Overview

Prevention, identification andmanagement of infections in healthOrganization
World Health Organization

workers in the context of COVID-19
2022.4.07-2022.4.30

ModulesSecond year PhD student (D2) atLab. of DDS Design and Drug Disposition,• Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers

Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical• Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections in health workers

Sciences, Chiba University• Managing SARS-CoV-2 infections in health workers

LIU YI
2022.9.29

Purposes
Health workers are people engaged in actions with the primary intent ofenhancing health, including social care workers who often have roles in theprovision of care in long-term care facilities and in community settings.

Purposes• Highlight the epidemiology and risk factors
associated with health worker infections
with SARS-CoV-2.
• Review measures that can be put in place
to reduce risks.
• Support identification of infection in healthworkers and review strategies for
managing health workers to safely return
to work post infection.

Epidemiology of Infections in Health Workers
Some studies* have found:So• the incidence of health workers who are PCR positive is
between 0.4% to 49.6%.
• reported health worker infections in Europe and the Americas
ranges from 1-32% of all confirmed cases in those regions.

Health worker infections lead to adepleted workforce in a time of high demand.

Training and education of
Infection prevention and control (IPC)
have been associated with decreased infection
risk in health workers.

Key IPC strategies in the context of COVID-19
1. Elimination

Key IPC strategies in the context of COVID-19
3. Administrative Controls

vaccines, antimicrobials

2. Engineering and environmental controls• ventilation• Policies, procedures and processes for screening, earlyrecognition and source control for suspect and confirmed
cases• Regular education and training of all staff on IPC measures(safe handling of sharps, environment cleaning, etc.)• use of physical barriers (e.g. at reception desks)• adequate spacing between patients and between healthworkers• infrastructure for items such as hand hygiene and waste
management

Managing SARS-COV2-2 infections in health workers
1. Reporting exposures• Policies and procedures should be in place: health workers should
be encouraged to report any exposures to a patient with SARSCoV-2 infection, in a confidential manner.
• A blame-free system should be in place.

4. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE)• Adequate training in the use of PPE• Timely access to sufficient supplies and appropriate sizes• Universal masking policies for health workers

Managing SARS-COV2-2 infections in health workers
Asymptomatic:• if a person tested positive and was asymptomatic throughout their illness - they may
return to work 10 days after their positive test.

Symptomatic:• if they had ANY symptoms – they may return to work:

2. Managing health worker infections- symptomatic or positive• Any health worker who identifies as symptomatic or has a positive
test result for SARS-CoV-2 virus should:• immediately stop work
• self-isolate• notify their supervisor, to receive more instructions• seek care if feeling unwell or symptoms worse

Upon return to work, health workers should receive
the following supports:• refresher training in IPC and recommended public health measures• continue to self-monitor for symptoms• ongoing support for potential long-term health complications and potential
psychological implications

Summary & Learning Outcomes• Infection prevention and control programmes and training could be
effective in reducing health worker SARS-CoV-2 infections.
• Screening and testing of health workers are strategies that can assist
with early identification of health worker infections.
• A blame-free system should be in place to promote and support
policies that allow health workers to report any exposures.
• Health workers who develop symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection or
test positive should stop working immediately and seek advice from

Impression
There was an urgency to slow the spreadand keep health systems from being
overwhelmed with patients. An equallyserious concern was avoiding system
collapse by protecting the safety of healthworkers.
IPC occupies a unique position in the fieldof patient safety and quality universal healthcoverage since it is relevant to healthworkers and patients at every single healthcare encounter.

Occupational Health.

• Health workers can safely return to work post SARS-CoV-2 infection
in consultation with their physician, Occupational Health and IPC.

Highly effective vaccines and medicines inprevention and treatment for health workers
with highly risk exposure to patients
infected with covid-19 might be needed.

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RCoreTeam(2022).R:Alanguageandenvironmentforstatisticalcomputing.RFoundationforStatisticalComputing,
Vienna,Austria.URLhttps://www.RͲproject.org/.
H.Wickham.ggplot2:ElegantGraphicsforDataAnalysis.SpringerͲVerlagNewYork,2016.
Schloerke B,CookD,Larmarange J,Briatte F,Marbach M,Thoen E,ElbergA,Crowley J(2021)._GGally:Extensionto'ggplot2'_.Rpackageversion2.1.2,<https://CRAN.RͲproject.org/package=GGally>.
Wood,S.N.(2011)Faststablerestrictedmaximumlikelihoodandmarginallikelihoodestimationofsemiparametric
generalizedlinearmodels.JournaloftheRoyalStatisticalSociety(B)73(1):3Ͳ36
WoodS.N.,N.Pya andB.Saefken (2016)Smoothingparameterandmodelselectionforgeneralsmoothmodels(with
discussion).JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation111:1548Ͳ1575.
Wood,S.N.(2004)Stableandefficientmultiplesmoothingparameterestimationforgeneralizedadditivemodels.
JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.99:673Ͳ686.
Wood,S.N.(2017)GeneralizedAdditiveModels:AnIntroductionwithR(2nd edition).ChapmanandHall/CRC.
Wood,S.N.(2003)ThinͲplateregressionsplines.JournaloftheRoyalStatisticalSociety(B)65(1):95Ͳ114.

11

10

2022/09/29
Student of Pharmaceutical Sciences M2
Natsuki Yamanaka
selected OpenWHO

2

1

This course

About…

antigen based rapid diagnostic testing ( Ag-RDT )for SARS-CoV-2

Key considerations for SARS-CoV-2
antigen RDT implementation

Topics
1. The different types of test
2. General recommendations for the use of Ag-RDTs
3. Testing strategy
4. Characteristics of Ag-RDGs ( advantages and limitations )5. Key Points

3

This course…

4

1. The different types of test
1. Viral RNA - detected by molecular tests.

Learning objectives¾ describe testing principles of antigen based rapid diagnostic testingfor SARS-CoV-2 ( Ag-RDTs ) and their advantages and limitations.
¾ explain the role of Ag-RDTs as part of the COVID-19 diagnostic
testing strategy.

Amplification of small amounts of the viral genome( RNA ) until reaching detectable levels. Ex ) PCR test.
Detect current infection

2. Virus-specific human antibodies- detected by antibody tests
Capture of antibodies on a test.
Detect past-infection¾ list and describe the key implementation considerations for integrating
SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT testing into a national response plan.
3. Viral proteins - detected by antigen tests ( Ag-RDTs )Caputure of antigens – most often the nucleocapsid of virus
Detect current infection

5

2. General recommendations for the use of Ag-RDTs

6

3. Testing Strategy
SARS-CoV-2 antigen RDT algorithm¾

Most reliable in areas with ongoing community transmission.

¾

In areas with low or no community transmission, PCR is thepreferred first line testing method.

¾

㻻㼚㼘㼥㻌㻿㻭㻾㻿㻙㻯㼛㼂㻙㻞㻌㻭㼓㻙㻾㻰㼀㼟㻌㼠㼔㼍㼠㻌㼙㼑㼑㼠㻌㼞㼑㼏㼛㼙㼙㼑㼚㼐㼑㼐㻌㼜㼑㼞㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼏㼞㼕㼠㼑㼞㼕㼍㻌㻔䍹㻌㻤㻜㻑㻌㼟㼑㼚㼟㼕㼠㼕㼢㼕㼠㼥㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌䍹㻌㻥㻣㻑㻌㼟㼜㼑㼏㼕㼒㼕㼏㼕㼠㼥㻕㻌㼟㼔㼛㼡㼘㼐㻌㼎㼑㻌㼏㼛㼚㼟㼕㼐㼑㼞㼑㼐㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼡㼟㼑㻚㻌

7

4. Characteristics of Ag-RDTs (advantages and limitations )Advantages¾ Easy-to-use
using a nitrocellulose strip enclosed in a plastic cassette.
a few process without special technics¾ Rapidresults are readable in 10 – 30 minutes.

Limitations¾ Performance depending on some factors
Patient factors ( Time from illness onset, immune status )Viral factors ( Concentration )Sample type, quality control, etc …

8

5. Key Points㻝㻚 㼀㼍㼞㼓㼑㼠㻌㼜㼛㼜㼡㼘㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻭㼓㻙㻾㻰㼀㻌㼕㼚㼏㼘㼡㼐㼑㻌㼟㼥㼙㼜㼠㼛㼙㼍㼠㼕㼏㻌㼕㼚㼐㼕㼢㼕㼐㼡㼍㼘㼟㻌㼙㼑㼑㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼏㼍㼟㼑㻌㼐㼑㼒㼕㼚㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㼟㼡㼟㼜㼑㼏㼠㼑㼐㻌㻯㻻㼂㻵㻰㻙㻝㻥㻘㻌㼍㼟㼥㼙㼜㼠㼛㼙㼍㼠㼕㼏㻌㼏㼍㼟㼑㼟㼟㻌
㼕㼚㼐㼕㼢㼕㼐㼡㼍㼘㼟㻌㼍㼠㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㻌㼞㼕㼟㼗㻌㼛㼒㻌㻯㻻㼂㻵㻰㻙㻝㻥㻘㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼡㼟㼜㼑㼏㼠㼑㼐㻌㻯㻻㼂㻵㻰㻙㻝㻥㻌㼏㼍㼟㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼛㼡㼠㼎㼞㼑㼍㼗㻌㼕㼚㼢㼑㼟㼠㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻚㻌㻞㻚 㻭㼓㻙㻾㻰㼀㻌㼔㼍㼟㻌㼍㼐㼍㼢㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼑㼟㻘㻌㼛㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㻌㼔㼍㼚㼐㻘㻌㼙㼍㼚㼥㻌㼒㼍㼏㼠㼛㼞㼟㻌㼙㼍㼥㻌㼍㼒㼒㼑㼏㼠㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼜㼑㼞㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㻭㼓㻙㻾㻰㼀㻘㻌㼟㼡㼏㼔㻌㼍㼟㻌㼜㼍㼠㼕㼑㼚㼠㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼢㼕㼞㼡㼟㻌㼒㼍㼏㼠㼛㼞㼟㻘㻌㼟㼍㼙㼜㼘㼑㻌㼠㼥㼜㼑㻘㻌㼟㼠㼛㼞㼍㼓㼑㻌㼏㼛㼚㼐㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻘㻌㼍㼙㼛㼚㼓㻌㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟㻘㻌㼠㼔㼑㼞㼑㼒㼛㼞㼑㻌㼒㼕㼚㼐㼕㼚㼓㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼏㼘㼕㼚㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼟㼑㼠㼠㼕㼚㼓㼟㻌㼙㼍㼥㻌㼎㼑㻌㼢㼍㼞㼕㼍㼎㼘㼑㻚㻌

9

My Achivement …

My Impressions…

9 Confirme information of diagnosis for COVID-19¾ I learned how to use Ag-RDTs
symptomatic or asymptomaticcommunity transmission
care-workerĺSARS-CoV-2 antigen RDT algorithm

9 It is so interesting how Ag-RDT should be used.
When? Whom? How to use?
9 SARS-CoV-2 antigen RDT algorithm should be introduced inJapan ?

¾ Advantage and disadvantage
rapid, easy to use
however, depending on many factors ( patients, virus, etc… )11

Reference

This course;
https://openwho.org/courses/SARS-CoV-2-Ag-RDT-implementation/

10

Course content

Food and Health
MOOCs course name‫؟‬Stanford Introduction to Food and Health
Course period‫؟‬July 3rd to the 24thName‫؟‬chou ei
Institute : Graduate School of Nursing
School year‫؟‬M‫ڭ‬
Reporting date‫؟‬september 29th

MOOCs course offering University
Stanford University
The goals of the course
In this course, learners will be given the information and practicalskills they need to begin optimizing the way they eat. This course will
shift the focus away from reductionist discussions about nutrients andmove, instead, towards practical discussions about real food and theenvironment in which we consume it.

What I learned
Course structure topics and Course schedule overview
First week
Background on Food and Nutrients
Second week Contemporary Trends in Eating
Third week
Future Directions in Health-Part 1
Fourth week
Future Directions in Health-Part 2
Fifth week
Cooking Works%DFNJURXQGRQ)RRGDQG1XWULHQWVContemporary Trends in Eating

Future Directions in Health-Part 2

Future Directions in Health-Part 1

Cooking Workslearning outcomesThoughts

Coursee Outline:

Fundamental Neurosciencee
forr Neuroimaging• Johns Hopkins University

4 weeks of study; 2 hours per week
MARAL SERTAP
Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba
University
29/08/2022

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Thee Terminologyy off Brainn Organization

The Terminology of Brain Organization• Anterior (front)• Posterior (back)• Superior (top)• Inferior (bottom)• Medial (towards center)• Lateral (away from center)

The Terminology of Brain Organization• Planes of orientation:• Frontal plane• Transverse plane• Sagittal plane

The Terminology of Brain Organization

The Terminology of Brain Organization• In human MRI images, the planesof orientation are commonlylabeled:• Other commonly used terms inbrain organization include:• Coronal (Frontal plane)• Axial (Transverse plane)• Sagittal plane• Proximal (closer to point of
attachment)• Distal (further point of attachment)• Ipsilateral (same side of brain)• Contralateral (other side of brain)• Oblique plane (angled plane)

Learning Outcomes• My research theme: Inhibitory Control and Mental Rotation in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder• The Research Plan:
1. Neuropsychological Testing (Master’s) Mental rotation task andStop-Signal Task
2. fMRI study (PhD)

Impressions & Thoughts• An introductory course to brain• The desire for self-improvement• Motivation• Recognize of strengths and weaknesses• Take advantage of free access to many courses from the top
universities all around the world.
(All images used in this presentation belong to the course.)

220929་Ꮫ⸆Ꮫᗓ⥲ྜ⸆ရ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ ಟኈ2ᖺ
Takuya Kimapara

Introduction of “cholera: introduction”
䞉Provider of this course
WHO cholera teamSpeaker: Kate Albeti (Technical officer of cholera team)WHO's commitment to cholera elimination~from course “cholera: introduction”~
Course period: 220702

䞉Contents
Module1: cholera: the disease and its transmission
Module2: Prevention and control of cholera
Module3: Ending cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030 and Global Task
Force on cholera Control (GTFCC)
Module4: Additional resources

Introduction of “cholera: introduction”

What I have learned is…

Target of this course

What is cholera??

䞉When you finished this course, you can…

Disease䞉characterized by acute diarrheal infection

1, Describe the disease and main transmission routes
2, Explain cholera prevention and control principles
3, Describe the strategies of Ending cholera –A global Roadmap to 2030 androle of the Global Task Force on cholera control (GTFCC)
4, Localize cholera resources䞉can lead to dehydration and death in patients with severe forms of disease䞉If left untreated in patients with severe forms of disease causes up to 50% mortality

Transmission Route䞉Faeco-oral route

Water
Fingers
Flies

Patients

FaecesFieldsFoods
New Patients

What I have learned is…

What I have learned is…

What is cholera??

Prevention and control of cholera

Diagnosis

5 complimentary pillars form the basis of prevention and control

Clinical diagnosis

1, epidemiological and laboratory surveillance and reportingĺrapidly detect outbreaks and confirm suspected cases

䞉Based on signs and symptomĺenough to start treatment

2, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
ĺproviding access to safe drinking water sources, improved sanitation facilities

Culture or Polymerase chain reaction
䞉current methods for confirmation
䞉specimen must be sent to a laboratory

Population at risks

PCR
Vibrio cholerae

Communities that䞉lack access to clean water and sanitation
䞉have poor access to healthcareĺPeri-urban slum, refugee camp, flood zone etc…

3, use oral cholera vaccine (OCV)4, healthcare system strenghtheningĺoffering rapid access to treatment
5, community engagement

These pillars should be well-coordinatedWhat I have learned is…

My achievement

Ending cholera

Ending cholera

Global Roadmap to 2030

Global Roadmap to 2030

Based on 3 strategic axes

Based on 3 strategic axes

1, Prompt detection and containment of outbreaks
2, implementing multisectoral long term control intervention in priority areas
3, effective coordination of and advocacy for cholera control

1, Prompt detection and containment of outbreaks
2, implementing multisectoral long term control intervention in priority areas
3, effective coordination of and advocacy for cholera control

Target by 2030

Target by 2030

䞉Eliminate cholera in 20 countries
䞉no more uncontrolled cholera epidemics
䞉90% reduction in cholera deaths

䞉Eliminate cholera in 20 countries
䞉no more uncontrolled cholera epidemics
䞉90% reduction in cholera deaths

Global Task Force on cholera Control (GTFCC)

Global Task Force on cholera Control (GTFCC)

Vision: collective action can stop cholera transmission and cholera deaths

Vision: collective action can stop cholera transmission and cholera deaths

Key Role: promote and support implementation of Global Roadmap to 2030

Key Role: promote and support implementation of Global Roadmap to 2030

Impressions

SourceImpressions of this course

Please find links below to additional resources that may be helpful to refer to during thistraining.

My thoughts

GTFCC website: https://www.gtfcc.org/

It was very interesting to learn what WHO is doing to eliminate cholera. In addition,
by deepening understanding of diseases that are not my specialty, I was able toimprove my motivation for my research.

GTFCC technical guidance on cholera: https://www.gtfcc.org/resources/cholera Outbreak Response Field Manual, October 2019: https://www.gtfcc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/gtfcc-cholera-outbreak-response-field-manual.pdf
cholera App: https://www.gtfcc.org/cholera-app/

For future MOOCS students

Ending cholera. A Global Roadmap to 2030: https://www.gtfcc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/gtfcc-ending-cholera-a-global-roadmap-to-2030.pdf

I've taken several Open WHO courses and they were all very interesting, so I hope
they take a variety of courses. In addition, you can expand the possibilities of new
discoveries by studying fields that are not your specialty. Therefore, please try totake courses that are not limited to single specialty.

Interim Guiding Document to Support Countries for the Development of their Nationalcholera Plan: https://www.gtfcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/gtfcc-interim-guidingdocument-to-support-countries-for-the-development-of-their-national-cholera-plan.pdf
Guidance and tool for countries to identify priority areas for intervention:
https://www.gtfcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/guidance-and-tool-for-countries-toidentify-priority-areas-for-intervention1.pdf

Causes of Human Disease:
Exploring Cancer and Genetic Disease
Causes of Human Disease: Exploring Cancer and Genetic Disease (Future Learn)
Study Requirement ʁ2 weeks, 4 hours per week
Yoshiki Shinomimya
D3, Department of Molecular Pathology
2022. 9. 29

About the main learning topics of this course
ʀThe chemical structure of DNA, genes and chromosomes.
ʀThe importance of DNA in understanding the causes of genetic diseases.
ʀDNA replication and cell reproduction.
ʀThe role of genes and proteins in controlling the activities of the cell and the cell cycle.
ʀHow genes and chromosomes can be permanently altered when mistakes happen during DNA replication.
ʀThe wide variety of different substances that can cause cancer.
ʀThe differences between normal cells and cancer cells.
ʀGenetic Diseases and Modes of Inheritance.
ʀDifferent types of genetic diseases and how they may arise.

Causes of Human Disease:
Exploring Cancer and Genetic Diseaseʀthis course provided by UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS in Future Learn.
ʀThe aim of this course :Learn about the causes of cancer and genetic disease, including
the structure, functions and maintenance of genes. In addition,
I studied the genetic diseases and cancer that can result from
malfunctions in genes.

DNA replication and cell reproduction
Cells must replicate DNA before they can divide.

MitosisBecause cell division and DNA replication require accuracy,
multiple proteins are intricately involved.
DNA replication also involves replicating the cell'schromosomes, and the replicated chromosomes must be
precisely sorted into two daughter cells.
The process by which chromosomes are replicated to
produce two daughter cells is called mitosis.
The figure on the right shows the steps involved in mitosis.
When errors occur in the chromosome sorting process,abnormalities in the number of chromosomes (aneuploidy)
occur, which is a common feature of cancer cells. Loss orgain of a chromosome means that the wrong number ofgenes present on that chromosome is inherited.

Source: YourGenome (Genome Research Limited) based on an image
from https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-meiosis

DNA replication and cell reproduction
Meiosis and the formation of gametes
Human cells contain 22 pairs of autosomes and one pairof sex chromosomes.
Cells with such an overlapping set of chromosomes arecalled diploid.

It is a general term for diseases caused by mutations in a single gene.
Many well-understood genetic diseases result from a mutation in a single gene that is inherited by all thecells that arise from a fertilized egg cell (zygote). The single gene or monogenic traits that are theconsequence of these mutations display a Mendelian pattern of inheritance.

Three main patterns

One pair of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes
are inherited from each parent when the egg is fertilized
by the sperm. The sperm and egg cells are called gametes
and have only one set of chromosomes, which are called
haploids.

ʀAutosomal dominant inheritance patternThis pattern requires only one parental gene to have the mutation. It is often a gain-of-function mutation,in which the disease develops as the mutated gene gains function.
ʀAutosomal recessive inheritance patternThis pattern requires both parent genes to have mutations. It develops because both genes lose function
and are unable to produce normally functioning proteins.

haploid cells are created by a process called meiosis. In
many ways, meiosis is similar to mitosis, but with theadditional step of chromosome segregation. This takes
place before the replicated chromosomes are separated.
Errors in DNA replication and chromosome segregation
in meiosis are the basis of many genetic diseases.

Single gene diseases

Source: YourGenome (Genome Research Limited) based on an image
from https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-meiosis

Causes of Cancer
Any substance or exposure that increases the risk of developing cancer may be referred to as a carcinogen.
ʀChemical compounds (e.g. alcohol, tobacco, aflatoxin)
ʀInfectious agentsʤe.g. Hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus)
ʀMinerals (e.g. asbestos)ʀRadiation (e.g. X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation)
ʀPhysiological (e.g. Estrogen)Characteristics of carcinogens
ʀ DNA damage, direct or indirect
The damage caused by these substances can be converted into mutations.
These mutations can be passed on to daughter cells when the DNA containing the damage is replicated.
ʀ Promotes cell division
Sustained stimulation of cell proliferation can fix DNA damage and lead to the expansion of mutant cell clones.
Even in the absence of DNA damage, unnecessary cell proliferation increases the risk of spontaneous mutation.

ʀX-linked recessive inheritanceIn males with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, a recessive loss-of-function mutation on the X
chromosome is linked to disease expression. This is because there is no normal copy of the gene to
produce a protein with normal function.

The Hallmarks of Cancer
A number of different types of cancer are now recognized. Various mutations affecting
carcinogenesis have also been identified. All of these various genetic abnormalities andphenotypes can be grouped into six different cellular characteristics or features.

1. Independence from positive growth signals.
2. Resistance to negative growth signals.
3. Evasion of programmed cell death.
4. Limitless cell division.
5. Ability to induce angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).
6. Ability to invade and metastasise (spread to other parts of the body).
In order for a normal cell to evolve into a cancer cell, it must acquire mutations in specific genesthat would allow it to demonstrate the characteristics listed above.
Nearly 600 different genes have been implicated in various types of cancer.
The majority of them , through a gain or loss of function, can contribute to at least one of thehallmarks above.

Learning Outcomes
By taking this course, I was able to reflect on the basics of genomics.
Genetic searches are an integral part of many studies, including my own.

Impressions
This was the first time I learned about MOOCs and took the course for the engine exercise.
I took a relatively basic course, but it was very useful because the course was set up insuch a way that there was no lack of learning content.

I believe that having a solid review of the fundamentals of genes and heredity
was extremely helpful.
I am doing research on invasive pancreatic ductal carcinoma, and cancer is adisease caused by genetic mutations, so the topics on the causes of cancer werevery useful.

MOOCs have a very large number of well-known universities from all over the world
participating, and courses are set up not only for basic but also for advanced courses.
I hope that some students will make good use of MOOCs and learn more.

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2022.09.29

Outline of 1st course

1¾ Course title

The Pharmaceutical Industry: Bench Science to Bedside

Drug commercialization¾ Learning platform
Coursera¾ Drug commercialization¾ Pharmaceutical & medical device innovations¾ Offered by
University of California San Diego¾ Duration of course
4 weeks of study, 3-4 hours/week with graded assignments and quizzes¾ Learning objective
To gain a comprehensive understanding about the various steps of drug
commercialization

Sudeshna Kundu
Doctoral course (D2)Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pharmacoeconomics - Introduction

2¾ Topics covered
Week 1 & 2- Pharmacoeconomics in drug development, intellectual property strategy,
business models of innovator, generic and OTC drugs
Week 3 & 4- Strategic alliances between academic and pharma industry followed by acase study on strategic academic-industry alliancePharmacoeconomics evaluations - Key components
Value of Pharmaceutical framework What is Pharmacoeconomics?
Pharmacoeconomics is the study of identifying,measuring and comparing the cost (i.e.
resources consumed) and outcomes (i.e.
clinical effect, economic and humanistic) of
pharmaceutical products and services against
an alternative drug or comparator.

Disease
State

Drug

Humanistic
outcomes

Quality of life,
patient satisfaction,
patient preferences

Economicoutcomes

Direct cost
Indirect cost

Clinicaloutcomes

Safety andefficacy*ECHO model- Economic, Clinical and Humanistic outcome

Example of direct and indirect cost from the course Why study Pharmacoeconomics?
1.
2.
3.

The main reason for studying pharmacoeconomics is to be able to estimate andunderstand the full impact of a new therapy.
It helps to decide which drugs to develop.
It helps to make the best use of limited resources.

3

Academics and pharma industry partnership - 1

4

 What is the need for partnership between academics and pharma industry?

Academics and pharma industry partnership - 2

5

 Emerging models used between Academics and Industry

Historical model

1. Corporate Venture Capital (CVC)

Academics• Basic fundamental biological research

Lack of translation

Industry• Discovery• Preclinical• Clinical……
……
……
• Manufacturing and marketing

New model
Examples of what could be
attractive for Pharma
9 Opportunity to diversify portfolio
9 Access to leading research anddisruptive science
9 In vivo disease model expertise
9 Target and new pathway expertise
9 …..

Examples of what could be
attractive for Academics
9 Translational application of
discovery
9 Synthesis capacity and scale up
9 Access to multidisciplinary
development team
9 …..

Outline of 2nd course¾ Company helps Academic experts to start company focused on specific problem or
platform, with additional support of private investors (could by any kind of investment)¾ Need clear timelines and exit predefined terms
2. Competition, challenging (Request for proposals)¾ Company solicits ideas/challenges from academic scientists, and selects most promising for
further support (discovery award)¾ Award for possible drug candidate with a contribution of pharma to use computational
molecule screen and to validate target based assays.
¾ Examples - Eli Lilly, GSK Pharma in Partnership model
3. Institute creation supported by Pharma¾ Pharma funds the establishment of a new centre within the institute with many investigators
tackling the same subject.
¾ Examples- (Gilead-Yale School Med, cancer therapy; GSK –Harvard Stem Cell)

6¾ Course title

Pharmaceutical market deployment

7 Pharmaceutical product life cycle

Pharmaceutical & medical device innovations
Early¾ Learning platform

MiddleMaturity

Coursera

University of Minnesota¾ Duration of course
4 weeks of study, 2-4 hours/week with graded assignments and quizzes

GrowthSales revenue¾ Offered by

Late

LaunchDeclineResearch anddevelopment

Generic
competition¾ Learning objective
To explore an in-depth view of the healthcare marketplace and the strategies deployed
for marketing.

¾ Topics covered
Week 1 - Overview of pharmaceutical industry, development and regulatory aspect
Week 2 - Pharmaceutical market deployment and management
Week 3 - Medical device industry
Week 4 - Medical device market deployment and managementYears

A novel drug's life cycle can be divided into three separate stages:•The early stage: research and development; from drug discovery through market launch.
•The middle stage: the time between its initial release and the loss of market exclusivity.
•Late stage: the period following the loss of market exclusivity (when generics can enter
the market).

Pharmaceutical market management8 What is the marketing strategic plan?

Summary

9¾ My objective to pursue these courses

Marketing strategic plan
Environmental
scanning

Strategy
formulation

Analyzing market
opportunities andcompetitors

STP¾ Segmentation¾ Targeting¾ Positioning

Strategy
Implementation
Marketing mix¾ Product¾ Price¾ Place¾ Promotion

Marketing strategy is based on three main steps: segmentation, targeting, and positioning.
Segmentation is dividing the market into homogenous groups, based on age, gender orgeography.
After determining all conceivable market groups, the marketer must identify the target market.
Positioning is the final and most crucial step in the STP process.
It is critical to position your product to appeal to the target market in order for the customers to
be interested in what you have to offer and, as a result, prescribe and/or purchase.

In the near future, I want to work closely with industrial research.
So, I pursued these courses to gain a deeper knowledge andunderstanding about the drug commercialization process and also
about the various models of strategic alliances between academic
and pharmaceutical industry. The courses helped me the know
the present scenario of pharmaceutical industrial research and theemerging areas of research.

¾ Personal impression about MOOCs
My overall impression about MOOCs platforms, particularly, coursera has been great.
There are a diverse and extensive categories of courses from various prestigious universities
around the world in the coursera platform. It is the most convenient to find and study coursesof our choice. I think that the video lectures and graded quizzes really helped me to enhance
my learning in this online platform.
References
https://www.coursera.org/learn/drug-commercialization/home
https://www.coursera.org/learn/pharma-medical-device-innovations/home