The word ‘already’ is used to indicate that something has happened earlier andis in some way relevant to the present.
It is used in the mid-position of the sentence, and is usually used with present
perfect.

11. I have already discussed the topic with my students.
2. She has already cooked dinner for the family.
3. He has already talked to the teacher.
4. They have already studied the lesson.
5. John has already left home.
6. I have already watched a movie this month.

2

1. I have discussed the topic with my students. Repeat.
2. I have discussed the topic with my students. Add: already. --- [I have alreadydiscussed the topic with my students.]
3. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Change: friend. --- [Ihave already discussed the topic with my friend.]
4. I have already discussed the topic with my friend. Change: father. --- [I havealready discussed the topic with my father.]
5. I have already discussed the topic with my father. Change: they. --- [Theyhave already discussed the topic with my father.]3

1. She cooked dinner for the family. Repeat.
2. She cooked dinner for the family. Add: has. --- [She has cooked dinner for thefamily.]3. She has cooked dinner for the family. Add: already. --- [She has alreadycooked dinner for the family.]
4. She has already cooked dinner for the family. Change: he. --- [He has alreadycooked dinner for the family.]
5. He has already cooked dinner for the family. Change: I. --- [I have alreadycooked dinner for the family.]6. I have already cooked dinner for the family. Change: breakfast. --- [I havealready cooked breakfast for the family.]7. I have already cooked breakfast for the family. Change: she. --- [She has
already cooked breakfast for the family.]41. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Repeat.
2. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Transform: who. --[Who has already discussed the topic with my students?]
3. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Transform: what. --[What have I already discussed with my students?]
4. He has already talked to the teacher. Repeat.
5. He has already talked to the teacher. Transform: who. --- [Who has alreadytalked to the teacher?]
6. He has already passed the test. Repeat.
7. He has already passed the test. Transform: who. --- [Who has already passed
the test?]
8. He has already passed the test. Transform: what. --- [What has he alreadypassed?]9. I have already watched a movie this month. Repeat.
10. I have already watched a movie this month. Transform: who. --- [Who has
already watched a movie this month?]
11. I have already watched a movie this month. Transform: what. --- [What have I
already watched this month?]5

1. Has he already passed the test? --- Yes, he has … [Yes, he has alreadypassed the test.]
2. Has she already gone home? --- Yes, she has … [Yes, she has already gonehome.]
3. Have I already discussed the topic with my students? --- Yes, you havealready … [Yes, you have already discussed the topic with your students.]
4. Have you already cleaned the house? --- Yes, I have already … [Yes, I havealready cleaned the house.]
5. Have they already cooked dinner for the family? --- Yes, they have … [Yes,they have already cooked dinner for the family.]61. Has he already passed the test? --- [Yes, he has already passed the test.]
2. Has she already gone home? --- [Yes, she has already gone home.]
3. Have I discussed the topic with my students? --- [Yes, you have alreadydiscussed the topic with your students.]
4. Have you already cleaned the house? --- [Yes, I have already cleaned thehouse.]
5. Have they already cooked dinner for the family? --- [Yes, they have alreadycooked dinner for the family.]71. Have you already eaten ?
2. What have you eaten for ?
3. Have you already studied about the present perfect tense?
4. What have you learned about it?
5. Have you already watched a movie this month?
6. What movie have you already watched this month?

8

We use the present perfect when talking about past experience. For example, “Ihave been to America”,“She has been to Japan”, etc. We can also use “already” with the present
perfect to talk about past experience.
For example, “I have already been to America”, “She has already been to
Japan”, etc.

9

1. I have visited America.
2. She has already been to England.
3. He has been to Paris.
4. They have visited the Philippines.
5. You have already been to other places.
6. I haven’t been to China.
7. She hasn’t visited South Korea.
8. I have eaten chocolate.

101. I have visited America.
2. I have already visited America.
3. I have already visited America with my family.
4. I have already visited America with my family and friends.

11

1. I have visited America. Repeat.
2. I have visited America. Add: with my family. --- [I have visited America withmy family.]3. I have visited America with my family. Add: friends. --- [I have visited America
with my family and friends.]
4. I have visited America with my family and friends. Add: already. --- [I havealready visited America with my family and friends.]

12

1. She has been to England. Repeat.
2. She has been to England. Add: already. --- [She has already been to
England.]
3. She has already been to England. Change: I. --- [I have already been to
England.]
4. I have already been to England. Change: they. --- [They have already been to
England.]5. They have already been to England. Change: my parents. --- [My parents havealready been to England.]6. My parents have already been to England. Change: visited. --- [My parents
have already visited England.]7. My parents have already visited England. Change: friend. --- [My friend has
already visited England.]8. My friend has already visited England. Add: and I. --- [My friend and I havealready visited England.]13

1. She has been to Japan. Repeat.
2. She has been to Japan. Change: South Korea. --- [She has been to South
Korea.]
3. She has been to South Korea. Change: they. --- [They have been to South
Korea.]
4. They have been to South Korea. Change: China. --- [They have been to
China.]
5. They have been to China. Change: America. --- [They have been to America.]
6. They have been to America. Change: England. --- [They have been to
England.]7. They have been to England. Change: visited. --- [They have visited England.]8. They have visited England. Change: we. --- [We have visited England.]9. We have visited England. Change: not. --- [We haven’t visited England.]10. We haven’t visited England. Change: Brazil. --- [We haven’t visited Brazil.]14

1. I have been to other places. Repeat.
2. I have been to other places. Transform: who. --- [Who has been to otherplaces?]4. I have been to other places. Change: she. --- [She has been to other places.]
5. She has been to other places. Change: they. --- [They have been to otherplaces.]
6. They have been to other places. Change: England. --- [They have been to
England.]7. They have been to England. Change: visited. --- [They have visited England.]8. They have visited England. Transform: where. --- [Where have they visited?]
9. They have visited England. Transform: who. --- [Who have visited England?]10. They have visited England. Change: I. --- [I have visited England.]11. I have visited England. Add: family. --- [My family and I have visited
England.]
12. My family and I have visited England. Change: America. --- [My family and I
have visited America.]

15

16

1. Have you been to England?
2. Have you visited the Philippines?
3. What other places have you been to?
4. What places have you visited with your friends?

17

Please refer to the definition file.

18

19

1. The teacher arranged the chairs in the room.
2. The arrangement of the chairs is nice.
3. They examined the papers and stamped them.
4. The noun of the verb “examine” is “examination”.
5. She attended the meeting last week.
6. My father calculated the cost of the food.
7. His calculation was correct.
8. Her family purchased a car last year.
9. The woman opened her bag and looked at her purchases.
10. I introduced myself at the beginning of the lesson.
11. The professor introduced me to the students.
12. The introduction was short and simple.

20

1. I attended a meeting yesterday. Repeat.
2. I attended a meeting yesterday. Change: professor. --- [The professor
attended a meeting yesterday.]
3. The professor attended a meeting yesterday. Change: teacher. --- [Theteacher attended a meeting yesterday.]
4. The teacher attended a meeting yesterday. Change: conference. --- [Theteacher attended a conference yesterday.]
5. The teacher attended a conference yesterday. Change: mall owner. --- [Themall owner attended a conference yesterday.]
6. The mall owner attended a conference yesterday. Change: woman. --- [Thewoman attended a conference yesterday.]21

1. The student bought some pens and pencils. Repeat.
2. The student bought some pens and pencils. Change: purchased. --- [Thestudent purchased some pens and pencils.]
3. The student purchased some pens and pencils. Add: calculated the cost. --[The student purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.]
4. The student purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.
Change: girl. --- [The girl purchased some pens and pencils and calculated thecost.]
5. The girl purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost. Change:
mother. --- [The mother purchased some pens and pencils and calculated thecost.]
6. The mother purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.
Change: my. --- [My mother purchased some pens and pencils and calculated
the cost.]

221. The professor introduced him to the students. Repeat.
2. The professor introduced him to the students. Transform: who. --- [Whointroduced him to the students?]
3. I introduced myself to you at the beginning of the lesson. Repeat.
4. I introduced myself to you at the beginning of the lesson. Transform: when. -- [When did I introduce myself to you?]
5. The teacher’s introduction of the lesson was short and simple. Repeat.
6. The teacher’s introduction of the lesson was short and simple. Transform:
whose. --- [Whose introduction of the lesson was short and simple?]23

7. She purchased some books, some pens and a bag last week. Repeat.
8. She purchased some books, some pens and a bag last week. Transform:
what. --- [What did she purchase last week?]
9. Her purchases are pens, books and a bag. Repeat.
10. Her purchases are pens, books and a bag. Transform: what. --- [What are
her purchases?]
11. He purchased a car last year. Repeat.
12. He purchased a car last year. Transform: who. --- [Who purchased a car lastyear?]
13. He purchased a car last year. Transform: when. --- [When did he purchase a
car?]

24

1. The arrangement of the chairs is nice. Repeat.
2. The arrangement of the chairs is nice. Change: flowers. --- [The arrangementof the flowers is nice.]
3. The arrangement of the flowers is nice. Change: books. --- [The arrangementof the books is nice.]
4. The arrangement of the books is nice. Change: good. --- [The arrangement of
the books is good.]
5. The arrangement of the books is good. Change: lessons. --- [Thearrangement of the lessons is good.]
6. The arrangement of the lessons is good. Change: right. --- [The arrangementof the lessons is right.]

25

1. What’s the noun of the verb “examine”? --- The noun of the verb … [The nounof the verb “examine” is “examination”.]
2. Do doctors examine sick people? --- Yes, doctors … [Yes, doctors examine
sick people.]
3. Do teachers give examinations to students? --- Yes, teachers … [Yes,teachers give examinations to students.]
4. Did your teacher give you an examination yesterday? --- No, my teacher …
[No, my teacher didn’t give me an examination yesterday.]
5. Did the students arrange the chairs in the room? --- Yes, the students … [Yes,the students arranged the chairs in the room.]
6. What’s the noun of the verb “arrange”? --- The noun of the verb … [The nounof the verb “arrange” is “arrangement”.]

26

7. Is the flower arrangement nice? --- Yes, … [Yes, the flower arrangement is
nice.]
8. Do you calculate the price of things? --- Yes, I calculate … [Yes, I calculate
the price of things.]
9. What’s the noun of the verb “calculate”? --- The noun of … [The noun of theverb “calculate” is “calculation”.]
10. Is your calculation correct? --- Yes, … [Yes, my calculation is correct.]
11. Did I introduce myself at the beginning of the lesson? --- Yes, you
introduced … [Yes, you introduced yourself at the beginning of the lesson.]
12. What’s the noun of the verb “introduce”? --- The noun of … [The noun of theverb “introduce” is “introduction”.]

27

1. What’s the noun of the verb “examine”? --- [The noun of the verb “examine”
is “examination”.]
2. Do doctors examine sick people? --- [Yes, doctors examine sick people.]
3. Do teachers give examinations to students? ---[Yes, teachers give
examinations to students.]
4. Did your teacher give you an examination yesterday? --- [No, my teacher
didn’t give me an examination yesterday.]
5. Did the students arrange the chairs in the room? --- [Yes, the students
arranged the chairs in the room.]
6. What’s the noun of the verb “arrange”? --- [The noun of the verb “arrange” is“arrangement”.]

28

7. Is the flower arrangement nice? --- [Yes, the flower arrangement is nice.]
8. Do you calculate the price of things? --- [Yes, I calculate the price of things.]
9. What’s the noun of the verb “calculate”? --- [The noun of the verb “calculate”
is “calculation”.]
10. Is your calculation correct? --- [Yes, my calculation is correct.]
11. Did I introduce myself at the beginning of the lesson? --- [Yes, you
introduced yourself at the beginning of the lesson.]
12. What’s the noun of the verb “introduce”? --- [The noun of the verb
“introduce” is “introduction”.]

29

30

31

32

33

34

1. I have visited America.
2. She has already been to England.
3. He has been to Paris.
4. They have visited the Philippines.
5. You have already been to other places.
6. I haven’t been to China.
7. She hasn’t visited South Korea.
8. I have eaten chocolate.

351. I have visited America. Repeat.
2. I have visited America. Add: with my family. --- [I have visited America withmy family.]3. I have visited America with my family. Add: friends. --- [I have visited America
with my family and friends.]
4. I have visited America with my family and friends. Add: already. --- [I havealready visited America with my family and friends.]36

1. I have discussed the topic with my students. Repeat.
2. I have discussed the topic with my students. Add: already. --- [I have alreadydiscussed the topic with my students.]
3. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Change: friend. --- [Ihave already discussed the topic with my friend.]
4. I have already discussed the topic with my friend. Change: father. --- [I havealready discussed the topic with my father.]
5. I have already discussed the topic with my father. Change: they. --- [Theyhave already discussed the topic with my father.]37

1. She cooked dinner for the family. Repeat.
2. She cooked dinner for the family. Add: has. --- [She has cooked dinner for thefamily.]3. She has cooked dinner for the family. Add: already. --- [She has alreadycooked dinner for the family.]
4. She has already cooked dinner for the family. Change: he. --- [He has alreadycooked dinner for the family.]
5. He has already cooked dinner for the family. Change: I. --- [I have alreadycooked dinner for the family.]6. I have already cooked dinner for the family. Change: breakfast. --- [I havealready cooked breakfast for the family.]7. I have already cooked breakfast for the family. Change: she. --- [She has
already cooked breakfast for the family.]38

1. She has been to Japan. Repeat.
2. She has been to Japan. Change: South Korea. --- [She has been to South
Korea.]
3. She has been to South Korea. Change: they. --- [They have been to South
Korea.]
4. They have been to South Korea. Change: China. --- [They have been to
China.]
5. They have been to China. Change: America. --- [They have been to America.]
6. They have been to America. Change: England. --- [They have been to
England.]7. They have been to England. Change: visited. --- [They have visited England.]8. They have visited England. Change: we. --- [We have visited England.]9. We have visited England. Change: not. --- [We haven’t visited England.]10. We haven’t visited England. Change: Brazil. --- [We haven’t visited Brazil.]39

1. I attended a meeting yesterday. Repeat.
2. I attended a meeting yesterday. Change: professor. --- [The professor
attended a meeting yesterday.]
3. The professor attended a meeting yesterday. Change: teacher. --- [Theteacher attended a meeting yesterday.]
4. The teacher attended a meeting yesterday. Change: conference. --- [Theteacher attended a conference yesterday.]
5. The teacher attended a conference yesterday. Change: mall owner. --- [Themall owner attended a conference yesterday.]
6. The mall owner attended a conference yesterday. Change: woman. --- [Thewoman attended a conference yesterday.]40

1. The student bought some pens and pencils. Repeat.
2. The student bought some pens and pencils. Change: purchased. --- [Thestudent purchased some pens and pencils.]
3. The student purchased some pens and pencils. Add: calculated the cost. --[The student purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.]
4. The student purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.
Change: girl. --- [The girl purchased some pens and pencils and calculated thecost.]
5. The girl purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost. Change:
mother. --- [The mother purchased some pens and pencils and calculated thecost.]
6. The mother purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.
Change: my. --- [My mother purchased some pens and pencils and calculated
the cost.]

41

1. The professor introduced him to the students. Repeat.
2. The professor introduced him to the students. Transform: who. --- [Whointroduced him to the students?]
3. I introduced myself to you at the beginning of the lesson. Repeat.
4. I introduced myself to you at the beginning of the lesson. Transform: when. -- [When did I introduce myself to you?]
5. The teacher’s introduction of the lesson was short and simple. Repeat.
6. The teacher’s introduction of the lesson was short and simple. Transform:
whose. --- [Whose introduction of the lesson was short and simple?]42

7. She purchased some books, some pens and a bag last week. Repeat.
8. She purchased some books, some pens and a bag last week. Transform:
what. --- [What did she purchase last week?]
9. Her purchases are pens, books and a bag. Repeat.
10. Her purchases are pens, books and a bag. Transform: what. --- [What are
her purchases?]
11. He purchased a car last year. Repeat.
12. He purchased a car last year. Transform: who. --- [Who purchased a car lastyear?]
13. He purchased a car last year. Transform: when. --- [When did he purchase a
car?]

43

1. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Repeat.
2. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Transform: who. --[Who has already discussed the topic with my students?]
3. I have already discussed the topic with my students. Transform: what. --[What have I already discussed with my students?]
4. He has already talked to the teacher. Repeat.
5. He has already talked to the teacher. Transform: who. --- [Who has alreadytalked to the teacher?]
6. He has already passed the test. Repeat.
7. He has already passed the test. Transform: who. --- [Who has already passed
the test?]
8. He has already passed the test. Transform: what. --- [What has he alreadypassed?]9. I have already watched a movie this month. Repeat.
10. I have already watched a movie this month. Transform: who. --- [Who has
already watched a movie this month?]
11. I have already watched a movie this month. Transform: what. --- [What have I
already watched this month?]44

1. Has he already passed the test? --- Yes, he has … [Yes, he has alreadypassed the test.]
2. Has she already gone home? --- Yes, she has … [Yes, she has already gonehome.]
3. Have I discussed the topic with my students? … Yes, you’ve already --- [Yes,you’ve already discussed the topic with your students.]
4. Have you already cleaned the house? --- Yes, I have already … [Yes, I havealready cleaned the house.]
5. Have they already cooked dinner for the family? --- Yes, they have … [Yes,they have already cooked dinner for the family.]45

1. Have you been to England?
2. Have you visited the Philippines?
3. What other places have you been to?
4. What places have you visited with your friends?

46

1. I have already visited America with my family and friends.
2. My father calculated the cost of the food.
3. The woman opened her bag and looked at her purchases.
4. The arrangement of the chairs is nice.
5. The professor introduced me to the students.
6. The mall owner attended a conference yesterday.
7. The girl purchased some pens and pencils and calculated the cost.

47

The present perfect and past simple can both refer to past events or actions,but the difference between them is important.

48

1. To refer to past experiences, or to talk about past experiences but without
referring to a specific time.
Examples:Jane has visited America. = Jane has the experience of visiting America in thepast but we don’t know when.
Fred has studied Korean.
2. To refer to past events or actions very relevant to the present. These past
events or actions are almost always in the recent past, and very often occurredearlier in the same day.
Examples:We have already eaten breakfast. = we have eaten breakfast today/very
recently.
The boy has finished his homework. = the boy has his homework today/very
recently.

49

Examples:
Jane visited America in 1999. = Jane visited America and we know when.
Fred studied Korean last month. = Fred studied Korean and we know when.
We ate breakfast this morning. = we ate breakfast and the exact past time isexpressed.
The boy finished his homework on Monday. = the boy finished his homework at
a specific past time.

50

1. I went home early last Monday.
2. I saw my friend yesterday.
3. I have seen him this week.
4. I have already eaten breakfast today.
5. The teacher gave him a good comment about his speech.
6. My sister did her homework last night.
7. Their manager has been to America.
8. Their manager went to America on the 22nd of September.
9. His friend has visited South Korea.
10. His friend visited South Korea last month.

51

1. I went home early last Monday. Repeat.
2. I went home early last Monday. Transform: who. --- [Who went home earlylast Monday?]
3. I went home early last Monday. Transform: when. --- [When did you go homeearly?]
4. Their manager has been to America. Repeat.
5. Their manager has been to America. Transform: where. --- [Where has their
manager been to?]6. Their manager has been to America. Transform: who. --- [Who has been to
America?]
7. Their manager went to America last year. Repeat.
8. Their manager went to America last year. Transform: when. --- [When did
their manager go to America?]
9. Their manager went to America last year. Transform: who. --- [Who went to
America last year?]
10. Their manager went to America last year. Transform: where. --- [Where didtheir manager go last year?]52

1. My friend visited Japan. Repeat.
2. My friend visited Japan. Add: I. --- [My friend and I visited Japan.]
3. My friend and I visited Japan. Add: last year. --- [My friend and I visited Japanlast year.]
4. My friend and I visited Japan last year. Add: South Korea. --- [My friend and I
visited Japan and South Korea last year.]
5. My friend and I visited Japan and South Korea last year. Add: China. --- [Myfriend and I visited Japan, South Korea and China last year.]53

1. My friend has been to England. Repeat.
2. My friend has been to England. Add: I. --- [My friend and I have been to
England.]
3. My friend and I have been to England. Change: visited. --- [My friend and I
have visited England.]4. My friend and I have visited England. Add: last year. --- [My friend and I
visited England last year.]
5. My friend and I visited England last year. Change: America. --- [My friend andI visited America last year.]
6. My friend and I visited America last year. Add: Japan. --- [My friend and I
visited America and Japan last year.]54

1. I went to my friend’s house yesterday. --- [correct]
2. I have been to England last year. --- [incorrect – I went to England last year.]
3. They have visited Brazil last month. --- [incorrect – They visited Brazil lastmonth.]
4. They have visited England. --- [correct]
5. His parents have been to South Korea for their business. --- [correct]
6. The company owner has been to England. --- [correct]
7. The professor went to America last month. --- [correct]
8. He has bought a mobile phone last week. --- [incorrect – He bought a mobile
phone last week.]
9. I have already ate lunch. --- [incorrect – I have already eaten lunch]
10. I have already eaten lunch. --- [correct]
11. She has been to other places. --- [correct]
12. She has been to other places last year. --- [incorrect – She went to otherplaces last year.]55

1. Have you eaten breakfast? --- Yes, I have … [Yes, I have eaten breakfast.]
2. Have you been to other countries? --- Yes, I have … [Yes, I have been to othercountries.]
3. Did you study English last week? --- Yes, I studied …- [Yes, I studied English
last week.]
4. Did you go to your friend’s house in the past? --- Yes, I went … [Yes, I went to
my friend’s house in the past.]
5. Have you been to your friend’s house? --- Yes, I have … [Yes, I have been to
my friend’s house.]
6. Has she been to China? --- No, she … [No, she has not been to China.]
7. Has he visited the Philippines? --- No, he has … [No, he has not visited thePhilippines.]56

1. Have you eaten breakfast? --- [Yes, I have eaten breakfast.]
2. Have you been to other countries? --- [Yes, I have been to other countries.]
3. Did you study English last week? --- [Yes, I studied English last week.]
4. Did you go to your friend’s house in the past? --- [Yes, I went to my friend’s
house in the past.]
5. Have you been to your friend’s house? --- [Yes, I have been to my friend’s
house.]
6. Has she been to China? --- [No, she has not been to China.]
7. Has he visited the Philippines? --- [No, he has not visited the Philippines.]57

Please refer to the definition file.

58

59

1. The student complained to the teacher about her grade.
2. The manager confirmed the meeting tomorrow.
3. The teacher emphasized the word “exam”.
4. The teacher gave emphasis on the word “exam”.
5. She is one of my contacts.
6. My father contacted his friend last night.
7. My friend did not do the crime; he denied it.

60

8. He gave the police his explanation.
9. The man reported the crime.
10. Her sisters argued with each other.
11. They had an argument about something.
12. The teacher’s explanation was simple and clear.
13. I chatted with my friend yesterday.

61

1. The teacher emphasized the word “exam”. Repeat.
2.The teacher emphasized the word “exam”. Transform: who. --- [Whoemphasized the word “exam”?]
3. The teacher emphasized the word “exam”. Transform: what. --- [What did theteacher emphasize?]
4. The teacher gave emphasis on the word “exam”. Repeat.
5. The teacher gave emphasis on the word “exam”. Transform: what. --- [Whatdid the teacher give emphasis on?]
6. The teacher gave emphasis on the word “exam”. Transform: who. --- [Whogave emphasis on the word “exam”?]
7. The student complained to the teacher about her grade. Repeat.
8. The student complained to the teacher about her grade. Transform: who. --[Who complained to the teacher about her grade?]
9. The student complained to the teacher about her grade. Transform: what. --[What did the student complain to the teacher?]6210. The manager confirmed the meeting tomorrow. Repeat.
11. The manager confirmed the meeting tomorrow. Transform: who. --- [Whoconfirmed the meeting tomorrow?]
12. The manager confirmed the meeting tomorrow. Transform: what. --- [Whatdid the manager confirm?]
13. Her sisters argued with each other yesterday. Repeat.
14. Her sisters argued with each other yesterday. Transform: who. --- [Whoargued with each other yesterday?]
15. Her sisters argued with each other yesterday. Transform: when. --- [Whendid her sisters argue with each other?]
16. Her sisters argued with each other yesterday. Transform: what. --- [What did
her sisters do yesterday?]
17. They had an argument about the lesson. Repeat.
18. They had an argument about the lesson. Transform: who. --- [Who had anargument about the lesson?]
19. They had an argument about the lesson. Transform: what. --- [What did they
have?]

63

1. My friend did not do the crime. Repeat.
2. My friend did not do the crime. Change: professor. --- [My professor did not
do the crime.]
3. My professor did not do the crime. Change: brother. --- [My brother did not do
the crime.]
4. My brother did not do the crime. Add: he denied it. --- [My brother did not do
the crime; he denied it.]
5. My brother did not do the crime; he denied it. Change: sister. --- [My sister did
not do the crime; she denied it.]
6. My sister did not do the crime; she denied it. Change: friends. --- [My friends
did not do the crime; they denied it.]64

1. The teacher’s explanation was simple and clear. Repeat.
2. The teacher’s explanation was simple and clear. Change: my. --- [Myteacher’s explanation was simple and clear.]
3. My teacher’s explanation was simple and clear. Change: mother. --- [Mymother’s explanation was simple and clear.]
4. My mother’s explanation was simple and clear. Change: cousin. --- [Mycousin’s explanation was simple and clear.]
5. My cousin’s explanation was simple and clear. Change: manager. --- [Mymanager’s explanation was simple and clear.]
6. My manager’s explanation was simple and clear. Change: his. --- [Hismanager’s explanation was simple and clear.]65

1. The man reported the crime. Repeat.
2. The man reported the crime. Change: woman. --- [The woman reported thecrime.
3. The woman reported the crime. Change: customer. --- [The customer
reported the crime.]
4. The customer reported the crime. Change: singer. --- [The singer reported thecrime.]
5. The singer reported the crime. Add: to the police. --- [The singer reported thecrime to the police.]
6. The singer reported the crime to the police. Change: professor. --- [Theprofessor reported the crime to the police.]66

1. I chatted with my friend yesterday. Repeat.
2. I chatted with my friend yesterday. Transform: who. --- [Who chatted withyour friend yesterday?]
3. I chatted with my friend yesterday. Transform: when. --- [When did you chatwith your friend?]
4. She chats with her mother every day. Repeat.
5. She chats with her mother every day. Transform: who. --- [Who chats with hermother every day?]
6. She chats with her mother every day. Transform: when. --- [When does shechat with her mother?]
7. My father contacted his friend last night. Repeat.
8. My father contacted his friend last night. Transform: when. --- [When did yourfather contact his friend?]
9. My father contacted his friend last night. Transform: who. --- [Who did
contact his friend last night?]
10. We’ll contact him by telephone. Repeat.
11. We’ll contact him by telephone. Transform: who. --- [Who will contact him by
telephone?]67

1. She is one of my contacts. Repeat.
2. She is one of my contacts. Change: he. --- [He is one of my contacts.]
3. He is one of my contacts. Add: phone. --- [He is one of my phone contacts.]
4. He is one of my phone contacts. Add: mobile. --- [He is one of my mobile
phone contacts.]
5. He is one of my mobile phone contacts. Transform: who. --- [Who is one of
my mobile phone contacts?]
6. I’ll add him to my contacts. Repeat.
7. I’ll add him to my contacts. Change: them. --- [I’ll add them to my contacts.]
8. I’ll add them to my contacts. Change: you. --- [I’ll add you to my contacts.]

68