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Test 1READING AND USE OF ENGLISH (1 hour 30 minutes)
Part 1
For questions 1–8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
00Adisagreement

A

B

C

B

dissent

C

disputeDdiscordD

England’s breakfast revolution
The importance of a good breakfast is beyond (0) ........... according to health experts, but inhistorical terms breakfast is a relatively new arrival in England, with descriptions of breakfast
seldom (1) .......... in medieval literature. (2) ..........., there are scattered references to travellers
having a meal at dawn before (3) ........... on arduous journeys, and to the sick sitting down to
breakfast for medicinal reasons, but most people went without unless they were monarchs
or nobles.
However, in the sixteenth century it gradually became the (4) .........., not the exception. Some
writers have (5) ........... this to the greater availability of food. Proponents of this view have notalways considered other profound social changes. For example, new (6) ............ of employment
may well offer a plausible explanation for the greater importance now (7) ........... to breakfast,
as individuals were increasingly employed for a prescribed number of hours. Often this involved
starting work extremely early. Thus, having a meal first thing in the morning was (8) ............ innecessity, and was no longer associated with social status alone.

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Reading and Use of English

1 A displaying

B manifesting

C disclosing

D featuring

2 A Deservedly

B Admittedly

C Conceivably

D Assuredly

3 A engaging

B launching

C embarking

D committing

4 A norm

B prototype

C standard

D trait

5 A attributed

B assigned

C accounted

D accorded

6 A figures

B shapes

C linesD patterns

7 A linked

B fixedC attachedD secured

8 A embedded

B rootedC entrenched

D founded

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Test 1

Part 2
For questions 9–16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only
one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITALLETTERS on the separate answer sheet.
Example:0

F O R

Mission to Mars
Wanted: a middle-aged, married couple (0) .......... a 501-day round trip to Mars. Applicants mustbe physically and emotionally robust.

This will be the profile of the very first Martian astronauts if multi-millionaire Dennis Tito’s plans tolaunch a capsule on 5 January 2018 actually (9) .......... to fruition. The capsule will take the crew
to about 160 km above Mars. The spacecraft will use the gravity of Mars to allow it to return toEarth without burning any more fuel, for fuel efficiency is a priority – the 2018 deadline has been
fixed (10) .......... the next launch window when Mars and Earth align again isn’t (11) .......... 2031.
It’s a (12) .......... order, but the race is on to develop systems involving totally new technologies.
(13) ........... that these can be put in place soon enough, the spacecraft might just (14) ........... it.
But even if it (15) .......... leaves Earth, the efforts to achieve these ambitious goals will not be in(16) ..........., as they will lead to valuable advances for future missions.

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Reading and Use of English

Part 3
For questions 17–24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of thelines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning(0). tWrite your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.
Example:0

T E N D E N C Y

CRYINGCharles Darwin thought that the human (0) .......... to cry had no obvious

TEND(17) .......... purpose. He was almost certainly wrong. More recently scientists have

EVOLVE

pointed to its social (18) .........., with psychiatrist John Bowlby highlighting the role

SIGN

of crying in developing the (19) .......... between mother and child. Many believe

ATTACHthat tears, at least during childhood, are mainly an expression of (20) .......... .

HELP

However, the persistence of crying into adulthood is harder to explain. It seems
that the sound of crying becomes considerably less important than the visualsignal it conveys. It may have been (21) .......... to early human communities as a

ADVANTAGE

means of promoting trust and social connectedness.

Tears can undoubtedly have other causes too. We may cry to express sympathy
for those suffering terrible (22) .......... . Furthermore, tears can be shed

JUST(23) .........., rather to our embarrassment, when we hear inspiring music or moving

VOLUNTARY

speeches. We may cry when watching a sentimental film, but interestingly, this is
more likely to occur in company than when we are alone. The social function ofcrying would seem to be (24) .........., but research continues.

DENY

11

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Test 1

Part 4
For questions 25–30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between threeand eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:0 Do you mind if I watch you while you paint?
objection
Do you ……………………………………………………………… you while you paint?

have any objection to my watching0

Write only the missing words on the separate answer sheet.

25

I hope the committee will consider this new information when they meet next week.
account
I hope this new information …………………………………………………………… when thecommittee meet next week.

26

James did not find it difficult to answer the interviewer’s questions.
comingJames had no ……………………………………………………… the interviewer’s questions.

27

The more experienced members of the expedition were made responsible for finding food.
chargeThe more experienced members of the expedition ……………………………………………
finding food.

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Reading and Use of English

28

The agent said he no longer thought that Sam Bowker would ever appear in a Hollywood
film.
hope
The agent said he ……………………………………………… appearing in a Hollywood film.

29

My father said that the portrait did not look like him.
resemblence
My father said that the portrait ……………………………………………… him.

30

Leo doesn’t understand why his sister is opposing his plan.
what
Leo doesn’t understand ……………………………………………………………… his plan is.

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Test 1

Part 5
You are going to read an article about the history of blogging. For questions 31–36, choose theanswer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on theseparate answer sheet.

Blogging: Confessing to the world
Some time ago, a website highlighted the risks of public check-ins – online announcements of your whereabouts. The site’s point was blunt: you may think you are just telling the world, ‘Hey, I’m at this place’ – but
you are also advertising your out-and-about-ness to all kinds of people everywhere – not all of them people
you might like to bump into. This appeared to confirm the growing awareness that there might be a downside
to all the frantic sharing the web has enabled. The vast new opportunities to publish any and every aspect of
our lives to a potentially global audience hold out all sorts of tantalising possibilities: Wealth! Fame! So weplunge into the maelstrom of the internet, tossing confessions, personal photos and stories into the digital
vortex. Too late we realise that the water is crowded and treacherous – and we are lost.
Depressing? Perhaps, but don’t give up. This future has a map, drawn for us years ago by a reckless group of
online pioneers. In the early days of the web, they sailed these waters and located all the treacherous shoals.
They got fired from their jobs, found and lost friends and navigated celebrity’s temptations and perils – alllong before the invention of social networking. These pioneers, the first wave of what we now call bloggers,
have already been where the rest of us seem to be going. Before their tales scroll off our collective screen, it’sworth spending a little time with them. After all, those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repost it.
In January 1994, Justin Hall, a 19-year-old student, began posting to the ‘WWW’, as it was then known,something inhabited mostly by grad students, scientists and a handful of precocious teens like him. The web
had been invented at CERN, the international physics lab in Switzerland, so researchers could more easily
share their work. Hall saw something else: an opportunity to share his life. Link by link, he built a hypertext
edifice of autobiography, a dense thicket of verbal self-exposure leavened with photos and art. In January
1996, on a dare, he began posting a daily blog, and readers flocked to the spectacle of a reckless young man
pushing the boundaries of this new medium in every direction at once.
Hall’s ethos was absolute: cross his path and you could appear on his site; no topic was taboo. Certainly,
this was the work of an exhibitionist, but there was also a rigour and beauty to his project that only a snob
would refuse to call art. One day though, visitors to Hall’s site discovered his home page gone, replacedwith a single anguished video titled Dark Night. His story tumbled out; he’d fallen spectacularly in love,
but when he started writing about it on his site he was told ‘either the blog goes, or I do’. He’d publishedhis life on the internet and, Hall protested, ‘it makes people not trust me’. The blog went, but the dilemma
persists. Sharing online is great. But if you expect your song of yourself to ‘make people want to be withyou’, you’ll be disappointed.
In 2002, Heather Armstrong, a young web worker in Los Angeles, had a blog called Dooce. Occasionally,
she wrote about her job at a software company. One day an anonymous colleague sent the address of
Armstrong’s blog to every vice president at her company – including some whom she’d mocked – and thatwas the end of her job. Those who study the peculiar social patterns of the networked world have a term todescribe what was at work here. They call it the ‘online distribution effect’: that feeling so many of us havethat we can get away with saying things online that we’d never dream of saying in person. But our digital
lives are interwoven with our real lives. When we pretend otherwise, we risk making terrible, life-changing
mistakes.
Armstrong’s saga had a happy ending. Though she was upset by the experience and stopped blogging
for several months afterwards, she ended up getting married and restarting her blog with a focus on her
new family. Today she is a star in the burgeoning ranks of ‘mommy bloggers’ and her writing supports herhouse hold. Once a poster child for the wages of web indiscretion, she has become a virtuoso of managed
self-revelation. What Armstrong has figured out is something we would all do well to remember: the web
may allow us to say anything, but that doesn’t mean we should.

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Reading and Use of English

31 Why does the writer describe a website about public check-ins in the first paragraph?
A
B
C
D

to reinforce the concerns already felt by some people
to remind readers to beware of false promises
to explain that such sites often have a hidden agenda
to show that the risks of internet use are sometimes overestimated32 What is the writer’s attitude to the online pioneers mentioned in the second paragraph?
A
BCD

He is concerned by the risks they took.
He appreciates their unprecedented achievements.
He admires their technical skills.
He is impressed by the extent of their cooperation.

33 What does the writer suggest about Justin Hall in the third paragraph?
A
BCD

He was unusually innovative in his approach.
His work was popular for the wrong reasons.
He inspired others writing in different fields of study.
His work displayed considerable literary skill.

34 What point is exemplified by the references to Hall’s project in the fourth paragraph?
A
B
C
D

People usually dislike exhibitionists.
Someone’s life can be a form of art.
Relationships are always a private matter.
Being too open may be counterproductive.

35 What does the account of Armstrong’s later career suggest about blogging?
A
BCD

It is important to choose an appropriate audience.
It is possible to blog safely and successfully.
It is vital to consider the feelings of others.
It is best to avoid controversial subjects when blogging.

36 In this article, the writer’s aim is toA
BCD

illustrate a point.
defend a proposition.
describe developments.
compare arguments.

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Test 1

Part 6
You are going to read an article about a company which makes unusual bicycles. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A–H the one which fits eachgap (37–43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on
the separate answer sheet.

Build it yourself at the UK’s first bamboo bike workshop
A course at the Bamboo Bike Club, run by engineers James Marr and Ian McMillan,buys you a computer-designed custom frame plus a fun weekend of bike-building

It’s Saturday morning in Hackney Wick, east London,
and apart from a mechanic deep in the bowels of atruck, the only sign of life among the small factories
on a backstreet is a whine of machinery from an upper
window – work has begun at Bamboo Bike Club,
Britain’s only bamboo bike-building course. I’ve gonealong to watch the action.
37
There’s a sense of energy and industry. And of fun.
Woodwork class was never like this. Bamboo is
one of the most interesting trends to emerge in bikeconstruction. Names like Californian manufacturer
Calfee Design or Yorkshire’s Bamboo Bikes haverevived a construction method pioneered as early as
1894. The problem for most cyclists is the price. A
ready-made bamboo frame from these companies
retails for $2,995, or £1,868.
38
Only after they had refined their research into amarketable product – James now tosses out phrases
like ‘close-noded thick-wall tubes’ while talking
about bamboo – did they realise they were on thewrong track. ‘We realised we didn’t want just tosell frames. We wanted to share the joy of making
something; the craft of creating something uniqueand sustainable,’ James explains.
39
The question for me, a king of the botch job – my terrible
handiwork failures litter my house – was about quality.
On day one, the boys explain how to select bamboo
for strength and how to form strong joints before tubes
are glued lightly in place in the workshop: first the front
triangle composed of 40 mm diameter bamboo; then
the thinner, more fiddly seat and the chain assembly.
Alloy tubes are inserted for the handlebars, wheel forks
and other parts which require the strength and precise
engineering impossible in bamboo.

40
James and Ian buzz cheerfully between workbenches,supervising every cut, triple-checking every joint, andwill take over if a task seems insurmountable. The
self-build is half the attraction for most participants; it
may be no coincidence that all those on this course
were engineers. For the rest of us, Ian reassures thateveryone messes up once or twice.
41
Sunday is a more relaxed day, mainly spent building
the lugs. Or rather, wraps: hemp bindings wrappedaround the joints and dropouts then glued with epoxy
resin to form a strong bond that disperses loads evenly
throughout the frame. With a final polymer coating forwaterproofing, the bike is ready for wheels, brakes,
gears, saddle and any other individual touches. And it
is a bike built for the long haul, just as strong, the pairclaim, as its metal equivalents.
42
Technical issues aside, how good does a bamboo
bike look? Somewhat scruffy alongside professionalframes, it turns out – the hemp weave can look a bit likeparcel tape, for example. But there’s no denying theirindividuality and that, say James and Ian, is the point.
43
They also cycle well. I take James’s bike for a spin andthe ride is light, stiff and smooth thanks to bamboo’s
ability to dampen vibration. Impressive, considering
I target every pothole. ‘Some people love the build,
but for me these workshops come together when thebike is on the road,’ James says. ‘They’re so light,
so effortless to ride. So much fun to ride too – takea Harley-style retro bike, add 10 and you’re still not
close.’ And the price? Less than £500.

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A All this, together with the technical skill involved
in using jigs, power tools and design blueprints, isa leap of faith for someone whose idea of DIY is
flatpack furniture assembly. Accurate cutting for aclean joint can be tricky, for example.

F

B Personally though, I believe that any bicycle madefrom this kind of material should be a relaxedaffair, something for cruising sedately around on
rather than racing. I therefore plump for a framethat avoids the stiff angularity of my existing
metal machine: a ‘Classic English’ giving a gentle,
easy- going ride.

G Ian has ridden his for over a year on a 16-milecommute, while James has failed to destroy one
bike off-road over three months of testing. ‘To behonest, our bikes are over-engineered – we use
larger diameter tubes and over-thick bindings – but
I prefer it like that,’ James says.

C Frames have been set up for the three custom
bikes under construction. Bamboo has been
selected from a stockpile. Now crossbars andseatposts are being cut according to the lengths
specified on each design’s blueprint.
D No problem – just get another piece and haveanother go. Such is the benefit of bamboo. Eachlength has been pre-checked for quality, so you
get to indulge in frame aesthetics: plain bamboo,
black or mottled.
E

It was this, plus the design challenge, that led
James and Ian to spend years cooped up in ashed in Brecon, Wales. Their idea was to establish
a boutique bamboo bike business with products
within reach of the average cyclist.

H The outcome was something more community
than company, and as such, the Bamboo Bike
Club is still an occupation sandwiched between
full-time jobs – James makes wind turbines and Ian
is a civil engineer. But they seem to be on the righttrack, with monthly courses whose competitive
price buys you a computer-designed custom bikeframe plus a fun weekend of bike-building.

If Calfee and their like are safe, middle-of-the-road
rock, then Bamboo Bike Club are the punks, therebels; less up against the big names than creating
bikes that embody the DIY spirit and that will
engender more passion than the average factoryline model.

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