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ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴㩷࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲ㩷ℂ⺰䊶᭴ㅧ⎇ⓥ♽㩷 㗔ၞᜰቯဳ䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃㩷

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⸒⺆䈱᥉ㆉᕈ෸䈶ᄙ᭽ᕈ䉕ม䉎↢ᓧ⊛೙⚂㩷㪣㫀㫅㪾㫌㫀㫊㫋㫀㪺㩷㪭㪸㫉㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫎㫀㫋㪿㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪚㫆㫅㪽㫀㫅㪼㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪣㪸㫅㪾㫌㪸㪾㪼㩷㪝㪸㪺㫌㫃㫋㫐㩷㩷ᣣᧄ⺆₪ᓧ䈮ၮ䈨䈒ታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ㩷
㪪㫋㫌㪻㫀㪼㫊㩷㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪘㪺㫈㫌㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪧㪸㫉㪸㫄㪼㫋㫉㫀㪺㩷㪪㫐㫅㫋㪸㫏㩷㩷ᚑᨐႎ๔ᦠ㩷䌉䌉㩷
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㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊥䊷䉻䊷䋺㩷 㩷 㩷᧛᧖㩷ᕺሶ㩷㩷㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊜䊮䊋䊷㪑㩷 ┄⭽㩷᥍ᄦ㩷㩷㩷㩷ᢪ⮮㩷ⴡ㩷㩷㩷㩷᧖ፒ㩷㋶ม㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ጯᧄ㩷⑲᮸㩷㩷㩷㩷㜞ᯅ㩷ᄢෘ㩷
㩷㩷
㜞㊁㩷␭ੑ㩷
㩷㩷Ἇ↰㩷ஜ੺㩷
㩷㩷ᄙ↰㩷ᶈ┨㩷
㩷㩷⮮੗㩷෹Ყํ㩷㩷㩷ችᧄ㩷㓁৻㩷

㩷㩿㪢㪼㫀㫂㫆㩷㪤㫌㫉㪸㫊㫌㪾㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㪸㫉㫌㫆㩷㪢㫌㪹㫆㫑㫆㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪤㪸㫄㫆㫉㫌㩷㪪㪸㫀㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㫆㫁㫀㩷㪪㫌㪾㫀㫊㪸㫂㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㪻㪼㫂㫀㩷㪢㫀㫊㪿㫀㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪛㪸㫀㫂㫆㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㪿㪸㫊㪿㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫌㫁㫀㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㪼㫅㫊㫌㫂㪼㩷㪫㪸㫂㫀㫋㪸㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㫉㫆㪸㫂㫀㩷㪫㪸㪻㪸㪀㩷㩿㪫㫆㫄㫆㪿㫀㫉㫆㩷㪝㫌㫁㫀㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫆㫀㪺㪿㫀㩷㪤㫀㫐㪸㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㪉㪇㪈㪊ᐕ㪐᦬㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷

ࡣࡋࡀࡁ ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔㡿ᇦᣦᐃᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲ࠖࡣࠊ⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤫ㄒ⌮ㄽ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓୖ࡛ࠊᩥἲࡢᬑ㐢ⓗᒓᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏሗ࿌᭩ࡣࠊᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࠊ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫࠊ⚄ᡞ኱Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚◊✲఍࣭࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ
㔜ࡡࠊⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊ࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛⧳ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢᇳ➹⪅ࡣ 2010࣭
2011 ᖺ࠿ࡽඹ࡟◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ஬ྡ㸦ᩪ⸨⾨ࠊᓊᮏ⚽ᶞࠊ㧗ᶫ኱ཌࠊᮡᓮ㖔ྖࠊᮧᮡᜨ
Ꮚ㸧࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮏሗ࿌᭩ࢆᇶ࡟ࠊ௒ᚋ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ㛵㐃ࢆ῝ࡵࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔㛗 ❑ⷵᬕኵẶࡢୗ࡛άືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ኱ࡁࡃ୕ࡘࡢᡂᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢሗ࿌᭩࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿሗ࿌᭩(Ⓨ⾜῭ࡳ)࡜ࠊ༡
ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉◊ಟ⏕ ୰㇂(ᮧ஭)཭⨾ࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࢆసᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ2013 ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟⌮ㄽゝㄒᏛ࡜ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡟⢭㏻ࡍࡿ஬ྡ㸦ከ⏣ᾈ❶ࠊ㧗㔝♸஧ࠊᐑᮏ㝧୍ࠊ⸨஭཭ẚ࿅ࠊ℧⏣೺௓㸧ࡀຍࢃࡾࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ࡢᒙࡣᗈࡃཌࡃ࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ
▷࠸ᮇ㛫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤᡤ㛗 ᙳᒣኴ㑻Ặࠊ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔㛗 ❑ⷵᬕኵẶࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡢඛ⏕᪉ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㧗ᒣ࿴⏨Ặࠊ⡿⏣⣧ᏊẶࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓ஦ົ⫋ဨࡢⓙᵝࡢ࠾ᨭ࠼࡜ບࡲࡋ࡟
ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙࢆ࠾೉ࡾࡋ࡚ࠊ῝ࡃឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫ࡢ୰࡛⮬ࡽࡢ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ࠾஫࠸ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぶ㌟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᚰࡢ㏻ࡌ࠶࠺᫬ࢆඹ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢⓙᵝࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ࡢ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕࡜◊ಟ⏕ࡢⓙᵝ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᶵ఍ࢆ࠾೉ࡾࡋ࡚ࠊᚰ࠿ࡽឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ
◊✲ࡀࠊ࠾஫࠸࡬ࡢ཭᝟࡜ᑛᩗ࡛⤖ࡤࢀ㐙⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮾ໭ᆅ᪉ኴᖹὒἈᆅ㟈┤ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ࡟࡚◊✲఍ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࠊⓙ࡛ࠗྠࡌ㔩࠘ࢆᅖࢇ࡛ບࡲࡋ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㈨ᩱᐊ࡟࡚㞟ࡲࡾࠊⓙ࡛ᅜㄒ◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ୍⥴࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ヰࡋྜࡗࡓࡢࡣ 2013 ᖺ᫓ࡶᱵࡢⰼࡢဏ
ࡃࡇࢁࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡜ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒᏛ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ࡈ♧၀ࢆ㡬ᡝࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡜࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋࡓ⤫ㄒㄽ◊✲࡜ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࢆ᭦࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊᖾ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡣࠊ20 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࠊ኱ஂಖឡẶࡢ◊✲ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢ୰᰾࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ୍㐃ࡢඃࢀࡓᡂᯝࢆࠊ⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࠊ෌ᗘࠊぢ┤ࡍᚲせࡶ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝࡀࠊゝㄒ◊✲ࡢ᭦࡞ࡿⓎᒎࡢ୍ຓ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ                                  ᮧᮡᜨᏊ-i-ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⛣ື᧯స㸸࠿ࡁΰࡐゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⛣ື᧯స㸸࠿ࡁΰࡐゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⛣ື᧯స㸸࠿ࡁΰࡐ

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恵子・杉崎 鉱司                       村杉
  ᮧᮡᜨᏊ࣭ᮡᓮ㖔ྖ                         ᮧᮡᜨᏊ࣭ᮡᓮ㖔ྖ㸯㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸯㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸯㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ẕㄒ⋓ᚓࡣ㸪⏕ᚋྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡜㸪ࣄࢺ࡟㑇ఏ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓᶵᵓ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟ࡼࡾ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓᶵᵓࡣ㸪(i)඲࡚ࡢゝㄒࡀ‶ࡓࡍ࡭ࡁᬑ㐢ⓗไ⣙࡜㸪(ii)ྍ⬟࡞ゝㄒ㛫ኚ␗ࢆᐃࡵࡿไ⣙࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢไ⣙ࡢᏑᅾ࡟㛵ࡍࡿẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡢ᳨ウࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛୺࡟Ḣ⡿ࡢゝㄒࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏඹྠ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ┠ⓗࡢ୍ࡘࡣ㸪ヲ⣽࡞グ㏙࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓゝㄒ⌮ㄽ◊✲࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢไ⣙ࡢᏑᅾ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ᚰ⌮ᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡿᐇドⓗ◊✲㸪࠾ࡼࡧⓎヰศᯒ࡟ࡼࡿグ㏙ⓗ◊✲ࡢ୧ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩥἲ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ㸪᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡬㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡬ࡢ㈉⊩ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࠊࣄࢺ࡟⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖࡢᒓᛶࡣࠊ⏕ᚋࠊᗂඣࡀ⋓ᚓ୰ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙜヱࡢᩥᵓ㐀࡜ㄒᙡࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟Ⓨ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡍࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡣㄒ
㡰ࡀẚ㍑ⓗ࡟⮬⏤࡞ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(1a)࡜(1b)ࡣඹ࡟ᩥἲⓗ࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᮏ
㉁ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

(1) a.

࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ∵ࢆ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓ   b. ∵ࢆ ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓ

Harada (1977)ࠊSaito (1985)ࡣࠊ┠ⓗㄒࡀ୺ㄒ࡟ඛ⾜ࡍࡿ(1b)ࡢᵝ࡞ᩥࡣࠊᇶᗏ࡟(1a)ࡀ࠶
ࡾ ࠊࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖ࡜࠸࠺ྡモྃࡢ⛣ື᧯స࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ
ᗂඣࡀࡇࡢࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖࡢ⛣ື᧯సࢆࠊ࠸ࡘࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࡍࡿࠋHayashibe (1975)ࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ㐜࠸᫬ᮇࡲ࡛ṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆほᐹࡋࠊ
Bever (1970)ࡢ canonical sentence strategy ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡣ᭱ึࡢྡモྃࢆࠕືస୺ࠖࠊ2␒┠ࡢྡモྃࢆࠕືసࡢᑐ㇟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ືⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋde Villiers and deVilliers (1973)࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒヰ⪅ࡢཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊOtsu (1994)࡛ࡣⓗ☜࡞ᩥ⬦ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࢀࡤࠊ3 ṓඣ࡛ࡶ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ Murasugi (2000)࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㦂ࡢሙ࡛≉ู࡞ᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡞ࡃ

- 85 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡜ࡶࠊᐇ㦂ᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ୧᪉ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠕ᱁ࠖ࡟ὀពࢆႏ㉳࡛
ࡁࢀࡤࠊ2 ṓඣ࡛ࡶⓗ☜࡟࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࠿
ࡽ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ᭦࡟࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ≉᭷ࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩࡶྠ᫬࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱ึࡢᐇ㦂㸦ᐇ㦂[1]㸧࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒヰ⪅ࡢᗂඣࡢཷࡅ㌟ᩥ
(2b)࡜࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(2c)ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࢆㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(2)

a.

⇃ࡀࢿࢬ࣑ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

(⬟ືᩥ)



b.

[ࢿࢬ࣑ࡀ]i ⇃࡟ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ

(ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ)

c.

[ࢿࢬ࣑ࢆ]i ⇃ࡀ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

(࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ)ḟ࡟ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿᗂඣࡀࠊࡑࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩࡶ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿
ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓᐇ㦂◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

(3)

a.

࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛ ∵ࢆ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

 b.

[∵ࢆ]i [⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛]j ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ tj ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜࠸࠺↷ᛂ⾲⌧ࡣࠊඛ⾜モ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋ(3a)࡛ࡣ ࠕ࢔ࣄࣝࡀࠖࡀࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆ c-⤫ᚚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(3b)࡛ࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯స࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ⾲㠃ୖ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊྠࡌゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ
Saito (1989)ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯స࡛⛣ືࡋࡓせ⣲ࡣព࿡ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿ㝿ࠊඖࡢ఩⨨࡟ᡠࡾࠊᵓ㐀ࡀ෌ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࡢ୰࡟ࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖ࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ࡃ࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓᚋࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋල
యⓗ࡟ࡣࠊFukui (1993) ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Saito and Fukui (1998) ࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠕ㸦᪥ᮏㄒࢱ࢖ࣉ㸧ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᥦ᱌ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢほⅬ࠾ࡼࡧᗂඣࡢᣢࡘᇶᮏㄒ㡰࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ

2.

᪥ᮏㄒࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ

2.1.

ᡂேࡢゝㄒ▱㆑᪥ᮏㄒࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᣢࡘẚ㍑ⓗ⮬⏤࡞ㄒ㡰ࡣࠊ୍✀ࡢ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHaig (1976)ࠊHarada (1977)ࡣࠊRoss (1967)ࡢࠕ⛣ື- 86 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

ࡣ」ྜྡモྃࡸ௜ຍモྃࢆ㉸࠼࡚⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿᓥࡢไ⣙ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡀ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ[CNP[࠶ࡢᮏࢆ ㈙ࡗࡓ]ேࢆ]᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸

(4) a.
*

b. ? ࠶ࡢᮏࢆ i [ࢪࣙࣥࡀ[CNP[ ti ㈙ࡗࡓ]ேࢆ]᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸](5) a.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡀ[AdjP ࢪࣙࣥࡀᮾி࡟⾜ࡁࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟]↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸

b. ?* ᮾி࡟ i [࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡀ[AdjP ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ti ⾜ࡁࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟]↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸]ࡲࡓࠊKuroda (1980)ࡣᾋ㐟㔞໬モࢆ⏝࠸࡚⛣ືࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟㔞໬モ࡜ࡑࢀࡀಟ㣭ࡍࡿྡモྃࡣ㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ(6)࡛ࡣ㔞໬モࠕ2 ேࠖࡣࠕዪࡢᏊࠖࢆ
ಟ㣭ࡍࡿ஦ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࠕ⏨ࡢᏊࠖࢆಟ㣭ࡍࡿ஦ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

(6)⏨ࡢᏊࡀዪࡢᏊࢆ 2 ேぢࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(7)࡛ࡣࠊࠕ2 ேࡢዪࡢᏊࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(7)ዪࡢᏊࢆ ⏨ࡢᏊࡀ 2 ேぢࡓࠋ

Kuroda (1980)ࡣࠕዪࡢᏊࢆࠖ࡜ࠕ2 ேࠖࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅭ࡟ࡇࡢゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࠊ(7)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࡣ┠ⓗㄒࡢ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
᭦࡟ Saito (1989)ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯స࡛⛣ືࡋࡓྃࡣඖࡢ఩⨨࡟ᡠࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(8)

࡝ࡢᮏࢆ i [࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡀ[ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ti ᅗ᭩㤋࠿ࡽ೉ࡾฟࡋࡓ࠿]▱ࡾࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿ](ࡇ࡜)

␲ၥモࡣ㏻ᖖ␲ၥᩥࡢ୰࡛ࡢࡳゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(8)࡛ࡣ୺ᩥࡀ⬟ືᩥࠊ⿵ᩥࡀ␲ၥᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ␲ၥモྃࠕ࡝ࡢᮏࢆࠖࡀṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࢆཷࡅࡿⅭ࡟ࡣ⿵ᩥෆ࡟ᡠࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ
ࠕ෌ᵓᡂࠖࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ↷ᛂᙧࢆ౑ࡗࡓᩥ࡛ࡶほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ

(9)a. ?* ࠾஫࠸ i ࡢඛ⏕ࡀ[ࢪࣙࣥ࡜࣓࢔࣮ࣜ]i ࢆᢈุࡋࡓࠋ
b. [࠾஫࠸ i ࡢඛ⏕ࢆ]j [ࢪࣙࣥ࡜࣓࢔࣮ࣜ]i ࡀ tj ᢈุࡋࡓࠋ

- 87 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࠕ࠾஫࠸ࠖࡣࠕඛ⾜モ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿไ⣙ࡢつไࢆཷࡅࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊ(9a)ࡣ㠀ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠕ࠾஫࠸ࠖࢆྵࡴྃࡀᩥ㢌࡟⛣ືࡋࡓ(9b)ࡣᩥἲⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⛣ືࡋࡓྃࡀ෌ᵓᡂ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ඖࡢ఩⨨࡟ᡠࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿⅭ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿᐇ㦂 2 ࡛ࡣࡇࡢ෌ᵓᡂࡢ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲2.2.

Hayashibe (1975)ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀㄢ㢟ᩥࡢෆᐜࢆࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿືసἲ㸦Act-out㸧ࡢᐇ㦂ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ᫬ᮇࢆㄪ࡭ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㐜࠸᫬ᮇࡲ࡛ṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ(10)࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ4-5 ṓࡢᗂඣ㐩ࡀ୍ᚊࠊ࢔
ࣄࣝࡀ࣓࢝ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿ≧ἣࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓ࡜ほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(10) ࢔ࣄࣝࡉࢇࢆ࣓࢝ࡉࢇࡀ㏣࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

Sano (1977)ཬࡧ Suzuki (1977)ࡶྠᵝࡢほᐹࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᗂඣࡢࠕ㛫㐪࠸ࠖࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢྡモྃࢆࠕ⾜ື୺ࠖࠊ2 ␒┠ࡢྡモࢆࠕືసࢆཷࡅࡿ≀ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ືⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ 5 ṓࡲ࡛ᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊOtsu (1994)ࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡞ᩥ⬦ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ 3-4 ṓඣࡶ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ ࠋ(11) a.
b.

බᅬ࡟ ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

(ᩥ⬦)ࡑࡢ࢔ࣄࣝࢆ ࣓࢝ࡀ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡲࡋࡓࠋ (࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ)࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(11b)ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࢆㄪ࡭ࡿ㝿࡟ࠊᩥ⬦(11a)ࢆ୚࠼ࡿሙྜ࡜୚࠼࡞࠸ሙྜࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ
ᩥ⬦ࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣࠊᗂඣࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆㄗࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᩥ⬦ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓሙྜ
࡟ࡣࠊᗂඣࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅࡓせ⣲ࡣ┤๓ࡢⓎヰ࡜ࡢࠕᶫΏࡋࠖ(Masunaga1983)ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࠊᩥ⬦ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ౑࠺ᚲせࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᗂඣࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯సࡀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚୺ㄒ-㏙ㄒ
ࡢ㛵ಀࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿⅭࡔ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⌮ゎࡣᩥ⬦࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦౫Ꮡࡢ⪃࠼ࡣጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ኱ே࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ᭦࡞ࡿ◊✲ࡢవᆅࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋMurasugi(2000)ࡣࠊ2-4 ṓඣࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⌮ゎᗘࡀࠊᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶୖ᪼ࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿

- 88 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

࡝࠺࠿ࢆㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊㄢ㢟ᩥ࡟ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆຍ࠼ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ(12) a.
b.
 c.

࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ∵ࢆ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ㸦⬟ືᩥ㸧∵ࡀ i ࢔ࣄࣝ࡟ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ 㸦ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ㸧∵ࢆ i  ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

㸦࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ㸧ḟ⠇࡛ Murasugi (2000)ࡢᐇ㦂ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓ Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)ࡢᐇ㦂ⓗ◊✲ࢆ
ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ

3.

Murasugi and Kawamura (2005) ࡢᐇ㦂 [1]Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)ࡢᐇ㦂[1]࡛ࡣࠊ2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 6 ṓࡢィ 22 ேࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓືసἲ࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊᑐ↷⩌࡜ࡋ࡚ 2 ேࡢ኱ேࡶྵࡵࡓࠋ7ࡘࡢ⬟ືᩥࠊ7 ࡘࡢཷࡅ㌟ᩥࠊ7 ࡘࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ↓సⅭ࡞㡰ᗎ࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࠊ⿕㦂⪅࡛࠶ࡿᗂඣࡣࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓᩥࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ

(13) ᐇ㦂⪅㸸

ࡇࢀࡣఱ㸽

⿕㦂⪅㸸

࠺ࡋࠋ

ᐇ㦂⪅㸸

ࡌࡷࠊࡇࢀࡣఱ㸽

⿕㦂⪅㸸

࠶ࡦࡿࠋ

 ᐇ㦂⪅㸸

ࡑ࠺ࡡࠊࡌࡷࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ∵࡜࢔ࣄ࡛ࣝ⚾ࡀゝ࠺஦ࢆࡸࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡡࠋ ࠕ∵ࢆ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠖ㸦ᐇ㦂ᩥ㸧 ఱࡀ㉳ࡁࡓ࠿࡞㸽⿕㦂⪅㸸 㸦ᮘࡢୖࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࠋ㸧ᐇ㦂⪅㸸ࡼࡃ࡛ࡁࡓࡡࠋ

ࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡀࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳ࡛࢔ࣄࣝࡀ∵ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿືసࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓ᫬ࠊṇ⟅࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࡣୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࠕ⬟ືᩥࠖࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࠖࠕཷࡅ㌟ᩥࠖࡢḍࡢᩘᏐࡣṇ⟅⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ

- 89 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(14) ᐇ㦂[1]ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢヲ⣽
⿕㦂⪅

ᖺ㱋(ṓ)

⬟ືᩥ(%)

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(%)

ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ(%)

A

2

83

83

50

B

2

83

66

17

C

3

100

100

100

D

3

100

100

28

E

3

100

100

42

F

3

28

42

0

G

3

71

71

28

H

3

100

85

57

I

4

100

100

0

J

4

100

100

71

K

4

100

100

42

L

4

100

100

85

M

4

100

100

100

N

4

100

100

100

O

5

100

100

100

P

5

100

100

100

Q

5

100

100

100

R

5

100

100

100

S

5

100

100

100

T

5

100

100

100

U

6

100

100

100

V

6

100

100

100

W

኱ே

100

100

100

X

኱ே

100

100

100

ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ Murasugi (2000)ࡢᐇ㦂࡟‽ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ2 ࡘࡢⅬࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚㧗ࡃࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ⬟ືᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡜ྠࡌࡄࡽ࠸᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟
⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡࡟ࡃࡽ࡭ࡿ࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡣᖖ࡟పࡃ
࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡞࠿
ࡗࡓࡀࠊㄢ㢟ᩥ࡟ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆྵࢇࡔ஦࡛ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡢὀពࡀࠕ᱁ࠖ࡜ࠕ୺㢟ᙺ๭ࠖࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ྥࡁࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢゎ㔘ࡀṇࡋࡃ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

- 90 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

Murasugi and Kawamura (2005) ࡢᐇ㦂 [2]4.

ᐇ㦂[2]࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࢇࡔ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡶṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࢀࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ෌ᵓᡂࠖࡢ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(15) ∵ࢆ i ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ(16) a. ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ∵ࢆ [⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛]㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ


㸦⬟ືᩥ㸧

b. ∵ࢆ i [⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛]j ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ tj ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ 㸦࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ㸧(15)ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ(16b)ࡢᵝ࡞ࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴᩥࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࠋࠕ⮬ศࠖࡣ୺ㄒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸せ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊṇࡋ࠸ゎ㔘ࡢⅭ࡟ࡣࡇࡢࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ
ࡇ࡛ࡲࡎ(16a)ࡢᵝ࡞ᩥࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡀࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢゎ㔘࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ∵࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ࢔ࣄࣝࠖ
ࢆⓗ☜࡟㑅ࡪ࠿ㄪ࡭ࠊࡇࢀࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⿕㦂⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(16b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢඛ⾜モࢆṇࡋࡃぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࢆㄪᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊㄢ㢟ᩥ࡟(17)ࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡶຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(17) [⇃ࡀ]i ࢘ࢧࢠ࡟ ⮬ศࡢ ᗞ࡛ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ

㸦ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ㸧

ᮏᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࢇࡔ(16a)ࡢᵝ࡞⬟ືᩥࢆ 6 ᩥࠊ(16b)ࡢᵝ࡞࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ 8
ᩥࠊ(17)ࡢᵝ࡞ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆ 6 ᩥࠊィ 20 ࡢㄢ㢟ᩥࢆ⏝ពࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ⿕㦂⪅࡟↓సⅭ࡞㡰࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㦂[1]࡜ྠᵝࠊືసἲ㸦Act-out㸧ࡢᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸ࠊᐇ㦂[㸯]࡜ྠࡌ⿕㦂⪅ 22 ྡࡀཧຍࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᗞࡸᐙࡀ‽ഛࡉࢀࠊ ⿕㦂⪅ࡣᐙࡸᗞࡢ୰࡛
ࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆື࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊㄢ㢟ᩥࡢෆᐜࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿ஦ࡀせồࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᐇ㦂࡛ࡣୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ᑐヰࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ

(18) ᐇ㦂⪅:࢔ࣄࣝࡣ࡝ࢀ㸽

⿕㦂⪅:

ࡇࢀࠋ

ᐇ㦂⪅:

∵ࡣ࡝ࢀ㸽

⿕㦂⪅:

ࡇࢀࠋ

ᐇ㦂⪅:

ࡇࡗࡕࡀ∵ࡢᗞࡡࠋ㸦ᐇ㦂⪅ࡀ∵⏝ࡢᗞࡢᶍᆺࢆᣦࡍ㸧ࡇࡗࡕࡀ࢔ࣄࣝࡢᗞࡡࠋ㸦ᐇ㦂⪅ࡀ࢔ࣄࣝ⏝ࡢᗞࡢᶍᆺࢆᣦࡍ㸧- 91 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ᐇ㦂⪅:ࡌࡷࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ⚾ࡀゝ࠺஦ࠊࡸࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡡࠋ
ࠕ∵ࢆ⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛࢔ࣄࣝࡀ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠖ㸦ᐇ㦂ᩥ㸧⿕㦂⪅:㸦ᮘࡢୖࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࠋ㸧ᐇ㦂⪅:ࡼࡃ࡛ࡁࡓࡡࠋ

ࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ࢔ࣄࣝࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࡀ࢔ࣄࣝ⏝ࡢᗞࡢᶍᆺࡢ୰࡛∵ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿ᧯స
ࢆࡋࡓሙྜࠊṇ⟅࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓࠋୗࡢ⾲(19)ࡢྑഃḍࡀᮏᐇ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(19) ᐇ㦂[2]ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢヲ⣽
ᐇ㦂 1

ᐇ㦂 1

ᐇ㦂 1

ᐇ㦂 2

ᐇ㦂 2

ᐇ㦂 2

ᖺ㱋

⬟ືᩥ

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ

ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ

⬟ືᩥ

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ

ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ

(ṓ)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

A

2

83

83

50

0

NT

NT

B

2

83

66

17

0

NT

NT

⿕㦂⪅

C

3

100

100

100

100

100

50

D

3

100

100

28

100

100

33

E

3

100

100

42

100

100

16

F

3

28

42

0

50

38

16

G

3

71

71

28

66

50

50

H

3

100

85

57

83

87

50

I

4

100

100

0

100

100

33

J

4

100

100

71

100

100

33

K

4

100

100

42

66

75

16

L

4

100

100

85

83

87

33

M

4

100

100

100

100

100

33

N

4

100

100

100

100

100

50

O

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

P

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

Q

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

R

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

S

5

100

100

100

100

100

33

T

5

100

100

100

100

100

50

U

6

100

100

100

100

100

100

V

6

100

100

100

100

100

50

W

኱ே

100

100

100

100

100

100

X

኱ே

100

100

100

100

100

100

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ௨ୗࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡲࡎ 2 ṓඣ(AB)ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴ⬟ືᩥࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ2 ṓ࡛ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

- 92 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࣭ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢࢸࢫࢺ࡛ࡣ NT ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ3-4 ṓඣࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᐇ㦂[1]࡛࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡋࡓ⿕㦂⪅ CࠊDࠊE (3 ṓඣ) ࡜ IࠊJࠊMࠊN (4 ṓඣ)ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡶṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ KࠊL ࡢᐇ㦂 2 ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡣᐇ㦂[1]࡟ẚ࡭࡚పࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⬟ືᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡶ㧗ࡃ࡞࠸஦ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ≉ᛶࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ⤊஢ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ㐪࠸࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡀప࠸஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ≉࡟⿕㦂⪅ CࠊMࠊNࠊSࠊTࠊV ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᐇ㦂[1]࡛ࡣṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡛ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡟ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣᐇ㦂࡛౑ࢃࢀࡓ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡴ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆࠊ⛣ືࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸㛫᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚㛫㐪࠼࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

5.

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢᐇ㦂◊✲࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᡤぢ௨ୖࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ 2 ࡘࡢᚰ⌮ⓗᐇ㦂◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㦂[1]࡛ࡣࠊ⬟ືᩥ࡜࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣぢࡽࢀࡎࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀ
ᚑ᮶⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼࡾࡶ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡣࠕ᱁ࠖ࡜
ࠕ୺㢟ᙺ๭ࠖࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ὀពࢆྥࡅࡿ஦ࡀᐇ㦂ୖ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㐜ࢀࡿ஦ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ
⋓ᚓࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊ2 ṓඣࡢ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ஦ᐇ࡜ࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯
సࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ෌ᵓᡂࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᛶࡀࠊࡑࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᐇドⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㦂[1]࡛࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸦ṇࡋࡃ㸧ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࠊ᭦࡟ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏊ౪ࡀࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡶṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡍࡿ஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㝿ࠊྠ᫬࡟࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯సࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ෌ᵓᡂࡢ≉ᛶࡶ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᛶࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ 3-4 ṓ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ஦ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡛⏝࠸ࡓࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣࠊඛ⾜モ࡟ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ୺ㄒࡢࡳࢆඛ⾜モ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶ㸦ࠕ୺ㄒᣦྥᛶࠖ㸧ࢆᣢࡘࠋ௒ᅇࡢᐇ㦂࡛⏝࠸ࡓ(16b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ
୺ㄒࡀྠ୍ᩥෆ࡟୍ࡘࡋ࠿Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ௬࡟ᗂඣࡀ c-⤫ᚚࡢ᮲௳ࡸ෌ᵓᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ᣢࡓࡎ࡜ࡶࠊࠕࠗ⮬ศ࠘ࡣ୺ㄒࢆඛ⾜モ࡜ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᚓ
ࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡀㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋIsobe (2008)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ(20)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᩥࢆకࡗࡓ࠿ࡁࡲࡐᩥࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀ෌ᵓᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑

- 93 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࢆᣢࡘ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᗂඣࡣࡸࡣࡾ෌ᵓᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡾࠊMurasugi and Kawamura (2005)࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ㄽࡀᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ṇࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(20)[ࣃࣥࢲࡉࢇࡀ⮬ศ i ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞㰯ࢆ྇࠸ࡓ࡜] jࡪࡓࡉࢇࡣ i tjᛮࡗࡓࠋ෌ࡧᐇ㦂[1]࣭ᐇ㦂[2]ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿ࡜ࠊ୧ᐇ㦂࡛ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ㐜ࢀࡿ஦ࡀุ
᫂ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ 3 ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ Bever (1970)ࠊde Villiersand de Villiers (1973)ࡣࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡣㄒ㡰ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟⋓ᚓࡀ㐜ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ᱌࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡶྠᵝ࡟㐜ࡃ࡞ࡿ஦ࡀண ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊᐇ㦂[1]࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜▩┪ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ Borer and Wexler (1987)ࠊSchaeffer (1995)ࠊSugisaki(1999)ࠊMinai (2000)࡞࡝ࡶ㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡀྵࡴ A 㐃㙐ࡢⓎ⌧࡟ࡣࠕᡂ⇍ࠖ(maturation)࡜࠸࠺せᅉࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢⓎ㐩ẁ㝵ࡲ࡛ᗂඣࡢ▱㆑࡟⌧ࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡣᙧែⓗ࡟」㞧࡞ᙧࢆᣢࡘࡓࡵ࡜࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
Borer and Wexler (1987)ࡣⱥㄒ࡜࣊ࣈࣛ࢖ㄒࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡢཷࡅ㌟࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊὴ⏕࡟ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡴືモⓗཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸ᙧᐜモⓗཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ
ྠࡌᙧែ⣲ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊືモⓗཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡢࡳ⋓ᚓ㐜ᘏࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ࡜ሗ
࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ A-⛣ືࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋSugisaki (1999)ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ
ࡢ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡴ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸㛫᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ ࡲࡓࠊSugisaki and Isobe (2001)ࡣᩥ㢌࡬ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐ࡜ືモྃෆࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐ(A ⛣ື)ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ
ྠᵝࡢ⤖ㄽ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ᢅࡗࡓཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡣࡍ࡭࡚ὴ⏕࡟ A ⛣ືࢆྵࡴ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍᪉ࠊ࠿
ࡁΰࡐᩥࡣࡍ࡭࡚ A’⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ᚓࡿ✀㢮ࡢᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡓ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊA ⛣ືࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜ࡍ
ࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓཷࡅ㌟ࡢᙧែࡢ」㞧ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ᘏࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㛫᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡣཷࡅ㌟ᙧែ⣲-rare ࡣືモ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡣ᥋㎡࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥋㎡ࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ᫬㛫ࢆせࡍࡿ஦ࡀࠊูࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚⊂❧࡟ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ (Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004)ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢཷࡅ㌟᥋㎡ ࡣ┠ⓗ᱁࡜୺㢟ᙺ๭ࡢ྾཰
࡜୺ㄒ࡬ࡢ⤒㦂ᙺ๭ࡢ௜୚࡜࠸࠺ᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ࢀࡀᙧែⓗ」㞧ࡉ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ࢀࡣࠊA-⛣ືࡢⓎ⌧ࡢ㐜ࢀ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊᙧែⓗ」㞧ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ࢀࡶ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

- 94 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

6.

࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡜ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ⌮ㄽ

6.1.

࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆྖࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ㸸ᗂඣ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽୖグ࡛㆟ㄽࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊOtsu (1994)ࡸ Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠿ࡁ
ΰࡐ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡀࡍ࡛࡟ 2㸫3 ṓඣࡢẁ㝵࡛᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡇࡢၥ࠸ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿ࠊFukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)࡟ࡼࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲ࡀ᭷┈࡞▱ぢࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡶ㝶ពⓗ࡞⛣ືࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ(21) ᪥ⱥㄒࡢ㝶ពⓗ⛣ື㸸
a.

᪥ᮏㄒ㸸

࠿ࡁΰࡐ

ࡑࡢᮏࢆ i ࢪࣙࣥࡀb.

ⱥㄒ㸸ti ㈙ࡗࡓ㸦ࡇ࡜㸧㔜ྡモྃ㌿⛣ (Heavy NP Shift)

They brought ti into my room [the beautiful pink dress]i.

Fukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡀᕥ᪉⛣ື࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐ
ࡋࠊⱥㄒࡢ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡀྑ᪉⛣ື࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㐪࠸࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࠕ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ್ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡟㉳ࡇࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺୍⯡໬ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࡢ๓᪉㸦ࡘࡲࡾᕥ᪉㸧࡬㉳ࡇࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ⱥㄒࡣࠊ୺せ㒊๓⨨ᆺࡢゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࡢᚋ᪉㸦ࡘࡲࡾྑ᪉㸧࡬࡜㉳ࡇࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᥦ᱌ࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡀࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓࢆຓࡅ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ㔜せ࡞᝟ሗ※࡜࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSugisaki (2012)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ௬ㄝ
ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆࠊᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ
Sugisaki (2012)ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ドᣐ࡟࡞ࡾᚓࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
OSV㸦┠ⓗㄒ㸫୺ㄒ㸫ືモ㸧ࡢㄒ㡰ࢆᣢࡗࡓᩥࡀࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓⓎヰࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࡝ࡢࡃ
ࡽ࠸ࡢ㢖ᗘࢆᣢࡘࡢ࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋCHIDES ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ(MacWhinney 2000)࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀࡓ
᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ 3 ྡศ(Aki, Ryo, Tai; Miyata 2004 a,b,c)࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢᇶᮏⓗ᝟ሗࡣ(22)࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ㏻ࡾ

- 95 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ୰࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ OSV ᩥࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ
࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ(23)ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

(22)

(23)

ศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗᏊ࡝ࡶࡢᖺ㱋⠊ᅖẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘ

Aki's Mother

1;05:07 - 3;00:00

20828

Ryo's Mother

1;04:03 - 3;00:30

7345

Tai's Mother

1;05:20 - 3;01:29

47377

ᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ OSV ᩥࡢ㢖ᗘ
SOV


OSV

ẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%ẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%Aki's Mother58

0.278%

1

0.005%

Ryo's Mother3

0.041%

00.000%

Tai's Mother51

0.108%

2

0.004%(23)ࡢ⾲࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞㏻ࡾࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓⓎヰ(ẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ)ࡢ୰࡛ࠊOSV ࡢㄒ㡰ࢆᣢࡗࡓᩥࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀ OSV ࡢㄒ㡰ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᡭ᥃࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝࡢ୺ᙇࡀࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ Kang (2005)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚᪤࡟ᡂࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKang (2005)ࡣࠊCho (1982)ࡢほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡢᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ OSV ᩥࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋࠊOSV ᩥࡀ㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ
⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(24) 㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ OSV ᩥࡢ㢖ᗘWord Orders



SOV

OSV

Alicia's Mother+Accusative Case22(2;03-2;09)-Accusative Case

87

8

Paul's Mother+Accusative Case33(2;07 - 2;11)-Accusative Case

155

11

Anne's Mother+Accusative Case

40(2;10 - 3;04)-Accusative Case

160

32

411

56

Total

                          (Cho 1982, cited in Kang 2005)- 96 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）


ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ(23)࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᡂࡉࢀࡓ Kang (2005)ࡢ୺ᙇࡀࠊ
᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡣ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ࡢ㢖ᗘ࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟
ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊSugisaki (2012)ࡣࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓⓎヰࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚋ⨨モྃࡢฟ⌧㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࡣ(25)࡟࠶ࡿ⾲ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(25)ᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚋ⨨モྃࡢ㢖ᗘᚋ⨨モྃẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%Aki's Mother

20828

776

3.726%

Ryo's Mother

7345

204

2.777%

Tai's Mother

47377

1274

2.689%(25)ࡢ⾲࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ୰࡟ࠊᚋ⨨モྃࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㢖⦾࡟⌧ࢀࡿࠋLegate and Yang (2002)ࡣࠊ✵୺ㄒࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ㠀✵୺ㄒᆺࡢ್࡟ᅛᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟
ᚲせ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᝟ሗࢆ there ᵓᩥ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
ゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ there ᵓᩥࡢ㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ㢖ᗘࡣ⣙ 2.5㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ࡣࡇࡢᩘ್ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㢖ᗘ࡛ᚋ⨨モྃࡢ᝟ሗࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ᪥ᮏ
ㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜Ỵᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ୖグࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊFukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡜ᐦ᥋࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡜ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࡀࠊᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆྖࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௚ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᥦ᱌ࡣࠊゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽᨭᣢࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬⏤ㄒ㡰࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞⌮ㄽ◊✲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ Hale (1983)ࡢᥦ᱌࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ᳨ウࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋ
 Hale (1983)ࡣࠊWarlpiri ㄒ㸦࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ඛఫẸࡢゝㄒࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ㸧ࡢศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ
࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆチᐜࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘ⓗ࡟✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチᐜࡍࡿゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋࡓࠋ
Warlpiri ㄒࡶ᪥ᮏㄒࡶࠊ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆከ⏝ࡍࡿゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡛ࡣᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿ
ゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ࡶࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ✵୺ㄒࡢࡳࢆチ୚ࡍࡿゝㄒ࡜᪥ᮏㄒ࣭Warlpiri ㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ✵┠ⓗㄒࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩥ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡗࡓ୺ㄒ࡟௚ື

- 97 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

モࡀᚋ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᩥ㸧࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ(22)࡟
࠶ࡆࡓ 3 ྡࡢᗂඣࡢⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẕぶࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥࡢ㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ(26)ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

(26)ᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥࡢ㢖ᗘẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%Aki's Mother

20828

46

0.221%

Ryo's Mother

7345

21

0.286%

Tai's Mother

47377

109

0.230%(26)ࡢ⾲࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟✵┠ⓗㄒࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᩥࡣࠊᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟
ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ1㸣࡟ࡶ‶ࡓ࡞࠸㢖ᗘ࡛ࡋ࠿⌧ࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢᩘ್ࡣࠊୖ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ Legate and Yang (2002)ࡢᇶ‽࡟↷ࡽࡍ࡜ࠊᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚༑ศ࡞㔞ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀ࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࠊ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣప࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ࠊᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢᛶ㉁࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡓ㝿ࠊᙜヱゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿
ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗࠸ࡀࠊ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチᐜࡍࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣప࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⤒㦂࠿ࡽࡢⓎぢࡣࠊFukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᥦ᱌ࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

6.2.

ᗂඣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᮏㄒ㡰 ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ᝟ሗࡀ༑ศ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀ୚࠼
ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࡑࡢ▱㆑ࢆ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࠿ࡽᐇ㝿࡟ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡣ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
 Sugisaki (2008)ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 2 ṓඣࡀࠊOV㸦┠ⓗㄒ㸫ືモ㸧ࡢㄒ㡰ࡀᇶᮏㄒ㡰࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊୖグࡢၥ࠸࡟⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡂேࡢᣢࡘ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢ▱㆑࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ(27)ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᩥࡶチᐜࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ୍ぢࠊOV ࡢㄒ㡰ࡶ VO
ࡢㄒ㡰ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ- 98 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉(27) a.
b.

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

ࢪࣙࣥࡀࡑࡢᮏࢆ㈙ࡗࡓࡼࠋ
ࢪࣙࣥࡀ㈙ࡗࡓࡼࠊࡑࡢᮏࢆࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊTanaka (2001)ࡢ◊✲ࡀ♧ࡍ㏻ࡾࠊ(27b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ VO ᩥࡣࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⎔ቃ࡛ࡋ࠿ྍ
⬟࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊVO ᩥࡣࠊᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᩥ࡛ࡣチᐜࡉࢀࡎࠊࡲࡓ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

(28) a.
b.
(29) a.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡣ[ࢪࣙࣥࡀࡑࡢᮏࢆ㈙ࡗࡓ]࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
* ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡣ[ࢪࣙࣥࡀ㈙ࡗࡓࠊࡑࡢᮏࢆ]࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࢪࣙࣥࡀ᫖᪥ఱࢆ㈙ࡗࡓࡢ㸽b.  *

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ᫖᪥㈙ࡗࡓࡢࠊఱࢆ㸽ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊOV ᩥࡢ᪉ࡀ VO ᩥࡼࡾࡶᗈ࠸⎔ቃ࡟࠾࠸࡚チᐜࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࠊᚑࡗ࡚᪥ᮏㄒࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡣ VO ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ OV ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ Sugisaki (2008)ࡣࠊ⮬↛Ⓨヰศᯒࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊᡂே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊOV ᩥࡢࡳࡋ࠿チᐜࡉࢀ࡞࠸⎔ቃࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ
CHILDES ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 4 ྡࡢᗂඣࡢⓎヰࢆศᯒࡋࠊ(29a)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ OV
ㄒ㡰ࢆకࡗࡓ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥ࡜ࠊ(29b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ VO ㄒ㡰ࢆకࡗࡓ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥࡢ౑
⏝㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ 4 ྡࡢᗂඣࡢⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ᝟ሗࡀ(30)ࡢ⾲࡛࠶ࡾࠊศᯒ⤖ᯝࡀ(31)ࡢ⾲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(30) ศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓᗂඣⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
ᗂඣྡ

ᖺ㱋⠊ᅖ

ᗂඣࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘ

Ⓨヰࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟⪅Aki

2;06:15 - 3;00:00

12,415

Miyata (2004a)

Ryo

2;04:25 - 3;00:30

5,901

Miyata (2004b)

Tai

1;09:03 - 3;01:29

29,980Miyata (2004c)

Jun

2;03:23 - 3;00:01

22,444Ishii (2004)- 99 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(31) ศᯒ⤖ᯝ
Aki

Ryo

Tai

Jun

(S)OV

(S)VO

(S)OV

(S)VO

(S)OV

(S)VO

(S)OV

(S)VO

Ⓨヰ⥲ᩘ

518

38

252

43

1120

50

754

120

┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥࡢⓎヰᩘ

185

0

40

0

70

1

140

0

┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥࡢⓎヰ๭ྜ(%)

38.7

0

15.9

0

6.3

2

18.6

0

(31)ࡢ⾲ࡀ♧ࡍ㏻ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊほᐹࡋ࠺ࡿ᭱ึᮇ࠿ࡽࠊ┠ⓗㄒ wh␲ၥᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ OV ㄒ㡰ࡋ࠿⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊVO ㄒ㡰ࡣ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᗂඣࡀࡍ࡛࡟ᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡣ OV࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆࡍ࡛࡟ᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࡀ 2 ṓࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

6.3.

 ࡲ࡜ࡵ
࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆྖࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ: 6 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ๓⠇ࡲ࡛࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ࠸
࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ࡣࠊᚋ⨨モྃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀ㇏ᐩ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᗂඣࡀ 2 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡀ OV ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
Fukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡀᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿゝㄒࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ್ࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿゝㄒ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺⌮ㄽⓗ௬ㄝࡀゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㸬7㸬࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ㸸 ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᡂᯝ࡜௒ᚋࡢᒎᮃ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᐇ㦂◊✲࣭⮬↛Ⓨヰศᯒࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽࠊࡲࡓᗂඣ
ࡢᣢࡘゝㄒ▱㆑ཬࡧ࿘ࡾࡢ኱ே࠿ࡽᗂඣ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ◊✲࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ኱ࡁࡃศࡅ࡚௨ୗࡢ 2 Ⅼ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

(32)

a.

᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ▱㆑ࡣ㐜ࡃ࡜ࡶ 3 ṓࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋb.

᪥ᮏㄒࢆ⋓ᚓ୰ࡢᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟♧ࡍᩥ(OSV ᩥ)ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

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言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

(32b)ࡢほᐹ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ(32a)ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨぢࡣࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓࡀ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⏕ᡂᩥἲࡢᇶᮏⓗ௬ㄝ࡟ᨭᣢࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖࡢ㛵୚࡟ᑐࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ドᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࠿ࡁΰࡐ࡜࠸࠺
᧯సࡀⱥㄒ࡟ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸Ⅼࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ(32)࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓⓎぢࡢ㔜せᛶࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࠸
࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡼࡾ᪩࠸
ẁ㝵࡛࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ▱㆑ࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋⱥㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ30 ࠿᭶ࡢᗂඣࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᐇ㦂◊✲㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊSutton et al. 2012 ࡞࡝㸧ࡀ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸
ࡿ⌧≧ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ2 ṓ୰㡭ࡢᖺ㱋ࢆ୺࡞⿕㦂⪅࡜ࡋࡓ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢᐇ㦂◊✲ࡀ௒ᚋࡢ᪥
ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢ୍ࡘࡢࢺࣆࢵࢡ࡟࡞ࡾᚓࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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E. Williams, 123-172. Dordrecht: Reidel.
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Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2:331-341.
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Haig, J. H. 1976. Shadow pronoun deletion in Japanese. Linguistic Inquiry 7:363-371.
Hale, K. 1983. Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational languages. Natural Language andLinguistic Theory 1:5-47.
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University Conference on Language Development, eds. A. Brugos, M. R. Clark-Cotton and S.
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恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

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᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖ணഛⓗ◊✲*

杉崎

鉱司・村杉

恵子

㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ᮡᓮ㻌 㖔ྖ 䞉ᮧᮡ㻌 ᜨᏊ

1.

䛿䛨䜑䛻

㻌 ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ẕㄒ▱㆑䛾⋓ᚓ䛿䚸(i) ⋓ᚓྍ⬟䛺ゝㄒ䛾㢮䜢つᐃ䛧䛯⏕ᚓⓗ䛺௙⤌䜏䛷䛒䜛䛂ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ䛃(UG)䛸䚸(ii) ⏕ᚋእ⏺䛛䜙ྲྀ䜚㎸䜎䜜䜛ゝㄒ⤒㦂䛾୧⪅䛾┦஫స⏝䛻䜘䜚㐩ᡂ䛥䜜䜛䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲䛿䚸䛭䛾୺䛺ᡂᯝ䛾୍䛴䛸
䛧䛶䚸UG 䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䜛ᵝ䚻䛺ᒓᛶ䛻㛵䛧䚸䛭䜜䜙䛜ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ䛾ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢ᵝ䚻䛺ᡭἲ䜢⏝䛔䛶♧䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸UG 䛾Ꮡᅾ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᴟ䜑䛶㔜せ䛺ドᣐ䜢୚䛘⥆䛡䛶䛝䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾୍㐃䛾◊✲䛾୰䛷䚸୺せ䛺ドᣐ䛾୍䛴䜢ᡂ䛧䛶䛔䜛◊✲䛻䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䠄䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䠅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䛜䛒䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸de Villiers, Roeper, &Vainikka (1990)ࡣࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ wh ␲ၥᩥࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㝿ࠊwh ࡛ྃ࠶ࡿ how ࢆࠊᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ⠇ෆࡢ paint ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡏࡎࠊ୺⠇ࡢ ask ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡾ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡣࠊ(2a)࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞㛫᥋␲ၥᩥ࠿ࡽࡢ⛣ືࢆ⚗ࡎࡿࠕwh ᓥไ⣙ࠖ(wh-island constraint) ࡀࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 3-6 ṓඣࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࡢ୰࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ

(1)

How did the girl ask [who to paint]?

(2)

a.

* How1 did the girl ask [ who to paint

b.

t1 ]?

How1 did the girl ask [ who to paint ] t1 ?

㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺◊✲䛾ὶ䜜䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ྠᵝ䛻䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ไ⣙䛜ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛ྰ䛛䜢ᐇドⓗ䛻ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䚹Otsu(2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜢ᴫほ䛧䚸䛭䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ᚋ䚸ᡃ䚻⮬㌟䛾ணഛⓗ䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛩䜛䚹
2.

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖ඛ⾜◊✲ୖグ䛾(2a)䛚䜘䜃௨ୗ䛾(3b)䛻♧䛥䜜䜛㏻䜚䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸wh ྃ䛜ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇ෆ䛛䜙ᩥ㢌䜈䛸⛣ື䛩䜛㝿䚸䛭䛾ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇䛜␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿㠀ᩥ䛸䛺䜛䛣䛸䛜 Chomsky (1973)䛺䛹䛷ほᐹ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䛣䛾ຠᯝ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩ไ⣙䛿ࠕwh ᓥไ⣙ࠖ(wh-island constraint)䛸࿧䜀䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹*ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐇ㦂ㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋ࢆチྍࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓὠឡඣᅬࡢඛ⏕᪉࠾ࡼࡧಖㆤ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࠊᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓᅬඣࡢⓙࡉࢇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂⿵ຓࢆົࡵ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ▼ᶫᯝዉᏊࡉࢇ࣭ຍ⸨ᐇ⪨ࡉࢇ㸦୕㔜኱ᏛேᩥᏛ㒊㸧࡟ࠊࡇࡢሙࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࠋ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(3)

a.

What1 did John say [ that May liked t1 ]?

b. * What1 did John wonder [ whether Mary liked t1 ]?
Watanabe (1992)䛿䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛸ྠᵝ䛾ຠᯝ䛜䚸䠄ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒㢧ᅾⓗ䛻䛿䠅⩏ົⓗ䛺
wh ⛣ື䜢ᣢ䛯䛺䛔᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ぢ䜙䜜䜛䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹(4)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛b. * 䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛]▱䜚䛯䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛㻌 ᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛(4b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䛜䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛(3b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩ไ⣙䛸඲䛟ྠ୍䛾ไ⣙䛛䜙ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜔䚸(4b)䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛ไ⣙䛜⤫ㄒⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿ព࿡ⓗ䞉㡢㡩ⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸㠀ᖖ䛻ከ䛟䛾⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲䛜䛩䛷䛻䛺䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸ᵝ䚻䛺䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛜ᥦ᱌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄౛䛘䜀䚸Richards 2008 䛻䜘䜛せ⣙䜢ཧ↷䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸(4b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䜢┤᥋ⓗ䛻♧၀䛧䛶䛟䜜䜛䜘䛖䛺ゝㄒ⤒㦂䛜඲䛶䛾ᗂඣ䛻ᚲ䛪ᡭ䛻ධ䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䛣䛸䜢⪃៖䛩䜛䛸䚸(4b)䜢㠀ᩥ䛸䛩䜛ไ⣙䛿䚸UG 䛾ᒓᛶ䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜㧗䛔䚹䜒䛧䛭䛖䛷䛒䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛾ᣢ䛴ゝㄒ▱㆑䛿䚸ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾ไ⣙䛻ᚑ䛖య⣔䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜ண 䛥䜜䜛䚹
㻌 Otsu (2007)䛿䚸䛣䛾ண 䛾ጇᙜᛶ䜢ㄪ䜉䜛䛯䜑䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛 3 ṓඣ 20 ྡ䞉4 ṓඣ 20 ྡ䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛾୍䛴䛷䛿䚸䜎䛪䚸䝆䝵䞁䛸䛔䛖ேᙧ䜢ᑟධ䛧䚸ᗂඣ䛻䛿䛂䝆䝵䞁䛜᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ຮᙉ୰䛷䚸䛹䜜䛟䜙䛔᪥ᮏㄒ䛜䜟䛛䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䛛ㄪ䜉䛯䛔䛾䛷䚸ᡭఏ䛳䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃䛸䛔䛖᪨䛾ㄝ᫂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾ㄝ᫂䛾ᚋ䛻䚸ᐇ㦂⪅䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛸䝆䝵䞁䛻䛚ヰ䜢⪺䛛䛫䚸䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸ᐇ㦂⪅䛜䝆䝵䞁䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸䝆䝵䞁䛜㉁ၥ䛻⟅䛘䛯䚹ᗂඣ䛜⾜䛖䜉䛝సᴗ䛿䚸䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛭䜜䛮䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛂㐺ษ䛃䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䠄䛺䛚䚸⏝䛔䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛᪉ἲ䛿䚸
Crain & Thornton (1998)䛺䛹䛷㆟ㄽ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ(truth-value judgment task)䛻㏆䛔䛜䚸ᐇ㝿䛻ᗂඣ䛜ุ᩿䜢ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛾ෆᐜ䛾䛂┿ഇ䛃(truth)䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛾䛂㐺ษ䛥䛃(appropriateness)䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸ⱝᖸ᪉ἲ䛜␗䛺䜛䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛿䚸ḟ⠇䛷㏙䜉䜛ᡃ䚻䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䜒ᙜ䛶䛿䜎䜛䚹䠅ᐇ㝿䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾୍䛴䛿䚸(5)䛻䛒䜛㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䛸䚸䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛜ᗂඣ䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯䚹(5)䛚ヰ䠖ኴ㑻ྩ䛸ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛜䛺䛛䜘䛟䝔䝺䝡䛷䝗䝷䛘䜒䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䛚䛛䛒䛥䜣䛜䛚䛛䛧䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛝䛶䛟䜜䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䛂ኴ㑻䛿䛰䜜䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾?䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹ኴ㑻ྩ䛿䛂䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸䝗䝷䛘䜒䜣䛥䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛛䛒䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻䜒㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌䛂ⰼᏊ䛿䛰䜜䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿䜋䜣䛸䛖䛿䛾䜃ኴྩ䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾䛷䛩䛜䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸䛿䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜂䜏䛴䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹- 106 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

(6)

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

a.

䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖䛿䛔䚹b.

ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖*䛿䛔䚹

c.

䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䜒[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖䛿䛔䚹d.

ኴ㑻ྩ䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛸]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䚹䝆䝵䞁䠖*䛿䛔䚹

㻌 (5)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛚䜘䜃(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䜢 2 ✀㢮ᥦ♧䛧䚸䛭䜜䛻䜘䜚ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸(7)䛾⾲䛾䛸䛚䜚䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹
(7)

Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ
㉁ၥ䛾✀㢮

ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘

ṇ⟅ᩘཬ䜃ṇ⟅⋡䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛*䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䜒[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)ኴ㑻ྩ䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛸]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䚹*䛿䛔

74 / 80 (92%)

㻌 Otsu (2007)䛿䚸ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛿ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛸䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䛻䜘䛳䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛛 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛛䜢༊ู䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛸⤖ㄽ௜䛡䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䜢ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻䛚䛡䜛
UG 䛾㛵୚䜢ᐇドⓗ䛻♧䛭䛖䛸䛧䛯Ⅼ䛷䚸኱ኚ౯್䛾䛒䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᑟ䛛䜜䛯⤖ㄽ䛻↷䜙䛩䛸䚸䛭䛾ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ䛻䛿㔜኱䛺ၥ㢟䛜₯䜣䛷䛔䜛䛸ゝ䜟䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䚹(4b)䛻♧䛧䛯㏻䜚䠄௨ୗ䛻(8b)䛸
䛧䛶෌ᥖ䠅䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛿䚸䛂䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺␲ၥᩥ䜢♧䛩ᶆ㆑䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛯⠇䛾୰䛻䛒䜛 wh ྃ䛜䚸䛂䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䜢㉸䛘䛶୺⠇䜢స⏝ᇦ䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖ຠᯝ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ྠᵝ䛻䚸(9b)䛻♧䛩䜘䛖䛻ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸wh ྃ䛿ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇ෆ䛾䛂䛛䛃䛸⤖䜃䛴䛝䚸䛭䜜䜢㉸䛘䛶୺⠇䜢స⏝ᇦ䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸(9b)䛿 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛥䜜䜛䚹䠄ㄯヰ䛾≧ἣ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸(9b)䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䛂ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䝸䞁䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙧ䛷䚸wh ྃ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛᝟ሗ䜢䚸䛂䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻㏣ຍ䛧䛶౪⤥䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛿 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛻㝈ᐃ䛥䜜䜛䚹䠅(8)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛b. * 䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛]▱䜚䛯䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛(9)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛾䠛b.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛]䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛾䠛㻌 䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛾୰䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯▱㆑䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛩䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜(9b)䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸䠄䛭䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛸䛧䛶䠅wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛾ゎ㔘䜢チᐜ䛧䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜢♧䛥䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹୍᪉䛷䚸Otsu (2007)䛾◊✲䛜➃ⓗ䛻♧䛧䛯Ⅼ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜(9a)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䛸䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛯ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇䜢క䛳䛯 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛾ゎ㔘䜢チᐜ䛧䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛾䜏䛷䛒- 107 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

䜚䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶ᗂඣ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛛ྰ䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸⟅䛘䜢୚䛘䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹㻌 ḟ⠇䛷ሗ࿌䛩䜛ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛿䚸Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂◊✲䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸䛭䜜䜢ᨵၿ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᫂♧ⓗ䛺ドᣐ䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
3.

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂㻌 ᡃ䚻䛾᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ 28 ྡ䠄3 ṓඣ 4 ྡ䚸4 ṓඣ 17 ྡ䚸5 ṓඣ
7 ྡ䠗ᖺ㱋⠊ᅖ䛿 3 ṓ 9 䛛᭶䛛䜙 5 ṓ 5 䛛᭶䛷䚸ᖹᆒᖺ㱋䛿 4 ṓ 7 䛛᭶䠅䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ணഛⓗㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛖᪉ἲ(Question after Story)䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛾㐺ษ䛥䜢ၥ䛖ุ᩿ἲ(Appropriateness Judgment Task)䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䜛᪉ἲ䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹䜎䛪䚸Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂䛸ྠᵝ䛻䚸ேᙧ䠄ᡃ䚻䛾ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䠅䜢ᗂඣ䛻⤂௓䛧䚸䛂ᜍ❳䛥䜣䛿䜎䛰᪥ᮏㄒ䛜ୖᡭ䛷䛿䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⟅䛘䜢㛫㐪䛘䛯䜙ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃᪨䜢ఏ䛘䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸෗┿䜢ぢ䛫䛺䛜䜙䚸௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䜢ᗂඣ䛻୚䛘䛯䚹
(10)

䛚ヰ䠖

௒᪥䛿䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛜䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝔䞊䝤䝹䛾ୖ䛻䚸䛚䜔䛴䛾䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䛸ᯝ≀䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿୍⥴䛻ᯝ≀䜢㣗䜉䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䛂䜲䝏䝂䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚∗䛥䜣䛜䛚௙஦䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚∗䛥䜣䛿䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚䜏䜔䛢䛻㟁㌴䛾䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢䜒䜙䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹

䐟

䐠

䐢

䐣

- 108 -

䐡

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

(10)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸(11)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䜢䚸ᗂඣ䛸ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䛾୧᪉䛻ᑐ䛧䛶⾜䛳䛯䚹ᡭ㡰䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䜢ồ䜑䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䛤䛸䛻䚸ᗂඣ䛜⟅䛘䛯ᚋ䛻䚸ᜍ❳䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸䛭䛾㉁ၥ䛻ᜍ❳䛜⟅䛘䛯䚹ᗂඣ䛻䛿䚸⮬䜙䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㉁ၥ䛻⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸䛭䛾ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䛜㐺ษ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᜍ❳䛜ᡭ䛻䛧䛶䛔䜛䕿䞉㽢䛾⣬䜢ᣦ䛧♧䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛯䚹඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䛿䚸(12)䛾䜘䛖䛻⾜䜟䜜䛯䚹(11) ㉁ၥ䛾౛䠖a.

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖 䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹䠅b.

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䠅c.

䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䠅(12)඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䠖ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䠄䛚ヰ䜢䛧䛯ᚋ䛻䠅௒䛾䛚ヰ䜟䛛䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛨䜓䛒䜎䛪䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䠄ᗂඣ䛾ྡ๓䠅䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖㣗䜉䛶䛺䛔䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛

ᗂඣ䠖

䜲䝏䝂䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖

䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

- 109 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

㻌 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸ᗂඣ䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛖᪉ἲ(Question after Story)䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛾㐺ษ䛥䜢ၥ䛖ุ᩿ἲ
(Appropriateness Judgment Task)䛾 2 ✀㢮䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛯⌮⏤䛿䚸௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹๓⠇䛷䜒㏙䜉
䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺␲ၥᩥ䛿䚸ㄯヰ䛾≧ἣ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸wh ྃ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛᝟ሗ䜢䚸䛂䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻㏣ຍ䛧䛶౪⤥䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛻㐺ษᛶ䛾ุ᩿䛰䛡䜢ồ䜑䛶䛧䜎䛖䛸䚸(11c)䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䛜䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖཯ᛂ䛜ᗂඣ䛛䜙㏉䛳䛶䛝䛯㝿䚸䛭䜜䛜(i)୚䛘䜙䜜䛯␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛯䜑䛺䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䛸䜒(ii)䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺⟅䛘䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛻↷䜙䛧䛶䛂㐺ษ䛃䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䛾䛛䛾༊ู䜢䛴䛡䜛䛣䛸䛜㞴䛧䛔䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䜢䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻ᑜ䛽䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘䜢☜ㄆ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ᗂඣ䛜୚䛘䜙䜜䛯␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛾䛛 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛾䛛䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛾䛂㐺ษ䛥䛃䜢ุ᩿䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸䛸䛧䛯䚹㻌 ᐇ㦂䛿䚸(10)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛧 2 䛴䛸䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊䛸䛧䛶䛾䛚ヰ䛧 2 䛴䛾ィ 4 䛴䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛚ヰ䛾ᥦ♧㡰䞉่⃭ᩥ䛾ᥦ♧㡰䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜 2 ✀㢮⏝ព䛥䜜䛯䚹ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹
(13)

ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䠖
(11a)䛾䜘䛖䛺(11b)䛾䜘䛖䛺(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺⦎⩦ၥ㢟䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ

ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘

㐺ษᛶุ᩿

ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘

㐺ษᛶุ᩿

ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘

㐺ษᛶุ᩿

ṇ⟅ᩘ

55/56

55/56

54/56

54/56

47/56

46/56

ṇ⟅ᩘ

98.2

98.2

96.4

96.4

83.9

82.1

㻌 ୖグ䛾⤖ᯝ䛜♧䛩㏻䜚䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸
83.9䠂䛸䛔䛖㧗䛔๭ྜ䛷䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛶⟅䛘䜢୚䛘䚸ྠᵝ䛻 82.1䠂䛸䛔䛖㧗䛔๭ྜ䛷wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛸䛔䛖ุ᩿䜢ୗ䛩䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹4 ྡ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䜆䛹䛖䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸1 ྡ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䛿䚸䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ḟ⠇䛷⡆༢䛻㆟ㄽ䛩䜛䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛯኱㒊ศ䛾཯ᛂ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛻ᚑ䛳䛯཯ᛂ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⓨぢ䛜ᙅ䜑䜙䜜䜛䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹
4.

䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ศᯒ௨ୖ䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䚸ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯ᒓᛶ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䚸ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛ྰ䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ணഛⓗ䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸
Otsu㻌 (2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䛜䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䛒䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻┤᥋⟅䛘䜛ᐇ㦂䝕䝄䜲䞁䛻䛿䛺䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔Ⅼ䛻╔┠䛧䚸䛭䛾Ⅼ䜢ᨵၿ䛧䛯ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛿䚸⋓ᚓ◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ㄪ䜉䜘䛖䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛⌮ㄽⓗᛶ㉁䛾ᮏ㉁䜢ṇ䛧䛟ㄆ㆑䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾ᚲせᛶ䜢

- 110 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

♧၀䛧䛯䜒䛾䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹ᮏᐇ㦂䛾ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛻䛿䛂Question after Story䛃䛷䚸඲䛶䛾㉁ၥ䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ᗂඣ䛿㉁ၥ䛻ᅇ⟅䛩䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛜⟅䛘䛯ᚋ䛻䚸䛥䜙䛻ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ᗂඣ䛿䛭䛾ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ุ᩿䜢୚䛘䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸㏻ᖖ䛾┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ
(truth-value judgment㻌 task)䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䚸㐃⥆䛧䛶ุ᩿䛾䜏䜢⾜䛖䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ุ᩿䜢⾜䛖๓䛻䚸ᚲ䛪୚䛘䜙䜜䛯㉁ၥ䠄yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛒䜛䛔䛿 wh ␲ၥᩥ䠅䛻⮬䜙䛜⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖≉ᚩ䛜䛒䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛾ㄪᰝ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ㄪᰝ䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯ᗂඣ㐩䛾䛖䛱䚸䜋䜌኱ከᩘ䛾཯ᛂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ᮏᐇ㦂䛾୺せ䛺ᩥ䛸䛺䜛䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸䠄኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛻ṇ䛧䛟䠅䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䛃䛸⟅䛘䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛸䛔䛖⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䠄኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛻ṇ䛧䛟䠅䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛛䜙⟅䛘䜢ᘬ䛝䛰䛧䚸ḟ䛻ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛭䜜䛜㐺ษ䛺⟅䛘䛷䛒䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ุ᩿䛥䛫䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛾▱㆑䜢஧㔜䛻☜䛛䜑䛴䛴ᘬ䛝ฟ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ᴟ䜑䛶ṇ☜䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹ᮏᐇ㦂䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸Otsu (2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜘䜚䛿䛿䜛䛛䛻ㄝᚓຊ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛻 whᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢♧䛩䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹㻌 㻌 䛥䜙䛻䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⤖ᯝ䛷䛿䚸ᑡᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䛷䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸⯆࿡῝䛔䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛜䚸୍ᐃ䛾୍㈏ᛶ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䚸」ᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䜜䛿䚸ୖグ䛾ᮏᐇ㦂䛾୺せ䛺ᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䠄䛂ㄗ䛳䛶䛃䠅䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛸Ꮚ䛹䜒䛜⟅䛘䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻䜒䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䠄䛂ㄗ䛳䛶䛃䠅㐺ษ䛷䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛪䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛾Ⓨヰ䛸䛧䛶䚸ḟ䛻ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛾┿ഇ䛾ุ᩿䛸䛧䛶䚸஧㔜䛻♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛭䜜䛿䛂⌮⏤䛾䛒䜛ㄗ⟅䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䚸༢⣧䛻ุ᩿䛩䜛䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛜䛣䛾ᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛧䛛䜒䚸wh ᓥไ⣙䛻㐪཯䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䜒⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䜒䛷䛝䛖䜛䚹㻌 㻌 䛧䛛䛧䚸ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸኱ከᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛜䚸௚䛾ሙྜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛾ุ᩿䜢䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛛䛴䚸䛒䜛䜂䛸䛴䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᩥ⬦ᥦ♧䛾䛸䛝䛾䜏䛻୍㈏䛧䛶ほᐹ䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛣䜜䛜䛔䜟䜖䜛ᩥἲ▱㆑䛭䛾䜒䛾䛻㛵䜟䜛ၥ㢟䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛣䛾䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛜䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛾ᐇ㦂ᡭἲ䛻䛒䜛₯ᅾⓗၥ㢟䛻㛵䜟䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䛔䚹ၥ㢟䛸䛺䛳䛯ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛸䛭䛾ᩥ⬦ᥦ♧䜢ྵ䜐䝉䝑䝖䜢෌ᗘ䜏䛶䜏䜘䛖䚹(13)඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䠖 䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛾ሙྜᐇ㦂⪅䠖䠄䛚ヰ䜢䛧䛯ᚋ䛻䠅௒䛾䛚ヰ䜟䛛䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛨䜓䛒䜎䛪䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䠄ᗂඣ䛾ྡ๓䠅䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖㣗䜉䛶䛺䛔䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

- 111 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛

ᗂඣ䠖

䜲䝏䝂䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖

䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛

ᗂඣ䠖

䜆䛹䛖䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖

䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ䛿䚸䛣䛾୕䛴䛾㉁ၥ䛛䜙䛺䜛᭱ึ䛾஧䛴䛿䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ேᙧ䛜ṇ䛧䛟⌮ゎ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䜢ヨ䛩䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䛸䛝䚸ᗂඣ䛻ุ᩿䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛩䜛䛂┿ഇ䛃䛾ุ᩿䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛣䜝䛜䚸᭱ᚋ䛾୍䛴䛷ヨ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛾ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛜䚸䛂⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛃䛸䛧䛶㐺ษ䛺䜒䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱஧䛴䛾䝍䜲䝥䛾㉁ၥ䚸䛂ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ䛜䛸᛹⋇䛥䜣䛾⟅䛘䛜ෆᐜⓗ䛻୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛃䛸䛂ேᙧ䛜 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛄䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛅䛾䛔䛪䜜䛛䛷⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛛䛃䛜䚸䛣䛾㡰␒䛷ᗂඣ䛻୚䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹᭦䛻䚸䛣䛾䛸䛝䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛸䛧䛶䛄ㄗ䛳䛶䛅♧䛥䜜䜛䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛿䚸䜎䛥䛻ᩥ⬦䛾୰䛷୚䛘䜙䜜䛯≧ἣ䛸ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䛚ヰ䛾୰䛷㣗䜉䜙䜜䛯䜒䛾䛿䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䛿ㄯヰୖ䚸ṇ䛧䛔ෆᐜ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺ᩥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺⟅䛘䛿䚸ୖ
グ䛷䜒㏙䜉䛯㏻䜚䚸ᡂே䛾ㄯヰ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸yes 䛾⟅䛘䛻ᚋ⥆䛧䛶ฟ䛶䛟䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸඲䛟୙ྍ⬟䛸䛿ゝ䛘䛺䛔䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸」ᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛜䚸䛣䛾≧ἣ䛾ୗ䛷䛾䜏䚸୕䛴┠䛾㉁ၥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸๓䛾஧䛴䛾⟅䛘䛸ྠᵝ䛻䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛧䛶⟅䛘䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘䛿䚸ㄯヰୖ䚸㛫㐪䛔䛸䛿䛔䛘䛺䛔䜒䛾䜢㑅䜣䛷䛔䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾⤖ᯝ䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᩥἲ▱㆑䛻ၥ㢟䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䚹㻌 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䜢ΰ஘䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛿䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊䠄filler䠅䛸䛧䛶୚䛘䛶䛔䜛ㄪᰝ䛛䜙䜒᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸䛂䜹䝑䝟䛱䜓䜣䛿ఱ䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖 wh ␲ၥᩥ䜢୚䛘䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛶䜒䜙䛳䛯ᚋ䛻䚸ேᙧ䛻䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ேᙧ䛿䛂䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䛃䛸⟅䛘䜛䚹䛣䛾ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛻ุ᩿䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸䛂┿ഇ䛃䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛂⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛃䛸䛺䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿኱ே䛸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛻䛂ṇ䛧䛟䛃⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
Nakayama (1996)䜢䛿䛨䜑䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ䛾┿ഇ䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ᩥ䛾ᙧᘧ䛸䛭䛣䛷⪺䛛䜜䛯ᩥ䛾⟅䛘䛜ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䜙- 112 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

䜢ศ䛡䛶ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᅔ㞴䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ᣦ᦬䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛷୍㈏䛧䛶ぢ䜙䜜䛯䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䜒䚸ᩥἲୖ䛾せᅉ䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛺䛟䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᐇ㦂ୖ䚸஧✀㢮䛾⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄䛩䛺䜟䛱᭱ึ䛾஧䛴䛿䚸ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶ṇ䛧䛔ྡモྃ䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䚸᭱ᚋ䛾୍䛴䛿䚸䛄ṇ⟅䛅䛸䛧䛶䛂䛿䛔䛃䛒䜛䛔䛿䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䛸⟅䛘䜜䜀䜘䛔䠅䛣䛸䜢ព㆑䛧䛺䛔㝈䜚䚸䛭䜜䜎䛷䛾⟅䛘᪉䛸ྠ䛨䠄䛣䛾ሙྜ䛿୚䛘䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䠅䝍䜲䝥䛾ᙧᘧ䛷⟅䛘䚸ᗂඣ䛿୚䛘䜙䜜䛯ᩥ⬦䛸ㄯヰ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䛂ṇ䛧䛔䛃ෆᐜ䜢㑅䜆䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䚸௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂⪅䛾ほᐹ䛸▩┪䛧䛺䛔䚹ᗂඣ䛾୰䛻䛿䚸䛂䡚䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖䝍䜲䝥䛾ၥ䛔䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䛂ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䛃䛸䛔䛖⟅䛘䜢㏉䛩ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜒ほᐹ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌␗䛺䜛䝍䜲䝥䛾ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸๓䛾⟅䛘᪉䛸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䜢䛧⥆䛡䜛䛾䛿䚸ືసἲ䠄Act-Out Task䠅䛷䛾“Bird in Hand Phenomenon”䛻䜒㏻䛪䜛䚹ᗂඣ䛾ഴྥ䛸䛧䛶䚸ᡭ䛻䜒䛳䛯䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢ᣢ䛱⥆䛡䜛ᐇ㦂ୖ䛾≉ᚩ䛾䜂䛸䛴䛿䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛔䛳䛯䜣⟅䛘䜛᪉ἲ䜢Ỵ䜑䛯䜙䛭䜜䜢⥆䛡䚸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䜢⥆䛡䛶䜒䚸ㄯヰୖ䚸༑ศ䛻䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘᪉䛷䜒䜘䛔䛸䛔䛖⠊ᅖ䛻䛒䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸ุ᩿䛻⏝䛔䜛䝇䝨䞊䝇䜢ㄯヰ䜎䛷ᗈ䛢䚸⤖ᯝⓗ䛻䚸኱ே䛾ᩥἲ䛸䛧䛶䛿䛄ㄗ䛳䛯䛅⟅䛘䜢㑅䜆䚹䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䠄No䠅䛸ุ᩿䛩䜛䛻༑ศ䛺ᮦᩱ䛜ᐇ㦂䛾ሙ䛻䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸䛂䛿䛔䛃䠄Yes䠅䜢㑅䜆䛸䛩䜛 Plausible Denial/ Plausible Dissent (Murasugi, 1988; Crain and Thornton 1998)䛾ᮏ㉁䛿䚸䛣䛣䛻䜒䜏䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹ᩥᏐ㏻䜚䛂䛿䛔䛃䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䛷⟅䛘䛂䜜䜀䛔䛔䛃䛸䛣䜝䜢䚸๓䛾⟅䛘᪉䜢䜂䛝䛪䛳䛶䚸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䛷ㄯヰୖྍ⬟䛺ᗈ䛔⠊ᅖ䛾୰䛛䜙⟅䛘䜢㑅䜆≉ᚩ䛿䚸Plausible Ascent 䛸䛷䜒⛠䛥䜜䜛䜒䛾䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺࠸ࠋ5.

䜎䛸䜑㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛜䚸wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛛ྰ䛛䛻㛵䛩䜛᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ඛ⾜◊✲䛷䛒䜛 Otsu (2007)䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸䛭䜜䜢ᨵၿ䛧䛯ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛 3䠉5 ṓඣ䛾୰䛻䚸䛩䛷䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢♧၀䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛜䚸UG 䛾ᒓᛶ䛛䜙ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䚸ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛 UG 䛾㛵୚䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛛䜙䛾᪂䛯䛺ᨭᣢ䜢୚䛘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹

1. ௒ᅇ䛾ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䜆䛹䛖䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᩘྡ䛛䜙ほᐹ䛥䜜䚸䜎䛯䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䜒 1 ྡ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾཯ᛂ䛜䚸ᐇ㦂ୖ䛾ၥ㢟䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䛸䜒ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛛䜙⏕䛨䜛䛾䛛䛿ṧ䛥䜜䛯㔜せ䛺ㄢ㢟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾ㄢ㢟䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜐䛯䜑䛻䚸䜎䛯䜘䜚䝕䞊䝍䛾⢭ᗘ䜢䛒䛢䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸෌ᗘ䚸ᨵゞ䛥䜜䛯䝕䝄䜲䞁䛻䜘䜛ᮏᐇ㦂䜢ィ⏬䞉ᐇ᪋ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹- 113 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Chomsky, Noam. 1973. “Conditions on transformations.” In A festschrift for Morris Halle, eds.
Stephen Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 232-286 New York: Holy, Rinehart and Winston.
Crain, Stephen, and Rosalind Thornton. 1998. Investigations in Universal Grammar: A Guide toExperiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT
Press.
de Villiers, Jill, Tom Roeper, & Anne Vainikka. 1990. “The acquisition of long-distance rules.” In
Language processing and language acquisition, eds. Lyn Frazier and Jill de Villiers, 257-297.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Murasugi, Keiko. 1988. “Structural and Pragmatic Constraints on Children’s Understanding of‘Backwards Anaphora.’” UConn Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 40-68.
Nakayama, Mineharu. 1996. Acquisition of Empty Categories. Tokyo: Kuroshio.
Otsu, Yukio. 2007. “Wh-island in child Japanese.” Paper presented at Keio Workshop on Language,
Mind, and the Brain. Keio University, March 18, 2007.
Richards, Norvin. 2008. “Wh-questions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, eds.
Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito, 348-371. New York: Oxford University Press.
Watanabe, Akira. 1992. “Subjacency and S-structure movement of wh-in-situ.” Journal of East Asian
Linguistics 1:255-291.
Appendix: ௒ᅇ䛾ணഛᐇ㦂䛷⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛸䝔䝇䝖ᩥ䠄ὀ䠅A.

ᐇ㝿䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯㡰ᗎ䛿䚸௨ୗ䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䚹

(Filler)䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛸䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛜䚸䛚ᩱ⌮䛾⦎⩦䜢䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚㨶䜢ษ䜝䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒㞴䛧䛭䛖䛺䛾䛷䚸䝙䞁䝆䞁䜢ษ䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿䚸䛚ᩱ⌮䛜ⱞᡭ䛺䛾䛷䚸䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛜䝙䞁䝆䞁䜢ษ䜛䛾䜢ぢ䛶䜛䛰䛡䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䜙䜔䛳䛶䜏䛯䛟䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿኱ዲ䛝䛺䜻䝳䜴䝸䜢ษ䛳䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 1䠅

䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚㨶䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛔䜔䚸ษ䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 2䠅

䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿䚸ఱ䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸ษ䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

B.

(Filler)䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛸䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚⤮䛛䛝䜢䛧䛶㐟䜆䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛿䚸䝞䝇䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛣䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛷䜒䚸᪂ᖿ⥺䛾᪉䛜䛛䛳䛣䛔䛔䛾䛷䚸᪂ᖿ⥺䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛟䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸⤮䜢ᥥ䛟䛾䛜ⱞᡭ䛺䛾䛷䚸䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛜᪂ᖿ⥺䜢ᥥ䛟䛾䜢ぢ䛶䜛䛰䛡- 114 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䜙䜔䛳䛶䜏䛯䛟䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿኱ዲ䛝䛺㣕⾜ᶵ䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛔䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 3䠅

䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛿䚸䝞䝇䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛔䛯䛛䛺䠛㻌䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛔䜔䚸ᥥ䛛䛺䛛䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 4䠅

䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䜢ᥥ䛔䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖䛖䜣䚸ᥥ䛔䛯䜘䚹䠅C.

(Target Trial)௒᪥䛿䚸䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛜䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䜎䛧䛯䚹䝫䜿䝰䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䛸䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿䚸୍⥴䛻䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䜢ㄞ䜐䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛻䛂ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛿䚸䛂㣗䝟䞁䝬䞁䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛾䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛜䛚㈙䛔≀䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿䚸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛻䚸䛂ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛜䛚䜔䛴䛻䝸䞁䝂䜢䛟䜜䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 5䠅

䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䜢ㄞ䜣䛰䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸ㄞ䜣䛰䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 6䠅

䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛿䚸ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 㣗䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 7䠅

䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䠅

D.

(Target Trial)௒᪥䛿䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛜䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝔䞊䝤䝹䛾ୖ䛻䚸䛚䜔䛴䛾䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䛸ᯝ≀䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿୍⥴䛻ᯝ≀䜢㣗䜉䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䛂䛔䛱䛤䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚∗䛥䜣䛜䛚௙஦䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚∗䛥䜣䛿䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚䜏䜔䛢䛻㟁㌴䛾䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢䜒䜙䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 8䠅

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 9䠅

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛱䛤䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 10䠅䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䜆䛹䛖䚹䠅- 115 -

ゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲

村杉

恵子

ᮧᮡᜨᏊ
1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
20 ୡ⣖๓༙ࡲ࡛ࠊゝㄒᏛࡣࠊࠕⱥᩥἲࠖࠊࠕ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ಶูゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚య⣔໬ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊᗂඣࡣࠊẕㄒࢆⓑ⣬ࡢ≧ែ࠿ࡽᏛ⩦ࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࡿᛮ᝿
ࡀ୺ὶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ20 ୡ⣖୰┙ࠊゝㄒᏛࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ㠉ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ␲ၥ࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋேࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺
࠿ࠋᗂඣࡀゝㄒࢆヰࡍࡢࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊ࡜࡚ࡶᖹซ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊேࡣࠊぶࡢே✀ࡸ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ▱⬟ᣦᩘ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕ᚋࢃࡎ࠿ᩘᖺ࡛ࠊఱㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⏕ࡲࢀ⫱ࡘ⎔ቃࡢᩥἲࢆࠊẕㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊぶ࠿ࡽලయⓗ࡟ᩍࢃࡽࡎ࡜ࡶࠊࡣ࠸ࡣ࠸
ࢆࡋࠊࡘ࠿ࡲࡾ❧ࡕࢆࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ṍࡁฟࡍࠋゝㄒࡶࡲࡓࠊᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢಶேࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓゝㄒ⎔ቃࡣከ✀ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᗂඣࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣᆒ୍ࡢᩥἲࢆ⮬↛࡟⋓ᚓࡋࠊ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶⓎヰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ேࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ▷ᮇ㛫࡟➼㉁ࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⬻⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡶ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀࠊே㛫⛉Ꮫࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀࡿࠋே
㛫ゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡢᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸᩥἲ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡶᬑ㐢ⓗ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ࡝ࡢゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡶࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿẁ㝵ࢆ⤒࡚ẕㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋᖺ㱋࡟ಶேᕪࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ6 ࢣ᭶ࡈࢁ࠿ࡽ 8 ࢣ᭶ࡈࢁ࡟ࡣၾㄒᮇࠊ10 ࢣ᭶࠿ࡽ 1 ṓ࡟ࡣ୍ㄒᩥࡀⓎヰࠊ஧ㄒᩥࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣ 20 ࢣ᭶࠿ࡽ 24 ࢣ᭶࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ぢࠊᩥᙧᘧࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿⓎヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣᐇ࡟୙ᛮ㆟࡞ே㛫ࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡀᇉ㛫ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿᗂඣࡢゝㄒ≉ᚩࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ㄒ࡞࡝࡜ྠᵝ࡟࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ᫬ไࡀᩥ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡞࠸㸯ṓ๓ᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࢆ

- 117 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Ⓨヰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿぶࡢⓎヰࢆᶍೌࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡛⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ
⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡟⏕ࡌࡓᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒࡀࠊ〄ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟ࠕࡍࡿࠖࢆకࡗ࡚ືモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊ〄ྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟ᣦᑠ㎡(dimunitive)ࠕࡕ
ࡷࢇࠖࢆక࠸ྡモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿẁ㝵ࡀᅾࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡛ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᶫᮏ▱ᏊẶ㸦༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ࣭኱Ꮫ㝔◊ಟ⏕㸧ࡣࠊ௒ᅇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ୰࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ㸦࠶ࡗࡃࢇ㸧ࡢほᐹグ㘓ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ⢭ᰝࡋࠊぶࡢ౑ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࠕࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࢆࠊᙜึࠕ࠿࡞࡙ࡕࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕࡇࢇ
ࡇࢇࡇࢇࠊ࡞࠸㸦࠿࡞࡙ࡕࡀ࡞࠸㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟⏝࠸ࡣࡌࡵࠊࡋࡤࡽࡃࡍࡿ࡜ࠕࡇࢇࡇ
ࢇࡇࢇ ࡕࡺࠖ(⚾ࡣ࠿࡞࡙ࡕ࡛㸦࡞࡟࠿ࢆ㸧ᡴࡕࡓ࠸)࡜ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊほᐹ⪅(ẕぶ)ࡀࠊ୍ᗘࡶ࢖ࣥࣉ
ࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒࢆᗂඣࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟Ⓨヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽࡢຊ࡛ࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࠋ
ᶫᮏẶࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊぶࡢⓎヰࡢᶍೌ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨃែㄒࡀ⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ
ྠᨃែㄒࡀ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊẕぶࡀ୍ᗘࡔࡅ (ࠕ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࠖ1;09 ࡢ᫬ᮇ)ࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࢆࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖ࡜㸦㣗≀࡟㸧࠿ࡅࡿືసࢆకࡗ࡚Ⓨヰࢆࡋࡓᚋࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ศࡀࡪࡾࡗࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẕぶㄒࢆⓎࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ
ࡓࠊ࡜グ᠈ࡍࡿࡓࡗࡓ୍ᗘࡢ⮬ศࡢⓎヰࡢᚋ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࡣࠊྠᵝ࡟ࠊࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࢆࡘࡅ
ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖ࡜⏘ฟࡋࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࡢࡳ࡞
ࡽࡎ࣐ࣚࢿ࣮ࢬࢆ㣗≀࡟࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ (1;09), ࣐࣮࢞ࣜࣥࢆሬࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦1;11㸧ࠊྡྂᒇྡ≀ࠕࡘࡅ࡚࿡ჯ࠿ࡅ࡚࿡ჯࠖࡢࢳ࣮ࣗࣈධࡾࡢ⏑࿡ჯࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦2;00㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㓺Ἔࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦2;03㸧࡜ࠊࠕᾮ≧ࡢㄪ࿡ᩱࠖࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟౑⏝ࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᶫᮏẶࡣほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊྠᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊ⢊ࢳ࣮ࢬࠊሷࠊࡇࡋࡻ࠺࡞࡝ࡢࠕᾮ≧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⢊≧ࡢࡶࡢࠖࢆ㸦㣗≀࡟㸧࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࠕࡕࡷࡗࠊࡕࡷࡗࠊࡕࡷࡗࠖ࡜ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ㡢ᙧࢆࡶࡗࡓ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࡜ࡶほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹࡣࠊᗂඣࡀඹ㏻㡯ࢆࡶࡘព࿡ࢆྠࡌ㡢࡛⾲⌧ࡋࠊඹ㏻㡯ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ព࿡ࡣูࡢ㡢࡛⾲ࡍຊࢆࠊᗂඣ⮬ࡽࡀ♧ࡍ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹグ㘓࡟ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡟ࡶከ⩏ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ༢⣧࡟ࠊㄒ࠿ࡽㄒ࡬ࡢ㢮᥎࡛ࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕ࠶
ࡗࡃࢇࠖࡣࠊ1;07 ࠿ࡽ 1;09 ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࡪ࣮ࡪࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆࠊࢥࢵࣉࡸ㣧ࡳ≀ࠊ∗ぶࡢࣅ- 118 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

࣮ࣝࠊ࠾ẕࡉࢇࡢࢥ࣮ࣄ࣮࡞࡝ࡢࠕᾮయࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ✀ࡢᾮయࢆࠕ㣧ࡳࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺
㸦⮬ࡽࡢ㸧㢪ᮃ࡜࣭࿨௧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡢࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ1;9 ࡈࢁ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ
㌴ࡸࣂࢫࠊ࣋ࣅ࣮࣮࢝࡞࡝ࡢࠕ㌴㍯ࡢࡘ࠸ࡓ஌ࡾ≀ࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢ✀ࡢ㌴࡟ࠕ஌ࡾࡓ
࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡜ే⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ᶫᮏẶࡣほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢほᐹࡣࠊព࿡ⓗ࡟㛵㐃ࡢ࡞࠸ࠕᾮయࠖ࡜ࠕ㌴㍯ࡢࡘ࠸ࡓ஌ࡾ≀ࠖࡀࠊྠࡌ㡢ᙧ㸦ࠕࡪ࣮ࡪࠖ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ከ⩏ⓗ࡟⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋ
2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶࡟ࣟࣥࢻࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛㛤࠿ࢀࡓᨃែㄒ࣭ᨃኌㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡣࠊᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡜ࡣࠊࡕࡻ࠺࡝ேࡀᴫᛕࢆ⮬⏤࡟⤮⏬࡟ᥥ෗ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᴫᛕࢆ㡢࡜ࡋ࡚ゝㄒ໬ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊゝㄒࡢࡳ࡟≉໬ࡋࡓ௙⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇࡀ
࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࣭࣐ࢵࢡࢫࣉࣛࣥࢡ◊✲ᡤࡢ◊✲⪅ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟άⓎ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ
࡚ࡶࠊ ぶࡢᶍೌࡢࡳ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ㢮᥎ࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛
ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊぶࡀ୍ᐃࡢ㔞ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋᗂ
ඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊ⮬ศࡢᚰ㸦mind㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆ⊂⮬ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛⤖ࡧࡘࡅࠊ኱ேࡢ
ㄒᙡ࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㐨ࢆࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⿦⨨࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡃࡿࠋே
㛫ࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡣࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆࡘ࡞ࡆࡿᩥἲࡢ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᨃែㄒ࣭ᨃኌㄒࡢ
஦౛ࡀ࠿ࡽࡳ࡚࡜ࢀࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊゝㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡀぢ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 (Murasugi 2013)ᗂඣࡢ⏕ᡂࡍࡿᩥࡀࠊ༢࡞ࡿᶍೌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚⏘ฟࡍࡿࠕ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᩥࠖࡢᏑᅾ࠿ࡽࡶ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᩥࢆ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏘ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

(1)a. 㯮࠸*ࡢࢡࢵࢡ㸦㸻㯮࠸࢚ࢼ࣓ࣝࡢ㠐㸧b. ពᆅᝏ࡞*ࡢ࠾ࡤࡕࡷࢇ (=ពᆅᝏ࡞࠾ࡤࡕࡷࢇࠊࢩࣥࢹࣞࣛࡢ⥅ẕ)c. ࡈࡣࢇ㣗࡭࡚ࡿ*ࡢࣂ࣮ࣂ (㸻ࡈࡣࢇ㣗࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㇟ࡢࣂࣂ࣮ࣝ)d. ࠺ࡉࡕࡷࢇ㣗࡭࡚ࡿ*ࡢ࡟ࢇࡌࢇ㸦㸻࠺ࡉࡂࡀ㣗࡭࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࢇࡌࢇ㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡇࡇ࡟ᴫㄝ
ࡋࡓศᯒෆᐜࡣࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ Workshop on Mimetics (University of London, SOAS, 2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶)࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮧᮡࡀᇶㄪㅮ₇࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓෆᐜࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ- 119 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究࿘ᅖ࠿ࡽ➗㢦࡛ཷࡅṆࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡣᛀࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᖖ㆑ⓗ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡾࡁࡗ
ࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ஦᯶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᖖⲔ㣤஦ࡢࡇ࡜ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ2 ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊぶࡶゝࢃ࡞࠸㠀ᩥἲⓗ࡞ᩥࢆࠊ࡞ࡐᗂඣࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋఱ࡜ࡶ୙ᛮ㆟࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊᙜࡓࡾ๓࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ஦㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕࡇࢀࡣ࡞ࢇࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜ၥ࠺どⅬ࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ࡞ࡐ࠾ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊࡑࡢゎ᫂࡟ࡴࡅ࡚⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ኱ேࡶ⏘ฟࡋ࡞࠸㸦ᗂඣ࡟ධຊࡉࢀ࡞࠸㸧ᩥࢆࠊ࡞ࡐᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟Ⓨヰࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࡞ࡐᗂඣࡢⓎヰ࡟ᩥἲⓗㄗ⏝ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⮬↛⏺ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿே㛫ࡢ⬻࡟ᅾࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿゝㄒࢆࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᶵ
⬟ࡀྖࡿࡢ࠿ࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡀே㛫ࡢከᵝ࡞ゝㄒ⌧㇟ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᩥἲ࡜ࡣࠊே㛫࡜࠸࠺✀࡟ࡢࡳ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞≉ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶࡣࠊ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࡢࡳᏛ⩦ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡣࠊ࠶ࡾ࡜
࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒࡢヰ⪅࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿᩥἲࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀฟࡎࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ⎔ቃࡢୗ࡛ࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ゝㄒᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⿦⨨࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬ࡎ࡜ẕㄒࡢᩥἲయ⣔ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢ୰࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿධຊ࡟ࡣಶேᕪ
ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊධຊࡉࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡶ㔞ⓗ࡟ࡶ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕ᚋࢃࡎ࠿ᩘᖺ࡛ಶேᕪࡢ࡞࠸➼㉁ࡢẕㄒᩥἲ࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡑࡢẕㄒࡢᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࠊㄡ࠿ࡽࡶ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࢆࡍࡽࠊ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡸゝㄒ࡟࠶ࡿᬑ㐢ᛶ㸦universality㸧ࡸኚ␗ᛶ㸦variations㸧ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᇶᮏ
ⓗ࡟ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿ≉ᛶࢆከࡃᢸ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ゝㄒ㛫ࡢ┦㐪ࡶࡲࡓࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࠋChomsky (1981)ࡣࠊᩥἲయ⣔ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿཎ⌮ࠖ࡜ࠕゝㄒ㛫ࡢ㐪࠸㸦ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶ㸧ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࠖ࠿ࡽᡂࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࡣ㸦」ᩘࡢ್ࢆᣢࡘ㸧ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ゝㄒࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ୰࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


ᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㉳ࡁ࠺ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᵓ㡢࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ṓ๓ᚋࡢᗂඣࡀࠊ
ࠕ⮬ศ࡛ࠖࢆࠕࡪࢇࡌࢇ࡛ࠖࠊ
ࠕࡉ࠿ࡁࡤࡽࡺ࠺ࡁࡃࢇࠖࢆࠕࡉࡁ࠿ࡽࡤࡺ࠺ࡁࡃࢇࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓලྜ࡟ᤄධࡸ㌿᥮ࢆࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡶࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᩥἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕㄗ⏝ࠖ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠾ࡃࠋ - 120 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡛኱ேࡢᩥἲࢆศᯒࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢ
ゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊே㛫ࡢࠕᚰࠖࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ඹྠ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌᭩(᪥ᮏㄒ∧)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ⱥㄒ∧ࡢᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩㸦2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶᏶ᡂ㸧ࢆࡉࡽ࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓෆᐜࢆࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ
◊✲ᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊࠕཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ⌮ㄽࠖࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࠸࠺
ゝㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜⋓ᚓẁ㝵ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ⯆࿡῝࠸グ㏙࡜ศᯒࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ๓❶࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁࡲࡐ᧯స࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⋓ᚓࠊࡉࡽ࡟ wh-ၥᩥ࡜ࡑࡢไ⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡀࠊሗ࿌᭩᭱ᚋࡢ❶࡜࡞ࡿᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢ࠼ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒ
ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᴫほࡋࡓ࠸ࠋẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ⛬ᗘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᪩ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊẕㄒࡢㄒ㡰ࡸࠊ㡯⬺ⴠ㸦୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ࡞࡝ࡢ㡯ࡀ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡓࡎ࡟⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿゝㄒ⌧㇟㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᛶࡣࠊẕㄒ࡟ゐࢀ࡚ࡲࡶ࡞ࡃ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ
㠀ᩥἲⓗ࡞ࠊඹ㏻ࡋࡓࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘࡜ࡣࠊᗂඣࡣぶࡶ┤᥋ᩍ࠼ࡶࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ
ẕㄒ௨እࡢゝㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ヨࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊẕㄒయ⣔ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣࠗㄗ⏝࠘࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦ẕㄒ௨እࡢ㸧ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ⾲ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᩥἲⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝ࡣ༢࡞ࡿࠗ㛫㐪࠼࡛࠘ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᩥἲࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛つᐃࡉࢀ࠺ࡿᙧ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡍࡿᥦ
᱌࡜ࡑࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

2. small v ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢࡿᗂඣࡢᩥἲ▱㆑ᮏሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣࠊᓊᮏẶࡸ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᩪ⸨Ặ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ」ྜ㏙ㄒᩥࡢᵓ㐀ࡀヲ⣽࡟ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊᗂඣࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ」ྜ㏙ㄒᩥࡣ⯆࿡῝࠸ㅖ┦ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᗂඣࡣ small v ࡢᵓ㐀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࠿ࡽࠕࡍࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࡢືモ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡽࢃ
ࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸦Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004a㸧ࠊືモࡢά⏝࡜ࡋ࡚኱ே࡜ྠࡌ㡢ᙧࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋ
⮬௚஺᭰࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿㄗ⏝ࡣ ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 2 ṓ๓ᚋ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣ࡟ᗈࡃぢࡽࢀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(2)࡛ࡣࠊ౑ᙺࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡸ௚ືモࡀ⮬ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦Ⓨヰࡢᚋࡢ㸦 㸧ෆࡣពᅗࡉࢀࡓព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ㸧

- 121 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(2)Ꮚ࡝ࡶ㸸࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ⭾ࡽࢇ࡛ࠋ㸦࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ㢼⯪ࢆ⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚㸧  ∗ぶ㸸⭾ࡽࢇ࡛ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻࠊ⭾ࡽࡲࡋ࡚࡛ࡋࡻࠋ
Ꮚ࡝ࡶ㸸ࡩࡃࡽࢇ࡛ࠋ 㸦⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚㸧      㸦㕥ᮌ 1987㸧ࡇࢀࡣࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ∗ぶ࡟㢼⯪ࢆ⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࡴ≧ἣ࡛ࡢⓎヰࢆグ㏙ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ∗ぶࡣࠊືモࡢᙧᘧࡀᏊ࡝ࡶࡢពᅗࢆ⾲ࡍືモᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆఏ࠼ࠊ౑ᙺᙧࠕ⭾ࡽࡲࡏࡿࠖࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᩍ࠼ࡿࡀࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣࡇࡢ┤᥋ྰᐃ᝟ሗ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ
ࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࠕࡩࡃࡽࡴࠖࢆ࿨௧ᙧࡢᙧᘧ࡛⏘ฟࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢほᐹࡣࠊᗂඣࡢ⏘ฟ࡟ㄗ⏝ࡀᅾࡿࡇ࡜ࢆグ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟␃ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᗂඣࡣࠊぶ࠿ࡽྰᐃ᝟ሗࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ୍ᐃࡢ᫬ᮇࡀ᮶࡞ࡅࢀࡤ༶ᗙ࡟ࡣಟṇ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜
ࢆࠊⓎヰࡢ≧ἣ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟グ㏙ࡍࡿᴟࡵ࡚ඃࢀࡓほᐹグ㘓࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྠᵝࡢࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣ 2 ṓ㡭࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡢ௚ືモ࡜⮬ືモࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ(3)

Ꮚ࡝ࡶ(3;11): ࠾࡜࠺ࡕࡷࢇࠊࡲ࡝ ࠶࠸࡚ࠋ㸦࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅ࡚㸧∗ぶ :❆㛤ࡅ࡚ࡔࢁ㸽Ꮚ࡝ࡶ:࠺ࢇࠊࡲ࡝ ࠶࠸࡚ࡼࠋ㸦࠺ࢇࠊ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅ࡚ࡼ㸧   㸦኱ὠ 2002㸧

(3)࡛ࡣࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ∗ぶ࡟❆ࢆ㛤ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟㢗ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣ௚ືモࡢࠕ࠶ࡅ࡚ࠖ
㸦㛤ࡅࡿ㸧ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡢ࿨௧ᙧࠕ࠶࠸࡚ࠖ
㸦㛤ࡃ㸧ࢆ⏘ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᗂඣࡀ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࢆΰྠࡍࡿࡢࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ≉᭷ࡢ⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼
ࡤࠊBowerman(1974)࡜ Figueira(1984)ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡸ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ౑ᙺືモࡸ௚ືモࢆ⮬ືモ࡛௦⏝ࡍࡿㄗ⏝ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(4)

a. You can drink me the milkb. (㺃㺃㺃) este balance vai tethis swing

cair

go you fall‘This swing is going to fall you.’(4a)࡛ࡣᏊ౪ࡣẕぶ࡟∵ஙࢆ㣧ࡲࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠕㄗࡗ࡚ࠖdrink ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ(4b)࡛ࡣࠕⴠ࡜ࡍࠖ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠕⴠࡕࡿࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿືモࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ణࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᗂඣゝㄒ࡛ࠕࡉࡏࠖࠕࡏࠖࠕ࠼ࠖ➼ࡢ[rcause]- 122 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

ࢆල⌧໬ࡍࡿ᮰⦡ᙧែ⣲ࡀⴠࡕࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ᫂☜࡟ぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ(2)-(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⓨヰࢆࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ኱ேࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡣࠊ(5)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟␗࡞ࡗࡓ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡀక࠺ᙧᘧࢆᣢࡘࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto(2004a)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi (2012)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢືモྃ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊLarson (1988)ࠊHale and Keyser(1993)ࠊChomsky (1995) ࡟ᚑ࠸ VPíShell ᵓ㐀ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ⭺╔ㄒ≉᭷ࡢ㸦ಶู࡟⩦ᚓࡉࢀࡿ㸧ືモࡢ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡣ vP ࡢ୺せ㒊࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(5a)࡛ v [+cause]ࡣ -sࠊ(5b)࡛ࡣ v[-cause]ࡣ -r ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋvP       b.
vP
㸭 㹚
㸭 㹚
  
Agent
v’ 
       
 v’
㸭 㹚
 㸭 㹚    VPv [+cause]       VP
v [-cause]
㸭 㹚
|
㸭 㹚
|
 
theme V’-s      theme V’
-r
㸭 㹚
㸭 㹚
   location V       
location V
|
|

(5)

a.

      wata- (transitive)

wata- (unaccusative) ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ⮬ືモ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࢆ௚ືモࡢᙧ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ືモ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࢆ⮬ືモࡢᙧ࡛⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠿ࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004a)ࠊ
Murasugi, Hashimoto and Fuji (2007)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi (2012)࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓẁ㝵࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௚ືモ㸦౑ᙺືモࡶྵࡴ㸧࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡢ஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮
ࢱ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ⦪᩿ⓗ◊✲࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊືモ⋓ᚓࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢẁ㝵࡜ࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠗㄗࡾ࠘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㏙ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ୖグࡢ VPíShell ศᯒࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪ v㸦small v㸧ࡣゝㄒ⋓ᚓ᪩ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᙧែࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡢ࡟᫬㛫㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡓࡵࠊᗂඣࡣ࠶ࡿẁ㝵࡛㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࢆ௚ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㏫࡟௚ືモࢆ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᗂඣࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿ(2)-(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣࠊ ୺ㄒ࡟ព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ v ࡀ↓ᶆࡢ್࡜ࡋ࡚ࢮࣟᙧែ⣲࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᐇࡣ௚ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᩥἲⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࢆ⾲ࡍドࡋ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ኱ேࡢⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤྠࡌ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡘࠋ

- 123 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(6)

a. John passed the ring to Maryb. The ring passed to Maryࡶࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㡯ᵓ㐀ࡀ VP-Shell ᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚(7)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ vࡣ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸“ࢮࣟᙧែ⣲”࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ(6a)࡛ࡣ v ࡣ[+cause]ࠊ
(6b)࡛ࡣ[-cause]ࡢ⣲ᛶࢆᣢࡘࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㡢ᙧࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊv [+cause]+PASS ࡶv [-cause]+PASS ࡶྠᙧࡢ pass ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(7)vP (v [+cause] + PASS = pass, v [–cause] + PASS = pass)
㸭 㹚
John
vƍ
㸭 㹚
v
VP
[rcause]㸭 㹚NPVƍ
the ring㸭 㹚    VPP     㹺㸭 㹚       
PASS toMaryࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ⮬௚஺᭰࡟㛵ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡀྠࡌ㡢ᙧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿⱥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ௨እࡢゝㄒࡢ୍≉ᚩࡀࠊᗂඣࡢゝㄒⓎ㐩ẁ㝵࡟㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦౛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢືモࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀࠊ௚ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㝿࡟ྍ⬟࡞ᙧᘧ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

3. ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢࡿᗂඣࡢᩥἲ▱㆑
3.1. ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟๓⠇࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪ࡢ v㸦small v㸧ࡀ㡢ኌⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ල⌧ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡣࠊືモ࡜ࡑࡢᒅᢡ㸦ά⏝㸧࡟㛵ࡋࠊ኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓᙧࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࠖࡣࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 3 ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣࡀ᫬ไࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ືモᙧᘧࢆ୺⠇ෆ࡛౑࠺⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ
ࣛࣥࢫㄒࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒࠊࢻ࢖ࢶㄒ࡞࡝࡛ࡣ୙ᐃモࡀࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ〄ࡢືモࡀࠊ୺⠇ෆ࡛⾲ࢀࡿࠋ

- 124 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(8)

a. Dormirpetit bébé.

sleep-INF little baby
‘Little baby sleep.'         (Danielࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ㸸1;11)



b. Earst kleine boekje lezen.
first little

book read-INF‘First (I/we) read little book.'c. Papa have it.

(Hein ࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒ㸸2;6)(Eve, ⱥㄒ㸸1;6)

࠿ࡘ࡚ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモ㸦Root Infinitives㸧ࡢ⌧㇟ࡣࡍ࡭࡚
ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ✵୺ㄒ㸦pro㸧ࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ⱥㄒࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒ࡛ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜㆟ㄽࡍࡿㄽᩥࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࠊ✵୺ㄒゝㄒ࠿ྰ࠿ࡀࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᭷↓࡜ᙉ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘ࡜ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Guasti 1993/1994➼㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡶࡑࡢ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝ㸦Sano 1995 ➼㸧ࡶᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᥦ᱌࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊMurasugi, Fuji and Hashimoto (2007), Murasugi and Fuji (2009),
Sawada and Murasugi (2011), Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒࡢึᮇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢẁ㝵࡟ࡣࠊ᫬ไࢆḞࡃືモࢆ⏘ฟࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊᙜヱࡢゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒゝㄒ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊࡑࡢゝㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᭷↓࡜ࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡞┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ3 ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃゝㄒࡢ୙ᐃモᙧ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᙧࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୺⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐃᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ືモࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠕ␲ఝ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࠸࠺⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ᱁ᶆ♧ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࡜⛠ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟ࡀࠊᐇࡣ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡢ⊂❧ࡋࡓၥ㢟࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡇ
ᮏㄽ࡛ᴫほࡍࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢヲ⣽ࡣࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ࡟ࡶ୍㒊ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋMurasugi (2009a), Murasugi and Watanabe (2009), Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2010), Sawada,
Murasugi and Fuji (2010),Murasugi, Fuji and Hashimoto (2007), Murasugi and Fuji (2009), Sawada and Murasugi (2011),
Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)➼ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ゝㄒ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡢάືࡢ㈷≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ඹ࡟◊✲ࢆ῝ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ௰㛫࡟ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ Luigi Rizzi ẶࠊAmritavalli ẶࠊJayaseelan ẶࠊDiane Lillo-Martin ẶࠊWilliam SnyderẶࠊBonnie Shwartz ẶࠊKamil Deen ẶࠊJonah Lin ẶࠊPeter Sells Ặࠊ෠ኈ༓㔛Ặࠊ୰㇂཭⨾Ặࠊᶫᮏ▱ᏊẶࠊΏ㑔ᜨ⌮ᏊẶࠊ⃝⏣ᑦᏊẶࠊ℧⏣೺௓ẶࠊἙྜ㐨ஓẶࠊᓊᮏ⚽ᶞẶࠊከ⏣ᾈ❶Ặࠊᩪ⸨⾨Ặ࡜ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ᫬㛫ࡣ࠿ࡅࡀ࠼ࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢሙࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ࠊ῝࠸ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ- 125 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ1 ṓ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡣ Rizzi (1993/1994)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫬ไ⠇ࡀᢞᑕࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞
࠸᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ2 ṓ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ᫬ไ⠇ࡣ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊẕㄒࡢ᫬ไ⣲ᛶࡢヲ⣽ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ୺ㄒ࡬ࡢ୺᱁௜୚࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊSchütze and Wexler (1996)ࡢ㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢ AGR/TNS Omission Model㸦ATOM㸧㸧௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇẁ㝵࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ

3.2. ࣇ࢙࢖ࢬ࡛ࠕษࡾྲྀࡽࢀࡓࠖᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘ⋓ᚓẁ㝵ᗂඣࡢึᮇࡢືモࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୙ᐃモᙧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢠࣜࢩࣕ
ㄒ㸧ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶูࡢᙧᘧࢆకࡗ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࠋゝㄒᕪࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡣࠊ
せồࡸ㢪ᮃ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸦Modal Context㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ㸦Modal
Reference Effects㸧ࠊࡲࡓฟ᮶஦ࢆ⾲ࡍ࢖ࣦ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦືモࡀ᫬ไࡸ୍⮴ࢆḞ࠸ࡓᙧᘧ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿ㸦Hoekstra and Hyams 1999㸧ࠋྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣᗂඣࡢࠕᩥࠖ࡟ࡣ✵୺ㄒࡀከࡃ⾲ࢀࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑㸦Complementizer㸧࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡸຓືモࡸ୺᱁࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶵ⬟せ⣲ࡶ⾲ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢࠕ୍ᒙ┠ࠖࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ1 ṓ௦࡜࠸࠺᪩ᮇ࡟⾲ࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡶ㏙ㄒࡣ᫬ไ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍᙧែࢆḞࡁࠊືモࡢᙧᘧࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㐣ཤᙧࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧ࡛ࠖ⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊᙧᐜモࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚㠀㐣ཤ㸦⌧ᅾ㸧ࡢᙧᘧ࡛⾲ࢀࡿ㸦Murasugi
and Fuji 2009, Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji 2010 ➼ࠋ㸧.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ CHILDES ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟࠾ࡉࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㔝ᆅࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㸦㔝ᆅ(1973-77)࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ
᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࠕࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࠖ㸦⏨Ꮚࠊ1948 ᖺ⏕ࡲࢀ㸧ࡢ᪥グࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦⦪᩿ⓗ⮬↛Ⓨヰほᐹグ㘓㸧
㸧ࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ1 ṓ 6 ࣨ᭶㡭ࡣ࡯ࡰࡍ࡭࡚ࡢືモࡀ࢖ࣦ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ
࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖ㸦඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ㐣ཤࢆ⾲ࡍά⏝ᙧ㸧࡛⾲ࢀࡿࠋᗂඣࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣ㐣ཤࢆ⾲ࡍࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ(9)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ពᚿࡸせồࠊ(10)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤖ᯝ┦ࡸ㐍⾜┦ࢆ⾲ࡍሙྜ
ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ

(9)

a. ࠶ࡗࡕ ࠸ࡓ (1;6) 㸦࠶ࡗࡕ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚/⾜ࡅ㸧b. ࡕ࣮ ࡋࡓ (1;7)  㸦ࡕ࣮㸦࠾ࡋࡗࡇ㸧ࡋࡓ࠸㸧- 126 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(10)

a. ࡤࡤ ࡘ࠸ࡓ (1;6) 㸦ࡤࡤ㸦⣒ࡃࡎ㸧ࡀ㸦ᣦ࡟㸧ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸧b. ࡕ࣮ࡋࡓ (1;7)

㸦㸦ࡅ࠸ࡇࡕࡷࢇࡀ㸧ࡕ࣮㸦࠾ࡋࡗࡇ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ᱁ຓモࡸືモ࣭ᙧᐜモࡢ᫬ไࡢᒅᢡࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡎࠊ Ⓨヰ⪅ࡢせồࡸពᚿࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕModal Reference Effectsࠖࡀ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௚ゝㄒࡢࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ᛶ㉁ࢆ୍࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀືモࡢ 100 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣ 1 ṓ 6 ࢝᭶㡭࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࡣࠊ
ࠕࡕࡷࡗࡓࠖᙧࡸࠕࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࠖᙧ࡞࡝ࡶ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ేฟࡍࡿࠋ
 Rizzi (1993/1994)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣ≉᭷ࡢ⌧㇟ࡢㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊTP ᵓ㐀ࡼࡾࡶୗࡢ఩⨨࡛ษࡾྲྀࡾࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿสࡾྲྀࡾ௬ㄝ㸦Truncation Hypothesis㸧ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱ே
ࡢᩥࡣ CP ᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᗂඣࡣࠊᢞᑕࢆ㏵୰࡛୰᩿ࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ␲ၥᩥ㸦C せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡸຓືモ
㸦T せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡀ⾲ࢀࡎࠊࡲࡓ✵୺ㄒࡀከࡃ⾲ࢀࡿ஦ᐇࡶ⤫୍ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄝ᫂ຊࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡲࡓࠊ᫬ไࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡢά⏝ᙧࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᙧᐜモࡶά⏝ᙧࡀ୍ࡘ௨ୖࡣ⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚␲ၥモ㸦C せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡸࠕࡀࠖ᱁ࡢ୺ㄒࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ஦ࡣ࡞࠸㸦Murasugi, Fuji
and Hashimoto 2007, Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji 2010 ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸㸧ࠋ
 ࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕࡶ࠺ࠖ
ࠕࡲࡔࠖ
ࠕ࠶ࡋࡓࠖ➼ࡢ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ๪モࡶྠ୍ᩥෆ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ࡣඹ㉳ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ4

(11)a. ࡶ࠺ࠋ(1;05, 1;06)b. ࡶ࠺ࠊ࡞࠸ࠋ(1;09)c. ࡲࡔࠋ
㸦1;11㸧
d. ࡲࡔࠊࡥࢇࠋ(1;11)e. ࡲࡓࠊ࠶ࡓࠋ 㸦࠶ࡋࡓ㸧 (1;01)ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ๪モࡀࠊྠ୍ᩥෆ࡛ືモ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡿࡢࡣࠊ㠀㐣ཤᙧ㸦㸫ࡿᙧ㸧ࡢᙧᘧࡀ
4ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⾲ࢀࡿྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ᫬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ๪モࡀ࡝࠺⾲ࢀࡿ࠿ࢆࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡑࡢ᫬ࡢᗂඣ
ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡢ࡟᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ᓊᮏ⚽ᶞẶ㸦2011 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 17 ᪥ࠊp.c.㸧࡟ࡼࡿࡈᣦ᦬࡟ᇶ
࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊ᫬ไ࡜๪モࡣ㢧ᅾⓗ࡟࿧ᛂࡋࡓᙧᘧ࡛࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௒ᚋࡶᓊᮏẶ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ⥆ࡅࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

- 127 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

␗࡞ࡿືモ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕⏘ⓗ࡟⾲ࢀጞࡵࡿ 1 ṓ 11 ࢝᭶㡭࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ๪モࡢ㡢ኌⓗල⌧໬ࡣࠊ㸦12b㸧࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ኱ேࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ

(12)a. ࡶ࠺ࠊࡘࢇࡔࠋ
㸦㸻ࡍࢇࡔ㸧
㸦ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸸౽ᡤ࡛ࡍࡴ࡜ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟∗࡟ゝ࠺ 1;10)b. ࡲࡔࠊ࠾ࡕࡓࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡕࡓࡼࠋ㸦ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸸༗๓㸵᫬㐣ࡂࠊᗋࡢ୰࡟࠸
࡚ࠊ࣓࢟ࣕࣛࣝࢆⴠ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ࠸࠺ 1;11)ࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊࠕྠࡌ⤫ㄒⓗ⠊␪ࠖෆ࡛ࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘㡢ኌⓗ࣭ㄒᙡⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ๪モࡶࡲࡓ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ5 ๪モࡀ኱ே࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞㡢ᙧࢆకࡗ࡚⏕⏘ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊືモࡢά⏝ࡸ୺᱁ࡀ⏕⏘ⓗ࡟⾲ࢀࡣࡌࡵࡿ 2 ṓ௨
㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(13)

a.

ࡸࡗ࡜ࡡࢇࡡࡋࡓࠋ (2;2)  b.

ࡲࡔ࠶࠸࡚࡞࠸ࡼࠋ (2;1)

c.

࠿࠶ࡕࡷࢇࠊ࠾ࡕࡷࠊࡶ࠺࡞࠸ࡼࠋ(2;1)

d.

࠸ࡲࡉࡗࡁ࠾ࡗࡓࡢࡃࡶࠊ࡝ࡇ࠸ࡗࡓ㸽 (2;5)

e.

ࡁࡢ࠺ࠊ࠾ࡩࡡࡀ࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡡࠋ (2;9)

f.

ࡁࡻ࠺ࠊ࡞࡟ࡺࡗࡓࡢ㸽(2;7)ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀࠊRizzi(1993/1994)ࡢ㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫬ไྃࡢ
ᢞᑕࡢ࡞࠸᫬ᮇࠊࡼࡾ᭱㏆ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊࣇ࢙࢖ࢬ㸦phase㸧ࡈ࡜࡟ᗂඣࡀᵓ㐀ࢆษࡾྲྀࡿẁ㝵࡜⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡢグ㏙ⓗ࡞᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡀ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ኱ே
ࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠕ㸦ࡉࡗࡉ࡜㸧ᖐࡗࡓ㸟ᖐࡗࡓ㸟ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࿨௧ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ౑ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒ➼࡛ ᙉ࠸࿨௧ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚୙ᐃモࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡟㏻ࡎࡿࠋࡲࡓࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣࠊ㠀⌧ᐇ࣭ᮍ↛㸦ࠕࡶࡋࡶ⚾ࡀᐙࢆᘓ࡚ࡓ࡞ࡽࠖ㸧ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣฟ᮶஦ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦ࠕᑠࡉࡃษࡗࡓ኱᰿ࠖ
㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓᙧែࡶවࡡࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ⾜ࡗࡓࡾ᮶ࡓࡾࡍࡿ/ࡋࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚↓ᣦᐃࡢᙧែ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ


5ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕwh-ྃࠖ㸦ࠕㄡࠖࠕఱࠖ➼㸧ࡢ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡶࠊ␲ఝ୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ࡣࠊྠ୍ᩥ
ෆ࡛ඹ㉳ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ஦ᐇ࡜ศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮧᮡ(༳ๅ୰)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


᫬ไྃࢆᢞᑕࡋ࡞࠸ẁ㝵࡛ࠊࠕ୙ᐃᙧࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕືモࡢㄒᖿ㸩ࡓࠖࡢᙧᘧࢆࠊ௚ࡢᙧែࡢ
௦⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2010)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)ࡣࠊᗂඣゝㄒࡢᑐ↷ゝㄒᏛⓗㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢືモࡢᙧែࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࢆ୕ศ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〄ືモ㸦ⱥㄒࠊࢫ࣡ࣄࣜㄒ➼㸧ࡢሙྜࠊ୙ᐃモ㸦ࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ➼㸧ࡢሙྜࡶࠊࡑࡋ࡚ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟ࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡢᙧែࡀ௦⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚௜࠸ࡓᙧᘧ࡛⾲ࢀࡿሙྜ㸦᪥ᮏㄒࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࠊࢺࣝࢥㄒࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ㄒࠊ࢔ࣛࣅ࢔
ㄒࠊࢠࣜࢩࣕㄒ➼㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝㄒ㛫ࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊᙜヱゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊືモࡢㄒᖿࡀࡑࢀ
⮬య⊂❧ࡋࡓᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡢ㐪࠸㸦Stem Parameter㸧࡜㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋㄒᖿࡀࡑ
ࢀ⮬య࡛ࡣᙧែⓗ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡓ࡞࠸[-stem]ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆ㑅ࡪゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ
࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ୙ᐃᙧࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟㸦ᙜヱࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡢ㸧ࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡢᙧែࢆ௦
⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚௜ࡅࡿᙧᘧࢆ⏘ฟࡋࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ࡜࠸࠺ẁ㝵࡛ẕㄒࡢືモᙧែࡢయ⣔ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢᙧᘧࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋMurasugi (2009a)ࡣࠊᒅᢡࡸά⏝ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ゝㄒ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤⱥㄒ㸧ࡼࡾࡶ᪩ᮇ࡟⾲ࢀࡿ஦ᐇࢆ♧ࡋࡓ
ୖ࡛ࠊWexler (1998)ࡢ Very Early Parameter Setting㸦VEPS㸧ࡢᥦ᱌㸦ㄒ㡰ࡸ✵୺ㄒ࡞࡝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡣ⏕ᚋ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡢᥦ᱌㸧ࡢ୍㒊࡟ Stem Parameter ࡶྵࡲࢀࠊᙧែⓗ≉ᚩࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ

3.3.  T(ense)ࡢ
ࡢ⣲ᛶࡀᮍᣦᐃࡢ᫬ᮇ
࢔ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࢆ♧ࡍࠕࡕࡷࡗࡓࠖ
ࠕ࡚㸦࠸㸧ࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࡀ 1 ṓ௦࡟⾲ࢀࡓᚋࠊ2 ṓ๓ᚋ࡟ࡣከ
ᵝ࡞ືモࡸᙧᐜモ࡟᫬ไࡀ௜ຍࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛ࠊ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ㝶ពⓗ㸦optional㸧࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࠊ࠿ࡘ୺ㄒࡢྡモྃ࡟ࠊᒓ᱁ࡸ୚᱁ࡀࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘
௜୚ࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊSchütze and Wexler (1996)ࡣࠊT(ense)ࡢᣢࡘ⣲ᛶ㸦Agreement/ Tense㸧ࡀᮍᣦᐃ࡞ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᩥࡢ୺ㄒྡモྃࡀࠊ୺᱁௨እࡢࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘᱁࡟కࢃࢀ࡚㸦ࡓ
࡜࠼ࡤ*My do it ,*Me want it ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸧⾲ࢀࡿ࡜ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡀࠊ᫬ไࡀᢞᑕࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬ᮇࡔ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸᰿ᣐࡣ Radford (1998)࡟ࡼࡿ
ᣦ᦬࠿ࡽࡶ⊂❧࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ 2 ṓ௨㝆ࡢᒓ᱁୺ㄒࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ
ⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊຓືモࡶྠ୍ᩥෆ࡟ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(14) a. Oh, my can't open it by myself (Child 3, 2;6,)b. Can our do it again? (Sophie 3;0)ࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟ࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ㸰ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣ࡟㝶ពⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ㡭ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡶࡲࡓࠊ୺ㄒྡモྃࢆ୺᱁ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㝶ពⓗ࡟ᒓ᱁࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣዣ
᱁࡛᱁ᶆ♧ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモືモ࡜ྠ᫬ᮇ࡟୺
ㄒࡢ᱁ࡀࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡜࡯ࡰ୍⮴ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣࠊ ኱ே࡜ྠࡌືモά⏝ᙧࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(15)a.  ࡶࡇࡕࡷࢇ *ࡢ ࡂࡹ࠺࡟ࡹ࠺ *ࡢ ࡯ࡋ࠸ࡔࡗ࡚ࡉ
㸦ࡶࡇࡕࡷࢇࡀ∵ஙࡀḧࡋ࠸ࢇࡔࡗ࡚ࡉ㸧 (2;0)
b.

ࢃࡓࡋ *࡟ ࠿ࡓࡌࡹࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ㸦ࢃࡓࡋࡀ∦௜ࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ㸧 (2;0)ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᫬ไࡸ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ⣬㠃ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ヲ⣽ࡣ┬ࡃࡀࠊᒓ᱁
୺ㄒࢆ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛チࡍ࢖ࣥࢻ࡟ᐇᏑࡍࡿࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲㅖㄒࡢ୍㒊㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ Malayalam ㄒࡸ Kannada ㄒ㸧ࡸࠊ୚᱁୺ㄒࢆチࡍ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ࢔ㄒ࡞࡝࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ᛶ㉁ࢆ୍࡟ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟ࡣୡ⏺ࡢከࡃࡢᗂඣゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠗㄗ⏝࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠋ
୍ẁ㝵┠ࡢࡑࢀࡣᗂඣ≉᭷ࡢᵓ㐀࡟ᅉࡿࡀࠊ஧ẁ㝵┠ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲㅖゝㄒࡸࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ࢔ゝㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲゝㄒࡸࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼ
ࣅ࢔ゝㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆヨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

4. ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ
4.1.  3 ✀㢮ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࠊᮏ❶ࡢෑ㢌(1)࡛ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡢࠖ
ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ㸯ṓ㡭࠿ࡽ㸲ṓ㡭ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ(16)࡛♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆࡳࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(16)

ࡢ ࡯ࢃࡋ㸦=࠾⠂㸧 (2;1) (Ọ㔝 1960)a. ࡯ࢃࡋ ኱ࡁ࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࠺ࢇࡕ   (2;0) (ᶓᒣ 1990)b. ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸ *ࡢ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


c. ࡺ࠺ࡓࡀ ࠶ࡋࡻࢇ࡛ࡿ *ࡢࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡣ ࡇࢀࠊࡇࢀࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3)(16a)࡜(16b)ࡣᙧᐜモ࡜ྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2 ṓ๓ᚋ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(16c)ࡣ㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡜ྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ౛࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞」ྜྡモྃࡣࠊ2
ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓࡢ㛫࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕࡢࠖࡢ⤫ㄒ⠊␪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛗ࡃゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢศ㔝࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣࠕࡢࠖ࡟ࡣ୺࡟㸱✀㢮࠶ࡾࠊⱥㄒࡢ’s ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊone ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊࡑࡋ࡚ศ⿣ᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚๓ᥦ⠇ࡢ୺せ㒊 that ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑
ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ (Murasugi 1991)ࠋ

(17)

a. ᒣ⏣ࡢ
ࡢᮏ㸦ᒓ᱁⾲♧㸧b. ㉥࠸ࡢ
ࡢ㸦௦ྡモ㸧
c. ࠼ࡳࡀึࡵ࡚ࣟࣈࢫࢱ࣮ࢆ㣗࡭ࡓࡢࡢࡣ࣎ࢫࢺ࡛ࣥࡔࠋ㸦⿵ᩥᶆ㆑㸧ᗂඣࡀࠗㄗࡿ࠘୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࠕࡢࠖࡣఱ࠿ࠋ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ➨୍ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࠊᒓ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ
௬ㄝࠊࡑࡋ࡚⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
୕ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀ஘❧ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ௬ㄝࡀ౫ࡗ࡚❧ࡘ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢほᐹࡉࢀࡿグ㏙㸦᫬ᮇ࡜≉ᚩ㸧ࡀ␗࡞ࡿⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ᫬ᮇࡣ㛗ࡃࠊ㸯ṓ࠿ࡽ
2 ṓ㸦Ọ㔝 1960 ௚)࡜ほᐹࡍࡿㄽᩥࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ4 ṓ࡛ࡍࡽぢࡽࢀࡿ(Murasugi 1991 ௚)࡜ࡍࡿほᐹࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢወጁ࡞࡯࡝࡟㛗࠸ࠕࡢࠖࡢㄗ⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊMurasugi and Hashimoto(2004b), ᮧᮡ࣭୰㇂(2006)ࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ࡜ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒࢆ㔜ࡡࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ༢୍ࡢ⌧㇟࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀࠊᐇࡣ୕ࡘࡢ
⊂❧ࡋࡓཎᅉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࡢࠖ
ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢၥ㢟ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ෌⪃ࢆຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࡑࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

4.2.
 ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑௬ㄝ㸸㛵ಀ⠇ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮(Murasugi 1991)
Murasugi (1991)ࡣࠊ2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓࡢ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᐇ㦂࣭ほᐹⓗㄪᰝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢཎᅉࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮⌮ㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ㐃యಟ- 131 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡣࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢ್ࢆᣢࡘゝㄒ࡜⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢ್ࢆࡶࡘࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࠊⱥㄒ࡞࡝ࡢከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦CP㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡸ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦TP㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᚋ
⪅ࡢゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ ᗂඣࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦CP㸧ࢆ౑࠸ࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ฿㐩ゝㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࢆタᐃࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡀ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࠕࡢࠖࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 」ྜྡモྃࡀ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀጞࡵࡿࡢࡣ 2 ṓࢆࡍࡂ࡚࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋከࡃࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌧㇟ࡀࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ」ྜྡモྃࡶ᭱ึࡣ୍ᐃࡢ⾲⌧࡛ࡢࡳ⾲ࢀࠊࡑࡢሙྜࡣࠊ」ྜ
ྡモྃ඲యࡀࠕࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅛᐃ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸(Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004b)ࠋ(18)ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣືモࡣᖖ࡟ࠕ(㈙ࡗ࡚)ࡃࢀࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊྡモࡣࠕࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺࠖ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(18)a. ࡜ࡗࡓࢇࡀ ㈙ࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺ ࡔࡼࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)b. ࡇࢀࠊࣘ࢟ࡕࡷࢇࡀ ࡃࢀࡓ ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺ ࡞ࡢࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)ࡑࡢᚋࠊ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡀ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀጞࡲࡾࠊᗂ
ඣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ㐜ࡃࡣ 4 ṓ㡭ࡲ࡛㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ(19)a. ᯤࢀ࡚ࡿ *ࡢࡢ ⰼ ࡔࡼࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;2ࠊᒅᢡືモ㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)
ࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࠊࡇࢀࠋ
b. ࡺ࠺ࡓࡀ࠶ࡋࡻࢇ࡛ࡿ *ࡢ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3ࠊಟ㣭⠇㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)c. ࡇࢀ 㛗࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡔࡡࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3ࠊᙧᐜモ㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)

Murasugi (1991)࡛ࡣࠊᮾிࡸ㛗㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࡋࡓ
ୖ࡛ࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡜㡑ᅜㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ᗂඣࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋࠊࡇࡢ 2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡲ࡛㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡀࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐩᒣ᪉ゝࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡣࠕࡀࠖ
ࠊᒓ᱁ࡣࠕࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑
ࡣ kesࠊᒓ᱁ࡣ uy ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡜㡑ᅜㄒࡢᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰࢆほᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࠕࡀ࣭kes࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ

- 132 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(20)

a. ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࢥࢵࣉ
b. Acessi otopai
uncle

tha-nunmortorcycle rinding-is(ᐩᒣ᪉ゝࠊࢣࣥ 2;11ࠊMurasugi 1991)

*kes

soli

ya. (㡑ᅜㄒࠊ2-3 years oldࠊKim1987)

KES

soundis‘Lit. (This) is the sound that a man is riding a motorcycle.’ ࡇࡇ࡛㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿせ⣲ࡣᒓ᱁࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋᒓ᱁ࡣࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣࠕࡢࠖ
ࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡣࠕuy࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣࠕࡀࠖࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣࠕkes࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵ࡢᗂඣࡣྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモⓗせ⣲ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠖᒓ᱁ࡢࠗࡢ࠘ࢆᤄධ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ
ࠕ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࠖࠕAcessi otopai*kesࠖࡣࠊྡモྃ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண

tha-nunࡉࢀࡿࠋࠕࢥࢵࣉࠖࠊࠕsoliࠖࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀྡモⓗ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡶࡋࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀⓎ
ヰࡍࡿ࡜ண
ࡀண

ࡉࢀࡿྡモྃࡣࠊࠕ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࡢ ࢥࢵࣉࠖ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜

ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᗂඣࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣ⏘ฟࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁᗂඣࡀ

㐣๫⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ௬ᐃ࡟ࡓ
࡚ࡤࠊᗂඣࡣⱥㄒ࡜(ㄒ㡰ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ)ྠࡌ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ(኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ)㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡟ࡣ஧✀㢮࠶ࡾࠊᗂඣࡀ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡣ㐪࠺ᵓ㐀ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕࡢࠖࡀఱ࠿ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࡞ࡐࠊᗂඣࡀࠕࡢࠖࢆ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ㅦࡀ
ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊMurasugi (1991)ࡢ௬ㄝ࡛ࡣࠊㄝ᫂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ
Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004b)ࡣ GLOW in Asia (㡑ᅜ㸸ࢯ࢘ࣝ)࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ
ࢀࡣࠊỌ㔝(1960)ࡢほᐹࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋỌ㔝(1960)ࡢほᐹࡍࡿࡼ࠺
࡟ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣ஧ㄒᩥࡢẁ㝵㸦㸯ṓ௦㸧࠿ࡽぢࡽࢀࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣᒓ᱁ࡶ T ࡸ C ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓせ⣲ࡶࠊⓎヰ࡟ࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ㄝࡔࡅ࡛
ࡣ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆࡍ࡭࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004b)ࡣࠊ
Ọ㔝(1960)ࡢ௦ྡモ௬ㄝࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ṇࡋࡃࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ຍ
࠼ࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 133 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究


4.3.
 ௦ྡモ௬ㄝ
Ọ㔝 (1960)ࡣࠊ ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ 2 ṓ 2 ࣨ᭶࡛⾲ࢀጞࡵࡿ๓࡟ࠊ(21)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀࠊྠ᫬࡟(22)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(21)

ࡢࠋ(2;1)a. ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ
b. ࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡢ
ࡢࠋ(2;1) (Ọ㔝 1960)(22)ࡢ ࡯ࢃࡋ㸦=࠾⠂㸧 (2;1)
a. ࡯ࢃࡋ ኱ࡁ࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࢔࣒ࢼ㸦=ࣁࣝࢼ㸧(2;1)
b. ࢔࣒ࢼࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ *ࡢ(Ọ㔝 1960)

Ọ㔝㸦1960㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢࡳࡀ⏘ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙜヱࡢᗂඣࡣࠊᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆᤄධࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁሙᡤ࡛ࡣࠊ୍ษᒓ
᱁ࢆᤄධࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽࠊỌ㔝㸦1960)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣᒓ᱁࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜
⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ
Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004b), ᮧᮡ࣭ᶫᮏ(2006)ࡣࠊỌ㔝(1960)࡜ࣃࣛࣞࣝ࡞Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࡀࠊᶫᮏẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿࠕ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࠖ࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌
ࡋࠊỌ㔝(1960)ࡢ௬ㄝࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ௦ྡモ௬ㄝ㸦࡞ࡽࡧ࡟⿵
ᩥᶆ㆑௬ㄝ㸧ࡣࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୰㇂཭⨾Ặࡢ⾜ࡗࡓࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖ
ࡢ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୰㇂཭⨾Ặࡢほᐹ࡟ࡼࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࢹ࣮
ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫసᡂࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓᗂඣ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡶࡲࡓࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓึᮇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ᣦ♧ⓗྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠊࡋࡤࡋ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࢆ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᒓ᱁ࡢ࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡟ྠ
ᵝࡢⓎヰࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡢᐇᅾᛶࡣࠊPRAAT ࡟ࡼࡾド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(23)a. ࠶ࡗࡃࢇ ࡕ࠸ࡕࡷ࠸ ࡢ ࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇࠋ(2;4)
b. ࠶ࡗࡃࢇ// (㛫) //ࡕ࠸ࡕࡷ࠸ ࡢ// (㛫) // ࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇ

(24)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢࡺ࠺ࡓࡢⓎヰࢆ PRAAT (Boersma and Weenink 2009)࡛ศᯒ
ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࡢࠖ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢᣦ♧ⓗྡモࡢ㛫࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡞࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋ

- 134 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(24)

ᮏࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡢࠊᮏ ࡔࠋ(1;10)ᅗ㸯ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊࡇࡢⓎヰࡀ 2 ࡘࡢ㒊ศ࠿ࡽᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣࠊ2 ṓ௨㝆࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ」ྜྡモྃෆ࡛࠾ࡁࡿࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ
ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࠋ2 ṓ௨㝆࡛」ྜྡモྃෆࡢ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢሙྜࡣࠊᅗ 2 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࠖࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᅗ 2࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊ௦ྡモࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀࡓ࠶࡜࡟ࠊ࣏࣮ࢬ(㛫)ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋMurasugi and
Hashimoto (2004), ᮧᮡ࣭ᶫᮏ(2006), Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣᩥἲୖࡢㄗ⏝࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ2 ㄒᩥࡢẁ㝵ࡢᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰୖ㸦ࡢ㝈⏺㸧ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ♧ࡍ౛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᏊ౪ࡣࡲࡔಟ㣭ᵓ㐀ࢆ᏶඲࡟୺せ㒊࡜ేྜ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㍍࠸ྡモ㸦௦ྡモࠕࡢࠖ㸧ࢆ୺せ㒊࡟ࡋࡓྡモྃࢆࡲࡎసࡗ࡚ᯟࢆస
ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ࡟ᣦ♧ⓗྡモࢆⓎヰࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣేྜ᧯స(merger)ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊព࿡ⓗෆᐜࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸(㍍࠸)௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ྡモྃࢆࡲࡎేྜࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㢧ᅾ໬ࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

4.4. ᒓ᱁௬ㄝ
 Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ௦ྡモࠊ2 ṓ࠿
ࡽ 4 ṓ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡢࡳ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᶓᒣ(1990)࡟ࡼࡿほᐹࡀᇶᮏ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ᶓᒣ (1990)ࡢᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖࡀ㸦ṇࡋࡃ㸧ᤄධࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࡢᚋ࡟ࡢࡳࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀほᐹࡉࢀ- 135 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡿẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡣ㸯ṓ㸯㸯ࣨ᭶ࠊ㔝ᆅẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹグ㘓㸦ࠕࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࠖ㸸CHILDES ཰㘓㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤ 2 ṓ 0 ࣨ᭶࡛ࠊ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆᤄධࡋࠊࠕ࠾∗ࡉࢇࡢヰࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྡモྃࢆ౑࠸ጞࡵࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠࡌ㡭ࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモ࡟ࡢࡳࠊࠕࡢࠖࡀᤄධࡉࢀࡓྡモྃࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

(25)

a. ᪂ࡋ࠸*ࡢࡢ ⣬ (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 1;11)b. ⓑ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࡈ㣤 (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)c. ᑠࡉ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࡪ࠺ࡪ࠺ ㏻ࡗࡓ ࡼࠋ(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 1;11)ࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡢほᐹグ㘓ࢆ PRAAT ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ᅗ3ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕⓑ࠸ࡢࡈ㣤ࠖࡀ୍ᐃࡢᵓᡂ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊୖ࡟♧ࡋࡓ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣᏊ౪ࡣࡲࡔ」ྜྡ
モྃࢆⓎヰࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊศ⿣ᩥࡶほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ
ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀᒓ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡣከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ(ᒾῲࠊᮧ▼ 1968, Harada 1980, 1984, Clancy 1985, ᶓᒣ 1990, ఀ⸨ 1998௚)ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊᶓᒣ (1990)ࡣࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡣࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊࢆゝཬࡍࡿᙧᐜモ࡜ඹ࡟⾲ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺୙ྍᛮ㆟࡞ほᐹ⤖ᯝࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢほᐹࡣࠊMurasugi and
Hashimoto (2004b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡍᙧᐜモࡣ᫬ไࡢᒅᢡࢆకࢃࡎࠊᖖ
࡟⌧ᅾᙧ࡛࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺グ㏙࡜▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ- 136 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(26)

a. ኱ࡁ࠸*ࡢࡢ 㨶 (1;8)
b. ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࠺ࢇࡕ(2;0)ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ୰㇂࡟ࡼࡿ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ㸦ࡺ࠺ࡓ㸧ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜㔝ᆅẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹグ㘓㸦ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ㸸CHILDES ཰㘓㸧ࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᶓᒣ
(1990)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓࠊ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿほᐹ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ
ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧ࡜ゝࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ᫬ࡢࡳࠊ
ࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀぢࡽࢀࠊ୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕ③࠸ࠖ
ࠕ㔜࠸ࠖ
ࠕᛧ࠸ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢᙧᐜモࡣࠊ᫬ไࢆక
ࡗ࡚ླྀ㏙ⓗ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣྡモࡢ๓࡟ࡣ⾲ࢀࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆక࠺஦ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ

(27)

a. ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇࢀࠋ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇࢀࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 1;10)b. ࡇࡇ ࡤࡤࡕ࠸ ࡼࡡࠋ(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;0)c. ࠾ẕࡕࡷࢇ ࡱࢇࡱ(=⫶) ࠸ࡓ࠸ ࡢ㸽(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;0)ࡇࢀࡽࡢグ㏙ⓗ୍⯡໬࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ወ
ጁ࡞୍⯡໬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆၥ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⟅࠼ࡢ୍ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀᙧᐜモࢆ኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⠊␪࡛࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⰍࡸᙧࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ
ࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖࢆࡦࡁ࠾ࡇࡍᙧᐜモࡣࠊᐇࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᙧᐜモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྡモⓗせ⣲㸦ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖࢆࡦࡁ࠾ࡇࡉ࡞࠸ᙧᐜモࡣࠊືモⓗせ⣲㸦ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡼࡾᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡣࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡢⓎヰࠊ⾲ 2 ࡣࠕࢫ࣑ࣁ
ࣞࠖࡢⓎヰ ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡢ㐣ཤᙧࡀᴟࡵ࡚㐜ࡃ⾲ࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊືモⓗᙧᐜモࡢ㐣ཤᙧࡣẚ㍑ⓗ᪩ࡃ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ






- 137 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

⾲ 1: ᙧᐜモࡢ⌧ᅾᙧࠊ㐣ཤᙧࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀጞࡵࡓᖺ㱋㸦ࡺ࠺ࡓ㸧ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸦ゐぬࠊどぬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸧ᙧᐜモ ⌧ᅾᙧ㐣ཤᙧ኱ࡁ࠸ ኱ࡁ࠸(1;8)኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;0)ᑠࡉ࠸ ᑠࡉ࠸(1;11)ᑠࡉ࠸࠿ࡗࡓ(2;1)

ᙧᐜモ
③࠸
࠾࠸ࡋ࠸

⌧ᅾᙧ
③࠸(1;11)࠾࠸ࡋ࠸(1;10)㯮࠸ᛧ࠸

ᛧ࠸(1;10)㯮࠸(2;0)㯮࠿ࡗࡓ(2;4)ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㐣ཤᙧ③࠿ࡗࡓ(1;11)࠾࠸ࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ
(1;10)
ᛧ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;2)⾲ 2: ᙧᐜモࡢ⌧ᅾᙧࠊ㐣ཤᙧࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀጞࡵࡓᖺ㱋㸦ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ㸧ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸦ゐぬࠊどぬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸧ᙧᐜモ ⌧ᅾᙧ㐣ཤᙧ኱ࡁ࠸ ኱ࡁ࠸(1;11)኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;9)
㉥࠸㉥࠸(1;11)㉥࠿ࡗࡓ(4;0)ⓑ࠸ⓑ࠸(2;2)ⓑ࠿ࡗࡓ(3;6)ືモⓗᙧᐜモ
ᙧᐜモ
③࠸
㔜࠸
⮯࠸

⌧ᅾᙧ
③࠸(1;8)㔜࠸(1;8)⮯࠸(2;2)㐣ཤᙧ③࠿ࡗࡓ(2;0)㔜࠿ࡗࡓ(2;2)⮯࠿ࡗࡓ(2;3)ࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ኱ேࡢᙧᐜモ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᙧᐜモࢆྡモⓗ࠿ືモⓗ࠿࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡣୖグࡢグ㏙ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ௚ࡢ஦ᐇ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶㄝ᫂ຊࢆࡶࡘࠋ
౛࠼ࡤࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆక࠺ྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡣࠊᣦ♧ⓗྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ(኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ) 㡯ࡢ఩⨨࡟⾲ࢀࡿࠋ(28)

a. *㯤Ⰽ࠸ ࡜ *㉥࠸ ࡜  (ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;9)b. *ᑠࡉ࠸ ࡇ࠾࡚(=㈙ࡗ࡚)ࡸ(29)(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;7)*ࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ*ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚…ࡇࢇ࡞*኱ࡁ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚… (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;2)(28a)ࡢᙧᐜモࠕ㯤Ⰽ࠸ࠖࠕ㉥࠸ࠖࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠕ㯤Ⰽ࠸ࢡࣞࣚࣥࠖ
ࠕ㉥࠸ࢡࣞࣚࣥࠖࢆព࿡ࡋࠊ
(28b)ࡢࠕᑠࡉ࠸ࠖࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࠊᑠࡉ࠸≟ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡣ᱁ࢆ࠺ࡅ
࡚⾲ࢀࠊࡲࡓ(29)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙧᐜモࡀ୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⾲ࢀࠊ୺᱁ࠕࡀࠖࡀకࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ドᣐ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)ࡣࠊ Ⰽࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊ≧ែࡢᙧᐜモࡣྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚㛫㐪ࡗ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓᙧᐜモ࡟ࠊ(኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ṇࡋࡃ)ᒓ᱁ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶓᒣ (1990)࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡓグ㏙ⓗ୍⯡໬ࡣࠊᙧᐜモ࡜࠸࠺⠊␪ࡢ⋓ᚓࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᒓ᱁ࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 138 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊᏊ౪ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࢆྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࢆ⾲ࡍᙧᐜモࡣ௚ࡢ᝟⥴ⓗࠊホ౯ⓗ࡞ᙧᐜモ࡜␗࡞ࡾලయྡモ࡟㏻ࡎࡿ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(Berman
1988, Mints and Gleitman 2002)ࠋࡲࡓࠊde Villiers and de Villiers (1978)ࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡀ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊ
Ⰽࢆ⾲ࡍᙧᐜモࢆ୍ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭦࡟ࠊᙧᐜモࡣ ࠕὶືⓗ⠊␪ࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ⩦ᚓࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࡿㄽࡶ࠶ࡿ(Gassar and Smith 1998, Berman 1988, Polinsky
2005, ௚)ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠊ(30)࡟ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᙧᐜモࡶྡモࡶࠕ࡛ࡍࠖࡢ๓࡟⾲ࢀࠊࡲࡓ(31)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᙧᐜモࡶືモࡶ᫬ไࢆక࠸ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᙧᐜモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤫ㄒⓗᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࡀ
᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(30)a. ㉥࠸࡛ࡍࠋ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
b. ㉥࡛ࡍࠋ㸦ྡモ㸧

(31)

a. ኱ࡁ࠸í኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
b. ㉥࠸í㉥࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
c. 㣗࡭ࡿí㣗࡭ࡓ㸦ືモ㸧
d. 㣧ࡴí㣧ࢇࡔ㸦ືモ㸧ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇ࡜ศᯒࡣࠊᙧᐜモࡣࠊࡑࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ⠊␪࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ୰ࡢᙧᐜモ࡜࠸࠺⠊␪ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ࡶ㏻ࡎࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᗂඣࡢᩥἲ
⋓ᚓ㏵ୖ࡟ࡣࠊ
㸦኱ேࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸧ྡモࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ᙧᐜモ㸦ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡜ືモࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ᙧᐜモ㸦ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧ࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ࡜ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ
㸦኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸧ᒓ᱁ࢆᤄධࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ
ࠕᒓ᱁ࡢࠗࡢ࠘ࠖ௬ㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓẁ㝵ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ6
60 ᖺ࡟ཬࢇ࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊグ㏙ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡍࡽ▩┪ࢆᏎࡴΰ஘ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢ᰿ᖿ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ
ࡀ༢⊂ࡢ⌧㇟࡜ಙࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࠖࡀఱ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ၥ࠸࡟↔Ⅼࡀ࠶࡚ࡽࢀࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀ࡞ࡐ࠾ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡞࠸ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡇ


Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢせᅉࡀࠕࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᭦࡟⿬௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
- 139 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究࡜ࡶࠊΰ஘ࡢཎᅉࡢ୍➃࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊ(i)௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖ(1 ṓᚋ༙)ࠊ(ii)ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖ
㸦2 ṓ๓ᚋ㸧ࠊ(iii)⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖ(2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ)ࠊࡢ 3 ࡘࡢẁ㝵ࢆྵࡴ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㐣ཤ 60 ᖺ࡟ゝㄒ⋓ᚓྐࡢ୰࡛ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 3 ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ṇࡋ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋゝㄒ⌮ㄽୖࠕ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢタᐃ࡟ࡼࡾ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢሙྜࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊేྜ᧯సࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᙧ
ᐜモࡢ⤫ㄒ⠊␪ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㉳ᅉࡋࠊ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ኱ேࡢ
ࡑࢀ࡜㱈㱒ࡀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏ⠇࡛ᴫほࡋࡓᗂඣࡀぢࡏࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡶࡲࡓࠊゝㄒࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼ࡿ㔜せ࡞㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ(ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ)ࡢୗ࡛ࠕ࡞ࡐࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࢆᑕ⛬࡟ධࢀ୍࡚ᐃࡢᇶ‽ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ẚ㍑᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊேࡢᚰ࡟ᐇᅾࡍࡿᩥἲ
ࡢ㔜せ࡞≉ᛶࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣぢࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ

5. ⤖ࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚㸸⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ᗂඣࡣ↓ព㆑࡟ᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ㐨ࢆ㎺ࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ᮇ࠿ࡽ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ๓❶ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡸ⛣ື࡟࠿࠿ࡿไ⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤂௓࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ
ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㡯๐㝖࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩࡟࠾࠸࡚ᩪ⸨Ặ࡜㧗ᶫẶࡀ኱ேࡢయ⣔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㡯๐㝖ࡣᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ゝㄒࡢ⊂≉࡞≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ㡯๐㝖௨እࡢ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒ⌧㇟࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡿ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀ⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ࡟㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ✵ࡢ㡯ࡢඛ⾜モࡀ↷ᛂᙧࢆྵࡴሙ
ྜࠊཝᐦྠ୍ㄞࡳ(strict-identity interpretation)࡜⦆࠸ྠ୍ㄞࡳ(sloppy-identity interpretation)ࡀ
ぢࡽࢀࠊ(38b)ࡣከ⩏ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ(38)a. ࢪࣙࣥࡀ⮬ศࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆቯࡋࡓࠋ  b. ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡶ e ቯࡋࡓࠋ
(e = ࢪࣙࣥࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮)ࡇࡢ⦆࠸ྠ୍ㄞࡳࡣ௦ྡモ㸦ࡑࢀ㸧ࢆ౑ࡗࡓᩥ࡛ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 140 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(39)

a.

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ⮬ศࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆ ቯࡋࡓࠋb.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡶࡑ
ࡑࢀࢆ ቯࡋࡓࠋ
(ࡑࢀ = ࢪࣙࣥࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ#࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮)ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ(38)ࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒࡣ௦ྡモ pro ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ 㡯(DP)ࡢ๐㝖࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᗂඣࡢ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㡯๐㝖࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ౛ࡣࠊືモࡀά⏝ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ 2 ṓ๓༙࡜࠸࠺᪩ᮇ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸦40a㸧ࡣࠊࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀࣃࣥࢶࢆ୍ே࡛ᒚ
ࡃ࡜ࡁࠊ㸦40b㸧ࡣࠊࣞࣔࣥỈࢆ࠸ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ∗ぶࡀࠕ࠾ẕࡕࡷࢇࡢࡣ㸽ࠖ࡜⪺࠸࡚ࠊࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀẕぶ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚⏘ฟࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ, 㸦40c㸧ࡣࠊẕぶ࡟ᢪ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᘵ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡲࡓ࠾ࡗࡥ࠸㣧ࢇࡔ㸽ࠖ࡜⪺࠿ࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ㸦40d㸧ࡣࠊẕࡀᘵࡢ࠾࠿ࡺࢆࡓࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ẕぶࡀࠕ࠾⢛ࡓࡇ࠺ࡡࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⪺࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀⓎヰࡋࡓ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(40) a. ࡰࡃࡶࡦ࡜ࡾ ࡣࡃ (2;01)
 b. ࠾࠿࠶ࡕࡷࢇࡶ ࡢࡴ㸽(2;03)c. ࡲࡓ ࡰࡃࡶࡢࡴࡼ (2;04)
d. ࡰࡃࡶࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࡡ (2;05)᭦࡟ࠊᮡᓮẶࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡇࡢ㡯๐㝖ࡢࡶࡘ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᗂඣࡀほᐹࡋ࠺ࡿ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇ㦂ⓗ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ᮇ࠿ࡽ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
♧ࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᗂඣࡢᩥἲⓗ࡞ࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢไ㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋẕㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್ࡣࠊ⥲ࡌ࡚᪩ᮇ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒࡢヰ⪅࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀฟࡎࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ
⮬㌟ࡢẕㄒ࡟୙ᚲせ࡞≉ᛶࢆࠕᤞ࡚ࡿࠖ㐣⛬ࡶ⤒࠺ࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁẕㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟チࡉࢀࡓᩥἲ್ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒࡣᏛ⩦ࡸ⤒㦂ࠊᵓᩥࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ᥎ㄽࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡾ⩦ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠶ࡿඹ㏻ᛶ࡜ከᵝᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࠊゝㄒ⎔ቃ࡟࠶ࡿẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡸືモࡢ⮬ືモ࣭௚ືモࡢࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘஺᭰࡞࡝ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝ࢆ࡜ࡾୖࡆࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩥἲⓗㄗ⏝ࡀࠊ༢࡞ࡿࠗ㛫㐪࠼࡛࠘ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸦ẕㄒ௨እࡢ㸧ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ⾲ࢀࡿẁ㝵࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ
᱌ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᗂඣࡀẕㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜ࡣࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡂ㛗ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡀලయⓗ࡟࡞ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋChomsky (1981)ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡏࡤࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡜ࡣࠊẕㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್ࡀ࡞ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡛チࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ್ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢ୰࠿ࡽ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ẕㄒࡢ್ࡀᙜヱࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮
ࡢࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺ್࡛࡞࠸࡜ࡁࠊ
࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭷ᶆ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡣࠊ▐᫬ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
20 ୡ⣖๓༙ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻ࡣࠊ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗ࡟ࡣከᵝ࡞ᙧ≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿẼ㇟᮲௳ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽࠊẼ㇟᮲௳࡜㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣࠊࠗ㞷࠘㸦ᒾἼᩥᗜ㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡉ࡚ࠊ㞷ࡣ㧗ᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡎ୰ᚰ㒊ࡀฟ᮶ࡑࢀࡀᆅ⾲ࡲ࡛㝆ࡗ࡚᮶ࡿ㛫ࠊྛᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿ⏕㛗ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊ」㞧࡞ᙧ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊᆅ⾲࡬㐩ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗᙧཬࡧᶍᵝࡀዴఱ࡞ࡿ᮲௳࡛ฟ᮶ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࢀࡤࠊ⤖ᬗࡢ㢧ᚤ㙾෗┿ࢆぢࢀࡤࠊୖᒙ࠿ࡽᆅ⾲ࡲ࡛ࡢ኱Ẽࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࢆேᕤⓗ࡟సࡗ࡚ぢ࡚ࠊኳ↛࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ㞷ࡢ඲✀㢮ࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ
᮶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢᐇ㦂ᐊෆࡢᐃ್࠿ࡽࠊ௒ᗘࡣ㏫࡟ࡑࡢᙧࡢ㞷ࡀ㝆ࡗࡓ᫬ࡢୖᒙࡢẼ㇟ࡢ≧ែࢆ㢮᥎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢࢀࡤ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࡣࠊኳ࠿ࡽ㏦ࡽࢀࡓᡭ
⣬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ୰ࡢᩥྃࡣ⤖ᬗࡢᙧཬࡧᶍᵝ࡜࠸࠺ᬯྕ࡛᭩࠿
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᬯྕࢆㄞࡳ࡜ࡃ௙஦ࡀ༶ࡕேᕤ㞷ࡢ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶฟ᮶
ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ
㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗ࡟ከᵝ࡞ᙧ≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡶከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢከᵝᛶࡶࡲࡓࠊ
ே㛫ゝㄒ࡟₯ࡴཎ⌮ⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ7 ࡇࡢ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࡿ
࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒᏛࡣ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡶࡲࡓࠊኳ࠿ࡽ㏦ࡽࢀࡓᡭ⣬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋᡭ⣬࡟࠶ࡿᩥ❶ࡣࠊᙜヱࡢᗂඣࡢࠕẕㄒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ
ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᩥἲࢆㄞࡳゎࡃ௙஦ࡀࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࡢ࣮ࣝࢶࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ


ᮏ✏࡛ᘬ⏝ࡍࡿ୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻ࡢⴭస࡜⮬↛⛉Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඃࢀࡓ▱ぢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ゝㄒ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
໭ཎஂႹẶࡢ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ࡢ㞟୰ㅮ⩏㸦 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸧࡟࡚ࡈᩍ♧࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠊ
グࡋ࡚ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ

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恵子）


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

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኱᪥ᮏᅗ᭩, 141-180.
୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻 (1994) ࠗ㞷࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
Ọ㔝㈼ (1960) ࠕᗂඣࡢゝㄒⓎ㐩ʊ࡜ࡃ࡟ຓモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ⩦ᚓ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ 㛵す኱ᏛᅜᩥᏛ఍ࠊࠗᓥ⏣ᩍᤵྂᕼグᛕᅜᩥᏛㄽ㞟࠘405–418.
㔝ᆅ₶ᐙ㸦㸧ࠗᗂඣゝㄒࡢ⏕άࡢᐇែ ,㹼,9࠘ᩥ໬ホㄽฟ∧ᮾி㸬ᮧᮡᜨᏊ༳ๅ୰  ࠕᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣ࡞ࡐ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࠿㸸ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢᙺ๭ࠖ ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲ࠘ ➨  ᕳ  ྕࠊࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧ᮧᮡᜨᏊࠊᶫᮏ▱Ꮚ  ࠕゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྡモྃෆ࡛ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖKSL 26ࠊ㛵すゝㄒᏛ఍ࠊ12–21.
ᶓᒣṇᖾ (1990)ࠕᗂඣࡢ㐃యಟ㣭Ⓨヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿຓモࠕࣀࠖࡢㄗ⏝ࠖ
ࠗⓎ㐩ᚰ⌮Ꮫ◊✲࠘1, 2–9.

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