Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

DAY1
Session 2

Dramas of the CPR’s 1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

I think some of you already noticed that the title of my presentation is a parody of an influential
and famous book, edited by Elinor Ostrom about 12 years ago, The Drama of the Commons. Yes, it is, but thecontent of my presentation is original. My first name is Makoto; it means ‘the truth’. I am fated anddestined to tell you true and real drama of CPR’s.

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Common Pool Resources

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The first drama is a new drama of CPR’s stimulated by REDD+.
CPR is defined as a resource with attributes of low excludability and high subtractability.

Lowexcludability refers to the attribute that it is difficult to exclude individuals from using goods. It is something
like public goods. High subtractability refers to the attribute that the benefits gotten by one individual cannot
be consumed by others. It is similar to private goods.

This table shows the characteristics of CPR’s comparing to other goods such as public goods,private goods, and club goods.

Many scholars of CPR’s share the common idea. To avoid social losses the users of CPR will2

Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

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organize themselves, take collective actions, and form self-governing associations under certain conditions.
What are the conditions for it? As you know, some scholars identified factors to help predict situations for a
successful CPR regime. One of them was Ostrom. She suggested a list of eight design principles thatcharacterize the configuration of rules devised and used by long-enduring CPR regimes.

These are the ‘Design Principles’ shown by Ostrom and her colleagues. Clearly defined boundaries,
collective-choice arrangements, and also nested enterprises for CPR’s that are part of larger systems. It
means that a CPR is not isolated.

Nested enterprises often cause problems “gap of the interest” shown in the slide. City dwellers areinterested in attention and also attention to specific functions such as biodiversity, environment, and you areinterested in CO2. But the rural residents, rural people, or local people who depend on livelihood are
different from city dwellers in terms of interest. Then conflicts occurred. How should we overcome thisproblem and contradiction?

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I conceptualize three strategies for sustainable resource use and management. The first one isresistance strategy. Here, people do not adapt to globalization and mostly refuse involvement by outsiders inorder to preserve their autonomy. An example is chisan chisho in Japanese.

The second one is adjustment

strategy. Here, people assimilate the benefits of globalization. The third one is in between, or an eclecticstrategy. This is a compromise that incorporates a partial resistance strategy and a limited adjustment strategy.
Collaborative governance of natural resources could be achieved under this strategy.

This type ofgovernance is organized through collaboration among various stakeholders who have a range of interests inlocal resource use and management.

This figure is an overview to compare the three strategies.

In the resistance strategy, local people

should be the main actors, and with the philosophy of autonomy attributed as closer. In the adjustment
strategy, the main actors are NGO’s, consultants, and etcetera, but with the philosophy of environmental
conservation and a sense of citizen. Openness is also attributed. For the eclectic strategy, local people will
be main actors, but they collaborate with various stakeholders, including NGO’s and consultants.

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Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

DAY1
Session 2

The important issue here is the difference in the degree of decision-making authority among thesethree strategies. The first one is resistance strategy; the local people have almost all the decision-making
power. In the adjustment strategy, local people only have less than 50% power. It means that they cannot
decide by themselves about their future. In the eclectic strategy, the local people have more than half and lessthan 100%.

Which will be a new drama? Which will REDD+ support? The resistance strategy is closed
because they do not want to collaborate with outsiders. Then it will not be a candidate. We can consider
about the two strategies, adjustment and eclectic. Under adjustment strategy, the local people do not havepower. I am not sure exactly about their present status and situation, but in the near future we have to shift
from the second strategy to the third strategy where the local people have their own authority to decide theirfuture, but they collaborate with outsiders, including NGO’s and consultants. It is very important to avoid
making the social safeguard issue be indulgence.

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So it is very important to know the local reality, as you know, but it is not so easy. This is thesecond original drama of sustainable local resource use.

This is a picture shown by a scholar in 1987 at Samarinda in East Kalimantan when I started to staythere for three years, at the beginning of my three-year stay. The people does not cut trees at the top of themountain when practicing shifting cultivation. I was so impressed, “Oh, this is what we call local knowledge
or traditional ecological knowledge.”
In reality, after that I visited and started fieldwork for three years in East Kalimantan, there weretrees at the top of the mountain, too. I was so confused, but it is valuable lesson to elaborate my original

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Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

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research.

Questions: was understanding of the scholar wrong because it contradicts with the field reality?
How do the Kenyah people explain their local practice? They said, “I stopped cutting trees because I havealready got enough area of swidden for this year”
Also, for the other praxis such as rotation system, because the rotation system is very important tosustain their soil fertility, they said, “To reduce labor input for weeding is the most important factor to keep therotation”.
I noticed the importance to discover the gap in between ‘emic’ and ‘etic’ perspectives. Emic isrefers to their own way of thinking, and etic referred to our thinking or perspective.

I conceptualized three categories of sustainable resource use. The first one is haphazard, thesecond one is incidental, and the third one is intended. The first mode of utilization is the unconscious
action brings about sustainable use of resources. The second one is the mode of utilization whereby
conscious action for other purposes achieves sustainable use. The third one is the mode of utilization
whereby sustainable resource management is intended. Some regulations are incorporated into customarylaw.

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This is the example of the haphazard sustainable use. Trees are left in the swiddens to prevent soil
erosion, but it is by chance.

This is an incidental one, the rotation system. They categorize secondary vegetation in accordancewith succession stage after harvesting rice.

Then they cut jekau here to make swidden again. It means theywait until the vegetation grows up to the stage of jekau. It is not for sustainability but for avoiding muchlabor for weeding.

This is also an example of incidental one.

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Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

DAY1
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For intended sustainable use, this is Iriai communal forest in Japan. They have tight regulations interms of tools, seasons, and species.
This is also an example of the intended one by the Kenyah people in Kalimantan. They have loose
regulations.

Can the local people create an original drama? There is a great possibility to collaborate with themeven though concrete measures will be varied according to the categories. At the same time, we can also
observe unsustainable forest resource use. Actually, both are realities. They are neither the culprit nor
innocent, also neither always conservator nor destroyer. When we regard the local people as stakeholders ofREDD+, we should not regard them as main drivers or culprits, but main players and partners for sustainable

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forest management. Even though this is common sense in the field of community forestry and participatory
forest management, I am not sure if REDD+ stakeholders consider and agree to this or not.

Next, let us focus on the forestry activities. I have to show you a hard drama of participatory
forest management.
This is a challenge of participatory forest management to REDD+. My question is, “Are REDD+
activities through incentivizing forest conservation under existing participatory forest management regime
promising or not?” Mainly degraded and low value forests were allocated to the local people, because forests
are of little or no interest to powerful actors. It is very clear it is very difficult to maintain in good forest
condition. Allotments to the people are mainly small in size. It increases transaction costs per ton on CO2
sequestered.

Deforestation outside conservation islands, and partially leakage, also occurs even in thecountries as global leaders in terms of decentralization.

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Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

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This shows the evidence; five leading countries in terms of participatory forest management.
There are also many units, each unit is small, and also deforestation happened.

In order to overcome the difficulties, we have to expand our perspective. We should not limit ourview only to forest sector. This is the last drama; implicative drama of sustainable livelihood based on
various land uses.

I will show you the results of the fieldwork at four indigenous people’s villages. It is better to show
you the picture.

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This is the traditional land uses. Rubber garden are different from modernized rubber plantation.
Also, rattan was also the main income source in the past. For orchard, they call them lembo . Swidden
agriculture is very important to get their staple food, rice.
These are new land uses by them; cacao garden, and rubber plantation subsidized by thegovernment, and also oil palm plantation. Oil palm plantation by the private company needs at least 3000
hectares to get benefits. It means a large area, big scale.

This shows the results. Green color indicates traditional land uses.

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Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

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They have high preference for rubber plantation and traditional rubber gardens because of highprofitability. Also, they have high and medium preference of swidden agriculture because it is important interms of staple food security. They have medium preference of orchard because of medium profitability.
They have low preference of rattan garden, but still important as a safety-net because of flexibility ofproduction. And they have low preference of oil-palm plantation because of social anxiety even though they
are expecting high profitability.

Thus, they combine various land uses in accordance with multiple livelihood

needs based on respective attributes of each land use.

We induced policy implication for REDD+ from this case study.

Desirable institutional andproject design should be profitable, should be implemented without social anxiety, should be expected to13

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satisfy various livelihood needs, and should be made not only on forest land but also non-forest land including
agriculture land etc. It should also be based on condition that safety-net including forest ecosystem andswidden agriculture for their livelihood is ensured.

I would like to summarize the messages to REDD+ experts from four dramas that I told you today.
The first is that the degree of decision-making authority of the local people should hopefully be increased. Itmeans that from the second strategy (adjustment strategy) to the third strategy (eclectic strategy/ collaborative
governance). It is very important.
The second, shift of REDD+ experts’ mindset based on the local reality is required. It means thatshift from to regard the local people as main drivers or culprit of deforestation to regarding as principal players
or partners of forest conservation and sustainable forest management.
Three: participatory forest management faces difficulties such as allocation of degraded and low
value forest, and high transaction cost due to many and small sized allotments. Deforestation outsideconservation islands also occurred.
The fourth is that institutional design should be constructed in a broader perspective. It means thelivelihood-oriented institutions, including a variety of activities on both agriculture and forest land will berequired.

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Dramas of the CPR’s1: Logical Development to Take Lessons for
REDD+ Implementation
Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo)

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