Guidelines for Safeguarding
Good Research PracticeCode of ConductDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft e.V.
German Research Foundation
Kennedyallee 40 • 53175 Bonn, Germany
Postal address: 53170 Bonn, Germany
Phone: +49 228 885-1
Fax: +49 228 885-2777
postmaster@dfg.de
www.dfg.de/enDisclaimer: This English translation of the DFG Code of Conduct Guidelines
for Safeguarding Good Research Practice is provided for informational purposes. The English text was carefully translated and reviewed for accuracy.
In the event that the English and German versions permit different interpretations, the German text shall prevail.

September 2019
Status: April 2022 / revised version 1.1.
In the revised version, a deadline extension has been added,
which can be found on p. 24.
Equal Opportunities, Research Integrity
and Cross-Programme Development Division
Phone: +49 228 885-3201
gwp@dfg.de1Contents
1

Foreword�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3

2

Preamble�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7

3Standards of Good Research Practice�������������������������������� 9
3.1 Applicability�������������������������������������������������������������������������9
3.2 Principles����������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Guideline 1: Commitment to the general principles������������������������� 9
Guideline 2: Professional ethics������������������������������������������������������ 9
Guideline 3: O rganisational responsibility of heads ofresearch institutions���������������������������������������������������10
Guideline 4: Responsibility of the heads of research work units������ 11
Guideline 5: D imensions of performance and assessment
criteria������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11
Guideline 6: Ombudspersons��������������������������������������������������������12

3.3 Research Process������������������������������������������������������������13
Guideline 7: Cross-phase quality assurance���������������������������������13
Guideline 8: Stakeholders, responsibilities and roles��������������������14
Guideline 9: Research design��������������������������������������������������������14
Guideline 10: Legal and ethical frameworks, usage rights������������15
Guideline 11: Methods and standards�������������������������������������������16
Guideline 12: Documentation��������������������������������������������������������16
Guideline 13: Providing public access to research results������������17
Guideline 14: Authorship����������������������������������������������������������������18
Guideline 15: Publication medium�������������������������������������������������19

2 Contents

   Guideline 16: Confidentiality and neutrality of review
processes and discussions��������������������������������������19
Guideline 17: Archiving������������������������������������������������������������������20

4	Non-Compliance with Good Research Practice,
Procedures �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
Guideline 18: Complainants and respondents�������������������������������21
Guideline 19: P rocedures in cases of alleged research
misconduct��������������������������������������������������������������22

5

Implementation of the Guidelines ������������������������������������� 24

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Explanations

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Figure 1: Structure of the DFG Code of Conduct Guidelines for
Safeguarding Good Research Practice



3

1

Foreword

The purpose of the white paper Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice, published by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research
Foundation) in 1998, was to further research integrity and establish it as anintegral part of research and teaching.
In summer 2018, the DFG Executive Board voted to revise the white paper
and the Rules of Procedure for Dealing with Scientific Misconduct, a decisionthat was prompted by wide-ranging changes in research brought about by
the digital turn and new developments in publishing, the structure of research
institutions and forms of cooperation. The reflection and discussion process
on the revision took place against the backdrop of international debate on
research integrity. The Code provides a framework for safeguarding publicconfidence in the research endeavour while ensuring that policies and guidelines are in place to protect complainants and to foster the principle of thepresumption of innocence to the extent possible.
Against this background, an expert committee was appointed and tasked withrevising the white paper Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice and the Rulesof Procedure for Dealing with Scientific Misconduct. The committee held its
first meeting in August 2018.
The members of the committee were:•

Professor Dr. Klaus-Michael DEBATIN, Ulm University Medical Center•

Professor Dr. Michael FAMULOK, University of Bonn•

Professor Dr. Onur GÜNTÜRKÜN, University of Bochum•

Professor Dr. Marlis HOCHBRUCK, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology•

Professor Dr. Johannes JANICKA, TU Darmstadt•

Professor Dr. Wolfgang LÖWER, University of Bonn•

Professor Dr. Ansgar OHLY, LMU Munich•

Professor Dr. Stephan RIXEN, University of Bayreuth

4 Foreword•

Professor Dr. Elisabeth STAUDEGGER, University of Graz•

Professor Dr. Eric STEINHAUER, FernUniversität Hagen

This committee of ten, chaired by Professor Dr. Marlis Hochbruck, was divided
into three subcommittees focusing on the following topics:(1) Data, Publications, Digital Turn
Chair: Professor Dr. Eric Steinhauer(2) Research Staff
Chair: Professor Dr. Marlis Hochbruck(3) Rules of Procedure for Dealing with Scientific Misconduct
Chair: Professor Dr. Stephan Rixen
Meetings of the committee and subcommittees were also attended by guests
who contributed their special expertise to the discussions. The members
worked closely with representatives of the German Rectors’ Conference(HRK) to deepen their shared understanding of standards of good research
practice and to ensure consistency in the handling of suspected cases of misconduct.
The approximately one-year process of revising the white paper focused onembedding a binding culture of research integrity at higher education institutions (HEIs) and non-HEI research institutions in the spirit of a professional
code of ethics.
The recommendations set out in the 1998 white paper initiated a system ofself-monitoring and voluntary commitment within the German academic research system that has enjoyed broad consensus to this day. The work of thecommittee serves as the basis for the Code, which also draws on internationalreference works, and describes appropriate standards for research in the formof guidelines. The guidelines take into account the diversity of the various subject areas and enable researchers, HEIs and non-HEI research institutions
to align their actions, internal structures and processes to the guidelines in
keeping with the principle of academic voluntary commitment.



Foreword 5

The Code, which contains 19 guidelines, is based on a multidimensional
approach:(1) The Code comprises three levels, each designed to reflect the level ofabstraction within the text. The guidelines at level one have a high abstraction level. The explanations that follow at level two also have a relatively
high level of abstraction. The printed version of the Code includes levels
one and two. The third level will be available as a dynamic document on
the DFG website. It will contain research area specific information, casestudies and frequently asked questions and will be prepared in detail inautumn 2019. Third-level content will be developed and quality assured
continually in cooperation with HEIs, non-HEI institutions, research organisations, the German Research Ombudsman and other stakeholders, andadapted to changing practices in research. The goal is to create a current
reference work for the research community in Germany.
(2) The standards of good research practice are divided into six guidelinesthat define general principles and eleven guidelines that cover the key
steps of good practice throughout the research process. The Code concludes with two guidelines that set out the procedure for handling instancesof non-compliance with good research practice.
The framework conditions in place at HEIs and non-HEI research institutions
are essential to enabling good, productive research. Such conditions include
time and adequate resources for research, teaching and the training of early
career researchers.
The Code of Conduct Guidelines for Safeguarding Good Research Practice
was adopted on 3 July 2019 by the DFG General Assembly during its annual
meeting, held in Rostock, following approval by the DFG Senate on 28 March
2019. The Rules of Procedure for Dealing with Scientific Misconduct wereapproved on 28 March 2019 in the Senate and on 2 July 2019 by the Joint
Committee.

6 Foreword

I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to the revision of theCode.

Bonn, July 2019

Professor Dr. Peter Strohschneider72Preamble

Scientific integrity forms the basis for trustworthy research. It is an exampleof academic voluntary commitment that encompasses a respectful attitude
towards peers, research participants, animals, cultural assets, and the environment, and strengthens and promotes vital public trust in research. The
constitutionally guaranteed freedom of research is inseparably linked to acorresponding responsibility. Taking this responsibility into full account andembedding it in individual conduct is an essential duty for every researcher
and for the institutions where research is carried out. The research community
itself ensures good practice through fair and honest attitudes and conduct aswell as organisational and procedural regulations. In different roles, scientificand scholarly societies, research journals, publishers, research funding agencies, complainants, ombudspersons and the German Research Ombudsman
also contribute to safeguarding good research practice; they harmonise theirconduct in publicly or privately funded research with the principles of the Code.
Individuals who report a well-founded suspicion of misconduct fulfil a crucial
function in the self-regulation of the research community. Scientific and academic societies promote good research practice by developing a shared understanding among their members and by defining binding ethical standards,
which they establish within their specialist communities. Journal publishers
take account of the requirements of high-quality research with a stringent
peer-review process. The German Research Ombudsman, an independent
body, and local ombudspersons are trustworthy points of contact that offer
advice and conflict mediation on issues relating to good research practice andpotential misconduct.
Funding organisations also play an important role in establishing and maintaining standards of good research practice. Through the design of their funding programmes, they create a framework that promotes research integrity. By
ensuring that procedures are in place to deal with allegations of misconduct,
they also help to combat dishonesty in research.

8 Preamble

Within the scope of its responsibility, the DFG has prepared the following
Guidelines for Safeguarding Good Research Practice. They represent theconsensus among the member organisations of the DFG on the fundamental
principles and standards of good practice and are upheld by these organisations. These guidelines underline the importance of integrity in the everyday
practice of research and provide researchers with a reliable reference withwhich to embed good research practice as an established and binding aspectof their work.

93Standards of Good Research Practice

3.1 Applicability
The DFG Code of Conduct is aimed at both researchers and institutions(HEIs and non-HEI research institutions). It outlines the main standards ofgood research practice and describes the procedure to follow in the event of
non-compliance with these standards.

3.2 Principles
Guideline 1: Commitment to the general principles► Higher education institutions and non-HEI research institutions, with theparticipation of their members, work together to define rules of good
research practice, ensure that their employees are made aware of theseguidelines and related policies and regulations, and require their employees to comply with them with due regard for the type of research undertaken in the relevant subject area. Individual researchers are responsible
for ensuring that their own conduct complies with the standards of good
research practice.
Explanations:
In particular, the principles include working lege artis, maintaining stricthonesty in attributing one’s own contributions and those of others, rigorously questioning all findings, and permitting and promoting critical discourse within the research community. The principles of good research
practice are set out in the following guidelines.

Guideline 2: Professional ethics► Researchers are responsible for putting the fundamental values andnorms of research into practice and advocating for them. Education in
the principles of good research begins at the earliest possible stage inacademic teaching and research training. Researchers at all career levels

10 Standards of Good Research Practiceregularly update their knowledge about the standards of good research
practice and the current state of the art.
Explanations:
Experienced and early career researchers support each other in a processof continuous mutual learning and ongoing training and maintain a regulardialogue.

Guideline 3: O rganisational responsibility of heads of research
institutions► The heads of HEIs and non-HEI research institutions create the basic

framework for research. They are responsible for ensuring adherence toand the promotion of good practice, and for appropriate career support
for all researchers. The heads of research institutions guarantee the necessary conditions to enable researchers to comply with legal and ethicalstandards. The basic framework includes clear written policies and procedures for staff selection and development as well as for early career
support and equal opportunity.
Explanations:
The head of each HEI and non-HEI research institution is responsible for
ensuring that an appropriate organisational structure is in place at the institution. He or she makes certain that the tasks of leadership, supervision, quality assurance and conflict management are clearly allocated inaccordance with the size of individual research work units and suitablycommunicated to members and employees.
With regard to staff selection and development, due consideration is given
to gender equality and diversity. The relevant processes are transparent
and avoid implicit bias as much as possible. Suitable supervisory structures and policies are established for early career researchers. Honest career advice, training opportunities and mentoring are offered to researchers and research support staff.

Standards of Good Research Practice 11

Guideline 4: Responsibility of the heads of research work units► The head of a research work unit is responsible for the entire unit. Collabo-

ration within the unit is designed such that the group as a whole can perform
its tasks, the necessary cooperation and coordination can be achieved, andall members understand their roles, rights and duties. The leadership role includes ensuring adequate individual supervision of early career researchers,
integrated in the overall institutional policy, as well as career development for
researchers and research support staff. Suitable organisational measures
are in place at the level of the individual unit and of the leadership of theinstitution to prevent the abuse of power and exploitation of dependent relationships.
Explanations:
The size and the organisation of the unit are designed to allow leadershiptasks, particularly skills training, research support and supervisory duties,
to be performed appropriately. The performance of leadership tasks is associated with a corresponding responsibility. Researchers and researchsupport staff benefit from a balance of support and personal responsibility
appropriate to their career level. They are given adequate status with corresponding rights of participation. Through gradually increasing autonomy,
they are empowered to shape their career.

Guideline 5: Dimensions of performance and assessment criteria► To assess the performance of researchers, a multidimensional approachis called for; in addition to academic and scientific achievements, other aspects may be taken into consideration. Performance is assessed primarilyon the basis of qualitative measures, while quantitative indicators may be incorporated into the overall assessment only with appropriate differentiation
and reflection. Where provided voluntarily, individual circumstances statedin curricula vitae – as well as the categories specified in the German General Equal Treatment Act (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz) – are taken
into account when forming a judgement.

12 Standards of Good Research Practice

Explanations:
High-quality research is oriented towards criteria specific to individual
disciplines. In addition to the generation of and critical reflection on findings, other aspects of performance are taken into consideration in theevaluation process. Examples include involvement in teaching, academic
self-governance, public relations, and knowledge and technology transfer;contributions to the general good of society may also be recognised. An
individual’s approach to research, such as an openness to new findings
and a willingness to take risks, is also considered. Appropriate allowance
is made for periods of absence due to personal, family or health reasonsor for prolonged training or qualification phases resulting from such periods, and for alternative career paths or similar circumstances.

Guideline 6: Ombudspersons► HEIs and non-HEI research institutions appoint at least one independent

ombudsperson to whom their members and employees can turn with questions relating to good research practice and in cases of suspected misconduct. They take sufficient care to ensure that people are aware of who theombudspersons at the institution are. For each ombudsperson there must
be a designated substitute in case there is any concern about conflicts ofinterest or in case the ombudsperson is unable to carry out his or her duties.
Explanations:Ombudspersons may not serve as members of a central governing bodyof their institutions while serving in this role. An ombudsperson has a set
term of office. A further term of office is permissible. Researchers whoare persons of integrity and who have management experience are eligible to be selected as ombudspersons. As neutral and qualified contact
persons, they advise on issues relating to good research practice and insuspected cases of scientific misconduct and, where possible, contributeto solution-oriented conflict mediation. Ombudspersons maintain confidentiality in dealing with queries and, if necessary, notify the responsible
body at their institution, normally an investigating committee, in the eventStandards of Good Research Practice 13

of suspected cases of misconduct. HEIs and non-HEI research institutions
give ombudspersons the support and acceptance they need to carry out
their duties. Institutions may initiate additional measures to help facilitate
the work of an ombudsperson. HEIs and non-HEI research institutions
incorporate in their regulations a right of choice that enables members
and employees to contact their institution’s ombudsperson or the national
German Research Ombudsman. The German Research Ombudsman is
an independent body that provides advice and support on issues relating
to good research practice and allegations of inappropriate conduct.

3.3 Research Process
Guideline 7: Cross-phase quality assurance► Researchers carry out each step of the research process lege artis. When

research findings are made publicly available (in the narrower sense of publication, but also in a broader sense through other communication channels), the quality assurance mechanisms used are always explained. Thisapplies especially when new methods are developed.
Explanations:Continuous quality assurance during the research process includes, inparticular, compliance with subject-specific standards and establishedmethods, processes such as equipment calibration, the collection, processing and analysis of research data, the selection and use of research
software, software development and programming, and the keeping oflaboratory notebooks.
If researchers have made their findings publicly available and subsequently become aware of inconsistencies or errors in them, they make thenecessary corrections. If the inconsistencies or errors constitute grounds
for retracting a publication, the researchers will promptly request the publisher, infrastructure provider, etc. to correct or retract the publication andmake a corresponding announcement. The same applies if researchers
are made aware of such inconsistencies or errors by third parties.

14 Standards of Good Research Practice

The origin of the data, organisms, materials and software used in the research process is disclosed and the reuse of data is clearly indicated;
original sources are cited. The nature and the scope of research data
generated during the research process are described. Research data arehandled in accordance with the requirements of the relevant subject area.
The source code of publicly available software must be persistent, citableand documented. Depending on the particular subject area, it is an essential part of quality assurance that results or findings can be replicatedor confirmed by other researchers (for example with the aid of a detailed
description of materials and methods).

Guideline 8: Stakeholders, responsibilities and roles► The roles and responsibilities of the researchers and research support

staff participating in a research project must be clear at each stage of the
project.
Explanations:
The participants in a research project engage in regular dialogue. They
define their roles and responsibilities in a suitable way and adapt themwhere necessary. Adaptations are likely to be needed if the focus of aparticipant’s work changes.

Guideline 9: Research design► Researchers take into account and acknowledge the current state of re-search when planning a project. To identify relevant and suitable researchquestions, they familiarise themselves with existing research in the publicdomain. HEIs and non-HEI research institutions ensure that the necessary
basic framework for this is in place.
Explanations:
Methods to avoid (unconscious) distortions in the interpretation of findings, e.g. the use of blinding in experiments, are used where possible.

Standards of Good Research Practice 15

Researchers examine whether and to what extent gender and diversity
dimensions may be of significance to the research project (with regard
to methods, work programme, objectives, etc.). The context in which theresearch was conducted is taken into consideration when interpreting
findings.

Guideline 10: Legal and ethical frameworks, usage rights► Researchers adopt a responsible approach to the constitutionally guar-anteed freedom of research. They comply with rights and obligations,particularly those arising from legal requirements and contracts with third
parties, and where necessary seek approvals and ethics statements andpresent these when required. With regard to research projects, the potential consequences of the research should be evaluated in detail and theethical aspects should be assessed. The legal framework of a research
project includes documented agreements on usage rights relating to data
and results generated by the project.
Explanations:
Researchers maintain a continual awareness of the risks associated withthe misuse of research results. Their responsibility is not limited to compliance with legal requirements but also includes an obligation to use theirknowledge, experience and skills such that risks can be recognised, assessed and evaluated. They pay particular attention to the aspects associated with security-relevant research (dual use). HEIs and non-HEI
research institutions are responsible for ensuring that their members’ andemployees’ actions comply with regulations and promote this throughsuitable organisational structures. They develop binding ethical guidance
and policies and define procedures to assess ethical issues relating toresearch projects.
Where possible and practicable, researchers conclude documented
agreements on usage rights at the earliest possible point in a research
project. Documented agreements are especially useful when multiple academic and/or non-academic institutions are involved in a research project16 Standards of Good Research Practiceor when it is likely that a researcher will move to a different institution andcontinue using the data he or she generated for his or her own research
purposes. In particular, the researcher who collected the data is entitled touse them. During a research project, those entitled to use the data decide
whether third parties should have access to them (subject to data protection regulations).

Guideline 11: Methods and standards► To answer research questions, researchers use scientifically sound andappropriate methods. When developing and applying new methods, they
attach particular importance to quality assurance and the establishment ofstandards.
Explanations:
The application of a method normally requires specific expertise that isensured, where necessary, by suitable cooperative arrangements. The establishment of standards for methods, the use of software, the collectionof research data and the description of research results is essential for thecomparability and transferability of research outcomes.

Guideline 12: Documentation► Researchers document all information relevant to the production of a re-search result as clearly as is required by and is appropriate for the relevant
subject area to allow the result to be reviewed and assessed. In general,
this also includes documenting individual results that do not support the
research hypothesis. The selection of results must be avoided. Where
subject-specific recommendations exist for review and assessment, researchers create documentation in accordance with these guidelines. If
the documentation does not satisfy these requirements, the constraints
and the reasons for them are clearly explained. Documentation and research results must not be manipulated; they are protected as effectively
as possible against manipulation.

Standards of Good Research Practice 17

Explanations:
An important basis for enabling replication is to make available the information necessary to understand the research (including the research data
used or generated, the methodological, evaluation and analytical steps
taken, and, if relevant, the development of the hypothesis), to ensure thatcitations are clear, and, as far as possible, to enable third parties to accessthis information. Where research software is being developed, the sourcecode is documented.

Guideline 13: Providing public access to research results► As a rule, researchers make all results available as part of scientific/aca-

demic discourse. In specific cases, however, there may be reasons not tomake results publicly available (in the narrower sense of publication, butalso in a broader sense through other communication channels); this decision must not depend on third parties. Researchers decide autonomously– with due regard for the conventions of the relevant subject area – whether, how and where to disseminate their results. If it has been decided tomake results available in the public domain, researchers describe themclearly and in full. Where possible and reasonable, this includes making
the research data, materials and information on which the results are
based, as well as the methods and software used, available and fully explaining the work processes. Software programmed by researchers themselves is made publicly available along with the source code. Researchers
provide full and correct information about their own preliminary work andthat of others.
Explanations:
In the interest of transparency and to enable research to be referred to andreused by others, whenever possible researchers make the research dataand principal materials on which a publication is based available in recognised archives and repositories in accordance with the FAIR principles(Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). Restrictions may apply
to public availability in the case of patent applications. If self-developed

18 Standards of Good Research Practiceresearch software is to be made available to third parties, an appropriate
licence is provided.
In line with the principle of “quality over quantity”, researchers avoid splitting research into inappropriately small publications. They limit the repetition of content from publications of which they were (co-)authors to thatwhich is necessary to enable the reader to understand the context. Theycite results previously made publicly available unless, in exceptional cases,
this is deemed unnecessary by the general conventions of the discipline.

Guideline 14: Authorship► An author is an individual who has made a genuine, identifiable contribution

to the content of a research publication of text, data or software. All authors
agree on the final version of the work to be published. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, they share responsibility for the publication. Authors seek toensure that, as far as possible, their contributions are identified by publishers or infrastructure providers such that they can be correctly cited by users.
Explanations:
The contribution must add to the research content of the publication. Whatconstitutes a genuine and identifiable contribution must be evaluated on acase-by-case basis and depends on the subject area in question. An identifiable, genuine contribution is deemed to exist particularly in instances inwhich a researcher – in a research-relevant way – takes part in•

the development and conceptual design of the research project, or•	the gathering, collection, acquisition or provision of data, software orsources, or• 	the analysis/evaluation or interpretation of data, sources and conclusions drawn from them, or•

the drafting of the manuscript.

If a contribution is not sufficient to justify authorship, the individual’s support may be properly acknowledged in footnotes, a foreword or an acknowledgement. Honorary authorship where no such contribution wasStandards of Good Research Practice 19

made is not permissible. A leadership or supervisory function does notitself constitute co-authorship.
Collaborating researchers agree on authorship of a publication. The decision as to the order in which authors are named is made in good time,normally no later than when the manuscript is drafted, and in accordancewith clear criteria that reflect the practices within the relevant subjectar­eas. Researchers may not refuse to give their consent to publication of
the results without sufficient grounds. Refusal of consent must be justified
with verifiable criticism of data, methods or results.

Guideline 15: Publication medium► Authors select the publication medium carefully, with due regard for its

quality and visibility in the relevant field of discourse. Researchers who
assume the role of editor carefully select where they will carry out thisactivity. The scientific/academic quality of a contribution does not dependon the medium in which it is published.
Explanations:
In addition to publication in books and journals, authors may also consider
academic repositories, data and software repositories, and blogs. A newor unknown publication medium is evaluated to assess its seriousness.
A key criterion to selecting a publication medium is whether it has established guidelines on good research practice.

Guideline 16: C onfidentiality and neutrality of review processes
and discussions► Fair behaviour is the basis for the legitimacy of any judgement-forming

process. Researchers who evaluate submitted manuscripts, funding proposals or personal qualifications are obliged to maintain strict confidentiality with regard to this process. They disclose all facts that could giverise to the appearance of a conflict of interest. The duty of confidentialityand disclosure of facts that could give rise to the appearance of a conflict20 Standards of Good Research Practiceof interest also applies to members of research advisory and decisionmaking bodies.
Explanations:
The confidentiality of third-party material to which a reviewer or committee
member gains access precludes sharing the material with third parties
or making personal use of it. Researchers immediately disclose to the
responsible body any potential or apparent conflicts of interest, bias or
favouritism relating to the research project being reviewed or the person
or matter being discussed.

Guideline 17: Archiving► Researchers back up research data and results made publicly available,

as well as the central materials on which they are based and the research
software used, by adequate means according to the standards of therelevant subject area, and retain them for an appropriate period of time.
Where justifiable reasons exist for not archiving particular data, researchers explain these reasons. HEIs and non-HEI research institutions ensurethat the infrastructure necessary to enable archiving is in place.
Explanations:
When scientific and academic findings are made publicly available, theresearch data (generally raw data) on which they are based are generally
archived in an accessible and identifiable manner for a period of ten years
at the institution where the data were produced or in cross-location repositories. This practice may differ depending on the subject area. In justified
cases, shorter archiving periods may be appropriate; the reasons for thisare described clearly and comprehensibly. The archiving period begins on
the date when the results are made publicly available.

21

4	Non-Compliance with Good Research
Practice, Procedures
Guideline 18: Complainants and respondents► The responsible bodies at HEIs and non-HEI research institutions (nor-mally ombudspersons and investigating committees) examining allegations of misconduct take appropriate measures to protect both the complainant and the respondent. The investigation of allegations of research
misconduct must be carried out in strict confidentiality and adhere to thepresumption of innocence. The information disclosed by the complainantmust be provided in good faith. Knowingly false or malicious allegations
may themselves constitute misconduct. The disclosure should not disadvantage the research or professional career prospects of either the complainant or the respondent.
Explanations:
Particularly in the case of early career researchers, the disclosure should
not lead to delays in the complainant’s own qualification phase and no
disadvantage should arise to the writing of final dissertations or doctoral
theses; the same applies to working conditions and possible contract extensions.
The investigating body will respect the presumption of innocence vis-àvis the respondent at each stage of the process when considering eachcase. The respondent should not experience any disadvantage resulting from the investigation of the allegation until such time as research
misconduct has been formally established. The complainant must have
objective reasons for suspecting that an infringement of the standards ofgood research practice may have occurred.
If the complainant is unable to verify the facts personally, or if there is
uncertainty with regard to the interpretation of the guidelines on good research practice in relation to an observed set of circumstances, the complainant should consult the local ombudsperson or the German Research
Ombudsman to clarify the suspicion.

22 Non-Compliance with Good Research Practice, Procedures

HEIs and non-HEI research institutions are responsible for deciding
whether to investigate anonymous allegations. Disclosures made anony­mously can only be investigated if the complainant provides the party
investigating the allegation with solid and sufficiently concrete facts. If
the complainant’s identity is known, the investigating body will keep theindividual’s name confidential and will not share it with third parties without the individual’s consent. Different requirements apply only if there isa legal obligation or if the respondent cannot otherwise properly defend
himself or herself because, as an exception, the case concerns the identity of the complainant. The investigating body will promptly inform thecomplainant if his or her name is to be disclosed; the complainant can decide whether to withdraw the allegation due to the impending disclosure.
The confidentiality of the process is limited if the complainant makes hisor her suspicion public. The investigating body will decide on a case-bycase basis how to handle the breach of confidentiality on the part of thecomplainant. Should research misconduct not be proven, the complainant must continue to be protected, assuming that the allegations cannot
be shown to have been made against his or her better knowledge.

Guideline 19: P rocedures in cases of alleged research
misconduct► HEIs and non-HEI research institutions establish procedures to handle

allegations of research misconduct. They define policies and regulations
on the basis of a sufficient legal foundation. The regulations define thecircumstances that constitute misconduct, procedural rules and the measures to take should an allegation be upheld. Regulations are applied inaddition to relevant higher-level laws.
Explanations:Not every breach of good research practice constitutes misconduct. Only
deliberate or grossly negligent infringements defined in a set of regulations are considered scientific misconduct. Particular examples of misconduct include fabrication of data, falsification of data and plagiarism.

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Non-Compliance with Good Research Practice, Procedures 23

The regulations enacted by HEIs and non-HEI research institutions define
responsibility for each step of a procedure, the consideration of evidence,
substitutes for ombudspersons and members of investigation committees,
conflicts of interest and the procedural principles of the rule of law. The respondent and the complainant are each given the opportunity to be heard
at each stage of the process. Until such time as it is demonstrated that
misconduct has occurred, information relating to the individuals involvedin the process and the findings of the investigation is treated in confidence.
HEIs and non-HEI research institutions ensure that the entire process isconducted as promptly as possible and implement the steps necessary tocomplete each stage of the procedure within an appropriate time frame.
The regulations stipulate various measures to be applied according to theseriousness of the scientific misconduct ascertained. If, after it has been
established that misconduct has occurred, the revocation of an academic
degree is being considered, the responsible bodies are included in deliberations. Once inquiries are complete, the result is announced to affected
research organisations and, if relevant, third parties with a justified interestin the decision.

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5

Implementation of the Guidelines

All higher education institutions and non-HEI research institutions must implement levels one and two of guidelines 1 to 19 in the DFG Code of Conduct
Guidelines for Safeguarding Good Research Practice in a legally binding manner in accordance with the organisational form of the institution. Compliancewith this Code is a prerequisite for receiving DFG funding; institutions that do
not implement the guidelines are not eligible for funding. When submitting
funding proposals to the DFG and in accepting funding, applicants and grantrecipients agree to adhere to the principles of good scientific practice as stipulated in DFG funding guidelines and the funding guidelines of programmes
implemented by the DFG.
The Code enters into force on 1 August 2019. For those HEIs and non-HEI research institutions that have already implemented the relevant requirementsin the DFG white paper Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice in a binding
manner, there is a two-year transition period for implementing the guidelines
in the Code. This period begins on 1 August 2019 and ends on 31 July 2021.
[The transitional period for implementing the Code has been extended until 31
July 2023 by the DFG General Assembly.]
HEIs and non-HEI research institutions (particularly members of the Allianceof Science Organisations in Germany) implement the guidelines in a legallybinding manner according to the organisational form of the institution.
If a non-HEI (research) institution cannot implement the guidelines in a legallybinding manner on its own due to its organisational structure or its particular nature or other circumstances, there are various options for implementing
and acknowledging the Code. Institutions to which this applies may associatethemselves with an institution that has implemented the DFG Code and acknowledge its implementation of the Code as binding for them (the cooperation
model). If the non-HEI (research) institution cannot find a cooperation partner,
it can contact the German Rectors’ Conference (HRK), which will arrange apartner institution that is willing to act in allegations of scientific misconduct inindividual cases (backup model). In matters relating to ombudspersons, theinstitutions concerned may contact the German Research Ombudsman. They
will implement the principles of the Code accordingly.

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
German Research Foundation
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Postal address: 53170 Bonn, Germany
Phone: + 49 228 885-1
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