“State of the art review on
Baltic Sea oil recovery
practices and development ofmechanical response in ice”
PAJ Oil Spill Symposium 2014; February 6 - 7,2014; Tokyo, Japan
Jorma Rytkönen
Finnish Environment InstituteJorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution ResponseContent● Baltic Sea - dense traffic area
● Maritime traffic and risks● Accident and incident types● Risks of winter navigation● Winter recovery● Mechanical oil recovery in ice● Conclusions2

Baltic Sea
 Ninecountries,ninelanguages.
 Connectedto North
Sea/AtlanticOceanthroughnarrow
Danishstraits.
3
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution ResponseJorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

BRISK-risk analyses

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ScenarioResultsAll spills• Existing Ship Traffic• Existing Response Capacities• Existing Navigational Aid5

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Largest Oil Accidents in
the Baltic Sea Area
1980 - 2001
9/27/2012Year

Name of ship

Quantity ofOil Spilled(tons)

Place of Incident1980
1980
1980
1980
1981

FurenasEva Oden
Furenäs/Karnen
Lloyd Bage
Jose Marti200250200
130
1000

The Sound, Sweden
Gothenburg, Sweden
The Sound, Denmark
Helsinki, Finland
Dalarö, Sweden

1981
1981
1982
1984
1984
1985
1986
1986
1987

SerifGlobe Asimi
SivonaEiraIbn Roch
Sotka
Thuntank 5Jan
Antonio Gramsci

375
16000
800
200
300
350
150-200
320
580

Öland, Sweden
Klaipeda, Lithuania
The Sound, Sweden
Vaasa, Finland
Great Belt North, DenmarkÅland Sea, Sweden
Gävle, Sweden
Aalborg Bight, Denmark
Porvoo, Finland

1987
1987
1990
1995
1998
2001

Okba Bnou Nafia
Tolmiros
Volgoneft
Hual Trooper
Nunki
Baltic Carrier

120
250
1000
180100 m3
2700Malmö, SwedenWest Coast, Sweden
Karlskrona, Sweden
The Sound, Sweden
Kalundborg Fjord, Denmark
Kadetrenden, Denmark
6 40

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

The Finnish governmental response fleet
16 multipurpose vessels operated by different
authorities – Navy, Border Guard and Meritaito Ltd● Normally the vessels are under the command – and in tasks – ofthe owner administration● In case of a pollution incident the SYKE duty officer commands thevessels to operate under the appointed Response Commander● 10 response vessels are ice class● All are equipped with in-built oil recovery systems

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Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Pollution response preparedness – NOW >800m3/hour and 4 456m3 storage capasity

In addition more than
100 recovery boats ofthe rescue services,
Booms
Depos
Etc…..

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Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

New-Buildings in Progress and EMSA’scontribution
TURVA of the Finnish Border Guard•
Lenght 95,9m•
Breadth 17,4 m•
Speed 18 knots•Oil recovery system onboard•Oil Recovery tank 1000m3•Chemical recovery tank 200m3

IB Kontio –chartered by EMSA

Kemin Karhu of the Arctia Shipping•
Length 35 m•
Breadth 12,8 m•
Draft 5 m•
Power 4 MW•
(Oil recovery system onboard)

Additionally two 33 – 35 m long
Archipelago passenger/carferries with oil recovery
equipments under design &construction
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Target spills

Total out-flow of two cargo tanks of the biggest tanker
visiting the area

● In open water conditions
the oil recovery capacity of
the first 24 hours would be
50% of target spill: Aim forfull recovery in 3 days.
Target should be reached
together with neighbouringstates● In ice conditions the oilrecovery capacity of thefirst 72 hours would be
50% of the target spill: Aimfor full recovery in 9-10days

5 000 m3

5 000 m3

300 m320 000 m330 000 m3

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Aerial Surveillance in Finland● Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) is thenational competent pollution control authority○ Responsible for surveillance of illegal oil
discharges○ Surveillance in close co-operation with Finnish
Border Guard○

Two surveillance aircraft, Dornier 228-212• Aircraft equipped with Environmental monitoring
equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.

2

Surveillance radar 360°
SLAR side looking radar
FLIRIR/UV scanner13411

Use of Satellite Imagery inOil Spill Monitoring● First experiences of the use of satellite images
1996● Benefits of using SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)
images○ One image can cover 400x400 km area at once
• (can be 400x800 km)○ Possibility to detect oil in the darkness and throughclouds○ Good supplementary tool for aerial surveillance● All the indications has to be checked○ A lot of false alarms •European Maritime
Safety Agency (EMSA)
CleanSeaNet Service○ Between 600-1000 images
annually for the Baltic Sea
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Accident and incident types(www.iceadvisors.fi )Accident/incident
type

Typical ice related situation

Collision In icebreaker assistance Between unassisted vessels innarrow ice channel

Drift groundings

 Vessel gets stuck in ice and drifts
with the ice on a shoal

Powered grounding

 Ice prevents from making needed
manoeuvre to keep ship on saferoute Vessel is seeking for an easier routein difficult ice conditions and thus
deviates from the normal routeIcing

 Cold and windy open sea conditions

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Risks of winter navigation in thenorthern Baltic Sea (Jalonen et al, 2005)
Winterclassification

Fatalities

Pollution

Total loss

mild winteronce in 40–
75 years

once in 8–17 once in 12–years
20 years

normal winteronce in 10–
20 years

once in 2–5
years

once in 2–5
years

severe winteronce in 3–6
years

yearlyonce in 1–2
years

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Response
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IBPlott - mainsymbols

Port

Icebreakers

DirWayShips

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Risk evaluation /BRISK

Risk of collisions during winter season (left)
and remaining seasons (right), Bothnian Bay:
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Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Ice conditions in mild(left) and severe(right) wintersource: Leppäranta, M. 2011. Siikajoen Tuulivoimapuiston vaikutukset jääeroosioon

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Response
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Helsinki
St. PetTallinn

Ice conditions in the GoF based on the satellite
image (source: www.Iceadvisors.fi/A. Uusiaho)

OIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE GULF OF FINLAND THROUGH MAIN OIL PORTS
Oil transportation in years 1995-2009 and estimated development by year 2015250
Estimated volume in the end of2012

200

Million tonnes

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

18th March 2011

150
100
500

1995

OthersPorvooTallinn

2000

2005

Sillamäe

Ust-Luga2010

by year2015

St. Petersburg

Primorsk

Vysotsk

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Winter recovery
Difficulties:
 Location of the oil.
 Freesing ambient.
 Darkness.
 Specialized skimmers and ice
going vessels needed.
 High viscosity, difficult
skimming and pumping.
Advantages:
 The window of opportunity
may be larger than in open
waters –there is more time forresponse before oil reaches
the shore.
 Ice prevents the oil fromspreading over large
distances; it acts as a physicalbarrier.
 Normally no waves.
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response20Baltic Sea approach

The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Convention(HELCOM).
Based on HELCOM recommendations and the fact that
Baltic Sea is already heavily polluted, main response
principles in case of marine oil releases are:
 Prefer mechanical recovery.
 Minimization of the use of sinking agents andabsorbents. Dispersants not used in Finland.
 In situ-burning also only when other means are notavailable and when greater damages can then beavoided.
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response21Different response methods versus
ice coverage

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response22

Main mechanical methods used
and/or tested in Baltic States,
mainly in Finland Ice bow.
 Oil recovery bucket.
 Vibrating grid.
 Big brush wheel.
 Using of air or propeller flow to steer oil
under ice.
 Using of ice barriers and ice dwells.
 Ice saw.
 Vacuum pumps.
 Skimmers operating under ice.
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

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LORI Ice
Cleaner,ice bow
Ice bow, LORI Ice
Cleaner mounted
to the fairway
service vessel
Letto.

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response24

LOIS unit
installed tofairway
service vessel
Seili

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response25Oil recovery bucket

Originallyconstructed
for shoreline
cleaning.

Photo: J. Pirttijärvi
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response26

Oil recoverybucket, cont.
Now the mostly usedequipment to collectoil in ice.

Photo: J. Pirttijärvi

Brush wheel diameter
800 mm.
Three wheel length,0.6, 1.6 and 3.0 m.
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response27

Oil recovery bucket installed on a
new Swedish response vessel

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response28

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Hylje in work

Photo: J. Pirttijärvi
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Estonian Valvas and Finnish
Halli and Hylje

Photo: J. Pirttijärvi

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Finnish Seili

Photo: J. Pirttijärvi
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Ship mounted ice
cleaning brush wheels
 Four collectors
installed on the aftdeck with containerfastenings.
 In collecting mode
vessel moves
backward.
 Wheel diameter 1.8 m.
 Sweeping width 4x4 m.
 First units to a new
Finnish multipurpose
vessel.
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

Photo: J. Pirttijärvi
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Novel ice brush for ice breakers andsupply vessels – tests in 10 April 2013

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Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

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Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution ResponseNordic skimmers for ice conditions

Arctic skimmer
skimmer

Rope mopLamor

Desmi
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

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Theoretical development of the HELCOM
fleet oil recovery rate (m3/h) in Gulf ofFinland after a major oil spill(preliminary results from the HELCOM BRISK-project)
5,000
4,000

Open waterIce cover 0-30%3,000

Ice cover 30-70%

Ice cover 70-100%

2,000
1,000-0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Conclusions – Arctic Challenges

Possible to response small spills in ice.
Promising new methods are being developed.
To succeed you must have many alternative
methods.
Much work is still needed to develop real
operational response methods for large spills inice.
Locating of oil under (snow covered) ice is aproblem.
If the oil sinks, it is very difficult to find and collect.
New sensors for satellites to show oil in ice /snow
Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution41
Response

Conclusions......

We must also consider other thanmechanical methods for Arctic Sea areas,like
In situ burningEnhanced bioremediation

Chemical methods (dispersants, etc.).

Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response42Jorma Rytkönen / Marine Pollution Response

More Information:
jorma.rytkonen@ymparisto.fi

Recovery Vessel
LOUHI

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