Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

Pile Driving and Drilling Monitoring Survey Technology Using a Total Station
Kazuhide NAKANIWA
CEO, KUMONOS Corporation, Osaka, Japan

Mariana Chung ZOUEngineer, Business Planning Division, KUMONOS Corporation, Osaka, Japan
Email: mariana@kankou.co.jp

Daisuke NISHIManager, Business Planning Division, KUMONOS Corporation, Osaka, Japan
Email: nishi@kankou.co.jp

Hideki NAKAGOSHI
Chief Manager, Technical Development Division, KUMONOS Corporation, Osaka, Japan

ABSTRACT
Maintaining correct pile’s verticality or inclination during installation, while ascertaining the safety of laborers andcost-effectiveness, is a key factor for construction survey. Traditional methods involve a significant amount of manual
work, carried out using measurement rods and transits. Therefore, as more laborers are required, safety hazards also
increase. Traditional Total Stations (TSs) have cross-hair reticles and are used for calculating coordinates and locations.
Traditional cross-hair reticles in TSs are inadequate to measure structures that have pointed shapes, acute angles or noclearly identifiable center. Moreover, two laborers are required to take measurements when a prism is needed to indicate
distances and angles. To solve these problems, a new reticle fashioned with concentric circles, was developed andincorporated to TSs. Moreover, new TS releases eliminate the need of prisms by developing a one-man operated device
and incorporating the non-prismatic function. Baum Stations operation principle is based on aligning one of the circles
in the Baum reticle to both sides of a pile. Measurements can be performed without centerline identifiers and at any
inclination. Measurements can be performed even when there is insufficient distance to capture both sides of the pile, by
capturing one point on the side of the pile.

Key words: Cylindrical Structure, Total Station, Reticle, Central Coordinates, Concentric Circles, Pile, Piling

1. Introduction

pre-fabricated piles that are installed directly on the soil,

1.1. Background
Piles are frequently used as a foundation system ineither by hammering or pressing until the desired depth

which structural loads are transferred to bearing strata.

prefabricated piles; they can be made of concrete, steel

Their main objectives are avoiding uplifts, distributing

or timber. Drilled piles or shafts, on the other hand, areloads and preventing excessive settlement of theconstructed on-site. First, a deep excavation is made to

structure they support (Gue & Chow, 2009).

the bearing stratum, followed by a steel reinforcement

is achieved. There is a wide variety of materials to build

There are two main pile classifications depending

cage and a concrete mixture filling (Pile Drivingon the installation method: piles can be driven or drilled.

Contractors Association).

Combination of these two methods is also common,

Furthersuch as the case of pre-bored piles. Driven piles areconcerns

onperformanceandcost-effectiveness have led to an increased interest in- 641 -

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

the use of tilted piles, also known as batter piles

consists of position monitoring. The position is(Kavazanjian, 2006).

determined and maintained using measuring rods. In thisTilted piles have a higher resistance to lateral loads.

step, pile deviations from design can occur easily as the

These loads, aside from the seismic kind, also include

position of the pile is maintained in relation to thewinds and blasts, earth lateral pressure and displacement,

handheld rod’s length and position. Safety hazards are

and impacts from waves or currents. Nevertheless, theyalso elevated as laborers need to stay close to the pile

are seldom used due to difficulties in ascertaining andduring the installation process.

maintaining correct inclinations during installation.

The second step involves the use of two transits tomonitor pile’s verticality, as shown in Fig. 1. In this step,

Lately, a preference on using driven piles has been
increasing.

mainlythe transits need to be adjusted every time the pile is hit

pre-fabricated, they have added advantages, such as

Since

installed

piles

are

by the hammer or during drilling. This may cause afaster installation, fairly consistent performance andsignificant increase in the hand labor required. Moreover,uniformity in composition.

accuracy levels can drop as measurements and records
are mostly manually taken. It can also reflect in increased
cost for hand labor and security hazards.

1.2. On-site pile monitoring practiceFrequent concerns are related to pile’s integrity andstress conditions during driving. Therefore, various
technologies, such as the Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA),
developed by GRL Engineers, Inc., have been developed
to help address these concerns. This technology canmonitor the pile capacity, integrity, hammer performanceand driving stresses in real time (GRL Engineers, Inc.).
Another example of dynamic testing technology is
the Pile Driving Monitor (PDM); idea conceived by Dr.
JulianSeidelof

AFT(Advanced

Fig. 1

Foundation

Manual method of pile monitoring, using two or
more transits

Technologies). This technology, similar to the PDA,
focuses on pile’s capacity and condition monitoring

Recent(Advanced Foundation Technologies, 2015).

approaches

includethe

SINDS_Pile

Management System, developed by Inoue Sokuryo,

Nevertheless, methods regarding positioning of

which uses auto tracking TS, and a specially developed

piles on-site and to ascertain verticality or correct incline;

system to monitor the pile driving process. With thisare not frequently improved. A high level of trust is put

system, the operator is able to control the pile’s positionon pile leads to maintain the correct position of the pile

via a monitor located in a vehicle. Nevertheless, several

while driving; yet, this method does not provide records

devices need to be used, such as communication unitsof pile’s position changes during driving nor ensures thatand in-vehicle computer (Inoue Sokuryo, 2012).
Another example is the “Kuimoni” system,

the pile was driven at the correct angle.
Modern practices, used mostly for piles driven on

developed by TAIYU Co., Ltd. This system consists of awaterbodies, involve use of several instruments, such asdevice that monitors pile’s position by attaching thetotal stations, inclinometers and markings over thedevise directly to the pile’s surface while driving.

structure (Fierro Jr., 2012).

However, it requires the devise to be attached directly to

In Japan, common practice during pile driving to

the pile, which can prove to be troublesome when driving

ascertain verticality and position is carried out manually

several piles (TAIYU Co., Ltd., 2012).

by two steps process (Nakaniwa, Yabuki, Kitayama &GPS-based systems for monitoring drilled piles are

Makizumi, 2012). The pile’s position can change after

being developed and used increasingly by European

each hammer hit or during drilling, therefore constantcontractors, although not as frequently by North

position change monitoring is needed. The first step

American countries. Examples of systems, which use- 642 -

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

GPS for horizontal positioning, are the “B-APS Assistant

are taken and recorded simultaneously with the driving

Positioning System integrated in the B-Tronic System”

process by using the TS. Most importantly, cylindrical,

by Bauer and the “Drilling Mate System” by Soilmec

pointed and sharp corner shaped structures can be

North America. Improvements to piling equipment aremeasured efficiently.

also made, such as attaching inclinometers to the drill
masts which allow for remote monitoring, neverthelessthere is still the need to verify verticality by using levels.

1.3.2.
Baum reticle
The Baum reticle consists of a gauge numbered(Hertlein et al., 2016).

from 1 to 14. The gauge numbered 1 is represented as

TS is a surveying instrument used to measure andmarks in the reticle, therefore there are 13 concentric

record distances, elevations and angles. A typical TS iscircles drawn. Even values are represented by a solid

equipped with s cross-hair reticle, which center islined circumference while odd values are representedaligned to the centerline on the structure when carrying

with a dashed lined circumference, shown in Fig. 2, toout measurements. However, it is very difficult to alignreduce reading mistakes.

a TS’s cross-hair reticle to the centerline of a cylindrical

The first gauge value is 0.226 mm, and circles are

structure, such as most piles, when not clearly indicated.

spaced at a 0.226 mm interval as well. Calculations are

Therefore, TSs have not been used frequently for pileautomatically done by knowing this value and theinstallation works.

Baum’s reading value. The spacing of 0.226 mm was

New TS has a non-prism function which eliminatesobtained after calculations and experimental tests. This

the need for a prism, therefore no extra laborer isvalue also proved to increase precision of measurement

needed to carry the prism in order to carry out

for Leica Geosystem’s TS, considering a proportion of

measurements.

1:1000, width to distance, in experimental tests

This

improvements

withcost-effectiveness and reduces safety hazards by(Nakaniwa, Yabuki, Nishi & Dzianis, 2016).

eliminating unnecessary hand labor. However, thedifficulty in measuring structures with cylindrical,

1.3.3.

pointed or sharp corner shapes still remains if using a

Dedicated software

In conjunction to the Baum reticle, a dedicatedcross-hair reticle.

software was released to automatically execute thecalculations related to the new reticle. This software was

1.3. TS with a built-in “Baum”

named “Trinos”.

1.3.1. Overview
To solve the issue of measuring cylindrical

Station. It consists of several functions, which are:structures, a new reticle was developed. It is fashioned“Radius Offset”, “Sphere Offset”, “Line Offset”, “Point

with a unique scale, which has a concentric circle

Offset”, “Plane Offset” and “Pile Offset”. These

pattern. It was named “Baum”. In German, the word

functions are described in more depth in section 2.

The software interface is installed on every Baum

“Baum” means tree. Tree annual rings are shaped inconcentric circles; therefore the reason for naming the
new reticle “Baum”, the new reticle resembles a tree’s
annual rings.
When using a Baum Station, measurements arecarried out by aligning one of the circles in the reticle tothe outer sides of the object to be measured. By
installing the Baum reticle on a TS with non-prismaticfunction, required hand labor is reduced to the device
operator. Safety hazards are reduced as well by
eliminating the need to go near the installation site formeasuring. Data accuracy increases as measurements

Fig. 2- 643 -

Baum reticle

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

2. Baum implementation options
2.1. Measuring cylindrical structures
The measurement of cylindrical structures waspreviously almost impossible to carry out without
placing centerline identifiers on the object. It has
become now possible by using a Baum reticle, which
additionally makes the process straightforward.
Measurement, when using a Baum Station, is
carried out by aligning two points on the circumferenceof one circle of the Baum reticle to parallel outer sidesof the object to be measured, as shown in Fig. 3. The

Fig. 4

resulting reading value is indicated by the gauge

Cylindrical structures can be measured at any
inclination

numbers on the Baum reticle.
2.2. Measurement of central axis coordinates
The basic method of using the Baum reticle relies

When both sides of the structure fall within twocircles on the Baum scale; the gauge value must be

on aligning both outer sides of piles to one circle on thepresumed. Experimental results have shown that the

Baum reticle. The “Trinos” software includes several

experience of the TS operator can be considered

functions, which are selected depending on the object toirrelevant to Baum reticle’s gauge readings. The impact

be measured.

of Baum Station operators on the readings was

When using the “Radius Offset” function, both

calculated through experimental tests. The error

sides of the structure are aligned with a circle on thecalculated in these tests, considering TS operators with

Baum reticle, shown in Fig. 5, which makes it possible

different years of experience, was shown to be 1 mm at

to locate the center of the object. After the

10 m away (Nakaniwa, et al., 2012).

measurements are taken, the center’s coordinates are

Additionally, when measuring pile positions,

automatically calculated in the “Trinos” software. The

regardless of whether they are to be driven vertically or

calculation principle is based on the assumption thattilted, the Baum reticle can adjust to varied tilts andmeasured object’s cross sectional shape is a true circle.

measure successfully, as shown in Fig. 4.

Therefore, central coordinates are obtained by offsetting
the radius value from the measured point.
Additionally, when the radius value of the pile is
known, it can be used directly for calculations.
Otherwise the Baum Station can measure the radius
when the values are unknown.
With same principle as previously described,
thorough the “Sphere Offset” function, it is possible tocalculate the center of a sphere by only capturing one
Fig. 3point on its surface.

Baum measuring alignment for cylindricalstructures- 644 -

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

located are measured. Simultaneously, the Baum’s
reticle is used to offset the distance from those points tothe exact point located on the perimeter corresponding
to each measurement point on the structure. Afterwards,
the offset vertical and horizontal perimeter lines areextended and the resulting intersecting point, whichcorresponds to the corner’s value, can be located, as
shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 5“Radius Offset” measurement principle

Finally, for specific use with pile installations, the“Pile Offset” function is available. With this function it
is possible to measure the position and tilt of the pile or
any other cylindrical object by measuring two points on
the centerline of the pile. It is also possible to obtain
unknown pile coordinates as well as any point along thecenterline of the “offset line”.
2.3. Measuring pointed shapes or sharp corners
The exact point on sharp corners or pointed shapes“Point Offset” measurement principle

Fig. 6cannot be measured using the conventional cross-hairs
3. Method

reticle equipped with TS because its laser beam would

developedfor

implementing

Baum

Stations in pile installation projects

pass a corner or a point that is to be measured, thus

3.1. Overview
As discussed in the previous section, the uniqueyielding errors in measurement results.
The Baum reticle can be used to carry out

configuration of the Baum Station’s reticle makes it

measurements for these geometries by two different

possible to measure cylindrical structures at any

methods depending on the object. The final coordinates

inclination. As projects that use piles as their foundation

are obtained by offset calculations.

structure increase, so does the demand for technologies

When measuring an object with a pointed geometry,andsuch as telecommunication antennas, the “Point Offset”

methods

forcontrolling

accuracyofpile

installation.

function is used. As shown in Fig. 6, the intersection of

Therefore, a method for measuring piles’ position

the cross-hairs is aligned to the last measurable point on

during installation was developed, which employs thethe object, red point. Next, a circle on the Baum scale is

Baumused to offset the distance from the center of thestation.

This

method

was

named

PM

(Piling-Measurement) Method.

cross-hair reticle to the tip of the object, green point on

In addition to the PM method, improvements were

Fig. 6.

also made to the basic “Trinos” software. The new

Furthermore, with the “Line Offset” function, it issoftware was named “Trinos+”. Main improvements topossible to measure non visible values along thethe “Trinos” software are related to pile installation andcenterline of the pile by offsetting the values from lastare based in the “Radius Offset” function and are

visible points. It is also possible to obtain unknown pileapplied in the new “Pile Driving Function”.

coordinates as well as any point along the centerline of

Improvements on the “Trinos+” software include

the “offset line”.

the capacity to upload pile design files, automaticIn the case of sharp corners, the “Plane Offset”

calculations of position deviations and incline deviation

function is used. Measurable points along the verticalfrom the design data and addition of pile measurement

and horizontal line of the wall in which the corner is- 645 -

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

options of “One Side” or “2 Side” measurement. These
improvements are described in more detail in section
3.3.

Fig. 8 PM Method, Stage 1, before excavation

Fig. 7"Plane Offset" measurement principle

3.2. PM (Piling-Measurement) Method
The Baum Station’s PM method was developed
mainly for pre-bored pile installations. It consists of a“survey results sheet”, in which mandatory coordinate
measurements are specified for the boring and pileFig. 9 PM Method, Stage 2, during excavation

installation processes. Measurements taken during theboring and pile installation are filled into the “PMStage 3: During Pile Installation

Survey Results Sheets”; screenshots of the measuring-

results from the TS’s screen, are added and handed overPile cap coordinates are measured before final
pile’s settlement, Fig. 10.

as survey results.

-

This method provides standardized steps, in which

Read values are compared to design values, further
increasing accuracy.

coordinates of the pile and drilling machine are-

Pile position coordinate records are available.

constantly taken and recorded. Results are delivered into
the “PM Survey Results Sheets” during four different
stages. The stages are illustrated from Fig. 8 to Fig. 11
and described below.
Stage 1: Before Excavation-

Start drilling location is checked to ascertain
correct

designlocation

coordinates

beforeexcavation, Fig. 8.
-

Construction errors can be decreased.

Fig. 10 PM Method, Stage 3, during pile installation

Stage 2: During Excavation:-

Stage 4: Before Final Pile Settlement

Piling rod's coordinates can be monitored and-recorded during excavation, Fig. 9.
-

Connection point between the pile driver and thepile is measured as the pile cap is no longer visible,

Coordinates recordings are available for all theFig. 11.

excavation process.

-

Read coordinates are compared to design values toverify correct position.

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Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

Stage 5: After Final Pile Settlement

interface settings were developed based on the “Radius-

Optional Step.

Offset Function”.

-

After completing installation, the center point of

Other benefit of using the Baum Station is that by

the pile can be measured once more to verify

using the screenshot function on the TS, it is possible tocorrect positioning.

record the device’s work screen with the final
measurement data and create detailed survey reports.
In Fig. 12, measurement interface for the “Radius
Offset Function” is shown. In Fig. 13, the improvements
made, included in “Trinos+” software version, to the“Radius Offset Function” interface is shown.
By uploading the project’s design data into the TSwith the each pile’s design position coordinates,
differences

betweendesignvaluesandactualmeasurement values can be calculated and displayed forreference or corrections. By selecting the “Coordinate”

Fig. 11 PM Method, Stage 4, before final pile settlement

option from the “Guide Method” menu, X and Y
Improvement studies in of the PM method tocoordinate deviations are displayed as numerical values,

traditional methods were carried out, obtaining monetary

which can be used by the operator to control pile

improvements of 43.7%, mainly due to unnecessary

positions for a more efficient driving processes.

handlabor reduction. Hand labor is reduced from 4

As shown in Fig. 14, by changing the “Guide

laborers to 1, only requiring the Baum Station operator.

Method” to “Line”, the differences of X and Y values

The improvement calculations were based on a project infrom the design values are shown as position arrows

which 10 piles of 1m diameter and 20m long werefrom the operator’s point of view. This option is useful

installed. Only the measurement section of pilefor pile position corrections on site. The option to

installation was taken into account for the comparisons.

choose known or unknown radius was removed since

Calculations were based on comparison of machinery

the radius of pre-manufactured piles is always known.

and labor costs.

Measurement results are saved with a new file nameautomatically. Moreover, it is possible to selectTable 1.

Improvement Percentage Calculation

subsequent piles from the uploaded file to continue theTraditional

driving process without having to set up the TS all over

PM Method
Cost

334,500 JPY

MethodImprovement594,500 JPY

again. Data is saved in chronological order for eachmeasurement,

43.73%

with corresponding X, Y and Z

coordinate values.
3.3. “Pile Driving Function”

Design, measurement and result data are recorded,

The “Pile Driving Function” was developed toused and compared throughout the survey; all relevant
data are recorded in a single screen.

assist in the surveying of prefabricated pile installations
within the PM method. The new modifications to theMoreover, it proves to be an efficient way to create

basic “Radius Offset Function” were made to specificallyrecords for pile construction and management. Since

support pile installation by comparing design data withdata such as pile number, radius, design coordinates,

on-site data, through the “Trinos+” software.

measured coordinates, eccentricity, measuring time, etc.

The “Pile Driving Function” consists of two

are contained in the same display screen, by creatinginterface settings; the first is “2 Sides”, which is usedscreenshots; reports can be easily created. Transcript

when both sides of the object are visible. The second

errors and work time are also reduced, as the need tosetting is “1 Side”, which is used when only one side ofrewrite and digitize on-site hand-written data is

the object is visible due to site restrictions. Theseeliminated.

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Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

3.4. Baum Station additional accessories: “Pile Navi”
This system was developed as an addition to Baumequipped TS mainly for installing tilted piles. Thissystem enables precise pile driving and comprehensible
process as all navigation is performed from theoperator’s point of view and in real time.

Fig. 14

Improved Baum Station work interface for pile
installation, “Line Guide Mode”

Therefore, during the process of pile driving, as tilt
and depth values are simultaneously calculated anddisplayed, immediate pile position corrections are
possible. This enables to achieve a higher accuracy level
Fig. 12as data is measured and recorded immediately.

Basic Baum Station work interface

First, measurements are performed by the Baum
The application’s system quantifies the tilt andStation, then, measurement records are transferred

depth of the pile, as well as the correction amount for the

directly to a Portable Digital Assistant (PDA) through thedriving position. It allows the operator to clearly view thedeveloped program, which performs the tilt and depth

correct position.

calculations as well. Fig. 15 shows the navigationinterface of the “Pile Navi” accessory.
This system works as an additional accessory to the
Baum station and is most useful when monitoring the
installation of tilted piles.
4. Baum Station use cases
4.1. Overview
Since its release, the Baum Station has been used ina variety of projects. The Baum Station has been
employed for pile installations of projects in urban areas

Fig. 13

as well as in large scale projects in mountainous areas.

Improved Baum Station work interface for pile
installation, “Coordinate Guide Mode”

Due to its high accuracy for monitoring pile installation,
it is used more frequently in projects where the pile’s
final position is of utmost importance. Below are someexamples of projects in which the Baum Station was
utilized for high accuracy pile installation.
4.2. R&D (Research and Development) Center
construction
 Piles Installed: 44 in total
 Pile Diameter: between 400mm and 600mm
 Installation Requirements:
displacement of 50mm

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maximum allowableProceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

4.5. Industrial building construction
 Piles Installed: 60
 Installation Requirements: vertical accuracy neededfor driving short piles, length of 10m
 Pile Diameter: 400mm to 900mm
 Special Site Conditions: marked difference between
soil’s soft layer and hard layer, which increases therisk of piles driving or drilling out of alignment Accuracy Achieved: between 7mm and 99mm
4.6. SummaryFig. 15

Presented from section 4.2. to 4.5., were some"Pile Navi" system interface

successful projects in which the PM Method in Special Site Conditions: steel structure constructed
directly over installed piles, therefore the need to

conjunction with the Baum Station was used to achieve

keep piles deviations from design data at a

has been successfully used to minimize pile deviations

minimum.

in projects, such as the case of the Daiken Industry’s Accuracy Achieved: all except 2 piles were driven
with accuracies between 6mm and 47mm, which fall

R&D Center, in which deviations from design positions

within the accuracy required. Only piles #42, with a

The PM Method in conjunction with the Baumdeviation of 79mm and pile #43 with a deviation of

Station also provides a good monitoring system for

114mm were outside the margin of acceptabledifficult installations, such as the case of short piles,

displacement.

presented in section point 4.5., which can drive out ofhigh level of pile position accuracy. The Baum Station

can affect the project negatively.

alignment easily. Another example was presented in
4.3. Application

of

new

civil

section 4.4., which was a project carried out in anengineeringurbanized area, therefore, there was a lot of interference

construction methods
 Piles Installed: 14

from automobiles, pedestrians and buildings. In this Installation Requirements: high level of accuracy for
management.

case, the “1 Side” function from the PM method, Pile Diameter:800mm

due to the limited construction space on the project.

developed for the Baum Station, proved to be helpful

 Special Site Conditions: Mountainous area withconstruction of highway piers, sloped ground, andlarge scale civil engineering projects, as described in

hard strata with a fine sand layer.

section 4.3. It was used successfully for the installation

 Accuracy Achieved: level between 13mm and75mm.

of larger diameter piles in a mountainous area.

Finally, the Baum Station can also be used for

5. Concluding remarks
As discussed previously, some of the merits of

4.4. Residential building development
 Piles Installed: 26

using the Baum station when pile driving are listed

 Installation Requirements: deep piles installation toprevent slippage of the building

below:

 Pile Diameter: 600mm to 700mm

 Higher measurement accuracy compared to the widelyused manual methods.

 Special Site Conditions: real time quantitative
monitoring required due to high traffic area, large

 Real time corrections can be made during pile
installation.

number of obstacles and city center construction

 By using the Piling-Measurement Method, cost can be
reduced by 43%.

 Accuracy Achieved: between 10mm and 70mm

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Proceedings of the First International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2018, Kochi

 Necessary manual labor is reduced comparing totraditional methods from 4 to 1.

Campus (ACEM - SUTS) 1-Day Joint Seminar On"Pile Foundation Design".

 Survey result errors are reduced as screenshots ofmeasuring results can be used directly, eliminating the

GRL Engineers, Inc. Retrieved from:https://www.grlengineers.com/wp-content/uploads/

need for hand calculations with results automatically

2017/11/Dynamic-Pile-Monitoring-Service-Details

displayed on the Baum Station screen.

.pdf.

 Tilted piles incline can be monitored accurately andcorrected accordingly when using the “Pile Navi”

Hertlein, B, Verbeek, G, Fassett, R, and Arnold, M.

accessory.

2016.

A comparison of quality management forboredpile/drilled

shaft(BP/DS)

foundation

 No extra hand labor required as only the TS operator
is needed for survey works.

construction and the implementation of recent As the pile driving process is recorded from start tofinish, extensive monitoring data is created.

Deep Foundations Institute, Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp.

 The drilling rod’s position during excavation is also
recorded and verified.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19375247.2016.1255426.

technologies,
87-94.

in DFI Journal - The Journal of theRetrieved from:

Inoue Sokuryo. 2012. SINDS_Pile Management System.

 Pile’s position from start to finish is recorded andverified.

Retrieved from: Records are created and delivered in a standard format
by using the PM Method for vertical pre-bored piles

driver/.

https://www.rexse.com/category/displacement/pile
Kavazanjian, E. Jr. 2006. A Driven Pile Advantage:

and the “Trinos+” software for calculation results.

Batter Piles, in Pile Driver, Vol.3, pp. 21-25.
Retrieved from:

6. Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Sokken Co., Ltd. for providing

http://www.piledrivers.org/files/uploads/45463155

information on the user’s experience with the Baum

Nakaniwa, K., Yabuki, N., Kitayama, T. and Makizumi,-400b-45ab-9d09-19237add497f.pdf.
T. 2012. Development of the concentric reticle

Station in the various projects presented in section 4.
Finally, we want to thank the Japanese Press-In“Baum” for optical surveying instrument, in 14th

Association for inviting us to The 1st International

International Conference on Computing in Civil

Conference on Press-in Engineering.

and Building Engineering, pp. 486-487.
Nakaniwa, K., Yabuki, N., Nishi, D. and Dzianis, P.
2016. Development of a New Method for

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