ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭಮ֐ˁʠȽʳ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱϥǵ‫ܮ‬ǵჿǵዥ*The Partition of India: Memory and Narratives of Violence
ISAKA Riho*
A central purpose of this research note is to examine the way in which recent studiesof the Partition of India have begun to focus on people's experiences and perceptionsof this event and, in particular, the massive violence that surrounded it. It shows how,in this process of reconsidering Partition, some historians have begun to criticise theexisting history-writings based on the nationalist discourse, which analysed only politicaldevelopments among parties and politicians.
To understand this new approach to Partition, it is necessary to look at thedevelopment of South Asian historiography from the 1980s, and more especially,
important debates presented by the scholars of the so-called subaltern studies groupon thëfragments̉,̈oppressed voicẻand̈silencẻin history-writings. Some of thesescholars, in order to discover where ̈silencẻlies, began to explore how memory ofevents was constructed and reconstructed by different groups of people, by interviewing
them and comparing their narratives with each other and with other narratives in official
documents and history books. This method is adopted by scholars such as Gyanendra
Pandey and Urvashi Butalia in their works on Partition and violence.
Another source that has played an important role in drawing scholars' attention to
popular perceptions of Partition and violence is a wide range of literary texts and films
which depict this event. They have highlighted the hidden stories of violence and thësilencẻin official histories, and recently begun to attract increasing attention fromhistorians. Here I introduce mainly Amitav Ghosh's novel The Shadow Lines (1988) as anexample. Taking a hint from it, at the end of this paper I suggest a few important aspectsof Partition that still need to be explored.
ǵ1947 ॷ 8 ೐ɹ˓Ͳ̝ ͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɻ⏋‫ᦏˏ˻ˏ׫‬Б‫ر‬ɹՕᩃɫ।ɴμਕᇕ̘ͻ͇ɹʁɭɦɫȡɤɛȵ⏋1990 ॷБГᭇ⏋Ʉɹ̘ͻ͇ˁృɛɲែဣ⏋౅໬ᠶȴʰயɄȩɭɐʳዩෑᇕɲ᠅ʛȵ໶ᇿˁᮃʠɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶʚɫɹ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐႶጓɴᬠɐʳ៨ᦚɹ޽ȼɻ⏋ɲɕ⏋ɰ*ആϴ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ᐵ‫غ‬య‫׋‬቉ድዀ‫ݖܩ‬య‫׋‬቉ድࢭఓ⏋Department of Area Studies, Graduate School of Arts andSciences, The University of Tokyo281ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɹʭȩɴɌɩ‫ ̮׵‬2 ‫ܕ‬ɭɌɩɹႶጓȵໆࡴɌɛɹȴɭȦȩ៎ဣȴʰ⏋క໠᧌ዐˁᦠȩʢɹȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹμɴɻ⏋ԃ˓Ͳ̝͹ͤ̾͡ɹకӾʦక໠ࢃ⏋ȡʳȦɻ˓˧͠˽కঌɹᡴᠶʦకፑ⏋৳ʰɹᬚɫɹϯབˁμਕɴᠶɑʳʢɹʢȡʶɽ⏋ ႕ࡴɹ‫౅ܩ‬ɴ໶ᇿɌɩ⏋ɗɹԒᨆɹక໠ɹ1)ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ 1990 ॷБГᭇɴ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳɹɻ⏋֪ȷˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛʢɹʢឿʰʶɛ⏏

ՕᮐȵɲɕᣱɄɤɛɹȴɫɻɲȼ⏋ ՕᮐႶጓɗɹʢɹɹઝ٢ˁ⏋ кᱻɌɛϺǾɹ ȋ៨ૡȍʦȋ᠝ʱȍ ˁᦲɌɩԗᓒɐʳɭȦȩ᠅ʛɫȡʳ⏏ ɗɄɫɻ⏋ ɗʶʚɫɹ๴‫ر‬ೆɫɻ๭ᯆȴʰ‫؜‬ʱΫɁʰʶʳɄɭɹࢹɲȴɤɛȋಮ֐ȍ ɹ‫ک‬ᰍȵዩෑᇕɴᡴᠶɇʶ⏋ ʚɛ⏋ ߨਸ͹ ࡎњɲɰɹȋٞᦇɴᦠȦʦʰʶɛȍ ުˁ‫܌‬਋ɐʳਖឹȵᠦȴʶɛ⏏˓˧͠˽ȴʰɹ‫̮׵‬Ⴖጓɹ৯ɴɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝⏋̮˥˽̊ͲȵՕᮐɐʳ᧌ዐɫᣱɄɤɛ‫ܩع‬ɹȋ˱͖̠͊͡⏃ࡱ༐⏆ಮ֪ȍʦ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋˹˪ᮑ຦ɹ̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ʍɹው֪⏋͌˽͌͠ᮑ຦ɹ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍɹው֪ɭȦȩჼᢒȵȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹಁೝɴው֪ɌɛϺ‫ؤ‬ɹៀฐɻ⏋̾Ͳˤ͡ɭ̮Ͳ˻͑ͻ̸ɞȿɫ⏋800 Ψȴʰ 1,000 ΨϺɭʢៜʼʶɩȦʳ ␩Menon and Bhasin 1998: 35␭⏏ ɄɹᬚɹɇʚɊʚɲಮ֐ϟИɴʭʳ๷ᓔɻ 50 Ψȴʰ 100 ΨϺɴɹʖʳɭʢ୭௎ɇʶ⏋ ߨਸʦࡎњɹ᠛୓ϟИʢ޽ᇍɌɩȦʳ⏏‫̮׵‬ՕᮐɴɦȦɩɹჼ‫ܧ‬ɹృɌȦ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɹ᠅ʛɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹಮ֐ɹᇍᅊˁ⏋‫׬‬ɴృ‫ࢃܕ‬᠚ᅊɹ᧌ዐɫᣱȷɛዺᇍᇕ⏋Њ᭦ᇕɲɫȷɅɭɭɌɩ଩ȩɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ʞɌʸɄɹჼᢒᕶкɴ့ဣˁয়ɩʭȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏏2) ʚɛ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐմ৿ɴᣱɄɤɛಮ֐⏋ϟИɴɦȦɩɹ៨ૡʦ᠝ʱᕶкȵ⏋Ȧȴɴ෯፷ɇʶɩȦɤɛȴˁឿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐˁ‫׬‬ɲʳȋ᧌ؑȍȋ๴‫ر‬ȍɹʁɭɄʚɭɌɩ୼ȭʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗʶʰȵჼБɴᕸʳʚɫ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬኏ЦɴήȭɩȦʳ৯ᯱˁᓒ࢘ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ៎ဣɻɇʰɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩ⏋ȋ๴‫ر‬ȍɭɌɩɹ៨ᦚȵΥᖔɴ 1947 ॷ 8 ೐ 15 ౗ɹ‫̮׵‬Ⴖጓˁʢɤɩᏺʼʱ⏋ႶጓГᭇɴɦȦɩɻ ȋక໠࡝ȍȋᐁཕ࡝ȍ ȋ኏Ц࡝ȍ ɲɰɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫ଩ʼʶɩȷɛӃ‫ك‬ɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋৔Ȧᆄ‫ک‬ˁହɁȴȿʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏
ǵГάɫɻ⏋៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɹՕഓˁᦲɌɩ‫̮׵‬Օᮐˁ៨ᦚɐʳɭȦȩᦏॷɹ᠅ʛȵ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ༑ʶɹμȴʰჼʶɛɹȴˁ᏷Ђɐʳȵ⏋႕ɴɄɄɫɻ๴‫ر‬ɹՕᩃɫɹ֪‫ك‬ɹʓȴɴ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹᩂឹɲүᯆˁኍ‫ڗ‬Ɍɩȷɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳయ࡝ɴ໶ᇿɐʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ჼຍ᭥ɫ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɴɦȦ3)ፆᓔᕶ᤹ȵࢰഀᇕɴ‫̮׵‬Օᮐ቉ɩȦȴɲʳүᯆȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦʳɹȴˁෙ៎Ɍɲȵʰ⏋1⏆ ౖࡔɹ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐႶጓ቉ድɹ႕ਐɴᬠɌɩɻ␩ϥ‫ܮ‬ǵ1998␭
⏏
2⏆ ಮ֐ˁȦȴɴៗᨾɐʏȷȴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋య‫׋‬Ϻᰖ࡝⏋‫࡝ڒ‬ɲɰɹՕᩃɴȲȦɩɇʚɊʚɲᡴᠶȵɲɇʶɩȷɛ⏏
ɌȴɌ⏋1990 ॷБГմɹ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐɴᬠɐʳБᝠᇕɲ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɫɻ⏋ՕᮐɴЫȩಮ֐ˁ⏋Ⴖጓ᧒ଁɭȦȩɫȷɅɭɹ৯ɹᨆՕɭɌɩ଩Ȧ⏋ȡȼʚɫɗɹዺᇍਸˁς৓ɐʳӃ‫ك‬ȵ৔ȴɤɛ⏏ЈՕᩃɫɹಮ֐ᠶʍɹᬠਕȵᲞʚʳɹɻ⏋৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɲ 1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬Гᭇɹ࡝‫ک‬࿈༑ɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿɛɹɠɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐೝɹಮ֐ȵ‫؜‬ʱΫɁʰʶɴȼȴɤɛᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ఌᨗɴᬠʼʳಮ֐ϟИˁȋᯃШᐏᇕȍȋё޺ᇕȍɲʢɹɭʛɲɐ቉ድᓔɹઝᡫɹࡔ‫␩ܧ‬ᅒμǵ1998: 4␭ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳɞʸȩ⏏
3⏆ ɛɞɌ⏋ፆᓔɹ቉ድࢪᢒɭɹᬠѥȴʰ⏋ɄɄɫ଩ȩɹɻՕᮐГᭇɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴᏼʛԂʶʰʶɛ‫ݖܩ‬ˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ቉ድɴᭉࡴɇʶʳ⏏

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ϥ‫̝Ͳ˓⏧ܮ‬͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭಮ֐ˁʠȽʳ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱድˁ᝔ȩ᭬ɴᠩᰍɭɌɛȦဣˁᎎ‫׬‬ɴʚɭʠɛȦ⏏

ǵմᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋ౖࡔɹБᝠᇕɲ቉ድೆʦ⏋‫ᦏˏ˻ˏ׫‬Б‫ر‬ɹఠዀೆɴȲȿʳՕᮐɹ៨ᦚɻ⏋1947 ॷ 8 ೐ 14͹15 ౗ɴᕸʳʚɫɹక໠᧌ዐˁμਕɴᠶɍɩȦɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ᦏॷɹ๴‫࡝ر‬ɫ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɲ຦ᝓͤ̾͡ɹ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐˁʠȽʳкᱻʦ᠗ᡫɴɦȦɩɻ⏋๴‫ر‬ɫɻɲȼ⏋ςɴయ࡝ʦ౱ᅙ4) ɲɰɹՕᩃɫயȴʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹဣɻ๴‫ࢃر‬ɛɠᕶ᤹ȵ᠗ʠʳɭɄʸɫȡʳ␩Menon and Bhasin 1998: 7, 22; Kaul 2001: 12␭⏏႕ɴయ࡝⏃̨Ͳ͹̶ˑ˪˹͚Ͳˁ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ɻ⏋ՕᮐˁʠȽɤɩᣱɄɤɛಮ֐ʦሺሄˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋ȋ‫ࢃܕ‬ȍʦకӾ⏋క໠ࢃˁμਕɭɌɛ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳ຦ᝓɹкᱻˁኍɌɦɧȿɩȷɛ⏏˗̝͡˕ͻ᠝сࢃ⏋˵ˏͻ̜̋̒͹̩˵Ͳ͹͇Ͳ̜ͻ (1912-55) ɹс‫ڃ‬ɻɗɹ߫ёɫȡʳ⏏৳ɹቁ፶ȋ̜ͻ̫ͻ͹̘ͻ˪͹˽ˑͲ˫ȍ␩͇Ͳ̜ͻ1988␭ɻ⏋Օᮐ቉ድɹμɫɌɽɌɽៜ‫ؖ‬ɇʶʳс‫ڃ‬ɫȡʱ⏋5) ˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊Ͳకঌȵ⏋ȋᏄኜᆖ᭏ȍ੮ᓔˁθ‫ܕ‬ᬚɫϯழ⏃̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɻ˓Ͳ̝⏋͌˽͌͠ɻ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍ⏆ɐʳɄɭˁໆࡴɌɛɭȦȩ៯ࡴɹάɴೆȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻՕᮐˁʠȽʳ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹᠶჿȵ⏋຦ᝓɹᅊ༎ʦࡸઢɭȦȴɴύᮐɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛȴȵ༝ȷ৫ʱɴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ͇Ͳ̜ͻʦ⏋ՕᮐೝɹཌྷϕˁயȦɛ̯Ͳ̚ˑͻ᠝ɹБᝠᇕࢸᠦȏ͇̊˽ȑɹсᓔ̲ͻ˹͖͌͹˵ͻ̢̼ͻ (1915-) ʰɻ⏋ᕶʰɹሁஞɹкᱻˁʢɭɴՕᮐɴЫȩཌྷϕˁயȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋৳ʰɴᐚȦɩ⏋ೆ႒ʦ᠝ʱˁᦲɌɩɄɹಁೝɹႥ໥ɴᬚஞᇕɴ៘ʶɲȵʰᔒɤɛ๖γБсࢃɛɠɹμȴʰʢ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬μਕɹ‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹ៨ᦚɴᆄ‫ک‬ˁரኍɐʳс‫ڃ‬ȵᅊʚʶɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋๘Ꭶɹ࡝‫ک‬͹ਲ਼઎࿈༑ˁᔘಕɴɌɛ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬Տ᤹ɹᗔ᠝сࢃɛɠɹс‫ڃ‬ɻ⏋˵͇͡ͻͲ͹͞˹͖̚ˑͻ⏃͡˹͖̚ˑͻ⏆(1947-) ɹȏሎ޿μɹࡎњɛɠȑ␩Rushdie 1981␭ʦˏ͊̊ͻʹ͹˳ͻ˹͖ (1956-)
ɹȏ˹̝͑˗͞˓Ͳ̀ȑ␩Ghosh 1988␭ɹёɴឿʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɹԒ޺ɫ໶ᇿɇʶ⏋ᦏ6)ɄɄɫɻ 1988 ॷɴᇍᝠॷɫɻɌɽɌɽȋͅ˽̜ඨ຦‫ܩ‬య࡝ȍɭɌɩʢ‫؜‬ʱΫɁʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

ɇʶɛ˳ͻ˹͖ɹȏ˹̝͑˗͞˓Ͳ̀ȑˁёɴ⏋ɗɹμɫ⏋‫̮׵‬ՕᮐГᭇɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹៜᠦȵ⏋Ȧȴɴ‫ک‬ȦሁɇʶɩȦʳɹȴˁ᏷ЂɌɛȦ⏏৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ɄɹࢸᠦɴɻృɌȦՕᮐ቉ድɹ᠅

4⏆຦ᝓɹែဣȴʰ‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹઝ٢ˁயȦɛ౱ᅙɹБᝠёɭɌɩ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐ৿ɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴ๿ɤɛ͌˽͌͠ɹᯎ࣒ˁςϺԇɴɌɛȏၖȦᰟ⏃ˤ͌͞͹̩ͩͻ⏆ȑȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳɞʸȩ⏏˓Ͳ̝ᦏБ‫ر‬ɹఠዀೆɭʢៜȩʏȷ˽̜͊̒͹˵͡ˡͻ͡ȏᦏБ˓Ͳ̝ǵ1885-1947 ॷȑʢ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹੳ։ˁਕɴ៲ȭʳ০ɫயȦɛс‫ڃ‬ɭɌɩɄɹ౱ᅙ
ˁ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳ␩Sarkar 1983: 453␭⏏ʚɛ⏋Օᮐೝɹཌྷϕˁ଩ɤɛБᝠᇕɲయ࡝с‫ڃ‬ȵ౱ᅙ‫׋‬͹̘̲ͤ‫׋‬ɇʶɛёɭɌɩ⏋ȏ͇̊˽ȑ⏃؅сɻ␩˵ͻ̢̼ͻǵ1991␭⏆⏋ȏ̮˥˽̊Ͳ᝔ȷɹ՞᥂ȑ⏃؅сɻ␩Singh 1981␭⏆⏋
ȏ1947 ॷ߂‫ܩ‬ȑ⏃؅сɻ␩Sidhwa 1989␭⏆ɲɰȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʓȴɴ⏋ʭʱࠞූᇕɲਸൔɹ৔Ȧȋ̓͠˗̝̒౱ᅙȍɹμɫʢ⏋‫̮׵‬ՕᮐˁʠȽʳཌྷϕʦੳ։ȵɌɽɌɽ‫؜‬ʱΫɁʰʶɩȦʳ⏏౱ᅙɴឿʳ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐɹயԠɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ա᦭ɴද២ɌɛȦ⏏
5⏆ ɛɭȭɽɄɹс‫ڃ‬ɻ⏋‫̮׵‬ՕᮐɴᬠɐʳБᝠᇕɲᠶయʦᣂషˁʚɭʠɛ␩Hasan 1993␭ɴɗɹԃయȵ᏷ЂɇʶɩȦʳ⏏৿ᦚɐʳ̮ͻͲ̚ͻɹՕᮐ቉ድɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ȋ̜ͻ̫ͻ͹̘ͻ˪͹˽ˑͲ˫ȍȵɌɽɌɽৄᅎɇʶɩȦʳ␩Pandey 1994: 188; 2001: 43␭⏏
6⏆ ͅ˽̜ඨ຦‫ܩ‬య࡝ɴɦȦɩɻ␩Ashcroft et al⏏1989␭ˁؒ၇⏏

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ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʛɭᩂɲʳែဣȵధ޽ȼ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȲʱ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ‫̮׵‬ᬠѥˁᓒ࢘ɐʳȩȭɫʢᩂឹɲኍ‫ڗ‬ˁήȭɩȦʳ⏏
ǵࢸᠦɻ⏋ςϺԇȋӋȍȵ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᐁᱻʦЈϺȴʰᓬȦɛ᠝ʱˁ‫܌‬઎ɐʳ০ɫࣙᬖɐʳ⏏
ςϺԇɻ 1952 ॷɴˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫᅊʚʶ⏋ɗɄɫࢹॷಁБˁ᧌Ʌɐ⏏႒᠝ɹ᥍ɭɲɤɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ςϺԇȵ߂߫ȷɞɤɛ៊ଇɹᮾॷ⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ȵ⏋1964 ॷɴ̋̒ˡˁ៮‫ک‬Ɍɛ᭬ɴ⏋ɗɄɫȋϟఖ๷ȍɌɛɄɭˁʠȽʳᡒɫȡʳ⏏̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷৿⏋ᬏȦॷ೐ˁȴȿɩ⏋ςϺԇɻɗɹ๷ɴ
ሁஞᇕ⏋ᬚஞᇕɴᬠʼʳɇʚɊʚɲ᠝ʱɴ៘ʶɩʪȼ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ɹᔘಕɴȡʳ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɹ႕೑ɹ኏ЦႥ໥ˁ਀ǾɴჿៗɌɩʪȼɹɫȡʳ⏏Гάɴ᏷Ђɐʳ‫ݭ‬ᯆɻ⏋ςϺԇȵ՟ʠɩ⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ȵ̋̒ˡɴȲȿʳ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴʭʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶȵ‫ؾ‬ಁೝɴ‫ޅܕ‬ˁᣴȭɛˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫᕶՕȵкᱻɌɛ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɭࢌஞɴᦹᬠɌɩȦɛɄɭɴຩɧȼ፝ଘɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ1972 ॷ⏋̚͠ͻɫ߂࡝᭏ᅊɭɌɩ֧৔ɌɩȦɛςϺԇɻ⏋ɛʚɛʚ‫ؗ‬Ϻɛɠɭ 1962 ॷɹμ‫׵‬଍ϝɹ᯴ɹਲ਼ȦՏ᠌ˁࠃʠʳ⏏‫ؗ‬Ϻɹʁɭʱɻ⏋Ʉɹ଍ϝȵȋӋɛɠȵࡎњɞɤɛɭȷɴɄɹ‫ܕ‬ɫᣱɄɤɛɫȷɅɭɹμɫ⏋Υᅱᩂឹɞɤɛȍɭᦚʏʳɹɞȵ⏋ςϺԇɻɄʶɴᅵˁ‫ڟ‬ȭ⏋ᕶՕȵ 10 Б՟ʠɹ᯴ɴкᱻɌɛˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫɹಮ֪ɹ౅ȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭς৓ɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̚͠ͻՏ᤹ɹ‫ؗ‬ϺɛɠɻɄɹಮ֪ɴɦȦɩɻ៨ૡɴɲȦɭፐȭɛɛʠ⏋ςϺԇɻ᝛௖ˁ‫؝‬ȿʳ⏏

ǵɫʢ‫⏱̢̞̥͈̞̈́̀ژ‬ɭӋɻៜɤɛ⏏Ʉɹಮ֪ɹɄɭˁ⏋ᠧ˃ɞʱᓬȦɛʱɌɲȴɤɛ⏱ɗʢɗʢ⏋μ‫ܕ‬ɭɹ଍ϝɻ‫ل‬ɛɠɹ᤹ᦏɫᣱɄɤɛʼȿɍʤɲȦɹɴŅ̷̻͉̽ៅȭɩȦʳʼȿ⏱ʢɠʸ˃ಮ֪ɹɄɭɞɤɩ⏋ៅȭɩȦʳʭŅ‫␩⏱̴̢̠̺͉̞ͧͥ̀ژ‬Ghosh 1988:221␭ɞȵ⏋৳ʰɻ᱔ˁ୷ʳɽȴʱɫȡʳ⏏‫ؗ‬Ϻɹʁɭʱɻៜȩ⏏ȋಮ֪ɻȦɦʢɹɄɭɞȍȋ‫౅ܩ‬ᇕɲಮ֪ɞɤɛ˃ɞʸȩȍ⏏ɄɹȋȦɦʢɹɄɭȍȋ‫౅ܩ‬ᇕȍɭȦȩៜᘽɻኍ‫ڗ‬ᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻ⏋៨ૡʦ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ɫȷɅɭɹᩂឹਸȵই՞‫׋‬ɇʶʳ෵ࡎȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɗɄɫςϺԇɻ⏋Ʉɹಮ֪ɹᩂឹਸˁ៷౩ɐʏȼ⏋‫ؗ‬ϺɭԊɴ‫ܒ‬ೆ᱅ɫಮ֪ɴᬠɐʳ៨ᦚˁஜɐ⏏ಮ֪ɴៜ‫ؖ‬Ɍɛೆ႒ɻឿɦȴʰɲȴɤɛȵ⏋য়ಁɹృᓬˁᠭʏʳɭ⏋ஜɌɩȦɛˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɹಮ֪ɫɻɲȼ⏋ആ̮˥˽̊ͲɫᣱɄɤɛಮ֪ɹ៨ϟȵ೎՟ɴᇿɴԂʳ⏏ςϺԇɻ⏋ɗɹմ৿ɹృᓬˁᠧ˃ɫȦȼȩɠɴ⏋1963 ॷ 12 ೐ 27 ౗ɴˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ᦏ᧿ɴȡʳ͐˽˪ȴʰ⏋̩͌Ͳ͇̝ɹᲦɹພɭɌɩѵɍʰʶɩȦʳᓩ᧨႒ȵᏪ߉ɌɛɭȦȩϟИˁሾʳ⏏ࡸɻ⏋ɄɹϟИˁȷɤȴȿɴ⏋‫ܕ‬ʢ᧓ȦᤂᮐʢᮐʶɩȦʳആ̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏃ჼ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖⏆ɫ͌˽͌͠ɴʭʳ଻ᡴ͐̚ȵᣱɄʱ⏋ɗʶȵആ̮˥˽̊Ͳ‫ܩع‬ɫಮ֪ɴᇍࣙɌɛɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹಮ֪ɹᐄഗ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹᮑ຦ȵ˓Ͳ̝ʍ༑ՏɌ⏋ɗʶȵЁ঎ɻˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɴ⏋284

ϥ‫̝Ͳ˓⏧ܮ‬͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭಮ֐ˁʠȽʳ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɇʚɊʚɲȩʼɇŅആ̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ๷кɞʰȿɹ՞᥂ȵզመɌɛɲɰŅˁ༑॒ɇɓ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɹ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳఓ௖⏋ಮ֪ɹৄȷᩆɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹృᓬ៨ϟˁᠧ˃ɫȦɛςϺԇɻ⏋ዺး⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ȵɠʬȩɰɄɹಁೝɴᣱɄɤɛɄɭˁਲ਼ȦՏɐ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋‫׬‬ɲʳϟఖ๷ɭɌɩᓬȴɇʶɩȦɛ̋̒ˡɫɹ̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ʢ⏋ࢹॷೝɴᕶՕȵкᱻɌɛˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɹಮ֪ʢ⏋ɭʢɴᏝ 2,000 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ȴɲɛɴȡʳˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɫɹᓩ᧨႒Ꮺ߉ϟИɭᐄʃɦȦɩȦɛɄɭɴຩɧȼɹɫȡʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴ⏋Ʉɹ 1963-64 ॷɹᓩ᧨႒Ꮺ߉ʦആ̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫɹಮ֪ɻ⏋̶ˑ˪˹͚Ͳɫɻɲȼࡸ᭬ɴᣱɄɤɛϟИɫȡʱ⏋Υಁɻആ̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫɗʶəʶ᥅᭢ȵ֪‫ڊ‬ɇʶ⏋޺Տኧ๬Вȵే᝔ɇʶʳʓɰɹཌྷϕႥ઴ȵᅊ7)ɍɩȦʳ␩The Hindu, 28 December 1963-17 January 1964␭⏏

ǵɄɹȋᇍឿȍɴ᝛௖ˁ‫؝‬ȿɛςϺԇɻ⏋ᕶՕȵᬏȦᬚ⏋̋̒ˡɫɹ̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ɭˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɹಮ֪ɭɹɦɲȵʱɴຩɧȴɲȴɤɛɄɭɴɦȦɩ⏋Гάɹʭȩɴᓒȭʳ⏏

ǵӋɻॾȴɤɛɌ⏋ٞʱɹࡎњɛɠɭ‫ؾ‬ɍɫ⏋ᕶՕɹٞʱɹៀ፴ɻሎࡸɲɹɞɭѵɍɩᔒɤɛ⏏ዷᬚɻࡸ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɭѵɍɩȦɛɌ⏋ᤂᮐɻʢɹˁՕȴɦɹɞɭ⏋႒ᣒᇕɲࡸкɲɹɞɭѵɍɩȦɛ⏏‫ࢃܕ‬ɭ‫ޅܕ‬ɻࡸ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɹɞɭ⏋‫ޅܕ‬ɹ‫ك‬Ʉȩɴɻաɹࡸ‫ܧ‬ȵȡʳɹɞɭѵɍɩȦɛ⏏Ӌɹ᠝ৢɫɻ⏋ɗȩȦȩᅵɲʳࡸ‫ܧ‬ɹᬚɹᬠѥɻ⏋଍ϝȴ‫߫ؗ‬ȴɹɰɠʰȴɞȿɞɤɛ⏏
ɗɄɴɻ⏋ЈɹʢɹȵԂʳо‫ܩ‬ɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ӌɹ᠝ৢɴয়ɩɻʚʰɲȦɄɭȵʰɻ⏋ɛɞȡɹໍᶏɹ᝾ȿᇿɹμɴେɌʦʰʶɛɹɞɤɛ␩Ghosh 1988: 219␭⏏

ɄɄɫ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳɹɻ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ˁ‫׬‬еɭɌɛៜᠦʦ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɹμɫɻ⏋‫ޅܕ‬ˁᣴȭɩȋಮ֐ȍȵᦹ᫒ɐʳჼᢒɻ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ᬚɹȋ଍ϝȍɭȦȩ০Г޺ɫɻᠦ౩ɐʳɄɭȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɫȡʱ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩɗɄɴȲȦɩɻ 1964 ॷɹჼᢒɻȋໍᶏȍˁ৔ȦʰʶɩȷɛɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴςϺԇɻ⏋ȴɦɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐˁໆࡴɌ⏋ϩ߂᭜ɴ‫ޅܕ‬ᐻˁৄȦɛϺǾɴਲ਼ȦˁʠȽʰɐ⏏

ǵȴɦɩ⏋ɗʶʓɰ౬ɫɻɲȦಁБɴ⏋ϺǾȵ⏋ᖪᡫʢᖪਕʢȡʳϺǾȵ⏋ೣຩɫਲ਼ɤɩȦɛɹɞŅ‫ܒܩ‬ɻɐʏɩ‫ؾ‬ɍɫ⏋‫ޅܕ‬ᐻɴɻ႕աɲ᳉໬ȵȡʳɹɞ⏋ɭ⏏ಮ֐ˁ‫ޅܕ‬ʍው֪Ɍ⏋ɗʶɴዀ࡝ʦू‫ݭ‬ɫࢪՃɌʭȩɭɐʳɹȵ⏋ᣌᣊɴғɐʳɄɭɞɭ৳ʰɻѵɍɩȦɛ⏏ɗ˃ɲ৳ʰˁ᢮ʠʳʏȷɫɻɲȦ⏋ɭ⏋ӋɻᕶՕɴៜȦᓬȴɓɛ⏏ɗʶȵγᅠɹԇিɞɤɛɹɞ⏏
৳ʰɻɗɹԇিˁ⏋ɦʚʱ‫ޅܕ‬ᐻɹʢɦ᳉໬ˁѵɍɲȵʰ⏋‫ޅܕ‬ᐻˁৄȦɛɹɞɤɛ␩Ghosh7⏆ ɠɲʛɴ⏋1964 ॷ 1 ೐ 5 ౗Њɹȏ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȑᏨɴʭʶɽ⏋1 ೐ 4 ౗ɴिకঌɻᓩ᧨႒ȵȋ‫܌‬਋ȍɇʶɛɄɭ
ˁᇍᝠɌ⏋ɗɹᐄഗ⏋˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ɹ᝘ᰄɫɻȋ͌˽͌͠⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋˹˪⏋ɗɹЈɹϺǾȍˁ‫ي‬ʞᒴᝓȵ᝘ᰄɫɄʶˁኛᢽɌɛ␩The Hindu, 5 January 1964␭
⏏

285ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬

1988: 233␭⏏
ǵɄɹࢸᠦɴᝠɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɲ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬μਕɹ๴‫ر‬Ӊɹμɴ࿃ʞȋໍᶏȍɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬Гᭇɹ‫ᦏˏ˻ˏ׫‬ჼБ‫ر‬ɹ࡝‫ک‬࿈༑ɹμɫ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድɭɹᬠѥȴʰᔰӵˁ༟ʃࠃʠɛ̘ͻ͇ɫȡʳ⏏1982 ॷɴౖࡔɹ˛͠ͻ̜ςᒶɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋάȴʰɹ๴‫ر‬ȍˁ஥Ɂɩࠃʚɤɛȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑ˹͠ͻ̀ɻ⏋80 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬Гᭇ⏋ͅ˽̢̜͐̋̀͌⏋ͅ˽̜‫ڪ‬ᙕςᒶ⏋ͅ˽̜෯ᦶςᒶ⏋ͅ˽̜ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠⏋ͅ˽̜ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ςᒶɲɰɹȋͅ˽̜ȍˁ஥Ɂɛਲ਼઎࿈༑ɭɹᬠѥˁཉʠɛ⏏ɗɹμɫ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድɻ⏋‫⏋࡝ڒ‬య࡝⏋኏Ц࡝⏋క໠࡝⏋య‫׋‬Ϻᰖ࡝⏋ਕჿ࡝ɲɰɹɇʚɊʚɲՕᩃɹ቉ድɭϯ༑ˁཉʠɩʪȼ⏏᠎ᏳɴɦȦɩɻաዣɫᠶɍɛȵ⏋8) ɄȩɌɛ༑ʶɹμɫ⏋ȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑ˹͠ͻ̀ɴᬠʼʳ቉ድᓔɹᬚȴʰɻ⏋˛͠ͻ̜ɹៜᠦȵȦȴɴɌɩ຦ᝓɹުˁଵ‫ܦ‬Ɍ⏋᭯Ɍ⏋ȋుႅȍ‫׋‬ɌɩȷɛɹȴˁՕഓɌɛ቉ድȵᐚՏɐʳ⏏̮̊͡͹̍͑̊˻ͻɹȏ‫ܕ‬຦ɭɗɹᡉుႅ̆ඨ຦‫ܩ‬͹ͅ˽̜ඨ຦‫رܩ‬ȑ␩Chatterjee
1993␭ɻɗɹБᝠёɭȦȭʭȩ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ቉ድɫɻ⏋ᣂషɻ๴‫ر‬ΫɹȋϟࡸȍˁᝠɐʢɹɭɌɩɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗɹᣂషˁ๿Ɍɛ˛͠ͻ̜⏋ఌᨗᓔүɹៜᠦʦ᠗ᡫˁᝠɐʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ɦʚʱ⏋৳ʰȵȋϟࡸȍˁ෯፷Ɍɛ᧌ዐˁኍɐʢɹɭɌɩ଩ʼʶɛ⏏ɄʶʰɹៜᠦՕഓɹμɫ႕ɴᬠਕ
ȵᮃμɌɛɹȵ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝˁᦲɍɩ⏋‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɹఌᨗᓔࣝȵȋ‫ࢃܕ‬͹‫ܕ‬຦ (nation)ȍʦ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋͌˽͌͠⏋˹˪ɲɰɹȋ˱̢͖̘͊ˑȍˁɰɹʭȩɴȋ઎Ӊȍ⏒ȋօᦶȍɌɛɹȴɭȦȩ̘ͻ͇ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹ࿈༑ɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋য়՟ɹȋάȴʰɹ๴‫ر‬ȍˁ஥Ɂɛȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑɭɻᦥ᝔ɐʳȋ˛͠ͻ̜቉ድȍɫȡʳɭɹଫՠʢࢊɓʰʶɛ⏏ɞȵ⏋့ဣȵ˛͠ͻ̜ៜᠦɴҥʳӃ‫ك‬ȵΥᨆɫឿʰʶɛɭɻȦȭ⏋ɄȩɌɛៜᠦՕഓˁᦲɌɩ⏋ౖࡔɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɹμɫȋుႅȍɭɌɩେɌʦʰʶ⏋ଵ‫ܦ‬ɇʶ⏋ȋໍᶏȍˁ৔ȦʰʶɩȷɛުʦɫȷɅɭȵ๖Ǿɴ୭௎ɇʶɛɄɭɻ៿ѝɐʏȷɞʸȩ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹ༑ʶɹμɫ⏋ȋໍᶏȍɌɩȦɛ⏋ȡʳȦɻɇɓʰʶɩȦɛࡔ‫ܧ‬ᕶкˁயȼɛʠɹȦȼɦȴɹᖂ٢ཉȦ᠅ʛʢࠃʚɤɛ⏏႕ɴ໶ᇿɇʶɛɹȵ⏋Ʉʶʚɫьʼʶɩȷɛʭȩɲయࡓᣂషɴ‫غ‬ʼɓɩ⏋ᓬ‫؜‬ʱˁᦲɌɩɇʚɊʚɲ᠝ʱʦ៨ૡˁ‫ؚ‬ᮃɌ⏋Ʉʶʰˁࢪ၇ɇɓʳ౅໬ɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ˹͑ͻ̯̝͹ˏ͊ͻͲɹȏϟИ⏋̶͍̊ˎͻ⏋៨ૡ̆̍͑˗͠ͻ͹̍͑˗͞ͻ
1922-1992ॷȑ␩Amin 1995␭ɻ⏋1922 ॷ 2 ೐ 4 ౗ɴ‫̝Ͳ˓׌‬ɹࢸɇɲᅘ⏋̍͑˗͠ͻ͹̍͑˗͞ͻɫᣱɄɤɛᦅ຦ɴʭʳಮ֐ϟИˁ‫؜‬ʱΫɁ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ᐏ໠ณ֐ɹάɫ᝔ʼʶɛ᝽ՠɹ៨᪼ɴᝠʶʳᦅ຦ɹުʦ⏋˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻˁᦲɌɩ‫ؚ‬ᮃɌɛᦅ຦ɹ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ϟИȵɰɹʭȩɴ᠝ʰʶ⏋៨ૡɇʶɩȦɤɛɹȴˁՕഓɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻ⏋ᦅ຦ɹ᠝ʱɹμɴᦅ຦ɹȋᅊɹުȍˁឿՏɐɭȦɤɛ᠗ᡫɻɲȼ⏋ϟИˁʠȽʳఌᨗᓔ⏋᝵ఌᨗᓔɹᅵɲʳ᠝ʱ͹៨ૡȵࢪ၇ɇʶʳɄɭ8⏆ȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑ˹͠ͻ̀ɭɄɹ˹͠ͻ̀ɴᬠʼɤɛ቉ድᓔɛɠɹ቉ድ֪‫ك‬ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȋ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድɭ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ȍȏჼБ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ȑፀ 1 ॎ⏋ആϴ߂࡝ՏႆЦ⏃2002 ॷ 9 ೐՘᝔⏆ؒ၇⏏

286ϥ‫̝Ͳ˓⏧ܮ‬͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭಮ֐ˁʠȽʳ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɫ⏋ɗʶʰɹ޽෵ɲ᠝ʱ͹៨ૡȵሂϣɴᐉʛ‫غ‬Ȧ⏋ᩂɲʱ‫غ‬ȩ෵ࡎȵயȷՏɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ‫̮׵‬Օᮐɴʚɦʼʳಮ֐ɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋1990 ॷБГᭇɹ̮ͻͲ̚ͻ⏋̸̊ͻ͠ˏ⏋͍ͻ̨ͻͲʰɹ቉ድȵ⏋‫ؾ‬෵ɴᣂషɭᓬ‫؜‬ʱᠭീˁᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓɲȵʰ⏋ᅵɲʳ᠝ʱɹ‫ؚ‬ᮃ͹Օഓˁ᝔ɤɛ␩Pandey 2001; Butalia 1998; Menon and Bhasin 1998␭⏏৳ʰɹ቉ድɴឿʰʶʳɹɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɹ‫ࢃܕ‬μਕɹៜᠦʦ៨ᦚɹμɫȋໍᶏȍɌɩȦɛ⏋ȡʳȦɻɇɓʰʶɩȦɛᨆՕˁ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ᠝ʱˁᮃʠʳμȴʰᇍឿɌɩȦȼɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ɗɹໍᶏȵɰɹʭȩɴɦȼʰʶʳɹȴˁᦠິɐʳࠒֳɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻ⏋ໍᶏɴɦȦɩ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ృɛɲಮ֐ʦໍᶏɹᇍᅊˁᭀ๬ɌɛȦɭɹઝ‫ܒ‬ȵઢɍʰʶʳ⏏ɗɹᔘ৿ɴ⏋90 ॷБГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɹ‫د‬ᰄȵȡʳɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻʰɹ቉ድɻ⏋ౖࡔɹ‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹ៨ᦚʦ᠝ʱɹ႕ਐȵ⏋ϺǾɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȴ͌˽͌͠ȴ⏋9) ɭȦȩ‫ך‬Օɴ‫ؚ‬భɌɩȦʳဣɴȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋Ʉɹჼᢒɹ႕ᅵɇˁς৓ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɄʶɻჼБɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɹៜᠦʍɹᅵᡴᅕɌጓɩɫȡʳɭʢៜȭʭȩ⏏
ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋˗ͩ͡˹ͻ͹̸̊ͻ͠ˏɹȏໍᶏɹȡɠʰү̆Օᮐкᱻᓔɛɠɹުȑ␩Butalia1998␭ɻ⏋Օᮐɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɹμɫȋٞᦇɴᦠȦʦʰʶɛȍࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɌɩ⏋ߨਸ⏋ࡎњ⏋̩͠˻͑Ͳˁ‫؜‬ʱΫɁ⏋৳ʰɹ‫̮׵‬Օᮐೝɹᐁᱻˁ՞୲ɐʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹጓ‫ݭ‬ȴʰឿɛ‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹࠒɻ⏋ౖࡔɹ៨ᦚɴჼʶʳᅖਸμਕ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬μਕɹ᠝ʱɭᰒᘿɲሂ᧓ˁឿɓɩȦʳ⏏̸̊ͻ͠ˏȵ୭௎ɌɛȋໍᶏȍɹΥёɴ⏋Օᮐɹཌྷϕೝɴಮ᝔⏋᠛୓ɇʶɛ 7 Ψ 5 ‫ן‬Ϻɭʢ 10 ΨϺɭʢៜʼʶ
ʳߨਸɛɠɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ȵȡʳ␩Butalia 1998: 132, 249␭⏏ࡸɻ⏋ߨਸ᠛୓ɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋Օᮐሁ৿ɴɻకঌͤ̾͡ɫʢᡴᠶɇʶ⏋θకঌɴʭʳᏼᑩᇕɲ‫؜‬ᏼʛɴʭɤɩ⏋͌˽͌͠ɴᦹʶؑʰʶɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻߨਸˁ̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ʍ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɴᦹʶؑʰʶɛ͌˽͌͠ߨਸˁ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍȋ‫܌‬਋ȍɐʳс෌ʚɫ᝔ʼʶɛɹɞȵ⏋৳ߨɛɠɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɻ৿ɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚʦ᠝ʱɹ10)৳ߨɛɠɭɻࢪ၇ᇕɴ⏋᠝ʱɹμɫ৔ᠭɇʶʳɹɻ⏋‫ؿ‬᠕⏋μɫɻȋໍᶏȍˁ৔Ȧʰʶʳ⏏

Ꮴ࿀ˁࡪʳɛʠɴᕶຏ⏋Јຏɹ০ɫȋ๽๷ȍɌɛߨਸɛɠɫȡʳ␩Butalia 1998: 208␭⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋˧͑ͻ̦ͻͲ̝͞͹̮ͻͲ̚ͻɹȏՕᮐɹ៨ૡ̆˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳಮ֐⏋̠˹͚̠̀͌͠⏋๴‫ر‬ȑ␩Pandey 2001␭ɻ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐೝɹȋಮ֐ȍȵɗɹ৿Ȧȴɴ៨ᦚɇʶ⏋᠝ʰʶɩȦɤɛɹȴˁ⏋ჿᠶᇕ⏋кᏙᇕɴ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛɩȦʳ⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻȵɄʶʚɫʢᑵʱᦐɌ৔ᠭɌɩ
Ȧʳʭȩɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳౖࡔɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɫɻ⏋ಮ֐ɻȋЈϺȍɹɫȷɅɭɭɌɩ⏋๴‫ر‬ɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫɻ଩ȭɲȦᠦ౩έ‫خ‬ᔨɲჼᢒɭɌɩ଩ʼʶɩȷɛ␩Pandey 1994; 2001: 49␭⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻ9⏆ ˹˪ఠਂɴɦȦɩɻ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹ៨ᦚ⏋᠝ʱɹμɫɻ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɭգࢀˁԊ೑ɌɩȦʳɭɇʶ⏋͌˽͌͠ɭࢪጓɐʳᮃ܎ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
10⏆ ‫̮׵‬Օᮐೝɹߨਸ᠛୓ɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋Ʉʶˁ̘ͻ͇ɴɌɛࢸᠦ␩Sidhwa 1989␭ȵ 1999 ॷɴȏ1947 ॷǵ߂‫ܩ‬ȑɹ̊˓̜͡ɫ౱ᅙ‫׋‬ɇʶ⏋໶ᇿˁᮃʠɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋؅сɹ̊˓̜͡ɻ Ice-Candy-Man ɞȵ⏋ˏ͍͠ˡႆɫɻ̊˓̜͡
ɻ Cracking India ɴఒʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

287ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɻ⏋ಮ֪ɴᬠɌɩɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆʦ‫⏋᧑ݬ‬కঌ͹కӾɹު౩⏋‫܌‬઎᪼⏋кᱻᓔɛɠɹ᠝ʱɲɰˁࢪ၇ɇɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ಮ֐ɴɦȦɩɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚȵ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ʦ‫ܕ‬຦ɹȡʱ౅ˁ႕ࡴɹ০ɴ෯፷ɐʳɛʠɹక໠᧌ዐɭࢌஞɴᐄʃɦȦɩȷɛჼᢒˁ୭௎ɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᦏБ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹȡʱ౅ʦ⏋ɗʶɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼɄʶʚɫɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɴࢪɌɩ⏋Ʉʶʰȵᕶးɲʢɹ⏋έ޴ᇕɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ȡȼʚɫ෯፷ɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳɭɹ᠗ᡫɹΫɴጓɠ⏋ჼБɹȋ‫ࢃܕ‬ȍɴБʼʳ⏋ʭʱ‫׃‬ୠᇕɲక໠˱̢͖̘͊ˑˁɦȼʱՏɐɄɭˁೝ৺ɐʳɹɫȡʳ␩Pandey 2001: 205␭⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛ቉ድȵ⏋៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɴ့ဣˁয়ɩɲȵʰ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐೝɹ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɴȲȿʳໍᶏ⏋႕ɴಮ֐ɴʚɦʼʳໍᶏˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋Ʉɹໍᶏȵɦȼʰʶɛ᧌ዐˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛɛဣɻ
៿ѝɐʏȷɫȡʸȩ⏏ɞȵ⏋ʦɻʱຩɴɲʳဣɭɌɩɻ⏋ȋಮ֐ȍˁʠȽʳ៨ૡʦ᠝ʱɹՕഓȵ⏋ȋಮ֐ȍᕶкɹჿៗ⏋଴வɴɰɹʭȩɴɦɲȵʳɹȴɭȦȩ‫ک‬ᰍȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏‫׸‬ɠ⏋ಮ֐ˁ๴‫ر‬៨ᦚɹμɫயȼɛʠɴɻ⏋ಮ֐ȵɰɹʭȩɴ᠝ʰʶɩȷɛɹȴˁᠶɑʳɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋҅աɹಮ֐ɹϟёɴɦȦɩ⏋ɗɹక໠͹ᐁཕ͹኏Цᇕᔘಕˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳс෌ˁ⏋᠝ʱɹՕഓɭជ࡭Ɍȡȩ০ɫᦽʠʳਖឹȵȡʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋᠝ʱɹμɫᇿɴɦȼឹᏬɹʁɭɦɴ
ȋȩʼɇȍɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ȵȡʳɹɞȵ⏋᠝ʱɹμɴჼʶʳɄȩɌɛឹᏬˁଝȵȴʱɴ⏋ᬠᦹɐʳᔘಕ̆ɗɹ኏ЦɴȲȿʳ੻‫ݬ‬ɹШ᧒ɹȡʱ౅ʦϺᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɲɰ̆ˁେɇȭɩʪȼɄɭȵέ‫خ‬๕ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋ɄɄɫ᏷ЂɌɛʭȩɲ቉ድȵ⏋ςɴ‫̝Ͳ˓׌‬ɫ‫̮׵‬Օᮐೝɹಮ֪⏋Ϻ‫ؤ‬ው֪ˁሁஞᇕɴкᱻɌɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɴᮃμɌɩȦʳဣɴʢᅥઝɌɛȦ⏏Ј‫⏋ݖܩ‬ɛɭȭɽ‫̝Ͳ˓׫‬ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋‫׵‬̮Օᮐɹ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɻɰɹʭȩɴ෯፷ɇʶɛɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻɹ቉ድɲɰɫኍɇʶɩȦʳᦲʱ⏋Υᖔɴ‫̝Ͳ˓׌‬ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ϺǾɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȴ͌˽͌͠ȴɭȦȩဣɴ‫ؚ‬భɐʳៜᠦʦ⏋ɗʶˁ˓Ͳ̝⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳʍɹॠࣚɭᩂɷʳៜᠦȵ⏋Օᮐɹᐁᱻɹμɫ‫د‬ᰄɐʳჼᢒȵឿʰʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɹៜᠦȵʢɦ৯ᯱ֐ɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɅɭɹႥ໥ɴ߂ȷȼृ‫ز‬ɇʶɩȦɛɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹࢪጓȵᰒ‫׋ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȴ͌˽͌͠ȴɭȦȩˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑɹᩂឹਸɻ⏋िᕶкȵ‫̮׵‬ɴՕւɇʶɛ̮Ͳ˻͑ͻ̸ʦ̾Ͳˤ͡ɹ‫غݭ‬ɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲɤɩȦɛɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ຦ᝓɹ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐɹкᱻˁՕഓɌɛ๴‫ر‬቉ድɻ⏋ፆᓔȵ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɭɌɩȦʳ˓Ͳ̝ីᨆ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜‫౅ܩ‬ɴɦȦɩʢ‫מ‬Օɴᦽ˃ɫȦɲȦ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴɦȦɩɹ 20 γᏛմ‫ץ‬ɴᬠɐʳ๴‫ر‬቉ድɹμਕɻ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜Տ᤹ɹ M͹K͹ˤͻͲ̚ˑͻʦ⏋ˤͻͲ̚ˑͻɹ୭ࢷ͹৯ᯱ11)
1941⏋46 ॷɴ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ɹμਕᨊ॑⏋ˏ͌άɫࣙᬖɇʶɛ‫ؙ‬ᗔ᧊֪⏋ᯃಮ֐᧊֪ɫȡʳ⏏

11⏆ ɛɞɌᦏॷɫɻ⏋̩ͻ̚ˑ͇Ͳʦ˽ˡ͠ˏɹˏ̚ˑʹˎͻ˹ͻ⏃̜͞˓̸⏋Ӵз຦⏆቉ድɲɰɹёɴឿʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜Ԓᨆɹ኏Цʦ๴‫ر‬Ӊɹ޽෵ਸɴ໶ᇿȵᮃʚɤɩȦʳ␩Hardimanǵ1987; 1994; 1996; Skaria
1999␭
⏏ǵ288

ϥ‫̝Ͳ˓⏧ܮ‬͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭಮ֐ˁʠȽʳ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱ̋ͻʹˎͻ̝⏃ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝⏋ˏ̶͇̋ͻ̫ͻ̝⏆ɫᣱɄɤɛ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ʦ⏋‫̮׵‬ՕᮐГᭇɹ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ȴʰ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍɹ͌˽͌͠ው຦͹̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ʍɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻው຦ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ʉɹ‫౅ܩ‬ɹᦏБ‫ر‬቉ድɹμɫʓɭ˃ɰ‫؜‬ʱΫɁʰʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏12)ǵ‫̮׵‬ՕᮐɴᬠᦹɌɩፆᓔȵᓒȭɩȦʳʢȩʁɭɦɹᠩᰍɻ⏋ՕᮐʦɗʶГᭇɴᣱȷɛȋಮ֐ȍɹ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕዷᬚˁᣳȭɛᦹᬠਸɹ‫ک‬ᰍɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᦹᬠਸɻ⏋մᦚɹȏ˹̝͑˗͞˓Ͳ̀ȑɹμɫॄʛɴᝠჼɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ςϺԇɻ⏋ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹᓩ᧨႒Ꮺ߉ϟИɭആ̮˥˽̊Ͳɫɹಮ֪ɹᇍᅊɴɦȦɩሾɤɛ৿ɴ⏋‫ܒܩ‬ɭ˱Ͳ̮˽ˁᅎȦɲȵʰ⏋೎՟ɴಮ֪ȵᅊɍɛആ̮˥˽̊Ͳɹᅘ⏋˪̠͡ˁμਕɴɌɩ⏋ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ȵԓٞΫɴȼʳʭȩɲԓˁயȼࡸᱻˁ᝔ȩ⏏

͘ͻ˪̝̒͠ዷᬚɹȷɠ˃ɭɌɛዊইɹμɫɻ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ʚɫɹᤂᮐɻ⏋̚͠ͻʭʱʢ̊˓ɹ̍˙Ͳ͇˓ȴʰɹ౅ȵɑɤɭᦏȦɌ⏋˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ʭʱʢμ‫ܕ‬ɹଁᨊȴʰɹ౅ȵᦏȦɹɞ⏏ɫʢӋɻɄɹԓˁயȼʚɫ⏋̍˙Ͳ͇˓ʦଁᨊɹɄɭɲɰᓬȦɛɄɭʢɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹΥ౅⏋̚͠ͻʦ˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ɹɄɭɻ⏋ਲ਼ȦՏɓɲȦȽʰȦࢸɇɲɄʸȴʰᓬȦɩȦɛ⏏
̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ‫ܒܩ‬ɻ⏋˪̠͡ʚɫɹᤂᮐɻ⏋˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ʭʱʢ⏋̨̩˓ʦᩂૌȴʰɹ౅ȵᦏȦɄɭˁఠȭɩȼʶɛȿʶɰ⏋˪̠͡ɹϺɛɠɻ̜̠̾͌ʦμ‫׫ܕ‬ᨆ⏃ʓ˃ɹᇿɹӴɴȡʳ⏆ɹ͐˽˪ɹ᧊٨ˁࢹɌɫʢຩɴɌɛɞʸȩȴ⏱ǵຩɴɌɲȴɤɛɞʸȩ⏏ɫʢ͐˽˪
ȵɄɠʰүɹ౅‫ك‬ɴȡʳɭ⏋ɛɤɛ 1 ᦼᬚɫŔ␩Ghosh 1988: 232␭⏏

ǵჼࡸɴ⏋‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɴȲȿʳ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕዷᬚˁᣴȭɛȋಮ֐ȍɹᦹᬠਸɻ⏋ɄʶʚɫɇʚɊʚɲ০ɫჼʶɩȦʳ⏏‫̮׵‬Օᮐɹཌྷϕೝɴ‫ܩع‬ɫᣱɄɤɛಮ֪ˁɻɍʠ⏋៨ૡɴృɌȦϟёɭɌɩɻ⏋1992 ॷɴˏ͜ͻ̚ˑ͓ͻɫᣱȷɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɴʭʳ͐˽˪ቑ‫ޙ‬ϟИȵ⏋‫׸‬এɴ˓Ͳ̝‫ܕ‬Ԓɹςឹᨊ॑ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹͌˽͌͠ᬚɹ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ˁᅊɍɇɓɛɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳɞʸȩ⏏ɄɹϟИɴʭʱ⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳʦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹΥᨆɴȲȦɩʢᐳ৓ȵᲞʚɤɛ⏏ʚɛ೎ᦏɹёɫɻ⏋2002 ॷ 2 ೐ 27 ౗ɴ⏋ˏ͜ͻ̚ˑ͓ͻɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻࢩ᭏ল៯᧊֪ɴؒ֓Ɍɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɛɠɹώɤɩȦɛ՞᥂ȵ⏋ˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝ᦏ᧿ɴȡʳ˳ͻ̝͞ͻɫ͌˽͌͠ɴʭɤɩ឴௖ɇʶ⏋Ʉʶȵ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜‫⏃ܩع‬႕ɴˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝⏆ɴȋᰧʃတȍɌɩ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɹ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳ߂ៀฐɲఓ௖ȵ᝔ʼʶɛ⏏Ʉɹᬚɴຏࢀɇʶɛ͌˽͌͠ɹధɻ⏋4 ೐‫ץ‬ɽɹ‫᧑ݬ‬ɫɻ 700 ϺɴɹʖʳɭɇʶɩȦʳ␩India Today, 11, 18, 25 March, 8, 15 April

12⏆ ɠɲʛɴ⏋ፆᓔɻ 1998 ॷ⏋ˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝ɫ 1940 ॷБɴ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜͹ˡͤ̒˻ɲɰɹᲞፈఠᔒลᬠɴ‫ܧ‬᎛ɌɩȦɛ 5 ‫ؿ‬ɹϺǾɴɦȦɩ⏋҅աɴ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏৳ʰɹ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋1941⏋46 ॷɹ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ʦው຦ɴᬠɐʳயԠɴɻȦȼɦȴɹᩂឹɲሂ᧓ȵឿʰʶɛȵ⏋ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻЁ৿⏋ᣂషᠭീʦᓬ‫؜‬ʱᠭീˁᦽʠɛȩȭɫද២ɌɛȦ⏏

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2002␭⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ȡʳȋಮ֐ȍϟИȵ⏋႒ჿᇕᤂᮐɴᬠʼʱɲȼ⏋Јɹᨊ॑ʦ೴⏋‫⏋ݖܩ‬ಁɴɻ‫ޅܕ‬ɹ‫ك‬Ʉȩүɴʚɫȋᰧʃတȍɐʳჼᢒɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴჿៗɐʶɽʭȦɹɞʸȩȴ⏏
ɄɄɫᓒ࢘ɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɹɻ⏋‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɹక໠ᇕᔘಕʦ⏋ዛǾɹᏼᑩɹ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪⏋੻‫ݬ‬͹ȩʼɇɹ৲ւɲɰɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛμɫɦȼʰʶʳϺǾɹዷᬚઢៅ̆‫׸‬ɠ⏋Ј‫ݖܩ‬ɫᣱȷɛɰɹʭȩɲϟИȵɰʶʓɰɹȋᦏɇȍ⏋ᐳᦗઢˁʢɦɹȴ̆ɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ˁёɴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹȋᦏɇȍɹઢៅ⏋ዷᬚෙਥȵ⏋‫̮׵‬Օᮐˁᦲɍɩɰɹʭȩɴ޴‫׋‬Ɍɩʪȼɹȴˁ⏋Ԓᨆɹᅵɲʳᮃ܎ʦᅵɲʳ‫⏃ݖܩ‬ɛɭȭɽ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝɴᚻტ‫ܕ‬ɫȡɤɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɭᗔ᯿ɫȡɤɛ‫⏋ݖܩ‬13) ᨊ॑ɭᦅ೴⏋ɲɰ⏆ɴ໶ᇿɌɲȵʰද២ɌɩȦȼɄɭʢ⏋ࢰഀɹᠩᰍɭɌɛȦ⏏14)֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃAmin, Shahid. 1995. Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura 1922-1992. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Ashcroft, Bill, Garesh Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. 1989. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Postcolonial Literatures. London: Routledge.⏃ˏ̒˹͖˪̶̜ͦ⏋̲͡⏩ˤͤ˽͹˫̶͠ˑ˽⏩̼ͤͲ͹̘ˑ̶ˑͲ⏏1998⏏ȏͅ˽̜˱̢ͦˏ͡ɹయ࡝ȑೠ೴ᗛᮁ៱⏋ᮾ‫ܤ‬኏⏆Butalia, Urvashi. 1998. The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India. New Delhi: Penguin Books.
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13⏆ ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝɴɻɗɹΥᨆɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɻᗔ᯿̓Ͳ̾˓፬‫৿⏃ך‬ɴ̓Ͳ̾˓ि⏆ɹμɴ‫ي‬ʚʶ⏋๿ʱɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ޽ధɹᚻტ‫ܕ‬ɴʭɤɩ‫װ‬ʠʰʶɩȦɛ␩Menon 1956␭⏏˓Ͳ̝ႶጓˁลɴɄʶʰɹᚻტ‫ܕ‬ɻ˓Ͳ̝ɴᐏ‫غ‬ɇʶ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ঎ᩂɲʳिԗᑂɴʭɤɩ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻ 1960 ॷɴჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िȵଁጓɐʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ɴȲȿʳዷᬚෙਥɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ȵ̮˥˽̊Ͳɭ‫ޅܕ‬ˁஞɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕ೼Иʢᓒૅɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɞʸȩ⏏
14⏆ ԍкᇕɲ౅໬ᠶɴɦȦɩɻද២μɞȵ⏋ʚɑଝȵȴʱɭɌɩ⏋ˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝ˁμਕɴ⏋ృᓬ‫᧑ݬ‬ʦ‫܌‬઎᪼⏋˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɫ‫ؚ‬ᮃɌɛ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ɰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ȵɰɹʭȩɲ০͹ປᩂɫៜ‫ؖ‬ɇʶɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᦲಁᇕɲ޴‫׋‬ˁᦠȩɄɭȴʰࠃʠɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏

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Rushdie, Salman. 1981. Midnight's Children. London: Vintage.⏃͞˹͖̚ˑ⏋˵͇͡Ͳ⏏1989⏏ȏሎ޿μɹࡎњɛɠȑࢩᬐ໹১៱⏋౛ाೆଗ⏆Sarkar, Sumit. 1983. Modern India: 1885-1947. New Delhi: Macmillan.⏃˵͡ˡͻ͡⏋˽̜͊̒⏏1993⏏ȏృɌȦ˓Ͳ̝ᦏБ‫ر‬Υ͹ϠŅάȴʰɹ๴‫ر‬ɹ᠅ʛȑᬏऊ಩ࡎ͹ᕼᅒᮂψ͹μᩁଁጟ͹Ꮅ࣒գຽ៱⏋቉యՏႆ⏆
Sidhwa, Bapsi. 1989. Ice-Candy-Man. New Delhi: Penguin Books.
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