GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING GUIDE
Version: 1.1

Authors
C Davies, R MacFarlane, C McGloin, M Roe.

Front Cover PhotographWest Park, Darlington courtesy of Bussey & Armstrong

Abbreviation
Green Infrastructure is frequently abbreviated to as GI and Green Infrastructure Planning as GIP.

Contents
1. Introduction to the Planning Guide
2. Definition and Principles of Green Infrastructure
3. Context and Functions of Green Infrastructure
4. Characteristics of Green Infrastructure
5. The Typology of Green Infrastructure as developed by stakeholders
6. Helpful History
7. Liveability of Cities of the Future
8. Reference Standards
9. Standard for GI Planning
10. Why Green Infrastructure Planning
11. Types of GI Plans
12. Developing a GI Plan using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
13. Using GIS to make informed judgements about GI
14. Questions for Planners
15. Green Infrastructure Plan Delivery
16. Delivery Priorities
17. References
18. Future Developments
19. Contact information
AppendicesA. OS Mastermap descriptive terms
B. Datasets used1

1. Introduction to the Planning Guide
The aim of this Planning Guide is to provide a method by which those interested and involved in pushing
forward the development of green infrastructure planning on the ground might develop their own green
infrastructure plans. The purpose of the guide is to facilitate the production of geographically-based
green infrastructure plans. It is intended that this method might help to provide a more informed andsystematic way to consider the competing priorities of green infrastructure within the spatial planning
process. The objective is also to provide a catalyst for discussion and for the exploration of methods ofgreen infrastructure planning – it does not aim to provide a prescriptive methodology, but a flexible
technique that can be moulded to fit ‘real world’ requirements.
A short background to green infrastructure is provided, but the main body of this Guide is based on a
step-by-step description of the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in order to achieve (a) abaseline green infrastructure map, and (b) a framework whereby six major questions can be addressedin order to establish what should be conserved in the existing environment, what should be enhanced orchanged and what or where new green infrastructure should be created.
It is anticipated that the majority of users of this guide are already engaged with aspects of geographicalor functional based planning including: Strategists and policymakers; town & country planners engaged
in local authority planning and private practice; environmental sector professionals; landscape architects
and landscape planners, regeneration specialists, consultants; research students.

2. Definition and Principles of Green Infrastructure
Green infrastructure (GI) is a term that can mean different things to different people and there are anumber of definitions available. There is a significant amount of common ground within the available
definitions, (a) that GI involves natural and managed green areas in both urban and rural settings (b) is
about the strategic connection of open green areas and (c) that GI should provide multiple benefits forpeople. Stakeholders were asked to formulate a GI definition for use in the development of this guide;
the result was a robust and inclusive definition:
Green infrastructure is the physical environment within and between our cities, towns and villages.
It is a network of multi-functional open spaces, including formal parks, gardens, woodlands, green
corridors, waterways, street trees and open countryside. It comprises all environmental resources,
and thus a green infrastructure approach also contributes towards sustainable resource
management.

3. Context and Functions of Green Infrastructure
At a general level five broad sets of interests in GI can be identified:
1. Sustainable resource management – particularly relating to the role of GI in the sustainable
management of land and water resources, including production (e.g. energy and food crops),
pollution control, climatic amelioration and increased porosity of land cover.
2. Biodiversity – particularly relating to the importance of connectivity of habitats at a variety oflandscape scales;
3. Recreation – particularly relating to greenways and the use of non-car routes to address publichealth and quality of life issues;
4. Landscape – examining resources such as green spaces and corridors from aesthetic, experiential
and functional points of view;
5. Regional development and promotion – particularly relating to sustainable communities issues
relating to overall environmental quality and quality of life.

24. Characteristics of Green Infrastructure
There is a grey-green continuum of thinking relating to concepts surrounding ‘infrastructure’, although‘green’ can be used to denote the function or facility provided by an element, even if it is not strictly‘green’ in land use terms. It is suggested therefore that the definition of ‘grey’ as fundamentally distinct
from ‘green’ may not be altogether helpful, and that, like a colour chart, we can move through a range ofshades (see Figure 1): in the middle is grey/green e.g. cycleways.
Elements that might be classed as ‘grey’, but which contribute to the wider functioning of green
infrastructure should be treated as part of the green infrastructure network. Grey infrastructure, such as
bus routes, should be made to integrate with green infrastructure networks rather than vice-versa.

Figure 1: The Grey-Green continuum
One of the problems encountered in considering green infrastructure planning is that it is often hard tovisualise and therefore may not be accounted for properly. The green-grey continuum concept may help
to overcome the lack of obviousness of green infrastructure compared to grey infrastructure, which iswell understood in the planning process.

3

5. The Typology of Green Infrastructure as developed by stakeholders
Stakeholders in the North East of England formulated a GI typology to be used in planning guide:
ArableHorticulture
Stock grazing
Energy crops
Orchards
Set-aside and fallow
Amenity woodland
Conservation woodland
Productive woodland
Biomass woodland
Active and disused mineral workings and quarries
Public Parks and Gardens
Public Amenity Green space
Public provision for children and young people (e.g. play areas)
Outdoor sports facilities
Allotments, community gardens and urban farms
PRoWs
Permissive RoW
Greenways (off-road)
Quiet Lanes (on-road)
Defined Cycle Routes
CanalsCemeteries, disused churchyards and other burial grounds
Domestic Gardens
Residential Institution Grounds
Hospital Grounds
Places of Worship Grounds
School & College Grounds
Restricted access green spaces (e.g. retail park settings)
Controlled access green spaces (e.g. airports and military training land)
Land identified for development
Other vacant landContaminated Land
Other Derelict Land
Rivers and Streams
Lakes & Ponds
Reservoirs
Wetlands
Inter tidal zone
Beaches & Dunes
Scrub land
Heathland & Bog

4

6. Helpful History
It has been suggested that green infrastructure, a concept that is has come to the fore since 2000, is infact ‘old wine in new bottles’. A more positive view might be that green infrastructure has its roots inthinking that goes back several decades. The most significant antecedents are:
Basic connectivity studies in Geography which used links, segments and nodes to describe networks, alanguage now commonly used in Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
The Tradition of Urban Parks: The human-centred thinking related to improving health, increasing
access to wildlife, and providing scenic settings led to the establishment of urban parks and then later tothe idea of linked green spaces and ‘nature-like’ landscapes in residential areas. The emphasis here
was on providing a green structure based on ecological principles.
Urban Forestry: Urban forestry is a broad term which is sometimes used to refer to street trees andwooded areas in urban parks, but also now covers the interest in natural processes of establishment
rather than tree planting per se. It is also used to describe larger landscapes often found on urban
fringes which reflect a traditional forest pattern of trees and open land, and a multitude of land uses andlandscape features such as is found in Community Forests in the UK.
Landscape Ecology: a discipline that takes a multi-scaled view of human, biotic and abiotic influences on
the development and planning of landscapes. There have been multiple definitions, but the considerationof interacting systems across multiple scales and both human and non-human systems (and values) arecharacteristic. Connectivity is a key concept in landscape ecology thinking and planning.
Ecological Networks: the literature on ecological networks is extensive (for example Jongman and
Pungetti, 2004). Ideas sprang from the need to reduce the isolation of species in human-dominatedlandscapes, and to understand the importance of spatial scale and provide for the migration anddispersal of species as well as the protection of large core areas such as ancient woodlands.
Greenways and Green corridors: these two concepts are often treated effectively as one, as they areboth focused on the provision of opportunities and linear routes with a wide range of characteristics anduses particularly relating to recreation and commuting. Local use of greenways has emerged as aparticularly important characteristic with resonance to GI thinking relating to the importance of spatial
targeting of green investments where social as well as environmental needs are high. Greenways havebeen allied with ecological corridors because as they are both based on concepts of connectivity. But
although greenways (with a recreational emphasis) and ecological networks (with a habitat and species
conservation emphasis) may, at a very basic level, seem similar – they are linear features dominated byvegetation rather than hard human developments – in reality they may be largely mutually exclusive intheir detailed prescriptions, especially where species are disturbance-sensitive.
Ecological footprints: The ecological footprint is a measure of how sustainable our life-styles are(Wackernagel and Rees, 1995). It is a concept that has recently attracted increased attention (e.g.
www.myfootprint.org and WWF Northern, 2005 and WWF, 2005), not least because it is an effective way
to encourage people to visualise the environmental impacts of their lifestyles (see Figure 2).

5Figure 2: Ecological Footprints (source: WWF-Northern, 2005)
Sustainable development: although this is not directly an antecedent to green infrastructure but thelanguage of sustainable development sets the context for environmental planning. Green infrastructure
should be seen in the context of initiatives that aim to render current land use patterns and practices
more sustainable. Figure 3, based on Rannikko (1999), emphasises that sustainability is multidimensional.

Figure 3: Dimensions of Sustainable Development (after Rannikko, 1999)
Multi-functionality: The Countryside In and Around Towns (CIAT) vision (Countryside Agency and
Groundwork UK, 2004) focuses on multi-functionality and identifies a wider set of potential functions fordevelopment and enhancement in the urban fringe and areas of land that link urban and rural areas.
These include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

A bridge to the country
A gateway to the town
A health centre
A classroom
A recycling centre
A power plant
A productive landscapeA place to live sustainably
An engine for regeneration
A nature reserve
A heritage resource

6Many of these concur with green infrastructure thinking. Green infrastructure can therefore be seen as a
key delivery mechanism for multi-functionality. A range of commonalities can be identified:
1. Aesthetics: developments should be appropriate and of a high quality
2. Enjoyment: ideally ‘people will wish to linger rather than move through and exit as rapidly as
possible’ (Gallent et al., 2004, p.iv)
3. Partnership: defining and realising objectives must be done in partnership with local communities
and other interest groups
4. Balance: potential conflicts must be identified and cumulative impacts managed
5. Linkages: physical linkages lie at the heart of green infrastructure but linkages between dimensionsof sustainability, quality of life and policy areas must also be identified and fostered
6. Functionality: the CIAT is not, and should not be, a museum
7. Meaning: developments that have little resonance or relevance for local communities are notsustainable
8. Opportunity: opportunity is the precursor to use and it relates to access
9. Image: how things look is important, both internally and externally
10. Viability: this relates closely to meaning and functionality, but developments have to be sustainable inpractice as well as attractive in principle
11. Vision: green infrastructure is more than the sum of its parts and multi-functionality goes beyond
coexistence, to consider integration, interaction and inclusion.
Community Forests: Green infrastructure is the logical extension of the concepts underpinning thedevelopment of Community Forests in urban fringe environments. These are based on a multifunctional
approach to the management of the countryside in and around towns and based upon delivery throughas partnership led approach. In some cases existing Community Forest partnerships are an obvious
structure on which to deliver green infrastructure plans.

77. Liveability of Cities of the Future
Liveability has been defined in terms of interaction between a community and the environment (Shafer etal., 2000).

Figure 4: A human ecological perspective on the factors that contribute to community quality of life
(Source: Shafter et al., 2000)
Access and positive engagement with local environments that service the range of communities’ wants
and needs define liveable areas.
Green infrastructure can address many of the objectives identified by the need to make cities more
liveable. When applying overarching concepts (including Green Infrastructure) there is a requirement toanalyse, define and disaggregate the concept if the attainment of ‘liveable areas’ is to be expressed
through (spatially specific) plans.
Such plans need to address both personal objectives (e.g. an attractive, accessible and meaningful local
environment) and wider social and governmental objectives (e.g. promoting healthy living and managing
the long term finances of health care for an ageing population).
Three different ‘qualities’ are referred to in a range of policy papers and strategic documents, often fromvery different areas of government: quality of place, quality of environment and quality of life.
Green infrastructure has the clear potential to support the attainment of places, areas and communities
that exhibit these qualities. There are definition and measurement issues in relation to all three, but,
Quality of place refers to the image of an area as it is projected externally and how this image reflects
positive resources and opportunities within an area.
Quality of environment is relatively self-evident, but it is comprised of both elements such as clean air
and water and biodiversity where indicators are well established and more ‘experiential’ aspects inrelation to noise, landscape and tranquillity.
Quality of life relates to a wide range of opportunities, for example, education, health and employment,
but local environments are increasingly recognised as being extremely important in relation to quality oflife in just the same way that the regional environment has very positive implications for quality of place.
Green infrastructure is of key importance to all three.

88. Reference Standards
There are a range of useful reference standards that can be used in connection with GI planning: Accessible Natural Greenspace Standards - Promoting the Natural Green structure of Towns andCities, English Nature Green space Strategies: A Good Practice Guide, CABE Space Planning Policy Guidance 17: Assessing needs and opportunities for open space strategies(Companion Guide), ODPM
 Six Acre Standard: National Playing Fields Association
 Space for People Targeting action for woodland access: Woodland Trust
Promoting the natural green structure of towns and cities: English Nature, accessible greenspacestandards modelNo person should live more than 300 m from their nearest area of natural greenspace of at least two (2)hectares in size;
There is provision of at least two (2) hectares of Local Nature Reserve per 1,000 population;
That there should be at least one accessible 20 ha site within two (2) km from homeThat there should be one accessible 100 ha site within five (5) km;
That there should be one accessible 500 ha site within (10) km.
Green space strategies: a good practice guide – Cabe Space
None specific.
Planning policy guidance 17 (companion guide)
Example from South Tyneside (Tyne and Wear City Region):
District parks and open spaces: all dwellings should be within 3 km of an open space of at least 30 hawhich provides general facilities for recreational activity within a landscaped setting.
Neighbourhood Parks and Open Spaces: all dwellings should be within 1 km of an open space ofbetween 10 and 30 ha which provides general facilities for recreational activity within a landscapedsetting.
Local parks and open spaces: all dwellings should be within 400 m of an open space of between 2 and10 ha which provides facilities for recreation within a localised area, catering for the specific informal
needs of occupants of the immediate vicinity.
Pocket parks and small open spaces: all dwellings should be within 200 m of a small formal or informal
area of open space of between 0.2 and 2 ha that is suitable for informal use and has high amenity value.
Example from Fareham Borough Council
Minimum Acceptable Size Component – Chapter 6.16
Pitches: a minimum of two pitches plus changing and parking
Other outdoor sports facilities: a minimum of 0.65 ha
Local equipped areas for play: a minimum of 0.5 ha
Neighbourhood Equipped Areas for Play: a minimum of 1.0 ha
Informal play spaces: a. minimum of 0.1 ha, with no dimension less than 10 m

9

Six acre standard: National Playing Fields Association
A minimum standard for outdoor playing space of 2.4 hectares (6 acres) for 1000 people, comprising 1.6
hectares (4 acres) for outdoor sport and 0.8 hectares (2 acres) for children's play.
Outdoor equipped playgrounds for children of whatever age; other designated facilities for children which
offer specific opportunity for outdoor play, such as adventure playgrounds; casual or informal playing
space within housing areas 0.6-0.8 ha (1.5-2 acres)Space for people targeting action for woodland access: Woodland Trust“Woodland Access Standard” - that no person should live more than 500m from at least one area ofaccessible woodland of no less than 2ha in size and that there should also be at least one area ofaccessible woodland of no less than 20ha within 4km (8km roundtrip) of people’s homes.

9. Standard for GI Planning
The English Nature Greenspace standard is regarded as having the best fit to GI Planning and is used inthis guide in a modified form. The modified standard is referred to as Accessible Natural GreenspaceStandard Plus; ANGST+. The modified ANGST standard takes account of stakeholder involvement,
local decision making and connectivity, the latter being a fundamental component of all infrastructure;green or grey.
 No person should live more than 300 m from their nearest area of natural greenspace of at least two(2) hectares in size; There is provision of at least two (2) hectares of natural green space per 1,000 population;
 That there should be at least one accessible 20 ha site within two (2) km from home That there should be one accessible 100 ha site within five (5) km;
 That there should be one accessible 500 ha site within (10) km.
 That adjacent greenspaces are interconnected; the priority and extent being determined by local
decision making informed by stakeholder involvement.

10. Why Green Infrastructure PlanningGreen infrastructure planning represents the coming together of various interests as described above. It
is not seen just as a way of providing an improved green structure for the landscape, but also as amechanism for more informed decision-making and more ‘joined-up’ thinking in relation to urban andregional environmental planning.
Green infrastructure is seen as a critical part of urban infrastructure and as a positive way toconceptualise greenspace planning. The aim is to increase the quality of natural capital rather thanconcentrate solely on the quantity of natural capital.
Embedded within green infrastructure planning is the idea that stakeholders should have the opportunity
to be involved in the shaping of environmental and greenspace planning at a variety of scales. Recent
enthusiasm for pushing forward green infrastructure planning indicates that GI has become a ‘muster
point’ for academic, public bodies and practical agencies interested in greenspace issues and a way tohelp develop environmental thinking across disciplinary and political boundaries.
Green infrastructure is not seen as a ‘fixed’ asset and the purpose of green infrastructure planning is to: Value existing green areas and prevent deterioration
 Improve the quality and diversity of these areas to better serve local needs
 Connect green areas to present a strategic whole that is greater than the sum of the parts
 Consider the management of all green areas under consideration, whether they are in private or
public ownership.

10

11. Types of GI Plans
GI Plans can exist in many forms thus a robust yet flexible methodology has been devised to provide a
consistent framework for these. This is based on the use of available data, the Digital National
Framework, GIS techniques (which automates much of the process) and a consultative approach toplanning, review and delivery. It is envisaged that the Green Infrastructure Planning guide can assist
with the production of: Spatial Green Infrastructure Plans in City Regions
 Strategic GI guidelines that steer decision making in the development control process Supplementary planning documents
 Policies embedded within Local Development Frameworks and Local Area Agreements
 Statutory and non-statutory plans produced by organisations including Natural England, Forestry
Commission and Environment Agency.
 Proposals included within local Area Based Initiatives
 Proposals included within regional strategic documents.
However, these various policies, plans and related activities are carried out at spatial scales from theneighbourhood or local to the regional scale. It is important therefore to set out how green infrastructure
should be identified, represented and treated at different scales of analysis and planning.
At a fundamental level of course green infrastructure is not really different at varying spatial scales; it isultimately something that exists at a local scale, yet locally specific elements and links interact to createsynergies and higher level effects that have significance at a scale greater than the local.
Hig
Le herEff velectGILinkedElements
Loc
Eff al
ec t

I

as
nfr

tru

ct

ur e

rk
two
Ne

Individual Elements

s

ls
rce
Pa

Figure 5: Parcels, Networks & Infrastructure

Underpinning the approach to GI set out in this guide is
the premise that higher level effects can be realised byworking at the landscape scale than can be achievedat the site-specific, very local scale. This relates toecological, recreational, amenity and aesthetic
outcomes. These higher level effects may be positive,
in response to informed and coordinated planning, butthey may also be negative as a failure to match thescale of planning with the scale at which problems are
created will lead to a ‘creeping crisis’ in the loss andfragmentation of green spaces and networks. Thus,
networks are comprised of parcels and links andinfrastructure is effectively a network of networks. The
aim is to ensure this is both coherent and of highquality.

So, the issue of scale in relation to green infrastructure is one of establishing at the regional scale what
the strategic elements and links are in relation to the multifunctional demands placed upon them andthen ‘filling in the gaps’ at a sub-regional and local level. Filling in the gaps requires that more detail islayered in at a sub-regional and again at a local scale, detail that includes elements and links that are of
a commensurate level of significance, and also in a physical sense so that green infrastructure at a local
scale is more comprehensive. Set out in these terms this explanation of scale is rather abstract, so thetable below illustrates examples of what green infrastructure at three different scales – regional, subregional and neighbourhood – may be comprised of, and what the function of green infrastructure
planning at the corresponding scales is.

11ScaleExamples of Green Infrastructure

Function of Green Infrastructure Planning

Regional (Fig 6)

Nationally designated sites (e.g. NNRs, cSACs, SSSIs, National
Parks, AONBs, Heritage Coasts)
Major river corridors (e.g. Tyne, Tees, Wear)
Major recreational and amenity sites
Long distance footpaths (e.g. Pennine Way, Hadrian’s Wall Path)
National Cycle Network

Strategic environmental capital can be subdivided into natural resources (e.g. carbon sinks,
water framework and habitat framework) and cultural resources (e.g. landscape, amenity
and recreation such as National Parks and Heritage Coasts). The most significant, usuallydesignated, areas, sites and routes of both of these resources are identified as being theregional green infrastructure.

(NE Region)

At this level the emphasis is on the identification of the highest priority elements and routes
and the establishment of strategic priorities for GI development. Prescriptive details on
how areas are to be enhanced or routes to be developed would be inappropriate at thislevel.

Sub Regional /County (Fig 7)(e.g. Tyne & Wearand Tees Valley City
Regions,
Northumberland &Co. Durham)

Borough orDistrict (Fig 8)(e.g. Castle Morpeth
or Stockton on Tees)

Neighbourhood(Fig 13)Significant or extensive public parks and gardens such as
Country Parks or Forest Parks
Local Nature Reserves
Significant river corridors (e.g. River Coquet)
Significant recreational routes (e.g. Cleveland Way)
Significant coastal beaches (e.g. Druridge Bay)At the sub-regional level the emphasis in GI planning is in identifying those elements whichhave the potential to qualitatively enhance the area’s environment as a whole (including theperception of that environment) and where the infrastructure may be significantly
strengthened by higher level initiatives that span local authority boundaries.

Public parks and gardens
Other river corridors
Public Rights of Way and Greenways
Local cycle routes
Playing fields
Informal green spaces
Accessible woodland
Reservoirs, water bodies and wetlands
Other coastal access areas

At this level GI planning is fundamentally about providing (a) suitable and sufficient green
spaces for recreation, amenity and conservation purposes, and (b) a coherent infrastructureof green and green-grey links that provide routes and pathways for multiple purposes.

Street scene (e.g. trees, flower beds)
Domestic gardens
Allotments and Cemeteries
Small water bodies and streams
Permissive rights of way
Institutional or private grounds
Brownfield sites with GI potential
Productive farm and forest land with GI potential

At a neighbourhood level formal GI plans may not be created, but the essential principle isthat the cumulative effect of many highly localised initiatives such as street tree
establishment / management or the encouragement of positive use of private gardens may
be considerable.

12

A GI plan should focus on the infrastructure of the area as a whole and how links canprovide both local benefit, and integrate with higher tier GI priorities and plans and also
those of neighbouring districts or boroughs.
At this level opportunities to extend GI through new, perhaps unforeseen, opportunities
should be accommodated, so a degree of flexibility to respond to such opportunities isessential.

In this respect the enhancement of qualities of life, place and environment at the local orneighbourhood level is a partnership between private individuals and public authorities,
to a large degree, although not exclusively, on privately held land.

Figure 6: Regional Scale Green Infrastructure

Figure 7: Sub Regional/County Scale Green Infrastructure

13

Figure 8: Borough/District Scale Green Infrastructure

14

12.

Developing a GI Plan using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)The first stage in the creation of a GI plan or the consideration of GI issues in relation to other planning
activities has to be the creation of a baseline map of GI. An approach to this using GIS is set out here in
relatively prescriptive terms although it is not specific to any individual piece of GI software.
The numbered stages in the flowchart below relate to parts of section 12.

1. Determine GI classes
2. Access Mastermap

3. Do you have Mastermap
Attributed with RWOs?
No

Yes

5. Select Mastermap featuresthat comprise GI

4. Select Mastermap RWOs
that comprise GI

6. GI Superset

7. Attribute superset throughspatial relationship withother data layers
9. Establish
whether a
DesignatedSite

8. Residual allocation

10. Baseline GI Map
Figure 9: baseline GI mapping approach(Note:* RWOs – Real World Objects)15

1. Determine GI Classes
The first stage is to determine what GI means to you in a local context and adopt an appropriateclassification to reflect this. While a widely referenced typology of GI is proposed here, it is recognisedthat different conditions and varying priorities may suggest a narrower or otherwise different typology.
There are a number of recognised, existing typologies based on different guidance and policies
including:General Land Use Database - (GLUD)
This is an ODPM classification which categorises land parcels in nine relatively high levels, or
generalised themes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Domestic buildings
Gardens
Non domestic buildings
Road
Rail
Path
Greenspace
Water
Other (largely hard standing)National Land Use Database – (NLUD)The NLUD is a disaggregation of the GLUD which utilises two hierarchical elements, “Order” whichrefers to Land Use, and “Groups” which refer to a Land Cover typology. Together these set out adetailed land use typology that is well suited to a range of local authority applications.
The classification is designed to provide a framework for harmonising existing classifications, tofacilitate consistent collection and reporting of land use information and provide a basis for thecreation of national data sets. It is the intention that the classification will over time be adopted by all
bodies that collect and make use of land use information. Where more detailed or specialisedclassifications are required or already in use it is anticipated they will establish and provide a direct
link to the NLUD Classification (www.nlud.org.uk )Further details are available at www.nlud.org.uk
Planning Policy Guidance 17 Typology - (PPG 17)
PPG17 (Planning for Open Space, Sport and Recreation) sets out the role of the planning system in
relation to the assessment and provision of sport and recreation facilities and recreational open space.
The Guidance for PPG17 sets out a typology for open space assessments. This is narrower in scopethat the typology of GI derived here from stakeholder consultation.
The table below relates NLUD and PPG17 typologies to the GI typology, matching categories wherever
possible, but it is clear that there are differences in focus, resolution and coverage. However, this will
enable cross-reference to be made to existing GIS databases in relation to NLUD or PPG17.
The creation of a GI typology will assist when it comes to the attribution of land parcels at a detailed
level. This will, in turn, assist in the decision-making when judging the type of supply, and whether there
is under or over supply of specific elements of GI within a given area.

16

NLUD Order

1

Agriculture
Fisheries

NLUD Group&

1.1

PPG 17 Typology

Agriculture

GI Typology

ArableHorticulture
Stock grazing
Energy crops
Orchards
Set-aside and fallow

2

Forestry

2.1

Managed Forest

2

Forestry

2.2

Unmanaged Forest

Amenity woodland
Natural and semi-natural green spaces, including
urban woodland
Conservation woodland
Productive woodland
Biomass woodland

3

Minerals

3.1

Mineral workings andquarries

Active mineral workings and quarries

3

Minerals

3.1

Mineral workings andquarries

Closed mineral workings and quarries

4

Recreation
Leisure4.1

Outdoor amenity and (1) Parks and Gardens (2) Amenity Green space
Public Parks and Gardens
open spaces(3) Provision for children and young people&

Public Amenity Green space4

Recreation
Leisure&4.4(1) Outdoor sports facilities (2) Provision for children Public provision for children
and young people
young people (e.g. play areas)

Sport facilities

andOutdoor sports facilities
44

Recreation
LeisureRecreation
Leisure&&4.5

Holiday camps

4.6

Allotments and urban
Allotments, community gardens and urban farms
farms

17

Allotments, community gardens andurban farms

5Transport

5.1

Transport tracks and
ways

PRoWs
Green corridors

5

Transport

6

Utilities
Infrastructure

7
7
8
8
8

5.6

Waterways

6.4

Cemeteriescrematoria

Residential

7.1

Dwellings

Domestic Gardens

Residential

7.3

Residential Institutions

Residential Institution Grounds

8.1

Medical andcare services

Hospital Grounds

8.2

Places of Worship

Places of Worship Grounds

8.3

Education

School & College Grounds&

Community
Services
Community
Services
Community
Services

9

Retail10

Industry
Business

Previously
Developed Land
Previously
11
Developed Land
Previously
11
Developed Land
11

Permissive RoW
Greenways (off-road)
Quiet Lanes (on-road)
Defined Cycle Routes
Road Verges
Canals& Cemeteries, disused churchyards and other burial Cemeteries, disused churchyards andgroundsother burial grounds

healthRestricted access green spaces (e.g.
retail park settings)
andRestricted access green spaces (e.g.
airports)
11.1 Vacant PDL

Land identified for development

11.1 Vacant PDL

Other vacant land

11.2 Derelict PDL

Contaminated Land

18

11

Previously
Developed Land11.2 Derelict PDL

Other Derelict Land

12 Defence

Restricted access green spaces (e.g.
live firing areas)

13 Unused Land

Rivers and Streams
Lakes & Ponds
Reservoirs
Wetlands
Inter tidal zone
Beaches & Dunes
Scrub land
Heathland & Bog

19

2. Access Mastermap
Definition of Mastermap
OS Mastermap® topology layer is recognised as the main foundation for the Digital National Framework.
It is an intelligent digital map designed by Ordnance Survey for use with geographical information
systems (GIS) and databases.
Based on the National Grid, it includes topographic information on every landscape feature – buildings,
roads, phone boxes, postboxes, landmarks – and represents a significant evolution from traditional
cartography.
Each feature has its own unique identifier or TOID® – a 16–digit reference number that can be sharedwith other users across different applications and systems. This allows easy data association andgreater accuracy, focusing on real–world objects on the map.
Further details are available at www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/products/osmastermap
OS Mastermap ®
Ordnance Survey Mastermap in its native format has the broad descriptive groups listed below.
Descriptive Groups
Building

Inland Water

Glasshouse

Tidal Water

Structure

Political or Administrative

Buildings or Structure

Built Environment

Road or Track

Natural Environment

Rail

Historic Interest

Path

Terrain and HeightRoadside

General Surface

Landform

General Feature

Height Control

This is then further broken down in to descriptive terms, which can be found in Appendix A.

3. Do you have Mastermap attributed with Real World Objects?
4. Select Mastermap Real World Objects that comprise GI.
These two stages are described together.
Real World Object (RWOs)
These are “Objects that exist in the real world and are represented by OS Mastermap data as a feature
or collection of features with attributes” (Ordnance Survey, 2005).

20

The table below illustrates how immensely detailed the RWO typology is. For a single element of the GI
typology all of the RWO classes which provide a possible match are set out. Clearly there is a level ofdetail which is not necessarily required for GI mapping and assessments. However, if OS Mastermap
has been attributed with RWOs this is an immensely valuable resource and the RWO descriptions candetermine which broader GI category they may fall in to.

GI Typology
Ordnance Survey Real World Object
Public provision for children and Adventure Playground
Holiday camp
young people (e.g. play areas)
Artificial Ski Slope
Ice Rink
Assault Course (civilian or King Georges Playing field
military)
Lawn
Baseball field/pitch
Leisure poolBasketball court
Lido
BMX Track
Livery stable
Boating lake/pond
Paddling pool
Bowling centre/green
Park (public/private)
Cadet centre
Pitch and Putt course
Camping site
Play area
Climbing frame
Playing field
Crazy golf course
Play ground
Cricket field
Polo ground
Cycle speedway
Rugby ground/stadium
Equestrian centre
Running track
Football ground
Shinty pitch
Fun fair
Skateboard park
Fun poolSports centre
Games court/area
Tennis court
Garden (private/public)
Terrarium
Golf course
Velodrome
Green
Village green
Gymnasium
Visitor centre
Hockey pitch
Zoological gardens

If Mastermap has been attributed with RWOs for existing work such as a Green Space or Open Space
Inventory the need for any additional data capture will almost certainly not be needed.
A catalogue of Mastermap RWOs can be found at:
http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/products/osmastermap/pdf/realWorldObjectCatalogue.pdf
5. Select Mastermap Features that comprise GI.
In the absence of Mastermap attributed with RWOs, the first filtering process to arrive at a baseline GI
map is to extract all elements of OS MM where the “Make” category = Natural. This will select a baseline
to work from. At this stage you have not created a GI typology, but you have filtered out those
Mastermap elements which are not relevant to the GI typology.
To illustrate steps taken with the GIS a case study area in Stockton-on-Tees has been used and thecooperation of Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council is gratefully acknowledged. However, it should be
noted that the illustrations are only intended to be illustrative and nothing should be taken to imply that
their represent the position or views of Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council.

21

Figure 10: Filtering GI elements from OS Mastermap
Running this process gives a very general view of GI on the ground. Whilst figure 6 indicates that thearea is well served with green/natural elements it does not refer to the primary use of the land or whether
it may be ‘accessible’ green space.
The belt of green running to the west of the figure 10 is primarily agricultural land, however the
Mastermap descriptive group is General surface and the ‘make’ is equal to natural. A school playing field
can have the same Mastermap classification as arable playing field, so additional stages are required tocreate an appropriately differentiated GI typology.
Depending on what decisions you are looking to make with regards to Green Infrastructure will
determine how detailed the typology needs to be.
6. GI superset
By filtering the Mastermap dataset in the previous stage you will arrive at what can be classed as a GI
superset, which, although useful as a first stage, provides a weakly differentiated typology.
7. Attribute superset through spatial relationship with other layers
A large number of datasets are available to narrow down land use typology. By using a backdrop ofrecent aerial photography or raster mapping, land parcels can be quite readily identified to determine
broad descriptive uses such as agricultural, industrial, or institutional land.
Acquisition of data available from external sources, such as Multi Agency Geographic Information for theCountryside (www.magic.gov.uk) , is a very useful way of gaining access to environmental datasets
which can be combined with local authority datasets, Census data and other available data layers suchas those illustrated in Figure 11. In particular MAGIC can provide information regarding the designation
or status of a particular parcel of land.

22

Figure 11: Transparent Aerial photography overlain on 1:50000 raster mapping

8. Residual Allocation
There may be areas of land which cannot be classified from just a desktop study, or there may bedatasets which cannot be acquired. There is no real substitute for an “on the ground” survey in theabsence of other data.

9. Establish whether a designated site.
Site designation may be a critical element when planning GI provision. Attribution of the GI superset withany designation that is known can prove useful in the decision-making processes discussed later in thisguide.
By being able to identify designated sites, more specific criteria can be built around these parcels for
instance in relation to flood risk or nature conservation designations.
Note that the GI typology does not include such designations (e.g. SSSI or LNR) as a primary defining
characteristic. Such designations are additional attributes in the GI typology.

23

10. Baseline GI Map
Figure 12 shows what a baseline GI Map may look like following all the previous stages. It is worth
adding an additional column calculating each parcel area to the attribute data. This allows easier filtering
when creating size thresholds for provision of GI.

Figure 12: Baseline GI Map
Figure 13 in Chapter 13 displays this same dataset, classified according to the GI typology.

2413. Using GIS to make informed judgements about GI
The first part of the GIS element of the GI Planning Guide in Section 12 was relatively prescriptive: it
defined precise steps that should be taken to establish the GI baseline map. Once this map and GIS
database is created, then it can support planners in making informed judgements about GI within theirarea of responsibility.
Figure 13 illustrates what a GI typology basemap may look like, with different land and water areas
identified and categorised into types. Overlain on this is a point dataset from Sport England which
identifies the location of sports pitches and tracks. A map such as this and the associated GIS databaseis the starting point for this section.

Figure 13: GI Typology Baseline Map for the Study Area
The second part of the GIS element is not prescriptive, rather it is organised around a series of questions
that planners should be asking in relation to GI. The role of the GIS is to enable planners to makeinformed judgements in response to these questions. It should be borne in mind throughout that the GIS
is simply a tool; the critical thing is awareness of the geographical dimensions of GI.
The following questions all relate to the matrix in Figure 14. The matrix provides a framework for theassessment of individual green spaces and links and their interrelationships. There are two dimensions
to this assessment, quality and infrastructure. Quality, as introduced in section 7, is multi-dimensionaland methods for the assessment of green spaces are detailed elsewhere, but the vertical axis broadly
distinguishes between low, acceptable and high quality spaces. The horizontal axis focuses on theconnectivity and integrity of the networks which combine to form infrastructure. A high quality green
infrastructure will be made up of high quality green spaces and linear routes that are linked together toform coherent networks of multi-functional areas and linear features.

25

This matrix introduces a ‘direction of travel’ and the fundamental purpose of a GI plan is to ensure thatthe integrity and connectivity of the infrastructure is enhanced alongside qualitative improvements to theelements of that infrastructure.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Desired
State

Weak

Moderate

Strong

Link
SpacesDevelop
Networks

Conserve
Green
Infrastructure

Createand Link
New
SpacesCreateand Link
Additional
SpacesEnhance
Existing
Spaces

Acceptable

CreateNew
SpacesCreateAdditional
SpacesRestoreandEnhanceLowHigh

QUALITY OF SPACES

Figure 14: quality of spaces, green infrastructure and the ‘direction of travel’
There are three key dimensions to the assessment of green spaces and green infrastructure whichshould inform judgements about conservation, enhancement, linkages, creation and development
initiatives, opportunities and proposals:a) Context: the needs, wants, aspirations and problems of communities, groups and individuals who
are actual or potential users of GI must be considered in making judgements about conservation,change or development. This is effectively a demand side issue and relates not just to total
population, but also aspects of demography, deprivation and disadvantage. In short, certain areas
may have a higher priority need for GI developments by virtue of their characteristics.
b) Quality: although quality is to a degree an absolute concept, the quality of green spaces and links isalso determined by the concepts of sufficiency and suitability. It is entirely appropriate for planners toconclude that an area has GI that is both sufficient (relative to defined and meaningful standards)
and suitable (relative to a careful analysis of the needs of the surrounding area), although thisconclusion should be based on the available evidence, as set out below.
c) Interaction: GI has multiple functions and many of these functions derive from connections between
elements. For example, non-car transportation will be enhanced when high density residential areas
are connected to centres of employment, and wildlife corridors are more likely to be effective when
they link together relevant nature reserves and other habitats. Thus, linking green spaces to makenetworks and integrating networks to form an infrastructure realises synergies and can meet demandwith supply. However, it is often the case that the links which may have real impact are non-obvious,or are not considered by planners in making decisions which could potentially have ramifications,either negative or positive, for the attainment of these outcomes.
Clearly these elements interrelate, but planners should bear these in mind as the three dimensions
which determine the significance of individual elements, links and networks in GI.

26

Fundamentally there are two points at which planners may focus on GI issues:i)in considering how to enhance quality of environment, quality of life and quality of place through afocus on green spaces, links and networks of green spaces; andii)

in considering how to manage development pressures and the implications of development
scenarios on existing green spaces, access to green spaces and wider green infrastructure.

A simple division like this might identify the first as being positive planning in relation to green
infrastructure and the second as being essentially reactive, but this guide proposes that these should
effectively be seen as linked activities; the emphasis is on forward planning and working throughscenarios and their implications to promote development that does not degrade environmental quality,
promotes quality of life and drives up quality of place. To do this there is a requirement for principles(what am I trying to achieve and why?) and information (what are my options and which is the best way
forward?) and this guide sets out both.
Standards and principles
Section 8 sets out a range of standards that have previously been identified, from English Nature’s
ANGST and the six acre standard of the NPFA. These standards are based on careful research and they
are useful in determining levels of provision and gaps. However, simple distance-based standards
should be applied with care and thought and three comments are made in particular:a) the size of the threshold (e.g. the radius around green spaces which ensures ‘adequate’ access)determines the outcome of the analysis (see figures 15-18). This is of course obvious, but standards
must be sensitive to local conditions, constraints and needs, foremost amongst which is low car
ownership in areas of high deprivation.
b) drawing a line at a particular distance may appear relatively arbitrary and debate over areas justoutside a given distance measurement will always be lively;c) distance-based approaches are relatively crude and may fail to adequately represent actual travel
distance, something that can be addressed with advanced GIS analysis, but where a careful review
of results can also head off inaccuracies caused by barriers such as railways and major roads.
Figures 15 to 18 illustrate the effect of different sized thresholds being applied in the assessment ofgreen space provision. Clearly, the larger the threshold, the more complete the coverage appears in the
resulting maps. However, different sized thresholds are appropriate for different purposes and scales ofanalysis. In this guide GI is primarily considered in a local context. However, different scales of analysis
may focus on sub-regionally, regionally and nationally significant GI and an awareness of the relative
significance at these higher levels of individual features, areas and routes on the ground should informGI planning at the local scale.

27

Figure 15: All existing green spaces and water bodies

Figure 16: green spaces greater than 2 ha plus water bodies with 300m buffer applied

28

Figure 17: green spaces of 10 to 30ha with a buffer of 1km applied

Figure 18: green spaces of greater than 30ha with a buffer of 3km applied
Figure 5 requires that planners consider individual elements and areas as belonging to one of thedefined cells. It is quite feasible for individual elements to be high in quality yet contribute only weakly to
the wider GI. Conversely, elements may be critical in infrastructure terms, yet be badly degraded and ofvery low quality. The matrix defines a ‘direction of travel’ whereby elements should be enhanced in
respect of both their site-specific quality and their network role in the infrastructure. The questions below
are intended to assist planners in making judgements about which cell or area of the matrix individual
elements belong in and what should therefore be done with them.

29

14. Questions for Planners
The emphasis in this Guide has been on establishing what GI is and why it is significant. Section 12 wasrelatively prescriptive, setting out the stages to create a baseline GI map. This second part is altogether
less prescriptive and sets out a number of questions which planners should ask, once they haveestablished their baseline map of GI. Some questions will require that the GI typology is combined withother GIS datasets, but this is fundamental to the GIS approach. The questions, elaborated in thefollowing sections are:•

What green infrastructure elements must be protected?
What elements should be changed in character or enhanced?

•

Where is there a need to create new elements and what type should they be?

•

Where should the development of grey infrastructure be integrated with GI?
Which elements should be linked together?

•••

Which elements are possibly tradable to achieve net environmental gains in both an infrastructureand qualitative sense?

What to protect?
The concept of Critical National Infrastructure is well established: it defines the power, transportation andcommunications networks, food and water supply systems and other infrastructure components without
which basic economic, welfare and social systems cannot effectively function. It is important thatplanners apply the same principles in attempting to identify what comprises the Critical GreenInfrastructure. The question is ‘what can you not afford to lose’? This question must be answered withregard to (a) context (e.g. what else is there nearby?), (b) quality (e.g. is this one of the most significant
and valued sites in the area) and (c) interaction (e.g. is this the only green link between a community anda nature reserve or between two large areas of green space?). The answer does not have to be yes toall three to conclude that this is critical GI, and it may be that restoration or enhancement is required, but
the critical issue is to identify those elements where loss or further degradation cannot be permitted.
Why is this expressed in essentially negative terms? The reality for many planners is one of managing
development pressures where green spaces, and Previously Developed Land (PDL) which also has GI
significance, are at a premium. Planning gain agreements may be attractive in realising net gains fromdevelopments, yet judgements about whether certain areas may be developed or whether they must be
protected and conserved, have to be based on the right information.
Figures 19 and 20 illustrate green spaces and links overlain on an aerial photograph of the study area,with the edge of the built-up space evident to the West and South-West of the image. A simple analysisof these two images will rapidly establish areas of under-supply and relatively tenuous links, which
relates to the identification of critical GI.

30

Figure 19: Green Spaces and waterbodies

Figure 20: Green Spaces, waterbodies and green links
What to change / enhance?
Although multifunctionality is one of the underpinning principles of GI planning, the reality is that many
elements have a defined or actual primary purpose. An appreciation of the context will help planners
gain an understanding of whether the site is appropriate. It may be the case that sites are simply not fit
for purpose; there is not necessarily anything ‘wrong’ with them, but they fail to supply the demands
evident in the surrounding area.

31

This may be a quality issue, for example where use of an area is depressed by problems such as
vandalism, poor drainage, excessive litter or dog fouling. In this case qualitative enhancement isrequired.
Alternatively it may be that use is depressed by a mismatch with demand. It has been observed thatmany metropolitan areas have a good supply of amenity grassland yet a paucity of green spaces thatare more natural and ‘interesting’. This is in part a spatial issue. For example, densely populated areas
with a high proportion of children are likely to see high levels of use of such space. As another example,
where several such green spaces are nearby or there is one large expanse of such space, the potential
exists for a change to the character of some of the available green space.
What/where to create?
‘Gap analysis’ is a widely applied term and is increasingly used in a non-spatial context. However it isused here in an explicitly geographical way to define areas that have a level of provision and access togreen infrastructure that fails to meet defined standards, or is otherwise judged to be insufficient orlacking. However, although multifunctionality lies at the heart of green infrastructure thinking, it is areality that most spaces and links have a clearly identifiable primary function or use, and this is reflectedin the GI typology. For example, playing fields are distinctively different from areas of woodland which inturn are different from publicly accessible common land that is used for grazing. An awareness of thesufficiency of supply must be complemented with an appreciation of the suitability of supply. So, specificquestions that arise from this would include:
Where are there gaps•

In green space of any type? As a basic principle, reasonable access to green space of any type isbetter than no access at all. While there are a range of standards (see section 8) which can help
define absolute gaps in access to green space, it must be borne in mind that such standards must be
carefully applied and sensitive to barriers such as major roads. A failure to determine standards thatare locally meaningful and then apply them intelligently is critical if unduly optimistic or simply false
levels of provision are to be avoided.

•

In supply of specific types of GI? While the basic principle set out above is that access to any
green space is better than no access at all, it is often the case that one particular type of GI may beover-provided relative to the spatial pattern of demand, to the detriment of other types of GI where
demand may be unmet. Demand in this context is not necessarily straightforward and measurable inhuman terms through local consultation. For example, the development of a wildlife corridor may
require decisions to transform the character of open spaces away from those which have utility for
informal games, football, kite flying, etc towards a more natural form of land cover that has landscapeand nature conservation gains. The key point is that communication needs to be wide and involve
partner organisations such as Wildlife Trusts and Natural England in determining where the gaps
are, why they are significant and what might be done to address them.

•

In linkages? Green infrastructure is fundamentally a network of networks. These networks may bevery localised and of local significance, or they may incorporate features, areas and links that are of
regional or national significance, such as National Nature Reserves or Long Distance Footpaths.
How these networks are linked is significant; at a physical level links may be either an area or linear
area of green space or they may be more towards the grey end of the green-grey infrastructure
spectrum (figure 1), such as multi-user routes or cycle paths through urban areas which link green
spaces and networks. However, such links must exist for green infrastructure to develop. In addition
to their simple physical existence, links must be of an appropriate level of quality to encourage users,
make them feel safe and enjoy the experience. Context can pose challenges to this, as routes
through areas of high deprivation often experience problems such as vandalism, graffiti, broken glassand damaged lighting and signage which require a high and often sustained level of revenue
expenditure to resolve.

32•

In areas of higher need? The question of demand is relatively straightforward to resolve if thepremise that all areas are of equal significance is adopted. However, this premise is questionable on
two levels:a) population is unevenly distributed: all other things being equal, the greatest effort should betargeted where the greatest net benefit may be realised for the investment and this means
targeting where population density is highest.
b) deprivation is unevenly distributed: the use of datasets such as the ODPM Index of Multiple
Deprivation (IMD) provides an evidence base for targeting investment where deprivation andrelative disadvantage is highest. In the context of green infrastructure it is something of a leap toinfer that demand for GI is highest in areas of the greatest relative deprivation, but the principlethat areas of high deprivation should have priority attention for GI development, enhancement orcreation works is proposed. The basis for this is multi-dimensional but, for example, opportunities
for exercise are critical in areas of long term illness, obesity and heart disease, all of which areassociated with disadvantage and deprivation. Car ownership is lower in areas of highdeprivation so attention to journeys that link foot, bicycle and public transport is important. Finally,
and more contentiously, areas of low deprivation are often those where access to private green
space (primarily gardens) is good, and where car transport is available to access more distantareas of green space in the countryside.
Figures 21 and 22 illustrate the use of GIS to combine GI, population and deprivation datasets.

Figure 21: Green Spaces overlain on population density data

33

Figure 22: Green Spaces overlain on Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) data, clearly illustrating a
relative paucity of green space provision in the relatively most deprived areas.
Addressing many of the issues identified above may initially be done at a relatively strategic scale, toidentify where investment should be targeted to protect, conserve, enhance or create green
infrastructure. However, actions on the ground must of course be targeted at a tactical level which gives
rise to another question:
Where are there viable opportunities to create new elements and links?
Working towards strategic objectives and a vision for green infrastructure ultimately requires actions on
the ground, in specific areas and locations. To achieve this an appreciation of which opportunities are
viable in respect of, for example, land ownership, financial implications and land conditions requires
appropriately detailed information in a GIS database. Conservation, especially at a landscape scale, hasin the past been described as ‘the art of the possible’ and the development of green infrastructure thatexhibits both network connectivity and coherence and element-specific quality and fitness for use
requires that tactical opportunities are matched with strategic need. Again, GIS enables a range ofdatasets to be integrated that allow this level of connected decision making to be supported.
What/where to integrate?
This is not just about grey OR green infrastructure or simple metrics of loss and gain – there is aqualitative dimension that requires green and grey infrastructure to be developed together. Two keyquestions are identified in this context:a) Should new housing be developed in an area that is already well served with GI, so that the quality ofplace, environment and life for the incoming residents is high?
b) Should new housing be planned in an area of low quality or spatially incoherent GI so that design
and planning gain can be used to ‘leverage’ net gains for the new residents, and also enhance thecoherence and quality of the wider GI?

34

Figure 23: Local Plan information integrated with GI datasets
Figure 23 illustrates the integration of local plan information with GI which permits the evaluation ofdifferent development scenarios. However, this is not just a location issue, for there are layout anddesign issues to be considered as well. For example, high density housing developments may have amore constrained immediate ‘footprint’, but they may also represent a lost opportunity to integrate publicgreen spaces and links into a development that may have significance for the wider GI far beyond one
specific development.
What to link?
This element is relatively self-evident, following on from the previous sections. Analysis of existing
patterns of access, demand for access and gaps in the green infrastructure and the grey-grey
infrastructure (e.g. minor roads with pavements) should establish the areas of highest priority for network
extensions and enhancements.
What is tradable?
This is definitely the most contentious of the questions, but the reality of planning is one of managing
change, and at the heart of green infrastructure planning lie the three qualities of environment, place andlife. In many settings, perhaps most commonly in urban fringe areas, we have low quality places andenvironments that contribute little to quality of life. Regeneration requires development, and evenenvironmentally-led regeneration involves building and the transformation of brownfield and Greenfieldsites. GI planning is not proposed as an approach to block such developments, rather it is an approachthat should guide land allocation, siting and design of developments such that the green infrastructure is
not weakened, and also that existing GI can provide high quality settings for development and those thatlive and work there. In addition, there must be a focus on net gains and this requires an ability todetermine where trade-offs might best be made. Such trade-offs might result in the loss of an area ofgreen space, but planning gain agreements may potentially make available land and/or resources that
could strengthen the green infrastructure in other ways or in other areas.
There is no simple, universal equation to determine whether elements of GI may be traded and if so forwhat and where. The approach adopted here has been to encourage planners:

35a) to take an explicitly geographical view on the relationship between green spaces, links, other green
spaces and networks;b) to promote communication with partners and other interested parties to understand and appreciate
the significance of elements and links; andc) to promote communication with partners and other interested parties to understand and appreciate
the significance of gaps in provision and networks.
These are not issues that GIS can resolve, however data rich they are. Nor are they issues which
individual agencies, working in isolation, can resolve either. They require appropriate information,
consultation and careful judgement, but the potential gains from trading in a development context areconsiderable.

15. Green Infrastructure Plan delivery
Translating Green Infrastructure Plans into delivery is a crucial activity to be addressed as an integrated
part of the GI planning process.
It is suggested that at a strategic geographical level (refer to Chapter 11) that Landscape Scale
partnerships represent the best delivery mechanism. In some cases such arrangements will already bein place (for example Community Forest partnerships), in other areas where no landscape scale
partnership exist a process to create or enable a new landscape scale partnership will be required.
At a neighbourhood level (refer to Chapter 11) there may well be a number of existing delivery
mechanisms available, such as Groundwork Trusts.
The production of a publicly available delivery plan identifying which partners will deliver which aspectsof the GI plan over what timescale and at what cost (including sources of funding) appears to represent
good practice.
There are numerous models available for delivery plans and it is suggested that the right delivery plan
for any given area is likely to be a bespoke document based on other planning documents already in use
in the locality. Should there not be a satisfactory template available locally then the framework used by
the North East regional Forestry Strategy can be recommended as a format and is available in PDF
format on the internet: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-6fcf3q

16. Delivery Priorities
Delivery priorities have been related back to the ‘key’ functions of Green infrastructure planning set out insection 3 of this Guide. It should be noted that the list of priorities will vary according to the spatial scaleof the planning taking place or the landscape context, nevertheless by taking a high level view it ispossible to identify a list of delivery priorities in each category.
Delivery priorities for sustainable resource management: Green infrastructure that …
 Protects key assets (and also extends their beneficial qualities) including critical water resources anddelivers aspirations arising from catchment planning in the context of the Water Framework Directive.
 Delivers both the strategic goals and implements the key strategies of competent authorities andleading NGO’s (such as Environment Agency, Natural England, RSPB etc)
 Delivers the outputs and outcomes identified within key regional strategies (such as regional spatial
strategy, environment strategy and sustainable development strategies)
 Improves or protects essential environmental capital including ‘soils’ and ‘air quality’.
 Ameliorates the anticipated impact of climate change especially in regards to liveability in urban
settings.
 Helps minimise the ecological footprint of a recognised spatial area.

36Delivery priorities for biodiversity: Green infrastructure that …
 Maintains and enhances existing green areas by:ooPreventing deterioration of overall quality
Bringing quality improvements which are of direct benefit to communities whose local
environment is currently deficient in the qualitative benefits of access to nature.

o

Maintaining critical biodiversity assets and providing long term security for these as identified
in Biodiversity Action Plans.

oProviding connectivity at the landscape scale where this will favour expansion of biodiversity
assets and lead to an overall increase in ecotones (edge habitats). It is noted that strategic
isolation can be a positive green infrastructure approach in certain situations.

ooFacilitating the re-wilding and natural regeneration of Brownfield land leading to the creationof habitat rich post industrial landscapes.
Diversifying (and hence increase the multifunctional benefits) monotonous green landscapes(stakeholders critically refer to extensive areas of close mown municipal green space),through for example meadow management or landscape planning which introduces newfeatures.

o

Maintaining existing Geodiversity assets and providing access and interpretation of these.

 Provides new green areas which:oSecures additional biodiversity facilitated through the strategic planning system,
commercial and housing developments

new

o
o

Enables new ‘green links’ to be attained between existing green areas
Provides transitional landscape types (these can be highly beneficial for biodiversity forexample young woodland types)oBuffers existing green infrastructure assets (for example by providing woodland buffer zones
achieved through natural regeneration or planting of local provenance material adjacent to
ASNW)

o

Creates new Geodiversity assets.

Delivery priorities for recreation: Green infrastructure that …
 Provides ‘close in’ green infrastructure development which provide opportunities for green exercise(examples include walking and cycling routes close to places of work and links to areas with highlevels of multiple deprivation).
 Provides local ‘gateway’ access to ‘natural areas’ at confluence points between significant pavement
networks (for example on housing estates) and open green areas.
 Enables delivery of Rights of Way Improvement Plans and links to open access areas.
 Facilitates delivery of local authority walking and cycling strategies.
 Provides space for outdoor sport and active recreation activities (e.g. orienteering, equestrian,running) Provides a resource to educators and families for learning and creative play.
Landscape: Green infrastructure that …
 Works at the landscape scale, achieves connectivity between landscapes and provides a framework
for landscape enhancement, renewal and where necessary recreates landscape quality.
 Improves the diversity of urban green areas and delivers multi-functional benefits achieved throughlandscape led improvements.
 Connect ‘green areas’ together to achieve a ‘strategic whole’ that is greater than the sum of theparts.
 Achieves cooperative management of joined green areas whether they are in private ownership(such as gardens) with adjoining public areas (such as parks or the street scene)37Regional development and promotion: Green infrastructure that …
 Provides a landscape framework (for example by screen planting) to ameliorate visually unappealing
industrial and commercial structures for the benefit of local residents, investors, employees andvisitors.
 Provides a landscape framework adjacent to critical ‘grey infrastructure’ assets including trunk roads,
passenger rail corridors and main transport hubs (e.g. airports and ferry ports).
 Tackles local environmental issues such as fixation of particulates (from motor transport or industrial
processes) and creation of sound barriers.
 Demonstrably ties together existing regional and local economic, social and environmental
strategies.
 Delivers environmental regeneration priorities (for example that release more land for tree planting incommunity forest areas) Contributes to the regional tourism offer either by adding value to existing tourism attractions,providing new attractions or creating links between them.

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17. References
Countryside Agency and Groundwork, 2004, Countryside for Towns
Gallent, N., Anderson, J., Bianconi, M. and Osment, F. (2004). Vision for a sustainable, multi-functional
rural-urban fringe, Bartlett School of Planning and LDA Design. Final report to the Countryside Agency.
Jongman R.H.G. & Pungetti, G. (Eds.) (2004) Ecological networks and greenways; concept, design,
implementation (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
National Audit Office (2006). Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: Enhancing Urban Green Space, Reportby the Comptroller and Auditor General, The Stationery Office, London.
Rannikko, P. (1999). Combining Social and Ecological Sustainability in the Nordic Forest Periphery,
Sociologia Ruralis, 39(3), pp. 394-410.
Shafter, C.S., Lee, B.K., & Turner, S. (2000). A tale of three greenway trails: User perceptions related toquality of life. Landscape and Urban Planning, 49, 163-178.
Wackernagel, M and Rees, W. (1995). Our Ecological Footprint; Reducing Human Impact on the Earth,
New Society Publishers
WWF Northern (2005). The world is not enough… but it is all we have, WWF in association with
Sunderland City Council, Government Office North East, NE Assembly, One North East and Stockholm
Environment Institute.
WWF (2005). Regional Footprints: solutions to reduce our global impact, WWF-UK.

18. Future Developments
A web based HTML version of the GI Planning Guide will shortly be available and will be amended andupdated regularly.

19. Contact information
www.greeninfrastructure.eu

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Appendix A: OS Mastermap Descriptive Terms
OS Topographic Area
Descriptive Group
Building
Building
General Surface
General Surface
General Surface
General Surface
General Surface
General Surface
Glasshouse
Historic Interest
Inland Water
Landform
Landform
Landform
Landform
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Natural Environment
Path
Path
Provisional Or
Unverified
Rail
Rail
Rail
Road Or Track
Road Or Track
Roadside
Roadside
Roadside
Structure
Structure
Structure
Structure
Structure
Tidal Water
Tidal Water

Descriptive Term

Make
ManmadeManmadeManmadeMultiple
NaturalUnknown
Multiple
ManmadeManmadeArchway

Multi surface
Step

Cliff
Slope
Boulders
Boulders (Scattered)
Coniferous trees
Coniferous trees (Scattered)
Coppice or Osiers
Heath
Marsh Reeds or saltmarsh
Non coniferous trees
Non coniferous trees (Scattered)
OrchardRockRock (scattered)
Rough Grassland
Scree
Scrub
Step
Unclassified

NaturalManmadeNaturalNaturalManmadeNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalNaturalManmadeManmadeManmadeUnknown
UnmadeManmadeManmadeManmadeUnknown
UnmadeTraffic calming

Overhead construction
Pylon
Upper Level of Communication
Foreshore

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ManmadeManmadeManmadeManmadeNaturalNaturalOS Topographic Line
Descriptive Group
Building
Building
Building
General Feature
General Feature
General Feature
General Feature
General Feature
General Surface
General Surface
General Surface
Historic Interest
Historic Interest
Inland Water
Inland Water
Inland Water
Inland Water
Landform
Landform
Landform
Landform
Landform
Landform
Landform
Network Or Polygon
Closing Geometry
Network Or Polygon
Closing Geometry
Path
Political Or Administrative
Political Or Administrative
Political Or Administrative
Political Or Administrative
Political Or Administrative
Pre-Build
Rail
Rail
Rail
Rail
Rail
Road Or Track
Road Or Track
Road Or Track
Roadside
Structure
Structure
Structure
Tidal Water
Tidal Water

Descriptive Term
OutlineOutlineDivision

Make
ManmadeManmadeManmadeOverhead construction

Tunnel edge
Step
Step
Course of CRT Heritage

NaturalManmadeManmadeTunnel Edge
CulvertManmadeManmadeTop of Slope

ManmadeBottom of Cliff
Ridge or Rock line
Top of Cliff
Bottom of slope
Inferred property closing link

ManmadeNaturalNaturalNaturalManmadePolygon Closing link
Tunnel edge
DistrictElectoral
ParliamentaryCountyParishManmadeNarrow gauge
Standard gauge track
BufferManmadeTunnel edge
Tunnel edge
PublicTraffic calming

ManmadeManmadeManmadeManmade

Pylon
Network Closing Link
Mean High Water (Springs)
Mean Low Water (Springs)

41

ManmadeManmadeNaturalNaturalOS Topographic Point
Descriptive Group
General Feature
General Feature
General Feature
Historic Interest
Historic Interest
Inland Water
Landform
Landform
Landform
Political Or Administrative
Pre-Build
Provisional Or Unverified
Rail

Descriptive Term
Positioned Non-coniferous
Positioned Coniferous
Positioned Boulder
Site Of Heritage
CRT Structure

Rail
Roadside
Structure
Structure
Structure
Terrain And Height
Terrain And Height
Tidal Water

Structure

Make
NaturalNaturalNaturalManmadeManmadeNaturalNaturalDisused Feature
Boundary Post or stone
Unclassified
SwitchStructure
Triangulation Point or Pillar
Air Height
Spot Height

42

ManmadeManmadeManmadeAppendix B – Datasets used
ORGANISATIONDATASETCountryside Agency
Open Access land
Community Forests
Community Forest Boundaries
DEFRA
North East Public Rights of Way
English Heritage
Battlefields
English Heritage
World Heritage Sites
English Heritage
Protected Wreck Sites
English Heritage
Scheduled Monuments
English Heritage
Parks and Gardens
English Nature
Ancient woodland
English Nature
National Nature Reserves
English NatureSpecial Areas of Conservation
English Nature
Site of Special Scientifc Interest
English Nature
RAMSAR sites
Environment Agency
Fluvial/Tidal Flood Plains
Forestry Commission
National Inventory of Woodlands
Forestry Commission
Woodland Grant Schemes
Office for National Statistics
Census Output Area boundaries
Office for National Statistics
Super Output Areas (lower level)
Office for National Statistics
Population Statistics
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Indices of Multiple Deprivation
Ordnance Survey
OS Mastermap
Ordnance Survey
1:10000 colour raster
Ordnance Survey
1:50000 colour raster
Ordnance Survey
1:250000 colour raster
Ordnance Survey
Strategi
RSPB
Important Bird Areas
RSPB
Bird Reserves
Sport England
Sport, Pitches and Tracks North East Region
Stockton Borough Council
Urban Open Space data
Stockton Borough Council
Local Plan data
SUSTRANS
National Cycle Network
UK Perspectives
Aerial photography (25 cm pixel resolution)
Woodland Trust
Accessible Woodlands - GB
Woodland Trust
Major/Minor concentrations of Ancient Woodland

43