Mangrove research works andKPGreen Earth plansGlobal social and political problems
Global warming,
climate change & sealevel rise
Food/waterWars

SafetyEducation

Population

The last worldwar

Religious conflicts

Government system

Employment opportunity
Poverty

World Economic ForumCoastal community: most affected by global warming
climate change

Mangroves protected the coastal community© Herman Lumanog/Demotix/Corbis

1. 2004 Asian tsunami
2. 2013 Typhoon Haiyan(Philippines)

Mangroves efficiently absorb CO2 higher than tropical forest

10Ecosystem C storage (Mg ha-1)

1200

Tons CO2/ha/year8642010008006004002000Seagrass

Mangroves Saltmarsh

Tropicalforest

BorealTemperate

Tropicalupland

MangroveIndo-PacificMangrove area continue to decline

Negros Island

Mangrove into culture pond

1980: 18.8 M ha
2005: 15.2 M ha-3.6 M ha (20%)

Response to mangrove loss: REHABILITATION
Philippines (2012)

Cambodia

India

Source: camarinessur.gov.ph© Kampot Mangrove Group© PixCove

Low survival(2%)
Guinness Record (1M in hr)
Pakistan (2013)
Source: www.unep.org

Common: use ofRhizophora sp.
Indonesia
From: poskota.co.id

Guinness Record (0.8M)

Malaysia
http://www.thestar.com.mySri Lanka

http://www.sltcp.org

My research on mangrove oxidative stress(inundation and salinity)

WHY

several mangrove rehabilitations wereunsuccessful and suffered high mortality?

WHAT

is the preference & thresholds of Rhizophora
species against salinity and inundation?

WHERE

is the niche-width of Rhizophora species inthe intertidal regions? (suitable for planting)

ECOPHYSIOLOGY

Seedlings were collectedfrom Olango Island

Grown in greenhouse (experiments)

Experiments: 1) emerged

Low salinity(LS)Moderatesalinity (MS)High salinity(HS)2) inundated

Submersion timeSimulated the emerged vs. submerged natural condition

Tidal cycle

Background: salinity / inundation and oxidative stress
Salinity

Inundation❑ High salinity/inundation dominantstressors (physiological homeostasis)

MANGROVES✓ Results to excessive ROS generation
Reactive O2Species

natural by-productof aerobic
respiration

ROS formation

water

H2O
stimuli1
singlet O2e-spontaneous
dismutation

1O2

H+STRESS IMPACT MITIGATIONO2PLANT DEFENSE SYSTEM

molecularO2

Equilibrium(AOX = ROS)AOXROS

Antioxidant

Reactive O2 SpeciesAntioxidants(enzymes,non-enzymes)

Antioxidant

Oxidative stress(excess ROS)CONSEQUENCES
ROS

Reactive O2 Species

oxidative stresse-superoxideanionchloroplast
mitochondria
peroxisomes2

Modified from Das et al., 2012

Osmolytes
2° metabolites
AOX

O2.-e-➔ Physiology➔ Biochemistry➔ Nutrients uptake➔ Cellular activities

CATAPXPOD

2H+H2O2e-superoxide
dismutasehydrogenpeoxide 3H+.

4OHhydroxyl
radicalHaberWeissreaction

Indicator of stress against abiotic factor
80
60
40
Field - inundated

20

Field - not inundated

00 PPT20 PPT

35 PPT

80
60
40
20000.5
1Elevation (m)1.51000

Chl a + b (µg/g FW)

100
H2O2 (µmol/g FW)

H2O2 (µmol/g FW)

100

Pigments (growth)

Emerged

SDI

DI

0 PPT
20 PPT
35 PPT

800
600
400
2000LW

PS

HW

SDI

EmergedSubmerged

Highest stress indicator frequently submerged areasMW

Low photosynthetic capacity when submerged

seawardintertidal
intertidal
gradient
intertidal
gradient
intertidal
gradientgradientLesser stressStressful (slowNotNot
Notinundated
inundatedinundated
Not inundated
EmergedEmerged(soilisfloodedatatEmerged(soilisisflooded
floodedatEmerged(soil is(soilfloodedatspringtide)
tide)
springtide)
springspringtide)
Semi-diurnally
Semi-diurnallyandSemi-diurnallyandSemi-diurnallyand anddiurnallydiurnally
inundatedinundated
diurnally
inundated
diurnally
inundated
Permamently
Permamently
Permamently
Permamently(SDI(SDIandandDI)
DI)(SDIandDI)(SDI andDI)
submerged
submerged(PS)
submerged(PS)
submerged(PS) (PS)growth)Highest stress (mostlikely plants will die)

HTHTHTHTLTLTLTLTPhilippines
Most plantations

PS

Inundated

Science-based mangrove rehabilitation applications

inlandDI

Source: camarinessur.gov.phIndonesia
From: poskota.co.id

KPGreen Earth mangrove project in the Philippines
86% survival

Future plans(194,000)(553)

USAJapan(741,000) 4th
Mexico(22,700)(244,085)
ThailandChinath(263,137)15(209,741)
Vietnam1)
2)
3)
4)Expansion: Vietnam and Indonesia
Mangrove research center in Cebu
CO2 quantification
Carbon credit certification (REDD+or Joint Crediting Mechanism)

Philippines(3,112,989) 1stIndonesia(mangrove area, in hectare)

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017