THE KEK INJECTOR UPGRADE FOR THE FAST BEAM-MODE
SWITCH
M. Satoh#, for the IUC* members, KEK, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan.
Abstact
The KEK electron/ positron linac is a 600-m-long linear
accelerator with the maximum energy of 8-GeV electronand 3.5-GeV positron. It injects four different beams into
four different rings. In order to enhance the operation
efficiency, we have an injector upgrade plan aiming aquasi-simultaneous injection. In this paper, we will
present the upgrade plan in detail.

INTRODUCTION
The KEK injector linac has been operated since 1982,
and its total operation time has been surpassed more than
120,000 hours. The operation time per year has reached7,000 hours with a quite low failure rate [1]. The KEK
linac provides the beams of the different modes
sequentially with four storage rings; Low Energy Ring(LER) of KEKB (3.5-GeV/ positron), High Energy Ring
(HER) of KEKB (8-GeV/ electron), Photon Factory (PF;2.5-GeV/ electron) and Advanced Ring for pulse X-rays(PF-AR; 3-GeV/ electron). Table 1 lists the mainparameters for each beam mode. For a higher operationefficiency of the linac beam, many kinds of feedback
loops have been developed to stabilize the beam orbit,
energy and energy spread [2, 3, 4]. In order to double thepositron intensity, the two-bunch operation has beendeveloped [5]. In addition, the three-bunch acceleration
has been also tested successfully [6].
For a typical operation, PF and PF-AR need the beam
injection twice a day. On the other hand, the KEKB rings
are operated under the continuous injection mode (CIM)
for keeping the stored current almost constant. Figure 1
shows the linac beam mode statistics in FY2005. During
the CIM operation, the linac beam modes are frequently
switched so that all settings of magnets, rf phases andtimings are changed according to the HER and LER beamproperties. Most parts of the linac beam operations are
devoted to the LER injection as shown in Fig. 1. In thecases of PF/ PF-AR machine study also need theFig. 1: Beam operation statistics of KEK injector linac.
continuous beam injection, which strongly interrupt theCIM operation of KEKB. In the future, PF ring will starta top-up injection to keep the brilliance high. The injector
upgrade is strongly required so that one injection mode
does not interrupt the other injection operations.

UPGRADE PLAN
Overview
For a quasi-simultaneous injection, the consumed time
for the beam mode switch should be drastically decreased.
Figure 2 shows the schematic drawings of the beam-modeswitch. In the case of CIM, the beam-mode switch takes
around 30 seconds as shown in Fig.2-(a). Here, theparameters of the magnets, the rf phases and the timing
are changed for the optimum conditions of each mode.
On the other hand, the beam-mode switch between KEKB
and PF/ PF-AR needs several minutes since the ECS
magnet setting also should be changed as shown in Fig.2(b). In any beam-mode switches, most parts of theconsumed time are devoted to change the magnet

Table 1: Main parameters of KEK injector linac for a typical daily operation
Beam mode
Intensity
Beam energy
Maximum beam repetition
Number of bunch
Injection per day
Electron gun
ECS magnet mode

KEKB e- (HER) KEKB e+ (LER)
1-nC
1-nC (source e-: 10-nC)
8-GeV
3.5-GeV
50-Hz50-Hz
22> 250> 500A1A1ON (KEKB mode) ON (KEKB mode)

PF
0.1-nC
2.5-GeV
25-Hz
3–4
2CTOFF

PF-AR
0.1-nC
3-GeV (*)
25-Hz
3–4
2CTON (AR mode)(*) Main ring of PF-AR accelerates the beam up to 6.5-GeV. A1 and CT gun are placed most upstream and 200-m point of injector
linac.
___________________________________________#masanori.satoh@kek.jp* Injector Upgrade Committee: Cross-functional team for the injector upgrade from PF/ KEKB and Linac members

20-ms (50-Hz) RF pulse cyclemode switch (30 sec)(a) CIM operation for KEKB rings
KEKB e- KEKB e- KEKB e- KEKB e-20-ms (50-Hz) RF pulse cycle

PF e-PF e-PF e-

PF e-mode switch (2-3 min.)(b) Beam-mode switch between KEKB and PF mode
KEKB e- KEKB e+ KEKB e- KEKB e+ PF e- PF-AR e-PF e-

KEKB e+Injection efficiency [mA/s/nC]

KEKB e+ KEKB e+ KEKB e+ KEKB eKEKB e- KEKB e- KEKB e- KEKB e-PF reconstruction for straight section upgrade
3025201510Phase-IUpgrade502005/01/01 2005/04/01 2005/07/01 2005/10/01 2006/01/01 2006/04/01

Date20-ms (50-Hz) RF pulse cycle

Fig. 4: Beam injection efficiency [mA/sec/nC](c) Fast beam mode switch (After upgrade)

Phase-II

Fig. 2: Schematic drawing of beam-mode switch
parameters. In our upgrade plan, we will use the common
magnetic parameters for any beam modes, and the energy
adjustment will be carried out by changing the low-level
rf phases quickly. The KEK injector linac upgrade will beprogressed by the following three phases. In the final
stage of the upgrade, the linac beam-mode will bechanged up to 50-Hz as shown in Fig.2-(c).

The phase-II aims to perform the fast beam-mode
switch between KEKB electron and PF modes up to 50Hz. Here, we will use the characteristic scheme called“Multi-Energy Linac” [9]. In this scheme, the common
magnet settings for KEKB e- and PF modes are usedinstead of installing the pulsed magnets. The fast changeof the beam energy is done by changing the low-level rfphases quickly. Though PF ring needs the 2.5-GeV
electron, the beam is accelerated up to around 5-GeV inthe multi-energy scheme. After then, the beam energy isadjusted to 2.5-GeV by using the deceleration phases.
This method is effective for enlarging the common optics
region. In this method, PF mode will also use the A1 guninstead of the CT gun. The result of a preliminary
machine study using the multi-energy scheme has been
already carried out, and its result shows that this scheme
is feasible for a realistic operation.
The DC switch bend (BM_58) magnet will be replacedby the pulsed magnet in this summer. The new pulsed
bend and power supply are under tested. After the phaseII, the PF top-up operation will be available during theKEKB HER mode. For handling the complicated timing,
the timing system will be upgraded in this summer [10].
A new BPM system also will be installed for a fast dataacquisition up to 50-Hz [11].

Phase-I
The purpose of the phase-I is constructing the new PFBT line to shorten the beam-mode switch time between
KEKB and PF. The original switch bending magnet wasplaced downstream of the ECS magnets as shown in Fig.
3. In order to bypass the ECS, a new DC bend (BM_58)
has been installed by removing one accelerating unit, anda new PF-BT line of 60-m-long has been constructed inthe last summer [7]. For a compensation of the energy
margin, the C-band accelerator unit can be available [8].
The many spare components were reused to save theconst.
After the phase-I, the beam-mode switch between
KEKB and PF does not need to change the ECS
parameters, and the round trip mode switch time
including PF injection is decreased to 2.5 min. from 5.5
min. in a typical case. In addition, the beam injectionefficiency is increased as shown in Fig. 4. It is convincedthat the radiation level caused by the beam losses isdecreased.

to PF ring

New PF-BT

Old PF-BT

to Beam dump
New bending magnet(BM_58)ECS Magnets

Fig. 3: Arrangement of a new PF-BT line and ECS

Phase-III
In the phase-III, the fast beam-mode switch will include
the positron beam operation. In the current operation, thepositron target is controlled by a mechanical movement.
For a fast mode switch, one solution is to build a target
bypass line with the pulsed magnets. However, it seemsto be difficult because of a space and a cost limit. In ourplan, the positron target with a hole will be used, and thefast mode change between electron and positron will be
performed with a fast control of the electron beam orbit.
For a feasibility study, a test target was installed asshown in Fig. 5. A centre of a hole is placed 4.5-mm
apart from that of an amorphous tungsten target. The

target with a hole is proposed. The preliminary study
results show the feasibility for a practical beam operation.
However, the more detailed machine studies and designworks should be continued. This upgrade will be a grate
effective to increase the beam operation efficiency of theinjector linac. Eventually, the operational availability ofeach ring will be greatly enhanced.

REFERENCES
Fig. 5: Photograph of positron target with a hole[1] Y. Ogawa et al., “Operation Status and Statistics ofthe KEK Electron/Positron Linac”, these proceedings.
[2] K. Furukawa et al., “Beam Feedback Systems andBPM Read-Out System for the Two-Bunch
Acceleration at the KEKB Linac”, ICALEPCS2001,San Jose, November 2001.

X[mm]
Y
[mm]

[3] T. Suwada, M. Satoh and K. Furukawa,“Nondestructive beam energy-spread monitor using
multi-strip-line electrodes”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel.
Beams 6, 032801 (2003).

Charge[nC]
e+ target

Fig. 6: Preliminary machine study result of positrontarget with a hole. The horizontal (upper), vertical(middle) beam orbit and beam charge (bottom) are
shown along the linac.
diameter of a hole is about 3-mm. The electron beam
passes the inside a hole for the electron mode, whereas
the electron beam hits the target for the positron mode.
A preliminary study result is shown in Fig. 6. Theorange dots show the beam orbit and charge along thelinac when a target is removed. The blue dots show theresult with a target, here, the electron beam goes throughinside a hole. Around 90% of the electron beam cantraverse the inside a target hole in comparison with anormal operation. This scheme seems to be feasible,
although the more detailed study should be continued. In
addition, an amorphous tungsten target will be replaced
by a crystalline one to enhance the positron production
efficiency [12].
In this phase, the fast beam-mode switch should include
PF-AR mode. One solution is to use the 3.5-GeV
positron beam of LER mode for a PF-AR injection,
though this scheme involves the installation of a pulsed
bend and the improvement of two power supplies at theAR-BT line. The detailed design study is now in progress,
and its result will be reported elsewhere.

SUMMARY AND FUTURE PLAN
The KEK injector upgrade aiming the fast beam-mode
switch is outlined. We propose the multi-energy linac
scheme using a common magnet parameter and a fastcontrol of rf phase. For the fast beam-mode switch
between electron and positron, the usage of a positron[4] T. Suwada, M. Satoh and K. Furukawa, “Newenergy-spread-feedback control system using
nondestructive energy-spread monitors”, Phys. Rev.
ST Accel. Beams 8, 112802 (2005).
[5] Y. Ogawa et al., “TWO-BUNCH OPERATION OF
THE KEKB LINAC FOR DOUBLING THE
POSITRON INJECTION RATE TO THE KEKB
RING”, APAC2001, Beijing, September 2001.
[6] M. Yoshida et al., “Study on high-current multibunch beam acceleration for KEKB injector linac”, tobe published in Proc. of LINAC’06, Knoxville, USA,August 2006.
[7] N. Iida et al., “New Beam Transport Line from
LINAC to Photon Factory in KEK”, theseproceedings.
[8] T. Kamitani et al., “R&D Status of C-Band
Accelerating Section for SuperKEKB”, PAC2005,
Knoxville, May 2005.
[9] Y. Ohnishi et al., “Design and performance of optics
for multi-energy injector linac”, to be published inProc. of LINAC’06, Knoxville, USA, August 2006.
[10] K. Furukawa et al., “Timing System Upgrade for
Top-up Injection both to PF and KEKB”, theseproceedings.
[11] M. Satoh et al., “BPM DAQ System Using Fast
Digital Oscilloscope”, to be published in Proc. ofLINAC’06, Knoxville, USA, August 2006.
[12] H. Okuno et al., “Experimental study of positron
production from a W single crystal by the KEK 8GeV electron linac beam”, NIM B 201, pp.259-265,
2003.