Chapter

2

救助・救急

Rescue operations, First-aid

救える命を、救いたい
各種の災害に即応し、「救える命を確実に
Saving anyone and anything that can be saved
Reviewing, improving and enhancing systems, and organizing equipment to

全国各地から駆けつけてくる精鋭部隊
Elite teams coming to your assistance from across the country

各消防機関には消火・救助・救急活動を実施する部隊が置かれており、地域住民の安心・安全を守っています。しかしながら、大規模災害や特殊災害が発生したとき、被災地の消防機関だけでは対処できないことも想定されます。そのようなとき、被災地の要請を受け、空から、陸から応援部隊が駆けつけます。
この応援部隊こそが『緊急消防援助隊』であり、地域を越え、消防庁を中心に全国的観点から消火・救助・救急活動を実施します。
緊急消防援助隊は、様々な災害に対応できるよう多岐にわたる精鋭部隊から構成され、これまで数々の大規模災害等において出動し成果を上げています。

緊急消防援助隊地域ブロック合同訓練
Joint training between regional Emergency Fire Response Teams

Personnel have been put in place within every ﬁreﬁghting organization
for ﬁghting ﬁres, providing rescue and emergency activities, andprotecting the safety and security of local residents. Yet in the event ofa major disaster or special type of disaster, ﬁreﬁghting organizationsin the disaster area may not be able to cope with the disaster alone.
Response teams can provide assistance from the air and ground as soon
as requested by organizations in the disaster stricken area.
These response teams are known as “Emergency Fire Response Teams”
and provide assistance for ﬁghting ﬁres, rescues and emergency activities
across the nation, regardless of location, under the command of the
FDMA.
Emergency Fire Response Teams are comprised of various elite teams
that are capable of tackling any type of disaster, and until now havebeen involved in successfully providing assistance in a number of majordisasters and accidents.

被災地へ向かう緊急消防援助隊（能登半島地震）
Emergency Fire Response Teams heading to disaster-stricken areas (Noto peninsula earthquake)平 成 16 年 4 月 1 日より、消防庁長官が、大規模災害・事故の際に、部隊の出動・運用を指示できるようになりました。
From April 1, 2004, the Commissioner of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency has the authority tomobilize and control firefighting teams in the event of a large-scale disaster or accident.

大規模災害・特殊災害が発生した場合In the event of a large-scaledisaster or accident

総務省消防庁 Fire and Disaster Management Agency
災害情報のリアルタイム把握、緊急消防援助隊への出動指示等、オペレーションを担うのが消防庁です。
The FDMA controls all aspects of management, from obtaining real-time
information on the disaster to instructing Emergency Fire Response
Teams to mobilize.

消防庁の対応Response from the Fire and Disaster Management Agency■ 情報を収集・分析し、被害状況に応じた迅速的確な出動指示を行います■ 消防庁長官による出動指示

Gather and analyze information, and instruct prompt and appropriate mobilization of
response teams to suit disaster conditions.
Mobilization instructions from the Commissioner of the Fire and Disaster
Management Agency

指示により、各地の緊急消防援助隊が出動。被災地に向かいます。
Emergency Fire Response Teams throughout the country are mobilized todisaster-stricken areas under the instruction of the Commissioner of the Fire andDisaster Management Agency.
（東海地震等大規模災害、特殊な災害の場合）(In the event of a large-scale disaster, such as the Tokai Earthquake, or special disasters)

9Fire and Disaster Management Agency

救う」ための制度を検討・充実強化、資器材の配備
respond swiftly to any type of disaster for “saving people’s lives in any way possible”

緊急消防援助隊の部隊編成 Emergency Fire Response Teams Organization
都道府県隊 Municipal Teams
都道府県隊長Leaders of Municipal Teams

都道府県隊を統括し、その活動管理を行う
Supervise municipal teams and manage their activities

指揮支援隊
Command Response Teams

指揮支援部隊長
Leader of Command Support Group

都道府県隊指揮隊 Municipal Team Commanding Teams
消 火 部 隊

Firefighting Teams

大規模火災発生時の延焼防止等消火活動を行う
Assist in putting out fires to prevent the spread of flames during large-scale fires

救 助 部 隊

Rescue Teams

高度救助用資器材を備え、要救助者の検索、救助活動を行う
Ensure preparation of equipment used for advanced rescue, search for persons requiring rescuing and assist
in rescue efforts

救 急 部 隊

Emergency Teams

高度救命用資器材を備え、救急活動を行う
Ensure preparation of equipment used for high-level emergencies and assist in emergency activities

後方支援部隊

Logistical Support Teams

各部隊の活動支援をするために、給水設備等を備えた車両等により必要な輸送・補給活動を行う
Assist in required transport and resupply using vehicles equipped with water supply systems to support
the activities of each team

指揮支援隊

特殊災害部隊

Command Response Teams

Special Disaster Teams

毒劇物等災害、大規模危険物災害等特殊な災害に対応するための消防活動を行う

指揮支援部隊長
Leader of Command Support Group

Firefighting teams for responding to special types of disasters, including poisonous substances and major toxic spills

特殊装備部隊

Special Equipment Teams

水難救助隊、遠距離送水隊等特殊な装備を用いて消防活動を行う
Firefighting teams for responding to special equipment, including those required by teams for rescues inflooded areas and carrying water to remote areas

航 空 部 隊Air Squadrons

消防防災ヘリコプターを用いて消防活動を行う
Firefighting activities conducted using fire protection helicopters

水 上 部 隊

Marine Squadrons

消防艇を用いて消防活動を行う
Firefighting activities conducted using fireboats

都道府県隊 Municipal Teams
指揮支援隊
Command Response Teams

指揮支援部隊長
Leader of Command Support Group

都道府県隊 Municipal Teams
都道府県隊 Municipal Teams※指揮支援部隊・・・ヘリコプター等で迅速に現地に展開し、被災状況の把握、消防庁との連絡調整、現地消防機関の指揮支援を行う* Leader of Command Support Group
Deploy teams swiftly to disaster areas using helicopters and other vehicles in order to gain a better understanding of disaster conditions,contacting and liaising with the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, and providing instructions and support to local firefighting teams.

主な出動事例 Examples of major mobilization
出動年月日

災害名 等

出動年月日

災害名 等

Mobilization Date

Name of Disaster

Mobilization Date

Name of Disaster● 平成 7 年 6 月緊急消防援助隊創設 June 1995 Emergency Fire Response Teams founded● 平成 16 年 4 月 1 日法制化以降 April 1, 2004 After legislation

H08.12.06

蒲原沢土石流災害

H16.07.13

新潟・福島豪雨

December 6, 1996

Disastrous avalanche of earth and rocks in Kiyoharasawa

July 13, 2004

Niigata and Fukushima Prefecture torrential rains

H12.03.31

有珠山噴火災害

H16.07.18

福井豪雨

March 31, 2000

Mt. Usu volcanic eruption

July 18, 2004

Fukui Prefecture torrential rains

H12.10.06

鳥取県西部地震（震度 6 強）H16.10.21

兵庫県豊岡市水害

October 6, 2000

West Tottori earthquake (seismic intensity: 6 plus)

October 21, 2004

Hyogo Prefecture Tomioka City ﬂoodin

H15.07.26

宮城県北部を震源とする地震（震度 6 強・6 弱）H16.10.23

新潟県中越地震（震度 7）

July 26, 2003

North Miyagi earthquake (seismic intensity: 6 plus, 6 minus)

October 23, 2004

Niigata Prefecture chuuetsu earthquake (seismic intensity: 7)

H15.08.14

三重県ごみ固形燃料発電所火災

H17.03.20

福岡県西方沖を震源とする地震（震度 6 弱）August 14, 2003

Mie Prefecture RDF power plant ﬁreMarch 20, 2005

Earthquake with its epicenter offshore from Fukuoka Prefecture seiho (seismic intensity: 6 minus)

H15.09.08

栃木県黒磯市ブリヂストン栃木工場火災

H17.04.25

JR 西日本福知山線列車事故

September 8, 2003

Bridgestone plant ﬁre in Kuroiso City, Tochigi

April 25, 2005

West JR Fukuchiyama Line train accident

H15.09.26

十勝沖地震（震度 6 弱）H19.03.25

能登半島地震（震度 6 強）

September 26, 2003

Tokachi offshore earthquake (seismic intensity: 6 minus)

March 25, 2007

Noto peninsula earthquake (seismic intensity: 6 plus)

H15.09.28

出光興産北海道製油所原油貯蔵タンク火災

H19.07.16

新潟県中越沖地震（震度 6 強）

September 28, 2003

Idemitsukosan Hokkaido reﬁnery tank ﬁreJuly 16, 2007

Niigata Prefecture chuuetsu earthquake (seismic intensity: 6 plus)

H20.06.14

岩手・宮城内陸地震（震度 6）

June 14, 2008

Iwate, Miyagi nairiku earthquake (seismic intensity: 6 plus)

H20.07.24

岩手県沿岸北部を震源とする地震（震度 6 弱）

July 24, 2008

Earthquake with its epicenter at Iwate Prefecture enganhokubu (seismic intensity: 6 minus)

Fire and Disaster Management Agency

10

Chapter2
地域の安全を守る救助隊、「レスキュー隊」
Rescue teams, protecting regional safety
Rescue activities that ﬁreﬁghting organizations are involved withrange from ﬁres, trafﬁc accidents, ﬂooding and natural disasters,
然災害から、テロ災害などの特殊な災害にまで及んでいま
extending to special types of disasters that includes terrorist attacks.
す。こうした救助活動の中心を担うのは、人命救助の専門教 At the heart of these rescue efforts are Rescue Teams, comprising of
育と訓練を受けたエキスパートの隊員と、各種の救助資機材 experts that have received special education and training on life-saving
やこれらを搭載した救助工作車で構成される『救助隊』です。 and rescue techniques, various types of rescue equipment, and rescue
vehicles for carrying bees.

消防機関の行う救助活動は、火災、交通事故、水難事故、自消防庁では、年々高度化・多様化する救助事案に適切に対応するために、より高度な救助技術の検討や普及などを進めつ
つ、緊急消防援助隊設備整備費補助金等により、救助資機材等の整備促進を図っています。

To respond to increasingly difﬁcult and varying rescue efforts in thebest way possible, the FDMA is always testing and implementing moreadvanced rescue technologies, and ensuring the maintenance of rescue
equipment through subsidies aimed at raising funds for maintenance andequipment used by Emergency Fire Response Teams.

水難救助活動Water ﬂooding rescue efforts
交通救助活動Trafﬁc accident rescue efforts

山岳救助活動Mountaineering accident rescue efforts

11

Fire and Disaster Management Agency

救助・救急 Rescue operations, First-aid

消防防災ヘリコプターによる、航空消防防災体制の充実
Comprehensive airborne ﬁre protection system using ﬁre protection helicopters

消防防災ヘリコプターは、山岳や海上での救助活動のほか、林野火災の空中消火、重症患者の救急搬送など、その任務は多岐に渡り、出動件数は年々増加しています。また大規模地震により建物倒壊、道路陥没、港湾施設が損壊し、交通機能がストップした場合、高機動なヘリコプターの活用が極めて有効です。
特に被災地の映像等の情報を収集し、消防庁や総理官邸等へ伝送する任務は、その後の対策を決めるうえで重要な役割を果たしています。
消防庁では、このような情報収集活動を円滑に行うため、ヘ
リコプターテレビ電送システム、可搬型ヘリコプターテレビ受信装置等の資機材を整備するなど、航空消防防災体制の一層の充実強化を進めています。

In addition to rescue efforts in mountainous regions and at sea, ﬁreprotection helicopters are active in a large number of ﬁelds, includingﬁghting forest ﬁres from the air and the emergency transport ofcritically injured patients, and their use is increasing on a yearly basis.
With high maneuverability, helicopters are extremely effective if
buildings have collapsed, roads have caved in, port facilities havebeen destroyed, and all other transportation methods have ceased
functioning after a large-scale earthquake.
Helicopters play an important role in gathering information fromdisaster stricken areas, by sending video feeds to the FDMA and otheragencies such as the ofﬁce of the Prime Minister, as part of efforts todetermine what strategies are to be taken.
To ensure that information is gathered in the smoothest way possible, theFDMA has installed equipment such as helicopter TV transmission systems
and transportable helicopter TV reception devices as part of improving
and enhancing the airborne ﬁre protection system.

消防防災ヘリコプターによる災害活動状況 Fire protection helicopters used in disasters(No. of Times)
（件数）

7,000

6,349
5,692

6,000
4,781

5,000

4,336

5,355

火災 Fires5,606

救助 Rescues

4,592

救急 Emergencies

3,974

4,000
3,500

3,167
2,762

3,000
2,356

2,500
2,000
1,500

2,068

2,087

1,305

1,403

1,668
1,446
1,051

1,000
976

500

1,196
1,201

1,191

271

217

850
252

1,605

H12

2000

H13

2001

H14

2002

H15

2003

1,562

1,720

注）
「その他」とは、地震、風水害、大規模事故等における警戒、指揮支援、情報収集等の調査活動並びに資機材および人員搬送等、火災、救助、救急出動以外の出動をいう。

1,248
483

H16

2004

1,238

1,161

1,073

222

209

224

H17

H18

H19

501

0

合計 Total

2,492

1,480

その他 Other

2005

2006

2007

(Note) “Other” refers to helicopters used in activities other than fires,
rescues or emergencies, and includes sending precautionary messages,
instruction and support, gathering information and other survey activities,
and transportation of equipment and personnel during earthquakes, wind
and water damage, and major accidents.

救急救命体制の充実
Enhancing life-saving systems
With the sudden increase in the number of elderly people, emergency
response teams are the ones who attend the ever increasing number of
emergency callouts every year. Every second taken to arrive at hospitals
秒は、「救える命」を確実に救うための、かけがえのない時間
from scenes of emergencies is invaluable for properly saving the lives ofです。この間における対応が、重度傷病者の明暗を分ける、 people. Any form of response during this time can mean the differenceといっても過言ではありません。通報から応急処置・搬送 between life and death for some seriously injured patients. Emergency
そして医療機関へという「救命の連鎖」において、有効かつ response systems must be enhanced and improved to ensure effective
and smooth operation during the “Chain of Survival”, referring to the
円滑に作用する救急業務実施体制の充実強化を図っていく time from when an emergency call is placed, emergency treatment is
必要があります。
provided, and the patient is transported to a medical facility.

高齢化が急速に進み、年々増加し続ける救急出場に対応する救急隊員。救急現場から病院に到着するまでの一分一

消防庁では、消防機関と医療機関の連携強化を推進するとともに、救急業務の高度化に伴う、高規格の救急自動車、高度救命処置用資器材等の整備を積極的に進めています。

The FDMA is improving links between ﬁre prevention organizations andmedical facilities, as well as actively introducing high standard emergency
vehicles and equipment used for advanced emergency procedures,
following more sophisticated emergency response systems.

Fire and Disaster Management Agency

12

Chapter2
救急出場件数と救急隊数の推移

救急隊の活動時間の推移

Trends in the number of emergencies attended and number of emergency response teams

Trends in the activity time of emergency response teams(‘0000 cases)(teams)（ 万件 ）

（隊）

550

528

524

529

(Minutes)

（分）

6,500

27.0

503
483

500

23.0
5,500

456

450

440

4,596

4,563

418

400

4,649

4,711

4,751

4,779

4,846

10.0

4,500

3,500
H11

H12

H13

H14

H15

H16

H17

H18

H19

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

救急出場件数

救急隊数

Number of emergencies attended

Number of emergency response teams

カーラーの救命曲線 Golden Hour Principle
2

6.2

6.3

23.1

6.1

6.1

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

7.0

多

量

pio 出
us 血
ble
ed
in

Co

Re 呼 吸spi
rat 停 止
ory
arr
est

心

H11

H12

H13

H14

H15

H16

H17

H18

H19

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

救急車の現場到着までの時間

現場到着から病院収容までの時間

Time taken for an ambulance
to arrive at scene of accident

Time taken for ambulance to travelfrom scene of accident to hospital

救命の連鎖（チェーン・オブ・サバイバル）Chain of Survival
1 心臓停止後 3 分で、死亡率約 50%3g1
Card 臓 停 止
iac a
rrest

Fatality Rate (%)

0
30 1 2
sec min

22.5

26.4

0.0

393

350

100
死
亡 75
率
︵
% 50
︶
25

22.3

25.4

19.0

4,582

4,553

21.7

21.0

24.6

23.6

A fatality rate of 50% 3 minutes after
cardiac arrest

2 呼吸停止後 10 分で、死亡率約 50%
A fatality rate of 50% 10 minutes after
respiratory arrest

3 多量出血 30 分で、死亡率約 50%
3

5

10

15

30

1h

経過時間 Time Elapsed

A fatality rate of 50% 30 minutes after
copious bleeding

119 番通報

応急手当

高度な救命処置

高度な救急医療

Call forassistance (119)First aid
treatment

Advanced life-saving
measures

Advanced emergency
medical treatment

救急救命士制度の充実と効果
Improvements to the emergency medical technician system and effects

救急救命士は、救急隊員のうち、心肺停止傷病者に対して救命処置等の医療行為が行える国家資格を有する職員のことで、平成 3 年の制度導入以降、着実に養成され、各地の救急現場において活躍しています。
消防庁においては、全国すべての救急隊に少なくとも救急救命士が 1 人配置できるよう、救急救命士の養成を積極的に推進しています。

Emergency medical technicians are nationally certiﬁed
members of emergency response teams able to provide
medical treatment and other life-saving techniques to patients

13

Fire and Disaster Management Agency

who are suffering cardiac
arrest. Training of emergency
medical technicians has
progressed steadily since theintroduction of the system in
1991, and these personnel are
active throughout the various
emergency situations.

救急救命士による気管挿管
Tracheal intubation being conducted byemergency medical technicians

The FDMA has continued to train emergency medical
technicians with the aim of providing each and every
emergency response team throughout the country
with at least one emergency medical technician.

救助・救急 Rescue operations, First-aid

誰でも使える救急アイテム、自動体外式除細動器（ＡＥＤ）
Automated external deﬁbrillator, an emergency item that can be used by anybody

心臓の筋肉がけいれんし、血液を送り出すポンプ機能が失われる心室細動に陥った際の唯一の治療法が、電気的除細動（電気ショック）です。この電気ショックを一般市
民の方でも簡単に扱えるようにした救命アイテム、それがAED（自動体外式除細動器）です。
AED は病院や診療所はもちろん、空港や駅、学校、スポーツクラブ、公共施設、企業など、人が多く集まる場所を中心に設置されています。スイッチを入れて音声ガイドに従って使用します。AED が心臓の動きを自動解析し、必要な人にだけ電気ショックを与える仕組みになっているため、安心して使用でき、最近では、一般市民（バイスタンダー）がAED を使用し救命した事例が多く報告されています。

The only way of treating ventricular ﬁbrillation,
where spasms in the muscles of the heart stop bloodfrom being pumped around the body, is electricaldeﬁbrillation (electric shock). An AED (automatedexternal deﬁbrillator) is a life-saving item that applies an electricalshock, and can be used easily by members of the general public.
In addition to hospitals and health clinics, AEDs are installed inareas where a large number of people congregate, such as airports
and stations, schools, sports clubs, public facilities and companies.
The device can be used by powering it on and following the voice
guidance. The AED automatically analyzes the movement of the heart,and is designed so that it only applies an electrical shock to those whoneed it. The device is safe to use, and there have been many reports
recently of members of the general public (bystanders) using AEDs tosave people's lives.

心室細動の発症から除細動までの経過時間と除細動の成功率
Time elapsed from the onset of ventricular ﬁbrillation to deﬁbrillation,and deﬁbrillation success rate
100

参考文献：

自動体外式除細動器（AED）
Automated external deﬁbrillator (AED)
救命講習
Lifesaving training

Survival Rate (%)

救 90
命 80
率 70
︵
% 60
︶

AHA 心肺蘇生と救急心血管治療のための国際ガイドライン2000
Reference material:
AHA International Guidelines for
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation andEmergency Cardiovascular Care 2000

50
40
30
20
10
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10

時間（分）Time (minutes)

救急需要対策の推進
Implementing emergency demand measures
消防庁では、救急車の適正利用を一般市民に呼びかけるとともに、軽症者等の搬送業務の民間活用、転院搬送業務の病院救急自動車の利用を促進するほか、地域の救急需要に応じたトリアージ（緊急度・重症度の選別）の導入を検討しており、
真に急を要する傷病者のために、救急車の適正利用について、国民に理解を求めていきます。

The FDMA makes appeals to the general public regarding the appropriate
use of emergency vehicles, as well as using companies in the private sector forthe transportation of mildly injured patients and promoting the use of hospitalemergency vehicles for transporting patients between hospitals. The agency
is also looking at introducing a triage system (for categorizing the degree of
emergency and degree of injury) to suit emergency demand of any particularregion, and is making sure that the general public understands the appropriate
use of emergency vehicles for patients who really require them.

救急自動車による傷病程度別搬送人員
Persons transported by emergency vehicles by degree of injury
死亡 76,858人 1.6%

その他 6,888人0.1%

Death 76,858 1.6%

Other 6,888 0.1%

重症 477,467人
9.7%

Severely injured
477,467
9.7%

搬送人員数

4,902,753人
中等症 1,807,268人

36.9%
Moderately injured
1,807,268
36.9%

TOTAL
4,902,753

軽症2,534,272人
51.7%
Mildly injured
2,534,272
51.7%
平成 19 年中
During 2007

救急車の出場件数が増え続け、都市によってはパンク寸前にまで追い込まれています。高齢化や核家族化に加え、住民意識の変化等による、必ずしも緊急性のない出動要請も少なくありません。救急隊の現場到着に要する時間も遅延傾向にあり、一刻を争う局面においては深刻な問題となっています。
The number of emergency vehicles attending
callouts have increased so much that emergency
services are being stretched thin in some cities.
In addition to the shift to an elderly population
and a greater number of nuclear families,changes in public consciousness have led to aconsiderable number of emergency vehicles
attending callouts that did not actually require
any urgency. Emergency response teams arealso taking longer to arrive at the scene ofan emergency, causing a serious problem insituations where every second is vital.

緊急時に救急車の要請をすべきか、どのような措置をとるべきかなどの市民の相談に、消防と医療が連携して応じる救急相談事業の全国的な展開に取り組んでいます。
Fire services and medical
institutions are working together
to implement an emergency
consultation service throughout
the country, making it easier forthe public to determine whether
emergency vehicles are actuallyrequired during emergencies,
and to provide advice on what
measures should be taken.

救急車の適正利用啓発ポスター
Poster urging the appropriate useof ambulances

Fire and Disaster Management Agency

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