Table of Contents

Preface ......................................................................................................... v
Tables ........................................................................................................... x
Figures ......................................................................................................... x
Acknowledgement .................................................................................. xi
Note ............................................................................................................ xi

Chapter 1Issues in L2 Listening Comprehension ............................................. 1
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
Commonalities and Differences in Language Processing ............................... 2
Differences between L1 and L2 in Language Processing .............................. 5
Priming Effect in Word Recognition ............................................................... 6
The Role of Expectancy in Word Recognition ............................................... 6
Affecting Factors of Word Recognition in L2 Listening ................................ 7
Summary ........................................................................................................... 9

Chapter 2

History on L2 Listening Instruction .................................................. 11
Listening Through Activation of Bottom-up Processing .............................. 11
Listening Through Top-down Processing ...................................................... 12
Post Method Era ............................................................................................. 13
New Methodologies Based on Past Research ............................................... 14vii

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viii
Chapter 3

Shadowing as Listening Instruction: Current Perspectives andResearch Questions .............................................................................. 17
Overview of Shadowing ................................................................................. 17
Activities included in Shadowing Training ................................................... 18
Empirical Studies on Shadowing Training .................................................... 19
Mechanisms of the Shadowing Method ........................................................ 20
Self-monitoring during Shadowing Tasks ...................................................... 23
Unsolved Issues and Research Questions ...................................................... 26

Chapter 4

Theoretical Frameworks Applied in This Research ...................... 29
Measurement of Listening Comprehension: Situation Model (RQ 1) ......... 30
Processing of Language (RQ 1&2) ............................................................... 31
Priming Effect (RQ2) ..................................................................................... 38
Purpose of This Research .............................................................................. 44

Chapter 5

A Study on the Efficacy of Shadowing Training (Study 1) ........ 45
Introduction .................................................................................................... 45
Objective ......................................................................................................... 45
Method ............................................................................................................ 46
Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 54

Chapter 6

New Shadowing Training Procedures to Facilitate Overall
Understanding of Spoken Texts Based on the Findings ofPriming Methods .................................................................................... 57
Introduction .................................................................................................... 57

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15:56:56﻿ ﻿ixEffectiveness of Modified Auditory Input for Shadowing (Study 2) ........... 58
Objective ..................................................................................................... 58
Method ........................................................................................................ 58
Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 62
Effectiveness of Combination of Reading Aloud and Shadowing (Study 3) 65
Objective ..................................................................................................... 65
Method ........................................................................................................ 66
Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 71
Comparison of Shadowing Performance with Different Primes (Study 4) .. 73
Objective ..................................................................................................... 73
Method ........................................................................................................ 73
Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 75
Summary ......................................................................................................... 77

Chapter 7

Efficacy of Visual-auditory Shadowing for Listening
Comprehension (Study 5) .................................................................... 79
Introduction .................................................................................................... 79
Method ............................................................................................................ 80
Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 84

Chapter 8

Conclusion ............................................................................................... 89
Summary ......................................................................................................... 89
Implications for Pedagogy ............................................................................. 92
Future Research .............................................................................................. 93

References ................................................................................................ 95
Index ......................................................................................................... 105

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x

TablesTable 1 Instruction Procedures in Past Shadowing Method Research ............. 19
Table 2 Examples of a Passage and Related Questions ................................... 48
Table 3 Lesson Procedures ................................................................................ 51
Table 4 TOEIC Practice Test Scores and the Results of t Tests ....................... 54
Table 5 Scores of Situation Model Listening Comprehension Test and theResults of t Tests ................................................................................... 55
Table 6 The Proportions of the Numbers of Weak Forms and Speech Speedsof the Three Recordings ........................................................................ 60
Table 7 Pretest, Posttest, and Gain Scores in Word Groups Between Groups . 65
Table 8 Lesson Procedures ................................................................................ 70Table 9 Pretest, Posttest, and Gain Scores in Word Groups ............................. 71
Table 10 Lesson Procedures .............................................................................. 75
Table 11 Pretest, Posttest, and Gain Scores in Word Groups Between Groups 75
Table 12 Lesson Procedures .............................................................................. 82
Table 13 Scores on TOEIC Practice Tests and the Results of t Tests .............. 85
Table 14 Listening Comprehension Test Scores for the Situation Model andthe Results of t Tests ........................................................................... 86

FiguresFigure 1. Example questions assigned to control group ................................... 50
Figure 2. Examples of PowerPoint slides for visual shadowing ...................... 68

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