SAFETYINNOVATIONAT ZOOXSETTING THE BAR FOR SAFETYIN AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY
VERSION 1.0 / PUBLISHED 2018

FOREWORDZOOX IS CREATING THE FULL REALIZATION
OF SAFE AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY, TODAY.
We believe that just as the combustion engine took society from the age of the horseand carriage to the automobile, autonomous mobility technology will take us to the next
era in transportation.
Our vision is to connect people and places in wonderful ways, while at the same time
improving public safety and reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Our goal is toimagine this future and build it today, for a safer and more sustainable tomorrow.
This report will provide the reader with a better understanding of how autonomousvehicle technology works, and specifically, how Zoox strives to set the bar for safety
in autonomous mobility. We appreciate the opportunity to share the safety foundation
we are building now, as we prepare to deploy autonomous vehicles for the public.
Thank you for joining us on this journey.

Jesse Levinson, Ph.D.
Co-Founder & Chief Technology Officer

SAFETY INNOVATION AT ZOOX

2FOREWORD

SAFETY IS FOUNDATIONAL TO THE ZOOX MISSION.
WE STRIVE TO SET THE BAR FOR SAFETY IN
AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY.
The advent of autonomous technology represents the biggest opportunity to improve
the safety of surface transportation since the introduction of the automobile 100 years
ago. With robust sensors, advanced software, and rigorous testing, automated vehicles
have the opportunity to greatly reduce, and eventually eliminate, the impact of humanerror at the root of 94 percent of vehicular crashes.
Innovating ways to keep people safe is fundamental to who we are at Zoox. We are ona mission every day to invent and improve how people safely arrive at their destinations.
In this document, we outline the safety foundation that is built into everything we do
at Zoox: from testing and validation, to our vehicle design and autonomous software
stack, and eventually, a mobility service.
Today, Zoox is testing its software on conventional vehicles with safety operators on
public roads across the San Francisco Bay Area, and this is just our beginning. This is
Version 1.0 - it’s the first report in a series that will communicate the Zoox plan to set
the bar for safety in autonomous mobility. Future versions of this report will provide
further details of our approach and specific safety innovations as we deploy our fullyautonomous mobility service in the coming years.

Mark R. Rosekind, Ph.D.
Chief Safety Innovation Officer
Former Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)Former Member of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)SAFETY INNOVATION AT ZOOX

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01 / ZOOX OVERVIEWIN THE UNITED STATESSAFETYMOBILITYSUSTAINABILITY

37,13342

96%

lives lost in car crashes in 2017

hours lost per commuterin traffic per year

amount of time cars sit unused

94%

53

1,113

crashes attributed to human error

million adults with disabilities
in 2015

million tons of greenhouse gasses
emitted by passenger vehicles
in 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTS

01

04

ZOOX OVERVIEW / PAGE 6

HOW ZOOX VEHICLES WILL
INTERACT SAFELY WITH THE PUBLIC / PAGE 24

History
Approach
Safety Philosophy

Law Enforcement Engagement
Accessibility

02

05

HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY WORKS/ PAGE 10

CONCLUSION / PAGE 26

Our Sensor Suite
Our Autonomous Driving Software

03

06

WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFE / PAGE 15

APPENDIX / PAGE 27

Testing & Validation

NHTSA’s Automated Driving Systems 2.0
Safety Design Elements

Defining the Operating Environment:
Operational Design Domain

Vehicle Operator Safety Training Curriculum

Remote Operations to Manage
Uncertain Scenarios
Managing Cybersecurity Threats
Vehicle Architecture
Redundant Safety Features
Regulations & Compliance
Data Security

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01 / ZOOX OVERVIEW

01. OVERVIEW
History
Approach
Safety Philosophy

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01 / ZOOX OVERVIEWHISTORYe world is on the cusp of a new mobility age

PIONEERS, INVENTORS, BUILDERS.
Zoox was founded in 2014 in Menlo Park, California by Dr. Jesse Levinson
and Tim Kentley-Klay, pioneers in the autonomous vehicle industry. Jesse
developed algorithms for Stanford University’s winning entry in the 2007
DARPA Urban Challenge (an autonomous car competition funded by the U.S.
Department of Defense). He went on to lead Stanford’s autonomous driving
research efforts. Tim previously founded three design and technology-driven
companies in Australia, before his interest in autonomous mobility technology
brought him to Silicon Valley.
Zoox is a company of inventors and builders. Our Zoox employees possess
highly interdisciplinary backgrounds and advanced degrees, with expertisein vehicle and aerospace engineering, safety, robotics, artificial intelligence,machine learning, and product design. Our team members have experience atcompanies and government agencies including Google, Tesla, Apple, Ferrari,
NVIDIA, NASA, NTSB, and NHTSA.

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01 / ZOOX OVERVIEWAPPROACH
Zoox is building an advanced mobility system
to transport people in cities. By focusing on theentire ecosystem, we are developing a cohesiveand safe autonomous mobility platform.

FULLY AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

ZERO-EMISSION VEHICLE

MOBILITY-AS-A-SERVICE

Zoox is building an advanced mobility system to transport people in cities. By focusing
on the entire ecosystem, including a purpose-built vehicle, software, hardware, andmobility service, we are developing a cohesive and safe autonomous mobility platform.
Our vehicle platform integrates multiple types of sensors with enough redundancy thatdriving can continue safely if any single component fails. This platform and approachallow for safety and quality of service enhancements that surpass conventional car
designs, including those modified for autonomy.
Our full stack software, which is being developed entirely by in-house experts, includes
all relevant components of autonomous mobility technology, spanning perception,
prediction, planning, control, localization, and mapping.
In addition to developing each component, we will manage the delivery of the entire
autonomous mobility service. This will allow us to retain control of fleet safety throughour remote operations, operational design domain (ODD), and cybersecurity initiatives.

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01 / ZOOX OVERVIEW

SAFETY PHILOSOPHY
Autonomous mobility will
provide a safety paradigm
shift: from reactive toproactive safety.

Autonomous mobility will provide a safety paradigm shift: from reactive toproactive safety.
For the past century, automotive safety has been fundamentally reactive.
Safety efforts have focused on after-the-fact measures intended to limit thedamage caused by crashes. The number of deaths and injuries that still occur
on our roads every day shows that this reactive approach to safety falls far
short in protecting the public.
Along with autonomous mobility, we need an innovative and proactive safety
approach that leverages best practices from multiple industries, including
aviation, healthcare, and industrial applications.
Our safety innovation strategy is to ‘Prevent and Protect’. Our prevention
approach works by analyzing potential safety risks our vehicles willencounter and proactively mitigating them.
The ultimate proactive safety strategy is to prevent incidents fromoccurring in the first place. Further safety is provided in our vehicles throughtraditional protection tools - that is, minimizing the harm caused if a crashwere to occur.

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02 / HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY WORKS

02. HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVINGTECHNOLOGY WORKS
Our Sensor Suite
Our Autonomous Driving Software

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02 / HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY WORKS

HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVINGTECHNOLOGY WORKS
Zoox has software, hardware, and vehicle engineers working together under one roof to build anautonomous vehicle from the ground up. This integrated approach allows us to develop state-of-the-art
strategies for our vehicles to safely drive and interact with the public and other road users. Our engineers
address these questions:

What do I see?

Where do I go?

Our vehicles perceive their surroundings
through a multi-sensor suite. These sensors
work together to provide our vehicles witha detailed 360-degree view of the world
around it.

Our vehicles have extremely precise locationand planning tools that direct our vehicles
to the places our customers want to go.
Additionally, we have developed the tools
to build and regularly update high-definition
3D maps of the areas our vehicles drive.

How do I learn?

What if I get stuck?

Our vehicles are on the path to fullyautonomous driving by learning fromdetailed simulation, controlled private roadand track testing, and public road testingin the San Francisco Bay Area.

In the rare instance a vehicle stops in an
unknown situation, it contacts a remote
operations center, where an operator will
help unblock the vehicle.

Zoox is building a fully integrated autonomous mobility system to address these questions, andwe have made great strides since we started in 2014.
Our system allows Zoox to deliver a mobility experience with safety incorporated by design into
every aspect of our service.

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02 / HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY WORKSOUR SENSOR SUITE

Building a fully autonomous vehicle requires a significantly more robust suite of sensors than cars
with advanced driver assist features have today. There are no shortcuts to building a best-in-class,next-generation sensor suite for our vehicles.
No sensor by itself is perfect. That’s why our sensor suite includes multiple cameras, lidar (Light
Detection and Ranging), radar (Radio Detection and Ranging), and proprietary sensors. Because
Zoox is building a vehicle from the ground up, we have optimally placed our sensors in a symmetricconfiguration to form a real-time, 360-degree view of our vehicle’s surroundings. This provides
increased detection of other road users and objects near and far, and in all directions.
Our sensor suite is designed and tested for safe, reliable operations and provides redundant
coverage, should any individual sensor fail.
Our autonomous software takes the sensors’ data and seamlessly processes the information.
This allows our vehicles to deal with many scenarios that are challenging to human operators,
including adverse weather, construction zones, and the navigation of crowded city streets.

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02 / HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY WORKSOUR SENSOR SUITE

Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging)
Our lidar sensors help us build a live 3D representation of our vehicles’ surroundings.
They work by sending out a focused beam of light. When the beam encounters an
object, the light is reflected back toward the sensor (laser return). The computeruses this reflection time to calculate the distance from the sensor to that object.
By doing this many millions of times per second, the vehicle is able to portray areal-time 3D image of the world around it. Our multiple lidar sensors calibrate
automatically with each other to confirm the accuracy of this 3D image.

Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)
Our radar sensors serve as an object-detection system that help our vehicles reliably
measure how far away an object is and its velocity. These sensors work by sendingout a short burst of electromagnetic radio waves and measuring how long they taketo return. Radar sensors are also very effective regardless of challenging weather
and lighting conditions.

CamerasOur cameras cover varying and overlapping fields of view and ranges. Thesecameras produce reliable video images that help our vehicles identify objects.
The high resolution and color perception of camera images make them well-suitedfor machine learning algorithms that classify objects by category, which is helpful
for prediction and planning. They also excel at detecting small or far-away objects
and are the only sensor that can perceive the state of traffic lights.

Other Sensors
We have additional sensors on our vehicles to more reliably and effectively
understand our vehicles’ surroundings. By using a range of visual and auditory
sensors, our redundant sensor systems enable our vehicles to drive safely.

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02 / HOW AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY WORKSOUR AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SOFTWARE
Our autonomous vehicles are enabled by a seamless interaction between our physical sensor suiteand our sophisticated autonomous software.
Through cutting-edge software, our vehicles perceive their surroundings and can predict the likely
behavior of other road users, including vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists. Using this information, ourvehicles plan and drive their paths. Underlying this software is a localization functionality, whichallows the vehicle to know precisely where it is at all times.

PERCEPTION
Our vehicles can see their surroundings throughcomputer vision technologies. They take the images
and data from sensors to detect, track, and avoid all
objects, such as other vehicles, traffic lights, cyclists,
motorcyclists, and pedestrians. Our state-of-the-art
technology uses deep-learning methods to segment
and classify objects from our sensor data.

PLANNING
Our planning methodology uses our software’s
perception and prediction of what other road objects
will do to plan a path for our vehicle. This enables ourvehicles to drive where they need to go. Our software
is constantly evaluating the vehicle’s surroundings
and predictions of other road objects’ paths to planits driving actions.

PREDICTION
Zoox vehicles predict the future actions of dynamic
road objects, such as other cars, pedestrians, andcyclists, by using a complex software framework that
integrates the following:

LOCALIZATION
Our vehicles know where they are located at all times
with centimeter-level localization software (i.e., we
can know our vehicle’s location down to a centimeter)
based on inertial sensors, lidars and cameras, GPS,and our proprietary mapping data.

Domain-specific rules: Our software takes
the context of the situation into account(e.g. a car’s direction).
Physics-based modeling: The software
anticipates where a dynamic object will be,
given its anticipated speed and acceleration(e.g. a car’s direction and speed).
Data-driven machine-learned behavior modeling:
Our vehicles interpret human behavior anduse this information to anticipate the actionsof dynamic objects (e.g. a car is veering in acertain direction).

SAFETY INNOVATION AT ZOOXMAPPING
High-fidelity maps are crucial for enabling autonomousvehicles to know exactly where they are. We aredeveloping our own mapping technology as well as
the maps themselves, which guarantees a high levelof resolution and quality.
Since we manage our entire fleet, we can continuously
update the maps on all of our vehicles as cities evolveand grow.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFE

03. WHAT MAKES ZOOXVEHICLES SAFEThe following pages describe elements of our mobility
system designed and developed around safety objectives.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFETESTING & VALIDATION / SIMULATION

We rigorously test and validate our autonomous driving technology. We test
our vehicles’ capabilities in highly detailed simulations and on private roads
and tracks before testing on public roads.
Using a detailed simulation environment is key to developing a road-readyautonomous driving solution. Simulation allows us to significantly accelerate
and enhance the development of our software by allowing us to “drive”
more miles every day than would be possible in the real world. At the sametime, simulation allows us to deliberately focus on less common and moredifficult driving scenarios that so often lead to human error in an uncontrolledenvironment.
While real-world road testing is essential to the development of autonomousvehicle software, it is an inefficient way to collect data on the many unusual
driving circumstance that vehicles might encounter.
Zoox makes the investment in and development of our in-house simulation
capabilities a top priority. We have built advanced simulation software toaccurately replicate the geographies, topographies, and traffic situations
typically encountered in urban areas where we plan to operate. Our advanced
simulation capabilities allow us to simulate raw sensor data, which allows us
to test our entire autonomous driving software stack.
Zoox is positioned to take full advantage of critical simulation technologies
underlying the safe deployment of autonomous vehicles.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFETESTING & VALIDATION / ON-ROAD
Zoox uses a fleet of test vehicles to test and validate
our core autonomous mobility technology.

test tracks, and public roads to validate our vehicle’s
safety design.

Our testing fleet includes Toyota Highlanders andPrius C’s, which are road-ready and meeting all
applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards(FMVSS). We retrofit these vehicles with our sensor
suite and compute hardware. Zoox has a California
DMV permit to test these vehicles on public roads.

Our engineering teams use our vehicles as tools to test
and validate our sensor suite and autonomous driving
software, to continuously improve our technology.

Our experienced vehicle testing team performs daily
drives around the San Francisco Bay Area. Our current
safety protocols dictate that at least two operators
must be in the vehicle at all times. We test in various
weather and road conditions on private roads,

This tight feedback loop with real-world experienceis crucial to the development of a safe autonomous
driving system.
Today, our system can drive autonomously in a range ofconditions, from suburbs, to freeways at higher speeds,
and dense urban environments.

TESTING & VALIDATION/ VEHICLE OPERATOR SAFETY TRAINING
Our vehicle operators undergo a thorough and rigorous
safety training program.
Each of our vehicle operators is carefully selected
through a detailed screening process, which includes
a thorough background check, interview, anddriving exam.

Beyond that, our full training includes:
Driving School – Our vehicle operators go backto driving school to re-learn driving fundamentals:
from the physics of driving to the effects of fatigue.
Safety Training – Our vehicle operators are trainedin first aid and fire safety.

Our vehicle operators receive over 150 hours of training
before we certify them to drive autonomously, and wecontinue to provide additional training on a regular basis.
We have included our Vehicle Operator Safety Training
Curriculum in the appendix.

Incident Response Training – Our vehicle operators
learn how to manage potential risky incidents they
may encounter while testing our vehicles.

Our safety culture starts by sharing some key values
with our operators, which include:

Software Operations Training – Our vehicle
operators are trained on our autonomous mobility
software to ensure proper testing and validation.

—

Initiate a vehicle disengagement any time
a potential safety risk is perceived.
— Keep vigilant watch on the road (including
a ban on mobile devices while operating).
— Escalate any potential concerns observedin real-world testing.
SAFETY INNOVATION AT ZOOX

Autonomous Driving – Our vehicle operators learn
how to engage with our vehicles by training on
private roads and tracks.
Public Road Testing - After our vehicle operators
master autonomous vehicle fundamentals, they
begin driving in autonomous mode on public roads.
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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFE

DEFINING THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT/ OPERATIONAL DESIGN DOMAIN (ODD)
Safety goes beyond the development and testing of our vehicle by ensuring that ourvehicles operate safely in a precise operational design domain (ODD). This sets out
the conditions and constraints in which our vehicles are designed and validated tooperate safely.
Our ODD is designed to ensure our vehicles are prepared to navigate roadways,
comply with local traffic laws and regulations, maintain safe speed ranges, andnavigate environmental conditions (e.g. weather and time of day).
Once we deploy our fleet of vehicles into service, we will continue to use the ODD
to provide clear driving parameters for our vehicles. Zoox’s ODD will expand to include
more locations and conditions as we continue to gather data validating that we candrive safely in more areas and situations.
Since Zoox will manage its own fleet, we will know the condition and status of all of
our vehicles. If needed, we will be able to adjust the ODD across the entire fleet toensure safe operations.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFEREMOTE OPERATIONS TO MANAGE
UNCERTAIN SCENARIOS

When our fully autonomous vehicles are on the road,they may encounter an unknown situation and not be
sure how to maneuver in a way they have not been taught(e.g. negotiating an intersection with a traffic light out
and a police officer directing traffic). If this happens,the vehicle will signal a remote Zoox operator to assist
and guide the vehicle safely and efficiently until normal
conditions resume.
The Zoox remote operations support center will haveoperators available to remotely guide a Zoox vehicle atany time, day or night, when a vehicle encounters anuncertain driving situation, such as a traffic light outage
or a road obstruction.
When our vehicles encounter an uncertain or unknown
situation, they shift into a ‘minimal risk condition’ andcome to a safe stop. Our remote operators then provide
guidance, and the vehicle resumes driving when the timing
is appropriate and safe. The Zoox vehicle remains inautonomous mode at all times, with the remote operator
instructing, rather than directly controlling the vehicle,
in order to reduce the possibility of human error.
We guard against weaknesses in network connectivity
and maximize the speed of data feeds by connecting Zoox
vehicles to multiple cellular networks simultaneously.

SAFETY INNOVATION AT ZOOX

Here is an example:

1.

Our vehicle encounters a fallen tree on abusy street.

2.

Our vehicle comes to a safe stop in front of
the tree and requests guidance from ourremote operations center.

3.

The Zoox operator receives real-timevideo and sensor feeds from our vehicle tounderstand the full context of the situation(e.g., road obstruction, police presence, etc.).

4.

Our operator provides guidance for a clear
and safe path around the tree.

5.

The vehicle then determines when the time
is safe to follow the recommended path andis soon back on its way.
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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFEMANAGING CYBERSECURITY THREATS
The cybersecurity of our vehicles is a very serious concern, and we are always vigilant
for potential threats - and solutions. Zoox has a dedicated team that oversees andcontinually tests our security infrastructure and strategy to ensure that we are making
full use of the latest security technology.
We structure our approach to cybersecurity around three principles:
1.
2.
3.

Using established best practices
Developing new cybersecurity architectures
Constantly upgrading our functional security

Industry Best Practices
We have incorporated best practices from key industry
organizations including the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and theAutomotive Information Sharing and Analysis Center (Auto ISAC).
At the same time, our integrated approach enables us to develop
our own superior standards.

Cybersecurity Architecture
We incorporate cybersecurity into our architecture by design.
Zoox vehicles are not connected to and cannot be accessed fromthe Internet. Instead, they send and receive data exclusively on a
dedicated and encrypted mobile network. All software updates arepulled via a local repository; no external entity can initiate contact
with the vehicle’s autonomous mobility software or directly control
the vehicle’s driving capabilities.

Functional Security
Another advantage of developing our vehicles from the ground up
is that we have designed them to have no physical access points
or ports to our network or hand controls - preventing anyone
inside or outside the vehicle from hacking into our vehicles.
Since Zoox manages all aspects of our fleet, no outside entity cantake ownership of a Zoox vehicle to reverse engineer our security
software. We know where our vehicles are and will be able toregularly test and diagnose our vehicles for any security threats.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFEVEHICLE ARCHITECTURE
The full realization of autonomous mobility will
dramatically change how vehicles look, feel, and drive.
Given this historic opportunity, we are revolutionizing
vehicle safety from the ground up.
Our next generation all-electric vehicle will be built fromscratch with innovative designs and safety principles
incorporated throughout the design and manufacturing
production process.
Setting the bar for safety in autonomous mobility
means that where possible, our vehicle design will
exceed many existing safety standards.

Here are some vehicle innovation areas:
Our fundamentally redesigned vehicle platform
includes bidirectional driving and four-wheel
steering. This provides our vehicles with
innovative ways to navigate city driving safely.
Our electric powertrain enables our vehicles
to drive more precisely and safely in the areas
where we operate.
We have reimagined cabin safety features tobetter protect all passengers in the unlikely
event of a collision.
Our vehicles will use light and sound tocommunicate with pedestrians, cyclists,and other road users.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFE

REDUNDANT SAFETY FEATURES
Our vehicles are designed to operate safely even if any
single system were to fail, because we have designed
fault tolerant redundancies throughout. We started byincorporating best practices of systems engineeringand functional safety from aviation, automotive, andindustrial applications into our system.

Here’s how we are using redundancies
for safety:

We have a specialized ‘System Design and Mission
Assurance’ (SDMA) team, whose mission is to analyze,
design, and implement functional safety into oursystem. SDMA focuses its energy and resources into
searching for points where failures may occur. With
that knowledge, Zoox determines ways to safely
mitigate these risks, and we build in appropriate
redundancies to increase system safety.

Our braking system features multiple technologies
to ensure we have backup functionality wheneverneeded.

Our innovative steering system and bidirectional
driving platform gives our vehicle primary andbackup steering systems.

Our battery and powertrain are designed to avoid
a single point of failure that could leave ourpassengers and vehicle without power.

For example, with safety-critical design elements,
we regularly test our vehicles for any common cause
failures, in which two or more identical hardware
elements could fail within a specified time.
To mitigate the risk of hardware failure, we havedeveloped a mixed hardware strategy - wherever
possible, hardware elements have unique features
to guard against a common failure.

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03 / WHAT MAKES ZOOX VEHICLES SAFEREGULATIONS & COMPLIANCE
In this new era of autonomous mobility, we acknowledge the need to reevaluate
traditional approaches to public policy, regulations, and compliance. We also see
new opportunities to innovate better approaches to safety.
As we prepare to deploy our technology safely for the public, we appreciate theopportunities to collaborate and share knowledge with regulators at the federal,state, and local level as they devise effective safety policies.

DATA SECURITY
Zoox is a data-driven company, and with that comes certain responsibilities.
Our system collects vehicle data that helps us continuously improve ourautonomous mobility technology during our research and development (R&D) phase.
Data collection continues if our vehicle experiences an incident. Our vehicles
collect sensor and video data, so that we are able to fully understand the natureof the incident. We will comply and assist law enforcement as necessary with
relevant and proper data requests.
We store data on our vehicles securely. It is also backed up at our operations centers.
Post-incident data will be analyzed according to principles used in aviation andother modes of transportation. These methods are comparable to the cockpit voicerecorder and the flight data recorder. Our system captures the relevant ‘what’ and‘why’ data in the moments before and after an incident, including video and sensor
information that allow determination of what happened during the incident.
In addition, we know how important personal data security is. We will maintain the
public’s trust by keeping customers personal data secure and in compliance withindustry and regulatory standards. We are also committed to being transparent
with our customers about privacy and our use of their data.

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04 / HOW ZOOX VEHICLES WILL INTERACT SAFELY WITH THE PUBLIC

04. HOW ZOOX VEHICLESWILL INTERACT SAFELYWITH THE PUBLIC
Law Enforcement Engagement
Accessibility

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04 / HOW ZOOX VEHICLES WILL INTERACT SAFELY WITH THE PUBLICLAW ENFORCEMENT ENGAGEMENT
We are collaborating with law enforcement and first
responders to increase public safety as we build ourautonomous electric vehicle fleet.
These dedicated safety professionals are aware of
the consequential changes that autonomous mobility
technology will soon bring to transportation. It is vitalthat they are well informed about how these newtechnologies function and how to effectively interact
with these vehicles.
To address these important safety opportunities,
Zoox continually interacts with law enforcement
professionals and first responders. We engage diverse
groups of local officials to learn what features are mosthelpful for them to interact with our technology - andhow to correct for the most common and dangerous
human errors they see in their daily work. Their insights
and experience are informing our design of a morerobust autonomous mobility system.

We are developing an integrated engagement program
for law enforcement and first responders to become
informed about autonomous technology and ourvehicles. We will offer a range of training materials
and services:
Immersive educational information provided
in-person and online to train first responders how
to safely interact with our autonomous vehicles.
Operational training exercises simulating realistic
scenarios to train on best practices.
Vehicle disengagement guide which will provide
first responders with a quick reference on how
to interact with our vehicles.
Ongoing interactions to ensure information andtraining are continually enhanced.

ACCESSIBILITY
We strive to improve access to mobility services in thecommunities we serve. As life expectancy increases, thepopulation of seniors who no longer can - or want - to drive
will grow as well. And people with disabilities, regardless ofage, often find conventional car configurations very limiting
and face challenges in finding transportation options.
We want an autonomous Zoox vehicle to provide
opportunities for safe mobility for all people to lead fuller
lives, whether that means getting to work or a doctor,
shopping independently or spending time with family andfriends. These are all possibilities that can be realized
through safe autonomous mobility.

We will continuelearning from allcommunities tohave our service
be as inclusive
as possible.

In order to maximize the benefits of this technology, we areworking with a diverse group of advocacy organizations
to design features that will enhance the accessibility andcomfort of our vehicles. We will continue learning from allcommunities to have our service be as inclusive as possible.
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05 / CONCLUSION

05. CONCLUSION
We believe that our autonomous mobility technology can fundamentally improve city
living by increasing road safety, providing mobility solutions for people, and reducing
carbon emissions.
We want you to join us on this journey.
Please learn more about our efforts to build a safe autonomous mobility system
at zoox.com .

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06 / APPENDIX

06. APPENDIXNHTSA’s Automated Driving Systems 2.0 Safety Design Elements
Vehicle Operator Safety Driving Curriculum

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06 / APPENDIXNHTSA’S AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMS 2.0
SAFETY DESIGN ELEMENTS
Our focus on safety innovation emphasizes the tremendous opportunities to enhance
public safety with new technology that will enable autonomous mobility. We strive to
set the bar for safety in autonomous mobility.
In the Safety Innovation at Zoox report, we have addressed the 12 Safety Design
Elements included in NHTSA’s “Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety”
with the location of each identified on the following list.

NHTSA’s 12 Safety Design Elements

Safety Innovation at Zoox

System Safety

Throughout Report

Operational Design Domain

Defining the Operating Environment (ODD)

Object and Event Detection and Response

Our Sensor Suite & Autonomous Driving Software

Fallback (Minimal Risk Condition)

Remote Operations to Manage Uncertain Scenarios

Validation Methods

Testing and Validation

Human Machine Interface

Throughout Report

Vehicle Cybersecurity

Managing Cybersecurity Threats

Crashworthiness

Vehicle Architecture

Post-Crash ADS Behavior

Throughout Report

Data Recording

Data Security

Consumer Education and Training

Throughout Report

Federal, State, and Local Laws

Regulation & Compliance

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06 / APPENDIXVEHICLE OPERATOR SAFETY
TRAINING CURRICULUM
1.

Vehicle Overview - The vehicle inspection module
will cover basic OEM operation, exterior inspectionof hardware (OEM and proprietary), inspection ofinterior controls, actuation and validation of Zoox’ssystems, including the sign-off process.

4.

a. OEM equipment overview - Standard vehicle

controls, actuation and testb. Zoox proprietary vehicle system controls,
actuation and testc. Vehicle alerts - Audible, visual, and haptic
d. Equipment Checklist - Inspection process,sign-off and “clear to operate”
2.

a. Injury vs. No injury
b. Insurance card and coveragec. Notifying management and key contact

information
5.

State of California: Rules of the Road - This module
reviews California traffic and street regulations.
It will focus additionally on pedestrian and cyclist
awareness, and proactive vs. reactive driving. This
module will also cover the CA DMV Autonomousvehicle regulation, protocols and acknowledgement.

Autonomous Driving System Technology: Vehicle
systems - This module covers Zoox proprietarysystems in detail.
a. Operational Design Domain
b. Software
c. Operator guidelines
d. Cutoff/manual control take-overe. Data logging
f. Autonomous capabilities and limitations

SAFETY INNOVATION AT ZOOX

Behind the Wheel: Driving - This module is a practicalevaluation of driving skill, attention to pedestrians,traffic and rules of the road. It will then progress tohands-on training on the use of Zoox’s proprietarysystems and contingency use.
a. Manual driving— Vehicle physics— Understeer/Oversteer— Braking capability/ABS— High speed lane change— Awareness, fatigue

a. California Driver Handbook
b. Speed limits
c. Pedestrian and cyclist right of way
d. Defensive driving practicale. Autonomous vehicle DMV regulations
3.

Incident Response Procedures - The emergency
module will review contingency plans in the eventof an incident. We will cover minor to major incident
protocol, response, emergency and management
contacts.

b. Autonomous Driving— Engaging/Disengaging autonomous mode
— When to take over manual control— Roles and responsibilities/Communicationc. Field reporting
6.

Vehicle Test Plan
a. Test plan overview
b. Checking in a vehicle - Autonomous system
shutdown, Chocking tires, Post-drive inspection
c. CA DMV Reporting Requirements

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