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ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴㩷࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲ㩷ℂ⺰䊶᭴ㅧ⎇ⓥ♽㩷 㗔ၞᜰቯဳ䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃㩷

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⸒⺆䈱᥉ㆉᕈ෸䈶ᄙ᭽ᕈ䉕ม䉎↢ᓧ⊛೙⚂㩷㪣㫀㫅㪾㫌㫀㫊㫋㫀㪺㩷㪭㪸㫉㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫎㫀㫋㪿㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪚㫆㫅㪽㫀㫅㪼㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪣㪸㫅㪾㫌㪸㪾㪼㩷㪝㪸㪺㫌㫃㫋㫐㩷㩷ᣣᧄ⺆₪ᓧ䈮ၮ䈨䈒ታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ㩷
㪪㫋㫌㪻㫀㪼㫊㩷㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪘㪺㫈㫌㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪧㪸㫉㪸㫄㪼㫋㫉㫀㪺㩷㪪㫐㫅㫋㪸㫏㩷㩷ᚑᨐႎ๔ᦠ㩷䌉䌉㩷
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㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊥䊷䉻䊷䋺㩷 㩷 㩷᧛᧖㩷ᕺሶ㩷㩷㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊜䊮䊋䊷㪑㩷 ┄⭽㩷᥍ᄦ㩷㩷㩷㩷ᢪ⮮㩷ⴡ㩷㩷㩷㩷᧖ፒ㩷㋶ม㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ጯᧄ㩷⑲᮸㩷㩷㩷㩷㜞ᯅ㩷ᄢෘ㩷
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㜞㊁㩷␭ੑ㩷
㩷㩷Ἇ↰㩷ஜ੺㩷
㩷㩷ᄙ↰㩷ᶈ┨㩷
㩷㩷⮮੗㩷෹Ყํ㩷㩷㩷ችᧄ㩷㓁৻㩷

㩷㩿㪢㪼㫀㫂㫆㩷㪤㫌㫉㪸㫊㫌㪾㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㪸㫉㫌㫆㩷㪢㫌㪹㫆㫑㫆㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪤㪸㫄㫆㫉㫌㩷㪪㪸㫀㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㫆㫁㫀㩷㪪㫌㪾㫀㫊㪸㫂㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㪻㪼㫂㫀㩷㪢㫀㫊㪿㫀㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪛㪸㫀㫂㫆㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㪿㪸㫊㪿㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫌㫁㫀㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㪼㫅㫊㫌㫂㪼㩷㪫㪸㫂㫀㫋㪸㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㫉㫆㪸㫂㫀㩷㪫㪸㪻㪸㪀㩷㩿㪫㫆㫄㫆㪿㫀㫉㫆㩷㪝㫌㫁㫀㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫆㫀㪺㪿㫀㩷㪤㫀㫐㪸㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㪉㪇㪈㪊ᐕ㪐᦬㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷

ゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲

村杉

恵子

ᮧᮡᜨᏊ
1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
20 ୡ⣖๓༙ࡲ࡛ࠊゝㄒᏛࡣࠊࠕⱥᩥἲࠖࠊࠕ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ಶูゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚య⣔໬ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊᗂඣࡣࠊẕㄒࢆⓑ⣬ࡢ≧ែ࠿ࡽᏛ⩦ࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࡿᛮ᝿
ࡀ୺ὶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ20 ୡ⣖୰┙ࠊゝㄒᏛࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ㠉ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ␲ၥ࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋேࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺
࠿ࠋᗂඣࡀゝㄒࢆヰࡍࡢࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊ࡜࡚ࡶᖹซ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊேࡣࠊぶࡢே✀ࡸ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ▱⬟ᣦᩘ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕ᚋࢃࡎ࠿ᩘᖺ࡛ࠊఱㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⏕ࡲࢀ⫱ࡘ⎔ቃࡢᩥἲࢆࠊẕㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊぶ࠿ࡽලయⓗ࡟ᩍࢃࡽࡎ࡜ࡶࠊࡣ࠸ࡣ࠸
ࢆࡋࠊࡘ࠿ࡲࡾ❧ࡕࢆࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ṍࡁฟࡍࠋゝㄒࡶࡲࡓࠊᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢಶேࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓゝㄒ⎔ቃࡣከ✀ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᗂඣࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣᆒ୍ࡢᩥἲࢆ⮬↛࡟⋓ᚓࡋࠊ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶⓎヰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ேࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ▷ᮇ㛫࡟➼㉁ࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⬻⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡶ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀࠊே㛫⛉Ꮫࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀࡿࠋே
㛫ゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡢᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸᩥἲ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡶᬑ㐢ⓗ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ࡝ࡢゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡶࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿẁ㝵ࢆ⤒࡚ẕㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋᖺ㱋࡟ಶேᕪࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ6 ࢣ᭶ࡈࢁ࠿ࡽ 8 ࢣ᭶ࡈࢁ࡟ࡣၾㄒᮇࠊ10 ࢣ᭶࠿ࡽ 1 ṓ࡟ࡣ୍ㄒᩥࡀⓎヰࠊ஧ㄒᩥࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣ 20 ࢣ᭶࠿ࡽ 24 ࢣ᭶࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ぢࠊᩥᙧᘧࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿⓎヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣᐇ࡟୙ᛮ㆟࡞ே㛫ࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡀᇉ㛫ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿᗂඣࡢゝㄒ≉ᚩࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ㄒ࡞࡝࡜ྠᵝ࡟࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ᫬ไࡀᩥ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡞࠸㸯ṓ๓ᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࢆ

- 117 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Ⓨヰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿぶࡢⓎヰࢆᶍೌࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡛⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ
⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡟⏕ࡌࡓᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒࡀࠊ〄ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟ࠕࡍࡿࠖࢆకࡗ࡚ືモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊ〄ྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟ᣦᑠ㎡(dimunitive)ࠕࡕ
ࡷࢇࠖࢆక࠸ྡモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿẁ㝵ࡀᅾࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡛ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᶫᮏ▱ᏊẶ㸦༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ࣭኱Ꮫ㝔◊ಟ⏕㸧ࡣࠊ௒ᅇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ୰࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ㸦࠶ࡗࡃࢇ㸧ࡢほᐹグ㘓ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ⢭ᰝࡋࠊぶࡢ౑ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࠕࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࢆࠊᙜึࠕ࠿࡞࡙ࡕࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕࡇࢇ
ࡇࢇࡇࢇࠊ࡞࠸㸦࠿࡞࡙ࡕࡀ࡞࠸㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟⏝࠸ࡣࡌࡵࠊࡋࡤࡽࡃࡍࡿ࡜ࠕࡇࢇࡇ
ࢇࡇࢇ ࡕࡺࠖ(⚾ࡣ࠿࡞࡙ࡕ࡛㸦࡞࡟࠿ࢆ㸧ᡴࡕࡓ࠸)࡜ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊほᐹ⪅(ẕぶ)ࡀࠊ୍ᗘࡶ࢖ࣥࣉ
ࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒࢆᗂඣࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟Ⓨヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽࡢຊ࡛ࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࠋ
ᶫᮏẶࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊぶࡢⓎヰࡢᶍೌ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨃែㄒࡀ⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ
ྠᨃែㄒࡀ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊẕぶࡀ୍ᗘࡔࡅ (ࠕ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࠖ1;09 ࡢ᫬ᮇ)ࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࢆࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖ࡜㸦㣗≀࡟㸧࠿ࡅࡿືసࢆకࡗ࡚Ⓨヰࢆࡋࡓᚋࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ศࡀࡪࡾࡗࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẕぶㄒࢆⓎࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ
ࡓࠊ࡜グ᠈ࡍࡿࡓࡗࡓ୍ᗘࡢ⮬ศࡢⓎヰࡢᚋ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࡣࠊྠᵝ࡟ࠊࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࢆࡘࡅ
ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖ࡜⏘ฟࡋࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࡢࡳ࡞
ࡽࡎ࣐ࣚࢿ࣮ࢬࢆ㣗≀࡟࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ (1;09), ࣐࣮࢞ࣜࣥࢆሬࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦1;11㸧ࠊྡྂᒇྡ≀ࠕࡘࡅ࡚࿡ჯ࠿ࡅ࡚࿡ჯࠖࡢࢳ࣮ࣗࣈධࡾࡢ⏑࿡ჯࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦2;00㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㓺Ἔࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦2;03㸧࡜ࠊࠕᾮ≧ࡢㄪ࿡ᩱࠖࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟౑⏝ࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᶫᮏẶࡣほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊྠᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊ⢊ࢳ࣮ࢬࠊሷࠊࡇࡋࡻ࠺࡞࡝ࡢࠕᾮ≧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⢊≧ࡢࡶࡢࠖࢆ㸦㣗≀࡟㸧࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࠕࡕࡷࡗࠊࡕࡷࡗࠊࡕࡷࡗࠖ࡜ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ㡢ᙧࢆࡶࡗࡓ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࡜ࡶほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹࡣࠊᗂඣࡀඹ㏻㡯ࢆࡶࡘព࿡ࢆྠࡌ㡢࡛⾲⌧ࡋࠊඹ㏻㡯ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ព࿡ࡣูࡢ㡢࡛⾲ࡍຊࢆࠊᗂඣ⮬ࡽࡀ♧ࡍ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹグ㘓࡟ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡟ࡶከ⩏ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ༢⣧࡟ࠊㄒ࠿ࡽㄒ࡬ࡢ㢮᥎࡛ࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕ࠶
ࡗࡃࢇࠖࡣࠊ1;07 ࠿ࡽ 1;09 ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࡪ࣮ࡪࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆࠊࢥࢵࣉࡸ㣧ࡳ≀ࠊ∗ぶࡢࣅ- 118 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

࣮ࣝࠊ࠾ẕࡉࢇࡢࢥ࣮ࣄ࣮࡞࡝ࡢࠕᾮయࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ✀ࡢᾮయࢆࠕ㣧ࡳࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺
㸦⮬ࡽࡢ㸧㢪ᮃ࡜࣭࿨௧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡢࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ1;9 ࡈࢁ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ
㌴ࡸࣂࢫࠊ࣋ࣅ࣮࣮࢝࡞࡝ࡢࠕ㌴㍯ࡢࡘ࠸ࡓ஌ࡾ≀ࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢ✀ࡢ㌴࡟ࠕ஌ࡾࡓ
࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡜ే⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ᶫᮏẶࡣほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢほᐹࡣࠊព࿡ⓗ࡟㛵㐃ࡢ࡞࠸ࠕᾮయࠖ࡜ࠕ㌴㍯ࡢࡘ࠸ࡓ஌ࡾ≀ࠖࡀࠊྠࡌ㡢ᙧ㸦ࠕࡪ࣮ࡪࠖ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ከ⩏ⓗ࡟⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋ
2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶࡟ࣟࣥࢻࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛㛤࠿ࢀࡓᨃែㄒ࣭ᨃኌㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡣࠊᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡜ࡣࠊࡕࡻ࠺࡝ேࡀᴫᛕࢆ⮬⏤࡟⤮⏬࡟ᥥ෗ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᴫᛕࢆ㡢࡜ࡋ࡚ゝㄒ໬ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊゝㄒࡢࡳ࡟≉໬ࡋࡓ௙⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇࡀ
࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࣭࣐ࢵࢡࢫࣉࣛࣥࢡ◊✲ᡤࡢ◊✲⪅ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟άⓎ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ
࡚ࡶࠊ ぶࡢᶍೌࡢࡳ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ㢮᥎ࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛
ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊぶࡀ୍ᐃࡢ㔞ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋᗂ
ඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊ⮬ศࡢᚰ㸦mind㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆ⊂⮬ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛⤖ࡧࡘࡅࠊ኱ேࡢ
ㄒᙡ࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㐨ࢆࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⿦⨨࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡃࡿࠋே
㛫ࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡣࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆࡘ࡞ࡆࡿᩥἲࡢ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᨃែㄒ࣭ᨃኌㄒࡢ
஦౛ࡀ࠿ࡽࡳ࡚࡜ࢀࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊゝㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡀぢ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 (Murasugi 2013)ᗂඣࡢ⏕ᡂࡍࡿᩥࡀࠊ༢࡞ࡿᶍೌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚⏘ฟࡍࡿࠕ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᩥࠖࡢᏑᅾ࠿ࡽࡶ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᩥࢆ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏘ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

(1)a. 㯮࠸*ࡢࢡࢵࢡ㸦㸻㯮࠸࢚ࢼ࣓ࣝࡢ㠐㸧b. ពᆅᝏ࡞*ࡢ࠾ࡤࡕࡷࢇ (=ពᆅᝏ࡞࠾ࡤࡕࡷࢇࠊࢩࣥࢹࣞࣛࡢ⥅ẕ)c. ࡈࡣࢇ㣗࡭࡚ࡿ*ࡢࣂ࣮ࣂ (㸻ࡈࡣࢇ㣗࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㇟ࡢࣂࣂ࣮ࣝ)d. ࠺ࡉࡕࡷࢇ㣗࡭࡚ࡿ*ࡢ࡟ࢇࡌࢇ㸦㸻࠺ࡉࡂࡀ㣗࡭࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࢇࡌࢇ㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡇࡇ࡟ᴫㄝ
ࡋࡓศᯒෆᐜࡣࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ Workshop on Mimetics (University of London, SOAS, 2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶)࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮧᮡࡀᇶㄪㅮ₇࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓෆᐜࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ- 119 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究࿘ᅖ࠿ࡽ➗㢦࡛ཷࡅṆࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡣᛀࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᖖ㆑ⓗ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡾࡁࡗ
ࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ஦᯶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᖖⲔ㣤஦ࡢࡇ࡜ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ2 ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊぶࡶゝࢃ࡞࠸㠀ᩥἲⓗ࡞ᩥࢆࠊ࡞ࡐᗂඣࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋఱ࡜ࡶ୙ᛮ㆟࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊᙜࡓࡾ๓࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ஦㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕࡇࢀࡣ࡞ࢇࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜ၥ࠺どⅬ࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ࡞ࡐ࠾ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊࡑࡢゎ᫂࡟ࡴࡅ࡚⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ኱ேࡶ⏘ฟࡋ࡞࠸㸦ᗂඣ࡟ධຊࡉࢀ࡞࠸㸧ᩥࢆࠊ࡞ࡐᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟Ⓨヰࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࡞ࡐᗂඣࡢⓎヰ࡟ᩥἲⓗㄗ⏝ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⮬↛⏺ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿே㛫ࡢ⬻࡟ᅾࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿゝㄒࢆࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᶵ
⬟ࡀྖࡿࡢ࠿ࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡀே㛫ࡢከᵝ࡞ゝㄒ⌧㇟ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᩥἲ࡜ࡣࠊே㛫࡜࠸࠺✀࡟ࡢࡳ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞≉ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶࡣࠊ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࡢࡳᏛ⩦ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡣࠊ࠶ࡾ࡜
࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒࡢヰ⪅࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿᩥἲࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀฟࡎࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ⎔ቃࡢୗ࡛ࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ゝㄒᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⿦⨨࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬ࡎ࡜ẕㄒࡢᩥἲయ⣔ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢ୰࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿධຊ࡟ࡣಶேᕪ
ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊධຊࡉࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡶ㔞ⓗ࡟ࡶ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕ᚋࢃࡎ࠿ᩘᖺ࡛ಶேᕪࡢ࡞࠸➼㉁ࡢẕㄒᩥἲ࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡑࡢẕㄒࡢᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࠊㄡ࠿ࡽࡶ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࢆࡍࡽࠊ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡸゝㄒ࡟࠶ࡿᬑ㐢ᛶ㸦universality㸧ࡸኚ␗ᛶ㸦variations㸧ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᇶᮏ
ⓗ࡟ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿ≉ᛶࢆከࡃᢸ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ゝㄒ㛫ࡢ┦㐪ࡶࡲࡓࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࠋChomsky (1981)ࡣࠊᩥἲయ⣔ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿཎ⌮ࠖ࡜ࠕゝㄒ㛫ࡢ㐪࠸㸦ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶ㸧ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࠖ࠿ࡽᡂࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࡣ㸦」ᩘࡢ್ࢆᣢࡘ㸧ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ゝㄒࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ୰࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


ᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㉳ࡁ࠺ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᵓ㡢࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ṓ๓ᚋࡢᗂඣࡀࠊ
ࠕ⮬ศ࡛ࠖࢆࠕࡪࢇࡌࢇ࡛ࠖࠊ
ࠕࡉ࠿ࡁࡤࡽࡺ࠺ࡁࡃࢇࠖࢆࠕࡉࡁ࠿ࡽࡤࡺ࠺ࡁࡃࢇࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓලྜ࡟ᤄධࡸ㌿᥮ࢆࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡶࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᩥἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕㄗ⏝ࠖ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠾ࡃࠋ - 120 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡛኱ேࡢᩥἲࢆศᯒࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢ
ゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊே㛫ࡢࠕᚰࠖࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ඹྠ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌᭩(᪥ᮏㄒ∧)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ⱥㄒ∧ࡢᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩㸦2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶᏶ᡂ㸧ࢆࡉࡽ࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓෆᐜࢆࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ
◊✲ᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊࠕཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ⌮ㄽࠖࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࠸࠺
ゝㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜⋓ᚓẁ㝵ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ⯆࿡῝࠸グ㏙࡜ศᯒࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ๓❶࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁࡲࡐ᧯స࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⋓ᚓࠊࡉࡽ࡟ wh-ၥᩥ࡜ࡑࡢไ⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡀࠊሗ࿌᭩᭱ᚋࡢ❶࡜࡞ࡿᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢ࠼ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒ
ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᴫほࡋࡓ࠸ࠋẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ⛬ᗘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᪩ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊẕㄒࡢㄒ㡰ࡸࠊ㡯⬺ⴠ㸦୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ࡞࡝ࡢ㡯ࡀ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡓࡎ࡟⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿゝㄒ⌧㇟㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᛶࡣࠊẕㄒ࡟ゐࢀ࡚ࡲࡶ࡞ࡃ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ
㠀ᩥἲⓗ࡞ࠊඹ㏻ࡋࡓࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘࡜ࡣࠊᗂඣࡣぶࡶ┤᥋ᩍ࠼ࡶࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ
ẕㄒ௨እࡢゝㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ヨࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊẕㄒయ⣔ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣࠗㄗ⏝࠘࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦ẕㄒ௨እࡢ㸧ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ⾲ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᩥἲⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝ࡣ༢࡞ࡿࠗ㛫㐪࠼࡛࠘ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᩥἲࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛つᐃࡉࢀ࠺ࡿᙧ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡍࡿᥦ
᱌࡜ࡑࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

2. small v ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢࡿᗂඣࡢᩥἲ▱㆑ᮏሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣࠊᓊᮏẶࡸ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᩪ⸨Ặ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ」ྜ㏙ㄒᩥࡢᵓ㐀ࡀヲ⣽࡟ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊᗂඣࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ」ྜ㏙ㄒᩥࡣ⯆࿡῝࠸ㅖ┦ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᗂඣࡣ small v ࡢᵓ㐀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࠿ࡽࠕࡍࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࡢືモ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡽࢃ
ࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸦Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004a㸧ࠊືモࡢά⏝࡜ࡋ࡚኱ே࡜ྠࡌ㡢ᙧࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋ
⮬௚஺᭰࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿㄗ⏝ࡣ ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 2 ṓ๓ᚋ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣ࡟ᗈࡃぢࡽࢀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(2)࡛ࡣࠊ౑ᙺࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡸ௚ືモࡀ⮬ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦Ⓨヰࡢᚋࡢ㸦 㸧ෆࡣពᅗࡉࢀࡓព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ㸧

- 121 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(2)Ꮚ࡝ࡶ㸸࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ⭾ࡽࢇ࡛ࠋ㸦࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ㢼⯪ࢆ⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚㸧  ∗ぶ㸸⭾ࡽࢇ࡛ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻࠊ⭾ࡽࡲࡋ࡚࡛ࡋࡻࠋ
Ꮚ࡝ࡶ㸸ࡩࡃࡽࢇ࡛ࠋ 㸦⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚㸧      㸦㕥ᮌ 1987㸧ࡇࢀࡣࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ∗ぶ࡟㢼⯪ࢆ⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࡴ≧ἣ࡛ࡢⓎヰࢆグ㏙ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ∗ぶࡣࠊືモࡢᙧᘧࡀᏊ࡝ࡶࡢពᅗࢆ⾲ࡍືモᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆఏ࠼ࠊ౑ᙺᙧࠕ⭾ࡽࡲࡏࡿࠖࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᩍ࠼ࡿࡀࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣࡇࡢ┤᥋ྰᐃ᝟ሗ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ
ࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࠕࡩࡃࡽࡴࠖࢆ࿨௧ᙧࡢᙧᘧ࡛⏘ฟࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢほᐹࡣࠊᗂඣࡢ⏘ฟ࡟ㄗ⏝ࡀᅾࡿࡇ࡜ࢆグ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟␃ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᗂඣࡣࠊぶ࠿ࡽྰᐃ᝟ሗࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ୍ᐃࡢ᫬ᮇࡀ᮶࡞ࡅࢀࡤ༶ᗙ࡟ࡣಟṇ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜
ࢆࠊⓎヰࡢ≧ἣ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟グ㏙ࡍࡿᴟࡵ࡚ඃࢀࡓほᐹグ㘓࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྠᵝࡢࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣ 2 ṓ㡭࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡢ௚ືモ࡜⮬ືモࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ(3)

Ꮚ࡝ࡶ(3;11): ࠾࡜࠺ࡕࡷࢇࠊࡲ࡝ ࠶࠸࡚ࠋ㸦࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅ࡚㸧∗ぶ :❆㛤ࡅ࡚ࡔࢁ㸽Ꮚ࡝ࡶ:࠺ࢇࠊࡲ࡝ ࠶࠸࡚ࡼࠋ㸦࠺ࢇࠊ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅ࡚ࡼ㸧   㸦኱ὠ 2002㸧

(3)࡛ࡣࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ∗ぶ࡟❆ࢆ㛤ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟㢗ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣ௚ືモࡢࠕ࠶ࡅ࡚ࠖ
㸦㛤ࡅࡿ㸧ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡢ࿨௧ᙧࠕ࠶࠸࡚ࠖ
㸦㛤ࡃ㸧ࢆ⏘ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᗂඣࡀ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࢆΰྠࡍࡿࡢࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ≉᭷ࡢ⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼
ࡤࠊBowerman(1974)࡜ Figueira(1984)ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡸ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ౑ᙺືモࡸ௚ືモࢆ⮬ືモ࡛௦⏝ࡍࡿㄗ⏝ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(4)

a. You can drink me the milkb. (㺃㺃㺃) este balance vai tethis swing

cair

go you fall‘This swing is going to fall you.’(4a)࡛ࡣᏊ౪ࡣẕぶ࡟∵ஙࢆ㣧ࡲࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠕㄗࡗ࡚ࠖdrink ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ(4b)࡛ࡣࠕⴠ࡜ࡍࠖ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠕⴠࡕࡿࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿືモࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ణࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᗂඣゝㄒ࡛ࠕࡉࡏࠖࠕࡏࠖࠕ࠼ࠖ➼ࡢ[rcause]- 122 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

ࢆල⌧໬ࡍࡿ᮰⦡ᙧែ⣲ࡀⴠࡕࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ᫂☜࡟ぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ(2)-(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⓨヰࢆࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ኱ேࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡣࠊ(5)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟␗࡞ࡗࡓ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡀక࠺ᙧᘧࢆᣢࡘࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto(2004a)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi (2012)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢືモྃ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊLarson (1988)ࠊHale and Keyser(1993)ࠊChomsky (1995) ࡟ᚑ࠸ VPíShell ᵓ㐀ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ⭺╔ㄒ≉᭷ࡢ㸦ಶู࡟⩦ᚓࡉࢀࡿ㸧ືモࡢ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡣ vP ࡢ୺せ㒊࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(5a)࡛ v [+cause]ࡣ -sࠊ(5b)࡛ࡣ v[-cause]ࡣ -r ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋvP       b.
vP
㸭 㹚
㸭 㹚
  
Agent
v’ 
       
 v’
㸭 㹚
 㸭 㹚    VPv [+cause]       VP
v [-cause]
㸭 㹚
|
㸭 㹚
|
 
theme V’-s      theme V’
-r
㸭 㹚
㸭 㹚
   location V       
location V
|
|

(5)

a.

      wata- (transitive)

wata- (unaccusative) ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ⮬ືモ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࢆ௚ືモࡢᙧ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ືモ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࢆ⮬ືモࡢᙧ࡛⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠿ࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004a)ࠊ
Murasugi, Hashimoto and Fuji (2007)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi (2012)࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓẁ㝵࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௚ືモ㸦౑ᙺືモࡶྵࡴ㸧࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡢ஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮
ࢱ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ⦪᩿ⓗ◊✲࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊືモ⋓ᚓࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢẁ㝵࡜ࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠗㄗࡾ࠘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㏙ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ୖグࡢ VPíShell ศᯒࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪ v㸦small v㸧ࡣゝㄒ⋓ᚓ᪩ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᙧែࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡢ࡟᫬㛫㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡓࡵࠊᗂඣࡣ࠶ࡿẁ㝵࡛㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࢆ௚ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㏫࡟௚ືモࢆ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᗂඣࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿ(2)-(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣࠊ ୺ㄒ࡟ព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ v ࡀ↓ᶆࡢ್࡜ࡋ࡚ࢮࣟᙧែ⣲࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᐇࡣ௚ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᩥἲⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࢆ⾲ࡍドࡋ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ኱ேࡢⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤྠࡌ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡘࠋ

- 123 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(6)

a. John passed the ring to Maryb. The ring passed to Maryࡶࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㡯ᵓ㐀ࡀ VP-Shell ᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚(7)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ vࡣ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸“ࢮࣟᙧែ⣲”࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ(6a)࡛ࡣ v ࡣ[+cause]ࠊ
(6b)࡛ࡣ[-cause]ࡢ⣲ᛶࢆᣢࡘࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㡢ᙧࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊv [+cause]+PASS ࡶv [-cause]+PASS ࡶྠᙧࡢ pass ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(7)vP (v [+cause] + PASS = pass, v [–cause] + PASS = pass)
㸭 㹚
John
vƍ
㸭 㹚
v
VP
[rcause]㸭 㹚NPVƍ
the ring㸭 㹚    VPP     㹺㸭 㹚       
PASS toMaryࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ⮬௚஺᭰࡟㛵ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡀྠࡌ㡢ᙧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿⱥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ௨እࡢゝㄒࡢ୍≉ᚩࡀࠊᗂඣࡢゝㄒⓎ㐩ẁ㝵࡟㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦౛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢືモࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀࠊ௚ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㝿࡟ྍ⬟࡞ᙧᘧ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

3. ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢࡿᗂඣࡢᩥἲ▱㆑
3.1. ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟๓⠇࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪ࡢ v㸦small v㸧ࡀ㡢ኌⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ල⌧ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡣࠊືモ࡜ࡑࡢᒅᢡ㸦ά⏝㸧࡟㛵ࡋࠊ኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓᙧࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࠖࡣࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 3 ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣࡀ᫬ไࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ືモᙧᘧࢆ୺⠇ෆ࡛౑࠺⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ
ࣛࣥࢫㄒࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒࠊࢻ࢖ࢶㄒ࡞࡝࡛ࡣ୙ᐃモࡀࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ〄ࡢືモࡀࠊ୺⠇ෆ࡛⾲ࢀࡿࠋ

- 124 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(8)

a. Dormirpetit bébé.

sleep-INF little baby
‘Little baby sleep.'         (Danielࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ㸸1;11)



b. Earst kleine boekje lezen.
first little

book read-INF‘First (I/we) read little book.'c. Papa have it.

(Hein ࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒ㸸2;6)(Eve, ⱥㄒ㸸1;6)

࠿ࡘ࡚ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモ㸦Root Infinitives㸧ࡢ⌧㇟ࡣࡍ࡭࡚
ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ✵୺ㄒ㸦pro㸧ࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ⱥㄒࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒ࡛ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜㆟ㄽࡍࡿㄽᩥࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࠊ✵୺ㄒゝㄒ࠿ྰ࠿ࡀࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᭷↓࡜ᙉ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘ࡜ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Guasti 1993/1994➼㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡶࡑࡢ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝ㸦Sano 1995 ➼㸧ࡶᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᥦ᱌࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊMurasugi, Fuji and Hashimoto (2007), Murasugi and Fuji (2009),
Sawada and Murasugi (2011), Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒࡢึᮇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢẁ㝵࡟ࡣࠊ᫬ไࢆḞࡃືモࢆ⏘ฟࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊᙜヱࡢゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒゝㄒ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊࡑࡢゝㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᭷↓࡜ࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡞┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ3 ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃゝㄒࡢ୙ᐃモᙧ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᙧࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୺⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐃᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ືモࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠕ␲ఝ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࠸࠺⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ᱁ᶆ♧ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࡜⛠ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟ࡀࠊᐇࡣ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡢ⊂❧ࡋࡓၥ㢟࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡇ
ᮏㄽ࡛ᴫほࡍࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢヲ⣽ࡣࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ࡟ࡶ୍㒊ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋMurasugi (2009a), Murasugi and Watanabe (2009), Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2010), Sawada,
Murasugi and Fuji (2010),Murasugi, Fuji and Hashimoto (2007), Murasugi and Fuji (2009), Sawada and Murasugi (2011),
Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)➼ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ゝㄒ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡢάືࡢ㈷≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ඹ࡟◊✲ࢆ῝ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ௰㛫࡟ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ Luigi Rizzi ẶࠊAmritavalli ẶࠊJayaseelan ẶࠊDiane Lillo-Martin ẶࠊWilliam SnyderẶࠊBonnie Shwartz ẶࠊKamil Deen ẶࠊJonah Lin ẶࠊPeter Sells Ặࠊ෠ኈ༓㔛Ặࠊ୰㇂཭⨾Ặࠊᶫᮏ▱ᏊẶࠊΏ㑔ᜨ⌮ᏊẶࠊ⃝⏣ᑦᏊẶࠊ℧⏣೺௓ẶࠊἙྜ㐨ஓẶࠊᓊᮏ⚽ᶞẶࠊከ⏣ᾈ❶Ặࠊᩪ⸨⾨Ặ࡜ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ᫬㛫ࡣ࠿ࡅࡀ࠼ࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢሙࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ࠊ῝࠸ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ- 125 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ1 ṓ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡣ Rizzi (1993/1994)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫬ไ⠇ࡀᢞᑕࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞
࠸᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ2 ṓ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ᫬ไ⠇ࡣ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊẕㄒࡢ᫬ไ⣲ᛶࡢヲ⣽ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ୺ㄒ࡬ࡢ୺᱁௜୚࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊSchütze and Wexler (1996)ࡢ㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢ AGR/TNS Omission Model㸦ATOM㸧㸧௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇẁ㝵࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ

3.2. ࣇ࢙࢖ࢬ࡛ࠕษࡾྲྀࡽࢀࡓࠖᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘ⋓ᚓẁ㝵ᗂඣࡢึᮇࡢືモࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୙ᐃモᙧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢠࣜࢩࣕ
ㄒ㸧ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶูࡢᙧᘧࢆకࡗ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࠋゝㄒᕪࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡣࠊ
せồࡸ㢪ᮃ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸦Modal Context㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ㸦Modal
Reference Effects㸧ࠊࡲࡓฟ᮶஦ࢆ⾲ࡍ࢖ࣦ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦືモࡀ᫬ไࡸ୍⮴ࢆḞ࠸ࡓᙧᘧ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿ㸦Hoekstra and Hyams 1999㸧ࠋྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣᗂඣࡢࠕᩥࠖ࡟ࡣ✵୺ㄒࡀከࡃ⾲ࢀࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑㸦Complementizer㸧࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡸຓືモࡸ୺᱁࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶵ⬟せ⣲ࡶ⾲ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢࠕ୍ᒙ┠ࠖࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ1 ṓ௦࡜࠸࠺᪩ᮇ࡟⾲ࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡶ㏙ㄒࡣ᫬ไ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍᙧែࢆḞࡁࠊືモࡢᙧᘧࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㐣ཤᙧࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧ࡛ࠖ⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊᙧᐜモࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚㠀㐣ཤ㸦⌧ᅾ㸧ࡢᙧᘧ࡛⾲ࢀࡿ㸦Murasugi
and Fuji 2009, Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji 2010 ➼ࠋ㸧.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ CHILDES ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟࠾ࡉࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㔝ᆅࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㸦㔝ᆅ(1973-77)࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ
᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࠕࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࠖ㸦⏨Ꮚࠊ1948 ᖺ⏕ࡲࢀ㸧ࡢ᪥グࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦⦪᩿ⓗ⮬↛Ⓨヰほᐹグ㘓㸧
㸧ࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ1 ṓ 6 ࣨ᭶㡭ࡣ࡯ࡰࡍ࡭࡚ࡢືモࡀ࢖ࣦ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ
࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖ㸦඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ㐣ཤࢆ⾲ࡍά⏝ᙧ㸧࡛⾲ࢀࡿࠋᗂඣࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣ㐣ཤࢆ⾲ࡍࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ(9)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ពᚿࡸせồࠊ(10)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤖ᯝ┦ࡸ㐍⾜┦ࢆ⾲ࡍሙྜ
ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ

(9)

a. ࠶ࡗࡕ ࠸ࡓ (1;6) 㸦࠶ࡗࡕ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚/⾜ࡅ㸧b. ࡕ࣮ ࡋࡓ (1;7)  㸦ࡕ࣮㸦࠾ࡋࡗࡇ㸧ࡋࡓ࠸㸧- 126 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(10)

a. ࡤࡤ ࡘ࠸ࡓ (1;6) 㸦ࡤࡤ㸦⣒ࡃࡎ㸧ࡀ㸦ᣦ࡟㸧ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸧b. ࡕ࣮ࡋࡓ (1;7)

㸦㸦ࡅ࠸ࡇࡕࡷࢇࡀ㸧ࡕ࣮㸦࠾ࡋࡗࡇ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ᱁ຓモࡸືモ࣭ᙧᐜモࡢ᫬ไࡢᒅᢡࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡎࠊ Ⓨヰ⪅ࡢせồࡸពᚿࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕModal Reference Effectsࠖࡀ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௚ゝㄒࡢࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ᛶ㉁ࢆ୍࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀືモࡢ 100 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣ 1 ṓ 6 ࢝᭶㡭࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࡣࠊ
ࠕࡕࡷࡗࡓࠖᙧࡸࠕࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࠖᙧ࡞࡝ࡶ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ేฟࡍࡿࠋ
 Rizzi (1993/1994)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣ≉᭷ࡢ⌧㇟ࡢㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊTP ᵓ㐀ࡼࡾࡶୗࡢ఩⨨࡛ษࡾྲྀࡾࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿสࡾྲྀࡾ௬ㄝ㸦Truncation Hypothesis㸧ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱ே
ࡢᩥࡣ CP ᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᗂඣࡣࠊᢞᑕࢆ㏵୰࡛୰᩿ࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ␲ၥᩥ㸦C せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡸຓືモ
㸦T せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡀ⾲ࢀࡎࠊࡲࡓ✵୺ㄒࡀከࡃ⾲ࢀࡿ஦ᐇࡶ⤫୍ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄝ᫂ຊࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡲࡓࠊ᫬ไࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡢά⏝ᙧࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᙧᐜモࡶά⏝ᙧࡀ୍ࡘ௨ୖࡣ⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚␲ၥモ㸦C せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡸࠕࡀࠖ᱁ࡢ୺ㄒࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ஦ࡣ࡞࠸㸦Murasugi, Fuji
and Hashimoto 2007, Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji 2010 ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸㸧ࠋ
 ࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕࡶ࠺ࠖ
ࠕࡲࡔࠖ
ࠕ࠶ࡋࡓࠖ➼ࡢ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ๪モࡶྠ୍ᩥෆ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ࡣඹ㉳ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ4

(11)a. ࡶ࠺ࠋ(1;05, 1;06)b. ࡶ࠺ࠊ࡞࠸ࠋ(1;09)c. ࡲࡔࠋ
㸦1;11㸧
d. ࡲࡔࠊࡥࢇࠋ(1;11)e. ࡲࡓࠊ࠶ࡓࠋ 㸦࠶ࡋࡓ㸧 (1;01)ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ๪モࡀࠊྠ୍ᩥෆ࡛ືモ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡿࡢࡣࠊ㠀㐣ཤᙧ㸦㸫ࡿᙧ㸧ࡢᙧᘧࡀ
4ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⾲ࢀࡿྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ᫬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ๪モࡀ࡝࠺⾲ࢀࡿ࠿ࢆࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡑࡢ᫬ࡢᗂඣ
ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡢ࡟᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ᓊᮏ⚽ᶞẶ㸦2011 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 17 ᪥ࠊp.c.㸧࡟ࡼࡿࡈᣦ᦬࡟ᇶ
࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊ᫬ไ࡜๪モࡣ㢧ᅾⓗ࡟࿧ᛂࡋࡓᙧᘧ࡛࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௒ᚋࡶᓊᮏẶ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ⥆ࡅࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

- 127 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

␗࡞ࡿືモ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕⏘ⓗ࡟⾲ࢀጞࡵࡿ 1 ṓ 11 ࢝᭶㡭࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ๪モࡢ㡢ኌⓗල⌧໬ࡣࠊ㸦12b㸧࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ኱ேࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ

(12)a. ࡶ࠺ࠊࡘࢇࡔࠋ
㸦㸻ࡍࢇࡔ㸧
㸦ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸸౽ᡤ࡛ࡍࡴ࡜ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟∗࡟ゝ࠺ 1;10)b. ࡲࡔࠊ࠾ࡕࡓࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡕࡓࡼࠋ㸦ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸸༗๓㸵᫬㐣ࡂࠊᗋࡢ୰࡟࠸
࡚ࠊ࣓࢟ࣕࣛࣝࢆⴠ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ࠸࠺ 1;11)ࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊࠕྠࡌ⤫ㄒⓗ⠊␪ࠖෆ࡛ࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘㡢ኌⓗ࣭ㄒᙡⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ๪モࡶࡲࡓ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ5 ๪モࡀ኱ே࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞㡢ᙧࢆకࡗ࡚⏕⏘ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊືモࡢά⏝ࡸ୺᱁ࡀ⏕⏘ⓗ࡟⾲ࢀࡣࡌࡵࡿ 2 ṓ௨
㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(13)

a.

ࡸࡗ࡜ࡡࢇࡡࡋࡓࠋ (2;2)  b.

ࡲࡔ࠶࠸࡚࡞࠸ࡼࠋ (2;1)

c.

࠿࠶ࡕࡷࢇࠊ࠾ࡕࡷࠊࡶ࠺࡞࠸ࡼࠋ(2;1)

d.

࠸ࡲࡉࡗࡁ࠾ࡗࡓࡢࡃࡶࠊ࡝ࡇ࠸ࡗࡓ㸽 (2;5)

e.

ࡁࡢ࠺ࠊ࠾ࡩࡡࡀ࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡡࠋ (2;9)

f.

ࡁࡻ࠺ࠊ࡞࡟ࡺࡗࡓࡢ㸽(2;7)ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀࠊRizzi(1993/1994)ࡢ㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫬ไྃࡢ
ᢞᑕࡢ࡞࠸᫬ᮇࠊࡼࡾ᭱㏆ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊࣇ࢙࢖ࢬ㸦phase㸧ࡈ࡜࡟ᗂඣࡀᵓ㐀ࢆษࡾྲྀࡿẁ㝵࡜⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡢグ㏙ⓗ࡞᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡀ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ኱ே
ࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠕ㸦ࡉࡗࡉ࡜㸧ᖐࡗࡓ㸟ᖐࡗࡓ㸟ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࿨௧ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ౑ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒ➼࡛ ᙉ࠸࿨௧ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚୙ᐃモࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡟㏻ࡎࡿࠋࡲࡓࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣࠊ㠀⌧ᐇ࣭ᮍ↛㸦ࠕࡶࡋࡶ⚾ࡀᐙࢆᘓ࡚ࡓ࡞ࡽࠖ㸧ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣฟ᮶஦ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦ࠕᑠࡉࡃษࡗࡓ኱᰿ࠖ
㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓᙧែࡶවࡡࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ⾜ࡗࡓࡾ᮶ࡓࡾࡍࡿ/ࡋࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚↓ᣦᐃࡢᙧែ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ


5ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕwh-ྃࠖ㸦ࠕㄡࠖࠕఱࠖ➼㸧ࡢ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡶࠊ␲ఝ୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ࡣࠊྠ୍ᩥ
ෆ࡛ඹ㉳ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ஦ᐇ࡜ศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮧᮡ(༳ๅ୰)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


᫬ไྃࢆᢞᑕࡋ࡞࠸ẁ㝵࡛ࠊࠕ୙ᐃᙧࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕືモࡢㄒᖿ㸩ࡓࠖࡢᙧᘧࢆࠊ௚ࡢᙧែࡢ
௦⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2010)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)ࡣࠊᗂඣゝㄒࡢᑐ↷ゝㄒᏛⓗㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢືモࡢᙧែࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࢆ୕ศ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〄ືモ㸦ⱥㄒࠊࢫ࣡ࣄࣜㄒ➼㸧ࡢሙྜࠊ୙ᐃモ㸦ࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ➼㸧ࡢሙྜࡶࠊࡑࡋ࡚ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟ࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡢᙧែࡀ௦⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚௜࠸ࡓᙧᘧ࡛⾲ࢀࡿሙྜ㸦᪥ᮏㄒࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࠊࢺࣝࢥㄒࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ㄒࠊ࢔ࣛࣅ࢔
ㄒࠊࢠࣜࢩࣕㄒ➼㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝㄒ㛫ࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊᙜヱゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊືモࡢㄒᖿࡀࡑࢀ
⮬య⊂❧ࡋࡓᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡢ㐪࠸㸦Stem Parameter㸧࡜㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋㄒᖿࡀࡑ
ࢀ⮬య࡛ࡣᙧែⓗ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡓ࡞࠸[-stem]ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆ㑅ࡪゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ
࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ୙ᐃᙧࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟㸦ᙜヱࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡢ㸧ࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡢᙧែࢆ௦
⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚௜ࡅࡿᙧᘧࢆ⏘ฟࡋࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ࡜࠸࠺ẁ㝵࡛ẕㄒࡢືモᙧែࡢయ⣔ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢᙧᘧࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋMurasugi (2009a)ࡣࠊᒅᢡࡸά⏝ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ゝㄒ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤⱥㄒ㸧ࡼࡾࡶ᪩ᮇ࡟⾲ࢀࡿ஦ᐇࢆ♧ࡋࡓ
ୖ࡛ࠊWexler (1998)ࡢ Very Early Parameter Setting㸦VEPS㸧ࡢᥦ᱌㸦ㄒ㡰ࡸ✵୺ㄒ࡞࡝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡣ⏕ᚋ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡢᥦ᱌㸧ࡢ୍㒊࡟ Stem Parameter ࡶྵࡲࢀࠊᙧែⓗ≉ᚩࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ

3.3.  T(ense)ࡢ
ࡢ⣲ᛶࡀᮍᣦᐃࡢ᫬ᮇ
࢔ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࢆ♧ࡍࠕࡕࡷࡗࡓࠖ
ࠕ࡚㸦࠸㸧ࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࡀ 1 ṓ௦࡟⾲ࢀࡓᚋࠊ2 ṓ๓ᚋ࡟ࡣከ
ᵝ࡞ືモࡸᙧᐜモ࡟᫬ไࡀ௜ຍࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛ࠊ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ㝶ពⓗ㸦optional㸧࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࠊ࠿ࡘ୺ㄒࡢྡモྃ࡟ࠊᒓ᱁ࡸ୚᱁ࡀࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘
௜୚ࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊSchütze and Wexler (1996)ࡣࠊT(ense)ࡢᣢࡘ⣲ᛶ㸦Agreement/ Tense㸧ࡀᮍᣦᐃ࡞ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᩥࡢ୺ㄒྡモྃࡀࠊ୺᱁௨እࡢࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘᱁࡟కࢃࢀ࡚㸦ࡓ
࡜࠼ࡤ*My do it ,*Me want it ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸧⾲ࢀࡿ࡜ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡀࠊ᫬ไࡀᢞᑕࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬ᮇࡔ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸᰿ᣐࡣ Radford (1998)࡟ࡼࡿ
ᣦ᦬࠿ࡽࡶ⊂❧࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ 2 ṓ௨㝆ࡢᒓ᱁୺ㄒࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ
ⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊຓືモࡶྠ୍ᩥෆ࡟ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(14) a. Oh, my can't open it by myself (Child 3, 2;6,)b. Can our do it again? (Sophie 3;0)ࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟ࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ㸰ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣ࡟㝶ពⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ㡭ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡶࡲࡓࠊ୺ㄒྡモྃࢆ୺᱁ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㝶ពⓗ࡟ᒓ᱁࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣዣ
᱁࡛᱁ᶆ♧ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモືモ࡜ྠ᫬ᮇ࡟୺
ㄒࡢ᱁ࡀࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡜࡯ࡰ୍⮴ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣࠊ ኱ே࡜ྠࡌືモά⏝ᙧࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(15)a.  ࡶࡇࡕࡷࢇ *ࡢ ࡂࡹ࠺࡟ࡹ࠺ *ࡢ ࡯ࡋ࠸ࡔࡗ࡚ࡉ
㸦ࡶࡇࡕࡷࢇࡀ∵ஙࡀḧࡋ࠸ࢇࡔࡗ࡚ࡉ㸧 (2;0)
b.

ࢃࡓࡋ *࡟ ࠿ࡓࡌࡹࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ㸦ࢃࡓࡋࡀ∦௜ࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ㸧 (2;0)ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᫬ไࡸ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ⣬㠃ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ヲ⣽ࡣ┬ࡃࡀࠊᒓ᱁
୺ㄒࢆ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛チࡍ࢖ࣥࢻ࡟ᐇᏑࡍࡿࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲㅖㄒࡢ୍㒊㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ Malayalam ㄒࡸ Kannada ㄒ㸧ࡸࠊ୚᱁୺ㄒࢆチࡍ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ࢔ㄒ࡞࡝࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ᛶ㉁ࢆ୍࡟ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟ࡣୡ⏺ࡢከࡃࡢᗂඣゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠗㄗ⏝࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠋ
୍ẁ㝵┠ࡢࡑࢀࡣᗂඣ≉᭷ࡢᵓ㐀࡟ᅉࡿࡀࠊ஧ẁ㝵┠ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲㅖゝㄒࡸࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ࢔ゝㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲゝㄒࡸࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼ
ࣅ࢔ゝㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆヨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

4. ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ
4.1.  3 ✀㢮ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࠊᮏ❶ࡢෑ㢌(1)࡛ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡢࠖ
ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ㸯ṓ㡭࠿ࡽ㸲ṓ㡭ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ(16)࡛♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆࡳࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(16)

ࡢ ࡯ࢃࡋ㸦=࠾⠂㸧 (2;1) (Ọ㔝 1960)a. ࡯ࢃࡋ ኱ࡁ࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࠺ࢇࡕ   (2;0) (ᶓᒣ 1990)b. ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸ *ࡢ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


c. ࡺ࠺ࡓࡀ ࠶ࡋࡻࢇ࡛ࡿ *ࡢࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡣ ࡇࢀࠊࡇࢀࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3)(16a)࡜(16b)ࡣᙧᐜモ࡜ྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2 ṓ๓ᚋ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(16c)ࡣ㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡜ྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ౛࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞」ྜྡモྃࡣࠊ2
ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓࡢ㛫࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕࡢࠖࡢ⤫ㄒ⠊␪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛗ࡃゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢศ㔝࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣࠕࡢࠖ࡟ࡣ୺࡟㸱✀㢮࠶ࡾࠊⱥㄒࡢ’s ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊone ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊࡑࡋ࡚ศ⿣ᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚๓ᥦ⠇ࡢ୺せ㒊 that ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑
ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ (Murasugi 1991)ࠋ

(17)

a. ᒣ⏣ࡢ
ࡢᮏ㸦ᒓ᱁⾲♧㸧b. ㉥࠸ࡢ
ࡢ㸦௦ྡモ㸧
c. ࠼ࡳࡀึࡵ࡚ࣟࣈࢫࢱ࣮ࢆ㣗࡭ࡓࡢࡢࡣ࣎ࢫࢺ࡛ࣥࡔࠋ㸦⿵ᩥᶆ㆑㸧ᗂඣࡀࠗㄗࡿ࠘୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࠕࡢࠖࡣఱ࠿ࠋ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ➨୍ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࠊᒓ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ
௬ㄝࠊࡑࡋ࡚⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
୕ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀ஘❧ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ௬ㄝࡀ౫ࡗ࡚❧ࡘ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢほᐹࡉࢀࡿグ㏙㸦᫬ᮇ࡜≉ᚩ㸧ࡀ␗࡞ࡿⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ᫬ᮇࡣ㛗ࡃࠊ㸯ṓ࠿ࡽ
2 ṓ㸦Ọ㔝 1960 ௚)࡜ほᐹࡍࡿㄽᩥࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ4 ṓ࡛ࡍࡽぢࡽࢀࡿ(Murasugi 1991 ௚)࡜ࡍࡿほᐹࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢወጁ࡞࡯࡝࡟㛗࠸ࠕࡢࠖࡢㄗ⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊMurasugi and Hashimoto(2004b), ᮧᮡ࣭୰㇂(2006)ࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ࡜ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒࢆ㔜ࡡࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ༢୍ࡢ⌧㇟࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀࠊᐇࡣ୕ࡘࡢ
⊂❧ࡋࡓཎᅉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࡢࠖ
ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢၥ㢟ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ෌⪃ࢆຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࡑࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

4.2.
 ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑௬ㄝ㸸㛵ಀ⠇ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮(Murasugi 1991)
Murasugi (1991)ࡣࠊ2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓࡢ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᐇ㦂࣭ほᐹⓗㄪᰝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢཎᅉࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮⌮ㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ㐃యಟ- 131 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡣࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢ್ࢆᣢࡘゝㄒ࡜⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢ್ࢆࡶࡘࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࠊⱥㄒ࡞࡝ࡢከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦CP㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡸ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦TP㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᚋ
⪅ࡢゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ ᗂඣࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦CP㸧ࢆ౑࠸ࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ฿㐩ゝㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࢆタᐃࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡀ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࠕࡢࠖࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 」ྜྡモྃࡀ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀጞࡵࡿࡢࡣ 2 ṓࢆࡍࡂ࡚࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋከࡃࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌧㇟ࡀࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ」ྜྡモྃࡶ᭱ึࡣ୍ᐃࡢ⾲⌧࡛ࡢࡳ⾲ࢀࠊࡑࡢሙྜࡣࠊ」ྜ
ྡモྃ඲యࡀࠕࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅛᐃ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸(Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004b)ࠋ(18)ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣືモࡣᖖ࡟ࠕ(㈙ࡗ࡚)ࡃࢀࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊྡモࡣࠕࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺࠖ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(18)a. ࡜ࡗࡓࢇࡀ ㈙ࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺ ࡔࡼࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)b. ࡇࢀࠊࣘ࢟ࡕࡷࢇࡀ ࡃࢀࡓ ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺ ࡞ࡢࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)ࡑࡢᚋࠊ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡀ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀጞࡲࡾࠊᗂ
ඣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ㐜ࡃࡣ 4 ṓ㡭ࡲ࡛㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ(19)a. ᯤࢀ࡚ࡿ *ࡢࡢ ⰼ ࡔࡼࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;2ࠊᒅᢡືモ㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)
ࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࠊࡇࢀࠋ
b. ࡺ࠺ࡓࡀ࠶ࡋࡻࢇ࡛ࡿ *ࡢ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3ࠊಟ㣭⠇㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)c. ࡇࢀ 㛗࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡔࡡࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3ࠊᙧᐜモ㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)

Murasugi (1991)࡛ࡣࠊᮾிࡸ㛗㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࡋࡓ
ୖ࡛ࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡜㡑ᅜㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ᗂඣࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋࠊࡇࡢ 2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡲ࡛㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡀࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐩᒣ᪉ゝࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡣࠕࡀࠖ
ࠊᒓ᱁ࡣࠕࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑
ࡣ kesࠊᒓ᱁ࡣ uy ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡜㡑ᅜㄒࡢᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰࢆほᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࠕࡀ࣭kes࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ

- 132 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(20)

a. ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࢥࢵࣉ
b. Acessi otopai
uncle

tha-nunmortorcycle rinding-is(ᐩᒣ᪉ゝࠊࢣࣥ 2;11ࠊMurasugi 1991)

*kes

soli

ya. (㡑ᅜㄒࠊ2-3 years oldࠊKim1987)

KES

soundis‘Lit. (This) is the sound that a man is riding a motorcycle.’ ࡇࡇ࡛㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿせ⣲ࡣᒓ᱁࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋᒓ᱁ࡣࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣࠕࡢࠖ
ࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡣࠕuy࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣࠕࡀࠖࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣࠕkes࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵ࡢᗂඣࡣྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモⓗせ⣲ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠖᒓ᱁ࡢࠗࡢ࠘ࢆᤄධ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ
ࠕ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࠖࠕAcessi otopai*kesࠖࡣࠊྡモྃ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண

tha-nunࡉࢀࡿࠋࠕࢥࢵࣉࠖࠊࠕsoliࠖࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀྡモⓗ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡶࡋࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀⓎ
ヰࡍࡿ࡜ண
ࡀண

ࡉࢀࡿྡモྃࡣࠊࠕ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࡢ ࢥࢵࣉࠖ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜

ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᗂඣࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣ⏘ฟࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁᗂඣࡀ

㐣๫⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ௬ᐃ࡟ࡓ
࡚ࡤࠊᗂඣࡣⱥㄒ࡜(ㄒ㡰ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ)ྠࡌ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ(኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ)㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡟ࡣ஧✀㢮࠶ࡾࠊᗂඣࡀ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡣ㐪࠺ᵓ㐀ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕࡢࠖࡀఱ࠿ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࡞ࡐࠊᗂඣࡀࠕࡢࠖࢆ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ㅦࡀ
ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊMurasugi (1991)ࡢ௬ㄝ࡛ࡣࠊㄝ᫂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ
Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004b)ࡣ GLOW in Asia (㡑ᅜ㸸ࢯ࢘ࣝ)࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ
ࢀࡣࠊỌ㔝(1960)ࡢほᐹࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋỌ㔝(1960)ࡢほᐹࡍࡿࡼ࠺
࡟ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣ஧ㄒᩥࡢẁ㝵㸦㸯ṓ௦㸧࠿ࡽぢࡽࢀࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣᒓ᱁ࡶ T ࡸ C ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓせ⣲ࡶࠊⓎヰ࡟ࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ㄝࡔࡅ࡛
ࡣ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆࡍ࡭࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004b)ࡣࠊ
Ọ㔝(1960)ࡢ௦ྡモ௬ㄝࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ṇࡋࡃࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ຍ
࠼ࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 133 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究


4.3.
 ௦ྡモ௬ㄝ
Ọ㔝 (1960)ࡣࠊ ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ 2 ṓ 2 ࣨ᭶࡛⾲ࢀጞࡵࡿ๓࡟ࠊ(21)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀࠊྠ᫬࡟(22)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(21)

ࡢࠋ(2;1)a. ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ
b. ࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡢ
ࡢࠋ(2;1) (Ọ㔝 1960)(22)ࡢ ࡯ࢃࡋ㸦=࠾⠂㸧 (2;1)
a. ࡯ࢃࡋ ኱ࡁ࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࢔࣒ࢼ㸦=ࣁࣝࢼ㸧(2;1)
b. ࢔࣒ࢼࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ *ࡢ(Ọ㔝 1960)

Ọ㔝㸦1960㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢࡳࡀ⏘ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙜヱࡢᗂඣࡣࠊᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆᤄධࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁሙᡤ࡛ࡣࠊ୍ษᒓ
᱁ࢆᤄධࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽࠊỌ㔝㸦1960)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣᒓ᱁࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜
⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ
Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004b), ᮧᮡ࣭ᶫᮏ(2006)ࡣࠊỌ㔝(1960)࡜ࣃࣛࣞࣝ࡞Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࡀࠊᶫᮏẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿࠕ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࠖ࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌
ࡋࠊỌ㔝(1960)ࡢ௬ㄝࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ௦ྡモ௬ㄝ㸦࡞ࡽࡧ࡟⿵
ᩥᶆ㆑௬ㄝ㸧ࡣࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୰㇂཭⨾Ặࡢ⾜ࡗࡓࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖ
ࡢ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୰㇂཭⨾Ặࡢほᐹ࡟ࡼࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࢹ࣮
ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫసᡂࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓᗂඣ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡶࡲࡓࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓึᮇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ᣦ♧ⓗྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠊࡋࡤࡋ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࢆ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᒓ᱁ࡢ࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡟ྠ
ᵝࡢⓎヰࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡢᐇᅾᛶࡣࠊPRAAT ࡟ࡼࡾド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(23)a. ࠶ࡗࡃࢇ ࡕ࠸ࡕࡷ࠸ ࡢ ࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇࠋ(2;4)
b. ࠶ࡗࡃࢇ// (㛫) //ࡕ࠸ࡕࡷ࠸ ࡢ// (㛫) // ࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇ

(24)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢࡺ࠺ࡓࡢⓎヰࢆ PRAAT (Boersma and Weenink 2009)࡛ศᯒ
ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࡢࠖ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢᣦ♧ⓗྡモࡢ㛫࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡞࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋ

- 134 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(24)

ᮏࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡢࠊᮏ ࡔࠋ(1;10)ᅗ㸯ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊࡇࡢⓎヰࡀ 2 ࡘࡢ㒊ศ࠿ࡽᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣࠊ2 ṓ௨㝆࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ」ྜྡモྃෆ࡛࠾ࡁࡿࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ
ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࠋ2 ṓ௨㝆࡛」ྜྡモྃෆࡢ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢሙྜࡣࠊᅗ 2 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࠖࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᅗ 2࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊ௦ྡモࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀࡓ࠶࡜࡟ࠊ࣏࣮ࢬ(㛫)ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋMurasugi and
Hashimoto (2004), ᮧᮡ࣭ᶫᮏ(2006), Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣᩥἲୖࡢㄗ⏝࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ2 ㄒᩥࡢẁ㝵ࡢᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰୖ㸦ࡢ㝈⏺㸧ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ♧ࡍ౛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᏊ౪ࡣࡲࡔಟ㣭ᵓ㐀ࢆ᏶඲࡟୺せ㒊࡜ేྜ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㍍࠸ྡモ㸦௦ྡモࠕࡢࠖ㸧ࢆ୺せ㒊࡟ࡋࡓྡモྃࢆࡲࡎసࡗ࡚ᯟࢆస
ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ࡟ᣦ♧ⓗྡモࢆⓎヰࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣేྜ᧯స(merger)ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊព࿡ⓗෆᐜࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸(㍍࠸)௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ྡモྃࢆࡲࡎేྜࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㢧ᅾ໬ࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

4.4. ᒓ᱁௬ㄝ
 Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ௦ྡモࠊ2 ṓ࠿
ࡽ 4 ṓ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡢࡳ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᶓᒣ(1990)࡟ࡼࡿほᐹࡀᇶᮏ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ᶓᒣ (1990)ࡢᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖࡀ㸦ṇࡋࡃ㸧ᤄධࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࡢᚋ࡟ࡢࡳࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀほᐹࡉࢀ- 135 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡿẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡣ㸯ṓ㸯㸯ࣨ᭶ࠊ㔝ᆅẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹグ㘓㸦ࠕࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࠖ㸸CHILDES ཰㘓㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤ 2 ṓ 0 ࣨ᭶࡛ࠊ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆᤄධࡋࠊࠕ࠾∗ࡉࢇࡢヰࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྡモྃࢆ౑࠸ጞࡵࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠࡌ㡭ࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモ࡟ࡢࡳࠊࠕࡢࠖࡀᤄධࡉࢀࡓྡモྃࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

(25)

a. ᪂ࡋ࠸*ࡢࡢ ⣬ (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 1;11)b. ⓑ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࡈ㣤 (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)c. ᑠࡉ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࡪ࠺ࡪ࠺ ㏻ࡗࡓ ࡼࠋ(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 1;11)ࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡢほᐹグ㘓ࢆ PRAAT ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ᅗ3ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕⓑ࠸ࡢࡈ㣤ࠖࡀ୍ᐃࡢᵓᡂ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊୖ࡟♧ࡋࡓ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣᏊ౪ࡣࡲࡔ」ྜྡ
モྃࢆⓎヰࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊศ⿣ᩥࡶほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ
ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀᒓ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡣከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ(ᒾῲࠊᮧ▼ 1968, Harada 1980, 1984, Clancy 1985, ᶓᒣ 1990, ఀ⸨ 1998௚)ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊᶓᒣ (1990)ࡣࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡣࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊࢆゝཬࡍࡿᙧᐜモ࡜ඹ࡟⾲ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺୙ྍᛮ㆟࡞ほᐹ⤖ᯝࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢほᐹࡣࠊMurasugi and
Hashimoto (2004b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡍᙧᐜモࡣ᫬ไࡢᒅᢡࢆకࢃࡎࠊᖖ
࡟⌧ᅾᙧ࡛࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺グ㏙࡜▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ- 136 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(26)

a. ኱ࡁ࠸*ࡢࡢ 㨶 (1;8)
b. ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࠺ࢇࡕ(2;0)ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ୰㇂࡟ࡼࡿ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ㸦ࡺ࠺ࡓ㸧ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜㔝ᆅẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹグ㘓㸦ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ㸸CHILDES ཰㘓㸧ࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᶓᒣ
(1990)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓࠊ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿほᐹ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ
ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧ࡜ゝࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ᫬ࡢࡳࠊ
ࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀぢࡽࢀࠊ୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕ③࠸ࠖ
ࠕ㔜࠸ࠖ
ࠕᛧ࠸ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢᙧᐜモࡣࠊ᫬ไࢆక
ࡗ࡚ླྀ㏙ⓗ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣྡモࡢ๓࡟ࡣ⾲ࢀࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆక࠺஦ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ

(27)

a. ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇࢀࠋ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇࢀࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 1;10)b. ࡇࡇ ࡤࡤࡕ࠸ ࡼࡡࠋ(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;0)c. ࠾ẕࡕࡷࢇ ࡱࢇࡱ(=⫶) ࠸ࡓ࠸ ࡢ㸽(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;0)ࡇࢀࡽࡢグ㏙ⓗ୍⯡໬࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ወ
ጁ࡞୍⯡໬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆၥ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⟅࠼ࡢ୍ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀᙧᐜモࢆ኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⠊␪࡛࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⰍࡸᙧࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ
ࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖࢆࡦࡁ࠾ࡇࡍᙧᐜモࡣࠊᐇࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᙧᐜモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྡモⓗせ⣲㸦ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖࢆࡦࡁ࠾ࡇࡉ࡞࠸ᙧᐜモࡣࠊືモⓗせ⣲㸦ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡼࡾᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡣࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡢⓎヰࠊ⾲ 2 ࡣࠕࢫ࣑ࣁ
ࣞࠖࡢⓎヰ ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡢ㐣ཤᙧࡀᴟࡵ࡚㐜ࡃ⾲ࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊືモⓗᙧᐜモࡢ㐣ཤᙧࡣẚ㍑ⓗ᪩ࡃ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ






- 137 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

⾲ 1: ᙧᐜモࡢ⌧ᅾᙧࠊ㐣ཤᙧࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀጞࡵࡓᖺ㱋㸦ࡺ࠺ࡓ㸧ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸦ゐぬࠊどぬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸧ᙧᐜモ ⌧ᅾᙧ㐣ཤᙧ኱ࡁ࠸ ኱ࡁ࠸(1;8)኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;0)ᑠࡉ࠸ ᑠࡉ࠸(1;11)ᑠࡉ࠸࠿ࡗࡓ(2;1)

ᙧᐜモ
③࠸
࠾࠸ࡋ࠸

⌧ᅾᙧ
③࠸(1;11)࠾࠸ࡋ࠸(1;10)㯮࠸ᛧ࠸

ᛧ࠸(1;10)㯮࠸(2;0)㯮࠿ࡗࡓ(2;4)ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㐣ཤᙧ③࠿ࡗࡓ(1;11)࠾࠸ࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ
(1;10)
ᛧ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;2)⾲ 2: ᙧᐜモࡢ⌧ᅾᙧࠊ㐣ཤᙧࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀጞࡵࡓᖺ㱋㸦ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ㸧ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸦ゐぬࠊどぬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸧ᙧᐜモ ⌧ᅾᙧ㐣ཤᙧ኱ࡁ࠸ ኱ࡁ࠸(1;11)኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;9)
㉥࠸㉥࠸(1;11)㉥࠿ࡗࡓ(4;0)ⓑ࠸ⓑ࠸(2;2)ⓑ࠿ࡗࡓ(3;6)ືモⓗᙧᐜモ
ᙧᐜモ
③࠸
㔜࠸
⮯࠸

⌧ᅾᙧ
③࠸(1;8)㔜࠸(1;8)⮯࠸(2;2)㐣ཤᙧ③࠿ࡗࡓ(2;0)㔜࠿ࡗࡓ(2;2)⮯࠿ࡗࡓ(2;3)ࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ኱ேࡢᙧᐜモ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᙧᐜモࢆྡモⓗ࠿ືモⓗ࠿࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡣୖグࡢグ㏙ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ௚ࡢ஦ᐇ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶㄝ᫂ຊࢆࡶࡘࠋ
౛࠼ࡤࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆక࠺ྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡣࠊᣦ♧ⓗྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ(኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ) 㡯ࡢ఩⨨࡟⾲ࢀࡿࠋ(28)

a. *㯤Ⰽ࠸ ࡜ *㉥࠸ ࡜  (ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;9)b. *ᑠࡉ࠸ ࡇ࠾࡚(=㈙ࡗ࡚)ࡸ(29)(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;7)*ࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ*ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚…ࡇࢇ࡞*኱ࡁ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚… (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;2)(28a)ࡢᙧᐜモࠕ㯤Ⰽ࠸ࠖࠕ㉥࠸ࠖࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠕ㯤Ⰽ࠸ࢡࣞࣚࣥࠖ
ࠕ㉥࠸ࢡࣞࣚࣥࠖࢆព࿡ࡋࠊ
(28b)ࡢࠕᑠࡉ࠸ࠖࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࠊᑠࡉ࠸≟ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡣ᱁ࢆ࠺ࡅ
࡚⾲ࢀࠊࡲࡓ(29)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙧᐜモࡀ୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⾲ࢀࠊ୺᱁ࠕࡀࠖࡀకࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ドᣐ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)ࡣࠊ Ⰽࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊ≧ែࡢᙧᐜモࡣྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚㛫㐪ࡗ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓᙧᐜモ࡟ࠊ(኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ṇࡋࡃ)ᒓ᱁ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶓᒣ (1990)࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡓグ㏙ⓗ୍⯡໬ࡣࠊᙧᐜモ࡜࠸࠺⠊␪ࡢ⋓ᚓࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᒓ᱁ࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 138 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊᏊ౪ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࢆྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࢆ⾲ࡍᙧᐜモࡣ௚ࡢ᝟⥴ⓗࠊホ౯ⓗ࡞ᙧᐜモ࡜␗࡞ࡾලయྡモ࡟㏻ࡎࡿ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(Berman
1988, Mints and Gleitman 2002)ࠋࡲࡓࠊde Villiers and de Villiers (1978)ࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡀ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊ
Ⰽࢆ⾲ࡍᙧᐜモࢆ୍ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭦࡟ࠊᙧᐜモࡣ ࠕὶືⓗ⠊␪ࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ⩦ᚓࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࡿㄽࡶ࠶ࡿ(Gassar and Smith 1998, Berman 1988, Polinsky
2005, ௚)ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠊ(30)࡟ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᙧᐜモࡶྡモࡶࠕ࡛ࡍࠖࡢ๓࡟⾲ࢀࠊࡲࡓ(31)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᙧᐜモࡶືモࡶ᫬ไࢆక࠸ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᙧᐜモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤫ㄒⓗᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࡀ
᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(30)a. ㉥࠸࡛ࡍࠋ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
b. ㉥࡛ࡍࠋ㸦ྡモ㸧

(31)

a. ኱ࡁ࠸í኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
b. ㉥࠸í㉥࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
c. 㣗࡭ࡿí㣗࡭ࡓ㸦ືモ㸧
d. 㣧ࡴí㣧ࢇࡔ㸦ືモ㸧ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇ࡜ศᯒࡣࠊᙧᐜモࡣࠊࡑࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ⠊␪࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ୰ࡢᙧᐜモ࡜࠸࠺⠊␪ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ࡶ㏻ࡎࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᗂඣࡢᩥἲ
⋓ᚓ㏵ୖ࡟ࡣࠊ
㸦኱ேࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸧ྡモࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ᙧᐜモ㸦ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡜ືモࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ᙧᐜモ㸦ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧ࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ࡜ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ
㸦኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸧ᒓ᱁ࢆᤄධࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ
ࠕᒓ᱁ࡢࠗࡢ࠘ࠖ௬ㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓẁ㝵ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ6
60 ᖺ࡟ཬࢇ࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊグ㏙ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡍࡽ▩┪ࢆᏎࡴΰ஘ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢ᰿ᖿ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ
ࡀ༢⊂ࡢ⌧㇟࡜ಙࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࠖࡀఱ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ၥ࠸࡟↔Ⅼࡀ࠶࡚ࡽࢀࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀ࡞ࡐ࠾ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡞࠸ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡇ


Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢせᅉࡀࠕࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᭦࡟⿬௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
- 139 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究࡜ࡶࠊΰ஘ࡢཎᅉࡢ୍➃࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊ(i)௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖ(1 ṓᚋ༙)ࠊ(ii)ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖ
㸦2 ṓ๓ᚋ㸧ࠊ(iii)⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖ(2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ)ࠊࡢ 3 ࡘࡢẁ㝵ࢆྵࡴ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㐣ཤ 60 ᖺ࡟ゝㄒ⋓ᚓྐࡢ୰࡛ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 3 ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ṇࡋ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋゝㄒ⌮ㄽୖࠕ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢタᐃ࡟ࡼࡾ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢሙྜࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊేྜ᧯సࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᙧ
ᐜモࡢ⤫ㄒ⠊␪ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㉳ᅉࡋࠊ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ኱ேࡢ
ࡑࢀ࡜㱈㱒ࡀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏ⠇࡛ᴫほࡋࡓᗂඣࡀぢࡏࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡶࡲࡓࠊゝㄒࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼ࡿ㔜せ࡞㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ(ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ)ࡢୗ࡛ࠕ࡞ࡐࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࢆᑕ⛬࡟ධࢀ୍࡚ᐃࡢᇶ‽ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ẚ㍑᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊேࡢᚰ࡟ᐇᅾࡍࡿᩥἲ
ࡢ㔜せ࡞≉ᛶࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣぢࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ

5. ⤖ࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚㸸⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ᗂඣࡣ↓ព㆑࡟ᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ㐨ࢆ㎺ࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ᮇ࠿ࡽ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ๓❶ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡸ⛣ື࡟࠿࠿ࡿไ⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤂௓࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ
ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㡯๐㝖࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩࡟࠾࠸࡚ᩪ⸨Ặ࡜㧗ᶫẶࡀ኱ேࡢయ⣔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㡯๐㝖ࡣᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ゝㄒࡢ⊂≉࡞≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ㡯๐㝖௨እࡢ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒ⌧㇟࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡿ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀ⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ࡟㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ✵ࡢ㡯ࡢඛ⾜モࡀ↷ᛂᙧࢆྵࡴሙ
ྜࠊཝᐦྠ୍ㄞࡳ(strict-identity interpretation)࡜⦆࠸ྠ୍ㄞࡳ(sloppy-identity interpretation)ࡀ
ぢࡽࢀࠊ(38b)ࡣከ⩏ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ(38)a. ࢪࣙࣥࡀ⮬ศࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆቯࡋࡓࠋ  b. ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡶ e ቯࡋࡓࠋ
(e = ࢪࣙࣥࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮)ࡇࡢ⦆࠸ྠ୍ㄞࡳࡣ௦ྡモ㸦ࡑࢀ㸧ࢆ౑ࡗࡓᩥ࡛ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 140 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(39)

a.

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ⮬ศࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆ ቯࡋࡓࠋb.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡶࡑ
ࡑࢀࢆ ቯࡋࡓࠋ
(ࡑࢀ = ࢪࣙࣥࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ#࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮)ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ(38)ࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒࡣ௦ྡモ pro ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ 㡯(DP)ࡢ๐㝖࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᗂඣࡢ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㡯๐㝖࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ౛ࡣࠊືモࡀά⏝ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ 2 ṓ๓༙࡜࠸࠺᪩ᮇ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸦40a㸧ࡣࠊࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀࣃࣥࢶࢆ୍ே࡛ᒚ
ࡃ࡜ࡁࠊ㸦40b㸧ࡣࠊࣞࣔࣥỈࢆ࠸ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ∗ぶࡀࠕ࠾ẕࡕࡷࢇࡢࡣ㸽ࠖ࡜⪺࠸࡚ࠊࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀẕぶ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚⏘ฟࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ, 㸦40c㸧ࡣࠊẕぶ࡟ᢪ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᘵ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡲࡓ࠾ࡗࡥ࠸㣧ࢇࡔ㸽ࠖ࡜⪺࠿ࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ㸦40d㸧ࡣࠊẕࡀᘵࡢ࠾࠿ࡺࢆࡓࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ẕぶࡀࠕ࠾⢛ࡓࡇ࠺ࡡࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⪺࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀⓎヰࡋࡓ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(40) a. ࡰࡃࡶࡦ࡜ࡾ ࡣࡃ (2;01)
 b. ࠾࠿࠶ࡕࡷࢇࡶ ࡢࡴ㸽(2;03)c. ࡲࡓ ࡰࡃࡶࡢࡴࡼ (2;04)
d. ࡰࡃࡶࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࡡ (2;05)᭦࡟ࠊᮡᓮẶࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡇࡢ㡯๐㝖ࡢࡶࡘ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᗂඣࡀほᐹࡋ࠺ࡿ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇ㦂ⓗ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ᮇ࠿ࡽ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
♧ࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᗂඣࡢᩥἲⓗ࡞ࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢไ㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋẕㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್ࡣࠊ⥲ࡌ࡚᪩ᮇ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒࡢヰ⪅࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀฟࡎࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ
⮬㌟ࡢẕㄒ࡟୙ᚲせ࡞≉ᛶࢆࠕᤞ࡚ࡿࠖ㐣⛬ࡶ⤒࠺ࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁẕㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟チࡉࢀࡓᩥἲ್ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒࡣᏛ⩦ࡸ⤒㦂ࠊᵓᩥࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ᥎ㄽࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡾ⩦ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠶ࡿඹ㏻ᛶ࡜ከᵝᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࠊゝㄒ⎔ቃ࡟࠶ࡿẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡸືモࡢ⮬ືモ࣭௚ືモࡢࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘஺᭰࡞࡝ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝ࢆ࡜ࡾୖࡆࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩥἲⓗㄗ⏝ࡀࠊ༢࡞ࡿࠗ㛫㐪࠼࡛࠘ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍ

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言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸦ẕㄒ௨እࡢ㸧ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ⾲ࢀࡿẁ㝵࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ
᱌ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᗂඣࡀẕㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜ࡣࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡂ㛗ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡀලయⓗ࡟࡞ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋChomsky (1981)ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡏࡤࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡜ࡣࠊẕㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್ࡀ࡞ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡛チࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ್ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢ୰࠿ࡽ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ẕㄒࡢ್ࡀᙜヱࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮
ࡢࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺ್࡛࡞࠸࡜ࡁࠊ
࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭷ᶆ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡣࠊ▐᫬ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
20 ୡ⣖๓༙ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻ࡣࠊ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗ࡟ࡣከᵝ࡞ᙧ≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿẼ㇟᮲௳ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽࠊẼ㇟᮲௳࡜㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣࠊࠗ㞷࠘㸦ᒾἼᩥᗜ㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡉ࡚ࠊ㞷ࡣ㧗ᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡎ୰ᚰ㒊ࡀฟ᮶ࡑࢀࡀᆅ⾲ࡲ࡛㝆ࡗ࡚᮶ࡿ㛫ࠊྛᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿ⏕㛗ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊ」㞧࡞ᙧ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊᆅ⾲࡬㐩ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗᙧཬࡧᶍᵝࡀዴఱ࡞ࡿ᮲௳࡛ฟ᮶ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࢀࡤࠊ⤖ᬗࡢ㢧ᚤ㙾෗┿ࢆぢࢀࡤࠊୖᒙ࠿ࡽᆅ⾲ࡲ࡛ࡢ኱Ẽࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࢆேᕤⓗ࡟సࡗ࡚ぢ࡚ࠊኳ↛࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ㞷ࡢ඲✀㢮ࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ
᮶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢᐇ㦂ᐊෆࡢᐃ್࠿ࡽࠊ௒ᗘࡣ㏫࡟ࡑࡢᙧࡢ㞷ࡀ㝆ࡗࡓ᫬ࡢୖᒙࡢẼ㇟ࡢ≧ែࢆ㢮᥎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢࢀࡤ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࡣࠊኳ࠿ࡽ㏦ࡽࢀࡓᡭ
⣬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ୰ࡢᩥྃࡣ⤖ᬗࡢᙧཬࡧᶍᵝ࡜࠸࠺ᬯྕ࡛᭩࠿
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᬯྕࢆㄞࡳ࡜ࡃ௙஦ࡀ༶ࡕேᕤ㞷ࡢ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶฟ᮶
ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ
㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗ࡟ከᵝ࡞ᙧ≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡶከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢከᵝᛶࡶࡲࡓࠊ
ே㛫ゝㄒ࡟₯ࡴཎ⌮ⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ7 ࡇࡢ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࡿ
࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒᏛࡣ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡶࡲࡓࠊኳ࠿ࡽ㏦ࡽࢀࡓᡭ⣬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋᡭ⣬࡟࠶ࡿᩥ❶ࡣࠊᙜヱࡢᗂඣࡢࠕẕㄒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ
ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᩥἲࢆㄞࡳゎࡃ௙஦ࡀࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࡢ࣮ࣝࢶࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ


ᮏ✏࡛ᘬ⏝ࡍࡿ୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻ࡢⴭస࡜⮬↛⛉Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඃࢀࡓ▱ぢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ゝㄒ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
໭ཎஂႹẶࡢ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ࡢ㞟୰ㅮ⩏㸦 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸧࡟࡚ࡈᩍ♧࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠊ
グࡋ࡚ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ

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恵子）

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ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

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୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻 (1994) ࠗ㞷࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
Ọ㔝㈼ (1960) ࠕᗂඣࡢゝㄒⓎ㐩ʊ࡜ࡃ࡟ຓモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ⩦ᚓ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ 㛵す኱ᏛᅜᩥᏛ఍ࠊࠗᓥ⏣ᩍᤵྂᕼグᛕᅜᩥᏛㄽ㞟࠘405–418.
㔝ᆅ₶ᐙ㸦㸧ࠗᗂඣゝㄒࡢ⏕άࡢᐇែ ,㹼,9࠘ᩥ໬ホㄽฟ∧ᮾி㸬ᮧᮡᜨᏊ༳ๅ୰  ࠕᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣ࡞ࡐ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࠿㸸ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢᙺ๭ࠖ ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲ࠘ ➨  ᕳ  ྕࠊࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧ᮧᮡᜨᏊࠊᶫᮏ▱Ꮚ  ࠕゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྡモྃෆ࡛ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖKSL 26ࠊ㛵すゝㄒᏛ఍ࠊ12–21.
ᶓᒣṇᖾ (1990)ࠕᗂඣࡢ㐃యಟ㣭Ⓨヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿຓモࠕࣀࠖࡢㄗ⏝ࠖ
ࠗⓎ㐩ᚰ⌮Ꮫ◊✲࠘1, 2–9.

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