Ma
aking Gwada
Gar A Sustain
S
nable City oof Pakiistan
A CAS
SE STUD
DY FORR EARTHHQUAK
KE AND TSUNA
AMI

Final ResearcR
ch Reporrt
S
Submitted
d byTahir MehmoodMd (Assisttant Meteeorologisst)N
Nationall Seismicc Monitoring Cennter (NSM
MC)
Pakistann Meteorrologicall Departm
ment (PMMD)
Cabinet Secretaria
Sat Aviatio
on Divisiion, Pakiistan
Visitting Reseearchern Disastter Reducction Center (ADDRC) Kob
be Japan
n
Asian
Augus
st-Novem
mber, 201
15

Page 1

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Acknowledgement
I am very grateful to Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), Cabinet Secretariat, Aviation
Division, Government of Islamic Republic of Pakistan especially to Dr. Ghulam Rasul (Director
General, Met Services Islamabad) for providing me opportunity to learn and conduct researchon “Making Gwadar a Sustainable City of Pakistan (a case study for earthquake and tsunami)”with Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Kobe, Japan. I also include Disaster
Management and Earthquake Monitoring system of Japan and Pakistan in my research report.
The response of Japan towards international community to reduce their vulnerabilities against
natural hazards is tremendous. This effort is not only knowledge sharing but also give an
encouraging message to the world that whatever fellow human beings are in misery, we need tohelp them out regardless of creed, color or nationalities. I would like to take opportunity on
behalf of government of Pakistan to extend my heart-felt gratitude to government of Japan for
their valuable contribution in this regard.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation and profound gratitude to all ADRC officials. During
our stay with ADRC Japan, I was very much impressed by the caring behavior of ADRC
colleagues. All of them were very cooperative and friendly. I have no second thought to say thatJapanese nation has a very rich culture.
I am grateful to Ms Kyoko Kondo San, Executive Director ADRC for providing us much needed
technical support and guidance during Research program.
I am also thankful to Takeshi Nakao San, Senior Researcher and Ms Shiomi Yumi San,
Coordinator and Incharge Programme Visiting Researcher (VR), Term FY2015A, ADRC for theirthoughtful remarks and guidance throughout the period. She managed a comprehensive planfor the lectures and field visits to experience the things practically.
Special thanks to Yuji Sasaki San, Senior Administrator Manager for guiding and solving all
administrative issues during our stay.
I am confident that the knowledge and experience that I got from Japan will help to improve ourseismic and tsunami monitoring techniques and hence ensure public safety and economic
prosperity of the people of my country.

Tahir Mehmood

Page 2

Table of Contents
1.

Introduction to Pakistan and Gwadar .............................................................................. 5

2.

Disaster Management in Pakistan ................................................................................... 6
2.1

Disaster Management System ................................................................................... 6
2.1.1

National Level ( National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) andNational Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) ................................................................... 6
2.1.2

Provincial / Regional Level (Provincial / Regional Disaster Management

Commissions (PDMCs) and Provincial / Regional Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs) .. 7
2.1.3

District and Municipal Level (District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)

and Municipal Disaster Management Authorities (MDMAs) ....................................................... 7

2.2

3.

Role of Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) in Disaster Risk Reduction ...... 8

Disaster Management in Japan ...................................................................................... 9
3.1

3.2

Disaster Management System ................................................................................ 10
3.1.1

National Level (Central Disaster Management Council) ................................... 10

3.1.2

Prefecture Level (Prefecture Disaster Management Council) .................... 10

3.1.3

Municipal Level (Municipal Disaster Management Council) ......................... 10

Role of Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) in Disaster Risk Reduction ......... 10

4.

Seismotectonic Framework of the Pakistan Region ................................................. 11

5.

Destructive Earthquake Events Affected Pakistan during the Past Decade .......... 13
5.1

26th October 2015 Earthquake (Mw=8.1) .............................................................. 13

5.2

16th April 2013 Awaran Earthquake (Mw=7.7) ....................................................... 14

5.3

18th January 2011 Earthquake (Mw=7.2) ............................................................. 14

5.4

29th October 2008 Balochistan Earthquake (Mw=6.4) ....................................... 15

5.5

8th October 2005 Earthquake (Mw=7.6) ............................................................. 15

6.

General Seismicity of the Region, Seismicity & Tsunami Monitoring in Pakistan 15

7.

General Seismicity of the Region, Seismicity & Tsunami Monitoring in Japan ... 18

8.

Gwadar City Development ........................................................................................... 22
8.1

Theme of the Gwadar City Development ................................................................. 22

Page 3

9.

10.

11.

8.2

Lessons from History for Future Development ...................................................... 23

8.3

Problems for Future Sustainable Development .................................................... 23
8.3.1

Core Issue-I ........................................................................................................ 23

8.3.2

Core Issue-II ............................................................................................. 24

8.3.3

Core Issue-III ............................................................................................ 24

Possible Solutions and Remedies ............................................................................... 25
9.1

Mass Awareness using Media and School Education ........................................... 25

9.2

Landuse Scheme.................................................................................................. 25

9.3

Lifelines Facilities and Evacuation Centers ........................................................... 26

Japan as a World Leader in Disaster Management ................................................... 27
10.1

Community Based Disaster Risk Management and Drills ...................................... 27

10.2

Lesson Learned from Japan ................................................................................. 29

Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................... 30

References ............................................................................................................................... 31

Page 4

1.

ntroductionn to Pakistaan and Gwa
adar
In

Pa
akistan is located in Sou
uth Asia. It lies betweenn latitude 23
3°30′ to 36°445′N and longitude 61°too75°31′E. Iran, Afgha
anistan, India and China are locate
ed in South West, Westt, East and North of theecountry respectivelyy as shown in (Fig-1). SouthernS
reggion have a coastal bellt along Arabbian Sea. In
n
nd Hindukussh ranges dominate theethe nortthern part of the countrry high mountains of Hiimalayas anregion withw some mmountain peeaks of abovve 8000 me
eters. Historyy reveals that country has
h suffereddfrom maany natural disasters
din the past esspecially due
e to floods anda earthqua
akes.
Both
h
of thesee has cause
ed massive loss of lifee and inflicte
ed heavy innfrastructuree losses. Th
hese natural
disasterrs have provvided manyy important lessons whiich must bee taken into account for any futureeplanningg.
Gwwadar city iss located onn the Southwestern Ara
abian Sea cooastline of P
Pakistan, in Balochistannprovincee. Under devvelopment asa a free trade port, it iss the district headquarters of Gwada
ar District off
Balochisstan provincce. It is abbout 533 km
m from Karachi and 120
0 km from tthe Iranian border andd
380 km northeast ofo the neare
est point in OmanO
acrosss the Arabian Sea. Gwwadar Port is located att
the mou
uth of the Pe
ersian Gulf, just outsidee the Strait ofo Hormuz, nearnthe keyy shipping rooutes in anddout of th
he Persian Gulf.
G
It is exp
pected that Gwadar willl become a futuref
econo
omic hub an
nd a modernnport andd a modern ccity in near future.
f
The Gwadar De
evelopment Authority
A(G
GDA) is charg
ged with theeexecutioon of maste
er plan whic
ch was apprroved by the Government of Pakisstan in 2003 related toozoning and interna
ational infras
structure ne
etworks devvelopment. It
I is usuallyy difficult in an alreadyy
urbanize
ed environm
ment in Pakistan to mitig
gate hazardd and develo
op a disaste
er managem
ment system.
Gwadarr provides us an opporttunity to devvelop a sustainable city which will rremain safe city in caseeof any naturalndisasster. Here on
nly case of earthquakeemi disaster iss consideredd. A schemeeand tsunam
out of th
he lessons leearned fromm earlier eartthquake disa
asters in Pakistan will help in achiev
ving desireddtarget.

hic location of Pakistan and its mainn cities inclu
uding Gwadaar
Figure-1. Geograph

Page 5

2.

Disaster Management in Pakistan

Geographic location of Pakistan makes it vulnerable to heavy floods caused by monsoon
rainfalls and sometimes urban flooding. Through the history of Pakistan cyclones have hit thecoastal areas of Pakistan from time to time. Due to frequent occurrence of these events the disastermanagement system was mainly based on flood disasters but after 2005 earthquake new scheme
was evolved to cope with the situation. So the disaster mitigation and management system andpolicy can be divided into two eras mainly i.e. pre 2005 earthquake and post 2005 earthquake. The
Structure for Disaster Risk Management of Pakistan is shown in (Fig-2).
Organizations like Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), Geological Survey of Pakistan(GSP) etc are working for hazard analysis and disaster mitigation work. Provincial and District
Disaster Management Authority (PDMA, DDMA) under supervision of National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) implement the policy through different institutes. The disastermanagement system in Pakistan is working in a two pronged arrangement. On one side scientificand technical institutes provide the technical guidelines and early warning and on other handorganizations work for rescues, relief and rehabilitation in their legal capacity. National Disaster
Management Commission (NDMC) focuses to handle both pre and post disaster situation in the
country.

Figure-2. Disaster Management Organiszation Structure of Pakistan (Source: Slide no. 25 ofpresentation by Nadeem Abro (NDMA), on National Disaster System & Laws in Pakistan,2011).
2.1

Disaster Management System

2.1.1 National Level (National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) and National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
Pakistan had suffered from flooding from time to time in the history but the 2005 earthquake
also known as Kashmir earthquake was a special scenario with massive damage to houses,

Page 6

hospitals, schools and most importantly transportation infrastructure damages caused by thelandslides. However it provided an opportunity to develop a system that will work towards disasterrisk reduction and disaster management. Under the Article 89(1) of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) was formed in 2006
which works under Prime Minister of Pakistan. The NDMC implements its decisions and policies
through National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) which works at national, provincial anddistrict level. The mission statement of NDMA is "To achieve sustainable social, economic andenvironmental development in Pakistan through reducing risks and vulnerabilities, particularly thoseof the poor and marginalized groups, and by effectively responding to and recovering from all typesof disaster events." (Source: http://www.ndma.gov.pk/AboutNDMA.php)
The futuristic approach of NDMA includes following important points
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Institutional and legal arrangements for disaster risk management
Hazard and vulnerability assessment
Training, education and awareness
Disaster risk management planning
Community and local level programming
Multi-hazard early warning system
Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development
Emergency response system
Capacity development for post disaster recovery

In top to bottom governance system and decision making process, Pakistan has three levelsof governances i.e. national, provincial and district government. At the provincial levels, theProvincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs) are the focal points of the disastermanagement and at district level District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) are establishedto handle disasters.
2.1.2 Provincial / Regional Level (Provincial / Regional Disaster Management Commissions(PDMCs) and Provincial/ Regional Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs)
Provincial/Regional Disaster Management Commissions (PDMCs) established in eachprovince/region. Under PDMCs, Provincial/Regional Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs) in
Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) provinces and also in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB)and Azad Jammu & Kashmir regions (AJK) established. PDMCs are the policy making bodies and
PDMAs are coordinating and implementing policies at provincial/regional levels. The functions of
PDMAs are same as that of NDMA did at national level. PDMAs are concerned about disastermanagement in their respective provinces/regions.
2.1.3 District and Municipal Level (District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) and
Municipal Disaster Management Authorities (MDMAs)
District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) shall be established by the provincial
government in hazard prone areas on a priority basis. The District Authority will comprise of the
Nazim, District Coordination Officer (DCO) and Police Officer (ex-officio), EDO health and Tehsil
Nazims. The local government can nominate other officers as members of the DDMA or MDMA.
They may include EDOs for education, red crescent, NGOs, media, private sector, fire services, orPage 7

any other local stakeholders. Municipal Disaster Management Authorities (MDMAs) will beestablished in urban areas and cities on similar lines. DDMA and MDMA will formulate district
disaster risk management plan based upon local risk assessment and coordinate its implementation,
review development plans of government departments and provide guidance on mainstreaming
disaster risk reduction measures in these plans. Also, encourage involvement of community groups
in disaster risk reduction and response by providing them necessary financial and technicalassistance for implementing community level initiatives
2.2Role of Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) in Disaster Risk Reduction

Under the legal framework NDMA is the lead organization to develop strategies and disastermanagement. However many scientific institutes like PMD is working as a principle component toprovide guidelines for hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment and early warning systems. Here
only role of Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) is described due to great importance in both
pre and post disaster events. Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) is one of the leadorganizations working in the field of meteorology, seismology, aviation meteorology and allied fields.
After the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 “Up gradation of Seismic Network of Pakistan” as basic
component of tsunami early warning system was initiated. The project is successfully completed andtsunami early warning center is working in Islamabad and backup center at Karachi. The project waspart of a system initiated under the “Multi Hazard Early Warning System in Pakistan” which is now
successfully implemented by development of specialized centers for early warning of tsunami,
cyclones and in part flash flood. Alongside early warnings basic component of seismic hazard
analysis, tsunami modeling and flood hazard maps have been created by PMD.
It is important to mention that PMD in collaboration with NDMA and UNESCO-IOC hasdeveloped standard operating procedure for earthquake information and tsunami early warning
dissemination to NDMA and concerned stakeholders. Earthquake information is also communicatedto media directly from centers of PMD. To handle disasters the department has established following
specialized early warning centers:
•
•
•
•
•
•

National Weather Forecasting Center Islamabad (NWFC)
Marine Meteorology & Tropical Cyclone Early Warning Center Karachi (TCWC)
National Drought Monitoring Center Islamabad (NDMC)
National Seismic Monitoring and Tsunami Early Warning Center Karachi （NTWC）
Flood Forecasting Division Lahore (FFD)
Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Lai Nullah Basin Islamabad

Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) also launched District-wise Phone Based
Weather Information Service in August, 2015 with the collaboration of Center for Language
Engineering (CLE), of University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore. This is completely
automated system which will pick the weather forecast of any district from the computer modelarchive of PMD. Weather information service provides weather forecast of 139 districts of Pakistan.
DG, PMD further informed that more details on weather information will be added and the number ofphone lines will be increased and specialized weather information system for farmers of different
districts of Pakistan will also be launched soon.

Page 83.

Disaster Management in Japan

Japan is located in Circum-Pacific Mobile Belt and due to this reason seismic and volcanic
activities occur in Japan constantly. Although, the country covers only 0.25% of the land area on theplanet, the number of earthquakes and active volcanoes is quite high. Also, because of geographical,
topographical and meteorological conditions, the country is subject to frequent natural hazards suchas typhoons, torrential rains and heavy snow. Every year there is a great loss of people’s lives andproperty in Japan due to disasters. Up until the second half of 1950’s, numerous large-scale
typhoons and earthquakes caused extensive damage and thousands of casualties. However, withthe progress of society’s capabilities to address disasters and the mitigation of vulnerabilities todisasters by developing disaster management system, promoting national land conservation,
disaster information communication systems, and disasters has shown a declining tendency.
The Japanese Government, in accordance with the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act,annually submits to the National Diet a report, the White Paper, which includes overview of disasters
occurring in Japan, various statistical data and disaster management measures taken by theGovernment. The Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act has constantly been reviewed and amended
since its first enactment, and with lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake 2011,provisions were added including enhancement to the measures concerning support activities
mutually done by local governments in 2012 and the measures for ensuring for smooth and safe
evacuation of residents and improving protection of affected people in 2013. In 2014, provisions
were added for strengthening measures against unattended cars in order to promptly clear themfrom the roads. The outline of disaster management system in Japan is shown in Fig-3 below

Figure-3. Disaster Management System of Japan (Source: Cabinet Office of Japan, 2015)
3.1

Disaster Management System

Page 93.1.1

National Level (Central Disaster Management Council)

Prime Minister of Japan is Chairperson of Central Disaster Management Council which
established in the Cabinet Office based on Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act. The Minister ofstate for disaster management is empowered to direct the policies of administrative departmentswith regard to disaster management which is one of the most important items on the Cabinet’s
agenda and he plays a central role in policy making in the field of DRR and DRM.
Under the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, all public institutions as well as legal bodies
involved in public business designated by the Prime Minister (such as the Bank of Japan, andcorporations running public operations such as electricity and transport) are obliged to participate in
the Central Disaster Management Council. At the national level, responsibility for the coordination ofdisaster response relies on the Minister of State for Disaster Management. Collectively, these
designated public institutions play supportive role to the Government in formulation of disastermanagement policy and plan, and individually they prepare and develop their own disaster risk
reduction operation plans based on the Basic Plan for Disaster Management and bear a range of
responsibilities regarding finance and resources for disaster and cooperation. Other privatecompanies also contribute to disaster reduction, for example, participation in the evacuation drills,
preparation and transportation of rescue materials and so on.
3.1.2

Prefectural Level (Prefecture Disaster Management Council)

Local level is classified as Prefectural (Regional or Provincial) and Municipal Governments.
The Prefectural Disaster Management Council has the same structure as that the Central Disaster
Management Council has at national level. Governor of the prefecture acts as Chairperson ofPrefecture Disaster Management Council. Main responsibilities are formulation, promoting andimplementation of local disaster management operational plans at prefecture level.
3.1.3

Municipal Level (Municipal Disaster Management Council)

Municipal level is broad in varying names city, town and village, but in principle
organizational structures of disaster management is common. Mayors of cities, towns and villages
act as Chairman of Municipal Disaster Management Council. Formulation of municipal disasterprevention plans and implementation of comprehensive disaster countermeasures are the key
responsibilities for municipal disaster management council.
3.2

Role of Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) in Disaster Risk Reduction

The Asian Disaster Reduction Center was established in Kobe, Hyogo prefecture, in 1998,
with mission to enhance disaster resilience of the member countries, to build safe communities, andto create a society where sustainable development is possible. The center works to build disaster
resilient communities and to establish networks among member countries through many programs
including personnel exchanges in the field of disaster risk management (DRM) and disaster risk
reduction (DRR).
The center addresses DRM and DRR issues from a global perspective in cooperation with avariety of UN agencies and international organizations such as the International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (ISDR), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the World Meteorological Organization

Page 10

(WMO), and the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WHO/WPRO).
Main activities of ADRC are•••

Information Sharing(Organizing International Meetings & Seminars, Disaster Information,
Publications, Development of Tools, such as Global Identifier Number (GLIDE)
Human Resource Development(Seminars &Trainings, VR Programs, Developments ofTools such as Total Disaster Risk Management (TDRM)
Building Community Capabilities(Development of Community Based Hazard Mapping(CBHM) & Town Watching Method, Tsunami Awareness Projects)(Source: http://www.adrc.asia/aboutus/index.php)¾ Visiting Researcher Program
ADRC's Visiting Researcher Program polish skills of researchers from member countries in
the field of disaster risk management (DRM) and provides opportunities for member countries tolearn more about disaster risk reduction (DRR) and DRM and to incorporate DRR concepts into thepolicies of their countries. Through this program six to eight researchers from different countries geta chance to conduct research in preparedness, response and recovery against natural hazards
every year.

4.

Seismotectonic Framework of the Pakistan Region

Over the geological time scale Indian plate has moved northward and rotated in counterclockwise direction. Tethys Ocean has entirely been consumed between the Eurasian, the Arabian
and the Indian plates (Powell, 1979). Present day tectonics is marked by collision and thrustingalong Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Pamir, Himalayas and the Hindu Kush region forming thenorthern plate boundary. On the western side the tectonics of colliding Indian and Eurasian plates
are governed by transform plate boundary consisting of the Chaman and Ornach-Nal fault zone withleft lateral strike slip motion (Fig-4). In the southern, most areas i.e. west of Ornach-Nal fault zone
the oceanic litho sphere is subducting below the continental crust. In terms of structural trends, theMain Boundary Thrust (MBT) and allied thrust faults form an elongated zone in NW-SE direction
whereas western margin along Chaman and Ornach-Nal fault zone exhibits a dominant North Southtrend. Due to compressional regime of the Arabian plate, the Chagai arc and the Makran zone havestructural trends in an East West direction. The structural trends observed on local scale around
Quetta have two distinctive natures i.e. thrust and strike slip. The Chaman fault zone located onwestern side of Quetta city and Suleiman arc and Sibbi trough on eastern side of the Quetta city.
The Chaman fault was first discovered in 1893 after the 1882 earthquake which offset theQuetta-Chaman railroad by 75cm in left lateral movement (Griesbach 1893). The fault is a left lateraltransform fault. It is considered responsible for famous 1935 (Ms=7.7) earthquake. Lawrence andYeast (1979) divided it into four segments. First is the active fault which is a linear feature andextends without interruption the entire length of segment. Alluvial fans are cut by this segment of thefault with visible marks in aerial photos over areas of bedrock. The second part is the Chaman fault
zone which is one kilometer wide and an active fault zone present in this zone. The third segment is
the Chaman fault system which is a series of four or five branches that curve away from the main
trace towards south west and west. The fourth is the Chaman transform boundary which includes
the Chaman, Ornach-Nal and other faults and constitutes the boundary between Indian and theEurasian plates.

Page 11

The SulaimaTan lobe or SulaimanSarcc is a broadd (>300 km) and gentle (<1° sloping hills) fold-and thru
ust belt that is tectonically active. It is develope
ed by transpression as a result of th
he left-lateral
strike slip motion allong the Cha
aman fault anda southwa
ard thrustingg along the wwestern termminus of theest (Sarwar anda DeJong
g 1979; Law
wrence et al.. 1981). The
e present da
ay structural
Indian subcontinen
style annd tectonic oof the Ziaratt area was developed due
d to the interaction b
between Sulleiman lobe,
the Chaaman fault anda the Sibb
bi trough. Tw
wo major th
hrusts, the GogaiG
Nappee and the Babai
B
Nappe
e
are alsoo present alo
ong with ass
sociated strik
ke slip faultss (Niamatulla
ah et al. 198
89).

Figure-4. Regional teectonic map
p of the are
ea. B-Bannuu, HKS-Hazara Kashmiir Syntaxes,
JK-Jacobab
bad Khairp
pur high, K -Karachi, KB-Kalabag
Kgh, KK- Kh uzdar Kno t, KP-Kalattmassif, P--Peshawar ,Plateau, MBH-Mari
M
B
Bugti
Hills,, NH-Nang a Parbat Haramosh
H
T
TS-Trans
Ind us Sa lt Range, Q-Quetta
a , Z-Ziaratt (Sarwar and DeJo
ong,1979) .
MakranM
Subbduction Zo
one lies betw
ween Arabia
an and Euraasian Tecto
onic Plates withw a tripleeplate ju
unction at ea
astern end ofo the subdu
uction zone involving three plates nnamely Indiaan, Eurasiannand Arrabian (Fig-4
4 and Fig-5). The Makra
an region is e
exceptional in zone of cclosure of Te
ethys as it iss
the onlly segment east of the Mediterraneean and weest of the Anndaman arc in which su
ubduction off
oceanic lithospherre is still an ongoing pro
ocess. All other Tethyan segmentss in the Midddle East areexperiencing continental tectonics. However, geological ev
vidence is indicative off suturing off
now exsmaller continenta
al blocks withhin this Tethhyan belt (Fig-4) like thee Lut and Affghan block
ks (Stoneley,S
197
74 and Poweell 1979). Makran region is defined as a trenchh arc systemm with activee
1974, Stocklin
subducction continuing. Studyy of the stratigraphic recordsrsug
ggests that the Makrann arc-trenchhsystemm may have evolved throughout mostmof the C
Cenozoic erra (Stonely 1974). Otheer importantt
featuree in Arabian Sea is Murrray Ridge. Murray Ridg
ge (Fig-5) is a low to mooderate seissmic zone. Itt
is nearrly 420 km lo
ong and 20 tot 50 km wid
de northeasst trending as
symmetric inn the northwwest ArabiannSea. It is a part of the Arabiann-Indian plate
e boundary undergoing uplift since the early Miocene (Cliftt
e boundary
y in the vicinity of the Murray ridge is also made up ofo transformm
et al. 2002). Plate

Page 122

segments that strike sub parallel to the Owen fracture zone in Arabian Sea. The theory of spreading
centers for Murray ridge was presented by Quittmeyer and Alan (1984) and later supported by
Shafiq et al. (2011).

Figure-5. Plate tectonic setting of the Region. Explanation: AFP; African Plate, ARP; Arabian
Plate, AS; Arabian Sea, COFS; Chaman Oranch Fault System, CS; Caspian Sea, GA; Gulf ofAden, GO; Gulf of Oman, INO; Indian Ocean, INP; Indian Plate, MAW; Makran Accretionary
Wedge, OMFZ; Owen Murray Fault Zone, PG; Persian Gulf, RS; Red Sea, ZSZ; Zagros
Suture Zone (after Mokhtari et al. 2008).

5.

Destructive Earthquake Events Affected Pakistan during the Past Decade

5.1

26th October 2015 Earthquake (Mw=8.1)

An earthquake of magnitude Mw=8.1 (PMD) occurred on 26th October 2015 that struck South
Asia , at 14:09 PST (09:09 UTC) with the epicenter at Hindukush region(45 km north of `Alaqahdariye Kiran- wa Munjan), Afghanistan having depth 193 km. An aftershock of 5.3 magnitude struck 40
minutes after the main event. Mobile phone services were choked for several hours because of thehigh voice traffic. Tremors were felt in Pakistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The earthquake was also
felt in the Indian cities of New Delhi and Indian Administered , and in the prefecturesof Kashgar, Aksu, Hotan, and Kizilsu in Xinjiang, China while damage was also reported in Afghan
capital Kabul. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan is badly affected due to thisearthquake. According to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) preliminary state oflosses and damages last updated on 14th November 2015: 279 died, 1,820 injured, and 1,04,067
houses damaged (completely, partially). (Source: http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/disasters/losses.php)

Page 13

Figure-6. Pakistan Earthquake 2015-Interactive Map, NDMA
(Source: http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/disasters/gismap1.php)
5.2

16th April 2013 Awaran Earthquake (Mw=7.7)

It was most significant earthquake occurred on 16th April 2013 located near Pakistan-IranBorder Region. It had a magnitude of Mw=7.7 and intermediate depth of 76 km. It is located in thearea with very low population density and a big desert so no widespread damages were observed.
However nearest town of Musakhil located 90 km away was badly damaged. Many people were
injured and some were killed. The event was widely felt in the region. In Pakistan all main cities
experienced the strong shaking including Karachi, Quetta, Islamabad and Lahore. It was felt in New
Delhi and as far away as Dubai due to its large magnitude. The event is associated to Makran
Subduction Zone where Arabian Plate is subducting. According to National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA): 386 died, 816 injured, and 46,756 houses damaged (completely, partially).
(Source: http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/aboutus/EQ_Awaran_13.pdf)
5.3

18th January 2011 Earthquake (Mw=7.2)

An earthquake of magnitude Mw=7.2 occurred on 18th January 2011 in Southwestern
Pakistan, Balochistan province (Dalbadin Region). The area has complex tectonics due tointeraction of Indian, Eurasian and Arabian plates. Both thrust and strike slip earthquakes are
dominant in this region with minor, localized normal faulting events. This earthquake posedconstraints in depth and focal parameters due to lack of data for evaluation of parameters from
Pakistan, Iran or Afghanistan region. Normal faulting mechanism has been proposed by many

Page 14

researchers for this earthquake. The mechanism for the earthquake after re-evaluation was strike
slip which is contrary to normal faulting.
5.4

29th October 2008 Balochistan Earthquake (Mw=6.4)

An earthquake of magnitude Mw=6.4 occurred on 29th October 2008 near Chiltan hills,
Balochistan province, in Pakistan with a foreshock of magnitude 5.0 Mb. Depths of events were 15
and 12 km, respectively. The intensity of the main shock was VIII in and around the Ziarat-Pashin
areas while the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) recorded at Quetta area (60 km from theepicenter) was 0.17 m/s2 (horizontal component) and 0.06 m/s2 (vertical component). As no surface
rupture was found, the source mechanism and aftershocks were only tools for finding fault
dimensions. The source mechanism was found to be strike slip for both events, and aftershock trend
was NW-SE suggesting the strike slip nature of the fault. These results disagreed with the existing
description of the fault system in the area which was previously thought to be thrust in nature.
According to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Compensation Disbursement figure:
164 died, 173 injured and 9,761 houses damaged (completely, partially). (Source: http://www. ndma.
gov.pk/ new/aboutus /EQ_2008 .pdf)
5.5

8th October 2005 Earthquake (Mw=7.6)

Earthquake of 8th October 2005 having magnitude Mw =7.6 occurred in the Kashmir region.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and European-Mediterranean Seismological Center(EMSC) have reported the epicenter of this earthquake in the syntaxes, while the Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD) has reported it further west. Aftershocks of the earthquake asreported by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) and USGS lie NW of the main shock
epicenter in the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ). The earthquake occurred at the westernextremity of the Himalayas, where the arc joins the Karakorum, Pamir, and Hindukush ranges. The
newly deformed area occupies a 90-100 km long northeast trending strip extending from Balakot,
Pakistan, southeast through Azad . It cuts across the Hazara syntaxes, reactivating the Tanda andMuzaffarabad faults. North of Muzaffarabad the surface rupture coincides approximately with the
MBT, on the south-western flank of the syntaxes. The fault offset was 4 m on average and peaks to
7 m northwest of Muzaffarabad. The rupture lasted for 25 s and propagated up dip and bi-laterallywith a rupture velocity of about 2 km/s (Philippe et al., 2006). The heavily damaged area north of
Muzaffarabad, Kashmir shows the maximum deformation. There are known active faults stretching
to the northwest and southeast near the epicenter, which reveal some 46 uplift on the northern sideand dextral, right-lateral strike-slip activities (Fujiwara et al., 2006). The known active faults are
divided in two fault groups, the Muzaffarabad fault, northwest of Muzaffarabad and the Tanda fault,
southeast of Muzaffarabad (Nakata et al., 1991). According to National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA) as of November 2005 total death stood at 87,350, although it is estimated that thedeath toll could reach over 100,000. Approximately 138,000 were injured and over 3.5 million
rendered homeless (EERI Special Earthquake Report, 2006). (Source: http://www.ndma. gov.pk/
new/aboutus /Earthquake2005.pdf )6.

General Seismicity of the Region, Seismicity & Tsunami Monitoring in Pakistan

Earthquake activity in Pakistan can be distributed in four main zones i.e. Hindukush, Sulimanarc, Quetta zone and Makran zone. The most active region is Hindukush seismic zone with frequent
seismic activity. It is a subduction zone and exhibits intermediate to deep seismic events. The
clustering of events northern parts of Pakistan (Pak-Afghan border region) is caused by this seismic

Page 15

zone. The average depth in this zone is 250 km. Earthquakes from this zone are widely felt in the
country but are not destructive due to deep focus.
The Suleiman range is a southerly trending belt of folds and faults whose northern end issituated to the west of the Salt Range. This feature has been seismically active in modern times withthe activity characterized by small magnitudes as shown in Fig-7. The historical record, on the other
hand, indicates that moderate-size earthquakes do occur in this region. The level of the documented
historical activity is also low. Activity that does occur in this region is scattered; it does not appear to
be directly related to the north-northeasterly trending structures which are dominant at the surface
here (Quittmeyer and Jacobs, 1979).
The Quetta zone is most significant due to its shallow seismicity caused by left lateraltransform Chaman fault. It is responsible for many destructive earthquakes. The famous Quetta
earthquake of 1935 is associated with this fault with Mw=7.7 and devastated the town of Quetta,
Balochistan and the adjoining areas on the morning (origin Time: 21:33 UTC) of May 31, 1935.
Nearly 35,000 people were killed, most of those fatalities in Quetta alone. Tremors were felt overmuch of Pakistan and as far as Agra in India. The earthquake, almost completely destroyed the cityof Quetta. The earthquake is related to left lateral strike slip fault famously known as Chaman fault.
Some of the most significant earthquakes are located in this zone as shown by red circles in Fig-7.
Makran region is unique in terms of its seismicity. In this zone there is no regular pattern ofseismicity however when an earthquake occurred it’s usually a large magnitude earthquake. No
foreshocks or aftershocks are observed even after large magnitude earthquakes in the region. The
most significant earthquake having magnitude Mw=8.1 in 1945. It generated a tsunami andapproximately 4000 people were killed along the coast.
Pakistan Meteorological Department is lead organization for seismology and its allied fields inPakistan and operates a network of monitoring stations shown by red and blue stars in (Fig-7) below

Figure-7. Seismicity and seismic monitoring stations in Pakistan

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We further divide the seismic stations sub-networks into two groups:• The Guralp Network system which has been purchased by the PMD• Pak China Seismograph Network (PCSN) (courtesy of China)
Combined, the Guralp and the PCSN include 20 stations (10 each) out of which 18 are working tilldate. Most stations reside in remote locations and require solar panels and batteries for power.

¾

National Seismic and Tsunami Monitoring Center

Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) holds the responsibility for seismic monitoring
and tsunami early warning in Pakistan. It is the liability of the PMD to disseminate earthquake
information to Government, non Government organization and to public after the occurrence of any
event. The seismic monitoring technologies have been rapidly changed in the world. The seismic
monitoring equipments have changed from analogue to digital technology. This enhanced thecapability of the monitoring equipments.
PMD had been using paper recording equipments since 1954. The 2004 Indonesian
earthquake of magnitude 9.4 which generated disastrous Tsunami and subsequently Muzaffarabad
Kashmir earthquake of magnitude 7.6 were the wakeup call not only for Pakistan but also for thewhole world. During the past few years PMD has enhanced multifold its abilities to monitor seismic
activity. Since 2005, PMD upgraded and replaced all analogue seismic equipment with state of theart technology. We further divide the seismic stations sub-networks into two groups:• The Guralp Network system which has been purchased by the PMD• Pak China Seismograph Network (PCSN) (courtesy of China)
Twenty remote seismic monitoring stations were established from north to south of Pakistan
included Azad Jammu & Kashmir area with broad band (120s) sensors. Timing was also improvedby using GPS at each remote station. All stations are linked with central recording stations at
Karachi and Islamabad through satellite communication system. Beside broad band stations, aparallel program of short period (1s) sensors for the close monitoring of fault and local seismicity isrunning. Such data is communicated to central recording station through internet and radio. Also
SeisComP system installed at PMD to monitor seismicity. To monitor the tsunami if occur in the
Indian Ocean and anywhere in the world, a tsunami warning system has also been established in
PMD. The PMD monitoring capability is now from east coast of Australia to the Atlantic Ocean. PMD
has also developed link through special line with Japan and Hawaii warning centers. PMD has
improved digital data processing and analysis in time and frequency domain within two to threeminutes after the occurrence of any earthquake. The digital data recording and processing withinternational data has greatly improved the evaluation of source parameters.
The National Seismic and tsunami Monitoring Center issues monthly reports of local activity,
a monthly catalog of earthquake activity in Pakistan and neighboring countries (Afghanistan, Iran,China, India), and special-interest bulletins on local seismic events. Earthquake information provided
in these reports is subject to revision as new information becomes available. An archive of all
cataloged seismic event locations and magnitudes and related waveform data from the PCSN and
Guralp is maintained by the Center on computer servers at the PMD. Continuous waveform data andassociated station metadata from all available seismic stations is permanently archived at regional
monitoring centers (Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar).

Page 17

Achievements of National Seismic and Tsunami Monitoring Center
•
•

•
•
•
•

Paper published in NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics titled as Parameterizationof 18th January 2011 Earthquake in Dalbadin Region, Southwest Pakistan
Several Meteorologists have completed their M.Sc in Seismology and few more are carryingout their MS and PHD research in different countries like Japan and China, in the field ofGeophysics.
Probabilistic seismic Hazard Assessment for the city of Quetta, Pakistan
Hazard Assessment, Risk Analysis and Seismotectonic study of earthquake prone areas ofPakistan has been done.
Maintenance of Data Bank of all seismic event locations and magnitudes and related
waveform data from the PCSN also known as Jopen and Guralp on computer servers.
Timely press release of all the Major events occurred in Pakistan and rest of the world. The
Center really made a difference in quick recording and analysis of the event that occurred on
24th September, 2013 at 11:29:50 GMT of magnitude 7.7, depth 12 km, and location 120 km
SW of Khuzdar, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Figure-8. National Seismic and Tsunami Monitoring Center (Pak-China Seismograph Network(PCSN) also known as Jopen, and SeisComP System).

7.

General Seismicity of the Region, Seismicity and Tsunami Monitoring in Japan

Japan is located at a point on the earth’s surface where four of more than 10 tectonic plates
covering the globe are crushed against each other, making it archipelago susceptible to theearthquake disasters. Nearly 20% of the world’s earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater haveoccurred in or around Japan. Japan has suffered great damages from the massive intera plate
earthquakes produced by the plate subduction such as the Great East Japan Earthquake 2011 also
known as the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Offshore Earthquake (name assigned by the Japan
Meteorological Agency). It was the most powerful earthquake of Mw 9.0 ever recorded to have hit

Page 18

Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in
1900. It generated tsunami in Miyako in Tohoku's Iwate Prefecture and also caused nuclear accident
at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Complex. More than 18,000 people killed mainly due totsunami and about 390,000 houses destroyed (completely, partially). Japan also suffered from inland
crustal earthquakes caused by the plate movements such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
1995. It was of magnitude Mw= 6.9 and intensity on Japanese Shindo intensity Scale 7, occurred on
17th January, 1995 in Southern part of Hyogo prefecture. Due to this earthquake 6,437 died and249,000 houses damaged (completely, partially) (Cabinet Office of Japan, 2015). The Great Kanto
Earthquake, the worst in Japanese history, hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in 1923 and resulted in
the deaths of 105,385 people. Earthquake distribution around Japan (1960-2011) is shown in (Fig-9)
below

Figure-9. Earthquake distribution around Japan (1960-2011), JMA(Source: http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/image/earth-fig01.png)
To constantly monitor seismic activity, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) operates anearthquake observation network comprised of about 4000 seismic intensity meters and 300
seismographs managed by local governments and the National Research Institute for Earth Scienceand Disaster Prevention (NIED). Sites of seismic intensity meters and seismograph stations areshown in Fig-10 and Fig-11 respectively. The data collected are input to the Earthquake Phenomena
Observation System (EPOS) at the headquarters in Tokyo and the Osaka District MeteorologicalObservatory on a real-time basis.
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) operationally monitors earthquakes, tsunamis andvolcanic activity throughout the country and issues relevant warnings and information to mitigate
damage caused by these disasters. When an earthquake occurs, JMA immediately issues
information on its hypocenter, magnitude and observed seismic intensity. If the seismic intensity is 3

Page 19

or greater, the Agency issues a Seismic Intensity Information report within one and a half minutes.
The information is provided to disaster prevention authorities via dedicated lines, and reaches the
public through local governments and the media. This information also plays a vital role as a trigger
for the initiation of rescue and relief operations related to earthquake disasters.

Figure-10. Sites of Seismic intensity meters (Source: JMA)

Figure-11. Sites of Seismograph stations (Source: JMA)

Page 20

Japan surrounded by the water on all sides with long and complex coastlines, Japan is highly
vulnerable to earthquake-generated tsunami. In reality, there has been several damages caused byvarious tsunamis in the past, including the Meiji-sanriku Earthquake Tsunami (1896), Nihon-kaiChubu Earthquake (1983), Hokkaido Nansei-oki-Earthquake (1993) and latest Great East Japan
Earthquake (2011). In addition to local tsunamis generated earthquakes near the coast, Japan has
also suffered major damage from the onslaught of distant tsunamis generated by open-sea
earthquakes. In 1960, a tsunami generated by the Chile earthquake crossed the Pacific Ocean andreached the shores of Japan about 22 hours later, killing 142 people.
When tsunami is expected to cause coastal damage, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
issues a tsunami warning or advisory within 2-3 minutes after the earthquake and then follow up withannouncements about the estimated height and arrival time of the tsunami. The information istransmitted immediately to disaster management organizations and media outlets, and further
forwarded to the residents and maritime vessels. Tsunami countermeasures such as expediting theannouncement/transmission of tsunami forecasts and improving coastal embankments (tidal
embankments) and tide preventation gates have been carried out. The Cabinet Office in cooperation
with relevant ministries has prepared guidelines for the creation of tsunami hazard map and thedesignation/development of tsunami evacuation buildings by local governments and disseminating
the guidelines. Flow of issuance of information about tsunami and earthquake is shown in (Fig-12)
below

Figure-12.Time sequence for issuance of information on tsunamis and earthquakes (JMA)(Source: http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/image/earth-fig05.png)

Page 21

8.

Gwadar City Development

8.1

Theme of the Gwadar City Development

Uncontrolled urbanization is becoming a major problem in Pakistan and cities are growing in
unplanned manner with growing pressure on infrastructure in already overpopulated cities. This
rapid urbanization process and population growth trend around few major cities is creating social,economic and environmental issues which consequently result in vulnerable cities to disasters.
Balochistan province consists of approximately 40% area of Pakistan territory whereas population
density is very low. Out of 184 million population of Pakistan (2014) only 5% lives in this province.
The vast area of the province and available natural resources stipulated the development of thisarea.
Gwadar is selected for development to work as a strategic future economic hub in the region.
Located at coast line a new deep sea port has been developed. A detailed map of master plan of thecity is shown in (Fig-13) below

Figure-13. Master Plan of Gwadar city, Pakistan
From the perspective of earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation and management it isimportant to note that different seismic hazard analysis and tsunami modeling studies exist for
Gwadar city. As per building codes of Pakistan, areas or cities with ground acceleration greater than
0.32 g are considered in seismic zone-4 which is highest level. Gwadar is considered in Zone-3 inbuilding code of Pakistan (BCP SP2007). Nasir et al. (2012) has developed scenario of tsunami for
Gwadar city as shown in (Fig-14)

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Figure-14. Tsunami inundation modeling for Gwadar, Pakistan (Source: Nasir et al. 2012)
8.2

Lessons from History for Future Development

The earthquakes in past decade in Pakistan provided a glimpse of scenarios related to social,economic and technical issues. In case of 2005 earthquake all type of structures were damaged i.e.
from poorly constructed stone masonry homes to relatively modern brick masonry homes,
government developed schools and hospitals to multistory reinforced concrete structures.
Destruction of high rise building “Margalla Tower” in Islamabad about 100 km away from epicenter
raise serious concern. In context of the previous experience of 2005 earthquake following main
aspects are identified which are directly related to future disaster mitigation and better disastermanagement in planned Gwadar city. The important observations are given below:•••

Lack of knowledge about hazard, vulnerability and risks of any sort of natural disasterspecially earthquakes and tsunami.
Non existence of landuse and land control regime
Lack of enforcement of building control

8.3

Problems for Future Sustainable Development

8.3.1

Core Issue-I

Article 6.5 (III) of the national plan for multi hazard early warning system points out a core
issue as below“inadequate user orientation of early warning systems partly due to dominance of scientific,
technological and engineering perspectives in early warning and the weak role of social, political,
economic and cultural considerations” (Cabinet Division, Government of Pakistan).

Page 23

It is important to note that local people do not consider tsunami a threat as knowledge ofprevious event is forgotten by the people due to above mentioned scenario. In the briefing paper by
NDMA it has been pointed out in following manner“Local knowledge about tsunami was non-existent both at DDMA and community level.
However, as cyclone is a more recurring phenomenon, people are more aware of it.”“Even though an announcement was made by the Naib Nazim in the market about the drill,none of the people present in the market took part in the drill that indicates need of large scale
awareness campaign for the communities”. (Source: http://ndma.gov.pk/Docs /DRR%20for%20
tsunami-%20Paper.pdf )These problems are directly related to social setup and mental framework of the people atfirst step, as they do not consider it important and secondly to economic factors in the region. These
problems still persist even though lot of efforts is made for mass awareness of people to highlight theimportance. From the administrative point of view for community awareness responsibilities aredefined in the “National Disaster Management Plan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan”. In its
section 3.2.4 it is the responsibility of PDMA to promote general education and awareness and atcommunity level for disaster mitigation is responsibility of DDMA under section 3.2.5.
8.3.2Core Issue-Il

In the Article 6.5(vii)of the national plan for multi hazard early warning system the sameproblem was pointed in slightly different manner i.e. “Inadequate landuse planning as risks are notalways considered above other criteria; non-compliance with appropriate land use controls andstandards undermine the effectiveness of warning advice and response plans” (Cabinet Division,
Government of Pakistan). The problem of landuse control is of dual nature. At first step theinstitutional intervention has not been decided in a clear manner as it is evident from section 8.9 of
Gwadar development plan and national disaster management plan. Secondly the poor enforcement
mechanism for landuse and building construction is observed and suffered losses during
earthquakes in past decade.
In section 8.9 of Gwadar Integrated Development Vision the role of institutes or governments
for Strategic Interventions and Institutional Links is divided into three categories i.e. short term
medium term and long term (Government of Balochistan and IUCN Pakistan 2007). The
enforcement of building control laws in coastal areas and demarcation of prohibited areas safety
against tsunami and cyclone is considered in only medium term interval and will be responsibility ofcoastal area development authority which seems to be a higher order organization. In short term
only cyclone is considered with district government as lead department. In the National Disaster
Management Plan the enforcement of land use and control is responsibility of NDMA, PDMA, and
DDMA along with the contribution from planning commission of Pakistan.
8.3.3

Core Issue-IlIIn Pakistan engineers, technical institutes and development agencies have experience ofdeveloping new cities and at least three cities are well planned but in life line infrastructures nohazard resistant methodologies are part of the governing law. No emphasis on designation andPage 24knowledge of evacuation routes and centers. This portion of the disaster mitigation and management
may require some financial burden which is difficult to manage in the hard economic conditions.

9.

Possible Solutions and Remedies

9.1

Mass Awareness using Media and School Education

From the experience of local community, they consider floods due to heavy rainfall andspecially cyclones a major threat. However as mentioned in earlier the knowledge at both community
and District Disaster Management level lacked about earthquake and tsunami. The following
possible solutions to this issue given below••

Province government is part of disaster management system in the form of Provincial
Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) and heads all disaster related matters in province.
Also province government is responsible for all education system and syllabus in theprovince. It makes relatively easy at management level to decide and promote disastereducation in school system specially in newly developing city it can be declared compulsory.
Media has become a powerful tool in Pakistan. In 2005 earthquake media played a very
positive role and provided motivation for volunteers and acquisition of relief goods andanswer questions in the mind of people about earthquakes. The same positive role of media
can be used by arranging a special hour when all channels broadcast such information. The
consensus in this regard can be achieved through already existing media regulatory authority.

•

All enforcement and regulation officers at their appointment to Gwadar district must be given
at least one month special training course to visualize the master plan, hazards andvulnerability issues and the scheme of enforcement bylaws. There are specialized institutes
in Pakistan like Pakistan Engineering Council and National Institute of Public Administrationand this course will provide a forum to combine policy making and administration in technicalmanner.

•9.2

Regular drills for any sort of emergency.
Landuse Scheme
The city is facing a dual threat of earthquake and resulting tsunami. A bird eye view of the

Gwadar city at present (Fig-15) indicates the severity of the problem. It is evident that a good
landuse and land control plan is solution of half of the problems in disaster management in case of
Gwadar. The area with highest population density (at present) is most vulnerable to tsunami disasterin short and medium term whereas more urbanely developed areas is expected to suffer in medium
to long term scenario. It is evident that there is no shortage of available land for residential schemes
and urban development. Comparison of Fig-13, Fig-14 and Fig-15 suggests that old town area ismost vulnerable. Following remedial measures can be adopted•

This must be reallocated to a safer location preferably near railway yard or around container
movement facilities. This will provide work opportunity for relocated population near theirPage 25

houses. Also they are located near main road so access to sea for fishing will also be easy.
This is expected to provide dual opportunity for fisherman community to work i.e. in fishing or
cargo terminal to uplift the socio economic conditions.
•A strict ban on any kind of development and construction must immediately be imposed inthis area. Due to vast availability of free land it is easy to manage this problem in its present
scenario as population is expected to increase from 0.1 million to 1 million in coming years.
There is need to identify more areas vulnerable to tsunami and constructing only parks.
Model vertical development project (maximum three stories) or colony can be started torelocate these people. The number of stories is kept to three keeping in view the earthquake,social setup and low maintenance cost related to facilities in higher buildings.

Figure-15. Current landuse situation in Gwadar.
9.3

Lifeline Facilities and Evacuation Centers

It is the experience from past floods in Pakistan that schools, collages serve as the basic
evacuation centers but in case of earthquake or tsunami the case will be different as experienced in2005 earthquake. Most of the lifeline facilities (water, power, transport) in Pakistan are notearthquake resistant. It is very difficult to retrofit an existing infrastructure however Gwadar provides
an opportunity to build a city with lifeline infrastructure as secure as possible.
•

If not all, at least some designated roads or highways, pipelines for water supply and power
supply system must be building keeping in view earthquake, tsunami, fire and urban flooding
hazard. These specially designed lifeline facilities must be developed keeping in mind theevacuation routes and evacuation centers so that in case of disaster lifeline facilities

Page 26

combined with evacuation centers will create a sustainable life support and safety
environment.
• From Fig-14 and Fig-15 it can be seen that road possibly used for evacuation will beinundated by tsunami so a vertical evacuation scheme must be implemented in the hammer
head side of the city which already has higher elevation.

10.

Japan as World Leader in Disaster Management

Japan has continuous efforts in reducing the post disaster effects. In this regard Japan has
excellent organizational structure and also there are latest innovations and application of technology
in disaster management practices. Japan also shares its research, methods and techniques with thewhole world particularly with the Asian countries on regular basis. In a result of its valuable
contribution Japan is widely recognized in the world because of its improved disaster management
system.
A comprehensive research on causes of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions
related issues and preparedness to minimize the effects from these natural hazards is according tolatest research. Japan has devised effective disaster management system to contribute not on
national but international level by sharing its research, methods and techniques on disaster risk
reduction and disaster risk management with other countries through JICA and ADRC. There areseveral other agencies in Japan who also contribute to the international community. Comparative
studies of Japan with other countries differentiate Japan as world leader in this field. Japan has
established its disaster management system on national level as following: The system is existing in
all the 47 prefectural governments and 1,760 municipalities (cities, towns and villages) under thenational (central) government in Japan.
10.1

Community Based Disaster Risk Management and Drills

Community Based Disaster Risk Management is the process which includes the identification,
analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of hazards by the community. It is lesson learned
from Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake 1995 that the neighbors or the people from surrounding areas
were first responders immediately after the disaster. They undertook precautionary measures andresponded even before outside help arrived. So the awareness and capacity building of thecommunity should be kept important in devising disaster risk reduction management plan.
The protection against natural hazards is possible if the potential of hazards, their causes andmitigation measures have already been taken. In Japan there is a perfect disaster risk reduction
culture in the country. This country has latest research on the phenomena of occurring the disasters
and advance technology is used to save the human lives and their property.
Method of practical disaster reduction drill has been modified. Now the participants are notgiven any prior information about their role in emergency or the nature of emergency is also not toldin advance to them. So they need to make the decision and response to the situation based upon
the information provided after the drill starts. It was experienced in Miki city, Hyogo Prefecture that
all the workers of fire services department kept themselves active by doing some new experiments.
Sometimes they were practicing to use fire fighting extinguishers in multi story buildings. They werein formal dress all the time so in case of emergency it is easy to move within moment. Not only fire
department participated in the drill but all stakeholders related to disaster management like coast
guards, civil defense, doctors, NGO’s etc also participated in drill. Drills are very important to prepare

Page 27

the community and all functionaries of the government for any big disaster. Regular exercise of
these drills promotes a culture of preparedness among all the corners.
Pakistan has scattered population in mountain areas. In many places there is no road access.
The neighbors and the local community are supposed to be the first responder after any natural
disaster. In order to minimize the loss of human lives, the capacity building of the local community on
gross root level is very important. In Pakistan awareness campaign can be started with minimum
resources by giving training to the school teachers in first phase. Course outlines should be drawn
for all elementary students and disaster risk management course should be introduced ascompulsory subject. The insurance companies and financial institutions can be motivated to conduct
the drills and help the government in this regards.
ADRC arranged a field visit for researchers to Miki city to participate in a drill. A pictorial viewof drill and community based disaster management activities will portray the expertise of Japanesepeople towards preparedness and mitigation in (Fig-16) below

Figure-16. Pictorial view of drill in Miki City, Hyogo Prefecture, September 2015.
Community Based Disaster Management activities are also held in Kobe University, Kyoto
university and Kobe Shoin Women’s College in Hyogo prefecture. It’s a very good experience for us
to learn more about how to behave and well prepared for disasters.
It has been observed during all drills and exercises in Japan that the full response to any
natural or manmade disaster is from government agencies. In large scale disasters the governments
cannot response everywhere. During that situation a gulf occurs between the government

Page 28

functionaries and the affected population. The non government organizations (NGOs) always fill that
gap. Though Japan has latest technology and resources with full strength but importance ofvolunteers and NGOs cannot be denied during any emergency. It is lesson learned after large scaledisasters in Japan, Pakistan and China that the NGOs, IOs and other humanitarian groups served
dedicatedly since the day the devastating earthquake occurred. The tsunami 2004 is very good
example to assess the capacities of these groups and their professionalism. So the capacity buildingof the NGOs is as important as for other stakeholders in field of DRR. These groups should be on
board and need to develop a close liaison with them.
10.2
•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Lesson Learned from Japan
During research period ADRC arranged lectures from experts, managed field visits forpractical experience, meetings / discussions /experience sharing with the affected populationof Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake 1995, drills and provided over all environments forresearch in disaster risk management. Comparing the circumstances and available
resources in Pakistan, being Visiting Researcher with ADRC Japan, it was opportunity for us
to learn and share experience of Japan in the field of DRR and DRM in our countries.
Japan boasts flawless earthquake-proof structures, highly efficient tsunami early warning
system and scientifically developed tsunami evacuation plan while Pakistan lacks applicationof building codes especially in high seismic zone areas and also tide gauges installed are noteffective enough to issue timely warnings. Pakistan coastline has hardly any scientificallydeveloped tsunami evacuation plan. We need to work for improvement of our early warning
system and tsunami evacuation plan.
Japan has a permanent, trained and well equipped staff to handle disasters and supply ofnecessary equipments / resources to affective people. Also, Japan investing huge amount on
disaster management institutions and make more effective through scientific/ technicalsupport too. Pakistan also has trained staff to handle disasters but lacking in application oflatest technology in DM field due to financial constraints.
It is evident to note that most of scientific and technical organizations are working in their
domains, however due to strong socio economic conditions and strict controls and regulatory
regime are main cause of handling hazards well in Japan. Pakistan’s socio economic
condition is not very good and also due to lack of strict controls and regulatory regime we areunable to tackle hazards well. We need to improve our monitoring capabilities.
Japan has strong coordination among all disaster management stakeholders fromgovernment and non government organizations (NGO’s) as observed during drill. So its
lesson for us to work for capacity building of the NGOs because role of NGOs in disasterrisk reduction and disaster risk management is as important as for other stakeholders..
These groups should be on board and need to develop a close liaison with them.
Regular exercise of drills promotes a culture of preparedness among all the corners. In orderto minimize the loss of human lives especially in hilly and scattered population areas inPakistan, we need to work for the capacity building of the local community on gross root level
like Japan.
Japan has proper disaster awareness system while Pakistan lacks such system. Disasterawareness campaigns against hazards can be started with minimum resources by giving
training to the school teachers in first phase. Course outlines should be drawn for all
elementary students and disaster risk management course should be introduced asPage 29

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compulsory subject. The insurance companies and financial institutions can be motivated to
conduct the drills and help the government in this regard.
Human resource development for disaster reduction is most important aspect of disaster
reduction. A well trained person can easily coordinate all resources in post disaster scenario.
There should be professionally sound personnel engaged in official capacity to carry disasterrisk reduction activities. The local bodies, IOs, NGOs and member of the society need tohave their professionally skilled human resources to combat any disaster for minimizing lossof lives and property.
Personnel of police, fire services, para-military forces and NDMA, DDMA need to getthemselves specially trained to develop an expert group of evacuators and relief managers.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Japan has appropriate policy, legal and institutional arrangements and implementing
strategies and programs to minimize risk and vulnerabilities for sustainable, social, economic andenvironmental development. The credit also goes to the leadership of Japan who endowed thepolicy maker’s decision. The picture of structural measures against the natural hazards especiallyagainst earthquake and tsunami is tremendous effort done by Japan. Japan built flawless heavy
infrastructures, earthquake proof buildings, memorials, concreting river banks, dams, tsunami walls,
tsunami gates and many other mega projects.
After devastating earthquake of 2005, Pakistan is gradually shifting from the simple disaster
response to a more proactive approach to disaster risk management. National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA) is responsible for handling complete spectrum of disaster management in the
country. Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) plays its role in disaster management andworking for hazard analysis and disaster mitigation work.
It is evident that retrofitting of existing structures, preparation and mitigation of hazard inalready existing cities is a very difficult task under tough socio economic circumstances .Urban
planners in Pakistan has adequate knowledge of development of new cities which is evident fromnational capital Islamabad. As with the increase of knowledge about natural phenomenon newly
identified hazard zones are emerging. It is mandatory for urban planning to take into account thesehazards in the master plan of the city for sustainable future development. As Gwadar is still in adevelopment phase, disaster mitigation and management plans can be incorporated easily before it
becomes a very populated city in near future. It is evident that only improvised planning andschemes with low cost techniques will help create a city which can be considered safe, attractive
and environmentally friendly in changing global phenomenon. It is recommended that policies andscenarios at national, provincial and district level must be developed for all types of disasters
especially for earthquake and tsunami. Both pre disaster and post disaster policies must be
implemented as a starting point for future sustainable and safe city in Pakistan. Pakistan canenhance its capacities by sharing rich experience of Japan knowledge and technology for risk
assessment and early warning systems.

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References

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