Research

Emerging Sustainable
Technologies© Gettyimages / Freepik

2019 version of ENGIE’s technology watch

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Join us in our journey to a zero-carbon energy transition. The transition remains challenging, but we areconvinced, as ENGIE Research, that technological advances will be part of the solution. It is extremely
hard to predict next technology breakthroughs but, in this document, we present topical areas that we
think will offer non-trivial benefits and impacts on this transition. Therefore ENGIE is working on these
topics and keeping a close eye on their trends.

Investment in the development of these new ‘sustainable’ technologies is required and collaboration
between public organizations and private organizations required. Apart from the environment andeconomics, the support of the citizens is crucial. The social acceptance and consequent adoption of
new technologies will (co-)determine whether a technology will breakthrough.
The energy transition will therefore be an ‘AND’ story along two axes: (i) we will need many emerging‘sustainable’ technologies; there is not one that has the potential to overcome the challenge alone and(ii) the challenge is too large to overcome alone as a person/company/sector, we must collaborate. The
document has little pretention apart from inspiring its readers and it is in the context of this spirit ofcollaboration that this document is written and published.
Dr. Jan Mertens, Chief Science Officer @ ENGIE, Visiting Professor @Ugent
Dr. Elodie Le Cadre, Lead Science Advisor @ENGIE
2

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Objective of this document

Present emerging technologies that:

Energy today

Impact Energy today
Very likely will impact Energy in future
May impact Energy directly or indirectly eventhough today they seem far away fromcurrent and future energy activities…

So where possible linkis made with energy
but not always
straightforward
TODAY…

3

Energy infutureEmerging
technologies

Renewable
is not always
sustainable© FOTOLIA© ENGIE / MIRO / MEYSSONNIER ANTOINE© AdobeStock

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environment
is not CO2

Sustainable
includes social
aspects

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Introduction

Renewable energy

Sustainable energy

Sources that are naturally replenished on a humantimescale
Environmental© ENGIE / MIRO / MEYSSONNIER ANTOINE

Sustainability
Social5

Economical

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Introduction

Environmental

Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Source [1]6Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Introduction

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Materials widely used in energy technologies

Scarcity as such may not be the largest
challenge; however possible issue of
new mines not opening fast enough…
Recycling and search for earth
abundant alternatives is on-going

Main issues related to thesustainable mining: both from anenvironmental as well as social(ethical) aspect

Source [2]Source [4]7Source [3]Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Introduction

Environmental

Negative effects on
physical, cognitive,
emotional, and social
well-being

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Pattie Maes
Fluid InterfacesGroup
8

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Introduction© Freepik

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Evenmore greatchallenges:

SafetySecurity
Privacy
Ethics« A robot may not injure a human beingor, through inaction, allow a human being
to come to harm.
A robot must obey the orders given it byhuman beings except where such orders
would conflict with the First Law.
A robot must protect its own existence aslong as such protection does not conflictwith the First or Second Laws. »Isaac Asimov, 3 Laws of Robots (1942)

9

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Electrochemicalstorage

Radiative cooling

Artificial Intelligence

Quantum computing

Biotech3D metal printing

Green mobility

Self-healing materials

10

CO2 cycle© Adobe Stock

Emerging Sustainable
Technologies

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Electrochemicalstorage: what is
new in batteries?

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

Drive not only towards cheaper but moresustainable and safer battery chemistries
Lead acid: mature technology

Conventional Lithium ion: performances

2019

Main Advantages• Energy density (200-350 Wh/L)• Long cycle life (1000-10000 cycles)• High roundtrip efficiency

Main Advantages• Cost (150-300 €/kWh)• Recyclability• Mature• Robust
Source [5]Main Drawbacks• Danger (overheating, …)• Low energy density (50-100 Wh/L)• Low cycle life (500-2000)• Toxic components

Redox Flow batteries: more sustainable?

Source [6]2025-2035?

Source [7]Solid state batteries: safer?

+

Main Advantages• Less sensitive to T°C• Energy and power scalable independently• High cycle (20000) and calendar life
expectancy for Vanadium Redox Flow
• R&D for organic flow batteries

Solid electrolyte

Source [8]Main Drawbacks• Risk of leakage, Requires pumps, valves,
sensors maintenance• Higher CAPEX• Low energy density (10-50 Wh/kg)

12Main Drawbacks• Safety (thermal runaway)• Cost• Sophisticated BMS required• Lifetime (less than 10 years)• Temperature (irreversible thermal degradation
when > 70°C)

Main Advantages• Safe• Theoretical more energy dense
Main Drawbacks• Few commercial products not fully stabilized• Need to heat the system• R&D stages

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Redox Flow Batteries (RFB):
technology description

Two electrolytes (external tanks), acting as liquid energy carriers, arepumped simultaneously through the two half-cells of the reaction cell
separated by a membrane
The RFB technology combines electrochemistry and mechanics(fluid pumping, fluid distribution,…)
RFB operate by changing the metal ion valence

Redox Flow Battery System

ADVANTAGES:

Less sensitive to T°C
Power and energy are independent and can be scaled separately:• Add Power = increase electrode surface• Add Energy = increase tank size

Long term energy storage solution (typical > 3 to 8h)

CHALLENGES
Capex Cost
Risk of leakage

Source [7]13Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Solid State Batteries:
technology description

Similar to a Li-ion battery but with a polymer or ceramic(solid state) electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte

Description of Solid State Batteries

ADVANTAGES:
Safer than Li-ion batteries. Internal short-circuits are avoided(Lithium dendrites growth is limited as electrolyte is solid)
Solid system allows various sizes and shapes for cells
Theoretic potential of higher energy densities

CHALLENGES:
Low temperature operation can be a challenge
R&D development of electrolytes with sufficient ionic
conductivity

High self-discharge (some sub-families)

Source [9]14Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Radiative coolingEmerging Sustainable Technologies

Radiative cooling

What is Skycooling?

Trade our heat with the infinite cold space
Skycooling is based on radiative emission of heat energy, leading to a spontaneous cooling of any body.
Reject heat from earth systems into space, using it as an infinite cold radiator or reservoir at -270°C.
Through selected infrared radiations, it acts like a reversed green-house effect© GAYA/ENGIE Lab

16

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Radiative cooling

How does it work?

Selectively emits energy through atmospherePrinciple: nanocoatings canlimit incoming heat andenhance outgoing radiation

Thermal balance of cooling

Nanocoating principle

Advanced nanocoatings can
now effectively reflect solar
radiation, while emiting desired
infrared wavelengths capableof travelling through“atmospheric transparent
windows” (8-13µm)

Radiation Transmitted by the
Atmosphere

Radiations in this range will be
far less absorbed by ouratmospher, allowing exchangewith the space

Transparency
window

Source [10]17

Source [11]Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Radiative cooling

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Radiative cooling:large market closed to maturity !

ADVANTAGES:New nano-structured materials offers affordable
and flexible solutions (coatings, films)

World energy demand (exajoules)

Products already available for building heat shielding (TRL9)
Emerging products for cold water production (TRL4-5)
Reduce use of high GWP coolants (CFC, HFC)Fight Global Warming using chemical-free, low temperature,
passive phenomenon
Save water and energy using infinite cold reservoir

Source [12]Contribute to global cooling through “Reversed” green-houseeffectCHALLENGES:
Sensitive to climatic conditions
Low energy density
Dazzling reflections in urban area
18

Roof example

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Artificial
Intelligence:the concept ofduelling neuralnetworks

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Artificial Intelligence

Duelling neural networks or
Generative adversarial networks (GANs)‘Normal’ Neural network:
input data → predicts the output

Duelling neural networks or Generative adversarial
networks (GANs):
The generator takes simple random variables as inputs and generate newdata. The discriminator takes “true” and “generated” data and try todiscriminate them, building a classifier. The goal of the generator is to fool thediscriminator (increase the classification error by mixing up as much as
possible generated data with true data) and the goal of the discriminator is todistinguish between true and generated data.

Forward propagation(generation and classification)
Backward propagation(adversarial training)

Input randomvariables

The generative network is
trained to maximise thefinal classification error

The generated distribution
and the true distribution are
not compared directly

The discriminative network
is trained to minimise thefinal classification error

The classification error is thebasis metric for the training of
the both networks
Source [13]20

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Artificial Intelligence

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Applications of GANs vary widely:
from medicine to graphical and text applications

Example in medicine
An original application of GANs was proposed by Insilico Medicine.
They use it for an artificially intelligent drug discovery.

Creating Molecules from scratch:
Drug Discovery with Generative
Adversarial Networks

To train the Generator to sample drug candidates for a given disease as precisely as
possible to existing drugs from a Drug Database.
Then generate a drug for a previously incurable disease using the Generator, and using
the Discriminator to determine whether the sampled drug actually cures the given disease.
Example in text to image
Text to image is one of the earlier applicationof domain-transfer GAN. We input asentence and generate multiple images
fitting the description. “The bird has a yellow
belly and tarsus, grey back, wings, andbrown throat, nape with a black face”.

Source [14]What is in for Energy?
Not sure for the moment
21

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Quantum
computingEmerging Sustainable Technologies

Quantum computing

Differences between classical& quantum computing
Classical computing is using bits (binary digits)
Bits have well-defined values: either 0 or 1
Taking N times more bits allows to handle N times more
information
Calculations are done in essentially the same manner as by hand(plus, minus, if…then…else)

Quantum computing is using qubits (quantum bits)

Classical bits vs Quantum bits

Qubits are associated to the quantum state of a physicalcomponent (e.g. spin of an electron, polarization of an ion)
This quantum state is more similar to a probability distribution thana well-defined property (i.e. a single value)
Taking N times more qubits allows to handle 2N times more
information“I think I can safely say that
nobody understands Quantum
Mechanics”
Richard Feynman, 1967

Calculations are done using laws of quantum mechanics.
Open door to more efficient algorithms

23

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Quantum computing

Advantages & challenges of quantum computing
ADVANTAGES:
Possibility to compute on the 2N information set
simultaneously ≈ computing 2N faster
Open the door to actually intractable problems• Solving complex minimization problems: that could beapplied to simulate protein folding

CHALLENGES:Classical algorithms cannot be used as-is in aquantum computer. It needs specific algorithms.
There won’t necessary exist quantum algorithm forall problems→ not all problems will be solvable 2N faster
Quantum computers are much harder to build(transferring & storing qubits is already a challenge)

Progress in quantum computing is real,
but still far from industrial applications
24

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Quantum computing

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Quantum Computing applications:
not suited for word and mail…

QC will make it possible to simulate the behavior ofmatter down to the atomic level → discovery of new
chemicals, materials, drugs,…

“Nature is quantum,
goddam it! So if wewant to simulate it,
we need a quantum
computer.”• Eg. for batteries: improvements in battery density
have been running at just 5 to 8 percent annually—
painfully slow compared to the familiar exponential
Moore’s Law pace… Could QC could speed that up?

MIT Technology review, 2018

Molecular modelling• Artificial photosynthesis
Cryptography and security by cracking otherwise
invincible codes
Complex logistic scheduling

What is in for Energy? Not sure yet.
QC computer works under cryogenic conditions
so QC computer will be developed incomputing center, not at home. However, how
to manage the energy of these centers ?

Financial portfolio management…

25

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

CO2 cycle

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

CO2 cycle

CO2 cycle replaces the classical water-steam cycle
Normal Gas fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

CO2 cycle with natural gas

CH4 + AIR (80 % N2 and 20 % O2) → CO2 + 2 H2O + N2
O2

CO2

N2

H2O

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O*
CH4

CO2 Turbine

O2

ASU

N2
CO2

Air
CO2

Water
separation& heatexchangers

With NG, efficiency rate expected is 59%, similar to
CCGT plus exhaust flue gas with 90% CO2 concentration.

* N2 ≈ 75 %, O2 ≈ 15 %, CO2 ≈ 4%, H2O ≈6 %Air

CO2 +H2O

CH427

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

CO2 cycle

Main advantage ‘Free’ CO2 capture:
ready for use as resource rather than a waste!
ADVANTAGES:
Lower CAPEX; less material
Much faster ramping up and down
‘Free’ CO2 capture → ready for use

CHALLENGES:
Competitivenes
New industrial systems to
implement

TRL: Technology readiness level© ENGIE Lab

28

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

CO2 cycle

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

NETPOWER 50 MW demonstration on-goingin Houston: full scale 300 MW planned as early as
2021•

Net Power 50 MWth demonstration plant commissioned
in May 2018•

Full Scale 300 MW planned as early as 2021

29

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Biotechnology
and Energy

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Biotechnology and Energy

Biotechnology is not Bio-energy
DEFINITIONS:

Bioenergy (heat and cold, electricity) and Biofuels (liquid and gaseous)
are renewable energies made available from materials derived from biologicalsources© Adobe Stock

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or makeproducts, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, livingorganisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2)

Not always straightforward: drying Algae for combustion to produce heat orelectricity classifies as bio-energy whilst using Algae (or Cyano-bacteria) for the
production of products (eg. oil, ethanol, sugars, proteins, …) would classify asbiotechnology
31© Arnaud Février

So biomass combustion for electricity or biomass gasification to produce 2G Biogas is
not biotechnology but bioenergy! However, anaerobic digestion (1G Biogas) or any
fermentation process using living organisms (eg. yeast, bacteria, …) is biotechnology.

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Biotechnology and Energy

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Emerging biotechnology for hydrocarbon fuelproduction in the absence of light and oxygen

In the absence of lightand oxygen, somebacteria can convert
CO2 and/or CO andhydrogen into biofuelsand bioplastics
precursors

CO2/CO Fermentation (in bacteria cell)
Some bacteria get their energy and carbon sources for growth from
CO2/CO (more than 100 species). In the absence of oxygen andlight (eg in closed fermenter), they produce Acetate, Ethanol,
Butanol or Hydrogen. They tolerate temperatures about 30 – 80°C.
When combined with electrodes, some also produce electricity(Microbial Fuel Cells).
* Electricity is required for operating the fermenter.
Some systems can also use direct power in the fermenter to produce hydrogen (no electrolysis required upfront).

© ENGIE Lab

32

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Biotechnology and Energy

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Emerging biotechnology for hydrocarbon fuel productionin the absence of light and oxygen
CO, CO2 and Hydrogen fermentation to fuel and chemicals

CO2 + H2 to PHB(Polyhydroxybutyrate =precursors for plastics)

CO2 to Methane

CO2 to Methane

Biomass syngas to Ethanol(forecast): 3028 m3/yr

ArcelorMittal and Lanzatech break ground on €150million
project to revolutionise blast furnace carbon emissions
capture (June 2018)
Demo: Steelgas to Ethanol (378 m3/yr)
Lab: CO2 + H2 to acetate (→ algae lipids)33

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Biotechnology and Energy

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Emerging biotechnology for hydrogen productionin the presence of light and oxygen

Rhodobacter capsulatus is a bacteria
which produces H2 from organic assets
eg. lactate/acetate in a light-dependent
process

lactate/acetate

Main pathways of hydrogen production by photofermentationof organic acids by using photosynthetic bacteria

Source [15]34Emerging Sustainable Technologies

3D metal printing

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

3D metal printing

Additive Manufacturing Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Additive Manufacturing
Technologies are
considerably modifying
the way to design parts,
develop industrial
applications and organize
production andmaintenance activities

Tailor-made materials
Compositional gradient
Microstructural gradient
Porosity gradientMulti-materials
Metal matrix composites

New concepts & applications
combing design freedom andtailor-made materials

Innovative designs
Weight reduction
Lattice structures
Flow optimization
Heat transfer optimization
Assembly into one single part

Inventory rationalization

Agile manufacturing

Part consolidation
On-demand manufacturing
Digital warehouse

Fast design iteration
Shorter development cycle
Freedom of designPart customization

Decentralized production
From large centralized factories tosmall production lines and SMEs
Reduced assembly lines

Supply chain sustainability
Buy-to-fly ratio reduction; i.e.
reduction of the ratio between the raw
material used for a component andthe weight of the component itself© ENGIE Lab

36

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

3D metal printing

Additive Manufacturing Technologies:
Tailor-made material configurations for tailor-made functionalities

Heat exchanger concept innickel-based material andstainless steel (NLR)
Source [16]Metal-ceramic FGMs can withstand high heatgradients without cracking or plastic
deformation
Source [17]Aerosint’s concept technology for selective
deposition of powder on 3D printing machine build
platform, showing co-pattern of titanium (greypowder) and polymer PA12 (white powder)
Source [18]37Emerging Sustainable Technologies

3D metal printing

Additive Manufacturing Technologies:
Tailor-made structures & designs for tailor-made functionalities

Production of 3D structured catalyst
through micro-extrusion of a ceramic/metallic
paste to built a porous material (VITO)HIETA compact heatexchangers and recuperators
Source [20]Source [19]Printing

Michelin’s Vision concept tire contains
material composition, porosity, andcolour gradients
Source [21]+ Functionalisation (coating or impregnation)

Optimizing of pore structure/sizes impacting
mass transfer, heat transfer and pressure drop

Lattice cells
Source [23]Source [22]38Lightweight metallic structures
Source [24]Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Green Mobility:
what is new?

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Green Mobility

Hyperloop: crazy (?) idea from Elon Musk
In 2013, Elon Musk published
white paper on Hyperloop:
moving by levitating vehicles
at high speeds through lowpressure tubes reaching a
speed up to 1.200 km/h.
This first design of concept
was released as open sourceand should lead to safer,
faster, lower cost, moreconvenient, immune toweather, sustainably selfpowering, resistant toearthquakes and not
disruptive for its environment(CO2 free, no noise).
© DR

40

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Green Mobility

Hyperloop: from ‘crazy’ idea to reality?
After the publication of the white paper, it doesn’ttake long for new companies to start developing
this.
The first one Hyperloop One, later supported
by Virgin and Richard Brandson.

Develpment

Virgin Hyperloop
One• Complete test track• Starting new operational
track in India

Transpod

Hardt Hyperloop

41

Location• Active magnetic levitation• Linear induction motors

North America, United
Arab Emirates, India• Passive magnetic levitation• Linear induction motors• Smart material: Vibranium

United States, United ArabEmirates, India, Europe;
South Korea, Brazil• Plans to build a test track inFrance around 2020

• Active magnetic levitation• Linear induction motors• Axial air compressor

Canada, France• Plans to build a 5km test
track in Holland in the near
future• Magnetic levitation system by
the top made of permanent
magnet and electromagnet• Linear induction motors

The Netherlands

An important alternative is Hyperloop
Hyperloop Transport
Technologies• Test track in progress at
Transportation Technologies, a start-up
Toulouse
regrouping more than 800 experts from all over the• Will start soon a new
operational track in United
world.
Arab Emirates
Others: Transpod, Hardt Hyperloop, …

Technology
Based on a low pressure tube

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Green Mobility

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Real challenge for aviation is the ‘queste’for ‘sustainable’ fuel… Hydrogen?

AIRBUS looking at hydrogen; not to power the jet engines,
but to replace the Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)

How to transport 10kWh of energy?

Energy Density remains crucial for aviation; it is not likely to get(fully) out of hydrocarbon fuels any time soon.

≈ 7.7 L of H2(20°C, 700 bar), gas• Factor 4 larger tanks needed in case of LH2 and the potential
weight gain of hydrogen versus hydrocarbons remains
uncertain due to high weight of the containment…

≈ 13.3 L of H2(20°C, 350 bar), gas≈ 4.2 L of H2(-250°C, 1 bar), liquid≈ 3.1 L of NH3(-30°C, 1 bar), liquid

LH2
2nd Energy for Secondary Power≈ 1.7 L of CH4(-160°C, 1 bar), liquid

Kerosene on any otherHydrocarbon Fuel
1st Energy Source forPrimary Power≈ 1.1 L of gasoline© ENGIE Lab

42

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Green Mobility

Environmental

Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Real challenge for aviation is the ‘queste’ for‘sustainable’ fuel… Renewable hydrocarbon
fuels?

Environmental and social impact better than most bio-fuels…
Too expensive today but highly dependant on electricity price for electrolysis…
Jet fuel costs proected for future PtL plants in 2050

Power-to-liquids production (generic scheme)(jet fuel reference price: 42-95 US$/bbl; renewable electricity costs: 40€/MWh; equivalent full-load period: 3750heq/yr)

Source [25]Source [26]43Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healingmaterials

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healing materials

Self-healing materials (SHM)
a. Capsule-basedb. vascular

c. intrinsic

Material having the ability to automatically heal(recover/repair) damages without any external(human) intervention‘Healing’ extends the lifetime of materials
Two types of self-healing abilities:

Source [27]Autonomic

Non-autonomic

No trigger needed

Needs external trigger(e.g. heat, UV, voltage…)• Retention or recovery of mechanical strength
through (micro-) crack healing

Direct healing: release of self- Discontinuous (retarded)healing agent when damage healing
occurs• Elimination of superficial scratches by induced
polymer flow (e.g. automotive)

Key concepts (non-exhaustive):• Restoration of material properties (gloss,
conductivity, acoustics…)

Use of micro/nano-scale
Use of intrinsic selfcarrier containing self-healing healing matrix or ‘selfagent
healing’ carrier

Materials of interest: polymers, composites, paints,
coatings, alloys, ceramics and concrete45

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healing materials

Self-healing
strategies

Beforehealing
Before healing

Release of healing agents

EstablishedTechnologies

TRL 4-8

Self-healing
Strategies• Liquid active agents (even bacteria) stored in
microcapsules, hollow ﬁbers, or microvascular
networks that are embedded into systems during
manufacturing stage.
• Release of active agent and local
polymerisation/precipitation/ into cracks to ensure
crack closure

mortarReversible cross-link

Emerging
Technologies
TRL 1-4

Electrohydrodynamics

Afterhealing
After healing

Source [28]Bond recovery
Scratch healing• Cross-link, i.e. bond that links one polymer chain
to another, is generally irreversible and aims atachieving superior mechanical properties• Reversible cross-link strategy requires external
trigger such as thermal, photo, chemical orelectrical activation and involves complex
chemical reactions.
Source [29]Conductivity

Shape
Memory EffectNanoparticle
Migration

Co-deposition

Maturity level is strongly dependent on applied concept; few commercial activities (e.g. Autonomic Materials)
46

Microcapsule
Microcapsule

Source [30]Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healing materials

Self-healing applications & potential

Concretefoundations& Structures

Undergroundand sub-sea
cablesCoatings andpaintSource [31]Structural(reinforced)
plastic
components

Microelectronics

47• Waterways• Offshore (wind)• Harbour infrastructure

Ex: self-healing fluid-filled power
cables (Northern Powergrid)
Source [32]

© ENGIE / NEUS / BRUNET ARNAUD - © Freepik - © DR

Adhesives

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Conclusions

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Conclusions

Emerging technologies
and Energy: today and in
futureEnergy today

1. Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?
2. Radiative cooling

3. Artificial Intelligence: the concept of duelling neuralnetworks (GANs)

175

4. Quantum computing

Energy infuture5. CO2 cycle
6. Biotech
7. 3D metal printing
8. Green mobility
9. Self-healing material

49

Emerging

2 6 technologies
9 843

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Research

Discussion / Questions
Feel free to contact us @jan.mertens@engie.com / elodie.lecadre@engie.com

Emerging Sustainable Technologies[1] Steffen W. et al. 2015. Planetary Boundaries: Guiding humandevelopment on a changing planet. Science Vol. 347 no. 6223

(GANs). <https://towardsdatascience.com/understandinggenerative-adversarial-networks-gans-cd6e4651a29>[2] Achzet B., et al., ON Communication, 2011. Materials critical tothe energy industry. An introduction.

[14] Neuromation, 2018. Creating Molecules from Scratch I: Drug
Discovery with Generative Adversarial Networks
https://medium.com/neuromation-blog/creating-molecules-fromscratch-i-drug-discovery-with-generative-adversarial-networks9d42cc496fc6[3] Jain R., et al., Elsevier, 2016. Environmental impact of mining
and mineral processing[4] CNN International, 2018. Cobalt mining in Congo<http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/05/africa/congo-cobaltdirty-energy-intl/>[5] INRS, 2018. Charges des batteries d’accumulateurs au plomb.
Prévention du risque d’explosion. ED6120 <http://www.inrs.fr/dms/inrs/CataloguePapier/ED/TI-ED6120/ed6120.pdf>[6] Argonne National Laboratory, 2012. Blog
<https://blogs.anl.gov/greenlab/2012/10/09/how-to-design-a-lithiumion-battery-with-lower-material-costs/>[7] Bradbury K., 2010. Energy Storage Technology review<https://www.kylebradbury.org/docs/papers/Energy-StorageTechnology-Review-Kyle-Bradbury-2010.pdf>[8] ENGIE-IMEC collaboration[9] Morris C., 2014. Toyota researchers develop all-solid-state Li-ion
batteries. Charged Electric Vehicles Magazine
https://chargedevs.com/newswire/toyota-researchers-develop-allsolid-state-li-ion-batteries/[10] Bermel et al., 2015. Control of radiative processes for energy
conversion and harvesting. Optics Express 23(24):A1533-A1540[11] Robert A. Rohde for the Global Warming Art project, 2007<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Transmission.png>[12] PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency[13] Rocca J., Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks[15] Magnin, J.P and J. Deseure, 2019. Hydrogen generation in apressurized photobioreactor: Unexpected enhancement ofbiohydrogen production by the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter
capsulatus, Applied Energy, 239, 635–643[16] NLR. Multimaterial additive manufacturing<https://www.nlr.org/flyers/en/f435-multimaterial-additivemanufacturing.pdf>[17] Gupta et al., 2015. Recent development in modeling andanalysis of functionally graded materials and structures. Progress in
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