Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Summer Seminar 23.8.2018, Sendai

Integration of Safety,
Reliability and Technology
based on experience ofnuclear waste management inFinland
Dr. Sami Hautakangas, Senior Manager
Nuclear ServiceFortum

Fortum mid-sized
European power
generation player;
major producer in global
heat

We are the largest
electricity retailer in theNordics with2.4 million customers.
And one of the leading
heat producers
globally

Our core

Hydro and nuclear
Combined heat andpower production
Circular economy
Energy-related
products and expert
services

9,000
professionals
in the Nordics,the Baltics,
Russia, Polandand India

2/3 of ourpower
production ishydro andnuclear

60% of ourelectricity
generation
is CO2-freeNuclearcompetencein FinlandDecades of nuclear competence in Finland• The growth in Finnish energy requirements was spurred by Finland’s fast-paced industrialisation. A
considerable amount of energy was required, as industry makes up a large percentage of theFinnish economy.
• To fulfil the increasing energy demands, the production of nuclear energy in Finland dates back to1977, when the first nuclear plant unit began its operation in Hästholmen, Loviisa. The second unit
in Loviisa became operational in 1981. Two more units were built in Olkiluoto, in 1979 and 1982.
• From first building nuclear power plants over 40 years ago: Fortum’s long history allows it to now
offer world-leading nuclear competence based services.

4

Fortum nuclear assets in Finland and SwedenLoviisa

Olkiluoto

Oskarshamn

Forsmark

Two units
507 + 502 MW = 1009 MW

Two units, third under construction

One operating unit
1,400 MWThree units
984 + 1,120 + 1,167 = 3,271 MWFortum’s share: 43% (607 MW)

Fortum’s share: 22% (720 MW)

Fortum’s ownership 100%

880 + 890 MW = 1,770 MW
Under construction 1,600 MW
Fortum’s share: 27% (471 MW)

5In addition, Unit 2 of 630 MW waspermanently shut down in 2015 and Unit
1 of 473 MW in 2017

Loviisa NPP in Finland•

Two units with VVER-440 reactors•

Installed power capacity 507 + 502 = 1009
MW•

Unit 1 commissioned in 1977, Unit 2, in 1980

•Operation license valid through 2027 for unit
1 and through 2030 for Unit 2•

Annual generation about 8 TWh whichcovers about 10% of electricity consumptionof Finland•The power plant continuously employs about
500 Fortum employees and 100
subcontractors’ employees

6Loviisa NPP’s high performance is one of indicators of ournuclear expertise
Unit Capability Factor1, %WANO Performance Indicator for the members’ nuclear plants
around the World

100
Loviisa NPP, units’ average

95
90
85
Average for all PWR in theWorld

80

72016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

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1. The Unit Capability Factor shows what could have been the annual electricity generation expressed in the percentage of the energy generation if the unit was operated continuously at full power, if
there where no any limiting factors out of the control of plant management.

Loviisa 2Loviisa 175

Policies and responsibilities for safe nuclear waste managementin Finland

In Finland “Polluter Pays”- Principle implemented in regulation in a very early phase of nuclear era

8

Decisive arguments in Parliament 18 May 2001 to dispose ofspent nuclear fuel• “Aiming at final disposal is abetter solution than justresorting to interim storing”• “Option for retrievability of
waste canisters must bemaintained”• “The present generation has
to accept responsibility fornuclear waste”

9159 Yes
3 No37 Absent

Municipal veto-voting• Vote in Eurajoki municipality
council in 2000:– 20 YES– 7 NO

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Annual poll by the Finnish Energy association 1983 – 2016

Nuclear waste can be safely stored in a final repository in the bedrock ofFinland – do you agree?

11%The public trust in different actors in questions concerning nuclear
waste management. Opinions of residents in Eurajoki and Pyhäjoki
municipalities in 2017.

Regulator(STUK)
PosivaMinistry
Utility 1
Utility 2
Government
NGO 1NGO 2

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Fortum/Loviisa NPP

Nuclear Waste Management

Waste management at Loviisa NPP

Solid waste

Steel drums

Ion exchange
resins, sludges

Solidification

LILW final
repository at Loviisa
NPP

Radioactive waste

Activity >allowed level
Liquids

Evaporation

Concentrates

Spent fuel (aftercooling pond)

Interim storage(pools)

Encapsulation for
final disposal

Water to the sea

Starting from 2025

Metal, wood,
cardboard

Recycling

Other waste

Utilisation

Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste
treatment plant

Activity <allowed level

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Cleaning withNURES®

Used NURES®
columns

Repository Onkalo

Solidification plant at Loviisa NPP•

Solidification plant is an independent unit anddesigned to handle all liquid wastes during NPP
operation (>50 a), decommissioning and interim
storage of spent fuel•The matrix is based on cement and blastfurnace
slags

•

Processes are operated from control room•

Main waste streams are ion exchange resins andsludge•

Waste and binders are dosed and mixed in a final
disposal package

15

Solidification process at the Loviisa NPP

16

Developed at the Loviisa NPP matrix for solidification ofradioactive liquids is twice as efficient as traditional cementation••

Developed by Fortum cement matrix is morethan twice as efficient as the traditional matrix–

Waste content of the solidified product is 40%50%–

The cost is practically the same as in case of
traditional cementation

The recipe development started yet in 1980
and the works on perfecting the recipe
continue–

Targeting over 55% waste content without diluting
the matrix quality•The tests of exposing the matrix to theunderground water have shown that the matrix
hasn´t weakened after four years•

Suitable for all types of LILW

Solidification plant at the Loviisa NPP

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Final repository for LILW at Loviisa NPP

Main stairway

Elevator andstairway shaft
Maintenancewaste halls

Control andservice rooms
Ventilation shaft

Access tunnel

Hall forsolidified
waste

Final disposal caverns fordecommissioning waste
Decommissioning waste
halls
Cavern for large primarycircuit components
Reactor silos
Planned extension for decommissioning waste

18Connection tunnel

Design of LILW final repository•Design of a low and intermediate level
waste final repository, its licensing,cost analysis, long-term evaluation of
the repository and it's environment,
safety analysis•

Same repository for lower and higherlevel waste but separate spaces inside
the repository•LILW repository is maintenance freeafter closure•

Minimized effort to get public
acceptance of LILW repository due tolocation at the nuclear plant site•

References:

19–

Loviisa, Posiva (FI)–STUK (FI)–Puram / Bátatom Ltd. / Batkontroll (HU)–

EC/ PHARE (HU)–LSK RADON (RU)

Decommissioning planning for NPPs and research reactors
Benefits for the customer:•

Decommissioning strategy, licensing, waste
management planning, waste inventory,
work plan and cost estimate, safety
analyses, estimation of radiation dose rates,
resource planning•

Optimization of the whole process fromwaste collection, treatment to final disposal(e.g. cost optimization between
decontamination and disposal)•

Cost efficient decommissioning methods,
e.g. without cutting the reactor pressure
vessel•Strong capabilities also in recycling and safe
disposal of hazardous waste by incineration•

References:

20–

Loviisa NPP–

Several contracts for decommissioning
planning of Olkiluoto NPP (FI)–Executing the largest demolition project inFinland (Inkoo power plant demolition).

• Reduced decommissioning cost
• Minimized final waste volumes
In Loviisa, the reactor isplanned to be placed
into the final repository
without cutting

The cement
structure isplanned to be cut
before burial

Nures® for purifying
radioactive waters• A solution developed for purificationof radioactive liquids• Based on highly selective ion
exchange materials to remove, e.g.,caesium, strontium and cobalt• One of world’s most effective:– Purest liquids– Smallest waste volumes– Significant economic savings• Supplied to over 60 customers aroundthe world since the 1990s• Significant volumes to Fukushima,Japan, to solve the wastewater
problem21

NURES® - solution for purification of radioactive liquid waste••NURES® solution is based on inorganic highly selective ion exchangematerials to remove nuclides such as Cs, Sr, Co, Sb as well as othercorrosion products or even plutonium and other transuraniums from liquids–Originally developed for treating challenging liquids such as evaporator concentrates–

Also suitable for treating e.g. floor drain waters to a very high decontamination factor
instead of traditional demineralizer system–

NURES® cleans radioactive liquids leaving a smaller waste volume than any
competing organic or inorganic ion exchanger on the market–

The cleaned liquid has the lowest level of radioactivity compared to other sorbents–

Efficient for different liquid characteristics (high or low pH-values and high salt
concentrations)Clean liquid suitable for release

Liquid radioactivewaste
CsTreat®
CoTreat®
SrTreat®

NURES® results in considerable cost savings due to reduced conditioning
and final storage expenses–e.g. 2.5 mln eur a year savings in 2xVVER-440 Loviisa NPP since 1991 as the treatedevaporator concentrate can be released to the sea

Radioactive
remainder

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Multiples successful examples of NURES® use around the Globe(over 13 countries, over 30 clients)
Loviisa (FI)
Bradwell (UK)
Dounreay (UK)
Sellafield THORP (UK)
Callaway (US)

Atomflot (RU)
Paldiski Naval Base (EE)
Belgoprocess nv (BE)

Grafenrheinfeld (DE)Paks (HU)

Savannah River (US)Fukushima Dai-ichi (JP)Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JP)ATOX (JP)Kurita (JP)SAETRA (ZA)

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University of Technology
Sydney (AU)Complete Nuclear Waste Management on one island – Olkiluoto,Finland

SPENT FUEL INTERIM STORAGE
FACILITY
Cooling of fuel assemblies
removed from reactor building inwater pools excavated in rock

DECOMMISSIONING
WASTE REPOSITORY
Space reservation fordecommissioning waste

OPERATING WASTEREPOSITORY ‐ VLJ
Final disposal of intermediateand low level waste

SPENT NUCLEAR FUELREPOSITORY• The underground researchfacility ONKALO™
• Construction license for the
final disposal facility wasgranted in 2015 andconstruction began inDecember 201624

Full Scale In-Situ System Test 2018 - 2019
• Full Scale In-Situ System Test (FISST) is being constructed inONKALO™ demonstration area at the disposal depth of 420 metres• Design, installation and comprehensive monitoring of EBS
components:– 2 copper canisters (with heating equivalent to the fuel decay heat)– buffer in two deposition holes– about 50m backfill– deposition tunnel plug

• Installation started in June 2018
– external partners are participating

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FISST general status• Rock works in the deposition tunnel
and in the deposition holes are ready• Instrumentation and sensors (exceptplug) are emplaced– Few remaining ones will be installed
simultaneously with the heating systeminstallation– Instrumentation installation to theneighbouring tunnel via leadthrough will
be finished in May• Infrastructure for tunnels ongoing– Electricity modifications will be ready inMay– Concrete works (due to the test setup)
will be finished in May26

FISST EBS component installation schedule• Installation readiness will be achieved 28.5.2018• First buffer will be installed 29.5.2018• First canister will be installed 31.5.2018• Backfill emplacement will be initiated in the end of June
• The plug will be installed before the end of the year

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FISST-preparation in ONKALO™

Thank You!

Fortum, Generation P.O.Box 100
00048 Fortum, Finland
Tel. +358 10 4511
www.fortum.com/nuclearservices@FortumNuclear
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Pohjonen Mika

18.6.2018