The Series of Environmental Radioactivity Measuring Methods
AS-E(No.35)Generic Procedures for Environmental
Sampling in Emergencies

Published in June 2021
Radiation Monitoring Division
Radiation Protection Department
The Secretariat of
Nuclear Regulation Authority

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of environmental sampling in emergencies ................................................... 3
2.1 Workflow of sampling ........................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Required amounts of environmental samples........................................................................ 4
2.3 Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 5
2.4 Containers for samples .......................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Identification of the collected samples .................................................................................. 7
2.6 Record of sampling ............................................................................................................. 10
2.7 Packing and shipping........................................................................................................... 11
2.8 Radiation protection of monitoring personnel ..................................................................... 11
2.9 Attentions............................................................................................................................. 12
Chapter 3 Environmental sampling procedures (issues common to every sampling) ......................... 14
3.1 Prevention of equipment contamination ............................................................................. 15
3.2 Protection of monitoring personnel .................................................................................... 17
3.3 Measurement of dose rate................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Transportation of collected samples ................................................................................... 28
3.5 Acceptance of collected samples ........................................................................................ 30
3.6 Contamination inspection of monitoring personnel ........................................................... 34
Chapter 4 Environmental sampling procedures (first prioritized materials)........................................ 42
4.1 Air 42
4.1-a Using air monitor/iodine sampler .............................................................................................. 43
4.1-b Using transportable sampler ...................................................................................................... 48
4.2 Soil ..................................................................................................................................... 56
4.3 Drinking water .................................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 5 Environmental sampling procedures (second prioritized materials) ................................... 70
5.1 Milk .................................................................................................................................... 71
5.2 Vegetables ........................................................................................................................... 73
5.3 Precipitation (rainwater) ..................................................................................................... 76
5.4 Water samples (other than drinking water) ......................................................................... 80
5.5 Agricultural and livestock products .................................................................................... 83
5.6 Seafood and algae ............................................................................................................... 85
5.7 Sediment ............................................................................................................................. 87
Checklist

89i

A1 Equipment common to all sampling .................................................................................... 91
A2 Equipment for air sampling ................................................................................................. 93
A3 Equipment for environmental sampling .............................................................................. 94
Sampling record form .......................................................................................................................... 95
B1 Air ...................................................................................................................................... 97
B2 Soil ...................................................................................................................................... 99
B3 Water ................................................................................................................................. 101
B4 Milk .................................................................................................................................. 104
B5 Vegetables ......................................................................................................................... 106
B6 Agricultural and livestock products .................................................................................. 108
B8 Sediment ........................................................................................................................... 110
Records of radiation exposure and contamination measurements ..................................................... 113
Explanation 117
Explanation A - Effects of non-uniform distribution of radioactive materials in a measuringcontainer on γ-ray spectrometry ...................................................................................... 119
A.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 119
A.2 Evaluation method ................................................................................................................... 119
A.3 Examination .............................................................................................................................. 120
A.4 Results and discussion ............................................................................................................. 122
A.5 Conclusion 122
Explanation B - Estimation of sampling depth sufficient for inventory estimation taking into
account the depth profile of Cs-137................................................................................. 124
Explanation C - Number of sampling points and reliability in soil sampling ......................... 126
C.1 Soil sampling in fallout surveys .............................................................................................. 126
C.2 Soil sampling during a nuclear disaster accident...................................................................... 126
Reference document .......................................................................................................................... 129
Reference A - Additives for the preservation of water samples .............................................. 131
Reference B - Results of interviews with emergency monitoring workers at TEPCO's Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident ............................................................................. 133
Appendix

135

Appendix A - Emergency monitoring...................................................................................... 137

ii

Chapter 1 Introduction
In case of an abnormal or possible release of radioactive materials or radiation at a nuclear facility,
the emergency environmental radiation monitoring (hereinafter referred to as “emergency
monitoring”) will be conducted under the following guidelines: the “Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness and Response Guidelines (partially amended on October 28, 2020)” and the“Emergency Monitoring Guidelines (Supplementary Reference Materials for Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness and Response Guidelines), revised on July 5, 2019, Radiation Monitoring Division,
Radiation Protection Department, Nuclear Regulation Authority,” which were established by the
Nuclear Regulation Authority.
Emergency monitoring can be divided into three phases: initial monitoring, mid-term monitoring,and recovery phase monitoring. During initial monitoring, it is essential to collect samples
promptly because the results will be used to make decisions on protective measures. This manual
describes the sampling procedures for environmental samples during initial monitoring, fromsampling preparedness to sample acceptance.
Significant differences between normal monitoring and emergency monitoring are as follows: First,
the person in charge of sampling must be protected from radiation. Second, the collected samples
must be protected from cross-contamination because they may be contaminated with radioactive
materials. Third, personnel who have not previously engaged in monitoring work may have to
conduct emergency monitoring in the situation. Considering these situations in emergencies, thismanual has been prepared to facilitate prompt and easy sampling in emergencies.
This manual consists of five chapters. Following the introduction in Chapter 1, Chapter 2
describes the basics of sampling in emergencies. Chapters 3 to 5 describe the procedures requiredat actual sampling locations. (Chapter 3 includes contamination prevention of equipment common
to each sampling, protection of monitoring personnel, and measurement of dose rates. Chapter 4
describes the sampling procedures for the sample types to be collected with priority in the initialmonitoring, and Chapter 5 describes the sampling procedures for the sample types to be collected
as needed).
Checklists of equipment required for sampling and sampling record forms are shown as examples.
In addition, the format of the external exposure dose and surface contamination measurement
records for monitoring personnel is also shown in the examples. The effects of non-uniform
distribution of radioactive materials in the measuring container in γ-ray spectrometry and othereffects are described as explanations, and additives for preserving water samples are described as
references. The appendices include an overview of emergency monitoring and definitions of terms
that are desirable to understand when conducting emergency monitoring. For more information
about the pretreatment of collected samples, refer to the series of environmental radioactivity
measuring methods No. 24, “Preparation of Samples for Gamma-ray Spectrometry in
Emergencies.” For the measurement, refer to the corresponding reports in the series ofenvironmental radioactivity measuring methods.
As for mid-term and recovery phase monitoring, the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness andResponse Guidelines state that “further consideration should be given to the nature of mid-termmonitoring and recovery monitoring in the future.” Although further consideration is needed, thesampling method should be viewed and implemented as being at the stage of transitioning frominitial monitoring to regular monitoring. While promptness is considered to be the most criticalaspect of initial monitoring, the transition to the mid-term and recovery phase monitoring requires
more reliability. For more information about sampling with more reliability, it is advisable to referto the series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods No. 16, “Generic Procedures forEnvironmental Sampling,” and use the appropriate method for each period in conjunction with this1

manual.
Note that this manual can be used if emergency monitoring efforts are undertaken before theEmergency Radiological Monitoring Center (EMC) is set up.

2

Chapter 2 Fundamentals of environmental sampling in emergencies
In emergency monitoring, when environmental samples (precipitation, soil, food, drink, andothers) are collected, one of the significant differences from normal monitoring is the need forradiation protection for the person in charge of sampling. In addition, since the sampling area may
be contaminated, one must always be careful to avoid contamination while transporting and storing
the samples.
2.1 Workflow of sampling
In emergency monitoring, the Emergency Response Center (ERC) of the Nuclear Regulation
Authority (NRA) formulates an emergency monitoring implementation plan, and the EMC
conducts emergency monitoring. In case of an emergency, the EMC measurement and analysis
staff will collect environmental samples in accordance with the instructions from the EMC
Planning and Coordination Group.
[Formulating an emergency monitoring implementation plan and instructions]
Workflow
1
2

3

ERC formulates the emergency monitoring implementation plan
EMC prepares emergency monitoring instructions based on the implementation plan
Note: The instructions are prepared by the EMC Planning and Coordination Group andsent to the person in charge of measurement and analysis after approval by the EMC
Director.
EMC conducts emergency monitoring[Sampling in emergency monitoring]1

Workflow*Reference chapters are indicated in parentheses [ ].
Review the contents of the emergency monitoring instructions.

2

Confirm necessary equipment.

3

Confirm operation of equipment.

4

Cover equipment (including monitoring vehicles) (prevention of contamination) [3.1].

5

Radiation protection measures for persons in charge of sampling (selecting protective
equipment and wearing electronic personal dosimeters) [3.2].
Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.

6
7
8

Measurement of dose rate in the vicinity of the sampling location (to confirm safety and to
grasp the situation of the sampling location) [3.3].
Sampling (in parallel, filling out sampling record forms and assigning identification codes)

9

Pack samples

10

Checking for omissions in the sampling record forms

11

Cleanup of sampling locations (clearing away equipment used)

12
13

Move to the analytical laboratory, activity site, and the like. [3.4].
Dose inspection of collected samples (screening inspection) [3.5].

14

Sample delivery

15

Record radiation exposure and contamination measurements of monitoring personnel [3.6].

3

[Contents of the instructions]
Items that EMCs should consider when preparing instructions for environmental sampling
include followings:
 Protective equipment required for monitoring personnel
 Dose control standards for monitoring personnel (exposure dose limits, withdrawal dose rates,and other standards)
 Sample name
 Date of sampling (including information on sampling period, sampling frequency, and otherinformation)
 Sampling location (latitude and longitude)
Note: Desirable to describe in units of 0.1 seconds (approximately 3 m).
 Sampling method (for soil: sampling area, number of sampling points, sampling depth, andthe like) Sampling amount (for air: sampling flow rate, integrated flow volume, and other amounts)
 Measures in stormy weather (e.g., amount of rainfall to halt sampling in the field)
 Special notes (items that require special attention from the sampling time for proper
measurements, such as separate sampling for radioactive iodine) Guideline for determining “highly concentrated sample” in screening inspections of samples
Note: If it is difficult to indicate numerically, use a guideline such as “when the alarm soundof the measuring instrument changes from an intermittent sound to a continuous sound.” Guideline for contamination during surface contamination inspection of monitoring personnel
2.2 Required amounts of environmental samples
When collecting environmental samples for radioactivity analysis, the critical factor is the amountof sample to be collected. In the initial monitoring, it is desirable to minimize the sampling amount(e.g., approximately one measuring container for soil) in order to reduce sampling time andhandling of the samples. The minimum amount of sampling required should be determined byconsidering information such as the concentration of radioactive materials, radionuclides to beanalyzed, and analysis methods. If conditions at the sampling location permit, 1.5 to 2 times theminimum amount may be collected, including reserves.
Table 2-1 shows the relationship between measurement time, sample amount, and quantifiablelevels of iodine-131, cesium-137, and cesium-134 using a germanium semiconductor detector.

4

Table 2-1 Relationship between measurement time, sample amount, and minimum detectable
activity by germanium semiconductor detector in samples collected after the accident at TEPCO's
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

I-131 Quantifiable Level
sampleMeasurement Time

sampleamountunit

10 min. 30 min. 1 hour

10 hours（Ref.）

air

1 m3

6

4

3

0.8

Bq/m3

soil

140 g

240

140

100

30

Bq/kg

350

200

150

50

Bq/L

110

70

50

20

Bq/L

drinking
89 g
water
drinking
2000 gwater

Cs-137 Quantifiable levelCs-134 Quantifiable level

samplesampleamountMeasurement Time
Measurement Timeunit
10 hours
10 hours
10 min. 30 min. 1 hour
10 min. 30 min. 1 hour
（Ref.）（Ref.）

air

1 m3

6

soil
140 g 190
drinking
89 g
280
water
drinking
2000 g 90
water

3

2

0.7

8

5

3

1

Bq/m3

110

80

30

200

120

90

30

Bq/kg

170

120

40

310

180

130

40

Bq/L

60

40

20

100

60

50

20

Bq/L

(Note) Amount of air sample: the amount of air sucked through materials such as filter paper(Note) Relative efficiency of germanium semiconductor detector: approximately 30% to 40%* Refer to the series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods No. 24, “Preparation of
Samples for Gamma-ray Spectrometry in Emergencies.”
2.3 Equipment
Equipment needed to collect environmental samples in an emergency include followings:(a) Radiation protection equipment(b) Equipment for location confirmation and communication(c) Equipment for measuring dose rate(d) Equipment for sampling(e) Equipment for management records
Equipment should be ready for operation at all times. Periodic inspection of equipment should bemade to check operation and replenish items such as consumables and spare parts. Examples ofnecessary equipment are shown below. See the [Checklist] in this manual for details.
(a) Radiation protection equipment
 Electronic personal dosimeter (measurable range: 0.01 mSv to 100 mSv, preferably with analarm)
 Survey meter for surface contamination inspection* GM Counting Tube Survey Meter (for β- and α-ray measurement)* ZnS(Ag) scintillation survey meter (for α-ray measurement) Protective equipment for workers (protective clothing, dust-proof masks, half-face masks,
5

gloves, protective shoes, and the like) Medical kit (adhesive plasters, gauze, bandages, scissors, gloves, bags, anti-diarrhea
medicine, and the like)(b) Equipment for location confirmation and communication
 GPS (It is desirable to select a GPS capable of measuring up to 0.1 seconds (approximately
3 m).
 Map
 Flag or tape to mark the site (to indicate that samples are being collected)
 Telecommunication equipment (diversify as much as possible, such as mobile phones,
satellite mobiles, wireless equipment, and tablet devices)
Note: It is advisable to check the radio wave conditions of communication devices during
normal situations.
(c) Equipment for measuring dose rate Survey meter for γ-ray (for low dose rate, the unit is dose rate)* NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter
Note: CsI(Tl) scintillation survey meters are also available for low dose rates.
 Survey meter for γ-ray (for high dose rates, the unit is dose rate)* Ionization chamber survey meter
Note: For high dose rates, silicon semiconductor survey meters are also available.
(d) Equipment for sampling Sampling equipment (air samplers, other samplers, knives, sickles, and the like) Sample storage containers (such as polyethylene bags and polyethylene bottles)
 Wiping paper (for wiping sample storage containers, sampling equipment, and the like)(e) Equipment for management records
 Equipment operation manual Procedure manual Sampling record form
 Camera
2.4 Containers for samples
When selecting sample storage containers, consider the material, size, structure, and whether thecontainer is appropriately sealed, and minimize the number of containers and instruments toprevent cross-contamination. When samples are collected, the container (or polyethylene bag)
containing samples should be taped with a sample identification code written on it using apermanent marker (or a QR code may be printed on it using a label maker). Writing theidentification code directly on the container and the like, is a good temporary measure, but caremust be taken to ensure that the identification code does not disappear due to things like friction.
Container material
properties
Opening andsealing containers
Pre-cleaning ofcontainers

 The sample storage container must not break or leak during use ortransportation, and the material of the container must not chemicallyreact with the sample.
 Consider whether the sample can be easily inserted and whether there are
any sealing issues.
 Do not reuse sample storage containers, and always use new containers.
 New plastic containers, including extra containers, should be cleaned andprepared in advance.
 Storing extra sample storage containers is useful. Empty containers canassure the quality of measurements and analyses.

62.5 Identification of the collected samples
The importance of properly identifying the collected samples throughout the survey process
makes assigning a unique identification code useful. An identification code with information suchas sample type and sampling location distinguishes the sample from samples collected at otherlocations. Samples repeatedly collected at the same location can be distinguished by the samplingdate. Further, assigning an identification code to samples collected in addition to the target sample
for reference data together at the same location facilitates linking to the target sample. The
identification code should be set appropriately according to the actual sampling conditions at the
EMC. Examples of information for identification codes are shown below.
[Examples of information for identification codes]
Information for
Codeidentification
Number of Sampling Number (symbol) assigned to the sampling team, institution orteam (Institution)organization
The sampling date is attached.
Sampling date
(Example) January 11, 2021: 20210111
Sampling location
Number (symbol) assigned to each sampling location
Consecutive numbers to be assigned when collecting the same sample typemultiple times on the same date, at the same location, by the same sampling
team, separated by a time interval
Number of times

Sample type

Sample No.
(or applications)(Example) If a sample is collected in the morning and the same sample
type is collected again in the afternoon at the same location, the sample
collected in the morning is numbered “1,” and the sample collected in theafternoon is numbered “2”. The default value is “1”.
Number (symbol) assigned to each sample type
A series of numbers assigned when collecting multiple samples of the same
sample type on the same date, at the same location, and by the same
sampling team at the same time. Multiple samples may be also identified
by the use.
(Example) A sample for radioactive iodine collected separately from awater sample should be marked with “-I,” and the other samples should beleft blank.

7

Information for
identification

Code
The following two methods are examples of identification when multiple
samples are measured and analyzed together.
(a) A serial number to be assigned to each group when collecting multiple
samples on the same date, at the same location, at the same time, andby the same sampling team is measured and analyzed as a group.

(a) Group No.
(Example) If there are groups A, B, and C for soil, snow, or other items
that need to be analyzed in conjunction with each other, the samples
belonging to A should be numbered “1”, those belonging to B should
be numbered “2,” and those belonging to C should be numbered “3.” A
sample is left blank if no sample is to be analyzed together.
(b) Number (symbol) to be attached when sampling together at the same
location, in addition to the target sample, to be used as reference data.

(b) Supplementary
samples(Example) An identification code can be assigned to the soil sample
with plants and snow present in the following method, but it should be
noted that even plants and snow are managed in the database as soil forthe sample type.
Plant: “soil identification code” + “-P”
Snow: “soil identification code” + “-S”

It is essential to identify and store samples properly during initial monitoring since it will help
identify them in case of re-analyses. The remarks column should note when multiple samples arelinked together or there are supplementary samples. In addition, spreadsheet software or databasemanagement system software should be used to create a database so that identification codes allow
for managing the data from the point of sample collection to the data evaluation at the EMC.
The use of QR codes may help manage identification codes. Label makers, for example, facilitatecreating QR codes. QR codes should be readable by smartphones and tablet devices.

8

[Example of QR code]
Note: This QR code contains “sample type, sampling location,
sampling date, sampling team, number of samples collected,
sample number, and branch number.”Multiple samples or samples collected
together at the same sampling location in
addition to the target sample should be
stored together in a sealable container for
convenience. Samples already measured
and residual one may be stored together.

[Example of sample management]

92.6 Record of sampling
Information on environmental sampling should be recorded on the sampling record form. Correct
any writing errors by striking them out with a single line. In order to facilitate photocopying, do
not use color ink. Take pictures to document the sampling locations and work conditions. Take
pictures of sampling locations from multiple directions with landmark objects.
The sampling record includes the following information for example.
 Name of the person who made the record Sampling date and time
 Weather conditions at the sampling time Names of persons responsible for and in charge of sampling Sampling location information (e.g., latitude and longitude, map, pictures) The dose rate at the sampling time
 Type of sample (e.g., soil, drinking water)
 Status of sampling (e.g., composite, a handful, separate samples for radioactive iodine) Preparation work performed (e.g., removing foreign materials)
 Unique identification code for the sample

102.7 Packing and shipping(1) Packing and shipping of samples
Seal the sample storage container with tape, write the sample identification code on the tape witha permanent marker (or print out the QR code using, e.g., a label maker), and place the samples inindividual polyethylene bags. Further, pack them in polyethylene bags, and be sure to double up
the bags. Pack samples in cardboard boxes or some boxes to prevent individual samples frombumping into each other, rotating or falling. See [3.4] of this manual for specific procedures fortransporting samples.
When requesting a carrier to transport samples, place the sample in a transportation container andpack it securely. When placing a sample in a transportation container, place a cushioning material(urethane foam, rubber, or similar elastic material) at least 2.5 cm thick between the sample
container and the walls of the transportation container, and pack the bottom of the transportation
container with cushioning material to a minimum thickness of 5 cm. When multiple samples areplaced in a transportation container, cushioning material should be placed between each sample
container or between the sample container and the divider to prevent damage to the sample
containers. Affix a label with the sender's and recipient's information (e.g., contact name and phone
number) legibly on the outer surface of each transportation container. Write handling instructions
on the transportation container if necessary. When a carrier transports a sample, send the samplingrecord to the recipient by e-mail or other means.
(2) Delivery and acceptance of samples
When receiving samples to a delivery destination (analytical laboratory, activity site, and thelike.), cover the delivery entrance with a sheet or something similar, and conduct a screening
inspection of the delivered samples on the sheet. When placing the NaI(Tl) scintillation survey
meter or similar instrument close to the delivered sample, if “the alarm sound of the measuring
instrument changes from an intermittent sound to a continuous sound,” or a guideline event occurs,
treat the sample as a “highly concentrated sample.”
Personnel conducting contamination inspections must wear protective equipment (e.g., protective
clothing, safety glasses, gloves, shoe covers) as instructed. In addition, preparation for receiving
samples should include setting up a sample storage area, a place for pretreatment, and otherfacilities. Refer to [3.5] of this manual for instructions on receiving samples.
2.8 Radiation protection of monitoring personnel
When sampling in an emergency, monitoring personnel must take protective measures to avoid
external exposure to radiation and internal exposure through inhalation of radioactive materials asmuch as possible. Monitoring personnel must wear protective equipment as instructed, such asprotective clothing, protective caps, gloves, safety glasses, respiratory protection (dust-proof mask,
half-face mask), and safety shoes. Some respiratory protection is fitted with activated carbon filters
as a measure against radioactive iodine. In addition, take stable iodine tablets when instructed.
Prepare disposable rain gear in case it rains or snows during work. Since rain and snow may containradioactive materials from the air, wearing rain gear over protective clothing can reduce theamount of rain and snow adhering to the protective clothing. In addition, disposable rain gear
would be useful if radiation protection measures are needed in a hurry.
The longer the on-site sampling time, the greater the exposure dose. Confirm the workflow inadvance to complete the work as quickly as possible. In addition, during sampling in summer, takeperiodic breaks and hydrate appropriately. As a rule, do not drink water in contaminated outdoors,
except in cases of sudden illness. If no suitable indoor area is available, rehydrate in a car. Whenrehydrating, be careful of contaminated hands and protective equipment, and avoid inhaling
particles such as dust.
11

Wear an electronic personal dosimeter or similar device to measure individual exposure doses.
In an accident involving the release of radioactive materials, such as an accident at a nuclear reactor
facility, measure the dose rate at the sampling location with, e.g., a NaI(Tl) scintillation survey
meter. In addition, measure and grasp the dose rate at all times, even while on the move.
In accidents involving neutron emission, such as at nuclear fuel fabrication facilities, measure thedose rate with equipment such as a survey meter for neutron radiation.
The Guidelines for Establishment of the Emergency Monitoring Center Version 3 (June 25, 2019,
Radiation Monitoring Division, Radiation Protection Department, Nuclear Regulation Authority)
specifies that “The center director should comply with the regulations on safety management suchas individual exposure limits of each member institution.” From the viewpoint of efficient andappropriate management, grasp the dose control standards at the organizations to which monitoring
personnel belong, and establish the management methods in advance. Monitoring personnel must
understand and comply with the management methods.
For the protection of monitoring personnel, refer to [3.2] and [External exposure dose and surface
contamination measurement records C1] in this manual.
2.9 Attentions
Take the following precautions when sampling.
(1) When sampling, select a team leader within the sampling team. In addition, clearly define
the division of roles by assigning a “Driver,” “Hot staff,” and “Cold staff” (see the tables
below). The driver acts as the Cold staff if the sampling team consists of two persons. If
there are more than three members in the sampling team, assign additional Cold staff to theteam. Avoid contact between the Hot and Cold staff in a car whenever possible. Becauseradioactive contamination is invisible, contamination can spread unnoticed through staff. For
this reason, divide the role of Hot and Cold staff to prevent the spread of contamination bylimiting the number of staff who have direct contact with the samples.
Role Name
DriverHot staff:
Personnel to actually collectsamples

Main Role Driving a car (avoid working outside the car.) Measurement of dose rate Sampling Clean up equipment used
Note: If there are more than three members in a team, theCold staff measures the dose rate.

Role Name

Main Role

Cold Staff:
Personnel not to actually collectsamples(Excluding a driver inprinciple).

 Recording Packing samples
 Loading samples into vehicles
Note: The Cold staff assigns an identification code to thesample container.

(2) To avoid cross-contamination between samples, the person in charge of sampling should
always use gloves (e.g., rubber gloves) and dispose of them after each sampling.
(3) During sampling, pay attention to airborne dust and other materials that were re-suspended
from the ground surface, as inhaling them may cause internal exposure.
(4) Use sampling equipment (e.g., shovels) only once and dispose of them to avoid cross12

contamination. When reusing sampling equipment, wash it with deionized water, wipe itwith paper towels, dry it, and then use a survey meter to confirm that the equipment is freeof contamination.
(5) Since moisture may evaporate during transportation and the weight of the sample may
change, weigh the sample promptly after sampling. However, in the initial monitoring, thepromptness of sampling is a priority, so do not measure the sample weight at the sampling
location unless instructed in advance.
(6) Conduct screening inspections of samples when delivering the samples. Screening inspectionof samples when they are loaded into vehicles should not be mandatory but should be
conducted if possible depending on the situation, since it may not be possible to conduct
such inspection due to the influence of the dose rate at the sampling location and from theviewpoint of prioritizing promptness.
(7) Cover the interior of the monitoring vehicle with plastic sheets and the like. For preventionof equipment contamination, refer to [3.1] of this manual.
(8) Handle soil samples with care since they are considered to have higher radioactivity
concentrations than other samples (e.g., load soil samples in the rear of the vehicle, awayfrom vehicle seats).
(9) The highest priority in sampling is the life or health of the monitoring personnel. Never takea risk to collect a sample. Always be aware of possible accidents at the site and takenecessary preventive measures. Always use appropriate protective equipment for monitoring
activities. Be familiar with the use of protective equipment.
(10) If it is difficult to collect the samples according to the instructions, inform the EMC
measurement and analysis staff, and ask for instructions. If communication is difficult, thesampling team leader will decide to make changes.
(11) Suspend work and turn back if the instructed dose control standards are exceeded or are
likely to be exceeded during monitoring activities.

13

Chapter 3 Environmental sampling procedures (issues common to every sampling)
This chapter describes the procedures required at sampling locations, which are common to eachsampling process: prevention of equipment contamination, protection of monitoring personnel,
measurement of dose rate, transportation of samples, delivery and acceptance of samples, andcontamination inspection of monitoring personnel.

143.1 Prevention of equipment contamination

Environmental sampling procedures
3.1

Prevention of equipment contamination

Objective
It is assumed that the emergency monitoring area will be highly contaminated in emergency
monitoring. Therefore, the collected samples must always be considered potentially contaminated.
Care must be taken to prevent cross-contamination, and the necessary contamination prevention
measures must be taken to protect the equipment used.
❏ NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter: Cover with a polyethylene bag.

[Example of covering NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter]
Note: When covering survey meters and the like, make adjustments so that the readings do not
become difficult to read or the power supply does not become difficult to turn on and off.
Note: When transporting measuring instruments such as survey meters, be sure to load them ina designated place inside the vehicle. Do not place them on the floor where they can be easily
contaminated.
Note: When there is a possibility of neutron emission due to a criticality accident and the like,the detector may be activated by neutron radiation, be sure to note the effect on the indicatedvalue of the detector.
Note: Inspect equipment used for contamination measurement to confirm that the equipment is
not contaminated (i.e., that it does not affect measurement). If contamination affects themeasurement, consider decontamination, replacement of contaminated parts, and the like,depending on the situation.
Contamination prevention of monitoring vehicles❏Cover seats and floor surfaces in the vehicle to the extent that they do not interfere with driving.

15

❏Take the following measures to prevent bringing contamination from outside into the vehicle.
a) The driver should concentrate on driving and refrain from working outside the vehicle.
b) Wear shoe covers when exiting the vehicle, and replace shoe covers before getting into thevehicle after activities outside the vehicle, or cover the shoe covers with a plastic bag before
getting into the vehicle to prevent contamination inside the vehicle.
c) If possible, have a different pair of shoes for inside and outside the vehicle.
d) In principle, circulate the air inside the vehicle internally.

[Example of covering inside a vehicle]
Note: Cover the driver's seat to the extent that it does not interfere with driving.
Handling of equipment at sampling location❏To facilitate smooth operations at the sampling location, organize equipment used at the site incontainers.
❏Keep “hot” and “cold” equipment in separate containers.

[Example of equipment organization]

16

3.2 Protection of monitoring personnel

Environmental sampling proceduresProtection of monitoring personnel

3.2

Objective
Monitoring personnel should engage in monitoring only after taking adequate protective measures
to protect themselves from external exposure due to high dose rate radiation from outside andinternal exposure due to inhalation of radioactive materials and to prevent contamination of theirbodies.
Protective equipment❏Protective equipment
Protective clothing, protective caps, gloves, safety glasses, respiratory protection (dust-proof mask,
half-face mask, activated carbon filter fitted), and safety shoes (boots are preferable.)*Colored protective clothing is used in the photos for clarity.

[Dust-proof mask][Protective clothing][Rubber gloves][Safety shoes (boots type)][Shoe covers]17

Exposure dose control❏Electronic personal dosimeter (example)(Usage notes)❏Electronic personal dosimeters may be affected by radio waves from cellular phones and otherdevices and may perform false counts. Keep the electronic personal dosimeters at least 30 cm awayfrom any device, emitting radio waves. Direct-reading electronic personal dosimeters withcountermeasures against electromagnetic radiation are also commercially available.
Protective equipment wearing procedure❏Wear protective equipment before departure.
Procedure*Colored protective clothing and adhesive tape are used in the photos for clarity.
1

2

Review instructions regarding protective equipment.
Inspect protective equipment, other equipment, and materials.
[Checklist] Check for holes in the inner gloves (check by blowing air into the gloves).
 Check for tears in protective clothing.
 Check the operation of the electronic personal dosimeter (confirm that the indicated value
has been reset).
Note: Inner clothing should be made of cotton or other sweat-absorbent material to facilitate
wearing protective clothing over it.
 Note: Inner clothing should have pockets for electronic personal dosimeters.

18

Procedure*Colored protective clothing and adhesive tape are used in the photos for clarity.
Take off shoes and place the hems of trousers into socks (cotton work socks).

3

Fasten the border between the hem of the pants and the socks with adhesive tape.

4Note: Slightly fold back the edges of the tape tomake it easier to remove.
Note: Make sure that there is room for the ankles, knees, lower back and hip joint to bend freely
before fasting with adhesive tape.
Turn on the electronic personal dosimeter and attach it (ensure it is properly oriented).
For males: chest
For females: abdomen
519Procedure*Colored protective clothing and adhesive tape are used in the photos for clarity.
Put on inner gloves.
Note: Put on the inner gloves to cover the cuffs of theclothing worn under the protective clothing.
6
Note: Cotton gloves may be worn under the innergloves.

Wear protective clothing.

7

Fasten the border between the cuffs of the protective clothing and the inner gloves withadhesive tape.
Note: Make sure that there is room forshoulders and elbows to bend freely before
fasting with adhesive tape.

8Note: Slightly fold back the edges of the tapeto make it easier to remove.
Put on outer gloves.
Note: Outer gloves do not need to be fastenedwith adhesive tape.
9Note: Change outer gloves, if necessary, e.g.,after taking a sample. Make sure not to
contaminate the inner gloves when doing so.

20

Procedure*Colored protective clothing and adhesive tape are used in the photos for clarity.
Wear a mask.

10

Wear a hat or protective clothing hood.

11

Put on shoes and shoe covers.

12

Note: Make sure that there is room for ankles, knees, lower back and hip joints before
fasting show covers with adhesive tape.
Note: Slightly fold back the edges of the tape to make it easier to remove.
Note: When working outdoors, wear shoe covers and replace them as needed.
Alternatively, cover the shoe covers with a plastic bag when entering a vehicle to prevent
contamination of the vehicle interior.
21

Note: During snow and freezing weather, consider safety using covers with a non-slip
surface.
Note: Shoes may be disposed of upon return.
Indicate sampling personnel name and the name of the sampling team on the front and backof the protective clothing.

13

Note: The worker's name can be written directly on the protective clothing with an oilbased marker or with adhesive tape with the name written on it.
Note: Marking the height of 1 m above the ground on the protective clothing with oil-based
magic marker can be used as a guide to adjust the height from the ground when measuringdose rates at the sampling location.

22

Notes on work
❏The longer the sampling time at the site, the greater the exposure dose, so confirm the workflow
in advance so that the work can be completed in a short time.
❏Particularly during sampling in summer, take regular breaks and rehydrate appropriately. As arule, do not rehydrate in contaminated outdoors, except in cases of sudden illness. If there is nosuitable indoor location, rehydrate inside the vehicle. When rehydrating, avoid contaminating hands
and protective equipment and inhaling dust.
❏Monitoring activities in protective clothing in an area where residents live would give amisleading impression that the area is dangerous. To prevent such misunderstanding, instead ofprotective clothing, wear general anoraks, and the like, which have a certain degree of function toprotect monitoring personnel from surface contamination.

23

3.3 Measurement of dose rate

Environmental sampling procedures
3.3

Measurement of dose rate

Objectives
Recording the sampling conditions is important for analyzing the measurement results of thecollected samples. In particular, the dose rate around the sampling location is highly importantbecause it may be related to the radioactivity concentration of the sample. It is also useful for
determining individual exposure doses and is therefore important information from the viewpointof radiation protection.

❏NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter (example)❏Ionization chamber survey meter (example)

24Selection of detector
 In general, NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meters, which can accurately measure radiation at
background levels (low dose rates), are used.
 Ionization chamber survey meters are suitable when measuring high dose rates where NaI(Tl)scintillation survey meters cannot be used.
Dose rate

Equipment used

<10μSv/h

 NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter≧10μSv/h

 Ionization chamber survey meter Clarify the unit of the measured value since some doses are expressed in Gy or Sv.
 Avoid contaminating measuring instruments when handling survey meters in an emergency [see3.1].
Measurement procedure

1. Confirmation before measurement
Procedure1Turn on the survey meter.

2

Check the remaining battery level and HV (displayed automatically).
Example: BATT. = ■■■■ → HV=OK and the like.
Note: Replace the batteries when the remaining battery indication falls below 1/2.
Note: Ensure that the units of measurement are appropriate.

3

Set the measurement range (some models set it automatically.)
Note: Set the value so as not to exceed the range when measuring.
Set the “time constant” to 10 seconds.
Note: Some models reset the “time constant” to 3 seconds each time the power is turned on.

4Note: In locations with high dose rates, the “time constant” may be set to 3 seconds formeasurement. Record the set “time constant”.

2. Measurement

1

Procedure
Determine the measurement point (or the center of the sampling area in the case of soil sampling
and the like, where the sampling area is defined).
Note: When measuring the dose rate, measure the dose rate at an open area with no obstacles
like buildings. If obstructions are present, record them on the sampling record form.

25

Procedure
Hold the detector of the survey meter horizontally at the height of 1 m above the ground.
Note: Keep people away from themeasuring location, in particular from theforward direction while measuring.
Note: The person performing themeasurement should keep the device as far
away from the body as possible.

2

Note: As a guide to 1 m above the ground,a 1 m long stick may be used.）Move the survey meter slowly within an area of approximately 1 m square (or within thesampling area if a sampling area has been defined) centered on the position where the dose rate
was measured, and confirm that the dose rate does not change.
Note: If there is no change in the values in the dose rate in all directions, measure with thedetector of the survey meter pointed to the direction of the nuclear facility and record the
direction on the sampling record form.
3

Note: When checking the dose rate in all directions, if there is a direction where the value ishigh, measure with the detector of the survey meter pointed toward the high direction andrecord the direction on the sampling record form.
Note: If the dose rate changes rapidly over a short distance of travel, avoid taking
measurements at that location as much as possible and look for a location where the dose
rate fluctuates as little as possible and make measurements there.
After approximately 30 seconds (three times the “time constant”), read the indicated value three
to five times at approximately 10-second intervals, calculate the average value, and enter theindicated value and the average value on the sampling record form (the recorder controls thetime using a stopwatch).
Note: Depending on the situation, it is possible to take about five measurements as in normalmonitoring.

4

Note: After three times the “time constant”, approximately 95% of the original dose value atthe location is displayed as the indicated value, and after five times the “time constant”,
approximately 99% of the original dose value at the location is displayed as the indicatedvalue.
Note: If the dose rate is higher than the set measurement range, switch the measurement
range to a higher range.
Note: The dose rate may temporarily increase by 0.01 to 0.10 μSv/h due to rainfall orsnowfall caused by radioactive nuclides of radon and thoron and gradually returns to theoriginal level about 2 hours after the rain stops. When the moisture content in the soil
increases significantly, the radiation shielding effect increases, and the dose rate decrease but
gradually returns to the original level as the ground dries out. This phenomenon is observedin areas where the dose rate is approximately 0.3 µGy/h or higher. Record the weather in thesampling record form. Take photographs.

26

Note: Do not place the survey meter on the ground because contaminating the survey meter would
disable the correct measurement of the dose rate.
Note: Keep the survey meter turned on from the time of departure to the time of return to the activitysite and check the fluctuation of the indicated value in a timely manner (including during movement
by vehicle).
Reference: Variation of measured values in dose rate by the “time constant”
Dose rate（nGy/h）

Coefficient of variation (%)“Time constant” 3 sec. “Time constant” 10 sec. “Time constant” 30 sec.

10

77

42

24

20

54

30

17

50

34

19

11

100

24

13

8

200

17

9

5

500

11

6

3

1 000

8

4

2

2 000

5

3

2

5 000

3

2

1

10 000

2

1

1

20 0002

11

Note: Equipment: 1 in φ × 1 in cylindrical NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter*From Explanation G of the series of environmental radioactivity measuringmethods No. 17, “Method for Measurement of Environmental Gamma-rays
with a Continuous Monitor”

27

3.4 Transportation of collected samples

Environmental sampling procedures

Transportation of collected samples

3.4

Objective
To ensure the safe delivery of the collected samples, the samples should be transported withcontamination prevention measures in place.
Procedure

1

Perform final confirmation of the collected samples.
[Checklist]
 Confirm collected samples (prevention of forgetting to collect samples) Confirm that the collected samples are double bagged (to prevent contamination between
samples)
Packing of the sample.
[Packing Method] Place the sample in a container or cardboard box.
 Pack cushioning materials if tipping prevention measures are required, such as for water
samples.

2[Example of sample packing]28

Procedure
Load the sample into the vehicle.
Note: Perform dose inspection (screening inspection) of samples when loading collected
samples into a vehicle if possible, depending on the situation. If a guideline event occurs,such as “when the alarm sound of the measuring instrument changes from intermittent tocontinuous sound” when a survey meter is brought close to the sample, treat such a sample
as a “highly concentrated sample.”
Note: Even if a screening inspection cannot be performed, when loading samples that are
expected to be highly concentrated into a vehicle arrange the layout such that they areseparated from the seats.

3[Example layout inside a vehicle]
Note: Allow a distance between the seat and the collected samples.
Note: Placing a water sample between the lowly and highly concentrated samples to protectfrom radiation against the highly concentrated sample.
Note: Isolate the contaminants (trash and used equipment) from the sample.
Note: Remove mud and dirt from items before loading them into the vehicle.

29

3.5 Acceptance of collected samples
Environmental sampling procedures

Acceptance of collected samples

3.5

Objective

To properly analyze the collected samples, take contamination prevention measures when
delivering the samples.

The sample receiver should prepare for acceptance. Even if the receiver cannot provide sufficientspace for receiving the sample, handle highly concentrated samples separately from other samples.
Use the following examples to devise the best way to handle the samples.
❏Determine in advance the parking position of the monitoring vehicle.
❏If the outdoor area is unusable due to rainfall, provide a tent or similar equipment or use a portionof the facility as a roofed area.
❏Separate the areas for highly concentrated samples (high concentration zones) and areas forother samples (referred to here as “low concentration zones” for convenience).
❏Receiving personnel will be divided into the team that screens samples outdoors (outdoor team)and the team that works indoors only (indoor team). The division of roles for each team is shown
below.
●：in charge
Work contents

Sampling team●Decontamination of the vehicle body

Outdoor Team

Indoor Team●

Loading and unloading samples from the vehicle
Re-covering of the interior of the vehicle (ifnecessary)
Screening inspection before carrying in samples
indoors
Carrying samples indoors●●

Checking samples against sampling record forms

●

●

●

●

Reception of samples●

If the receiver is an analytical laboratory, deliveryof samples to the person in charge of measurement
and analysis(If another organization measures and analyzes
the sample, shipping and transportation of thesample)●Note: Personnel from outdoor and indoor teams should wear protective equipment as indicated,
including protective clothing, gloves, and dust-proof masks.
Note: If a sufficient workforce is unavailable, the “cold person” of the sampling team may also
be in charge of the outdoor team.

30

[Example layout (when the delivery destination is an analytical laboratory)]

Procedure
Procedure
1Park the vehicle at the assigned location. (Sampling team)The samples are removed from the vehicle one after another. Then, if necessary, decontaminate
the vehicle body by wiping and the like, and re-cover the inside of the vehicle. (Sampling
team)
Note: Be careful not to touch the vehicle body when unloading the samples from thevehicle.

2

Note: If the vehicle is going to another sampling location, after the sampling team has
unloaded all collected samples in an assigned space, the outdoor team will transport the
samples one at a time to the inspection site for screening inspections.
Note: If all sampling has been completed and the vehicle will not be used that day, thesampling team will unload the samples from the vehicle one at a time, and the outdoor teamwill transport the samples to the inspection site one at a time for screening inspection.
Note: In case of rainfall, take care not to get the sample wet.

31Procedure
Perform screening inspection of samples before carrying them in. (Outdoor Team)
Note: If a guideline event occurs, such as “when the alarm sound of the measuring
instrument changes from intermittent to continuous sound” when a survey meter is broughtclose to the sample. Treat such a sample as a “highly concentrated sample”.
Note: After sampling, sampling team personnel must remove protective equipment andundergo a surface contamination inspection before entering the building.

3[Screening inspection]
Remove the outer bag of the sample indoors near the delivery entrance and carry the sample
indoors. (Outdoor team)4[Remove outer bag and hand over]Note: Highly concentrated samples are carried in last.
Note: Highly concentrated samples are handled in the “high concentration zone”. Other
samples are handled in the “low concentration zone”.
Note: Do not directly hand-deliver samples between the “high concentration zone” and the“low concentration zone”.

32Procedure
The receiver unrolls the new outer bag, receives the sample, and seals it. (Indoor team)5[Receiving a new outer bag unfolded]
6

The person in charge of receiving the sample signs the receipt after checking the sample
against the sampling record form.
(Indoor team)7

Receive the samples carried in (again, check the samples against the sampling record forms).
(Indoor team)[Examples of contamination measures for sampling record form]a) Take photographs of the sampling record forms and convert them into data.
b) Place the sampling record form in a polyethylene bag and laminate it.
c) Place the sampling record form in a polyethylene bag and scan it using a multifunction
printer to create a PDF file.
If the delivery destination is an analytical laboratory, hand the sample to the person in chargeof measurement and analysis. (Indoor team)
Note: If necessary, open the sampling container (e.g., to reduce the soil sample amount,move water into a measuring container) in a draft chamber (local exhaust ventilation).

8Note: When handling highly concentrated samples, take protective measures by stacking
lead blocks between the analyst and the sample.
Note: A draft chamber dedicated to high concentration is recommendable.
If the delivery destination is not an analytical laboratory, ship and transport the sample to theanalytical laboratory after completing the sample reception procedures.

33

3.6 Contamination inspection of monitoring personnel
Environmental sampling procedure

3.6

Contamination inspection of monitoring personnel

Objective
When monitoring personnel return to the site after completing the sampling, they must remove
their protective equipment and conduct a contamination inspection to prevent contaminating
indoors. The results of external exposure doses from electronic personal dosimeters and surface
contamination inspections for each person should be recorded and managed.
Preparation of inspection space❏Provide space for contamination inspection of monitoring personnel.
Use gummed tape or other materials to clearly delineate the boundaries between undressing andcontamination inspection spaces.
Undressing space

Contamination
inspection space

A place to take off protective equipment
Note: Prepare a trash bag (box) to dispose of the removed protective
equipment.
Note: A chair is helpful for undressing.
Location for surface contamination inspection❏If the sample and the monitoring personnel share the same entrance and exit, inspect themonitoring personnel for contamination after the sample is carried in.
[Layout example (where the sample delivery entrance and the entrance/exit for monitoring
personnel share the same entrance/exit)]

34

Preparation for measurement❏Cover the instrument's main body and the survey meter's detector for surface contamination

measurement (GM tube survey meter and the like) with a polyethylene bag or the like.

[Example of covering a GM tube survey meter]❏The measurer should wear protective equipment as indicated, such as protective clothing, gloves,and dust-proof masks.
Protective equipment undressing procedure

Procedure*In the photo, “blue: undressing space” and “green: contamination inspection space”.
Remove the outer gloves by pinching the mouth of the gloves and turning them inside out.

1

Note: Chairs may be provided if necessary. Cover the chairs to prevent contamination.

Note: Gloves that have been removed should be placed in the designated trash bag (box). In
the subsequent undressing procedures, place the used protective equipment in the designatedtrash bag.

35

Procedure*In the photo, “blue: undressing space” and “green: contamination inspection space”.
Remove the adhesive tape that held the inner gloves in place.

2

Take off the hood (hat) of the protective clothing.

3
Note: Consider the outside of the protective
clothing as contaminated and undress without
touching it.
Note: Don’t touch skin or hair while removing a
hood.

36

Procedure*In the photo, “blue: undressing space” and “green: contamination inspection space”.
Remove the top half of protective clothing.

4

Note: Remove the arm part from the shoulder by putting the arm behind the back and pullingthe arm out of the clothing.

37

Procedure*In the photo, “blue: undressing space” and “green: contamination inspection space”.
Pull the protective clothing down to the knees and sit in the chair.

Note: Lower the protective clothing whileturning it inside out so that the outside of theprotective clothing is rolled up.
5
Note: After removing the protective clothing, siton a different chair from the one previously used.
Also, the chairs should be covered as a measureagainst contamination.
Note: Do not touch the clothing under theprotective clothing with your hands.

Remove the adhesive tape holding the shoe covers and take off the protective clothing and shoecovers simultaneously.

Note: It is better to remove the shoe covers bywrapping them in protective clothing.
6

Note: After removing the shoe covers, lower thefeet on the non-contaminated zone (floor on theside of the contamination inspection space).

38

Procedure*In the photo, “blue: undressing space” and “green: contamination inspection space”.
Remove the safety shoes and peel off the adhesive tape that fastened the border between thehem of the pants and the socks.

7

Remove the mask.

8

Note: Since the surface of the mask may be contaminated, it may be possible to remove it in thechanging area depending on how the changing area and the contamination inspection area are
set up (e.g., separate rooms). Follow the instructions.
Remove the inner gloves, turning them inside out.

939

Procedure of surface contamination inspection

Procedure
The measurer uses the measuring instrument to inspect the surface contamination of themonitoring personnel.

1Note: Set the “time constant” to 3 seconds andplace the measuring instrument approximately 1
cm away from the subject's body.
Note: Move the measuring instrument at a speedof about 10 cm per second while measuring.

2

Measure the entire body, including the top of the head, face, upper body (shoulders, arms, palms,
back of hands, chest, and back), lower body (abdomen, waist, buttocks, and feet), and soles ofshoes to check for contamination.
Note: If contamination is suspected, such as when the instrument sounds a warning tone, set
the “time constant” to 10 seconds. Then hold the instrument for about 30 seconds at theposition where the counting rate (CPM value) reaches its maximum and measure.

3

Record the inspection results [External exposure dose and surface contamination measurement
records C1].
Note: If the results of the measurements indicate that any areas exceed the guidelines forcontamination as directed by the EMC Planning and Coordination Group, carry out
decontamination.
Check and record the values of electronic personal dosimeters [External exposure dose andsurface contamination measurement records C1].

440

Decontamination procedure
1. Decontamination by undressing (if clothing is contaminated)
Procedure
1

Move to a designated decontamination area.

2

Wear gloves and a mask.
Note: Prepare a change of clothes in advance.

3

Undress while wrapping the garment inside.
Note: Dispose of removed clothing.

4

After undressing, inspect the relevant area for surface contamination [Record of external
exposure dose and surface contamination measurement C1].
Note: If the measurement results are not below the guidelines for contamination,
decontaminate by wiping.

2. Decontamination by wiping (if head hair or skin is contaminated)
Procedure
1

Move to a designated decontamination area.

2

Wear gloves and a mask.
Note: Gloves are not required for hand decontamination.

3

4

Wipe the area with a wet wipe in one direction from the periphery to the center of the area wherecontamination was observed.
Note: Do not use one wet wipe repeatedly.
Note: Personnel allergic to alcohol should use gauze or other material moistened with water.
After wiping, inspect the surface contamination of the relevant area [external exposure
dose/surface contamination measurement record C1].
Note: If the result of the measurement is not below the guidelines for contamination, takemeasures according to the instructions of the EMC Planning and Coordination Group.

41

Chapter 4 Environmental sampling procedures (first prioritized materials)
The sampling procedures for air, soil, and drinking water, which are prioritized during theinitial monitoring as necessary to make decisions regarding protective measures are described
below.
[Initial monitoring flow]

Informationcollection
situation

State ofalert

• Continuous monitoring through normal monitoring● Strengthening normal monitoring• Enhancement of measurement of dose rate at the monitoring station (data collection
frequency at least once every two minutes)• Installation of transportable monitoring posts at planned sites and measurement• Preparation for starting air monitors• Preparation for starting iodine samplers● Establishment of Emergency Monitoring Center● Formulation of the emergency monitoring implementation plan
● Implementation of emergency monitoring
Facility • Enhanced monitoring of dose rates (review of positioning and relocation of portable
site
monitoring posts, as necessary)
emergency• Starting air monitors depending on the status of nuclear facilities• Starting iodine samplers depending on the status of nuclear facilities● Implementation of emergency monitoring• Enhanced monitoring of dose rate (monitoring for OIL1 and OIL2)• Measurement and sampling by air monitors• Sampling with iodine samplers (sampling with portable samplers as needed)
Generalemergency • Drinking water sampling (during and after release of radioactive materials)• Soil sampling (after release of radioactive materials)

4.1 Air
The primary purpose of measuring the concentration of radioactive materials in the air is tocollect information on the environmental radiation situation caused by a nuclear disaster and toprovide materials for evaluating the radiological impact of the nuclear disaster on residents andthe environment. Air sampling can be divided into two main categories: automated sampling
using air monitors and iodine samplers/sampling using transportable samplers. Automatic
sampling by air monitors and iodine samplers is shown in [4.1-a], and sampling by transportablesamplers is shown in [4.1-b].

42

4.1-a Using air monitor/iodine sampler

Environmental sampling procedure
4.1-aUsing air monitor/iodine sampler

Emergency monitoring response
Establishing a measurement system based on continuous measurement is necessary to obtain
information for evaluating radiological impacts on residents and the environment due to nuclear
disasters. This section describes automatic air sampling by air monitors (a device for measuring
the radioactivity concentration of dust collected by the suction of air through filter paper, as
described in the Emergency Supplemental Reference Material) and an iodine sampler (iodine
sampler with auto-sample changer).
Ⅰ. Measurements for nuclear power reactor facilities
Measurement system

Objectives

Equipment
overview

Measuringconditions

Air monitor
 Determine temporal changes in theconcentration of radioactive materials
in the air.
 Collect data that contributes todetermining the presence or absence ofradioactive plumes near the air
monitors.
 Collect samples to grasp detailed
changes in radioactive material
concentrations and their nuclide
composition to evaluate exposure
doses.

Iodine sampler
 Collect particulate and gaseous iodine
samples continuously to assess the
exposure dose of residents and others.

A
continuous
dust
collection/continuous
measurement
type β-ray detector equipped with filter
paper sucks in particles in the air using
a pump, the glass fiber filter paper
adsorbs the particles, and theradioactivity detector measures thegross β radioactivity.
 The difference before and after a fixed
time interval (10 minutes) in thecontinuous measurement determines
the concentration of gross β
radioactivity in the air.
 Measurable range: 100 to 100,000 Bq/
m3
Note: It should be possible to confirm
the presence of a radioactive plumeeven if the concentration exceeds
100,000 Bq/ m3.
 Height of air inlet: approx. 1 m
 Air flow rate: approx. 50 L/min The filter paper is automatically fed atintervals (approx. once per hour).

 An iodine sampler with an auto-sample
changer equipped with an activatedcarbon cartridge (impregnated withapproximately
10%
TEDA:
triethylenediamine) and glass fiber filter
paper collects gaseous and particulate
iodine continuously.
Note: Activated carbon cartridges(impregnated with approximately 10%
TEDA) collect gaseous iodine. Filter
paper collects particulate iodine.

43

 Height of air inlet: approx. 1 m
 Air flow rate: approx. 50 L/min The air should be collected for a certain
period (approx. 6 hours), and an autosample changer should automaticallyreplace adsorbents (filter paper andactivated carbon cartridges) at a fixed
time interval.
Note: The auto-sample changer should be
able to change 20 or more adsorbents

Air monitor
Iodine sampler
Note: Example of air volume: 50 L/min automatically.
x 60 min = 3,000 L = 3 m3
Note: Example of air volume: 50 L/min The system should be able to operate
× 360 min =18,000 L = 18 m3
continuously without refueling for at  The iodine sampler should be able toleast 3 days after the startup of the air
operate continuously without refuelingmonitor.
for at least 3 days after startup.

❏Air monitor (example)[Measuring station][Air monitor appearance][Air monitor: air filter setting]44

❏Iodine sampler (example)

Adsorbent feeder

Adsorbent discharger[Iodine sampler (with the cover adsorbent discharger removed)]❏In automated sampling using air monitors and iodine samplers, retrieving and replacing
adsorbents (filter paper, cartridges, and the like) is necessary.
Preparation before departure

1

2

3

Procedure
Confirm the location (measuring station) to retrieve and replace
the adsorbents.
Prepare necessary equipment.
Note: It is good to keep adsorbents for replacement on handat the measuring station where the air monitors are installed.
The method of keeping adsorbents on hand should be inaccordance with the instruction manual for the adsorbent to
be used.

Reference/records

Note: To prevent contamination of the measuring station,
replace the adsorbent promptly. Confirm how to replace
adsorbents in advance in the instruction manual of theequipment being used.
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device).
3.1 Prevention of equipment
contamination

4

Cover equipment, if necessary.

5

Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.
Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
3.2 Protection of monitoring
clothing and masks) following the instructions for use.
personnel
Also, if directed, take stable iodine tablets.

645

Procedure
Note: A dedicated air sampling team should replace theadsorbents, or if it is difficult to organize a dedicatedsampling team, do it first before collecting any otherenvironmental samples.

Reference/records

Sampling procedure (retrieval of adsorbents)

1

Procedure
Move to the sampling location (measuring station) where theadsorbent will be retrieved and installed.
Retrieve the used adsorbents and record the date and time of
retrieval, the lot number of the adsorbents, and other information.

2[Air monitor] If the adsorbent is a long filter paper, use either of these two
methods: retrieve the entire roll of filter paper or cut off
and retrieve the adsorbed portion.
 Retrieve absorbents according to the instructions provided.
[Iodine sampler] Retrieve several days' worth of adsorbents. Retrieve
absorbents according to the instructions provided.

3
4
5
6
7

Reference/records

Sampling record form
B1 dNote: Follow the directions in the instruction manual for theequipment used for how to retrieve and install the adsorbents.
Put the used adsorbents in a polyethylene bag.
Fold the bag opening, seal it with vinyl tape, and affix a label Sampling record form
(printed or written) with the identification code.
B1
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Set a new adsorbent and verify that the equipment is operatingcorrectly.
Sampling record form
Check packaging, records, and photographs.
B1 e

Note: If a monitoring station is not installed at the sampling location, it is necessary to measure
the dose rate around the sampling location using a survey meter or other instrument before Step 2.
Ⅱ. Measurements for nuclear fuel facilities
Measurement system
1. Air monitor
Apply the following devices depending on the type of accident at the facility. Table 4.1-1
shows the application.
(a) Able to detect α- emitting nuclides in the air (“Air monitor α”)(b) Able to detect β-emitting nuclides in the air (“Air monitor β”)
For information on the retrieval and installation of adsorbents, see “I. Measurement for
nuclear power reactor facilities.”46

(a) Air monitor α❏Measure gross α-radioactivity to continuously determine the concentration of α-emitting
nuclides in the air.
❏Use filter paper like a membrane filter or similar material that does not allow particles topenetrate the interior of the filter.
❏The difference before and after a fixed time interval (10 minutes) in the continuous
measurement determines the concentration of gross α radioactivity in the air.
❏The lower ldetection limit: is 10 Bq/m3❏The system should be able to operate continuously without refueling for at least 3 days
after the startup of the air monitor.
❏Retrieve the filter paper as soon as possible in consideration of limiting the exposure ofmonitoring personnel and analyze the paper in detail to provide material for exposure
evaluation.
(b) Air monitor βSame as measurements for nuclear power reactor facilities.
Table 4.1-1 Application of air monitors to nuclear fuel facilities
Applicable facilities
Uranium processing facility(Other nuclear fuel facilities)

Plutonium processing facility

Reprocessing plant

Accident form
Criticality
accident

Type of equipment

UF6 release

Air monitor (α)

Criticality
accident
Large fire or
explosion
Criticality
accident
Large fire or
explosion
Evaporation
to dryness

Air monitor (β)―

Air monitor (α)―

Air monitor (β)―

Air monitor (β)
Air monitor (α)―

Air monitor (β)―

Air monitor (β)

Remarks
Forming, processing,enrichment, reconversion
Enrichment andreconversion only

(Note) From the Emergency Supplemental Reference Material

47

4.1-b Using transportable sampler

Environmental sampling procedure
4.1-bUsing transportable sampler

Objectives
The purposes of collecting air samples are to obtain information on the environmental radiation
situation caused by a nuclear disaster and to evaluate the radiological impacts of the nuclear
disaster. The analysis results of the radioactivity concentration in the air are used to estimate
internal exposure caused by inhalation of radioactive materials and are also helpful in obtaining
information about deposition on the ground surface. This section describes the air sampling via atransportable sampler.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling❏Equipment for air sampling(Checklist A1)(Checklist A2)[Example of a low-volume air sampler][Example of a high-volume air sampler]48

Preparation before departure
Procedure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Reference/records

Receive written instructions.
Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 andA2.
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
Cover equipment to prevent contamination.
Note: Air samplers should never be wrapped in anything.
Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.
Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
clothing and masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

Checklist A1 and A2

3.1 Prevention of equipment
contamination
3.2 Protection of monitoring
personnel

Sampling procedure (sampling via low-volume air sampler)Low-volume air sampler: Flow rate approximately 10 to 100L/min
Note: When targeting radioactive iodine, use a low-volume air sampler.
1. Identification of sampling locations
1

Procedure
Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.

Reference/records

2

Record information (including the address) and take pictures of Sampling record form
B1 athe sampling location.

3

Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location measured Sampling record form
by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on the map, and B1 b
record it.

2. Sampling1

Procedure
Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location using a
NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber survey
meter.

49

Reference/records
3.3 Measurement ofdose rate
Sampling record form
B1 c

Procedure
Install air samplers so that they do not interfere with the airflow.
Note: To evaluate internal exposure doses, install air samplers sothat their air inlets are approximately 1 m from the ground.
Note: Since the absorption of raindrops significantly degrades thecollection performance of filter paper and activated carbon
cartridges, install the air samplers in a roofed area to prevent thesuction of raindrops when it rains. If there is no roofed areaaround the sampling location, hold an umbrella or somethingsimilar to avoid the suction of raindrops.
Note: If a transportable generator is used as a power source,
ensure that the air sampler does not suck in its exhaust.
2

Note: Avoid, if possible, obtaining electric power from a vehicle
used for transportation, as the measurement may be affected byexhaust gas (except in the case of vehicle-mounted air samplers).
Note: When using multiple air samplers together, ensure that their
exhaust air does not affect each other.
Landscape type
Vertical type
Since the installation direction The air sampler sucks in air
affects the integrated flow volume, vertically.
determine the installation criteria in
advance, such as in which direction
to install the air sampler against thewind or whether to direct it toward
the emission source regardless of
the wind direction.

50

Reference/records

Procedure
Reference/records
Set the filter paper and activated carbon cartridge in the suction Sampling record form
holder.
B1 d
The front side of filter paper has no lattice structure and collects dust.
Note: To equalize the granular activated carbon in the activatedcarbon cartridge, gently shake it back and forth side to side before
setting.
Note: It is a good idea to write the airflow direction on the sideof the activated carbon cartridge.

3[Front side of glass fiber filter paper][Back side: Lattice structure][The description of activated carbon cartridge]

4

5

6

Note: Use tweezers to handle the filter paper.
Start sampling and record the time of sampling and volume (flowvolume).
Note: Set the flow rate of the air sampler at approximately 50
L/min (set to the flow rate indicated in the instructions.)
Collect air until the integrated flow volume reaches the value
indicated in the instructions.
Note: If the flow rate is 50 L/min, the integrated flow volume is1000 L (= 1 m3) after 20 minutes of sampling.
Note: If it rains during dust collection, stop the suction. The
integrated flow volume until the rainfall is the sample’s
integrated flow volume. Alternatively, continue sampling while
holding an umbrella or other object to prevent the air sampler
from sucking in raindrops.
Just before the end of sampling, read and record the sampling volume(flow volume).
51

Sampling record form
B1 d

Sampling record form
B1 dProcedure

Reference/records
Sampling record form
B1 d

7

Stop the air sampler and record the time.

8

Remove the filter paper and cartridge from the air sampler.
Stack the filter paper and the cartridge and put them in a polyethylenebag.
Note: The relation between the filter and the cartridge should bemaintained in case they are packed in bags separately.
Fold the bag opening, seal it with vinyl tape, and affix a label (printed Sampling record formor written) with the identification code.
B1
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Sampling record form
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.
B1 eRemove the air sampler and load it into the vehicle.
Note: Wipe and decontaminate the equipment used.

9
10
11
12

13
Note: Decontaminate power and extension cords by wiping whilewinding them up.

Sampling procedure (sampling via high-volume air sampler)High-volume air sampler: flow rate 100 L/min. or more
1. Identification of sampling location
Procedure
1
2
3

Reference/records

Move to the sampling location indicated in the instruction.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures of thesampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location measured
by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on the map, andrecord it.

Sampling record
form B1 a
Sampling record
form B1 b

2. Sampling
Procedure

1

2

Reference/records
3.3 Measurement of
Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location using adose rate
NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber survey
Sampling
recordmeter.
form B1 c
Install air samplers so that they do not interfere with the airflow.
Note: To evaluate internal exposure doses, install air samplers with
air inlets approximately 1 m from the ground.
Note: Since the absorption of raindrops significantly degrades thecollection performance of filter paper, install the air samplers in aroofed area to prevent the suction of raindrops when it rains. If there
is no roofed area around the sampling location, hold an umbrella orsomething similar to avoid suction of raindrops.
Note: If a transportable generator is used as a power source, ensurethat the air sampler does not suck in its exhaust.
Note: Avoid, if possible, obtaining electric power from a vehicle
used for transportation, as the measurement may be affected byexhaust gas (except in the case of vehicle-mounted air samplers).
52

Procedure

Reference/records

Note: When using multiple air samplers together, ensure that their
exhaust air does not affect each other.
Set the filter paper in the suction holder.

Sampling
form B1 drecordSampling
form B1 drecordSampling
form B1 drecordSampling
form B1 drecord3

4

5[Example of filter paper set]
Start sampling and record the time of sampling and volume (flowvolume).
Note: The time required to collect an air sample depends on theradioactivity concentration in the air.
Collect air until the integrated flow volume reaches the value indicatedin the instructions.
Note: If the flow rate is 1000 L/min, the integrated flow volume is1000 L (= 1 m3) when sampled for 1 minute.
Just before the end of sampling, read and record the sampling volume(flow volume).

6[Example of a model with the integrated flow volume and current
flow rate display]
Note: Some models continue suction at a specified flow rate andautomatically stop when the specified integrated flow volume isreached.
7

Stop the air sampler and record the time.
Remove the holder fixing the filter paper with the air sampler in thevertical position.
Note: Remove all screws fixing holders. Keeping the removed
screws in a small poly beaker or similar container effectively
prevents loss.

8[Example of preventing loss of screws]
53

Procedure
Remove the filter paper from the air sampler.
Note: Set new filter paper promptly after removal to prevent foreignmaterial from entering the air sampler. The suction surface
from which the filter paper is removed is often netlike. Work
quickly to prevent small dust and particles from passing
through the net and entering the air sampler.

Reference/records

9[Suction surface with filter paper removed]
Note: An entire cartridge is retrieved in some models.
Do not fold the filter paper to be measured with the α-ray spectrometerbut put it in a lidded plastic container or box with the suction side up,
assuring that the suction side does not touch the walls or lid of thecontainer. Fold the filter paper used for other measurements in half,with the suction side facing inward, and put it in a polyethylene bag(i.e., inner bag).
10

11
12
13
14

[Example of retrieved a sample for α-ray spectrometer]
Affix a label with the identification code on the container or the inner Sampling
bag with the bag opening folded over and sealed with vinyl tape and form B1
affix a (printed or written) label. Seal the lid of the container with vinyltape, and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e., an inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.

Sampling
form B1 erecordrecordRemove the air sampler and load it into the vehicle.
Note: Wipe and decontaminate the equipment used.
Note: Decontaminate power and extension cords by wiping whilewinding them up.

Reference: Sampling at the time of enhanced monitoring in the environmental
radioactivity level survey (air)If radioactive materials are released, and there is a risk of radiation exposure and radioactive
contamination of the environment, monitoring may be enhanced to conduct an environmental
radioactivity level survey in order to determine the radiation levels in the area. The objectives ofthe enhanced monitoring are to obtain information for making decisions on measures to be taken
for the public and to contribute to estimating the exposure dose to the public. When instructed by
the Liaison Conference on Countermeasures against Radioactivity, prefectures implement
enhanced monitoring. Here is an example response procedure.
54

Procedure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

The Liaison Conference on Countermeasures against Radioactivity indicates the start time ofsampling.
Collect samples once a day by a high-volume air sampler, continuously sucking in air for 24hours from a designated starting time to the ending time the following day.
The air inlet of the high-volume air sampler should be at the height of at least 1 m above groundlevel and be sheltered to prevent rain from entering.
If significant fluctuations in radioactivity concentration are expected, change the filter paper at
the indicated intervals (more frequently than usual) and collect the samples.
Use glass fiber filter paper as the adsorbent.
Pack filter paper in a measuring container and measure with a germanium semiconductor
detector for approximately 6 hours.
Report the results of measurements once a day regularly at the time instructed by the Liaison
Conference on Countermeasures against Radioactivity.

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Several types of radioactive materials can be released into the air during an emergency,
including (a) particulate matter, (b) noble gases, and (c) volatile halogens (especially radioactive
iodine).
❏This section describes the air sampling using two types of transportable air samplers (a lowvolume air sampler: flow rate of 10 to 100 L/min, high-volume air sampler: a flow rate of 100
L/min or more). Select the air sampler, ensuring that the device can achieve the necessary detectionlevel.
❏Air samplers may be installed on monitoring vehicles.
❏To collect air samples to determine air radioactivity concentrations relative to the soil, collectsoil samples at the same time and place as the air sample.
❏Radioactive iodine can exist in a chemical form that cannot be collected by filter paper. Thus,
use activated carbon filters (cartridge type) also for sampling (when radioactive iodine is expected
to be present, such as in accidents at nuclear reactors, in hospitals where radioactive iodine is used,or during transportation of radioactive iodine).
❏Activated carbon filters (those impregnated with approximately 10% TEDA are recommendable
to improve the adsorption of organoiodine compounds) can collect radioactive iodine and noble
gases.
❏Silver/zeolite filters are sometimes used when collecting air for measuring radioactive iodine,
but they are costly, so activated carbon cartridges are usually used.
❏Normally, use fiberglass filter paper.
❏Determine outlets for power sources for air samplers during emergency monitoring and clearly
indicate them on drawings and photographs in advance. In addition, consider measures in advanceto secure a power source in the event of a power outage to assure prompt on-site response.

55

4.2 Soil

Environmental sampling procedures

Soil

4.2

Objectives
Collect soil samples for initial monitoring to collect, and measure and analyze potentiallycontaminated samples to obtain information on the spread and nuclide composition of radioactive
materials deposited on the ground due to the nuclear disaster.
The results of the analysis of radioactivity concentration in soil are helpful for the following items.
(a) Evaluation of the level of surface contamination by dry or wet deposits(b) Evaluation of the level of gross deposition per unit area on the ground surface.
→When sampling soil, it is essential to record the sampling area from which the soil wascollected.
(c) Prediction of dose rate and its change over time at the sampling location(d) Rough estimation of contamination of crops by radioactive materials absorbed from the soil.
(e) Obtaining reference information when estimating internal exposure through inhalation or
further spread of radioactive materials, since contamination of the ground surface can becomea source of resuspended radioactive materials later.
(f) Obtaining information to determine the necessity of changing the OIL default settings bydetermining the ratio of radioactive materials.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling❏Equipment for environmental sampling(Checklist A1)(Checklist A3）

Preparation before departure
Procedure
1

2

3
4
5
6
7

Reference/records

Receive written instructions.
Prepare necessary equipment according to checklists A1 and A3.
Note: When performing γ-ray measurement directly with thesmall container used for sampling, it is recommended to Checklist A1 and A3
measure and record the weight of the empty container,
including the lid, in advance.
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
3.1 Prevention of
Cover equipment to prevent contamination.
equipment contamination
Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.
Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
3.2 Protection ofclothing and masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if
monitoring personnel
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

56

Sampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling location1

2
3

Procedure
Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.
Note: Places under trees, eaves, or anything that covers theground surface are not appropriate for a sampling location. In
addition, if there are ditches, slopes, hollow basins, roads, ordrainage channels, radioactive materials may flow into the ditches
and the like, resulting in higher radioactivity levels. If there areditches and the like, avoid areas where the dose rate value changes
drastically within the movement of only 1 m.
Note: Bare ground is ideal.
Note: Sampling may be difficult in sandy areas.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures of thesampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location measured
by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on the map, andrecord it.

Reference/records

Sampling record
form B2 a
Sampling record
form B2 b

2. Sampling
Procedure

1

Reference/records
3.3Measurement of
Determine the sampling area in order to secure the specified area. Then, dose ratemeasure and record the dose rate in the area using a NaI(Tl) scintillation Samplingrecordsurvey meter or an ionization chamber survey meter.
form B2 c
Note: The sampling area should be at least 1 m square.
Sampling
recordform B2 d
Check the condition of the soil for sampling.
Note: If grass or weeds cover the ground surface of the samplingarea, mow and collect them separately from the soil as a plant
sample. Identify the plants so they can be linked to the soil for use as
reference data. In addition, record the area mowed. Collect small
plants along with the soil if they are too small for separate sampling.

Sampling record
form B2 d

2

Note: If there is snow, collect snow separately from the soil as asample, followed by soil sampling. Snow melts and becomes water,
so collect it in a sample container suitable for liquids. Identify thesnow so it can be linked to the soil for use as reference data. At thistime, keep track of the area from which the snow was collected. Ifsnow and soil cannot be collected separately, they should becollected together. Also, avoid collecting from snowdrifts.

57

Procedure

Reference/records

Note: If there is so much snow that soil sampling is impossible,
collect snow from the surface to a certain depth (e.g., 5 cm) and use
it as reference data (as with soil, record the area of snow collected)
in consideration of the objective.
Note: If it is difficult to collect the samples according to the
instructions, inform the general and liaison team in charge of EMC
measurement and analysis and ask for instructions regarding
changes. If communication is difficult, the team leader of thesampling team decides on any changes.

3

Place the sampling device (small container with the known base area)
perpendicular to the ground surface and push it down with foot byapproximately 5 cm (it may be also pushed it in with hand).
Note: If the soil is hard, be careful not to push the container too hardand break it (especially if it is made of polystyrene, which is easily
broken). (For details, see “Reference 2: Materials of small
containers”.)

58

Sampling record
form B2 dProcedure

Reference/records

Note: If the sample soil is expected to contain highly concentrated
radioactive materials and the small container used for sampling isused for γ-ray measurement without modification, a target size of
approx. 2 cm may be sampled. In this case, a smaller container withthe same base area but an even smaller volume may be used (becausea smaller sample volume is sufficient for γ-ray measurement of ahighly concentrated sample and the higher a sample amount is, themore significantly non-uniform distribution of radioactive materials
in the container affects the measurement results [Explanation A]).

[ Small container with 100 mL capacity (left) and a small container
with 50 mL capacity (right)]

Note: If the soil is too hard to push down the sampling device 5 cm,collect the soil with a target of 2 cm deep and record the soil sampling
condition (including the sampling depth) [Explanation B].
Note: Since small containers can be used quickly and conveniently
as sampling devices, adopt the method of pushing a small container
directly into the ground to collect a measuring sample. However,other sampling methods are not precluded.
Note: When sampling soil to quickly determine the nuclide
composition of radioactive materials deposited on the ground during
59

Procedure
initial monitoring, it is acceptable to collect soil at a single point. In
subsequent monitoring and monitoring in mid-term and recovery
phases, increase the number of sampling points to shift to surveys
aimed at a more representative determination of nuclide
concentrations in the target environment. Explanation C describes
the number of sampling points and reliability.
Single-point sampling
Multiple-point sampling
When
doing
single-point Record the parts of the sampling
sampling, collect the soil at the area graphically when sampling
center of the sampling area, and multiple points.
record the sampling point
Note: Collect approximately
graphically.
the same amount at each point.
Note: The sampling area
should be at least 1 m square.
Note: The sampling area
should be at least 1 m square.
[ Example of single-point sampling][ Example of 5-point sampling]

Use a disposable spoon or similar object to scoop the soil in thecontainer.

4

Note: Minimize the gaps between the samples as much as possible.
Single-point sampling
Wipe off any soil adhering to the screw hole area with a paper towel, put
the lid on the sampling container and wipe off the surrounding area witha paper towel.

5

Note: Do not put any soil adhering to the outside of the sample
60

Reference/records

Procedure
container inside the container.
6

Reference/records

Record the time and the circumstances of sampling.
Single-point sampling
Seal the lid with vinyl tape, andaffix a label (printed or written)
with the sample code to the surfaceof the container.
Then put it in a polyethylene bag(i.e., an inner bag).
Note: Tie the opening of thepolyethylene
bag
while
removing the air.

Sampling
form B2 drecordSampling
form B2

recordSampling
form B2 erecordMultiple-point sampling
Place all soil for multiple points ina polyethylene bag (i.e., innerbag), tie the bag opening, andgently crush any clumps of soil
from the outside of the bag (may belightly shaken). Then affix a label(printed or written) to the inner bagwith an identification code.

7

8

Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Note: Avoid vibration and shock as much as possible whentransporting samples, as vibration and shock may cause the waterand soil portions to separate.

9

Check the packaging, records, and photographs.

61

Reference 1: About the soil sampler
A cylindrical tube can be used as a tool for soil sampling. The cylindrical tube can be used tocollect hard soil, but dispose of it each time or use it with sufficient care to prevent crosscontamination if you cannot wash it with deionized water.

[Example cylindrical tube]*From “Results of the Research on Distribution of Radioactive Substances Discharged by the Accident at
TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi NPP” (March 2012), funded by the FY 2011 Strategic Funds for the
Promotion of Science and Technology

Reference 2: Material of small containers
Polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) are commonly used materials for these types of small
containers. The PP material is somewhat softer and may present difficulties when driven into hardsoil.
On the other hand, PS materials are sturdy enough to drive into hard soil but may break when force
is applied. Both have advantages and disadvantages, so it is essential to understand theircharacteristics and handle them accordingly.

[Small container made of PP][Small container made of PS]

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Soil sampling will be conducted at the following locations.
(a) Sites where OIL2 criteria were exceeded among the sites of monitoring stations and62

electronic dosimeters.
(b) Sites where the concentration of radioactive materials in the air is measured, such as sites
where air monitors are installed(c) Sites of in-situ measurements (analysis of α- and β-emitting nuclides is performed if
necessary).
❏If the sampling locations include private properties when developing an emergency
monitoring plan, it is advisable to obtain permission from the landowner for soil sampling during
a normal situation.
❏It is advisable to manage the soil sampling locations designated in the emergency monitoringplan (e.g., weeding) regularly to eliminate sampling problems.
❏Collect soil after the release of radioactive materials from the nuclear facility has stopped andthe plume has passed.
❏The sampling frequency is as follows.
Conduct the first sampling promptly after the release of radioactive materials has stopped andradioactive materials are deposited on the ground.
↓
Conduct the second sampling approximately one week after the first sampling.
↓
For the third and subsequent sampling, review and implement the sampling plan based on themeasurement results of the second sample.
❏If the dose rate in the sampling area is high, collect only a sufficient amount of soil formeasurement.
❏The measuring container can be used as a sampling device.
❏If the container with sample is directly used for γ-ray measurement, its geometry should be thesame as a container used for efficiency calibration. It is also advisable to measure and record theweight of the empty container, including the lid, beforehand.
❏Ground surface contamination can vary markedly from place to place (hot spots). Whenassessing the level of contamination, it is also advisable to refer the dose rate of the area.
❏In conducting continuous sampling, mark the sampling points with some kind of marker ortake pictures to facilitate finding the sampling points later.
❏When a monitoring station site is selected as a soil sampling location in an emergency
monitoring plan, soil sampling may be difficult if the ground surface is graveled or paved. For
initial monitoring to quickly determine the nuclide composition of radioactive materials
deposited on the ground, installing containers (e.g., planters) filled with soil during a normal
situation is recommendable. Soil from these containers is collected during emergency
monitoring. When using this method, measure the background of the soil to be placed in thecontainer in advance with a germanium semiconductor detector or similar device.

[Example of a planter filled with soil]
63

Mid-term and recovery phase monitoring❏Monitoring in mid-term and recovery phases requires more reliable sampling, including
increasing the number of sampling locations [Explanation C]. For the sampling method, it isrecommended to refer to the series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods No. 16,“Generic Procedures for Environmental Sampling.”
Other soil sampling procedure (scraper plate method)❏For radionuclide distribution and depth distribution surveys in soil, the soil is collected by thescraper plate method. For details, refer to the series of environmental radioactivity measuringmethods No.33, “In-situ Measurement Using Germanium Detector.”
1. Preparation of sampling device
 Scraper plate Polyethylene bags for soil sampling (per sampling layer) Bats Hammer, pruning shears, grafting trowel, spatula, tweezers
 Disposable rubber gloves
 Deionized water (or wet wipes) for cleaning sampling equipment
 Blue sheets (when collecting at multiple locations, use disposable paper to avoid
contamination)
 Weighing scale (only if soil weight is to be measured on-site) Small containers (per sampling layer. only if measuring samples are prepared on-site) Tent or parasol for shelter from rain and sun (if necessary)
2. Sampling procedure
1

2

ProcedureFix the frame to the ground using a hammer or similar tool.
Note: Make sure that the frame is solidly nailed down.
Remove plants, stones, and the like, if present on the soil surface. If these plants or stones areto be used for measuring the radioactivity concentration, collect them separately from the soil.
Note: Remove stones from the soil surface, but do not remove buried stones.
Note: If the ground is frozen, wait for it to thaw or use a gas burner/similar tool to melt it
before sampling. If there is snow, remove the snow carefully so as not to disturb the soil
surface before sampling.
(Plant removal method)
Carefully remove only those parts of the plant on the ground surface, using pruning shears orsimilar tools.
64Procedure

3

4[Plant removal (left: before removal, right: after removal)]
Fix the metal rod to the plate with a screw and adjust it to the desired depth for sampling.
Move the plate horizontally in the frame to scrape off the soil and put it in a polyethylene bag.

[Soil sampling by scraper plate]Note: The sampling operation should be conducted until all the soil has been scraped off.
Note: Cut roots with pruning shears or similar tools and add them to the soil in that layer.
If a stone exists through multiple layers, add it to the layer of soil in which the biggest partof the stone is located. If it is impossible to determine which layer includes the stone, add
it to the upper layer.
Note: Sampling with the plate at an angle to the ground makes the sampling depth deeper
than the adjusted depth, so keep the plate perpendicular to the ground while sampling.

5

6

7

Note: Use a grafting trowel or spatula to completely collect the soil from the edges andcorners of the frame. Otherwise, the upper soil layer will be mixed in when collecting thelower soil layer, which causes errors when calculating the density in the soil layer.
After completing soil sampling in a layer, wash the plate to remove soil with deionized water
and wipe dry to prevent the upper layer soil from contaminating the next layer.
In addition, discard the rubber gloves used for sampling and replace them with new ones.
Note: If the upper layer of soil falls and mixes with the lower layer due to the collapse of
the inner wall scraped by the plate, remove it with care to avoid mixing the upper layer soil
with the lower layer soil. If the inner wall is prone to collapsing, dampen it with a misting
spray to protect it.
Note: If deionized water cannot be prepared, wipe off the soil with wet wipes.
Repeat steps 3-5 for each sampling layer.
After sampling all layers, refill the holes created by the sampling with soil from the surroundingarea.
Note: Determine the refilling method in advance.
Note: When refilling, in consideration of continual sampling, mark the sampling points or
take photographs to identify the sampling points.

65

3. Sampling record
Record the following items on the sampling record form, and take photographs of the entire
view of the sampling location, a close-up view, the sampling conditions, and the collected soil.
(a) Location information of the sampling location(b) Sampling date and time(c) Weather conditions at the sampling time(d) Other information on the sampling location(e) Depth and weight of soil collected (only if the soil is weighed in the field)(f) Other special notes664.3 Drinking water

Environmental sampling procedures

Drinking water

4.3

Objectives
Since radioactive materials transferred to drinking water can be ingested by humans, determining
their concentrations is essential to evaluate exposure doses. Collect drinking water to provide
materials for making decisions on the implementation of protective measures and for evaluating
the radiological impact of a nuclear disaster on residents and the environment. Sampling of
drinking water is the first priority in the initial monitoring.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling (Checklist A1)❏Equipment for environmental sampling(Checklist A3)
Preparation before departure
Procedure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Reference/records

Receive written instructions.
Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 andChecklist A1 and A3
A3.
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
3.1
PreventionofCover equipment to prevent contamination.
equipment
contamination
Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.
Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
3.2
Protectionofclothing and mask) following the instructions for use. Also, if
monitoring personnel
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

Sampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling locations
1
2
3

Procedure
Move to the sampling location indicated in the instruction.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures ofthe sampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location
measured by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on
the map, and record it.

Reference/records
Sampling record form
B3 a
Sampling record form
B3 b

2. Sampling
Procedure
1

Reference/records

Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location using 3.3 Measurement ofa NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber dose rate
survey meter.
Sampling record form67

Procedure

2

3

4

5

Reference/records

Note: Since sampling during the release of radioactive B3 cmaterials will be conducted indoors, do not measure the dose
rate.
Open the faucet wide and let the water run for at least one minute.
Note: Water pipe consists of the main pipe and branch pipes(side pipes) that branch off from the main pipe, and a faucet isusually attached to a branch pipe. When a faucet is turned on,water accumulated in the branch pipe is first released.
However, since the water accumulated in the branch pipe is not
Sampling record form
suitable for an analysis sample, open the faucet wide and let
B3 d
the water run for at least one minute.
Note: Water in outdoor pipes might be frozen in winter. If thepipes are frozen, cover them with a towel or cloth and slowly
pour “warm water” over them to melt the ice. Sudden
application of boiling water may burst pipes and faucets.
Rinse the sample container with tap water from which thesample is to be collected.
Note: Wastewater used for rinsing should be disposed of in alocation that does not affect sampling.
Collect approx. 2 L directly from the faucet into a container.
Note: In the initial monitoring, since speed is a priority, do not
use additives (e.g., hydrochloric acid).
Note: Use additives only when directed to do so (e.g., if several
days are required to deliver the sample to the analyticallaboratory). In this case, add approximately 1 mL ofhydrochloric acid (approx. 12 mol/L) per 1 L to prevent Sampling record form
nuclides from adhering to the inner walls of the container. B3 dWhen radioactive iodine is the target, add 80 to 100 mg of
sodium thiosulfate per liter to prevent radioactive iodine fromadhering to the inner walls of the container (collect the samples
for radioactive iodine and for other nuclides separately).
Note: If tritium or carbon-14 is to be analyzed, do not use
additives.
Put the lid on the sampling container and wipe off the surroundingarea with a paper towel.
Sampling record form
B3 d

6Record the time and the circumstances of sampling.

7

Affix a label (printed or written) with an identification code to the
Sampling record formB3
container containing the sample.
Seal the lid with vinyl tape and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e.,
an inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Sampling record form
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.
B3 e

8
9
10

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Drinking water sampling “during the release of radioactive materials” and “immediately after
stopping the release of radioactive material” are as follows.
68

Sampling
location

Frequencyof sampling
Sampling
amountRemarks

During the release of radioactive
Immediately after stopping the releasematerialsof radioactive materials
 Collect water samples from indoor taps
in public facilities (town halls,  Collect purified water (or raw water if itbranch offices, or others) supplied
is difficult to collect purified water)from water sources in UPZs [Urgent
from all water treatment plants that
Protection action planning Zones]
take water from sources such as water(including PAZs [Precautionary
sources in UPZs (including PAZs),
Action Zones]), such as surface
which includes surface water that iswater that is relatively easily
relatively easily contaminated bycontaminatedbyradioactive
radioactive materials.
materials.
At least once a day

At least once a day

2 L or more

2 L or more

 Select one water treatment plant or so
per municipality before the “Heisei
merging.” If it is too difficult to collect 2 L or
more, the sampling amount may beless than 2 L.

 If it is too difficult to collect at all water
treatment plants, prioritize water
treatment plants supplying a large
population and water treatment plantsthat draw water from sources with highdose rates in the surrounding area.
 If it is too difficult to collect 2 L or more,
the sampling amount may be less than
2 L.

❏Drinking water comes from various sources (river water, groundwater, and others). While someof these sources can be contaminated at significant levels of radioactive materials, the purification
process in large water supply systems decontaminates drinking water to some degree.
❏Determine taps for sampling drinking water during emergency monitoring in advance andindicate them on drawings and photographs.

69

Chapter 5 Environmental sampling procedures (second prioritized materials)
The document " Emergency Supplemental Reference Material (supplementary referencematerial of the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Guidelines)" describes
measurements of the concentration of radioactive materials in environmental samples other than
air sample. Environmental samples are classified into 'precipitation', 'soil and others' (including
land water, seawater, river sediment, lake sediment, sea sediment and indicator organisms) and'foods and drink'. Plants mainly used for food as substitute for green vegetables are classified as'food and drink' considering local food cultures. Among these environmental samples, collectionof soil and drinking water (described in Chapter 4) should be given first priority to obtain
information for decision making on protective measures. Other environmental samples should
also be collected to evaluate radiological impacts on residents and to grasp environmental
radiation situation.
This chapter describes the procedures for collecting environmental samples such as milk,
vegetables, precipitation(rainwater), water samples (other than drinking water), agricultural andlivestock products, seafood and algae and sediment other than environmental samples describedin Chapter 4.

70

5.1 Milk

Environmental sampling procedures

Milk

5.1

Objectives
Milk samples are well-known for their grass-cow-milk-human exposure pathway. In emergencies,
radioactive iodine contamination is critical because milk is located in a food chain, grass-cowmilk-human. Milk sampling will be conducted as necessary to provide materials for making
decisions on the implementation of protective measures and for evaluating the radiological impactof a nuclear disaster on residents and the environment. This section describes the procedure formonitoring personnel sampling at a farm or other locations.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling(Checklist A1)❏Equipment for environmental sampling (Checklist A3)
Preparations before departure
Procedure
1
2
3
4
5

Reference/records

Receive written instructions.
Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 andChecklists A1 and A3
A3.
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
3.1
PreventionofCover equipment to prevent contamination.
equipment
contamination

6

Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.

7

Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
3.2
Protectionofclothing and masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if
monitoring personnel
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

Sampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling locations
Procedure
1
2
3

Reference/records

Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures ofthe sampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location
measured by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on
the map, and record it.

2. Sampling
71

Sampling record form
B4 a
Sampling record form
B4 b

Procedure
1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8

Reference/records

3.3 Measurement of dose
Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location withrate
a NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber
Sampling record form
survey meter.
B4 c
Rinse the sample container with milk to be collected, if necessary.
Note: Wastewater used for rinsing should be disposed of in alocation that does not affect sampling.
Collect about 2 L of milk and place it in a container.
Note: In the initial monitoring, since rapidity is a priority,preservatives (e.g., methanol) should not be added.
Note: For preservatives, add approximately 10 to 20 mL per
liter of milk only when instructed (e.g., several days are
required to deliver the sample to the analytical laboratory),
Sampling record form
and record this fact. Also, be careful to handle samples toB4 dwhich preservatives have been added, for example, byidentifying the sample as one to which the preservative has
been added.
Note: Some items used as preservatives have legal restrictions
on their use and disposal. Consider the usage in considerationof the handling during and after the measurement.
Put the lid on the sample container and wipe off the surroundingarea with a paper towel.
Record the time and the circumstances of sampling.
Note: If the milking date differs from the sampling date, checkand record the milking date.
Paste a label with the identification code (printed or written) on
the container holding the sample.
Seal the lid with vinyl tape and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e.,
an inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Note: Avoid vibration and shock when transporting samples
since vibration and shock may separate water and fat content.

9

Check the packaging, records, and photographs.

10

Put the sample in a cold insulation container.

Sampling record form
B4 d
Sampling record form
B4

Sampling record form
B4 e

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Milk should be collected from dairy cows that have consumed grass or water in the areasurrounding the sampling location, not from cows fed stored feed.
❏One method of milk sampling is from the combined milk of dairy cows (a mixture of 4-5 cows'
raw milk as it is milked from the dairy cows).
❏Milk sampling requires the consent and cooperation of the producer (dairy farmer). Whendeveloping an emergency monitoring plan, it is recommended that producers selected as
candidates for sampling be asked for permission and cooperation in preparation for emergency
monitoring in normal situations.

72

5.2 Vegetables

Environmental sampling procedures
5.2

Vegetables

Objectives
Green vegetable samples are collected to determine the surface contamination of green vegetables(fruits) caused by deposits containing radioactive materials. Plant uptake of radioactive materials
from the soil becomes an issue only later. Green vegetables are collected as necessary to provide
materials for making decisions on the implementation of protective measures and for evaluating
the radiological impact of a nuclear disaster on residents and the environment.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling(Checklist A1)❏Equipment for environmental sampling (Checklist A3)
Preparations before departure

1
2
3
4

Procedure
Receive written instructions.

Reference/records

Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 and Checklists A1 and A3
A3.
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
Cover equipment to prevent contamination.

3.1
Prevention
equipment
contamination

5

of

6

Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.

7

Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective 3.2
Protectionofclothing and masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if monitoring personnel
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

Sampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling locations
Procedure
1

2
3

Reference/records

Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.
Note: Collect samples in the center of the field. Sampling underan object covering the ground surface, such as trees or eaves, isinappropriate.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures of thesampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location
measured by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on themap, and record it.

73

Sampling record form
B5 a
Sampling record form
B5 b

2. Sampling
Procedure

1

2

Reference/records
3.3 Measurement of dose
Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location with arate
NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber survey
Sampling record form
meter.
B5 c
Using a sickle or similar tool, harvest the above-ground portion ofgreen vegetables and put them in a polyethylene bag.
Note: The edible portion of the sample should weigh 1 kg
(approximate). For specific examples of edible portions, referto the series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods
No. 24, “Preparation of Samples for Gamma-ray Spectrometryin Emergencies.”
Note: If green vegetables are covered with water (even if
Sampling record form
frozen), collect that water together. (do not wipe them off.)B5 d
Note: Green vegetables are not rinsed in water.

3
4
5
6

Note: For globular vegetables (Chinese cabbage and cabbage),collect the whole vegetable, not just the outer leaves. In
measuring and analyzing, since the outer leaves are considered
to be contaminated, the handling of the collected samples
should be determined according to the purpose of theinvestigation.
Attach (or write) a label with an identification code to the
Sampling record form
polyethylene bag (i.e., an inner bag) holding the sample, binding
B5
the mouth of the bag.
Sampling record form
Record the circumstances of the sampling.
B5 d
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Sampling record form
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.
B5 e

74

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Samples should be collected from potentially contaminated fields and the like.
❏If private property is included in the sampling location when developing an emergency
monitoring plan, it is advisable to obtain permission from the landowner and producer for
emergency monitoring in normal situations.
❏Crops that can be harvested at the time of sampling should be selected as samples.
❏Samples should be taken from open field crops, not greenhouse crops.
❏Preparing a list showing when, where, and what samples can be collected is advisable. Weeds
may be collected instead of green vegetables. Mugworts and other indicator organisms may also
be collected. For the sampling method, refer to the series of environmental radioactivity measuringmethods No. 16, “Generic Procedures for Environmental Sampling”.
❏Continued sampling under the same conditions is desirable.
❏Select several locations as sampling locations where growth in the center of the field appeared
to be average and collect crops growing within a certain distance (e.g., 1 m) of the ridges.

75

5.3 Precipitation (rainwater)

Environmental sampling procedures
5.3

Precipitation (rainwater)

Objectives
Precipitation (including rainwater) is essential to determine the deposition of radioactive
materials released from nuclear facilities on the ground surface in emergencies.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling(Checklist A1)❏Equipment for environmental sampling (Checklist A3)[Example of the precipitation sampling device]Preparations before departure
Procedure

Reference/records

1

Receive written instructions.

2

Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 and A3. Checklists A1 and A3
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication device
and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
3.1
PreventionofCover equipment to prevent contamination.
equipment
contamination
Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.

3
4
5
6
7

Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective clothing
3.2
Protectionofand masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if directed, takemonitoring personnel
stable iodine tablets.
76Sampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling locations
Procedure
1
2
3

Reference/records

Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures of thesampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location
measured by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on themap, and record it.

Sampling record form
B3a
Sampling record form
B3 b

2. Sampling
Procedure
1

Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location with a
NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber survey
meter.
Place the sample container at the sampling location, and record thedate and time of the start of sampling and the sampling area of thesampling device.
Note: The location of the sampling device should be in a flatarea unaffected by trees or buildings. However, if there is nosuitable location on the ground surface, such as in urban areas,
it may be installed on a flat rooftop on the first or second floor.

Reference/records
3.3 Measurement of dose
rate
Sampling record form
B3 c
Sampling record form
B3 d

2[Example of rooftop installation]
Note: The height of the sampling device should be at least 1 m
above the ground surface to prevent precipitation frombouncing off the ground and the like, and mixing with soaring
soil.

3

Note: When installed on a rooftop, it should not be affected bychimneys or other obstacles.
After the prescribed time has elapsed, transfer the total amount of
the sample to a polyethylene container.
Sampling record form
Note: If there was no precipitation, wash the inside of theB3 dsample container with deionized water and collect it as a dry
fallout sample.

77

Procedure

4
5
6
7
8
9

Reference/records[Example of sampling]
Note: If the sampling device is covered with snow, collect thatsnow along with the water. If snow was collected or water wasfrozen, the total volume of the sample should be measured after
it has been transported indoors and completely melted at room
temperature.
Put a lid on the polyethylene container and seal it with vinyl tape.
Wipe off the surrounding area with paper towels and the like.
Paste a label with the identification code (printed or written) on the Sampling record form
container holding the sample.
B3
Put the container in a polyethylene bag (i.e., an inner bag).
Sampling record form
Record the end time of sampling, and the like.
B3 d
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Sampling record form
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.
B3 e

78

Reference: Sampling at the time of enhanced monitoring in the environmental
radioactivity level survey (precipitation)
Once an event occurs releasing radioactive materials into the environment that may result inradiation exposure and radioactive contamination of the environment, monitoring for theenvironmental radioactivity level survey may be strengthened in order to determine the radiationlevels in the local environment and obtain information for making decisions on measures for the
public and to contribute to estimating the exposure dose to the public. When instructed by the
Liaison Conference on Countermeasures against Radioactivity, prefectures implement enhanced
monitoring. An example of the response procedure is shown below.
Procedure
1
2
3
4
5
6

The Liaison Conference on Countermeasures against Radioactivity indicates the start time ofsampling against radioactivity.
Using the prescribed sampling device (Model 70A-H precipitation sampler), collect the
precipitation for 24 hours from a designated starting time to the ending time.
Even in the absence of precipitation, rinse the inside of the funnel of the 70A-H precipitation
sampler with deionized water and collect dry fallout.
If there is a risk that the sample may overflow from the storage bin before the end time ofsampling due to heavy rain and the like, the storage bin should be replaced as needed.
If the precipitation sample volume is less than 80 mL, use the entire volume; if 80 mL or
more, record the sampling volume, stir it well, homogenize it, and transfer 80 mL to ameasuring container and measure for approximately 6 hours with a germanium
semiconductor detector.
Report the results of measurements once a day regularly at the reporting time instructed by
the Liaison Conference on Countermeasures against Radioactivity and the like.

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏A temporary sampling of fixed-point samples may be conducted to enhance monitoring ofenvironmental radioactivity level surveys.
❏Radioactive precipitation sampling device (70A-H type) or a funnel for receiving water (about
25 cm in diameter) combined with a water storage bin (about 20 cm in diameter and 10 cm depth).
If a sampling device is unavailable, a vessel with a known opening area, such as a bat, tub, and thelike, may be substituted.
❏When removing the equipment, it is necessary to decontaminate the equipment used by wiping
and the like.

79

5.4 Water samples (other than drinking water)

Environmental sampling procedures
5.4

Water samples (other than drinking water)

Objectives
It is essential to determine the radioactivity concentration in water (river water, groundwater,seawater, and the like) because it will be a factor in determining the implementation of monitoringof seafood and algae when the discharge of radioactive materials into river systems, sea areas, andthe like, is confirmed. During the initial monitoring, priority will be given to collecting drinking
water samples among water samples, but water other than drinking water will also be collected asneeded.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling(Checklist A1)❏Equipment for environmental sampling (Checklist A3)
Preparations before departure
Procedure

Reference/records

1

Receive written instructions.

2

Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 and A3. Checklists A1 and A3

4

Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.

5

Cover equipment to prevent contamination.

6

Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.

7

Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
3.2
Protection
clothing and masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if
monitoring personnel
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

3

3.1
Preventionofequipment contaminationofSampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling locations
Procedure
1
2
3

Reference/records

Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures of thesampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location
measured by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on themap, and record it.

Sampling record form
B3a
Sampling record form
B3 b

2. Sampling1

Procedure
Reference/records
Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location with a 3.3 Measurement of dose
NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber survey rate
meter.
Sampling record form
80

Procedure
2
3

Reference/records
B3 c

Rinse the sample container with water sample to be collected.
Note: Wastewater used for rinsing should be disposed of in alocation that does not affect sampling.
Throw in a bucket with a string or use a water dipper to collect Sampling record form
about 2 L of water sample and put it in a container.
B3 d
Note: When throwing a bucket from a bridge into a river orother flowing area, throw it from the downstream side of thebridge to prevent damage from contact with the bridge girders.
Note: When collecting surface water (lake, pond, or seawater
surface), use a bucket or water dipper to collect the water andplace it in a sample storage container. Avoid areas where thewater is muddy or where there is a lot of sediment buildup.
Avoid stirring up sediment and introducing them into thesample.
Note: In the initial monitoring, since speed is a priority, do not
use any additives (e.g., hydrochloric acid).
Note: Use additives only when indicated (e.g., several days are
required to deliver the sample to the analytical laboratory). In
this case, add about 1 mL of hydrochloric acid (about 12 mol/L)
per 1 L to prevent the adhesion of nuclides to the inner walls of
the container. If radioactive iodine is the target, add 80-100 mg
of sodium thiosulfate per liter to prevent radioactive iodine
from adhering to the inner walls of the container (separate
sampling for radioactive iodine and other nuclides isrecommended).

4
5
6
7
8
9

Note: If tritium or carbon-14 is to be analyzed, do not use
additives.
Put the lid on the sample container and wipe off the surroundingarea with a paper towel.
Sampling record form
B3 dPaste a label with the identification code (printed or written) on the Sampling record form
container holding the sample.
B3
Seal the lid with vinyl tape and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e., an
inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Sampling record form
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.
B3 e
Record the time and the circumstances of sampling.

Reference 1: About water sampling equipment
Water sampling may be difficult with a bucket with a string or water dipper. Water sampling
equipment, such as a water sampler with a long handle, is also available.

81

[Water sampler with a long handle]

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Avoid entering rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water for sampling whenever possible. Consider
the possibility of collecting from bridges or the shore. If it is necessary to enter the water, it isstrongly recommended to know the radioactivity level of the water near the sampling location inadvance, even if it is only approximate. Pay particular attention to the contamination of othersamples after sampling, as cross-contamination is likely to occur through wet equipment or bodypart.
❏When developing an emergency monitoring plan, select a site facilitating quick sampling,
considering the access to the sampling location and ease of sampling.

82

5.5 Agricultural and livestock products

Environmental sampling procedures
5.5

Agricultural and livestock products

Objectives
To assess the exposure doses of residents in the vicinity, and the like and accumulate a wide range
of information necessary to determine the status of radioactive materials or radiation released into
the environment, agricultural and livestock products (grains, beans, mushrooms, meat, eggs, dairy
products, and the like) will be collected as necessary. The sampling may be conducted to provide
a basis for making decisions on implementing protective measures.
Samples can be collected in the field, requested from producers, or purchased at the market. For
the sampling method that the monitoring personnel conduct in fields, basically follow the method
for sampling green vegetables or refer to the series of environmental radioactivity measuringmethods No. 16 “Generic Procedures for Environmental Sampling”. This section shows how topurchase the product at a market and the like.
Required equipment Sample containers Polyethylene bag Vinyl tape
 Rubber gloves
 Paper towels
 Writing utensils
Sampling procedure
1. Sampling5

Procedure
Obtain samples of the specified type, quantity, and sampling location,and put them in containers.
Note: Obtain samples so that the edible portion is 1 kg
(approximate). For specific examples of edible portions, refer tothe series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods No.
24, “Preparation of Samples for Gamma-ray Spectrometry in
Emergencies.”
Record information about the sample (sample name, sampling
location, sampling date, and the like).
Paste a label with the identification code (printed or written) on thecontainer holding the sample.
Seal the lid with vinyl tape and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e., an
inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.

6

Check the packaging, records, and transportation conditions.

7

Samples requiring refrigeration (meat, dairy products, and the like)should be put in cold insulation containers.

1

2
3
4

83

Reference/records

Sampling record form
B6 a

Sampling record form
B6 b
Sampling record form
B6

Sampling record form
B6 c

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when obtaining samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏When purchasing samples in the market, indicate the sample type, quantity, sampling location,
sampling date, and the like, and make purchases satisfying the requirements.
❏It is also advisable to record the cropping and storage/shipping methods of the crops at the
sampling location and the land use in the area.
❏Select crops that are in the shipping season for sampling.
❏Confirming the distribution route with the producer for meat samples is advisable (Theinformation may be obtained at slaughterhouses and the like.).

84

5.6 Seafood and algae

Environmental sampling procedures
5.6

Seafood and algae

Objectives
If radioactive materials are released into rivers or oceans in emergencies, seafood and algae will
be collected as necessary to accumulate extensive information necessary to ascertain the status ofradioactive materials or radiation in the ocean. The sampling may be conducted to provide a basis
for making decisions on implementing protective measures.
When collecting seafood and algae, it is essential to compare the results with those of normalmonitoring, so priority should be given to selecting samples collected in normal monitoring. It isalso advisable to investigate in advance what samples can be collected and when.
Since fishing season is limited and fishing rights are often set, obtain seafood and algae by
requesting them from fishery cooperatives and other fishery-related parties or by purchasing themat markets and other places.
Required equipment Sample containers Polyethylene bag Vinyl tape
 Rubber gloves
 Paper towels
 Writing utensils
Sampling procedure
1. Sampling5

Procedure
Obtain samples of the specified type, quantity, and sampling location,and put them in containers.
Note: Obtain samples so that the edible portion is 1 kg
(approximate). For specific examples of edible portions, refer tothe series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods No.
24, “Preparation of Samples for Gamma-ray Spectrometry in
Emergencies.”
Record information about the sample (sample name, sampling
location, sampling date, and the like).
Paste a label with the identification code (printed or written) on thecontainer holding the sample.
Seal the lid with vinyl tape and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e., an
inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.

6

Check the packaging, records, and transportation conditions.

7

Put the sample in a cold insulation container.

1

2
3
4

85

Reference/records

Sampling record form
B7 a

Sampling record form
B7 b
Sampling record form
B7

Sampling record form
B7 c

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when obtaining samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏When requesting fishery personnel to collect samples, it is advisable to consult with themcarefully regarding the type, quantity, and sampling location of the samples. In addition, it isnecessary to take safety measures for sampling, such as radiation protection for fishery personnel.
❏When purchasing samples in the market, indicate the sample type, quantity, sampling location,
sampling date, and the like, and make purchases satisfying the requirements.
❏Determine the obtained amount by considering the ratio of the target parts (edible parts, bones,
and the like) to the whole body.
❏Note that the nuclide to be analyzed may determine the target parts.
❏For algae, clarify the condition (fresh, dried, and the like) of the samples obtained.
❏Transport the obtained samples to the analytical laboratory without rinsing.
❏Investigating ecological information (e.g., usual habitat, feeding habits, and the like) for seafood
and algae in normal situations is advisable.
❏If the samples targeted for normal monitoring are unavailable, the following points should beconsidered in selecting samples.
(a) Priority should be given to obtaining edible seafood and algae.
(b) Obtain seafood and algae of a non-migratory species rather than a migratory one (if possible,
fish should be selected from local fish. Shellfish and crabs like clams and oysters are better
indicators because they are less mobile than fish).
(c) Selecting species of seafood and algae representing the region is desirable.
❏Bivalves may contain sand, so if you ask fishery personnel to obtain them, it is best to obtainthem sand-drained using the water (seawater, river water, and the like) from where the shellfish
were collected.

86

5.7 Sediment

Environmental sampling procedures

Sediment

5.7

Objectives
Sediment contamination does not occur immediately after a nuclear accident, so initialmonitoring does not target sediment. However, sediment contamination is crucial in someradioactive accidents where radioactive materials can spread into a body of water (ponds, lakes,
and the like).
Sampling sediment may reveal contamination not detected by water monitoring alone byevaluating external exposure pathways and detecting possible radionuclide deposition
contamination at the shoreline, river or lake shores, river bottom, lake bottom, or sea floor.
Required equipment❏Equipment common to all sampling(Checklist A1)❏Equipment for environmental sampling (Checklist A3)
Preparations before departure
Procedure

Reference/records

1

Receive written instructions.

2

Prepare the necessary equipment according to checklists A1 and A3. Checklists A1 and A3
Check the operation of equipment (especially communication
device and GPS).
Check the sampling location on the map.
3.1
PreventionofCover equipment to prevent contamination.
equipment contamination
Check the operation of electronic personal dosimeters.
Wear appropriate protective equipment (including protective
3.2
Protectionofclothing and masks) following the instructions for use. Also, if
monitoring personnel
directed, take stable iodine tablets.

3
4
5
6
7

Sampling procedure
1. Identification of sampling locations
1
2
3

Procedure
Move to the sampling location indicated in the instructions.
Record information (including the address) and take pictures of thesampling location.
Record the latitude and longitude of the sampling location
measured by GPS. If not available, find the location, mark it on themap, and record it.

Reference/records
Sampling record form
B8 a
Sampling record form
B8 b

2. Sampling1

Procedure
Reference/records
Measure and record the dose rate near the sampling location with a 3.3 Measurement of dose
NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter or an ionization chamber survey rate
meter.
Sampling record form87

Procedure
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Reference/records
B8 c

Using a mud sampler, shovel, and the like, collect the indicatedamount of sediment and place it in a container.
Put the lid on the sample container and wipe off the surroundingarea with a paper towel.
Sampling record form
B8 d
Paste a label with the identification code (printed or written) on the Sampling record form
container holding the sample.
B8
Seal the lid with vinyl tape and put it in a polyethylene bag (i.e., an
inner bag).
Put the sample in a second bag (i.e., an outer bag) and pack it.
Sampling record form
Check the packaging, records, and photographs.
B8 e
Record the circumstances of the sampling.

The following are points to understand and keep in mind when collecting samples.
Things to keep in mind
❏Depending on the soil properties of the sediment to be collected and the purpose of themonitoring (to investigate sedimentation history and predict migration rates), samples may haveto be collected using special sampling equipment.
❏When sampling in a river, avoid areas where there are large stones or other obstacles disturbing
the flow. Select sampling areas where the flow is quiet or slow.
❏If it is necessary to enter the water, it is strongly recommended to know the radioactivity levelof the water near the sampling location in advance, even if it is only approximate. Pay particularattention to the contamination of other samples after sampling, as cross-contamination is likely tooccur through wet equipment or body part.
❏For details on sediment sampling, refer to the series of environmental radioactivity measuringmethods No. 16, “Generic Procedures for Environmental Sampling”.

88Checklist

A1 Equipment common to all sampling
Recorded by

Date:Team nameTime:
Equipment

Quantity Yes

No

Electronic personal dosimeter(Measurable range: 0.01mSv to 100mSv inclusive)☐☐

Survey meter for surface contamination measurement(for β-ray and α-ray (related to nuclear fuel facilities)))☐☐Rubber gloves☐☐

Cotton gloves☐☐

Protective clothing (Tyvek suits and the like)☐☐Rain gear (raincoat)
Disposable raincoats (3 sets per member)☐☐

Warm clothing (as required)☐☐Protective cap☐☐

Helmet☐☐Protective shoes (safety shoes, safety shoe-type boots)☐☐

Shoe covers (3 sets per member)☐☐Socks (cotton work socks)☐☐

Dust-proof mask☐☐

Goggles☐☐Half-face mask☐☐

Activated carbon filters for protective masks☐☐

Dust filters for protective masks☐☐

Adhesive tape☐☐

Polyethylene bags (for waste: 90L, 20L)☐☐

Scissors*Can also be used to cut tape wound for protection.

☐☐

Wet wipes (wipes including alcohol are recommended)☐☐

Stable iodine tablets☐☐

Medical kit☐☐

GPS, compass☐☐

Digital camera (preferably with GPS logger)☐☐

1. For radiation protection

2. For location confirmation and communication

91

RemarksEquipment

Quantity Yes

No

Map showing sampling locations☐☐

Lighting equipment (flashlights and the like)Communication devices(mobile phones, satellite phones, tablet devices, mobile PCs,
and the like)

☐

☐

☐

☐

Spare batteries (for equipment and flashlights)☐☐

Vinyl tape, warning signs☐☐

Flag or tape (indicating that samples are being collected)☐☐

Transportable monitoring posts (as required)☐☐

Car-borne survey system (as required)☐☐

γ-ray survey meter (for low dose rate)☐☐

γ-ray survey meter (for high dose rate)☐☐

Neutron survey meter (REM counter) (as required)☐☐

Spare batteries (for survey meters)☐☐

StopwatchTool to measure the height (height from the ground to themeasuring instrument)
4. For management record

☐

☐

☐

☐

Equipment operation manual☐☐

Procedure manual☐☐Sampling record form☐☐

Memo pad☐☐Pen (indelible)☐☐

Calculator (as required)☐☐

Sticker for identification code and the like☐☐

3. For measuring dose rate

Remarks:

Confirmed by

92

Remarks

A2 Equipment for air sampling
Recorded by

Date:Team nameTime:

Checklist A1:☐ Checked

Equipment

Quantity Yes

No

☐

☐

☐

☐

Filter paper for dust collection (filter paper)☐☐

Tweezers
Activated carbon cartridge (impregnated with approximately
10% TEDA)Polyethylene bags

☐

☐

☐

☐

☐

☐

Generator (portable gasoline can)☐☐Power cords☐☐

Stands for transportable air sampler (as required)

☐

☐

☐

☐

1. sampling equipment
Transportable low-volume air sampler (preferably with bothrechargeable batteries and AC)
Transportable high-volume air sampler (preferably with bothrechargeable batteries and AC)

2. For management record
Operation manual for sampling equipment

Remarks:

Confirmed by

93

Remarks

A3 Equipment for environmental sampling
Date:

Recorded by

Team name

Checklist A1

Time:☐ Checked

Equipment

Quantity Yes

No

Small containers (U-8, U-9, and the like)☐☐

Soil sampler
Equipment for sampling sediment(lake sediment, sea sediment)
Polyethylene bottles for water sampling (2L-5L)

☐

☐

☐

☐

☐

☐

Wooden mallet or hammer (required when using soil sampler)☐☐

Sickle☐☐Wood (necessary when using soil sampler)☐☐

Grafting trowel (for disposable use)☐☐

Polyethylene bags (small, medium)☐☐

Vinyl tape☐☐

Paper towel☐☐

Deionized water (for cleaning)☐☐

Additives☐☐

Wet wipes (alcohol, and the like)☐☐

Disposable rubber gloves☐☐

Scissors

☐

☐

Knife

☐

☐

Cold insulation containers (as required)

☐

☐

☐

☐

1. Sampling equipment

2. For management record
Operation manual for sampling equipment

Remarks:

Confirmed by
94

Remarks

Sampling record form

B1 Air

Sampling record form

B1
Date:

/

Air
/

Start time:

Weather (on the day):

Hour

MinuteWeather (on the day before):

Team leader:

Member:Sampling location informationaSampling location(Location name, address,
and the like)bGPS

N (latitude)b

Fallen snow

☐ Present☐ Absent

E (longitude)
Depth ofsnow

Approx.

cm

Dose rate at the sampling locationcType of equipmentcModel name(Serial no.)c

Time constantc

Detector direction☐ NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter☐ Ionization chamber survey meter☐ Neutron survey meter☐ Other:sec.

*Elapsed time to measurement:☐μSv / hDose rate (c

1 m above the ground (at waist height)
1
2
3
4
5
average97☐μGy / h)Sampling
Hot staff (personnel to actually collect samples):Cold staff (personnel not to actually collect samples):dSampling equipment☐ High-volume air sampler☐ Low-volume air sampler☐ Other:dType of adsorbent☐ Filter paper☐ Activated carbon cartridges:☐ Other:dSampling start timed

Flow rate at the startdSampling end timed

Flow rate at the end[L/min]d

Suction time

[min]

d

Average flow rate

[L/min]*For equipment without an integrated flow volume display, the average flow rateis the average value of the flow rate at the start and the flow rate at the end.

dIntegrated flow
volume[m3]* For equipment without an integrated flow volume indicator, calculate by“integrated flow volume = average flow rate [L/min] x suction time [min]/1000 ”.

dRemarks[L/min]Confirmation of samples and recordseSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OKeOmission☐ Nonee

Photo☐ Entire view

Recorded by☐ Outer bag OK☐ Sampling location☐ Sealing OK☐ Sampling conditions, close view

Ending time:

Hour

Sample identification code
Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time://B2 Soi
98

Received by

MinuteB2 SoilSampling record form

B2

Soil

Date: //
Weather (on the day):
Team leader:Start time:
Hour
Weather (on the day before):
Member:MinuteSampling location informationaLocation[Incidental Information]
name,☐ Monitoring station site
address,and the like ☐ Location of air monitors and the likebGPS

N (latitude)b

Fallen snow

☐ Present☐ Absent☐ Electronic dosimeter
installation site
☐ Other:
E (longitude)

Depth of snow

Approx.

cm

Dose rate at the sampling location☐ NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter☐ Ionization chamber survey meter☐ Neutron survey meter☐ Other:c Type of equipmentcModel name(Serial no.)c

Time constantc

Detector direction

sec.

*Elapsed time to measurement:☐μSv / hDose rate (☐μGy / h)c
1 m above the ground (at waist height)
1
2
3
4
5
average99

5 cm above the groundSampling
Hot staff (personnel to actually collect samples):Cold staff (personnel not to actually collect samples):dGeology and the like

☐ Bare ground☐ Sandy soil
☐ Other:☐ Field☐ Forest☐ Meadow☐ Lawn☐ Mountain☐ Peat or humus area

d

Plant

☐ Absent☐ Present (Plant type:[Plant sampling conditions (sampling area and the like)]d

Fallen snow

☐ Absent☐ Present[Snow sampling conditions (sampling area and the like)]d

Sampling area (soil)dNumber of sampling
locations☐ One location ☐ Multiple locations (number of locations:dSampling device☐ Small container (U-8)☐ Small container (U-9)☐ Other container:(surface area:☐ Soil sampler (diameter:)☐ Other soil samplers: (surface area:)dMeasuring container☐ Directly measurement by container (empty container weightdSampling depthdRemarks

［m］ x

［m］
)

)

g)

cm

Confirmation of samples and recordseSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OKeOmission☐ Nonee

Photo☐ Entire view

☐ Outer bag OK☐ Sampling location☐ Sampling conditions, close view

Ending time:

Recorded by

Sample identificationcode☐ Sealing OK

Hour

MinuteNote: If there are supplementary samples (plants, snow, and the like) linked withthe soil, enter the identification code of such supplementary samples (The samplingrecord of ancillary samples is to be done separately.)☐ Plants:☐ Snow:☐ Other （）

Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

100

Received by

B3 Water

Sampling record form

Drinking water
Precipitation (rain water)・Other water sample

B3
Date:

/

/

Start time:

Weather (on the day):

Hour

MinuteWeather (on the day before):

Team leader:

Member:Sampling location informationaLocation
name,address, and Status when water sampling: ☐ During
the like
releasebGPS

N (latitude)b

Fallen snow

☐ Present☐ Absent☐ Not during release
E (longitude)

Depth of snow

Approx.

cm

Dose rate at the sampling locationcType of equipmentcModel name(Serial no.)c

Time constantc

Detector direction☐ NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter☐ Ionization chamber survey meter☐ Neutron survey meter☐ Other:

sec.

Dose rate (*Elapsed time to measurement:☐μSv / hc
1 m above the ground (at waist height)
1
2
3
4
5
average101☐μGy / h)Sampling
Hot staff (personnel to actually collect samples):Cold staff (personnel not to actually collect samples):☐ Drinking waterdClassification

Water supply (☐indoor Faucet☐ Other:d

Source of water☐ River waterd

Elasped time of water
discharge before
sampling☐outdoor faucet)☐ Groundwater ☐ Well water☐well water☐Other[min]☐ Precipitation (rainwater)
Sampling start date anddtime
Sampling end date and
d
time
d

[m2]

Sampling area

☐ Other Water Sample☐ River water ☐ Lake water ☐ Pond water ☐ Swamp water ☐ Seawater☐ Other:dClassificationdName of the water
systemd

Additive☐ No ☐ Yes (Additive type:d

Dose of samples☐ Lowly concentrated sample)☐ Highly concentrated sample

Confirmation of samples and recordseSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OKeOmission☐ Nonee

Photo☐ Entire view

Recorded by☐ Outer bag OK☐ Sealing OK☐ Sampling location

Ending time:

Sample identification code

☐ For radioactive iodine102☐ Sampling conditions, close view

Hour

MinuteSample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

103

Received by

B4 Milk

Sampling record form

B4

Milk

Date: //
Weather (on the day):
Team leader:Start time:
Hour
Weather (on the day before):
Member:MinuteSampling location informationaLocation
name,address ,and the like

Producer's name:Producer's address:bGPS

N (latitude)

E (longitude)b

Fallen snow

☐ Present☐ Absent

Depth of snow Approx.

cm

Dose rate at the sampling locationcType of equipmentcModel name(Serial no.)c

Time constantc

Detector direction☐ NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter☐ Ionization chamber survey meter☐ Neutron survey meter☐ Other:

sec.

Dose rate (*Elapsed time to measurement:☐μSv / hc
1 m above the ground (at waist height)
1
2
3
4
5
average104☐μGy / h)Sampling
Hot staff (personnel to actually collect samples):Cold staff (personnel not to actually collect samples):dSubject ofanalysis☐ For radioactive iodinedClassification☐ Cow's milk
☐ Other:dMilking datedMilking
conditions☐ Milk from one cow ☐ Mixed milkdAdditive☐ No ☐ Yes (Additive type:d

Feed type☐ Pasture☐ Other:d

Fodder spot

GPS: N (latitude)dRemarks☐ Other:☐ Goat's milk

Note: Enter if different from the sampling date.

)☐ Storage feed

E (longitude)

Confirmation of samples and recordseSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OKeOmission☐ Nonee

Photo☐ Entire view

☐ Outer bag OK☐ Sampling location

Recorded by☐ Sealing OK☐ Sampling conditions, close view

Ending time:

Hour

Sample identification code
Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

105

Received by

MinuteB5 Vegetables

Sampling record form

B5

Vegetables

Date: //
Weather (on the day):
Team leader:Start time:
Hour
Weather (on the day before):
Member:MinuteSampling location informationaLocation
name,Producer's name:address, andProducer's address:
the likebGPS

N (latitude)b

Fallen snow

☐ Present☐ Absent

E (longitude)
Depth of snow

Approx.

cm

Dose rate at the sampling locationcType of equipmentcModel name(Serial no.)c

Time constantc

Detector direction☐ NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter☐ Ionization chamber survey meter☐ Neutron survey meter☐ Other:

sec.

Dose rate (*Elapsed time to measurement:☐μSv / hc
1 m above the ground (at waist height)
1
2
3
4
5
average106☐μGy / h)Sampling
Hot staff (personnel to actually collect samples):Cold staff (personnel not to actually collect samples):dSample typed

Sampling areadSampled partdCultivation
conditionsdRemarks

［cm]

cm］ x

☐ Whole☐ Partially:

Confirmation of samples and recordseSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OKeOmission☐ Nonee

Photo☐ Entire view

☐ Outer bag OK☐ Sealing OK☐ Sampling location

Recorded by☐ Sampling conditions, close view

Ending time:

Hour

Sample identification code
Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

107

Received by

MinuteB6 Agricultural and livestock products

Sampling record form

B6

Agricultural and livestock products

Date: //
Weather (on the day):
Team leader:aMember:Location
The name of the store where it was purchased and the like:name,address, and Address:
the like
Note: Location of production, markets, and the like.

Samplingb

Sample namebSample form

☐ Solidb

Sampling date
Manufacturingdate☐ Same as purchase dateb

Producing areab

Cultivation
conditions
Manufacturingconditionsb

Sample weightbRemarks☐ Liquid☐ Powder☐ Other:☐ Different from the purchase date:kg

Confirmation of samples and recordscSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OK

cOmission☐ NonecTransportation
conditions☐ None in particular☐ Outer bag OK☐ Refrigerated

Recorded by☐ Sealing OK☐ Frozen

Ending time:☐ Other:

Hour

Sample identification code
Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

108

Received by

MinuteSampling record form

B7

Seafood and algae

Date: //
Weather (on the day):
Team leader:

Member:Sampling location informationaLocation
name,address, andthe like

The name of the store where it was purchased and the like:
Address:
Note: Location of production, markets, and the like.

Samplingb

Sample namebSampling dateb

Sampling
locationb

Sample weightb

Algae condition ☐ RawbRemarks☐ Same as purchase date

☐ Different from the date of purchase:kg☐ Dried☐ Other:

Confirmation of samples and recordscSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OK

cOmission☐ NonecTransportation
conditions☐ None in particular☐ Outer bag OK☐ Refrigerated

Recorded by☐ Sealing OK☐ Frozen☐ Other:Ending time: Hour MinuteSample identification code
Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

109

Received by

B8 Sediment

Sampling record form

B8

Sediment

Date: //
Weather (on the day):
Team leader:Start time:
Hour
Weather (on the day before):
Member:MinuteSampling location informationaLocation
name

b

GPS

N (latitude)b

Fallen snow

☐ Present☐ Absent

E (longitude)
Depth of snow

Approx.

cm

Dose rate at the sampling locationcType of equipmentcModel name(Serial no.)c

Time constantc

Detector direction☐ NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter☐ Ionization chamber survey meter☐ Neutron survey meter☐ Other:

sec.

Dose rate (*Elapsed time to measurement:☐μSv / hc
1 m above the ground (at waist height)
1
2
3
4
5
average110☐μGy / h)Sampling
Hot staff (personnel to actually collect samples):Cold staff (personnel not to actually collect samples):d Classification
Name of thewater system
Number ofd sampling
locations☐ River sediment ☐ Lake sediment☐ Sea sediment ☐ Other:☐ Pond sediment ☐ Swamp sedimentd☐ One location

Multiple locations:(number of locations:)d Sampling deviced Sampling depth

d

☐ cm

Depth of water☐m

Sampling
methodd Remarks

Confirmation of samples and recordseSamplepackaging☐ Inner bag OKeOmission☐ Nonee

Photo☐ Entire view

☐ Outer bag OK☐ Sealing OK☐ Sampling location

Recorded by☐ Sampling conditions, close view

Ending time:

Hour

Sample identification code
Sample classification☐ Treat as a highly concentrated sample

Receipt

Date/time:

/

/

111

Received by

MinuteRecords of radiation exposure and contamination measurements*Each EMC may have its own exposure management forms. In such cases, check them.

Contamination Management Records

C1

External exposure dose and surface contamination
measurement records
Handle with Care

Date and time of measurement:
Measured by//
Recorded by

Personnel Information
Name
GenderOrganization☐ Male☐ FemaleAge☐ Driver☐ Hot staff☐ Cold staff

Team name
Period of activity
Activities
Dose control
Standards☐ Other

External exposure dose (measured by electronic personal dosimeter)☐ Dosimeter reset

Model name (Serial no.)Date of reading

Readings (μSv)

Time

OK
Reading place

At the start of theactivity
Active*Fill in if checked
during the activity.
At the end of theactivity☐ Within the dose control
standards☐ Exceeding the dose control
standards

Guideline for contamination

cpm

Model name (Serial no.)☐ No contamination

Result☐ Contaminated (above
the guideline for contamination)⇒ Remeasurement after decontamination☐ Parietal area ☐ Face (nasal area)☐ Shoulder☐ Arm ☐ Palm of the hand ☐ Back of the hand
☐ Chest☐ Back ☐ Abdomen☐ Waist ☐ Buttocks☐ Leg☐ Clothing☐ Shoe sole

115

Stable iodine tablet use record
Date

Time

Amount used

Remarks

Initials (prescription)

Record of decontamination (If the guideline for contamination is exceeded in thesurface contamination inspection)

Decontamination method☐ Undressing☐ Wiping☐ Other☐ No contamination

Contamination
inspection
results after
decontaminati
onDecontamination method☐ Contamination (above
guideline for contamination)⇒ Remeasurement after decontamination☐ Parietal area
☐ Face (nasal area)☐ Shoulder☐ Arm ☐ Palm of the hand
☐ Back of the hand
☐ Chest☐ Back ☐ Abdomen☐ Waist☐ Buttocks☐ Clothing☐ Shoe sole

☐ Leg

☐ Undressing☐ Wiping☐ Other☐ No contamination

Contamination ☐ Contamination (above
the guideline for contamination)
inspection⇒ Remeasurement after decontamination
results after☐ Parietal area
☐ Face (nasal area)
decontaminati☐ Shoulder☐ Arms ☐ Palm of the hand
☐ Back of the handon
☐ Chest☐ Back ☐ Abdomen☐ Waist☐ Buttocks☐ Clothing☐ Shoe soles☐ Leg*If the contamination exceeds the guideline for contamination even after decontamination, take action as directed by
the EMC Planning and Coordination Group.

116Explanation

Explanation A - Effects of non-uniform distribution of radioactive materials in a measuringcontainer on γ-ray spectrometry
A.1 Introduction
γ-ray spectrometry with a germanium semiconductor detector is an effective method for quickly
determining the radioactivity concentration in an emergency because it can measure relatively
large sample volumes non-destructively without chemical separation and purification.
Quantifying radionuclides using this method requires filling the sample uniformly into ameasuring container of a fixed shape. However, sampling in an emergency makes uniformly
filling the measuring container difficult, often forcing measurements of radionuclides nonuniformly distributed in the container.
When measuring a volume sample by γ-ray spectrometry for quantifying radionuclides, uniform
distribution of target nuclides in the measuring container is a prerequisite. When measuring asample with a non-uniform distribution of radionuclides in the container, the change in thegeometric positional relationship between the sample and the detector (hereinafter referred to as“geometry”) changes the peak efficiency to a value different from the one obtained duringcalibration, affecting the analysis results. The degree of change in peak efficiency depends on thesample's radionuclides distribution and the measurement's geometry. It is a factor that contributes
significantly to the uncertainty of the analysis results.
The change in peak efficiency with radionuclides non-uniformly distributed in the measuringcontainer is pronounced when measuring the volume sample in a geometry contacting closely tothe detector (e.g., in close contact with the detector end cap). It is particularly affected by nonuniform distribution in the vertical (coaxial) direction relative to the detector*.
This study evaluated the uncertainty of the measurement of a sample with radionuclides nonuniformly distributed inside a U-8 container with a germanium semiconductor detector using
Monte Carlo simulations.
*The series of environmental radioactivity measuring methods No.7, “Gamma-ray Spectrometry
using Germanium Semiconductor Detector” Document 2, Effect of non-uniform distribution ofsamples in measurement container (example of U-8 container)
A.2 Evaluation method
When the γ-ray spectrum of a sample is measured, and the count rate N of the peak caused by the γray of the target nuclide is obtained, the radioactivity value of the sample is given by the following
formula.

A=

𝑁
𝐼γ ・𝜀

·······(1)A: Radioactivity value per measuring sample (Bq)
N: Peak counting rate (cps)𝐼𝛾: γ-ray emission probability
ε: Peak efficiency

119

The non-uniform distribution of radionuclides in the measuring sample changes the geometry
from that of the peak efficiency calibration using a standard source, which varies the peakefficiency value. If the peak efficiency changes due to non-uniform distribution, the observed
peak counting rate will change, affecting the calculated radioactivity value.
Let ε be the peak efficiency under the uniform distribution, A the true value of radioactivity, ε'the peak efficiency changed by the non-uniform distribution, N' the peak counting rate obtained
when measured under the uniform distribution, and A' the calculated value of radioactivity.
𝑁′＝𝐴·𝐼𝛾·𝜀′

A′ =

𝑁′
𝐼γ · 𝜀=𝐴 · 𝐼γ · 𝜀′𝐼γ · 𝜀······(2)=𝐴 · 𝜀′𝜀······(3)From equation (3), the ratio (relative value) of the radioactivity value A' to the true value ofradioactivity A obtained under the non-uniformly distributed condition is given as follows:𝐴′𝜀′= 𝜀 ·····(4)𝐴

In this study, we attempted to determine the range that the relative value of the calculated
radioactivity value can take. We obtained the peak efficiency ε', which changes with the nonuniform distribution of radionuclides in the sample, using Monte Carlo simulation to calculate
the uncertainty from the width of this range.
A.3 Examination
The conditions used for the Monte Carlo simulations were as follows.
Simulation code

EGS5（Electron Gamma Shower version 5）

Germanium semiconductor detectorp-type coaxial, 31% relative efficiency

Crystal size

50.47 mm(h) × 52.2 mm(Φ)

Measuring container

Polypropylene cylindrical container (U-8 container)(50 mmΦ)Radionuclide

Cs-137 (γ-ray energy: 662 keV)

Sample material

soil

Composition

O(49.0 %), Si(36.5 %), Al(7.1 %), Fe(4.0 %), C(2.0 %),K(1.4 %)

Density

1.55 g/cm3

Sample filling height (cm)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5Distance between the detector and
0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
measuring sample (cm)The U-8 container was placed at a distance of h (cm) in the coaxial direction from the end capof the germanium semiconductor detector (Figure A-1). The distribution conditions of each120

radionuclide with the maximum and minimum peak efficiencies were determined by Monte
Carlo simulation for cases A and B in Figure A-2 and the uniform distribution condition: A(when localized at the center of the bottom surface of the measuring container) and B (whenlocalized at a point at the periphery of the top surface of the measuring sample, farthest from thedetector). Next, the range of values that the peak efficiency can take was converted to the rangeof radioactivity values (relative values) of the measuring sample. Then the standard deviation
assuming a rectangular distribution is calculated to obtain the standard uncertainty of theradioactivity values (relative standard uncertainty). (The distribution of the actual peak efficiency(ε' in A. 2) without processing for uniform filling is not a rectangular distribution but a convex
distribution with a peak at the center. Thus, the actual standard uncertainties are smaller thanthose given here.)

A: Localized at the center of the bottom
surface of the measuring container(maximum peak efficiency)
B: Localized at a point at the periphery of
the top surface of the sample(minimum peak efficiency)

Fig. A-1 Arrangement of detector and sample

121

Fig. A-2 Conditions for non-uniform
distribution of radionuclides withmaximum and minimum peak efficiencies
in the measuring containerA.4 Results and discussion
Figure A-3 shows the change in uncertainty (relative standard uncertainty) of the Cs-137
radioactivity value when measuring a sample filled to a height of 1 to 5 cm in a U-8 container at
different distances from the detector end cap.

The uncertainty of the radioactivity value tended to increase with the filling height of themeasuring sample and decrease with the distance from the detector. The effect of measuring asample with a considerable filling height in a geometry contacting closely to the detector is thelargest, reaching an uncertainty of almost 100 % when measuring a sample with a filling heightof 5 cm in a geometry contacting closely to the detector end cap.
On the other hand, more distance from the detector to the sample relatively reduces theinfluence of changes in the position of radionuclides in the sample on the positional relationshipwith the detector, thus narrowing the range over which the peak efficiency varies and reducing
uncertainty. Depending on the filling height of the measuring sample, a distance of 10 cm fromthe detector can also halve the uncertainty compared to a measurement made in close contact
with the detector end cap.
Reducing the filling height of the measuring sample also reduces the uncertainty significantly.
This is because changes in peak efficiency are sensitive to changes in vertical (axial) geometry
relative to the detector. Narrowing the range of vertical variation (i.e., using a “thin” sample)
reduces the range over which the peak efficiency changes, thus reducing the uncertainty.
A.5 Conclusion
In γ-ray spectrometry, uniform distribution of radionuclides in the measuring container is aprerequisite. Thus, samples should, in principle, be filled into containers uniformly. However, if
the distribution in the measuring sample is unavoidably non-uniform, the following method
effectively reduces the uncertainty caused by the non-uniform distribution.
a)
Separate the detector from the measuring sample.
b)
Reduce the filling height of the measuring sample.
In emergency measurements, samples with high radionuclide concentrations and significant
dead time are expected. Therefore, measuring samples at a distance effectively reduces thedetector's dead time and makes the measurement conditions appropriate. For an emergency,
122

determining the efficiency of measuring at a long distance in advance is necessary.
However, since the above countermeasures may require a long measurement time for samples
with low radionuclide concentrations, appropriately selecting the measurement conditions isdesirable, corresponding to an acceptable uncertainty depending on the situation of themeasuring sample.

123Explanation B - Estimation of sampling depth sufficient for inventory estimation taking into
account the depth profile of Cs-137
Radioactive materials released into the air due to the accident at the TEPCO's Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant were deposited on the ground surface due to rainfall and otherfactors while diffusing over a wide area. The investigation of the vertical transmigration ofradioactive cesium in the soil proceeded with the scraper plate method. This investigation was
conducted as part of the project to consolidate distribution data of radioactive materials in thedepth distribution survey of radioactive cesium in the soil following the accident at the TEPCO's
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.
The depth distribution survey conducted in the first survey after the accident 1) in FY2011 foundthe highest Cs-137 values, all within 1 cm from the surface, including vegetation and litter layer,
in forests, paddy fields, and grasslands. In contrast, the depth distribution survey 2) conducted in
FY2013 found the highest Cs-137 values distributed from the surface to about 2 cm, and thevertical transmigration was generally similar (Figure B-1). However, the distribution trend andspeed varied depending on the land category.

Figure B-1 Comparison of the depth distribution of Cs-137 in each land category(environmental condition) over time
The primary purpose of soil sampling during initial emergency monitoring is to confirm the
spread of radioactive materials deposited on the ground and to determine their radionuclide
composition. Therefore, a soil sampling depth of about 2 cm is sufficient to fulfill the objective.
However, careful attention is necessary to treat vegetation and litter layers immediately above
the sampled soil. In this regard, the first survey “revealed that up to 94% of the total
accumulation of radioactive cesium is present in vegetation (agricultural land and grassland) andlitter (forest) layers”. 1) Therefore, instead of sampling only the soil after removing the vegetationand litter layer and exposing the ground surface, the vegetation and litter layer directly above thesoil should be sampled for an area similar to the area of soil sampled and measured separately to124supplement the sedimentation volume. If there is a small amount of vegetation (weeds), such asbare ground, it may be collected as is with the soil.
The percentage of radioactive cesium present at each depth is essential in order to determine thesoil sampling depth sufficient to obtain the total accumulation of radioactive cesium. Figure B-2
shows the concentration and percentage of radioactive cesium present at each depth in paddy
fields, fields, forests, and orchards as a result of the first round of surveys. 1). To evaluate thetotal accumulation the sampling depth required to ensure the presence of 90% of the accumulated
amount is 5 cm below the surface.

Figure B-2 Depth distribution and abundance curve of Cs-137 in uncultivated land
Distribution surveys after initial monitoring should increase the number of sampling points toimprove the level of representation. In the mid-term and restoration phases, in addition toincreasing the number of sampling points, methods to increase the sampling area are also
effective at improving accuracy. Furthermore, increasing the sampling depth can accommodate
vertical transmigration.
Reference
1) 文部科学省 原子力災害対策支援本部,農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事;東京電力株
式会社福島第一原子力発電所事故に伴う放出された放射性物質の分布状況等に関する調査研究結果,平成24年3月
2) 日本原子力研究開発機構;「土壌に蓄積した放射性セシウムの移行状況調査」,平成25
年度東京電力（株）福島第一原子力発電所事故に伴う放射性物質の長期的影響把握手法の確立事業 成果報告書,part2 105-139,平成26年3月
125Explanation C - Number of sampling points and reliability in soil sampling
The confidence interval is a vital reliability index in evaluating the sample’s representationlevel. For the same confidence level, the confidence interval is generally wider for the smaller
number of sampling points and narrower for the more sampling points.
C.1 Soil sampling in fallout surveys
Yamagata 1) showed the relationship between the width of the confidence interval by anarbitrary confidence level and the number of sampling points for the objective component (Sr90
fallout) in a particular area of soil (Figure C-1). For soil sampling in fallout surveys, these results
enable the estimation of the number of sampling points needed to achieve the desired confidence
level.

Figure C-1 Number of soil sampling points and width of confidence intervals(a) Paddy field, A=Akita (mean concentration 71.3), T=Tokyo (mean concentration 22.8), (b)Field, A(71.4), T(37.5), (c) Uncultivated land, A(76.7), T(38.3), ① A (confidence level 99%), ②
A (95%), ③ T (99%), ④ T (95%) Vertical axis: width of confidence interval (Ci/m2) Horizontal
axis: Number of points sampled
C.2 Soil sampling during a nuclear disaster accident
IAEA TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 486 (2019)2) introduces a theory for determining
the minimum number of sampling points in soil sampling from an acceptable error rate based on
the findings of the Chernobyl accident by Khomutinin et al.
126

The conditions for soil sampling are as follows.
 The same contamination status throughout the site of soil sampling.
 The site area is more than 0.0054m 2
 The sampler used for sampling is a cylinder type with a diameter of 3.7 cm and aheight of 30 cm.
 95% confidence level of measurement error within a 10% error rate
Under these conditions, the following equation for determining the minimum number ofsampling points from the acceptable error rate is presented 3), and Figure C-2 shows therelationship between them for p=95%.
2
𝑈(𝑝) ∙ 𝜎𝑙𝑛𝑛 ≥ {}ln (1 + 𝛿)n
: Number of sampling points
U(p) : Upper bound of the confidence interval for confidence level p in a standard normal
distribution
𝜎𝑙𝑛: Standard deviation by the logarithm of the concentration of Cs-137 in samples collected
at each sampling point𝛿: Error rate (1/2 of the width of the confidence interval of the confidence level p of thetrue value of radionuclide concentration divided by the mean value of radionuclide
concentration)

Figure C-2 Error rate vs. minimum number of sampling points required
The minimum number of sampling points increases when the error rate reduces, resulting in
more significant statistical variability. Conversely, the minimum number of sampling points
reduces when the error rate increases, resulting in less statistical variability.

127Reference1) 山縣登, (1973). 4.サンプリングの信頼度について. Japan Analyst, 22, 1402-

1411.
2) Barnekow, U., et al. (2019). Guidelines on soil and vegetation sampling forradiological monitoring. International Atomic Energy Agency Technical
Reports Series, 486, 39-40.
3) Khomutinin, Y.V., Kashparov, V.A., & Zhebrovska, K. I. (2004). Sampling

optimization when radioecological monitoring, Ukraine Institute for Agricultural
Radiology, Kiev 137,16, ISBN966-646-034-3

128Reference document

Reference A - Additives for the preservation of water samples
Since rapidity is a priority in the initial emergency monitoring, additives to preserve the sample
should not be used when collecting a water sample, in principle. If it takes several days fromsampling to analysis, or if it is necessary to store the sample after measurement, some measures,such as the use of additives, are required to preserve the sample. An example of the preservation
methods for water samples, as described in MARLAP (Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory
Analytical Protocols, 2004, Chapter 10), is given in Table A-1.
Table A-1 Preservation of water samples
Preservation method
Advantage
Disadvantage
Acidification of This is the method of choice to  If tritium is the analyte, do not add
samplespreserve most types of water samples. acid. The addition of acid does not It keeps many radionuclides in directly affect tritium but may affectsolution and minimizes their the ability to make liquid
possibility of being removed from the scintillation measurements.
solution by chemical or physical  If carbon 14 is the analyte, do notadsorption or ion exchange.
add acid. Adding acid to a sample
containing carbon 14 produces
14
CO2, resulting in the loss of carbon
14 from the sample.
Addition of nitric This lowers the pH of the solution to  It is a strong oxidizer and can reactacid
prevent metal from adhering to the with organic compounds.
container walls.
 Tritium is preferentially separated ashydrogen ions from the acid.
 Carbon 14 can be lost as 14CO2.
Addition ofhydrochloric acid

Addition of sulfite

Addition of
methanol andformaldehyde This lowers the pH of the solution to It may corrode the stainless steel
prevent metal from adhering to the sample dish for gross β/ gross α
container walls.
measurement.
 Chlorides strongly bind to iron anduranium to form anion complexes.
 Converting volatile iodine (I2) to non-  Using acid as a preservative forvolatile iodine (I-) creates a reductive analyzing other radionuclides
environment that prevents the would cause the reducing agent tovolatilization of iodine.
lose its efficacy.
 Sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO3), →Samples for iodine analysis
sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), or should be collected and stored in
sodiummetabisulfite(sodium separate containers.
pyrosulfite) (Na2S2O5) are used.
 The reducing environment createdby sulfite preservatives can reduce
iron, uranium, and other easily
reduced elements to form inert
compounds. It has a negative
impact on radiochemistry requiring
chemical separation.
 Preservation of organic samples.
 Inhibition of microbial activity.

131

 The problem of waste arises.

Preservation method
Advantage
Disadvantage
Cooling
 Organic sample (water, food, and the  The ice needs to be replaced.
like) preservation.
(ice-cooling.)
 It prevents drying and maintains
moisture.
 It inhibits microbial activity.
Freezing
 This preserves organic samples
 The dry ice needs to be replaced.
(chilled with dry(water, plants, animals, and the like).
ice.)
Paper pulp addition  Its metal adsorption with a large
 The pH must be kept below 1.
surface area reduces adsorption on
 It requires filtration and wet ashing
the walls of sample storageof the paper pulp, and the liquids
containers.
must be adjusted again after
treatment.

The primary purpose of water sampling for emergency monitoring is to determine theradioactivity concentration in the water. Analysis by forms, such as dissolved and suspended
forms, may be more helpful in investigating the transmigration of radioactive materials in theenvironment. Clarifying the purpose of the sampling and appropriately selecting the treatment tobe applied to the collected sample is essential. For dissolved Cs-137, which is highly biotransferable, there is a report on the effects of storage conditions on changes in Cs-137
concentrations 1). The report states that solid-liquid separation quickly after sampling is ideal for
analyzing dissolved Cs-137. If this is difficult, refrigerating it for a short period without additives
and then returning it to the water temperature at the time of sampling can return the water to its
original chemical state at the time of sampling to some extent.
One of the nuclides considered necessary for emergency monitoring is radioactive iodine. A
report is available on iodine in storing water samples 2). This report describes an investigation ofsample storage conditions for determining total soluble iodine in river water by ICP-MS. The
report states that adding an alkaline reagent such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
for preservation is a known method for iodine measurement, but filtered water samples can bepreserved at 5 °C for almost one year without the addition of an alkaline reagent such as TMAH.
The study also states that adding a small amount of alkaline reagent was sufficient to retain theiodine in the solution when stored at room temperature. In addition, note the iodine volatility. A
report studied whether boiling volatilizes I-131 in tap water 3). The report indicates that boilingdoes not remove I-131 from tap water.
Reference
1) Tsuji, H., Takechi, S., Ozaki, H., Nishikiori, T., Kubota, T., & Hayashi, S.(2020).
Effect of Storage Temperature and Duration of Environmental Water on Dissolved
137
Cs Concentration. Radioisotopes,69,315-327, DOI:10.3769/radioisotopes.69.315
2) Tagami, K., & Uchida, S. (2005). Sample storage conditions and holding times forthe determination of total iodine in natural water samples by ICP-MS. Atomic
Spectroscopy, 26(6), 209-214.
3) Tagami, K., & Uchida, S. (2011). Can we remove iodine-131 from tap water in Japanby boiling? – Experimental testing in response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plant accident, Chemosphere, 84(9), 1282-1284.
132

Reference B - Results of interviews with emergency monitoring workers at TEPCO's Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident
In response to the accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, local
government officials and personnel dispatched by the Japanese government and support
personnel from other local governments cooperated and collaborated in emergency monitoring.
The complex disaster of a large-scale earthquake and tsunami forced them to carry out the work
under severe conditions. In developing this manual, it was interviewed the people involved inmonitoring at the time, and the lessons learned are included in the text as points to keep in mind.
For reference purposes, this section summarizes, by content, the main situations related tosampling encountered at monitoring sites at the time of the accident.
 Basically, they acted according to instructions, but the scale of thesituation exceeding expectations forced a flexible response.
 Inaccessibility due to sunken roads, damaged bridges, collapsed utility
poles, and the like, and seawater intrusion due to broken breakwaters
hampered monitoring.
 Prompt communication with the local team was not possible on changes
in the accident situation, new instructions, and the like., raisingconcerns about the safety of the personnel. For this reason, they had
General andbeen instructed to stay away from beaches, rivers, and other potentiallyplanning
hazardous areas and withdraw if the dose rate was high.
 The off-site center instructed them to take daily measurements at fixed
points. On the other hand, the monitoring center instructed them to takemeasurements over a wide area to determine the areal extent, which
was sometimes challenging to accommodate. Thus, sometimes multiple
chains of command were involved.
 Since no team member was familiar with the area, a lack of knowledgeof the names of places sometimes confused the team members.
 Most sampling locations were on public land, but some were on private
land.
 There were urgent requests for interviews and requests from residents tomeasure dose rates.
 Power outages at base stations or dead batteries sometimes made callsby cell phones impossible.
 Satellite phones were not working at all in some places in themountains. In addition, the effects of sheer cliffs and trees sometimes
Communication interrupted calls.
and liaison
 The plan was to use RAMISES, but it was not useable. The
administrative radio range was approximately 10 km, so it was
impossible to report outside the radio area in real-time. They reported
the dose rate after returning to the headquarter or from a joint
government building equipped with a disaster prevention radio.
 They always listened to NHK and other radio stations.

133

Equipment

Radiation
protection of
personnel

Ensuring thesafety of
personnel

Other They took photographs for sampling information, but most showed only
personnel and their hands, and failed to capture a wide range ofsurrounding areas. In some cases, location information was ambiguous
and could not be shown on a map, so they carried digital cameras withGPS functions as a countermeasure.
 Since gas stations were not open, they sometimes received supplies fromthe Self-Defense Forces and TEPCO material yards.
 They needed cash for the activities, but the lack of functioning financial
institutions resulted in a shortage of cash on hand.
 Dosimeters installed at monitoring sites were sometimes stolen.
 The activity sites had only a few days' worth of consumables, which theJapan Atomic Energy Agency and the prefectures provided.
 The dose rate differed significantly from prior information in somelocations.
 In high-dose-rate areas, the personnel retreated to their vehicles if it took
a long time to take measurements.
 While traveling by car, fellow passengers checked the fluctuation of thesurvey meter readings to identify areas with high dose rates.
 Immediately after the disaster, monitoring took a long time, sometimes
starting before dawn and continuing until the date changed.
 The daily mileage often exceeded several hundred kilometers in themonitoring immediately after the disaster.
 The work was long and exhausting.
 They could not eat or drink while wearing protective clothing.
 Refraining from eating and drinking sometimes resulted in mild
dehydration.
 Wild dogs, boars, snakes, and other wild animals were sometimes lifethreatening.
 In mountainous areas, the flies attracted by the exhaust gas sometimes
hindered activities.
 At sampling locations, they wore a Tyvek suit to prevent contamination.
However, the scope of emergency monitoring was expanded to outside
the evacuation zone, where residents were still living. Since they heard
complaints that Tyvek suits would cause fear, they switched to ordinaryrain suits.

134

Appendix

Appendix A - Emergency monitoring
1. Purpose of emergency monitoring
The Emergency Supplemental Reference Material states that emergency monitoring “refers toenvironmental radiation monitoring conducted in an event or a likely event of an abnormal releaseof radioactive materials or radiation” and describes the purpose of emergency monitoring asfollows:(a) Collection of information on the environmental radiation situation due to a nuclear disaster(b) Provision of materials for making decisions on implementing protective measures based
on OIL(c)
Provision of materials for the evaluation of radiological impacts on residents and theenvironment caused by the nuclear disaster.
Therefore, in emergency monitoring, it is essential to determine the radiation situation overcontinuous time and space.
The Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Guidelines established the decisionmaking framework to enable prompt implementation of emergency protective measures based on
observable indicators in order to determine the emergency category and implement preventive
protective measures according to the status of the facility in the initial response phase, setting theEmergency Action Levels (EALs) based on the status of nuclear facilities as criteria for nuclear
facility operators to determine whether or not a situation falls under one of the emergency
categories and the Operational Intervention Level (hereinafter referred to as “OIL”), which isexpressed in terms of measurable values such as the dose rate and concentration of radioactive
materials in environmental samples.
In addition, the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Guidelines specify that priority
measures should be taken by providing in advance a Precautionary Action Zone (hereinafterreferred to as “PAZ”) in which rapid, preventive, and protective measures can be taken based on
the emergency classification before releasing radioactive materials in order to prevent
deterministic effects caused by radiation exposure and Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone
(hereinafter referred to as “UPZ”), where emergency protective measures are prepared for prompt
implementation based on EAL and OIL before or after releasing radioactive materials, dependingon the emergency, in order to reduce the stochastic effects as much as possible.
Emergency monitoring should be conducted appropriately over time, considering the accident’s
state and progress. The Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Guidelines state that theinitial response phase monitoring (initial monitoring) should prioritize monitoring items necessary
for making decisions regarding protective measures based on OIL. In other words, what is essential
in the initial monitoring of power reactor facilities is to obtain timely information necessary formaking decisions on the implementation of protective measures such as evacuation, sheltering,
temporary relocation, and restriction of food and drink intake (status (changes and extent ofeffects) of dose rate, radioactive material concentration, and the like and information on the releaseof radioactive materials) in the hours to several days after releasing radioactive material. It should
be noted that the necessary monitoring items may differ depending on the region and the elapsed
time because the protective measures to be determined depend on the region, even at the same timeof year.
The response to emergencies for nuclear facilities for testing and research is fundamentally thesame as the nuclear power reactor facilities. However, taking measures according to the situationof each region is important because the thermal output and type of nuclear facilities for testing andresearch vary, and the geographical and social conditions around the facilities also differ from137

region to region.
The response to emergencies for nuclear fuel facilities (i.e., uranium processing facilities,
plutonium processing facilities, reprocessing facilities, spent fuel storage facilities, waste burial
facilities, waste management facilities, and use facilities) are also fundamentally the same as theabove-mentioned nuclear power reactor facilities. However, depending on the facility's
characteristics and the accident type, it may be essential to measure neutron radiation and theconcentration of radioactive materials in the air and environmental samples, mainly α-emitting
nuclides. In addition, since the geographical and social conditions around the facility vary fromregion to region, it is essential to take measures according to the conditions of each region.
In the mid-term monitoring, enhance the monitoring of initial monitoring items, and use theresults to evaluate and confirm the overall effects of radioactive materials or radiation on thesurrounding environment, evaluate human exposure, to make decisions on implementation andtermination of various protective measures, and to take measures against rumors, and the like. In
monitoring during the recovery phase, continuously monitor changes in radiation doses andconcentrations of radioactive materials over time in order to make decisions on the review of
evacuation zones, determine measures to control and reduce exposure doses and estimate current
and future exposure doses. The mid-term and recovery phase monitoring modalities will be further
discussed and described in the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Guidelines.
2. Emergency monitoring implementation system
In order to implement emergency monitoring, it is essential to put an emergency monitoring
implementation system in place in normal situations. The Nuclear Emergency Preparedness andResponse Guidelines state that the Japanese government, local governments, and nuclear facility
operators should share the same objectives, fulfill their respective responsibilities, and cooperate
in implementing emergency monitoring at the Emergency Monitoring Center (hereinafter referred
to as “EMC”), which the Japanese government supervises. The roles of each organization in
emergency monitoring are shown in Appended Table A-1.
Appended Table A-1 Roles of each organization in emergency monitoring

Japanesegovernment

Local
government

Nuclearfacility
operator

Normal situations
 Develop a template for an emergency
monitoring implementation plan Cooperate in the development of theemergency monitoring plan Survey the mobilization plan 1
 EMC system development
 Conduct and cooperate during
emergency monitoring drills
 Develop an emergency monitoringplan.
 Cooperate in surveys related to themobilization plan1
 Cooperate in the development of the
EMC system2
 Conduct and cooperate during
emergency monitoring drills
 Cooperate in the development of an
emergency monitoring plan Cooperate in surveys related to themobilization plan1
138

Emergency
 Mobilize equipment and personnel
and instruct for mobilization
 Launch EMC
 Participate in and supervise EMC
 Develop and revise an emergency
monitoring implementation plan.
 Implement emergency monitoring(e.g., aircraft monitoring) conductedby the Japanese government Publish emergency monitoring results
 Mobilize equipment and personnel
 Cooperate to launch the EMC
 Participate in the EMC

 Mobilize equipment and personnel
 Implement on-site monitoring(including the collection of
information on plant conditions)

Relevantdesignatedpublicinstitution

EMC

Normal situations
 Conduct and cooperate during
emergency monitoring drills

Emergency Participate in the EMC

 Cooperate in the development of theemergency monitoring plan2
 Cooperate in surveys related to themobilization plan1
 Conduct and cooperate during
emergency monitoring drills

 Mobilize equipment and personnel
 Participate in the EMC

 Conduct emergency monitoring Propose and comment on the draft
revision of the Emergency Monitoring
Implementation Plan Cooperate (as needed) for emergency
monitoring conducted directly by theJapanese government―

1:...means the “Mobilization Plan for Emergency Monitoring” shown in (Securing Personnel andEquipment for Emergency Monitoring).
2:...not mentioned in the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Guidelines, but it will
be implemented to the best extent possible.
The above is reproduced from the Emergency Supplemental Reference Material, including
annotations.
3. Items for emergency monitoring
The items of emergency monitoring are broadly classified into the measurement of dose rate,measurement of the concentration of radioactive materials in the air, and measurement of theconcentration of radioactive materials in environmental samples.
(1) Measurement of dose rate
Measurement of the dose rate is vital in the case of accidents at nuclear facilities for power reactor
and testing, criticality accidents at nuclear fuel facilities, and accidents at spent fuel storage
facilities in reprocessing plants, from the viewpoint of providing materials for judging theimplementation of protective measures. In addition, even in cases of accidents at nuclear fuelfacilities (excluding criticality accidents and accidents at spent fuel storage facilities in
reprocessing plants), depending on the released nuclide, the measurement results of dose rate may
be used to evaluate external exposure and the like.
Methods for measuring dose rate include continuous measurement systems, measurements using
survey meters for γ-rays, and measurements using car-borne surveys and aircraft monitoring.
(2) Measurement of the concentration of radioactive materials in the air
The purpose of measuring the concentration of radioactive materials in the air is to collectinformation on the environmental radiation situation caused by the nuclear disaster and to provide
materials for evaluating the radiological impact of the nuclear disaster on residents and theenvironment. For this purpose, establish a measurement system using an air monitor that cancontinuously monitor changes in radioactive materials in the air over time and an iodine sampler
with an automatic sample changer that can continuously collect gaseous and particulate iodine byreplacing filter paper and activated carbon cartridges at regular intervals. Use this system toconfirm the spread of radioactive materials and to evaluate radiation exposure.
In addition, in order to respond to accidents at nuclear fuel facilities (excluding criticality
accidents and accidents at spent fuel storage facilities in reprocessing plants), establish a systemthat can monitor changes in the concentration of radioactive materials in the air continuously overtime, mainly for α-emitting nuclides, using air monitors, dust samplers, and the like.
139

(3) Measurement of the concentration of radioactive materials in environmental samples
Environmental samples are categorized into precipitation, soil, and the like. (in addition to soil,
this includes land water, seawater, river sediment, lake sediment, sea sediment, indicatororganisms, and the like), and food and drink. Moreover, considering regional food culture and thelike, classify items mainly used for eating and drinking or as a substitute for green vegetables asfood and drink. Soil and drinking water are critical environmental samples for determining theimplementation of protective measures in the initial response phase. The concentration ofradioactive materials in samples changes over time, so collect and analyze samples promptly. In
particular, if the collected samples are expected to contain short-lived radionuclides, analyze themwhile they can be measured at significant values.
(a) Measurement of the concentration of radioactive substances in soil
The primary purpose of measuring the concentration of radioactive materials in the soil is toconfirm the spread of radioactive materials deposited on the ground and to determine their
nuclide composition. In the initial response phase, sample, measure, and analyze the soil fromthe vicinity of monitoring station and other locations as soon as possible where dose rates
exceeding OIL2 are measured. Sample, and measure and analyze the soil in the vicinity of thelocations where the concentration of radioactive materials in the air is measured.
Collect samples for analysis of α- and β-emitting nuclides mainly at the locations where theOIL2 standard is exceeded. The EMC will review the implementation of the sampling based on
the results of the measurement of dose rate and the like.
In order to respond to an accident at a nuclear fuel facility (excluding criticality accidents andaccidents at spent fuel storage facilities in reprocessing plants), establish candidate sites inadvance, taking into account geographical conditions (topography, ease of access to the site),social conditions, and other factors.
(b) Measurement of radioactive materials in food and drink
The primary purpose of measuring the concentration of radioactive materials in food and drink
is to provide materials for making decisions on the implementation of protective measures andfor evaluating the radiological impact of a nuclear disaster on residents and the environment.
Before the start of testing for radioactive materials in food and drink according to OIL6
 In order to evaluate the effects of radioactive materials on drinking water, sample andanalyze drinking water supplied from water sources and the like located in PAZs and UPZs
as soon as possible after confirming the release of radioactive materials.
→Collect samples from the water supply, simple water supply, and others that may becontaminated.
→Determine the candidate sampling locations and priorities in advance for each region,
considering local conditions such as water catchment areas and water distribution
systems.
→If the dose rate is high where a water source is located, conduct focused sampling andanalysis for the water supply, simple water supply, and the like that use the water source.
 In principle, consider the following locations as candidate sampling locations.
→Collect water samples from indoor tap water to ensure the safety of monitoring personnel
while releasing radioactive materials.
→After the deposition of radioactive materials, select a representative and efficient
sampling location, such as a water purification plant.
Inspect radioactive materials in food and drink according to OIL6
 In areas where the dose rate exceeds 0.5 μSv/h, measure the concentration of radioactive
materials in food and drink produced there.
 In response to accidents at nuclear fuel facilities (excluding criticality accidents and140

accidents at spent fuel storage facilities in reprocessing plants), measure the concentrationof radioactive materials in food and drink (mainly α-emitting nuclides) throughout the
UPZ.

(4) Other measurements
At facilities handling UF6, it is necessary to know the HF in the air since the impact from HF
resulting from the release of UF6 can occur offsite.
Therefore, measure HF in the air generated in a UF6-releasing accident of UF6-handling facilities.
4. Details of emergency monitoring(1) Environmental radiation monitoring in information collection situations (normal monitoring)
The information collection situation is the stage to confirm the release of radioactive materials
and the like. The prefectures concerned should continue normal monitoring and monitor theoperation status of nuclear facilities. In addition, the prefectures concerned should take necessary
measures such as repairing monitoring stations, electronic dosimeters, air monitors, and the like if
any abnormality is found in them due to natural disasters and the like.
(2) Monitoring during the initial response phase
Emergencies and monitoring are classified as shown in Appended Figure A-1.
Informationcollection
situation

State of alert

Classificationof response
status inemergency―

InitialResponse
Phase

Classificationof monitoring

Normal monitoring

Emergency
monitoring
preparation

Classificationof emergencies―

Facility site
emergency

General emergency(Mid-term and recovery
phase)

Emergency monitoring

Appended Figure A-1 Classification of emergencies and monitoring*Reproduced from the Emergency Supplemental Reference Material(a) Alert monitoring
Since a state of alert is an occurrence or potential occurrence of an abnormal event at a nuclear
facility, the relevant prefectures should confirm whether or not there is any abnormality at thenuclear facility and prepare for emergency monitoring, including strengthening normal monitoring,in case a facility site emergency occurs.
Specifically, the relevant prefectures should strengthen the measurement of dose rates and thelike at the monitoring station and the like. (the guideline frequency of data collection is about once
every two minutes or more). If there are any abnormalities in monitoring stations, electronic
dosimeters, air monitors, or communication device due to natural disasters and the like, takenecessary measures such as the installation of alternative equipment or repair. In addition,
implement the following items and the like as preparations for emergency monitoring.
 Prepare the launch of EMC (check the operation of communication device and others andensure the acceptance of personnel dispatched from the Japanese government, and the like, tothe EMC) Install transportable monitoring posts and the like at the planned installation sites and startmeasurement
 Prepare start-up of air monitors and iodine samplers
The nuclear operator should collect information on the emission source and provide the141information to the government and other parties. The Japanese government (Nuclear Regulation
Authority) will also collect and compile information from the relevant prefectures and nuclear
facility operators.
(b) Emergency monitoring of facility site emergencies
A facility site emergency at a nuclear facility could cause radiological consequences to the public.
Thus, conduct monitoring to determine the progress of the situation in accordance with the
emergency monitoring implementation plan.
Specifically, measure the dose rate by monitoring stations and electronic dosimeters installedaround nuclear facilities under normal situations, monitoring stations installed to investigate
environmental radioactivity levels, and transportable monitoring posts installed in states of alert.
In addition, in order to measure the concentration of radioactive materials in the air, activate air
monitors and iodine samplers according to the emergency monitoring implementation plan,
depending on the status of the facilities.
In addition, install transportable monitoring posts and the like as soon as possible at locations
where transportable monitoring posts and the like have not yet been installed, such as when afacility site emergency occurs without going through a state of alert.

(c) Emergency monitoring for general emergencies
In a general emergency, conduct the following emergency monitoring in accordance with the
emergency monitoring implementation plan.
If road disruptions or other reasons during a complex disaster restrict the gathering or activities
of monitoring personnel, give priority to monitoring to provide information for making decisions
on the implementation of protective measures based on the OIL, in accordance with the purposeof initial monitoring in the guidelines for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response
Guidelines.
a) Monitoring for OIL1
[Indicators]
OIL1 is a standard to prevent the effects of exposure to radiation from the ground surface(radioactive materials deposited on the ground), inhalation of re-suspended radioactive materials,
and inadvertent oral intake, and to have residents evacuate or shelter in place within a few hours.
The default value is 500 μSv/h (ambient dose equivalent rate), a dose rate measured at 1 meter
above the ground.
[Targets for measurement]
Measure the dose rate as monitoring to determine the implementation of protective measures inaccordance with OIL1.
[Details of implementation]
Conduct continuous measurement at monitoring station as the priority, and if necessary, measureusing a car-borne survey or using a γ-ray survey meter for high dose rate measurement, paying
attention to the conditions of the nuclear facility and radiation protection of monitoring personnel.
b) Monitoring for OIL2
[Indicators]
OIL2 is a standard for restricting the intake of local products and temporarily relocating residents
within about one week to prevent the effects of exposure to radiation from the ground surface(radioactive materials deposited on the ground), inhalation of re-suspended radioactive materials,
and inadvertent oral intake. The default value is set at 20 μSv/h (ambient dose equivalent rate) as
the dose rate in the air when measured at 1 meter above the ground.
142

Note: In cases where the dose rate (hourly value) exceeds the OIL2 standard value whenapproximately one day has passed from the time the dose rate (hourly value) obtained byemergency monitoring exceeded the OIL2 standard value.
[Targets for measurement]
Measure the dose rate as part of monitoring to determine the implementation of protective
measures in accordance with OIL2.
[Details of implementation]
Conduct continuous measurement at monitoring station as the priority, and if necessary, measureusing a car-borne survey or using a γ-ray survey meter for high dose rate measurement. In addition,
the Japanese government will implement aircraft monitoring, which can supplement
measurements at the monitoring station and the like.
c) Monitoring for OIL6
[Indicators]
 OIL6 is a standard for measuring and analyzing radionuclide concentrations in food and drink
within a week and promptly implementing intake restrictions for those exceeding the standard,with default values shown in Appended Table A-2.
Appended Table A-2 OIL6 (default setting)
Nuclides*1
Radioactive iodine
Radioactive cesium
α-emitting nuclides of
plutonium and transuranium elements
Uranium

Drinking water, milk, and Vegetables, grains, meat, eggs, fish, anddairy products
others300 Bq/kg
2 000 Bq/kg
200 Bq/kg

500 Bq/kg

1 Bq/kg

10 Bq/kg

20 Bq/kg

100 Bq/kg*1: Consider the necessity of setting values for other nuclides in the future. In doing so, use theOIL6 values in IAEA’s GSG-2 as a reference for setting values.
*The above is reproduced from the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
and Response Guidelines, including annotations.
 The screening standard for food and drink identifies areas where radionuclide concentrations infood and drink should be measured within a few days. It is set at 0.5 μSv/h (ambient dose
equivalent rate) when measured 1 meter above the ground.
[Targets for measurement]
 Measure the dose rate in the air as screening to identify where to measure the concentration ofradioactive materials in food and drink (hereinafter referred to as “monitoring for screening”).
 In areas where monitoring for screening exceeds 0.5 μSv/h (ambient dose equivalent rate),
inspect the concentration of radioactive materials in food and drink.
 When accidents occur at a nuclear fuel facility, measure radionuclide concentrations (mainly αemitting nuclides) in food and drink throughout the UPZ.
[Details of implementation]
 Since the area to be monitored for screening is broader than that for OIL1 and OIL2, utilize not
only dose rate measurement at the monitoring station and the like but also car-borne survey, γray survey meter, and aircraft monitoring.
 Utilize the measurement results of the environmental radioactivity level survey.
 Inspect food and drink intake restrictions in accordance with the “Nuclear Emergency Response
143Manual”.
d) Monitoring outside the UPZ[Purpose] Extend the instruction to evacuate indoors to a certain area outside the UPZ based on the situationon the facility side and the results of emergency monitoring.
 In order to implement protective measures at an early stage, determine the scope of protection
based on changes in the situation at the facility near the source, such as changes in the dose rate
observed within the site or at the site boundary, and establish an effective scope such asadministrative area units based on concentric circles.
 When the results of emergency monitoring, and others, lead to the determination that radioactive
materials have passed out of the area, lift this instruction of evacuate indoors.
[The measurement target and implementation details]
 In addition to ascertaining information on the site and site boundaries, use observation equipmentin the UPZ to obtain an overview of the radioactive plume flow traces and collect informationthat will contribute to judging the passage of the radioactive plume in the extended protectivearea.
 Outside the UPZ, collect information using mobile monitoring methods such as car-borne
surveys and aircraft monitoring.
e) Monitoring to provide evaluation materials for radiological impacts on residents andothers, and the environment[Purpose] The monitoring results to provide the materials for decisions on implementing protective
measures based on the OIL, as indicated in (a) through (c) above, can be used as part of theevaluation of radiological impacts.
 In addition to the above, determine the concentration of radioactive materials in environmental
samples to evaluate radiological impacts.
 In the areas surrounding nuclear facilities not requiring the establishment of the Priority Zone for
Nuclear Emergency Response, determine radioactive material concentrations and the like inenvironmental samples as necessary, taking into consideration the actual conditions of each area.
 Measurement of the concentration of radioactive materials in the air is essential for evaluating
the radiological impacts of released radioactive materials. Continuously monitor over time thechanges in the concentration of radioactive iodine, in particular, which affects the exposure dose
due to inhalation, and monitor changes in areal conditions in the area surrounding the facility.
[Targets for measurement] Give priority to the measurement targets indicated in the monitoring for OIL1, OIL2, and OIL6.
 Measure the concentration of radioactive materials in the air and environmental samples.
 Collect gaseous and particulate iodine using an air monitor that can continuously determine thechanges in radioactive material concentrations in the air and an iodine sampler with an autosample changer that can continuously collect gaseous and particulate iodine at regular intervals.
 In addition to the nuclides that are subject to public dose evaluation during accidents in the safety
review of nuclear facilities, measure the concentration of Cs-134, Cs-137, and the like, released
during the accident at the TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.
 In the case of criticality accidents at nuclear fuel facilities, measure neutron radiation from theperspective of providing material for evaluating external exposure.
 In the case of a nuclear fuel facility accident (excluding criticality accidents and accidents at
spent fuel storage facilities in reprocessing plants), mainly measure α-emitting nuclides from theviewpoint of providing evaluation materials for internal exposure.
144

[Details of implementation] The monitoring for OIL1, OIL2, and OIL6 is shown in (a) through (c) above.
 Determine in advance the candidate locations for measuring radioactive material concentrations
and the like in the air and environmental samples in accordance with the numbers of personnel
and equipment available. The EMC will consider the implementation based on the measurement
results of dose rates and the distribution status of settlements.
f) Monitoring to collect information on the status of environmental radiation[Purpose] The monitoring results to provide information for making decisions on the implementation ofprotective measures based on OIL and for the evaluation of radiological impacts, as indicated in(a) through (e) above, can also be used to collect information on the environmental radiation
situation.
 In addition to the above, measure other radioactive material concentrations in environmental
samples not measured in (a) through (e) above in order to collect information on environmental
radiation conditions.
[Targets for measurement] Give priority to the measurement targets shown for monitoring for OIL1, OIL2, and OIL6 shownin (a) through (c) above.
 Conduct monitoring outside the UPZ as described in (d) above and monitoring to provide
materials for evaluating radiological impacts on residents and the environment as described in(e) above. Measure radioactive material concentrations in other environmental samples notcovered in (a) through (e) above.
[Details of implementation] The monitoring for OIL1, OIL2, and OIL6 is shown in (a) through (c) above.
 Monitoring outside the UPZ is described in (d) above, and monitoring to provide evaluationmaterials for radiological impacts on residents and the environment described in (e) above.
 Determine in advance candidate locations for measuring radioactive material concentration inother environmental samples not conducted in (a) through (e) above in accordance with thenumber of personnel and equipment available. The EMC will consider implementation based on
the measurement results of dose rates and the distribution status of settlements, and others.
 Measure the dose rate at the location where the soil sample was collected to study the relationshipbetween the dose rate and surface contamination.

145

5. Initial monitoring according to accident progress
The following is an overview of the initial monitoring of nuclear power reactor facilities inaccordance with the accident progress, as shown in the Emergency Supplemental Reference
Material.
[Initial monitoring of nuclear power reactor facilities in accordance with the accident progress]
Reproduced from the Emergency Supplemental Reference Material.
I. State of alert
Purpose ofmonitoring

Informationcollection

Informationcollection
evaluation ofradiologicalimpacts

Implementation
guidelines

Monitoring bymeasurement of dose
rates to prepare forradioactive material
releaseItems to be monitored for each area (Implementing entity)
On-sitePAZ

UPZ

Outside UPZ

 Exhaust stack and Monitoringwater outlet monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Site boundary
monitoring stations(nuclear facility
operators)
 Dust iodine monitors(nuclearfacility
operators)

stations for theenvironmental
radioactivity
level survey(Japanesegovernment)

 Monitoring stations and the like(municipalities) (*1)

 Monitoring stations and the like
(nuclear facility operators) (*1)

Preparation formeasurement ofradioactive iodine in
the air

 Air monitors (municipalities)
 Iodine samplers(municipalities)

II. Facility site emergency
Purpose ofmonitoring

Implementation
guidelines

Items to be monitored for each area (Implementing entity)
On-sitePAZ

UPZ Exhaust stacks andInformationcollection

Informationcollection
Evaluation ofradiologicalimpacts

Strengthen
monitoring bymeasuring dose
rate and the like, in
preparation for the
release ofradioactive
materials

Outside UPZ

 Monitoringwater outlet monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Site boundary
monitoring stations(nuclear facility
operators)
 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)

 Monitoring stations and thelike.(municipalities) (*1)

 Monitoring stations and the like
(nuclear facility operators) (*1)

 Air monitors (municipalities)
Measure radioactive
iodine in the air(*2)

 Iodine samplers(municipalities) (*2)

146

stations for theenvironmental
radioactivity
level survey(Japanesegovernment)

III. General emergency(1) Before releasing radioactive materials into the air
Purpose ofmonitoring

Informationcollection

Informationcollection
Evaluation ofradiologicalimpacts

Implementation
guidelines

Strengthen
monitoring bymeasuring doserate, and others, in
preparation for the
release ofradioactive
materials

Items to be monitored for each area (Implementing Entity)
On-sitePAZ

UPZ

Outside UPZ

 Exhaust stacks and Monitoringwater outlet monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Site boundary
monitoring stations(nuclear facility
operators)
 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)

stations for theenvironmental
radioactivity
level survey(Japanesegovernment)

 Monitoring stations and the like(municipalities) (*1)

 Monitoring stations and the like
(nuclear facility operators) (*1)

 Air monitors (municipalities)
Measure radioactive
iodine in the air(*2)

 Iodine samplers(municipalities) (*2)(2) During the release of radioactive materials into the air
Purpose ofmonitoring

Implementation
guidelines

Informationcollection

Confirmation ofradioactive material
release throughmeasurement ofdose rate and thelikeInformationcollection
Evaluation ofradiologicalimpacts

Confirmation of the
spread ofradioactive materials
by measuring dose
rates and the like.
Confirm the spreadand composition ofradioactive materials
by collecting andmeasuring
environmental
samples and thelike.

Determination of
implementation ofprotective
measuresCollection of dataon dose rate and thelike for OIL
determination

Evaluation ofradiologicalimpacts

Collect data onradioactive iodine
concentrations in
the air

Items to be monitored for each area (Implementing Entity)
On-sitePAZ
UPZ
Outside UPZ
 Exhaust stacks andwater outlet
monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Site boundary
monitoring stations(nuclear facility
operators)
 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Monitoring stations and the like
 Monitoring(municipalities) (*1)
 Site boundary
stations for the Monitoring stations and the likemonitoring stations
environmental(nuclearfacility
operators)(*1)(nuclear facility
radioactivity level Air monitor (municipalities)
operators)
survey (Japanese(*2)
government) Sampling and analysis ofdrinking water(municipalities)
 Air monitors (municipalities)(*2)
 Iodine samplers(municipalities) (*2)

 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)

 Monitoring stations and thelike (municipalities) (*1)
 Monitoring station and the like
(nuclear facility
operators) (*1)
 Air monitors (municipalities)(*2)
 Iodine samplers(municipalities) (*2)

 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)

147

 Monitoring
stations for theenvironmental
radioactivity level
survey (Japanese
government)

(3) After releasing radioactive materials into the air
Purpose ofmonitoring

Implementation
guidelines

Information collection

Confirm
convergence ofradioactive
material releasethroughmeasurement ofdose rates and thelike.

Confirm the
spread ofradioactive
materials bymeasuring dose
rates and the like.

Items to monitor for each area (Implementing entity)
On-sitePAZ
UPZ Exhaust stacks andwater outlet monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Site boundary
monitoring stations(nuclear facility
operators)
 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)
 Monitoring stations and others(municipalities) (*1)
 Monitoring stations and the like
(nuclear facility operators) (*1)
 Car-borne survey
 Site boundary(Municipalities)
monitoring stations(nuclear facility
operators)

Determine theimplementation ofprotective measures

 Monitoring
station for theenvironmental
radioactivity level
survey (Japanese
government) Car-borne survey(Japanesegovernment)

 Aircraft monitoring(Japanese government) (*3)
 Air monitors(Municipalities) (*2)
 Sampling and analysis ofdrinking water(municipalities)
 Soil sampling, analysis, ormeasurement(municipalities)
 Analysis of air monitor filterpaper (municipalities)
 Analysis of iodine sampler
filter paper(municipalities)

Informationcollection
Evaluation ofradiological impacts
Confirm the
spread andcomposition ofradioactive
materials bycollecting andmeasuring
environmental
samples

Outside UPZ

 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)

 Monitoring stations andothers.
 (municipalities) (*1)
 Monitoring station and thelike (nuclear facility
operators) (*1)
 Soil sampling, analysis, ormeasurement(municipalities)
 Car-borne survey(municipalities)

Collect data suchas dose rates for
OIL
determination

 Monitoring
station for theenvironmental
radioactivity
level survey(Japanesegovernment) Car-borne
survey(Japanesegovernment)

 Aircraft monitoring(Japanese government) (*3)

Evaluation ofradiological impacts

Collect data onradioactive iodine
concentrations in
the air

 Analysis of air monitor filterpaper (municipalities)
 Analysis of iodine sampler
filter paper and the like.
(municipalities)

 Dust iodine monitors(nuclear facility
operators)*Conduct ocean monitoring as necessary.
Purpose of Monitoring
Information collection: collect information on the environmental radiation situation caused by
the nuclear disaster.
Determine the implementation of protective measures: provide the materials for determining
the implementation of protective measures in accordance with OIL.
148

Evaluate radiological impacts: provide materials for evaluating radiological impacts on
residents and the environment caused by nuclear disasters.
Notes(*1) Equipment for measuring dose rates (monitoring stations, transportable monitoring posts,
electronic dosimeters, and the like) capable of continuous measurement. Activate transportable
monitoring posts and electronic dosimeters during state of alert.
(*2) Depending on the status of the nuclear power reactor facility, activate the system inaccordance with the emergency monitoring implementation plan.
(*3) Aircraft monitoring is under the jurisdiction of the Radiation Team of the ERC Team.
EMC: Operate as a single entity as EMC[Legend]
Blue: Japanese government
Green: municipalities
Brown: nuclear facility operators

149

Appendix B - Terms and definitions

Definitions of terms used in this manual.
Terminology
EMC

OFC

ERC

OIL

EAL

PAZ

UPZ

IAEA
Emergency phase

Preparation phase

Description
Emergency Radiological Monitoring Center The system under the direction of the Japanese government for
emergency monitoring in cooperation with the Japanese government,
local governments, and nuclear facility operators.
 The aggregating of the functions necessary to conduct emergency
monitoring Consisting of personnel from the Japanese government, local
governments, nuclear facility operators, and relevant designatedpublic agencies
 When the person from the Japanese government in charge is absent,
the representative of the local government takes over the command.
Offsite Center
A base where, in the event of a nuclear disaster, the local nuclear
emergency response headquarters of the Japanese government and thedisaster response headquarters of local governments and the likeorganize a joint nuclear emergency response council, share
information, and take coordinated nuclear disaster countermeasures.
Emergency Response Center
Nuclear Regulatory Agency Emergency Response Center
An organization to ensure a complete backup system for the
Secretariat of the Nuclear Emergency Headquarters and others. It
consists of officials of the Nuclear Regulation Authority designated by
the Director-General of the Nuclear Regulation Authority and officials
designated by the Director-General for Disaster Management, Cabinet
Office.
Operational Intervention Level
As a criterion for determining the implementation of protective
measures, it is expressed in terms of measurable values such as doserate, and concentration of radioactive materials in environmental
samples.
Emergency Action Level
The criteria for a nuclear operator to determine whether a situation
falls under an emergency category are determined based on thecondition of the nuclear facility and other factors.
Precautionary Action Zone
 Areas where preventive, protective measures, such as immediateevacuation according to the EAL, are prepared from the stage before
releasing radioactive materials in order to avoid or minimize
deterministic severe effects due to radiation exposure.
 The specific scope of a PAZ for a nuclear power reactor facility
should be within “approximately a 5 km radius from the nuclear
facility”.
Urgent Protective action planning Zone
 Areas where emergency protective measures are prepared inaccordance with EAL and OIL in order to reduce the risk ofstochastic effects.
 The specific scope of the UPZ for a nuclear power reactor facility is“approximately 30 km radius from the nuclear facility”.
International Atomic Energy Agency
 Classify as “Preparation Phase”, “Initial Response Phase”, “MidTerm Response Phase”, and “Recovery Phase.” It is useful to consider the details of emergency response at eachstage.
 Nuclear facility operators, the Japanese government, local
governments, and the like, should formulate their own action plans

150Terminology

Initial response phase

Mid-term response phase

Recovery phase
Classification of emergencies
State of alert

Facility site emergency

General emergency

Facility site emergency evacuee

Emergency monitoring

Initial monitoring

Mid-term monitoring

Description
and disseminate them to all concerned parties.
The action plan is verified, evaluated, and improved through training
and the like.
 Even with limited information, take prompt protective measures andother actions in order to avoid or minimize deterministic severe
effects of radiation exposure and to reduce the risk of stochastic
effects.
 Take appropriate control of radioactive materials or radiologicalimpacts.
 Fully grasp the radiation situation through environmental radiation
monitoring and analysis.
 Based on the initial response phase results, change/cancel theprotective measures implemented in the initial response phase, andconsider long-term protective measures.
 Assist in the return to normal social and economic activities based ona plan for long-term recovery measures in the affected areas.
Classify as “state of alert”, “facility site emergency”, and “generalemergency”.
The occurrence or threat of an abnormal event at a nuclear facility
necessitates the initiation of information collection and preparation forprotective measures such as emergency monitoring and evacuation of
those who need to be evacuated in the facility site emergency.
 An event has occurred at a nuclear facility that can cause radiologicalconsequences to the public, and it is necessary to start preparing forprimary protective measures, such as evacuation, in the vicinity of
the nuclear facility in case of an emergency.
An event has occurred at a nuclear facility with a high probability of
causing radiological consequences to the public. Prompt protective
actions must be taken to avoid (minimize) severe deterministic effects
and reduce the risk of stochastic effects.
 Persons requiring special consideration (as defined in Article 8,
Paragraph 2, Item 15 of the Basic Act on Disaster Control Measures(Act No. 223 of 1961)) who require more time than usual to evacuate
and whose health risk does not increase as a result of the evacuation.
 Those who have not been given stable iodine tablets in advance andthose who are inappropriate to take stable iodine tablets, and whoneed to implement protective measures such as evacuation as soon as
possible in the event of an emergency at the facility site.
 Environmental radiation monitoring to conduct when there is anabnormal or threatened release of radioactive materials orradiation.
 It is divided into three phases: “initial monitoring”, “mid-termmonitoring”, and “recovery phase monitoring”.
 Monitoring to be conducted during the initial response phase.
 The initial monitoring results will be used to make decisions onprotective measures in consideration of OIL.
Monitoring itemsa) Dose rate and concentration of radioactive materials (radioactive
noble gases, radioactive iodine, and the like.) in the air in the region
centered on the nuclear disaster countermeasure priority area.
b) Concentration of radioactive materials (radioactive iodine,radioactive cesium, uranium, plutonium, α-emitting nuclides oftransuranic elements, and the like) in environmental samples
affected by radioactive material releases.
 Dose rate and concentration of radioactive materials in a wide rangeof surrounding environments
 Monitoring to be conducted during the mid-term response phasec) The results of the mid-term monitoring will be used to evaluate andconfirm the overall effects of radioactive materials or radiation on

151Terminology

Recovery phase monitoring

Emergency monitoring plan

Emergency monitoring
implementation plan

Plume
External exposure
Internal exposure

Description
the surrounding environment, to evaluate human exposure, to makedecisions on the implementation or termination of various
protective measures, and to take measures against rumors and thelike.
 Monitoring during the recovery phase, even after the accident isunder control.
 The monitoring results during the recovery phase will be used tomake decisions on the review of evacuation zones and the like, todetermine measures to control and reduce exposure doses, and to
estimate current and future exposure doses.
 The plan stipulates the emergency monitoring implementation
system, measurement locations, items to be measured, andpreparations for these items in prefectures. It constitutes the basis of
the emergency monitoring implementation plan.
 The prefectures where nuclear power plants are located or adjacent tonuclear power plants prepare the plan in advance in cooperation with
the Japanese government and in coordination with municipalities andnuclear facility operators.
 The implementation plan describes the specific items to be monitored
and the entity to implement emergency monitoring according to thecircumstances of the accident.
 The Japanese government prepares the plan with reference to eachprefecture's emergency monitoring plan in case of a facility site
emergency.
 The plan is revised as necessary in accordance with the progress ofthe nuclear accident and the expansion of contamination, and others,
taking into account the opinions of the EMC.
 The plan describes the items that need to be defined for the
implementation of emergency monitoring (details of measurement
locations and frequency of measurement, as well as sampling
locations and frequency of sampling, may be left to the discretion of
the EMC.) The plan also describes the monitoring conducted directly by theJapanese government, such as aircraft monitoring.
 A group of air containing gaseous or particulate matter
Exposure to radiation from a source outside the body.
Exposure to radiation from radiation sources in the body following
ingestion of radioactive materials into the body by inhalation, oral
intake, and the like.

152

Reference and bibliography list

1. Reference[Explanation B].
1) 文部科学省 原子力災害対策支援本部,農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事;東京電力
株式会社福島第一原子力発電所事故に伴う放出された放射性物質の分布状況等に関する調査研究結果,平成24年3月
2) 日本原子力研究開発機構;「土壌に蓄積した放射性セシウムの移行状況調査」,平成
25年度東京電力（株）福島第一原子力発電所事故に伴う放射性物質の長期的影響把握
手法の確立事業 成果報告書,part2 105-139,平成26年3月[Explanation C].
1) 山縣登, (1973). 4.サンプリングの信頼度について. Japan Analyst,22, 14021411.
2) Barnekow, U., et al. (2019). Guidelines on soil and vegetation sampling for radiologicalmonitoring. International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Reports Series,486, 39-40.
3) Khomutinin, Y. V., Kashparov, V. A., & Zhebrovska, K. I. (2004). Sampling optimization
when radioecological monitoring, Ukraine Institute for Agricultural Radiology, Kiev 137,16,
ISBN966-646-034-3[Reference A].
1) Tsuji, H., Takechi, S., Ozaki, H., Nishikiori, T., Kubota, T., & Hayashi, S. (2020). Effect ofStorage Temperature and Duration of Environmental Water on Dissolved 137Cs Concentration.
Radioisotopes,69,315-327, DOI:10.3769/radioisotopes.69.315
2) Tagami, K., & Uchida, S. (2005). Sample storage conditions and holding times for thedetermination of total iodine in natural water samples by ICP-MS, Atomic Spectroscopy, 26(6),209-214.
3) Tagami, K., & Uchida, S. (2011). Can we remove iodine-131 from tap water in Japan byboiling? – Experimental testing in response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
accident, Chemosphere, 84(9), 1282-1284.
2. Reference document
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)., et al. (2004). Multi-Agency Radiological
Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual (MARLAP), Part II, Chapters 10-17 Appendix F(Volume II), NUREG-1576, EPA 402-B-04-001B, NTIS PB2004-105421
FEDERAL RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT CENTER. (2019).
Monitoring and Sampling Manual, Volume 1, Revision 3 Monitoring Division Operations
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). (1999). Generic Procedures for
Monitoring in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, Section B, Field Sampling, IAEATECDOC-1092
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). (2019). Guidelines on Soil andVegetation Sampling for Radiological Monitoring, STI/DOC/010/486

153Revision history
Published in June 2021

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