SUCCESS STORY – Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials-- Steffen Arnold --Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials
The Driving Force Behind Highly Accurate Dosing Applications

PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany
Phone +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109,Email info@piceramic.com

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SUCCESS STORY – Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials-- Steffen Arnold --Demands on components increase with the advancing
miniaturization in process and medical engineering. Thisparticularly applies when small volumes have to be dosedwith high precision, and also to aerosol applications or toproduction of microarrays or biochips. Piezo-based drive
solutions are ideal here.
Piezo drives generate linear motions directly and with highprecision and have proven to be successful in many
comparable applications. They can also be adapted well tothe respective application environment. Since they offer highefficiency for the small space they occupy, they can also beused in drives for mobile devices or lab-on-a-chip technology.

Fig. 1

Several piezo-based drive solutions for dosing applications aredescribed hereafter:

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Microdiaphragm pumps
Microdosing valves
Peristaltic pumps
PipeJet dispenser
Aerosol production
Air-Bubble detectors for flow monitoring

Piezo Actuators: Fast, Precise andDurable

Since very different designs can be created with piezo elements,
it is possible to find a custom-made solution for practically any
scope since very diverse structures can be implemented

Microdiaphragm Pumps – High
Delivery Rates Even Under
Backpressure
Microdiaphragm pumps are suitable for the precise dosing ofgases as well as liquids. A diaphragm separates the medium
to be transported from the drive. The drive can therefore notinterfere with the pumped media and vice versa. Passive inlet
and outlet valves control the direction of pumping (Fig. 2).

Piezo actuators work with short response times and they
move dynamically with resolutions in the sub-nanometer
range and frequencies of up to several thousand hertz.
Furthermore, piezo actuators are maintenance-free, because
they have no moving parts in the conventional sense.
The motion is based on crystalline solid state effects and so
there are no rotating or friction-producing mechanicalcomponents. Since they do not require any power when they
are at rest, the piezos can also score in terms of energy consumption. They can thus be used in a wide range ofapplications. In process and medical engineering, forexample, short dosing cycles can be implemented. The dosingand pumping processes can be finely adjusted and precisely
controlled by the variable strokes.
PI Ceramic offers a wide range of piezoelectric components ina variety of shapes, standard as well as custom-made, as wellas piezo actuators with and without preloading in different
sizes (Fig. 1). The long lived and distinctly robust actuators
have already been tried and tested in many application fields,
e.g. with microdiaphragm pumps.

PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, D-07589 Lederhose, Germany
Tel. +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109,E-Mail info@piceramic.deFig. 2

Operating principle of a micodiaphragm pump

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SUCCESS STORY – Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials-- Steffen Arnold --Highly dynamic disk-shaped piezo elements mounted directly
onto a metal disc lend themselves as the drive system for theminiaturized versions of this type of pump (Fig. 3). Highdelivery rates can thus be realized even under backpressure
by varying the switching frequencies or the amplitude of thepiezo displacement by means of a corresponding control.

Microdosing valves achieve flow rates of up to a few tens ofliters per minute for highly accurate individual and bulk
dosing in the microliter and nanoliter range. The low
switching times of the piezo actuators here are also
important, of course, being in the millisecond to microsecond
range.
Various piezo components are used in the microdosing valves,depending on their size, small piezo tubes are used for dropon-demand methods such as in ink jet printers. Miniaturized
valves for dosing tasks in the nanoliter range are produced
using piezo disks, for example, which are also used for lab-ona-chip applications.

Fig. 3

Micro-diaphragm pumps with disk-shaped piezo elements: The
space required for this drive solution is extremely small (Image:
thinXXS Microtechnology AG)Typical specifications for such microdiaphragm pumps whendosing liquids are a flow rate of up to around 80 ml/min at
switching frequencies of between 25 and 120 Hz and apotential backpressure of between 200 and 500 mbar, forexample. When dosing gases, the values are between 0.1 and250 ml/min, 100 to 500 Hz and 100 mbar.

Piezo actuators, which generate more force, can be used forvalves where the amount of space occupied is not soimportant, as can piezo drives with lever amplification. They
are suitable for longer travel and thus also for applications
where – depending on the material properties -– certain drop
sizes have to be achieved.

The possible applications thus cover a broad spectrum. They
range from laboratory technology and medical engineering,chemistry and pharmaceutical applications through tomechanical engineering. Piezo-driven diaphragm pumps candose the lubricants and coolants required with high accuracy,
for example. Thanks to their compact dimensions thesedosing devices can directly be installed where they areneeded and thus usually reduce consumption.
Fig. 4Microdosing Valves: High FlowRates with Highly Accurate Dosing
Microdosing valves operate in a similar way to pumps.
However, the forces required are higher, because a springforce is applied. The usual dosing frequencies here are in thekilohertz range and can practically only be achieved withpiezo actuators.

PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, D-07589 Lederhose, Germany
Tel. +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109,E-Mail info@piceramic.de

In micro-valves, particularly where viscous liquids with atendency towards higher pressures are processed, translational
actuators with and without preloading can be used where larger
strokes of the valve tappet are required, with lever amplification
as well

For instance, microdosing valves are used for the dosing ofmedication (Fig. 4). Similar applications can also be found in
the industrial sector for the fine-dosing of soldering fluxes,oils, greases, adhesives etc. Microvalves are suitable for gases
as well as liquids.

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SUCCESS STORY – Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials-- Steffen Arnold --Peristaltic Pumps: Uniform andPulse-Free Dosing
So-called peristaltic pumps are ideal in cases where liquids orgases are to be dosed not only accurately, but also as evenly
and with as little pulsing as possible. The external mechanicaldeformation of the tube forces the medium to be transported
through this tube.
The mechanical deformation is effected by piezo actuators(Fig. 5). Peristaltic pumps can be easily sterilized, are noncontact in operation, and can be operated without valves inboth directions. The pumping direction is determined by thecontrol of the individual actuators.

Fig. 6

Fig. 5

Operating principle of a peristaltic pumpThose peristaltic pumps can be found in laboratory
technology as well as the dosing of industrial adhesives orsoldering fluxes, and most infusion pumps also operateaccording to this principle. The drive element consists of flatpiezo bender elements, compact piezo chip actuators or piezo
stack actuators, depending on the power and sizerequirements.

Cross-section through a PipeJet (Image: Biofluidix)

The fluid line is made from an elastic polymer tube with awell-defined internal diameter. The actuator used, extends
along the longitudinal axis and can constrict the polymer tube
up to 100 times more than the ring actuators, for example.
This means it has sufficient power reserves for the reliable
dosing of difficult media. This fact together with the simple
fluidic geometry means that fluids containing particles, e.g.
paints, bead or cell suspensions, can easily be dosed inprecise droplet form.
One example of an application of such dispensers in clinicaldiagnostics is the Lateral Flow Assays used for diagnostic
purposes, i.e. test strips which require a specific dosage offluids.

Bender actuators are suitable mainly for applications with lowbackpressure, for liquids with low viscosity and convince byvirtue of the small amount of mounting space required. Thismeans they can very easily be integrated into the pumps.
Piezo actuators are better for higher backpressure. They canthus process more viscous substances

PipeJet Dispenser: Piezo-Driven
Direct Displacement Method
Particularly interesting is the piezo-driven direct displacement method of the PipeJet dispenser Fig. 6), it differsfrom the usual piezo dosing methods (Fig. 7) in crucial ways.

PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, D-07589 Lederhose, Germany
Tel. +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109,E-Mail info@piceramic.deFig. 7

The PipeJet technology uses piezo-driven direct displacement forthe dosing (Image: Biofluidix)

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SUCCESS STORY – Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials-- Steffen Arnold --Efficient Aerosol Production withPiezo Elements
In medical engineering piezo actuators are often used intherapeutic devices. For the treatment of respiratory diseases
often involves medication being directly applied withatomizers. Conventionally, pressurized air atomizes theinhalation solution into minute droplets.
An alternative method is to generate minute droplets withthe aid of piezo technology. Specially shaped piezo disks act
as ultrasonic transducers here and excite a stainless-steel
diaphragm with several thousand holes to execute ultrasonicvibrations at more than 100 kilohertz (Fig. 8).

The ultrasonic operation is noiseless for humans, and the low
power consumption of the piezo component also allows
battery operation. Moreover, piezo technology reduces thetime required to atomize medications by up to 50% compared
to conventional systems. For patients with chronic respiratory
diseases, in particular, this means an improvement in their
quality of life.

Air-Bubble Detectors for Flow
Monitoring
In medical applications it is often necessary to ensure there isan undisturbed flow with no air or gas bubbles, e.g. in dialysis,
with transfusion pumps. This can be done with the aid of
ultrasonic technology in so-called air-bubble detectors (ABD)(Fig. 9). The piezo elements in these sensors serve to generate
and receive ultrasonic waves.
The sensors are mounted on the outside of flexible tubes andoperate without coming into contact with the medium to betransported; they therefore do not interfere with the flow
rate, nor is there any danger of contamination. The nonmagnetic piezo technology means that, when the electronics
are shielded appropriately, it is even possible to operate in anextreme environment, such as in the vicinity of magnetic
resonance tomographs.

Fig. 8The aerosol production in the atomizer head of the eFlow® rapid
Electronic Nebulizer series uses actu-ators to generate ultrasonicoscillations (Image: Pari Pharma GmbH)This produces particularly homogenous aerosols, which areadvantageous for precise dosing – the administration of highquality drugs can be better targeted allowing access to newtherapeutic concepts. The risk of side effects is also reduced.
Even the special hygiene requirements which come withmedical engineering applications are mastered by piezo
ceramics; the aerosol generators can be professionallysterilized in autoclaves, or boiled.

PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, D-07589 Lederhose, Germany
Tel. +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109,E-Mail info@piceramic.deFig. 9

Bubble detectors based on ultrasound technology provide noncontact monitoring of the flow (Image: Sonotec
Ultraschallsensorik Halle GmbH)

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SUCCESS STORY – Drive Elements Made of Piezoelectric Materials-- Steffen Arnold --Conclusion
Piezo actuators have proven themselves as drive elements forpumping and dosing applications in medical and processengineering. They are maintenance-free, work with short
response times and move with resolutions in the subnanometer range at high dynamics and frequencies of up to
several thousands hertz. Piezoelectric drive solutions can beused for a large number of different systems and sometimes
even allow new approaches to solutions. The corresponding
drive electronics can also be perfectly matched to therespective application and provide the dynamics required forthe short switching times. Physik Instrumente (PI), based in
Karlsruhe/Germany and parent company of the piezoceramic
specialist in Lederhose, can provide a solution for almost
every task.

PI Ceramic in Brief
PI Ceramic is considered a global leading player in the field ofpiezo actuators and sensors. The broad range of expertise in
the complex development and manufacturing process offunctional ceramic components combined with state-of-theart production equipment ensure high quality, flexibility andadherence to supply deadlines.
Prototypes and small production runs of custom-engineered
piezo components are available after short processing times.
PI Ceramic also has the capacity to manufacture mediumsized to large series in automated lines. PI Ceramic, asubsidiary of Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG, islocated in the city of Lederhose, Thuringia, Germany.

Author

Dipl.-Phys. Steffen Arnold, Head of "Marketing and Products"
at PI (Physik Instrumente)
PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, D-07589 Lederhose, Germany
Tel. +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109,E-Mail info@piceramic.dePage 6 of 6