Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (Korean Version)

2 , 2021

International Press-in Association압입공법 설계 및 시공 지침서제 2 판, 2021 년International Press-in Association압입공법 설계 및 시공 지침서 제 2 판, 2021 년

ISBN: 978-4-909722-02-7 C3050 (PDF 버전)

COPYRIGHT@2021
byInternational Press-in Association초판 발행일: 2023 년 9 월 30 일본 지침서는 압입공법의 설계 및 시공에 대해 정확하고 공신력 있는 정보를 제공하기 위해작성되었습니다. 따라서 저자와 발행인이 특정 법률 서비스 또는 기타 모든 전문적인 서비스 제공에관여하지 않는다는 조건 하에 판매·배포됩니다. 본 지침서는 정확성과 완성도를 확보하기 위해 최선을다하였으나 적합성을 보증하지는 않으며, 저자와 발행인은 본 지침서의 사용으로 인해 발생되는 어떠한손실과 손해에 관하여 책임지지 않습니다.
본 지침서는 번역본을 포함하여 저작권법의 보호를 받으며 무단 전재와 복제를 금지합니다. 본지침서의 어떤 부분도 발행인(International Press-in Association(IPA), 5F, Sanwa Konan Bldg, 2-4-3 Konan, Minatoku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan)의 사전 서면 허가 없이 어떠한 형태와 수단으로도 복사되거나, 검색 시스템에저장 전송할 수 없습니다.

목차
서문
정의
제 1 장 개요1.1

적용 범위 ········································································································ 1-1

1.2

지침서 구성 ····································································································· 1-2

1.3

압입공법
1.3.1

압입공법의 종류················································································· 1-2

1.3.2

반력말뚝식 압입공법 특징 ··································································· 1-5
1.3.2.1 반력말뚝식 압입공법 실용화······················································ 1-5
1.3.2.2 반력말뚝식 압입공법의 메커니즘················································ 1-6
1.3.2.3 저소음·저진동 ········································································· 1-7
1.3.2.4 강성지반 문제 대응 ·································································· 1-9
1.3.2.5 한정된 작업 공간에 대한 대응················································· 1-11
1.3.2.6 자립식 흙막이 구조물 시공시 반력말뚝식 압입공법의 장점 ········· 1-12
1.3.2.7 환경 영향 최소화 ··································································· 1-15
1.3.2.8 시공데이터의 자동 수집 및 활용·············································· 1-17
1.3.2.9 기타 특성·············································································· 1-18
1.3.2.10 특성 요약 ············································································ 1-19

1.3.3

기존 공법과 반력말뚝식 압입공법 비교··············································· 1-20
1.3.3.1 강널말뚝 시공방법(U 형, Z 형, 모자형, 제로 널말뚝) ···················· 1-20
1.3.3.2 경량 강널말뚝 시공방법 ·························································· 1-21
1.3.3.3 강관 널말뚝 시공방법(P-P, P-T, L-T 인터록) ································· 1-21
1.3.3.4 강관말뚝 시공방법 ································································· 1-22
1.3.3.5 콘크리트 널말뚝 시공방법······················································· 1-22
1.3.3.6 PC 벽체 시공방법···································································· 1-23
1.3.3.7 복합 벽 시공방법 ··································································· 1-23

1.4

매입 구조물에 반력말뚝식 압입공법의 적용예
1.4.1 흙막이 구조물(흙막이 옹벽, 제방, 호안, 가설 흙막이벽, 마감공 등)··············· 1-24
1.4.2 제방 보강 공사, 해변 보호 공사 ······························································· 1-26
1.4.3 액상화 대응방안 ····················································································· 1-26
1.4.4 차수벽··································································································· 1-26
1.4.5 응력 차단벽 ··························································································· 1-26
1.4.6 제방 안정화 작업, 산사태 방지 작업, 재해 복구 ········································· 1-26
1.4.7 기초공사(토목구조물, 항만, 건축) ···························································· 1-27
1.4.8 내력 흙막이벽 ························································································ 1-28

1.5

관련된 기준 및 지침서 ···················································································· 1-29

참고 자료 ··············································································································· 1-31i제 2 장 계획 및 조사
2.1

계획
2.1.1

개요 ································································································· 2-1

2.1.2

계획 시 검토 사항·············································································· 2-1
2.1.2.1

대상지점의

지형,

지질,

지반조건,

지하수,

기상조건

등의

조사·검토 ············································································· 2-2
2.1.2.2 주변 환경·인근 구조물에 미치는 영향과 시공 제약의 조사·검토 ··· 2-2
2.1.2.3 시공조건의 조사·검토 ······························································· 2-3
2.1.2.4 흙막이벽의 목적, 한계상태, 설계조건, 성능 요건 및 기준 ············· 2-3
2.1.2.5 설계 조건················································································ 2-3
2.2

조사
2.2.1

개요 ································································································· 2-5

2.2.2

조사의 목적 및 내용 ·········································································· 2-5
2.2.2.1 관련 문서 및 데이터 수집························································· 2-5
2.2.2.2 현장 탐색················································································ 2-5
2.2.2.3 지반 조사················································································ 2-6
2.2.2.4 시공에 영향을 줄 수 있는 조건 조사········································ 2-10
2.2.2.5 환경 보존 관련 조사 ······························································ 2-10
2.2.2.6 압입 데이터에 따른 지반 조건 평가 ········································· 2-10

2.2.3

조사 보고서····················································································· 2-11참고 자료 ················································································································ 2-11
제 3 장 설계지침3.1

서언 ················································································································ 3-1

3.2

설계의 일반사항
3.2.1

설계의 기본 원칙 ··············································································· 3-1
3.2.1.1 범위························································································· 3-1
3.2.1.2 성능 요건 체계 ········································································· 3-2
3.2.1.3 한계상태, 하중, 설계 조건 ·························································· 3-2
3.2.1.4 성능 요건 ················································································· 3-4
3.2.1.5 성능 기준 ················································································· 3-4
3.2.1.6 성능 확인 프로세스 ··································································· 3-5
3.2.1.7 설계사 자격요건 ········································································ 3-6
3.2.1.8 문서························································································· 3-6

3.2.2

공사 기록을 사용한 설계의 검토/수정 ··················································· 3-6

3.2.3

도로 흙막이벽을 위한 하중 및 설계 조건·············································· 3-6
3.2.3.1 일반 ······················································································· 3-6
3.2.3.2 자중 ······················································································· 3-7
ii

3.2.3.3 토압 및 수압 ··········································································· 3-7
3.2.3.4 지진시 지반운동으로 인한 하중 ················································· 3-7
3.2.3.5 지표면에 대한 하중 ·································································· 3-7
3.2.3.6 적설 하중················································································ 3-8
3.2.3.7 풍하중 ···················································································· 3-8
3.2.3.8 충돌 하중················································································ 3-8
3.2.3.9 기타 하중················································································ 3-8
3.2.3.10 일반적인 설계의 하중 조합······················································ 3-8
3.2.4

재료 ································································································· 3-8
3.2.4.1 기성 말뚝 ··············································································· 3-9
3.2.4.2 강재의 특성 ············································································ 3-9
3.2.4.3 부식 여유/부식 방지 ································································ 3-9
3.2.4.4 유효 휨강성 ············································································ 3-9

3.3

매입 캔틸레버(자립식) 흙막이벽 설계································································ 3-10
3.3.1 설계 고려 사항 ······················································································ 3-10
3.3.2 흙막이벽 구조물 설계 ············································································· 3-10
3.3.2.1 도로 흙막이벽을 위한 벽 구조물 설계 ····································· 3-10
3.3.2.2 항구 및 항만 안벽을 위한 벽 구조물 설계 ······························· 3-14
3.3.3 굴착 저면 안정성 검토 ············································································ 3-18
3.3.3.1 보일링에 대한 검토 ······························································· 3-18
3.3.3.2 파이핑에 대한 검토 ······························································· 3-18
3.3.3.3 히빙에 대한 검토 ·································································· 3-19
3.3.3.4 저면 융기에 대한 검토··························································· 3-19
3.3.3.5 굴착 저면의 안정성 개선 조치 ················································ 3-19
3.3.4 전반적인 안정성 검토 ············································································· 3-20
3.3.5 인근 구조물에 미치는 영향 검토 ······························································ 3-21
3.3.5.1 흙막이벽 변형으로 인한 지반 변형 ·········································· 3-21
3.3.5.2 지하 수위 저하로 인한 지반 침하 ··········································· 3-21
3.3.5.3 매입 흙막이벽 인발로 인한 지반 침하 ····································· 3-21
3.3.5.4 응력 완화로 인한 지반 융기 ··················································· 3-22

3.4설계보고서····································································································· 3-22참고 자료 ················································································································ 3-23
제 4 장 시공4.1

개요 ················································································································ 4-1

4.2

압입말뚝의 시공 일반사항 ················································································· 4-1
4.2.1

반력말뚝 방식의 압입공법 시공장비 ····················································· 4-2
4.2.1.1 기본적인 장비 구성 ································································· 4-2
4.2.1.2 압입 말뚝 시공장비 부품·························································· 4-3
4.2.1.3 압입식 말뚝 시공의 기본적인 동작(반복적인 상하운동) ················ 4-5
iii

4.2.1.4 압입식 말뚝 시공의 기본적인 동작(셀프워킹 Self-walking)············· 4-6
4.2.2

적합한 장비, 가압 기술, 압입 시스템의 선택 ········································· 4-7

4.2.3

기성 말뚝 ······················································································ 4-10
4.2.3.1 강관 널말뚝 ·········································································· 4-10
4.2.3.2 강관말뚝 ·············································································· 4-14
4.2.3.3 복합 벽 ················································································ 4-15
4.2.3.4 콘크리트 널말뚝···································································· 4-16
4.2.3.5 PC 벽체················································································· 4-16

4.3

시공 계획 ······································································································ 4-17
4.3.1

시공 계획의 일반사항 ······································································· 4-17

4.3.2

압입말뚝 시공 작업 시 고려사항 ························································ 4-17
4.3.2.1 지반 조건에 적합한 가압 공법 및 말뚝의 선택 ························· 4-17
4.3.2.2 강관 널말뚝 가압 공법··························································· 4-19
4.3.2.3 조인트부 사용 유무에 따른 강관말뚝 가압 공법························ 4-24
4.3.2.4 현장 제약을 극복하는 압입식 시스템 ······································· 4-28
4.3.2.5 말뚝 간 공간을 확보하는 말뚝 시공 프로세스(c.t.c. 간격 2.5 D) ··· 4-39

4.3.3

압입말뚝 시공을 위한 시공계획서 작성··············································· 4-41
4.3.3.1 압입 말뚝 시공장비, 가압 공법, 압입 시스템 ···························· 4-41
4.3.3.2 장비, 자재 운송 계획 ····························································· 4-41
4.3.3.3 장비 및 자재 배치 계획 ························································· 4-43
4.3.3.4 말뚝 시공 일정 관리······························································ 4-48
4.3.3.5 공사 관리 계획 ····································································· 4-48
4.3.3.6 환경 보존 계획 ····································································· 4-48
4.3.3.7 보건 및 안전 관리 계획 ························································· 4-50
4.3.3.8 현장 조직 계획 ····································································· 4-52

4.4압입말뚝 시공 작업 ························································································ 4-54
4.4.1

준비 작업························································································ 4-54

4.4.2

말뚝 시공 절차 ················································································ 4-54
4.4.2.1 압입 말뚝 시공에 주로 사용되는 기법 ····································· 4-54
4.4.2.2 최초 압입 시 프로세스··························································· 4-62
4.4.2.3 기본 압입 시 프로세스··························································· 4-65
4.4.2.4 워터젯을 이용한 압입 프로세스 ·············································· 4-69
4.4.2.5 오거(Auger)를 이용한 압입 프로세스 ········································ 4-73
4.4.2.6 회전 압입 말뚝 시공 프로세스 ················································ 4-75
4.4.2.7 복합 벽 시공 프로세스··························································· 4-79
4.4.2.8 곡선 시공 ············································································· 4-82
4.4.2.9 모서리 시공 ·········································································· 4-83
4.4.2.10 역방향 셀프워킹 ·································································· 4-84

4.4.3

시공조건에 제약을 받는 경우의 시공순서············································ 4-85
4.4.3.1 다양한 시공 제약에 따른 말뚝 시공 시 고려 사항····················· 4-85
iv

4.4.3.2 무비계(non-staging) 시스템을 위한 말뚝 시공 프로세스 ··············· 4-86
4.4.3.3 낮은 시공공간 말뚝 시스템을 위한 시공 프로세스····················· 4-90
4.4.4

말뚝 추출························································································ 4-95
4.4.4.1 인발의 영향 및 관리······························································ 4-95
4.4.4.2 인발 시 프로세스 ·································································· 4-96

4.4.5

말뚝 이음 및 절단············································································ 4-97
4.4.5.1 강관 널말뚝 이음부 용접························································ 4-97
4.4.5.2 강관말뚝 용접······································································· 4-99
4.4.5.3 볼트 이음 ············································································· 4-99
4.4.5.4 기계식 이음 ········································································· 4-100
4.4.5.5 말뚝 절단 ············································································ 4-101

4.4.6
4.5

부산물의 처리 및 폐기 ···································································· 4-101

시공감리, 시공관리, 모니터링 ·········································································· 4-102
4.5.1

개요 ······························································································ 4-102

4.5.2

시공감리, 시공관리, 모니터링 계획 ···················································· 4-102

4.5.3

현장 준비······················································································· 4-102

4.5.4

시공관리 ························································································ 4-103

4.5.5

압입말뚝 시공작업 관리 ··································································· 4-104
4.5.5.1 압입 말뚝 시공장비 제어······················································· 4-104
4.5.5.2 수동 운전을 통한 최적의 압입 매개변수 설정·························· 4-105
4.5.5.3 압입 말뚝 시공 시 수집 정보 ················································ 4-108
4.5.5.4 반복적인 상하 운동을 통한 말뚝 수직성 유지·························· 4-110
4.5.5.5 압입 데이터를 사용한 말뚝 시공 프로세스 평가······················· 4-111
4.5.5.6 압입 말뚝 시공장비의 자동 운전 ············································ 4-111
4.5.5.7 압입 데이터에 따른 지반 정보 추정 ······································· 4-112

4.5.6

압입말뚝 시공의 공정 관리 ······························································ 4-113

4.5.7

압입말뚝의 품질 관리 ······································································ 4-113

4.5.8

위생 및 안전 관리··········································································· 4-114

4.5.9

압입말뚝 시공장비의 점검 및 유지보수·············································· 4-115

4.5.10모니터링 ························································································ 4-115

4.5.11시공보고서 ····················································································· 4-116

참고 자료 ··············································································································· 4-118

v

서론
반세기

전

널말뚝을

안전하고

조용하게

시공해야

할

필요성이

대두되면서

압입말뚝공법이

개발되었습니다. 압입식 흙막이 구조물: 지침서 제１판(2016 년)에서는 그 동안 축적된 폭넓은 현장경험을 기초공학의 관점에서 설명하고 압입말뚝 시공을 통한 흙막이 구조물의 설계 및 시공에 관한유용한 정보를 각 국의 다양한 사례와 함께 정리했습니다.
2021 년 지침서 제 2 판은 2016 년 판의 개정본입니다. 본 개정본은 (i) “압입공법의 설계 및 시공지침서”(2020 년 일본어로 출판)를 개정 내용에 맞추어 수정하고, (ii) 최근 5 년 간 압입말뚝 시공장비 및연구 개발 사항을 반영하였으며, (iii) 본 지침서의 활용성을 높이기 위해 설명을 부가하고, (iv) 2016 년 판의일부 항목을 삭제하여 완성도를 높였습니다.
압입 말뚝 시공과 관련한 기존 사례에 관심이 있는 분들은 2020 년 CRC Press 에서 출판한 Malcolm
Bolton 등이 작성한 저서, “New Horizons in Piling – Development and Application of Press-in Piling”과 2019 년
IPA 에서 출판한 International Press-in Association (IPA) Research Committee 가 작성한 저서, “Press-in Piling Case
History Volume 1”을 참고하기 바랍니다.
본 지침서의 편집위원회 회장으로서, 아래에 작성된 모든 위원회 위원들께 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.
Osamu Kusakabe회장제 2 판 편집위원회
편집위원회
Yoshiaki Kikuchi, Tokyo University of Science 교수Osamu Kusakabe, Tokyo Institute of Technology 명예교수Tsunenobu Nozaki, International Press-in Association 사무국
Mitsuhiro Okada, GIKEN LTD.
Takefumi Takuma, Giken America Corporation
Masaaki Terashi, International Press-in Association
Masafumi Yamaguchi, International Press-in Association 사무국(알파벳 순서)해외 자문위원
Stuart Haigh, The University of Cambridge, 구독자
Chun Fai Leung, National University of Singapore 교수
Goh Teik Lim, AtsuNEW GIKEN Pte. Ltd.
Ramin Motamed, University of Nevada Reno 부교수(알파벳 순서)vi역자 서문본 지침서는 국제압입학회(International Press-in Association)에서 출간한 “압입공법 설계·시공지침서”를 번역한 것으로 현재 영어, 중국어, 프랑스어, 러시아어, 스페인어, 포르투갈어, 독일어,태국어, 베트남어, 아랍어를 포함한 다양한 언어로 번역되어 활용되고 있습니다.
압입공법은 반세기 전부터 말뚝을 저소음, 저 진동으로 안전하게 시공해야 하는 필요성이대두됨으로 인해 개발이 시작되었고, 협소한 작업공간, 인접 구조물과의 간섭 등의 시공공간의제약을 극복할 수 있도록 고안된 공법입니다.
압입공법 장비는 크레인을 사용하지 않고 기 시공된 말뚝 위에서 자가이동(셀프워킹)할 수 있는말뚝장비를 사용하여, 기 시공된 말뚝의 인발저항력을 이용한 말뚝 시공이 가능하므로 기존공법으로는 불가능한 현장에서도 시공이 가능하고, 공기 단축이 실현되어 작업 환경에 대한 영향을크게 감소시킬 수 있는 공법입니다.
현 정부에서의 전세계적인 탄소중립 정책 실현이 가속화되어 에너지 절감에 기여할 수 있는핵심기술 개발에 시동을 걸고 있는 시점에서 본 공법은 그 의미가 크다고 할 수 있습니다.
본 지침서는 한국지반공학회 정문경 前회장의 한국어 번역본 보급 의지로 출간하게 되었으며,대표역자로서 지반공학분야 실무에 조금이나마 기여할 수 있게 된 것을 큰 영광으로 생각합니다.
마지막으로 본 지침서는 한국 지반공학회를 통하여 발간하게 되었음을 밝히며, 귀중한 검수의견을주신 조삼덕 박사님을 비롯하여 매뉴얼이 번역되고 출판되기까지 협조해 주신 분들께 깊이감사드립니다.

2023 년 9 월대표역자 함 태 규(군산대학교 핵심연구교수)vii