名城アジア研究2022.03Vol.11 No.1

●目次

学術論文

研究ノート

書

評

3 A TRUST-BUILDING APPROACH TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN
MYANMAR佐土井 有里Ye Tun Min
荒井 健

13 ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計

Nguyen Anh Duc
Nguyen Van Huynh
道正 泰弘

27 JAPAN’S POSTWAR PATH FROM THE PARADIGM OF NATIONAL SECURITY:
THE SHIFTING PATTERNS OF JAPAN-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS IN THE
INDO-PACIFIC REGION

萩藤

35 環境材料を用いた二酸化炭素回収・隔離システムの開発に向けた基礎研究

土屋 文
坂東 俊治
神藤 定生
Nutthanun Moolsradoo
Winadda Wongwiriyapan
Chumphol Busabok

41 台湾由来イボタクサギより抽出したヒスピジュリンの
社会性行動障害モデルマウスに対する作用

間宮45 COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION AND PROBLEMS OF TEACHERTRAINING IN VIETNAM

Do Thi Kim Cuong

53 CHINA A HISTORY VOLUME 2: FROM THE GREAT QING EMPIRE THROUGH
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, (1644 - 2009)

Philip Beech「名城アジア研究」投稿規則

大明隆吉

Meijo Asian Research Journal
2022.03Vol.11 No.1
● CONTENTS

ArticlesResearch
NoteBook Review

3 A TRUST-BUILDING APPROACH TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN
MYANMAR

Yuri Sadoi,
Ye Tun Min,
Takeshi Arai

13 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE
USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAM

Nguyen Anh Duc
Nguyen Van Huynh
Yasuhiro Dosho

27 JAPAN’S POSTWAR PATH FROM THE PARADIGM OF NATIONAL SECURITY:
THE SHIFTING PATTERNS OF JAPAN-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS IN THE
INDO-PACIFIC REGION

Tomoaki Hagito

35 FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM ON COLLECTION
AND ACCUMULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDES USING ENVIRONMENTMATERIALS

Bun Tsuchiya
Shunji Bandow
Sadanari Jindo,
Nutthanun Moolsradoo
Winadda Wongwiriyapan
Chumphol Busabok

41 EFFECTS OF HISPIDULIN, EXTRACTED FROM CLERODENDRUM INERME(L.) GAERTN, ON SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL MODEL IN MICE.

Takayoshi Mamiya

45 COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION AND PROBLEMS OF TEACHERTRAINING IN VIETNAM

Do Thi Kim Cuong

53 CHINA A HISTORY VOLUME 2: FROM THE GREAT QING EMPIRE THROUGH
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, (1644 - 2009)

Philip Beech

Meijo Asian Research Journal Contribution Rules

学術論文
ArticlesMeijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

2

学術論文／ Articles

A Trust-building Approach to the Banking Industry in Myanmar
Yuri Sadoi, Ye Tun Min, and Takeshi Arai
Abstract
Myanmar's banking sector needs a range of improvements to upgrade to international standards. A trust-building approach in Myanmar'sbanking system is critical to building the country's business infrastructure. The historical development of Myanmar's financial institutions
has not previously supported the development of a trust-based lending system. From the mid-2010s, however, the importance of credit
guarantee insurance and adequate funding for the development of local SMEs has begun to be recognised. This paper discusses two
ongoing approaches: credit guaranteed loans and two-stage financing approaches. The paper first discusses the problems of Myanmar'sbanking industry in a historical context, and then examines two approaches to restoring credit guaranteed loans. Next, the two approaches
to restoring people's trust in the banking sector will be examined. This paper is limited to the situation in Myanmar up until 2020.

Key words : banking sector; Myanmar; trust; SMEs; credit guarantee; two-step loan

1. Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the problems in

Myanmar's banking sector and the improvements that canbe made to solve them. Myanmar's banking system lags far

behind international standards and is among the slowest inSoutheast Asia. The public's trust in the banking sector is a
product of Myanmar's financial history.

Myanmar’s opening up under the newly elected

government in 2011 was unexpected, and surprised theworld. The government attempted to enact economic

development and poverty alleviation, the improvement of

the human rights record, the ensuring of good governance,
and the resolution of the decades-long ethnic conflict.
These political, economic, and social reforms are ongoing.

The Myanmar Development Resource Institute (MDRI),
with three centres (for economic, political, and legal

affairs) and three economic advisers to lead in theseareas, respectively, was established in 2011. Meanwhile,

significant reforms were introduced in the trade, financeand banking, and investment sectors.

The new government’s economic and political reforms

in 2011 were welcomed by the West. The United States,
the United Kingdom, Australia, and countries in Europe,

as well as the European Union sought closer engagementwith the new government administration, resulting in thesuspension or lifting of most of their economic sanctions.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) agreed to refinanceand overdue debts via a bridging loan from Japan. These
measures not only alleviated part of the debt burden, butalso paved the way for the re-engagement of international
financial institutions with Myanmar, as well as opening up

opportunities for securing new loans to finance Myanmar’s
economic development. They also attracted more attention

to Myanmar’s fiscal and monetary policies and practicefrom international financial institutions and creditor anddonor nations.

The Central Bank of Myanmar Law was passed in2013 and enabled the bank to operate independently

while coordinating its monetary policy with the Ministryof Finance’s fiscal policy. Cooperation with international
financial institutions helped to facilitate measures toestablish best practices, capacity, and competency.

New financial banking instruments were introduced toencourage public savings, and plans were establishedto improve financial intermediation. The Securities

Exchange Law was passed and the Financial Institutions
Law amended to ensure a more robust regulatory legal
framework [1]. Measures to clarify rules and regulations

concerning joint ventures between foreign and local banks
were drafted.

Financial institutions play a central role in a country’s

economic development. However, in Myanmar, thefinancial sector has just been reorganised, and is still

lagging behind that of other countries. The development of
the financial sector is highly dependent on people’s trust.

Because of this, one of the major problems for Myanmar’s

financial sector is the lack of trust citizens have had in it, asa result of its historical background.

The research question of the paper is why such a lack ofpublic trust in the banking sector developed, and what kindof improvement practices are being implemented.

To develop a country’s economy, small and medium

enterprises (SMEs) play an important role, and funds

for SMEs are essential. The structure of this paper is asfollows: first, the historical background of Myanmar's

financial industry sector is analysed; second, the credit
guarantee financing system for industrial development
is investigated; third, the prototype of the guarantee

system for SME financing in Myanmar is introduced, andthe situation from 2011 to 2020 is discussed along with3

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

the problems that government departments have had in

General Ne Win’s rule.

situation in Myanmar up until 2020.

economy under the military government. Private banks

introducing the new system. This paper is limited to the

From 1988, the socialist economy changed into a market

were permitted, and a new Central Bank of Myanmar

2. Historical Background of the Financial
System in Myanmar(CBM) was created. However, banks rarely provided

In order to understand the problems of Myanmar's

were involved in money laundering. During the militarybanking system, it is first necessary to examine the historyof the financial sector and how the problems were created.

In this section, we will examine the problems of a financial
system that has been in existence since the colonial era up
to the year 2020.

Turnell [2] explained Myanmar’s (Burma’s) changing

financial system since colonial times. In the 1920s and1930s, the Indian Chettiars were growing in Burma as amoney-lending and financial system for rice farmers. Then,in 1930, the colonial government tried to introduce a central

banking division in Rangoon which aimed to give Burmese
farmers a sense of the value of money and saving [3].
However, the introduction of the plan was not well received

by the British government in London as they consideredthat the idea would not be favourably treated in India.

Therefore, India’s monetary policy with bank played the roleof the central bank, and the profits from Burma flowed backinto India [4]. Before the Second World War, only one which
was Burmese-owned – Dawson Bank – was located in the

rice-producing Irrawaddy Delta area. This may be because
the colonial British government wanted to try and exclude
local people from the financial world [5].

After the Second World War, the colonial British

government set up the Burmese currency board, andbrought monetary stability to Burma. It lasted until 1952
when the Union Bank of Burma (UBB) was establishedas the central bank and as an independent institution.
The UBB succeeded in instituting monetary policies,
and supervising and monitoring government financial

performance [6]. Although the UBB performed quite wellduring the 1950s, it had problems regarding financial

resources and credit allocation that had implications for the
support of farmers and SMEs [7].

In 1962, the Revolutionary Council government

nationalised all the privately owned banks in the country[8]. Later, the military government merged all banks into

one bank, which was later divided into four separate
state-owned banks, the Union of Burma Bank, Myanma
Economic Bank, Myanma Foreign Trade Bank andMyanma Agriculture Bank, that later collapsed during

4loans to private firms, but were strongly connected withmilitary businesses and enterprises. Even worse, banks

government, the central bank had no power to formulate
financial policy [9]. In the early 1990s, the market was

opened to privately owned banks, but the financial sector

was heavily damaged by the following three crises: theAsian financial crisis of 1997, Myanmar’s domestic banking
crisis of 2003, and the economic sanctions that were
imposed by developed countries. These subsequent

serious problems in the financial sector gave it an
untrustworthy image among local people. This negative
reputation became rooted in the perceptions of the peopleof Myanmar, and has inflicted the most severe and lastingdamage to Myanmar’s banking system.

The role of the financial and banking sector and its

importance for every economy can be stated as follows:a sound financial system is essential for every economy[10]. Turnell [11] has stated that the financial sector

mobilises savings and allocates credit to other sectors topromote economic growth. It not only provides payment

services, but also enables the country to cope witheconomic uncertainties by hedging, pooling, sharing, andpricing risks. Therefore, an efficient financial sector can

assist in the reduction of the cost and risk of producing
and trading goods and services, and thus makes animportant contribution to raising the standard of living[12]. In Myanmar, the financial and banking sector should

fulfil this role [13]. The international sanctions by foreign
powers during the military rule led to the international

isolation of Myanmar. Myanmar became the poorest
country in Southeast Asia, with the lowest level of financial
infrastructure.

In 2011, the new government enacted a financial reform

to rebuild the financial sector and started to improve

the situation in Myanmar. Local private banks had been
operating for 25 years, but the sector did not improve

without strong competitiveness. Myanmar’s government
permitted the entrance of foreign banks into the market, inorder to help create a competitive environment. Therefore,

since 2013, the central bank has approved licenses forforeign banks to establish representative offices and carryout limited business activities [14]. Gradually, the businessA TRUST-BUILDING APPROACH TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN MYANMAR

activities of foreign banks have been broadened to include
wholesale banking services. Wholesale banking entails theprovision of services between merchant banks and otherfinancial institutions. As of 2020, there were 13 internationalbanks – from China, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia,

and Vietnam – operating branches in Myanmar, as well as

49 foreign banks with representative offices and 26 private
domestic banks.

The moves designed to liberalise the financial sector

were progressing. On 29 January, 2018, the CBM issued aregulation allowing foreign banks and financial institutions
to hold equity of up to 35 % in local banks. Then, on 2

January, 2019, the Ministry of Planning and Finance (MPF)
announced, that foreign companies could offer life andnon-life insurance products in Myanmar. Furthermore, theMPF stated that the government would allow overseas
firms to launch retail banking services in 2020 [15].

In summary, the liberalisation initiative in the financial

sector has just started in recent years, opening retailbanking opportunities for overseas firms. Historically, theMyanmar financial system has changed several times

over the years based on the political complexion of thegovernment. Up until 2011, several changes had damaged

people’s trust in banking and the financial sector. Thus, thefirst priority was to remove the lack of trust and to rebuild a
relationship of trust between the people and the banks.

by serving as guarantors for them to borrow funds,

were established in 1937, just before the Second World
War. Even now, SMEs play an important role in Japan’s
economy, and constitute 99.7% of the total number offirms in Japan. The credit guarantee system improves thecreditworthiness of SMEs, which lack assets for collateraland have weak credit standings. This helps in the allocationof funds to them from private financial institutions, andhelps them with access to financing. The CGC wasestablished to provide financial assistance from local
governments, as well as from the credit insurance systemof the Japan Finance Corporation, which is a Japanese
government institution. The combination of these twosystems is the core of the credit supplementation system[21].

The current CGCs have an important role in ensuringthat SMEs have easier access to financing. In 2012, there
were 52 CGCs in Japan, located in each prefecture andin five cities. At the end of 2011, their total liabilities stoodat approximately 34 trillion yen. The functions of the credit

guarantee system in Japan have a credit guarantee anda credit insurance function, as well as the combination ofthese credit guarantee and credit insurance functions [22].

SMEs can apply to CGCs for credit guarantees directlyor through financial institutions. After the applications are

submitted, the CGCs check the SMEs directly or throughfinancial institutions. After approval, the CGC issues a

3. Credit Guarantee Loan System
In many countries, loan guarantee programmes areimportant elements of government policy with respect

to SMEs [16]. Riding [17] showed that if loan guarantee

schemes are to be effective, a majority of firms can act
positively to obtain financial assistance from a trustworthy

guarantee system. Zecchini and Ventura [18] provided

an in-depth evaluation of the impact of public credit
guarantees on SMEs in Italy that increased the availabilityof credit and reduced the cost of borrowing, withoutcompromising their financial sustainability. The survey
results showed that Italy’s guarantee instrument has

proved to be an effective one in this respect. Despite thepervasiveness of market forces and the supplementary roleof state and civil society organisations, there are unmet

social needs that remain unaddressed by the existing
institutions [19] [20].

In the case of Japan, Credit Guarantee Corporations(CGCs), which are public institutions that support SMEs

credit guarantee certificate [23]. Then, the CGC checks thecredit of the enterprise. If the CGC approves the application

based on the credit checks, it issues a credit guarantee
certificate to the financial institution.

For the development of the SME credit guarantee

system, there are three indispensable elements: the financestructure, funding resources, and a light burden of rules andregulation [24]. The first, the finance structure, should beselected based on each country’s financial status, taking
into account feasibility and sustainability. The choices

are equity finance and debt finance, especially credit

guarantee covered loans, agency loans, loan sales–loan
securitisation, and two-step loans. The second, funding
resources, such as deposits, support from the government,

support from abroad, and investment funds, should be
decided based on the amount, term flexibility, and merit. A

light burden of rules and regulation are important to prevent
moral hazard. For this, institutions that provide direct loans

to borrowers, ones that provide indirect loans to borrowers
in a financial structure, and the prevention of moral hazard

arising from borrowers or institutions that provide direct

5

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

loans are necessary.

In many countries, there are four schemes for SME

loans (shown in Figure 1). These are: (1) credit guarantee

covered loans; these guarantee a certain portion of the loan

amount. The bank and the credit guarantee corporation
respectively conduct a borrower assessment. Strictness inthe credit guarantee corporation’s assessment affects theperformance. (2) Agency loan: the agent bank implementsa loan execution to the borrower, and collects the principal

as well as interest from the borrower on behalf of theoriginal bank. The agent bank has no responsibility forthe loan’s performance except through breach of the

duty of care. (3) Loan securitisation: after securitising its

commercial loans in the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) 10 countries. The percentage shown in

the figure is the percentage of outstanding commercial
loans per Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in each country

in 2016 [27], based on a survey conducted by the IMF in

2016. The rate of SME loans in relation to GDP in Myanmar
was 15.3%, which was the lowest among the ASEAN

countries. The highest percentage in the ASEAN 10 was
attained by Singapore with 150%, followed by Vietnam

with 119.7%, Malaysia with 115.2%, Thailand with 73.5%,

and Cambodia with 67.4%. The 2017 data show that thesituation in Myanmar had improved to 31.1%.

loan assets, a bank has the role of originator, and sells
the product to investors. The performance of the productdepends on the probability of default with regard to
the original loan. The bank is able to use no assets andgenerates profit depending on the timing of its launch. (4)The two-step loan: a sub-bank implements loan 2, theresources for which are provided by the original bank’s loan
1. This scheme is effective when the sub-bank does nothave enough lending resources, but has huge borrower
demands. Even though the sub-bank faces difficulty incorrecting the repayment, it has responsibility for the
repayment of loan 1 to the original bank [25].

Figure 2 Outstanding Private Bank Loans vs. GDP (%billion US$)

Source: Data obtained from The Japanese Embassy in
Myanmar (2018) [28]The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)[29] reported the results of a questionnaire survey ofSMEs in Myanmar. The 42 SMEs were selected from theparticipants in the seminar organised at the UMFCCI on 23
August and 19 September 2013. Out of the 42 SMEs that
replied, 40.5% had outstanding bank loans, while 50% had
no bank loans.

The two major reasons for having no bank loans were

Figure 1 Major SME Loan Schemes

Source: Information obtained from Izumi (2019) [26]high cost and the lack of assets for collateral. The JICA

survey results in 2017 [30] showed the reasons why SMEs

did not have bank loans. Overall, 81% of SMEs replied thatthey avoided bank loans to reduce financial costs. Instead

4. Applying the Credit Guarantee System in
Myanmarof bank loans, they used their own funds earned from their

4.1. The Current Situation of Outstanding Loans forbut in many cases, they were provided by relatives or family

SMEs

In Myanmar, as discussion of its background has

indicated above, trust in banks is still low, and the financial

sector is weak. As a result, bank loans have not been

widely publicised or sufficiently used. Figure 2 shows

6business operations and capital investments. Their own

funds were basically those they had generated themselves,members. In these cases, relatives and family members
were supposed to receive part of the profits as dividends

instead of receiving fixed interest repayments. None of
the SMEs were borrowing from informal lenders. In total,
14.5% responded that they could not have bank loans due

A TRUST-BUILDING APPROACH TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN MYANMAR

to their lack of assets for collateral. They relied on loans

When the CGI was first introduced in Myanmar in 2014,

from informal lenders and/or from relatives and friends withthere were no applicants during the initial year. As theloans varied from 2 % to 6 % per month. SMEs that had

Insurance company launched a CGI for SMEs in Junea fixed interest rate. The interest rates of such informal
sufficient profits were offered a lower interest rate of 2 %per month, but others had to accept funds at high interest
rates of 5–6 % per month [31]. Almost all SMEs that hadoutstanding bank loans responded that these were with

only one bank, although they had bank accounts at multiple
banks. Only one SME had outstanding loans from morethan one bank [32].

To increase SME loans with the aim of promoting theindustrial development of Myanmar, two main strategies
are being implemented: credit guarantee loans and the

JICA two-step loans. This section may be divided bysubheadings.

4.2. Credit Guarantee Insurance (CGI) in Myanmar

This section focusses on the case of the prototype

guarantee system established in 2014 by Myanmar
government advised by the SMBC in Myanmar andinvestigates how trust can be established in the banking
sector in Myanmar. The prototype system is shown in
Figure 3.

Myanmar Times [34] showed, the state-owned Myanmar

2014. The CGI can be used as collateral for bank loans,with the insurer being able to reimburse up to 50 % ofa loan in the event of a default. However, private banks
have failed to take advantage of the scheme for their risk
management strategies. As discussed in the previous

historical background section, local Myanmar banks
and citizens had lost trust in the financial sector over theyears, and the new CGI was not at all well received at the
beginning.

SMEs are a driving force for Myanmar. The Ministry ofIndustry report that there are more than 100,000 SMEs

in Myanmar, about 80% of which are registered and theremainder are not. However, few SMEs can obtain accessto capital by formal bank loans. Without collateral or assets,most SMEs have no chance of obtaining formal bank loans,and rely only on relatives and family members. In order todevelop the Myanmar economy, financial support for SMEs
is indispensable in order to generate local development.

The average and maximum interest rates of privatebanks is 13 % per year, and the Small and Medium

Industrial Development Bank (SMIDB) offers SME loans

at 8.5%, as dictated by the government [30]. The First

Myanmar Investment and Yoma Banks are preparing aplan that loans are assessed for approval on the basis ofcreditworthiness rather than collateral [35].

The initial introduction of CGI did not progress well.

When CGI was introduced in Myanmar in 2014, under thisinsurance scheme Myanmar Insurance or a private firm

was to reimburse lenders to SMEs up to 50 % of the loan in

the event of a default. This enabled the insurance scheme

to be used as collateral for bank loans. At the time of thelaunch, lenders welcomed the move, as it reduced the risk
when lending to SMEs. However, one year later, no SMEs
had taken advantage of this insurance [36].

Thus, the financial support for SMEs remained

insufficient. As of April 2015, the t had offered loans to
21 businesspeople, the Kanbawza Bank (KBZ) gaveloans to only three, and banks were still unable to trust
the businesses under the CGI. Then, the MPF created
a committee responsible for the drafting of the Credit
Figure 3 Interaction Chart of Credit Guarantee under the
CGI Scheme

Source: JICA (2017) [33] modified by author

Guarantee Corporation Law. The group is chaired by amanaging director of Myanmar Insurance, and consistsof approximately 10 people from the ministry, Myanmar
Economic Bank (MEB), the Myanmar Agri Development

7

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

Bank (MADB), the Myanmar Banks Association, and other

4.3. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

In 2016, the first case started as a trial [38]. In 2017,

The second activity for promoting SME development

players [37].

the Credit Guarantee Corporation Law Committee wasestablished. In July 2018, after several examinations of theplan, the CBM announced that the state-owned Myanmar

Insurance, under a new CGI scheme for banks, would
bear 60 % of a loan in the event of a default, which was 10
percentage point higher than the previous scheme. [39]In Myanmar, the insurance system was very limited.

Historically, Myanmar Insurance was established in 1952
and at that time exclusively provided life assurance, but

started to provide other types of insurance later. However,in 1964, during the military rule, the Myanmar government

integrated the insurance business into Myanmar Insurance
and prohibited private sector participation in the insurance

Two-Step Loanby increasing financial support was the JICA’s two-steploan as a part of official development assistance (ODA)from Japan, which started in 2014. The two-step loan,

as described in Section 3 and Figure 3 in this paper, is

as follows: a sub-bank implements loan 2, the resources
for which are provided by the original bank’s loan 1.

This scheme is effective when the sub-bank does nothave enough lending resources, but has huge borrower
demands. Even though the sub-bank faces difficultyin collecting the repayment, it has responsibility for the
repayment of loan 1 to the original bank. Figure 4 shows
the implementation scheme for the two-step loan.

business. For more than half a century, up until 2013, theinsurance business was closed to the private sector. Finally,in 2013, the insurance business was reopened to theprivate sector. In addition, as of June 2017, the insurance

business was opened to foreign enterprises, which are
only currently allowed to provide insurance within special
economic zones [40].

The move was expected to encourage more domestic

banks to adopt the insurance scheme, and to lend more to
local businesses. When calculating the Capital Adequacy

Figure 4 Two-Step Loan for SME Promotion: Implementation

system, the ratio only needs to take into account 40 % of

Source: The author derived this from information provided

Ratio (CAR) for loans for SMEs which are under a CGI

Schemethe actual loan [41]. If the debtor fails to repay, Myanmar

by JICA (2014) [43]Insurance will be responsible for reimbursing 60 % of theloan, while the bank only has to shoulder the remaining
40 %. As of 6 July 2018, there have been more than 600

the Japanese government would provide ODA loans for

Medium Industrial Development Bank (SMIDB), and theMinistry of Finance in Myanmar, The MEB was expected tofinancial institution in terms of the provision of financial

to the Myanmar Citizens’ Bank, the state-owned SMIDB,

2018. CGI has started to be used by businesses in both theinterest rate of 4%. The banks then gave loans to SMEs atapplications for CGI, mainly to the CMB, the Small &Myanmar’s SMEs through the JICA. As an agent of thestate-owned MEB. Meanwhile, MADB, the country’s largest

obtain an ODA loan from the JICA to distribute the funds

services to the rural community, started using CGI in June

the Cooperative Bank, KBZ, and other private banks at anindustrial and agricultural sectors. The introduction of CGI

8.5% interest rate [44].

banks in funding more loans for SMEs. As of March 2019,

for borrowers as shown in Figure 4. First, the JICA offers

The non-CGI-covered portion of any loan requires 100

Ministry of Finance (MOF) in Myanmar. Then the MOF

by CGI will be considered risky assets by the Central Bank.

them at 8.5% to SMEs. In Myanmar, private banks offer

also enjoy a higher CAR, which, in turn, will raise their value.

Myanmar.

helps to strengthen Myanmar’s economy by supporting

8

In 2014, the Myanmar government announced that

The loan is called a two-step loan, which has two steps

the number of applications had reached over 1,000 [42].

an ODA loan over 40 years with almost no interest to the% of the loan assets. This means that all loans not covered

offers 4% loans to banks, after which the banks distribute

Banks with loans covered by the insurance scheme willloans at 13 %, so 8.5 % interest is still good for SMEs in

The gap in interest rate between 4 and 8.5% exists due

A TRUST-BUILDING APPROACH TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN MYANMAR

to currency fluctuation and management expenditures,

as well as infrastructure and risk management costs. The

deposit policy of the lending rate should be above 8% [45].
The additional loan from the JICA on the fiscal year 2018–2019 reached 11.5 billion yen in total. In addition, the JICA

announced that it would offer a two-step loan of 11.5 billion
yen (about 151.6 billion Myanmar Kyat) for the fiscal year

2018–2019. The JICA two-step loans were widely spreadtwo-step loan, together with the MJC, has contributed to
improving SMEs’ performance and quality, to a certain
extent.

5. Conclusion
The banking sector in Myanmar requires various kinds

all over the country to 12 out of 14 states/regions and toof improvement practices to upgrade to international

In order to obtain the JICA two-step loan, the application

by analysing the important trust-building institutional

Nay Pyi Taw [46].

standards. This paper tries to shed light on the problem

procedure for SMEs is designed to improve the SMEs’

approach. This approach to the Myanmar banking systembusiness capabilities. The first requirement for applicants

is a very important issue.

business plan is very important for SMEs as it compels

institutions has been unsupportive of the institution

products, production processes, marketing, cost analysis,

development. During the junta government, the backward

will be the first time they have written a formal business

importance of credit guarantee insurance and sufficientplans can submit their applications to the JICA for a two-

Myanmar. The JICA two-step loan has contributed toapplications and business plans, then visit the SMEs’

monitoring, and by advising on a structure between banks,a decision based on the feasibility study. After the SMEs

such as the MJC.

track of their business plan.

Myanmar – the CGI and the two-step loan – have received

directors and managers have been made available bypaper. They also support industrial development, andis to prepare a business plan. The process of writing a

The historical background of Myanmar financial

them to reconsider business targets, principles, mainof a trust-based loan system to foster local SMEs’

and financial planning. In most cases, for these SMEs, thiseconomic climate worsened the situation. However, theplan by themselves. Those who complete businessfunds to upgrade SMEs’ capability has emerged instep loan. In most cases, the JICA experts examine theirbuilding trust in the financial sector by offering closesites to conduct feasibility study. Then, the JICA makes

end-users, and human resource development agencies

receive the JICA two-step loan fund, they proceed to keep

These two approaches that have been progressing inAt the same time, several business courses for managing

a positive reaction from local SMEs, as discussed in thisthe Myanmar Japan Center (MJC), which is a humanprovide trustworthy funds for the support of local SMEs.

resource development centre funded and supported
by JICA through Japan’s ODA. Those SMEs that havereceived the JICA two-step loan are advised to take thesebusiness courses, such as business planning, production

References

management, quality control, accounting, and so on.

1. The World Bank Group (2013). Myanmar Economic

their business plans, making them more stable and withWorldbank/document/EAP/Myanmar/Myanmar_

courses can generate SME networking, which leads to

2. Turnell, S. (2009). Fiery Dragons. Banks, Money

Taking business courses with other SMEs can enhancegreater growth potential. In addition, taking these businessfurther business collaboration.

As a result, based on the questionnaire survey

Monitor http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Economic_Monitor_October_2013.pdf

Lenders and Microfinance in Burma. Copenhagen:
NIAS Press.

conducted with 141 end-borrowers [47], about 80 %3. Turnell, S. (2010). November Journal of Contemporary

improvements in quality and increases in production

4. Turnell, Sean. Journal of Contemporary Asia 2010.

had increased the number of employees and 61 %5. Turnell, Sean. Journal of Contemporary Asia 2010.

productivity and quality. As the survey showed, the JICA

6. Turnell, Sean. Journal of Contemporary Asia 2010.

of them have achieved, or are expected to achieve,and sales. Furthermore, 67 % answered that they

had purchased Japanese machines to improve theirAsia, 40(4), 679–93.

40(4), November: 679–93.
40(4), November: 679–93.

9Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

40(4), November: 679–93.

7. Turnell, S. (2003). Myanmar’s banking crisis. ASEAN
Economic Bulletin, 20(2), 272–82.

8. Turnell, S. (2002). Reforming the Banking System in
Burma: A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities.

9. Turnell, Sean. Reforming the Banking System in
Burma: A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities.
2002.

10. Turnell, Sean. Reforming the Banking System in
Burma: A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities.
2002.

11. Turnell, Sean. Reforming the Banking System in
Burma: A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities.
2002.

12. Mustapha, Saidi Atanda. E-Payment Technology
Effect on Bank Performance in Emerging Economies– Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Open Innovation:
Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2018. 4(4): 43.
https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4040043.

13. Asia Development Bank. Myanmar in Transition
Opportunities and Challenges, 2012. Philippines.

14. Turnell, Sean. Banking and Financial Regulation and
Reform in Myanmar. Journal of Southeast Asian
Economies 2014. 31(2): 225–40.

15. Myanmar Times. Myanmar Insurance to cover 60pc of
CGI-backed loans. 2018. 11 July.

16. Leng, Aolin, Guangyuan Xing, and Weiguo Fan. Credit

Risk Transfer in SME Loan Guarantee Networks.
Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 2017. 30:
1084–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-017-5211-z.

17. Riding, Allan. Incrementality of SME Loan Guarantees.
Small Business Economics 2007. 29(1–2): 47–61.

18. Zecchini, Salvatore, and Marco Ventura. The Impact of

Public Guarantees on Credit to SMEs. Small BusinessEconomics 2009. 32(2): 191–206.

19. Gupta, Anil, Anamika Dey, and Gurdeep Singh.
Connecting Corporations and Communities: Towards a

Theory of Social Inclusive Open Innovation. Journal ofOpen Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity.
2017. 3(3): 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-0170062-3 (registering DOI).

20. Tauqeer, Muhammad Ahmad, and Knut Erik Bang.

Servitization: A Model for the Transformation of

Products into Services through a Utility-Driven
Approach. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology,

Market, and Complexity. 2018. 4(4): 60. https://doi.
org/10.3390/joitmc4040060.

21. Credit Guarantee Corporation. Credit Guarantee

10

System in Japan 2012, 2012.

22. Credit Guarantee Corporation. Credit Guarantee
System in Japan 2012, 2012.

23. Credit Guarantee Corporation. Credit Guarantee
System in Japan 2012, 2012.

24. Credit Guarantee Corporation. Credit Guarantee
System in Japan 2012, 2012.

25. Izumi, Kenichi. 2019. Handout presented at the
Myanmar SME Loan Seminar, 13 February 2019.

26. Izumi, Kenichi. 2019. Handout presented at the
Myanmar SME Loan Seminar, 13 February 2019.

27. Embassy of Japan in Myanmar. The Activity of

Myanmar–Japan Joint Initiative. 2018, November.

Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Myanmar

Japan External Trade Organization, Yangon Office
Japan International Cooperation Agency, Myanmar

Office. Available online: https://www.jetro.go.jp/view_interface.php?blockId=27844482 (accessed in April2019).

28. Embassy of Japan in Myanmar. The Activity of

Myanmar–Japan Joint Initiative. 2018, November.

Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Myanmar

Japan External Trade Organization, Yangon Office
Japan International Cooperation Agency, Myanmar

Office. Available online: https://www.jetro.go.jp/view_interface.php?blockId=27844482 (accessed in April2019).

29. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Data Selection
Survey on SME Finance in Myanmar. Final Report,

2017. August 2017. Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.,
Japan Economic Research Institute Inc.

30. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Data Selection
Survey on SME Finance in Myanmar. Final Report,

2017. August 2017. Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.,
Japan Economic Research Institute Inc.

31. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Data Selection
Survey on SME Finance in Myanmar. Final Report,

2017. August 2017. Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.,
Japan Economic Research Institute Inc.

32. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Data Selection
Survey on SME Finance in Myanmar. Final Report,

2017. August 2017. Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.,
Japan Economic Research Institute Inc.

33. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

A TRUST-BUILDING APPROACH TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN MYANMAR

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Data Selection
Survey on SME Finance in Myanmar. Final Report,

2017. August 2017. Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.,
Japan Economic Research Institute Inc.

34. Myanmar Times. No takers for credit guarantee
insurance in last year (2015, 4 August). Myanmar
Times.

35. Myanmar Times. No Takers for Credit Guarantee
Insurance in Last Year. 2015. 4 August. Myanmar
Times.

36. Myanmar Times. No Takers for Credit Guarantee
Insurance in Last Year. 2015. 4 August. Myanmar

Loan Seminar. Held in Nay Pyi Taw, 2018. 19 January,

Available online: http://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.

com/jica-sme-two-step-loan-seminar-held-nay-pyitaw/ (accessed in December 2018).

47. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Two-Step
Loan Project for Agriculture and Rural Development(Technical Assistance for ODA Loan) Project

Completion Report, 2018. March. JICA. Available
online: http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12304895.
pdf (accessed in May 2019).

Times.

37. Myanmar Times. No Takers for Credit Guarantee
Insurance in Last Year. 2015. 4 August. Myanmar
Times.

38. Izumi, Kenichi. Handout presented at the Myanmar
SME Loan Seminar, 2019. 13 February 2019.

39. Myanmar Times. Myanmar Insurance to cover 60pc of
CGI-backed loans. 2018. 11 July. Myanmar Times.

40. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Republic of the Union of Myanmar Data Selection
Survey on SME Finance in Myanmar. Final Report,

2017. August 2017. Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.,
Japan Economic Research Institute Inc.

41. Myanmar Times. Myanmar Insurance to cover 60pc of
CGI-backed loans. 2018. 11 July. Myanmar Times.

42. Izumi, Kenichi. 2019. Handout presented at the
Myanmar SME Loan Seminar, 13 February 2019.

43. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 2014.
Preparatory Survey on Two-Step Loan Project for Smalland Medium Enterprises Development in the Republicof the Union of Myanmar. Final Report, February 2014.

Japan Economic Research Institute Inc. and Daiwa
Institute of Research Ltd. Available online: http://open_

jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12147666.pdf (accessed in
December 2018).

44. San, May Soe. JICA to Get More Loans for Myanmar

SMEs. Myanmar Business Today 2014. 2(20), 19
May. Available online: https://www.mmbiztoday.
com/articles/jica-get-more-loans-myanmar-smes(accessed in December 2018).

45. San, May Soe. JICA to Get More Loans for Myanmar

SMEs. Myanmar Business Today 2014. 2(20), 19
May. Available online: https://www.mmbiztoday.
com/articles/jica-get-more-loans-myanmar-smes(accessed in December 2018).

46. Global New Light of Myanmar. JICA SME Two-Step

11

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

12

学術論文／ Articles

ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
Nguyen Anh Duc 1） Nguyen Van Huynh 2） 道正 泰弘3）
1）名城大学大学院理工学研究科社会環境デザイン工学専攻
2）名城大学大学院理工学研究科環境創造学専攻
3）名城大学理工学部環境創造工学科 教授 博士（工学）要

修士（工学）

旨

ベトナム社会主義共和国（ベトナム）では，建設廃棄物の処理量は，2018年において，約148∼185万tとなっているが，2025年の目標リ
サイクル率は60％となっており，建設廃棄物の主な用途は整地材，路盤材，非焼成れんがなどである。今後，建設廃棄物のリサイクル率を向上させるためには，コンクリート用再生骨材への使用を促進することが必要である。本研究は，製造が簡便な低品質再生骨材と普通骨材を混合使用した再生骨材コンクリートをベトナムで普及させることを目的に，相対品質値法による性能評価および調合設計について検討を行った。その結果，ベトナムにおいても日本と同様，構造用コンクリートへの適用が可能であることが判明した。
キーワード：低品質再生骨材，相対品質値法，構造用コンクリート，調合設計，性能評価

Performance evaluation and mix proportion of concrete using lowquality recycled aggregate in Vietnam
Nguyen Anh Duc 1）, Nguyen Van Huynh 2） and Dosho Yasuhiro 3）
1）Graduate School of Science and Technology，Division of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering，Meijo Univ.M.Eng
2）Graduate School of Science and Technology，Division of Environmental Science and Technology，Meijo Univ.
3）Dept. of Environmental Technology，Meijo Univ.Prof. Dr.Eng.

Abstract
In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam), there were 1.5〜1.8 million tons of construction waste which was treatedin 2018, but the amount of untreated construction waste is significantly larger. According to the World Bank, as a vision
to 2025 of Vietnamese Government, the recycle rate of construction waste will be 60%. By 2025 construction waste isused mostly as leveling material, roadbed material, and for non-fired brick. Therefore, to improve the recycle rate ofconstruction waste, a measurement for discriminating the use of recycled aggregate in concrete is very necessary.
The purpose of this study is to discriminate the use of recycled aggregate concrete that is easy to manufactured in
Vietnam using recycled aggregate mixed with normal aggregate by examining the performance evaluation through relative
quality index method and mix proportion. As a result, when combining low-quality recycled aggregate and normal aggregate
in concrete with a suitable replacement ratio, as in Japan, it is possible to apply for structural concrete in Vietnam.
Keywords：Low-quality recycled aggregate, relative quality index method, structural concrete, mix proportion design,
performance evaluation

13

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

1. 研究目的2018 年に公表された世界銀行の固形廃棄物管理評価報
告書１）により，ベトナム社会主義共和国（ベトナム）において処理した固形廃棄物量は 740 万ｔ／年であり，このうち，約(36%)

148 ∼ 185 万 t ／年は建設廃棄物である。ただし，実際の固形廃棄物の発生量は，処理量より多いと思われるが，具体的な統計資料が確認できなかったため，詳細は不明である。さらに，表１に 2018 年度に公表された日本国際協力機構（JICA）の都市廃棄物総合管理能力向上プロジェクトの業務完了報告書 2）によると，ハノイ市の建設廃棄物発生量
推計は約 270 ∼ 620 万ｔ／年である。このうち，民間工事，
新築工事および解体工事のデータは存在するが，公共工事のデータは不明であり，実際にはさらに多くの建設廃棄物が発生しているものと推察される。ハノイ市は，建設廃棄物の埋立処分場不足に直面しており，対策として，建設材料へ

本研究は，製造が簡便な低品質再生骨材と普通骨材を混のリサイクル推進が検討されている。なお，世界銀行のベト合使用した再生骨材コンクリートをベトナムで普及させるこ

ナム全国の処理した建設廃棄物量（約 148 ∼ 185 万 t ／年）とを目的に，相対品質値法 6）による性能評価および調合設に比べ，ハノイ市で発生した建設廃棄物量は 1.8 ∼ 3.4 倍と計について検討を行った。

なっている。これにより，ベトナムにおいては処理されていなかった建設廃棄物量は膨大であることが推察される。
図１にベトナムの建設廃棄物成分および処理方法を示す。建設廃棄物の割合では，鉄鋼，金属片，プラスチック
は 10％，土，砂，砂利は 36％，コンクリート塊は 23％，れ3）

んがは 31％である 。このうち，鉄鋼，金属片，プラスチッ
クはリサイクルされているが，土，砂，砂利およびコンクリー
ト塊，れんがは埋立処分あるいは不法投棄されている。ベトナム国立環境研究所の調査 4）により，ハノイ市では，建設廃棄物の不法投棄は 29％である。なお，世界銀行の報
告１）により，ベトナム政府の目標で，2025 年に建設廃棄物のリサイクル率は 60％となっている。

2. 建設廃棄物のリサイクル
2-1

低品質再生骨材コンクリートの普及

5）では，再生骨材コ
TCVN 11969:2018（TCVN 11969）

ンクリートの調合設計方法は規定されていない。そのため，再生骨材を用いるコンクリートは，実際の構造物への適用は困難である。
日本では，日本産業規格（JIS）により，コンクリート用再生骨材 H（JIS A 5021），再生骨材コンクリート M（JIS A
5022），再生骨材コンクリート L（JIS A 5023）が規定されている。2018 年の JIS A 5022 の改正においては，再生骨材

2)

L を一定の置換率以下で普通骨材と混合使用する再生骨材
コンクリート M（１種，2 種）が規定された。再生骨材コン
クリートの種類と骨材の組合せを表 2 に示す。再生骨材 Lの製造は，再生骨材 H および再生骨材 M に比べて安価でCO2 排出量も低いことから 7），経済的および環境的にも再生
骨材 L の利用拡大が有効である。

ベトナムにおいてはコンクリート用再生粗骨材の規格（TCVN 11969:2018）5）が 2018 年に規定されたが，政府のリサイクル規制がまだ施行されていないことから，実際の構造物への適用実績はない。

2-2

ベトナムにおける再生骨材

TCVN 119695）において，再生粗骨材は I 種および II 種に区分されている。I 種では吸水率 5％以下となっており，
JIS A 5022 付属書 A に相当する 8）。II 種では吸水率 20％以下となる。II 種は，非焼成レンガの原料としてリサイクル

14

ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAMすることを前提としたもので，レンガの混入量が多い。再生骨材の製造は，写真１に示すように，コンクリート塊とレンガを分別せずに，混合廃棄物の状態で破砕したのち，分級を行う。
表 3 に，ベトナムにおける骨材品質に関する既往研究による実験結果 9）を示す。実際のコンクリート塊と廃れんがの混合廃棄物の状態から破砕・分級して製造した再生粗骨材
RG１の吸水率は 8.45％，絶乾密度は 2.13g/cm3 となり，再生粗骨材中に 31.2％のれんがが混入している。なお，破砕・分級する前にコンクリート塊とれんがを分別し，写真 2 に示
すように，れんがが混入していない再生粗骨材 RG 2 の製造は可能である。RG 2 の吸水率は 5.81％となり，JIS A 5023
附属書 A に規定されている範囲にある 10）。
再生細骨材 RS は，絶乾密度は 1.94g/cm3, 吸 水率は12.15％ , 粗粒率は 2.65 である。骨材品質のうち吸水率は，再生細骨材 L の範囲内にあることから，本研究では，JIS
A 5023 附属書 A に規定される再生粗骨材 L および再生細骨材Ｌを用いることとした。

参考※3

。

。
3 JIS A 5023による。JASS 5(2018)11)には規定されていない。

3. 実験概要
セメントの主要品質は表 4 に，上水道水の主要品質は表
5 に，化学混和剤の主要品質は表 6 に示す。これらについて，TCVN と JIS を比較した結果，JIS の規制値はすべて TCVN の規定する範囲に包含されているため，本研究に満足するもので，使用したセメント，水，化学混和剤は，TCVN の規制値を用いた。なお，コンクリート用骨材の主要品質は表 7 に示す。

3-1

使用材料

（1）セメント
表 4 より，本研究で用いた普通ポルトランドセメント（N）
は TCVN 2682：200912）に規定されているポルトランドセメ
ント（PC40 種）と比較した結果，規定を満足した。
（2）水
表 5 より，本 研究で用いた上 水道水は TCVN 4506：
201213）に規定されているコンクリートおよびモルタル用水と

15

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

名古屋市上下水道局の調査結果 14）を比較すると，目標品質

3-2

調合

を満足した。

表 10 にコンクリートの調合概要を示す。水セメント比（3）化学混和剤(W/C) を 45％，55％，65％の 3 水準，RLG の置換率を

表 6 より，本研究で用いる化学混和剤の品質は，TCVN
15）

16）

0％，50％，100％の 3 水準，RLS の置換率を 0％，30％，

8826：2011 の AE 減水剤および TCVN 12300：2018 の50％，100％の 4 水準に変化させた合計 27 種類の試料コン

空気量調整剤を満足した。

クリートを用意した。
単位水量は試し練りにより，
W/C=45％に（4）骨材

おいて 183kg/m3，185kg/m3 とし，W/C=55％で 180kg/m3，

表 7 より，TCVN 7570：200617）には，コンクリートおよび

W/C=65％で 175kg/m3，176kg/m3，177kg/m3 とした。調モルタル用普通骨材の絶乾密度，吸水率，微粒分量，粒合設計の基本的な考え方として，再生骨材置換率 0％のコ

形判定実積率は規定されていないことから，JIS A 5308 附

ンクリート（比較用コンクリート）に対して，骨材の種類およ

属書 A（レディーミクストコンクリート用骨材）および JIS A

び再生骨材の置換率を変化させたコンクリートを作製した。

5005（コンクリート用砕砂及び砕石）の規制値を用いた。再いずれも目標スランプは 18 ± 2.5cm，目標空気量は 4.5

生骨材は，2．で調査した結果，れんがが混入していなけ± 1.5％とした。化学混和剤には，AE 減水剤（高機能タイ

れば，JIS A 5023 附属書 A に規定される再生粗骨材 L おプ）
をセメント質量の 1.0％，空気量調整剤はセメント質量のよび再生細骨材 L の吸水率に適合している。

0.05 ∼ 0.10％を添加した。

表 8 に本研究で用いた再生骨材の概要を，表 9 に使用骨

本研究で用いたコンクリートの相対吸水率（Qt）を算定し材の主要品質を，図 2 に再生骨材 L の製造フロー例を示す。

た。Qt は，普通骨材と再生骨材の吸水率と置換率から式

普通細骨材は川砂（NS）および硬質砂岩砕砂（CS）を，
普通粗骨材には硬質砂岩砕石 2005 の 2 種類（NG1，NG 2）を用いた。再生粗骨材 L2005（RLG）が 4 種類（RLG1 ∼RLG4），再生細骨材 L（RLS）が 2 種類（RLS1，RLS 2）でさ※ある。RLG1 は土木構造物（詳細不明），RLG 2 は建築物
（詳細不明），RLG 3 および RLS1 は住基礎（原骨材：山砂利，砕石），RLG4 および RLS 2 は RC 構造物躯体（原骨材：山砂利，砕石）とした 4 種類の原コンクリートを用い，中間処

5.0

5.0

理工場で破砕あるいは再生砕石（40mm ≦）を製造した後，5 ∼ 20mm の RLG，0 ～ 5mm の RLS に分級し製造した。
再生骨材の品質は，RLG1 の不純物量を除き，JIS A 5023
附属書 A 相当であった。なお，RLG1 および RLG 2 のアルカリシリカ反応性は区分 B，
RLG 3 および RLG4 は区分 A であった。RLG 3 および RLG4 の 400kN 破砕値はそれぞれ
23.3％，24.5％，10％破砕力は 134kN，148kN であった。
RLG 3 および RLG4 の FM 凍害指数は，JIS A 5022 の 0.08
以下を満足した。

16

による。

14）

ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAM（1）に示す使用骨材品質値の加重平均を算出した。

ここに，

Qt：骨材の相対吸水率（％）
QvG ：普通粗骨材の吸水率（％）
QvN：普通細骨材の吸水率（％）

。

QrG ：再生粗骨材の吸水率（％）
QrN ：再生細骨材の吸水率（％）
a, b, c, d : 使用骨材の絶対容積（L/m3）
3-3

実験項目および実験方法

実験項目および実験方法を表 11 に示す。フレッシュ性状は，スランプ，空気量，単位容積質量，コンクリート温度および塩化物含有量を，硬化性状では，圧縮強度，静弾性係数，長さ変化，気乾単位容積質量，促進中性化および凍結融解の諸試験を実施した。

4. 実験結果
4-1

フレッシュ性状

各種コンクリートのフレッシュ性状を表 12 に示す。
（1）スランプおよび空気量
AE 減水剤（高機能タイプ）は，いずれのコンクリートにおいてもセメント質量の１.0％とし，空気量調整剤は 0.05 ∼0.10％で使用した。これにより，全ての試験体において目標

凍害指数

した。

17

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1。

。

スランプ 18 ± 2.5cm および目標空気量 4.5 ± 1.5％を満足した。なお，骨材修正係数は，再生粗骨材 L を用いた場合
で 0.3 ∼ 0.6％，再生細骨材 L を用いた場合は 0.9 ∼ 1.6％，
両者を用いた場合は 0.3 ∼ 1.2％となり，再生骨材置換率が増加するのに伴い大きくなる傾向がみられた。
（2）塩化物含有量
塩化物含有量は，全体的に再生骨材 L の置換率が増加するのに伴い大きくなる傾向がみられた。普通コンクリート
は 0.02 ～ 0.10kg/m3，RLS を 100% 置換した場合は最大で0.12kg/m3，RLG を 100% 置換した場合は最大で 0.30kg/m3

18。

ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAMとなった。ベトナム規格では塩化物含有量に関する規定がな
3

B100 種のグレードに分類しており，1.5 ～ 100 は呼び強度

いため，JIS A 5308 の規定である 0.30kg/m 以下を規制を示す。普通コンクリートを構造体で使用する場合，品質値とした。なお，再生骨材コンクリートの塩化物含有量は，は B15 種の調合強度 15N/mm2 以上，クレーン荷重を受JIS A 5022 10.5 により求めた。全ての試験体は 0.30kg/m3

ける柱，高層建物の低層階の柱のように大きい荷重を受け以下を満足した。

る構造は B25 種の調合強度 25N/mm2 以上となっているこ（3）単位容積質量とから，本研究で作製したコンクリートの 4 週圧縮強度は，

表 9 より，再生骨材 L の絶乾密度は，付着モルタルおよ

TCVN の目標品質と比較すると，W/C=65％では B15 種のび付着ペーストの影響により，普通骨材に比べて小さくな

15N/mm2 以上，W/C=55％では B20 種の 20N/mm2 以上，る。そのため，再生骨材置換率の増加に伴いコンクリートの

W/C=45％では B25 種の 25N/mm2 以上となった。

単位容積質量は小さくなる傾向がみられた。

（2）静弾性係数（4）コンクリート温度

図 3 より，静弾性係数については，圧縮強度と同様，全試料コンクリートはいずれも 35°C を下回った。再生骨材
置換率の影響はみられなかった。

体的に再生骨材の置換率の増加に伴い静弾性係数は小さくなる傾向がみられた。材齢 4 週から13 週までの発現傾向
は，再生骨材の置換率の増加に伴い低下する傾向がみられ

4-2

硬化性状

た。

（1）圧縮強度

TCVN 5574:201818）では，普 通コンクリート（γ=2.2 ∼図 3 より，全体 的に再 生骨材の置換率の増 加に伴い

2.5t/m3）として標準強度と静弾性係数が規定されているが，

圧 縮 強 度 は 減 少 する傾 向 が みられ た。 特 に，RLS を圧縮強度と静弾性係数の関係式は定められていないことか

100％置換したもの，あるいは RLG を 100％置換したものは

ら，式（2）に示す再生骨材コンクリート指針式（指針式）20）

その傾向が顕著である。材齢 4 週から 13 週までの強度発により評価した。

現傾向は，再生骨材の置換率の増加に伴い低下する傾向がみられた。

各種コンクリートの 4 週圧縮強度と 4 週時静弾性係数の関係を図 4 に示す。コンクリートの気乾単位容積質量は，

18）

TCVN 5574:2018

で は， コンクリートを B1.5 種 ～材齢 13 週時の長さ変化用試験体から測定した。普通コンク

19

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

リート
（γ=2.3t/m3）,再生骨材コンクリート（γ=2.1 ∼ 2.3t/m3）

11）いる。一方，JASS 5（2018）
では，計画供用期間の級がの実測値は，それぞれ New RC 式（k1 ＝ k 2 ＝ 1.0）11），指長期および超長期の乾燥収縮率は 8 × 10 -4 以下となってお針式の範囲を上回る傾向がみられた。図中には，TCVN

り，この範囲に含まれ，かつ中央値に該当することから，本18）5574:2018 の標準強度と静弾性係数の関係を示す。TCVN

研究では 8 × 10 -4 以下を目標品質の閾値とした 8）。

5276:199319）の静弾性係数試験方法は，角柱試験体（G max=

図 5 より，再生骨材 L を用いたコンクリートの乾燥収縮率

20mm：100mm × 100mm × 400mm）を用いており，推定さは，全体的に RLG および RLS を併用し，いずれかを 50％

れる静弾性係数は New RC 式に比べ大幅に大きくなり，JIS

以上置換したものが大きくなる傾向がみられた。特に，RLG

A 1149 による実験結果とは整合していない。

と RLS 両方を 50％置換したものおよび RLG を 100％置換したもので 8 × 10 -4 を超えるものもみられた。
（4）促進中性化

ここに，
E: 再生骨材コンクリートのヤング係数（静弾性係数）（kN/mm2）

γ : 再生骨材コンクリートの単位容積質量（t/m3）
σ B : 再生骨材コンクリートの圧縮強度（N/mm2）（3）乾燥収縮ベトナム規格の 22TCN 60-8421）によると，普通コンクリー
トの乾燥収縮率は 1×10 -4 ∼ 15 ×10 -4 の範囲に制限されてTCVN 9343:201222）では，3 本以上のコア試験体の破断面にフェノールフタレイン溶液を噴霧して測定し，中性化
深さは鉄筋から10mm 以上離れなければならないと規定されている。JIS Ａ 1153 では，試験体の寸法は 100mm ×100mm×400mmであることから，図 6 に示すようにTCVN
による中性化深さの閾値は，仮に鉄筋径をＤ19 とした場合は約 30mmとなる。日本建築学会「高耐久性鉄筋コンクリー
ト造設計施工指針（案）・同解説」23）の目標品質は 25mm 以
下であることから，安全側として 25mm 以下を目標品質の閾値とした 8）。
図 7 より，促進期間 26 週における促進中性化深さ（材齢26 週時促進中性化深さ）は，相対的に RLS を 100％置換し

図6

20

TCVN 9343:201222）による中性化深さの閾値の考え方

ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAMたものが大きくなる。また，W/C の影響が大きく，W/C ＝65％の場合では，25mm を超えたものがみられた。

ベトナムでは，都市部では凍害は発生しないが，北部の山
岳地方で発生する場合がある。このため，本研究では凍害

図 8 より，4 週圧縮強度と材齢 26 週時促進中性化深さに対する検討を行った。なお，TCVN に規定はないことかの関係を示す。これによると，両者の間には比較的明確な

ら，JASS 5（2018）11）に規定されている目標品質を用いた。

相関がみられ，圧縮強度が 28N/mm2 以上では全ての試験

図 9 に練上がり時の空気量と耐久性指数の関係を示す。

体で 25mm 以下となった。

練上がり時の空気量は , 凍結融解作用を受けるコンクリー（5）凍結融解

トの目標空気量 4.0 ∼ 6.0％
（4.5 ± 1.5％かつ空気量の下限
値 4.0％ 11））の範囲であれば再生骨材置換率に係わらず，耐久性指数は 60 以上であった。
4-3

相対品質値法による性能評価

圧縮強度，静弾性係数，長さ変化および促進中性化の実験結果から得られたコンクリートの主要な性能と表 10 に示した Qt との関係から性能評価を行った。
TCVN 119695）によると，再生粗骨材Ⅰ種の吸水率は 5％以下，再生粗骨材Ⅱ種は 20％以下であり，置換率の上限値(N/mm2):F4

は規定されていない。
図 10 に Qt とコンクリートの主要な性能の関係を示す。
図中に閾値として TCVN 11969 5）による再生粗骨材 I 種
を 100％置換したコンクリートの Qt:4.35％，JIS A 5022 により RLG を 50％置換した再生骨材コンクリート M1 種のQt:4.37％，RLG を 50％および RLS を 30％置換した再生
骨材コンクリート M2 種の Qt:5.49％を示す。なお，再生骨材Ｌおよび普通骨材の吸水率は，JIS に規定される上限値により算出し，再生粗骨材 I 種は TCVN による。
Qt の増加に伴いコンクリートの性能が低下する傾向がみられた。両者の間には，性能によってはばらつきがみられたが，総体的には比較的明確な関係が得られた。
4 週圧縮強度および材齢 4 週時静弾性係数は，再生骨21

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

おいて，それぞれ TCVN 5574:201818）における構造用コンク
リートの B25 種，B20 種，B15 種の閾値を満足した。また，
乾燥収縮率は，Qt が再生骨材コンクリート M1 種の 4.37％
およびベトナムの再生粗骨材 I 種の Qt：4.35％より小さい場
合においても，3.50％を超えると品質目標値 8 × 10 -4 を超えるものも多くみられたが，3.50％以下では全て目標品質を満足した。なお，材齢 26 週時促進中性化深さは W/C の影響が大きい。W/C=65％では，再生骨材コンクリート M1 種のQt：4.37％およびベトナムの再生粗骨材 I 種の Qt：4.35％より小さい場合でも一部 25mm を超えたものがみられた．
したがって，再生骨材 L を普通骨材に置換して用いる場
合，Qt と再生骨材コンクリートの主要な性能の関係に基づいて，再生骨材置換率の調整，使用する普通骨材の選定により，TCVN の目標品質を満足し，所要のコンクリート性能を得ることが可能となる。

目標

5）

。
。
。

図 10

相対吸水率とコンクリートの主要な性能の関係な材コンクリート M1 種の 4.37％および再生粗骨材 I 種の Qt：
4.35％より小さい場合において，W/C=45％，55％，65％に22ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAM

σ

≦
≦

。

4-4

調合設計

。

（1）調合設計のフロー

ベトナム規格では，普通コンクリートの調合設計方法が規再生骨材コンクリートの調合設計フロー例を図 11 に示定されていないことから，使用している方法は ACI 211.1-91

す。まず，使用材料の確認（材料確認）を行い，続いて調合Standard practice for selecting proportions for normal,検討を行う。セメント水比（C/W）理論に基づく強度式推定24）

heavyweight, and mass concrete であり，再生骨材コンク実験のため，W/C を 45％，55％，65％の 3 水準，RLG の

リートの調合設計方法および再生骨材の置換率は規定されて置換率を 0％，50％，100％，RLS の置換率を 0％，30％，

いない。ACI 211.1-9124）とJASS 5（2018）11）の調合設計方法

50％，100％に変化させて検討を行った。なお，目標スラン

はほぼ同じ手順であることから，本研究は JASS 5（2018）11）

プは 18 ± 2.5cm，目標空気量は 4.5 ±1.5％とした。調合強に基づいて再生骨材コンクリートの調合設計について検討

度の検討後，材料設計として再生骨材コンクリートのアルカを行った。

リ総量（≦ 3.0kg/m3）および塩化物含有量（≦ 0.30kg/m3）

本研究では，強度低下の影響を調合設計に反映するたを確認する。これらから，仮の調合を決定する。作製した再め，再生骨材を置換したコンクリートは比較用コンクリートと

生骨材コンクリートについて相対品質値法による性能評価

圧縮強度の比較を行い，その影響を確認した。なお，検討を行い，コンクリートの強度式を算定し，調合を決定する。

は，再生粗骨材のみを置換した場合（A），再生細骨材を置（2）調合強度換した場合（B）の 2 グループに分類して行った。
コンクリートの調合強度の算定結果を表 13 に，コンクリー
トの塩化物含有量およびアルカリ総量の算定結果を表 14

表 13 にコンクリートの調合強度の算定結果を示す。調合
強度は式（3）により得られた調合管理強度 Fm から，式（4）および式（5）を満足するように設定した。

に示す。

23

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

Fm = Fq + mSn（3）

JIS A 5022 の規制値により検討を行った。表 14 より，算出

F ≧ Fm + 1.73 σ（4）した塩化物含有量では，全ての試験体は JIS A 5308 の規F ≧ 0.85Fm + 3 σ（5）

制値である 0.30kg/m3 以下を満足した。

ここに，
F:

アルカリ総量については，再生骨材の置換率は増加に伴2

コンクリートの調合強度（N/mm ）い大きくなるが，RLG の置換率を 50％以下とした場合はJIS2

Fm :コンクリートの調合管理強度（N/mm ）A 5022 の規制値である 3.0kg/m3 以下となった。一方，再Fq :コンクリートの品質基準強度（N/mm2）※

生骨材の置換率が RLG を 50％以上あるいは RLG と RLS※本研究は Fc（設計基準強度）を Fq とした。

を併用した場合では，規制値をこえるため，フライアッシュ

S ：標準養生した供試体の材齢ｍ日における圧縮強度とまたは高炉スラグ微枌末の使用が前提となる 25），26）。なお，

構造体コンクリートの材齢 n 日における圧縮強度のRLG 3 と RLG4 については，表 9 より区分 A と判定されていm n2差による構造体強度補正値（N/mm ），m=28, n=9111）

σ：JASS 5（2018） に基づき，使用するコンクリートの圧22

縮強度の標準偏差（N/mm ）：2.5N/mm または 0.1Fmの大きいほうの値

る。
（b）コンクリートの圧縮強度
再生骨材コンクリートでは，RLG50％まで置換，RLS
30 ％まで 置 換 の 場 合 は再 生骨 材コンクリート M とし，
RLG100％置換，RLS50％および 100％置換の場合は，再調合管理強度 Fm は，品質基準強度 F ｑと構造体強度補正値 28S91 により設定した。コンクリートの打込みから 28 日までの期間の予想平均気温θの範囲に基づき，8°C≦θの場合2は 28S91=3N/mm ，0°C ≦θ <8°C の場合は 28S91=6N/mm

2

である。

生骨材コンクリートＬとする。各種コンクリートの調合概要および Qt は表 10 に示した通りである。
比較用コンクリートでは，管理材齢 28 日における再生骨材コンクリートの圧縮強度と Qt の関係は，式（6）27）で示す。
F28 = 1 + m × Qt

本 研究では，W/C=45％，55％，65％はそれぞれ B25
2

2

（6）

ここに，

種の標準強度 18.5N/mm ，B20 種の 15.0N/mm ，B15 種

F28 : 材齢 28 日における圧縮強度（N/mm2）の 11.0N/mm2 に対応させて検討を行った。なお，標準強1, m：実験定数（図 10 にある圧縮強度と Qt の関係式の11）

度は JASS5（2018） においては設計基準強度に該当する。
2

コンクリートの品質基準強度 Fq は，それぞれ 18.5N/mm ，
2215.0N/mm ，11.0N/mm となる。これにより，表 13 に示す
22

調合管理強度 Fm はそれぞれ 21.5N/mm および 24.5N/mm ，222切片と傾き）
W/C=45％ : F28 = 55.74 – 2.70 × Qt
W/C=55％ : F28 = 46.19 – 3.46 × Qt
W/C=65％ : F28 = 36.03 – 2.75 × Qt

2

18.0N/mm および 21.0N/mm ，14.0N/mm および 17.0N/mmと算定される。調合強度 F は，調合管理強度 Fm に，比較式（6）に，表 10 に示した Qt を代入し，再生骨材コンク

用コンクリートの標準偏差σを用い，式（4）および式（5）をリートと比較用コンクリートの強度比として強度低減率（R）

満足するように設定した。

を算定した結果を表 15 に示す。

（3）材料設計（a）塩化物含有量およびアルカリ総量
ベトナム規格にコンクリートの塩化物含有量およびアルカリ総量は規定されていないことから，JIS A 5308 および

24

品質基
準強度

比較用コンクリートに R を乗じて式（7）とした。再生骨材
コンクリートの製造は，この式に基づき調合設計が可能となる。なお，セメントは普通ポルトランドセメント，化学混和剤は AE 減水剤の使用を前提とした。

ベトナムにおける低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートの性能評価および調合設計
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE USING LOW-QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN VIETNAM

品質基
準強度

C/W =（F28 – a ）/b

（7）

ここに，

（4）再生骨材 L と普通骨材を混合使用する再生骨材コンク
リートは，Qt の増加に伴いコンクリート性能が低下する。

C/W : セメント水比

Qt とコンクリートの主要性能の間には，総体的には比較

F28 : 材齢 28 日における圧縮強度（N/mm ）2

ａ，b：表 16 に示す定数

的明確な関係が得られた。
（5）調合設計は，再生骨材 L と普通骨材を混合する場合，
Qt の評価結果および材料設計に基づき，再生骨材コン

5. まとめクリートの強度式を算定することで，TCVN の要求性能を満足する再生骨材コンクリートの製造が可能である。

低品質再生骨材と普通骨材を混合使用した再生骨材コン

以上から，低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリートは，日本

クリートをベトナムで普及させることを目的に，性能評価およと同様，ベトナム規格の要求性能に応じた構造用コンクリー

び調合設計について検討を行った。その結果，以下のこと

トへの適用が可能である。

がいえる。
（1）ベトナムのハノイ市で発生した建設廃棄物量は，全国の処理した量に比べて 1.8 ∼ 3.4 倍となっている。これに謝辞より，ベトナムにおいては処理されていなかった建設廃

本研究は，JSPS 科研費 JP16K06593，名城大学アジア

棄物量は膨大であることが推察される。建設廃棄物の研究所公募型プロジェクト「アジアの建設工事における再リサイクル率を向上させるためには，再生骨材Ｌの利用

生骨材コンクリートの普及展開（研究代表者：道正泰弘）」

拡大が有効である。

の助成を受けたものである。また，本研究の実施において，（2）使用材料はベトナム規格を満足した。再生骨材 L を用いたコンクリートのフレッシュ性状は，再生骨材の置換率

ベトナム国立交通運輸大学 Nguyen Thanh Sang 准教授に多大な協力を得た。ここに厚く謝意を示す。

が大きい場合でも，化学混和剤量の調整により，スラン
プおよび空気量は目標値を満足する。なお，塩化物含有
量は RLG を100% 置換した場合は最大で 0.30kg/m3 で
あった。

参考文献
1） The World Ba nk(2 018)S olid a nd indust r ia l（3）再生骨材 L を用いたコンクリートの硬化性状は，再生骨hazardous waste management assessment –材置換率の増加に伴い圧縮強度および静弾性係数は低Options and action area to implement the national

下する。一方，圧縮強度はベトナム規格の閾値を満足しstrategy

た。乾燥収縮率は，RLG と RLS の両方を 50％置換し2）独立行政法人国際協力機構（JICA）（2018）ベトナム社

たもの，RLG を 100％置換したものが大きく，一部は閾

会主義共和国・都市廃棄物総合管理能力向上プロジェ

値を超えた。促進中性化深さでは，RLS を 100％置換

クト・プロジェクト業務完了報告書

したものが大きくなるが，W/C の影響が大きく，圧縮強3） Nguyen V. T., Tong T. K., Dang T. H., Tran

度が 28N/mm2 以上で目標品質を満足した。耐久性指T. V. N, Nguyen H.G., Nguyen T. D., Yugo I.,

数は，適切に空気が連行されていれば , 再生骨材置換

Tomonori I., and Ken K.（2018）Int. J. GEOMATE,

率に係らず 60 以上が得られた。

Current status of construction and demolition

25

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

waste management in Vietnam: challenges andopportunities, Vol. 15, No. 52, pp.23-29
4）ベトナム国立環境研究所の調査報告(2019) https://moitruong.com.vn/moi-truong-cong-luan/quan-lymoi-truong/lang-phi-phe-thai-xay-dung-22829.htm
5）ベトナム規格 TCVN 11969:2018（2018）コンクリート用
再生粗骨材
6）Dosho Yasuhiro（2021）J. Crystals, Effect of Mineral
Admixtures on the Performance of Low-Quality
Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Vol 11, No. 6, 596
7）道正泰弘，村雄一（2008）建築構造物の解体に伴い発生するコンクリート塊のリサイクルシステム - 被害算定型

19）ベトナム規格 TCVN 5276:1993（1993）普通コンクリー
ト‐ 角柱試験体の圧縮強度および静弾性係数の測定
方法20）日本建築学会（2014）再生骨材を用いるコンクリートの設計・製造・施工指針（案）・同解説
21）ベトナム規格 22TCN 60-84（1984）コンクリートの実験
プロセス22）ベトナム規格 TCVN 9343:2012（2012）コンクリートおよび鉄筋コンクリート‐構造物の維持管理
23）日本建築学会（1991）高耐久性鉄筋コンクリート造設計
施工指針（案）・同解説

環境影響評価手法ＬＩＭＥを用いたコンクリート塊再24）American Concrete Institute ACI 211.1-91（2009）

利用の評価，日本建築学会技術報告集 , 第 14 巻 28 号 ,Standard practice for selecting proportions for

pp.393-398

normal, heavyweight, and mass concrete

8）Dinh V. L., Nguyen A. D., 陶宇洲，錦木健二，道正

25）道正泰弘（2020）低品質再生骨材を用いたコンクリート

泰弘（2020）名城アジア研究，ベトナムの建設工事におのアルカリシリカ反応性の評価および抑制に関する研ける再生骨材コンクリート技術の適用，Vol. 10, No. 1,

究 - 建築構造物の解体に伴い発生するコンクリート塊

pp.5-19のリサイクルシステム，日本建築学会技術報告集 , 第 269）Pham D. H. H., Nguyen T. S., Vu B. D.
（2020）
Transp.

巻 63 号 , pp. 434-439

Commun. Sci. J., Ef fect of recycled aggregate26）広野真一，安藤陽子，大代武志，鳥居和之（2014）フ

content from burnt clay bricks and waste concrete

ライアッシュと高炉スラグ微粉末による ASR 抑制効果

of mechanical properties of high strength concrete,
Vol.71, Issue 8, pp.944-955
10）Nguyen A. D., Dosho Y.（2021）名城大学理工学部研究 報 告 , Material design for concrete using lowquality recycled aggregate in Vietnam，No．61，pp.
73-8011）日本建築学会（2018）建築工事標準仕様書・同解説
JASS 5 鉄筋コンクリート工事 201812）ベトナム規格 TCVN 2682:2009（2009）普通ポルトラン
ドセメント
13）ベトナム規格 TCVN 4506:2012（2012）コンクリート用およびモルタル用水
14）名古屋市上下水道局の緑政土木局天白土木事務所の
天白区の水質調査（2021 年 7 ∼ 8 月）
15）ベトナム規格 TCVN 8826:2011（2011）コンクリート用
化学混和剤16）ベトナム規格 TCVN 12300:2018（2018）コンクリート用
空気量調整剤
17）ベトナム規格 TCVN 7570:2006（2006）コンクリート用およびモルタル用骨材
18）ベトナム規格 TCVN 5574:2018（2018）コンクリートお26

よび鉄筋コンクリート‐設計規格の比較，セメント・コンクリート論文集，Vol.67, No.1,
pp.441-448
27）道正泰弘，村雄一（2014）再生骨材コンクリートの大規模適用への調合設計と品質管理 - 建築構造物の解体に伴い発生するコンクリート塊のリサイクルシステム，日本建築学会技術報告集 , 第 20 巻 44 号 , pp.19-24

学術論文／ Articles

Japan’s Postwar Path from the Paradigm of National Security:
The Shifting Patterns of Japan-US Strategic Relations in the IndoPacific Region
By Tomoaki HAGITO
Faculty of Foreign Studies, Meijo University
Abstract

This paper aims to reveal how Japan exploited its newly created regional order principles and geostrategic leverage to build an alliancewith the U.S. After regaining confidence in the Cold War period, Japan renegotiated its security role with the U.S., which marked the
beginning of the Japanese ascent to power. This paper argues that Japan tried to find its new identity as an Asian power by pursuingpolicies to arrange relations with the U.S. The exploration of declassified documents provides insightful conclusions regarding timely andcapable application in the case of present-day issues, particularly regarding U.S.-Japan relations in the Indo-Pacific area.

Key words : US-Japanese Relations, PRC, Indo-Pacific Region, Foreign Policy

1. Introduction

aggression but also the maintenance of an "American-

The United States' consent to security arrangements

was able to use military operations in Japan, including

with Japan in 1960 meant achieving a stable numberof U.S. bases in Japan while preventing a potential
break with the U.S. on political and military questions inEast Asia caused by Japan's neutrality. That decisionled" peace and security in East Asia. The U.S. Armyon the high seas, against the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics and the People's Republic of China (hereafter
USSR and PRC, respectively)1).

In other words, the Treaty of Peace left out thebrought attention to the argument over whether Japanissues of returning Okinawa's administrative rights toWestern, civilized one, which had been a recurring issue

but the U.S. admitted that Japan maintained residual

should act as an Asian nation or seek to become athroughout the nineteenth century.

In other words, postwar Japan chose to place therelationship with the United States at the center of their

Japan and making peace with the USSR and the PRC,
sovereignty over Okinawa2). Moreover, to promote thenation's early recovery as a member of the Westernaligned powers, it did not impose an enormous amount

diplomatic posture. Japan was effectively remade asof war reparations on Japan3).

in international politics, and domestically, they fostered

the Japanese government to add a military containment

between them could be called a result of the Second

the U.S. government promoted collective security

the framework for Japan's foreign relations after its

thought could help deter any perceived communist

Within this context, the present paper considers theto the PRC and grow the power of free nations in theorder and its geostrategic leverage gained by building an

U.S. gover nment thus required the Japanese

a pro-American state belonging to the Western camp

The United States intended to seek the approval ofa liberal democracy. While the agreement reachedpolicy against the expansionism of the PRC. Therefore,

World War, it extended far beyond the conflict, setting

arrangements in 1952 amongst allied militaries they

independence.

aggression4). It was desirable to make a counterweightprogress of Japanese foreign policy toward the new

region.

alliance with the U.S. in the Indo-Pacific area.

gover nment to rearm ten divisions based upon

Japan's political and economic stability. Accumulating

2. U.S.-Japanese Security Relations in theCold War Period

economic difficulties and the reluctance or inability of

The Treaty of Peace with Japan had made provisions

Japanese dependence on the U.S. and delaying Japan's

for the right to enter into collective self-defense

arrangements, permitting the stationing of U.S. forces

in Japan not only for Japan's defense against outside

the Japanese government to adopt energetic economic

and rearmament policies were then seen as prolonging
development as a counterweight to communist power in
East Asia5).

The Japanese government amended the national
27

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

safety agency law in 1954 to convert the national safety

forces into the Self-Defense Forces (Jieitai) and give it
the duty of defense against direct aggression 6). Dueto the spread of communism and the PRC's desire to

3. The Normalization of Japan's Defense
and Security Policy
As mentioned in the previous section, Japaneseretake Taipei, Washington requested that Tokyo rebuild

security policy constraints were infused with somethe Far East7).

Japan's unique pacifism. In the early Cold War period,

its military equipment and decrease the military gap in
The U.S. military also placed an atomic artillery

battalion in Okinawa as part of the U.S. Army's

reorganization in 1955. Later that year, it deployed aground-to-air interceptor missile named Nike Hercules

in Okinawa. However, the anti-base movement was
gradually intensifying in Japan. This movement was

exceptionalism, as they were believed to demonstrate
Japan was contrasted with the Empire of Japan, alongwith postwar militarizing states. However, those pushingfor identity and policy changes today seek to distinguish
contemporary Japan from postwar Japan's alleged
weakness, masochism, and abnormality14).

Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's call forbest demonstrated by the Uchinada incidents and theJapan to 'break out of the postwar regime' is typical of(Fukuryū-maru) incident in 1954 caused anti-nuclear

future15). Changes to Japanese security policy have

Sunagawa struggle. Furthermore, the Lucky Dragon
8)this differentiation between a weak past and a strong

sentiments to snowball .

been adopted recently due to threats posed by the1957, tried to mitigate anti-American sentiments in the(hereafter DPRK). Especially in the long term, the PRC

Nobusuke Kishi, the Japanese prime minister in
9)country . The Japanese Diet resolution prohibited theoverseas dispatch of the Self-Defense Forces in 1954.
U.S. government was given high praise for his politicalability in Japan, having arranged the merger of theconservative party and strengthened the political baseof the Liberal Democratic Party in 195510). However,

Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration did not accept

the Japanese government's demands for approval of the
deployment of U.S. forces stationed in Japan.

Instead, Eisenhower agreed to consult Japanese

authorities regarding the use of U.S. forces in Japanese
territories at the Japan-American Security Committee11).

This bargaining demonstrated that the U.S. still fearedthat the Japanese government would limit American

use of bases. Furthermore, the U.S. government wasconcerned that Japan was unwilling to share the burdenof defense spending, relying heavily on the UnitedStates' contributions12).

Before the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis outbreak, U.S.

government requested that the Japanese government
share the defense burden by maintaining America's rightto free use of its bases in Japan and contributing to thedefense of non-communist nations as required by the
security revision. Finally, the U.S. military demonstrated
political cooperation with Japan by proposing a limited
agreement to use the base as a concession in 196013).

PRC and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

has increasingly become a security concern for Japan16).

This shift is often portrayed as a logical reaction to

China's rise and aggressiveness. However, Japan did
not respond similarly to the Soviet Union threat during
the Cold War.

The Soviet Union's destructive capacity far surpassed

that of contemporary PRC, whose nuclear arsenal is far

more modest. Moreover, the intense rivalry between
the American and Soviet superpowers produced

international tensions that ran much higher thanthose present in the competitive but interdependent
relationship between the U.S. and the PRC. Despite
these facts, the threat of the Soviet Union did not lead tothe military build-up taking place in response to China's
rise. On the contrary, Japan responded during the Cold
War by adopting military restrictions. These restrictions

evoked exceptionalism, a stark contrast to how Japan isviewed and remembered in 2022.

It is only if Japan's national identity changes areoverlooked that these widely differing responses tothe postwar security policy appear mystifying.

The

Cold War example demonstrates that not all potentiallythreatening developments are necessarily construed assuch. After the PRC conducted its thermonuclear test
in 1967, Japan responded by introducing the three nonnuclear principles of not possessing, not producing,and not permitting the introduction of nuclear weapons.

By contrast, Japan's response to North Korea's 2017
nuclear test has been to push for preemptive strikecapabilities.

28

JAPAN’S POSTWAR PATH FROM THE PARADIGM OF NATIONAL SECURITY:
THE SHIFTING PATTERNS OF JAPAN-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

A self-constraining response along the lines of 1967

be considered through the prism of a hegemonic rivalry

government in Japan. The aggressiveness of the PRC

influence in the Indian Ocean Rim, Asia-Pacific, andwas simply unthinkable, especially under Shinzo Abe'sand the DPRK cannot be viewed in isolation but must be

seen against the backdrop of Japan's already changing

self-understanding. According to this understanding,Japan is perceived as peaceful, democratic, and lawabiding, whereas the PRC and the DPRK are viewed
as hostile, authoritarian, and anti-Japanese. Japan

with the PRC's Belt and Road Initiative, a challenge forEurasia regions. Therefore, the IPEC is a framework

within which the U.S. is in close cooperation with India

and one where Japan would attempt to determine thefuture economic and geopolitical order while countering
the PRC's ambitions.

Since the former U.S. President's Indo-Pacific speech

understands the actions of the PRC and the DPRK

in November 2017, the Free and Open Indo-PacificThis understanding has changed tremendously in thea strategic vision that primarily aims to maintain theas they pertain to those countries and its own past.

2000s, thus enabling the recent far-reaching changes in
17)Japanese security policy .

In 2015, due to the confrontation between thepolarized nature of pacifism and rearmament narratives

domestically, the Japanese government passed apackage of controversial security bills that made it

possible for Japan to participate in collective selfdefense—that is, to respond militarily to an attack ona country as though Japan itself had been attacked.

These bills overturned the interpretation that Japan'sconstitution forbids the country from engaging incollective self-defense, a view the Japanese government
had held since 1957.

(FOIP) has drawn international attention. The FOIP isexisting international order based on principles such as

the rule of law, a free-market economy, and fundamental
rights in the Indo-Pacific region.

In maintaining peace and stability, it is imperativefor Japan to ensure the U.S. strategic commitment
to the region, particularly in responding to the PRC's

potential challenges to the existing international order inthe context of its strategic outreach to Eurasia, Africa,
and Eastern Europe22). Securing the vast geographicalareas of the Indo-Pacific region requires cooperation

with Japan's regional partners, ASEAN, India, andAustralia23).

As a democratic state, India is an essential player in

The legislation on collective self-defense means thatsafeguarding the existing international order coveringcountries do in the security field. Still, this is not

Japan's role within the regional stability via the existinglegislation and the 2014 Cabinet Resolution it isPrime Minister Abe's 2007 speech at the parliament ofJapan can now do everything other, more defensed

the Indian Ocean and Southern Pacific. The origin ofnormal among U.S. allies18). Indeed, the 2015 security

international order dates back to the Former Japanese

based on are replete with references to the security

environment that has been fundamentally transformed
for the worse19).

India24).

Abe's communicated Japan's continued commitment

to the Indo-Pacific region in his speech at the Sixth
Tokyo International Conference on African Development

4. US-Japanese Relations in the IndoPacific Regionin August 2016, emphasizing the importance

In 2011, the Obama Administration initiated its pivot

between “the seas of Asia and the Indian Ocean25).”

to Asia-Pacific, which is perceived as one of the mostof economic development, the need for quality
infrastructure, and the sea lanes of communication

Therefore, the FOIP's core elements were freedom

critical strategic reorientations in the recent historyof navigation and overflight by enhancing the rule of

Asia were linked to a "strategic handshake," which

adhering to international standards in the Indo-Pacificof American foreign policy20). American rebalances torepresented a convergence of geopolitical interests
21)

alongside India's Act East Policy .

The Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (hereafter IPEC)

project aimed to promote the stability and prosperity ofSouth and Southeast Asian economies. Amongst theessential activities under IPEC, there is the advancementof regional economic connectivity. The IPEC may thus

law and the infrastructure and economic development

region. On the other hand, only East Africa is involvedin the Indian Ocean development. The more significant

connection between the seas of Asia and the Indian
Ocean is obviously through Southeast Asia. Tokyo
has yet to indicate whether the FOIP is intended to becompetitive against the PRC, signifying why the strategy
is vague by design.

29

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

However, such vagueness allows Japan flexibility inits policy response to the rapidly changing strategic
environment. Discussions at the November 2017
Japan–U.S. summit highlight three reasons for theAbe, the FOIP also likely includes a strong coalition of

like-minded regional democracies in Asia, extending
from Japan in the East to India in the West.

significance of flexibility. First, Tokyo got the U.S. on

References

board with the concept of the FOIP to keep the PRC

in check. Second, both countries emphasized theimportance of freedom of navigation and economic

1)

concerns. Finally, they agreed to the strategy's non-2)

development, which have been Japan's primary

Sakamoto, K. (2009). Anpo Jōyaku to Yoshida Gaikō:

exclusive nature, leaving Japan options for future

Toyoshita Narahiko “Anpo Jōyaku no Seiritsu” wo

American policies toward the PRC mainly lead to

the United States, and Yoshida Diplomacy: Reading

cooperation with the PRC26).

Yomu [On the Security Treaty between Japan andmore competitive and antagonistic interactions, while
Japan attempts to engage with and shape the PRC's
behavior. To maintain strategic consistency and avoid

Narahiko Toyoshita’s Anpo Jōyaku no Seiritsu],
3)

Handai Hougaku, 59(3-4), 659

Hatano, S. (2013). “San Francisco Kōwa Taisei:

misunderstandings, continual and close communication

Sono Yisan to Husai” [The San Francisco System: its

needs to identify the details of the FOIP for the

2 kan: Gaikōshi Sengohen [Japan’s Foreign Relations

Legacies and Ramifications], In Nihon no Gaikō Dai

is critical in achieving agreed-upon objectives. Japan

vol. 2: Diplomatic History, Postwar Era], 23, Tokyo:

involvement in infrastructure projects and maritime
security in the two oceans with India.

4)

Iwanami Shoten

U.S. Department of State. (1952). “NSC 135/3,

Reappraisal of United States Objectives and Strategy

5. Concluding Remarks

for National Security.” Foreign Relations of the United

The 1960 revision was less interested in what could be

gained technically in a mutual security treaty than what

States [hereafter FRUS ], 1952-1954, 2(1), 144-7,
5)

the free world27). As a result, the revisions to the security

treaty between the U.S. and Japan, signed in January

U.S. Department of State. (1952). “NSC 125/2,

Respect to Japan.” FRUS, 1952-1954, 14(2), 1300-8,

1960, although not covering arrangements to bring6)

in military conflicts in East Asia, were essential for the7)

nuclear weapons to Japan or U.S. combat operations

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office

United States Objectives and Courses of Action withcould be won from Japan's psychological alignment with

28)

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office

Iokibe, M., et. al (2001), The Diplomatic History of

Postwar Japan, 66, New York: Routledge

Nakajima, S. (2006). Sengo Nihon no Bōei Seisaku:

U.S. in the maintenance of its relationship with Japan .

“Yoshida Rosen” wo Meguru Seiji/Gaikō/Gunji

leading economic center initiated a change in the

Diplomacy, Military Affairs, and the “Yoshida

Currently, Asia's growing importance as the world'sUnited States' perception of the region29). Therefore,

the U.S. has suggested the Indo-Pacific as an area of[Japan’s Defense Policy in the Postwar Era: Politics,

8)

The engagement of American allies with India andJapan in developing the Indo-Pacific region concept

Doctrine”], 123, Tokyo: Keio University Press

Hatano, S. (2010). Rekishi toshite no Nichibei AnpoJyōyaku [The Japan-US Security Treaty as History],

cooperation in politics, security, and economy.

9)49, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten

Ishi, O., & Ono, N., eds. (1998). “Tokyo to Secretaryis seen as a countermeasure for the U.S. to the PRC'sof State, March 12, 1957,” In Amerika Gasshukoku

concept, first unveiled to the Indonesia Parliament by Xi

United States’ Policy Document toward Japan], 4thTainichi Seisaku Bunsho Shūsei [The Archive of thegrowing strength and influence. The Maritime Silk Road
Jinping in 2013, was also an attempt to counterbalance
the negative imagery Chinese policies and actions

10)ed., 5 [hereafter Shūsei], 96-7, Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobō
U.S. Department of State. (1957). “Memo of

caused in the Indo-Pacific30). However, given that theConversation between Kishi and Dulles.” FRUS,

the 2007 initiative of the Former Japanese Prime Minister

Government Printing Office

Indo-Pacific strategy is a revival of one dating back to

30

Sakamoto, K. (2000). Nichi-Bei Dōmei no Kizuna [TheTies of the Japan-US Alliance], 56, Tokyo: Yūhikaku

1955-1957, 23(1), 387-90, Washington, D.C.: U.S.

JAPAN’S POSTWAR PATH FROM THE PARADIGM OF NATIONAL SECURITY:
THE SHIFTING PATTERNS OF JAPAN-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

11)

Hara, Y. (1988). Sengo Nihon to Kokusai Seiji:

Anpo Kaitei no Seiji Rikigaku [Postwar Japan andInternational Politics: The Political Dynamics ofjapans-regional-strategy/>, accessed 12 November
23)

Department of State.” FRUS, 1955-1957, 23(1), 277-

13)

24)

by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Security Treaty-Japan.”

pmv0708/speech-2.html>, accessed 12 November

Government Printing Office

India.” <https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/

25)

International Relations, 21(1), 122–45

Development (TICAD VI).” <https://www.mofa.

Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African

Abe, S. (2011). “Ima koso ‘Sengo Taisei’ no Dakkyaku
Regime’], Rekishi-tsū, 1, 69–76

go.jp/afr/af2/page4e_000496.html>, accessed 12
26)

Wirth, C. (2009). “Japan, China and East Asianfrom Tokyo and Beijing.” International Relations of the
Asia-Pacific, 9(3), 469–96

Senkaku Islands Incident in 2010.” Chinese Journal

China Sea: China as Japan’s ‘Other’.” Asian Politics

27)

28)

29)

Development of Seamless Security Legislation to

Ensure Japan’s Survival and Protect its People.”< h t t p s : / / w w w. c a s . g o . j p / j p / g a i y o u / j i m u / p d f /20)

7th ed., 9, 120-3, Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobō

Ishi, O., & Ono, N., eds. (1998). “United States Policy

201, Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobō

Bobowski, S., & Pasierbiak, P. (2018). “An Indo-Pacific
Economic Corridor: Premises and Implications of the

Hornung, J. W., & Mochizuki, M. M. (2016). “Japan:

Cabinet Secretariat. (2014). “Cabinet Decision on

Ishi, O., & Ono, N., eds. (1999). “OCB on U.S. Policy

towards Japan, July 1, 1960.” Shūsei, 5th ed., 5, 196-

and Policy, 9(3), 378–401

39(1), 95–116

html>, accessed 12 November 2021

toward Japan (NSC 5516/1), April 8, 1959.” Shūsei,U.S. Project.” The 12th International Days of Statistics

Still an Exceptional U.S. Ally.” Washington Quarterly,
19)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2017). “Japan-<https://www.mofa.go.jp/na/na1/us/page4e_000699.

of International Politics, 5 (3), 267–97; Lindgren, W. Y.,& Lindgren, P. Y. (2017). “Identity Politics and the East

November 2021

US Working Lunch and Japan-US Summit Meeting.”

Hagström, L. (2012). “’Power Shift’ in East Asia?

A Critical Reappraisal of Narratives on the Diaoyu/

18)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016). “Addressby Shinzo Abe at the Opening session of theRegional Integration: The Views of “Self” and “Other”

17)

2021

Hagström, L. (2015). “The ‘abnormal’ state: Identity,wo” [Now Is the Time to Break out of the ‘Postwar

16)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2007). “Speech

by Shinzo Abe at the Parliament of the Republic of

U.S. Department of State. (1958). “Report Prepared

norm/exception and Japan.” European Journal of15)

November 2021

9, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office

FRUS, 1958-1960, 18 , 69-73, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
14)

www.mofa.go.jp/files/100056243.pdf>, accessed 12

Kōronsha

U.S. Department of State. (1957). “Telegram, Tokyo to

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2021). “Japan’s

effort for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific.” <https://the Security Treaty Revision], 129-33, Tokyo: Chūō
12)

2021

and Economics, Prague, September 6-8, 2018, 20530)

14

Scott, D. (2019). “China’s Indo-Pacific Strategy: The

Problems of Success.” The Journal of Territorial andMaritime Studies, 6(2), 94-113

anpohosei_eng.pdf>, accessed 12 November 2021

The White House. (2011). “Remarks by President

Obama to Australia Parliament.” <https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-pressoffice/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama21)

australian-parliament> accessed 12 November 2021

Smith, J. M. (2016). “Assessing US-India Relations:

The Strategic Handshake.” The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/assessing-us-india-

relations-the-strategic-handshake/>, accessed 12
22)

November 2021

Koga, K. (2018). “Honing Japan’s regional strategy.”

Policy Forum, <https://www.policyforum.net/honing-31

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

32

研究ノートResearch Note

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

34

研究ノート／ Research Note

環境材料を用いた二酸化炭素回収・隔離システムの開発に向けた基礎研究
土屋文1, 坂東俊治1, 神藤定生1
ナッタナン･ムールスラデュー2, ウィナダ･ウォンウィリヤパン2
チュムポン･ブサボク3
名城大学理工学部, 2キングモンクット工科大学, 3タイ国科学技術研究所

1

要

旨

キングモンクット工科大学およびタイ国科学技術研究所からの国際協力を得て、真空加熱処理およびマグネトロンスパッタリング装置を用いたプラズマ表面処理により、ポーラス状のリチウム複合酸化物セラミックス表面を活性化させ、常温で大気中の二酸化炭素（CO₂）
を選択的に吸収させて、長期保管および再生可能エネルギーとして利用するための新規な環境材料の開発を目指している。本研究では、
この材料におけるCO₂吸収および蓄積過程を明らかにするための基礎実験が実施された。
キーワード：環境材料, 二酸化炭素, 吸収過程, 蓄積過程, CO₂回収・隔離システム

1. はじめに

2. 国際交流研究の計画および実施内容

現在、二酸化炭素（CO₂）の排出に伴う地球温暖化の防2.1. リチウム複合酸化物セラミックス材料の作製

止対策の一つとして、大気中から CO₂ の回収および隔離

タイ国バンコク市（Bangkok in Thailand）の北地区にが挙げられる。その目標を達成するためには、大気中に位置するタイ国科学技術研究所では、電気炉を用いて微粉排出されたガスから、最小限の動力で CO₂ を分離および末を焼結する際に温度を調節してポーラス状のセラミッ回収して隔離する技術を確立する必要がある。これまで、

クス材料を作製している。この研究所に所属するチュムポ

リチウム－ジルコニウム酸化物（Li₂ZrO₃）およびリチウ

ン ･ ブサボク（Chumphol Busabok）研究員の協力により、

ム－シリコン酸化物（Li₄SiO₄）セラミックス材料が二酸

炭酸リチウム（Li₂CO₃）および酸化ジルコニウム（ZrO₂）化炭素吸収材料（CO₂ 吸収材料）として利用可能である

粉末を 1 気圧の空気雰囲気において、焼結温度を 1200℃おことが報告されている

1-2）。これらのリチウム複合酸化物

よび 1300℃、Li₂CO₃ および ZrO₂ の比を 1:1、1.11:1、1.25:1

は、通常約 200 ～ 700℃の温度範囲において CO₂ ガスと反として、6 種の密度および組成の異なるリチウム－ジルコ

応してリチウム炭酸塩（Li₂CO₃）を生成して CO₂ を貯蔵

ニウム複合酸化物セラミックス（Li₂xZrO2+x（x=1.00, 1.11,

し、さらにこの捕獲された CO₂ を 700℃以上の温度で放出

1.25））試料を作製した。これらの試料内部には、作製時させることが可能である。しかしながら、CO₂ の再生に多に吸収された水（H₂O）や CO₂ 等による残留水素および大なエネルギーが必要となる。

様々なガス種が多く含まれているため、真空雰囲気におい本研究では、キングモンクット工科大学ラドクラバン校て 350℃、10 分間の熱処理が実施された。この熱処理によ（King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang）

り、リチウムおよび酸素空孔等の電荷を帯びたラジカルをおよびタイ国科学技術研究所（Thailand Institute of含む CO₂ 吸蔵貯蔵材料が作製された。Li₂xZrO2+x 中の Li

Scientific and Technological Research）の協力を得て、こ濃度 x に対する体積密度を Fig. 1 に示す。体積密度につれまで各研究所において培われてきたポーラス状の高表

いては、重量および体積を測定することによって求めた。

面積セラミックス作製技術およびプラズマ処理技術を利Fig. 1 より、x=1.25 を除いて、1200℃の焼結温度で作製し用して、「約 1 nm 以下のリチウム複合酸化物セラミック

た Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の体積密度は、1300℃の焼結温度で作製

ス表面のみに電荷を帯びたラジカルを形成させ、CO₂ のした Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の体積密度より低いことがわかる。ま

分極分解効果を促進させる」とともに、「CO₂ 蓄積容量をた、x=1.11 のとき、体積密度は 1200℃および 1300℃の両30 wt% 以上に増加させること、さらに蓄積された CO₂ を焼結温度に対して最も低くなることもわかる。

200℃以下の低温で放出させること」などが可能な環境材料を作製し、CO₂ 回収および隔離システム開発の基礎を築くことを目的とした。
35

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

り、焼結温度および組成に関係なく、各試料の重量増加の割合は約 1500 時間までは時間に対して比例に増加し、その後は徐々に増加して約 4000 時間でほぼ一定の値（約 28wt％）に達することがわかる 3-4）。
次に、Fig. 2 より、1500 および 3000 時間まで空気に曝された各試料の重量増加の割合をそれぞれ Fig. 3（a）おΥ
DIWHUKHDWLQJDWΥΥ

よび（b）に示す。1200℃および 1300℃の焼結温度で作製された各試料の重量増加の割合を比較すると、1200℃の
Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の重量増加の割合は 1300℃の Li₂xZrO2+x 試
料の重量増加の割合よりも高いことがわかる。また、各焼Fig. 1 Composition dependence of volume density
for Li2xZrO2+x(x=1.00,1.11,1.25) fabricated at sintering
temperatures of 1200 and 1300℃.

結温度の組成の異なる Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の重量増加の割合を比較すると、x=1.11 の Li₂.₂₂ZrO₃.₁₁ 試料の重量増加の割合が最も高いことがわかる。これらの結果は、Fig. 1 の体積密度における焼結温度および Li 濃度依存性に大きく関2.2. CO₂ 吸収および貯蔵特性評価
恒温恒湿器を用いて、各 Li₂xZrO2+x 試料を温度 20℃、相対湿度 80%R.H. の条件下に置き、各空気暴露時間後に精密面積が大きいため、大気中の H₂O や CO₂ 等を試料内部に取り込み易いと考えられる。

電子天秤を用いて測定された各試料の重量増加の割合を

これらの重量増加の要因および密度の Li 濃度依存性

Fig. 2（a）および（b）に示す（焼結温度：（a）1200℃、を明らかにするため、イオンビーム分析法であるラザ（b）1300℃）。横軸は空気暴露時間 [hour]、縦軸は各試料のフォード後方散乱（RBS：Rutherford Backscattering

重量増加の割合 [wt%] を表す。Fig. 2（a）および（b）よSpectrometry）法によって、室温において空気中に曝さD Υ

Υ
Υ

E Υ

Υ
Υ

Fig. 2 Changes in weight gain of Li2 xZrO2+x(x=1.00, 1.11,1.25), fabricated at sintering temperatures of (a) 1200 and (b)1300℃, as a function of exposure time in air at 20℃ and 80
R.H.%.
36

わると考えられる。体積密度の低い Li₂.₂₂ZrO₃.₁₁ 試料は表

Fig. 3 Composition dependence of weight gain for
Li2xZrO2+x(x=1.00,1.11,1.25), fabricated at sintering temperatures of 1200 and 1300℃, after air exposure for (a)1500 and (b) 3000 hrs in Fig. 2.

環境材料を用いた二酸化炭素回収・隔離システムの開発に向けた基礎研究
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM ON COLLECTION AND ACCUMULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDES USING ENVIRONMENT MATERIALS

次に、電界放出形走査型電子顕微鏡（FE-SEM: fieldD Υemission - scanning electron microscope）を用いて、真空 加 熱 お よ び 5600 時 間 の 空 気 暴 露 後 に 観 測 さ れ た 各
DIWHUKHDWLQJDWΥLi₂xZrO2+x 試料（焼結温度：1200℃、1300℃）の FE-SEM
像をそれぞれ Fig. 5（a）～（d）に示す。各試料において大きな隙間および空隙等は形成されていないことがわかる。また、1200℃で焼結された試料の粒径は 1300℃で焼結された試料の粒径より小さいように見える。これは、焼結温度が低いほど粒子同士が溶解しないことを示す。次に、各焼結温度において Li 濃度の異なる試料について比較する。x=1.11 の Li₂xZrO2+x 試料における粒径（焼結温度1200℃（約 2 µm）、1300℃（約 3 µm））が最も小さいこと

E Υがわかる。従って、粒子の表面積は、粒径が小さい程大き
くなり、Figs. 1 および 3 の結果より、x=1.11 の Li₂xZrO2+x
DIWHUKHDWLQJDWΥ

試料における体積密度が最も低く、重量増加が最も高い
ことから、大気中の H₂O や CO₂ 等が吸収され易い状態になっていると考えられる。Fig. 5（c）および（d）より、大気中に 5600 時間経過させると、草状の結晶成長がどの
Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の表面においても観測された。これらの粒径の形状は約 1 µm であり、真空加熱後の粒径より小さい
ことがわかる。従って、LiOH および Li₂CO₃ などの結晶

Fig. 4 RBS spectra of Li2x ZrO2+x (x =1.11), fabricated at sintering temperatures of (a) 1200 and (b) 1300℃, after heating at 350℃ in vacuum and air exposure for 2100, 4100,
and 6400 hrs.

る。この事実を明らかにするため、X 線回折（XRD: X-ray

れた Li₂xZrO2+x 試料表面の元素分析を行った。RBS 法は、

diffraction）を用いて、Li₂xZrO2+x 試料表面に成長した生核融合研究所に既設されたタンデム加速器からの 2.8 MeV

成物の組成を調べた。真空加熱および 5000 時間の空気暴

42+の He イオンをプローブビームとして用い、入射方向に成長が H₂O や CO2 との反応により生じている可能性があ

露後に観測された各 Li₂xZrO2+x 試料（焼結温度：1200℃、+

対して 165°後方に散乱された He イオンの運動エネル
ギーとその個数を測定することで構成元素とその深さに対する濃度分布を表面障壁型半導体検出器（SSD）により測定する手法である 5）。真空加熱後、2100、4100 および 6400 時間の空気暴露後に得られた Li₂.₂₂ZrO₃.₁₁（焼結温
度：1200℃、1300℃）の RBS スペクトルをそれぞれ Fig.
4（a）および（b）に示す。横軸はチャンネル数（ch）であり、後方散乱された He+ イオンのエネルギーに相当し、Li₂xZrO2+x 試料表面からの深さの情報を与える。縦軸は後方散乱された He+ イオンの個数であり、Li₂xZrO2+x 試料内を構成する Zr（約 1780 ch）および O（約 740 ch）の深さに対する濃度を表す。O 濃度は深さに対して一様に分布していると仮定して、すべてのスペクトルを規格化して表している。Fig. 4（a）および（b）より、組成および焼結温
度の異なる Li₂xZrO2+x 試料における RBS スペクトルでは、
Zr のピーク強度が空気暴露時間の増加により減少することがわかる。これは何らかの析出物が Li₂xZrO2+x 試料表面から約 600 nm の深さまで形成されていると考えられる。

Fig. 5 FE-SEM images of Li2xZrO2+x(x=1.00,1.11,1.25), fabricated at 1200 and 1300℃, after ((a),(b)) heating at 350℃
in vacuum and ((c),(d)) air exposure for 5600 hrs.
37

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

れ、また、これらの生成物が大気中の H₂O および CO₂ 吸
収を抑制すると考えられる。
これまで、タイ国バンコク市の東地区に位置するスワンナブーム国際空港近郊のキングモンクット工科大学ナノテクノロジー研究所に訪問し、ナッタナン・ムールス
ラデュー（Nutthanun Moolsradoo）准教授、ウィナダ・
ウォンウィリヤパン（Winadda Wongwiriyapan）講師と会い、CO₂ 回収および隔離システム開発のための研究打ち合わせを実施して来た。キングモンクット工科大学では、既設のマグネトロンイオンスパッタリング装置を用いた
プラズマ処理技術により、100 eV のプロトン、ヘリウム
およびアルゴン等の各イオン種を金属、半導体および絶縁体等の各材料表面に約 1016 ～ 17 ions/cm2 の低照射量まで照射して、約 1 nm 以下の電荷を帯びたラジカルを形成させる表面改質を行うことができる。今後は、このプラズマ処理技術を利用して、これまで作製してきたポーラス状のリチウム複合酸化物セラミックス表面を活性化させて、常温において大気中からより多量の CO₂ を回収および貯蔵を可能とする新規な環境材料の作製を行う予定である。

Fig. 6 XRD patterns of Li2xZrO2+x(x=1.00,1.11,1.25), fabricated at 1200 and 1300℃, after (a) heating at 350℃ in vacuum and (b) air exposure for 5000 hrs.

38

3. まとめキングモンクット工科大学およびタイ国科学技術研究

1300℃）における XRD パターンをそれぞれ Fig. 6（a）お所の協力を得て、ポーラス状のリチウム複合酸化物セラ

よび（b）に示す。Li₂ZrO₃ のピークが 20.87 ゜、21.91 ゜、ミックスを用いた CO₂ 回収および隔離システムの確立を

26.27 ゜、30.68 ゜の 2 θの角度に現れることを確認した。そ目指した国際交流プロジェクトを実施した。

の他に、ZrO₂、Li₂CO₃、Li₂O、LiOH 等のピークが観測さ本研究では、焼結温度（1200℃および 1300℃）、Li₂CO₃れた。1200℃の焼結温度で作製された Li₂xZrO2+x 試料でおよび ZrO₂ の混合比を組み合わせて、密度および Li 濃は、Li₂CO₃ および ZrO₂ のピークが 1300℃の焼結温度より度の異なるラジカル含有 Li₂xZrO2+x（x=1.00 ～ 1.25）試料も大きく現れ、Li₂ZrO₃ のピークが小さく検出された。こを作製した。これらの Li₂xZrO2+x 試料を 恒 温恒湿器内のれは、焼結温度が低いため粒子同士が溶解せず、Li₂ZrO₃

20℃および 80%R.H. の相対湿度における大気雰囲気に曝が生成されなかったことが考えられる。また、1200℃おし、電子天秤、RBS、FE-SEM および XRD 等のそれぞれ

よび 1300℃の焼結温度で作製されたどの Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の測定方法を用いて、空気暴露時間に対する重量増加、元に対しても、Li₂ZrO₃ のピークは空気暴露時間の増加によ

素分析、表面形態、構成元素および組成を測定して、CO2

り減少することがわかる。これは Li₂CO₃、ZrO₂、LiOH、吸収特性における表面積および Li 濃度依存性について調LiH 等が大気中の H₂O や CO₂ と反応して、Li₂xZrO2+x 試

べた。Li₂xZrO2+x 試料の重量増加の割合および Li₂xZrO2+x

料表面に形成され、Li₂ZrO₃ を覆ったためと考えられる。

試料中の CO₂ 濃度は空気暴露時間の増加とともに増加し、これらの結果は、Fig. 4（a）および（b）の RBS スペク

約 4000 時間でほぼ一定の値（約 28 wt％）に達することがトル中の Zr ピークの強度が空気暴露時間の増加とともにわかった。また、両焼結温度に対して x=1.11 の Li₂xZrO2+x

減少したことと、草状の結晶成長が Fig. 5（a）～（d）の試料における重量増加が最も高いことがわかった。これFE-SEM 像に観測されたことと一致する。従って、観測しは、x=1.11 の Li₂xZrO2+x 試料における体積密度（粒径）はた草状の結晶は、ZrO₂、Li₂CO₃、LiOH 等であると考えら

x=1.00 および x=1.25 の Li₂xZrO2+x 試料における体積密度

環境材料を用いた二酸化炭素回収・隔離システムの開発に向けた基礎研究
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM ON COLLECTION AND ACCUMULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDES USING ENVIRONMENT MATERIALS（粒径）よりも低く（小さく）、空気に曝される面積がより大きいため、多くの CO₂ が吸収され易い状態であると考えられる。また、Li 含有量の増加は、大気中の CO₂ との反応による、Li₂CO₃ の生成物形成を促進することから、
自由に動けるわずかな Li が CO₂ 蓄積過程に大きな影響を与えると考えられる。

参考文献

1） M. Kato, S. Yoshikawa, K. Nakagawa, J. Mater. Sci.
Lett., 21（2002）485–487.
2） K. Yamauchi, N. Murayama, J. Shibata, Materials
Transactions, 48（2007）2739-2742.
3） B. Tsuchiya, S. Nagata, Y. Mizoguchi, Y. Takagi, M.
Ito, Y. Oya, K. Okuno, K. Morita, Acta Mater., 148（2018）185-192.
4） B. Tsuchiya, S. Nagata, T. Sugiyama, K. Tokunaga,
Int.J. Hydrogen Energy, 42（2017）23746-23750.
5） B. Tsuchiya, K. Morita, Y. Iriyama, T. Majima, H.
Tsuchida, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res., B 315（2013）341-344.

39

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

Fundamental Study on Development of System on Collection and
Accumulation of Carbon Dioxides Using Environment Materials
Bun Tsuchiya¹, Shunji Bandow¹, Sadanari Jindo¹
Nutthanun Moolsradoo², Winadda Wongwiriyapan²
Chumphol Busabok³
Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University

1

King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

2

Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research

3

Abstract
International collaborative studies with King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology as well as Thailand Institute of Scientific andTechnological Research have been performed to develop new environmental lithium-complexed oxide materials with surface
activated using annealing-vacuum and plasm-sputtering treatments, which have excellent absorption and desorption characteristics
of carbon dioxides (CO2) from air at normal atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Our aim is to establish CO2-collection and-separation as well as energy-recycling systems using the modified materials and to protect the global environment. In the present
study, fundamental surface analysis experiments for lithium-zirconate (Li2ZrO3) specimens during air exposure at 293 K and relative
humidity of 80 R.H.% were carried out to clarify the absorption and accumulation processes of CO2 from air into Li2ZrO3.

Key words : Environmental materials, Carbon dioxides, Absorption and accumulation processes, CO2 collection and separation systems

40

研究ノート／ Research Note

台湾由来イボタクサギより抽出したヒスピジュリンの
社会性行動障害モデルマウスに対する作用
間宮隆吉
名城大学薬学部

要旨

本研究では、ヒスピジュリンが社会性行動障害に有効であるか行動薬理学的及び神経化学的に検討した。実験には6週齢のddY系雄性マ
ウスにフェンシクリジン（PCP; 10 mg/kg, s.c.）を14日間連続投与した。4日間退薬後に社会性行動試験を行い、社会的離脱（引きこもり）行動を観察した。ヒスピジュリン（10 mg/kg, i.p.）を社会性行動試験の15分前に投与した。ヒスピジュリンはPCP連続投与誘発社会的離脱（引きこもり）行動を有意に緩解し、その作用はドーパミンD₁受容体拮抗薬（SCH-23390）によって有意に拮抗された。また、ヒスピジュリンは、前頭皮質の細胞外ドーパミン量を有意に増加した。
これまでの研究成果及び予備検討結果を合わせて考えると、ヒスピジュリンは、COMT阻害による前頭皮質のドーパミンレベルの上昇を介してドーパミンD₁受容体を間接的に活性化することにより、社会的離脱を緩解した可能性が示唆された。ヒスピジュリンは、社会的離脱（引きこもり）行動の治療に有効であるかもしれない。
キーワード：イボタクサギ（Clerodendrum inerme）、ヒスピジュリン、社会的離脱（引きこもり）行動、統合失調症陰性症状

1. はじめにClerodendrum inerme（CI、和名：イボタクサギ）（図1A）は、台湾をはじめ中国南部、東南アジアおよびインドの河口および海岸に分布する低木であり 1）、民間療法として皮膚病や発熱を和らげる目的で用いられる漢方植物である 2）。また、イボタクサギ抽出物には、抗侵害受容作
用 3）、抗ウイルス作用 2）、抗真菌作用 4）があることも報告されている。
イボタクサギの葉から単離されたヒスピジュリン（図1B）はフラボノイド 5）であり、難治性チック障害に治療効果があると報告された 6）。これまでに我々のグループ
は、このヒスピジュリンには GABAA 受容体α ₆ サブユ
ニットの正のアロステリックモジュレーター作用および
catechol-O-methyltransferase（カテコール -O- メチル基転移酵素；COMT）阻害作用を有していること、精神疾患における感覚運動ゲーティング障害に対する有効な薬となりうることを明らかにしてきた 7）。
本研究では、精神疾患の統合失調症の主たる症状の陰性
イボタクサギ（Clerodendrum inerme ）の葉および症状に着目した。陰性症状は、自閉（引きこもり）、意欲

図1の低下、感情の平板化を示し、有効な治療が困難な症状の花（A：共同研究者の邱麗珠教授より提供）及び抽出され１つである。そこで、これまでに確立されているフェンシ

たヒスピジュリンの構造式（B）

クリジン（PCP）連続投与誘発統合失調症陰性症状モデル
マウス 8, 9）を用いて、ヒスピジュリンの有効性を行動薬理学的及び神経化学的に検討した。

41

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

2. 方法

4. 考察

実験には ddY 系雄性マウス（6 週齢、日本 SLC、静岡）

この研究は、2005 年に邱麗珠 教授（国立台湾大学）がを用いた。マウスは１ケージ 5 匹とし、12 時間の明暗サ

鍋島俊隆 前教授（現藤田医科大学特任教授）のもとを訪問

イクル（9:00 点灯、21:00 消灯）、室温 23℃下で飼育した。

されたことに始まる。当時、邱麗珠 教授が米国留学から

PCP（古川宏 名城大学名誉教授より供与；10 mg/kg, s.c.）

台湾に戻られ、新たな研究テーマの一つとして、台湾由来を 14 日間連続投与後 4 日間休薬し、その後行動試験を開の植物から抽出される有効成分の薬効評価に取り組まれ始した。なお、実験内容を、事前に名城大学動物実験委員た。数十種類の候補成分について、動物実験を用いた基礎会に申請し承認を受けて実施した（承認番号：PE-11）。

研究を始められたが、十分な成果は得られなかった。そこで、共通の恩師である IK HO 教授の紹介で鍋島教授を訪

社会性行動試験

問し、共同研究が始まった。これまでに邱麗珠 教授の研装置は、灰色の非反射性アクリル製板で作られた箱（25

究室に所属する李欣蓉研究員が 2 回にわたって来日し合× 25 × 30 cm）で、間接的に照明した。社会性行動試験

計約 6 か月間、名城大学薬学部（薬品作用学研究室）で主

訓練日の前日に、各マウスを単独で装置に 10 分間入れて、に行動薬理学を学ばれた。2018 年 7 月の京都における国馴化させた。社会的相互作用テストの前に、ヒスピジュ

際薬理学会、2019 年 10 月の国際シンポジウムにおいて、リン（邱麗珠 教授より供与；10 mg/kg, i.p.）と R（+）

綿密な打ち合わせや議論を行い、研究を進めてきた。この-SCH-23390（D-054, Sigma-Aldrich, USA; 0.02 mg/kg, i.p.）

報告書で示した結果は、そうして積み重ねた基盤があってを各 15 分および 45 分前に投与し、装置内に入れた。そのこそ得ることができた。

直後に同様に馴化させた同週齢の ddY 系雄性マウスを装本研究で用いた行動障害モデルである、PCP 連続投与

置内に入れ、初めて出会ったパートナーに対する行動を録

誘発社会的離脱（引きこもり）行動は、統合失調症の陰性画した。10 分間の社会性行動（追尾、においかぎ、身繕症状モデルとして確立されている。統合失調症は、現在のい、マウンティング）時間を測定した。実験結果につい抗精神病薬に対する治療抵抗性が高く（〜 30％）、また患て、Mann–Whitney U test を用いて統計学的に検定した。

者の長期的なアドヒアランスの悪化や高い再発リスクな
どが、医療問題の１つとなっている 10, 11)。この問題解決の

3. 結果

ために、より広い治療域または、より副作用の少ない新薬を開発することが急務である。
イボタクサギは、台湾人にとってなじみのある半つる性

PCP（10 mg/kg）を 14 日間投与され、その後 4 日間退常緑低木であり、沖縄にも分布している。本研究で用いた薬したマウスは、社会性行動時間が対照群（コントロール

ヒスピジュリンは、邱麗珠教授および李欣蓉研究員らが、群）マウスのそれよりも有意に短かった。この処置をしそのイボタクサギの葉から抽出し精製したものである。またマウス群に、ヒスピジュリン（10 mg/kg）を投与する

た、ヒスピジュリンには、GABAA 受容体α ₆ サブユニットと、社会性行動時間の短縮が、コントロール群マウスのレに対するアロステリックモジュレーター作用及び COMT

ベルにまで有意に回復した（表１）。一方、ヒスピジュリ

抑制作用を有する 7）ことから、新たな行動障害抑制作用をンは、生理食塩液を長期投与したマウスの社会的相互作用

検出することを目的にして、このプロジェクトを始めた。

時間に影響を与えなかった。したがって、ヒスピジュリン

まとめ（表１）に示したように、ヒスピジュリン（10は、PCP 連続投与誘発社会的離脱（引きこもり）行動を

mg/kg）は PCP 連続投与誘発社会的離脱（引きこもり）

有意に緩解した。

行動を有意に緩解した。このことから、新規統合失調症（陰性症状）治療薬となる可能性が示唆された。次にこの作用がどのようなメカニズムを介しているか検討した。先の報告 7）で、ドーパミン神経系との関与が示されたことから、ヒスピジュリン（10 mg/kg）投与前にドーパミン D₁受容体拮抗薬（SCH-23390; 0.02 mg/kg）を処置したとこ

表142

現在までの結果のまとめろ、ヒスピジュリンの作用は有意に抑制された。さらにヒ台湾由来イボタクサギより抽出したヒスピジュリンの社会性行動障害モデルマウスに対する作用
EFFECTS OF HISPIDULIN, EXTRACTED FROM CLERODENDRUM INERME (L.) GAERTN, ON SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL MODEL IN MICE.

スピジュリン（10 mg/kg）には前頭皮質における細胞外leaves of Clerodendrum inerme”, Nat. Prod. Res.,

ドーパミン量を有意に増加する作用があることも見出し

24, 167–176.

ている。したがって、ヒスピジュリンは、PCP 連続投与

4） Prasad V., Srivastava S., Varsha., et al.（1995）“Two

誘発統合失調症陰性症状モデルマウスにおける前頭皮質

basic proteins isolated from Clerodendrum inermeのドーパミンレベルを上昇させ、ドーパミン D₁ 受容体のGaertn. are inducers of systemic antiviral resistance

機能を高めることによって、引きこもり行動を緩解した可in susceptible plants”, Plant Sci., 110, 73–82.

能性が示唆された。

5） Huang WJ., Lee HJ., Chen HL., et al. （2015）“Hispidulin, a constituent of Clerodendrum

5. まとめinerme that remitted motor tics, alleviatedmethamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion without
motor impairment in mice”, J. Ethnopharmacol.,ヒスピジュリンは、統合失調症における陰性症状（引き2015; 166, 18-22.

こもり行動）の治療に有効であるかもしれない。今後も邱

6） Fan PC., Huang WJ., Chiou LC.（2009）“Intractable

麗珠教授や李欣蓉研究員との共同研究を通じ、台湾の研究

chronic motortics dramatically respond to者との文化交流も進めていきたい。さらに中国、韓国、イ

Clerodendrum inerme（L）Gaertn”, J. Child Neurol.,

ンドネシアの研究仲間たちとも持続的な共同研究を進め、

24, 887–890.

次世代につなげ発展させていきたい。

7） Chiou LC., Lee HJ., Ernst M., et al.（2018）“Cerebellar
α6 -subunit-containing GABAA receptors: a novel

謝辞

therapeutic target for disrupted prepulse inhibition inneuropsychiatric disorders”, Br. J. Pharmacol., 175,
2414-2427.

本研究は、国立台湾大学・脳與心智科学研究所 邱麗珠8） Noda Y., Yamada K., Furukawa H., et al.（1995）

教授、藤田医科大学 鍋島俊隆 特任教授、毛利彰宏 准教授“Enhancement of immobility in a forced swimmingとの 10 年以上にわたる共同研究の成果の一部である。まtest by subacute or repeated treatment with

た、実施するにあたり、文部科学省の科学研究費補助金

phencyclidine: a new model of schizophrenia”, Br. J.

（基盤研究（C）15K08218）および 2020 年度 名城大学アPharmacol., 116, 2531-2537.

ジア研究センターアジア研究公募型プロジェクト研究助

9） Mouri A., Noda Y., Enomoto T., et al. （2007）

成を受けた。ここに深く感謝いたします。研究成果の一部“Phencyclidine animal models of schizophrenia:

は、Mouri A., Lee HJ., Mamiya T., et al. (2020)“Hispidulin

approaches from abnormality of glutamatergic

attenuates the social withdrawal in isolated disrupted-

neurotransmission and neurodevelopment”,

in-schizophrenia-1 mutant and chronic phencyclidine-

Neurochem. Int., 51, 173-184.

treated mice”,Br. J. Pharmacol., 177, 3210-3224. に報告した。

10）Nose M., Accordini S., Artioli P., et al. （2009）“Rationale and design of an independent randomized
controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of

参考文献

aripiprazole or haloperidol in combination withclozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia”,

Trials , 10, 31.
1） Wiart C.（2006）Medicinal plants of Asia and thePacific. CRC Press, New York.
2） Gopal N., Sengottuvelu S. 2008.“Hepatoprotective
activity of Clerodendrum inerme against CCl4

11）Suzuki T., Remington G., Mulsant BH., et al.（2011）“Treatment resistant schizophrenia and response to
antipsychotics: A review”, Schizophrenia Res, 133,
54–62.

induced hepatic injury in rats”, Fitoterapia, 79, 24–26.
3） Parveena M., Khanama Z., Alib M., et al.（2010）“Anovel lupene-type triterpenic glucoside from the43

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

Effects of hispidulin, extracted from Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn,
on social withdrawal model in mice.
By Takayoshi MAMIYA ，* *** Meijo University Asian Research Center** Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University

Abstract
Clerodendrum inerme (CI) is a shrub distributed in estuaries of southern China and Taiwan. Hispidulin is a flavonoid isolated fromCI. Previously, we found that hispidulin attenuates hyperlocomotion and the disrupted prepulse inhibition induced by two phenotypesof schizophrenia resembling positive symptoms. Hispidulin can inhibit catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a dopaminemetabolizing enzyme in the prefrontal cortex that is important for social interaction.
In the present study, we investigated effects of hispidulin on the impairments of social interaction, as an index of negative symptomof schizophrenia in mice using pharmacological and neurochemical techniques. Male ddY strain mice were treated with phencyclidine(PCP; 10 mg/kg, s.c.) for 14 days and then a 4-day withdrawal in order to induce social withdrawal. Hispidulin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was
administered 15 min before the social interaction test. Hispidulin significantly ameliorated PCP-induced social withdrawal, which
inhibited by dopamine D1 receptor antagonists (R (+)-SCH-23390). Hispidulin (10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular dopaminelevels in the prefrontal cortex.
These and our preliminary results suggest that hispidulin may alleviate social withdrawal by indirectly activating dopamine D 1
receptors through elevation of dopamine levels in the frontal cortex by COMT inhibition. Hispidulin may be effective in treating thenegative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Key words : Clerodendrum inerme (CI), hispidulin, social withdrawal, schizophrenia, negative symptoms

44

研究ノート／ Research Note

Competency-based Education and Problems of Teacher Training
in Vietnam
Do Thi Kim Cuong†† Institute for International Education & Training, Hanoi National University of Education

Abstract

This paper refers to the issue that Vietnam is implementing the renovation of education towards the formation and development of thelearners’ dispositions and competencies. In order to improve the quality of education, the core competences for both Vietnamese teachersand students have to develop accordingly. The article provides the requirements for the initial teacher training program to meet the demandfor educating young generation with the new curriculum.

Key words :education renovation, core competencies, initial teacher training, teacher standards

1. Introduction(Figure 1).
At the age of 6 students enter the elementary (primary)

The world of knowledge is expanding rapidly in theschool which comprises grades 1-5. After completion ofknowledge transfer is out of date when the volume ofucation that lasts for 4 years (grades 6-9), followed by 3

age of science and technology. Teaching as a form ofknowledge is growing significantly. In the digital age,faster career shift requires each person to be able toadapt to changes.

The Vietnamese general education program has so

primary school, students can go for lower secondary edyears of upper secondary school studies (grades 10-12).

Secondary vocational education schools provide stu-

dents with technical skills and knowledge of the interme-

diate level. Upon graduation, students receive a diploma.

far followed a heavy way of transmitting knowledge. The

After completion of secondary school, students mustin general is still very problematic. Being aware of theThis exam is managed and supervised by the Ministry ofis implementing education renovation towards the for-admittance into the higher (university/college) educa-

competencies.

entrance examination in order to gain admittance into

form of examination in Vietnam in particular and Asia

appear for a general education graduation examination.

demands of the new age, the Government of Vietnam

Education and Training (MOET). Passing this exam allows

mation and development of learners’ dispositions andtion sector. Those who want will then sit for a university
universities in Vietnam.

The renovation has made progress initially, however, italso poses a very urgent problem that current teachers

need to update training (and retraining), and that futureteachers need a new training program. These issues
need to be resolved promptly and only this can lead tosuccessful innovation.

2. Current Situation of Teacher Training in
Vietnam
2.1.

Education system of Vietnam

The system of education in Vietnam is split up intopre-primary, primary, secondary (lower-secondary, up-

per- secondary and secondary technical and vocational
education), and tertiary (university/college) education

45

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

Figure 1. Education system of Vietnam1
2.2.

Teacher training system in Vietnam

The requirements for teachers in Vietnam depend on

the level of education ( 1). Pre-school and elementary(primary) school teachers must have a two-year program

to get a diploma in teaching (Bằng Tốt nghiệp Trung họcSư phạm), usually awarded by the colleges of education.
Lower-secondary school teachers commonly hold a di-ploma of a three-year program from a pedagogical junior46

college (Cao đẳng Sư phạm), whereas upper-secondary
teachers must have a bachelor degree in education froma university of education (Trường Đại học Sư phạm).

Holders of bachelor degrees in other disciplines canobtain a teaching qualification by earning a supplemen-tary one-semester teacher training certificate (Chứng

chỉ Sư phạm). Like other parts of Vietnam’s education
system, teacher education is changing. MOET seeks tostrengthen teacher training while simultaneously trying
to respond to teacher shortages.

COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION AND PROBLEMS OF TEACHER TRAINING
IN VIETNAM

2.3.

Teacher training programs in Vietnam

The teacher-training programs have been redesignedwith the competence-based approach and have a close

correlation with national learning teacher outcomes,

school teachers’ professional standards as well as
the new national curriculum3. Upon the most updated

guidelines of curriculum development for the universities
of education (UE), a four-year bachelor program com-prises of from 120 to 135 credits with up to 45 modules.
In addition to these modules, all teacher students haveto complete 8 credits of national defense education and5 credits of physical education.

The framework of each teacher education curriculum

encompasses three components as follows.

(1) Common modules for students in all majors such

as Introduction of Psychology, Psychology of Child De-

velopment and Educational Psychology, Introduction of

Education, Basic Education, Educational Assessment,
Curriculum Development, Communication in Education

Context. Among those modules, Educational Assessment and Curriculum Development have just launchedas obligatory modules.

(2) Subject matter modules: provide subject-relat-

ed knowledge for school teachers (STs) to prepare toteach subjects in school. These modules are specificallydesigned to suit STs in each major. For example, Math-ematics Education STs have to study several subjects
related to algebra, and geometry.

(3) Professional education modules: allow students todevelop their teaching competencies including univer-sity-basedmodules and practicum blocks in school (8credits). This component occupies a quarter of the total

number of credits in each program and the modules varydepending on the requirements of each major. For in-

stance, STs in Early Years Education have to study some47

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

dancing, singing, drawing modules which are categorized as essential professional modules for them.

to the first grade. With higher levels of education, fierce

competition is passed between candidates, between
schools, between public and non-public schools. This
competition leads to private tutoring and extra-learning.

3. Requirements of Teachers
3.1.

The current situation

The teacher is regarded as the decisive factor in the

education quality and as the key element of any educa-tion reform. No matter what age, without teachers being
good at both professional competencies and virtue, it ishard to achieve quality education. However, the requirement of educational innovation is a big challenge to theexisting competency of secondary teachers. The mostrecent research4 shows that about 25% of secondary

school teachers do not meet the teaching and education requirements under the current program (Table 2).
Some of them have quite good expertise, however, their

mission is mainly to transfer knowledge to learners. They
are facing challenges in implementing new curriculumwith their traditional way of transferring knowledge content. They find it difficult to get to know other teachingapproaches like developing learners’ dispositions andcompetencies by integrating teaching, teaching differentiation, and creative experience.

There has never been a time for the renewal of teacher

training curriculum and review of teacher training programs in universities of education, which has becomesuch an urgent matter in the current period. The current

program is heavily academic, the pedagogical training
program still reveals many shortcomings. According toresearchers6, the total time provided for pedagogicalknowledge is only 33-36 credits, accounting for 1618%. In particular, pedagogical practice only accounts
for 10 units/ 210 units. General knowledge accounts

for 38% of the total time. This current heavily academic

program is less practical, and fails to direct students toknowledge and skills applications.

Because the examination forms have not changed,

the teacher motivation is to make students have goodknowledge in order to gain high results for exams. In

Vietnam, the transfer exams, the entrance exams into theselected or specialized classes, and the college and uni-

versity entrance examinations are often stressful7. For
high school education, the race and examinations takeplace right from the time when children prepare to go48

Even many scholars have discussed seriously about
giving up exams for reasons such as examinations create too much pressure, a single exam does not evaluate
all the learning process, or the exam questions do notcomprehensively assess the learner's competencies andknowledge after a long learning process, and so forth.

MOET has produced schoolteacher standards asa base to assess teachers' performance in the wholesystem1. This policy affects the teacher education curricula in institutions of education because the training
programs have to assure that they equip prospective

teachers with all knowledge, skills, and attitudes to meetthose national requirements. Furthermore, the current

education reform requires institutions of education to
innovate their training programs8. The new national

curriculum focuses on competency-based education, a
student-centered approach to develop students’ multidisciplinary knowledge, creativity, and self-directed

lifelong learning skills1. To succeed in the national education reform, the government emphasizes the role ofteachers and affirms it is imperative to deploy innovation
in institutions of teacher training.

The Circular No. 20/2018/TT-BGDDT dated August22, 2018 of the Minister of Education and Training has
been prescribing professional standards of general
education teachers2. As a rule, Vietnamese teachers’
competences are grouped into 5 strands, 15 standard
criteria as follows.

Standard 1. The dispositions of teachers, including

two criteria: 1) Teacher ethics to preserve the quality,
honor and prestige; 2) Teachers have exemplary style,scientific nature of work;

Standard 2. Professional development, including fivecriteria: 3) Professional development; 4) Develop teaching and education plans in the direction of developing

students’ dispositions and competencies; 5) Using

teaching methods and education towards developing

students’ dispositions and competencies; 6) Checking
and evaluating towards developing students’ dispo-

sitions and competencies; 7) Counseling and student
support;COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION AND PROBLEMS OF TEACHER TRAINING
IN VIETNAM

Standard 3. Building an educational environment,

including three criteria: 8) Building school culture; 9)Implement grassroots democracy in schools; 10) Implement and build safe schools, prevent school violence;

Standard 4. Developing the relationship between

school, family and society, including three criteria: 11)
Creating a cooperative relationship with parents or
guardians of students and stakeholders; 12) Coordina-

The dispositions a learner of the 21st century is ex-pected to have include patriotism, kindness, diligence,honesty and responsibility. The competencies include

self-control, independent learning, communication andcollaboration, problem-solving and creativity, as also
core competencies in languages, mathematics, social

sciences and natural sciences research, technology,
9

computer science, aesthetics and physical capacity .

Considering different aspects such as the philosophy

tion between schools, families and society to implementof teacher education, the orientation model forms thetween schools, families and society to implement moral

can respond flexibly and creatively with the responsibil-

teaching activities for students; 13) Coordination be-dispositions and competencies for teachers so that theyeducation and lifestyle for students;

ity of teaching and education in their school. The initialStandard 5. Using foreign languages or ethnic lan-

guages, applying information technology, exploiting andusing technological equipment in teaching and education, including two criteria: 14) Using foreign languages
or Ethnic languages; 15) Application of information tech-

nology, exploitation and use of technological equipment
in teaching and education.
3.2.

Training teachers in pedagogical schools - a

key factor to ensure the quality of education

Teacher education in Vietnam with developing learn-

ers’ competencies orientation is to provide better quality

schooling that fosters higher-order cognitive and behav-

ioral skills (such as creative and critical thinking) for moreteacher training program aims to develop a professional
teacher personality, requiring future teachers to have thecompetencies to revive, explore, innovate, collaborate,work with the community, in which attitude, values andwhole-heartedness to the profession are more emphasized than pedagogical and professional competence.

3.3. The core values (dispositions) of the initialteachers(1) The values toward learners (love for children, thebelief that every child can learn, be committed to nurturing the potential of each child and value the diversity ofchildren);(2) The values of teachers (professionalism, towards

young people. Accordingly, the Ministry of Education

developing competencies to meet high standards, eager

on an ambitious reform to design coherent, focused,tion and patience); andand Training (MOET) is working with K-12 educators

high-quality curricular standards that optimize learningand promote the competencies needed to master content and apply knowledge.

More recently, issues such as the formation of teacher

to learn, perfect constantly, love career, ethics, adapta-(3) The values of serving the profession and communi-ty (collaborating with colleagues, having social responsibility and integration, having the spirit of learning andhelping colleagues, having management skills).

identity in initial teacher education (ITE) and the role ofresearch in connecting theory and practice and curric-ulum integration in ITE have been advocated. The initialteacher training which grants the right to teach in prima-ry, middle, high schools, colleges and higher education
institution is provided by university-level programs. As“21st century learners require 21st century teachers”

initial teacher training programs should be developedaround the desired outcomes for initial training alongwith the core values (dispositions).

4.Conclusion
Globalization and deep integration with the rapid de-velopment of science and technology are trends thathave been taking place in all aspects of social life in every country, including Vietnam. This requires learners to-

day to acquire the necessary competencies to meet thedemands of 21st century human resources. In this context, the occupational characteristics of teachers must49

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

have certain adjustments. The contingent of teachers is

one of the factors that is crucial to the successful implementation of educational reforms. In the current situationof teacher training in Vietnam, improving the quality ofteacher training to meet the requirements of educationalinnovation in the stage of international integration andindustrial revolution 4.0 is urgently needed.

Address and Thanks*Dr. Do Thi Kim Cuong is the Vice Director of Institutefor International Education and Training, Hanoi National

University of Education. 136 – Xuan Thuy St., Cau Giay
Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam.

development. Conference Proceedings “Developing

teacher training: opportunities and challenges”. Thai
Nguyen University of Education.

7) MOET (2013). Education Action Plan 2011-2020.
Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training.

8) Vietnam Communist Party (2013). Resolution No.

29-NQ/TW dated November 4th2013 of the Eighth
Party Congress XI on Fundamental and Comprehensive Reform of Education and Training.

(http://www.vnep.org.vn/Upload/Education%20
and%20training.pdf. [Accessed 23/8/2017]).

9) Nguyen Minh Thuyet (2017). Learner’s Quality andReferences
1) MOET (2018a). The Vietnamese Secondary Educational Program.

(https://www.moet.gov.vn/tintuc/Pages/gop-y-

dt-ct-cacmon-hoc.aspx?ItemID=5299. [Retrieved
16/2/2019])

2) MOET (2018b). Circular No. 20/2018/TT-BGDDT
dated August 22, 2018 of the Minister of Education
and Training on prescribing professional standardsof general education teachers.

(http://vbpl.vn/bogiaoducdaotao/Pages/vbpq-

van-ban-goc.aspx?ItemID=131044 [Retrieved
12/2/2019]).

3) MOET (2010). National Framework of Initial Teacher
Training Program. Vietnam Ministry of Education andTraining.

4) Pham Thi Kim Anh (2016). Status of today teachers’

competencies confronting requirements of general
education innovation. HNUE Conference Proceedings.

5) MOET (2015). General issues on developing teacher

training programs (Training materials for officials andlecturers of teacher training institutions on developing training programs).

6) Pham Thi Kim Anh (2015). Teacher training programsin Vietnam – problems and orientation for further

50

competency-based reform of general education

program. Vietnam Journal of Education. Volume 1.
Hanoi: MOET.

書評Book Review

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

52

書評／ Book Review

China A History Volume 2: From the Great Qing Empire through The
People’s Republic of China,(1644 - 2009)
Harold M. Tanner
Hackett
ISBN: 978-1603842051
Hardback, 289 pages
Published: 2010

The 21st century promises to belong to China. Thishuge nation of over a billion people is on track to overtake the United States to become the world’s leading
economic and military power. As such, students and ed-

ucators need to know more about this complex country

to understand the policies and guiding principles thatworld.” By 2021 this vision has largely been achieved.

How this remarkably change has come about after thechaos of almost constant war and revolution from themid-19th century until 1976 is the main theme of Tanner’sbook.

A factional power struggle ensued after Mao’s death

the Chinese leaders are likely to follow over the next few

mainly between Mao’s widow Jiang Qing, who wished to

public looks set to increase. In fact, as the book points

struggle” and a group of CCP elders and PLA generals

decades as the power and influence of the People’s Re-

out, China has always been one of the most, if not themost powerful and unified nation on earth, except for thethcrises of the Qing Dynasty in the late 19 century andthe struggles of the early republic and the Guomindangth

in the first half of the 20 century. For this brief period, in
historical terms, China saw parts of its territory invaded,

and in some instances annexed, first by technological-

ly-superior Western imperial powers and later by a Jap-

anese government and military determined to expand
their influence over their near neighbor.

Harold M. Tanner’s book China A History Volume

2: From the Great Qing Empire through The People’s

continue her late husband’s revolutionary line of “classheaded by Deng Xiaoping, who had had quite enough ofrevolution and wished instead to achieve the so-called“Four Modernizations” in agriculture, industry, science/technology and national defence. Deng’s faction wonout. The Chinese people in the main were also tired ofrevolution, especially the young, many of whom had
been sent down to the countryside during the Cultural
Revolution and were now returning to the cities. One ofthese young men is now China’s leader, Xi Jingping, whoin total spent 7 years exiled in the Chinese countrysideas part of Mao’s Down to the Countryside Movement.

Deng Xiaoping came to power promising to change

Republic of China, (1644 - 2009) continues his history

tack from class struggle to economic revitalization. This

1: From Neolithic Cultures to the Great Qing Empire.

with Chinese Characteristics” period from 1978-1989.

of China from the first volume China A History Volume

Though published over a decade ago in 2010 before theoutbreak of Covid-19 first reported in Wuhan, the passage of the new Hong Kong Security Law and China’s

increased assertiveness vis-a-vis Taiwan, the book still
has much of relevance to inform its readers.

China’s rise to a position of both regional and possibly

world dominance began slowly after the chaos of Mao’s

Cultural Revolution and the death of the Great Helmsman in 1976. When the Communist Party first came to
power the author explains how the CCP had a vision to“transform the lives of the Chinese people” to realize the

dreams of Chinese reformers and revolutionaries since

the late Qing dynasty. This vision was to transform China into “a wealthy, militarily powerful nation-state that

could stand proud and defend its territory in the modern

was the beginning of the so-called “Building Socialism

Major economic reforms included restoring markets andloosening government control of the economy as wellas encouraging foreign trade and investment as well as
tourism. Farmers began to cultivate some of their land

for these new free markets, and related village industries
also sprang up. In the cities, new economic reforms fromthe mid-1980s enabled people to set up their own busi-

nesses, among these new entrepreneurs were a substantial number of women. Huawei, now a massive global communications and electronics manufacturer, began
as a small business in 1987, for example. Deng’s policyof “opening to the outside” also spurred the phenomenal growth of such cities as Shenzhen and Zhuhai in

Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province that
became Special Economic Zones (SEZs) open to foreign

53

Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.11 No.1

investment and trade. In the SEZs, Chinese firms could
produce export goods in joint partnerships with foreign
firms. This has become the model for much of China’s

stincredible often double-digit economic growth of the 21

century in particular. Reforms were also carried out in thefields of law and politics but not with the aim of creatinga Western-style multi-party democracy but to “preserveand enhance the stability of the single-party state.” A
more lenient policy in the fields of art and culture saw aflowering of new Chinese art, music and literature. Ai Wei
Wei, the Chinese artist, now living in exile in the West,has a similar story to so many men of his generation.

His father had been exiled for supposed political faults

and AI Wei Wei and his family were not able to return toBeijing until the death of Mao. Deng’s political reforms
allowed him to leave China to study and live in the USA

until 1993. He prospered on his return to China under the
new freedoms granted to artists until running foul of the
CCP in 2011.

The new economic forces unleashed by Deng’s re-forms also increased social tensions in the major cities.
Corruption on the part of CCP cadres and their children,

who as a group seemed to be gaining the most personal
reward from the new reforms, increased the anger ofmany students, professionals and workers. This anger
came to a head in the Beijing Tiananmen Square pro-tests of 1989. These were violently crushed and for atime more conservative elements in the CCP held sway
until Deng’s “Southern Tour” of 1992, when the now ail-

ing leader took a tour of the SEZs, Shanghai and othercoastal cities that had prospered due to his policies.

Deng’s death in 1997 did not stall economic reformin China. By the end of the century the country as awhole had changed dramatically, though not all areas or

sectors of the population had seen equal improvement.

There was by now a growing gap between rich and poor.
Tanner’s book describes the changes not only on the

Chinese economy but also in the architecture of its cities

and the lifestyles of its people. In the late 1980’s Shanghai had only one building over 20 floors, by 1999, justa decade later, this had risen to a staggering 1,350. A
huge construction boom was underway. In China’s majorurban centres, bicycles and Mao suits gave way to motor

vehicles and Western and Japanese fashions. China has
now become a huge market for both Western and Japanese brands and services.

However, the burgeoning middle classes and the CCP

were not interested in “extending freedoms to speech,
action or news” that might undermine the position of the54

Communist Party and its territorial integrity. As a result,the author notes that opposition in Tibet, among the Ui-

ghurs in Xinjiang or reformers in Hong Kong are met withthe “upmost severity.”

The book ends with an analysis of China’s new posi-tion in the world. China’s economic miracle of the last 50

years means its economy is intricately linked with thatof the outside world. To maintain growth China needs

access to foreign raw materials and new markets andto assert its global political and economic interests a

modern military has been prioritized by the leadership.
China’s relationship with the USA is the most complex ofits foreign relations. On the one hand it needs access toAmerican markets but on the other hand it seeks to avoid

American criticism of its human rights record. The issueof Taiwan is a source of potential tension between thetwo superpowers. The book concludes with a series ofquestions about China’s future direction. What is certainis that nothing is certain but China’s future direction now
matters to us all.

「名城アジア研究」
投稿規則
Meijo Asian Research Journal
Contribution Rules

「名城アジア研究」投稿規則

１ ．投稿資格
投稿資格は、名城大学アジア研究センター（以下アジア研究センター）の所員および研究員、または所員の推薦を受けた者とする。
２ ．投稿原稿の種類
投稿原稿はアジア研究センターの目的に即したテーマで、研究論文（招待論文、投稿学術論文）、研究ノー
ト、書評、その他の種類とする。投稿学術論文は所定の査読審査を経て採用された論文が掲載される。
３ ．使用言語
使用言語は、和文または英文とする。
４ ．執筆要領
原稿の書き方については、「名城アジア研究」執筆要領に従うものとする。
５ ．提出先原稿の提出先はアジア研究センターとする。そこで受理した日を原稿の受付日とする。
６ ．提出期限
その年度により定める。
７ ．提出方法「名城アジア研究」の原稿を提出される際は、下記のようにお願いします。
（１）アジア研究センター投稿提出票（２）執筆原稿提出部数
原稿1部（レイアウト見本用）。また、投稿学術論文の場合は査読用として、コピー2部もご提出ください。
（３）執筆者が入力した原稿全体のWordデータファイル
８ ．採否
投稿された学術論文の採否は、アジア研究センター編集委員または編集委員が委嘱した査読者の最低 2 名の審査に基づき、アジア研究センター編集委員会が決定し、ただちに投稿者に通知する。編集委員会は投稿者に査読者の推薦を求めることができる。また、すべての投稿原稿について、編集委員会は投稿者に原稿の修正を求めることができる。また、原稿は採否にかかわらず返却しない。
９ ．校正
投稿原稿の執筆者による校正は、原則として初校のみとする。
１０．原稿の責任と権利掲載された論文等の内容についての責任は一切著者が負うものとする。また、その著作権は著者に属する。編集
出版権はアジア研究センターに属する。

56

Meijo Asian Research Journal — Contribution Rules

1 . Qualifications of contributors

Contributors should be members or research fellows of the Meijo Asian Research Center, Meijo University (hereinafter referred to as “MARC”), or researchers recommended by MARC members.

2 . Acceptable types of articles

Types of articles include research papers (invited papers, papers submitted for publication), short notes, review
and other articles on topics that are in line with the objectives of MARC. The journal will publish papers submitted
for publication that have been accepted after undergoing the prescribed review process.

3 . Acceptable languages

Manuscripts should be written in either Japanese or English.

4 . Writing instructions

Manuscripts should meet the requirements specified by the “Journal of the Meijo Asian Research Center — Instructions to Authors”

5. Where to submit

Manuscripts should be submitted to MARC. The date MARC receives the manuscript will be considered the dateof receipt.

6 . Submission deadline

Varies according to the academic year

7 . Method of submission

Authors are requested to submit the following items:(1) MARC manuscript submission form
(2) Hard copy of the manuscript

One hard copy of the manuscript should be submitted (for a sample layout). For papers submitted for publication, two printed copies of the manuscript should also be submitted for the peer review process.

(3) CD-R/RW, floppy disk or other medium containing the entire manuscript in Microsoft Word format* Submission on a CD-R/RW is recommended.

8 . Acceptance/Rejection

Acceptance or rejection of submitted papers will be determined by the MARC Editorial Board after peer review
by at least two reviewers comprising journal editors and/or expert(s) commissioned by the journal editor(s). Upon

their decision, the result will be notified to the authors. The Editorial Board may request authors to recommend

experts as possible reviewers of their papers. For all submissions, the Editorial Board may request authors to makecorrections to their manuscripts. Whether accepted or rejected, manuscripts will not be returned to the authors.
9 . Proofreading

In principle, authors will read only the first proofs of their manuscripts.

10. Responsibility and rights to manuscripts

Authors shall bear all responsibility for the contents of their papers, articles, or the like published in the journal. The

copyrights to such published manuscripts shall belong to the authors. MARC shall reserve editing and publishingrights.

57

名城大学アジア研究センター紀要編集委員

Editorial board, Meijo Asian Research Journal

委員長 田中 武憲（経営学部）
委 員 谷村 光浩（経済学部）
葛漢彬（理工学部）
湯川 和典（薬学部）福島 茂（都市情報学部）
フィリップ・ビーチ（人間学部）
宮崎 新（外国語学部）

Takenori TANAKA (Faculty of Business Management)
Mitsuhiro TANIMURA (Faculty of Economics)
Hanbin GE (Faculty of Science and Technology)
Kazunori YUKAWA (Faculty of Pharmacy)
Shigeru FUKUSHIMA (Faculty of Urban Science)
Philip BEECH (Faculty of Human Studies)
Arata MIYAZAKI (Faculty of Foreign Studies)

名城大学アジア研究センター

Meijo Asian Research Center

発行日／2022年3月31日
編集・発行／名城大学アジア研究センター〒468-8502 名古屋市天白区塩釜口一丁目501番地
TEL:052-838-2529 FAX:052-832-1410
ホームページアドレス：http://marc.meijo-u.ac.jp/

Meijo University, JAPAN

Date of issue / March 31, 2022
Edit / Meijo Asian Research Center
1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502 JAPAN
TEL:+81-52-838-2529 FAX:+81-52-832-1410
http://marc.meijo-u.ac.jp/