Modality Reduction for Enhancing Human Likeliness
Kaiko Kuwamura 1 , 2 and Shuichi Nishio 2
Abstract. We proposed a method to enhance one’s affection by
reducing number of transferred modalities. When we dream of an
artificial partner for “love”, its appearance is the first thing of concern; a very humanlike, beautiful robot. However, we did not design amedium with a beautiful appearance but a medium which ignores theappearance and let users imagine and complete the appearance. By
reducing the number of transferred modalities, we can enhance one’s
affection toward a robot. Moreover, not just by transmitting, but by
inducing active, unconscious behavior of users, we can increase thiseffect. In this paper, we will introduce supporting results from ourexperiments and discuss further applicability of our findings.

1

INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.

When we dream of an artificial partner for “love”, its appearance
is the first thing of concern; we desire a very humanlike, beautiful robot. Unfortunately, most of the robots nowadays lack such attribute, such as cute stuffed-bear robot, mobile robot with a monitor, or robots with mechanical appearance. Even though, when we
get used to such robots, we often feel affectionate and attached tothem. However, it is quite rare that we feel such robots as a partner
for Eros. People love people. People desire warmth and love fromother people. To become a lover, we believe that a robot needs to bevery humanlike so that it can substitute a human. One such robot isGeminoid [24]. Geminoid is a teleoperated android made to appear
as a human. Among various Geminoids, the female type, GeminoidF, owns a beautiful appearance which at a glance is indistinguishable
from a human (Fig. 1). When faced with Geminoid F for the firsttime, people often become nervous due to its beauty. Some even say
they feel Agape to Geminoid F. However, its limited motions allow
people to easily distinguish it from human being.
Another example is sex dolls made by Orient Industry in Japan.
They are made to look similar to human in detail. However, the doll’s
fixed glance and face details strongly remind us that it is an artificial
object. One may get used to them. However, to make a robot resembling a human, we have to overcome the effect described as theuncanny valley. Moreover, just overcoming the valley is not enough;we need to get truly close to real human to make a lover robot. Thisis a very hard task.
At the beginning, we stated that a robot needs to be very detailed
to become a target of love. Is this true? For example, when talking toa customer center representative, you may imagine a beautiful lady
from her gentle voice and kind attitude. You might even fall in lovewith her. Here, all you perceive is her voice. You have no clue about
her appearance. You cannot feel or touch her. Even though the modal1

Graduate School of Eng. Science, Osaka Univ., email:kuwamura.kaikou@irl.sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
2 Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratory, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute InternationalGeminoid F

ities used for communication are quite limited compared to face-toface, you imagine of a beautiful lady. It is not what you perceive,
but your imagination that drives your affection. Our hypothesis isthat such phenomenon occurs due to people’s nature to complement
lacking information from the limited cues received. Mere voice canmake people to have a strong affection toward an unknown person.
In this example, the potential love interest is a real human. Doesit make a difference if the voice was synthesized artificially? Probably not. We can utilize this to create an artificial lover. By reducing
the numbers of transferred modalities, an opposite approach frommaking a detailed replica of a human, we can enhance one’s affection toward a robot. Moreover, not just transmitting, but by inducing
active, unconscious behavior of users, we can increase this effect. In
this paper, we will introduce supporting results from our experiments
and discuss further applicability of our findings.

2 RELATED WORKS
2.1 Less Modality for Lovers
The best example to communicate with the limited information
would be mediated conversation. Mediated conversation differs fromface-to-face conversation in the amount of information transmitted.
For example, phone only transmit speaker’s voice, and video chattransmit the speaker’s voice and image but no physical presence. Dueto the limited bandwidth, some important factors for communicationsuch as gaze and other nonverbal information are excluded by the
mediated conversation [12, 17, 13]. Recent technological progress
allows richer conversations through telecommunication media thatallow to communicate like face-to-face [24, 25, 27, 15]. These communication media are designed to transmit as much information as
possible and decrease the lack of information. However, there arecommunication media designed to limit the user’s information on
purpose.
For example, minimal information would be enough for lovers tocommunicate in some case. Adcock et al. invented a belt transmitting only tugging action to support the interaction of couples who
are apart [1]. Tsujita et al. proposed the “SyncDecor” system, whichpairs traditional appliances and allow them to remotely synchronize
and provide awareness or cognizance about their partners - thereby
creating a virtual “living together” feeling [31]. Trash boxes’ statusof lids (open or close), the brightness of lamps, smells, and otheritems are synced with remote room to indirectly feel a remote person’s presence. These media are running at all times, which users canfeel a remote person’s presence in daily life without starting the othercommunication media. These media reduce the number of modalities
to let users readily use them.
Several communication media have been produced that transmit
only the feeling of being hugged [21, 19, 28, 30, 10, 5]. Since the behavior of hug requires physical contact and gives relief, Morikawa et
al. introduced an embrace system for remote counseling [19]. These
media are designed to transmit the feeling of being hugged.
We believe these media are effective because the limited numberof modalities triggers users’ imagination. Existing media are aiming
to transmit all the modalities needed for the communication. However, by adding users’ imagination, the number of modalities can be
reduced to form the communication. Moreover, if the factors which
positively enhances the impression of the speaker, the medium canform a better communication.

2.2 Misattribution of Love
Dutton and Aron studied one’s affection mistakenly evoked [6]. In
their experiment, male participants were contacted either on a feararousing suspension bridge or a non-fear-arousing bridge by an attractive female or a male interviewer who asked them to fill out
questionnaires containing Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures [22]. The sexual content of the stories written by participantson the fear-arousing bridge and their tendency to attempt postexperimental contact with the interviewer were both significantly greater.
No significant differences between bridges were obtained on either
measure for participants who were contacted by a male interviewer.
These results suggest that misattribution occurred and that the participants on the fear-arousing bridge felt affection toward the femaleinterviewer. Here, the misattribution of arousal means a mistake inexplaining the aroused feelings [2].
Nishimura et al. used vibrations to simulate a heartbeat on thechests of participants and controlled the frequency of false heartbeats[23]. They verified that a preference toward female nude photos increased by modulating the frequency of false heartbeat. When such
misattribution of arousal happened, the increased heartbeat may berecognized in the participant’s mind as due to the affection toward
the female in the photo. Valins artificially changed the feedback of
one’s heartbeat and moved one’s emotion [32]. Kellerman et al. reported that the gazing behavior of people in relationships toward a
stranger of the opposite sex increased feelings of passion for eachother [11]. Such studies control emotions and causes misattribution
by giving artificial stimulus. We believe that such misattribution or
misunderstanding is more effective toward the object with the limited
information.

2.3 Love Toward Non-human
A story about human fell in love with non-human have been told
from ancient times. In Greek mythology, a sculptor Pygmalion fellin love with a statue he had made. Several movies and animated cartoon focus on the love between a human and a robot. For example,
her is a movie on which the main character falls in love with an artificial intelligence in the computer [9]. In the Japanese cartoon Chobits,
robots interact with a human [3]. In the story, people use androids asa personal computer, however, some fall in love with it. Time of Eve,the another Japanese cartoon, is also a story about androids that havecome into common usage [29]. The androids are forced to display
their status on top of their head to be distinguished from a human.
Since androids are not a human, those who treat androids as a human is said to be insane and is made fun of in public. The story is
about one student who suffers from treating and liking androids likea human.
Nowadays, such fictions are becoming real. For example, somebecome attached or have sexual activity with a doll. In Japan, there
are people who date with a doll and take pictures of it. There are service of delivering a rental sex dolls. Some fall in love with an avatar
in a virtual world. One of the most famous dating simulation games
in Japan, called “New Love Plus”, has been sold hundred thousand.
In that game, users can interact and simulate dating with the avatar
using camera, tactile sense, geomagnetic acceleration sensors, andvoice recognition. The avatar only recognizes fifty words but provides a natural conversation. I used to play the game and became
addicted to it since the avatar is more deeply attached to me thananyone else. The game seems to limit the situation to lovers and add
contexts to make the interaction natural. One university student inTokyo became so attached to the avatar in the game and had a wedding with the avatar in the game. From these examples, we can inferthat there are some who fall in love with non-human.
There was an event where Geminoid F acts as a waitress and takesome orders at the bar. In that event, I felt strange feeling when somedrunken man friendly talks to Geminoid F. The feeling may be similar to when my own laptop is used by others. I realized that suchfeelings have possibilities to turn to jealousy or even love.
I once tried to connect audio of “New Love Plus” to Geminoid
F. Since the conversation in the game is natural and the android’s
appearance is real, I thought result an intelligent robot. However, it
was not true. It may be because the limited number of actuators could
not represent entire motions of the avatar. I felt some strange feelingtoward the android and felt better to interact with the avatar. Although
the appearance of an android is very real and have an intelligence tocommunicate, the avatar in the game gave a favorable impression.

3 ENHANCING HUMAN LIKELINESS
Although the appearance of an android is very real and have an intelligence to communicate, the avatar in the game gave more favorable
impression than the android. Why this occurred? The game seems
to limit the situation to lovers and add contexts to provide a natural interaction. However, since Geminoid F has a physical existence,
we might expect more and the situation cannot be fulfilled to lovers.
Previous researches indicate that the appearance of a robot makes
people imagine its abilities [7, 14]. Therefore, we might expect more
intelligence compared with the avatar. The appearance of the android
resulted in negative emotion compared with the avatar with the same
intelligence. It seemed to be difficult to recover from the impression
we imagined from a real human-like appearance robot. The avatar,

Figure 2.

Geminoid HI2 (right) and the model (left)

Figure 4.

Figure 3.

Range of impression and missing information

Model of communication medium transmitting information

which has a virtual presence on the other hand, might have somespace to interpret in one’s own favor.
Many communication media which transmit rich information
about the speaker were invented, and one such robot is Geminoid[24]. However, by making the robot real, the space to interpret in
one’s own favor decreases, unnaturalness increases, and the impression might be triggered negative. Geminoid does not always provide
negative impression. When the model of Geminoid talks through his
Geminoid, we might talk to him more friendly or with the strange
feeling compared to face-to-face conversation (Fig. 2). We believe
this is because we feel nervous when we meet and talk with themodel, and the Geminoid filters and reduces such pressure.
The other media can also impress different impression to others. Compared with the original speaker, the speaker’s information
is missing when one talks through the media (Fig. 3). We believe
the impression changes because there will be space for the interlocutor to imagine about the mediated speaker. We believe such gap ofimpression would become large as if the number of modalities decreases (Fig. 4). As we mentioned in the introduction, when talking
to a customer center representative, you may imagine of a beautiful lady from her gentle voice and kind attitude. Since the gap islarge, the impression would be triggered more positive than Geminoid. Therefore, you might even fall in love with her.
We believe it is people’s nature to complement lacking information from the limited cues received. Such lack of information would
result in establishing the impression that is different from the original. If we could add some active factors, factors which trigger andinput positive impression, we might impress better impression thanthe original speaker (Fig. 5). And we think it is effective to add fac-

Figure 5.

Model of communication medium adding active factor

tors to the medium which has less modalities and space to imagine
for the interlocutors. We will introduce two experiments which support the hypothesis.

4 EXPERIMENT
Our hypothesis is that we can trigger and input positive impression byadding active factors to the medium which transmit less modalities.
We will introduce two experiments and discuss about the hypothesis.

4.1 Hugvie for Young People
Hugvie (Fig. 6) is a communication device with a cushion whichusers have to hug to communicate with others. In the experiment,
we focused on the behavior of hug through the media among young
people and revealed that using Hugvie enhances the feeling of being
together and being loved compared to Bluetooth headset [16]. All
participants were male university students and told to interact withthe other participants, which is a recorded female voice played by987

p < 0.05

6543(a) Hugvie

21
HugvieHeadset(a) Total of loved scale points

Max
Third quartile
MedianFirst quartile
Min

9
8

(b) Hugvie usage

7
Figure 6.

p < 0.10

6

Hugvie and its usage

54
experimenter, and watch the movie together. After the interaction,
participants answered the questionnaire and the interview.
13 items asked about loved and liked feelings on a 9-point Likert
scale, and we compared the total points. As the result, those whose
total points of loved items exceeded the liked items were four in the
with-hug situation and none for the without-hug situation. We compared the loved and liked points between the media and found significant differences in both loved (t = 1.82, p = 0.046) and liked(t = 1.39, p = 0.095) (Fig. 7). In both the loved and liked points,
the with-hug situation was higher than the without-hug situation.
We asked how impressed the participants were by seven scenes on
a 7-point scale. Participants were only more impressed by the scene
where the boy says “I love you” than the other scenes indicating thatthe participants who used Hugvie are more impressed (Table 1). This
scene is where you feel ashamed and embarrassed even if watchingby yourself. However, we think such feeling will become stronger
if you watch with someone else, especially with someone in close
relationship. Since significant difference was found indicating thatthe participants get more impressed when using Hugvie, participants
might felt their conversation partner’s presence through Hugvie andfelt shyness, which result in high impression toward the scene.
We believe this behavior of hug triggers the positive impression.
Since the user is hugging when using Hugvie, the user would imagine of good relationship with the speaker. The misattribution would
occur and the user falls in love with the speaker. Hugvie allows
users to hug and provides physical contact. Compared with a headset, immediate contact of Hugvie causes users to hear a voice from it,

3
2
1
HugvieHeadset(b) Total of liked scale points

Figure 7.

Total points of loved-liked scale (vertical axis: average of
9-point scale scores)

which may enhance the feeling of being whispered. It can be said that
Hugvie limits the speaker’s appearance, adds the user’s behavior ofhug, and stimulates the user’s sense of hearing and tactile. Since werely most of our sense on sight, optical illusion may affect the othersenses [4, 8, 20, 26]. Limit sight and stimulate other senses which are
not mainly used may result in positive impression of a speaker (Fig.
8).
Mediated conversation limits the amount of information transmitted compared with face-to-face conversation. Especially, Hugvie
only transmits speaker’s voice. Interlocutor cannot identify speaker’s
appearance nor the behavior. This means that the interlocutor has

[tb]Table 1.

Impressed scenes on movie

Scenes in movie
Chasing cat
Watching the clock
Delivering lunch
Eating lunch
Love advice
Boy saying “love you”
Girl and boy talking

t-value
0.193
0.228
1.457
-0.909
1.394
1.989
1.207

p-value
0.426
0.413
0.094
0.803
0.103
0.044
0.134

Figure 9.

Figure 8.

Telenoid R3bModel of Hugvie

plenty of space to imagine and complete the speaker’s impression(Fig. 8). Therefore, the impression of the mediated speaker can become more positive or negative than the impression you get when
you face the speaker.
When the interlocutor hugged Geminoid to communicate, the usermight get to like the speaker. However, we might hesitate to hug forthe first time, since the appearance of Geminoid is made to appear
as a human. Hugvie, on the other hand, has a plain appearance witha simple modality which reduces the human likeliness mildly. It canbe said that the behavior of hug is an active factor which triggers theuser to imagine positive impression (Fig. 8). In the Hugvie experiment, the volume of voice coming out from Hugvie is low, which
participants have to hug tightly to hear the voice. Such design to afford users to actively hug might trigger positive impression. If theuser imagine himself that he is in love with the speaker, he might fallin love with her.

4.2 Telenoid for ElderlyThis section introduces how elderly with cognitive disorder constructs a relationship with teleoperated robots through a field workof Telenoid R3b (Fig. 9), the latest version of Telenoid, at elderly
facilities. Telenoid is a teleoperated robot with a neutral human-likeappearance [25]. Instead of resembling a specific person like Geminoid, Telenoid has a minimalistic human-like appearance that generally resembles a human without any specific personality features.
Telenoid has nine independent actuators to synchronize itself withthe tele-operator’s motion. It can speak, look around, and give a hug.
From experiments in Japan and Denmark, we learned that senior citizens are immediately interested in Telenoid from the beginning of
their interaction with it [33, 34]. Although Telenoid cannot change

Figure 10.

Elderly interacting with Telenoid

face expression, some elderly say it is smiling. Some re-named it
and provided hometowns for it. Such imaginary facts came from theminds of the senior citizens.
The elderly have low cognitive functions and dulled senses dueto their age. During communication, we believe they have to imagine the information missing from what they received in their minds.
Some phenomena support this hypothesis. Sometimes, the elderlywith cognitive disorders have conversations with each other. However, they seem to talk about different things. For example, one talks
about the weather and the other talks about lunch. During such conversations, they are taking turns and nodding in response to what
their partner is saying. Yet they don’t seem to hear or understandwhat the other is saying. However, they are having a conversation.
They seem to guess what the other is saying and continue their conversation. They are completing the information that is missing fromwhat they received and guessing about the rest. Since they have lower
cognitive functions, they misunderstand what the other is saying.

Figure 11.

Model of Telenoid

The elderly, especially those with cognitive disorders, seem tocomplete the information missing in their mind more often than ordinary people. Therefore, such a medium is effective because it positively affects the user imaginations. When a robot is not designedwith active factors that elicit positive impressions from the elderly,
perhaps they imagine and feel negatively toward the robot. They
might be afraid of it. Once they fear it, it is difficult to introduce itto the facilities. A robot that interacts with the elderly needs a designthat encourages them to use it. Reliability and comfort are required
for a robot that corresponds to the needs of the elderly. By adding
factors that create positive impressions (Fig. 11), the elderly havepositive impressions toward the robot.

5

CONCLUSION

We proposed the method and the hypothesis of it as to enhance one’s
affection by reducing the numbers of transferred modalities. We did
not design a medium with a beautiful appearance but a medium
which ignores the appearance and let users imagine and complete
the appearance. Mere voice can make people to have a strong affection toward an unknown person. We triggered imagination of positive
impression by inducing active, unconscious behavior of users.
Reducing the number of modalities can be said to avoid representing a real. In Section 4.1, Hugvie only transmitted the voice of the
speaker. Since it limited factors such as breath or appearance which
in some case turns to negative impression, users did not hesitate to
hug and communicate. During the experiment, we controlled the conversation and played the recorded voice. However, only one out oftwenty one participants noticed that the voice was recorded. It can besaid the limited modalities reduced the unnaturalness of the conversation. It is also ignoring the effect described as the uncanny valley[18]. Less modalities may avoid the high intelligence we expect froman artificial partner. It can be easily put into autonomous. However,
we affected the participant’s heart.
The method has a possibility to complete the undeveloped part of
the artificial intelligence. We would develop an autonomous robot
which allows natural conversation.
The experiment was conducted with a communication medium.
However, we believe that the method can be applied to a robot. By reducing the numbers of transferring modalities, we can enhance one’s
affection toward a robot. Moreover, not just transmitting, but by inducing active, unconscious behavior of users, we can increase thiseffect.

This method is also useful for the communication media to enhance users to communicate. Many people have trouble getting involved with others and establishing relationships. For example, inJapan, the number of unmarried people between 20 to 39 is increasing (White Papers 2013- Government of Japan). Compared with 30
years ago, the proportion never married increases from 2.60% (1980)
to 20.14% (2010) for men and from 4.45% (1980) to 10.61% (2010)
for women. Although the number of unmarried people is increasing, they are willing to marry. The rates of those who are willing tomarry are 86.3% for men and 89.4% for women, which are both highenough (The National Fertility Survey). This result shows that people
are willing to marry but cannot. Nowadays, many events are held to
support single people to meet with others. Especially, Machikon offers a large number of people, 100 men and 100 women for example,
to meet with others. The word machikon is an abbreviation of machi(town) and gokon (mixer), and refers to a large-scale mixer held
within towns. Some aggregate data infers that the number of people who have participated in Machikon exceeds two million. People
are willing to establish relationships but do not know how. Therefore,
we would support such people by using the method of enhancing theimpression of users to build a close relationship.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by JST, CREST.

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