Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Final Report for the Visiting Researcher Program in 2015

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OVER THE MONITORING FOR
EARLY WARNING OF POPULATION FROM THE THREAT OF
LANDSLIDES AND MUDFLOWS

Prepared By

Elyor Fozilov

Leading specialist
State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
On Geology and Mineral Resources
Visiting Researcher (ADRC)
August – November 2015

Monitoring Landslides in Uzbekistan
Th StructureTheStt
off Monitoring
M it i

Main Tasks of State Service on Monitoring:¾ Identification
Id tifi ti off areas off dangerousdgeologicall i l processes andd theth evaluationl ti off theirth iactivation;¾ Organization of monitoring;¾ State control of dangerous geological processes;¾ Preparation and issuance of recommendations;¾ Warning the local public authorities, relevant ministries, state committees andagencies of the possible activation of hazardous processes shall issue
recommendations on the organization of observations of dangerous geologicalprocesses;¾ Gives engineering and geological information about the development of dangerous
geological processes, findings and prescriptions for taking action to prevent or
mitigate their negative impacts;¾ Agree upon to local government authorities, ministries, state committees andp
to current and p
perspectivepplans use of territories,, includingp
gp
projects
jfordepartments
industrial and civil construction, in the areas of dangerous geological processes andissues conclusions about the possibility of their development and other.

The Structure of the Monitoring System and Warning
Structure monitoring dangerous geological processes - more attention is not paid to theforecast and the hazard assessment and the Prevention of process.
forecast,
process On this basis,
basis a system ofmonitoring of dangerous geological processes consists of four blocks:
OBSERVATIONASSESSMENTCONTROLWARNING

Features of Monitoring Landslide¾ Daily transmission of information results observation from monitoring stations to Central Control
communication of SMS, where it generalizes forwarded to the Council of SMS;
¾ Council of SMS reviewed daily results of observations of atmospheric precipitation forecasts,
forecasts
fluctuations in flow rate water springs various trends of landslides and makes the following
recommendations;¾ At the most hazardous events immediately sent to information of the Ministry of Emergency
Situations and other interested agencies;¾ Practically conducted daily control of the results of observations.

Factors formation of landslides
The mountain territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan are most susceptible to dangerous
geological processes (landslides, avalanches, subsidence, suffusion, karsts). Among them are thehighest risk of landslides.
Landslide – slipping and detachment masses of rocks down the slope under the influence ofgravity,
it withith theth participation
ti i ti
off surfacefandd undergrounddd water,t
seismic
i i impactit andd humanhactivities.
Signs landslides on the slopes:- Cracks on the surface of Earth;- At the foot of slopes formed by
extrusion shaft;- Between the rollers and bumps undercertain conditions, accumulate surface
water and groundwater. This causes
waterlogging slopes;- "Drunken trees" and broken tree
trunks, as well as the loss of a verticalcolumn of telephone and power lines,
fences, walls, etc.

Factors formation of landslides are:
1. Meteorological conditions;
2. Seismic factors (earthquake);
3 Technogenic
3.
T h
i impact.
itMeteorological conditions#

Types of research

Threshold levels

1

Determination of water content which is expected next
spring season

Change of low water on wet
years

2

Estimation of rainfall the previous winter period(November or December to February months)> 500-600 mm

3

Estimation of monthly total precipitation spring (March,
April, May)

II-160-200 mm
III -170-400 mm
IV-140-250 mm
V-150 -200 mm

4

Monitoring and evaluation of the daily loss atm. rainfor 2-3 days, 5 and 10 days, with a view to timely
identificationde t cat o oof ccriticalt ca peperiodsods aandd improved
p o ed ttheesituation

2-3 days >90-110 mm
10 days – 150 -170 mm
15 ddays –>> 220 mm

5Control of the intensity and duration of heavy rain

1 day – 35-50 mm
intensity
8-12 mm/hour

Seismic factors of landslides on impact of earthquake
1. It is a devastating historical earthquake, which are associated with about 65 ancient landslide zones. In
these areas there is a relationship inherit places Education today landslides in the circus of ancientseismogravitational residual deformation;
2. Influence of local earthquakes that emerged over the past 50 years is very limited, because they are not
deep, and often took place in the autumn;
3 The formation of landslides during and after the strong influence of M - 5,5-7,4,3.
5 5 7 4 distant (400-500(400 500 km),km)
deep (170-230 km), the Pamir-Hindu Kush earthquake zone. These earthquakes in the mountain areas of
Uzbekistan in the spring cause long-term low frequency (2 min) fluctuations in saturated soils that formliquefaction, cracked, mud flows;
4. Landslides after earthquake in spring in 3-10 days under influence of precipitation and groundwater.
Time of onset of the Pamir-Hindu Kush earthquakes and formation landslide processes in 2015
Th timeTheti
andd intensity
i t
it offearthquakes

Date and place of landslide#

Day and
month

M

Н
(km)

Day and
month

1

11.03

4.4

88.97

4,4

173,8

Name of site

Volume m3

11.03

Djauz

700 th.

15.03

BUT M-39 high/way
1316,8-1316,9 km

10 th.

2

15.03

3

21.03

,
4,9

100

21.03

Pustinlik 2004

2,7
, th.

4

24.03

4,3

140,1624.03

Nondek5 mln.

5

5.04

4,2

128,14

6.04

Handiza

1,5 mln.

6

11.04

4,3

217,3

11.04

Etimtav

2,6 th.

7

11.04

5,2

217,3

11.04

Zarangbulak

10,8 th.

8

15.04

4,2

94,5

15.04

100,6 km railway T-B-К

11,5 th.

9

17.04

4,1

200,2

17.04

Gushsay

11, 7 th.

Anthropogenic impact on natural environment
All kinds of engineering-economic impact
on geological environment lead to activationof dangerous geological processes.

Areal.
Development of land,
land industrial zones,
zones etc.
etc
Linear.
C
Construction
t ti off roads
d andd railroads,
il d canals,
l etc.
t
Local.
Some local construction in the mountainous area.

Monitoring system landslides
Monitoring system in Uzbekistan subdivided into three groups:
First – areal monitoring landslide-prone areas to identify new dangerous areas forsettlements, recreation, mining and hydraulic structures, roads, canals, water pipelines,
transmission towers and other facilities.
Second – Stationary where monitoring of the development of landslide fissures held
on extensometer, Mark.
Third – stationary sites, home of the full range of observations of the mechanism of
the landslide. Areal monitoring station conducts observations at 750-800 sites.
Aerovisual observation.
Togethergwith representatives
pof the Uzbek HydrometeorologicalygService ((Uzhydromet),y) theMinistry of Emergency Situations and others. Ministries and departments conducted a survey
aerovisual mountain and foothill areas of the Republic of Uzbekistan in order to identify new areas
and landslide-prone areas, as well as the scale of the landslide threat.

Methods for monitoring landslides
GPS method 500 (Switzerland)
Geodetic

Satellite

Navigation

SystemLeica GPS System 500 (with software SKIPro) – the automatic mode, you can get anincrementofgeodetic

coordinates

andelevations of points with no direct line yourvisibility between them in a more operationalmode.
GPS receiver to measure
Landslide displacement

El t
Electronici tachymeter
t h
t for
f shooting
h ti landslidel d lid

Electronic extensometer (Japan)
Electronic extensometer detects the movement of the landslide mass and measures thedeformation of cracks as result of activation of the landslide.
landslide The device also used to refine thedirection of the landslide mass and deformation monitoring, whether due to a large cut slope, bulk
works.
Landslide displacementpmeasurement with an automatic electronic extensometer

Measurement disclosure landslide
cracks using extensometer (SLD)Electronic rain gauge (Japan)

Every year prepared warning
information on possible forms ofdangerous geological processes foreight regions and one summary of
the Republicpof Uzbekistan

Anti-landslide measures
Anti-landslide measures by their nature divided into two groups:
P
Passivei andd active.
ti
Passive security-related restrictive event:
9 Prohibition of cutting landslide slopes and devices to them all sorts of seizures;
9 Preventing various kinds bedding as slopes and above them within threatening strip;
9 Prohibition of construction on slopes and in these band structures, ponds, reservoirs, objects
with large water consumption without performing constructive activities completely eliminates
leakage of water into the soil;
9 Prohibition of explosions and mining operations near the landslides;
9 Protection of trees and shrubs and herbaceous vegetation;
9 Prohibition of uncontrolled irrigation of land, and sometimes their plowing;
9 Prohibition off devices and constant column off water aqueduct device without sanitation;
9 Preventing dumping torrential landslide slopes, thawed, sewage and other waters;
9 Moving in landslide areas.
For active, relate landslide events holding which requires a device engineering
structures:
9 Retaining structures – to prevent landslides;
9 Retaining walls – relatively small landslides on the slopes in violation of their resistancebecause of cutting and give a lick and a promise;
9 Pile rows – to strengthen the landslide slopes in the period of temporary stabilization oflandslides, with a relatively small (up to four meters) bias power of the body (concrete,
reinforced concrete and steel piles are staggered in not biased rock to a depth of 2 m;
9 Solid pile or sheet series (thin walls) (established less other holding facilities because of theirhigh cost).

Monitoring Landslides in Japan
About the Japan Landslide Society
The Japan Landslide Society was established in 1963 in the background of suchnatural conditions. Later, in August, 1999, this society was approved to be a
corporation by Science and Technology Agency. This is only one scientific society
dealing with landslides not only in Japan, but also in the world.
Recently, the Japan Landslide Society consists of 1,600 individual and groupmembers of scientists and engineers from universities, institutes and geologic
consultant
lt t companies.
iThis society includes Departmentof General Affairs, Department of
Editing and Publication, Department
of Event Planning, Department ofResearch and Study, Department ofInternational Affairs. Besides, inKyushu, Kansai, Chubu, Niigata,
Tohoku, Hokkaido and Kanto, localbbrancheshare doing
d ifi
firm-rooted
t dactivities.

Major Landslides in recent years and their impact

Hiroshima (August 20, 2014)

Tohoku-Taiheiyo Earthquake, Shirakawa,
Fukushima (March 2011)

Nakagusuku, Okinawa (Jun 2006)

Imari, Saga (Sep 2006)

The Number of Disaster Occurrence
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

Debris Flow
293
352
67
165
104
165
181
200
238
2879*
4035*
2288*
853
309
91
101
317
373
180
48
46
57
565
158
169
129
154
149
234
419
256
262
338

Slope Failure
1567
1093
103
538
356
186
291
345
852
599
232
1413
142
347
258
917
1160
960
291
365
275
712
1511
483
1057
675
452
803
767
781
505
590
769

Landslide
147
119
51
145
102
70
102
111
180
122
55
171
68
237
64
136
152
168
137
96
218
128
461
173
215
162
89
106
127
222
76
89
77

Total
2007
1564
221
848
562
421
574
656
1270
3600
4322
3872
1063
893
413
1154
1629
1501
608
509
539
897
2537
814
1441
966
695
1058
1128
1422
837
941
1,184

New methods of monitoring landslides and maintaining them in a stable state
Two third of the Japanese Archipelago is dominated by mountains; 100 million people areforced to live and work in slopes or around slopes.
slopes Landslides often cause disasters and cause
extensive damage.
In this regard, research organizations and universities to carry out research work on the study
and prevention of landslides. Also conduct monitoring of landslides and develop new designs tomaintain a steady state of landslides.
Preventive measures against landslide
A landslide is caused byy a combination of various factors ((topography,p g p y ggeology,gy ggeologicalgstructure, ground water, etc.). Accordingly, measures to be taken for landslide prevention come ina variety of types. Broadly the landslide preventive measures are classified into two types ofworks: control works and restraint works.

New nailing network system
Therefore, so far has been developed various disaster prevention method
In recent years, with increasing awareness of the environment and landscape, also for slope
stabilization measures, there is a growing interest in the construction method of conservation taking
advantage of the green on the slopes.
"Non-frame construction method" is, as a new slope stabilization method that meet the demands of thisg material ((rock bolts),), Bearingg pplate. Head consolidated
era. Non-frame construction method reinforcing
material consists of (wire rope).

Used material
1. NNS rod
2. NNS cap – G
3. NNS nut
4. NNS Cap washer
5. NNS with projection coupler
6. NNS bellows sheath
7. NNS bit
8. Bearing plate
9. Wire rope
10. PS turnbuckle Pipe type
11. Clamp W tube

Wire rope Masu mounting three lock bolt in one so that the triangle. Digits and the hatching in
the figure shows the mounting position of the wire rope. Construction interval of the lock bolt, it may
also be shortened by soil conditions.
Standard layout

Mudflows in Uzbekistan
In Republic of Uzbekistan monitoring of mudflows are Centre of Hydrometeorological
ServiceS
i att Cabinet
C bi t off Ministers
Mi i t
off theth RepublicRbli off Uzbekistan
U b ki t (Uzhydromet).
(U h dt)Uzhydromet conducts hydrometeorological and agrometeorological observations on thewhole territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the zone of responsibility of Uzhydromet, thestations that have long terms of observation are located.
located The network united underUzhydromet includes more than 400 stations.

A mudflow or mud flow is a form of mass wasting involving "very rapid
to extremely rapid surging flow" of debris that has become partially or fullyliquefied by the addition of significant amounts of water to the source
material.
Mudflows contain a significant proportion of clay, which makes themmore fluid than debris flows; thus, they are able to travel farther and acrosslower slope angles. Both types are generally mixtures of various kinds ofmaterials of different sizes.

Monitoring Mudflows
The main sources of surface runoff in the Central Asian region are Transboundary Rivers
Amudarya and Syrdarya,
Syrdarya the average annual flow of which is - 78.5
78 5 and 37.1
37 1 cubic km / year
respectively, and to the basins of the rivers, most of which belong to the region. The main flow of
the river Amu Darya - 83% formed on the territory of Tajikistan, the Syrdarya river flow by 80%
formed on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. Much of the territory occupied by mountains of the Central
Asian Republics and this determines the specific form of floods. In Kyrgyzstan Mountains, cover
95% of the total, 93% in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan about 30%, Turkmenistan - 28%.
Spring and summer - the main phase in the hydrological regime of the rivers of Central Asia,
during which takes place from 70 to 80% of annual runoff.
runoff On most rivers at this time of the year,
year
there is the greatest water flow.
Areas affected by the danger of mudflows
It should be noted that in terms ofthe damage,damage the most attention in the
Navoi
CentralAsianregiondeservemudflows and floods, formed as aresult of high altitude lake.
Tas hkent
Namangan
Mudflows are widespread throughout
JizzahAndijanthe mountain and foothill part of
FerganaUzbekistan and are often cross-border
Sirdaryanature since the majority of mudflows
nature,Samarkandformed on the territory of neighbouring
The number of floods
Kashkadarya
states – Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Surhandarya

The scheme of distribution of glacial lakes

Mountain glacial lakes

One of the powerful village-forming factors are of high altitude lake. Lakes
Breakthroughs do not happen often, but are extremely destructive.
Total number of glacial lakes that threaten the territory of Uzbekistan located on the
territory of Uzbekistan and neighbouring territories is – 315.

Preventing floods risk
¾ MuchM h attention
tt ti
paid
id in
i Uzbekistan
U b ki tt thetoth development
d
l
t and
d improvementit off
methods of prevention mudflows danger. Warning threat of flood, various origins
include:¾ Compiling short-term background of warnings about the possibility of the mudflows
and floods on the basis of an assessment form factors (rainfall, their intensity, thep)state of the snow cover, air temperature);¾ Alert stakeholders about the passing of the risk of floods and mudslides on theapproved scheme warning;¾ alert the public about the passing of the risk of mudslides and floods;¾ Risk Assessment threat mudflows and floods on specific objects based on
specialized research.
research Design and construction of protective structures.
structures¾ Issuing regulations on carrying out the necessary steps to protect the public, staff
and facilities from mudflows threats and monitoringg their implementation.
pMudflows in Japan
Japan has a summer rainy season in June and July called the Baiu season, and an
autumn rainy
i periodi d ini SeptemberSb andd earlyl OctoberO b characterizedhi d byb tropicali l low-pressurelsystems (typhoons). These rains supply the water needed for growing rice and other crops,
but sometimes their intensity causes damaging debris flows and landslides.
SABO is a Japanese term that means erosion and sediment control works.
works The
Japanese style of SABO erosion control works is more intensive than Western erosion
control works. The term SABO is known internationally, and is used both in and outside
Japan.
p

Administrative organizations engaged in erosion and sediment control
Erosion and sediment control works are administered and conducted under theauthority of two governmental organizations:(1) the erosion department of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport,
formerly the Ministry of Construction;(2) the Forestry Agency of The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
There are 47 prefectures in Japan; in each prefecture, the Agriculture and Forest
Departmentpand the Sabo Section of the Public Works Departmentp
are responsiblepfor erosion control works.

Debris Flow Measures
Building
g Sabo dams upstream
ptraps
p the sediment there and p
prevents it fromeroding and flowing downstream. Sabo dams also serve to stop debris flow.

Open steel pipe in a Sabo dam

Concrete-slit Sabo dam before sediment discharge

Debris flow barrier successfully catching the debris
flow snout at Mount Tateyama, Japan.

Grid Sabo dam with trapped debris flowDebris Flow Sensors
1) Wire sensors.
2) Vibration sensors.
3) Light sensors.
4) AcousticAti sensors.

Different type of sensors

Sketch of the components of adebris-flow warning system

CONCLUSIONSJapan has a wealth of experience and knowledge to mitigate and prevent natural
disasters, in which the whole world takes the example, including Uzbekistan. For
achievement that the people of Japan have experienced a lot, the result hasj, includinggdemanded full commitment and full involvement of all relevant subjects,
Governments, regional and international organizations, civil society including
volunteers, the private sector and academia.
Currentlyy Goscomgeologyggy collaborates and interested in further cooperationp
with
ADRC mitigation of natural disasters, with the common goal of substantial reductionof the victims, the early warning of the dangers and to reduce the social, economicand environmental assets of communities.
In Japan, I spent a wonderful time. I learned about a new system of disastermanagement, early warning and disaster prevention.
I would especially like to stay at the developed method to prevent landslides “Newnailing network system” which is very effective for the reinforcement of landslides
preserving the natural surface structure of the environment.
After returning to the country, I plan to show presentation about Disastermanagement system and recommend this “New nailing network system” thechairman. I also plan to prepare a lecture for primary school students about natural
disasters and the action in the event of disaster, with intended installation examples.