Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (German Version)

Einpress-Stützkonstruktionen: Ein Handbuch
Zweite Auflage, 2021

International Press-in Association

Press-in Retaining Structures: A Handbook
Second Edition, 2021 (German Version)

Einpress-Stützkonstruktionen: Ein Handbuch
Zweite Auflage, 2021

International Press-in Association

Erste Veröffentlichung: März 2022

ISBN: 978-4-909722-61-4 C3050 (Druckausgabe)
ISBN: 978-4-909722-60-7 C3050 (PDF-Ausgabe)

COPYRIGHT@2021
vonInternational Press-in Association
Datum der zweiten Veröffentlichung: 1. August 2022

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ii

Inhaltsverzeichnis
VorwortDefinitionen
Kapitel 1 ALLGEMEINES
1.1

ANWENDUNGSBEREICH ················································································· 1-1

1.2

STRUKTUR DES HANDBUCHS ········································································· 1-2

1.3

EINPRESSTECHNIK
1.3.1 Arten von Einpressgeräten ············································································· 1-3
1.3.2 Merkmale der Einpresstechnik mit selbstschreitenden Maschinen ······························ 1-6
1.3.2.1 Entwicklung der Einpresstechnik mit Selbstschreiten ···························· 1-7
1.3.2.2 Mechanismus der Einpresstechnik mit Selbstschreiten Maschinen ············· 1-7
1.3.2.3 Geräusch- und vibrationsarm ························································· 1-8
1.3.2.4 Überwindung von zähen bis harten Böden ········································1-11
1.3.2.5 Umgang mit eingeengtem Bauraum ················································1-13
1.3.2.6 Vorteile von Winkelstützmauern freitragende Stützkonstruktionen und derEinpresstechnik mit Selbstschreiten ···························································1-14
1.3.2.7 Verringerung der Umweltauswirkungen ···········································1-17
1.3.2.8 Automatische Erfassung und Nutzung der Einpressdaten ·······················1-19
1.3.2.9 Sonstige Merkmale ····································································1-20
1.3.2.10 Zusammenfassung der Merkmale ·················································1-21
1.3.3

Vergleich von konventionellen Rammverfahren und Einpresstechnik mit

Selbstschreiten ································································································1-23
1.3.3.1 Einbringmethoden für Stahlspundbohlen (U-förmige, Z-förmige,
hutförmige (Hat), Zero-Stahlspundbohlen) ·················································1-20
1.3.3.2 Einbauverfahren für Kanaldielen ···················································1-23
1.3.3.3 Einbringmethode für Stahlrohre mit Schlössern (P-P, P-T und L-T Schlösser) 1-24
1.3.3.4 Einbringmethoden für Stahlrohre ···················································1-24
1.3.3.5 Einbringmethoden für Betonspundbohlen ·········································1-25
1.3.3.6 Einbringmethoden für Fertigbetonpfähle ··········································1-25
1.3.3.7 Einbringmethoden für kombinierte Wände ········································1-26
1.4

ANWENDUNGEN FÜR DIE EINPRESSTECHNIK MIT SELBSTSCHREITEN FÜR
EINGEBETTETE BAUTEN
1.4.1 Erdstützbauwerke (Erdstützmauern, Deiche, Dämme, Schotten, Temporären
Stützmauern, Kofferdämme usw.) ···································································1-26
1.4.2 Deichverstärkungsarbeiten, Strandschutzarbeiten ·················································1-28
1.4.3 Gegenmaßnahme bei Verflüssigung ·································································1-29
1.4.4 Abgeschnittene Wände ················································································1-29
1.4.5 Spannungstrennwände ················································································1-29
1.4.6 Arbeiten zur Stabilisierung von Dämmen, zur Verhinderung von Erdrutschen undzur Wiederherstellung nach Katastrophen ··························································1-29
iii

1.4.7 Gründungsarbeiten (Ingenieurbauwerke, Häfen, Gebäude) ·····································1-30
1.4.8 Tragende Stützmauern ················································································1-32
1.5 VERWANDTE NORMEN UND LEITLINIEN ······························································1-33
Referenzen ···············································································································1-35

Kapitel 2 PLANUNG UND UNTERSUCHUNG
2.1 PLANUNG
2.1.1 Allgemeines ····························································································· 2-1
2.1.2 Planungsüberlegungen ················································································· 2-1
2.1.2.1 Topografie, geologische Merkmale, Bodenbeschaffenheit, Grundwasser
und Witterungsbedingungen der Baustelle ·················································· 2-2
2.1.2.2 Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und benachbarten Bauwerke sowie
bauliche Einschränkungen ····································································· 2-3
2.1.2.3 Umstände, die sich auf die Bauarbeit auswirken können ························· 2-3
2.1.2.4

Zweck

der

Stützwand,Grenzzustand,Entwurfssituation

undLeistungsanforderungen und -kriterien ······················································· 2-4
2.1.2.5 Konstruktionsbedingungen ··························································· 2-4
2.2 UNTERSUCHUNG
2.2.1 Allgemeines ····························································································· 2-6
2.2.2 Zweck und Inhalt der Untersuchung ································································· 2-6
2.2.2.1 Sammlung von relevanten Dokumenten und Daten ······························· 2-6
2.2.2.2 Erkundung des Standorts ······························································ 2-7
2.2.2.3 Bodenuntersuchung ···································································· 2-7
2.2.2.4 Untersuchung der Umstände, die die Bauarbeiten beeinflussen können ······2-12
2.2.2.5 Untersuchungen in Bezug auf Umweltschutz ·····································2-12
2.2.2.6 Bewertung der Bodenverhältnisse anhand der Einpressdaten ···················2-12
2.2.3 Untersuchungsbericht ·················································································2-13
Referenzen ···············································································································2-13

Kapitel 3 ENTWURF
3.1 EINFÜHRUNG ····································································································· 3-1
3.2 ALLGEMEINE FRAGEN ZUR BEMESSUNG
3.2.1 Grundprinzipien der Bemessung ····································································· 3-2
3.2.1.1 Anwendungsbereich ····································································· 3-2
3.2.1.2 Hierarchie der Leistungsanforderungen ·············································· 3-2
3.2.1.3 Grenzzustände, Einwirkungen und Bemessungssituationen ······················· 3-3
3.2.1.4 Leistungsanforderungen ································································ 3-4
3.2.1.5 Leistungskriterien ········································································ 3-5
3.2.1.6 Prozess der Leistungsüberprüfung ···················································· 3-6
3.2.1.7 Qualifizierung von Konstrukteuren ··················································· 3-7
iv

3.2.1.8 Dokumente ··············································································· 3-7

3.2.2 Überprüfung/Überarbeitung des Entwurfs anhand der Bauunterlagen ·························· 3-7
3.2.3 Einwirkungen und Bemessungssituationen für Straßenstützwände ····························· 3-7
3.2.3.1 Allgemeines ············································································· 3-7
3.2.3.2 Eigengewicht ············································································ 3-8
3.2.3.3 Erddruck und Wasserdruck ··························································· 3-8
3.2.3.4 Belastung durch Erdbeben-Bodenbewegungen ···································· 3-8
3.2.3.5 Belastung der Bodenoberfläche ······················································ 3-9
3.2.3.6 Schneelast ··············································································· 3-9
3.2.3.7 Windlast ················································································· 3-9
3.2.3.8 Kollisionsbelastung ···································································· 3-9
3.2.3.9 Andere Belastungen ···································································· 3-9
3.2.3.10 Kombination von Lasten für typische Bemessungssituationen ················ 3-9
3.2.4 Materialien ······························································································3-10
3.2.4.1 Vorgefertigte Pfähle ··································································3-10
3.2.4.2 Eigenschaften von Stahlwerkstoffen ···············································3-10
3.2.4.3 Korrosionszuschlag/Korrosionsschutz ·············································3-11
3.2.4.4 Effektive Biegesteifigkeit ···························································· 3-11
3.3 BEMESSUNG VON STÜTZWÄNDEN ······································································ 3-11
3.3.1 Planung ·································································································· 3-11
3.3.2 Bemessung von Wandkonstruktionen ·······························································3-12
3.3.2.1 Entwurf von Wandbauten für Straßenstützmauern ······························3-12
3.3.2.2 Bemessung von Wandbauten für Hafen- und Kaimauern ······················3-16
3.3.3 Stabilität der Baugrubensohlen ······································································3-21
3.3.3.1 Abwägung von hydraulischer Grundbruch ·······································3-21
3.3.3.2 Abwägung von Grundbruch ·························································3-22
3.3.3.3 Abwägung von Bodenhebung ······················································3-22
3.3.3.4 Abwägung von quellendem Boden ················································3-22
3.3.3.5 Maßnahmen zur Stabilitätsverbesserung an der Baugrubensohle ·············3-22
3.3.4 Allgemeine Stabilität ··················································································3-23
3.3.5 Auswirkungen auf umliegende Bauwerke ·························································3-23
3.3.5.1 Bodenverformung aufgrund der Verformung von Stützwänden ···············3-24
3.3.5.2 Bodensetzungen aufgrund von Grundwasserabsenkungen ·····················3-24
3.3.5.3 Bodensetzungen durch Herausziehen eingebetteter Stützwände ··············3-24
3.3.5.4 Rückprall des Bodens aufgrund von Spannungsabbau ··························3-25
3.4 BEMESSUNGSBERICHT ·······················································································3-26
Referenzen ···············································································································3-27v

Kapitel 4 BAUAUSFÜHRUNG
4.1 ALLGEMEINES ···································································································· 4-1
4.2 EINPRESSTECHNIK - EIN ÜBERBLICK
4.2.1 Einpresstechnik mit selbstschreitenden Geräten ··················································· 4-2
4.2.1.1 Grundlegende Konfiguration der Geräte ··········································· 4-2
4.2.1.2 Bestandteile des Einpressgeräts ······················································ 4-3
4.2.1.3 Standardbewegungen der Einpresstechnik (wiederholte Auf- undAbwärtsbewegung) ············································································· 4-6
4.2.1.4 Standardbewegungen der Einpresstechnik (Selbstschreiten) ···················· 4-7
4.2.2 Auswahl der geeigneten Maschine, Einpresstechnik und Einpresssystem ····················· 4-8
4.2.3 Vorgefertigte Pfähle ··················································································· 4-11
4.2.3.1 Stahlspundbohlen ····································································· 4-11
4.2.3.2 Stahlrohrpfähle ········································································4-15
4.2.3.3 Kombinierte Wände ··································································4-16
4.2.3.4 Betonspundbohlen ····································································4-17
4.2.3.5 Wandsegment aus Betonfertigteilen ···············································4-17
4.3 BAUPLAN
4.3.1 Bauplan im Allgemeinen ·············································································4-18
4.3.2 Abwägungen zu Einpressarbeiten ···································································4-19
4.3.2.1 Auswahl von Einpresstechniken und geeigneter Spundbohlen für die
Bodenverhältnisse ·············································································4-19
4.3.2.2 Einpresstechnik für Stahlspundbohlen ····································4-20
4.3.2.3 Einpresstechnik für Stahlrohre mit und ohne Schlösser ·····················4-25
4.3.2.4 Einpressverfahren die Standort-Einschränkungen bewältigen ·················4-30
4.3.2.5 Einbringmethode, die Abstände zwischen Spundbohlen zulässt (2,5 D
c.t.c.-Abstände) ················································································4-42
4.3.3 Erstellen von Bauplanungsunterlagen für Einpressarbeiten ·····································4-43
4.3.3.1 Einpressgeräten, Einpresstechniken und Einpressverfahren ····················4-44
4.3.3.2 Lieferplan für Maschinen, Geräte und Materialien ······························4-44
4.3.3.3 Maschinen- und Materialaufstellungsplan ········································4-46
4.3.3.4 Terminplanung für Einbringarbeiten ···············································4-51
4.3.3.5 Bauleitplan ·············································································4-51
4.3.3.6 Umweltschutzplan ····································································4-51
4.3.3.7 Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsmanagement-Plan ·································4-53
4.3.3.8 Organisationsplan vor Ort ···························································4-56
4.4 AUSFÜHRUNG VON EINPRESSARBEITEN
4.4.1 Vorbereitende Arbeiten ················································································4-58
4.4.2 Einbringmethoden für Pfähle ········································································4-58
4.4.2.1 Übliche Einpresstechniken für Pfähle ·············································4-58
4.4.2.2 Ablauf beim ersten Einpressen ······················································4-67vi

4.4.2.3 Ablauf beim Standard-Einpressen ·················································4-70
4.4.2.4 Einpressen mit Spülhilfe ·····························································4-75
4.4.2.5 Ablauf beim Einpressen mit Bohrhilfe ············································4-79
4.4.2.6 Ablauf beim Rotationseinpressen ··················································4-81
4.4.2.7 Bauablauf bei kombinierten Wände ·······································4-86
4.4.2.8 Kurvenförmiges Einpressen ·························································4-88
4.4.2.9 Einpressen an Ecken ·································································4-90
4.4.2.10 Rückwärtsschreiten ·································································4-91
4.4.3 Einpresssystem zur Überwindung von Einschränkungen auf der Baustelle ···················4-92
4.4.3.1 Abwägungen beim Einbringen von Pfählen unter verschiedenen
baulichen Einschränkungen ··································································4-92
4.4.3.2 Einbringmethode ohne temporäre Plattform ······································4-94
4.4.3.3 Einbringmethode bei eingeschränktem Kopfraum ·······························4-98
4.4.4 Herausziehen von Pfählen ·········································································· 4-103
4.4.4.1 Organisation des Herausziehens ·················································· 4-103
4.4.4.2 Ablauf beim Herausziehen ························································ 4-104
4.4.5 Spleißen und Schneiden von Pfählen ····························································· 4-105
4.4.5.1 Stoßschweißen von Stahlspundbohlen ·········································· 4-105
4.4.5.2 Schweißen von Stahlrohren ······················································· 4-107
4.4.5.3 Verschraubung ······································································ 4-107
4.4.5.4 Mechanische Verbindung ·························································· 4-108
4.4.5.5 Schneiden von Pfählen ······························································ 4-109
4.4.6 Behandlung und Entsorgung von Abfällen ······················································· 4-109
4.5 BAUÜBERWACHUNG, BAULEITUNG UND MONITORING
4.5.1 Allgemeines ·························································································· 4-110
4.5.2 Plan für Bauüberwachung, Bauleitung und Monitoring ······································· 4-110
4.5.3 Baustelleneinrichtung ··············································································· 4-111
4.5.4 Bauleitung ···························································································· 4-111
4.5.5 Steuerung des Einpressvorgangs ·································································· 4-112
4.5.5.1 Steuerung des Einpressgeräts ····················································· 4-112
4.5.5.2 Einstellen der optimalen Einpressparameter im Handbetrieb ················ 4-113
4.5.5.3 Informationen, die beim Einpressen gewonnen werden ······················ 4-116
4.5.5.4 Einhaltung der Position und Lage der Spundbohle durch wiederholte
Auf- und Abwärtsbewegungen ···························································· 4-119
4.5.5.5 Bewertung des Einpressvorgangs anhand von Einpressdaten ················ 4-120
4.5.5.6 Automatisierter Betrieb ···························································· 4-120
4.5.5.7 Abschätzen von Bodeninformationen anhand der Einpressdaten ··········· 4-121
4.5.6 Terminsteuerung des Einpressvorgangs ·························································· 4-122
4.5.7 Qualitätskontrolle des Einpressvorgangs ························································· 4-122
4.5.8 Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsmanagement ······················································· 4-123vii

4.5.9 Inspektion und Wartung von Einpressgeräte ····················································· 4-124
4.5.10 Monitoring ·························································································· 4-124
4.5.11 Baubericht ··························································································· 4-125
Referenzen ············································································································· 4-127

viii

Vorwort
Die Einpresstechnik ist vor einem halben Jahrhundert aus dem Bedürfnis heraus entstanden, Stützbauwerke sicher undgeräuschlos einzubringen. In der ersten Ausgabe (2016) von Einpress-Stützkonstruktionen: ein Handbuch wurde
versucht, die gesammelten Erfahrungen aus der Praxis in ein Rahmenwerk für den Grundbau umzusetzen, und es
wurden nützliche Informationen zur Planung und zum Bau von Stützkonstruktionen mittels Einpresstechnikzusammen mit einer Reihe von Fallbeispielen aus aller Welt zusammengetragen.

Die Veröffentlichung der zweiten Auflage des Handbuchs im Jahr 2021 ist die überarbeitete Version der Ausgabe von2016. Mit dieser Überarbeitung werden unter anderem folgende Ziele verfolgt: (i) Angleichung des Inhalts an dieüberarbeiteten „Design and Construction Guidelines of the Press-in Method“ (auf Japanisch, veröffentlicht 2020), (ii)Berücksichtigung der Fortschritte bei Einpressmaschinen und der Forschungsarbeiten in den letzten fünf Jahren, (iii)
Verbesserung der Beschreibungen zur besseren Lesbarkeit und Nutzbarkeit des Handbuchs, und (iv) Straffung durch
Streichung bestimmter Punkte in der Ausgabe 2016.

Personen, die sich für Fallbeispiele im Zusammenhang mit der Einpresstechnik interessieren, werden auf das Werk
„New Horizons in Piling – Development and Application of Press-in Piling“ von Malcolm Bolton et al. verwiesen,dass 2020 von CRC Press veröffentlicht wurde, sowie auf „Press-in Piling Case History“ Volume 1 vom International
Press-in Association (IPA) Research Committee, das 2019 von der IPA veröffentlicht wurde.

Als Vorsitzender des Redaktionsausschusses für dieses Handbuch möchte ich allen unten aufgeführten
Ausschussmitgliedern meinen aufrichtigen Dank aussprechen.

Osamu Kusakabe
Vorsitz
Redaktionsausschuss für die zweite Auflage

Redaktionsausschuss
Yoshiaki Kikuchi, Professor, Universität für Wissenschaft in Tokio
Osamu Kusakabe, emeritierter Professor, Tokioter Institut für Technologie
Tsunenobu Nozaki, Sekretariat der International Press-in Association
Mitsuhiro Okada, GIKEN LTD.
Takefumi Takuma, Giken America Corporation
Masaaki Terashi, Internationaler Presseverband
Masafumi Yamaguchi, Sekretariat der International Press-in Association(Alphabetische Reihenfolge)ixInternationale beratende Mitglieder
Stuart Haigh, Dozent, Universität von Cambridge
Chun Fai Leung, Professor, Nationale Universität von Singapur
Goh Teik Lim, AtsuNEW GIKEN Pte. Ltd.
Ramin Motamed, Außerordentlicher Professor, Universität von Nevada Reno
(Alphabetische Reihenfolge)

Berater bei der deutschen Übersetzung:Prof. Christos Vrettos, Fachgebiet Bodenmechanik und Grundbau, Technische Universität Kaiserslauternx