ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻ⏎ჼБ˹͠ˏɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ɹ֪઴ᇕ቉ድʍɹែ៓⏎ೢǵᦏǵ༚ǵ߄*The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and Mus. t. afā al-Sibā‘ı̄:A Methodological Approach to the Study of the Islamic
Movements in Contemporary Syria
SUECHIKA Kota*
The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, which is the most prominent Islamic movementin the Syrian Republic, has rarely been examined, whether in its organisational or its
ideological dimensions. This can be attributed to the fact that the Brotherhood has beenoutlawed and militarily suppressed by the Ba‘thist regime since the early 1960s. In orderto move towards a more comprehensive understanding of the movement, this researchnote will try to explore the ideological dimension of the Syrian Brotherhood, focusing
on the inner logic of the movement during its formative period. This will be done by
studying its most influential ideologue, Mus. t.afā al-Sibā‘ı̄ (1915-64), during the formative
period of the movement from the 1940s to 1960s. The aim of this research note, however,is not only to fill a blank in the study of the Syrian Brotherhood, but also to consider
a methodological approach to it. Since most scholars of “Republican Syrian Studies”
perceive the Syrian Brotherhood as an anti-establishment sub-actor to the regime, one
can say that the analytical framework for the study of the movement as a subject in itself
has not yet been established. The present task is thus to make case studies and derivefrom them some theoretical arguments.
Accordingly, this research note suggests that “Contemporary Syrian Studies,”when understood as Area Studies, can facilitate proper understanding of the Syrian
Brotherhood under the leadership of al-Sibā‘ı̄. The Syrian Brotherhood thus should not
be exclusively dealt within the context of the Syrian Republic, but within that of Syria(Greater Syria, al-shām) as an ‘area' still undergoing various attempts at state-building,which include “Syrianism” and Arab nationalism. This drive towards state-building is
traced back to the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the interwar period*ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, KyotoUniversity318

ೢᦏ⏧˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻwhen the present nation states (the “Lesser Syrias” such as Republican Syria, Lebanon,Jordan, Palestine/Israel) emerged as a result of the geographical division of Syria byBritain and France. To observe al-Sibā‘ı̄ and the Syrian Brotherhood through the prismof the dynamics and interrelations of these various ideologies surrounding the questionof ‘how Syria ought to be' will help to overcome the established recognition of thedichotomy between the Syrian Brotherhood vs. the Ba‘th party or, by extension, Islam vs.
secularism, and to draw a more sound picture of the movement.
ǵ1ȅ͉̲͛ͅȇ࿚ఴ͈ਫ਼हǵЁ౗⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻ⏋Ԋ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬Ԓɹ೎߂ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ɗɹਲ਼઎͹༎֪ɴᬠɐʳ቉ድɻϋɌȼ⏋ࡸ઴ɻʓɭ˃ɰ଴வɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ɗɹ؅‫܍‬ɻ⏋60 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ɴȲȿʳ᧊֪ɹᯃ‫غ‬໬‫׋‬ɭకঌɴʭʳ঎ᩂɲʳৗ‫ܦ‬ɹɛʠ⏋༎֪ɗɹʢɹȵ‫ܩ‬άɴᭉࡴɇʶɩȦʳɄɭʦ⏋ԇᬖɇʶʳ੻‫ݬ‬ȵෑʠɩࢹɲȦɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʭȩ⏏᧊֪ɹᐵ‫غ‬ᇕჿៗɴ‫ك‬ȿɩ⏋ፆᓔɻ⏋႕ɴɄʶʚɫ໶ᇿɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹਲ਼઎ࢃɛɠɴ့ဣˁ‫غ‬ʼɓɩʛɛȦ⏏ჼБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫɻ⏋ਲ਼઎ɭȦȩԒᇕɲ̋˓̠͊̀͌ˁද២ɐʳɄɭɻέ‫خ‬๕ɲс෌ɫȡʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴɻɗʶˁᠧ
ʛៗȼɛʠɹ̘˥˽̜ȵᢌ࢏ɴࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏
ǵɗɄɫೣዣɫɻ⏋ಁБˁ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ০ଁ͹ᇍࣙೝɫȡʳ 1940 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰ 60 ॷБ՟ᰄɴ៯ࡴɌ⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹօ៯ᓔɫȡʱ೎߂ɹ˓̚ˠͦͻ˫ɭɇʶʳ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻ⏃Mus. tafā
al-Sibā‘ı̄, 1915-64⏆ɹਲ਼઎ˁɭʱȡɁʳ⏏˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻਲ਼઎ɭᶈ౩ೝɹ‫ؾ‬ᔟ.
܎ˁᓒȭʳɄɭɻ⏋᧊֪ɹԃкӉˁ଴வɐʳȩȭɫෑʠɩᩂឹɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɦ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ɄɄɫᇿ୭ɐɹɻ቉ድΫɹዷᇐˁ‫ݏ‬ʠʳɄɭɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋቉ድɹ๕߭ɭȦȩϟࡸʭʱʢ⏋‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ˁտ๖ᇕɲࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɌɩȋٞᑉ‫׋‬ȍɌ⏋ʚɛɗʶˁࢅ᠗Ɍᐚȿɩȷɛ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɹȋ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍɴȲȿʳ౅໬ᠶᇕմரɴȡʳɭៜȭʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ςкɭɌɩɹ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ˁՕഓɐʳɛʠɹങᏼʛȵተጓɇʶɩȦɲȦɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ϟࡸɹៗ౩ɭ౅໬ᠶᇕմரɹද២⏋ៜȦȴȭʶɽϟёɭՕഓങᏼʛɭˁ‫ؾ‬ಁɴᡴᠶɓɊʳˁ਄ɲȦɹȵჼႥɫȡʱ⏋য়ᯆɹᠩᰍɻθᓔɹ‫ك౅ؘ‬ᇕᓒ࢘ˁᦽʠʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ೣዣɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ɗɹɛʠɹ 1 ๰ˁᤑʛՏɐɄɭɴȡʳ⏏Гάɫɻ⏋ʚɑ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɭয়ಁɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹᏬயˁ᠅ʛ⏋৳ʰˁ୼ȭʳɛʠɹ౅໬ᠶᇕմரˁද២ɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɗʶȵ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹᐵ‫غ‬ᇕჿៗɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲઝ٢͹ઝᒶˁʢɦɹȴᓒȭɩʛɛȦ⏏
ǵɲȲ⏋ೣዣɫኍɇʶʳȋ˹͠ˏȍɭɻ⏋႕ɴ୭ࡴɹɲȦᭉʱჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ˹͠ˏ͹ˏ̸͞Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɫɻɲȼȦʼʪʳȋ๴‫ر‬ᇕ˹͠ˏȍ⏃ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɫɻȋ˹͑ͻ͌‫౅ܩ‬ȍʚɛɻȋ˽ͻ͠ͻ͓ȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏆ˁ୭ɐ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋Ё౗ɹ˹͠ˏ͹ˏ̸͞Ԋ‫⏃ܕٮ‬ГάԊ‫⏆ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬⏋̨̫ͤͲ⏋319ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬̋͜͡Ͳ⏋̮ͤ˽̠̍⏒˓˽͞˛͡ɴ̜͡˱ɭ˓͞˪ɹΥᨆˁ֓ȭɛ⏋͇̋˽ˡ˽⏃˹͑ͻ͌⏆ˁμਕɭɐʳᑃʦȴɲ‫ޅ‬ᅠ᠗ᡫɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɫȡʳ⏏

2ȅΑͻΨȜͼȜ͂ΏςͺȆθΑςθ൳༾౬͈౪୆Ȇอജ
2.1ȁΑͻΨȜͼȜ͈୆‫͂پ‬এேǵ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋ፀΥ๖߂଍μɹ 1915 ॷ⏋ˠ˽͇Ͳज़‫ܕ‬᯿˹͠ˏɹ́͌˽ɴᅊʚʶɛ⏏ज़‫ܕ‬ɹᦹ‫ܕغ‬үɴࢪɐʳఞ‫ˏ͠˹⏋৿׌‬ɻᗔЅɴʭɤɩՕւ͹ఌᨗɇʶ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹԊ‫Ͳ̨̫ͤ⏋ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɭȦɤɛ̦˓˹͚Ͳ͹˽̘˓̜ᒴ⏃ፆᓔɻȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍɭ٧ʉ⏆ɴԗᑂɇʶɩȦɤɛ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌‫ࢃܕ‬ˠ˽͇Ͳज़‫ܕ‬ȵៗкɇʶ⏋຦౏⏋ࡱఠ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ɭȦɤɛෙਥȵ༑֪‫׋‬ɌɩȦɛಁೝɴ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻᔒɠ⏋ᅊ༯ɹ‫ץ‬ՕГΫˁ՞৔ɹඨ຦‫ܩ‬ఌᨗάɫ᧌ɅɌɛϟࡸɻ⏋৳ɹਲ਼઎ɭ༎֪ˁᓒȭʳȩȭɫᩂឹɲဣɫȡʳ⏏
ǵᘿ‫ؿ‬ɲ˗͇͞ͻɹࢃᏙɴᅊʚʶ⏋ॾࢹೝʭʱ˓˽͞ͻ͌࡝ˁ࡝ʃ⏋18 ๳ɹɭȷɴɻˡ˓ͦɹˏ̩̀͡࡝᭏ɴᅥ࡝⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɹ‫⏆͓ͻ͊͠ͻˏ⏃شަ׭‬ˁ‫؜‬਄ɐʳ⏏ɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋͞˹ͻ̝͹̋͠ͻȵˡ˓ͦɴ៯ጓɌɛȋ̋˗ͩ͹˓͡˹͑ͻ̝⏃ఠࡺɭఠࢷ⏆࡝᭏ȍɫʢ࡝ʃ⏋ఒᯊ༐ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ਲ਼઎ɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿɛɭɇʶʳ⏏˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻਲ਼઎ɻ⏋ਲ਼઎‫ر‬ᇕɴɻ̋͠ͻʰɹȋ͇̠ͻ͡༐ȍɹ˵̶͞ˑͻςᒶɹ༑ʶˁȼʞʢɹɫȡʱ␩ࢸ೰ 1994: 126␭⏋˓˻͖̘ˑ̩ͻ̝⏃໬ៀࡴᇍឿɹɛʠɹ֗֐͹‫ۊ‬ဤ⏆ɹ༎ਸ‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹჼБᇕៗᨾˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ᦏБГᭇɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫᅊɍɛᡉ‫ک‬ᰍɴጓɠ‫ك‬ȴȩɄɭˁᇿ୭Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻȵᑂᮃ͹ᇍ᝔Ɍɛ˹͠ˏ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹลᬠ᠖ȏ͇̠ͻ͡ȑɭȏృ͇̠ͻ͡ȑɹ‫ؿ‬ዌɴᝠʶɩȦʳɭៜȭʭȩ⏏˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋1945 ॷȴʰ͇̋˽ˡ˽߂࡝ɫఠᯡˁ‫؜‬ʱ⏋55 ॷɴɻ˹͑͠ͻˏ࡝ᨆˁ៯ጓ⏋ᕶʰ࡝ᨆᬏɴࣃКɌȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ԃೆȑɹᑂᑻɴࣉ֐ɐʳɲɰ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ఠᔒɹՕᩃɫ߂ȷɲ֒ᑡˁ๿ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᘿೆɻȏ˽Ͳ̠ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕጓ໬ɴȲȿʳɗɹеᒞȑ⏃՟ႆ 1949 ॷ⏆ʦȏ᯺ៜᓔШȑ⏃՟ႆ 1962 ॷ⏆ɲɰȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳȵ␩al-Sibā‘ı̄ 1998; 1999␭⏋ਲ਼઎ࢃɭɌɩɹ৳ɹ‫ؿ‬ˁγɴሾʰɌʠɛɹȵȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑɫȡʳ␩al-Sibā‘ı̄ 1960␭⏏ೣೆɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ፀ 4 ፲ɫ៘ʶʳɄɭɭɐʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ࡝‫ک‬ᇕ᯿‫ݖ‬ɞȿɫɲȼ⏋క໠ᇕ᯿‫ݖ‬ɴȲȦɩዩෑᇕɴɗɹਲ਼઎ˁࡸᤋɌʭȩɭɌɛɭɄʸɴ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹʁɭɦɹ႕ਐȵȡʳ⏏৳ɻី໽ɹѢᅭɴࢪɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹᬿ᝚ˁ៲ȭᐚȿɛ⏏೎՟ɹ‫ؙ‬ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ςᒶ༎֪ɻ 15 ๳ɹɭȷɫȡʳɭៜʼʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹ৿
ᅊ༯ɫ 5 ঎ɴʢʼɛʱᗔ͹Ѕඨ຦‫֐ֳܩ‬ɴᦻ஁͹ହაɇʶɩȦʳ⏏୨‫ک‬ʦ৔ը֝ӈˁ‫ي‬ʞ᧌ᨦɲაμᅊ༎ȵʢɭɫ᤹кˁ੮Ȧ⏋1964 ॷɴ๷ؑɐʳʚɫɹᏝ 20 ॷᬚ⏋᬴ᆖᅊ༎ˁᦢʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ␩al-Ist.awānı̄ 2000: 27-37␭⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹ 20 ॷᬚɄɗȵ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻȵਲ਼઎ࢃɭɌɩ⏋ɗɌɩక໠༎֪ࢃɭɌɩ೎ʢᥞȦɛಁೝɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗʶˁᢒਐɐʳɹȵ⏋1946 ॷɴᐄଁɇʶɛ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɫȡʳ⏏
320ೢᦏ⏧˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻ

2.2ȁΏςͺȆθΑςθ൳༾౬͈ঃഎജ‫ٳ‬ǵ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋˛˻̺̜ᅥ࡝ಁБɴ‫ܕؾ‬ɹ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ͍Ͳ̫ͻɭɌɩ⏋য়ಁ˛˻̺̜ˁఌᨗɌɩȦɛ˓˧͠˽ɴࢪɐʳ᬴ϝɴؒ֓Ɍɛ⏏͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹօ៯ᓔ̩˵Ͳ͹̫Ͳ̠ͻɭɻ⏋ᅊ༯ˁᦲɌɛ‫ؗ‬Ϻɫȡɤɛɭɇʶʳ␩Abd-Allah 1983: 98; al-Ist.awānı̄ 2000: 30-34␭⏏
1941 ॷɴ˛˻̺̜ȴʰఖᨉɹ˹͠ˏɴଖɤɛ৿ʢ⏋́͌˽ɫȋ̩͌Ͳ͇̝ᮾॷ܎ȍˁ៯ጓɌ⏋̶͞Ͳ˽ඨ຦‫ܩ‬కঌɴࢪɐʳ᬴ϝˁࣙᬖɌɛȵ⏋46 ॷɴয়ಁ༎֪ɌɩȦɛɇʚɊʚɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌܎кˁᐏ‫⏋غ‬๭িɴ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ˁ‫ؿ‬ώɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ᏼᑩɹ՟Бȋ೎Პᇺሞᓔȍɴ᧧Տɇʶɛ⏏40 ॷБɻ˛˻̺̜ɫࠃʚɤɛ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ȵЈɹȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍɴʢ๖Ǿɴఌᨆˁ៯ጓɌɩȦɤɛಁೝɫʢȡʳȵ⏋˹͠ˏ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻႶᕶɹᇍࣙˁᧅɁɛ⏏ᦥɴៜȭɽ⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻ⏋Ԋ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɴ൓ɊɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ɫȡʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ˏ̸͞γᅠɴঃȵʳ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɹςкᇕɲ෯ଁឹᏬɭɌɩ⏋Υ‫ݖך‬ɫȡʳԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɫɹ৲ւˁ୊ȩࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡɤɛ⏏
ǵ1946 ॷɹԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬Ⴖጓ৿ȴʰ⏋63 ॷɹ̫ˏ˽ӾɴʭʳԃณஒவʚɫɹȡȦɞɻ⏋˹ͻ˹͑˪͠ͻకณ⏃1951-54 ॷ⏆ʦ˛˻̺̜ɭɹ‫᧷غ‬ೝɹ̠́͡ɴʭʳకӾ༎֪ኧ๬ɲɰɴʭʱ
ɛʃɛʃμుɌɛʢɹɹ⏋‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɴɻ̾͠͞͡ɫ຦ςᇕɲక໠ȵ᝔ʼʶɛಁೝɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᬚɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹక໠༎֪ɹ႕ਐɻᡴЦక໠ʍɹؒ֓ɫȡʱ⏋49 ॷɴɻȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌኏Цςᒶ଍ᐻȍˁᏼᑩɌ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻʢᡴ‫ڊ‬য়᧧ˁഗɛɌɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ‫ܕ‬ఠ‫⏃ˏ͠˹⏋׋‬ȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍ⏆ɹᐏΥ⏋ˏ̸͞ɹᐏΥ⏋˓˽͞˛͡ɹៗк⏋ዩෑᇕᯃ‫ؾ‬ᇸμጓɹਖឹਸɲɰˁ៲ȭɛ␩Abd-Allah 1983: 99, 134-136; Reissner 1980: 332-333; al-Sibā‘ı̄ 1954:215-217␭⏏Ёʦ˹͠ˏ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ༎֪ɴȲȦɩ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ςᒶɴࢪɐʳ᬴ϝɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴጓᔰɌɛ‫ࢃܕ‬͹኏Цল៯ɴςሗȵᒞȴʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵγѯᇕˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶˁ஥Ɂʳ̫ˏ˽ӾɹΥӾႶ᝽кըɹተጓɭ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹ๷ؑГ৿⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻᬏȦȋԫɹಁБȍɴԂʱ⏋ᕶЈԊɴ᠗ʠʳȋ‫ؙ‬кը༐ȍɭɌɩɹਸൔˁ৔ʠɩȦȼ⏏1958 ॷɴ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹ৿ˁᐙȹ୭ࢷᓔɭɲɤɛ˓˵ͻ͌͹ˏ̒̊ͻ͡
ȵ 63 ॷɴ‫ᦠ޺ܕ‬ఔɭɲʱ⏋ɇʰɴਸ਼ᦽ༐ɭያҫ༐ɭɹȡȦɞɫ୭ࢷᨆɻՕ᝾Ɍɛ⏏֐ɴʭʳ࿠ɌȦৗ‫ܦ‬ˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻ⏋79 ॷ˹͠ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᡉֳ֐ɭᏚ‫غ‬Ɍȋ˹͠ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌଍ᐻȍˁᐄଁ⏋ȋ˹͠ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ᯊ٨ࡺៜȍˁᇍᝠɌ๯ខ᬴ϝˁ࿠‫׋‬ɇɓɛȵ⏋82 ॷɹȋ̩͇ͻᛒຏȍˁȷɤȴȿɴ⏋Г৿༎֪ɹ৿ᦡˁоәɲȼɇʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹϟИɻ⏋̫ˏ˽Ӿకณɹ৔‫ܔ‬ɇˁኍɐɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹȋҫ‫ܧ‬ʉʱȍˁ‫ܕ‬Ԓ޺ɴ‫׵‬ᢒɧȿ⏋ȋԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬೎߂ɹ‫ؙ‬кը༐ȍɭɌɩɹ‫ܩ‬еˁተጓɐʳȷɤȴȿɭɲɤɛ⏏90 ॷБ‫ץ‬ɽГᭇɻ⏋కঌɭ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ‫ٮ‬ៗȵ਀ǾɴɫɻȡʳȵᦽࣙɌɩȲʱ⏋Ԋ‫ٮ‬‫ܕ‬Ԓ⏋ঃȼɻ˹͠ˏɹక໠ᇕ᣷ֳˁᓒȭʳȩȭɫ໶ᇿɇʶʳ⏏
ǵ1947 ॷȴʰ 58 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻ୭ࢷάɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻ⏋ɗɹ๴‫ر‬ɴ321ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ȲȦɩȋ೎ʢᢌȴɫօᦶᇕɫȡɤɛȍɭ៿ɇʶʳ␩Abd-Allah 1983: 99␭⏏ປᥒᇕ̾͠͞͡ɲక໠͹ਲ਼઎ᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁ‫ي‬ʞಁБႥ໥ɭɭʢɴ⏋օ៯ᓔɫȡʱ೎߂ɹ˓̚ˠͦͻ˫ɭɌɩ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹተጓɴᢨ჉Ɍɛ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛ៿ѝɹᔘಕɴȡʳɹɫȡʸȩ⏏
˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻਲ਼઎ɭɄɹಁೝɹ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ༎֪ɴ໶ᇿɌ⏋ςкɭɌɩɹ৳ʰȵரᣱɌʭȩɭɌɛ‫ک‬ᰍᒴˁ༝৫ʱɴɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ֪‫ك‬ɲȦɌ‫ݖܩ‬ɭɌɩɹ˹͠ˏɹჿៗɴ߂ȷɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɦɭៜȭʳɞʸȩ⏏

3ȅΑͻΨȜͼȜ͂ΏςͺȆθΑςθ൳༾౬͈ၑ༹ٜ͈̹͈༷͛აഎஜ೹ȇ2 ͈̾ȶΏςͺࡄ‫ݪ‬ȷǵ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹਲ਼઎ɲȦɌয়ಁɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ˁɰɹʭȩɴ୼ȭʳʏȷȴ⏏ೣ፲ɫɻ⏋Ӵ᝔቉ድɴ៘ʶ⏋ɗɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣˁ୭௎Ɍɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁᓒȭɩʛɛȦ⏏
3.1ȁȶ‫ވ‬გ࣭Ώςͺࡄ‫ݪ‬ȷǵ˹͠ˏϺ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɭ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋޽ȼɹ‫غݭ‬ȵȋ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍɴȲȦɩ᠝ʰʶʳ⏏ȋ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍɭɻ⏋ಔᦲȋԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬቉ድȍˁઝ٢ɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹ႕ਐɻ⏋̫ˏ˽Ӿɹਲ਼઎⏃̫ˏ˽ςᒶ⏆ɭΥӾႶ᝽кըɹȋ႕๾ਸȍʦ‫ࢃܕ‬ᬚ‫ک‬ᰍ⏃‫ݖܩ‬ᇕ‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩɫɻɲȦ⏆ɭɌɩɹȋ̮ͤ˽̠̍‫ک‬ᰍȍɹᩂឹਸȴʰ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ȡʳȦɻɗʶˁ୊ȩкըүˁςឹɲˏ˪̊ͻɭឿɲɐӃ‫ك‬ɴȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ɻԊ‫ܕٮ‬Ԓɹտ๖ᇕɲࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɌɩ୼ȭʰʶ⏋ɗɹᐄഗ৳ʰɹែဣȴʰɹᡴᠶȵໆࡴᇕɴέ᣸ɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻȵ༎ᤲɌɛͅ˽̜Ⴖጓೝ⏃1940 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰ 50 ॷБ⏆ɴᬠɌɩៜȭɽ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɹక໠͹኏Цˁ଩ɤɛ቉ድɫɐɫɴ‫إ‬Ԏᇕ‫ؿ‬ᘿɭɇʶɩȦʳ␔͹˽ˑͻ͡ɹᘿсɴȲȦɩʢ⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɴɻ 4 ˡଘ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɴɻ 3 ˡଘɫៜ‫ؖ‬ɇʶʳɴɭɰʚɤɩȦʳ␩Seale1965␭⏏ςкɭɌɩɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ᕶкˁ଩ɤɛ቉ድɭɌɩɻ⏋U͹␀͹ˏ̸̝˕̒͞ͻɭ␈͹͞˓˽̠ͻɹᘿсɲɰధဣȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳɹʛɫȡʳ␩Abd-Allah 1983; Reissner 1980␭⏏
ǵȋԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬቉ድȍɴȲȿʳɄɹʭȩɲ‫ک‬ᰍ͹ࢪᢒɹ៯ࡴɹҥ‫ك‬ਸɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋ಁБႥ໥ʦ቉ድΫɹըᏝȵȡɤɛɄɭˁ᠗ʠɛȩȭɫ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ‫ؙ‬ህᇕဣදˁᦽʠʳ֪ȷʢឿʰʶʳ⏏
Ԋ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɹక໠ᇕ͹኏Цᇕ᣷ֳˁ᠝ʳȩȭɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ȵᩂឹɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɤɩȦɛɄɭȵ୭௎ɇʶ⏋̫ˏ˽Ӿ⏋᥅ᨆ⏋˓˽͞ͻֳ͌֐ɹሂϣɹᬠѥˁ᥍ɴɌɛՕഓɹ᠅ʛȵɲɇʶɩȦʳ␩Talhami 2001: 110-112␭⏏ɄɄɫ৔ᠭɐʏȷဣɻ⏋̫ˏ˽ӾɴБᝠɇʶʳȋγѯςᒶֳ֐ȍˁΥ౅ɹෑɴஈȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗɹࢪෑɭɌɩ˓˽͞ͻֳ͌֐ˁ៯ࡴɐʏȷɫɻɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɫɻਃഀɹ౅໬ᠶᇕմரɹគᦐɌɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ፀ 4 ፲ɫᠶɍʳʭȩɴ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲϠ᯵ࢪጓᇕɲឿ౅ᕶкȵ⏋ʁɭɦɹ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻᇕɲጓ‫ݭ‬ɫȡʳȴ⏋ʢɌȼɻ1960 ॷБГᭇᰒ‫׋ܧ‬Ɍɛȋкըȍࢪȋ‫ؙ‬кըȍɹ෯ᦶˁͅ˽̜Ⴖጓೝɴହ৯ɌɩȦʳɹɞɭ
322ೢᦏ⏧˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻៜȭʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᯁ઴ᇕɲϠ᯵ࢪጓᇕ᠗ᡫˁӷ೓Ɍ⏋ςкɭɌɩɹ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹჿៗˁѦɐɭᓒȭʰʶʳՕഓങᏼʛȵ⏋ʢȩʁɭɦɹȋ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍɫȡʳ⏏
3.2ȁ౷֖ࡄ‫͈̱̀͂ݪ‬ȶ࡛యΏςͺࡄ‫ݪ‬ȷǵԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ˁ‫ي‬ʞͅ˽̜Ⴖጓೝɹȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍ⏃ঃȼɻˏ̸͞ᡉ‫⏆ܕ‬ɴȲȦɩ⏋̦˓˹͚Ͳ͹˽̘˓̜ɹ‫ޅܕ‬ᐻȵଘήɹʢɹɭɲʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ɗʶˁԗᑂଁɐʳʭȩɲɇʚɊʚɲ‫ܕ‬ࢃ෯઎ȵࣙᬖɇʶɩȦɛɄɭɴ໶ઝɌɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ആីԳ଍෯ᦶɹɲȴɫɹԊ‫͠˹ܕٮ‬ˏɴȲȿʳ঎ᩂɲʳ˪ͻ̊̚ͻ⏃1949 ॷɹ 1 ॷᬚɞȿɫ 3 ‫⏆܌‬ɹʭȩɴకкɹȡʱ౅ˁฐᏮɐʳ֪ȷɭ⏋ˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶʦᐏΥ˹͠ˏ‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯෯઎⏃ȋ˹͠ˏςᒶȍ⏆ɲɰ‫ࢃܕ‬ɗɹʢɹɹങᏼʛˁԗᑂଁɌʭȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛɭɹᦹ֪ȵ⏋ᗐȦ̦˓˹͚Ͳ͹˽̘˓̜ᒴɹៗкɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸɴΥࡴɹ͠ˏ̘͠ˑˁήȭɩȦɛ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛ‫ࢃܕ‬෯઎ɹጫ‫غ‬Ⴅ઴ȵᰒ‫׋ܧ‬Ɍɛᅙೝɻ⏋߂଍ᬚೝɹᗔЅɴʭʳȋ˹͠ˏՕւȍɴ᧚ʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻᗔЅɴʭʳ᯿‫ݖ‬ᇕɲՕւɹʛɲʰɑয়ϟᓔɛɠɹȋ˹͠ˏȍˁʠȽʳ៎ਥɹՕෑ‫׋‬ɫʢȡɤɛ⏏̨̫ͤͲʦ̮ͤ˽̠̍ɹȋՕᮐႶጓȍ෯઎⏋ȋ˹͠ˏςᒶȍ⏋ˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶʍɹ՟ຍ᭥ɭɌɩɹᐏΥ˹͠ˏ‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯ɲɰɻ⏋ˠ˽͇Ͳज़‫ܕ‬ɹग‫ޙ‬ɐɲʼɠ˽̊͡ͻͲ⏮ˡ̶͠ɹϠᩂμਕਸɹ༥ྙɹᐄഗ⏋ࡳɴ༝Ȧɛ˹͠ˏɹక໠ᇕеሂˁԗៀࡴɌʭȩɭɐʳ‫ۊ‬ဤɫȡɤɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹ‫ࢃܕ‬෯઎ȵ⏋͇̋˽ˡ˽ˁμਕɭɌɛʁɭɦɹ‫ݖܩ‬‫׬‬еɭɌɩɹ˹͠ˏɹȡʳʏȷࠒˁᦠິɐʳ‫ۊ‬ဤɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍɹଁጓ৿ʢয়ϟᓔɹȡȦɞɫ‫ݖܩ‬ɭɌɩɹȋ˹͠ˏȍɻࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌᐚȿɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɭ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɻ⏋ɗɹ༎֪ɹȋ‫ݭ‬ȍˁԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɴȲȦɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗɹ৯ᯱ֐ʦ৳ʰᕶ᤹ɹઝᡫɻᣴ‫ޅ‬ਸˁҺȭʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏1947 ॷ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋̋͜͡Ͳɹˏ̸̝˕̒͞ͻ‫ܕ‬ტɹ‫ڟ‬ȭʳᐏΥ˹͠ˏ‫ࢃܕ‬෯઎ˁ؏Ɍȼᯃᮑɐʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻԊ‫ܕٮ‬Υ‫ܕ‬ςᒶˁ஛ɤɩȦɛɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ʞɌʸ᯿‫ܤ‬ʦకкɹȡʱ౅ˁʠȽʳ৳ᕶ᤹ɹ˹͠ˏ៎
⏃̜͡˱ɴȋւᡶȍɇʶɛ̩̊˓⏃˓˽ˡͲ̋͡ͻͲ⏆ˁ‫ي‬ʞ˹͠ˏ᯿‫ܤ‬ɹ࡭ԃ‫܌‬਋ɭ຦ςᇕక໠ɹᐣ୫⏆ˁ୫ɤɩȦɛɛʠɫȡʳ␩Reissner 1980: 410-415␭⏏ʚɛ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻრȦʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌኏Цςᒶ଍ᐻɻ⏋Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ᡴЦɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ‫ܕ‬ఠ‫׋‬ˁឹິɐʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻ˹͠ˏɹᐏΥ⏋ˏ̸͞ᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹᐏ‫⏋غ‬ɇʰɴɻ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏʦ̮˥˽̊ͲɭȦɤɛᯃˏ̸͞ɹ͌˽͌͠ᡉ
‫ܕ‬ɭɹᦹय़ˁࢮዐɴԂʶɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ɻɗɹɛʠɹȋ৔֐ɲឹᏬȍɴɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ␩al-Sibā‘ı̄ 1954: 219-221␭⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲԊ‫̸͞ˏ⏋ˏ͠˹⏋ܕٮ‬ɭȦɤɛԊ‫ؾ‬к᠗ᡫɹᩂࣝ෯ᦶɻ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹʛɴឿʰʶʳ႕๾ɲʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ᐏΥˏ̸͞‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯ˁ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻᇕ‫ݜ‬᥍ɭɐʳ̫ˏ˽Ӿʢ˹
͠ˏɹᐏΥˁ஥ɁɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛԊ‫ܕٮ‬Ԓɫȋѳࡪ༐ȍɭ٧ɽʶɛϺ຦Ӿɐʰ˓͞˪ɭɹᐏ‫غ‬ˁฐᏮɌɛ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴࢹɲȼɭʢჿਥΫɻ⏋ᕶै࡭ᐄᇕɲԊ‫ܕٮ‬ˁˏ̺͠ˠ͠ɲࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɓɑ⏋ɗɹక໠ᇕеሂɻ।ɴ˹͠ˏɭɹᬠѥਸɹɲȴɫ᠝ʰʶʳɭȦȩဣɫ⏋ͅ˽̜ႶጓೝɹɇʚɊ323

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʚɲక໠ֳ֐ɴɻߏߴɲΥᕹȵឿʰʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵჿਥɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ჼࡸɹჼᢒɴȲȦɩʢȋᣴ‫ޅ‬ȍɻተ᠗ɫȷʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋ತຏɇʶɛ̫Ͳ̠ͻɹ৿ˁᐙȦɞ̩˵Ͳ͹̶̋˓̲ͻɹᦻ஁⏃1954 ॷ⏆৿⏋˛˻̺̜ȴʰȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍɴȴȿɩఌᨆˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɛ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɹϟࡸΫɹ୭ࢷᓔɭɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹ᭬⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ɴࢪɐʳৗ‫ܦ‬ȵ৔ʚɤɛ˛˻̺̜ȴʰ޽ధɹ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎‫ڊ‬ȵ˹͠ˏɴ༑ԂɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˹͠ˏϺɛɠɴʭʳȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠᐻˁᣴȭʳ৵ഀʢћးɭɌɩ༎ᇍɫȡʱ⏋႕ɴԊ‫̜̺˻˛⏋Ͳ̨̫ͤ⏋ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ˁμਕɭɌɛਲ਼઎ࢃʦሾᡫϺɛɠɹ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɻ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱ֐ˁ୫ɤɩȦɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ɹങᏼʛɹԗᑂଁȵჼࡸɭɲɤɛɹȵ⏋˹͠ˏɭ˛˻̺̜θ‫ܕ‬ɹ‫᧷غ‬ɴʭʳˏ̸͞ᦹ‫غ‬Ԋ‫⏃ܕٮ‬1958-61 ॷ⏆ɹᐄଁɫȡʳ⏏
ǵГΫឿɩȷɛʭȩɴ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɲȦɌ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ˁჿៗɐʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋̦˓˹͚Ͳ͹˽̘˓̜ᒴɭɌɩɹȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁᐣ୫ɐʳ֐࡝ɭ⏋ɗʶˁԗᑂɌʭȩɭɐʳ֐࡝ɭɹȡȦɞɹᐳ৓ᬠѥȵࣙᬖɇʶɩȦʳዷᬚɭɌɩჼБɹ˹͠ˏ⏃ˠ˽͇Ͳज़‫ܕ‬ग‫ޙ‬Гᭇɹ˹͠ˏ⏆ˁ୼ȭ⏋ɗɹɲȴɫеᒞɧȿˁ᝔ȩɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏ɄȩɌɛࠒֳɻȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍˁଘήɹʢɹɭɌɲȦဣɫȋԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬቉ድȍɭໆࡴᇕɴᅵɲʳȵ⏋Υ౅ɫȋᐏΥ˹͠ˏȍˁ‫ڞ‬Υɹ᧧ିᔊɭɐʳɭȦɤɛȋ๴‫ر‬ᇕ˹͠ˏȍʍɹ‫׬‬ɲʳ‫܌‬ॠˁઝ٢ɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ჼБɹ˹͠ˏɹȡʱȴɛˁʠȽʳ֐࡝ɹᐳ৓ᬠѥɻ⏋ȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍ⏒ȋᐏΥ˹͠ˏȍɭȦȩϠᓔିΥɫɻɲȼ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɭɌɩɹ˹͠ˏȵˏ̸͞ɭȦɤɛΫеɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴᏼʛᦉʚʶʳߕลˁʢ‫ي‬ʞɛʠɫȡʳ⏃ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍ⏒ȋᐏΥˏ̸͞ȍɭȦȩˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶᇕɲϠᓔିΥɫʢɲȦ⏆⏏ȋԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬቉ድȍɹΥࡴɹ೑֟ਸˁተ᠗Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋̦˓˹͚Ͳ͹˽̘˓̜ᒴɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ʢˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶʢ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᠶჿɹΥᨆɭɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድɭɌɩɹȋჼБ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍˁ⏋ፆᓔɻர‫ڟ‬ɌɛȦ⏏

4ȅඵࣜచၛഎ෇ে಼̢ͬ̀ȇȸͼΑρȜθ͈২ٛ৽݅ȹͬ਀̦̥ͤͅǵȋჼБ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍɹങᏼʛˁʢɤɩ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻਲ਼઎ɭয়ಁˁද២ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹᐵ‫غ‬ᇕჿៗɴࢪɌɩȦȴɲʳઝ٢͹ઝᒶˁ୫ɦɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɄɄɫɻԍкᇕɲϟёɭɌɩȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏ЦςᒶȑɭɗʶˁʠȽʳ៿ѝˁ‫؜‬ʱȡɁ⏋Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁᓒȭɩʛɛȦ⏏
5/2ȁȸͼΑρȜθ͈২ٛ৽݅ȹ̞̾̀ͅǵ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɹȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑɹԃᑂˁ᢭ȼ˥ͻͩͻ̝ɻȋ኏Цᇕሂϣପ֖ȍɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶˁࡸჼɐʳɛʠɹృɌȦȴɛɠɫɹȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹጓ໬‫׋‬ȍȵέ‫خ‬๕ɭɇʶʳ⏏ԍкᇕɴɻϺᬚȵ೑ɐʳ 5 ɦɹȋᕶးณȍ⏃ᅊࡔ⏋ᕶᅓ⏋ሾᡫ⏋ࢴ؏⏋ଘ೑⏆ɹተѳˁᇿᇕɭɌ⏋ɗɹࡸჼɹɛʠɴਖឹɲ໬৾͹໬ៀȵ᠎Ᏻɴኍɇʶʳ␩al-Sibā‘ı̄ 1960␭⏏ɄɄɫ໶ᇿɐʏȷɻ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻʢইయɫᦚʏɩȦʳɭȲʱ⏋ೣೆɹᇿᇕȵጓ໬‫׋‬ɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹரኍɴȡ324ೢᦏ⏧˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻʳဣɫȡʳ⏏˪͡ˏͻͲʦ̩̚ˑͻ˽ˁԎ୞ɭɐʳᠶ໬෵িˁɭɤɩȲʱ⏋ɄɄɴ˓˻͖̘ˑ̩ͻ̝ˁᩂែɐʳȋ͇̠ͻ͡༐ȍɹ˵̶͞ˑͻςᒶɹ႕ਐȵឿʰʶʳȵ⏋ȋ኏ЦςᒶȍɭȦȩ̊ͻ͌ɻЁ౗ɹȋ༑᝔ȍɫȡʱ⏋ॶፈɫԇ๭ɲ኏Цল៯ˁᇿ୭ɐɭȦɤɛȋ኏Цςᒶȍɹ៎ਥɗɹʢɹɻ᯺ៜᓔಁБȴʰࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛɭɐʳ␩al-Sibā‘ı̄ 1960: 6-7␭⏏ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑɻ⏋͇͡˪˽ςᒶɹ‫ڞ‬႒ᠶᇕࠒֳˁଫՠɌ⏋᯺ៜᓔಁБɴʛʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕៀ፴ˁჼБᇕɲ̊ͻ͌⏃ɛɭȭɽȋ኏Цςᒶȍʦȋ‫ܕ‬೑‫׋‬ȍɲɰ⏆ˁᫍɴԗᑂଁ͹ጓ໬‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭɫ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹჼБᇕ೑֟ਸˁኍɐɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵೣೆɹፀ 1 ႆȵՏႆɇʶɛɹɻ 1959 ॷɫȡʳȵ⏋য়ಁɻˏ̸͞ᦹ‫غ‬Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɹଁጓೝɫȡʱ⏋͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ȵ˛˻̺̜ɫɻᯃ‫غ‬໬‫⏋׋‬Ԋ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɫɻ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻᕶ᤹ȵៗతˁࡺៜɌɩȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑˁ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹਲ਼઎ɭɐʳឿ౅ɴɻᅥѳȵȦʳ⏏ᮾ࣢ɹ቉ድɫɻ⏋ɗʶȵ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹਲ਼઎ɭ‫ؾ‬ΥែɇʶɩȲʱ⏋̫ˏ˽Ӿʦ̠́͡ςᒶɭɹకϝɴఞʶʳ؅‫܍‬ɭɲɤɛȋᯁ઴ᇕɲჿᠶȍɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦʳȵ␩ᮾ࣢ 1995: 57-58␭⏋Ʉʶɻ 1960 ॷБГᭇɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ‫ܕ‬Ԓɫɹ༎֪ɹ᝔᠋ʚʱɭȦȩᐄഗɹʛˁᩂែɌɛ៿ѝɫȡʱ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻਲ਼઎ˁ᧌ࢸ៿ѝɐʳ‫׶‬᭝ਸˁࡑ˃ɫȦʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻ⏋Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠᐻˁᕶ౩ែɌ⏋̫ˏ˽Ӿкըʦ‫ࢃܕ‬ˁςឹɲˏ˪̊ͻɭɐʳ౅໬ᠶᇕմரɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȷ˓˽͞ͻ͌᧊֪ɭɗɹਲ਼઎ˁՕഓɐʳɄɭɹᭉᅠਸɹΥүᯆȵ༝৫ʱɴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑɻ⏋ɗʶʚɫɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹਲ਼઎ɹᮃ߂ଁɫȡʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ᐏΥɴ‫ك‬ȴȦɦɦȡʳˏ̸͞ԃкˁࢪᢒɴᇍѵɇʶɛਲ਼઎ɫȡɤɛɭ୼ȭʰʶʳʏȷɫȡʸȩ⏏
4.2ȁȶͼΑρȜθȷ͂ȶଲ௹৽݅ȷ͈ခ‫ܥ‬എ௖ࡽ૫൫ǵȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑɻ⏋ˏ̸͞ᦹ‫غ‬Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬కঌɴʭʱᲞȼ៿ѝɇʶ⏋1961 ॷɹՕᮐ৿ɹ˛˻̺̜ɫʢ̠́͡కณȵᏼᑩɌɛȋˏ̸͞኏Цςᒶᦹ‫غ‬ȍɴʭɤɩ⏋ԇࡴ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻɭɌɩɹȋˏ̸͞኏ЦςᒶȍɹΥᓏˁ୊ȩʢɹɭɌɩံష॒ᨗɇʶɛ␩Ayubi 1980: 498␭⏏ᏼᑩͤ̾͡ɫɻ⏋޽෵ɲ኏Цςᒶֳ֐ɹᦹ‫غ‬кɫȡʳȋˏ̸͞኏Цςᒶᦹ‫غ‬ȍɹɲȴɫ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȍֳ֐ɻȋˏ̸͞኏Цςᒶȍ༐ʦȋ኏Цςᒶʍɹ˛˻̺̜ʍɹ᧑ȍ༐ɭɲʰʉ˵̸͹ˡ̘˳͠ͻɫȡɤɛ␩഍݄ 1967b: 18-19␭⏏ᦏჼБˏ̸͞ਲ਼઎‫ر‬ʦჼБ˛˻̺̜቉ድɹ޽ȼɫɻ⏋ɄȩɌɛϟࡸȴʰ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ៿ѝɇʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠˏ̸͞ᡉ‫ܕ‬ɫɹȋ኏Цςᒶȍɹ‫د‬ᰄɭȦȩჼႥˁᦠ᠗Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ࢭը‫׋‬ɌɩȦȼ̠́͡కณˁᐄഗɭɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɴ๭য়‫׋‬ɐʳ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛ⏋ɭȦȩʢɹɫȡʳ␩Enayat 1982: 139-150␭⏏ɄɄɴɻ⏋ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑˁȋ̠́͡ɭࢪጓᬠѥɴȡʳ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ˹͠ˏఌᨆɹਲ਼઎ȍɭ୼ȭʳࢪጓ෯ᦶȵತᶏɹմரɭɌɩࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏
ǵɄʶɻ̠́͡үɴᩂဣˁᒞȦɛʁɭɦɹឿ౅ɫȡʱ⏋Ё౗ɫʢ቉ድΫɹȋШᐏȍɭɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ‫و‬ʠɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻүɴែဣˁውɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɰȩɫȡʸȩȴ⏏˽ˑ̫ͻ
325

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬˓ͻɴɭɤɩɹȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶȑɻ⏋ˏ̸͞኏Цςᒶɹ˵̸͹ˡ̘˳͠ͻɫɻɲȦ⏏
Ϋᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋৳ɹਲ਼઎Ϋɹȋທᮃ܎ȍɻȡȼʚɫʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɲȴɴ኏Цςᒶ៎ਥˁឿՏɌɩȦʳɛʠɫȡʳ⏏؅ᰍɫȡʳȏ˓˹͖̘ˑ͞ͻ˥ͻ͓͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ȑɻ⏋ೣഀȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Цςᒶ Socialism of Islamȑɭ៱ɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳɭɄʸȵ⏋޽ȼɹ‫غݭ‬ɫȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌⏃ᇕ⏆኏Цςᒶ Islamic SocialismȑɭɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ⏋Ʉɹ᠗ᡫɹ̀ͤˁ߭ࡸɴᝠɌɩȦʳ⏏˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻ⏋ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏ЦςᒶȑɹᇍᝠˁᦲɌɩ⏋ˏ̸͞ɹᐏΥɭɗɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ɭȦȩᇿฌ⏃͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹᇿฌɫʢȡʳ⏆ɹɛʠɴ⏋ˏ̸͞ᦹ‫غ‬Ԋ‫ٮ‬‫ܕ‬ɹᐄଁɭɗɹृӃ‫׋‬ˁ೎߂ᭉɴգᅎɌʭȩɭɌ⏋ˏ̸͞ԃкɴʞȿɩȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏ЦςᒶȑˁᇍѵɌɛɹɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽ⏋͠ˏ̘͠ˑˁ‫ވ‬ɌɩȦȼˏ̸͞ᐏΥɭృɛɲ‫ࢃܕ‬͹኏Цˁল៯ɐʳ֪ȷˁ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲਸᣒʍɭ᥊ழɇɓʭȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛɫȡʱ⏋ಁБɹឹᠱɴਝȭʳȴɛɠɫɹృɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹȡʱ౅ˁரኍɌɛɹɞɭៜȭʭȩ⏏
ǵГΫɹʭȩɲ⏋˛˻̺̜ʦԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹങᏼʛ⏋ɗɌɩ቉ድɹങᏼʛˁЁΥ঎‫ک‬ȦሁɌ⏋ɗɹȩȭɫ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻਲ਼઎ˁද២ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ਲ਼઎ᕶкɴࢪɐʳჿៗˁཉʠʳɄɭɻʢɠʸ˃⏋ʭʱ‫ܯ‬఩ɹɭʶɛ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ӉˁயȼɄɭɴᑦȵʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ਃഀɹʭȩɴ̠́͡үȴʰয়ಁɹਲ਼઎Ⴅ໥ԃкˁȋѺሮȍɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɭȦȩʁɭʱɹਲ਼઎ࢃɭᇿᐻɹᲞɇˁ‫غ‬ʼɓʳɄɭɻ⏋ਲ਼઎ͤ̾͡ɫɹθᓔɹᬠѥˁ‫׬‬Ꮴɲࢪጓʦఌᨗ⏒᝵ఌᨗɫɻɲȼ⏋ʞɌʸ೑ลᇕሂϣ༡ᦩˁЫɤɛʢɹɭ୼ȭʳɄɭˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɐʳ⏋ɭ⏋ፆᓔɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɻȋ኏ЦςᒶȍɭȦȩჼБᇕɲȴɛɠɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ˁரኍɌɛȵ⏋̠́͡ɻᕶ᤹ȵரኍɐʳȋ኏Цςᒶȍɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴጓᔰɌɛᡉឹᏬˁ‫؜‬ʱᦉʢȩɭɌɛɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗʶəʶɹਲ਼઎ͤ̾͡ɫɹ‫ܔ‬೑ሂࢪਸɭሂϣᦲঈਸˁ֪઴ᇕɴᓒ࢘ɌɩȦȼɄɭɻ⏋̠́͡కณࢪ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎⏋ঃȼɻȋγѯςᒶȍࢪȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȍɭȦɤɛϠ᯵ࢪጓᇕ᠗ᡫˁᣳӷɐʳȷɤȴȿɭɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋̠́͡కณʚɛɻ̫ˏ˽Ӿకณɭ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭɹᏼᑩͤ̾͡ɫɹࢪጓˁೣᣒᇕ͹ᯁ઴ᇕɲʢɹɭɓɑ⏋θᓔɹȡȦɞɹୢ଻͹ᠭ‫ٮ‬ȵᅊʚʶʳߕลˁ֪઴ᇕɴද៷ɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ςкɭɌɩɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹࡸ઴ɹៗ౩ɴᢨ჉ɫȷʳɹɫȡʳ⏏

5ȅࠫࢊȇ‫ه‬ఴ͂ജབǵೣዣɫɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬቉ድɭɌɩɹȋჼБ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍˁர‫ڟ‬Ɍ⏋ɗɹែ៓ȴʰ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɭ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ˁჿៗɐʳɄɭɹᩂឹਸˁᠶɍɩȷɛ⏏ˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶʦȋ˹͠ˏςᒶȍɹЭᬏɴឿʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ȋࢸ˹͠ˏᒴȍଁጓ৿ʢ߂଍ᬚೝɴᅊɍɛ˹͠ˏˁʠȽʳ‫ࢃܕ‬෯઎ɹጫ‫غ‬Ⴅ઴ɻᐙᐚɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠ⏋Ԋ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɹങᏼʛɴ‫ݚܔ‬ɓɑ⏋ΫеɭάеʍɹៗఔਸˁҺȭɛʁɭɦɹ˛Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑɭɌɩɹ˹͠ˏˁឿɩȦȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ౅໬ᠶᇕմரɴጓᔰɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏ЦςᒶȑɹϟёˁᦲɌɩឿ326ೢᦏ⏧˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɭ͌˽̶̊ˎͻ͹˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻɛʭȩɴ⏋ਃഀɹ̦˓˹͚Ͳ͹˽̘˓̜ɹങᏼʛɴ৔ȼៀࡴɇʶɛϠ᯵ࢪጓᇕ᠗ᡫʦᯁ઴ᇕɲᡴᠶˁᣳȭɛ⏋ృɛɲ̋˓̠͊̒˪ɲ˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻӉɲȦɌ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ӉˁயȷՏɐɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ෯ᦶᇕ͹᠗ᡫᇕȋ˹͠ˏՕւȍɻ⏋ɗʶᕶкȵໆɌɩ๴‫ر‬ΫɹɫȷɅɭɭɌɩᏺࠃɌɲȦ⏏
̨̫ͤͲԒ଍⏃1975-91 ॷ⏆ʦ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕ‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩɹȋ̮ͤ˽̠̍‫ک‬ᰍȍɲɰˁឿʶɽ⏋ɗʶɻЁ౗ʚɫᐚȼȋೡ࡭ɹ႒᠝ȍɭ୼ȭʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏
ȋ˹͠ˏՕւȍɴȲȿʳ‫ݖܩ‬ԗᑂɹ͠ˏ̘͠ˑɻ‫ވ‬ཝɌɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ 80 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ɴɻ˓͞Ͳᯊ٨ɹଁ֒ɴЫȩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕ‫ݖܩ‬ԗᑂɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵ‫܁‬ȴʶʳɲɰᣒᇕɲ޴‫׋‬ʢឿᦣɓɲȦ⏏Ԋ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬ɹ᠚ᅊ͹ᇍࣙɻ⏋Ȧʼɽ߂ȷɲ႒᠝ɹɲȴɹ˛̴̅ͻ̝ɹʁɭɦɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹࡸ઴ˁ଴வɌʭȩɭɐʳ᭬ɴȋԊ‫ˏ͠˹ܕٮ‬቉ድȍȵᮮʼɴɐʳᭉᅠਸɻ⏋ɗɹࡴʠʰʶɛ᯿‫ݖ‬ГΫɹʢɹȵȡʳɭៜʼɊʳˁ਄ɲȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ȋჼБ˹͠ˏ቉ድȍɹՕഓങᏼʛɻ⏋˽ˑ̫ͻ˓ͻ୭ࢷೝГᭇɹ˹͠ˏ͹͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹࡸ઴ៗ౩ɴȲȦɩʢ೑֟ɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʭȩ⏏
ǵ४!ચ!໲!ࡃ
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