Outlines ofGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1. Background and Objectives of “Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in EastAsia”
1) Background
East Asia region, whose economy has been rapidly growing, has seen the increase in emissions of air
pollutants such as SO2 and NOx, which are also acidifying species, Volatile Organic Compound (VOC),and particulate matters, leading to rising concerns of their environmental impacts. Also, tropospheric ozone,
partly generated through the chemical reaction process involving NOx and VOC, has attracted attention asregional air pollution, and there have been reports on the increase in its concentrations, and effects onplants. Fine particulate matter is another pollutant of concerns in many countries.
This serious condition of air pollution not only impedes the sustainable development in each country in the
East Asia region, but may also affect the air quality of neighboring countries or the background level on a
global scale. Large point sources of air pollutants are also large point sources of greenhouse gas.
In order to take science-based effective policy measures against these air pollutants, basic informationnecessary to assess reduction potentials and control measures and to establish reduction targets should beorganized as a starting point. So far, a few sets of emission inventory, including global-scale one, which is
one form of such basic information, have been developed in East Asia by respective governments andresearchers. However, there were no agreed methodologies of developing emission inventory, which would
improve the transparency and comparability of inventory. This guidelines (hereinafter “the Guidelines”) aredeveloped with the aim to establish the common methodologies of developing emission inventory.
2) Objectives
Effective management of atmospheric environment at regional level is becoming more urgent in East Asia,
as shown, among other things, by the increase in tropospheric ozone concentrations. To handle long range
transports of air pollutants, analyses based on emission inventory and simulation models are especiallycritical. Such analyses will be much more simplified and useful, once the methodologies can bestandardized across the region. Also through cooperation in preparing emission inventory, national capacity
could be developed for the measurement of emission and emission factor as well as application ofinventory and models. These can result in contribution to both environmental protection in each country
and reduced long range transports of air pollutants.
3) Framework of Guidelines
The Guidelines are constituted as follows.
Composition of Chapters

Constitution of Calculation Methods

The Guidelines consist of chapters

Calculation methods of each sector areSOx,corresponding to each sector (fuelclassified into a simple method and aNMVOC, NH3, TSP,

combustion, fuel leakage, industrial

detailed method. Each method is composed

PM10,process, solvent & product uses,of estimation of emission, estimation ofBC(Blackagriculture,activity data, setting of emission factor andOC(Organic Carbon),calculation of temporal change & spatial

CO2, CH4, N2O

forestfires,

disposal and natural sources).

waste

Target Pollutants
NOx,CO,

PM2.5,Carbon),distribution.

22. What is Emission Inventory?
Emission Inventory is the inventory that shows the source and the volume of air pollutant’s emissions
within a specific period of time. It is an indispensable tool used for the design and implementation relatedto air pollution measures.
1) Quantitative understanding of actual emissions
The quantitative emissions estimates provided by inventory
promote a better understanding of the actual emissions and help
to raise the awareness of both policy makers and the generalpublic. Through this process, the major emission sources can beidentified, priorities for emission reduction can be defined andany data gaps requiring additional work are revealed.
2) Use for modeling activity
Emission data allocated spatially and temporally can be used as
input data for atmospheric transport and deposition models. The
air concentration and deposition estimates obtained by model
simulations, after verification with monitoring data on the ground,
will be important information for air quality management
decision-making. These results can be used to establish effective
air pollution control measures to attain environmental quality

FigDistribution

mapofstandard, through comparison between the simulated results andemission inventory in Vietnam

TSP

the standard, or to assess the likely adverse impacts to humans,
animals, crops and natural ecosystems.
3) Future projection & air quality management measures
The inventory data is estimated from activity data fromsocio-economic statistics and emission factor. The future
emission is estimated based on forecast of socio-economic indices(e.g. population growth, economic growth, changes in energy use
per unit activity), and effects of ongoing and possible measures
including reduction of emission factors and/or fuel switching. The
estimated future emissions provide important information for
setting air quality management plan.
4) Consideration of possible technologies
Emission inventory enables easier comparison of emissions
beforeandafter

introductionofvarioustechnologies.

Fig NOx simulation result in Hanoi

Furthermore by evaluating and comparing the cost of various
technologies and the effectiveness in reducing emissions, thosetechnologies with higher cost effectiveness can be selected.

33. Emission Estimation Method
In general, emissions of air pollutants are estimated by the following basic formula for each source category,when it is difficult to measure them directly. Details of emission estimation method are explained in theGuidelines.

Emission=Emission Factor xActivity DataExample
 SOx emission per the amount of fuel burnt,
calculated based on the sulfur content of fuel, the The amount of fuel burnt (fuelcombustion)

sulfur retained in the ash and the reduction

 The distance of vehicle travelled

achieved by emission control technology (fuel(exhaust gas emissions fromcombustion)

vehicles) NOx emission per unit distance of one vehicle

 The production amount of thetravelled (exhaust gas emissions from vehicles)

commodity (industrial process SOx emission per the amount of copper smelted

without combustion)(copper smelting)1) Emission Factor
Emission factors are the average rate of emission of a pollutant per unit of activity data for a given category.
When there is no emission factor reflecting the actual local situation, default values in manuals can be used.
However, if the default factor is considered to be inappropriate, it is preferable to obtain an emission factor
that reflects the real situation by direct measurement etc.
The reduction level and the deployment rate of technical measures have to be reflected in the emission
factor or the formula, as introduction of countermeasures reduces the emission.
In these Guidelines, the values from “GAP Forum Manual”, “EMEP/EEA Guidebook”, “USEPA AP-42”,“COPPERT” and so on, are cited for emission factors, such as the default values or the values specified bycontrol technology, etc.
2) Activity Data
Activity data indicates the extent of activity causing emissions. Required data can be basically collectedfrom statistics and surveys. Within these Guidelines, the statistics data of a targeted country have given firstpriority. If no data exists in the country, then use international statistical data in principle.

4. Sectors and Categories
The Guidelines are described corresponding to each sector shown below. Each sector (e.g. IndustrialProcess) comprises individual categories (e.g. Mineral Products) and sub-categories (e.g. Cement Industry).
Final product of inventory would be built up from the sub-categories, because accurate estimates can only
be made at this level and because this detail information makes inventory more useful to policymakers.
SectorCategory (corresponding page

Main sub-categoriesof the Guideline)
Fuel

Energy industry (page 3-3 ~)Electricity & heat supply industry, Oil refinery etc.
4combustion

Manufacturing(Stationary

Construction industry (page 3-3source)~)industry,Small scale facility(page 3-3Steel, non-ferrous metal, chemical industry, etc.

Residential houses, Commercial and public services,~)

Agriculture/forestry, Fishery, etc

Off-road (page 3-3 ~)Off-road equipment in manufacturing, constructionindustry, off-road vehicles used in agriculturalindustry, etc.

FuelCars (page 3-44 ~)Passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.

combustion

Aircrafts (page 3-86 ~)Civil passenger aircrafts, Civil freight aircrafts(MobileNavigation (page 3-94 ~)Cargo vessels, container vessels, passenger ship,etc.

source)Railways (page 3-108 ~)Diesel, gas and steam locomotives

Leakage from solid fuel, such as

Coal exploration & handling, Leakage from solid fuelFossilFuelLeakagecoal (page 4-4 ~)Leakagefrom crude

oil& Oil exploration survey, production, loading, oil

natural gas (page 4-20 ~)refining, storage, oil product distribution, Natural gas
exploration,production,loading,refining,transportation
Industrial

Mineral products (page 5-5 ~)Process

Cement industry, Lime industry, Bricks industry,
Construction & demonlition, etc.

Chemical products (page 5-36 ~)Ammonia manufacturing, Adipic acid manufacturing,
Carbon black manufacturing, etc.

Metal products (page 5-59 ~)Steelindustry,

Coppermanufacturing,Leadmanufacturing, Storage, processing, transportation inmetal manufacturing, etc.
Other

Solventanduseuse

product

manufacturing

Paper&pulp

manufacturing,Food,drink(page 5-103 ~)manufacturing, Wood processing industry, etc.

Paint application (page 6-2 ~)Manufacture of automobiles, Construction andProductbuilding, Domestic use, Boat building, etc.
Metal & other surface treatment

Metal

degreasing,Electroniccomponents(page 6-10 ~)manufacturing, other industrial cleaning

Dry cleaning (page 6-13 ~)Dry cleaning

Chemical product manufacturing

Polyester processing, Polyvinylchloride processing,(page 6-16 ~)Polyurethane foam processing, Rubber products, etc.

Printing (page 6-23 ~)Printing

Household solvent use (pageHousehold solvent use (except paints)

6-28 ~)
Other product use (page 6-31 ~)Glass wool coating, Fat, Edible and non-edible oil5

extraction, Application of glues and adhesives, etc.
Agriculture

Livestock (page 7-3 ~)Livestock excreta, Livestock housing, Fermentationindigestive tract

Agricultural soils (page 7-19 ~)Fertilizer use in agricultural soils, etc.

Open burning of savanna (pageOpen burning of savanna

7-24 ~)
Open burning of crop residues

Open burning of crop residues(page 7-30 ~)Forest fires

Forest fires (page 8-1 ~)Vegetation

Waste

Solid waste disposal (page 9-3 ~)Landfill site

Disposal

Biological treatment (page 9-3 ~)Compost, Sludge

Incineration (page 9-4 ~)Incinerators, Open burning, Small incinerators andothers

Waste water treatment (page 9-32

Waste water treatment~)
Others (page 9-33 ~)Anthropogenic source, wild animal

NaturalVegetation (page 10-1 ~)Land-use of each vegetation classification

SourceVolcanoes (page 10-9 ~)Volcanoes

Soils (page10-10 ~)Land-use of each soil classification

5. Outlines of Sectors and their Potential Data Sources
Examples of main activity and sources of activity data are as follows;
Sector Name

Main Activity / Example of Sources of Activity Data (Sources)

Fuel combustion

This sector’s emission sources are various activities of the fuel combustion;
Stationary sources are classified as Energy Industry, Manufacturing constructionindustry, Others (commerce facility, public, residential, agriculture, forestry, fishery).
Mobile sources are classified as Cars, Aircrafts, Ships and Railways.
Sources: energy statistics of each country, energy statistics of IEA, etc.

Fossilfuelleakage

This sector's emission sources are the non-combustion activities such as extractions,processing, storage, transportation and use of fossil fuels.
Sources: statistics data of each country, etc.

Industrial

This sector’s emission sources are the various industrial process activities without theprocess

fuel combustion. The main emission sources are the processes of converting raw
material into products chemically or physically. Industrial processes are often
intricately interrelated to the fuel combustion.
Sources: statistics data of each country, Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook, etc.

Solvent & other

This sector’s emission sources are NMVOC which are evaporated from solvent use andproducts use

other product use. The NMVOC emission by manufacturing the solvent itself is6

calculated in the Industrial Process Sector.
Sources: statistics data of each country, Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook, etc.
Agricultural

This sector’s emission sources are livestock, field burning of savanna, field burning ofactivities

crop residues and fertilizer use, etc.
Sources: statistics data of each country, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data,etc.

Forest fireThis sector’s emission sources are forest fires, grassland fires, etc.
Sources: statistics data of each country, etc.

Waste treatment

This sector’s emission sources are the incineration of Municipal waste, Industrial waste
and Toxic industrial waste, and open burning.
Sources: statistics data of each country, etc.

Natural sources

This sector’s emission sources are NMVOC emissions from vegetation, SOx emissions
from volcanoes, NOx and NH3 emissions from soils.
Source: Data of “Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations(GLCNMO)”, “Smithsonian Global Volcanic Network”

6. Example of Application and Utilization of Emission Inventory
Emission inventory is now regarded as an indispensable tool for air quality management and otherenvironmental measures such as chemical management. The emission inventory is utilized for"confirmation of actual emissions situation" and "emissions projections". Furthermore, it is utilized for"environmental impact assessment", "implementation of emission control measures" and "development ofpolicies to control emissions" by combining with a simulation model.

Source: http://www.acap.asia/acapjp/doc/emissionjp.pdf
Fig. Roles of emission inventory for air quality management

77. Future Tasks
There are not sufficient datasets of well-examined emission factors in the East Asia region. In many sectors,
the emission factors measured in Western countries (Europe and North America) are being used asalternatives. Therefore, it is important to establish East Asian specific emission factors to better reflect theregion’s situation. When selecting sectors and pollutants for emission factor estimation, the sectors andpollutants with large emission in the East Asia region should be chosen.
In order to refine emission inventory, not only the development of emission factors but also theimprovement in assessment accuracy of activity data is required. The status of organization of statistical
data and its accuracy depends on each East Asian country. However, it is important to actually developemission inventory in order to improve the accuracy of emission inventory. The practice to develop
emission inventory will help identify the challenges, and improve emission calculation methods.
SupportGuideline
updateDevelopmentofthe Inventory ineach countryFeedback
Development of East
Asia-specificemission factors

Dissemination of Guidelines
Refinement of Inventory

Improvement
anddevelopment of eachcountry's statistical dataFig. Relationship between “dissemination of the Guidelines” and “refinement of emission inventory”

By sharing the experience with other East Asian countries and in vice versa, and receiving feedback fromother East Asian countries, the capacity to develop emission inventory in the whole East Asia region will bedeveloped. For this purpose, the followings would be necessary in the future; development and distributionof the spreadsheet of emission inventory format, development of the check-tree for main emission sources,
comprehension of the contribution rate of each pollutant/ each sector, quantification of uncertainties,
establishment of inventory development cycle, and so forth.

 Ministry of the Environment of Japan Cooperation: JAPAN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CENTER
Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP)
SUURI-KEIKAKU CO., LTD.
 Acknowledgement: The outcome of a bilateral project between Japan and Vietnam is reflected, asappropriate, in drafting the first version of the Guidelines.
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