In this lesson, we study one way of showing the relationship between two
events.
The two events are described by separate clauses, one of which contains a timeadverbial to show the relationship between the two events.
For example, here are two events:
Event 1: Mark cooked dinner.
Event 2: Susan came home.
The relationship between these two events can be described by linking themwith a time adverbial.
For example: Mark cooked dinner when Susan came home.
Mark cooked dinner before Susan came home.
Mark cooked dinner after Susan came home.
The tenses of the verbs sometimes change depending on the time adverbial
used.
For example: Mark was cooking dinner until Susan came home.
Mark was cooking dinner while Susan was coming home.
Mark was cooking dinner as Susan was coming home.
Sometimes, the time adverbial comes before both clauses:
While Mark was cooking dinner, Susan was coming home.
As Mark was cooking dinner, Susan was coming home.

177

1. I get nervous when my teacher asks me to answer in class.
2. I will call you when I get there.
3. Can you cook dinner before you take a bath?
4. He should not sleep until we’re home.
5. Tell your dad to go to the supermarket as soon as you get home.
6. After I play soccer, I will visit my friend.
7. As I was driving, I saw some students dancing in the street.

178

8. She is cleaning the table while cooking breakfast.
9. Since you were sleeping, I went out to buy coffee.
10. I will buy you a car when you pass the exam.
11. We studied until he arrived.
12. Before I leave for Japan, I want to talk to all the employees here.
13. As soon as I arrive in China, I will call you immediately.
14. After the show, we will have a party.
15. I feel happy whenever I hear that song.

179

1. We went home after the party.
2. They went home after the party.
3. They went out after the party.
4. They went out after the show.
5. They went in after the show.
6. They came in after the show.
7. They came in before the show.
8. They came in before the class.
9. She came in before the class.
10. She came in before the event.

180

1. Since you are still eating, I will watch a movie. Repeat.
2. Since you are still eating, I will watch a movie. Change: game.
3. Since you are still eating, I will watch a game. Change: while.
4. While you are still eating, I will watch a game. Change: studying.
5. While you are still studying, I will watch a game. Change: play.

181

1. I always eat breakfast before I go to school. Repeat.
2. I always eat breakfast before I go to school. Change: work, bread.
3. I always eat bread before I go to work. Change: sometimes, a sandwich.
4. I sometimes eat a sandwich before I go to work. Change: bring, when.
5. I sometimes bring a sandwich when I go to work. Change: want, exercise.

182

1. I was reading when he came.
2. I was reading a book when he came.
3. I was reading a book when he suddenly came.
4. I was reading a good book when he suddenly came.

183

1. We will wait until you are ready. Repeat.
2. We will wait until you are ready. Add: here.
3. We will wait here until you are ready. Add: totally.

184

1. As soon as you meet John, will you tell him the news, please? Repeat.
2. As soon as you meet John, will you tell him the news, please? Transform:
what.
3. Bring an umbrella when you go out. Repeat.
4. Bring an umbrella when you go out. Transform: what.
5. He will try playing soccer when he’s in England. Repeat.
6. He will try playing soccer when he’s in England. Transform: where.
7. Since mom is not home tonight, we will go out. Repeat.
8. Since mom is not home tonight, we will go out. Transform: when.
9. Whenever John visits, he always brings food. Repeat.
10. Whenever John visits, he always brings food. Transform: who.

185

186

187

Please refer to the definition file.

188

189

190

1. There were price reductions in the shop only today.
2. I reduce the amount of sugar in my drinks.
3. Mom perfectly ironed my uniform.
4. Grandma is sewing in her room.
5. I have to take the keys back home because my sister needs them.
6. Can you still wait for me? I’m still drying the clothes.
7. It is his obligation to keep those documents.
8. I have some burns on my skin after cooking all night.

191

9. We burn wood to keep us warm.
10. He only brings essential things for this trip.
11. Some people prefer to use electric heating in their houses.
12. There are numerous reductions of employees in the factory.
13. I don’t like ironing my clothes myself because it usually takes a lot of time.
14. I will take this back to you after I use it.
15. I sewed my clothes myself.

192

1. Could you take it back afterwards? Repeat.
2. Could you take it back afterwards? Change: later.
3. Could you take it back later? Change: he.
4. Could he take it back later? Change: the book.
5. Could he take the book back later? Change: can.

193

1. We have to burn some unimportant stuff. Repeat.
2. We have to burn some unimportant stuff. Change: must, documents.
3. We must burn some unimportant documents. Change: keep, essential.
4. We must keep some essential documents. Change: you, things.
5. You must keep some essential things. Change: should, buy.

194

1. The reduction in the salary became a serious problem. Repeat.
2. Change: issue.
3. Change: was.
4. Change: budget.
5. Change: calculation.
6. Change: obligation.

195

1. My task is to dry the floor. Repeat.
2. My task is to dry the floor. Add: only.
3. My only task is to dry the floor. Change: plates.
4. My only task is to dry the plates. Add: clean.
5. My only task is to dry the clean plates. Change: first.
6. My first task is to dry the clean plates. Change: clothes.
7. My first task is to dry the clean clothes. Change: iron.
8. My first task is to iron the clean clothes. Change: obligation.
9. My first obligation is to iron the clean clothes. Change: sew.
10. My first obligation is to sew the clean clothes. Change: cloths.

196

197

1. Could you turn the heating down?
2. Could you turn the heating down, please?
3. Could you turn the electric heating down, please?

198

1. Put medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Repeat.
2. Put medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Add: some.
3. Put some medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Add: please.
4. Please put some medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Add: fresh.

199

1. I dry my hair before going out. Repeat.
2. I dry my hair before going out. Transform: what.
3. I ironed your clothes yesterday. Repeat.
4. I ironed your clothes yesterday. Transform: when.
5. She has a lot of obligations in the office. Repeat.
6. She has a lot of obligations in the office. Transform: where.
7. We had to go to the hospital because of her serious burns. Repeat.
8. We had to go to the hospital because of her serious burns. Transform: why.
9. John has to take the car back home. Repeat.
10. John has to take the car back home. Transform: who.

200

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

201

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

202

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

203

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

204

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

205

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

206

1. numerous
2. minimum
3. damage
4. consent
5. approval
6. politicians
7. sudden
8. organization

2071. My parents should give their consent for numerous reasons. Repeat.
2. My parents should give their consent for numerous reasons. Change:teachers.
3. My teachers should give their consent for numerous reasons. Change:
approval.
4. My teachers should give their approval for numerous reasons. Change:many.
5. My teachers should give their approval for many reasons. Change: lectures.
6. My teachers should give their lectures for many reasons. Change: will.

208

1. I always eat breakfast before I go to school. Repeat.
2. I always eat breakfast before I go to school. Change: work, bread.
3. I always eat bread before I go to work. Change: sometimes, a sandwich.
4. I sometimes eat a sandwich before I go to work. Change: bring, when.
5. I sometimes bring a sandwich when I go to work. Change: want, exercise.

2091. The reduction in the salary became a serious problem. Repeat.
2. Change: issue.
3. Change: was.
4. Change: budget.
5. Change: calculation.
6. Change: obligation.

210

211

1. We will wait until you are ready. Repeat.
2. We will wait until you are ready. Add: here.
3. We will wait here until you are ready. Add: totally.

212

1. We should check the contents of your purse. Repeat.
2. We should check the contents of your purse. Change: they.
3. They should check the contents of your purse. Add: red.
4. They should check the contents of your red purse. Change: bag.
5. They should check the contents of your red bag. Change: damage, to.
6. They should check the damage to your red bag. Change: know.
7. They should know the damage to your red bag. Change: expensive.
8. They should know the damage to your expensive bag. Add: serious.
9. They should know the serious damage to your expensive bag. Change: fix.
10. They should fix the serious damage to your expensive bag. Change: car.

213

1. As soon as you meet John, will you tell him the news, please? Repeat.
2. As soon as you meet John, will you tell him the news, please? Transform:
what.
3. Bring an umbrella when you go out. Repeat.
4. Bring an umbrella when you go out. Transform: what.
5. He will try playing soccer when he’s in England. Repeat.
6. He will try playing soccer when he’s in England. Transform: where.
7. Since mom is not home tonight, we will go out. Repeat.
8. Since mom is not home tonight, we will go out. Transform: when.
9. Whenever John visits, he always brings food. Repeat.
10. Whenever John visits, he always brings food. Transform: who.

214

215

1. Put medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Repeat.
2. Put medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Add: some.
3. Put some medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Add: please.
4. Please put some medicine on your burns to reduce the pain. Add: fresh.

216

1. The politicians have a contrast of opinions. Repeat.
2. The politicians have a contrast of opinions. Transform: who.
5. There are numerous people in the conference hall this week. Repeat.
6. There are numerous people in the conference hall this week. Transform:
when.
7. The minimum size they need is medium. Repeat.
8. The minimum size they need is medium. Transform: what.
9. Her dress and her shoes contrast. Repeat.
10. Her dress and her shoes contrast. Transform: what.

217

1. We have coped with all the problems we have encountered in the company.
2. Her mom is cleaning up the mess of my brother at home.
3. Tell your dad to go to the supermarket as soon as you get home.
4. Before I leave for Japan, I want to talk to all the employees here.
5. I have to take the keys back home because my sister needs them.
6. There are numerous reductions of employees in the factory.
7. My first obligation is to iron the clean clothes.
8. As soon as you meet John, will you tell him the news, please?

218

Please refer to the definition file.

219

220

221

1. A company should have enough budget for maintenance.
2. Finding a good lawyer is not easy.
3. The doctor’s finding regarding her condition is not good.
4. She has a lot of excuses not to go to the party.
5. Most people judge a person by the way they dress.
6. My father advised me that I should study in London.
7. The parking fee is just $3.
8. Joyce has an opportunity to go to Europe this summer.

222

9. The shop owner is negotiating with other business owners.
10. The function of credit cards is to pay easily without taking cash everywhere.
11. Students and teachers must follow the rules and regulations of the school.
12. The house rates in the city are very expensive.
13. There are a lot of important files that she lost in the office.
14. Water maintenance is one of the problems in the village.
15. The function of the machines is to make the worker’s job easy.

223

1. He advised us about the regulations of the company. Repeat.
2. He advised us about the regulations of the company. Change: she.
3. She advised us about the regulations of the company. Change: hotel.
4. She advised us about the regulations of the hotel. Change: maintenance.
5. She advised us about the maintenance of the hotel. Change: room.
6. She advised us about the maintenance of the room. Change: rate.
7. She advised us about the rate of the room. Change: told.

224

1. They don’t trust the findings of the doctors. Repeat.
2. They don’t trust the findings of the doctors. Change: believe, police.
3. They don’t believe the findings of the police. Change: we, know.
4. We don’t know the findings of the police. Change: judge, function.
5. We don’t judge the function of the police. Change: excuse, Brad.

225

1. opportunity
2. negotiate
3. regulation
4. maintenance5. condition226

1. Dad is trying to reduce our fees. Repeat.
2. Dad is trying to reduce our fees. Add: to negotiate.
3. Dad is trying to negotiate to reduce our fees. Add: school.
4. Dad is trying to negotiate to reduce our school fees. Add: my.

227

1. They have to study. Repeat.
2. Add: in London.
3. Add: the opportunity.

228

1. I told the secretary to keep the files. Repeat.
2. I told the secretary to keep the files. Change: my.
3. I told my secretary to keep the files. Add: old.
4. I told my secretary to keep the old files. Change: documents.
5. I told my secretary to keep the old documents. Add: always.

229

1. The student has many excuses for being late. Repeat.
2. The student has many excuses for being late. Transform: who.
3. The politicians are often judged by the people. Repeat.
4. The politicians are often judged by the people. Transform who.
5. Rules and regulations are not always followed in the city. Repeat.
6. Rules and regulations are not always followed in the city. Transform: where.
7. Finding a cheap place to stay in a big city is hard. Repeat.
8. Finding a cheap place to stay in a big city is hard. Transform: what.
9. He advised me to stay there last night. Repeat.
10. He advised me to stay there last night. Transform: when.

230

Please refer to the definition file.

231

232

233

1. We cracked the wood.
2. You have to watch your step if you want to stay in this place longer.
3. An annual check of the building is done every January.
4. What’s the hurry? We still have thirty minutes.
5. She’s upstairs.
6. Wait. Let me get my things upstairs.
7. The children are swimming in the pool.

234

8. They sang altogether during the event.
9. You’re talking so loud in the library.
10. You don’t have to worry because your temperature is normal.
11. She truly loves her cats.
12. She has an opportunity to study and work abroad.
13. His kick broke the door.

235

1. There were many guests here during the annual conference. Repeat.
2. There were many guests here during the annual conference. Change: people.
3. There were many people here during the annual conference. Change:
examination.
4. There were many people here during the annual examination. Change:
students.
5. There were many students here during the annual examination. Change:monthly.
6. There were many students here during the monthly examination. Change:
program.

236

1. He cracked the new wall upstairs with a hard kick. Repeat.
2. He cracked the new wall upstairs with a hard kick. Change: chair, punch.
3. He cracked the new chair upstairs with a hard punch. Change: broke, table.
4. He broke the new table upstairs with a hard punch. Change: you, downstairs.
5. You broke the new table downstairs with a hard punch. Change: expensive,
powerful.
6. You broke the expensive table downstairs with a powerful punch. Change:
bike, outside.

237

1. Dad likes to work.
2. My dad likes to work.
3. My dad likes to work abroad.
4. My dad truly likes to work abroad.

238

1. It’s a day at the pool. Repeat.
2. It’s a day at the pool. Add: just.
3. It’s just a day at the pool. Add: normal.
4. It’s just a normal day at the pool. Add: altogether.

239

1. I was in a hurry while she was just swimming in the pool. Repeat.
2. I was in a hurry while she was just swimming in the pool. Transform: where.
3. The secretary is now asking for our annual payment. Repeat.
4. The secretary is now asking for our annual payment. Transform: who.
5. I am truly happy to finally study abroad. Repeat.
6. I am truly happy to finally study abroad. Transform: where.
7. Those boys are very loud inside the library. Repeat.
8. Those boys are very loud inside the library. Transform: who.
9. These clothes are fifty dollars altogether. Repeat.
10. These clothes are fifty dollars altogether. Transform: what.

2401. crack /æ/
2. loud /ɑʊ/3. upstairs /ʌ/4. rate /ɛɪ/
5. judge /ʌ/
6. fee /i/
7. pool /u/241

1. You should watch your step when working with her. Repeat.
2. You should watch your step when working with her. Change: must.
3. You must watch your step when working with her. Change: playing.
4. You must watch your step when playing with her. Change: them.
5. You must watch your step when playing with them. Change: have to.

242

1. The children are singing very loud at the park. Repeat.
2. The children are singing very loud at the park. Change: door.
3. The children are singing very loud at the door. Change: shouting.
4. The children are shouting very loud at the door. Change: students.
5. The students are shouting very loud at the door. Change: pool.

243

Please refer to the definition file.

244

245

1. Is your house near a convenience store?
2. Only five percent of the students failed the test.
3. The percentage of female students in the school is 60%.
4. He doesn’t like physical labor.
5. The release of prisoners yesterday is dangerous for everyone.
6. This town has lots of natural resources.
7. The heavy rain spoiled the show.

246

8. She’s an only child – that’s why her parents spoiled her.
9. I enjoy the comforts of my home.
10. The chicken sandwich is now sold out.
11. Mr. Smith established the company.
12. A beautiful lady occupied the 5th room on the second floor.
13. Our new place is very convenient.

247

1. It is convenient to live in the city. Repeat.
2. It is convenient to live in the city. Change: town.
3. It is convenient to live in the town. Change: nice.
4. It is nice to live in the town. Change: stay.
5. It is nice to stay in the town. Change: was.
6. It was nice to stay in the town. Change: mountain.
7. It was nice to stay in the mountain. Change: horrible.

248

1. He established the organization fifteen years ago. Repeat.
2. He established the organization fifteen years ago. Change: company.
3. He established the company fifteen years ago. Change: two.
4. He established the company two years ago. Change: they.
5. They established the company two years ago. Change: centuries.
6. They established the company two centuries ago. Change: owned.

249

1. My cousins love the comfort of our house. Repeat.
2. My cousins love the comfort of our house. Change: friends, convenience.
3. My friends love the convenience of our house. Change: enjoyed, party in.
4. My friends enjoyed the party in our house. Change: spoiled, place.
5. My friends spoiled the party in our place. Change: classmates, show.
6. My classmates spoiled the show in our place. Change: program, school.

250

1. The tickets are sold out.
2. The tickets are not sold out.
3. The tickets for the event are not sold out.
4. The tickets for the event are not sold out yet.

251

1. They paid for the labor. Repeat.
2. Add: him.
3. Add: hard.
4. Add: $20.

252

253

1. Thirty percent of the people occupying the building are happy. Repeat.
2. Thirty percent of the people occupying the building are happy. Change:
twenty.
3. Twenty percent of the people occupying the building are happy. Change:
families.
4. Twenty percent of the families occupying the building are happy. Add: very.
5. Twenty percent of the families occupying the building are very happy. Add:
not.

254

1. The percentage of the male population in the city is higher than in the town.
Repeat.
2. The percentage of the male population in the city is higher than in the town.
Transform: where.
5. Thirty percent of the resources are damaged. Repeat.
6. Thirty percent of the resources are damaged. Transform: how much.
7. It is more convenient to ride a train than a car. Repeat.
8. It is more convenient to ride a train than a car. Transform: what.
9. My grandparents spoiled me. Repeat.
10. My grandparents spoiled me. Transform: who.

255

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

256

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

257

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

258

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

259

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

260

1. Ask the student to read the sentences.
2. Correct the student’s pronunciation.

261

1. opportunity
2. negotiate
3. regulation
4. maintenance5. condition262

1. He advised us about the regulations of the company. Repeat.
2. He advised us about the regulations of the company. Change: she.
3. She advised us about the regulations of the company. Change: hotel.
4. She advised us about the regulations of the hotel. Change: maintenance.
5. She advised us about the maintenance of the hotel. Change: room.
6. She advised us about the maintenance of the room. Change: rate.
7. She advised us about the rate of the room. Change: told.

263

1. He cracked the new wall upstairs with a hard kick. Repeat.
2. He cracked the new wall upstairs with a hard kick. Change: chair, punch.
3. He cracked the new chair upstairs with a hard punch. Change: broke, table. -4. He broke the new table upstairs with a hard punch. Change: you, downstairs.
5. You broke the new table downstairs with a hard punch. Change: expensive,
powerful.
6. You broke the expensive table downstairs with a powerful punch. Change:
bike, outside.

264

1. It is convenient to live in the city. Repeat.
2. It is convenient to live in the city. Change: town.
3. It is convenient to live in the town. Change: nice.
4. It is nice to live in the town. Change: stay.
5. It is nice to stay in the town. Change: was.
6. It was nice to stay in the town. Change: mountain.
7. It was nice to stay in the mountain. Change: horrible.

2651. Dad is trying to reduce our fees. Repeat.
2. Dad is trying to reduce our fees. Add: to negotiate.
3. Dad is trying to negotiate to reduce our fees. Add: school.
4. Dad is trying to negotiate to reduce our school fees. Add: my.

266

1. I was in a hurry while she was just swimming in the pool. Repeat.
2. I was in a hurry while she was just swimming in the pool. Transform: where.
3. The secretary is now asking for our annual payment. Repeat.
4. The secretary is now asking for our annual payment. Transform: who.
5. I am truly happy to finally study abroad. Repeat.
6. I am truly happy to finally study abroad. Transform: where.
7. Those boys are very loud inside the library. Repeat.
8. Those boys are very loud inside the library. Transform: who.
9. These clothes are fifty dollars altogether. Repeat.
10. These clothes are fifty dollars altogether. Transform: what.

267

1. crack /æ/
2. loud /ɑʊ/3. upstairs /ʌ/4. rate /ɛɪ/
5. judge /ʌ/
6. fee /i/
7. pool /u/268

1. It’s a day at the pool. Repeat.
2. It’s a day at the pool. Add: just.
3. It’s just a day at the pool. Add: normal.
4. It’s just a normal day at the pool. Add: altogether.

269

1. They paid for the labor. Repeat.
2. Add: him.
3. Add: hard.
4. Add: $20.

270

271

1. The student has many excuses for being late. Repeat.
2. The student has many excuses for being late. Transform: who.
3. The politicians are often judged by the people. Repeat.
4. The politicians are often judged by the people. Transform who.
5. Rules and regulations are not always followed in the city. Repeat.
6. Rules and regulations are not always followed in the city. Transform: where.
7. Finding a cheap place to stay in a big city is hard. Repeat.
8. Finding a cheap place to stay in a big city is hard. Transform: what.
9. He advised me to stay there last night. Repeat.
10. He advised me to stay there last night. Transform: when.

272

1. Water maintenance is one of the problems in the village.
2. The function of the machines is to make the worker’s job easy.
3. His kick broke the door.
4. You don’t have to worry because your temperature is normal.
5. The release of the prisoners yesterday is dangerous for everyone.
6. A beautiful lady occupied the 5th room on the second floor.
7. The percentage of female students in the school is 60%.
8. The shop owner is negotiating with other business owners.

273