㩷ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴㩷࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲ㩷ℂ⺰䊶᭴ㅧ⎇ⓥ♽㩷 㗔ၞᜰቯဳ䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷⸒⺆䈱᥉ㆉᕈ෸䈶ᄙ᭽ᕈ䉕ม䉎↢ᓧ⊛೙⚂㩷㪣㫀㫅㪾㫌㫀㫊㫋㫀㪺㩷㪭㪸㫉㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫎㫀㫋㪿㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪚㫆㫅㪽㫀㫅㪼㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪣㪸㫅㪾㫌㪸㪾㪼㩷㪝㪸㪺㫌㫃㫋㫐㩷㩷ᣣᧄ⺆₪ᓧ䈮ၮ䈨䈒ታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ㩷㪪㫋㫌㪻㫀㪼㫊㩷㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪘㪺㫈㫌㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪧㪸㫉㪸㫄㪼㫋㫉㫀㪺㩷㪪㫐㫅㫋㪸㫏㩷㩷ᚑᨐႎ๔ᦠ㩷䌉䌉㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊥䊷䉻䊷䋺㩷 㩷 㩷᧛᧖㩷ᕺሶ㩷㩷㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊜䊮䊋䊷㪑㩷 ┄⭽㩷᥍ᄦ㩷㩷㩷㩷ᢪ⮮㩷ⴡ㩷㩷㩷㩷᧖ፒ㩷㋶ม㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ጯᧄ㩷⑲᮸㩷㩷㩷㩷㜞ᯅ㩷ᄢෘ㩷㩷㩷㜞㊁㩷␭ੑ㩷㩷㩷Ἇ↰㩷ஜ੺㩷㩷㩷ᄙ↰㩷ᶈ┨㩷㩷㩷⮮੗㩷෹Ყํ㩷㩷㩷ችᧄ㩷㓁৻㩷㩷㩿㪢㪼㫀㫂㫆㩷㪤㫌㫉㪸㫊㫌㪾㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㪸㫉㫌㫆㩷㪢㫌㪹㫆㫑㫆㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪤㪸㫄㫆㫉㫌㩷㪪㪸㫀㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㫆㫁㫀㩷㪪㫌㪾㫀㫊㪸㫂㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㪻㪼㫂㫀㩷㪢㫀㫊㪿㫀㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪛㪸㫀㫂㫆㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㪿㪸㫊㪿㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫌㫁㫀㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㪼㫅㫊㫌㫂㪼㩷㪫㪸㫂㫀㫋㪸㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㫉㫆㪸㫂㫀㩷㪫㪸㪻㪸㪀㩷㩿㪫㫆㫄㫆㪿㫀㫉㫆㩷㪝㫌㫁㫀㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫆㫀㪺㪿㫀㩷㪤㫀㫐㪸㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㪉㪇㪈㪊ᐕ㪐᦬㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖ணഛⓗ◊✲*

杉崎鉱司・村杉恵子

㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ᮡᓮ㻌 㖔ྖ 䞉ᮧᮡ㻌 ᜨᏊ1.

䛿䛨䜑䛻㻌 ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ẕㄒ▱㆑䛾⋓ᚓ䛿䚸(i) ⋓ᚓྍ⬟䛺ゝㄒ䛾㢮䜢つᐃ䛧䛯⏕ᚓⓗ䛺௙⤌䜏䛷䛒䜛䛂ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ䛃(UG)䛸䚸(ii) ⏕ᚋእ⏺䛛䜙ྲྀ䜚㎸䜎䜜䜛ゝㄒ⤒㦂䛾୧⪅䛾┦஫స⏝䛻䜘䜚㐩ᡂ䛥䜜䜛䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲䛿䚸䛭䛾୺䛺ᡂᯝ䛾୍䛴䛸
䛧䛶䚸UG 䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䜛ᵝ䚻䛺ᒓᛶ䛻㛵䛧䚸䛭䜜䜙䛜ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ䛾ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢ᵝ䚻䛺ᡭἲ䜢⏝䛔䛶♧䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸UG 䛾Ꮡᅾ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᴟ䜑䛶㔜せ䛺ドᣐ䜢୚䛘⥆䛡䛶䛝䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾୍㐃䛾◊✲䛾୰䛷䚸୺せ䛺ドᣐ䛾୍䛴䜢ᡂ䛧䛶䛔䜛◊✲䛻䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䠄䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䠅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䛜䛒䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸de Villiers, Roeper, &Vainikka (1990)ࡣࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ wh ␲ၥᩥࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㝿ࠊwh ࡛ྃ࠶ࡿ how ࢆࠊᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ⠇ෆࡢ paint ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡏࡎࠊ୺⠇ࡢ ask ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡾ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡣࠊ(2a)࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞㛫᥋␲ၥᩥ࠿ࡽࡢ⛣ືࢆ⚗ࡎࡿࠕwh ᓥไ⣙ࠖ(wh-island constraint) ࡀࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 3-6 ṓඣࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࡢ୰࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ

(1)

How did the girl ask [who to paint]?

(2)

a.

* How1 did the girl ask [ who to paintb.

t1 ]?

How1 did the girl ask [ who to paint ] t1 ?

㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺◊✲䛾ὶ䜜䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ྠᵝ䛻䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ไ⣙䛜ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛ྰ䛛䜢ᐇドⓗ䛻ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䚹Otsu(2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜢ᴫほ䛧䚸䛭䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ᚋ䚸ᡃ䚻⮬㌟䛾ணഛⓗ䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛩䜛䚹
2.

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖ඛ⾜◊✲ୖグ䛾(2a)䛚䜘䜃௨ୗ䛾(3b)䛻♧䛥䜜䜛㏻䜚䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸wh ྃ䛜ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇ෆ䛛䜙ᩥ㢌䜈䛸⛣ື䛩䜛㝿䚸䛭䛾ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇䛜␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿㠀ᩥ䛸䛺䜛䛣䛸䛜 Chomsky (1973)䛺䛹䛷ほᐹ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䛣䛾ຠᯝ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩ไ⣙䛿ࠕwh ᓥไ⣙ࠖ(wh-island constraint)䛸࿧䜀䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹*ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐇ㦂ㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋ࢆチྍࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓὠឡඣᅬࡢඛ⏕᪉࠾ࡼࡧಖㆤ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࠊᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓᅬඣࡢⓙࡉࢇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂⿵ຓࢆົࡵ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ▼ᶫᯝዉᏊࡉࢇ࣭ຍ⸨ᐇ⪨ࡉࢇ㸦୕㔜኱ᏛேᩥᏛ㒊㸧࡟ࠊࡇࡢሙࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࠋ

- 105 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(3)

a.

What1 did John say [ that May liked t1 ]?

b. * What1 did John wonder [ whether Mary liked t1 ]?
Watanabe (1992)䛿䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛸ྠᵝ䛾ຠᯝ䛜䚸䠄ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒㢧ᅾⓗ䛻䛿䠅⩏ົⓗ䛺wh ⛣ື䜢ᣢ䛯䛺䛔᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ぢ䜙䜜䜛䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹(4)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛b. * 䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛]▱䜚䛯䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛㻌 ᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛(4b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䛜䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛(3b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩ไ⣙䛸඲䛟ྠ୍䛾ไ⣙䛛䜙ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜔䚸(4b)䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛ไ⣙䛜⤫ㄒⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿ព࿡ⓗ䞉㡢㡩ⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸㠀ᖖ䛻ከ䛟䛾⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲䛜䛩䛷䛻䛺䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸ᵝ䚻䛺䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛜ᥦ᱌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄౛䛘䜀䚸Richards 2008 䛻䜘䜛せ⣙䜢ཧ↷䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸(4b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䜢┤᥋ⓗ䛻♧၀䛧䛶䛟䜜䜛䜘䛖䛺ゝㄒ⤒㦂䛜඲䛶䛾ᗂඣ䛻ᚲ䛪ᡭ䛻ධ䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䛣䛸䜢⪃៖䛩䜛䛸䚸(4b)䜢㠀ᩥ䛸䛩䜛ไ⣙䛿䚸UG 䛾ᒓᛶ䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜㧗䛔䚹䜒䛧䛭䛖䛷䛒䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛾ᣢ䛴ゝㄒ▱㆑䛿䚸ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾ไ⣙䛻ᚑ䛖య⣔䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜ண 䛥䜜䜛䚹
㻌 Otsu (2007)䛿䚸䛣䛾ண 䛾ጇᙜᛶ䜢ㄪ䜉䜛䛯䜑䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛 3 ṓඣ 20 ྡ䞉4 ṓඣ 20 ྡ䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛾୍䛴䛷䛿䚸䜎䛪䚸䝆䝵䞁䛸䛔䛖ேᙧ䜢ᑟධ䛧䚸ᗂඣ䛻䛿䛂䝆䝵䞁䛜᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ຮᙉ୰䛷䚸䛹䜜䛟䜙䛔᪥ᮏㄒ䛜䜟䛛䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䛛ㄪ䜉䛯䛔䛾䛷䚸ᡭఏ䛳䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃䛸䛔䛖᪨䛾ㄝ᫂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾ㄝ᫂䛾ᚋ䛻䚸ᐇ㦂⪅䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛸䝆䝵䞁䛻䛚ヰ䜢⪺䛛䛫䚸䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸ᐇ㦂⪅䛜䝆䝵䞁䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸䝆䝵䞁䛜㉁ၥ䛻⟅䛘䛯䚹ᗂඣ䛜⾜䛖䜉䛝సᴗ䛿䚸䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛭䜜䛮䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛂㐺ษ䛃䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䠄䛺䛚䚸⏝䛔䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛᪉ἲ䛿䚸
Crain & Thornton (1998)䛺䛹䛷㆟ㄽ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ(truth-value judgment task)䛻㏆䛔䛜䚸ᐇ㝿䛻ᗂඣ䛜ุ᩿䜢ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛾ෆᐜ䛾䛂┿ഇ䛃(truth)䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛾䛂㐺ษ䛥䛃(appropriateness)䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸ⱝᖸ᪉ἲ䛜␗䛺䜛䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛿䚸ḟ⠇䛷㏙䜉䜛ᡃ䚻䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䜒ᙜ䛶䛿䜎䜛䚹䠅ᐇ㝿䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾୍䛴䛿䚸(5)䛻䛒䜛㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䛸䚸䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛜ᗂඣ䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯䚹(5)䛚ヰ䠖ኴ㑻ྩ䛸ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛜䛺䛛䜘䛟䝔䝺䝡䛷䝗䝷䛘䜒䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䛚䛛䛒䛥䜣䛜䛚䛛䛧䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛝䛶䛟䜜䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䛂ኴ㑻䛿䛰䜜䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾?䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹ኴ㑻ྩ䛿䛂䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸䝗䝷䛘䜒䜣䛥䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛛䛒䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻䜒㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌䛂ⰼᏊ䛿䛰䜜䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿䜋䜣䛸䛖䛿䛾䜃ኴྩ䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾䛷䛩䛜䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸䛿䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜂䜏䛴䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹- 106 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎(6)鉱司、村杉恵子）a.

䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖䛿䛔䚹b.

ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖*䛿䛔䚹

c.

䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䜒[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖䛿䛔䚹d.

ኴ㑻ྩ䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛸]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䚹䝆䝵䞁䠖*䛿䛔䚹㻌 (5)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛚䜘䜃(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䜢 2 ✀㢮ᥦ♧䛧䚸䛭䜜䛻䜘䜚ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸(7)䛾⾲䛾䛸䛚䜚䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹(7)

Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ㉁ၥ䛾✀㢮ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘ṇ⟅ᩘཬ䜃ṇ⟅⋡䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛*䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䜒[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)ኴ㑻ྩ䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛸]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䚹*䛿䛔

74 / 80 (92%)

㻌 Otsu (2007)䛿䚸ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛿ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛸䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䛻䜘䛳䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛛 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛛䜢༊ู䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛸⤖ㄽ௜䛡䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䜢ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻䛚䛡䜛
UG 䛾㛵୚䜢ᐇドⓗ䛻♧䛭䛖䛸䛧䛯Ⅼ䛷䚸኱ኚ౯್䛾䛒䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᑟ䛛䜜䛯⤖ㄽ䛻↷䜙䛩䛸䚸䛭䛾ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ䛻䛿㔜኱䛺ၥ㢟䛜₯䜣䛷䛔䜛䛸ゝ䜟䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䚹(4b)䛻♧䛧䛯㏻䜚䠄௨ୗ䛻(8b)䛸
䛧䛶෌ᥖ䠅䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛿䚸䛂䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺␲ၥᩥ䜢♧䛩ᶆ㆑䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛯⠇䛾୰䛻䛒䜛 wh ྃ䛜䚸䛂䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䜢㉸䛘䛶୺⠇䜢స⏝ᇦ䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖ຠᯝ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ྠᵝ䛻䚸(9b)䛻♧䛩䜘䛖䛻ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸wh ྃ䛿ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇ෆ䛾䛂䛛䛃䛸⤖䜃䛴䛝䚸䛭䜜䜢㉸䛘䛶୺⠇䜢స⏝ᇦ䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸(9b)䛿 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛥䜜䜛䚹䠄ㄯヰ䛾≧ἣ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸(9b)䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䛂ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䝸䞁䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙧ䛷䚸wh ྃ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛᝟ሗ䜢䚸䛂䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻㏣ຍ䛧䛶౪⤥䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛿 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛻㝈ᐃ䛥䜜䜛䚹䠅(8)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛b. * 䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛]▱䜚䛯䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛(9)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛾䠛b.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛]䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛾䠛㻌 䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛾୰䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯▱㆑䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛩䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜(9b)䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸䠄䛭䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛸䛧䛶䠅wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛾ゎ㔘䜢チᐜ䛧䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜢♧䛥䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹୍᪉䛷䚸Otsu (2007)䛾◊✲䛜➃ⓗ䛻♧䛧䛯Ⅼ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜(9a)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䛸䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛯ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇䜢క䛳䛯 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛾ゎ㔘䜢チᐜ䛧䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛾䜏䛷䛒- 107 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究䜚䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶ᗂඣ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛛ྰ䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸⟅䛘䜢୚䛘䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹㻌 ḟ⠇䛷ሗ࿌䛩䜛ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛿䚸Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂◊✲䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸䛭䜜䜢ᨵၿ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᫂♧ⓗ䛺ドᣐ䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
3.

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂㻌 ᡃ䚻䛾᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ 28 ྡ䠄3 ṓඣ 4 ྡ䚸4 ṓඣ 17 ྡ䚸5 ṓඣ
7 ྡ䠗ᖺ㱋⠊ᅖ䛿 3 ṓ 9 䛛᭶䛛䜙 5 ṓ 5 䛛᭶䛷䚸ᖹᆒᖺ㱋䛿 4 ṓ 7 䛛᭶䠅䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ணഛⓗㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛖᪉ἲ(Question after Story)䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛾㐺ษ䛥䜢ၥ䛖ุ᩿ἲ(Appropriateness Judgment Task)䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䜛᪉ἲ䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹䜎䛪䚸Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂䛸ྠᵝ䛻䚸ேᙧ䠄ᡃ䚻䛾ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䠅䜢ᗂඣ䛻⤂௓䛧䚸䛂ᜍ❳䛥䜣䛿䜎䛰᪥ᮏㄒ䛜ୖᡭ䛷䛿䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⟅䛘䜢㛫㐪䛘䛯䜙ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃᪨䜢ఏ䛘䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸෗┿䜢ぢ䛫䛺䛜䜙䚸௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䜢ᗂඣ䛻୚䛘䛯䚹
(10)䛚ヰ䠖௒᪥䛿䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛜䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝔䞊䝤䝹䛾ୖ䛻䚸䛚䜔䛴䛾䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䛸ᯝ≀䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿୍⥴䛻ᯝ≀䜢㣗䜉䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䛂䜲䝏䝂䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚∗䛥䜣䛜䛚௙஦䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚∗䛥䜣䛿䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚䜏䜔䛢䛻㟁㌴䛾䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢䜒䜙䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹䐟䐠䐢䐣

- 108 -䐡日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎鉱司、村杉恵子）(10)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸(11)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䜢䚸ᗂඣ䛸ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䛾୧᪉䛻ᑐ䛧䛶⾜䛳䛯䚹ᡭ㡰䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䜢ồ䜑䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䛤䛸䛻䚸ᗂඣ䛜⟅䛘䛯ᚋ䛻䚸ᜍ❳䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸䛭䛾㉁ၥ䛻ᜍ❳䛜⟅䛘䛯䚹ᗂඣ䛻䛿䚸⮬䜙䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㉁ၥ䛻⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸䛭䛾ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䛜㐺ษ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᜍ❳䛜ᡭ䛻䛧䛶䛔䜛䕿䞉㽢䛾⣬䜢ᣦ䛧♧䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛯䚹඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䛿䚸(12)䛾䜘䛖䛻⾜䜟䜜䛯䚹(11) ㉁ၥ䛾౛䠖a.

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖 䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹䠅b.

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䠅c.

䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䠅(12)඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䠖ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䠄䛚ヰ䜢䛧䛯ᚋ䛻䠅௒䛾䛚ヰ䜟䛛䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛨䜓䛒䜎䛪䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䠄ᗂඣ䛾ྡ๓䠅䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖㣗䜉䛶䛺䛔䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䜲䝏䝂䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅- 109 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

㻌 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸ᗂඣ䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛖᪉ἲ(Question after Story)䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛾㐺ษ䛥䜢ၥ䛖ุ᩿ἲ(Appropriateness Judgment Task)䛾 2 ✀㢮䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛯⌮⏤䛿䚸௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹๓⠇䛷䜒㏙䜉
䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺␲ၥᩥ䛿䚸ㄯヰ䛾≧ἣ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸wh ྃ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛᝟ሗ䜢䚸䛂䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻㏣ຍ䛧䛶౪⤥䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛻㐺ษᛶ䛾ุ᩿䛰䛡䜢ồ䜑䛶䛧䜎䛖䛸䚸(11c)䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䛜䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖཯ᛂ䛜ᗂඣ䛛䜙㏉䛳䛶䛝䛯㝿䚸䛭䜜䛜(i)୚䛘䜙䜜䛯␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛯䜑䛺䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䛸䜒(ii)䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺⟅䛘䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛻↷䜙䛧䛶䛂㐺ษ䛃䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䛾䛛䛾༊ู䜢䛴䛡䜛䛣䛸䛜㞴䛧䛔䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䜢䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻ᑜ䛽䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘䜢☜ㄆ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ᗂඣ䛜୚䛘䜙䜜䛯␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛾䛛 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛾䛛䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛾䛂㐺ษ䛥䛃䜢ุ᩿䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸䛸䛧䛯䚹㻌 ᐇ㦂䛿䚸(10)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛧 2 䛴䛸䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊䛸䛧䛶䛾䛚ヰ䛧 2 䛴䛾ィ 4 䛴䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛚ヰ䛾ᥦ♧㡰䞉่⃭ᩥ䛾ᥦ♧㡰䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜 2 ✀㢮⏝ព䛥䜜䛯䚹ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹(13)ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䠖(11a)䛾䜘䛖䛺(11b)䛾䜘䛖䛺(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺⦎⩦ၥ㢟䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘㐺ษᛶุ᩿ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘㐺ษᛶุ᩿ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘㐺ษᛶุ᩿ṇ⟅ᩘ

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㻌 ୖグ䛾⤖ᯝ䛜♧䛩㏻䜚䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸
83.9䠂䛸䛔䛖㧗䛔๭ྜ䛷䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛶⟅䛘䜢୚䛘䚸ྠᵝ䛻 82.1䠂䛸䛔䛖㧗䛔๭ྜ䛷wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛸䛔䛖ุ᩿䜢ୗ䛩䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹4 ྡ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䜆䛹䛖䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸1 ྡ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䛿䚸䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ḟ⠇䛷⡆༢䛻㆟ㄽ䛩䜛䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛯኱㒊ศ䛾཯ᛂ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛻ᚑ䛳䛯཯ᛂ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⓨぢ䛜ᙅ䜑䜙䜜䜛䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹
4.

䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ศᯒ௨ୖ䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䚸ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯ᒓᛶ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䚸ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛ྰ䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ணഛⓗ䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸
Otsu㻌 (2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䛜䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䛒䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻┤᥋⟅䛘䜛ᐇ㦂䝕䝄䜲䞁䛻䛿䛺䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔Ⅼ䛻╔┠䛧䚸䛭䛾Ⅼ䜢ᨵၿ䛧䛯ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛿䚸⋓ᚓ◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ㄪ䜉䜘䛖䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛⌮ㄽⓗᛶ㉁䛾ᮏ㉁䜢ṇ䛧䛟ㄆ㆑䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾ᚲせᛶ䜢

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日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎鉱司、村杉恵子）♧၀䛧䛯䜒䛾䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹ᮏᐇ㦂䛾ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛻䛿䛂Question after Story䛃䛷䚸඲䛶䛾㉁ၥ䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ᗂඣ䛿㉁ၥ䛻ᅇ⟅䛩䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛜⟅䛘䛯ᚋ䛻䚸䛥䜙䛻ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ᗂඣ䛿䛭䛾ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ุ᩿䜢୚䛘䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸㏻ᖖ䛾┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ
(truth-value judgment㻌 task)䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䚸㐃⥆䛧䛶ุ᩿䛾䜏䜢⾜䛖䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ุ᩿䜢⾜䛖๓䛻䚸ᚲ䛪୚䛘䜙䜜䛯㉁ၥ䠄yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛒䜛䛔䛿 wh ␲ၥᩥ䠅䛻⮬䜙䛜⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖≉ᚩ䛜䛒䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛾ㄪᰝ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ㄪᰝ䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯ᗂඣ㐩䛾䛖䛱䚸䜋䜌኱ከᩘ䛾཯ᛂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ᮏᐇ㦂䛾୺せ䛺ᩥ䛸䛺䜛䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸䠄኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛻ṇ䛧䛟䠅䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䛃䛸⟅䛘䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛸䛔䛖⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䠄኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛻ṇ䛧䛟䠅䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛛䜙⟅䛘䜢ᘬ䛝䛰䛧䚸ḟ䛻ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛭䜜䛜㐺ษ䛺⟅䛘䛷䛒䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ุ᩿䛥䛫䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛾▱㆑䜢஧㔜䛻☜䛛䜑䛴䛴ᘬ䛝ฟ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ᴟ䜑䛶ṇ☜䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹ᮏᐇ㦂䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸Otsu (2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜘䜚䛿䛿䜛䛛䛻ㄝᚓຊ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛻 whᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢♧䛩䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹㻌 㻌 䛥䜙䛻䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⤖ᯝ䛷䛿䚸ᑡᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䛷䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸⯆࿡῝䛔䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛜䚸୍ᐃ䛾୍㈏ᛶ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䚸」ᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䜜䛿䚸ୖグ䛾ᮏᐇ㦂䛾୺せ䛺ᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䠄䛂ㄗ䛳䛶䛃䠅䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛸Ꮚ䛹䜒䛜⟅䛘䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻䜒䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䠄䛂ㄗ䛳䛶䛃䠅㐺ษ䛷䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛪䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛾Ⓨヰ䛸䛧䛶䚸ḟ䛻ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛾┿ഇ䛾ุ᩿䛸䛧䛶䚸஧㔜䛻♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛭䜜䛿䛂⌮⏤䛾䛒䜛ㄗ⟅䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䚸༢⣧䛻ุ᩿䛩䜛䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛜䛣䛾ᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛧䛛䜒䚸wh ᓥไ⣙䛻㐪཯䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䜒⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䜒䛷䛝䛖䜛䚹㻌 㻌 䛧䛛䛧䚸ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸኱ከᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛜䚸௚䛾ሙྜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛾ุ᩿䜢䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛛䛴䚸䛒䜛䜂䛸䛴䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᩥ⬦ᥦ♧䛾䛸䛝䛾䜏䛻୍㈏䛧䛶ほᐹ䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛣䜜䛜䛔䜟䜖䜛ᩥἲ▱㆑䛭䛾䜒䛾䛻㛵䜟䜛ၥ㢟䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛣䛾䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛜䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛾ᐇ㦂ᡭἲ䛻䛒䜛₯ᅾⓗၥ㢟䛻㛵䜟䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䛔䚹ၥ㢟䛸䛺䛳䛯ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛸䛭䛾ᩥ⬦ᥦ♧䜢ྵ䜐䝉䝑䝖䜢෌ᗘ䜏䛶䜏䜘䛖䚹(13)඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䠖 䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛾ሙྜᐇ㦂⪅䠖䠄䛚ヰ䜢䛧䛯ᚋ䛻䠅௒䛾䛚ヰ䜟䛛䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛨䜓䛒䜎䛪䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䠄ᗂඣ䛾ྡ๓䠅䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖㣗䜉䛶䛺䛔䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅- 111 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䜲䝏䝂䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䜆䛹䛖䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅ᐇ䛿䚸䛣䛾୕䛴䛾㉁ၥ䛛䜙䛺䜛᭱ึ䛾஧䛴䛿䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ேᙧ䛜ṇ䛧䛟⌮ゎ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䜢ヨ䛩䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䛸䛝䚸ᗂඣ䛻ุ᩿䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛩䜛䛂┿ഇ䛃䛾ุ᩿䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛣䜝䛜䚸᭱ᚋ䛾୍䛴䛷ヨ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛾ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛜䚸䛂⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛃䛸䛧䛶㐺ษ䛺䜒䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱஧䛴䛾䝍䜲䝥䛾㉁ၥ䚸䛂ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ䛜䛸᛹⋇䛥䜣䛾⟅䛘䛜ෆᐜⓗ䛻୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛃䛸䛂ேᙧ䛜 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛄䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛅䛾䛔䛪䜜䛛䛷⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛛䛃䛜䚸䛣䛾㡰␒䛷ᗂඣ䛻୚䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹᭦䛻䚸䛣䛾䛸䛝䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛸䛧䛶䛄ㄗ䛳䛶䛅♧䛥䜜䜛䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛿䚸䜎䛥䛻ᩥ⬦䛾୰䛷୚䛘䜙䜜䛯≧ἣ䛸ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䛚ヰ䛾୰䛷㣗䜉䜙䜜䛯䜒䛾䛿䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䛿ㄯヰୖ䚸ṇ䛧䛔ෆᐜ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺ᩥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺⟅䛘䛿䚸ୖ
グ䛷䜒㏙䜉䛯㏻䜚䚸ᡂே䛾ㄯヰ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸yes 䛾⟅䛘䛻ᚋ⥆䛧䛶ฟ䛶䛟䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸඲䛟୙ྍ⬟䛸䛿ゝ䛘䛺䛔䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸」ᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛜䚸䛣䛾≧ἣ䛾ୗ䛷䛾䜏䚸୕䛴┠䛾㉁ၥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸๓䛾஧䛴䛾⟅䛘䛸ྠᵝ䛻䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛧䛶⟅䛘䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘䛿䚸ㄯヰୖ䚸㛫㐪䛔䛸䛿䛔䛘䛺䛔䜒䛾䜢㑅䜣䛷䛔䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾⤖ᯝ䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᩥἲ▱㆑䛻ၥ㢟䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䚹㻌 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䜢ΰ஘䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛿䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊䠄filler䠅䛸䛧䛶୚䛘䛶䛔䜛ㄪᰝ䛛䜙䜒᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸䛂䜹䝑䝟䛱䜓䜣䛿ఱ䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖 wh ␲ၥᩥ䜢୚䛘䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛶䜒䜙䛳䛯ᚋ䛻䚸ேᙧ䛻䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ேᙧ䛿䛂䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䛃䛸⟅䛘䜛䚹䛣䛾ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛻ุ᩿䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸䛂┿ഇ䛃䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛂⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛃䛸䛺䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿኱ே䛸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛻䛂ṇ䛧䛟䛃⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
Nakayama (1996)䜢䛿䛨䜑䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ䛾┿ഇ䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ᩥ䛾ᙧᘧ䛸䛭䛣䛷⪺䛛䜜䛯ᩥ䛾⟅䛘䛜ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䜙- 112 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎鉱司、村杉恵子）

䜢ศ䛡䛶ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᅔ㞴䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ᣦ᦬䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛷୍㈏䛧䛶ぢ䜙䜜䛯䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䜒䚸ᩥἲୖ䛾せᅉ䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛺䛟䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᐇ㦂ୖ䚸஧✀㢮䛾⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄䛩䛺䜟䛱᭱ึ䛾஧䛴䛿䚸ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶ṇ䛧䛔ྡモྃ䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䚸᭱ᚋ䛾୍䛴䛿䚸䛄ṇ⟅䛅䛸䛧䛶䛂䛿䛔䛃䛒䜛䛔䛿䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䛸⟅䛘䜜䜀䜘䛔䠅䛣䛸䜢ព㆑䛧䛺䛔㝈䜚䚸䛭䜜䜎䛷䛾⟅䛘᪉䛸ྠ䛨䠄䛣䛾ሙྜ䛿୚䛘䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䠅䝍䜲䝥䛾ᙧᘧ䛷⟅䛘䚸ᗂඣ䛿୚䛘䜙䜜䛯ᩥ⬦䛸ㄯヰ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䛂ṇ䛧䛔䛃ෆᐜ䜢㑅䜆䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䚸௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂⪅䛾ほᐹ䛸▩┪䛧䛺䛔䚹ᗂඣ䛾୰䛻䛿䚸䛂䡚䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖䝍䜲䝥䛾ၥ䛔䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䛂ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䛃䛸䛔䛖⟅䛘䜢㏉䛩ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜒ほᐹ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌␗䛺䜛䝍䜲䝥䛾ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸๓䛾⟅䛘᪉䛸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䜢䛧⥆䛡䜛䛾䛿䚸ືసἲ䠄Act-Out Task䠅䛷䛾“Bird in Hand Phenomenon”䛻䜒㏻䛪䜛䚹ᗂඣ䛾ഴྥ䛸䛧䛶䚸ᡭ䛻䜒䛳䛯䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢ᣢ䛱⥆䛡䜛ᐇ㦂ୖ䛾≉ᚩ䛾䜂䛸䛴䛿䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛔䛳䛯䜣⟅䛘䜛᪉ἲ䜢Ỵ䜑䛯䜙䛭䜜䜢⥆䛡䚸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䜢⥆䛡䛶䜒䚸ㄯヰୖ䚸༑ศ䛻䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘᪉䛷䜒䜘䛔䛸䛔䛖⠊ᅖ䛻䛒䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸ุ᩿䛻⏝䛔䜛䝇䝨䞊䝇䜢ㄯヰ䜎䛷ᗈ䛢䚸⤖ᯝⓗ䛻䚸኱ே䛾ᩥἲ䛸䛧䛶䛿䛄ㄗ䛳䛯䛅⟅䛘䜢㑅䜆䚹䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䠄No䠅䛸ุ᩿䛩䜛䛻༑ศ䛺ᮦᩱ䛜ᐇ㦂䛾ሙ䛻䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸䛂䛿䛔䛃䠄Yes䠅䜢㑅䜆䛸䛩䜛 Plausible Denial/ Plausible Dissent (Murasugi, 1988; Crain and Thornton 1998)䛾ᮏ㉁䛿䚸䛣䛣䛻䜒䜏䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹ᩥᏐ㏻䜚䛂䛿䛔䛃䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䛷⟅䛘䛂䜜䜀䛔䛔䛃䛸䛣䜝䜢䚸๓䛾⟅䛘᪉䜢䜂䛝䛪䛳䛶䚸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䛷ㄯヰୖྍ⬟䛺ᗈ䛔⠊ᅖ䛾୰䛛䜙⟅䛘䜢㑅䜆≉ᚩ䛿䚸Plausible Ascent 䛸䛷䜒⛠䛥䜜䜛䜒䛾䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺࠸ࠋ
5.

䜎䛸䜑㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛜䚸wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛛ྰ䛛䛻㛵䛩䜛᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ඛ⾜◊✲䛷䛒䜛 Otsu (2007)䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸䛭䜜䜢ᨵၿ䛧䛯ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛 3䠉5 ṓඣ䛾୰䛻䚸䛩䛷䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢♧၀䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛜䚸UG 䛾ᒓᛶ䛛䜙ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䚸ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛 UG 䛾㛵୚䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛛䜙䛾᪂䛯䛺ᨭᣢ䜢୚䛘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹

1. ௒ᅇ䛾ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䜆䛹䛖䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᩘྡ䛛䜙ほᐹ䛥䜜䚸䜎䛯䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䜒 1 ྡ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾཯ᛂ䛜䚸ᐇ㦂ୖ䛾ၥ㢟䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䛸䜒ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛛䜙⏕䛨䜛䛾䛛䛿ṧ䛥䜜䛯㔜せ䛺ㄢ㢟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾ㄢ㢟䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜐䛯䜑䛻䚸䜎䛯䜘䜚䝕䞊䝍䛾⢭ᗘ䜢䛒䛢䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸෌ᗘ䚸ᨵゞ䛥䜜䛯䝕䝄䜲䞁䛻䜘䜛ᮏᐇ㦂䜢ィ⏬䞉ᐇ᪋ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹- 113 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Chomsky, Noam. 1973. “Conditions on transformations.” In A festschrift for Morris Halle, eds.
Stephen Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 232-286 New York: Holy, Rinehart and Winston.
Crain, Stephen, and Rosalind Thornton. 1998. Investigations in Universal Grammar: A Guide toExperiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MITPress.
de Villiers, Jill, Tom Roeper, & Anne Vainikka. 1990. “The acquisition of long-distance rules.” In
Language processing and language acquisition, eds. Lyn Frazier and Jill de Villiers, 257-297.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Murasugi, Keiko. 1988. “Structural and Pragmatic Constraints on Children’s Understanding of‘Backwards Anaphora.’” UConn Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 40-68.
Nakayama, Mineharu. 1996. Acquisition of Empty Categories. Tokyo: Kuroshio.
Otsu, Yukio. 2007. “Wh-island in child Japanese.” Paper presented at Keio Workshop on Language,Mind, and the Brain. Keio University, March 18, 2007.
Richards, Norvin. 2008. “Wh-questions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, eds.
Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito, 348-371. New York: Oxford University Press.
Watanabe, Akira. 1992. “Subjacency and S-structure movement of wh-in-situ.” Journal of East AsianLinguistics 1:255-291.
Appendix: ௒ᅇ䛾ணഛᐇ㦂䛷⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛸䝔䝇䝖ᩥ䠄ὀ䠅A.

ᐇ㝿䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯㡰ᗎ䛿䚸௨ୗ䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䚹

(Filler)䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛸䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛜䚸䛚ᩱ⌮䛾⦎⩦䜢䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚㨶䜢ษ䜝䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒㞴䛧䛭䛖䛺䛾䛷䚸䝙䞁䝆䞁䜢ษ䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿䚸䛚ᩱ⌮䛜ⱞᡭ䛺䛾䛷䚸䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛜䝙䞁䝆䞁䜢ษ䜛䛾䜢ぢ䛶䜛䛰䛡䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䜙䜔䛳䛶䜏䛯䛟䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿኱ዲ䛝䛺䜻䝳䜴䝸䜢ษ䛳䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 1䠅䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚㨶䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛔䜔䚸ษ䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 2䠅䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿䚸ఱ䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸ษ䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

B.

(Filler)䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛸䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚⤮䛛䛝䜢䛧䛶㐟䜆䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛿䚸䝞䝇䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛣䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛷䜒䚸᪂ᖿ⥺䛾᪉䛜䛛䛳䛣䛔䛔䛾䛷䚸᪂ᖿ⥺䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛟䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸⤮䜢ᥥ䛟䛾䛜ⱞᡭ䛺䛾䛷䚸䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛜᪂ᖿ⥺䜢ᥥ䛟䛾䜢ぢ䛶䜛䛰䛡- 114 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎鉱司、村杉恵子）

䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䜙䜔䛳䛶䜏䛯䛟䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿኱ዲ䛝䛺㣕⾜ᶵ䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛔䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 3䠅䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛿䚸䝞䝇䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛔䛯䛛䛺䠛㻌䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛔䜔䚸ᥥ䛛䛺䛛䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 4䠅䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䜢ᥥ䛔䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖䛖䜣䚸ᥥ䛔䛯䜘䚹䠅C.

(Target Trial)௒᪥䛿䚸䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛜䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䜎䛧䛯䚹䝫䜿䝰䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䛸䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿䚸୍⥴䛻䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䜢ㄞ䜐䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛻䛂ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛿䚸䛂㣗䝟䞁䝬䞁䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛾䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛜䛚㈙䛔≀䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿䚸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛻䚸䛂ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛜䛚䜔䛴䛻䝸䞁䝂䜢䛟䜜䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 5䠅

䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䜢ㄞ䜣䛰䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸ㄞ䜣䛰䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 6䠅

䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛿䚸ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 㣗䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 7䠅

䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䠅

D.

(Target Trial)௒᪥䛿䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛜䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝔䞊䝤䝹䛾ୖ䛻䚸䛚䜔䛴䛾䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䛸ᯝ≀䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿୍⥴䛻ᯝ≀䜢㣗䜉䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䛂䛔䛱䛤䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚∗䛥䜣䛜䛚௙஦䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚∗䛥䜣䛿䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚䜏䜔䛢䛻㟁㌴䛾䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢䜒䜙䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 8䠅䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 9䠅

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛱䛤䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 10䠅䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䜆䛹䛖䚹䠅- 115 -