NIHU Program
Islamic Area Studies

TIAS Central Eurasian Research Series
No.7

Private Archives on a MakhdǌmzƗda Familyin Marghilan

KAWAHARA Yayoi

TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies
Center for Evolving Humanities
Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology
The University of TokyoPublished by
NIHU Program Islamic Area Studies
TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies,
Center for Evolving Humanities,
Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology,
The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 JAPANCopyright © 2012 Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities,
Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo

KAWAHARA Yayoi

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Central Eurasian Research Series No.7
ISBN 978-4-904039-48-9

Printed by
TOKYO PRESS Co., LTD.
Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Contents

Preface ……………………………………………………………………………….. v
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… vii
Makhdūmzāda Families in the History of the Khanate of Khoqand ……………... vii
Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan ………………………. xi
I. Genealogies …………………………………………………………………

xii

II. Fatwa ………………………………………………………………………. xiv
III. Decrees and Memorandum from the Rulers of Khoqand ………………….. xv
IV. Deeds ……………………………………………………………………… xvi
V. Hagiographies…………………………………………………………… xxv

Genealogical Tables of a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan ………………… xxviii
Notes to the Edition ……………………………………………………………… xxx
Facsimiles ……………………………………………………………………………. 1
I. Genealogies ……………………………………………………………………. 3
II. Fatwa ………………………………………………………………………… 10
III. Decrees and Memorandum from the Rulers of Khoqand ………………….. 14
IV. Deeds ……………………………………………………………………….. 17
V. Hagiographies ……………………………………………………………….. 46
Texts ………………………………………………………………………………. 215
I. Genealogies ………………………………………………………………… 217
II. Fatwa ……………………………………………………………………… 225
III. Decrees and Memorandum from the Rulers of Khoqand ………………… 228
IV. Deeds ……………………………………………………………………… 231
V. Hagiographies ……………………………………………………………… 277

PrefaceThis publication introduces texts and facsimiles from private archives on a
Makhdūmzāda family based in Marghilan in the Ferghana Valley since the 18th
century.
As well known sufism played a significant role in the Islamic history of Central
Asia. However, historical sources, particularly relating to the periods of the three
Uzbek khanates, Khiva, Bukhara and Khoqand, are so scarce that the clarification has
remained almost untouched. This book attempts to clarify original sources for the studyof Sufism and the history of the Khanate of Khoqand and its neighboring regions.
In the course of preparation for this publication, I received great assistance fromvarious individuals. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the ownersof the materials used: Mr. M. Uvlikov, Ms. Z. Mahmudova, Mr. A. Yunusov andMr. J. Rustamov, who permitted the use of the sources for the research and allowed me
to copy them. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Nodirbek Abdulahatov
for helping my field research in the Ferghana Valley; to Dr. Ashirbek Muminov forhelping in the acquisition of the related sources; to Dr. Aftandil Erkinov for checking
the Turkic texts; and to Prof. Komatsu Hisao and Prof. Shinmen Yasushi for theiracademic advices related to this publication. This work was supported by
JSPS KAKENHI 23820017 (Grant-in Aid for Research Activity Start-up).
Kawahara Yayoi

Introduction

Makhdūmzāda Families in the History of the Khanate of Khoqand
In the Islamic history of Central Asia, Sufism, represented by the Naqshbandīya order,
played a significant role. In the course of time, as a result of the positions,organizations and properties of prominent shaykhs coming to be inherited by theirdescendants, the “sufi families,” who had close relationships with the rulers andgovernments, came to hand down their political influence at the courts from generation
to generation. The descendants of a 16th-century Naqshbandī shaykh Khwāja Aḥmad
Kāsānī Makhdūm-i A‘ẓam (hereafter: Makhdūmzāda) in Dahbid village near
Samarkand and the Jūybār Khwāja family in Bukhara are well known as the mosttypical examples of this trend.
A similar situation was established in the Ferghana Valley, where the Khanate of
Khoqand was founded by the Mings, an Uzbek tribe, in the early 18th century. The
most influential family in the Ferghana Valley was that of the Makhdūmzādas. This canprobably be explained by the fact that the Ferghana Valley was the homeland of
Makhdūm-i A‘ẓam and it was also located between two regions: Dahbid, where a large
Makhdūmzāda family lived around the mausoleum of Makhdūm-i A‘ẓam since the16th century, and Kashghar, where a branch of the Makhdūmzādas gained politicalpower in the 17th century.
The Makhdūmzādas in the Ferghana Valley were not composed of a single
family group. There were at least three main branches that were deeply involved in thepolitical affairs of the Khanate of Khoqand. The first one is the family represented byMuḥammad Ḥakīm khān, the author of the famous historical memoir “Muntakhab altawārīkh.” As this family claimed to be the descendants of Isḥāq Walī, one of the sonsPrivate Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilanof Makhdūm-i A‘ẓam,1 and sought refuge in the Ferghana Valley as the result ofa power struggle in Samarkand in the first half of the 18th century,2 they probably
belonged to the Makhdūmzādas, who lived around the mausoleum of Isḥāq Walī at“Bāgh-i baland” in Samarkand.3
The second branch is the descendants of Burhān al-dīn Khwāja, the greatgrandson of Āfāq Khwāja, who escaped to Badakhshan after his fall from power in
Kashghar following the conquest of Eastern Turkistan by the Qing army. Burhān al-dīn
was killed with his brother Khwāja Jahān, by the local ruler; however, his son,Sarīmsāq, survived in Western Turkistan. The descendants of Sarīmsāq lived in theFerghana Valley under the lenient confinement of the rulers of Khoqand since the1810s4; they often invaded the Kashghar region, striving to establish their own
government. Jahāngīr Khwāja who invaded Kashghar in 1826-28, Muḥammad Yūsuf
Khwāja in 1830, the main members of the “seven khwājas” in 1847, Walī khān tūra in
1857, and Buzurg Khwāja, who accompanied Ya‘qūb bīg (died 1877) — all of themcame from this family.5 They continuously tried to recover the lost territory with thehelp of their supporters in the Ferghana Valley.
There is another example of the escape of the “Kashghar khwājas” to Western
Turkistan after their fall, which is related to Khwāja Ḥasan, one of the sons of Āfāq
1

2

3

4
5

Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Science, Republic of Uzbekistan, manuscript
No. 3404, f. 1a; Katalog sufischer Handschriften aus der Bibliothek des Instituts fürOrientalistik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Republik Usbekistan / zusammengestellt von
Baxtiyar Babadjanov et al.; Software-Entwicklung, Computersatz, Ulrike Berndt, Hindol
Madraimov; Redaktion, Baxtiyar Babadjanov et al.; Herausgeber, Jürgen Paul, Stuttgart:
F. Steiner, 2002, pp. 206-208.
Muḥammad Ḥakīm khān, Muntakhab al-tawārīkh, Kawahara Yayoi and Haneda Koichi(eds.), vol. II, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa,
2006, pp. 8-10.
As for “Bāgh-i baland” see Sawada Minoru, “Hȏjake Isuhȃkuhano keisei: 17 seiki zenhanno
Tarimu bonchi seihenwo chȗshinni,” Seinan Ajia Kenkyȗ, 45, 1996, pp. 41-44 (in Japanese).
Muntakhab al-tawārīkh, vol. II, pp. 142-147.
As for the residence of Jahāngīr Khwāja and his son Buzurg Khwāja in Katta Kenagas
village near Khoqand, see Shinmen Yasushi and Kawahara Yayoi, “Buzurg Khan Tora and
His Mazar in Katta Kenagas Village,” Yasushi Shinmen, Minoru Sawada and Edmund Waite(eds.), Muslim Saints and Mausoleums in Central Asia and Xinjiang, <<Monde caucasien ettatar - Asie centrale et Haute Asie>> (Collection dirigée par Th. Zarcone), vol. 3, Paris: Jean
Maisonneuve, 2012 (forthcoming). As for the continual invasions of khwājas from thisfamily see, L. J. Newby, The Empire and the Khanate: a Political History of Qing Relations
with Khoqand c. 1760-1860, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005, pp. 95-123, 153-160, 223-226,
235-258, 246-247.

viii

Introduction

Khwāja. According to hagiographies, Khwāja Ḥasan escaped from Kashghar at the endof the 17th century, moved on to Western Turkistan through India, propagatedNaqshbandīya there, fought against the Junghars in the Ferghana Valley where theMings had just begun their rise to power, and finally was killed in Qaratagh village inthe Hisar region. I discovered a unique hagiography of Khwāja Ḥasan in the Ferghana
Valley, the analysis of which allowed me to infer that at the time it was written his“descendants” lived in Sayyad village in the Khatlan region, though according to otherhagiographies he was neither married nor left descendants.6 There are no known
descendants of his in the Ferghana Valley, but there exist several mausoleums
dedicated to Khwāja Ḥasan.7 Āfāq Khwāja’s descendants seem to have been highly
esteemed and revered there.
The third one is the family in Marghilan. I analyzed their origin and some
activities based on the interviews and field research at their mausoleums. The
descendants of this family still live in the Ferghana Valley. According to a tradition, theancestor of the family is ‘Abd Allāh khān. His origin is legendary. His father is a son ofKarāmat Allāh, a brother of Āfāq Khwāja, and his mother is a daughter of ĀfāqKhwāja. He escaped from Kashghar and went to India where he became a disciple of
Miyān ‘Ābid, a famous Naqshbandī-Mujaddidī shaykh of the time. He marrieda daughter of the Emperor Awrangzīb (or ‘Alī Gawhar) after having miraculously
cured her lameness and was blessed with a son, ‘Ibād Allāh khān, but unfortunately theprincess died soon after. ‘Abd Allāh khān was sent, together with his son, ‘Ibād Allāhkhān, to Marghilan by his master Miyān ‘Ābid to propagate the Naqshbandīya. The
mausoleum of “Ulugh hazrat baba” located in the center of Marghilan, which is said tobe the burial place of ‘Abd Allāh khān and where his descendants have been serving as
administrators up to the present, attracts a lot of pilgrims. ‘Ibād Allāh khān is said to bea famous saint and the flourishing mausoleum of “Kirgil-ata” near Marghilan is known
as his burial place. His descendants formed a close relationship with the rulers of
Khoqand, migrated all over the eastern part of the Ferghana Valley, where they were

6

7

Kawahara Yayoi, “Tadhkira of Khwāja Ḥasan Ṣāhibqirān: Study of a private manuscript inFerghana Valley,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 71, 2006, pp. 205-257 (in Japanese,
abstract in English).
For example, “Khoja Hasan Ata” in Ferghana province, Quva district, Xoja Hasan village,“Khojam Padsha” in Ferghana province, Ferghana district, Avval village, and “Khojam
Padsha” in Ferghana province, Quva district, Quva village.
ix

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

involved in land reclamation and where their mausoleums are still extant today.8
Difficulties in analyzing the social situation of this family during the period of
the Khanate of Khoqand comes from the serious lack of source materials, because thecontemporary Khoqand chronicles do not mention this family. However, after
continuous research, I found two histories written in the time of Russian rule that
contain interesting information; members of this family, Walī khān tūra b. Pādshāh
khān tūra b. ‘Ibād Allāh khān, led an uprising (a “ghazawāt” in their own language)
against the Russian army, which ended in failure in Marghilan, during the time of theannexation of the Khanate of Khoqand by the Russian Empire.
One of the chronicles, Muḥammad ‘Azīz Marghīnānī’s “Tārīkh-i ‘Azīzī” (written
at the beginning of the 20th century) describes in detail that Walī khān tūra led theuprising in Marghilan in support of the rebellion of Pūlāt khān, whose fight against the
Khanate spread over the Andijan region at that time, but escaped punishment after therebellion was defeated because of his close kinship to the rulers of Khoqand.9 The
second chronicle, Isḥāq khān tūra’s “Tārīkh-i Farghāna” (written in 1916), harshly
criticizes him for his futile resistance against the Russians, which led to the martyringof many innocent Muslims.10 In addition, in some Russian archives, I found two files
pertaining to the arrest of Walī khān tūra. One of them has been kept in the collectionof the military governor of Ferghana and named “On the arrest of Walī khān tūra”11 andthe other is kept in the collection of the Governor-generalship of Turkestan and named“Correspondence with the military governor of Ferghana and others about Walī khāntūra, arrested in Marghilan for political disloyalty and his confinement in Tashkent city
prison.”12 These archives indicate that he stirred up a rebellion again even after the fallof the Khanate of Khoqand, and was arrested by the Russian authorities and confined
8

Kawahara Yayoi, “≪Sviatye semeistva≫ Margelana v Kokandskom khanstve v XIX v.,” Mirislama/Pax Islamica, 1(4)/2010, pp. 121-139 (in Russian).
Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Science, Republic of Uzbekistan, manuscript
No. 11108, pp. 326-331, 334, 344-347.
10Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Science, Republic of Uzbekistan, manuscript
No. 11616, pp. 107-108, 116; Institute of Oriental Studies and Written Heritage, Academy of
Science, Republic of Tajikistan, manuscript No. 1512, pp. 144-146, 150.
11
“O arestvovanii Valikhan tura,” Central State Archives, Republic of Uzbekistan, fond 276,delo 1, opis’ 324.
12
“Perepiska s voennym gubernatorom Ferganskoi oblasti i drugimi o Valikhan-Tiure,
arestovannym v g. Margelane za politicheskuiu neblagonadezhnost’ i zakliuchenie ego v
Tashkentskoi gorodskoi tiur’me,” Central State Archives, Republic of Uzbekistan, fond I-1,
delo 29, opis’ 341.
9x

Introductionin Tashkent City Prison. However, although these archives present important materials
on the situation of Walī khān tūra and this family under Russian rule, they were writtenfrom the viewpoint of outsiders and adversaries and cover only a limited period oftime.
On the other hand, during my fieldwork, I collected various unique source
materials still in the possession of his descendants. They contain genealogies, a fatwa,
decrees, a memorandum, deeds and the hagiographies of Walī khān tūra. While theabove-mentioned histories and the documents in the Russian archives criticize Walīkhān tūra as a traitor after the failure of his “ghazawāt,” these privately preserved
materials were written and kept by the families in order to justify their authority; thegenealogies and the fatwa claim their holy lineage; decrees and a memorandum
indicate their relationship with the rulers of Khoqand and positions in the Khanate; thedeeds clearly show their economic activities in Marghilan; the hagiographies of Walīkhān tūra give us a lot of interesting information with regard to how he was respectedor how the family wished him to be worshiped. In addition, some of these materials
were written or issued in the time of the Khanate of Khoqand; therefore, they provide
valuable information on the Makhdūmzādas’ position under the rule of the Muslims.
These sources will help clarify various aspects of this family’s activities. Based onthese materials written from different points of view, the role this family played in
Marghilan should be comprehensively reconsidered in light of the social situation ofMarghilan under the rule of the Muslims and of the uprising Walī khān tūra led.
Consequently, this will allow an assessment of the significance of the Makhdūmzādas
in the Ferghana Valley and investigate the process of propagation and the role of
Sufism itself more concretely. I would like to deal with these issues in my future work.

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in MarghilanThis book introduces texts and facsimiles from the private archives of this familycollected during my field research between 2003 and 2010 in the Ferghana Valley.
They consist of thirty-one documents of four types (three genealogies, one fatwa, twodecrees, one memorandum and twenty-four deeds) and two types of hagiographies ofWalī khān tūra. The oldest document is the deed 1 issued in 1838 and the latest one is
the genealogy 3 written in 1962/63. Seventeen documents were written or issued at theperiod of the Khanate of Khoqand, thirteen under Russian rule, and one during thexi

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Soviet era. While deeds and hagiographies are in the possession of one of Walī khāntūra’s descendants living in Marghilan, the others are kept by other descendants of thisfamily living not only in Marghilan but also in its suburbs. The existence of sucha huge volume of materials in private archives itself shows the authority enjoyed bythis family in the local community.

I. Genealogies
1. Genealogy of Īshān Ḥusayn khān tūraMuḥarram 1299 (23rd November - 22nd December 1881)
This is a genealogy which claims the owner to be a descendant of the ProphetMuḥammad (sayyid).
I could not check the original document, but obtained re-copied one of theoriginal document, which the present-day owner had once brought from Marghilan city
to Dr. A. Muminov13 to be deciphered. Under these circumstances, I will not make thename and the details of the place of residence of the present-day owner public; thisperson is likely to be a descendant of the original owner of the document. For the same
reason, I will refrain from showing a whole copy and only publish the text of the mostimportant part of the below-mentioned (ii) genealogy.
Originally, this document was in the shape of a scroll and consisted of threeparts: (i) the table of the genealogy from Ādam to the Prophet Muḥammad, (ii) the
genealogy from the Prophet Muḥammad to Īshān Ḥusayn khān tūra and fatwas written
in Persian, and (iii) the genealogy from the Prophet Muḥammad to Āfāq Khwāja
written in Turkic, which includes information on the well-known thirteen sons of
Makhdūm-i A‘ẓam and the six sons of Āfāq Khwāja (Khwāja Ḥasan Khwāja, Khwāja
Pādshāh Khwāja, ‘Abd al-Aḥad Khwāja=Kūn Khwājam, ‘Abd al-Ṣamad Khwāja=ĀyKhwājam, Khwāja Yaḥyā Khwājam, and Qilīch Burhān al-dīn Khwāja=Ūlūgh Khān
Khwājam), but does not reach Īshān Ḥusayn khān tūra. Thirty seals are affixed to the
document (twenty-five on part (ii) and five on part (iii)), although these may not be all
the seals affixed to the document, because our copy lacks the edge of the original

13

xii

Dr. Ashirbek Muminov was an assistant professor at the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental
Studies, Uzbekistan, when he introduced me to this copy in 2003 and is, at present, a Vicedirector of the R. B. Suleymenov Institute of Oriental Studies, Ministry of Education andScience of Kazakhstan.

Introduction

document. In any case, showing the genealogy of Īshān Ḥusayn khān tūra, the partpresented in this book, must have been the main purpose of preparing this document.
The text in this genealogy almost completely corresponds to those of genealogy 2.
According to the text, the genealogy was copied from that of Īshān Quda khāntūra, which was in turn copied from that of a descendant of Īshān ‘Abd Allāh Khwāja.
The genealogy of Īshān Ḥusayn khān tūra is as follows: Īshān Ḥusayn khān tūra, theson of Īshān Tūra khān tūra, the son of Īshān ‘Ibād Allāh Khwāja Īshān, the son of‘Abd Allāh Khwāja, the son of Muḥammad ‘Ādil Pādshāh, the son of Muḥammad
Razzāq Pādshāh (the brother of Hidāyat Allāh Khwāja, famous as Khwāja Āfāq). This
genealogy indicates his being a descendant of Khwāja Āfāq through the latter’sdaughter; Khwāja Āfāq gave his daughter to his nephew, Muḥammad ‘Ādil Pādshāh, inmarriage and Īshān ‘Abd Allāh Khwāja was born from this marriage. Then follows thegenealogy of Hidāyat Allāh ascending to the Prophet Muḥammad.
Persian. Size of the document is unknown.
2. Genealogy of Sayyid Hāshim khān tūra
Jumādā al-awwal 1327 (1-30 June 1909), Marghilan.
This is a genealogy which claims the owner to be a sayyid. The present-day
owner M. Uvlikov (Ferghana province, Quva district, Quva village) got this document
and the below-mentioned fatwa from his uncle (father’s brother). The document bears
twenty-nine seals. However, it is not clear why the seal of the imam of the fourthmosque of Bishkek was affixed. The sentences of this genealogy almost completely
correspond to those of genealogy 1 above.
The genealogy of Sayyid Hāshim khān tūra is as follows: Sayyid Hāshim khāntūra famous as Sayyid Tājī khān tūra, the son of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra, the son of
Sayyid Tūra khān tūra, the son of Sayyid ‘Ibād Allāh Khwāja Īshān, the son of Sayyid‘Abd Allāh Khwāja Īshān, the son of Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Ādil Pādshāh, the son of
Sayyid Muḥammad Rāziq Pādshāh (the brother of Īshān Sayyid Hidāyat Allāh Khwāja,
famous as Khwāja Āfāq). This genealogy also indicates his being a descendant ofKhwāja Āfāq through the latter’s daughter. Then follows the genealogy of KhwājaĀfāq ascending to the Prophet Muḥammad.
Persian. 105 × 37cm.
Researched on 9th April 2003 and 27th September 2010.

xiii

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

3. Genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra
1382 (1962/63), PaytughThis is the genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra (died 1962), the father-inlaw of the present-day owner Z. Mahmudova (Andijan province, Pakhtaabad district,
Paytugh village), which was written in the Soviet era and claims him to be a sayyid.
The document does not bear any seals.
The genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra is as follows: Sayyid Maḥmūd
khān tūra, the son of Sayyid Pādshāh khān tūram, the son of Sayyid Khwāja Mūsākhān tūram, the son of Sayyid Sulṭān khān tūram, the son of Sayyid Pādshāh Jān
Khwājam, the son of Sayyid ‘Ubayd Allāh khān Khwājam, the son of Sayyid ‘Abd
Allāh khān Khwājam, the son of Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Ādil Pādshāh Khwājam, the sonof Sayyid Karāmat Allāh Khwājam, the son of Sayyid Yūsuf Khwājam. Sayyid
Muḥammad ‘Ādil Khwājam was the son-in-law (dāmād) of Āfāq Khwājam. The
unique feature of this genealogy is that it mentions the names of the mother of Sayyid‘Abd Allāh khān Khwājam and her brother born of the same mother: Āfāq Khwājam
gave his daughter Ghaynāl ‘Aẓīm, who was a sister of Sayyid Ḥasan
Khwājam=Khwājam Pādshāh, to his nephew Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Ādil Khwājam.
Then follows the genealogy of Sayyid Yūsuf Khwājam ascending to the ProphetMuḥammad.
Turkic. 99 × 13cm.
Researched on 3rd September 2003.

II. Fatwa
1. Fatwa
The date is not mentioned.
M. Uvlikov owns this fatwa together with the above-mentioned genealogy 2. It
bears forty-one seals. Most of the seals affixed to this document correspond to those of
the above-mentioned genealogy 2. These two documents must have been issued at thesame time and in the same place.
This is a legal opinion concerning the four following questions: (i) thedescendants of the Prophet Muḥammad are the most respectable people next to theProphet Muḥammad and his caliphs, (ii) it is necessary to respect the descendants of
the Prophet Muḥammad and insulting them is tantamount to insulting the ProphetMuḥammad, (iii) the family of the Prophet Muḥammad must be loved and respected,
xivIntroductionand (iv) rulers must punish those who insult the descendants of the ProphetMuḥammad. In the text section of this publication, I only showed the text of the mostessential part of the document, i.e., questions and legal opinion, and refrained fromshowing the part of the citation from the works on Islamic jurisprudence (riwāyat).
Persian. 140 × 37 cm
Researched on 9th April 2003 and 27th September 2010.

III. Decrees and Memorandum from the Rulers of Khoqand
A. Yunusov (Andijan province, Pakhtaabad district, Qayir village) owns the following
three documents. He is a great-grandson of Sulṭān khān tūra, the addressee of these
documents. According to A. Yunusov, Sulṭān khān tūra is the son of Tūra Jān, the sonof Pādshāh khān, the son of ‘Ibād Allāh khān, the son of ‘Abd Allāh khān, the son of‘Ādil khān, the son of Karāmat Allāh.
Researched on 10th August 2003 and 7th October 2010.
1. Decree from Sayyid Muḥammad Shahrukh khān
Jumādā al-awwal 127914 (25th October - 23rd November 1862)
The reverse side of the document bears a seal of Sayyid Muḥammad Shahrukh
khān.

15

This is a decree (‘ināyat-nāma), which permits Sulṭān khān tūra an exemption
from forms of taxation such as kharāj, jamargha16-i yurtīya, because of his possession

14

The last two digits are not clear.
However, it is not clear. If the name is correct, it may correspond to Shahrukh khān (diedsummer 1863) who was declared a “khān” after the death of Shāh Murād khān in June 1862.
Timur K. Beisembiev, Annotated Indices to the Kokand Chronicles, Tokyo: ResearchInstitute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 2008, p. 261.
16
Jamargha means the obligation regarding the transportation, reception and looking afteradministrative officials. There is also a variation of jamalgha. M. A. Abduraimov, Ocherki
agrarnykh otnoshenii v Bukharskom khanstve, Tashkent: Izdatel’stvo <Fan> Uzbekskoi SSR,
1970, p.199. There are some examples in other documents issued in the Khanate of Khoqand.
Cf. Ashirbek Muminov, Nadirbek Abdulahatov and Kawahara Yayoi (eds.), Mazar
Documents from Xinjiang and Ferghana (Facsimile), 3, Tokyo: Research Institute for
Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2007.
Jamargha is seen in the document WT-DX-07 (p. 63) and jamalgha is seen in the documents
WT-DX-06, WT-DX08-11(p. 59-62, 64).
15

xv

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilanof old decrees issued by former rulers.
Persian. 13 × 9.3 cm
2. Decree from Sayyid Muḥammad Khudāyār khān
Jumādā al-awwal 1282 (22nd September - 21st October 1865)
The reverse side of the document bears a seal of Sayyid Muḥammad Khudāyār
khān (ruled 1844-58, 1862-63, 1865-75), the ruler of Khoqand.
This is a decree which grants Īshān Sulṭān khān tūra an exemption from forms oftaxation such as kharāj, ṭanābāna,17 kharbūza-pulī18 and all jamalgha19-i yurtīya.
Persian. 21.5 × 11 cm
3. Memorandum from Shāh Murād khānRamaḍān 1278 (2nd - 31st March 1862)
The reverse side of the document bears a seal of Shāh Murād khān (ruled 1862),
the ruler of Khoqand.
This is a memorandum (yād-nāma) which states that Shāh Murād khān accepted
the son of Īshān Sulṭān khān tūra, sent by the latter, to the court for prayers, wishes forthe continuation of these prayers in the future and grants this memorandum together
with a Turkish royal robe as a gift
Persian. 21 × 11.5 cm

IV. Deeds
J. Rustamov (Ferghana province, Marghilan city) owns twenty-four deeds which are
related to Walī khān tūra and some of his second-generation descendants. J. Rustamov
is a great-great-grandson of Walī khān tūra (Jurakhan, the son of Akram khān, the sonof Rustam khān, the son of Bāqir khān, the son of Walī khān tūra). These documentsṬanābāna means one of the land taxes imposed on gardens, orchards and wood plantations
levied in proportion to the price of each product per one ṭanāb (a standard land measure atthat time). A. L. Troitskaia, Katalog arkhiva kokandskikh khanov XIX veka, Moscow:
Izdatel’stvo <Nauka>, Glavnaia redaktsiia vostochnoi literatury, 1968, pp. 563-564.
18
kharbūza-pulī (literally, “melon money”) means the ṭanābāna tax imposed on melons.
Troitskaia, Katalog arkhiva kokandskikh khanov XIX veka, p. 568.
19
See the footnote 16.
17

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Introduction

indicate that this family continuously bought a lot of real estate in Marghilan and its
suburbs, which has been inherited by generations of descendants.
Researched on 12th August 2003.
Deed 1First ten days of Ramaḍān 1254 (18th - 27th November 1838)
This document is a deed on three sales of real estate. It bears four seals.
(i) Sayyid bīk b. Marāl bīk, sold a piece of land in Kūl-bāshī village, Marghīnān
province to Īshān Walī khān tūra b. Īshān Pādshāh khān tūra shaykh al-islām b. ‘Ibād
Allāh Khwāja, for 300 mithqāl (a unit of weight) of gold coins made in Khoqand.
(ii) ‘Abd Allāh Ṣūfī b. Khāl Niyāz Mirgan, sold a piece of land in Langar village,
Marghīnān province to Walī khān tūra for 3 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand.
(iii) Maqṣūd b. Mīr ‘Azīz bāy, sold a piece of land in Langar village to Walīkhān tūra for 3 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand.
Persian. 64.6 × 27.4 cm
Deed 2First ten days of Ramaḍān 1254 (18th - 27th November 1838)
This document is a copy of document 1. It does not bear any seals.
Persian. 44.2 × 35.2 cm
Deed 3Rabī al-awwal 1255 (15th May - 13th June 1839)
This document is a copy of a deed of transfer of real estate. It does not bear any
seals.
Īshān Pādshāh khān tūra Īshān Pīr b. ‘Ibād Allāh Khwāja Īshān, made a statementthat a piece of farmland in Langar village, Marghīnān province, now belongs not tohim but to his son Walī khān tūra.
Persian. 46.5 × 27.3 cm
Deed 4Muḥarram 1257 (23rd February - 24 March 1841)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears four seals. However, it
is not clear whether the document is related to this family.
Ḥasan Khwāja sold a house and land in Īshān Pādshāh khān tūra shaykh al-islāmxvii

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilanmaḥalla, Marghīnān province, to Nūr Muḥammad Ṣūfī b. Ustā Mīr Sayyid, for
4.5 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand.
Persian. 23 × 22.7 cm
Deed 5Rabī al-thānī 1270 (1st - 29th January 1854)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears four seals.
Muḥammad Khāliq b. Tursūn Khāl bāy, sold a piece of garden land with many
houses and trees in Jubūrghān maḥalla, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for
20 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand.
Persian. 38.4 × 22.3 cm
Deed 6Rabī al-thānī 1270 (1st - 29th January 1854)
This document is a copy of document 5. It does not bear any seals.
Persian. 64.4 × 27.5 cm
Deed 7The last day of Jumādā al-awwal 1280 (12th November 1863)
This document is a deed of the transfer of real estate. It bears nine seals.
Īshān Tūra Jān tūra b. Īshān Pīr Pādshāh khān tūra, transferred (bakhshīdam wa
habah namūdam) a house and land with a stable in Jūrghān maḥalla, Marghīnān
province, to his own brother Walī khān tūra.
Persian. 35.2 × 26.7 cm
Deed 8Muḥarram 1281 (6th June - 5th July 1864)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears four seals.
Mīr Qāsim bāybachcha b. Bābā Qurbān bāy, sold three-fifths of adjoining
farmland and a house in Jūrghān maḥalla, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for
31.5 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand. Muḥammad ‘Ālim b. Bāy Bābā, BābāJān b. Nūram Bābā, and Muḥammad Khāliq b. Ḥasan bāy, also sold the remaining twofifths to him for 18.5 mithqāl of gold coins.
Persian. 36 × 26.7 cm

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Introduction

Deed 9Muḥarram 1282 (27th May - 25th June 1865)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears three seals.
Mīr Qāsim bāybachcha b. Bābā Qurbān bāy, sold a piece of farmland in Chahārchaman village, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for three mithqāl of gold coinsmade in Khoqand.
Persian. 32.6 × 26.4 cm
Deed 10The last day of Sha‘bān 1283 (6th January 1867)
This document is a deed on the sale of four pieces of real estate. It bears two
seals.
Mullā Muḥammad Ma‘ṣūm Makhdhūm b. Dāmullā ‘Abd al-Raḥīm qāḍī, soldfour pieces of land in Jūy-i Khwāja / Qishlāq-i Arīghī, Marghīnān province, to Walīkhān tūra for 23 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand.
Persian. 50.7 × 30.7 cm
Deed 11Ramaḍān 1286 (5th December 1869 - 3rd January 1870)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears one seal.
Āyim Bībī and Riḍwān Bībī, the daughters of Mīrzā Raḥīm bāy, sold 42 of
240 tīrs of farmland in Khwāja-arīghī and Langar, Marghīnān province, to Walī khāntūra for 15 mithqāl of gold coins.
Persian. 26.7 × 32.2 cm
Deed 12Sha‘bān 1290 (24th September - 22nd October 1873)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears two seals.
According to the decree of the ruler (Khudāyār khān), Mullā Ṣātīb-āldī
Makhdhūm b. Dāmullā Muḥammadī Ākhūnd mudarris, the executor (mutawallī) of thewaqf land of the old madrasa of Pādshāh Iskandar, sold a piece of grassland, which wasa part of the waqf land, in Jūrghān maḥalla, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for
50 mithqāl of gold coins.
Persian. 29.6 × 35.4 cm

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Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 13Jumādā al-thānī 1292 (5th June - 2nd August 1875)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears one seal.
‘Abd al-Karīm bāy b. Muḥammad Raḥīm, sold a piece of farmland in Khwājaarīghī village, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for 10 mithqāl of gold coins.
Persian. 25.5 × 29.9 cm
Deed 14
Shawwāl 1292 (31st October - 28th November 1875)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears four seals.
Muḥammad Qāsim bāy b. Ṣādiq bāy, sold a piece of farmland with a vineyard
and an apricot orchard in Khwāja-arīghī, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for
54 mithqāl of gold coins made in Khoqand.
Persian. 33 × 23.7 cm
Deed 15
Sha‘bān 1302 (16th May - 13th June 1885)
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears three seals.
Mullā Sarimsāq b. Ustā ‘Ubayd Allāh, sold a piece of garden land in Jūrghānmaḥalla, Marghīnān province, to Walī khān tūra for 10 mithqāl of gold coins.
Persian. 38 × 30.7 cm
Deed 16a. Rabī al-thānī 1307 (25th November - 13th December 1889)
The right side of this document is a petition. It bears two seals.
Muẓaffar khān tūra b. late Sayyid Walī khān tūra and Sa‘ādat Ayim bt. Mullā‘Aẓīm Bābā Akhūnd requested the right to pass through a gate and along a road locatedin Jūrghān maḥalla, Marghīnān province, which were common property owned bythem together with Bāqir khān tūra, whose legal guardian was his son, Abū al-Fayḍkhān tūra.
b. 20th Jumādā al-awwal 1307 (12th January 1890)
The reverse side of this document is a judgment. It bears one seal.
With regard to the demand described on the right side, it was judged thatMuẓaffar khān tūra and Sa‘ādat Ayim must make a new gate and must not pass throughxxIntroduction

the gate mentioned on the right side.
Persian. 44.5 × 35.5 cm
Deed 17Ramaḍān 1307 (21st April - 20th May 1890)
This document is a deed on the distribution of inheritances. It bears three seals.
The property of the late Walī khān tūra was divided between the legal heirs, hiswife Sa‘ādat Pādshāh Āyim bt. Mullā ‘Aẓīm Bābā bāy, his sons Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra
and Sayyid Muẓaffar khān tūra. The legal guardian of Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir khān,
who was suffering from dementia, was his own son, Abū al-Fayḍ khān tūra. Two pieces
of farmland and an area of vineyard in Yakka-tūt village, Marghīnān province, were
inherited by Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra.
Persian. 35.2 × 44.5 cm
Deed 18
Jumādā al-awwal 1309 (3rd December 1891 - 1st January 1892)
This document is a copy of a deed on distribution of property. Part of the
document has been torn off. It does not bear any seals. This document must be a pairwith the below-mentioned document 20, because they correspond to each other incontent. One of the years in this document (1309) or in document 20 (1319) must bea mistake.
All the property of Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra was divided between his legal heirs as
follows: 10 ūqs was inherited by his wife Mihr Nisā’ Āyim; 20 ūqs by each of his threesons Abū al-Fayḍ khān, Sayyid Asad khān and Rustam khān; and 10 ūqs by his
daughter Qambar Pādshāh Āyim. Five pieces of real estate including a stronghold(qūrghān) and a garden were inherited by Abū al-Fayḍ khān tūra.
Turkic. 33.2 × 34.8 cm
Deed 19
8th February 1898
This document is a deed on the sale of real estate. It bears two seals.
Sārā Bībī bt. Mullācha bāy, the wife of the late Nūr Muḥammad bāy, resident of
Shaykh Khwānd Ṭuhūr region, Tashkent province, and Yūldāsh-bāy ṣaghīrb. Muḥammad Yūsuf bāy, sold two-thirds of a garden with a house in Chūburghānmaḥalla near Yangī Mazār tūgī maḥalla, Īskī Marghīnān province, to Abū al-Fayḍ khānxxi

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

tūra b. Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir khān tūra, for 228 sūms. Their legal attorney wasMuḥammad Rāziq bāy b. Isḥāq Muḥammad. Abū al-Fayḍ khān tūra was the legal
guardian of his father Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir khān who was suffering fromdementia.
Turkic. 31.2 × 35.3 cm
Deed 20Jumādā al-awwal 1319 (16th August - 14th September 1901)
This document is a copy of a deed of division of property. It does not bear any
seals. This document must be a pair with the above-mentioned document 18 because
they correspond to each other in content. One of the years in this document (1319) orin document 18 (1309) must be a mistake.
Five pieces of real estate in Yakka-tūt volost’ (maḥkūm),20 including a stronghold(qūrghān), two piece of lands and a garden, six pieces of real estate in Gul-chaman,Fayḍ-ābād volost’,21 including a garden and five pieces of land, and a house in the citywere divided equally into 40 ūqs between the two sons of Sayyid Bāqir khān, Sayyid
Asad khān tūra and Sayyid Rustam khān tūra.
Turkic. 43.4 × 35 cm
Deed 21
4th Shawwāl 1320 (4th January 1903)
This document is a copy of a deed of division of the inheritances. It does not bear any
seals.
Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra b. Sayyid Walī khān tūra, died in Jūrghān maḥalla,
Mashhad region (daha), Iskī Marghīnān province. His properties, consisting of realestate in Yakka-tūt and Fayḍ-ābād volost’s and Jūrghān maḥalla, were divided among
his legal heirs, his wife Mihr Nisā Āyim bt. ‘Abd Allāh bāy, his three sons, Sayyid Abūal-Fayḍ khān tūra, Sayyid Asad khān tūra, and Sayyid Rustam khān tūra, and his
daughter Qambar Pādshāh Āyim.
Half of the eighteen pieces of real estate in Fayḍ-ābād volost’ mentioned in this20

Yakka-tut volost’ was located in the east of Marghilan and administratively belonged to
Suburban uchastok under Russian rule, Margelan uezd. Spisok naselennykh mest Ferganskoi
Oblasti, Skobelev: Tipografiia Ferganskago Oblastnogo Pravleniia, 1909, p. 99.
21
Faizyabad volost’ was located in the west of Marghilan and belonged to Suburban uchastok,
Margelan uezd. Spisok naselennykh mest Ferganskoi Oblasti, p. 101.
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Introduction

document (eight plots of farmland, six plots of uncultivated land and one stronghold(qūrghān) in Khwāja-arīghī,22 one orchard in Langar village,23 one plot of farmland andone plot of uncultivated land in Qarā-kaltak village24 and three pieces of real estate in
Jūrghān maḥalla (a house and land, a copse and an orchard)) was inherited by Sayyid
Abū al-Fayḍ khān tūra. The other half was divided equally between Mihr Nisā Āyimand Qambar Pādshāh Āyim.
Eight pieces of real estate in Yakka-tūt volost’, which are mentioned on the deedof the division of the inheritances25 in the possession of Sayyid Asad khān tūra andSayyid Rustam khān tūra, were divided equally between them.
Sayyid Asad khān tūra and Sayyid Rustam khān tūra paid 700 ṣūms to Sayyid
Abū al-Fayḍ khān tūra, and 150 ṣūms to each of Mihr Nisā Āyim and Qambar PādshāhĀyim for the new building in Yakka-tut and agreed not to bring any lawsuits against
each other. The Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra’s portion of the common uncultivated land,
which he had owned together with other tūras in Yakka-tut volost’, and the portion of
the real estate in Jūrghān maḥalla, which at the time was in the possession of Khān
Pādshāh Āyim and was supposed to become the property of Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra,were also divided between them.
The real estate of Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra in Qal‘acha village in Khoqand-qīshlāq
volost’26 remained undivided between the heirs.
Turkic. 43.5 × 34.7 cm
Deed 2214th December 1908 / 4th Dhū al-ḥijja 132627
This document is a deed regarding the exchange of some real estate. A part of22

Khodzha-aryk belonged to Karadzhida sel’skoe obshchestvo, Faizyabad oblast’. Spisok
naselennykh mest Ferganskoi Oblasti, p. 101.
23
Langar also belonged to Karadzhida sel’skoe obshchestvo. Spisok naselennykh mest
Ferganskoi Oblasti, p. 101.
24
Qara-kaltak also belonged to Karadzhida sel’skoe obshchestvo. Spisok naselennykh mest
Ferganskoi Oblasti, p. 101.
25
It probably mentions document 20.
26
Kalacha belonged to Arsif sel’skoe obshchestvo, Kokan-kishlak volost’. Kokan-kishlak
volost’ is located in the south-east of Marghilan and belonged to Kuva uchastok, Margelan
uezd. Spisok naselennykh mest Ferganskoi Oblasti, p. 86-87.
27
Originally, 1316 A.H. (1898 A.D.) is mentioned in the document. However, it is a mistakeand should read 1326 A.H., because it is difficult to believe that the secretary wrongly wrote
1908 A.D. in place of 1898 A.D.
xxiii

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

the document has been torn off. It does not bear any seals.
Sayyid Abū al-Fayḍ khān tūra b. Sayyid Bāqir khān, exchanged his real estatewith his brother Rustam khān tūra. He transferred the half of his five areas of realestate mentioned in this document (however, the location and the borders of theproperty are not provided in the document) to Rustam khān tūra in exchange for thelatter’s apricot orchard and stronghold (qūrghān) in Khwāja-arīgh village, Yakka-tūt
volost’.
Turkic. 22 × 34.5 cm
Deed 23
a. 6th Rabī al-awwal 1327 / 14th March 1909
The right side of this document is a petition related to an inheritance division. It
bears two seals.
Qambar Pādshāh Āyim bt. Sayyid Bāqir khān tūra, legally received two plots ofuncultivated lands in Qarā-kaltak village28 and an orchard in Langar village29
mentioned in this document, which corresponds to one-fourth of the eighteen realestate assets in Fayḍ-ābād volost’.30 However, she did not receive one-fourth of threeareas of real estate in Chūrghān maḥalla, Mashhad region, Iskī Marghīnān,31 despite
her right to inherit them. Her legal attorney was Sayyid Rustam khān tūra.
b. 25th Rajab 1332 / 1st June 1914
The reverse side of this document is the correction regarding the area of land
mentioned on the right side. It bears two seals.
The size of the second land area in Qarā-kaltak village mentioned on the rightside was corrected from 137 ṭanāb to 157 ṭanāb.
Turkic. 31.4 × 35.5 cm
Deed 2418th Ṣafar 1334 / 11th December 1915
This document is a letter for the withdrawal of a lawsuit. It bears two seals.

28

The first one perhaps corresponds to 17 on document 21 and the second one corresponds to
18 on document 21.
29
It corresponds to 16 on document 21.
30
They correspond to 1-18 on document 21.
31
They correspond to 19-21 on document 21.
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Introduction

Mihr al-Nisā’ Āyim bt. ‘Abd Allāh bāy, the wife of the late Sayyid Muḥammad
Bāqir khān, a 68-year-old resident of Jūrghān maḥalla, Mashhad region, withdrew her
lawsuit against her son Sayyid Rustam khān tūra with regard to her properties, which
consisted of a stronghold (qal‘a) in Īskī Marghīnān and farmlands and uncultivatedlands in Langar and Khwāja-arīghī villages in Fayḍ-ābād volost’.
Turkic. 19.4 × 35.4 cm

V. Hagiographies
J. Rustamov, who has already been mentioned above, owns two hagiographies on Walīkhān tūra. One of them is written in verse and the other in prose; both are extant in two
manuscript versions each. The contents of both works correspond to each other.
Both hagiographies are anonymous, but judging from their content, they musthave been written by relatives.
Researched on 12th August 2003 and 13th March 2009.
1. Anonymous, Rawḍat al-ansāb (verse)
Manuscript A
1306 (7th September 1888 - 27th August 1889)
This manuscript has the title “Rawḍat al-ansāb” at the beginning (f. 1b). It has
page numbers on the reverse sides of the folios, but it lacks page number 4.32 It
includes the events before his birth (circa 1813) and ends with the events of the time
when he was forty-one years old (circa 1855), although he lived a much longer life. It
does not include the description of the “ghazāt” he led around 1875. The date
1306 A.H. (1888/89), with which the elegy to him ends, is probably the year when hedied and when the work was completed. Most of the content is devoted to the miracles
and virtuous deeds Walī khān tūra accomplished; in other words, it stresses the holinessof the “saint” and his leadership in the local community.
The main content is as follows:- Basmala and the eulogy to God, to the Prophet Muḥammad and to the first four
Caliphs. (ff. 1b-3b)
32

It is not clear whether this manuscript lacks the folio 4 or the copyist mistook numbering thepages. The texts of manuscript B are also the same as manuscript A.
xxv

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan- Citations from some ḥadīths and its translation into Turkic. (ff. 3b-9a)- ‘Ibād Allāh khān prophesied to his son, Pādshāh khān tūra, that he would be
blessed with a son, who would become famous. After this prophecy, Pādshāh khān was
blessed with three sons: Īshān khān tūra, Tūra Jān tūra and Awliyā khān tūra. However,‘Ibād Allāh khān continued to state “He is not the one about whom I prophesied.” ‘Ibād
Allāh khān prophesied again that Pādshāh khān tūra would be blessed with such a son
after ‘Ibād Allāh khān himself had died. After the death of ‘Ibād Allāh khān, Walī khāntūra was born. There then follows the description of some of the events that occurred in
his childhood and youth. (ff. 9a-18b)- When Walī khān tūra was fifteen years old, he zealously studied Sufism.
(ff. 18b-23b)- When Walī khān tūra was twenty years old, he went to worship at
Shāhimardān, the mausoleum of his “ancestor,” ‘Alī ibn Abū Ṭālib. The next year, herepaired the road from Marghīnān to Shāhimardān. Many people in Marghīnān
volunteered for the work. During the work, he performed many miracles. (ff. 23b-33b)- When Walī khān tūra was twenty-two years old, he made a beautiful garden in
Chār-chaman; when he was twenty-seven years old, he invited his mother to the garden
and held a banquet. (ff. 34a-37b)- When Walī khān tūra was twenty-nine years old, the rule of Muḥammad ‘Alī
khān ended and Shīr ‘Alī khān declared himself “khān.” The wife of Shīr ‘Alī khān’s
brother, Bīk Ūghlī bīk, and her two sons, Ṭaghāy Qāsim and Ṣādiq bīk, were disciplesof Walī khān tūra. Afterwards, Shīr ‘Alī khān also became Walī khān tūra’s disciple
through an introduction by Bīk Ūghlī bīk’s wife. (ff. 37b-44a)- When Walī khān tūra was thirty years old, he was blessed with a son, Bāqir
khān tūra. When Bāqir khān tūra turned three, his sister, Pādshāh Āyim, was born. For
the ceremony to pierce holes in their ears, he invited his father, Pādshāh khān tūra, toChār-chaman and held a big banquet there. (ff. 44a-54a)- When Walī khān tūra was thirty-four years old, Pādshāh khān tūra designatedWalī khān tūra as his successor in his will. (ff. 54a-56b)- When Walī khān tūra was thirty-six years old, Pādshāh khān tūra miraculously
cured a lame man. (ff. 56b-59b)- When Walī khān tūra was forty-one years old, Pādshāh khān tūra died at theage of eighty- two. The inheritance was divided among his four sons and one daughter.
Walī khān tūra emancipated many inherited slaves and encouraged his brothers to doso; however, they refused. (ff. 59b-61b)
xxvi

Introduction- The elegy to Walī khān tūra was written in 1306 A.H. (ff. 61b-65b)
65 folios. Turkic. Size was not measured.
Manuscript B
The date and the title of the book are not mentioned.
This manuscript was written with a fountain pen on a notebook apparently madeduring the Soviet era and is newer than manuscript A. The copyist apparently was notparticularly skillful in writing Arabic letters. The content ends halfway (48b ofmanuscript A). It lacks the elegy to Walī khān tūra. Only facsimiles of the first and last
pages are published here.
93 pages. Turkic. 20.4 × 16.6 cm
2. Anonymous, Hagiography of Walī khān tūra (tentative title, prose)
Manuscript A
The date is not mentioned.
The content of this hagiography written in prose is almost the same as the abovementioned Rawḍat al-ansāb written in verse. It also starts with the events that occurred
before Walī khān tūra’s birth and ends with the events at the time when he was fortyone years old. It lacks the elegy to Walī khān tūra.
101 folios. Turkic. 26.6 × 14.8 cm
Manuscript B
The date is not mentioned.
This manuscript is almost identical to manuscript A. Only facsimiles of the firstand last pages are published here.
60 folios. Turkic. 26.4 × 15 cm

xxvii

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Genealogical Tables of a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan
Genealogical Table Based on the Genealogies 1-3

xxviiiIntroduction

Genealogical Table Based on the Deeds

Genealogical Table Based on the Hagiographiesxxix

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Notes to the Edition

1. Punctuation
Periods and commas are not used in the manuscripts. They are placed accordingly for the
purpose of readability.

2. SpellingThis text faithfully follows the spelling in the original manuscripts. However, in some cases, I
have changed the spelling to make the text easy to read. The following explains the principles
according to which the spelling was corrected.
1) The Arabic letters ‫پ‬, ‫ چ‬and ‫گ‬, characteristic of Persian and Turkic, are not used in the
manuscripts except in a few cases, in place of which the letters ‫ب‬, ‫ ج‬and ‫ ك‬are used. I have used
the letters ‫پ‬, ‫ چ‬and ‫ گ‬in the way they are used in the contemporary Tajik or Uzbek languages
when transcribed in the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets.
2) As a rule, words of Arabic and Persian origins are used in their correct orthographic forms,
i.e., words that appear on the original manuscript in a form different from the normal
orthography are altered to their normal orthographic forms. The spelling in the original
manuscript is shown in the footnotes.
3) As for the Persian language, in the case when the last letter “‫ ”ه‬of a past participle or the
first letter “ ‫ ” ا‬of “‫ ”اﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـﺖ‬is lacking, for example “‫ ”ﻛ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮده ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـﺖ‬or “‫ﻛ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮدﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـﺖ‬,” I have inserted thenecessary letters and spelled it such as “‫ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‬.”4) As for the Turkic language, the conjunctive ending “-[i]p” is represented as “‫]ى[ب‬.”5) The phonetic symbol ḍamma “ ُ ” which means “and,” for example “‫ﺣـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻤُﺪ ﺳـ ـ ـ ـ ـﭙﺎس‬,” is spelledwith wāw “‫و‬,” such as “‫ﺣﻤﺪ و ﺳﭙﺎس‬.”3. Symbols*** This symbol shows the texts lacking on the original documents or omitted by the author.
… This symbol shows that the necessary word is lacking and there is a blank space instead in
the manuscript.
××× This symbol shows that the word in question is not legible in the manuscript.

{ } These brackets show an insertion considered by the author necessary but missing in the
manuscript.
+

This symbol shows that the manuscript contains a word, a phrase or a sentence provided ina footnote, which is (are) considered unnecessary in the main text.

?

This symbol shows that the word in question is not clearly legible in the manuscript andthe spelling of the word cannot be determined.

xxx

Introduction

Additional Notes to the Critical Edition of Hagiographies

1. Indication of folio or page numbers(1a) Folio numbers of manuscript A are given.
{1a} Folio or page numbers of manuscript B are given.

2. Differences in spelling between manuscripts
This critical edition faithfully follows the spelling in manuscript A; the spelling in manuscript B
is shown in the footnotes.
However, the variants for Turkic words, for example, change or the presence or lack of shortvowels ( ‫ده‬- / ‫دا‬- ،‫ ﺳـ ـﺰ‬/ ‫)ﺳـ ـﻴﺰ‬, differences between consonants (‫ﻣـ ـﺎق‬- / ‫ﻣـ ـﺎك‬- ،‫ ﺗـ ـﻮغ‬/ ‫)ﺗـ ـﻮق‬, presence orlack of the word “and (‫)و‬,” change of the possessive suffix “‫ﻧ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻴﻨﮓ‬-” to the suffix “‫ﻧ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻰ‬-,” or
writing postpositions and suffixes together with the previous word or separately from it,(‫ دوﺳ ـ ـﺘﻼر‬/ ‫)دوﺳ ـ ـﺖ ﻻر‬, are not normalized. I have followed the spelling in manuscript A, although it
is not necessarily always spelled the same way, and no attached notes are made.

3. Symbols used only in the critical edition< > These brackets show direct speech in the prose texts.
[]

These brackets in the main text show that two or more words or sentences inside them arecorrected or added, or that in place of the indicated part the other variants are shown in theother manuscript.

This symbol shows that the form found in manuscript A was corrected. In the case it wascorrected on the basis of the form found in manuscript B, the form of manuscript A isshown in the footnotes. In the case the form found in manuscript B is also incorrect, it wascorrected by the author and the forms of manuscripts A and B are shown in the footnotes.

#

This symbol shows that a word, phrase or sentence is missing from manuscript A and has
been restored on the basis of manuscript B.

*

This symbol shows that a word, phrase or sentence is missing from manuscript B.

xxxi

Facsimiles

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

I. Genealogies
2. Genealogy of Sayyid Hāshim khān tūra, i3Facsimiles

2. Genealogy of Sayyid Hāshim khān tūra, ii

4

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

2. Genealogy of Sayyid Hāshim khān tūra, iii

5Facsimiles

3. Genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra, i6

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

3. Genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra, ii

7Facsimiles

3. Genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra, iii

8

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

3. Genealogy of Sayyid Maḥmūd khān tūra, iv

9Facsimiles

II. Fatwa
1. Fatwa, i

10Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Fatwa, ii

11Facsimiles

1. Fatwa, iii

12

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Fatwa, iv

13

Facsimiles

III. Decrees and Memorandum from the Rulers of Khoqand
1. Decree from Sayyid Muḥammad Shahrukh khān a, b

14

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

2. Decree from Sayyid Muḥammad Khudāyār khān a, b

15

Facsimiles

3. Memorandum from Shāh Murād khān a, b

16

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

IV. Deeds
Deed 1, i

17Facsimiles

Deed 1, ii

18

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 219

Facsimiles

Deed 320

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 421

Facsimiles

Deed 522

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 623

Facsimiles

Deed 724

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 825

Facsimiles

Deed 926

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 1027

Facsimiles

Deed 1128

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Deed 1229

Facsimiles

Deed 1330

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Deed 1431

Facsimiles

Deed 15

32

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Deed 16a33

Facsimiles

Deed 16b

34

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Deed 1735

Facsimiles

Deed 18

36

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 1937

Facsimiles

Deed 20, i

38

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 20, ii

39Facsimiles

Deed 21, i

40

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 21, ii

41Facsimiles

Deed 2242

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 23a43

Facsimiles

Deed 23b

44

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

Deed 2445

Facsimiles

V. Hagiographies
1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 1b-2a

46

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1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 2b-3a47

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 3b-4a48

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 4b-5a49

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 5b-6a50

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 6b-7a51

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 7b-8a52

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 8b-9a53

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 9b-10a54

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 10b-11a55

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 11b-12a

56

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1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 12b-13a57

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 13b-14a

58

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1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 14b-15a59

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 15b-16a

60

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 16b-17a61

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 17b-18a62

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 18b-19a

63

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 19b-20a64

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 20b-21a65

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 21b-22a

66

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 22b-23a67

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 23b-24a

68

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1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 24b-25a69

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 25b-26a70

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 26b-27a71

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 27b-28a72

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 28b-29a73

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 29b-30a74

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 30b-31a75

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 31b-32a76

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 32b-33a77

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 33b-34a

78

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 34b-35a79

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 35b-36a

80

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 36b-37a81Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 37b-38a82

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 38b-39a83

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 39b-40a84

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 40b-41a85

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 41b-42a

86

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 42b-43a87

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 43b-44a

88

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 44b-45a89

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 45b-46a

90

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 46b-47a91

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 47b-48a92

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 48b-49a

93

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 49b-50a

94

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 50b-51a

95

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 51b-52a

96

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 52b-53a

97

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 53b-54a

98

Private Archives on a Makhdūmzāda Family in Marghilan

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 54b-55a99

Facsimiles

1. Rawḍat al-ansāb A, ff. 55b-56a

100