Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of theADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on themaps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by
the ADRC.

SRI LANKA
1. General Information
1.1. Geography
Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian
Ocean. Total land area is about 65,610 square
kilometers. The central part of the southern half of theisland is mountainous with heights more than 2.5 Km.
The core regions of the central highlands contain many
complex topographical features such as ridges, peaks,
plateaus, basins, valleys and escarpments. The
remainder of the island is practically flat except forseveral small hills that rise abruptly in the lowlands.
These topographical features (Figure 1) strongly affectthe spatial patterns of winds, seasonal rainfall,temperature, relative humidity (RH) and other climaticelements, particularly during the monsoon season.
Fig.01. Map of Asia showing Sri Lanka(source Wikipedia)

Figure.02. Map of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka's highest mountain is Pidurutalagala which is 2,524 meters in height. Most of theisland's surface consists of plains between 30 and 200 meters above sea level. A hundred
and three rivers in the Central Highlands flow in a radial pattern toward the sea. Most of theserivers are short. There are 16 principal rivers longer than 100 kilometers in length, with twelveof them carrying about 75% of the mean river discharge in the entire country. The longest rivers
are the Mahaweli Ganga (335 km) and the Aruvi Aru (170 km). In the highlands, river courses

are frequently broken by discontinuities in the terrain, and where they encounter escarpments,
numerous waterfalls and rapids have eroded a passage. Once they reach the plain, the rivers
slow down and the waters meander across flood plains and deltas. The upper reaches of therivers are wild and usually unnavigable, and the lower reaches are prone to seasonal flooding.
Human intervention has altered the flows of some rivers in order to create hydroelectric,
irrigation, and transportation projects. In the north, east, and southeast, the rivers feed
numerous artificial lakes or reservoirs (tanks) that store water during the dry season.

Figure.03.River system in Sri Lanka

More than 90% of Sri Lanka's surface lies on Precambrian strata, some of it dating back 2
billion years. The granulites faces rocks of the Highland Series (gneisses, sillimanite-graphite
gneisses, quartzite, marbles, and some charnokites) make up most of the island and theamphibolites gneisses, granites, and granitic gneisses of the Vinjayan Series occur in theeastern and southeastern lowlands.

1.2 Climate
Due to the location of Sri Lanka, within the tropics between 5o 55' to 9o 51' North latitude andbetween 79o 42' to 81o 53' East longitude, the climate of the island could be characterized as
tropical. The Climate of Sri Lanka is dominated by the above mentioned topographical featuresof the country and the Southwest and Northeast monsoons regional scale wind regimes. The
Climate experienced during 12 months period in Sri Lanka can be characterized in to 4 climate
seasons (Figure 3) as follows.

1.

First Intermonsoon Season - March - April

2.

Southwest monsoon season - May - September

3.

Second Intermonsoon season - October - November

4.

Northeast Monsoon season - December - February

Due to increase of global warming and climate change scenarios above mentioned time period
has slightly been changed. The rainfall pattern is influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian
Ocean and Bay of Bengal and is marked by four seasons. The mean annual rainfall varies fromunder 900mm in the driest parts (southeastern and northwestern) to over 5,000mm in thewettest parts (western slopes of the central highlands) (Figure 4). Sometimes tropical cyclones
bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. The
average yearly temperature for the country, as a whole, ranges from 26° C to 28° C.

Fig.04. Agro-Geological map of Sri Lanka

Figure.04.Rainfall distribution pattern in Sri Lanka

1.3 Demography
According to the last population census held in 2011 the whole population of the country was
21,045,222 while being 50.66 females and rest was males. As the ethnic groups in the country
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other
0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data).
Sinhala is an official and national language accounting for 74%, followed by Tamil (national
language) for 18% and other for 8%. (Note: English, spoken competently by about 10% of the
population, is commonly used in government and is referred to as the link language in theconstitution.)
The Sinhalese, make up 74.9% of the population (according to 2012 census) and areconcentrated in the densely populated south-west and central parts of the Island. The Sri
Lanka Tamils, live predominantly in the north-east of the island forming the largest minority
group at 11.2% (according to the 2012 census) of the population.
The Moors, who descend from Arab traders that settled in Sri Lanka, form the third largest
ethnic group at 9.2% of the population. They are mostly concentrated in urban areas in thesouthern parts of the island with substantial populations in the Central and Eastern provinces.
During times of Portuguese colonization, Moors were persecuted, and many forced to retreat tothe central highlands and the eastern coast. There are also Indian Tamils who form distinct
ethnic group which comprises 4.2% of the population. The British brought them to Sri Lanka inthe 19th century as tea and rubber plantation workers, and they remain concentrated in the"tea country" of south-central Sri Lanka. In accordance with a 1964 agreement with India, Sri
Lanka granted citizenship to 230,000 "stateless" Indian Tamils in 1988. Under the pact, India
granted citizenship to the remainder, some 200,000 of whom now live in India. Another 75,000
Indian Tamils, who themselves or whose parents once applied for Indian citizenship, now wish
to remain in Sri Lanka. The government has stated these Tamils will not be forced to return toIndia, although they are not technically citizens of Sri Lanka.
Smaller minorities include the Malays who descent from South East Asian settlers, andthe Burghers, who are descendants of European colonists, principally from Portugal,
the Netherlands and the UK. (Wikipedia)

1.4 History of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka begins around 30,000 years ago when the island was first inhabited. The
Chronicles, including the Mahawansa, the Dipawansa the Chulawansa and the Rajawaliya,
record events from the beginnings of the Sinhalese monarchy in the 6th century BC. The
Buddhism was introduced in the 3rd century BC by Arhath Mahinda (son of the Indian emperor
Ashoka the Great). The European Colonialist arrived in the 16th century and disestablishmentof the monarchy in 1815. The Portuguese arrived in 1505 and ruled a part of the country’s
coastal Area. Then the Dutch rule lasted from 1656 to 1796 and ruled a part of the country.
The British ruled the country from 1796 to 1948. However by a peaceful process andconstitutional evolution, Sri Lanka won back her independence in 1948 and is now a sovereign
republic. In 1983 a civil war was started and it ended in 2009.

2 Natural Hazards in the Country
2.1 Natural Hazards likely to affect the country
Over the past few decades disaster losses in Sri Lanka have increased substantially. The
country is prone to natural disasters caused by floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts andcoastal erosion with increasing instances of environmental pollution related hazards. The
devastation caused by the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 has highlighted that Sri Lanka also
vulnerable to tsunami. Except tsunami, Sri Lanka is affected by different kind of natural hazards
such as floods, droughts, cyclones, land slights and coastal erosion. Other localized hazards
include lightning strikes, epidemics, high winds, fires and wild elephant attacks. Figure 5 shows
the loss of human Lives due to disasters from 1974 to 2007 in the country.

Figure.05. the loss of human lives due to disasters from 1974 to 2007 in the countryz

Table 1 shows the disaster impact in Sri Lanka by all hazards from 1974 to 2007. Numberof people affected due to disasters by district wise from 1974 to 2007 is shown in the
Figure 6 and Number of people died due to disasters by district wise from 1974 to 2007is shown in the Figure 7.

Figure.06. Number of people affected

Figure.07. Number of people died

Table 01 impact of the human life by disaster from 1974 to 2007

2.2. Hazard Profile of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka being a small island in the Indian Ocean in the path of two monsoons is mostly
affected by weather related hazards. Floods mostly due to monsoonal rain or effects of low
pressure systems and droughts due to failure of monsoonal rain are the most common hazards
experienced in Sri Lanka. In 2009, Disaster Management Centre (DMC) and United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) initiated a hazard profiles development process incollaboration with the relevant technical agencies, which are responsible for disaster mitigation

activitiess of the cou
untry. Hencee, it was decided to dev
velop nine hazard
hprofiiles of the countryc
namely; Coastal Ero
osion, Droug
ght, Floods, Landslides,, Lightning, Sea
S Level R
Rise, Storm Surge,
S
Tropicall Cyclone an
nd Tsunami.

Figgure.08. affectted no of peop
ple during receent past for diffferent disasteer

2.3. Majjor Disasteers
The tsunnami on 26tth of Decem
mber 2004 was
w the bigg
gest havoc thet Sri Lankka has ever faced.
The souuthern, western, easternn and northe
ern coastal beltb was proone that tsun
nami event. It wasalmost thet
two thirrd of Sri Lanka’s coasttal belt. Morre than 35,0000 people were killed
d whilearound 5,000
5people were misssing and aro
ound 100,000 houses ha
ad been com
mpletely desstroyed.
A numbber of 260,967 families and 1.3 million people
e were affeccted. The Figure 8 show
ws thetsunami affected are
ea of the country. Figuree 9 and Figu
ure 10 show
ws two picturres of tsunam
mi.

Figure.09. im
mpact of tsuna
ami calamity

Figure.10. Tsunami affected areas in Sri Lanka

In past, 1957 flood considered as the severe flood occurred in Sri Lanka. After 2003 was thesevere flood created great impact of Sri Lankans. Due to that catastrophic event, flood as wellas landslides were occurred in many parts of the country. Reported human deaths were 369
while 123 people were injured. 33 people were reported missing and 756,027 were affected.
8,652 houses were completely destroyed and 26,942 houses were damaged partially.

Figure.11. Flood impact in some districts in Sri Lanka

In 2010 and 2011 again with foods and landslides 26 people were died and 19 people were
injured. Completely destroyed houses were 1,196 while 7,281 houses were partially damaged
and 1,165,618 people were affected. Except the above mentioned major disaster events lots ofpeople were affected and big economic lost was occurred by droughts, wild elephant attacks
and other small scale disaster events in June 2014 due to landslides and cutting failure 36
people died after unprecedented rain more than 300mm within few hours. Due to bad practicesof land use and anthropogenic activities, the cutting failures had been created. Recently
National Building Research Organization (NBRO) has introduced the rules and regulation
system with building codes for general public specially for landslide prone areas unawarenessand ignorance, and political interference those policies are not implemented smoothly.

Drought
One of the major disasters which severely impair food production is agricultural drought. Unlike
other disasters it is a slow onset natural hazard often covering large area with duration ranging
from few months to several years. One cannot define the exact beginning and end of drought
event so much so the exact boundary of the drought affected region. These characteristics
make drought particularly challenging to quantify and provide relief as compared to othernatural hazards.

Figure .12.NDVI Anomaly (%) during March, April & May relative to 2005

3. Disaster Management System
3.1. Administration System
Politics of Sri Lanka takes place in a framework of a presidential representative
democratic republic, whereby the President of Sri Lanka is both head of state and head ofgovernment, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by thegovernment. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.
The Parliament has 225 members, elected for a six year term, 196 members elected in multiseat constituencies and 29 by proportional representation. The president may summon,
suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament. Parliament reserves the power
to make all laws.
Mainly, Sri Lanka has three levels in the political and administrative level. They are National,
Provincial and local authority level. Under the national government all cabinet and non cabinet
ministries are governing all the national and Gramaniladharee (smallest administrative unit)
level administration affairs. However, provincial level provincial governments are consisted ofprovincial level ministries. Under those ministries, several government institutions such asprovincial level schools, hospital, and some government department are servicing to the people.
Sri Lanka has three (3) administrative levels of governance; national, provincial councils andlocal authorities. Under the national level, Ministry of Disaster Management is the mandated
organization for disaster management activities. Disaster Management Centre, Disaster Relief
Service Centre, National Building Research Organization and Department of Meteorology arefunctioning under the Ministry of Disaster Management. Under the Provincial Councils no
mandated body for disaster management activities, but in the stage of disaster relief services,
the social service department operating under the provincial councils act to distribute relief
services. But the provincial councils don’t have a disaster management organization or budget
line for disaster management. The local authorities (may be Municipal Councils, Urban
Councils or Pradeshiya sabas) also don’t have a mandated section for disaster management
as the both local council and Divisional Secretariat division considered as same geographicalarea, and however they work in the both stages of disaster management that means in predisaster management activities and post disaster management activities.
The main administration system for disaster management of the country operates under thecentral government and through the Ministry of Disaster Management by district level. Thereare 25 districts and each district is administered under a District Secretary, who is appointed by
the central government. The main tasks of the District Secretariat are to coordinate, implement
and communicate activities of the central government Through Divisional Secretariats. The

District Secretariat is also responsible for implementing and monitoring development projects atthe district level and assisting lower-level subdivisions in their activities, as well as revenue
collection and coordination of elections in the district. A district is divided into a number ofDivisional Secretary Divisions (commonly known as DS divisions), which are in turn subdivided
into Grama Niladari Divisions.

3.2

Legal System and Framework

Figure.14. Structure of National Disaster Management Council

The Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 is the main legal document for disastermanagement in Sri Lanka and it was enacted in July 2005 which provides the legal basis for
instituting a disaster risk management system in the country. The National Council for Disaster
Management (NCDM), is a high-level inter-ministerial body. The chairman and vice chairman of
the NCDM is H.E. the President and Hon Prime Minister respectively. Other members are
Leader of the Opposition, Ministers in charge of 20 selected subject areas, Provincial Council
Chief Ministers and five members of the Opposition. The Act also provides for establishing theDisaster Management Centre (DMC) under the Council to be the apex body for the purpose ofplanning, co-coordinating and implementing of certain natural and other forms of disasters. The
Figure 11 shows the structure of the National Council for Disaster Management.
Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 provides for a framework for DRM in Sri
Lanka and addresses disaster management (DM) holistically, leading to a policy shift from
response based mechanisms to a proactive approach towards disaster risk reduction (DRR).
Twenty one hazards come under the purview of the act. DMC was established in July 2005. In
December 2005 the Ministry for Disaster Management and Human Rights (M/DM&HR) wasestablished with the subject of DM listed under its purview. The principal functions of theDisaster Management Centre as per the act are as follows.
(1) Assisting the Council in the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan and the
National Emergency Operation Plan and proposals for upgrading the same when it becomes
necessary(2) Taking responsibility for the implementation of the National Disaster Management Plan and
the National Emergency Operation Plan, and upon the declaration of a state of disaster todirect and coordinate the implementation of the National Emergency Operation plan(3) Ensuring that the various Disaster Management Plans prepared by Ministries, Government
Departments or public corporations conforms to the National Disaster Management Plan
(4) Based on Disaster Management Plans prepared by various Ministries, Government
Departments and public corporations under section 10, preparing and implementing programs
and plans for disaster preparedness, mitigation, prevention, relief, rehabilitation andreconstruction activities and coordinating of organizations which implement such programs andplans and obtain financial assistance from the Treasury for such activities and release thesame to the relevant regions and monitor and evaluate these activities(5) Issuing instructions and guidelines to appropriate organizations, non-governmentalorganizations, district secretaries and divisional secretaries on activities relating to disastermanagement and initiating and implementing work programs in co-ordination with suchorganizations and secretaries(6) Promoting research and development programs in relation to disaster management andsetting up and maintaining a data base on disaster management(7) Submitting reports to the Council from time to time and whenever required by the Council in
regard to its activities.
To implement the above functions, the Disaster Management Centre has organized thecoordination mechanism of disaster management from the national level to divisional level isshown in Figure 13.

Figure. 15. Structure of Disaster Management Center

The disaster management mechanism in intermediate and local level is shown below:

Figure 14 Coordination mechanism in DMC

District Disaster Management Coordinating Unit (DDMCUs) under the Disaster Management
Center has been set up at district level for the coordination of local level disaster management
activities. By this time, under the Ministry of Disaster Management, one officer has been
assigned as a disaster management coordination officer at divisional level for the easiness ofcoordination disaster management activities at local level.
DDMCU is doing all most all kind of disaster management activities under the supervision ofparticular District Secretary at district level.

4. Disaster Management Strategy, Policy and Plan
“Towards a Safer Sri Lanka: A Road Map for Disaster Risk Management” is the master planfor disaster management in Sri Lanka. DMC has been accorded the lead role in directing thestrategic planning process for disaster prevention, mitigation, response and recovery. A
comprehensive DRM framework for Sri Lanka will unify the efforts of all agencies working invarious sectors across all regions and levels of development activity. The DMC has prepared
the road Map to identify and coordinate multi stakeholder efforts in the next 10 years
through a holistic strategy. According to the Road Map it is focused on seven thematiccomponents which are consistent with ongoing and past efforts in the field of disaster risk
management and development planning, and as in the Hyogo Framework of Action 20052015. The seventh thematic components are as follows.
1.

Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institutional Development

2.

Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

3.

Tsunami & Multi- hazard Early Warning Systems

4.

Preparedness and Response Plans

5.

Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning

6.

Community-based Disaster Risk Management

7.

Public Awareness, Education and Training

The projects and activities for disaster management of the country are going on basedon above seventh components.

4.1. Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan
Sri Lanka comprehensive Disaster Management Plan 2014-2018, was introduced in new readmap for DRM activities by Ministry of Disaster Management. It is mainly focused on next five
year disaster management countermeasures and Disaster Risk Reduction program hope to be
carried out by Sri Lankan government. In the comprehensive Disaster Management Planclearly identified the 45 institutions which are contributed their service when its implementation.
Currently the plan has been taken the approval from National Planning Department and thecabinet of Sri Lanka. UNDP and the Treasury funds will be used for the implementation.

4.2. National Disaster Management Policy
The National Policy on Disaster Management (the ‘Policy’) is a core component of Sri
Lanka’s national regime for disaster management. It articulates agreed overarching principles
and preferred outcomes for disaster management in Sri Lanka. It also provides policy
directives to address the issues such as inadequate coordination among stakeholder
agencies, duplication of efforts and insufficient policy directives to reduce the human andeconomic impacts of disasters which were identified in the aftermath of the 2004 Tsunami andthe other recent disaster situations.
The 2005 Parliament Select Committee on Natural Disasters recommended formulation of anational policy to manage disasters after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The Disaster
Management Act, No.13 of 2005 (the ‘Act’) provides that the National Council for Disaster
Management (the ‘Council’) shall formulate such a policy.1 Its preparation was the first listedof 60 outcomes for the period 2006-2016 under the document Towards a Safer Sri Lanka: A
Road Map for Disaster Management (‘the Road Map’). In accordance with the Road Map, theMinistry of Disaster Management, as Secretariat of the Council, led a consultative process toformulate the Policy with input and guidance from relevant agencies and stakeholders.

4.3. National Disaster Management Coordination community
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a cross-cutting and complex issue. Therefore, it requires
political and legal commitment, public understanding, scientific knowledge, careful development
planning, responsible enforcement of policies and legislation, people centered early warning
systems, and effective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. A multi-stakeholder
national coordination for DRR can provide or mobilize the combined knowledge, skills, andresources required for DRR and its mainstreaming into development policies, planning andprogrammes.
Under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Ministry of Disaster Management the NDMCC’sroles and responsibilities are:•

It is a national mechanism by which the country can address inter-related social, economicaland environmental problems;•

It supports the identification of urgent needs in the area of DRR, allocating resources,
presenting time table for actions and monitoring and reviewing the implementation of DRR
activities in line with HFA and Road Map;•

It works towards better resourced, effective and integrated DRR efforts amongst national
stakeholders and amongst national, regional and international organizations. It supports
development goals, by providing a framework for systematic thought and commitment topriority actions across sectors and the territory;•It serves as catalyst for national consultations and consensus building, as well as for DRR
priority identification and policy formulation, implementation and monitoring DRR activities. The
emphasis should be on managing progress towards DRR objectives rather than producing a“Plan” as an end product; and•It facilitates the allocation of resources from donors, development banks, and UN agencies thatare not represented in their respective countries. This can be advanced by advocating theimportance and necessity for UN country offices to support the integration of DRR into UN
backed development programs.

Primary activities•

Establishing baseline information for DRR, including disaster and risk profiles, national policies,
strategies, capacities, resources and programmes;•

Identify targets, gaps, concerns and challenges and setting forth accepted priority areas in
DRR;•

Advocating the urgent need for developing or adopting policies and legislations for DRR;•

Benchmarking progress made in promoting DRR and its mainstreaming into development
policies, planning and programmes;•

Developing result-oriented work plan for National DM Coordination Committee to coordinate
the DRR activities in line with the HFA and “Road Map for Disaster Risk Management; Towards
a Safer Sri Lanka”;•

Coordinating joint efforts among members of National DM Coordination Committee to reducethe vulnerability of people at relatively high risk;•

Monitoring, recording and reporting of DRR actions at national and community levels in linewith HFA and “Road Map for Disaster Risk Management; Towards a Safer Sri Lanka”;•

Documenting lessons learned and good practices, and share the findings at national, regional
and international levels;•

Working towards better integration of DRR into national planning, policies and programmes indevelopment and humanitarian assistance;•

Initiate the Community Based/Led Disaster Management (CBDM) approach at national level tostrengthen community’s decision making process; and5. Recent major project
In Sri Lanka, major disaster mitigation projects are currently going on in various places giving
high priority for vulnerability and needy of the country. In Kandy district, Garadialle project forlandslide mitigation; Jaffna, Kalutara, and Dabulla flood mitigation projects etc are major
projects Sri Lankan government implemented recently for disaster mitigation. For next five
years, by comprehensive disaster management plan, all prioritized disaster mitigation projects
were identified and based on budgetary provision those projects will be implemented and somenew projects were already started.

5. Progress of Implementation of Hyogo framework for Action (HFA)zz

Sri Lanka has prepared the National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo
Framework For Action (2009-2011) – interim. According to the report, lot of outcomes, havebeen able to achieve by the Sri Lanka. Only a few of them have been mentioned here.
National Planning Department of the Ministry of Finance has agreed to consider DRRzz

in approving development plans provided guidelines are developed for such a process.
DMC is working with Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and other agencies to develop
such guidelines. National Water Supply and Drainage Board has initiated implementationof augmentation programme in western, central, and southern provinces. New watersupply schemes are been developed for northern and eastern provinces. (Area 1)
NDMCC meets regularly and discuss programmes implemented by members and policy
requirements to make the implementation more effective. Hazard cycle for Sri Lanka has
been developed and given to district administration to prepare disasters such as floods,
landslides and cyclones. Nearly 40% of the activities identified in the Road Map have beencommenced.DM Act is being modified giving more authority to DMC for coordination of DM
Activities. Draft Act has been forwarded to Attorney general Department. Disaster
Management concepts were included in the Local Government policy which has been
approved by the govt. DMC has already provided disaster concerns to be incorporated into the act based on the LG policy. Development DM plans for Northern Province has beencommenced. Training of officials in Govt and LG sector on DM and development of planscommenced. (Area 2)
DMC with the assistance of Urban Development Authority, practical Action and ADPC
has commenced three pilot projects in southern and eastern provinces to prepare
Urban development plans for selected towns. UDA has agreed to issue instructions
to planning officers to follow Guidelines developed in future urban development planning
process. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in to housing is being undertaken with theassistance of ADPC. All agencies in state sector were involved. Training programme
conducted for technical Officers in the Eastern province to introduce the guidelines
developed for construction of disaster resistance buildings. Building application used by
Local Authorities for for approval of land subdivision plans and building plans arebeing modified with the Concurrence of UDA to included DRR concepts. Draft format has
been submitted to UDA for their consideration. Environment Authority invites DMC for the
meetings where EIA reports are discussed. Integrated Strategic Environment Assessment(ISEA) for the Northern Province is been developed with the assistance of all stakeholders.
proposed development plans are incorporated in the ISEA and areas for development are
been identified. Discussions are in progress with relevant development agencies to identify
conflict areas and find solutions. Hazard maps for landslides in Nuwaraeliya districts were
given to agencies involved in development and development control and officers weretrained for the used hazard maps.

6. References
1. Disaster Management Center. (2014).National Disaster Management Plan. (rev.
ed. .2013-2017). Colombo.
2. Disaster Preparedness. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 12, 2014, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness
3. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2006) Disaster
Preparedness and Contingency Planning. The International Federation’s Global Agenda.
(2006-2010) Switzerland.
4. Ministry of Disaster Management. (2014) Sri Lanka Comprehensive Disaster
Management Programme, (2014-2018), Government of Sri Lanka, March, 2014.
5. MoEF, 2002. Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, October,2002.
6. http://www.dmc.gov.lk/attchments/Corporate%20Plan/document.pdf
7. http://www.dmc.gov.lk/Publications/Roadmap%20Vol.1.pdf
8. www.desinventar.lk
9. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/?cid=162
10. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2011/en/bgdocs/hfa/15598_lka_National
HFAp rogress_2009-11.pdf
11. http://www.meteo.gov.lk
12. http://www.treasury.gov.lk/FPPFM/fpd/pdfdocs/annualReport2010/AnnualReport2010eng.pdf