contact
Student Affairs Office, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering.
ii) Submission of the score sheet may be omitted if your prospective instructor confirms that yourcapability of foreign language has been sufficient assured by your experience of presentation as thefirst author at international conference(s) or by your research work such as papers which have been
published under your name as the first author in peer-reviewed journals in English.
If you fall under the case ii) above, you need to seek consultation to the preferred department of yourprospective department/laboratory before submitting the application and then to submit the following
additional documents.
Certificate on proficiency of English Free format
Approved by the head of the department of yourlanguageprospective department/laboratory
Documents as proof of your research Leaflet(s) of the conference(s) you presented at,offprint of the paper published, etc.
achievement(3) Applicants with Physical Disability
Physically disabled applicants who require special attention during tests and classes should contact
Student Affairs Office, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering at the time ofsubmitting application.
(4) Qualification Review
Qualifications of Applicants (7) or (8) must undergo Qualification Review. Apply for Qualification
Review within the application period enclosed with all the necessary documents.
A) Application period (Note that the Second Round Examination may not be conducted. For
details, refer to page 2.)
First Round Examination: June 4, 2024 (Tuesday) to June 10, 2024 (Monday)
Second Round Examination: November 5, 2024 (Tuesday) to November 11, 2024 (Monday)
Office Hours: 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (JST) on weekdays
If the applicants send the application by post, send it by registered express mail. Application
documents must reach our faculty within the application period.
B) Documents to be submitted“Application for Qualification Review” (prescribed form) needs to be submitted, enclosed withthe following documents in addition to the documents listed in “3. (2) Application Documents
and Examination Fee.”
In such cases, the examination fee needs to be remitted after receipt of the qualification review
result, using the attached Remittance Form by the deadline. Paste the payment certificate(Certificate E) on the form included in the original booklet, which is then to be submitted to“(5)Application Documents for both Entrance Examination and Qualification Review should besubmitted to:” specified in page 7 within the application period (if submitted by post, it needs toreach us within the application period).

6

1

Self-addressedenvelope

The following documents
need to be submitted
depending on thequalification of individual
applicant.

Self-addressed envelope (23.5×12cm) with 344 JPY stamp* affixed
to receive the results of Qualification Review.
*If the stamp fee changes for the Second Round Examination, we
will notify on the website.
Qualification
forApplication(7)
2

Certificate andother information
related to the final
educational career

(8)

(7)

3

Certificate toprove your academic
ability to beequivalent to or
higher than
individuals
possessing master’s
degree or the like

(8)

Documents to be submitted(1) Certificate of graduation or completion(2) Academic transcripts(1) Certificate of graduation(2) Academic transcripts(3) Documents stating qualification for enrollment,
academic requirements for graduation, and study
term.
Certificate of research, practical work, etc. of 2 years or
more* If documents, etc. allowing judgment of theapplicant’s academic ability (e.g., paper) areavailable, submit them.
For those having graduated from 2-year junior college or
the like, a certificate of research, practical work, etc. of 4
years or more needs to be submitted.
For those having graduated from 3-year junior college or
the like, a certificate of research, practical work, etc. of 3
years or more needs to be submitted.
* If documents, etc. allowing judgment of theapplicant’s academic ability (e.g., paper) areavailable, submit them.

C) Procedure of Qualification Review
On the basis of the information about the number of credits earned, performance and details of
research, work experience, etc., given in the documents submitted, the qualification is examined
in individual cases.
If deemed necessary, submission of some other documents may be requested.
D) Announcement of Results
Results of Qualification Review will be notified by postal mail.
(5) Application Documents for both Entrance Examination and Qualification Review should besubmitted to:Student Affairs Office, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University
Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 JAPAN
Tel: +81-(0)11-706-5523

4. Selection of Entrants
Selection shall be determined on the basis of general evaluation of the documents submitted, the paper
written on the given topic and the results of specialized examination.

7

5. Date, Time and Place of Entrance Examination (Note that the Second RoundExamination may not be conducted. For details, refer to page 2.)
DateFirst RoundExamination: August21, 2024(Wednesday)
Second RoundExamination:
January28, 2025
(Tuesday)Time

Examination

Category

9:20-9:30(Instruction)*1

9:30-11:30

Writing a paper
on a given topic

Writing

13:00-

Specialized
examination*2

Oral(Writing
may berequired)

Place
Information of placeandexamination
card will be sent by
post beforehand.
Instructed on the
day of examination*1 Each applicant is required to come to the examination room by9:10.
*2 Applicants who have the second preference in the preferred laboratory shall take specialized
examinations in two fields.

6. Announcement of Successful Applicants (Note that the Second Round Examination may
not be conducted. For details, refer to page 2.)
First Round Examination: September 6, 2024 (Friday) 10:00 am (JST)Second Round Examination: February 28, 2025 (Friday) 10:00 am (JST)To be posted on the bulletin boards of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering(Administrative Building, 1F, Faculty of Medicine). At the same time, individual applicants will be
notified by postal mail.
Around 10:00 am, the applicant No. for each accepted applicant will be made public at our graduate
school website (http://www.med.hokudai.ac.jp/news). Any inquiry about acceptance/rejection overtelephone or the like will not be accepted.

7. Admission Procedure
Admission procedure is outlined below (details will be notified separately to each applicant acceptedfor entry).
(1) Registration Period
March 5, 2025 (Wednesday) to March 11, 2025 (Tuesday) on weekdays(2) Admission Fee and Tuition Fee
A) Admission Fee: JPY282,000 [estimate]This fee does not apply to the students who are expected to complete the master course of our graduate
school and are going to enter doctoral program after master course completion or if you are agovernment-financed international student (receiving a scholarship of the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology). You need to state so when taking the entrance procedure.
B) Tuition Fee: JPY267,900 for half a year (JPY535,800 for a year [estimate])(1) The tuition fee needs to be remitted using the sheet which will be sent from our school to
you around the middle of the month after your entrance.
(2) If the entrance fee or the other fee to be paid by students has been modified before or after
entrance, the new amount of such a fee begins to be applied at the time of modification.
* There is a system for postponement or exemption of paying the admission fee and tuition fee.
Further details will be informed at the time of notification of admission procedure, etc.

8. Important Notice(1) The column “preferred department” of the Application Form should be filled in after prior inquiry
and confirmation with your prospective instructor concerning detailed contents and plan of theresearch, referring to “Organization and main research contents at Graduate School of Biomedical
Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University” (Page 17 and on of this application guidelines).
(2) Application will not be accepted if incomplete. Therefore, sufficient care needs to be taken to avoid
error in entry or missing entry.
(3) Once submitted, the application cannot be revised.
(4) Once paid, the examination fee cannot be refunded except the following cases:A) The application was not submitted after the payment of the examination fee or the application
was not accepted due to the documents being incomplete.
8B) The examination fee has been erroneously paid twice.
* In the above-mentioned cases, you need to place a request to Student Affairs Office, Graduate
School of Biomedical Science and Engineering.
Refunding will take a considerable number of days.
When you request refunding, the “examination fee payment certificate E” or “transfer remittancerequest and receipt” (remittance amount and charge) receipt D,” you receive from the financial
institution, will be needed. Be reminded not to lose them.
(5) If any information given in the application form differs from the fact, admission may be canceled.
(6) Any inquiry about entrance or examination needs to be sent by postal mail, enclosing aself-addressed return correspondence envelope with a postage stamp affixed.

9. Educational Program
Our medical physics education program aims to produce accomplished medical physicists. Upon successful
completion of the program, students will be given the certificate of completion. For more information,please refer to our website at http://www.med.hokudai.ac.jp/en/bme/.

10. Long-Term Study Program
Our graduate school has a Long-term Study Program. If you desire to utilize such a system, you needto file an application after carefully reading the “Long-Term Study Program” stated in page 13.

11. Handling of personal information(1) All personal information collected by Hokkaido University will be completely protected incompliance with the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Independent
Administrative Agencies, and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) pursuant to the
Hokkaido University Regulations on Personal Information Management.
(2) Your name, address, and other personal information you provide to the university through applicationand individual admissions screening processes will be used solely for ① enrollee selection(application processing and the screening process), ② the announcement of exam results, ③
admission procedures, ④ surveys and research on enrollee selection methods, and ⑤ otherrelated processes.
(3) The personal information in section (2) above will also be used after enrollment, only for those who
pass the exam, for processes related to ① academic affairs (registration, academic guidance), ②
student support services (health management, scholarship applications, dorm admission selection,
welfare services, etc.), ③ job search support services, ④ tuition, ⑤ use of the university library,⑥ use of information education facilities, ⑦ confirming your safety and communication in adisaster or emergency situation, and ⑧ public relations (distributing newsletters, information on
events, etc.).
(4) Personal information contained in exam results will be used to conduct surveys and research onenrollee selection methods.
(5) For recruiting purposes, when we receive a request for information from the Hokkaido University
Frontier Foundation (Kita 8 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido; Tel: +81-(0)11-706-2017) or
Hokkaido University Athletic Union (Kita 17, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido; Tel:+81-(0)11-716-4815), the only personal information listed in section (2) will be provided for use
within the scope of that organization’s activities.
(6) The personal information set forth in (2) will be retained for five years from the next academic yearof our acquirement.
(7) The university shall use Article 6, Paragraph 1 (a) of the EU GDPR as the basis for handling personal
information and obtaining consent to use it. Personal information will only be used for the purpose
for which consent has been given, except when required by laws and regulations.
(8) The consent set forth in (7) may be revoked at any time. However, this does not affect the legal
handling of personal information before consent was revoked.
(9) Individuals who provide personal information may make the following requests to the university
based on the EU GDPR and related laws and regulations:① Disclosure of personal information，② Correction of personal information，③ Erasure of
personal information，④ Limitation of the handling of personal information, ⑤ Objection to thehandling of personal information，⑥ Transfer of personal information to other service providers
9(10) If you have provided personal information within the European Economic Area, you may file an
objection to a supervisory authority in accordance with Article 51, Paragraph 1 of the EU GDPR if
you are dissatisfied with the university’s handling of your personal information, etc.
(11) Some of the processes in (2)－(5) mentioned above may be outsourced by the university to acontracted service provider (hereinafter referred to as “contractor”). All or some of the personal
information provided by applicants may be provided to the contractor only as needed to perform thetasks for which it has been contracted.
(12) This university is subject to Japan’s Law for the Protection of Personal Information Retained by
Independent Administrative Institutions, but not subject to adequacy decisions by the European
Commission.
12. Others
Some past entrance exam papers of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering
have been published. For details such as how to request for them, refer to the following website:
https://www.med.hokudai.ac.jp/en/bme/

10

October 2024 Enrollment
1. Number of Students Admitted:
A few (including working students)
2-1. Qualifications of Applicants (general examination)
Individuals who can enter this doctoral program are confined to those who satisfy one of the following
requirements:(1)
Those who possess master’s degree or the professional degree (the professional degree stipulated
in Article 5-2 of the Academic Degree Rules (Ministry of Education Ordinance No. 9, 1953) based on
Article 104 Paragraph 3 of the School Education Act; hereinafter the same) or are expected to acquire
master’s degree or a professional degree by September2024;(2)
Those who have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to professional degree
at an overseas university or are expected to acquire master’s degree or any other degree equivalent toprofessional degree at an overseas university by September 2024;(3)
Those who have completed a distance course of education provided by an overseas school while
residing in Japan and have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to the professional
degree from that overseas school or are expected to acquire a master’s degree or any other degree
equivalent to the professional degree from that overseas school by September 2024;(4)
Those who have completed in Japan the postgraduate course of an overseas educational
institution accredited as providing the course of graduate university by the said foreign country’s school
education system and specifically designated by the Japanese Minister of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology and have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to theprofessional degree or are expected to acquire master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to theprofessional degree by September 2024;(5)
Those who have completed the course of the United Nations University (hereinafter called“UNU”) founded on the basis of the United Nations General Assembly resolution dated December 11,
1972 and stipulated in Article 1 Paragraph 2 of Act on Special Measures Incidental to Enforcement of the"Agreement between the United Nations and Japan regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations
University" (Act No. 72, 1976) and have acquired master’s degree or any other degree equivalent tomaster’s degree or are expected to acquire master’s degree or any other degree equivalent to master’s
degree by September 2024;(6)
Those who have completed an educational course at an overseas school, an educational
institution which falls into the specification of above (4) or the UNU, have passed the examination orassessment stipulated in No. 16-2 of the Standards for the Establishment of the Graduate Schools, andhave been certified as possessing academic ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates or are
expected to be certified as possessing academic ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates bySeptember 2024;(7)
Those who designated by Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (under
the Public Notice of Ministry of Education No. 118, 1989) (See Note.)ⅰ)
Those who have been engaged in research at university, research institute or the like for 2 years
or more after graduation of a university and are deemed by our graduate school to having academic
ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates on the basis of the outcome of the research and soon;ⅱ)
Those who have been engaged in research at university, research institute or the like for 2 years
or more after completion of a 16-year school educational course in a foreign country or after completionof a distance educational course in Japan provided by overseas schools for a period equivalent to the
16-year educational course in that country, and deemed by our graduate school as having academic
ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates on the basis of the outcome of the research and soon;(8)
Those who deemed by our graduate school under individual qualification review as possessing
academic ability equivalent to or greater than master graduates or individuals possessing a professional
degree and will be 24 years of age or older before September 30, 2024. (See Note.)Note) Those who apply under Qualifications of Applicants (7) or (8) must undergo Qualification Review.
Refer to 3. (4) Qualification Review for further information.
Those who have completed the course of medicine, dentistry or the 6-year course of veterinary medicine or11pharmaceutical science or are expected to complete such a course by September 2024 must undergo
individual qualification review with respect to Qualifications of Applicants (8). Refer to 3. (4) Qualification
Review for further information.

2-2. Qualifications of Applicants (examination for working students)
The examination for working students is for individuals satisfying one of Qualifications of Applicants (1)through (8) for the general examination in page 11, having experienced expertise work at
healthcare/public health/welfare facilities, educational/research facilities, government agencies,
enterprises or others as of October 2024 and are expected to be able to attend our graduate school whileremaining at the current work place after entering our graduate school.

3. Admission Procedure
Registration Period
September 9, 2024 (Monday) to September 13, 2024 (Friday) on weekdays
Other than those above, refer to the pages for April 2025 Enrollment.

Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University,
Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638 JAPAN
Address for contact:

Telephone number:Student Affairs Office,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering,
Hokkaido University+81-(0)11- 706-5523

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Long-Term Study Program
1. Purposes
The standard term is three years. Long-Term Study Program (longer than three years) is offered for
those who wish to study and acquire a degree through a long-term enrollment due to time limitations.
Applicants are individually screened for eligibility.
2. Eligibility
Those who have difficulties in completing the program within the standard term due to personal reasons
such as (1) full time jobs, (2) part time jobs (3) child-raising or a long-term nursing care, or (4) visualdisabilities, auditory disabilities, physical disabilities or other disabilities are eligible to apply for thisprogram.
3. Period of enrollment
Students in doctoral program may extend their term of study up to six years, and extension of study
term can be applied by the year as a unit.
Students in a Long-Term Study Program are allowed to have three years leave as well as regularstudents.
4. Application procedure(1) Application Period
Please request at the time of application for admission. Application form is available at Student
Affairs Office, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering.
(2) Application Documents
Please submit the following documents to Student Affairs Office of the Graduate School of Biomedical
Science and Engineering.
ⅰ) Application for the Long-Term Study Program (Form 1-1)ⅱ) Reasons to apply to the Long-Term Study Program (Form 2)ⅲ) Study plan of the Long-Term Study Program (Form 3)ⅳ) Documents to prove the need for the Long-Term Study Program
5. Shortening or re-extension of Long-Term Study ProgramIf deemed necessary by our graduate school, study term of Long-Term Study Program could be either
shortened or re-extended once during the program.
Regarding its procedure, contact Student Affairs Office, Graduate School of Biomedical Science andEngineering.
6. Tuition fees
Annual tuition fee of the Long-Term Study Program is determined by dividing the total fees of the regularprogram of standard term (annual fee×3 years) by the number of years allowed for the Long-Term Study
Program. Tuition fee is non-refundable, and the tuition already been paid will not be adjusted.
* Please do NOT pay tuition fee of the long-term study program before receiving a notice of determination.

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Curriculum of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University
1. Course of Education Outlined
At our graduate school, towards the goal of realizing a curriculum capable of cultivating
researchers/engineers having reliable knowledge and high levels of expertise capabilities, instructors
belonging to multiple graduate schools, hospitals and research institutes cooperate beyond the border of
specialties (science, engineering, medicine, health science and dentistry) to provide education covering
fundamentals to latest aspects of biomedical science and engineering, to foster talents familiar with thehybrid field of biomedical science and engineering (interdisciplinary field of multiple specialties, including
science, engineering, medicine, health science and dentistry) instead of researchers/engineers in one
specific field.
The curriculum for master’s program can be characterized by: (1) “Common Required Subjects (5subjects)” aimed at acquiring knowledge base about fields relating to biomedical science and engineering(compulsory subjects for both courses), (2) “Required Subjects (6 subjects in total)” consisting of two
subject groups, i.e. “Subjects for Quantum Biomedical Science and Engineering Course (3 subjects)”aimed
at acquiring expert knowledge and skills on radiation/particle beam therapy and relevant medical devices by
students of the “Quantum Biomedical Science and Engineering Course” and “Subjects for Molecular
Biomedical Science and Engineering Course (3 subjects)” aimed at acquiring expertise knowledge/skills onmolecular diagnostic imaging, molecular biology, radiation biology, etc. by students of the “Molecular
Biomedical Science and Engineering Course”, and (3) “Elective Subjects (31 subjects)” aimed at
cultivation of talents familiar as well as with other fields through acquisition of extensive knowledge
beyond the framework of courses. The subjects provided as “Required Subjects” may also be selected as“Elective Subjects” (credits can be earned) by those students of the course in which such subjects are notrequired subjects.
The curriculum for doctoral program consists of “required subjects (2 subjects)” and “elective subjects (3subjects).”
Details of the curriculum follows below.
[Doctoral Program](1) Required Subjects
With a goal of writing a doctoral dissertation, “Advanced Research on Biomedical Science andEngineeringⅠ” and “Advanced Research on Biomedical Science and EngineeringⅡ” are provided as
subjects aimed at training the students for further advancing the extensive knowledge/basic academic
abilities and the practical expertise capabilities allowing contribution to frontier biomedical researchand development acquired through master’s program.
(2) Elective Subjects
For students desiring to acquire the qualification of medical physicist, “Clinical Medical Physics
Training (Quality Assurance), “Clinical Medical Physics Training (Proton/Image-guided Radiation
Therapy)” and “Clinical Medical Physics Training (Treatment Planning)” are provided as subjects,
involving treatment planning simulation using medical images and training at the Hokkaido
University Hospital.
Course Outline, etc.
[Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (Doctoral Program)]
No. of Credits

Advanced Research on
Biomedical Science andEngineeringⅡ

1-3
throughout

8

Clinical Medical Physics
Training (Quality Assurance)

1/2/3
throughout

14

Experiment/
Training

2

SeminarElectives

1-3
throughout

LectureRequired

Advanced Research on
Biomedical Science andEngineeringⅠ

Free

Year

Optional

Subject Name

Indispensable

Subject
Group

Form

✓

✓

4

✓

Clinical Medical Physics
Training(Proton/Image-guided Radiation
Therapy)

1/2/3
throughout

4✓

Clinical Medical Physics
Training (Treatment Planning)

1/2/3
throughout

4✓

2. Requirements for completion of doctoral program
Passing the defense of doctoral dissertation review and the relevant examination after attending thegraduate school for three years or more (for those whose performance is distinguished, years specified in
the qualification of No. 17 of the Standards for the Establishment of the Graduate Schools could be applied),acquiring 10 credits or more and receiving necessary research guidance under instructor’s supervision.

(Reference Information)[Master’s Program](1) Common Required Subjects
As subjects applicable for both two courses, “Introduction for Cooperation in Biomedical Science andEngineering,” “Research and Development of Medical Devices” and “Advanced Course of Medical
Device Clinical Research” will be provided. Latest trends in biomedical science and engineering will
be outlined in an easily understandable manner to help students acquire frontier knowledge needed as
researchers/engineers in the field of biomedical science and engineering.
In addition, for the goal of writing a master’s thesis, “General Research on Biomedical Science andEngineering I” and “General Research on Biomedical Science and Engineering Ⅱ” will be provided
as subjects involving advanced learning and training aimed at cultivating practical and expertisecapabilities needed to resolve issues.
(2) Required Subjects- Subjects for Quantum Biomedical Science and Engineering“Radiation Physics for Biomedical Science and Engineering” serving as the basis for quantum
biomedical science and engineering and “Particle Therapy Physics” and “Physics and Engineeringfor Radiation Therapy” aimed at acquiring knowledge needed for radiotherapy are provided tostimulate students acquire expertise knowledge on quantum biomedical science and engineering.
- Subjects for Molecular Biomedical Science and Engineering“Diagnostic Radiology for Biomedical Science and Engineering” and “Functional Imaging for
Diagnosis in Biomedical Science and Engineering” aimed at acquiring knowledge etc. needed for
diagnostic imaging for molecular biomedical science and engineering and “Basic Physics for
Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine” serving as the basis of radiological diagnosis andnuclear medicine are provided to guide students to acquire expertise knowledge to resolve issues in
the field of molecular biomedical science and engineering.
(3) Elective Subjects- So that students can acquire extensive expertise knowledge, information on latest trends, etc. needed
as basic knowledge and for involvement in industry-academic linkage/enterprise linkage, diverse
subjects will be provided: “Physics for Biomedical Science and Engineering,” “Radiologic Anatomy
for Biomedical Science and Engineering,” “Radiation Protection for Biomedical Science andEngineering,” “Information Programming Advanced Course” and so on.
- To guide students to acquire extensive knowledge, etc. about quantum biomedical science andengineering, “Radiation Measurement in Clinical Practice,” “Medical Informatics and Information
Engineering,” “Image Processing for Biomedical Science and Engineering,” “Accelerator Sciencefor Biomedical Science and Engineering” and a subject given in English “Medical Physics School”
are provided.
- In addition, subjects needed for scientific/engineering research of human body are provided:“Radiation Biology,” “Radiation Oncology for Cooperation with Biomedical Science andEngineering,” “Basic Physics for Radiation Therapy,” “Molecular Tumor Therapeutics,” “Molecular
Probe Science,” “Advanced Physics for Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine” and two
subjects given in English: “Molecular Tumor Pathology” and “Molecular Biomedical Science andDiagnosis School” are provided.

15

Course Outline, etc.
[Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (Master’s Course)]✓

1 second
1 first1-2
throughout
1-2
throughout
1 first1 first

1
1

✓
✓

2
2

✓
✓

Physics and Engineering for Radiation Therapy

1 first2✓

Diagnostic Radiology for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Functional Imaging for Diagnosis in Biomedical Science andEngineering

1 first2✓

1 second2✓

Basic Physics for Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

1 first2✓

Basic Physics for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Radiologic Anatomy for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Introduction to Biomedical Science and Engineering Research
Research planning for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Research
Statistics for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Radiation Protection for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Information Programming Advanced Course
Biomedical Human System Engineering
Biomedical Engineering I
Biomedical Engineering II
Nuclear Physics I for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Nuclear Physics II for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Special Lecture of Nuclear Physics for Biomedical Scienceand EngineeringⅠ
Special Lecture of Nuclear Physics for Biomedical Scienceand EngineeringⅡ
Applied Physics for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Radiation Measurement in Clinical PracticeMedical Informatics and Information Engineering
Image Processing for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Accelerator Science for Biomedical Science and Engineering

1/2 first
1 first1 first

2
1
1

✓
✓
✓

1 first1✓

1/2 first
1 first
1/2first
1/2 first
1/2 first
1/2 second
1/2 first
1/2 second
1/2
throughout
1/2
throughout
1/2 second
1 second
1 second
1/2 second
1/2 first
1/2
throughout
1 first

1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

1

✓

1

✓

2
2
1
2
2

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

2

✓

General Research on Biomedical Science and Engineering I

Radiation Physics for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Particle Therapy Physics

Medical Physics School
Radiation Biology
Radiation Oncology for Cooperation with Biomedical Scienceand Engineering
Basic Physics for Radiation Therapy
Molecular Tumor Pathology
Molecular Tumor Therapeutics
Molecular Probe Science
Advanced Physics for Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine
Molecular Biomedical Science and Diagnosis School
Special Seminar on Biomedical Science and Engineering
Medical Imaging Informatics

✓

8

✓

1

✓

1 second2✓

2 first1 second
2 second
1 second

2
2
2
2

✓
✓
✓
✓

1 second

2

✓

2

✓

1/2
throughout
1/2
throughout
1/2 second

162

Experiment/Training

2

Seminar

LectureRequired Subjects

Elective Subjects

Type of Class

1 firstGeneral Research on Biomedical Science and Engineering Ⅱ
Course ofQuantum
Biomedical
Science andEngineering
Course ofMolecular
Biomedical
Science andEngineeringFree

Introduction for Cooperation in Biomedical Science andEngineering
Research and Development of Medical Devices
Advanced Course of Medical Device Clinical ResearchElective

CommonRequired
Subjects

Subject

No. of Credits
Required

Subject

Year &
Semesterto Take
Subject

11✓✓Organization and main research contents at Graduate School of Biomedical Science andEngineering, Hokkaido University
Quantum Biomedical Science and Engineering Course
Department: Particle Beams for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Laboratory Radiation Oncology
Instructor
HASHIMOTO Takayuki, Associate Professor
KOBASHI Keiji, Lecturer
NISHIOKA Kentaro, Assistant Professor
Radiotherapy can be characterized by the possibility of preserving the function originally
Outlinepossessed by the living body and maintaining the function of individual patients throughinduction of disappearance of neoplasm/tumor, unlike surgical treatment which treats cancer byremoving organs/tissues out of the body. Radiotherapy with X-ray and particle beam therapy withcharged particles achieve treatment through utilization of the physical characteristics of theserays in medicine by means of scientific/engineering technology. Development of morepractically useful and effective devices and therapeutic techniques will be enabled if we view anddiscuss the frontier technology of engineering and science on the basis of deep understanding of
human body structure/function and medical/physiological viewpoints, focusing for example ondose concentration for the purpose of tumor control, dose reduction to normal tissues/organs tominimize adverse reactions and dealing with body and organ movements that always change theirlocation under the influence of respiration, cardiac beating, peristalsis, etc. This laboratory is
aimed at cultivating talents capable of contributing to improvement in disease curing rate andQOL (quality of life) of patients with cancer and other diseases through research on technology
dealing with motion of organs during radiotherapy, research on particle beam therapy anddevelopment of new medical technology, as well as cultivating globally active researchers andeducators on these topics.

1

Laboratory
Instructor

Radiation Medical Physics
TAKAO Seishin, Associate Professor
YOKOKAWA Kohei, Assistant Professor

OutlineFollowing recent improvement in the outcome of treatment thanks to advances inmedical/scientific/engineering technology, the need to radiotherapy has been increasing
remarkably. Among others, particle beam therapy, which applies accelerators to healthcare, isreceiving much expectation as a means of minimizing the patient’s physical stress throughachieving dose concentration on the target cancer. Recently, the use of image guiding technology
has made it possible to provide treatment in a way tailored to the patient’s motions during
treatment, morphological changes of the tumor, bioreactions and other factors. This laboratory is
aimed at utilization of the technology of science/engineering (radiation physics, quantum beam
applied engineering, image engineering, etc.) to healthcare. Specifically, in collaboration with the
Hokkaido University Hospital Proton Beam Therapy Center, this laboratory will engage indevelopment of irradiation technology/devices capable of reducing adverse reactions andimproving therapeutic efficacy, development of image guiding technology incorporating detailed
information about patient’s motions and tumor’s morphological changes, development of dose
calculation/optimization techniques for realization of high precision treatment, andcomprehensive education/research through links of medicine, science and engineering(verification of therapeutic efficacy, taking into account also the cellular level reactions, etc.).
Through these activities, this laboratory will cultivate researchers of medical physics andengineers for medical device development.

2

Department: Radiation for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Laboratory Medical Applied Basic Physics
Instructor
AIKAWA Masayuki, Professor
In medical fields, such as radiation therapy and particle therapy, a basic understanding of natural
Outlinescience, especially physics, can play an important role to solve problems and develop newtechnologies. For example, it is necessary to investigate probabilities (cross sections) of nuclear
reactions systematically to accurately estimate the necessary amount of radioactive isotopes (RI)
for medical care while minimizing unnecessary by-products. We focus particularly on
charged-particle induced reactions, and experimentally measure production cross sections of the
RI for medical use. In this manner, we train specialists to obtain new knowledge for medical carefrom the viewpoints of basic physics.

3

4

Laboratory
Instructor

Medical Physics and Engineering
ISHIKAWA Masayori, Professor
NAKAMOTO Takahiro, Assistant Professor

Outline

Although medical physics is an indispensable element for radiotherapy, it seems to be less mature
in Japan than in other countries. In the United States, leading the world in terms of radiotherapy,
each facility providing radiotherapy has medical physicists, who is in charge of quality control ofradiotherapy and development of new radiotherapy techniques. In Japan, there is no sufficientenvironment for such active roles of medical physicists. Radiation measurement
is a coretechnology not only for radiotherapy, but also diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine.
Expertise education on these topics is an element indispensable for cultivation of researchers in17

the field of medical physics and engineers engaged in development of radiotherapy devices. This
laboratory will cultivate researchers and engineers capable of contributing to healthcare throughdevelopment of clinically useful technologies, in collaboration with the Hokkaido University
Hospital.

Laboratory
Instructor

Clinical Medical Physics
SUZUKI Ryusuke, Assistant Professor
TAMURA Masaya, Assistant Professor
KANEHIRA Takahiro, Assistant Professor

OutlineNew discovery for the next generation can be achieved if problems with clinical practice areviewed as research seeds and attempts are made to find solution to such problems throughutilization of the knowledge/skills of science and engineering. To this end, students will carry out
research in areas closer to a hospital and check the ideas arising from such research throughexperiments, simulation, etc. at our laboratory, towards the goal of acquiring research capabilities
leading to future radiotherapy and development of medical devices. In this laboratory, treatment
plan quality for radiation therapy, research for effect of organ motion on radiotherapy, adaptive
radiation therapy and other topics will be conducted as educational and research activities. In
addition, development of novel technique and algorithm for real-time image guided radiation
therapy will also be conducted. During the course of such activities, students acquire thecapabilities needed for medical physicists. In this way, talents capable of contributing to thesociety will be cultivated.

5

Molecular Biomedical Science and Engineering Course
Department: Biomedical Imaging
Laboratory Medical Image Analysis
Note: Laboratory of Medical Image Analysis is not available to accept newstudents enrolling in October 2024 and April 2025.
Instructor
KATOH Chietsugu, Professor
This laboratory involves research on computerized processing of images yielded from nuclear
Outlinemedicine tests (PET, SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)), CT, MRI and soon aimed at precisely collecting medical information from such visual data. Regarding tumor
images, research is made on estimation of tumor malignancy and volume, estimation of theperiphery of lesions, estimation of appropriate range of irradiation, correction of artifacts on
images arising from respiratory motions and cardiac beats, and so on. Regarding images of
myocardium and brain, compartment model analysis is carried out on serial dynamic images
following a dose of contrast material or radioisotope for the purpose of quantitative evaluation ofischemic lesions and quantitative analysis of tissue blood flow, oxygen consumption, etc. New
technique is under studying using Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Deep Learning for analyses of
medical image data. Talents capable of developing programs for achievement of these goals will
be cultivated.

6

Laboratory
Instructor

Integrated Molecular Imaging
KUGE Yuji, Professor
MIZUNO Yuki, Assistant Professor

OutlineFor realization of diagnostic molecular imaging, it is indispensable to develop a probe (molecular
probe) for conversion of molecular information of the living body into measurable signals. This
laboratory is aimed at developing clinically applicable molecular imaging technology throughresearch of new molecular probes, i.e., through exploration of functional molecules, designing ofprobes, development of probe synthesis technology and synthesis devices, and translational
research using experimental disease models for clinical application. This laboratory is also
actively conducting research on linking diagnostic molecular imaging technology to accurate
treatment, that is, precision medicine and theranostics. Through these research anddevelopment activities, this unit will guide students to acquire necessary knowledge/skill
systematically so that they can contribute to healthcare and society.

Laboratory
Instructor

Biomarker Imaging Science
Khin Khin Tha, Associate Professor
Kenneth Lee Sutherland, Assistant Professor

OutlineIn recent years, close attention has been paid to tailored medical care technology throughmolecule-targeted treatment and pin-point irradiation of proton beam, etc. Noninvasive or
least-invasive imaging modalities such as MRI and CT have been extensively used for selectionof treatment methods, treatment planning and prediction/assessment of responses to treatment.
This laboratory is aimed at utilization of latest MRI and CT techniques for development of image
diagnosis techniques with high resolution and precision, imaging methods enabling detection ofearly subtle changes of the living body conventionally difficult to find, noninvasive or
least-invasive imaging techniques reflecting not only morphological information but also
information on physiological changes of living body at cellular/molecular level and frontier highprecision and noninvasive or least-invasive image diagnosis technology with little burden on
patients. Education and research on normal radiologic anatomy making use of these imaging
techniques will also be provided.

7

8

18

Department: Biology for Biomedical Science and Engineering
Laboratory Molecular Oncology
Instructor
YASUDA Motoaki, Specially Appointed Associate Professor
Correct understanding of the mechanism for carcinogenesis at the molecular level is necessary
Outlinefor sufficient control of cancer, the leading cause of death among Japanese people. Suchunderstanding is indispensable for development of new cancer diagnosis/treatment methods. In
recent years, thorough analysis of RNA including non-coding RNA has been advanced after theend of genome project, and the diverse relationships between carcinogenesis and RNA have been
revealed increasingly. At this laboratory, new mechanisms for carcinogenesis are explored on thebasis of molecular biological analysis covering RNA, viruses, etc., and systematicaleducation/research, ranging from basics to applied one, will be provided concerning developmentof new cancer diagnosis/treatment methods making use of the findings from such exploration.

9

Laboratory
Instructor
Outline10

Molecular and Cellular Dynamics Research
ONODERA Yasuhito, Associate Professor
Radiation therapy is commonly used for treatment of cancer as one of the three major treatment
modalities. However, as the underlying mechanisms for malignant properties of cancer cells arediverse and variable, the radiation effects and its molecular mechanisms on tumor andsurrounding normal tissues still remain elusive. We have been investigating mechanisms
inducing/suppressing the cell death in cancer cells, and the resulting unfavorable effects intumors, which take place under the environmental stresses induced by therapy including radiation
and also by cancer cells themselves. We especially focus on the roles of the three-dimensional
cell/tissue structures, extracellular microenvironment, cell-cell communication and cellular
metabolism, using the experimental techniques of biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology
and synthetic biology. Through the research and education program, we train students to beworld-leading scientists and educators with great expertise in cancer research and experimental
techniques.

19