◊✲ࣀ࣮ࢺ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢᾏእᒎ㛤࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ؐࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ᳨ウؐ
The Evolution Process of Kikkoman·s Subsidiaries in the USA:
Analysis based on Birkinshaw Theoryᯇ ᕝె ὒMATSUKAWA, Yoshihiro(රᗜ┴❧኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔)(Graduate School of Business, University of Hyogo)

せ᪨ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ➇த⎔ቃࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡀ඲♫୍య࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ➇தຊࢆ㧗ࡵࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࡟ᡂ㛗ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡣ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢪࣗࣜ࢔࣭ࣥࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡣࠊぶ఍♫࣭Ꮚ఍♫㛵ಀࠊ≉࡟ᾏእᏊ఍♫࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡓ◊✲࡛ࡣඛ㥑ⓗᆅ఩࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ
✏࡛ࡣᙼࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ◊✲どᗙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊḟࡢⓎぢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡎࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࢆỴࡵࡿ 3 ࡘࡢせᅉ࡜ࡑࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ῝ࡃ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᏊ఍♫㐍໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀࡼࡾ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᏊ఍♫㐍໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣぶ఍♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀጼໃࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࠋAbstract
It should be a very critical issue for Multinational companies as a whole to makecompetitive edge and sustainable development in global competitive environments.
Julian Birkinshaw is considered to be one of the leading researchers to make academic
developments on VXEVLGLDULHV· HYROXWLRQ LQ UHODWLRQ ZLWK KHDG-RIILFH DQG RYHUVHDV·
subsidiaries. The aim of this paper is to take Kikkoman·s subsidiaries in the United
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States as a case study from his perspective. Important findings are as follows.
$QDO\]LQJWKUHHIDFWRUVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVIRUVXEVLGLDU\·VUROHZRXOGEHDJUHDWKHOSWRKDYHFOHDUPHFKDQLVPIRUVXEVLGLDU\·VHYROXWLRQ And parent company plays very
important role to make subsidiary new investment and extend its charter.

࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࢪࣗࣜ࢔࣭ࣥࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࠊࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕Keywords
Julian Birkinshaw, Kikkoman6XEVLGLDU\·V evolution, Charter, Capability

1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸸ၥ㢟ࡢᡤᅾࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ➇த⎔ቃࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡀࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡟➇தຊࢆ㧗ࡵࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࡟ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㔜せㄢ㢟ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋHedlund(1986)ࡣࠊ
ᮏᅜࡢぶ఍♫ࡔࡅࡀࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ➇தඃ఩ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࢆࡋࡓࡀࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀࡑࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈉⊩ࢆࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞⤒Ⴀㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟㈉⊩࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡣ㐍໬⬟ຊࢆᣢࡗࡓᏊ఍♫࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ㐣ཤࡢᅜ㝿⤒Ⴀㄽࡸ஦౛ศᯒ࡛ࡶከࡃ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊከࡃࡢሙྜࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡣᮏᅜぶ఍♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ⎔ቃ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⎔ቃ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࠋ⸨ᮏ(2003)ࡣࠊ⏕≀Ꮫࡢ㐍໬ㄽࡢⓎ᝿ࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࠊ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⎔ቃ࡬ࡼࡾⰋࡃ㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㐍໬ࡔ࡜ᤊ࠼ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ㐍໬⬟ຊࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡣ⬟ຊᵓ⠏࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣඃ఩ᛶࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡇࡢ⸨ᮏࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᾏእᏊ఍♫࡟ࡶ㐺⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟㈉⊩ࡋඃ఩ᛶࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࡑࡢ㐍໬ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡢ㐍໬ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ᮏ♫ࢆᣢࡘ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᰴᘧ఍♫㸦௨ୗ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥ㸧ࡢ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᾏእ஦ᴗࡢ࢚࢘࢖ࢺࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ
࠸ࠋ2012 ᖺᗘ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ኎ୖ㧗ࡢ 46㸣ࡀᾏእ࡛ࠊႠᴗ฼┈ࡢ 65㸣ࡀᾏእ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⱱᮌ཭
2124୕㑻㸦⌧ྠ♫ྡ㄃఍㛗ࠊ௨ୗⱱᮌ㸧࡟ࠕ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡢ⏕⏘࡜࠸࠺Ỵ᩿ࢆࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡽ࠸ࡲࡢ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡣᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᒎ㛤ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢁ࠺ࠋ༓ⴥ┴ࡢ∦㝮࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆ⣽ࠎ࡜⏕⏘ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢࡲࡲࡔࡗࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ1࡜ࡉ࠼ゝࢃࡏࡋࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗࡣᾏእ኎ୖ㧗ࡢ 75㸣ࠊႠᴗ฼┈ࡢ 67㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡶ㧗ࡃࠊࠕKikkoman ࡣ⡿ᅜ௻ᴗࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺⡿ᅜࡢࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺࡶ࠸ࡓ2ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡣ⮬♫〇ရࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆࠕࢯ࢖࣭ࢯ࣮ࢫࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࡎࠕ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࠖ
࡜࿧ࡪࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊఱ෉࠿ࡢᕷ㈍ࡢᩱ⌮ゎㄝ᭩࡟ࡶࠕ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࠊ኱ࡉࡌ୍ᮼࠖ
࡜᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ3ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᮏ♫ࡣࠊࠕ᪥ᮏࡢᕷሙࢆάᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ⡿ᅜࡢᡂຌ஦౛ࡢࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࢆ㏫㍺ධࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡲ࡛ࡶ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ4ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗࡢᡂຌࡣࠊྠ♫ࡢ௚ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ஦ᴗࡲ࡛ఏ᧛ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ5ࠋ࡞ࡐࠊྠ♫ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝஦ᴗࡣࡇࡇࡲ࡛኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠋྠ♫ࡢᏊ఍♫ࡣࠊ㈍኎఍♫࠿ࡽࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡋࠊ〇㐀఍♫ࠊ㛤Ⓨ࣭◊✲఍♫ࡲ࡛ྛࠎࡢᶵ⬟ࡢ఍♫ࡀタ❧ࡉࢀࠊୖグࡢ⤒Ⴀᡂ⦼ࢆ࠾
ࡉࡵࡿࡲ࡛࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ Birkinshaw and Hood (1998)࡛୺ᙇࡉࢀࡓᾏእ

Ꮚ఍♫㐍໬ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆศᯒどゅ࡜ࡋ࡚ྠ♫ࡢᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋྠ⌮ㄽࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡀࠊ㐣ཤࡢඛ⾜◊✲࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓᴫᛕⓗࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ᪥ᮏ࡟ぶ఍♫ࡀ࠶ࡿከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡀ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫࡟ࡶ㐺ྜࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡶ⾜࠺ࠋᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ◊✲ࡢ₻ὶࡢ୰࡛ࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊࢪࣗࣜ࢔࣭ࣥࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ㸦Julian Birkinshaw㸧6ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࠊᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿศᯒどゅ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ஦౛◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࡀ࠸࠿࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࢆࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽᏛࡧ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛
ࡁࡿ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

1

ⱱᮌ(2013), p.127ࠋ
ⱱᮌ(2007), p.33ࠋ
3 బ⸨(1975), pp.181-182ࠋ
4 Deshpande and Hogan(2005)ࠋ
5 ྠ♫ࡢ௚ࡢᅜ࡬ࡢఏ᧛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⇃಴(2009)ࡀヲࡋ࠸ࠋ
6 ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᙼࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࡣࠊᙼ༢⊂ࡢࡶࡢࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௚ࡢ◊✲⪅࡜ࡢඹྠ◊✲ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮏᩥ୰ࡣࠊࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ࡜⤫୍ࡋ࡚グ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ
23125

2. ᪤Ꮡ◊✲࡜ᮏ✏ࡢどᗙ

2.1.

ᾏእᏊ఍♫࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪤Ꮡ◊✲ࡢᩚ⌮࡜᳨ウࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ◊✲ࡢ₻ὶࡢ୰࡛ࠊᏊ఍♫◊✲ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ⤖ㄽ࠿ࡽゝ࠼ࡤࠊᏊ఍♫ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢࢆಶู௻ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡑࡢᡂ㛗ࡸ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊṇ㠃࠿ࡽ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡓ◊✲ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ㐣ཤࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣࠊぶ఍♫࡜Ꮚ఍♫࡟ࡣࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡾࠊぶ఍♫ࡣᏊ఍♫ࢆᚑᒓⓗ࡞❧ሙ࡜࡜ࡽ࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡀ➇தຊࢆᣢࡘ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ᮏᅜᣐⅬࡢᣢࡘ▱㆑࡞࡝ࡢඃ఩ᛶ
ࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Hymer, 1976; Dunning, 1979㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏእ㐍ฟࡣぶ఍♫ࡢඃ఩ᛶ࡟ᙉࡃ㢗ࡿᙧ࡛ࡢᾏእᒎ㛤ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᒣཱྀࠊ2006㸹኱ᮌࠊ2011㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⌧ᐇၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡣᮏᅜぶ఍♫࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⎔ቃ࡛ࡢ⤒Ⴀࢆᙉ࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤫ྜ࣭⌧ᆅ㐺ᛂ࡜࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࠋPrahalad andDoz(1987)ࡣࠊI-R ࢢࣜࢵࢻ(Integration-Responsiveness Grid)࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡ
ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤫ྜ࡜⌧ᆅ㐺ᛂࡢᗘྜ࠸ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡘࡘࠊ඲஦ᴗࢺ࣮ࢱࣝ࡞⟶⌮ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࣐ࣝࢳࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࣝᡓ␎ࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋBartlett and Ghoshal(1989) ࡣࠊ඲࡚ࡢᏊ఍♫ࢆㄪᩚࡋ࡚⠊ᅖ࡜つᶍࡢ⤒῭ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡘࡘࠊ⌧ᆅࡢႴዲ࡜㛵ᚰ࡟ࡶ᭱኱㝈࡟㐺ᛂࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ⤌⧊ࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢆぶ఍♫࣭Ꮚ఍♫࡜࠸࠺ୖୗ㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊぶ఍♫ࡶᾏእᏊ఍♫࡜୪ࡪࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢆᵓᡂ࡜ࡍࡿ୍༢఩࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡍࠊ⤫ྜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢどⅬࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ⤌⧊࡜ぶ࿴ឤࡢ࠶ࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊHedlund(1986)ࡀ୺ᙇࡋ
ࡓ࣊ࢸ࣮࣮ࣛ࢟⤌⧊ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟⤌⧊࡟ᑐᓖࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉࡛ࠊ⤌⧊ࡢ୰ᚰࡣ୍ࡘ࡛࡞ࡃࠕከ୰ᚰ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋከ୰ᚰ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ༢࡟୰ᚰࡀከ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ୰ᚰࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓᙺ๭ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ඲యࡢ⤌⧊ᵓ㐀࡟ὀ┠ࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊಶูࡢᏊ఍♫ࡸࡑࡢ㐍໬࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜࡓࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜◊✲࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ㐀ࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡣෆ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜እ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣀ࣮ࢻ㸦⤖⠇Ⅼ㸧࡜ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋAndersson, Forsgren, andHolm(2002)ࡣࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ
Ꮚ఍♫ࡢእ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㛵ಀࡢᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀᗘ(relational embeddneness)ࡀࠊ
4126

ࠕᏊ఍♫ࡢᕷሙᡂᯝࠖ࡜ࠕከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᏊ఍♫ࡢ㈉⊩ᗘࠖ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣᮏ✏ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑࡜ࡣぶ࿴ឤࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊእ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟ᙉࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕぶ఍♫࡜Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㛵ಀࠖ࡜࠸࠺ෆ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ㐍ࢇࡔࠋWhite and Poynter(1984)ࡣࠊᏊ఍♫ᡓ␎ࢆ〇ရᨻ⟇ࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࠊᕷሙࡢᣑᩓᗘྜ࠸ࠊ௜ຍ౯್๰㐀ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢᇶ‽࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ 5 㢮ᆺࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋJarillo and Martinez(1990)ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤫ྜ࣭⌧ᆅ㐺ᛂࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠊ⮬❧ⓗࠊཷᐜⓗࠊάືⓗࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋBartlett andGhoshal(1986)ࡣࠊ⌧ᆅ⎔ቃࡢᡓ␎ⓗ㔜せᛶ࡜⌧ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣜࢯ࣮ࢫ࡜⬟ຊࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㧗ࡉࡢ 2 ࡘࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊᡓ␎ⓗ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࠊ㈉⊩⪅ࠊᐇ⾜⪅ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣮࣍ࣝ࡜࠸࠺ 4 ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢᣢࡘ▱㆑๰㐀ຊ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡓ◊✲ࡶฟ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏᅜࡢᙉ
ࡳ࡟౫ᏑࡏࡎࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀ⌧ᆅ࡛▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ඃ఩ࢆᚓࡿࠕ࣓ࢱࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ⤒Ⴀࠖ㸦Doz, Santoz, and Williamson, 2001㸧ࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀ≉ᐃࡢάື࡟࠾࠸࡚ከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᣐⅬ࡜࡞ࡿࠕࢭࣥࢱ࣮࢜ࣈ࢚ࢡࢭࣞࣥࢫ㸦COE㸧ࠖ㸦Frost, Birkinshaw, and Ensign, 2002㸧ࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀඛ㐍ᅜ࡟Ἴཬࡍࡿࠕࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠖ
㸦Govindarajan and Chris, 2012㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ඲యࡢ୰࡛ࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ≉ᐃࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊಶࠎࡢᏊ఍♫ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐍໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡣࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ◊✲ࡢ୰࡛Ꮚ఍♫㐍໬ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚┿ṇ㠃࠿ࡽ㆟ㄽࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛ࠊᴮᮏ㸦2004㸧ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁ◊✲ࡣฟ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᢡᶫ(2008)ࡢ⤒Ⴀ༴ᶵࡀࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡛ࢺࣚࢱࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡀ๰Ⓨⓗ࡟஦ᴗᒎ㛤ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺஦౛◊✲ࠊ኱ᮌ(2011)ࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢࢺࢵࣉ࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏே࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕࡀᮏᅜᕤሙ࡟㢗ࡽ࡞࠸⬟ຊᵓ⠏ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓ஦౛◊✲ࠊ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩘᑡ࡞࠸౛እࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ᪤Ꮡ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ಶู௻ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚㐍໬ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺どⅬࡀஈࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓࡎࠊᮏ✏ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑࡟ࡣ༑ศ࡟⟅࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ྐࡢ୰࡛ࠊᏊ఍♫ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㐍໬5127

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋᴫᛕⓗࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮࡛ࣙ࠶ࡿ7ࠋࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡢ⌮ㄽࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ㄢ㢟࡟ࡇࡓ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

2.2.

ࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽ8ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ 3 ࡘ࡟ศࡅ࡚ㄽ㏙ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭Ỵᐃせᅉ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࠊḟ࠸࡛Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡜ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ
࡟ࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぶ఍♫ࡢ㛵୚ࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࢆ῝ࡵࡿࠋ

2.2.1. ᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝ
Birkinshaw and Hood (1998)ࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝ㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊձᮏ♫࠿ࡽࡢᙺ๭ࡢ௜୚ࠊղᏊ఍♫ࡢ㑅ᢥࠊճ࣮࡛ࣟ࢝ࣝࡢ⎔ቃせᅉ࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ 3 ࡘࡢせ⣲ࡀ┦஫స⏝ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭࡜㐍໬ࡀ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡣ≉࡟ղᏊ఍♫ࡢ㑅ᢥࢆ㔜どࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊࠕඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ᳨ウ⤖ᯝࡼࡾᑟฟࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀࡽ◊✲ࡢయ⣔ࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾᐇドⓗ࡟ࡣศᯒࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ9 ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊከ⏣㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ᪥ᮏᏊ఍♫࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࢆࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚஦౛᳨ドࡋࠊࡑࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆᐇドࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᱵ㔝㸦2013㸧ࡣࠊ᪂⏣ࢮࣛࢳࣥࡢ࢖ࣥࢻᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࢆࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ7ᢡᶫ(2006)ࡣࠊBirkinshaw and Hood(1998)ࢆࠕᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ṇ㠃࠿ࡽㄽࡌࡿ◊✲ࠖ࡜ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᢡᶫࡣࠕᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠㄽᩥࡣᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᮏ✏࡛グ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ
8 ᮏ✏࡛㆟ㄽࡍࡿࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ Subsidiary Evolution ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡑࢀࢆࠕᏊ఍♫㐍໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡛⤫୍ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊBirkinshaw and Hood(1998)ࡢゎㄝࢆࡋࡓ኱ᮌ
(2008)ࠊࡑࢀࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᐇド◊✲ࢆࡋࡓከ⏣(2008)ࠊᱵ㔝(2013)࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕᏊ఍♫㐍໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
9 ከ⏣(2008)ࠊp.72ࠋ

6128

ᅗ 1ࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ᙺ๭㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝ㸦ὀ㸧Birkinshaw and Hood (1998), p. 775 ࡢ Figure 1 ࢆࡶ࡜࡟➹⪅సᡂ

2.2.2. Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡉࡽ࡟ Birkinshaw and Hood (1998)ࡣࠊඛ࡟♧ࡋࡓᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚Ꮚ
఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ㄽⓗ⪃ᐹࢆ῝ࡵࡓࠋᙼࡣࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢಁ㐍࡜⾶㏥࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮10ࡢ☜❧࡜ᦆኻ࡜኱ࡁ࡞㛵ࢃࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡜ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ꮚ఍♫ࡣ㐍໬ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊᏊ఍♫㐍໬ࡢࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋྛࠎࡢゝⴥࡢᐃ⩏ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡜ࡣࠊࠕ௻ᴗࡀࣜࢯ࣮ࢫࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᮃࡴ࡭ࡁ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡓࡵࡢࠊ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞⬟ຊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣉࣟࢭࢫࠖ
11࡜ࡋࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ⏕⏘ࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࠊရ㉁⟶⌮ࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭࢖ࣥࢸࢢ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࠊᨵၿࠊᨻᗓ΅እᶵ⬟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊGalunic and Eisenhardt(1996)࠿ࡽᘬ⏝ࡋࠕᏊ఍♫ࡀཧຍࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚ከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ୰࡛㈐௵ࢆᣢࡘ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࡣࠊ㺀ᶵ⬟㺁ࠕ〇ရ࣭஦ᴗࠖࠕ㸦ᆅ⌮ⓗ㸧᪂つᕷሙࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶒ㝈࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡿලయ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ〇ရ࣭஦ᴗࡢ᪂つ㛤ᣅࠖཬࡧࠕᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞᪂つᕷሙᣑ኱ࠖࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࢆ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࠿ࠊᡂ㛗ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡞せ⣲ࡔ࡜ࡋࠊࡉࡽ
࡟ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢኚ໬ࡢ᭷ࡾᵝࢆḟࡢ 5 ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟ศࡅ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ5 ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺࡢ࠺ࡕձ㹼ճࡣࠕṇࠖࡢ㐍໬࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

10 ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヂ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࠕ஦ᴗࡑࡢࡶࡢࠖࠊࠕ஦ᴗ㡿ᇦࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ஦ᴗᶒ㝈ࠖ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊ࡝ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ⾲⌧ࡶ㐺ヂ࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࡎࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲࠕࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜⾲グࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
11 Birkinshaw and Pedersen (2001), p.378ࠋ

7129

ձ ぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢᢞ㈨㸦Parent-driven investmentࠊ௨ୗ PDI㸧㸸ぶ఍♫ࡢỴᐃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ꮚ఍♫࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࠋᏊ఍♫ࡣࡑࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡟ぢྜ࠺ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᚎࠎ࡟௜ࡅ࡚⾜ࡃࠋղ Ꮚ఍♫୺ᑟࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢᣑ኱㸦Subsidiary-driven charter extensionࠊ௨ୗ SDE㸧㸸Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㉳ᴗᐙ⢭⚄࡜ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁࡶࡢࠋ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࡓᏊ఍♫ࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢุ᩿࡛ᶵ఍ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࠋぶ఍♫ࡢᙺ┠ࡣࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ⤒Ⴀุ᩿ࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋճ Ꮚ఍♫୺ᑟࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢᙉ໬㸦Subsidiary-driven charter reinforcementࠊ௨ୗ
SDR㸧㸸Ꮚ఍♫⮬㌟ࡀࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪤Ꮡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࠋմ ぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢ᧔㏥㸦Parent-driven divestmentࠊ௨ୗ PDD㸧㸸PDI ࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢᏊ఍♫࡜ࡢᡓ␎ⓗ఩⨨௜ࡅ࡞࡝ࢆ⪃࠼ࠊぶ఍♫ࡀᙜヱᏊ఍♫ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࢆ᧔㏥ࡉࡏࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡶ↓ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࠋյ Ꮚ఍♫↓ど࡟ࡼࡿ⾶㏥㸦Atrophy through subsidiary neglect ࠊ௨ୗ ASN㸧㸸SDR ࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋᏊ఍♫ࡢࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᙉ໬ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࡓぶ఍♫ࡀࡑࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࢆ◚Რࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࠋ

ࡑࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡀᚓࡓ⤖ᯝࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㐍ᒎ㸦⾶㏥㸧࡜ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢ⋓ᚓ㸦⾶㏥㸧࡜ࡣṇࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 2 ࢆཧ↷㸧
ࠋ8130

ᅗ 2ࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢኚ໬࠿ࡽぢࡓᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬㸦ฟᡤ㸧Birkinshaw and Hood (1998), p. 783 ࡢ Figure 2 ࢆ➹⪅⩻ヂࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ 5 ࡘࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢಁ㐍࣭ᢚไࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊぶ఍♫ࠊᏊ఍♫ࠊ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ⎔ቃ࠿ࡽࡢどⅬࢆ⏝࠸࡚ 10 ㏻ࡾࡢ௬ㄝࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௬ㄝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢලయⓗ࡞⤂௓ࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊBirkinshaw and Hood (1998)࡛ࡣྠ⌮ㄽࡢᐇドࡣ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ
࣮ࣙࡣࠊBirkinshaw (1996)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟ぶ఍♫ࢆᣢࡘ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᏊ఍♫ 31 ♫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗᙧᘧ࡛ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ31 ♫୰ 26 ♫ࡀᏊ఍♫ࡢ୺ᑟ࡟ࡼࡾࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

2.2.3. Ꮚ఍♫࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶ఍♫ࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥ12ࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡣࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭࠾ࡼࡧ㐍໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣぶ఍♫ࡢ㛵୚ࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡶ㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥ13࡜࠸࠺࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣ
ࡑࢀࢆḟࡂࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡓࠋࠕከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢぶ఍♫ࡢᙺဨࡀࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭࣐࣮ࣝࢣࢵࢺࢆ⌮ゎࡋࡑࡢ⌮ゎࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᫬㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡋࠊᏊ఍♫࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡜
ࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࠋᙼࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊࢫ࢟ࣕࢽࣥࢢ14ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ15ࠊࢹ࢕ࢫ

12Ambos, Andersson and J. Birkinshaw (2010), Ambos and Birkinshaw (2010)ࠋ
࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヂ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࠕὀ┠ࠖࡸࠕὀどࠖ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊ࡝ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ⾲⌧ࡶ㐺ヂ࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࡎࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲࠕ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⾲グ࡛⤫୍ࡍࡿࠋ
14 ぶ఍♫ࡢᙺဨࡀ⮬ࡽࡢὝᐹ࡜ุ᩿࡛ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⎔ቃࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࡜ᐃ⩏௜ࡅࡉࢀࡿࠋ
15 ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫ࣭ࢶ࣮࣭ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫ᪉ᘧࢆᇶᮏ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
13

9131

࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ16ࡢ 3 ࡘ࡜ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀ⿵᏶ⓗ࡟ാࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀ
ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡣࠊⱥᅜࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࠊ㇦ᕞ࡟࠶ࡿ 283 ࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࢆࢧࣥࣉࣝㄪ
ᰝࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢぶ఍♫ࡢᅜ⡠ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ 96ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡀ 31ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡀ 30ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ 25 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊぶ఍♫ࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࢆᚓࡓᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡣ௚ࡢᏊ఍♫ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ᴗ⦼ࢆୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊぶ఍♫࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࢆᚓࡓᾏእᏊ
఍♫ࡣࠊ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࢆⓎ᥹࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡶ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᏊ఍♫ࡀࡼࡾⰋ࠸ᴗ⦼
⤖ᯝࢆୖࡆࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊぶ఍♫ࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ࠿ࡽ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭࡜㐍໬ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊᏊ఍♫ഃ
࠿ࡽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࢆ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡟ࡋࡓぶ఍♫ࡢ㛵୚࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ༑ศ࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ2.3.

ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒどゅ࡜◊✲᪉ἲ

๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ Birkinshaw and Hood (1998)࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏊ఍♫㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࡣࠊᐇドศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟࡁฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㐣ཤࡢඛ⾜◊✲࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓᴫᛕⓗࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋBirkinshaw (1996)࡛ࡣᏊ఍♫㐍໬ࡢᐇドࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟ぶ఍♫ࢆᣢࡘᅾ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᏊ఍♫࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ぶ఍♫ࢆᣢࡘᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡣᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋྠᵝ࡟࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡢ㆟ㄽࡶᐇド◊✲ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊㄪᰝࡢᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚⡿ᅜ࡟ぶ఍♫ࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛᪥ᮏ࡟ぶ఍♫ࡀ࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜࡓࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊୖグࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆศᯒどゅ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ぶ఍♫ࢆᣢࡘ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࡢ஦౛ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡣ᭱ࡶࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ17ࠋྠ♫ࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚᪥ᮏே࡟ࡋ࠿㏻⏝ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏࡢఏ⤫ㄪ࿡ᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠊᾏእ஦ᴗࢆྠ♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᰕ࡟⫱࡚ୖࡆࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊྠ♫Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࡢศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌࠊࡇࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽᏛࡧ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ࢖ࣥ
ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ◊✲ᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ 1 ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ஦౛◊✲ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋఱᨾ࡞ࡽࠊ஦౛◊✲ࡣ⤌⧊ෆࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦἟ୖࠊ2000㸧ࠋ౑⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚᭩࠿ࢀࡓⴭస≀࡞࡝ࡢබ㛤ࢹ࣮ࢱ18
16 ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞⤒Ⴀⓗ࡞Ὕᐹࢆᣢࡕࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞┠ⓗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ఱࢆ࡞ࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ㆟ㄽࡢ୰ᚰࠋ17 ⇃಴(2009)ࠋ
18 ࡑࢀࡽࡣⱱᮌࡢⴭస≀ࠊ◊✲ㄽᩥࠊ᪂⪺Ⓨ⾲࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊྛࠎࡢฟᡤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㒔ᗘ᫂グࡍࡿࠋ

10132࠾ࡼࡧྠ♫ࡢࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㒊࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗ࠶ࡿ19ࠋ

3. ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡬ࡢ㐍ฟࡢṔྐ20࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢᾏእ㐍ฟࡢṔྐࡣࠊኴᖹὒᡓத๓࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡓ๓࡟ᾏእ࡟⛣ఫࠊ㥔␃ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏே࡟ᑐࡋࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆ౪⤥ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊኴᖹὒᡓதࡀ⤊ࢃࡾࠊ᪂
ࡓ࡞㈍㊰ࢆồࡵ࡚⡿ᅜ࡟㐍ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊኴᖹὒᡓத⤊஢ࡢᚋࠊྠ♫ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⡿ᅜᕷሙ࡟ᒎ㛤ࢆᅗࡾࠊྠ♫ࡢ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗࡢᣑ኱ᡓ␎ࡢ୰࡛Ꮚ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࡀኚ໬ࡋࠊ㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋ

3.1.

ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺ⏘ᴗࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟࡜ྠ♫ࡢᅜ㝿໬ⱱᮌ㸦2013㸧ࡀࠕ᫛࿴ 30 ᖺࡈࢁ࡟⏕⏘㔞ࡣᡓ๓ࡢỈ‽࡟ᡠࡿࠋࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡣ⏕άᚲ㟂ရ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ேཱྀቑຍ⋡௨ୖࡢఙࡧࡣᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ㄒࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊྠ♫ࡣ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛ࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡢ㟂せࡢఙࡧ࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜᥎

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ1958 ᖺ࡟ྠ♫ࡣࠊࠕᕷሙࡣᏑ

ᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡃ๰㐀ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࢆᡴࡕฟࡋࠊከゅ໬࡜ᅜ㝿໬࡟஌ࡾฟࡋࡓ21ࠋྠ♫ࡢᅜ㝿໬ࡢṔྐࡣࠊኴᖹὒᡓத๓࡟ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡸᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢᅾእ㑥ேࡸ㥔␃᪥ᮏ㌷࡟ࠊࡲࡓࠊ᪥⣔ேࡀከࡃఫࡴࣁ࣡࢖ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢすᾏᓊ࡞࡝࡟ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆ౪⤥ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ๻ⓗ࡟ኚࢃࡗࡓࡢࡣᡓᚋࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓᚋࡢ༨㡿ୗࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣ⡿ᅜேࡔࡅ࡛⣙ 300 ୓ேࡀ⁫ᅾࡋࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏே࡟஺ࡌࡗ࡚⏕άࡋࡓ⡿ᅜேࡣࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆⓎぢࡋࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ㣗஦࡟ࡶヨࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋྠ♫ࡣᙼࡽࡀࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆ౑࠺⌧ሙࢆ┠ࡢᙜࡓࡾ࡟ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏྂ᮶ࡢఏ⤫ㄪ࿡ᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡣ⡿ᅜே࡟ࡶ㏻⏝ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜☜ಙࡋࡓ22ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ྠ♫ࡣࠊ1949 ᖺ࠿ࡽ⡿ᅜࡢ᪥⣔ேྥࡅ࡟ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡢ㍺ฟࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤖ᯝࡣᮇᚅࡣࡎࢀ࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓ23ࠋఱᨾ࡞ࡽࠊኴᖹὒᡓத࡟ࡼࡿᑐ⡿㍺ฟࡀ㏵⤯࠼ࡓ 7 ᖺ㛫࡛ࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥⣔ேୡᖏ࡛ࡣ 1 ୡ࠿ࡽ 2 ୡ࡬ୡ௦஺௦ࡀ㐍
19࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㒊࡬ࡣࠊ2013 ᖺ 12 ᭶ึ᪪ࡼࡾ࣓࣮ࣝ࡟ࡼࡾᩘᗘࡢ
࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
20 ᮏ㡯ࡢ㈨ᩱฟᡤࡣࠊྠ♫ࡢ♫ྐࠕ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᰴᘧ఍♫ඵ༑ᖺྐࠖ(࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᰴᘧ఍♫⦅⧩ࠊ2010)࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡢฟᡤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㒔ᗘ᫂グࡍࡿࠋ
21 ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊከゅ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡏࡎࠊᅜ㝿໬࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋ
22 ᪂஭(2010)ࡣࠊ
ࠕ↓ᩱ࡛ࢸࢫࢺ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠖ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
23 ⡿ᅜྥࡅ࡟ࡣ 1949 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1954 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ 5,500KL ࢆ㍺ฟࡋࡓࡀࠊᡓ๓ࡢ᭱┒ᮇ 1939 ᖺࡢ㍺ฟ㔞ࡣ
3,680KL ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

11133ࡳࠊࡲࡓࠊ⌧ᆅ⏘ࡢ࢔࣑ࣀ㓟ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡀᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜᕷሙ࡛ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞㟂せࢆ๰㐀ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣࠊ኎ୖࢆఙࡤࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸≧ἣ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

3.2.

㈍኎఍♫ࡢタ❧1956 ᖺ 5 ᭶ࠊྠ♫ࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡀ඲⡿࡟ 3,000 వࡢࢳ࢙࣮ࣥᗑࢆᣢࡘࢭ࣮ࣇ࢙࢘࢖ࡢ୍㒊ࡢᗑ࡟⣡ධࡉࢀࡓࠋ᪥ᮏᅛ᭷ࡢ㣗ရࡀ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡟Ⓩሙࡋࡓ᭱ึࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔⣔௨እࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢ㛫࡟ࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺ࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ
≀ㄒࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ1956 ᖺ 11 ᭶࡟ࡣࠊすᾏᓊ᭱኱ࡢࣇ࣮ࢻ࣭ࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝ࠕ࣐࢖࣮ࣛࢻ࣭࢔ࣥࢻ࣭ࢩ࣑ࣗࢹ࣮ࣝ♫ࠖࡀ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࢆᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆỴᐃࡋࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡀすᾏᓊ୍ᖏࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡟ධࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣ࡞࠸⫋✀࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᑠ኎ᗑ࠿ࡽ࣮࢜ࢲ࣮ࢆྲྀࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ࡘ࡞ࡄ࡜࠸࠺ࠕᅾ
ᗜࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ၥᒇࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱱᮌ(2013)ࡣࠊ
ࠕ⡿ᅜ࡛㣗ရࢆ኎ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡟Ⰻ࠸㣗ရࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡔࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢάືࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࠊ1957 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࠊࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥ࡟࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐࣭ࣥ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢼࢩࣙࢼ࣭ࣝ࢖ࣥࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢸࢵࢻࢆタ❧ࡋࡓ㸦␎⛠ KIIࠊ⌧♫ྡ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐࣭ࣥࢭ࣮ࣝࢫ࣭USAࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ KII ࡛⤫୍ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋࡇࡢ KII ࡢ≉ᚩࡣఱ࠿ࠋDeshpande and Hogan(2005)ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᮏ♫ࡣ KII ࡟ᑐࡋ᏶඲࡞⤒Ⴀࡢ⮬୺⿢㔞ᶒࢆ୚࠼ࠊ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ⎔ቃ࡟㐺ᛂࡋࡓ⤌⧊ࢆసࡾୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᥎ዡࡋࡓࠋKII ࡣ⮬୺ⓗ࡟඲࡚ࡢ⤒Ⴀุ᩿ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠖ㸦➹⪅⩻ヂ㸧ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
KII ࡣࠊ㈍኎ᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ 2 ࡘࡢᡭἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ24ࠋ࢖ࣥࢫࢺ࢔࣭ࢹࣔࣥࢫࢺࠕࡋ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥ㸦ᗑ㢌࡛ࡢヨ㣗㈍኎㸧25࡜ࣞࢩࣆ㛤Ⓨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣞࢩࣆ㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊࡻ࠺ࡺࡣ᪥ᮏᩱ⌮ࡢࡓࡵࡢࢯ࣮ࢫࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆྰᐃࡋࡓࠋ⡿ᅜேࡀ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟㣗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᩱ⌮ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡼࡾ࠾࠸ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿᩱ⌮ࢆ㑅ࡧฟࡋࠊࡑࡢᩱ⌮᪉ἲࢆᩍ⫱ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺௙஦࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋKII ࡣ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫࡢ୍ゅ࡟ࠊၟရ◊✲㛤Ⓨᐊࢆタࡅࠊ᪥ᮏ࠿ࡽὴ㐵ࡋࡓᢏ⾡⪅ࢆᖖ㥔ࡉࡏࠊࢭ࣮ࣝࢫ࣐ࣥ࡜࣮࣒࢚࣍ࢥࣀ࣑ࢫࢺ 26ࡢពぢࢆ⪺ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽ᪂ၟရࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋࡑࡢ௦⾲ၟရࡀ 1958 ᖺ࡟ⓏሙࡋࡓࠕTeriyaki࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
24

ᒣୗ(2013), pp.25-26ࠋⱱᮌࡶ⡿ᅜ␃Ꮫ᫬௦࡟࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ࡛ࡑࡢࢹࣔࢆᡭఏࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ⱱᮌࠊ2013㸧ࠋ
26 ࣮࣒࢚࣍ࢥࣀ࣑ࢫࢺ࡜ࡣࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡜ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㛫࡟௓ᅾࡋ࡚ࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿၟရࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ
ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟฼⏝ࡍࢀࡤຠᯝⓗ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡢ᝟ሗࢆᐙᗞ࡟ఏ࠼ࡿ⫋ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2512134↷ࡾ↝ࡁ࡜ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᮏ᮶㨶ᩱ⌮࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ⫗ᩱ⌮࡟ᛂ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊKII ࡢάື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ1950 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 60 ᖺ௦๓༙࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐
ࣥࡢᾏእ஦ᴗࡣࠊࣁ࣡࢖ࠊ࢔ࣛࢫ࢝ࢆྵࡴ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝す㒊 13 ᕞࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺᕷሙࢆᅛࡵࠊᮾ
㒊࡞ࡽࡧ࡟୰す㒊࡬ࡢ✺◚ཱྀࢆ㛤ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ27ࠋ

3.3.

⌧ᆅ⏕⏘㸸➨୍ẁ㝵㸦㒊ศⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘ࡢ㛤ጞ㸧࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡬ࡢ㍺ฟ㔞ࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ㉥Ꮠࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࠋཎᩱࡢᑠ㯏࡜኱㇋ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ
࢝࠾ࡼࡧ࢝ࢼࢲ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ㐠㈤ࡢ஧㔜ᡶ࠸࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ
1965 ᖺࠊⱱᮌࡣࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ᕤሙࢆᘓタࡋ࡞࠸࡜ᮏᙜࡢᅜ㝿໬࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ
28ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ᫬ࡣ᫬ᮇᑦ᪩࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ᢞ㈨ࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᥦ᱌ࡣ༷ୗࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᕤሙࢆᘓタࡍࡿ᭱ᑠ᥇⟬ࣟࢵࢺࢆᖺ⏘ 9,000KL ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᙜ᫬ࡢᖺ㛫㈍኎㔞ࡣࡑࡢ༙ศ࡟ࡶ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ1968 ᖺ࠿ࡽ⡿ᅜ࡛⎼ワࡵࢆ⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺㒊ศⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘᪉ᘧࢆࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ㒊ศⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘ࡣࠊ⤒㈝๐ῶຠᯝࢆ⏕ࡳࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ஦ᴗࡣ㉥Ꮠయ㉁࠿ࡽ⬺༷ࡋ࡚ࠊ཰ᨭࢺࣥࢺࣥࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡲ࡛᮶ࡓ29ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈍኎㔞ࡀண᝿ࢆୖᅇࡿቑຍࢆࡋࡵࡋࠊ㒊ศⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࡛࡚ࡁࡓ30ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ୍㈏⏕⏘ࡢ᫝㠀ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࠊⱱᮌࡀ୰ᚰ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓ⛺㆟᭩ࡀࠊ1971 ᖺࡢྲྀ⥾ᙺ఍࡛ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓ31ࠋࡑࡢᢞ㈨㢠ࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ㈨ᮏ㔠 36 ൨෇ࢆୖᅇࡿ 40 ൨෇࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ32ࠋ

3.4.

⏕⏘㸸➨஧ẁ㝵㸦ᮏ᱁ⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘ࡢ㛤ጞ㸧1971 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠊ࢘࢕ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥᕞ࡟ࠊKFI㸦࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐࣭ࣥࣇ࣮ࢬ࣭࢖ࣥࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢸ࢕
ࢵࢻࠊ⌧࢘࢕ࢫࢥࣥࢩ࣭ࣥࣉࣛࣥࢺ㸧ࡀタ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࢘࢕ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥᕞ࡟Ỵࡵࡓࡢࡣࠊཎᩱ✐≀ࡢ⏘ᆅ࡟㏆ࡃⰋ㉁ࡢỈ࡟ᜨࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ≀ὶ࡟౽฼ࠊࡲࡓⰋ㉁ࡢປാຊ࡟ᜨࡲ

27

1958 ᖺ࡟ࡣࣟࢫ࢔ࣥࢪ࢙ࣝࢫࠊ1961 ᖺ࡟ࡣࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡࠊ1965 ᖺ࡟ࡣࢩ࢝ࢦࠊ1977 ᖺ࡟ࡣ࢔ࢺࣛࣥࢱࠊ1999 ᖺ࡟ࡣࢲࣛࢫ࡟ᨭᗑࢆ㛤タࡋࡓࠋ
28 ⱱᮌ(2013)ࠊp.128ࠋ
29 ᒣୗ(2013)ࠊp.27ࠋ
30 㒊ศⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣥࢸࢼ࡛᪥ᮏ࠿ࡽࡢ㈨ᮦࢆ㍺㏦ࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࠿ࡽ⡿ᅜ࡟㍺㏦ࡍࡿࡢࡣⰋ࠸ࡀࠊ
⡿ᅜ࠿ࡽࡢᡠࡾ࡟ࡣ✵ࡢࢥࣥࢸࢼࢆ㍺㏦ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺↓㥏ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⯪఍♫࠿ࡽ㍺㏦㔠ࡢቑ㢠ࢆせồࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
31 ⱱᮌ(2013)ࠊp.96ࠋ
32 ⱱᮌ(2013)ࠊp.94ࠋ

13135

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡍ࡛࡟タ❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ KII ࡢ㏆㞄࡟⏕⏘ᕤሙࢆ࡞ࡐタ❧ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࡀṧࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊⱱᮌ(2007)ࡣࠊ
ࠕすᾏᓊࡣ᪥ᮏᩥ໬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᘏ㛗⥺ୖ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏ㞳ࢀࡀࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊすᾏᓊ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡟ᘬࡁࡎࡽࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ឤࡌࡀࡋࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚╔ᐇ࡟᰿ࢆୗࢁࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊすᾏᓊࡼࡾ⡿ᅜࡢ┿ࢇ୰ࡢ୰㒊࡟ࡍ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࠊ୺ᙇࡋࡓࠖ
࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋタ❧ᙜึࡢ⏕⏘⬟ຊࡣࠊ9,000KL ࡢ⏕⏘⬟ຊ㸦ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺ 8,000KLࠊࢸࣜࣖ࢟ࢯ࣮ࢫ 900KL㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᘓタ๓࡟ࠊᆅඖఫẸ࡟ࡼࡿ཯ᑐ㐠ືࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊⱱᮌࡣᆅඖ㆟఍࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓබ⫈఍࡛ᕤሙ㐍ฟࡢࡓࡵࡢドゝࢆ⾜࠸ᆅඖఫẸࡢ஢ᢎࢆᚓ࡚
࠸ࡿ33ࠋ
KFI ࡢ⤒Ⴀᡂ⦼࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ๰ᴗึᖺᗘࡢ 1973 ᖺ 8 ᭶ᮇࠊḟᖺᗘࡢ 1974 ᖺ 8 ᭶ᮇࡣ㉥Ꮠ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ1974 ᖺᚋ༙࠿ࡽᚎࠎ࡟ࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡣ኎ࢀጞࡵࠊ1975 ᖺ 8 ᭶ᮇࡣึࡵ࡚༢ᖺᗘ㯮Ꮠ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ1977 ᖺ 8 ᭶ᮇ࡟⣼ᦆ୍ᤲࡋࡓࠋ
1980 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡶ⡿ᅜࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺᕷሙࡣᡂ㛗ࢆ⥆ࡅࠊKFI ࡣ㡰ㄪ࡟ฟⲴ㔞ࢆఙࡤࡋࡓࠋ1979 ᖺࡢタഛቑᙉ࡛ᖺ⏘⬟ຊࢆ 1 ୓ 8,000KL ࡜ࡋࡓࡀࠊ1983 ᖺ࡟ࡣฟⲴ㔞ࡣ 2 ୓ KL ࢆ✺◚ࡍࡿ࡟࠸ࡓࡗࡓࠋ1990 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡗ࡚ KFI ࡢฟⲴ㔞ࡣᖺ࡟ 5,000KL ࡢ࣮࣌ࢫ࡛ቑ࠼ࠊ
1992 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 5 ୓ 7,000KL ㏆ࡃ࡟ࡲ࡛࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ1996 ᖺࠊࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥ࡟
➨ 2 ᕤሙࢆᘓタࡋ✌ാࢆࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡉࡏࡓࠋ2013 ᖺ࡟ࡣ୧ᕤሙྜࡏ࡚ࡢ⏕⏘⬟ຊࡣ 14 ୓KL ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ34ࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊKFI ࡛సࡿࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡢရ㉁࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㔝⏣ࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺ࡜඲ࡃኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ရ㉁ࡢࡶ
ࡢࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ35ࠋᮏ᮶ࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊྠࡌ㯜⳦ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊྠࡌ㔊㐀ἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⮬↛⎔ቃࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㔊㐀ሙᡤࡀ㐪࠼ࡤࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡢ࿡ࡣᚤጁ࡟㐪ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢᶵᲔ࣭⿦⨨࡜ᚤ⏕≀⟶⌮ᢏ⾡ࡢᨵၿࡣᡓᚋᛴ㏿࡟㐍ᒎࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆ⥲ྜࡋࡓ〇㐀⟶⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡶᖺࠎྥୖࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ⏕⏘つᶍࡣ๰ᴗᙜึ࡜ẚ࡭࡚㣕㌍ⓗ࡟ᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᆅᚑᴗဨᩘࡣ๰ᴗᙜึࡢ⣙150 ྡ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࡶࡑࢀ࡯࡝ቑ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸36ࠋ

33

ⱱᮌ(2013)ࠊp.104㸫108ࠋ
ⱱᮌ(2013)ࠊp.127ࠋ
35 బ⸨(1975)ࠊp.173ࠋ
36 ⱱᮌ(2007)ࠊp.62ࠋ
3414136ࢢࣛࣇ㸯࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⡿ᅜྥࡅ㍺ฟ࡜⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ⏕⏘⤫ィ༢఩㸸KL㸦ฟᡤ㸧♫ྐࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ

3.5.

〇ရ㛤Ⓨ

1984 ᖺ࡟ࠊKMP㸦࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐࣭࣐࣮ࣥࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭࢔ࣥࢻ࣭ࣉࣛࢽࣥࢢࠊ␎⛠ KMP,௨ୗ KMP㸧ࢆ࢖ࣜࣀ࢖ᕞ࡟タ❧ࡋࡓࠋྠ♫ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢၟရ㛤ⓎᣐⅬ࡜ࡶ㐃ᦠࢆ࡜ࡾࡘࡘ37ࠊヨ㦂◊✲࣭ၟရ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠸ࠊຍᕤᗘࡢ㧗࠸᪂࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜၟရࡸ㇋ங࡞࡝ࡢ೺ᗣ㣗ရࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆᢸ࠺఍♫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ2008 ᖺ࡟ࡣ࢘࢕ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥᕞ࡟◊✲㛤ⓎᏊ఍♫࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐
ࣥ USA R&D ࣛ࣎ࣛࢺ࣮ࣜࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࠕ㣗࡜೺ᗣࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏◊✲ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ38ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᾏእྥࡅࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᆅᾘ㈝⪅ࡢႴዲࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊᕤሙ࡟ࡼࡾᮦᩱࡢㄪ㐩ඛࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝
࡟ࡼࡿ39ࠋ

3.6.

⡿ᅜࡢᏊ఍♫࡜ぶ఍♫࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ⱱᮌࡣࠊࠕKII ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢭ࣮ࣝࢫࡣࠊ⌧ᆅࡢ஦᝟ࢆ୍␒▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊㛛࡟௵ࡏࡿࡢࡀཎ๎ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆ᪥ᮏ࡛⟶⌮ࡋࡼ࠺37࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐࣭ࣥࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㒊(2014 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 21 ᪥)ࠋ
࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐࣭ࣥࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㒊(2014 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 19 ᪥)ࠋ
39 ࠗForbes Japan࠘(2007 ᖺ 7 ᭶ྕ)ࠋ38

15137࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ኻᩋࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ኎ୖ┠ᶆࡣ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ40࡜ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᩧ⸨ KII♫㛗ࡣࠊࠕ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡣ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊពᛮỴᐃࡢ࠺࠼࡛࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࢆୖࡆ࡚ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡓせᅉ࡛ࡍࠖ41࡜ࡶ⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊⱱᮌࡣࠊࠕKFI ࡜ KII ࡣ࠾஫࠸⊂❧ࡋࡓ఍♫࡜ࡋ࡚Ⰽࠎ࡞஺΅࡛≀஦ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౯᱁タᐃࡀ᭱኱ࡢ஺΅஦㡯࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾཝࡋ࠸ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ཰┈ຊࡣ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ẚ㍑࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡯࡝Ⰻ࠸ࠋ౯᱁஺΅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࠾஫࠸࡟ษ☩⌶☻ࡋࡓ࠿ࡽᴗ⦼ࡀⰋࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ42࡜ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋⱱᮌࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⡿ᅜࡢᏊ఍♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀᡂᯝࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢࣇ
࢓࢖ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࢫࣆࣜࢵࢺࡣḞዴࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏᅜෆࡢ㈍኎ࢆάᛶ໬ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢᡂຌࡋࡓ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᡭἲࡸᡂຌ஦౛ࡢࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࢆ᪥ᮏ࡟㍺ධࡍࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࠖ 43㸦➹⪅⩻ヂ㸧࡜ࡲ࡛ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐࠊ᪥ᮏᅜෆࡢࣇ࢓࢖ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࢫࣆࣜࢵࢺࡣḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ
ࠕᅜෆࡢ୺ຊࡢࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ᩿ࢺࢶࡢ 1 ఩ࠋ㸦୰␎㸧ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ຾⪅ࡢዝࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀఱ࡜࡞ࡃ࠾ࡗ࡜ࡾࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀ௻ᴗయ㉁࡜ࡋ࡚⾲㠃໬ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ
࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠖ44࡜ⱱᮌࡣศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

4. ஦౛ศᯒ㸸ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡀᥦ♧ࡋࡓ 3 ࡘࡢศᯒᯟ⤌࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࢆศ
ᯒࡍࡿࠋ3 ࡘࡢศᯒᯟ⤌࡜ࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㆟ㄽࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᏊ఍♫࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶ఍♫ࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ

4.1.

ᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡣᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࢆỴࡵ㐍໬ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ 3 ࡘࡢせ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ
ࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊձぶ఍♫࠿ࡽࡢᙺ๭ࡢ௜୚ࠊղᏊ఍♫ࡢ㑅ᢥࠊճ࣮࡛ࣟ࢝ࣝࡢ⎔ቃせᅉ࡜࠸࠺
3 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࡇࡢ㆟ㄽࢆศᯒどゅ࡟ࡋ࡚௒ᅇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ
ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊձぶ఍♫࠿ࡽࡢᙺ๭ࡢ௜୚ࠊճ࣮࡛ࣟ࢝ࣝࡢ⎔ቃせᅉࠊղᏊ఍♫ࡢ㑅

40

ྠୖࠋ
ྠୖࠋ
42 ⱱᮌ(2007), p.115ࠋ
43 Deshpande and Hogan(2005)ࠋ
44 ⱱᮌ(2007), p.84ࠋ
41

16138

ᢥࡢ㡰࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࡣࠊձЍճЍղࡢ㡰ᗎ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡀࠊࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊᮏᅜぶ఍♫ࡣ⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ௜୚ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡲࡎぶ఍♫ࡣ㈍኎఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋぶ఍♫ࡣᏊ఍♫࡟ࠕ᪥ᮏ࡛⏕⏘ࡋࡓࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆ㈍኎ࡏࡼࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙺ๭ࢆ
௜୚ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡣࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࢆㄪ࿡ᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ໬ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡀ
➨ 2 ࡢ࣮࡛ࣟ࢝ࣝࡢ⎔ቃせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊලయⓗ࡟⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫ࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺᩥ໬ࡢ࡞࠸⡿ᅜ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࡛࠸࠿࡟ࡑࡢ㟂せࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿ࠿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊぶ఍♫࠿ࡽࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓୖ࡛࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ᥎㐍ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ➨ 3 ࡢᏊ఍♫ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᡂᯝࢆぢࡓぶ఍♫ࡣࠊ஦ᴗᣑ኱ࡢࡓࡵࡢ᪋⟇ࢆᡴࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࠋࡑࢀࡀࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡃࠋ

4.2.

Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㆟ㄽࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡣࠊᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࡣࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏௜ࡅࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡎࡣࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎぶ఍♫ࡀ㈍኎Ꮚ఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤒Ⴀᡂ⦼࡟ὀ┠ࡋ஦ᴗᣑ኱ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓぶ఍♫ࡣࠊࡋࡻ࠺ࡺࡢ㒊ศⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘ࢆࠊࡑࢀ࡟⥆࠸࡚ᮏ᱁ⓗ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘ࢆ⾜࠺〇㐀఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋ 2 ᕤሙయไ࡟ࡲ࡛
࡟⏕⏘ࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜᕷሙྥࡅࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࠊᇶ♏◊✲ࡲ࡛⾜࠺ࡓࡵࡢ఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡢᶵ⬟࡜஦ᴗࡢᣑ኱ࡣࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮ࡢᣑ኱
ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࢆ୺ᑟࡋࡓࡢࡣぶ఍♫࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢᢞ㈨㸦PDI㸧ࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡟ぢྜ࠺ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆࡘࡅ࡚⾜ࡃࠋ〇㐀Ꮚ఍♫࡛ࡢ⏕⏘㔞ࡣ 1973 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1985 ᖺࡲ࡛࡛⏕⏘㧗ࡣ 14 ಸ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡣࠊࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡀ୺ᙇࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢṇࡢ᪉ྥ࡛ࡢኚ໬ࡀᏊ఍♫ࢆ㐍໬ࡉࡏࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

4.3.

Ꮚ఍♫࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶ఍♫ࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡞ࡐࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐍໬ࡀᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊⱱᮌࡀᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᙺ๭ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ⱱᮌࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊୗグࡢᅗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

17139ᅗ 3࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⱱᮌࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ㸦ฟᡤ㸧ⱱᮌ(2013)ࠊ♫ྐࠊྠ♫ᗈሗⓎ⾲㈨ᩱ࡞࡝ࢆᇶ࡟➹⪅సᡂࡇࢀࢆぢࢀࡤศ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊྠ♫ࡢ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿពᛮỴᐃ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢ๰ᴗᮇ࠿ࡽⱱᮌࡀ῝ࡃ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋⱱᮌࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ஦ᴗࡢึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᥦ
᱌ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᢞ㈨᱌௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⮬ࡽࡀ⛺㆟᭩ࢆ᭩ࡁࠊ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢᅔ㞴࡟ࡶ⮬ࡽࡀᑐฎࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊぶ఍♫ࡢᙺဨ࡟᪼᱁ࡋ࡚௨㝆ࡶᾏእ஦ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡑࡢ㈐௵ࢆᢸ࠸Ỵᐃᶒࡢ࠶ࡿ
❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊぶ఍♫ࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋⱱᮌࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ྠ♫ࡢᾏእ஦ᴗࡢࠕ⏕ࡁᏐᘬࠖⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋⱱᮌࡢ⡿ᅜᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿάືࡣࠊࡇࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟㐺ྜࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᙼࡣࠊᏊ఍♫ྠኈࡢཝࡋ࠸ࡀ๓ྥࡁ࡞㆟ㄽ㸦౛࠼ࡤ౯᱁஺΅㸧ࢆᐜㄆ࣭ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡋࠊࡑࡢཝࡋࡉࢆ᪥ᮏ࡟㏫㍺ධࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡉ࠼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊぶ఍♫ࡢ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡀᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡑࢀࡣࠊࠕぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢᢞ㈨㸦PDI㸧ࠖ࡟⤖ࡧ௜࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

5. ⤖ㄽ

Birkinshaw and Hood (1998)࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏊ఍♫㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࡣࠊᐇドศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ
18140ࡁฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㐣ཤࡢඛ⾜◊✲࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓᴫᛕⓗࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ
Birkinshaw (1996)࡛ࡣᏊ఍♫㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࡣぶ఍♫ࡀ⡿ᅜ࡟࠶ࡿᅾ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᏊ఍♫࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ぶ఍♫ࡢ࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡣᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ࠋ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡢ㆟ㄽࡶྠᵝ࡟୺ࡓࡿㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡟ぶ఍♫ࡢ࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡣࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡇࡢࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽࢆศᯒどゅ࡟ࡋ࡚࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥ
ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽࠊఱࡀ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ฟࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࠊ⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ࠋ

5.1.

࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽ࡛⡆₩࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋࠕ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ஦ᴗࡢᣑ኱ࡀ⤒Ⴀୖᚲ㡲࡜⪃࠼ࡓ᪥ᮏࡢぶ఍♫ࡣࠊࡲࡎ⌧ᆅ࡟㈍኎఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋࡑࡢᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ஦ᴗࡢᣑ኱ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓぶ఍♫ࡣࠊ〇㐀఍♫ࠊ㛤Ⓨ఍♫࡜࠸࠺ᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡘ᪂఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢᢞ㈨(PDI)ࡢ㐍໬ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋぶ఍♫ࡣ㈍኎఍♫タ❧௨๓࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛⡿ᅜᏊ఍♫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࢆᣢࡕ⥆ࡅࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ⌧ᅾࡢྠ♫ࡢ⡿ᅜ஦ᴗࡢᡂຌࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡿࠖࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ୍஦౛࠿ࡽࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽࡣ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢศᯒ࡟ࡶ㐺ྜ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕṇࠖࡢ㐍໬ࢆࡋࡓᏊ఍♫ࡣࠊᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊぶ఍♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡢୖ࡛ࡢᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡢⓎぢࡣࠊぶ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࡢ㔜せᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋぶ఍♫ࡣࠊᖖ࡟Ꮚ఍♫࡟ᙉ࠸࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࢆᣢࡕ⥆ࡅࠊᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࢆỴࡵࠊぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢᢞ㈨(PDI)ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᏊ఍♫ࡢᣑ኱ࢆᅗࡾࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⤒Ⴀࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᰕ࡟⫱࡚ୖࡆࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡀࠊᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⾡ⓗ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓⅬ࡜ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓⅬࢆ⾲࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

19141

ᅗ 4
ࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿ⌮ㄽᮏࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓⅬ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏ

ᕥグࢆศᯒどゅ࡟ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ᮏࢣ࣮እᏊ఍♫ࡢศࢫ࠿ࡽⓎぢࡋࡓࡶࡢᯒ࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿ࠿㸽ձᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝ㐺ྜࡍࡿᏊ఍♫ࡢᙺ๭ࢆỴࡵࡿࡢ࡟᭱㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࠕᮏ♫ࡢᙺ๭௜୚࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋղᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢳ࣮ࣕ㐺ྜࡍࡿࢱ࣮࡜ࢣ࢖ࣃࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㆟ㄽճぶ఍♫ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡓᏊ఍♫ぶ఍♫୺ᑟࡢᢞ㈨(PDI)ࡀ㐍໬ࡢ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ㐺ྜࡍࡿ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࡢ㆟ㄽᾏእ஦ᴗ࡟⇍▱ࡋࡓぶ఍♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅㸦ⱱᮌ㸧ࡢᏑᅾࠋࠕṇࠖࡢ㐍໬ࢆࡋࡓᏊ఍♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀᡂ⦼ࡣⰋࡃࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊぶ఍♫࡟࠾ࡅࡿⱱᮌࡢᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᙺ๭ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋⱱᮌࡣࠊࡑࡢ❧ሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᖖ࡟ぶ఍♫ഃࡢே㛫࡛࠶ࡗࡓヂࡔࡀࠊ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᾏእᏊ఍♫⤒Ⴀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕ⏕ࡁᏐᘬࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᝟ሗࢆᖖ࡟᭱᪂໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ㈍኎఍♫ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟ࡣ⮬⏤ᗘࢆ୚࠼ࠊ⟶⌮ࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡣ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᆅ࡛ᐇ㝿࡟Ꮚ఍♫ࢆ⤒Ⴀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㈐௵⪅࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊ㈐௵ࡢᡤᅾࡀ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡾࠊぶ఍♫ࡀᏊ఍♫ࡢ࠾࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧≧ࢆṇ☜࡟ᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺≧ែ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぶ఍♫ࡢጼࡀࠊ௒ᚋࡢᾏእ⤒Ⴀ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀᐇົⓗ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

5.2.

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௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࠾ࡼࡧᮏ✏ࡢ㝈⏺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢⅬࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࣂ࣮࢟ࣥࢩ࣮ࣙ⌮ㄽࡣ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢศᯒ࡟ࡶ㐺ྜ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊぶ఍♫ࡀᏊ఍♫㐍໬࡟㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣぶ఍♫ࡢⱱᮌࡢᏑᅾ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒ႠࢺࢵࣉࡢᏑᅾࡣ⛥᭷࡞
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࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᝟ሗࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊྛᏊ఍♫ࡢ㐍໬ࡢ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣබ⾲ࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࡣ࡞ࡃ῝ࡃ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊྠ♫ࡢᾏእᒎ㛤ࡣ⡿ᅜࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊḢᕞࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃ᐹࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶
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Capability Evolution and Charter Change in Foreign-RZQHG6XEVLGLDU\&RPSDQLHVµ

Academy of Management Review, 23/4, pp.773-795.
Birkinshaw, J., and T. Pedersen (2001  ´Strategy and Management in MNE
6XEVLGLDULHVµ  ,Q$Rugman(ed.) The Oxford Handbook of International Business,21143

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Deshpande R., and H. Hogan(2005) ´Kikkoman Corp.: Consumer Focused Innovation,µHarvard Business School Case 504-067, January 2004. (Revised August 2005.)
Dunning, J. H.(1979) ´([SODLQLQJFKDQJLQJSDWWHUQVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOSURGXFWLRQIn defence of the eclectic theory,µOxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,

Vol.41, pp. 259-269.
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domains: Divisional charter losses in high-technology, multidivisional
corporations.

Organization Science, 7(3), 255²282.

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Human Resource

Management, 25, pp.9-36.
Hymer, S.H.(1976)

The international operations of national firms: A study of direct

foreign investment, MA: MIT Press.

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩㸺࿴ᩥ㸼᪂஭ࡺࡓ࠿(2010)ࠗ㣗ရ௻ᴗࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᡓ␎࠘ࡂࡻ࠺ࡏ࠸ࠋ
ᱵ㔝ᕧ฼(2012)ࠕ࢖ࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥⣔ᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ⮬❧ⓗᡂ㛗㸫᪂⏣ࢮࣛࢳ࣭ࣥ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࢔㸦NGIL㸧ࡢ஦౛㸫ࠖ኱▼࣭᱓ྡ࣭⏣➃࣭Ᏻᐊ⦅࣭ከᅜ⡠௻ᴗᏛ఍ⴭࠗከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡜᪂⯆ᅜᕷሙ࠘➨ 11 ❶ࠊᩥ┾ᇽࠋᴮᮏᝅ(2004) ࠗᾏእᏊ఍♫◊✲ᗎㄝ࠘࠾ⲔࡢỈ᭩ᡣࠋ኱ ᮌ Ύ ᘯ (2008) ࠕ ᾏ እ Ꮚ ఍ ♫ ࡢ ࠕ㐍 ໬ ࠖ ࡜ ࡑࡢ ಁ 㐍 ̿ ⤒Ⴀ Ꮫ ㍯ ㅮ Birkinshaw andHood(1998)̿ࠖࠗ㉥㛛࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ࠘ 7 ᕳ 10 ྕ (2008 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 25 ᪥Ⓨ⾜ࠊ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ∧)኱ᮌΎᘯ(2011)ࠕᾏእᕤሙࡢ⬟ຊᵓ⠏࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮏᅜேࢺࢵࣉࡢᙉࡳ㸸ᮏᅜᕤሙ࡟㢗ࡽ࡞࠸⬟ຊᵓ⠏ࡢ᥎㐍ࠖࠗ⤌⧊⛉Ꮫ࠘Vol.44 No.3 pp.53-69ࠋᢡᶫఙဢ(2008)ࠕᾏእ⏕⏘ᣐⅬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢᵓ⠏࡜⎔ቃኚ໬ࠖࠗᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫ◊✲Ꮫ఍ ᖺሗ 2006࠘pp.127-137ࠋ
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ᢡᶫఙဢ(2008)ࠗᾏእᣐⅬࡢ๰Ⓨⓗ஦ᴗᒎ㛤࠘ⓑ᱈᭩ᡣࠋ⇃಴ᗈᚿ(2009)ࠕ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࠖࠊ኱▼ⰾ⿱⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭࣐࣮ࣝࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࠘
➨ 5 ❶ࠊⓑ᱈᭩ᡣࠋ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᰴᘧ఍♫⦅⧩(2000)ࠗ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥᰴᘧ఍♫ඵ༑ᖺྐ࠘࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࠋ
బ⸨Ⰻஓ(1975) ࠗ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢ⤒Ⴀ࠘ㄞ኎᪂⪺♫ࠋከ⏣࿴⨾(2008) ࠕᾏእᏊ఍♫ࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨάືࡢ㐍ᒎࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸫᪥ᮏࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢ஦౛ࠖ
ࠗᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫ◊✲Ꮫ఍ ᖺሗ 2008࠘pp.71-83ࠋ
἟ୖᖿ(2000) ࠗ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤒ႠᏛ࠘ⓑ᱈᭩ᡣࠋࠗForbes Japan࠘(2007 ᖺ 7 ᭶ྕ)ࠋ⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ(2003)ࠗ⬟ຊᵓ⠏➇த࠘୰බ᪂᭩ࠋ
ⱱᮌ཭୕㑻(2007)ࠗ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤒Ⴀ࠘⏕⏘ᛶฟ∧ࠋⱱᮌ཭୕㑻(2013)ࠗᅜቃࡣ㉺࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡿ࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ฟ∧♫ࠋᒣཱྀ㝯ⱥ(2006) ࠗከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ⤌⧊⬟ຊ࠘ⓑ᱈᭩ᡣࠋᒣୗᘯኴ㑻(2013)ࠕ࢟ࢵࢥ࣮࣐ࣥࡢᾏእᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗJATAFF ࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝ 1 ᕳ 9 ྕ࠘
pp.24-29ࠋ

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