Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft

Interview

Nurturing Tomorrow’s Research Leaders
The Heisenberg ProgrammeContents
Named after a Nobel Laureate
The Heisenberg Programme is all about quality

3

Independent, Motivating, Generous Career Support
The Heisenberg fellowship has been a great career opportunity
for many researchers

4

Quality Standards As High As Ever
Over 2,000 fellows since the inception of the Heisenberg Programme

6

A Playful Genius
Werner Heisenberg revolutionised physics

2

9

Heisenberg Fellowship Made Nobel Prize Possible
Klaus von Klitzing was one of the first fellows

10Intrigued by Research Management
Jürgen Mlynek calls for clear career paths

11

Imprint

A Model That Aims to Encourage
The Heisenberg professorship:
Interview with Beate Scholz and Paul Heuermann

12

A Whole Lot of Freedom
Roland Strausz is the first Heisenberg professorof economics

14

Getting to the Root of Kidney Failure
Eva Brand uses her Heisenberg professorshipto investigate the genetic causes of disease

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18

axeptDESIGN
www.axeptdesign.de

1920

Career Boost and Academic Freedom“Heisenbergers” experience periods abroad as great opportunities

22

Those Brief Moments of Understanding
Hélène Esnault and Eckart Viehweg
pursue top-level mathematical research in Essen

ImagesCover: Heisenberg: AIP Emilio Segre VisualArchives; portrait: DFG;
teaching: Lichtenscheidt
Pages 4/5 in order of appearance: private;
private; MPI for Iron Research; private;
private; Metz, University of Tübingen;
ISD; Neubauer; University of Marburg;
ETH Zurich; private;
University of the Federal Armed Forces;
Veldhuisen

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Confidence in the Potential of Young Researchers
From the first announcement to today

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Making Europe Competitive
Dependable careers strengthen young researchers and universities

Uschi Heidel
Trio Service GmbHwww.trio-medien.de

English translation

Bridge to a Career in Germany
Christof Rapp believes in the relevance of ancient philosophy
to today’s discourse

Dr. Anjana Buckow
Michaela Dreike
Dr. Beate Scholz

EditorClimate Archive at the Bottom of the Sea
Hildegard Westphal delves deep into the history of the Earth

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Three Questions for
Annette Schavan, E. Jürgen Zöllner
and Elmar Weiler

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Editorial

Named after a Nobel Laureate© DFG

The Heisenberg Programme is all about quality

At age 26, Werner Heisenberg was appointed professor; at 32 he was awarded the Nobel Prize – an exceptional career that many aspire to but few
achieve. Heisenberg was therefore theobvious choice when it came to naming
a new programme for promoting young,highly qualified researchers headed for
professorship. From the very beginning
it was clear that successful applicants
would have to be top-tier talent and“young for their accomplishments”, as
it was put by Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, theDFG President at the time.
The decision 30 years ago to establish
this programme was driven by two considerations that remain important tothis day.
On the one hand, young researchers
who were already qualified for professorship but had yet to be offered apermanent position at a German university were to be given an opportunity to bridge the gap with independent
research work. The objectives were tokeep highly gifted young researchers
from switching to fields outside of science and to retain their talent for research in Germany, as well as to achievea balanced age structure at research institutions.
On the other hand, there was a desire
to allow exceptionally qualified scientists and academics to pursue independent research, unencumbered by supervisors, institutions or predeterminedprojects. It is especially the freedom tochoose their own topic, their scheduleand their workplace (for a period of up

3

to five years) that has made this fellowship so attractive for many applicants.
Quite a few funding recipients use theirfellowship for a stay abroad.
The programme was originally designed
to run for five years and fund 750 fellowships. It was hoped that after thisperiod the difficult job situation would
have improved. The vast majority ofthese early fellows found suitable positions. At the same time, word quickly
got around about the excellent qualityof the fellows and of the programme.
In 1991 this success ultimately persuaded the DFG to continue the programmeout of its own budget to systematicallypromote excellence, even after the job
situation had improved.
The last major innovation was the introduction of the Heisenberg professorshipin late 2005. Interestingly, Heisenberg
professorships had been included in theinitial concept and suggested several
times. Originally they were supposed
to follow up the fellowship period orprovide provisional appointments, to beeliminated as soon as the Heisenberg
fellow was offered a permanent professorship. Under the current solution,

the DFG provides start-up funding fora professorship for five years. Following
a successful interim review, the position
then converts into a regular university
professorship. This model can be considered the beginning of a tenure-track
system with secure career prospects
and thus represents a big step forward
for young researchers in Germany.
Today the Heisenberg Programme isone of the DFG’s most renowned funding programmes. Since 1978 it has supported over 2,000 researchers, many ofwhom have attained prominent positions in science and academia, or – as
I predict with certainty – will do so in
the future.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Kleiner
President of theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Testimonials

After spendingtime abroad at
Fermilab, Chicago, and the University of Rochester, New York, theHeisenberg fellowship allowed
me to shift my research focus from
P anti-P scattering
at 2 TeV at the Tevatron to PP scattering at 14 TeV at the LHC – even while
realising a dual-career solution together
with my wife, also a particle physicist,at the Max Planck Institute for Physics.
Prof. Dr. Arnulf Quadt
Institute of Physics II,
University of Göttingen

4

As one of the first Heisenberg fellows
in 1978 I benefited early on from what
was then a unique new programme topromote young researchers. I took fulladvantage of it,
pausing twice totake on visiting
professorships,
and leveraged
it for my development as an
academic. The fellowship certainly
contributed to myappointment as
the first professor for ecological psychology. At any
rate, it marked the beginning of myprofessional career, also in the area of
research policy.
Prof. Dr. Lenelis Kruse-Graumann
Institute of Psychology,
Division of Ecological Psychology,
FernUniversität in Hagen - University of Hagen

The Heisenberg
fellowship was
the most important support I
received throughout my career. It
was a valuable
experience to see
Germany’s premier research organisation makesuch an enormous leap of faith. Even
though researchers tend to specialise
early these days, a Heisenberg fellowship proves, for the first time in a young
researcher’s career, that the greatercommunity recognises that scientist’s
achievements, conferring responsibility
by ensuring maximum freedom.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dierk Raabe
Head of Microstructure Physics
and Metal Forming, Max Planck Institutefor Iron Research, Düsseldorf

Independent, Motivating, Generous Career Support
The Heisenberg fellowship has been a great career opportunity for many researchers

What did theHeisenberg fellowship mean forsomeone who
was 39 at the
time? Quite simply relief from allthat daily hyperbureaucratic
nonsense that an
assistant at a perpetually reforming German university
has to take care of. I was able to resignfrom my assistant position, concentrateon teaching young, smart students,
which brought me many moments ofhappiness, read really thick books, andeven write some myself. A fabulous
time without frustrations! Sadly, the callto my first professorship came all toosoon.
Prof. Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Graf
Faculty of Protestant Theology,
Department of Systematic Theology,
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

After I completed
my doctorate I
went into Big Science. An exciting
field, large facilities, long-term
projects, international measuring
campaigns, myown team, a wellpaid permanent position – in short, an
excellent career environment. But, afteran extended stay in Stanford, all of thatjust wasn’t enough anymore: there was
no interaction with students. A successful Heisenberg proposal enabled me toreturn to academia.

At first the fellowship was a greatpiece of fortune
and a great reassurance. A greatpiece of fortune
because, as a recently habilitatedadjunct professor,
I was freed fromthe dreary prospect of trying to economically survive
the next five years, in which hardly any
vacancies were expected to open up.
And it was reassuring to see that all mywork hadn’t been in vain but was being positively acknowledged. However,since shortly afterwards I had the luck
to receive a call to fill the only vacantchair, I ended up declining the fellowship.

Prof. Dr. Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus
Department of Physical Chemistry I,
University of Bielefeld

Prof. Dr. Joachim Rückert
Department of Legal History,
University of Frankfurt am Main

Testimonials

Fantastic! The fellowship was one of
my life’s most positive experiences. Independent, motivating, generous in its
implementation,
uncomplicatedin its procedures,
it allowed me tothrive and blossom. I could
hardly believethat something
like this existed. It
gave me the courage to be one of
the best. Thanks to all who made thispossible for me.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Kröplin
Institute of Statics and Dynamics
of Aerospace Structures,
University of Stuttgart

The Heisenberg fellowship enabled
me to work continuously with two of
the most reputable teams for nonlinear dynamics, atthe universities of
Potsdam in Germany and Maryland in the US.
During this period
I formed many
international cooperative relationships, which haveplayed a crucialrole in my scientific career and continue
to influence my research to this day.
Prof. Dr. Ulrike Feudel
Institute for Chemistry and Biologyof the Marine Environment (ICBM),
University of Oldenburg

The Heisenberg
fellowship allowed me tofocus on my research activities
and to visit the
US for extended
periods to workon collaborative
projects. It wasalso an importantquality criterion and definitely one of
the reasons why I was offered professorships.
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Soll
Department of Biology I, Botany,
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

In 1995, the fellowship gave me theopportunity to join the newly founded
Max Planck Institute for the History of
Science in Berlin.
I tackled new
projects there
which I hadn’t
even mentioned
in my application,and I didn’t havea bad conscience
because I sensed
that the Heisenberg Programmeis based on trust and freedom – trustthat fellows will make the most of theirprivileged situation and feel free to pursue whatever research is closest to theirheart.
Prof. Dr. Michael Hagner
Science Studies,
ETH ZurichAfter I habilitated at the University ofFrankfurt at age 30, the Heisenberg fellowship gave me the wonderful opportunity to keep working on my research
projects, without the pressure of having
to find a permanent position as soon as
possible. I used
my fellowship to
go to the Optical
Sciences Centerat the Universityof Arizona, where
after one year I
got a tenure-track
position as an associate professor.
Prof. Dr. Stefan W. Koch
Faculty of Physics,
University of Marburg

5
I received the Heisenberg fellowship in
1994, simultaneously with an offer tosubstitute for a professor at the Bundeswehr University in Neubiberg, which
is why I didn’t take up the fellowship.
But when I was
appointed to thischair in 1996, andfor all my applications up to thatpoint, the fellowship was extremely helpful. The
reputation aloneof having been
accepted into a
DFG excellence programme gave me
an immediate advantage with appointment committees.
Prof. Dr. Merith Niehuss
Historian, President of theBundeswehr University in Neubiberg

The Heisenberg fellowship was themost privileged phase of my academic
life so far, and one for which I am extremely grateful. Not only was I able
to organise mytime freely andwork productively
without restrictions, I also had
the opportunity
to go on longand intensive
visits abroad, doing field work in
Southeast Asia.
Never before or afterwards have I enjoyed so much creative freedom. And“on the side” I also gave birth to ourson during this period.

The Heisenberg Programme
enabled me to
go abroad for extended research
visits, which havedefinitely enriched my scholarship andmy knowledge of the international
university system. Being able to do research at the foremost institutions in
the United States was important for mydevelopment and my career. My stayin Potsdam was particularly helpful in
preparing me for my current leadership
position.

Without the Heisenberg fellowship myacademic career would have taken an
entirely different course, and certainly
a less successful
one. The fellowship came at justthe right time,and by allowing
me to visit American and British
research institutions it opened
new horizons that
helped define myfuture work. Contacts I was able to make20 years ago still provide a solid basis fortransatlantic collaboration today.

Prof. Dr. Frauke Kraas
Department of Geography,
University of Cologne

Prof. Dr. Artemis Alexiadou
Institute of Linguistics, English Department, University of Stuttgart

Prof. Dr. Bernd Engler
American Studies,
Rector of the University of Tübingen

The Programme

Quality Standards As High As Ever
Over 2,000 fellows
since the inception of the Heisenberg Programme

A 1978 newspaper advertisement announcing the DFG’s
first call for proposals in the
Heisenberg Programme6

It must have been due to the name thata disproportionately large number ofphysicists participated in the first roundof proposals for Heisenberg fellowships. Today “Heisenberg” stands for
quality in all areas of research while thereason behind the programme’s nameis sometimes forgotten. “To me, Werner Heisenberg embodies everything we
expect of our fellows,” says Dr. Robert
Paul Königs, Head of the DFG’s Scientific Affairs Department. “Heisenberg wasyoung, he was an outstanding researcher, and he was mobile.”
In 1927 Werner Heisenberg, only 26
years old, formulated one of the fundamental tenets of quantum mechanics:
the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
That same year he was appointed professor in Leipzig; three years earlier hehad already been Max Born’s assistant
and worked with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen. In 1932 he received the Nobel
Prize. He is even one of a select groupof scientists whose names have madetheir way into popular culture: “Heisenberg compensators” are a 24th century invention, devised on a famous starship. But back to the 20th century.
What to do with young talent?
During the 1960s and 1970s West Germany experienced a period of extraordinarily rapid growth in higher education.
Existing universities were expanded andmany new ones established. So many
permanent positions were created thatit didn’t seem necessary to promote upand-coming scientists through special
programmes. But once the boom wasover, the chances of young scientists and academics
finding long-term
employment in science and researchdiminished significantly. The jobs
that had been created during the expansion phase werealready occupied by young researchers;
the job market was sewn up for years
to come. What to do with highly giftedyoung talent?
On 4 November 1977 the heads of Germany’s federal and state governments,
following a recommendation by theFederal and State Commission for Educational Planning and Research Promotion, adopted an effective countermeasure. The DFG was put in charge of
implementing it. The politicians wanted
to keep “those with a particular penchant and talent for research and scholarship from seizing opportunities in
non-research fields, thus being lost toscience and academia,” as stated in the
DFG’s 1978 annual report.
The Heisenberg Programme was to enable qualified young researchers “todevote themselves to research, freefrom other obligations, in order to retain them in science and academia.”
It wasn’t just about preventing brain
drain until new job openings became
available – the inventors of the Heisenberg Programme also wanted to invigorate research in general, and thereby sustain and enhance innovation inGermany. This is exactly why so muchis being done these days to support
young research talent, especially by the
DFG. “Promoting young researchers isvery close to our hearts and one of ourcore missions,” emphasises Robert Paul
Königs. Although in 1951 the DFG’s
statutes made no mention of it, the“education and advancement of young
researchers” was incorporated into thestatutes as a goal in 1959. Today everybody understands that investing in talented minds brings out the country’s
greatest potential.
Strong showing by physicists
The Heisenberg Programme was the
DFG’s first new programme to belaunched since the Collaborative Research Centres were initially started in1967. For the first round of funding,from 1978 to 1982, the budget provided
for a total of 750 fellowships. By 15 December 1978, the application deadline
for the first round, 344 proposals had
been received in Bonn. With 44 applicants for physics, the eponym’s researcharea made the strongest showing, followed by 19 proposals for mathematics.
Other clusters were found in theoreti-© fotolia

The Programme

While women were highly under-represented during the first round in 1978
– they made up only 7% of applicantsand 5% of those accepted – their share
increased to 22% in 2006. “But it’s notnecessarily a good sign to see more
women fellows.” Robert Paul Königs
warns of undue optimism. “It turns outthat permanent positions still tend to
go to men, whereas women have toscrape by on fellowships.”
A brand nameOne thing has not changed since theHeisenberg Programme was launched
30 years ago: the scientific quality
standards which successful applicantsmust meet are extremely demanding.
However, eligibility for professorship is
also an important criterion, though, unlike in the past, habilitation is no longer© photocase

cal medicine and biology; 55 applications were received for the humanities.
Conspicuously under-represented werethe engineering sciences and practical
medicine. Robert Paul Königs has an explanation: “In those fields there are other paths that lead to professorship, forexample work in an industrial or clinical setting.” Not much has changed inthis regard – only a few engineers havejoined the programme since then. Manyother things did change, however: once
the DFG realised that overly rigid rules
turn off creative minds, it did away withthe age limit of 33, as it did for its other programmes. Today’s Heisenberg fellows are a bit older on average thanthose of the past; the largest cohort is
between 35 and 40 years old.

a prerequisite. Rejection rates are still
high, and the programme can boast anamazing track record. “Due to the strict
criteria it applies, the fellowship has
become a brand name and gained an
extraordinary reputation,” says Robert
Paul Königs.
A Heisenberg fellowship is more thana CV boost. Yet quite a few researchers, knowing they won’t even need
the funding, have applied for that very
reason. Today it seems hard to believethat the programme initially suffereda lack of applicants. Eugen Seibold,
DFG President from 1980 to 1985, surmised at the time that the fellowship
might not be very attractive due to apoor outlook for permanent positions.
Indeed it wasn’t until 1990 that all of
the originally intended 750 fellowships
had been awarded. Yet there was never any doubt about the mission of the
programme, because a shortage of habilitated scientists and scholars was
still looming. Therefore, as part of theHigher Education Special Programme
II, a “Heisenberg” succession plan wasdeveloped for 1991 to 2000.
DFG continues “Heisenberg”
The third phase of the Heisenberg Programme was initiated by the DFG itself.
Once the special funds were exhausted,
newly approved fellowships could not

7

The Programme

have been financed throughout theirgiven term. “Therefore the DFG decided rather quickly that both the Heisenberg Programme, as an outstanding excellence programme for future
university teachers, and a scaled-down
fellowship programme for habilitation
candidates should be continued andfinanced from its own regular budget
starting in 2001,” said the DFG Secretary General at the time, Dr. Reinhard
Grunwald, in 2000.

searchers to multitask, the Heisenberg
Programme points in a clear direction.
“A Heisenberg fellow has made a commitment to science.”
Susanne Weiss

A letter of thanks from University of Karlsruhe’spresident to the president of the DFG for a
Heisenberg grant to one of its researchers

What was originally meant
to alleviate a temporary
job bottleneck has become a key instrument for
promoting young researchers, and one that is still ina class of its own. Fundingfor young researchers, suchas that offered by the Max
Planck Society or the Helm-© photocase

8

These days there are fewer physicists– even the Heisenberg Programme has
been affected by the much-discussed
transition from the century of physics
to the century of biology. Proposals in
the life sciences, including biology andmedicine, now outnumber applications
from natural scientists, among whom
physicists have actually become a minority. And scholars in the humanities
and social sciences haven’t been scared
off by the physicist-inspired title. They

the Leibniz Prize. In addition, many
former fellows currently serve on the
DFG’s highest statutory bodies. With
Klaus von Klitzing, a first-round fellow,
there’s even a Nobel laureate in physics– like Heisenberg himself – among thealumni. According to Klaus von Klitzing,
the Heisenberg fellowship was a crucial
prerequisite for his 1985 Nobel Prize
success (see page 10). To date the DFG
has granted over 2,000
fellowships – a lack of applicants has long becomea problem of the past.

have been responsible for about onethird of all proposals submitted during
the programme’s first 30 years.
Outstanding track record
A look at the post-fellowship careersof Heisenberg alumni reveals the programme’s outstanding track record. No
fewer than 28 of them have been honoured with Germany’s most importantand highly endowed research award,

holtz Association, is usually tied to a certain institution. “What makes this typical of the DFG”, explains Robert Paul
Königs, “is that it’s not a structural programme but rather an individual grantthat allows young people to devote
themselves to their research, free frominstitutional and structural constraints.”
And he points out yet another uniquefeature. While it has become fashionable to promote the ability of young re-Heisenberg

A Playful Genius© AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Segre Collection

Werner Heisenberg
revolutionised physics

Early on Werner Heisenberg displayed
two qualities that would define hisbright career: talent and ambition. His
secondary-school teachers already noticed the “playful ease” with which hemade his “outstanding achievements”.
He was also “quite confident” and eager to impress. Later on, as a professor,
Heisenberg played table tennis andwanted to be the best there as well –just like in science and in chess.
Nobel Prize in record time
Born in Würzburg in 1901 to an equallyambitious father – the son of a craftsman who managed to become a professor of Greek – Heisenberg discovered
during his Munich schooldays the joy of“playing around between mathematics
and direct experience”. He taught himself mathematics as a way to describe
the laws of physics. From 1920 on hestudied physics in record time. Only one
year after he submitted his doctoral thesis “On the Stability and Turbulence ofFluid Flow”, he habilitated in Göttingenwith Max Born, whose assistant he had
become. In 1927, at the age of 26, Heisenberg was called to Leipzig as Professor of Theoretical Physics.
Thanks to this young researcher, theSaxonian university became connectedto the centres of modern nuclear physics: Copenhagen, Cambridge and Göttingen. An inspiring teacher, he also attracted highly gifted students, among
them Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
and the future “father of the hydrogenbomb”, Edward Teller. Together withthem Heisenberg laid the foundations
for solid-state quantum mechanics, forwhich he received the Nobel Prize in
1932. Along with Niels Bohr, Max Born
und Pascual Jordan, he developed theuncertainty principle, which defies thelaws of classical physics.

9

At the beginning of the Nazi regime therenowned physicist spoke out against
the expulsion of Jewish scientists – withlittle success. He was attacked when herefused to sign a declaration of loyalty
to Hitler. In 1937 proponents of “Aryan physics” turned against him and hisquantum physics, which they deemed
infiltrated by Jews. Heisenberg remainedin Germany, despite generous offersfrom American universities.
During World War II he led the uranium
project of Germany’s Army Ordnance
Office. Its purpose was to investigate
possible applications of nuclear fission.
In 1942 he became the director of the
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics inBerlin-Dahlem, which was supposed tocontinue the large-scale experiments.
Shortly before the end of the war, the Allied forces arrested Heisenberg and other nuclear researchers and took them to
the United Kingdom. Because of his career during the Third Reich, Heisenberg
was not uncontroversial after the war.
Committed to promoting
young researchers
His student Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said later about Heisenberg: “He wasa brilliant scientist, then an artist, and,owing to a sense of obligation, a homopoliticus.” Especially in post-war Germany, Heisenberg’s activities were focusedon research policy. Under the umbrellaof the Max Planck Society he foundedan Institute of Physics in Göttingen andserved as its director from 1946 to 1958.
After that he headed the Max Planck Institute of Physics in Munich until 1970.
At the head of the Deutsche Forschungsrat, a predecessor to the DFG, Heisenberg helped shape basic research from1949 to 1951. As the first president of
the re-established Alexander von Humboldt Foundation between 1953 and1975 he was especially committed topromoting young researchers.
Heisenberg married Elisabeth Schumacher in 1937 and had seven children.
He died in Munich in 1976.
Magdalena SchaefferPortrait

Ein
großes Stück
Freiheit
Heisenberg
Fellowship
Made Nobel Prize Possible

Roland Strausz
Klaus von Klitzing

10© Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

ist erster Heisenberg-Professor in den
wasone of the first fellows
Wirtschaftswissenschaften

discovery. Nowadays such high magnetic fields can be generated with superconducting coils, which are available inmany laboratories. “Freedom is the mostimportant aspect of the fellowship,” thescientist says, and he mentions another benefit that many young researchers
long for – “responsibility”.
Klaus von Klitzing, born in 1943 in theProvince of Posen (today Poland), studied physics at the Technical University of
Braunschweig and graduated in 1969.
Then he switched to the Julius Maximilian University in Würzburg, where heearned his doctorate in 1972. Between
1975 and 1978 he did research at theClarendon Laboratory in Oxford, among
other places.
When he applied for the Heisenberg
fellowship in 1978 he had already habilitated. The same year he made his
groundbreaking discovery he was offered a professorship in solid state physics by the Technical University of Munich.
In January of 1985, the year he received
the Nobel Prize, Klaus von Klitzing went
to Stuttgart to head one of the departments at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, where he still works.
His address: Heisenbergstraße 1, andthen down the Von-Klitzing-Pfad.
Physics for the general public

In the night before 5 February 1980,
Klaus von Klitzing made the crucial
breakthrough: he discovered the quantum Hall effect. The physicist realisedthat the unit of electrical resistance(Ohm) is precisely defined by two physical constants – Planck’s constant h andthe electron charge e – and is thus itself a physical constant. The von Klitzing constant has since been a universal
standard for measuring resistance. It is
used around the world to standardiseand calibrate resistors – for instance by
the Federal Physical and Technical Institute in Germany. In 1985 Klaus vonKlitzing was awarded the Nobel Prize forPhysics. A few years earlier he had been
one of the first Heisenberg fellows.
“A Heisenberg fellowship makes a Nobel Prize possible,” would be a fair statement, says the physicist. “Without the
fellowship it would have been muchharder to get into the best laboratories
for my research.” At the time, Klaus vonKlitzing had to travel to a special German-French laboratory for generatinghigh magnetic fields in Grenoble. Therehe was able to make the measurementsthat ultimately led to his prizewinning“Scientific drive and idealism” steered
Klaus von Klitzing toward a career in
research. He is still committed to basic
research and actively tries to generate
enthusiasm and curiosity about physics, and to make his subject accessible
to the general public. Now there’s even
an award named after this multi-awardwinning physicist. In 2005 the Carl vonOssietzky University of Oldenburg andthe non-profit EWE Foundation began
to honour outstanding science educators with an annual Klaus von Klitzing
Prize.
Susanne Weiss

Portrait

Auf Herz undIntrigued
by Research
Nieren geprüft
Management

Eva Brand
JürgenMlynekdie Heisenberg-Professorin erforscht
genetische
Krankheitszusammenhänge
calls
for clearcareer paths

A litmus test for his professional future –that was what the Heisenberg fellowshipmeant, says Professor Jürgen Mlynek.
The President of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres decided back then that, should it not workout with the fellowship, he was no longer going to pursue a career in science. “Iactually had a plan B. I had a job lined
up as a board assistant with a major corporation.” Plan B stayed in the drawer.
Today the research manager is himself
an active supporter of young scientists
and academics.
Jürgen Mlynek, born in Gronau an derLeine in 1951, studied physics at theTechnical University of Hanover and at
the École Polytechnique in Paris. In 1979
he did his doctorate in Hanover, thenspent one year at the IBM research lab
in San Jose, California. He gained hishabilitation in Hanover in 1984. “Thesituation was ideal back then. I cameback from the US, habilitated in Hanover when I was only 33, and then immediately got the Heisenberg fellowship.”
The physicist used his fellowship for alittle less than a year at the TU Hanover
and then went to the ETH Zurich as an
assistant professor. In 1990 he was offered a Chair in Experimental Physics at
the University of Constance, where hewould research and teach for a whole
decade. But during this time he also began to be intrigued by research management. In September 2000 the scientist
moved to Berlin to become the presidentof Humboldt University. Early in 2001 he
resigned from his post as Vice President© Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

11of the DFG, which he had held since1996. Jürgen Mlynek led Humboldt tobecome one of the premier German universities. Promoting young researchers
was especially important to him – under
his aegis Humboldt was the first German university to announce “junior professorships”. As a university educator hehelped supervise over 100 theses; ten of
his former students are professors today.
The physicist’s work has been recognisedwith many awards, including the DFG’sprestigious Leibniz Prize in 1992.

increase to about 100 over the next few
years. “We offer young researchers early
independence, excellent working conditions and a tenure option,” says Mlynek.
After three to four years and a positive
review of their scientific performanceby independent experts, researchers are
eligible for tenure. This model has already shown some success in persuading young researchers at top institutions
abroad to return to Germany, says thepresident.

Head of the Helmholtz Association

Jürgen Mlynek calls for clear career
paths for young scientists and academics. “I still think the habilitation modelis anachronistic and a competitive disadvantage. Fortunately, over the last ten
years, programmes such as the DFG’s
Emmy Noether Programme, the Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups, and“junior professorships” have done a lot
to move the system forward.”

Since September 2005 Jürgen Mlynek
has been the President of the Helmholtz
Association, which has since further increased individual funding for talented
young researchers. There are currently
about 70 independent junior researchgroups working under the umbrella of
the Helmholtz Association, each withannual funding of about 250,000 euros
over five years. Their number is set to

Doris Bünnagel

Interview

A Model That Aims to Encourage
The Heisenberg professorship:
Interview with Beate Scholz and Paul Heuermann

The first Heisenberg professorships
have been approved.
How has the response been?

12

But the Heisenberg professorship alsooffers more flexibility in another respect.
Researchers can first take advantage ofthe fellowship, for example by doing
research abroad. Then, for the Heisenberg professorship, which has a long-© Rühmekorf

Heuermann: Initially only the scientists
themselves showed an interest. But now
we also get many enquiries from univer-ship achieves its desired effect: universities develop appropriate mechanisms forlong-term career paths, and an awareness for systematic HR planning and development is thus being created at German universities.

sity departments and administrations.
We welcome this development because
it means that this new funding instrument is successfully establishing itself.
We also get a broader range of subjects,
even though it’s harder for smaller subjects with less financial and HR flexibility to decide on a specific research strategy.
Scholz: What I consider important is thatthe universities focus more strongly on
aspects of research strategy when they
make their HR decisions. That’s also becoming apparent with the Heisenberg
professorship and the universities’ growing interest in it. It seems they’ve now
begun to actively recruit outstanding researchers and are trying to retain them.
In this way the Heisenberg professor-

There is no age limit
for Heisenberg professors. Why?
Scholz: We want to create flexible career
paths, enable diversity, make room fordifferent professional biographies, andaccommodate a wide range of researcher personalities. What counts are scientific quality and a person’s track recordin relation to their age. Flexibility is also
important when it comes to dual careercouples in academia. If you want to attract top-level researchers, you increasingly have to offer attractive professional
opportunities to their often equally qualified partners – assuming, of course, they
have the right track record. This aspect is
becoming more and more important forour international competitiveness.
Heuermann: Getting rid of the age limit
means, most of all, that the DFG’s Head
Office must shift from using merely formal criteria to a more quality-oriented
decision, based on the review and scientific evaluation of a researcher’s trackrecord.

term outlook, they can find a university
which suits their own innovative field of
research. That switch should occur nomore than between 18 months and 2
years of having begun the fellowship.
This leaves sufficient time for researchers to prove themselves before the evaluation.
Who has applied so far?
Heuermann: I want to point out twogroups in particular: Heisenberg fellows
who take advantage of the possibility toswitch, and leaders of Emmy Noether Independent Junior Research Groups.
Scholz: Our idea is to use the DFG funding chain to develop a model for a typeof tenure track that is similar to theAmerican tenure-track system. In that

Beate Scholz is a Programme Director in the DFG Research Careers Division.
Paul Heuermann is responsible for the DFG’s Heisenberg Programme and advises applicants
regarding procedural issues (Telephone: +49 228 885 2398, Email: paul.heuermann@dfg.de).

Information
Interview

The Heisenberg
Professorshipsense the Emmy Noether Programmeis the equivalent of an assistant professorship. Junior research group leadership does not yet result in a permanent
position. The Heisenberg professorshipis thus the counterpart to the associate

professorship. In other words, researchers can use the consecutive links of thefunding chain to attain qualification at
the highest level, because at each step
they undergo a strict scientific review. In
addition to that, it’s important to speed
up the appointment process for professors. In a competitive global environment
we cannot and should not keep our top
candidates waiting too long.
Heuermann: Incidentally, our experiences so far show that the period between
the DFG decision and the beginning of
the Heisenberg professorship is only six
months on average. This might be in part
because some universities, to the extent
that state regulations allow it, shorten
the appointment process by including
anonymised DFG reviews. It also helps
speed up the process when university
management is actively involved fromthe outset – because for the structure to
evolve as intended, a professorship may
have to be renamed or cut from anotherdepartment. But the idea is definitely not
to simply replace or duplicate an existing
professorship.

So the DFG expects
the university
to make a clear commitment?
Scholz: Exactly. This is based on an idea
similar to the Max Planck Society’s Harnack Priniciple. That is, pick an excep-

tional scientist and structurally develop a
new core research area around that person. Because the foremost purpose of
the Heisenberg professorship is really topromote excellent individuals.
Heuermann: That’s why universities can’t
apply. However, university management
does play a key role in this process.
Scholz: An implicit goal of this funding
programme is also to cultivate a mindset
at universities that they should actively
look all over the world for great minds
that are of interest because of their innovative research. At the same time, theHeisenberg professorship is a model thatis meant to encourage a tenure-track
mentality in Germany. We have to makesure that the best scientists and academics can look forward to a secure career
if we want to strengthen Germany as a
research location.
Interview: Uschi Heidel

The Heisenberg professorship is anextension to the Heisenberg Programme. Like the fellowship, it
prepares researchers for leadership
positions. It offers candidates who
prove themselves the reliable prospect of a professorship.
Young researchers find a university where they can establish a newarea of research with their professorship. The host institution must
demonstrate to the DFG that theestablishment of the Heisenberg
professorship will set a new research priority.
In the DFG review process researchers compete for a Heisenberg professorship. Only criteria of scientific excellence apply here. Aroundthe same time, the host institution
likewise examines candidates forthe newly created professorship
through its appointment procedure. If the university selects thecandidate approved by the DFG,
that person initially takes up a Heisenberg professorship.
After five years – following successful evaluation by the DFG and
the university – this position converts into a tenured professorship.
The Heisenberg professorship,
like the Heisenberg fellowship,
is aimed at scientists and scholars who have attained eligibility
for professorship via the Emmy
Noether Programme, DFG-funded
project staff positions, research inthe private sector, or mid-level academic positions, as well as “juniorprofessors”, habilitated academics, returning German expatriates,
and foreign researchers.

13Portrait

EinWholeA
großesLot
Stück
of Freedom
Freiheit

Roland Strausz

14

Economist Roland Strausz believes thatmining is an apt metaphor for scholarly
research: material is located, then extracted, hauled to the surface, sorted,
processed, and marketed. The 36-yearold, who speaks eagerly and passionately about his profession, feels verymuch at home in the “pits”, because
his academic ambition finds its greatest
satisfaction in basic research. His prospecting work in the tunnels of scholarship – and this is where his mining analogy ends – has not gone unnoticed. The
business paper Handelsblatt selected
him in 2006 as one of the three strongest researchers under 40.
Inspired by everyday experiences
This may have been due to his impressive list of publications, but also because Roland Strausz often leaves therealm of abstract modelling to ask surprising real-world science questions.
Thus he might investigate the role thatdurability plays in MP3 players for theirsuccess in the market; or why large enterprises can get bogged down in theirinternal communications; or whether adiscounter should be required by law tostock minimum quantities of any bargain merchandise. Strausz is inspired byhis own everyday experiences: “Should
I buy another one of these wonderful espresso makers that are so easy to
use and make such great coffee, eventhough the last one broke after a shorttime?” In other words, is quality notnecessarily the same as durability?
These types of questions can be analysed with the tools of information
economics. In order to advance and© Schorsis theist
ersterfirstHeisenberg-Professor
Heisenberg professorin den
Wirtschaftswissenschaftenof
economics

apply them, Roland Strausz collaborates with other researchers such as
his former teacher, Berlin economist
Helmut Bester. Their focus is on information asymmetry between market
partners. Modelling, analysing and ultimately forecasting this relationship isthe purpose of this booming branchof research. Several Nobel Prizes havegone to information economists in recent years.
Roland Strausz’s preoccupation withinformation economics goes back to
his student days in Tilburg, the Netherlands. In 1995 he followed Helmut
Bester, himself a Heisenberg fellow in
the 1980s, to the Free University of
Berlin, where he habilitated in 2005.
In 2006 he also received a Heisenberg
fellowship. “That gave me a whole lotof freedom for my research,” says the
Dutchman with a charming accent. In
the 2007/2008 winter semester Strausz
took up a Heisenberg professorship at

the Humboldt University in Berlin. He
wants to expand his work on information economics and apply it to new
problems – perhaps the issue of regulation for telecommunications or energy markets. But he lowers any expectations that his findings will be of use topolicymakers any time soon; more workneeds to be done first to develop universally valid models.
Creating his own environment
Roland Strausz enjoys living in Berlin with his family. His transfer fromthe Free University’s idyllic Zehlendorf
campus to the Humboldt University inbustling downtown Berlin was only a
job move. He looks forward to his new
assignment. “The Heisenberg professorship”, says the economist, “allows
me to create my own environment andgives me even more opportunities tofurther my research.”
Horst Willi Schors

Portrait

Auf Herztound
Getting
theNieren
Heart ofgeprüft
Kidney Failure

Eva Brand© Universität Münster

usesHeisenberg-Professorindie
her Heisenberg professorship
erforscht
genetischetoinvestigate
Krankheitszusammenhänge
the genetic causes of disease

Eva Brand doesn’t like to talk about her
successes. Born in Marburg in 1966, thephysician prefers to let achievements
and results speak for themselves: in October 2006 the DFG made her the firstfemale Heisenberg professor, and within
six months the University of Münster converted her position into a tenured full professorship – a commitment that universities usually don’t make until much later.
At the same time, the kidney specialist
obtained a junior professorship, sponsored by the Donors’ Association for
the Promotion of Sciences and Humanities in Germany, and is involved in two
major research projects. Together withcolleagues she is building a register of
5,400 patients with coronary heart andchronic kidney disease, which is fundedby the German Ministry of Education
and Research with more than one million
euros. In addition she heads the German
branch of a European Union study on
the early identification of family members who are genetically at risk of highblood pressure and its corollaries, heart
attack and stroke.
Heisenberg Programme allowed
choice of location
Eva Brand was born into a family of medical doctors. Early on she realised her penchant for research. “I’ve always wondered
why there’s an accumulation of heart attacks or high blood pressure in certain
families, even though the family members don’t have the same lifestyle.” Following her doctorate and her first years

as a junior doctor, Eva Brand went to Paristo investigate the genetics of high bloodpressure, or hypertension. She was joinedin the French capital by her future husband, who did research on the genetic
causes of heart attacks. They got marriedin Paris. After a period of job-related separation in Ulm and Berlin, the couple andtheir four-year-old daughter now live in
Münster. Eva Brand began working there
as a chief consultant and deputy medical
director. “It was a big coincidence that
we both found suitable jobs in the same
city,” says Brand. The Heisenberg Programme allowed her to stay in Münster.
Her research focuses on the relationshipbetween vascular calcification and kidney failure. The background: more thansix million people in Germany are affected by various stages of kidney disease,sometimes without knowing it. But only
about 80,000 reach the last stage of theillness. They need blood dialysis several
times a week because their kidneys havestopped functioning. “The vast majorityof those who are in one of the preliminary
stages die prior to that, because the riskof suffering or dying from a heart attack
or stroke is up to twenty times higher inthese patients than in healthy people,”
explains Eva Brand.
Prevention and therapy as research
objectives
With her team at the University of Münster, the researcher tries to identify thegenetic factors that accelerate calcification in patients with kidney problems andultimately cause renal failure and cardiovascular incidents. It sounds simple, but
it’s complicated. The scientist has to uncover both the interplay between genes
and environment, and the relationships
between the genes themselves. “It’s achallenge to my inquiring mind,” says
Eva Brand. Her objective is to develop
concepts for prevention and therapy – inall her research, the focus is always on
the patient. “I like to help people, andI’m happy to see them do better.”
Katja Spross

15

Interview

The Heisenberg Programmeturns 30.
What’s your assessment?

© Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung

Three Questions for
Annette Schavan
Federal Minister of Education
and Research, Germany

The Heisenberg Programme was initially intended to be a temporary instrument to keep excellent young researchers engaged in German academia prior
to their first professorial appointment.
Its success was so convincing that the
programme ultimately became a permanent institution that facilitates thetransition from training phase to professorial career.
The Heisenberg Programme has definitely helped us retain many highly
qualified young researchers, across virtually all subjects, who would otherwise have gone abroad or into the private sector.

© Pressestelle der Ruhr Universität Bochum© Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung, Berlin

16

E. Jürgen Zöllner
Senator of Education,
Science and Research, Berlin

Elmar Weiler
Rector, Ruhr University
BochumThe Heisenberg Programme is, without
a doubt, one of the great success stories. And at the same time, it is one of
the chief accomplishments of the DFG tohave created a tool with this programme
for promoting excellent young researchers, and for helping the somewhat lessresponsive university system meet its responsibility toward the next generationof scientists and academics. Its very success is a compelling reason to continue
the Heisenberg Programme.

The Heisenberg Programme is the mostbrilliant programme for supporting toplevel young researchers in Germany – atrue success story. Numerous Heisenberg
fellows have been offered professorships
early in their careers. This shows that the
programme has done a good job of picking the best.
Being accepted into the programme isa distinction of the first order and a sealof quality that plays an important role
in appointment procedures. The Heisenberg Programme even enjoys an excellent reputation on the international
stage.

Interview

To what extent can the
Heisenberg professorship serve as amodel for professorial careers?

What are the chances of tenure-track models
becoming an integral part of HR development
at German universities?

The Heisenberg professorship is certainly
a good tool for helping individuals entera professorial career. But I believe the bestmodel is still the regular process throughwhich universities appoint professors,
without transitional funding from a third
party.

While I don’t envision tenure track as the rule, I do consider it, in conjunction with a review provision, as an important instrument of HR policy inGerman universities. We have a lot of catching up to do in this area: only
about 10% of all “junior professorships” were announced with a tenure
track.
As a generation of German university professors is about to retire, we expect many openings in the next few years. To the extent that their budgets permit, universities could fill some of these jobs before they become
available, in the form of parallel “junior professorships” with tenure-track
approval. Those who prove themselves will then be able to take over. Several universities have developed such concepts under the Excellence Initiative. The funds recently approved under the Higher Education Pact 2020
could also be put to good use here. Such a concept would create a great
opportunity for outstanding young researchers to grow into the system.
But in addition to that, universities still need enough room to be able toappoint proven top-level researchers, both domestic and international, topermanent positions.

I wouldn’t call it a model, because someGerman states have already introduced atenure track, for example for “junior professors” – and that is a similar approach.
In other words, the basic idea behind theHeisenberg professorship has been adopted by the regular system. Therefore, I don’t
see the Heisenberg professorship as a newelement, but certainly as a welcome addition to the programme. Its distinction is definitely a very high standard of quality, whichis guaranteed by the independence of the
DFG and strict evaluation.

The tenure-track option is indispensable. My terms as Minister of Researchin the Rhineland-Palatinate as well as here in Berlin demonstrate that I amvery serious about this issue. All universities, which for good reasons arehighly autonomous in their decisions, are well advised to take advantage ofthis instrument in a responsible way. But this also entails that there can be
no automatism. Instead, researchers should be offered a permanent position
after a successful evaluation, as is the case in the Heisenberg Programme.
My impression is that strong university and department leaders do recognise
the opportunities inherent in the tenure track. To retain top people they haveto offer them not only effective working conditions but also life and careerprospects.

This professorship is definitely a model forthe future. In June 2007, I already wrapped
up the first Heisenberg professorship at ouruniversity with a short procedure, which
led to the appointment of this colleague as
Professor for Mechanical Engineering. Thisshows how universities can retain young
researchers in subject areas where private
businesses make very tempting offers.

I consider this development to be extremely important and promising. Talking with German scientists based in the United States, I quickly realised thatthe tenure track tops the wish list of young researchers considering a return.
At the Ruhr University we pursue tenure-track models and indeed plan toexpand them.
While junior professorships are controversial at many universities, our experience with them has been very good. It is clear that “junior professors” musthave the same rights as professors. In Bochum several “junior professors”
have already been appointed to associate and full professorships. This gives
our university an edge, because it significantly increases our chances of attracting and retaining top-level researchers for the long term. A case in point:
we were able to leverage a tenure-track professorship to retain a very successful colleague – an IT security specialist who was offered two other professorships, including one abroad.

Interviews: Uschi Heidel

17

Portrait

Ein
großesStückatFreiheit
ClimateArchivethe Bottom of the Sea

Hildegard
WestphalRoland Strausz© privat© Hanebuth

delvesdeep
ist erster
Heisenberg-Professor in den
into
the history of the Earth
Wirtschaftswissenschaften

18
Bahamas, Tahiti, Minorca – for Hildegard Westphal these aren’t vacation
spots but regions where she investigates the composition of limestone at
the bottom of the sea. This 39-year-old
geologist and Heisenberg fellow specialises in paleoclimate research: she
examines climate variations throughout
the history of the Earth.
After her secondary education in Tübingen, Hildegard Westphal studied Russian and theatre, wanting to “do something else than the rest of the family.”Her parents are both geologists, as
are her grandfather, her uncle and her
cousin. After one year at the Free University of Berlin she had gained enough
distance, and studied geology after all,in Tübingen, of all places, where herfather was a professor. “Tübingen had
one of the best and biggest departments in Germany,” she says, explaining her homecoming.
After one year abroad in Brisbane, Australia, she did her doctorate at the Research Center for Marine Geosciences(GEOMAR) at the University of Kiel.
Then she researched at the Universityof Miami. In 1999 she went to Hanover, and later to Erlangen, determined
to make a scientific career for herself
in Germany.
“We’re currently experiencing how ecosystems react and how rapidly climatechange happens. That inspires me to
new ideas,” says Westphal. She investigates the facts that provide the basis forclimate-model calculations. Limestonefeatures prominently here, because it isformed by organisms and is therefore
a kind of climate record. For example,
shallow-water corals in limestone point
to tropical water temperatures, whereas other fossils are indicators of cold
water.
New insights off the coast of Mauritania
But it’s not the temperature alone that
determines whether corals thrive. In January 2007 Hildegard Westphal collected
samples from the sea floor off the coastof Mauritania. While the water is tropically warm there, it is so rich in nutrients that corals won’t grow; they needa low-nutrient environment. “If thisfloor sample were a geological record, it
could easily be associated with cold water, which would be a false conclusion.
Probably high-nutrient systems weremuch more common in the Earth’s history than they are today, which meansthat many deposits have accumulated
not in cold water but in nutrient-richwarm water, and that has been misinterpreted,” explains the privatdozent.
With her team she now wants to analyse these high-nutrient systems.

Rooted in German academia
Hildegard Westphal has received numerous awards for her research. In
2004 she was presented with the Albert
Maucher Prize, which the DFG confers
on outstanding young geoscientists.
This was also the year in which she obtained her habilitation. Since 2005 she
has been a Heisenberg fellow, which allows her “the freedom to combine family and good research”.
The scientist is now with the University of Bremen, where her husband, aphysicist, has been appointed professor.
The couple turned down an attractive
offer from the UK. “It’s relatively easy
to get a good job abroad. As a geologist, it’s stressful to stay in Germany –so many positions are being cut,” says
Westphal.
The reason she keeps trying nonethelesshas to do with her roots and a certain
fighting spirit. “I grew up in German
academia and feel at home here. As amember of the Young Academy I try toactively influence research policy.”
Katja Spross

Portrait

Auf Herz
Bridgeto unda Career
Nierenin geprüft
Germany

Christof Rapp
Eva
Brand
believes in the relevanceofphilosophy
dieancient
Heisenberg-Professorin
erforscht
totoday’s discourse
genetische
Krankheitszusammenhänge

Inspirational teachers of Latin, Greek
and Hebrew at the grammar school in
Rottweil, Germany, were the reason why
20-year-old Christof Rapp didn’t haveto think twice about what he wanted to
study at university: philosophy, Ancient
Greek and logic were his obvious choices. “As early as in the tenth grade weread texts by Greek philosophers thatwere exciting,” he remembers. Awarded a prize for an essay about ancientphilosophy as well as a scholarship,
Christof Rapp studied at Tübingen andMunich, beginning in 1984. He had nocareer plans. It was all about his passion for the subject, and failure was an
option. “I get one free round,” was his
adventurous attitude.
Between chairsHis university experience was mixed:
at times the young man was overcome
by a sense of being caught between
chairs. Can philosophy actually be aprofession?
In 1993, after he obtained his doctorate in Munich, he received an offer from
Tübingen professor Otfried Höffe, who
was looking for a specialist in ancientphilosophy to complement his team.
“That was the first time it occurred tome that I could actually become a professor,” remembers Rapp, who at thetime had already accumulated an impressive list of publications. He did indeed become a professor, at least as a
substitute, in Basel and Berkeley. The
year 2000, in which he completed his© Schors

19

habilitation, turned out to be a decisive
year for Christof Rapp. He taught inBerkeley, wrestled a bit with the realityof German academia, flirted with goingabroad for good. Then, somewhat tohis surprise, he was approved for a Heisenberg fellowship. “I had almost forgotten I’d applied. The fellowship forme was the bridge to a career in Germany,” says the 43-year-old academic
and family man today.
It was a bridge he crossed with determination. In 2001 he accepted a call to thechair of ancient and modern philosophy
from the Humboldt University in Berlin,
and later he became the head of its philosophy department. He chaired the Society for Ancient Philosophy and served
as a DFG review board member. Since
2005 Christof Rapp has been Deputy
Speaker of the Collaborative ResearchCentre “Transformations of Antiquity”.
This interdisciplinary project brings together ten cultural studies fields fromthe Humboldt University, two subjects
from the Free University, and the Max

Planck Institute for the History of Science, all based in Berlin. Fifty researchers collaborate on 16 projects. Rappsees it as an interface between ancientphilosophy and current intellectual
challenges. “It’s not about celebrating
ancient philosophy in the humanistic
sense as an unsurpassable apex,” says
the Aristotle specialist. Instead he wants
to uncover the argumentative potentialof ancient philosophy for today’s debates – and analyse the repercussionsof these insights on our understandingof ancient philosophy.
Appealing unity of lifestyle and profession
Aristotle believed that true happinesscan only be attained by philosophers.
Does Christof Rapp subscribe to thisview? He argues that the unity of lifestyle and profession seen by Aristotle
has long been a thing of the past. “Thatsaid, I’m not ashamed to admit that theclassical philosopher’s way of life does
hold a certain appeal for me.”Horst Willi Schors

Europe

Making Europe
Competitive
Dependable careers
strengthen young researchers and universities

20“The Heisenberg professorship is being perceived very positively across Europe because this programme is a signal against the fragmentation of theresearch community,” says Dieter Imboden, President of the Swiss National
Science Foundation (SNSF). He worries
about the nascent European Research
Area being dissected by the numerous
programmes of national funding organisations and individual universities.
“By promoting academic careers independently from local circumstances, theDFG takes a different approach. This
gives funding recipients more flexibility
within the European job market,” says
Imboden, who is also Vice President of
the European Heads of Research Councils (EUROHORCs).
Kai Simons too looks at the European
level when it comes to the promotionof young talent. “The clarity of theAmerican-style career system continues to give the US an edge. Young researchers from India or China understand America’s pipeline for excellence,but they’re mystified by the way careers
evolve in Europe.” A molecular biologist with an international track record,
Simons headed the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology in Dresden for a few years, where he and hiscolleagues developed the “Dresden
Model”. Flat hierarchies, independent
research groups, and directors who
forego having their own departments,using the funds instead to create 20
junior research groups – all of this attracts scientists from around the world.
However, the MPI cannot offer juniorpositions with a tenure-track option.

Kai Simons would therefore like to see his prestigious institution adopt
its own graduated model in order to pave career paths for excellent
young scientists.
He expects new opportunities for up-andcoming researchers to
emerge thanks to the
new European ResearchCouncil (ERC): “European universities will haveto create transparent
career structures if theywant researchers withhandsome ERC grants
to come to them – andthat will make Europe
attractive worldwide.”
No copy of the US system
Calls for a structured promotion ofyoung researchers in Europe are notabout copying US models. In 2000 the
Swiss National Science Foundation introduced SNSF professorships. While
SNSF professors are not guaranteed
continued employment by their university after the five-year funding period
ends, Dieter Imboden points to a successful record. “After five years, 80 percent of SNSF professors got permanent
positions, either at their own or at another university. During this period they
were able to show their strengths andoften made themselves indispensable.”
The foundation president believes thatthe facts are persuasive: “Universities
recognise that SNSF professorships at-

tract excellent candidates, and consequently they offer them an appropriate status with full integration into theinstitution.” The benefits are obvious:
these young academics bring funding
and assume the rights and responsibilities of assistant professors. Thus theystrengthen the profile of their university and the competition between universities. Imboden is convinced: “Programmes like Heisenberg and SNSF
professorships help universities find thebest people.”
Universities make a commitment
So, in the Netherlands, too, dependable career paths for junior researchers have been under discussion since
the late 1990s. In 2002, the Nether-© Wiedenroth

Europetraditional process,” says the research
manager. Even researchers with a permanent position benefit from the Vicilabel – it allows them to better position
themselves within their university andcreate jobs that often can’t be fundedfrom the regular budget.
Meanwhile the NWO’s three-step funding model has been evaluated across thecountry, and the positive results provide
a good basis for negotiations on the future of the programme. Anko Wiegel
looks ahead: “The Vici volume needs toincrease so we can effectively advancethe careers of young researchers. Longterm success comes from a combinationof all three funding stages.”
Isabell Lisberg-Haaglands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) introduced a threestep programme called “Veni, vidi,vici”, which accompanies researchers
throughout their careers. Following
Julius Caesar’s motto “I came, I saw,
I conquered”, NWO funding begins
shortly after the doctorate (Veni), supports postdocs as they lead their own
junior research groups (Vidi), and subsidises young professors and those on
the path to professorship (Vici). “At
the beginning of Vici funding, the participating university commits to hiringthat researcher. It also outlines a career
path,” explains Anko Wiegel from the
NWO. These “senior researchers” may
be funded with up to 1.25 million euros for 8 to 15 years after they earn

their doctorate, regardless of whether
or not they currently hold a permanentjob. This model has been well received.
From 2002 to 2006, a total of 139 Vici
positions were created; more than halfof them went to young professors who
had already been appointed.
Vici creates many jobs
“Each new Vici position creates three tofour additional jobs because the money
is used to establish research groups,”
says Wiegel. About 800 young researchers have applied for the Vici programme so far; about 18% have been
accepted. “Being a Vici professor is aseal of quality in the Netherlands. At
this point it may often carry more prestige than an appointment through the

Further information:
http://www.snf.ch/E
http://www.nwo.nl
http://erc.europa.eu/index.cfm

21International

Career Boost
and Academic Freedom“Heisenbergers” experience periods abroadas great opportunities

22“The Heisenberg fellowship came at
the perfect time for me, and it couldn’t
have gone better from a career point ofview,” says Michael Stumvoll. In 2002
this medical researcher, equipped witha fellowship, transferred from the University of Tübingen to the National Institutes of Health, Metabolism andNutrition Branch, in Phoenix, Arizona.
Shortly after he returned from the US
he was offered a full professorship at
the University of Leipzig.

excellent working conditions, flat hierarchies, and opportunities to make informal contacts with other researchers,
especially at American elite universities. “Open, pleasant, uncomplicated”
is how mathematician Gitta Kutyniok
experiences the atmosphere at Princeton University. “Big budgets and low
administrative costs” noticed physicist
Otto Dopfer in Basel.

Former “Heisenberger” Michael Kohlhase is now Professor of Computer Science at the Jacobs University in Bremen.
His stay at the renowned Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) was “absolutely
central” to his academic career. He also believes that having US credentials
makes it much easier to gain access toleading American colleagues. Thanks
to his connections with CMU, where he

Encouragement
and practical support

is still an Adjunct Associate Professor,
Kohlhase was appointed full professor
in 2003 at age 39.

Michael Stumvoll, who had previously
done research in California and New
Jersey, thinks back almost wistfully tothe extraordinary academic freedoms
he enjoyed in Arizona: “No lectures,let alone night shifts, emergency room
duty, and whatever else doctors usually have on their plate.” As a fellow
abroad he felt a bit like a “private researcher” and was able to explore scientific side roads without having to
produce findings that are immediately
useful. Michael Stumvoll: “I also took
the liberty of reading books about myresearch topics in a wider sense, knowing they wouldn’t end up in a proposal
or a paper. I think I’ll be drawing on thisfor the rest of my career.”
Career boost, academic freedom, inspiring contacts, expansion of international networks – these are benefits that Heisenberg fellows mention
frequently when they talk about theirtime abroad. They also often refer toFellows are specifically encouraged toventure across borders and they receive practical support to do so: travel
expense reimbursements, expatriation
allowances and, for extended periods
abroad, relocation allowances.

Occasionally positive experiences
abroad draw researchers permanently
away from Germany. Cologne biologist Angelika Stollewerk, for example,
spent her Heisenberg years in Cambridge, where she initiated research© privat

International

Gitta Kutyniok© Sybille Merbitz

projects and was invited to give lectures. She still raves about the modern
equipment in the laboratories. In summer 2007 the scientist left the University of Mainz, following a call to become
senior lecturer at the University of London’s Queen Mary College. Angelika Stollewerk: “I think my experienceabroad in Cambridge was a big plus forthe appointments committee.”

Kai Vogelsang

But many others are pulled in the opposite direction. Physicist Otto Dopfer,
today a professor at the Berlin Instituteof Technology, spent many years doing
research abroad, for example in Japan,
the Czech Republic and France, finallyin Switzerland at the University of Baseland in the United States at the University of Georgia. “I applied for the fel-lowship while I was abroad. It was myonly chance to survive in academia andto get appointed to a university in Germany during my fellowship.”Inspiring exchange
Japanologist Kai Vogelsang is stillabroad and full of praise for his excellent working conditions. Libraries
in Kyoto are much better stocked forhis subject and more accessible thanany German state library. “I can reallyfind everything I need for my research
here.” The informal exchange with hiscolleagues in Kyoto is a great inspiration for him: “In Germany I’ve foundthat the people in the department takelittle notice of their colleagues’ research, whereas over here I’ve drawn alot of inspiration from many conversations with others.” He considers these
new contacts as a great enrichment of
his scholarship. Unencumbered by administrative tasks, he has ample freedom to conduct his research.
A similar experience is that of agronomist Jörn Bennewitz from Kiel, who
has been working at the Departmentof Animal and Aquacultural Sciences inÅs, Norway. “At the German university
I had substantial ongoing commitments
such as teaching, advising students anddoctoral researchers, writing proposals. Here I’m mostly excused from thatand thus able to pursue my research.”
Without international experience, Bennewitz believes, the chances of securing a leading position aren’t very goodin Germany.

Mathematician Gitta Kutyniok, who
habilitated in 2006 at the Universityof Gießen, went to Princeton in April
2007, then in October to the US West
Coast, to Stanford University. “At both
universities I can collaborate with leading researchers in my field on highly
topical projects,” she says.
In addition, Gitta Kutyniok is able toexpand her international contacts bygiving guest lectures, for example atHarvard and Duke, which she believes
is the only path to participating in international research projects, let alone
initiating them. And she is convincedthat this will at some point also benefit
her own junior associates: “Once I’m aprofessor with my own working group,
these contacts will enable the best of
my assistants to go abroad for highly
rewarding research visits.”
Horst Willi Schors

23

Close Up

Those Brief Momentsof Understanding© Bünnagel

Hélène Esnault und Eckart Viehweg
pursue top-level mathematical research in Essen“A mathematician’s daily routine may
sometimes resemble that of a poetor philosopher. You sit, you draw little symbols, stop, think, draw somemore, and stare. And at some point
you’re overcome by a powerful feeling that this single idea might explain
everything. Those brief moments of understanding are the climax of a mathematician’s life – absolute joy.” The two
people who describe their work withso much enthusiasm are professorsof mathematics at the University ofDuisburg-Essen: Hélène Esnault and
Eckart Viehweg, who have been living
and working together for over 20 years.
So what exactly do they do? This issomething the researcher couple has
a hard time explaining to lays. Just thismuch: they pursue “pure mathematics– basic research that is in no way applications-oriented”. Jointly, individually,or with other mathematicians, they haveauthored seminal papers on algebraic
geometry and advanced their field of research by providing important impulses.
The objects of their research are solution
sets of equations, or more precisely: zero
sets of polynomials. A special focus of
their work involves the classification of
all possible zero sets, something like an
attempt to bring order into the hierarchyof geometric objects.
2003 saw Hélène Esnault and Eckart
Viehweg jointly honoured with the
DFG’s Leibniz Prize in recognition of
their work. This most highly endowed

German research award allowed themathematics couple to invest a total of
1.55 million euros in prize money into
their projects through 2008.
Rare constellation“A maths couple holding two chairs at
the same university is a rarity in Germany, perhaps even unique,” says Eckart
Viehweg. “But it’s almost impossible tocoordinate a move elsewhere together,so we’ve never even applied. Instead
we’ve tried to help make the young
University of Duisburg-Essen into aninternationally recognised centre formathematics.” And these two former
Heisenberg fellows have succeeded indoing just that – in large part by raising
DFG funding. Their working group onarithmetic geometry and numbers theory has produced many highly qualified
mathematicians, with doctorates andhabilitations, and continues to involve
young researchers from all around theworld.
“Sometimes we get more postgrads
than undergrads, and there are also quite a few researchers who earn
their habilitation through us,” says
Eckart Viehweg. Hélène Esnault adds:“A number of German mathematics
professors used to be in our working
group. All of this was only possible because of funding from the DFG – participation in Priority Programmes, in a
Research Unit, and the Leibniz Prize.”
Hélène Esnault was born in 1953 in ablue-collar suburb of Paris. The daughter of a metalworker and a nurse, shestudied mathematics in the 1970s at
the École Normale Supérieure in Parisand then did her doctorate at the University of Paris VII. Following her ha-© Bünnagel

24

Close Upbilitation in Paris in 1984, she moved
to Germany, first as a visiting researcher, then as a Heisenberg fellow at the
Max Planck Institute for Mathematics
in Bonn. She returned to the University of Paris for a year before she accepted the call to a full professorshipof analytical geometry at the Universityof Essen in 1990. Originally the Frenchwoman didn’t come to Germany formathematical reasons – she points to
her husband with a smile.
Eckart Viehweg, born in Zwickau in
1948, studied mathematics in Heidelberg, earned his doctorate in 1975,
and habilitated in 1980 at the University of Mannheim. “In 1983 I was oneof the first Heisenberg fellows, initiallyat the University of Paris VII, and thenat the MPI for Mathematics in Bonn.
After a year and a half I received an offer from the University of Essen,” says
Viehweg. Since 1984 he has held thechair of algebra there. One year later
Hélène Esnault took up her Heisenberg
fellowship. “I may have been the firstmathematician from another country
in the Heisenberg Programme, though
I’m sure there were others after me.
The Heisenberg Programme helps you
get settled in Germany.”
Recently a new Transregional Collaborative Research Centre has been set up
in which these successful mathematicians play leading roles and tackle abstract mathematical problems, together
with collaborators based in Mainz andBonn. The couple from Essen are also
very active in the international arena,
cultivating contacts with researchers
in the US, Japan, Mexico, India, China
and Vietnam, as well as in Europe.
Hô-Hai Phùng, for example, hails from
Vietnam. Born in 1970, he too is a Heisenberg fellow today. Since 2003 thisyoung mathematician has been a member of the working group headed by
Hélène Esnault and Eckart Viehweg,
who were able to use some of their Leibniz Prize money to invite him to Essen.
Building a bridge to Vietnam
Hô-Hai Phùng’s special talent stood out
even during his schooldays in Hanoi. A
member of the Vietnamese team for
the Mathematical Olympiad, he wasonly 17 and still at secondary school
when he was invited to enrol at the Lomonosov University in Moscow, from
where he graduated in 1992. After thecollapse of the Soviet Union he continued his studies in Munich, where he obtained his doctorate at age 26. “WhenI came to Munich I didn’t know a wordof German. In the beginning I had avery hard time adapting,” remembers
Hô-Hai Phùng, whose mother is an astrophysicist.
A chance meeting with Hélène Esnault
and Eckart Viehweg led to his invitation
to Essen, where Hô-Hai Phùng now collaborates with Esnault on a research
project. In 2004 he habilitated at the
University of Duisburg-Essen and re-ceived a Heisenberg fellowship the following year. “My academic future willprobably be in Germany, but I do wantto build a bridge to mathematical research in Vietnam. Who knows, maybe
I’ll go back to Hanoi one day with myfamily,” says the Vietnamese, who lives
in Essen with his wife and two sons.
A reason to stay would be the high regard his achievements have earned inGermany. In 2006 he was given the vonKaven Prize by the DFG for his outstanding research. During the award presentation at the annual conference of the German Mathematical Society, Hô-Hai Phùng
pointed out that his mother had also received a research grant in Germany. It’s
possible, he said, that his two children will
at some point be his family’s third generation of bridge builders in German-Vietnamese academic relations.
The ultimate seal of approval
Hélène Esnault and Eckart Viehweg
hope that the DFG will continue theHeisenberg Programme over the longterm. “Without this programme weboth wouldn’t be in Essen today,” says
Eckart Viehweg. Hélène Esnault adds:“It’s one of the greatest funding programmes for young researchers – a jewel in the crown of German academia.
Especially in theoretical subjects suchas mathematics the programme is at avery high level. It’s the ultimate seal of
approval for a mathematician.”
Doris Bünnagel

25Facts & Figures

Confidence in the Potentialof Young Researchers
From the first announcement to today

Since the Heisenberg Programme was
first announced it has funded 2,036
fellows. Moreover, since the Heisenberg professorship was introduced in
2006, a total of 21 men and 4 women have become Heisenberg professors – 14 in the life sciences, 5 in the

26

natural sciences, 4 in the engineeringsciences, and 2 in the humanities (asof October 2007). It appears that Heisenberg professorships are especially popular in the area of clinical research with its difficult framework forresearchers. This is good news andshows that medical departments are
successfully using this instrument for
their structural development. Of the
Heisenberg professorships awarded
so far, 13 were applied for directly,
and 12 were converted from fellowships.

always a cause for concern. There is mediocre research, and there is good and very
good research, but there is no research that
couldn’t be much better. Another reason –one that few people are aware of – is the
crucial importance of outstanding work, ofpeak performance.

“A Piece of Paradise”
abbreviated version of an article by former DFG President
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, originally published in the
Süddeutsche Zeitung on 14 January 1978
all the good researchers. We believe it isa good thing to allow some of the best to
do whatever they consider most important and promising, unfettered by routine
tasks. There is no attempt to tie them up
in projects devised by others. There is no
suspicion they might indulge in activities
that serve no social purpose if they are left
to decide their own work objectives. For a
researcher, this is a piece of paradise. And
for society, we are convinced, it is an opportunity that extends far beyond the circle of funding recipients. Why opportunity? First of all we need to be concerned
about research in Germany. There are several reasons for this. One is that research is

These days German researchers have reason to be a bit proud of their governments
and their elected representatives, because a
programme for young researchers is being
announced that is internationally unique –the Heisenberg Programme. One hundredand ﬁfty fellowships will be awarded eachyear to applicants who are young and demonstrate outstanding scientiﬁc and scholarly achievements. The idea is to enable
them to be highly independent in their research and teaching.
What makes the programme so special
is the conﬁdence it places in young researchers and free research, who stand for

Research consists of many small contributions. But again and again, major steps
forward are the results of solitary achievements. Yet solitary achievements are rare.
There is certainly some truth to the malicious adage that only 5% of scientists
think for themselves (which is not to imply that other professions are any better).
Therefore we should be happy about anything that, like the Heisenberg Programme,
promotes great independence and expects
much in return.
It is probably safe to say that our higher
education environment is not conducive toserene, carefree work. Given this situation,

Diagramm 4
140
120
100
80
60
40
20

06

05

20

04

20

03

20

02

20

01

20

00

20

99

20

98

19

97

19

96

19

95

19

94

19

93

19

92

19

91

19

90

19

89

19

88

19

87

19

86

19

85

19

84

19

83

19

82

19

81

19

80

19

79

19

19

19

78

0

Facts & Figures
120

100

80

60

40

the Heisenberg Programme is meant toplay multiple roles. First, it is geared to baby boomers, for whom there are especially
few opportunities to work in academia andresearch because all the positions are being
taken by relatively young people. We feltthat fairness toward an otherwise disadvantaged generation demands that we takeaction here. Fellowships are awarded on
the basis of achievements that indicate future scientiﬁc importance. Fellows are given full freedom of research and teaching.
But the community in which they want towork must be willing to accept them.
This means they should not work in isolation; they should be part of a circle inwhich they learn and which learns fromthem, so that ultimately everybody will improve and cultivate a stronger sense of togetherness. We also hope that their freedom
will inspire them to develop interest in theapplication of scientiﬁc knowledge. But allof this – more research, fairness, achieve-

The Heisenberg Programme has been welcomed overwhelmingly by the academic
community. Also in the political arena it
has mostly been well received. Thanks tothis, the programme has survived its journey through the committees. Such a course
always lies between Scylla and Charybdis– in our case, mostly between the desire
to do something for exceptional young researchers and research in general, and thetight ﬁnancial situation along with the requirement not to disadvantage others bygiving preferential treatment to an elite.
That is why the ﬁnancial endowment of
the fellowships is relatively modest. Moreover, fellowships are limited to ﬁve years,
at least for now, to make sure fellows havean incentive to accept other positions. This

06

04

20

02

20

00

20

98

20

96

19

94

19

92

19

90

19

88

ment, freedom, mutual inﬂuence, togetherness, interest in applications – is exactly
what universities need most urgently rightnow. The modest funds of the Heisenberg
Programme aim to accomplish much.

19

86

19

84

19

82

19

19

0

19

20

While female researchers
were highly under-represented
in the first round, their share wasseveral times higher by 2006.

78

Men

19

Women

80

Chart 1has engendered risks for the success ofthe programme. On the one hand it is unthinkable for us to extend fellowships toany applicants but the uncommonly gifted and young. The programme is neither
intended nor suited to solve social problems that stem from the fact that many researchers whose temporary contracts expire now have to look for work outside ofacademia.
On the other hand we must fear that too
many, including especially the talented young ones, turn away from the programme because they aren’t very sure of
their abilities and therefore choose paths
that promise more security for the future.
Therefore we have to ask young researchers to trust the programme. The federal
government and the states, with active
support from many others, have created a
programme that should be the envy of theworld. Let’s do what we can to make thebest of it.

Charts 2 and 3
Natural sciences
Humanities and social sciences

31%

38%

Life sciences
Engineering sciences

3%
27%Over the Heisenberg Programme’s first 30 years, the naturaland life sciences took up the greatest share, followed by thehumanities. Engineering scientists were a small minority.

27

HeisenbergProgramm
DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft