Discussion Paper No. 546

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
OF SUBJECTIVE HEALTH EVALUATION– USA, UK AND JAPAN –Chika Honda
and
Yasushi Ohkusa

June 2001

The Institute of Social and Economic Research
Osaka University
6-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan23 June, 2000

International Comparison of Subjective Health
Evaluation -USA, UK and JapanChika Honda
Yao Public Health Centre, Osaka PrefectureandYasushi Ohkusa
Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University
Abstract
This paper tries to calculate quality of life (QOL) from subjective health evaluations inJapan following Cutler and Richardson (1997) and Groot (2000). It then extends the modelin several ways. Firstly, while previous studies deﬁne the domain of QOL in an ad hocmanner, i.e. excluding ”excellent” or ”very poor” respondents, this paper suggests a more
rigorous alternative measure. Secondly, heterogeneity among individuals that is inevitablein micro-data is accounted for in the estimation process. Thirdly, economic variables such as
income or job status that are considered to aﬀect subjective health status are also accountedfor. The estimation results show the following: using the same model as previous work,
similar tendencies are found, but coeﬃcients are smaller for many symptoms and diseases.
Economic variables help to clarify the eﬀect of symptoms or diseases on subjective healthevaluation. The QOL measures deﬁned in this paper are smaller for most symptoms anddiseases, and thus the measures in previous research are likely to overestimate of damage
to QOL by symtoms and diseases and may be inappropriate.

JEL Classiﬁcations:
Correspondence:Yasushi Ohkusa, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, 6-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki Osaka, Japan
Tel:81-6-6879-8566

Fax:81-6-6878-2766e-mail:ohkusa@iser.osaka-u.ac.jp

1

Introduction

Cost eﬀectiveness analysis has been widely used in evaluation of new medical technology
and in analysis of health policy. Though QALYs, DALYs and other methods are used tomeasure outcomes, each method has issues to be clariﬁed. The Rating Scale, the Standard
Gamble and the Time Trade-Oﬀ are the most widely used methods [1].
In the Rating Scale approach, there are several ways to ask subjects to describe preferences. The scale can have numbers, categories, or a ten-centimetre line on a page. Healthstates are placed between two clearly deﬁned endpoints on a line. The most preferredhealth state is placed at one end and the least preferred at the other end. Though thismethod is relatively easy for subjects to understand, it is subject to measurement biases.
The Standard Gamble measure asks for preference under uncertainty. Alternative 1 isa treatment for a given health state with two possible outcomes: to live healthily for an
additional t years with probability p, and to die immediately with probability (1 − p).
Alternative 2 is to live an additional t years with the given state. Probability p is varied
until the respondent feels indiﬀerent between two alternatives, and the preference score
for the health state is p. This is based on the fundamental axioms of utility theory of
Von Neumann and Morgenstern and although theoretically justiﬁed, it is complicated forgeneral population to comprehend.
The Time Trade-Oﬀ method asks subjects to select from two alternatives. One is to livewith state i for t years followed by death, and the other is to live healthily for x years(where x < t) followed by death. x is varied until the respondent is indiﬀerent between twoalternatives. The preference for state i is x/t. This also has some minor diﬃculties [2,3].
When the focus of analysis is a whole society or other aggregate, for both technicaland cost considerations it is no longer possible to ask such complex questions. Subjective
health status analysis is an eﬃcient approach, but several issues remain. As the answer issubjective, comparability among diﬀerent individuals is problematic, i.e. it is impossible1

to sum up across a whole society. Fortunately, surveys of this kind have been performed
over a long period, and some knowledge about bias by age and sex has been collected [3-6].
What is of more concern in evaluation of disease-related cost and medicine is adaptation
to illness. The longer a person suﬀers from a disease, the smaller is the loss caused by thedisease likely to be recognized. This tendency is not speciﬁc to this kind of model, and isalso observed in QOL evaluations involving the diﬀerence among people with and without
a disease [7].
In this paper, we try to calculate QOL from subjective health evaluation in Japan following Cutler and Richardson [3] and Groot [4], and then extend the model in several
ways. Firstly, while previous studies deﬁne the domain of QOL in an ad hoc manner,
i.e. excluding ”excellent” or ”very poor” respondents, this paper suggests a more rigorous
alternative measure. Secondly, heterogeneity among individuals, inevitable in micro-data,is accounted for in the estimation process. Thirdly, economic variables such as income orjob status are used as variables.
This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the data used in this paper are
explained, and then the proposed estimation models are shown in Section 3. The QOL
deﬁnition is shown in Section 4, and in Sections 5 and 6 the results of the estimation of
QOL are shown.

2

Data

A Living Standard Survey has been conducted every three years since 1986. The purposeof the survey is to investigate health, medical services, pensions, welfare, incomes and otherfactors aﬀecting living standards. Questionnaires consist of four parts - family, individual,
income and saving components. The number of subjects in the family and individual parts
is approximately 780,000 individuals (280,000 families), selected randomly, and that of
the income and saving surveys is approximately 120,000 individuals (40,000 families), also2selected randomly. The data used in this study were collected in 1998.
Subjective health responses range from excellent to good, fair, poor and very poor. In
previous studies, respondents were asked to evaluate their health in comparison with theirage peers. Note that in Cutler and Richardson [23], subjective health is measured in the
opposite order.
Symptoms and diseases are surveyed in more detail than in other studies. Symptoms
are fever, fatigue, sleeplessness, irritation, failing memory, headache, dizziness, bleary eyes,
diﬃculty in seeing, tinnitus, diﬃculty in hearing, palpitation, diﬃculty in breathing, chest
pain, coughs and sputum expectoration, the sniﬄes, noisy breathing, retching, diarrhoea,
constipation, appetite lost, stomach ache, haemorrhoids, toothache, dental problems, diﬃculty in chewing, rash, itching, stiﬀ shoulder, back pain, arthralgia, impairments of hands
and feet, numbness, frigid hands and feet, foot edema, disuria, frequent urination, incontinence, paramenia/merorrhalgia, broken bones and sprain, wounds, and other symptoms.
The respondents mark the symptoms multiply, but the survey does not have information
about whether they have considered seeing a doctor, or the seriousness of the symptoms.
Diseases they suﬀer from and are consulting a doctor about are diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, diseases of thyroid gland, dementia, psychosis, neurosis, autonomic imbalance, cataracts, retinopathy, tympanitis, deafness, hypertension, stroke, angina/AMI,
other circulatory problems, acute nasopharinxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, other respiratory
problems, gastritis/duodentis, gastric/duodenal ulcer, hepatitis/cirrhosis, cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis, other digestive problems, tooth decay, oral problems, atopic dermatitis,
contact dermatitis, urticaria, boldness, gout, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis, stiﬀ
shoulder, lumbago, osteoporosis, kidney problems, prostatic hypertropy, pre-menopausal or
post-menopausal problems, fractures, injuries and burns, anaemia/haemopathy, malignant
neoplasm, pregnancy , and others. The respondents also mark the symptoms multiply, andthey choose the one that is of most concern.

33Models for estimation

The basic models following previous studies are as follows. The dependent variable Hi isdeﬁned to be 1 when the ith individual assesses his or her health to be excellent, 2 good,
3 fair, 4 poor and 5 very poor. The independent variables are as follows. The vector Xi
represents demographic characteristics. Di deﬁnes diseases they suﬀer and Si indicates
their symptoms. The estimation method is the ordered probit method withHi∗ = α0 + Xi αX + Di αD + Si αS + εi
1 if Hi∗ < 0



∗
∗


 2 if Hi > 0 & Hi < C2
Hi =  3 if Hi∗ > C2 & Hi∗ < C3

4 if Hi∗ > C3 & Hi∗ < C4
 5 if H ∗ > C
4
i

(1)

where C1 , the threshold between Hi = 0 and Hi = 1, is normalized to be 0.
Groot [4] extended the ordered probit model to explain the change in the threshold of
subjective health according to these conditions:Hi∗ = α0 + Xi αX + Di αD + Si αS + εi
1 if Hi∗ < 0



∗
∗
2
2
2
2


 2 if Hi > 0 & Hi < β0 + Xi βX + Di βD + Si βS
22
3
3
3 if Hi∗ > β02 + Xi βX+ Di βD+ Si βS2 & Hi∗ < β03 + Xi βX+ Di βD+ Si βS3(2)
Hi =


∗
3
3
3
3
∗
4
4
4

4 if Hi > β0 + Xi βX + Di βD + Si βS & Hi < β0 + Xi βX + Di βD + Si βS4 5 if H ∗ > β 4 + X β 4 + D β 4 + S β 4
i X
i D
i S
i
0
Hereafter, eq. (1) is called the constant threshold model and eq. (2) the function thresholdmodel.
In the following, the economic variables Ei are used in the estimation as an alternative speciﬁcation. Then all the coeﬃcients are estimated by a heterogeneity consistentestimation method, which is appropriate for micro-data such as that used here.

44

QOL Definition

In previous studies, the eﬀect of the j disease on QOL is deﬁned in the constant thresholdmodel asQOLcCR,G = −

j
α̂D
Ĉ4

(3)

j
where ˆ indicates estimation and αD
is the coeﬃcient of the jth disease dummy. So as toj> 0 is assumed. In the function threshold model, QOL
avoid unnecessary complexity, αD

is deﬁned byjj
4j− Zi α̂Z β̂D
Zi α̂ZZi α̂Z + α̂D
Ziβ̂Z4 α̂Df−=1−
QOLCR,G = 1 +4j
ˆ 4j
Zi β̂Z4
Zi β̂Z4 (Ziβ̂Z4 + β̂D)
Zi β̂Z4 + beta
D

(4)

Formulations of this kind are easy to understand, but there are some problems. Firstly,
the domain of QOL is set in an ad hoc manner, i.e. excluding ”excellent” or ”very poor”
respondents. Originally the QOL concept requires 0 to represent dead and 1 to represent
perfect health. Thus all the respondents should be less than 1 and greater than 0. However,the previous studies assign 1 to ”excellent” and 0 to ”very poor”. This is inconsistent with
the QOL concept and QOL may thereby be overestimated.
Secondly, the denominator may be very small in comparison with the numerator, andthus the QOL measure cannot be limited to [0, 1], but it is obviously deﬁned over [−∞, ∞].
Thirdly, in the constant threshold model, the QOL eﬀect of a disease is assumed to be thesame across respondents. However, there is no evidence for this and it seems to be morenatural to consider QOL to be dependent upon the health status of the respondent. For
example, the eﬀect of ﬂu is diﬀerent between healthy people and ill elderly people.
To overcome such shortcomings, a new deﬁnition of QOL is proposed in this paper as

j)
QOLHO = Φ(Zi α̂Z ) − Φ(Zi α̂Z + α̂D5(5)where Φ is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. Thisis favoured more when comparing to QOLcCR,G and QOLfCR,G on several counts. Firstly,
QOLHO deﬁnes all the respondents without excluding ”excellent” and ”very poor”. Secondly, QOLHO is always below 1 and positive. Thirdly, QOL diﬀers among respondents
even in the constant threshold model according to their health status. Fourthly, QOL isevaluated according to the true distribution of QOLHO unlike QOLcCR,G and QOLfCR,G .
QOLHO which is thought to have damaging or negative eﬀects through certain symptoms
or diseases on the QOL.
The term QOLHO is a marginal eﬀect of the dummy variables in the probit model.
QOLcCR,G and QOLfCR,G deﬁnes QOL between [−∞, ∞] and causes the problem mentioned
above.
Since QOLHO varies among individuals, the social or aggregate QOL isj[Φ(Zi α̂Z ) − Φ(Zi α̂Z + α̂D)]f (di)(6)

where f (·) represents the probability distribution function of individuals in this society.

5

Estimation Results

5.1

Check for Goodness of Fit

We ﬁrst need to check the goodness-of-ﬁt before evaluating the results. For the ordered
probit, especially the function threshold model, it is not obvious how to evaluate goodnessof-ﬁt. In this paper, following Kenkel [4], the estimated distribution of the subjective healthevaluation will be compared with the actual distribution for the purposes of veriﬁcation.
While the percentages in the distribution in the actual observation show 5.44%, 13.22%,
43.94%, 32.87% and 4.51% for ”excellent” to ”very poor” respectively, the estimated ones in
the constant threshold model for all symptoms and sicknesses are 5.49%, 13.25%, 44.09%,
32.52% and 4.62%, and in the function threshold model they are 5.50%, 13.44%, 43.87%,

6

32.52% and 4.65%. Therefore, both are very similar and ﬁt well. As in the other estimatedmodel with the economic variables and the restrictive model, the results are almost thesame, so that checking for goodness-of-ﬁt is omitted so as to save space.

5.2

Constant Threshold Model

In Table 2, age is seen not to be signiﬁcant, and that females evaluate their health signiﬁcantly worse than males do, which is the same result as in the UK. The number of children
makes their health evaluation better, a result opposite to that in the UK.
Concerning symptoms and diseases, almost all show worse health evaluation, althoughsome symptoms and diseases raise health evaluation in signiﬁcance, such as failing memory,the sniﬄes, toothache, dental problems, wounds, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, allergic
rhinitis, tooth decay, oral problems, and stiﬀ shoulder. In the UK and USA studies, there
is no such a counter-intuitive case. Three reasons can be oﬀered in explanation.
Firstly, information of symptoms and sickness in the Japanese data set is more detailed
than in the others. If a kind of symptom or sickness is typical at an earlier stage, or
typically has co-morbidity with the others, its eﬀect would raise health evaluation.
Secondly, as this survey is conducted for the household member as explained above,
those who suﬀered a certain symptom or sickness would feel better than an inpatient.
Hence the health evaluation in this survey is contaminated by such a severe selection,
it does not reﬂect the whole impact of these symptoms and diseases. Thirdly, maybe themost important point is that the reference group that is used by the respondents when theyevaluate their health may be falsely imagined. That is, the word ”the same age group”
is missing in the survey, though it is included in the others. Thus they may compare thecurrent situation with the situation when they were admitted to hospital. Currently they
are discharged and enjoying better health, even though they have not recovered completely.
In this case, biased sampling excluding inpatients causes counter-intuitive results.

7

5.3

The Function Threshold Model

Though Groot [4] cannot ﬁnd signiﬁcant symptoms or diseases consistently across all
threshold functions, Tables 3 indicates that there are many consistently signiﬁcant variables
such as marital status, bleary eyes, the sniﬄes, retching, appetite loss, stiﬀ shoulder(s),back pain, paramneia/merrorhalgia, hypertension, other circulatory problems, and gastritis/duadentis. Moreover the coeﬃcients for toothache, oral problems, diﬃculty in chewing,
fractures, wounds, and injuries are consistently negative but insigniﬁcant, and thus these
symptoms or diseases raise the criterion for good health.

5.4

The Model with Economic Variables

In general, economic situations other than pure health conditions also may aﬀect healthrelated QOL, but the concept excludes such a non-health condition. Therefore, by estimating it using economic variables, we can control and eliminate the eﬀect of economic
conditions and thus measure the pure health related QOL. If not, the estimated QOL isbiased by the economic situation.
Table 4 shows the results. Though it shows that aging signiﬁcantly reduces subjective
health evaluation, many vriables are almost the same as the number in Table 2. On
the other hand, in the function threshold model summarized in Table 5, the number ofsigniﬁcant variables in the threshold function decreases. Only bleary eyes, the sniﬄes,
retching, back pain, broken bones and sprain, hypertension, and other circulatory problems
are consistently signiﬁcant in the threshold function.

5.5

Restrictive Estimation Comparing the UK and USA

Since the data set in Japan is more detailed than for the UK or the USA, as mentioned above
comparison among countries may be aﬀected. To control for this problem, a restrictivemodel that includes only variables comparable with the UK and USA study as explanatory
variables is performed in this subsection.
8

In the constant threshold model summarized in Table 6, cataracts, hypertension, allergic
rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis remain as counter-intuitive results inwhich these diseases raise subjective health evaluation. On the other hand, the function
threshold model in Table 7 shares results with the non-restrictive model, which means that
there are many consistently signiﬁcant variables in the threshold function, except for thesniﬄes.
To sum up, such a restriction does not have much eﬀect and thus the more detailed
information in Japan does not cause counter-intuitive phenomena.

6

Estimation Results for QOL

Table 8 summarizes the QOL. In the case of diabetes, we observe 0.86 in the UK, 0.66
in the USA, and 0.954 in Japan. For hypertension, while it is 0.86 in USA, it is 1.004 in
Japan.
Conversely, the QOL values for diﬃculty in seeing are 0.93, 0.92 and 0.985, and diﬃcultyin hearing are 0.93, 0.97 and 0.996 in USA, UK and Japan, respectively. In some symptoms
or diseases, the QOL among countries are almost the same. However, for most symptoms
or diseases, QOLs are higher in Japan than in UK and USA.
Next, Table 9 shows QOL in the function threshold model. For diabetes , we observe0.85 for the UK and 0.942 for Japan, and for diﬃculty of seeing, 0.94 for the UK and 0.979
for Japan. Hence, even in the function threshold model, the QOL in Japan is higher thanin UK and USA.
Estimation results with economic variables can isolate pure QOL which is not aﬀectedby such economic conditions, but these are not considered in the existing literature. The
QOL in the constant threshold model is shown in Table 10, and the function thresholdmodel in Table 11. Though the number of signiﬁcant coeﬃcients decreases, QOL is not somuch aﬀected by introducing economic variables; for instance in the case of diabetes, it is9

0.955 in both models.
QOLHO , our original QOL deﬁnition which is to be [0,1] by deﬁnition, is also shown in thetables. In comparison with Cutler and Richardson [3] and Groot [4], QOLfCR,G s are adjusted
for the loss of QOL by certain of symptoms or diseases, 1 − QOLfCR,G . Overall, QOLHO
is smaller than 1 − QOLfCR,G . For instance, in the case of diabetes, while 1 − QOLfCR,G is0.059, QOLHO is only 0.015. In the case of hypertension, 0.032(1 − QOLfCR,G ) is compared
to 0.009(QOLHO ). In other words, this discrepancy indicates the possibility of systematic
overstimation of damage to QOL in the existing literature because of appropriateness of
QOLHO as discussed above.

7

Concluding Remarks

This paper applies the same procedure as in the existing literature to Japan, and thenimproves upon it. Firstly, while the previous studies deﬁne the domain of QOL in an ad
hoc manner, i.e. excluding ”excellent” or ”very poor” respondents, this paper suggests a
more rigorous alternative measure. Secondly, heterogeneity among individuals, which isinevitable in micro-data, is accounted for in the estimation. Thirdly, economic variables
such as income or job status that are considered to aﬀect subjective health status are also
accounted for. The estimation results show that in the same model as the previous ones,
similar tendencies are found, but coeﬃcients are smaller for many symptoms and diseases.
Economic variables help to clarify the eﬀect of symptoms or diseases on subjective healthevaluation. The damage of QOL by symtoms and diseases deﬁned in this paper is smaller
for most symptoms and diseases, and thus the measures in the previous research are likely
to overestimate it and may be inappropriate.
Finally, we make suggestions for further research. As emphasized above, the most important diﬀerence between Japan and others appears to be the lack of the phrase ”comparison
with the same age group.” This lack seems to contaminate the result heavily. To overcome

10this problem, a survey including such a phrase should be performed. Moreover, longer
macro QOLs should be calculated for evaluating health care.

11

Acknowledgement

Data in this paper was used by permission from the author (Y. Ohkusa) as one of theresearchers at the Institution of Social Security and Population, Ministry of Health, Welfareand Labor. We would also like to acknowledge the comments by Prof. Kaneko of theInstitution of Social Security and Population, Prof. Shimono of Nagoya City University,
Prof. Tajika of Hitotsubashi University, Prof. Tsukahara of Meiji University and theassistance provided by Tomoko Nagase.

12

References[1] Torrance, G.W. (1986), ”Measurement of Health State Utilities For Economic Appraisal A Review”, Journal of Health Economics 5, pp.1-30.
[2] Drummond, M.F., O’Brien, B., Stoddart, G.L. and Torrance, G.W. (1986), ”Methods
for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes”, Oxford Medical Publications[3] Cutler, D. and Richardson, E. (1997), ”Measuring the Health of the U.S. Population”,
Brookings Papers Microeconomics, pp.217-271.
[4] Groot, W. (2000), ”Adaptation and Scale of Reference Bias in Self-Assessments of
Quality of Life”, Journal of Health Economics 19, pp.403-420.
[5] Kenkel, D.S. (1995), ”Should You Eat Breakfast? Estimates From Health Production
Functions”, Health Economics 4, pp.15-29.
[6] Kerkhofs, M. and Lideboom, M. (1995), ”Subjective Health Measures and State Dependent Reporting Errors”, Health Economics 4, pp.221-235.
[7] Ubel, P.A., Richardson, J. and Menzel, P. (2000), ”Societal Value, the person tradeoﬀ, and the dilemma of whose values to measure for cost-eﬀectiveness analysis”, Health
Economics 9, pp.127-136.

13

Table1. Average of Variables
Symptoms and Others
subjective health
age
2
age
femaleage*female2
age *female
marital status
number of children
fever
fatiguesleeplessness
irritation
failing memory
headachedizzinessbleary eyesdifficulty in seeing
tinnitusdifficulty in hearing
palpitationdifficulty in breathing
chest pain
coughs and sputum
the sniffles
noisy breathing
retching
diarrhoea
constipation
appetite loss
stomach achehemorrhoids
toothachedental problems
difficulty in chewingrashitching
stiff shoulder
lumbagoarthralgia
dysfunction of hands and feetnumbness
frigid hands and feetfoot oedema
disuriafrequent urination
incontinence
paramenia/merorrhalgia
broken bones and sprain
woundsother symptoms

Diseases
1.917984
44.27781
2701.441
0.5602294
25.46679
1578.1550.6403086
0.5552163
0.0312671
0.1377711
0.0952363
0.0812276
0.133876
0.1161468
0.0699599
0.1787417
0.1334128
0.0947807
0.1188347
0.0924953
0.0745687
0.0444178
0.1548852
0.1181969
0.0555488
0.1074151
0.0347446
0.1163898
0.0336284
0.069474
0.0283287
0.0827917
0.0656928
0.0895113
0.0546149
0.1298822
0.285109
0.3278792
0.219234
0.117263
0.127908
0.0917512
0.0847431
0.0340005
0.073278
0.0283135
0.0202044
0.0462401
0.0155272
0.0616534

diabetes
0.0762411
obesity
0.0130053
hyperlipidemia
0.0748662
thyroid gland disease
0.0180939
dementia
0.0061259
psychosis
0.0106469
neurosis0.017179
autonomic imbalance
0.0224535
cataract
0.0787169
retinopathy
0.018363
tympanitis
0.0137637
deafness
0.0236669
hypertension
0.23321stroke0.0340399
angina/AMI
0.0486011
other circulatory problems
0.038326
acute nasopharinxis
0.0267641
allergic rhinitis
0.0410514
asthma0.0343922
other respiratory problems
0.0260693
gastritis/duodentis
0.0333695
gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.0424116
hepatitis/cirrhosis
0.0240877
cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis 0.010642
other digestive problems
0.0293672
tooth decay
0.1158393
oral problems
0.0515711
atopic dermatitis
0.0346515
contact dermatitis
0.0217
urticaria
0.0144732
baldness0.0018104
gout
0.0164108
chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.0185979
arthritis
0.0668565
stiff shoulder
0.0920402
back pain
0.1430927
osteoporosis0.0339763
kidney disease
0.0208242
prostatic hypertrophy
0.0163423
pre/post menopausal problem 0.007677
fractures
0.0170713
injuries
0.0207361
anaemia/haemopathy
0.0181575
malignant neoplasm
0.0093405
pregnancy
0.0084305
others
0.0574328
unknown
0.0033272

14

Table 2. Estimation for All Diseases and Symptom using Constant Threshold Model
Diseases
Symptoms and Others
0.0012754
0.1697026 ＊＊＊age
diabetes
2-0.0000181-0.0263429
ageobesity
0.1120654 ＊＊＊ hyperlipidemia-0.0633322 ＊＊＊female＊＊＊-0.0054758
0.0219745
age*female
thyroid gland disease2＊＊＊0.000064
0.51905 ＊＊＊age *female
dementia＊＊＊
0.0868877
0.4817143 ＊＊＊marital status
psychosis＊＊＊-0.0535595
0.2258609 ＊＊＊number of children
neurosis＊＊＊0.2185153
0.2368975 ＊＊＊fever
autonomic imbalance＊＊＊
0.3539237-0.0120686
fatiguecataract
0.166908 ＊＊＊ retinopathy
0.1067936 ＊＊＊sleepless＊＊＊
0.1233707-0.0384437
irritation
tympanitis-0.0665805 ＊＊＊ deafness
0.0693713 ＊＊＊failing memory＊＊＊
0.156798-0.0133124 ＊headachehypertension＊＊＊
0.1544221
0.3767259 ＊＊＊dizzinessstroke-0.0055684
0.1450976 ＊＊＊bleary eyes
angina/AMI＊＊＊
0.0545099
0.1633805 ＊＊＊difficulty in seeing
other circulatory problems
0.0102757
0.1090831 ＊＊＊tinnitus
acute nasopharinxis
0.014291-0.0744289 ＊＊＊difficulty in hearing
allergic rhinitis＊＊＊
0.1215845
0.2026944 ＊＊＊palpitation
asthma＊＊＊0.1193986
0.2352146 ＊＊＊difficulty in breathingother respiratory problems
0.1690001 ＊＊＊ gastritis/duodentis
0.074635 ＊＊＊chest pain＊＊＊
0.0877521
0.1208477 ＊＊＊coughs and sputum
gastric/duodenal ulcer＊-0.022202
0.2191137 ＊＊＊the sniffles
hepatitis/cirrhosis＊＊＊
0.1173261
noisy breathingcholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis 0.0156953
0.0180103
0.2106226 ＊＊＊retching
other digestive problems＊＊
0.0434183-0.1682704 ＊＊＊diarrhoea
tooth decay＊＊＊
0.0625886-0.0556608 ＊＊＊constipation
oral problems＊＊＊
0.3303635-0.0430956 ＊＊appetite loss
atopic dermatitis
0.1926602 ＊＊＊ contact dermatitis-0.1232689 ＊＊＊stomach ache
0.0269012-0.0152446
hemorrhoids
urticaria-0.0647493 ＊＊＊ baldness-0.1475272 ＊＊toothache＊＊-0.0340799-0.0079463
dental problems
gout-0.0077916
0.423467 ＊＊＊difficulty in chewing
chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.0192724
0.0616562 ＊＊＊rasharthritis＊＊＊-0.0624505-0.0488696 ＊＊＊itching
stiff shoulder＊
0.0163343
0.1717006 ＊＊＊stiff shoulder
back pain
0.0810385 ＊＊＊ osteoporosis
0.1914227 ＊＊＊lumbago＊＊＊0.0897176
0.3458195 ＊＊＊arthralgia
kidney disease＊＊＊
0.0695951 ＊＊＊dysfunction of hands and feet 0.3514808
prostatic hypertrophy＊＊＊
0.1933389
numbness
pre/post menopausal problem 0.0827177 ＊＊＊＊＊＊0.0507956
0.1512625 ＊＊＊frigid hands and feetfractures＊＊＊
0.0893828-0.0047846
foot oedema
injuries
0.0810874 ＊＊＊ anaemia/haemopathy
0.1246096 ＊＊＊disuria＊＊＊
0.0471401
0.3025623 ＊＊＊frequent urination
malignant neoplasm＊＊＊
0.0532676
0.0531608
incontinence
pregnancy＊＊
0.0564094
0.0988508 ＊＊＊paramenia/merorrhalgia
others
＊0.0352011
0.3435841 ＊＊＊broken bones and sprain
unknown＊＊＊-0.1560601
wounds0.1637302 ＊＊＊other symptoms-1.226018
Threshold1-0.462085
Threshold2
0.8718563
Threshold3
2.458695
Threshold4
120533
obs.
-144278.32
log likelihood

15

16

Table 3. Estimation for All Diseases and Symptoms using Function Threshold Modelαβ2
β30.0042067 ＊＊-0.0007967
0.0053878 ＊＊age
2-0.0000638 ＊＊＊9.52E-06-0.0000749 ＊＊＊age＊＊＊
0.1891781
0.0335431
0.1252132 ＊＊＊female＊＊＊-0.0068266-0.0006203-0.0031531
age*female
2＊＊＊0.0000932
0.0000143
0.0000492 ＊age *female＊＊＊＊
0.131527
0.0249685
0.0613944 ＊＊＊marital status＊＊＊-0.043291
0.0141064
0.0039074
number of children
0.0388714-0.0700141-0.233428 ＊＊＊
fever
＊＊＊
＊＊
0.3944257
0.0633725-0.0338203
fatigue
0.1232244 ＊＊＊-0.0094989-0.0746207 ＊＊sleepless
0.1383607 ＊＊＊0.021358
0.006852
irritation-0.0445137 ＊0.0066161
0.0272982
failing memory
0.1790717 ＊＊＊0.0293233-0.0151728
headache
0.1943544 ＊＊＊0.0756623 ＊＊-0.0075553
dizziness
0.0593635 ＊＊＊0.0371226 ＊
0.081464 ＊＊＊bleary eyes＊＊＊
0.0645836
0.018876
0.0105878
difficulty in seeing-0.0085392-0.0289912-0.0264931
tinnitus
0.0416103-0.0037868
0.0343238
difficulty in hearing
0.1865242 ＊＊＊0.0935613 ＊＊＊0.0217363
palpitation
0.0664398 ＊-0.007298-0.0911354 ＊＊＊difficulty in breathing
0.1655775 ＊＊＊0.0312478-0.0464544
chest pain
0.1357792 ＊＊＊0.0393829 ＊
0.0366015
coughs and sputum
0.0585331 ＊＊0.0729973 ＊＊＊0.0845288 ＊＊＊the sniffles＊＊＊
0.1300517
0.0322288-0.032276
noisy breathing
0.1353203 ＊＊＊0.0772492 ＊＊＊0.1143216 ＊＊＊retching＊
0.0844929
0.024818
0.0344406
diarrhoea
0.1085264 ＊＊＊0.0646523 ＊0.0477717 ＊
constipation＊＊
0.1089299-0.0972504-0.3218465 ＊＊＊appetite loss
0.2983146 ＊＊＊0.0936775 ＊＊＊0.0536898
stomach ache＊＊＊0.1322659
0.0759612
0.1124126 ＊＊hemorrhoids-0.0817357 ＊＊＊-0.015743-0.0367583
toothache-0.0551063 ＊-0.0266903-0.0307767
dental problems-0.0435043 ＊-0.0346451-0.0325875
difficulty in chewing
β40.005723 ＊＊-0.0000857 ＊＊＊0.2164378 ＊＊＊-0.0007825
0.0000231
0.1043468 ＊＊＊0.0141605-0.2356717 ＊＊＊0.1724376 ＊＊＊-0.0390842-0.0096302
0.042052
0.0571147 ＊0.0526154
0.0864494 ＊＊＊-0.0254778-0.0081487
0.0639086 ＊0.101949 ＊＊-0.0617185-0.0186958
0.1339313 ＊＊＊0.1055161 ＊＊＊0.0612361
0.1862846 ＊＊＊0.0767288
0.0415165-0.2333836 ＊＊＊0.1924463 ＊＊＊0.1360437 ＊＊-0.0432595-0.0334424-0.0805892 ＊＊

17

rash
itching
stiff shoulder
lumbagoarthralgia
dysfunction of hands and feetnumbness
frigid hands and feetfoot oedema
disuriafrequent urination
incontinence
paramenia/merorrhalgia
broken bones and sprain
woundsother symptoms
diabetes
obesity
hyperlipidemia
thyroid gland disease
dementia
psychosis
neurosisautonomic imbalance
cataract
retinopathy
tympanitis
deafness
hypertension
strokeangina/AMI
other circulatory problems
acute nasopharinxis
allergic rhinitis
asthmaother respiratory problems

0.0111807-0.0513809 ＊＊0.112183 ＊＊＊0.1640864 ＊＊＊0.12597 ＊＊＊0.2385121 ＊＊＊0.1385571 ＊＊＊0.0352482
0.1419216 ＊＊＊0.045535
0.0243181
0.0452278
0.1865629 ＊＊＊-0.0532463-0.1584505 ＊＊＊0.1092469 ＊＊＊0.1862889 ＊＊＊-0.0236551
0.0304333
0.1055232 ＊0.3050839 ＊＊＊0.3068375 ＊＊＊0.2383542 ＊＊＊0.2568061 ＊＊＊0.0326415
0.1213969 ＊＊-0.0336737-0.0039495
0.1063538 ＊＊＊0.3014442 ＊＊＊0.2129149 ＊＊＊0.3007487 ＊＊＊0.1449663 ＊＊＊0.0053835
0.2578688 ＊＊＊0.1046581 ＊＊0.0024693-0.0020846
0.0389185 ＊＊0.0471623 ＊＊＊0.0380341 ＊＊0.0053909
0.0142188-0.0309315
0.094147 ＊＊＊0.0505123
0.0060802
0.0578143
0.1065834 ＊＊-0.0714505 ＊＊-0.0173905-0.0155937
0.0244563-0.0482371
0.0496067 ＊0.0190468-0.0108747
0.0109848
0.0643844
0.1131436 ＊＊0.0328153
0.0053982
0.0382555
0.0021958
0.0503854 ＊＊＊0.0545467
0.0622137 ＊0.1173104 ＊＊＊0.0499627
0.0497381
0.0670264-0.0307042-0.0353247
0.0187997
0.120987 ＊＊＊0.0869505 ＊＊＊0.0242877-0.1462933 ＊＊＊-0.0932226 ＊＊＊-0.0027648
0.0324249-0.0521713-0.0477596-0.0326386
0.1313118 ＊＊-0.1253986 ＊＊＊0.0107057-0.0753646 ＊＊＊0.0013312
0.0012454
0.1177515 ＊＊＊0.0906554-0.130568-0.2231934 ＊＊＊-0.049406-0.077494
0.0434861-0.0050346-0.0367689-0.1329797 ＊＊＊0.1508057 ＊＊＊-0.1410958 ＊＊＊0.0302774
0.1222149 ＊＊＊-0.0288558
0.0925406 ＊＊0.0267716-0.1867093 ＊＊＊-0.0209091
0.0197552
0.2143167 ＊＊＊0.1938533 ＊＊＊0.058502 ＊＊-0.1540611 ＊＊＊-0.0724577 ＊＊-0.0568816
0.0226809-0.0954346 ＊-0.011168-0.0273468
0.1901745 ＊＊-0.1545356 ＊＊＊-0.1065616-0.1418608 ＊＊＊0.0312848
0.027117
0.1427992 ＊＊＊0.1666355 ＊＊-0.3684098 ＊＊＊-0.2113881 ＊＊0.0658447
0.0361826
0.0723345 ＊＊0.0264954
0.0093552-0.0838721
0.1927715 ＊＊＊-0.0415305
0.1727507 ＊＊＊0.2256034 ＊＊＊0.1378687 ＊＊0.159018 ＊＊＊0.1159971 ＊-0.183923 ＊＊＊18120533-142452.57

obs.
log likelihood

constant

0.1712518 ＊＊＊0.1822771 ＊＊＊0.2486234 ＊＊＊0.0127031
0.268822 ＊＊＊-0.1201139 ＊＊＊0.0452734
0.023303-0.0718748 ＊-0.0393189-0.1744188-0.0325299
0.3346562 ＊＊＊0.0718011 ＊＊0.0033625
0.1673819 ＊＊＊0.1783902 ＊＊＊0.2591669 ＊＊＊0.1527116 ＊＊＊0.1537784 ＊0.0272902-0.0725695 ＊0.1559362 ＊＊＊0.2182945 ＊＊＊-0.0236894
0.1043899 ＊＊＊0.1956959 ＊
1.010211 ＊＊＊gastritis/duodentis
gastric/duodenal ulcer
hepatitis/cirrhosischolecytolithiasis/cholesystitis
other digestive problems
decayed toothoral problems
atopic dermatitis
contact dermatitis
urticaria
boldnessgout
chronic rheumatoid arthritis
arthritis
stiff shoulder
back pain
osteoporosis
kidney problems
prostatic hypertrophy
pre/post menopausal problem
fractures
injuries
anaemia/haemopathy
malignant neoplasm
pregnancy
othersunknown

0.0824518 ＊＊0.0884328 ＊＊0.0738173-0.0256931
0.0467593-0.0034207
0.0633749 ＊＊0.0839974 ＊0.0228814-0.0461518
0.0232579-0.0254903
0.0291305
0.0390654
0.0244542
0.0328302
0.0516927
0.0095231-0.0115682
0.0252443
0.0087999-0.002486
0.0596901
0.0222118
0.0132769
0.0604108 ＊＊-0.1656202
0.6083787 ＊＊＊0.0785051 ＊0.0267819-0.0381413-0.0125238
0.0345433
0.0866057 ＊＊＊0.1238042 ＊＊＊0.070006 ＊0.0697947-0.0314674-0.035291-0.0507218-0.1513698 ＊＊-0.0380022
0.050035 ＊-0.0572424 ＊＊-0.0746382 ＊-0.1334767 ＊＊0.0846179-0.0054494-0.1940061 ＊＊＊-0.1789057 ＊＊＊-0.0196217-0.0959881-0.1757445 ＊-0.0329014-0.2488479 ＊＊1.920268 ＊＊＊0.1697933 ＊＊＊0.1648612 ＊＊＊0.1159348 ＊
0.0304506
0.1148234 ＊＊0.0537116
0.1625539 ＊＊＊-0.0259632
0.0543836-0.047414-0.1850385-0.0005958-0.0859148
0.0362003
0.1031927 ＊＊＊0.0223099
0.0044115-0.1110609 ＊0.256638 ＊＊＊0.2379708 ＊＊-0.2402818 ＊＊＊-0.1522778 ＊＊＊0.0715271-0.1906292 ＊-0.0801186-0.0548851-0.0127613
3.100168 ＊＊＊Table4. Estimation Result for Constant Threshold Model Including Economic Variables
Symptoms and Others
Diseasesage
0.0052451 ＊＊＊diabetes
age2-0.0000553 ＊＊＊obesityfemale0.1163004 ＊＊＊hyperlipidemia
age*female-0.0060423 ＊＊＊thyroid gland disease
age2*female
0.0000653 ＊＊＊dementia
marital status
0.0620826 ＊＊＊psychosis
number of children-0.0667627 ＊＊＊neurosisln consumption-0.0183901 ＊＊＊autonomic imbalanceself employed-0.0880772 ＊＊＊cataract
employer-0.1320287 ＊＊＊retinopathy
employee(1-4)-0.1148464 ＊＊＊tympanitis
employee(5-29)-0.0755713 ＊＊＊deafness
employee(30-99)-0.0761312 ＊＊＊hypertension
employee(100-499)-0.0567253 ＊＊＊strokeemployee(500-999)-0.0530168 ＊angina/AMI
employee(over 1000)-0.0435447 ＊＊other circulatory problems
employee(government)-0.0289478
acute nasopharinxis
part-time employee-0.061145 ＊＊＊allergic rhinitis
fever
0.222474 ＊＊＊asthmafatigue
0.3577707 ＊＊＊other respiratory problems
sleepless
0.1717508 ＊＊＊gastritis/duodentis
irritation
0.1250377 ＊＊＊gastric/duodenal ulcer
failing memory-0.0760967 ＊＊＊hepatitis/cirrhosis
headache
0.1583902 ＊＊＊cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis
dizziness
0.1616778 ＊＊＊other digestive problems
bleary eyes
-0.0027497
decayed toothdifficulty in seeing
0.0554029 ＊＊＊oral problems
tinnitus
0.0179138
atopic dermatitis
difficulty in hearing
0.0096214
contact dermatitis
palpitation
0.1248892 ＊＊＊urticaria
difficulty in breathing
0.1066174 ＊＊＊baldnesschest pain
0.1698277 ＊＊＊gout
coughs and sputum
0.0864311 ＊＊＊chronic rheumatoid arthritis
the sniffles-0.0051721
arthritis
noisy breathing
0.0914565 ＊＊＊stiff shoulder
retching
0.0243291 ＊＊back pain
diarrhoea
0.0357954 ＊
osteoporosis
constipation
0.0544138 ＊＊＊kidney disease
appetite loss
0.3087564 ＊＊＊prostatic hypertrophy
stomach ache
0.2058353 ＊＊＊pre/post menopausal problem
hemorrhoids
0.0432084 ＊＊fractures
toothache-0.0580303 ＊＊＊injuries
dental problems-0.029903 ＊＊anaemia/haemopathy
difficulty in chewing-0.0066211
malignant neoplasm
rash0.0344986 ＊
pregnancy
itching-0.067233 ＊＊＊othersstiff shoulder
0.0198855 ＊＊unknownlumbago0.0786534 ＊＊＊arthralgia
0.0927909 ＊＊＊dysfunction of hands and feet
0.3521446 ＊＊＊numbness
0.1977863 ＊＊＊frigid hands and feet
0.0493587 ＊＊＊foot oedema
0.0891646 ＊＊＊disuria
0.0824567 ＊＊＊frequent urination
0.0417701 ＊＊＊incontinence
0.0469824 ＊＊paramenia/merorrhalgia
0.0790112 ＊＊＊broken bones and sprain
0.0434207 ＊＊wounds-0.1255881 ＊＊＊other symptoms
0.1559789 ＊＊＊Threshold1-1.243526
Threshold2-0.4700815
Threshold3
0.8662303
Threshold4
2.469363
obs.
99618
log likelihood-118687.08

19

0.1663039 ＊＊＊-0.0284185-0.0497002 ＊＊＊0.0399927
0.5326999 ＊＊＊0.4822869 ＊＊＊0.226076 ＊＊＊0.2399747 ＊＊＊-0.030436 ＊＊0.108105 ＊＊＊-0.0409712
0.0697405 ＊＊＊-0.0244341 ＊＊＊0.3609254 ＊＊＊0.1391634 ＊＊＊0.1709842 ＊＊＊0.0895221 ＊＊＊-0.0771816 ＊＊＊0.198407 ＊＊＊0.2390279 ＊＊＊0.0612717 ＊＊＊0.1037974 ＊＊＊0.1989473 ＊＊＊-0.0118848
0.2006465 ＊＊＊-0.1518817 ＊＊＊-0.0600077 ＊＊＊-0.0367474-0.1182354 ＊＊＊-0.0187831-0.177578 ＊＊-0.0258118
0.4298735 ＊＊＊0.0595476 ＊＊＊-0.0431522 ＊＊＊0.1766237 ＊＊＊0.1641502 ＊＊＊0.3401546 ＊＊＊0.0683069 ＊＊＊0.0956038 ＊＊＊0.182868 ＊＊＊0.0335989
0.1316393 ＊＊＊0.2836612 ＊＊＊0.1047172 ＊0.1042576 ＊＊＊0.3769129 ＊＊＊20

Table5. Estimation Result for Function Threshold Model Including Economic Variables
αβ2
β30.003383-0.00543 ＊＊0.000231age
2-4.6E-05 ＊4.85E-05 ＊＊-1.2E-05
age＊＊＊
0.139317
0.034176
0.008319
female-0.00388
0.000114
0.002954
age*female
2＊＊
5.65E-05
4.60E-06-1.2E-05
age *female
0.101132 ＊＊＊0.024907
0.054419 ＊＊＊marital status-0.03807-0.00227
0.029907
number of children
ln consumption
0.009239
0.030145 ＊＊＊0.029941 ＊＊self employed-0.05692 ＊＊＊0.028009
0.01789
employer-0.06773
0.021752
0.083085 ＊
employee(1-4)-0.09095
0.038149
0.015172
employee(5-29)
0.027933
0.039923
0.129744 ＊＊＊employee(30-99)-0.00844-0.01765
0.111697 ＊＊＊employee(100-499)
0.030152
0.018908
0.107178 ＊＊＊employee(500-999)
0.004498-0.02290.077547
employee(over 1000)
0.00076
0.02450.017092
employee(government)
0.117154 ＊＊＊0.129786 ＊＊＊0.141117 ＊＊＊part-time employee-0.0149-0.00828
0.080066 ＊＊0.088798-0.02117-0.18209 ＊＊＊
fever
＊＊＊
＊＊＊
0.413522
0.081215-0.01122
fatigue＊＊＊
0.118245-0.00955-0.08626 ＊＊sleepless＊＊＊
0.128165
0.00065-0.00931
irritation-0.04406
0.023452
0.033121
failing memory
0.201177 ＊＊＊0.049449 ＊0.009793
headache0.192659 ＊＊＊0.08099 ＊＊-0.02035
dizziness＊＊＊
0.060677
0.036559 ＊0.078265 ＊＊＊bleary eyes＊＊
0.061867
0.023899
0.006086
difficulty in seeing
0.008989-0.02156-0.01461
tinnitus
0.021421-0.00638
0.015897
difficulty in hearing
0.206759 ＊＊＊0.110437 ＊＊＊0.040514
palpitation
0.075036 ＊0.014691-0.07118
difficulty in breathing
0.181907 ＊＊＊0.038844-0.02646
chest pain
0.141718 ＊＊＊0.040067
0.046901 ＊coughs and sputum
β40.001857-7.75E-06
0.236485 ＊＊＊0.002821-2.9E-05
0.072492 ＊＊＊0.140712 ＊
0.039573 ＊＊0.10431 ＊＊＊0.132166 ＊＊0.089815
0.288421 ＊＊＊0.229112 ＊＊＊0.307319 ＊＊＊0.271657 ＊＊＊0.248107 ＊＊＊0.345718 ＊＊＊0.107541 ＊＊-0.18438 ＊＊0.170139 ＊＊＊-0.0556
0.002582
0.049383
0.07439 ＊0.037408
0.085306 ＊＊＊-0.03754
0.004229
0.024804
0.122288 ＊＊＊-0.02907
0.000956
0.142019 ＊＊＊21

the sniffles
noisy breathing
retching
diarrhoea
constipation
appetite loss
stomach achehemorrhoids
toothachedental problems
difficulty in chewingrashitching
stiff shoulder
lumbagoarthralgia
dysfunction of hands and feetnumbness
frigid hands and feetfoot oedema
disuriafrequent urination
incontinence
paramenia/merorrhalgia
broken bones and sprain
woundsother symptoms
diabetes
obesity
hyperlipidemia
thyroid gland disease
dementia
psychosis
neurosisautonomic imbalance
cataract

0.071428 ＊＊0.06669
0.126402 ＊＊＊0.034168
0.087295 ＊＊＊0.089584
0.302168 ＊＊＊0.137087 ＊＊＊-0.07645 ＊＊＊-0.03863-0.01965
0.005078-0.0473 ＊0.102087 ＊＊＊0.171036 ＊＊＊0.116349 ＊＊＊0.236363 ＊＊＊0.147321 ＊＊＊0.037603
0.149095 ＊＊＊0.055607
0.041191
0.046012
0.176544 ＊＊＊-0.08174 ＊-0.1272 ＊＊0.102996 ＊＊＊0.168452 ＊＊＊-0.03687
0.03346
0.158576 ＊＊0.335413 ＊＊0.374317 ＊＊＊0.235471 ＊＊＊0.281136 ＊＊＊0.027995

0.057525 ＊＊0.007867
0.065351 ＊＊-0.01086
0.044999 ＊-0.09621
0.085539 ＊＊0.087445 ＊-0.02239-0.01936-0.01933-0.01611
0.009440.027462
0.052884 ＊＊＊0.028298
0.00476
0.026279-0.02877
0.106335 ＊＊＊0.054471
0.031987
0.064849
0.060428-0.12834 ＊＊＊0.001706-0.01669
0.028796-0.07025
0.043135
0.067501
0.006622
0.076305
0.056595
0.111985 ＊
0.035613

0.080388 ＊＊-0.08096
0.095033 ＊＊＊-0.01824
0.03226-0.31098 ＊＊＊0.043296
0.087726-0.03778-0.01716-0.00987-0.06166
0.026271
0.106896 ＊＊＊0.098468 ＊＊＊0.007186-0.14957 ＊＊＊-0.08826 ＊＊＊0.001847
0.040132-0.03693-0.02413-0.02120.10497-0.15536 ＊＊＊-0.00028-0.07423 ＊＊-0.02120.002534
0.101268 ＊＊＊0.117292 ＊-0.11804-0.16706 ＊-0.05005-0.04191
0.063346 ＊＊0.116182 ＊＊＊0.014067
0.17152 ＊＊＊0.033161
0.038717-0.24031 ＊＊＊0.18107 ＊＊＊0.119053 ＊＊＊-0.0342-0.01072-0.03587-0.04992
0.035826
0.189734 ＊＊＊0.199464 ＊＊＊0.043921-0.14706 ＊＊＊-0.06868 ＊＊-0.04378
0.02132-0.1010.002746-0.03633
0.131253-0.19134 ＊＊＊-0.09348-0.1288 ＊＊＊0.003828
0.015324
0.129861 ＊＊＊0.214456 ＊＊＊-0.31156 ＊＊-0.08540.068778
0.052760.087734 ＊＊22

0.142698 ＊＊＊retinopathy-0.0665
tympanitis
0.020088
deafness
0.095428 ＊＊＊hypertension
0.278679 ＊＊＊stroke0.201014 ＊＊＊angina/AMI
0.307071 ＊＊＊other circulatory problems
0.150968 ＊＊＊acute nasopharinxis-0.01067
allergic rhinitis
0.249797 ＊＊＊asthma0.103704 ＊＊other respiratory problems
0.152347 ＊＊＊gastritis/duodentis
0.184494 ＊＊＊gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.220297 ＊＊＊hepatitis/cirrhosischolecytolithiasis/cholesystitis 0.001938
0.253326 ＊＊＊other digestive problems-0.11885 ＊＊＊decayed tooth
0.034611
oral problems
0.019296
atopic dermatitis-0.07773 ＊＊contact dermatitis-0.03671
urticaria-0.1987baldness-0.0677gout
0.334516 ＊＊＊chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.072811 ＊＊arthritis
0.002205
stiff shoulder
0.157827 ＊＊＊back pain
0.13629 ＊＊＊osteoporosis
0.234318 ＊＊＊kidney disease
0.137809 ＊＊prostatic hypertrophy
pre/post menopausal problem 0.170139 ＊0.079636
fractures-0.03453
injuries
0.132884 ＊＊anaemia/haemopathy
0.197763 ＊＊malignant neoplasm
0.030249
pregnancy

0.017998
0.002715
0.029798
0.05212 ＊＊＊0.041882
0.057455
0.131855 ＊＊＊0.078475
0.027488
0.074172-0.03817
0.076058 ＊0.106103 ＊＊＊0.080187-0.02508
0.048724-0.01945
0.05756 ＊0.042816
0.001183-0.04246
0.014639-0.04338
0.047042
0.053873 ＊0.020962
0.011480.034606
0.011828-0.01495
0.026598
0.058150.000684
0.051772
0.000518-0.01249

0.01821-0.07431-0.11756 ＊＊0.148617 ＊＊＊-0.13686 ＊＊0.02282
0.103885 ＊＊0.006340.087688 ＊＊0.016199-0.18837 ＊＊＊0.076065
0.043486-0.04295
0.018939
0.027982
0.077798 ＊＊＊0.121607 ＊＊＊0.082066 ＊0.057262-0.02028
0.012073-0.07038-0.15714 ＊＊＊-0.03537
0.038865-0.07154 ＊＊-0.09058 ＊-0.14446 ＊＊0.060354-0.01243-0.17597 ＊＊＊-0.17012 ＊＊＊-0.05409-0.10176-0.13634

0.050382
0.007213-0.0347
0.193006 ＊＊＊-0.05764
0.166932 ＊＊＊0.238692 ＊＊＊0.140671 ＊
0.129029 ＊＊0.111019-0.18271 ＊＊＊0.157789 ＊＊＊0.203673 ＊＊＊0.086510.048645
0.102852 ＊0.020905
0.155604 ＊＊＊-0.01607
0.082274-0.03081-0.2095-0.0248-0.09693
0.021974
0.097796 ＊＊0.012798-0.0103-0.14894 ＊＊0.258334 ＊＊＊0.2772 ＊＊-0.21179 ＊＊-0.12666 ＊0.016821-0.17343 ＊-0.12607

23

0.106289 ＊＊＊0.184116
1.013544 ＊＊＊99618-117110

constantobs.
log likelihood

othersunknown

0.051905 ＊-0.20039 ＊0.660967 ＊＊＊-0.03395-0.28883 ＊＊
1.900783 ＊＊＊-0.04479-0.10911
2.89862 ＊＊＊Table6. Constant Threshold Model Including Comparable Variables
Estimator
QOLCR,G QOLHO
age
0.0007427
age2
5.53E-06
female0.1804947 ＊＊＊age*female-0.006092 ＊＊＊2
age *female
0.0000646 ＊＊＊married
0.0511207 ＊＊＊number of children-0.09494 ＊＊＊headache0.3247664 ＊＊＊0.9080899 0.1168756
0.9497273 0.0645748
difficulty in seeing
0.1776396 ＊＊＊0.9548817 0.0580028
coughs and sputum
0.1594266 ＊＊＊difficulty in hearing
0.0912832 ＊＊＊0.9741665 0.0332885
0.9373823 0.080241
palpitation
0.2212611 ＊＊＊difficulty in breathing
0.2549084 ＊＊＊0.92786 0.0922417
0.9160153 0.1070501
chest pain
0.296762 ＊＊＊0.989571 0.0134515
the sniffles
0.0368511 ＊＊＊0.9413099 0.0752692
diabetes
0.2073829 ＊＊＊psychosis
0.5801214 ＊＊＊0.8358235 0.202405
0.8999522 0.126888
neurosis0.3535213 ＊＊＊autonomic imbalance
0.3713721 ＊＊＊0.8949003 0.133062
1.0103424 -0.01334
cataract-0.036545 ＊＊＊0.9833405 0.0214814
deafness
0.0588666 ＊＊＊1.0107224 -0.01383
hypertension-0.037888 ＊＊＊0.8674325 0.1660061
stroke0.4684302 ＊＊＊＊＊＊0.9808763 0.0246552
angina/AMI
0.0675742
0.9563212 0.0561644
other circulatory problems
0.15434 ＊＊＊0.9649511
0.04512
acute nasopharinxis
0.1238462 ＊＊＊1.0253477 -0.032664
allergic rhinitis-0.089567 ＊＊＊0.9495982 0.0647393
asthma0.1780959 ＊＊＊0.947906 0.0668931
other respiratory problems
0.1840755 ＊＊＊0.9503376 0.0637976
gastritis/duodentis
0.1754832 ＊＊＊0.9421865 0.0741578
gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.2042853 ＊＊＊＊＊＊0.9129037 0.110916
hepatitis/cirrhosis
0.3077566
1.0259655 -0.033458
atopic dermatitis-0.09175 ＊＊＊1.040318 -0.051868
contact dermatitis-0.142465 ＊＊＊urticaria
0.0068883
0.9980506 0.0025148
0.8342872 0.2041279
chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.58555 ＊＊＊0.9490142 0.0654828
arthritis
0.1801596 ＊＊＊0.8764128 0.1553586
kidney disease
0.4366981 ＊＊＊0.9329528 0.0858332
fractures
0.2369127 ＊＊＊＊＊0.9849452 0.019414
injuries
0.0531965
obesity
0.0316582
0.9910406 0.0115565
Threshold_1
Threshold_2
Threshold_3
Threshold_4-1.295431-0.544666
0.7382223
2.238092

obs.
log likelihood

104293-128576

24

25

age
age2
femaleage*female
age2*female
marital status
number of children
headachedifficulty in seeing
coughs and sputum
difficulty in hearing
palpitationdifficulty in breathing
chest pain
the sniffles
diabetes
psychosis
neurosisautonomic imbalance
cataract
deafness
hypertension
strokeangina/AMI
other circulatory problems
acute nasopharinxis
allergic rhinitis
asthmaother respiratory problems
gastritis/duodentis
gastric/duodenal ulcer
hepatitis/cirrhosis
atopic dermatitis
contact dermatitis

0.0037582-4.31E-05
0.1882828 ＊＊＊-0.003607
0.0000554 ＊0.113438 ＊＊＊-0.067449 ＊0.3736407 ＊＊＊0.1725356 ＊＊＊0.2039139 ＊＊＊0.0933361 ＊＊＊0.2781128 ＊＊＊0.2147876 ＊＊＊0.280373 ＊＊＊0.0876353 ＊＊＊0.2040879 ＊＊＊0.4288475 ＊＊＊0.3417371 ＊＊＊0.3887591 ＊＊＊0.0223378
0.0021339
0.0854074 ＊＊＊0.3531316 ＊＊＊0.1561814 ＊＊＊0.3077542 ＊＊＊0.1484511 ＊＊＊-0.030239
0.2170612 ＊＊＊0.0538966
0.3119781 ＊＊＊0.3155546 ＊＊＊0.334305 ＊＊＊-0.051457-0.127391 ＊＊＊α-0.003092
0.0000288
0.039075
0.0001869
4.96E-06
0.0311868 ＊＊-0.001245
0.0811605 ＊＊＊0.0337275
0.0456992 ＊＊0.0081015
0.107165 ＊＊＊0.0385671
0.0438926
0.057931 ＊＊0.0289591
0.0210399
0.053111
0.1112066 ＊＊0.0390716
0.017858
0.0521797 ＊＊＊0.0452714
0.0678083 ＊0.1456933 ＊＊＊0.0551731
0.0208637
0.059721-0.033715
0.1130501 ＊＊＊0.1375403 ＊＊＊0.0980641 ＊＊0.0413671-0.004449

β2

Table7. Function Threshold Model Including Comparable Variables
0.0057887-7.96E-05 ＊＊＊-0.014052
0.0033064-1.29E-05
0.0809903 ＊＊＊0.0247849
0.0042858-0.018649
0.0272888-0.008039
0.0116738-0.089241 ＊＊-0.064293
0.0460921-0.018958-0.198886 ＊＊-0.062027-0.076323
0.0643749 ＊＊-0.113206 ＊＊0.1616283 ＊＊＊-0.171446 ＊＊＊0.0649464
0.139408 ＊＊＊-0.025453
0.0842266 ＊＊＊0.0018233-0.17707 ＊＊＊0.1119813 ＊＊＊0.060533-0.043643
0.065923
0.0318748＊＊

β30.0116333-0.00014 ＊＊＊0.1251576
0.0045955-3.49E-05
0.1184712 ＊＊＊0.1740376 ＊＊0.1124313 ＊＊＊-0.03599
0.1193535 ＊＊＊0.0228582
0.0961774 ＊＊-0.027862-0.008567
0.0769936 ＊＊-0.017834-0.186013 ＊＊0.0165476
0.0683011
0.0877508 ＊＊-0.043707
0.2051076 ＊＊＊-0.157233 ＊＊＊0.1909554 ＊＊＊0.2310907 ＊＊＊0.0978075
0.1351021 ＊＊＊0.1036185 ＊-0.16885 ＊＊＊0.2542468 ＊＊＊0.2598531 ＊＊＊0.1055715 ＊-0.032261
0.0154631＊＊＊

β40.8804839
0.9420605
0.9349183
0.969264
0.9105754
0.9280681
0.9067065
0.9716468
0.9318802
0.8483477
0.8872302
0.8738675
0.992798
0.9992815
0.9734673
0.8763811
0.9512665
0.9051587
0.9522919
1.009603
0.9303725
0.9810557
0.9045382
0.9036092
0.892831
1.0172583
1.0420528

QOLCR,G0.0345643
0.0154125
0.0182862
0.0082797
0.025230.019290.0254453
0.0077713
0.0183023
0.0402082
0.0313904
0.0360901
0.0019761
0.0001888
0.0075728
0.032517
0.0139269
0.0280736
0.0132273-0.002675
0.0195004
0.0047718
0.0284825
0.0288294
0.0306595-0.004555-0.011329

QOLHO

26

-0.057787
0.4624963 ＊＊＊0.1748005 ＊＊＊0.3329927 ＊＊＊-0.024331-0.119293 ＊＊＊0.0719617
1.15481 ＊＊＊104293-127734

urticaria
chronic rheumatoid arthritis
arthritis
kidney disease
fractures
injuries
obesity
constantobs.
log likelihood-0.064958
0.0475239
0.0659838 ＊＊＊0.0197318-0.069565 ＊-0.078333 ＊＊-0.017772
0.7017268 ＊＊＊-0.088726 ＊-0.187839 ＊＊＊-0.059616 ＊＊-0.144349 ＊＊-0.35456 ＊＊＊-0.264342 ＊＊＊0.031332
1.874219 ＊＊＊-0.078531-0.160151 ＊＊0.0081405-0.156689 ＊＊-0.438551 ＊＊＊-0.300241 ＊＊＊0.1115047
3.013847 ＊＊＊1.0196868
0.8379308
0.9421571
0.8834532
1.0094477
1.0439611
0.9769748-0.005117
0.0437506
0.0156189
0.0305308-0.002152-0.010602
0.0063761

Table8. QOL Estimation for All Diseases and Symptoms using Constant Threshold Model
Diseases
Symptoms
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
0.059303 0.075313 diabetes
0.046056 0.058622
fever
0.096052 0.120863 obesity-0.00715 -0.00913
fatigue
0.045297 0.057663 hyperlipidemia-0.01719 -0.02194
sleepless0.033482 0.042686 thyroid gland disease
0.005964 0.007617
irritation-0.01807 -0.02307 dementia
0.140866 0.174261
failing memory
0.042554 0.054192 psychosis
0.130733 0.162438
headache0.041909 0.053375 neurosis
0.061297 0.077815
dizziness-0.00151 -0.00193 autonomic imbalance
0.064292 0.081567
bleary eyes
0.014794 0.018888 cataract-0.00328 -0.00418
difficulty in seeing
0.002789 0.003562 retinopathy
0.028983 0.036968
tinnitus
0.003878 0.004954 tympanitis-0.01043 -0.01332
difficulty in hearing
0.032997 0.042071 deafness
0.018827 0.024033
palpitation
0.032404 0.041317 hypertension-0.00361 -0.00461
difficulty in breathing
0.045865 0.058381 stroke
0.10224 0.128395
chest pain
0.023815 0.03039 angina/AMI
0.039378 0.050169
coughs and sputum-0.00603 -0.0077 other circulatory problems
0.04434 0.056452
the sniffles
0.031841 0.040602 acute nasopharinxis
0.029604 0.037758
noisy breathing
0.004888 0.006243 allergic rhinitis-0.0202 -0.02578
retching
0.011783 0.015047 asthma
0.05501 0.069916
diarrhoea
0.016986 0.021685 other respiratory problems
0.063835 0.080996
constipation
0.089658 0.113033 gastritis/duodentis
0.020255 0.025854
appetite loss
0.052286 0.066486 gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.032797 0.041817
stomach ache
0.007301 0.009324 hepatitis/cirrhosis
0.059466 0.075517
hemorrhoids-0.01757 -0.02243 cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis 0.00426 0.00544
toothache-0.00925 -0.01181 other digestive problems
0.057161 0.072622
dental problems-0.00211 -0.0027 tooth decay-0.04567 -0.05813
difficulty in chewing
0.00523 0.00668 oral problems-0.01511 -0.01929
rash-0.01695 -0.02164 atopic dermatitis-0.0117 -0.01494
itching
0.004433 0.005662 contact dermatitis-0.03345 -0.04265
stiff shoulder
0.021993 0.028069 urticaria-0.00414 -0.00528
lumbago0.024349 0.031069 baldness-0.04004-0.051arthralgia-0.00216 -0.00275
dysfunction of hands and feet 0.095389 0.120053 gout
0.052471 0.066719 chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.114925 0.143688
numbness
0.013786 0.017602 arthritis
0.016733 0.021362
frigid hands and feet
0.024258 0.030953 stiff shoulder-0.01326 -0.01693
foot oedema
0.022006 0.028085 back pain
0.046598 0.059307
disuria
0.012793 0.016336 osteoporosis
0.051951 0.066063
frequent urination
0.014456 0.018458 kidney disease
0.093853 0.118175
incontinence
0.015309 0.019546 prostatic hypertrophy
0.018888 0.02411
paramenia/merorrhalgia
0.009553
0.0122 pre/post menopausal problem 0.022449 0.028649
broken bones and sprain-0.04235 -0.05394 fractures
0.041051 0.052289
wounds
0.044435 0.056572 injuries-0.0013 -0.00166
other symptoms
0.033818 0.043114
anaemia/haemopathy
0.082113 0.103738
malignant neoplasm
0.014427 0.018421
pregnacy
0.026827 0.034225
others
0.093246 0.117432
unknown27

Table9. QOL Estimation for All Diseases and Symptoms using Function Threshold Model
Diseases
Symptoms
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
0.01357 0.003095 diabetes
0.05949 0.015016
fever
0.120523 0.033164 obesity-0.00756 -0.00188
fatigue
0.040255 0.009862 hyperlipidemia
0.009384 0.002423
sleepless0.044769 0.01109 thyroid gland disease
0.032302 0.008433
irritation-0.01417 -0.00355 dementia
0.11168 0.025108
failing memory
0.056717 0.014421 psychosis
0.106217 0.025262
headache
0.061645 0.015684 neurosis
0.075285 0.019367
dizziness
0.018629 0.004731 autonomic imbalance
0.081881 0.020934
bleary eyes
0.021005 0.005148 cataract
0.010289 0.002599
difficulty in seeing-0.00276 -0.00068 retinopathy
0.038826 0.009714
tinnitus
0.013151 0.003314 tympanitis-0.01083 -0.00268
difficulty in hearing
0.05825 0.015036 deafness-0.00131 -0.00031
palpitation
0.021866 0.005297 hypertension
0.032298
0.0085difficulty in breathing
0.053733 0.013312 stroke
0.098555 0.02479
chest pain
0.041984 0.01088 angina/AMI
0.065054 0.017229
coughs and sputum
0.018259 0.004664 other circulatory problems
0.09043 0.024729
the sniffles
0.041137 0.010415 acute nasopharinxis
0.04477 0.011627
noisy breathing
0.041175 0.010843 allergic rhinitis
0.001652 0.000428
retching
0.026596 0.006742 asthma
0.080179 0.021025
diarrhoea
0.034544 0.008675 other respiratory problems
0.035888 0.008363
constipation
0.037997 0.008708 gastritis/duodentis
0.052371 0.013777
appetite loss
0.090601 0.024516 gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.055827 0.014685
stomach ache
0.040871 0.010595 hepatitis/cirrhosis
0.077306 0.020237
hemorrhoids-0.02674 -0.00652 cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis 0.004058 0.001011
toothache-0.01797 -0.00439 other digestive problems
0.083615 0.021963
dental problems-0.01441 -0.00346 tooth decay-0.03808 -0.00961
difficulty in chewing
0.003631 0.00089 oral problems
0.013876 0.003606
rash-0.01647 -0.00409 atopic dermatitis
0.00758 0.001855
itching
0.033846 0.00897 contact dermatitis-0.02278 -0.00573
stiff shoulder
0.049813 0.013189 urticaria-0.01288 -0.00313
lumbago0.039881 0.010085 baldness-0.05983 -0.01404
arthralgia-0.01049 -0.00259
dysfunction of hands and feet 0.080958 0.01938 gout
0.045763 0.011106 chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.111025 0.027724
numbness
0.011582 0.002807 arthritis
0.022893 0.005725
frigid hands and feet
0.045446 0.011379 stiff shoulder
0.00105 0.000268
foot oedema
0.015154 0.003627 back pain
0.053605 0.01346
disuria0.007873 0.001936 osteoporosis
0.05746 0.014365
frequent urination
0.014719 0.003602 kidney disease
0.086704 0.021136
incontinence
0.0567 0.015039 prostatic hypertrophy
0.045493 0.012259
paramenia/merorrhalgia-0.01808 -0.00424 pre/post menopausal problem 0.046067 0.012346
broken bones and sprain-0.05293 -0.01273 fractures
0.009542 0.002173
wounds
0.036929 0.008733 injuries-0.02462 -0.00579
other symptoms
0.049165 0.012522
anaemia/haemopathy
0.075027 0.017679
malignant neoplasm-0.00784 -0.00189
pregnancy
0.034279 0.008342
others
0.063385 0.015795
unknown28

Table10. QOL Estimation Including Economic Variables using Constant Threshold Model
Diseases
Symptoms
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
0.059919 0.076094 diabetes
0.044791 0.057028
fever
0.096359 0.121256 obesity-0.00765 -0.00978
fatigue
0.046258 0.058883 hyperlipidemia-0.01339 -0.01709
sleepless0.033677 0.042937 thyroid gland disease
0.010771 0.013756
irritation-0.0205 -0.02616 dementia
0.143473 0.177321
failing memory
0.04266 0.05433 psychosis
0.129895 0.161489
headache0.043545 0.055451 neurosis
0.06089 0.077312
dizziness-0.00074 -0.00095 autonomic imbalance
0.064633 0.082003
bleary eyes
0.014922 0.019053 cataract-0.0082 -0.01047
difficulty in seeing
0.004825 0.006163 retinopathy
0.029116 0.03714
tinnitus
0.002591 0.00331 tympanitis-0.01103 -0.01409
difficulty in hearing
0.033637 0.042887 deafness
0.018783 0.023979
palpitation
0.028715 0.03663 hypertension-0.00658 -0.00841
difficulty in breathing
0.04574 0.058228 stroke
0.097209 0.122293
chest pain
0.023279 0.029708 angina/AMI
0.037481 0.047767
coughs and sputum-0.00139 -0.00178 other circulatory problems
0.046052 0.058622
the sniffles
0.024632 0.031433 acute nasopharinxis
0.024111 0.030769
noisy breathing
0.006553 0.008369 allergic rhinitis-0.02079 -0.02653
retching
0.009641 0.012313 asthma
0.053437 0.067943
diarrhoea
0.014655 0.018713 other respiratory problems
0.064378 0.081684
constipation
0.083158 0.105043 gastritis/duodentis
0.016502 0.02107
appetite loss
0.055438 0.070462 gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.027956 0.035664
stomach ache
0.011637 0.014862 hepatitis/cirrhosis
0.053583 0.068126
hemorrhoids-0.01563 -0.01996 cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis -0.0032 -0.00409
toothache-0.00805 -0.01029 other digestive problems
0.054041 0.068703
dental problems-0.00178 -0.00228 tooth decay-0.04091 -0.05211
difficulty in chewing
0.009292 0.011867 oral problems-0.01616 -0.02064
rash-0.01811 -0.02312 atopic dermatitis-0.0099 -0.01264
itching
0.005356 0.006841 contact dermatitis-0.03184 -0.04061
stiff shoulder
0.021184 0.027039 urticaria-0.00506 -0.00646
lumbago0.024992 0.03189 baldness-0.04783 -0.06087
arthralgia-0.00695 -0.00888
dysfunction of hands and feet 0.094844 0.119405 gout
0.05327 0.067732 chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.115779 0.144737
numbness
0.013294 0.016976 arthritis
0.016038 0.020477
frigid hands and feet
0.024015 0.030646 stiff shoulder-0.01162 -0.01484
foot oedema
0.022208 0.028345 back pain
0.04757 0.060541
disuria
0.01125 0.014367 osteoporosis
0.044211 0.056294
frequent urination
0.012654 0.016159 kidney disease
0.091615 0.115451
incontinence
0.02128 0.027162 prostatic hypertrophy
0.018397 0.023486
paramenia/merorrhalgia
0.011695 0.014935 pre/post menopausal problem 0.025749 0.032855
broken bones and sprain-0.03382 -0.04313 fractures
0.049252 0.062665
wounds
0.04201 0.053508 injuries
0.009049 0.011557
other symptoms
0.035455 0.045195
anaemia/haemopathy
0.076399 0.096673
malignant neoplasm
0.028204 0.035979
pregnancy
0.02808 0.035822
others0.101515 0.127535
unknown

29

Table11. QOL Estimation Including Economic Variables using the Function Threshold Model
Diseases
Symptoms
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
1-QOLCR,G QOLHO
0.058038 0.006672 diabetes
0.044791 0.012757
fever-0.01265 0.033001 obesity-0.00765 -0.00276
fatigue
0.011049 0.008905 hyperlipidemia-0.01339 0.002507
sleepless0.050939 0.009662 thyroid gland disease
0.010771 0.011994
irritation
0.12965 -0.0033 dementia
0.143473 0.026213
failing memory
0.133056 0.015306 psychosis
0.129895 0.029547
headache
0.079353 0.014639 neurosis
0.06089 0.018018
dizziness
0.095256 0.004552 autonomic imbalance
0.064633 0.021703
bleary eyes
0.009374 0.004641 cataract-0.0082 0.002098
difficulty in seeing
0.048389 0.000673 retinopathy
0.029116 0.010774
tinnitus-0.02288 0.001605 tympanitis-0.01103 -0.00499
difficulty in hearing
0.007014 0.015745 deafness
0.018783 0.001505
palpitation
0.030866 0.005633 hypertension-0.00658 0.007173
difficulty in breathing
0.098092 0.013801 stroke
0.097209 0.021502
chest pain
0.065572 0.010698 angina/AMI
0.037481 0.015293
coughs and sputum
0.097877 0.005361 other circulatory problems
0.046052 0.023839
the sniffles
0.049672 0.005004 acute nasopharinxis
0.024111 0.011409
noisy breathing-0.00352 0.009527 allergic rhinitis-0.02079 -0.0008
retching
0.082999 0.002561 asthma
0.053437 0.019164
diarrhoea
0.038184 0.006558 other respiratory problems
0.064378 0.007801
constipation
0.049845 0.006731 gastritis/duodentis
0.016502 0.011515
appetite loss
0.05947 0.023432 gastric/duodenal ulcer
0.027956 0.014003
stomach ache
0.073798 0.010344 hepatitis/cirrhosis
0.053583 0.016812
hemorrhoids
0.000658 -0.00574 cholecytolithiasis/cholesystitis -0.0032 0.000145
toothache
0.084401 -0.0029 other digestive problems
0.054041 0.019447
dental problems-0.04071 -0.00147 tooth decay-0.04091 -0.00895
difficulty in chewing
0.011332 0.00038 oral problems-0.01616 0.002594
rash0.006694 -0.00355 atopic dermatitis-0.0099 0.001446
itching-0.02607 0.007678 contact dermatitis-0.03184 -0.00584
stiff shoulder-0.0128 0.012957 urticaria-0.00506 -0.00275
lumbago-0.07389 0.008761 baldness-0.04783 -0.01511
arthralgia-0.00695 -0.00508
dysfunction of hands and feet -0.02356 0.018089 gout
0.119398 0.011128 chronic rheumatoid arthritis
0.115779 0.026137
numbness
0.02493 0.002818 arthritis
0.016038 0.005465
frigid hands and feet
0.000736 0.011265 stiff shoulder-0.01162 0.000165
foot oedema
0.05421 0.00417 back pain
0.04757 0.011937
disuria
0.047186 0.003087 osteoporosis
0.044211 0.010283
frequent urination
0.085216 0.003449 kidney disease
0.091615 0.017926
incontinence
0.043653 0.013384 prostatic hypertrophy
0.018397 0.010399
paramenia/merorrhalgia
0.053573 -0.00614 pre/post menopausal problem 0.025749 0.012888
broken bones and sprain
0.02964 -0.00959 fractures
0.049252 0.00598
wounds-0.01246 0.007747 injuries
0.009049 -0.00259
other symptoms
0.035455 0.010022
anaemia/haemopathy
0.076399 0.015039
malignant neoplasm
0.028204 0.002267
pregnancy
0.02808 0.007997
others0.101515 0.013973
unknown30