ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ǵ2006 ॷ 3 ೐
Asian and African Area Studies, 5 (2): 224-252, 2006ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ
⏎ჿᠶɭࡸᤋɹ࡝᭬ᇕᐵ‫غ‬ˁʠɊɌɩ⏎ᬏǵࣩǵષǵЂ*An Analytical Framework for Contemporary Islamic Financial
Studies: Towards an Integration of Theory and Practicewith Interdisciplinary Approaches
Nagaoka Shinsuke*
Since the 1970s, Islamic financial institutions have grown rapidly and spreadwidely, now numbering over 300, and operating in 50 countries. The contemporary
Islamic financial system consists of both Islamic financial instruments in pre-modern
era and innovative elements that conform with contemporary economic situations. As
a result, controversial issues have arisen both in theory and in practice concerning how
Islamic financial institutions construct and operate their financial services and activities.
Contemporary Islamic financial studies focus on such issues by various analytical
approaches, but such approaches don’t appear to grasp fully the diversity of thepractices in Islamic financial institutions worldwide. This paper provides an analyticalframework for contemporary Islamic financial studies in order to grasp such diversity.
The framework involves analysis of three factors:
1. Conformity of theory and practice in each Islamic financial institution with Islamiclaw (fiqh).
2. Extent of achievement of economic rationality measured by both profitability andefficiency.
3. Characteristics of the region where an Islamic financial institution is operating.
By examining the process of co-ordination of these three factors in Islamic
financial Institutions, I conclude that the analytical framework enables us to describe
the diversity of the practices in Islamic financial institutions. Furthermore, I suggestthat this analytical framework is a benchmark for exploring the peculiar concept of
economy in Islam.

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University
2005 ॷ 5 ೐ 31 ౗‫؝‬Њ⏋2006 ॷ 1 ೐ 16 ౗‫؝‬ჿ

224ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹఠᒶȴʰྲᑶɇʶɛႶᕶɹᐁཕը঎ʦჿᠶɻ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹɇʚɊʚɲ‫ݭ‬ᯆɫɹࡸᤋɴȲȦɩ߂ȷɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᦏБГᭇɹᣂೣςᒶ˹˽̘͌ɹ༡ᦩɴʭɤɩ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲࡸᤋȵᝠᖏ‫د‬ȴʰࠒˁ༥ɌɛɄɭɫ⏋Ⴖᕶɹᐁཕը঎ʦჿᠶɻ⏋๴‫ر‬ᇕ቉ድʦᏙᡮ࡝ᇕɲ቉ድɹࢪᢒɴɻɲʳʢɹɹ⏋޽ȼɹϺǾɴɭɤɩɻ
1)˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹᥞȴɌȷ᧌ؑˁ઎ᣱɇɓʳ᧨ᅋɴଁʱάȵɤɩȦɛ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋1970 ॷБГᭇɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠˁμਕɭɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹሂ๖Ƚ៯ጓɻϟ઴ˁΥ޴ɇɓɛ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋մᦏБɴᅎȦʰʶɩȦɛᐁཕը঎ʦჿᠶȵԗʃᔰӵˁ༟ʃʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ɗʶʰˁჼБγᅠɹឹᠱɴ᧟‫غ‬ɐʳʭȩɲ০ɫԗ෯፷Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹࡸᤋɴ᧟ᅎɐʳɄɭȵິʠʰʶɛ⏏ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɭɻ⏋ɗɹʭȩɴɌɩჼБɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɭɗʶˁఌȭʳჿᠶˁᓒ࢘ɐʳ቉ድ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ৿ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ
ࡸᤋɻ⏋޽ȼɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫΥࡴɹଁ֒ˁ‫ؚ‬ʠ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹԒ޺ɴঃȼୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɗʶɴЫɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹࡸᤋʢ޽෵ɲʢɹɭɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ਃഀɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɻ⏋౗ೣ‫ܕ‬Ԓɹ቉ድɻʢɠʸ˃ɹɄɭ⏋༠޺ɹ቉ድɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲࡸᤋɹ޽෵ਸˁਖɑɌʢᇕተɴ୼ȭɩȦʳɭɻៜȭɲȦɭೣዣɫɻᓒȭʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲ቉ድɹჼ
Ⴅˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ೣዣɻ⏋ჼБγᅠɴঃȼࣙᬖɇʶʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹࡸᤋɹ޽෵ɲࠒˁ⏋ɗɄɫᑵʱঃɁʰʶʳჿᠶɭࡸᤋɹᐳ৓ᬠѥɴ‫מ‬Օ໶ઝɌɲȵʰ୼ȭʳɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛˁர
ᣱɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ೣዣɹ෯ଁɻ๖ɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 1 ፲ɫɻ⏋ᓒ࢘ɹάྈҺɭɌɩ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ౗ೣɹ቉ድ
ɴȲȦɩਖɑɌʢ఩ჿɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁʠȽʳᡉෙਥɴɦȦɩ⏋؏ൔɲࡴᒶˁ᝔ȩ⏏ᐚȼፀ 2 ፲ɫɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕࣙᬖˁ 4 ɦɹಁೝɴՕȿɩѺሮɌ⏋೎ృɹ֪‫ك‬ʢ‫ي‬ʠɩɗɹჼႥˁ᏷Ђɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ፀ 3 ፲ɫɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳࡸᤋΫɹᠩᰍˁ୷ʱᦐʱ⏋ɗʶʰɴࢪɌɩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድȵɰɹʭȩɲˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴʭʳᓒ࢘ˁ᝔ɤɩȷɛȴˁ቉ድ֪‫ك‬ɭɌɩʚɭʠʳ⏏ፀ 4 ፲ɫɻ⏋մ፲ɫɹ˵ͻ̾˓ˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ɗʶʰɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣˁ୭௎Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋ჼБγᅠɴঃȼࣙᬖɇʶʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ
ࡸᤋɹ޽෵ɲࠒˁ⏋ɗɄɫᑵʱঃɁʰʶʳჿᠶɭࡸᤋɹᐳ৓ᬠѥɴ‫מ‬Օ໶ઝɌɲȵʰ୼ȭʳɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛˁரᣱɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋೎৿ɴೣዣɫரᣱɇʶɛՕഓങᏼʛȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕ1)ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠȍɭȦȩ᠝ˁᅎȦʳɄɭɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ෙਥɹഡዷਸˁፆ໬᪟ȼಮȦɛᒽᅒ๭ɹᠶᓒ␩ᒽ
ᅒ 2005␭Гᭇ⏋޽ȼɹᡴᠶȵɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ␩ᒽᅒ 2005␭ʍɹਝፐɭɌɩೆȴʶɛ֓ᚹ‫׭‬ɹᠶᓒ␩֓ᚹ
2005␭ɴȲȿʳȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠȍɭȦȩ᠝ˁᅎȦʳɄɭɴʭɤɩჼБయ౩ଫՠɹଝຍʍɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕᠶᓔȵ֪ลɧȿʰʶɩȦʳɭɹᠶ␩֓ᚹ 2005: 34␭ˁᤑʚȭ⏋ɗʶˁઝᡫɌɛ০ɫȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠȍɹ᠝ˁГάɫᅎȦʳ⏏ԍкᇕɲȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠȍɹɦȦɩɹࡴᒶɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹз຦ɹ޽ధȵ͌˽͌͠ɫȡʳʭȩɲ‫ݭ‬ɹᮃ‫غ‬ɫȡʱ⏋ዷᬚᇕɲ‫ݖܩ‬ˁᣳȭʳ০ɫᐄɽʶɩȦʳ͍̊‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲʢɹɫȡʳɭɌɩȲȼ␩ࢸ೰ 1999␭
⏏

225

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬቉ድɭȦȩঃȦయᔭɹμɫɰɹʭȩɲ೑֟ਸˁ୫ɠȩʳȴɴɦȦɩᎎ‫׬‬ɴද២ɐʳ⏏

1̝Ҕҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧњѡ݁н˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁࢪᢒɴɌɛਃഀɹ቉ድɫɻ⏋႕ɴ቉ድȵ᦭Ϋɫȡʳ౗ೣɴȲȦɩ⏋ᅎ᠝ɴࢪɌɩՕഓΫɹ౩ተɲࡴᒶȵɲɇʶɑ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᅵɲʳɇʚɊʚɲͤ̾͡ɴȲȦɩ‫ؾ‬Υɹ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵɌɽɌɽȡɤɛ⏏Гάɫɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჿਥɴʢɭɧȦɩࡸᤋɇʶɩȦʳᩆᜨ˹˽̘͌ԃкˁ୭ɐʭȩɲჿਥᇕɲͤ̾͡ɭ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲᩆᜨ˹˽̘͌ɴʢɭɧ
Ȧɛᩆᜨɹࡸᤋςкɫȡʳᩆᜨลᬠˁ୭ɐʭȩɲࡸᤋᇕɲͤ̾͡ɭˁ౩ተɴ‫ך‬աɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ᗔ᠝ʦˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɫɹᅎёˁؒ၇Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ɗʶəʶɹͤ̾͡ɴȲȦɩ᠍য়ɐʳࢪᢒɴࢪɌɩ
ᅎȦʳʏȷ᠝ˁተࡴɐʳс෌ˁ᝔ȩ⏏
1.1̙Ҕҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹჿਥᇕɲͤ̾͡ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋౗ೣ᠝ɫɻ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌⏃˓˽͌͞⏆᪃᝔ȍ
2)ʦȋံգࡎ᪃᝔ȍɭȦȩ᠝ˁᅎȦʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ ʚɛ⏋ᗔ᠝ɴȲȦɩʢ “Islamic Banking(System),” “Interest Free Banking (System)” ɹ᠝ȵ⏋႕ɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ֤ᖂೝɴᅎ
3)ȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ ɄɹɄɭɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʭȩ⏏“Islamic Banking(System)” ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋৿ᦚɹᩄᇕୟ߂ೝɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ޽ȼȵ⏋‫؝‬ѵ෌֭ɭήѵ෌֭ȴʰɲʳᦏБᇕɲ᪃᝔෌֭ˁБ್ɐʳʢɹˁμਕɭɌɩᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȷɩȲʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɴ᪃᝔෌֭ˁБ್ɐʳɭȦȩઝ‫ܒ‬ɭ⏋ᬠਕࢪᢒɹ߂ᨆՕȵɗɹʭȩɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲ᪃᝔ɴᮃμɌɛɄɭȴʰ⏋Ʉɹ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶɛɹɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Υ౅⏋“Interest Free Banking (System)”ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᦲ।ɹᩆᜨɭປʏɩ೎ʢᅵɲʳဣȵ⏋գࡎˁ‫؜‬ʰɲȦɭȦȩဣɫȡʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ɄɹेᅵˁմᯆɴେɌՏɗȩɭɐʳɭȷɴ⏋Ʉɹ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶɛɹɞɭᓒȭʰʶʭȩ⏏‫ؾ‬෵ɹჿᅓȴʰɌɩ⏋౗ೣɴȲȿʳȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌⏃˓˽͌͞⏆᪃᝔ȍʦȋံգࡎ᪃᝔ȍɹ᠝ɹьᅎʢᠦ౩ɫȷʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋“Islamic Banking (System)” ɴሂয়ɐʳ “Bank Islāmī” ʦ “Maàrif Islāmī (Niz. ām Maàrifī Islāmī)” ɹʭȩɲᝠჼʦ⏋“Interest Free
Banking (System)” ɴሂয়ɐʳ “Bank Lāribawī,” “Ni.zām Maàrifī Islāmī Khālin min Fā’idah” ɹʭ4)ȩɲᝠჼȵឿʰʶʳ⏏

2) ɛɭȭɽ⏋౗ೣɴȲȿʳ೎ృɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌቉ድɹଁഗȵՀᑘɇʶɩȦʳȏ࣬໳˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻ԎȑȲʭʃȏృ˓˽͌͞ϟԎȑɫɻ⏋ɗʶəʶȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȍ
␩ནອ 2002: 133␭⏋ȋ˓˽͌͞᪃᝔ȍ␩֓ᚹ 2002a: 99␭ɹᅎ᠝ˁʢɤ
ɩ⏋ፀ 1 ɹͤ̾͡ɴሂয়ɐʳԒࢅȵៗᠦɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̩͌Ͳ͇̝͹̫ͻ˥̒͡⏮˵̝͡ɹᘿೆɹ᧷៱̊˓
̜͡ɻ⏋ȋံգࡎ᪃᝔ᠶȍɫȡʳ␩˵̝͡ 1994␭⏏
3) ɛɭȭɽ⏋The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World ɫɻ⏋“Banks and Banking” ɹ᯵ɴȲȦɩ⏋ፀ
1 ɹͤ̾͡ɴሂয়ɐʳԒࢅȵៗᠦɇʶɩȦʳ [Wilson 1995]⏏ʚɛ⏋“Interest Free Banking (System)” ɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹෙᠦˁ᝔ȩ‫غݭ‬ɴᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋[Uzair 1978; Akhtar 1988; Ahmad 1991] ɹᘿೆ‫ؿ‬ˁؒ၇⏏
Maàrifī Islāmī Khālin min Fā’idah”
4) ɛɭȭɽ⏋մᓔɹ “Bank Lāribawī” ɻ⏋[Sadr1977] ɹᘿೆ‫ؿ‬ɴ⏋৿ᓔɹ “Ni zām.
.
ɻ⏋[Khān 1997] ɹᠶయ̊˓̜͡ɴᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

226ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ɌȴɌ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ⏋ԃᖔᇕɴ⏋ᗔ᠝ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋“Islamic Banking and Finance” ʦ “Islamic
5)
Finance” ɹ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋“Maàrif wa Māl Islāmī” ɹ᠝ȵឿʰʶʳ⏏

ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵঃȼࣙᬖɇʶɩȦȼɲȴɫ⏋য়՟ɹ᪃᝔෌֭ɹБ್ɴɭɰʚʰɑ⏋޽ࣦɴʼɛʳᩆᜨ෌֭ˁ୊ȩʭȩɴɲɤɛɄɭɫ⏋‫׬‬ɴ “Islamic Banking” ɹ᠝ɫɻԃкˁᠦ౩ɫȷɲȼɲɤɛɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳɹɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʢɤɭʢ⏋౗ೣ᠝ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋Ȧʚɞɴȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌⏃˓˽͌͞⏆᪃᝔ȍʦȋံգࡎ᪃᝔⏃ᩆᜨ⏆ȍȵ⏋ԃкˁ୭ɐ᠝ɭ
ɌɩᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȼ⏋ɄɹɄɭȴʰʢ౗ೣɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድȵࡸᤋɹࣙᬖɴ
ᦠȦɦȦɩȦɲȦɄɭˁᮮ٘ɌɩȦʳɭៜȭʭȩ⏏
ГΫˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჿਥɴʢɭɧȦɛᩆᜨ˹˽̘͌ԃкˁȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȍɹ᠝ˁᅎȦʳɄɭɫᐏΥɌɛȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᦏБГմɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȦɩ๴‫ر‬ᇕɴࡸᤋɇʶɩȷɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȋ๴‫ر‬ᇕȍɹ᠝ˁԢɌɩȋ๴‫ر‬ᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȍɭɌ⏋ೣዣɹμਕᨆՕˁ‫װ‬ʠʳჼБɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȋჼБȍɹ᠝ˁ
ԢɌɩȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȍɭɐʳ⏏
1.2̙Ҕҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧ࠽ࠖњବဧ‫ޕ‬໨๖ɴ⏋ࡸᤋᇕɲͤ̾͡ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ࡸᤋςкɭɌɩɹᩆᜨลᬠˁ୭ɐ᠝ɭɌɩ⏋ਃഀɫɻςɴ⏋౗ೣ᠝ɫɻȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȍ⏋ᗔ᠝ɫɻ “Islamic Bank,” ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɫɻ⏋“Bank Islāmī”
ʦ “Maàrif Islāmī” ɹ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɐɫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɻ޽ࣦɴʼɛʳɛʠ⏋ГΫɹʭȩɲ᠝ɫᩆᜨลᬠɹ̫͠˛ͻ˹͚ͲɹɐʏɩˁኍɐɄ
ɭɻᯃ।ɴᮑɌȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᦏॷɻ⏋ᗔ᠝ɫɻ⏋ࡸᤋςкɹᐵዌɭɌɩ “Islamic
Financial Institutions,” ȡʳȦɻ “Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions” ˁᅎȦ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ
6)᠝ɫɻ⏋“Bunūk wa Mu’assasāt Mālīyah Islāmīyah” ˁᅎȦʳɄɭȵ޽ȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ౗ೣɫɻ⏋Ȧʚɞɴȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȍɹ᠝ˁᅎȦʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋ჼႥɴ‫׸‬Ɍɩ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋ࡸᤋςкɹᐵዌˁȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȍɹ᠝ɫᝠɐɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᩆᜨลᬠɹዛᰖʦᩆ
ᜨลᬠᕶʰȵᅎȦɩȦʳ٧ዌɴਃɤɩ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȍȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂЦ኏ȍȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ̶ˎͲ̝ȍȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ѳ᭝Ц኏ȍɹ᠝ˁɗʶəʶᅎȦʳ⏏ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ᗔ᠝ɴ Ȳ ȿ ʳ “Islamic Bank,” “Islamic Investment Company,” “Islamic Investment Fund,” “Islamic
Insurance Company” ɹᅎȦ౅ɴɗʶəʶ໤ȩɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɫɻѳ᭝ɹɄɭˁ “Takāful” ɭ٧ʉɛʠ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ѳ᭝Ц኏ȍɻ⏋ᗔ᠝ɫ “Takaful Company” ɭ٧ʉɄɭ
5) ᗔ᠝ɹёɭɌɩ⏋[Usmani 2000; Iqbal and Llewellyn 2002] ɹᘿೆ‫ˏ̲͞ˏ⏋ؿ‬᠝ɹёɭɌɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕɴᬠɐʳ቉ድȵʚɭʠʰʶɛ˹͠ͻ̀ɹ‫أ‬ೆ‫ؿ‬ɻ⏋Silsilah al-Dirāsāt al-Maàrafīyah wa al-Mālīyahal-Islāmīyah ɫȡʳ [Al-Bi‘lī 2002a; 2002b] ˁؒ၇⏏
6) “Bunūk wa Mu’assasāt Mālīyah Islāmīyah” ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳёɭɌɩɻ⏋2001 ॷɴ̫̩ͤͻͲˁೣᨆɭɌɩ៯ጓɇ
ʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠΥᖔ៿ᡴЦ (General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions, GCIBFI) ɹˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ᝠ៨ “al-Majlis al-‘Āmm al-Bunūk wa al-Mu’assasāt al-Mālīyah al-Islāmīyah” ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏

227ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ʢȡʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ѳ᭝Ц኏ȍɹ᠝ɫᐏΥɐʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
ɗɌɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴࢪປɇʶʳᦲ।ɹᩆᜨลᬠɹɄɭˁ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋ѤࡶΫ⏋ȋಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁ᝔ȩᩆᜨลᬠɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹଝ໬ˁᅎȦɩ᝔ȩႶጓɌɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠʢ⏋Н෌Ԓɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹଝ໬ˁᅎȦʳᨆᬐˁ៯ȿɩȦʳɭɄʸȵȡʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲᨆՕᇕɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋȵɲɇʶɩȦʳᨆᬐˁ⏋ᗔ᠝ɫɻ “Islamic Banking Window” ɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɴɲʰɤɩೣዣɫɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲᨆᬐɴࢪɌɩȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐȍɹ᠝ˁᅎȦ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐˁ೑ɐʳᩆᜨลᬠˁ⏋ȋᨆՕᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȍ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲᨆՕᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋˁȋᨆՕᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
ГΫɫᦚʏɩȷɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɭɻ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ʦ‫ݖܩ‬ȴʰН෌кɭɌɩɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɫȡʳɭ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋቉ድɹѫΫɴɹʖʳɄɭɻࢹɲȦʢɹɹ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁЂɇɲȦʭȩɲ˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇͡͹́˪̊ͻɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆ
7)ᜨɹࡸᤋʢࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏ ɗɹʭȩɲࡸᤋɻ⏋ೣዣɹሁஞɹᓒ࢘ࢪᢒɫɻɲȦȵ⏋ᅎȦʳɄɭȵȡʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻȋ˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȍɹ᠝ɫ٧ʉɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭɹࢪປˁ᳞౩ɴɐʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹࡸᤋˁȋН෌ᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɐʳȵ⏋Гάɹ៨ᦚɫ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭ٧ʉ᭬ɹᬠਕࢪ
ᢒɻ⏋႕ɴుʱɹɲȦᭉʱ⏋Н෌ᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴᐈʰʶʳɄɭˁਥᰄɴᒞȴʶɛȦ⏏

2̝ॳേҔҩә̴ӐࣜᄧѠᆼછฦิ‫ދ‬ɄɄɫɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹȲȲʚȴɲ๴‫ر‬ˁ୷ʱᦐʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋߂ȷȼᶈ౩ೝ⏋ᩄᇕୟ߂ೝ⏋ཌྷϕೝ⏋ᣒᇕୟ߂ೝɹ 4 ɦɹಁೝɴ‫ך‬Օɫȷʳɭᓒȭ⏋Гάɫɻಁೝ‫ך‬8)ՕɅɭɹ႕ਐˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɲȵʰ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹჼБ‫ر‬ˁѺሮɐʳ⏏
2.1̙ἵ჎࠺͂1970 ໧േ‫ڐ‬಴̓9)Υᖔɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɻ 1970 ॷБɴᇵ˃ɴɲɤɛɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋1970 ॷБГմɴʢ⏋ɹɠɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ؅݀ɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹທкɭɲʳʭȩɲᏼᑩ͹ը঎ȵឿʰ7) ɛɭȭɽ⏋˹͠ˏɹˏͤ̒ͅɹ‫إ‬ȼȴʰȡʳμࢸН෌ʦ‫ڧ‬ঊɹμɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁЂɇɲȦ˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇͡ɲ০ɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲᣂᩆᠭ᧒ˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳɭɄʸȵឿ‫؝‬ȿʰʶʳ␩ᶌᅒ 1995: 133-136␭
⏏
8) ೣዣɴȲȿʳɄɹ‫ך‬Օɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵ೎՟ɴμਕᇕɲࣙᬖˁʛɓɛμആ‫ݖܩ‬ɴ‫׸‬Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Јɹ‫ݖܩ‬ȴʰʛɛ‫غݭ‬ɻ⏋‫ך‬ՕɹಁೝȵᅵɲʳɄɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ё৿ɹࡸ઴ᠭീˁ᝔ȩɄɭɫ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠԃ‫ݖ‬ɴʼɛʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹჼБ‫ر‬ɹ៨ᦚˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɌɛȦ⏏
9) ɲȲ⏋˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɦȦɩȦȭɽ⏋1950 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɹ̮˥˽̊Ͳɹᦅ೴ɴȲȦɩ⏋ၖਕɲ͌˽͌͠‫ܩ‬ςȵᦅ෌ఒᖪᣂᩆˁ஍ՏɐʳɛʠɹံգࡎᩆᜨˁጓɠΫɁɛɭȦɤɛϟёʢተ᠗ɫȷʳ␩ቄᅒ 1987:11␭⏏Ȳɗʰȼ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲϟёɻ⏋Ᏻȴȼᠭʏʶɽ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹᕸʳଘɫተ᠗ɫȷʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ჼႥɫɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵ⏋ɰɄɴɰʶɞȿȡɤɛȴɭȦȩкᏙᇕɲ଴வɻɲɇ
ʶɩȦɲȦ⏏

228ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ʶɛ⏏1970 ॷБГմɴȲȦɩ⏋৿ɴᐚȼჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭɹᬠᦹɫ໶ᇿɐʳʏȷ‫ܕ‬ɻ⏋˛˻̺̜ɭ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɫȡʳ⏏
˛˻̺̜ɫɻ⏋1963 ॷɴˏ̶͇̝͹˛͡⏮̠̒ˤͻ͡ȵ̠˓͡ाɹ̊̚͡‫ܩ‬य़ɫ͊ͻ̜͹ˤ͌͡ᢱᙢ᪃᝔ (Bank Mīt Ghamr li-l-Tawfīr) ˁ៯ጓɌɛ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋ɄʶȵჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ̮˓ˠ̢ˏᇕࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹ᪃᝔ɻ⏋̝˓̓ɹᦅ೴ᩆᜨɹ౅িˁ͐
̚͡ɭɌɛɭɇʶ⏋ʚɛ⏋գࡎɹ‫؜‬਄ˁ᠗ʠʳᩆᜨ౅িʢΥᨆɫ஛ᅎɌɩȦɛ [Soliman 2004:
267-268]⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋Ʉɹ᪃᝔ȵɰʶɞȿ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɫȡɤɛȴɻද២ˁឹɐʳ⏏ɛɞ⏋Ʉɹ᪃᝔ɻ⏋1972 ॷɴ⏋য়ಁɹ߂ᐏ᯿ɫȡɤɛ˵ͻ̋ͻ̜ȵ‫ܕ‬ঐᣂᩆɹ୞ՏˁໆࡴɌ⏋ɇʰɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲᩆᜨˁ᝔ȩౚɹ႕ա໬ˁըࡴɌɛȩȭɫ⏋˛˻̺̜‫ܕ‬Ԓɫԇᇕɴ᠗ʠʰʶɛ೎՟ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɭɌɩɹ̠ͻ˽ˑ͡኏Ц᪃᝔ (Bank al-Nāßir al-Ijtimā‘ī) ʍɭᇍࣙᇕɲ
ៗ༥ˁɌɛɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋˛˻̺̜ɴȲȿʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ؅݀ɫȡʳɭɻៜȭɲȦʚ10)ɫʢ⏋྇༑ɹ 1 ɦɫȡʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏

Υ౅⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɫɻ⏋1963 ॷɴ͇̒ˡी኎ɹɛʠɹᣂᩆˁᮃʠɛ͇͓͞͹͌˽͌͠ी኎
ᢱᩆԇ኏ (Malayan Muslim Pilgrims Savings Corporation, MMPSC) ȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹԇ኏ɻ⏋1969 ॷɴी኎ዩጓ᧊ᅎ‫ݜ‬ᩆ (Lembaga Urusan dan Tabung Haji, LUTH) ɴᇍࣙɌɛ␩ᴚ
࣎ 2003: 91␭⏏ɗɌɩ⏋1983 ॷɴɻ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓ՟ɹН෌ᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭɌɩ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɴȲȿʳՏᣂւ‫غ‬ɹ
12.5⎾ȵ LUTH ɫȡʳɄɭȴʰɌɩʢ⏋MMPSC ȵ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹՏᇍဣɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʭȩ [Ariff 1988: 49]⏏
2.2̙ᆖฦި൉࠺͂1970 ໧േ̹1980 ໧േ಴པ̓
1970 ॷБɴԂʳɭ⏋μആ‫ݖܩ‬ˁμਕɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓɹ֪ȷȵ֓ᦵɐʳ⏏Бᝠᇕɲʢɹˁ୲Ɂʳɭ⏋1975 ॷɴˏ̸͞᱔ᬏ‫᧷ᦹܕ‬ɫ̝̫˓͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋1977 ॷɴ˛˻̺̜͹̶ˎ˓˵͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋˪˗˙ͻ̜͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽͹̩˗˽Ȳʭʃ⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳ͹̶ˎ˓˵͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋1979 ॷɴ̋͜͡Ͳ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋̫̩ͤͻͲ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋1983 ॷɴ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋1985 ॷɴ̜͡˱ɫ̶ˎ˓˵͡͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ
˽ɭˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹̜͡˱͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽͹̩˗˽ȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲሂ๖Ƚ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓɻ⏋క໠ᐁཕᇕɲ៎ဣȴʰɐʳɭ 2 ɦɹឹ‫܍‬ȵ߂ȷȼӈȦɛɄɭɴʭʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ፀ 1 ɴ⏋1960 ॷБʚɫɹˏ̸͞኏Цςᒶʦˏ̸͞຦౏ςᒶɴБʼɤɩ 1970 ॷБɴ‫د‬ᰄɌɩȷɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɫȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɭɻ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹࡸᤋ10) ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹ̠ͻ˽ˑ͡኏Ц᪃᝔ˁ᠗‫خ‬ɐʳ႕ա໬ɴȲȦɩʢ኏Цςᒶᇕɲ˻͑ͻ˳ͲȵᇵʱᦉʚʶɩȲʱ⏋գࡎˁਗ᧫ɐʳүᯆɹȡʳ኏Цςᒶ⏃႕ɴɄɄɫɻˏ̸͞኏Цςᒶ⏆ɭɹ៊‫ٮ‬ਸˁጋȩɄɭȵɫȷʳɭɹ୭
௎ȵȡʳ [Soliman 2004: 269]⏏

229

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ʍɭ‫׬‬ɴ‫܌‬ॠɐʳʭȩɲ᧊֪ɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗʶˁଫՠ͹‫ࡴو‬͹ᣳӷɌɲȵʰ⏋᯺ៜᓔ̩͌Ͳ͇̝
ಁБɴተጓɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ؅հɴጓᔰɌ⏋ȴɦჼБγᅠɴ᧟‫غ‬ɐʳʭȩɲ০ɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌య౩ˁԗ෯፷ɐʳɄɭˁʠɊɐ᧊֪ɫȡʳ␩ࢸ೰ 2001: 34␭⏏ࢸ೰໹ȵ୭௎ɌɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɭɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹ؅հɴጓᔰɌ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴɻɲȴɤɛᩆᜨลᬠ⏃᪃᝔⏆ɹਖឹɭȦȩჼБᇕɲឹᠱɴ᧟‫غ‬ɐʳʭȩɲ০ɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ˁԗ෯፷ɌɩᩆᜨลᬠɹลᔨˁృɛɴсʱՏɐɭȦȩᐁཕᯆɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɹ‫ۊ‬ဤɫ
11)ȡʳɭȦȭʳ␩ࢸ೰ 2001: 34␭⏏ Υ౅ɫ⏋కঌςࢷɴʭʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓʢሂ๖
ȹ⏋ɗɹΥёȵ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɫȡʳ␩ᴚ࣎ 2003: 92-94␭⏏ʚɛ⏋̜͡˱ɫʢ⏋1980 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ɴ⏋য়ಁɹ᱔ሂɫȡɤɛˠ˸͡ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓɴዩෑᇕɲ৲ւˁ
ഗɛɌɛ [Baskan 2004: 225]⏏
ፀ 2 ɴ⏋ፀ 4 ๖μആ଍ϝɴЫȩቄໞѝൔɹᲞ᱿ɴʭɤɩ⏋ᅋໞ‫ܕ‬ˁμਕɭɌɛμആ‫ݖܩ‬ɴॅᰎɹˠ˓͇̦͡ͻȵ༑ԂɌɛɄɭɫȡʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋೎߂ɹᅋໞ‫ܕ‬ɫȡʳ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɭɦɲ
ȵʱɹཉȦН෌ʦϺ႒ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓɴ߂ȷɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛ⏏1981 ॷɴ៯ጓɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ˫͡ͻ̺ɫȡʳ DMI (Dār al-Māl al-Islāmī) ˫͡ͻ̺ɹ៯ጓᇍᣱϺɴ12)ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹӯ᱔Ꮹɹʓȴɴ⏋˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹტ౏ȵ‫ؿ‬մˁᦹɷɩȦʳ⏏ ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏȵ⏋࿅໘ɲˠ˓͇̦͡ͻˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓɴգᅎɌ⏋ᕶʰʢɗɄȴʰգᇰˁΫɁʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɹᐁཕᯆɴȲȿʳࡸᤋˁᣂᩆᯆɫఌஹɐ
ʳɄɭˁઝ‫ܒ‬ɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏DMI ˫͡ͻ̺ɻ⏋2004 ॷɹಁဣɫ⏋7 Ͷ‫ܕ‬ɴ᪃᝔ʦହ
13)ᣂЦ኏ɲɰˁ‫ي‬ʞ 11 ኏⏃ೣᨆɹ̫̩͇ˁ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ȴʰ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ Ј౅ɫ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍȼ 1982ॷɴ៯ጓɇʶɛ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹ̋̒͞͹ˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹˫͡ͻ̺ɹᩆᜨᨆᬐɫȡʳˏ͡⏮
̫͞ˡହᣂᬖᇍЦ኏ɻ⏋29 Ͷ‫ܕ‬ɴ 43 ɹ᪃᝔⏋ᩆᜨ͹ହᣂЦ኏ˁᐏୠɌɩȦʳ [Khan 2003:
14)2]⏏

1970 ॷБɴɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁ‫׃‬ୠɐʳ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ʢсʰʶɛ⏏1975 ॷɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᡉ‫ܕ‬ᬚɹᐁཕൔेɹ౸๭ʦᐁཕ͹኏Цᬖᇍˁఌஹɐʳɛʠɴ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹ˻˙̒̋ˁೣᨆɴᒞȼ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᬖᇍ᪃᝔ (Islamic Development Bank, IDB) ȵ៯ጓɇʶ11) ɛɭȭɽ⏋˛˻̺̜͹̶ˎ˓˵͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɹ៯ጓ͍Ͳ̫ͻɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɹΥᓏˁ୊ɤɛ͌
˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹ޽ȼɹ܎‫ڊ‬ȵԂɤɛ [Soliman 2004: 273]⏏ɲȲ⏋‫ؾ‬᪃᝔ɭ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎ɹɗɹ৿ɻ⏋1985 ॷɴ
˛˻̺̜కঌɹ‫֐ܦ‬ɴʭɤɩ‫ؾ‬ᔟ܎‫ڊ‬ɻᦠఔɇʶ⏋θᓔɹᬠѥɻԳȭᦉʞ⏏ʚɛ⏋̋͜͡Ͳ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɴɦȦɩʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɹϟёɹ୭௎ȵȡʳ [Malley 2004: 191-196]⏏
12) ɛɭȭɽ⏋ᇍᣱϺɹ 1 Ϻɫȡʳ̩͌Ͳ͇̝͹ˏ͡⏮̶ˎ˓˵͡͹ˏͻ͡͹˵˗ͻ̝ɻ⏋ፀ 3 Б˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏ‫ܕ‬ტ̶ˎ˓˵͡ɹࡎਖ਼ɹ 1 Ϻɫȡʱ⏋DMI ɹ‫؜‬ᐿ৲Цᬏˁ֭ʠɩȦʳ␩ቄᅒ 1988: 112␭⏏
13) DMI ˫͡ͻ̺ɹᐏୠЦ኏ɫȡʳ DMI ̜͞˽̜ɹॷ๖ͤͅͻ̜ˁؒ၇⏏
14) ɲȲ⏋Ʉɹ̋̒͞͹ˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹˫͡ͻ̺ɻ⏋1969 ॷɴ⏋˵ͻ̶͠͹ˏ̸̝˕̒͞ͻ͹ˡͻ͊͡ɴʭɤɩ៯ጓ
ɇʶɛ˫͡ͻ̺ɫ⏋300 ГΫɹН෌ȴʰଁʳॅ߂ភ‫غ‬Н෌ɫȡʱ⏋1997 ॷɹ˫͡ͻ̺ԃкɹᐵᣂᅋɻ⏋70 ӜᎦ̝͡ɫȡʱ⏋ହᣂᰎɻ 9 ӜᎦ̝͡ɴɹʖʳ [Khan 2003: 2]⏏

230

ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋1977 ॷɴɻ⏋‫ܕ‬᭬˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔‫ת‬Ц (International Association of Islamic Banks,
IAIB) ȵ‫ؾ‬ɍȼ˻˙̒̋ˁೣᨆɴɌɩ៯ጓɇʶ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ᬚɹሂϣ‫֐ת‬ʦ⏋ϟ෌༎֪ɹ˹͑͠ͻˏɭɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɹᇺീ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɹ៯ጓఌஹ⏋ਃ෌‫ڊ‬ɹ៥ᑇ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɦȦɩɹᠭീ͹ᬖᇍ͹‫ڪ‬ᇍ༎֪ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ␩ࣩᩃԒ 2002: 367␭⏏
ʚɛ⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳɭ˓͞Ͳɫɻ⏋క໠кըɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ɴЫȩᐁཕը঎ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ɹμɫ⏋Υ‫ܕ‬ԃ‫ݖ‬ɴʼɛʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ˹˽̘͌ɹࢷԂȵᦽʠʰʶɩȦɤɛ⏏̮˥˽̊Ͳɫ
ɻ⏋1977 ॷɴ̩˪ɴʭʳ˪ͻ̊̚ɫɹకณɹკ਄ˁߕลɴɌɩ⏋˓͞Ͳɫɻ⏋1979 ॷɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᯊ٨ɴʭɤɩ⏋ᐁཕը঎ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ȵࠃʚɤɛ⏏̮˥˽̊Ͳɫɻ⏋1979 ॷɴకঌᏙᩆᜨลᬠɹգࡎঘ๬ɴБᝠɇʶʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ȵ᝔ʼʶ⏋ᐚȦɩ‫ڧ‬෌᪃᝔ɴʢံգࡎը঎ȵࢷԂɇʶɛ⏏1985 ॷɴɻ⏋ᩆᜨը঎ȵံգࡎᩆᜨը঎ʍɭ࡭ԃው᝔Ɍɛ⏏‫ؾ‬ɍȼ˓͞Ͳɫʢ⏋1984 ॷɴံգࡎᩆᜨը঎ȵࢷԂɇʶɩȦʳ␩๯ᚹ 1988␭⏏
2.3̙ਠᅜ࠺͂1980 ໧േছཔ̓
1980 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ʚɫɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹଁ֒ɻ⏋ɗʶГᭇɹሂ๖Ƚ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ
ɹ៯ጓ̒͞˹͖ˁ৿େɌɌɛ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɹμɫ⏋Гάɹ 3 ɦɹɫȷɅɭɴʭɤɩཌྷϕ15)

ˁ୛ȼүᯆʢȡɤɛ⏏

ፀ 1 ɴ⏋1980 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹଁ֒ɴѤώɌɛੲਏɲᩆᜨลᬠɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡʳ⏏˛˻̺̜ɫሂ๖Ȧɫ៯ጓɇʶɛΥᦹɹᣂᅋ᧊ᅎЦ኏ᒴ⏃˹͑͠ˡͻ̜͹̊˗̀ˑͻ̶͹ˏ͡⏮ˏ͌ͩͻ͡⏆ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲᩆᜨ౅িˁᡡɤɛହᣂ༎֪ˁ᝔Ȧ⏋Јɹಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠʭ
ʱᲞȦᨗয়ˁʢɛʰɐɄɭˁ߂ǾᇕɴࡺШɌ⏋80⑯120 Ӝ˛˻̺̜ͅͲ̝ʢɹ᯺ᩆˁᮃʠɛ
16)

ɭɇʶʳ⏏ ࡺШɰȲʱᲞȦᨗয়ˁࡸჼɌɩȦɛಁೝʢȡɤɛȵ⏋ᣂᅋ᭯Ɍɹ‫ک‬ᰍʦହลᇕɲ
ହᣂɹ߉ఞ⏋కঌɴʭʳៀըɲɰɴʭɤɩ 1988 ॷɴϟࡸΫɗɹ޽ȼȵቑᐮɌɩɌʚɤɛ⏏ΥᦹɹϟИɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲჿਥˁ஥Ɂʶɽ͌˽͌͠ȴʰ᯺ᩆˁࢅ౫ɴკ਄ɫȷʳɭȦȩᓒȭɴѤώɌɛହᣂЦ኏ȵ⏋޽ȼɹଁ֒ˁ‫ؚ‬ʠɩȦʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠʍɹ᯺ᩆᓔ⏋͌˽͌͠ɹ
17)߂ȷɲೝ৺ˁȩʚȼգᅎɌɛɭȦȩ෯‫ܒ‬ˁயȼɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ɄɹϟИГᭇ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠʍɹέѵઢȵঃȵʱ⏋˛˻̺̜ɴɦȦɩȦȭɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ᯺ᩆᩄɹЭʃɴҪྡྷȵᣱɄɤɛ [Soliman 2004: 276–278]⏏
ፀ 2 ɴ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐɹ៯ᒞɫȡʳ⏏˛˻̺̜ˁёɴɭʶɽ⏋15) ɄɄɫɻ⏋ಁБɹ‫ך‬ՕΫ⏋ཌྷϕೝɹ٧ዌˁᅎȦɛ⏏Ʉɹ٧ዌˁᅎȦʳɄɭɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȡʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹɐʏɩȵཌྷϕɴ᭒ɤɛɭȦȩ‫׵‬ᢒˁήȭȴɷɲȦȵ⏋ਖɑɌʢ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲઝ٢ɫᅎȦɛʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏
ೣዣɫɻ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ႕ፆɇʶʳȦȼɦȴɹཌྷϕʍ໶ᇿɐʳɄɭȵ⏋ɗʶГᭇɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɭɤɩࡸᤋᯆ
ɴȲȦɩʢ቉ድᯆɴȲȦɩʢ߂ȷɲᠩᰍɭɲʳʭȩɲ̴̜̒˪ɹୈՏɴ߂ȷȼᇰɌɛɭȦȩጓ‫ݭ‬ȴʰ⏋Ʉɹ٧ዌˁᅎȦɛ⏏
16) Ʉɹ᯺ᩆᩄɻ⏋য়ಁɹ˛˻̺̜ɴȲȿʳ‫ڧ‬෌᪃᝔ʍɹࢃ៟ɹ᯺ᩆᩄɴሂয়ɐʳ␩࣢ᅒ 1989: 132-133␭
⏏
17) ‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɲϟёɻ⏋̋͜͡ͲɴȲȦɩʢተ᠗ɫȷʳ [Malley 2004]⏏

231ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɫȡɤɛ͊˽͡᪃᝔ȵ 1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐˁ៯ᒞɌ⏋մᦚɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂЦ኏ɹቑᐮɴʭʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠʍɹέѵઢʢЫɤɩਸ਼ᦵɴ᯺ᩆ˹˙ˏˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ˹˙ˏୟ߂ɻ⏋ປᥒᇕృᖂɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠʭʱʢᬏೝɴʼɛɤɩ
‫ܔݠ‬ɲᐁ‫ۊ‬ˁ᝔ɤɩȷɛౖࡔɹಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɹ౅ȵ⏋ተࡸɲᨗয়ˁ೚ʞɄɭȵɫȷʳɭȦȩᰘࡹɹઝᡫɴʭɤɩᠦ౩ȵɫȷʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏1997 ॷɹಁဣɫǸɄɹ͊˽͡᪃᝔ɴȲȿʳԃ᯺ᩆᰎɹȩɠ 12⎾ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐɹ᯺ᩆɫȡʳ [Soliman 2004: 279]⏏ɛɞ⏋ౖࡔɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ᯺ᩆȴʰ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐʍɰʶɞȿɹው֪ȵȡɤɛȴɻɄʶʚɫɹ቉ድɫɻ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦɲȦ⏏
ፀ 3 ɴ⏋жଁᬏ‫ܕ‬ɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹжᦜɭɗɹ៿ѝɫȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ
ȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ‫ܕ‬ɹ޽ȼɻ⏋ʢɭʢɭᐁཕᇕɲк֐ɹ৑Ȧ‫ܕ‬ɫȡɤɛ⏏႕ɴ⏋1970 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰ 1980 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ɴȴȿɩ޽ȼɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ˽ͻ̋Ͳɫɻ⏋Ꮺϝʦᕶးပࢀɴʭɤɩ޽ᰎɹࢪ޺Ӂ֭ˁୃȭʳɲɰ‫ܕ‬ԒᐁཕȵжᦜɌ⏋ɗʶɴЫȦ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ̶̮˝ͻ͇Ͳ˽ʢੲ‫׋‬Ɍɛ [Stiansen 2004: 161-165]⏏ʚɛ⏋ᯊ٨৿ɹ˓͞ͲɴȲȦɩʢីүᡉ‫ܕ‬ɭɹ޺ϯᬠѥɹੲ‫׋‬ɴʭʳࢪ޺ᢼ౫⏋޺ᢪკ਄ɹέ୷ɴʭɤɩ‫ܕ‬ԒᐁཕȵжᦜɌ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ๰ʛʢ᯶ᠭɭɻȦȭɲȴɤɛ [Warde 2000: 117-120]⏏Ʉʶʰɹϟёɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼʭʱ߂ȷɲᐁཕᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴʭɤɩжᦜˁоәɲȼɇʶɛɭȦȩүᯆȵ৔ȼ⏋Υෙɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵ‫׬‬Ⴖɫ߉ఞɌɛɭɻȦȭɲȦ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ‫ܕ‬ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɫɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲჿਥɹࡸᤋɹʓȴɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵ⏋Ȧȴɴ‫ܕ‬Ԓɹᐁཕᇍ
ࣙɴᣂɐʳȴɭȦȩჼࡸᇕɲ‫ک‬ᰍɴ߂ȷȼሁᯆɌɩȦʳ⏏
2.4̙࣯ࠔฦмѺѥ૯ฦި൉࠺͂1990 ໧േ̹̓1990 ॷБɴɲʳɭ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɻృɛɲࣙᬖˁᦎȭʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɗɹ႕ਐɭɻ⏋ፀ 1 ɴ⏋μആ‫ݖܩ‬Г޺ʍɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹዷᬚᇕୟ߂⏋ɗɌɩ⏋ፀ 2 ɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ̶ˎͲ̝ʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ѳ᭝Ц኏ɹሂ๖Ƚ៯ጓɭਸ਼ᦵɲࣙᬖ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁᐏୠɐʳ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᏼᑩɹୟӱɭȦɤɛᣒᇕୟ߂ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏
ፀ 1 ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1990 ॷБɻ⏋ɗʶГմɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓȵμആ‫ݖܩ‬ɫሂ๖ȦɞГմɹಁೝɭປʏɩ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɴɻ⏋႕ɴആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓȵሂ๖Ȧɞ⏏͇ͤͻ˹ˏɫɻ⏋1993 ॷɴံգࡎᩆᜨը঎ɹࢷԂȵಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȦɩʢ᠗ʠʰʶɛ [Warde 2000: 126]⏏ɗɌɩ⏋1997 ॷɹˏ˻ˏᦲᢪ‫׶‬ลГᭇ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠ
ˁ఩ჿɐʳ᧌ዐɫ 1999 ॷɴ‫ܕ‬Ԓ 2 ᅱᇿɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɫȡʳ͌ˏ͇̜̒͞᪃᝔ȵ៯ጓ
18)ɇʶɛ␩ᴚ࣎ 2003: 92␭⏏ ʚɛ⏋᭰‫ˏ˹̦̝Ͳ˓ܕ‬ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋1992 ॷɴ‫ܕ‬Ԓ՟ɹԃ‫ܕ‬ៀฐ18) Ʉɹဣȴʰɐʳɭ⏋ˏ˻ˏᦲᢪ‫׶‬ลɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɭɤɩ̺͞˽ɹ౅‫ك‬ɴӈȦɛɭᓒȭʳɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏ɛɞ⏋Ё৿ɹ቉ድɴȲȦɩˏ˻ˏᦲᢪ‫׶‬ลɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ‫מ‬Օɲද២ȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏

232

ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɫȡʳ͌ˏ͇̜̒͞᪃᝔ȵ៯ጓɇʶ⏋˽̩̜͡кըग‫৿ޙ‬ɹ 1999 ॷɴɻಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐˁ៯ᒞɐʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɛ␩‫׌‬೴ 2004: 18-19␭⏏
ɇ ʰ ɴ⏋ ˹ ̘ ˑ ̫ Ͳ ˪͹ ˫ ͡ ͻ ̺ ʦ ̍ ˙ ͻ ˽͹ ͇ Ͳ ̩ ̒ ̊ Ͳ⏋HSBC (Hong Kong andShanghai Banking Corporation) ɲɰɹ๘ᎦᏙɹᩆᜨลᬠɴʭʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐɹ៯ᒞʦ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴʭʳ๘Ꭶఌঊɹᬖ៯ɲɰγᅠᇕɲͤ̾͡ɴȲȦɩʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ֪
ȷȵ༎ᇍɴɲɤɩȦʳ [Iqbal and Molyneux 2005: 58]⏏໶ᇿɐʏȷɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ɹϟёɫȡʱ⏋
1990 ॷБ‫ץ‬ɽɴ⏋য়ಁ⏋˓˧͠˽‫ܕ‬Ԓ‫ڞ‬Υɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɫȡɤɛˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹ͦ
19)Ͳ̝Ͳ᪃᝔ȵ⏋ᩆᜨ෌֭ˁʠȽɤɩμ߈᪃᝔ɭࢪጓɌɛɄɭɫ௞ᦡˁ৔Ȧʰʶ⏋ ˓˧͠˽ɴ
ೣ኏ˁᒞȼႶጓɌɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓȵέ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɩȦɛȵ⏋2004 ॷ 8 ೐ɴμ߈᪃᝔ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓ៰‫خ‬ˁՏɌ⏋‫ ॷؾ‬9 ೐ɴ˓˧͠˽͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȵᬖঊ
20)

Ɍɛ⏏ ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋γᅠᐁཕɹμɫ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴࢪɐʳᮛឹˁ⏋‫׬‬Υɹ˫ͦͻ̫͡͹˽̊Ͳ̋ͻ̝ʍɹ᭭ࢀɭɌɩՖʱஅɩʳɄɭȵɫȷɲȼɲɤɛɄɭˁᢒਐᇕɴᝠɌɩȦʳɫȷ
Ʌɭɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʭȩ⏏
ፀ 2 ɹᣒᇕୟ߂ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂЦ኏ʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ̶ˎͲ̝⏋ɗɌɩ˓˽
͞ͻ͌ѳ᭝Ц኏ɹሂ๖Ƚ៯ጓɭਸ਼ᦵɲࣙᬖɭ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁᐏୠɐʳ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᏼᑩ
ɹୟӱɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ‫౅ؘ‬ɹ֪ȷɴȲȦɩ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɭ̫̩ͤͻͲȵ႕ɴၖਕɴɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹμਕ‫ܩ‬ˁკ਄ɐʳɛʠɹၘဦɲϝȦɭȦɤɛฐ෵ˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏
͇ͤͻ˹ˏɫɻ⏋1994 ॷɴɻ⏋‫ܕ‬Ԓ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ॑‫( ݭ‬Islamic Interbank Money Market,
IIMM) ȵᬖ៯ɇʶ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂЦ኏ʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ̶ˎͲ̝ɹ‫ؚ‬ᇰ̶̮˝ͻ͇Ͳ˽ˁᝠɐ୭ధ (RHB Islamic Index) ȵ఩Һɇʶɛ [Warde 2000: 126-127]⏏ʚɛ⏋2001 ॷɴᇍᝠɇʶ
ɛЁ৿ 10 ॷᬚɹ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹᩆᜨᨆᬐɹ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞ͲɴȲȦɩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹഗɛ
ɐ৲ւȵ৔ᠭɇʶɩȦʳ [Iqbal and Molyneux 2005: 46]⏏ɗʶɴЫɤɩ⏋2002 ॷ 11 ೐ɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ෌֭ԒࢅɹᐏΥᇕɲˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳɹ఩ҺˁςɲᇿᇕɭɌɛ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᏼᑩɫ
ȡʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ෌֭ࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц (Islamic Financial Services Board, IFSB) ˁ៯ጓɌɛ[Iqbal and
Molyneux 2005: 62-63]⏏ɇʰɴ⏋1989 ॷɴ᱗ཬʦ˹Ͳˤͅͻ͡ɭɲʰʉˠ̶˹͚ˏᩆᜨ́Ͳ
̊ͻɴɲʳɄɭˁʠɊɌɩᬖᇍɇʶɩȷɛ̸͞ˏͲऄˁృɛɴჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᮃዩ‫ܩ‬ɭ
21)ɐʳɄɭˁʠɊɌɩȦʳ⏏

Υ౅ɹ̫̩ͤͻͲɻ⏋1973 ॷɴ̫̩ͤͻͲᩆᜨং (Bahrain Monertary Agency, BMA) ˁ៯
19) ɄɹɫȷɅɭɹᰕೢɴɦȦɩɻ⏋NHK ˽̿˹͑͡ȋ˓˽͌͞ȍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜␩2000: 174-176␭ˁؒ၇⏏
20) ˓˧͠˽͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɹ៯ᒞ៰‫خ‬ɭᬖঊɴɦȦɩɻ⏋BBC ɹ˗˙̸ႆ̢͖ͻ˽ (http://news.bbc.co.uk) ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏
21) ˠ̶˹͚ˏ͹́Ͳ̊ͻɭɻ⏋ᕶ‫ܕ‬ȡʳȦɻЈ‫ܕ‬ȴʰᣂᩆˁᠭ᧒ɌɩЈ‫ܕ‬ʍᜨᣂɐʳɛʠɴፀΪ‫ܕ‬ɴ៯ȿʰʶɛ‫ܕ‬᭬ᩆᜨ॑‫ݭ‬ɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ዒըΫɹӦᧇɲɰɇʚɊʚɲӦᧇ஢ᒞˁϳ‫؝‬ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋Υᖔɹᩆᜨ‫ৄ؜‬ɭປʏɩᕶᅓ঎ȵ߂ȷȦ⏏

233

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ጓɌ⏋ɗʶʚɫɹμആ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᩆᜨɹμਕ‫ܩ‬ɫȡɤɛ̨̫ͤͲɴБʼʱ⏋‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲˠ̶˹͚ˏ
22)ᩆᜨ́Ͳ̊ͻɭɌɩɹ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȷɛ⏏ ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᩆᜨ‫ৄ؜‬ɴȲȿʳɇʚɊʚɲӦᧇ஢ᒞȵɐɫɴ఩ҺɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ዒըɹӦᧇ঎ʦ֝ӈ֐ອྈɹᲞɇ⏋ᩆᜨ॑‫ݭ‬ʍɹకፑᇕɲЂԂ঎⏋໬ᇕങᏼʛɹ؏ൔਸ⏋ဤ್ըᭉ⏋ᢼ౫ɹᕶᅓ঎⏋ᮚࡎ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɹӱࡸ঎ɲɰ⏋ȡʰʪʳүᯆɴȲȦɩ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲɹӱࡸ঎ɻ⏋μആ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᩆᜨ́Ͳ̊ͻɹμਕᇕ‫ܩ‬еˁႰȩЈɹ‫ܕ‬Ǿ⏃̝̫˓⏋ˏ̸̲̋⏋ˡ̊͡⏆ɹμɫʢାȷ˃ՏɩȦʳɭȦɤɩʢʭȦ [Warde 2000:
128-129]⏏ɗɹ̫̩ͤͻͲɻ⏋Ȧɠ౛ȼჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᩂឹਸˁឿାȷ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋˁዩෑᇕɴߣ֜Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ჼ‫⏋ܧ‬γᅠɹ‫ܕ‬Ǿɹμɫ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲɻ⏋೎ʢ޽ȼɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁ೑ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹధɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȵ 6⏋ˠ̶˹͚ˏᩆ
23)ᜨลᬠȵ 3⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ᪃᝔ȵ 17⏋ɗɹЈ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᏙɹลᬠȵ 6ɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɲ̫̩ͤͻͲɴȲȿʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᇍࣙˁᢒਐɐʳɫȷɅɭɭɌɩɻ⏋๖ɹ 3 ɦȵ୲Ɂʰʶʭȩ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋1996 ॷɴ⏋˹̘ˑ̫Ͳ˪͹˫͡ͻ̺ȵЈɹ๘ᎦᏙɹᩆᜨลᬠɴӴᱤȿɩႶጓɌɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ⏃˹̘ˑ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ᪃᝔⏆ˁ̫̩ͤͻͲɴ៯ጓɌɛɄ
ɭɫȡʱ⏋ፀ 2⏋1998 ॷɴ DMI ɭιʉ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ˫͡ͻ̺ɫȡʳ̋̒͞͹ˏ͡⏮̫
24)͞ˡ͹˫͡ͻ̺ɹᐏୠЦ኏ˁ̫̩ͤͻͲɴ៯ጓɌɛɄɭɫȡʱ [Warde 2000: 129]⏋ ፀ 3 ɴ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲɴɻ޽ȼɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴᬠʼʳ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᏼᑩɹ୞ဣȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭɫȡ
25)

ʳ⏏

ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴᬠɐʳ೎ృɹ֪‫ك‬ɭɌɩɻ⏋2005 ॷ 6 ೐ɴɻ⏋GCIBFI ȵ⏋1 ॷГԒɴᣂೣᩆ 10 ӜᎦ̝͡ៀฐɹγᅠ೎߂ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁ៯ጓɐʳɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏Ʉɹᩆᜨลᬠɻ⏋҅Ϻ‫ك‬ȿɫɻɲȼ⏋γᅠμɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ॑‫ݭ‬ɹ᧊‫ۊ‬ʦᣂᩆɹ᧊ᅎˁʭʱԓྜྷɴɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ⏋5 ॷГԒɴᣂೣᩆˁ҆‫ވ‬ɹ 20 ӜᎦ̝͡ɴɐʳɄɭˁʠɊɌɩȦʳ⏏Տᣂลᬠɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᬖᇍ᪃᝔ʦ̋̒͞͹ˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹˫͡ͻ̺ɲɰȵ‫ؿ‬ˁᦹɷ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲ⏋ˏ̸͞᱔ᬏ‫̲͞ˏ˻˗˵⏋᧷ᦹܕ‬26)

ˏ⏋ˡ̊ͻ͡ȵ⏋៯ጓɇʶʳᩆᜨลᬠɹೣᨆɹ៯ᒞˁʠȽɤɩ᠛ᕹ‫غ‬଍ˁɌɩȦʳ⏏

22) μആ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᩆᜨɹμਕ‫ܩ‬ɹው֪ɻ⏋1975 ॷɴࠃʚɤɛ̨̫ͤͲԒ଍ȵ߂ȷȼᬠʼɤɩȦʳ⏏
23) 2005 ॷ 12 ೐ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹధࡓɫ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ѳ᭝Ц኏ɻ᭑ȼ⏏ధࡓɻ⏋BMA ɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.bma.gov.bh)
ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏
24) 1996 ॷɴ̫̩ͤͻͲɴ៯ጓɇʶɛ˹̘ˑ̫Ͳ˪͹˫͡ͻ̺Ꮩɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ‫ؿ‬ዌɴɦȦɩɻ⏋˹̘ˑ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ᪃᝔ɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.citibank.com) ɫተ᠗Ɍɛ⏏
25) ̫̩ͤͻͲˁ୞ဣɭɐʳ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᏼᑩɴɻ๖ɹʭȩɲʢɹȵȡʳ⏃ˡ̒˱Ԓɻ⏋๭ি‫ؿ‬ዌ⏋ᅭዌ⏋៯ጓॷɹ᯶⏆⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠЦ៟ᇺീล෯⏃Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions,
AAOIFI, 1991 ॷ⏆⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠΥᖔ៿ᡴЦ⏃General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions,
GCIBFI, 2001 ॷ⏆⏋‫ܕ‬᭬˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ॑‫⏃ݭ‬International Islamic Financial Market, IIFM, 2002 ॷ⏆⏋‫ܕ‬᭬˓˽
͞ͻ͌៿ѝลᬠ⏃International Islamic Rating Agency, IIRA, 2002 ॷ⏆[Iqbal and Molyneux 2005: 60-63]⏏
26) ГΫɹ֪ȷɴɦȦɩɻ⏋GCIBFI ɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.islamicfi.com) ɴ஥ᥔɇʶɩȦʳ 6 ೐ 29 ౗Њɹ̢͖ͻ˽ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏

234ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

2.5̙ॳേҔҩә̴ӐࣜᄧѠॳ௟˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹధɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ቉ድลᬠʦయ჉ɴ៨ɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗʶʰȵлˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɭɌɩˡ˗Ͳ̜ɌɩȦʳȴɴʭɤɩ߂ȷȼధȵ޴ʼɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏
˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ѳ᭝቉ድଘɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻Ϋɴ஥ᥔɇʶɩȦʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹధɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂЦ኏ȵ 224 ᝔⏃኏⏆⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ̶ˎͲ̝ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌ѳ27)᭝Ц኏ȵ⏋ɗʶəʶ 99 ኏⏋46 ኏ɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉʶʰˁ᣸Ɍ‫غ‬ʼɓ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨᨆᬐɹ 36 ᝔⏃኏⏆ˁ᭑ȼɭ⏋ᨆՕᇕ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁ᭑ȼ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹధɻ
333 ᝔⏃኏⏆ɴɹʖʳ⏏
ɦɧȦɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁࡸᤋɌɩȦʳ‫⏆ݖܩ⏃ܕ‬ɭɗɹՕ॒ˁឿʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆ28)ᜨลᬠɻ⏋‫ޅܕ‬ˁᣴȭɩ༎֪ɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂ̶ˎͲ̝ˁ᭑ȼɭ49Ͷ‫ܕ‬ɴɹʖʳ⏏ ɗɹ‫ܩ‬ྱ 1̙ඏ‫ڮ‬သѠҔҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧ࠽ࠖѠ఼њ̜ొ‫ކ‬ಸരѝಐѳѽяѠ߄৻ˏ̶͠ˡμആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬
ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ആˏ˻ˏ
EU
ɗʶГ޺ɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒
‫׌‬Ꭶ
μ‫׫‬Ꭶ
߂໽ि
‫غ‬ǵǵ៟

ᩆᜨลᬠɹధ
35
88
14
21
0
33
1
21
9
2

ւ‫غ‬
16%
39%
6%
9%
0%
15%
0%
9%
4%
1%

224

100%

Տଘ⏧˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ѳ᭝቉ድଘɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ɹ͠˽̜ˁʢɭɴсଁ⏏

27) ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ѳ᭝቉ድଘɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.islamic-banking.com) ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏
28) ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ѳ᭝቉ድଘɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.islamic-banking.com) ɴʭʳɭ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁࡸ
ᤋɌɩȦʳ‫⏆ݖܩ⏃ܕ‬ɻ⏋49 Ͷ‫ܕ‬ɴɹʖʳ⏏‫ݖܩ‬աɴ՞୲ɐʳɭ๖ɹʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɻ⏋ˏ͡˻˙͠ˏ⏋˻̸̍⏋˛˻̺̜⏋ˤͲ̲ˏ⏋˧̢ˏ⏋˱ͻ̜͹̚ˑʹ˝ˏͻ͡⏋͐ͻ̢̊͠ˏ⏋͐ͦ̒˱⏋̢˻˙ͻ͡⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏ⏋̦́ˤ͡⏋‫̶͠ˏ׫‬ˡԊ‫ˏ˻̢͖̍⏋Ͳ̋ͻ˽⏋ܕٮ‬ɹ 14 Ͷ‫⏋ܕ‬μആɻ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲ⏋˓͞Ͳ⏋˓͞˪⏋̋͜͡Ͳ⏋˪˗˙ͻ̜⏋̨̫ͤͲ⏋ˠ͇ͻͲ⏋̮ͤ˽̠̍⏋ˡ̊͡⏋˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏ⏋̜͡˱⏋ˏ̸͞᱔ᬏ
‫⏆͑˻͑͡˹⏋˓̫̝⏋̸̲̋ˏ⏃᧷ᦹܕ‬⏋˓˛͍Ͳɹ 13 Ͷ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫⏋ܕ‬ɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖⏋˓Ͳ̝⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏋˽͠͞Ͳˡɹ 4 Ͷ‫⏋ܕ‬ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɻ⏋̸̦͡˓⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹ 3 Ͷ‫⏋ܕ‬EU ɻ⏋̚Ͳ͇ͻ˪⏋̶͞Ͳ˽⏋̝˓̓⏋˓̊͠ˏ⏋͡˪́Ͳ̸͡˪⏋˽˓˽⏋˓˧͠˽ɹ 7 Ͷ‫⏋ܕ‬EU Г޺ɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɻ⏋ˏ̢̫͡ˏ⏋ͦ˹ˏɹ 2 Ͷ‫׌⏋ܕ‬Ꭶɻ⏋ˡ̠̋⏋ˏ͍͠ˡ‫ܕᝓغ‬ɹ 2 Ͷ‫⏋ܕ‬μ‫׫‬Ꭶɻ⏋̫̩͇⏋ᗔ᯿̫ͻ˻Ͳᡉऄ⏋˭˓͇Ͳᡉऄɹ 3 Ͷ‫⏆ݖܩ⏃ܕ‬⏋߂໽िɻ⏋ˠͻ˽̜͞͠ˏɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹՕᰖɻ⏋޺֭ህɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.mofa.go.jp) ɴȲȿʳՕᰖ⏃ˏ̶͠ˡ⏋μആ⏋ˏ˻ˏ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒⏋‫׌‬Ꭶ⏋‫׫‬Ꭶ⏋߂໽ि⏆ˁ‫ݜ‬ೣɭɌɛ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ˏ˻ˏˁ‫⏋ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ആ‫⏋ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ആˏ˻ˏɴ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ˁ EU ɭɗʶГ޺ɴՕȿɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɻ⏋ASEAN ֓ᇸ‫ܕ‬ɴആ̘ˑ͐ͻ͡ˁ֓ȭɛ‫ܕ‬Ǿɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋μആɴɻ⏋̮ͤ˽̠̍ˁ⏋EU ɴɻ⏋˽˓˽ˁ⏋μ‫׫‬Ꭶɴɻ⏋ᗔ᯿̫ͻ˻Ͳᡉऄɭ˭˓͇Ͳᡉऄˁ֓ȭɛ⏏

235

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬‫ݖ‬ᇕɲՕ॒ˁឿʳɭ⏃ᝠ 1 ˁؒ၇⏆μആ‫ݖܩ‬ȵ‫҉ܦ‬ᇕɲధɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠˁ೑ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ⏋‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɭആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ˁ‫غ‬ʼɓɛˏ˻ˏʢɗʶɴ๖Ȧɫ޽ȼɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵ៯ጓɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɫʢ໶ᇿɐʏȷɻ EU ᡉ‫ܕ‬ɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹధɫȡʳ⏏EU ɻ⏋‫ܕ‬ɹధɹ޽ɇɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ᩆᜨลᬠɹధɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨԃкɹμɫ⏋ɗɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ઢˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
๖ɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹៀฐɴɦȦɩឿʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ፬ჿᣂᅋᐵᰎɻ⏋˓
29)˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ѳ᭝቉ድଘɹ᠅፤ɫɻ⏋Ꮭ 2000 ӜᎦ̝͡ГΫɫȡʱ⏋ 2003 ॷɹ IMF ˵ͻ̾˓ɴʭʳɭᏝ 3600 ӜᎦ̝͡ɭɇʶɩȦʳ [IMF 2003]⏏IMF ɹధғɴਃȭɽ⏋ԃγᅠɹᩆᜨล
ᬠᣂᅋɹ 0.8⎾ˁ‫װ‬ʠʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋Ʉʶɻ⏋ͦ˹ˏɹ GDP⏃Ꮭ 4000 ӜᎦ̝͡⏆ɴ‫י‬పɐʳ⏏
0.8⎾ɭȦȩւ‫غ‬ɻ⏋ʚɞᯃ।ɴࢸɇȦȵ⏋ᇍࣙ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ɹ޽Ȧ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹᩆᜨลᬠɹᣂ
ᅋᐵᰎɴՕທˁழȭʳɭɗɹւ‫غ‬ɻʢɤɭ߂ȷȼɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠ⏋ៀฐɹ߂ȷȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳᣂᅋᐵᰎˁᝠ 2 ɴኍɌɛ⏏
ʚɛ⏋ςɲ‫ܕ‬ɫɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ̺ͤ̄Ͳ˽ˁ‫ܕ‬Ԓ᯺ᩆɹ˹˙ˏɴʭɤɩឿʳɭ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲɻ9.8⎾⏃1996 ॷ⏆⏋˛˻̺̜ɻ 5.7⎾⏃2000 ॷ⏆⏋̋͜͡Ͳɻ 10.3⎾⏃2001 ॷ⏆⏋˪˗˙ͻ̜ɻ 15.5⎾⏃1998 ॷ⏆⏋ˡ̊͡ɻ 18.1⎾⏃1997 ॷ⏆⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳɻ 27.9⎾⏃1998 ॷ⏆⏋
30)

̜͡˱ɻ1.8⎾⏃2001 ॷ⏆⏋ ˏ̸͞᱔ᬏ‫᧷ᦹܕ‬ɻ 7.9⎾⏃1996 ॷ⏆⏋˓˛͍Ͳɻ 4⎾⏃1997ॷ⏆⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɻ 1.6⎾⏃1997 ॷ⏆ɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏋1 ւ৑ȴʰ 2 ւ৑ɹ˹˙ˏˁკ਄ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ [Henry and Wilson 2004: 7]⏏

ྱ 2̙କᅃҔҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧ࠽ࠖѝмуѽુઊೱ޻ᩆ ᜨ ล ᬠ ‫ؿ‬ˏ̒⏮͞ͻ˻͖̯ͻ᪃᝔͹ହᣂЦ኏˪˗˙ͻ̜͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽͹̩˗˽͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔̝̫˓͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔˛˻̺̜͹̶ˎ˓˵͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔̫̩ͤͻͲ͹˹͑ͻ͊͡᪃᝔̋͜͡Ͳ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹̜͡˱͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽͹̩˗˽̫̩ͤͻͲ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ˏ͡⏮̫͞ˡ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔

⏃ॷ⏆
2004
2004
2005
2001
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2003

⏃ᇑΨᎦ̝͡⏆20,758
11,842
4,231
4,174
2,722
1,613
1,591
1,097
676
405
49,109‫غ‬ǵǵ៟
Տଘ⏧‫ع‬ᩆᜨลᬠɹॷ๖ͤͅͻ̜ɹధғˁʢɭɴᎦ̝͡ழ፤⏏

29) ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ѳ᭝቉ድଘɹ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://www.islamic-banking.com) ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏
30) ̜͡˱ɻ⏋2000 ॷɹᩆᜨ‫׶‬ลɴʭɤɩ⏋‫ܕ‬Ԓ೎߂ɹ˹˙ˏˁ᠔ɤɛ˓̶͞˽͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽ȵቑᐮɌɛ⏏2000ॷ˓̶͞˽͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽ቑᐮմʚɫɹ̜͡˱ɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ᯺ᩆ˹˙ˏɻ⏋3.5⎾ɫȡʳ [Henry
and Wilson 2004: 7]⏏

236ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

3̝ॳേҔҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧ҄ѳтѽჲൌњड़ࢂຊ঴ГΫɫឿɩȷɛჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕࣙᬖˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ೣ፲ɫɻჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵሁᯆɌɛࡸᤋΫɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁ୷ʱᦐʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋߂ȷȼ 2 ɦȡʱ⏋ፀ 1 ɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɹ‫ک‬ᰍ⏋ፀ 2 ɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȿʳᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɹ‫ک‬ᰍɫȡʳ⏏ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ቉ድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴࢪਝɐʳ০ɫɗʶə
ʶᓒ࢘ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ȴʰɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴʭɤɩ⏋ፀ 2 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋ᐁཕ࡝ȴʰɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴʭɤɩᓒ࢘ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏Гάɫɻ⏋ࡸᤋΫɹ‫ک‬ᰍɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗʶɴࢪਝɌɛ቉ድɹ֪‫ك‬ɴɦȦɩʢៜ‫ؖ‬ɐʳ⏏
3.1̙ॳേҔҩә̴ӐࣜᄧњҔҩә̴Ӑၑ
ፀ 1 ɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɹ‫ک‬ᰍȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ
31)͌ɫɻ⏋˪͡ˏͻͲɴʢៜ‫ؖ‬ȵȡʳʭȩɴ⏋̫͠ͻ (ribā) ɹ‫؜‬਄ȵኧ๬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ̫͠ͻɹˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɹ؅ᒶɻ⏋ȋ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳȍȋ߂ȷȼɲʳȍɫȡʱ⏋Υᖔɴ⏋ᐁཕᇕɲϯழɹ‫ݭ‬ᯆɴȲȦɩ⏋ሁஞᇕɲ֝ӈɴʭʳѝғɹЊ֓ˁЫʼɲȦɫέয়ɴգ਄ˁ਄ʳɄɭˁᝠɐ᠝ɭɌɩ˓˽
32)͞ͻ͌γᅠɫᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ̫͠ͻȵɰɹʭȩɲϯழɴȲȦɩ᧟ᅎɇʶʳȴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋33)๴‫ر‬ᇕɴ޽ȼɹᡴᠶȵȡʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝༐Ʌɭɴᅵɲʳៗᨾȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ᦏБɴԂʱ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ȴʰɹᩆᜨը঎ɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩ⏋̫͠ͻɴɦȦɩɹςឹɲᡴᠶɹࢪᢒɻ⏋֝ӈɴʭʳѝғɹЊ֓ˁЫʼɲȦಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳգࡎȵ̫͠ͻɴሂয়ɐʳȴ‫و‬ȴɭȦȩဣɴᐈʰʶɛ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋̫͠ͻɴࢪਝɐʳգࡎɹ፴ܑˁʠȽɤɩ⏋ɗʶˁ໬޺ɲᲞգɴᭉࡴ
ɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɭ⏋գࡎɭ٧ɽʶʳȡʰʪʳʢɹˁ̫͠ͻɫȡʳɭឿɲɌɩ⏋Υ৾ɴኧ๬ɇʶɲȿʶ
ɽɲʰɲȦɭɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɴՕȴʶɛ␩ࢸ೰ 1994; Kuran 1995; Saeed 1999␭⏏য়՟ɻ⏋մᓔɹጓ‫ݭ‬ȵӦֳɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࣙᬖɴЫɤɩ⏋̫͠ͻˁȡʰʪʳգࡎɭɐʳ৿ᓔɹጓ‫ݭ‬ȵ‫د‬ᰄɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ̾Ͳ͇̍ͻ˪ɭɌɩɻ⏋1991 ॷɹ⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳɹ˹͑͠ͻˏᦹ᧷᝽ՠଘɫɹՠໆ⏃ȋգࡎˁ᠗ʠʳ໬৾ɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭ᧟‫غ‬ɌɲȦȍ⏆ʦ⏋1999 ॷɹ‫ؾ‬ɍȼ̮
34)˥˽̊Ͳɹ೎Პ˹͑͠ͻˏ᝽ՠଘɹՠໆ⏃ȋȡʰʪʳգࡎȵ̫͠ͻɫȡʳȍ⏆ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏

31) ɛɭȭɽ⏋˪͡ˏͻͲɴȲȿʳ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ʍɹ౩ኍᇕɲៜ‫ؖ‬ɴɻ๖ɹʭȩɲʢɹȵȡʳ⏏
ȋȡɲɛȵɛѵЖɐʳᓔʭ⏋҆ɴɌʚɛʢ҆ɴɌɩ⏋գࡎˁ᢬ɤɩɻɲʰɲȦȍ⏃˓͌͞ͻͲࢃጟፀ 130 ፲⏆⏏
ȋգਖ਼ˁ᢬ʳᓔɻ⏋ੲ᳉ɴɭʱɦȴʶɩ҉ʶɛʢɹȵɐʳʭȩɲᣱȷ౅ɌȴɫȷɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɻȴʶʰȵȏ‫ެڧ‬ɻգਖ਼ˁɭʳʭȩɲʢɹɞ⏏
ȑɭៜȩȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌˏ̒͞ͻɻ⏋‫ެڧ‬ˁ៰Ɍ⏋գਖ਼⏃Პգ⏆ˁኧɍɩȲʰʶʳȍ⏃ᮇႌጟፀ 275
፲⏆⏏
32) ̫͠ͻɴɻ⏋߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 2 ɦɹ̊˓̺ȵȡʳ⏏1 ɦɻ⏋ᦲᢪɹθ್ɹʭȩɴ‫ؾ‬ɍ‫ަؾڃڧ‬ˁϯழɐʳɭȷɹέፈѝϯழɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹ᭬ɴᇍᅊɐʳоՕɲգ਄ˁȋրоɹ̫͠ͻ⏃̫͠ͻ͹ˏ͡⏮̶ˎ̝͡⏋ribā al-fad. r⏆ȍɭȦȩ⏏ʢȩ 1 ɦɻ⏋যଡʦᣂᩆɹҏԂˁɌɛɭȷɴ⏋Бᩆʦӯೣɴ֓ȭɩযଡʦҏԂɹࢪѝ⏃գࡎ⏆ˁఌଡȩɄɭɫȡʱ⏋Ʉʶˁȋೝᭉɹ̫͠ͻ⏃̫͠ͻ͹ˏͲ⏮̠˽ˑͻˏ⏋ribā al-nasī’ah⏆ȍɭȦȩ⏏
33) ᠎Ɍȼɻ⏋[Saleh 1986] ˁؒ၇⏏

237

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩ႕ਐᇕɫȴɦ೎ʢᩂឹɲ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋ɗɹࡸᤋˁГΫɫᦚʏɛ͠
̫ͻɹኧ๬ɴୄ៘ɌɲȦʭȩɲ০ɫ⏋գࡎˁᅎȦʳਃഀɹಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠȵഗɛɌɛᩆᜨɹลᔨ
ˁɰɹʭȩɴ෯፷Ɍ⏋Б್ɌɩȦȼɄɭȵɫȷʳȴɭȦȩဣɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄɄɫ໶ઝɐʏȷɄɭ
ɻ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ᠅ʛɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌๴‫ر‬ΫȷʼʠɩృɌȦʢɹɫȡɤɛɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ᩆᜨɹลᔨˁΥୠɌɩ୊ȩʭȩɲลᬠɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ๴‫ر‬Ϋ⏋ࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɛɄɭȵɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ [Udovitch 1979: 255]⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴᩆᜨɹลᔨȵέ‫ܧ‬ɫȡɤɛɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ́˪̊ͻȵ⏋ᩂࣝᇕɴᩆᜨɹลᔨˁ୊ɤ
35)

ɩȦɛɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɛɭȭɽ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ɹ‫ܕ‬ঐ፬ჿˁ᝔ȩลᬠɻ⏋̫˓̜͹ˏ͡⏮͇ͻ͡(bayt al-māl) ȵ୊ɤɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋θ್ʦ᧙᭧‫ܩ‬ϯ౫ɴЫȩଝ০ɹᇍ᝔⏋ȡʳȦɻϟ෌ʍɹହᣂɲɰɹ෌֭ɻ⏋˵̒͞ͻ̶ (àarrāf)⏋ȡʳȦɻ˻̶̫͑̀ (jahbadh) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ෌ᓔȵ୊ɤɩȦɛ [Imamuddin 1997: 128-138]⏏ʚɛ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ᯺ᩆɴሂয়ɐʳลᔨɻ⏋ᢧᅋɹѳ፬ߕᏝʦϟ෌ߕᏝȵഗɛɌɩȲʱ⏋մᓔɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ᯺ᩆɹʭȩɴ᯺ȴɤɛᣂᩆˁ᧊ᅎɐʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏Υ౅ɹ৿ᓔɴሂয়ɐʳʢɹɻ⏋৿ᦚɐʳ͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝ (mu.dārabah)ʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝ (mushārakah) ɲɰȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳȵ⏋Ʉɹ౅໬ɫɻ⏋᯺ȴɤɛᣂᩆɴா߉
ȵᇍᅊɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋᯺ȿςȵɗɹா߉Օˁɐʏɩᢦ୊ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦɛɹɫ⏋͠˽˪ȵᯃ।ɴᲞȦ౅໬ɫȡɤɛ [Udovitch 1979: 258-261]⏏
ГΫɹʭȩɲ๴‫ر‬ᇕᐁᑅȴʰ⏋ᩆᜨɹลᔨˁΥୠɌɩ୊ȩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɴȲȦɩ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦɛ๴‫ر‬ᇕɲ‫ߕৄ؜‬Ꮭʦɗʶˁఌȭɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹߕᏝჿᠶ
ˁঃȼؒ၇Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ɗɹ˹˽̘͌ˁృɛɴ෯፷ɌɩȦȼਖឹȵȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɻ⏋մᦏБʚɫɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɹߕᏝჿᠶˁჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵ୊Ȳȩɭɐʳลᔨɴ᧟‫غ‬ɐʳʭȩɴᩆᜨଝ໬ɭɌɩԗ෯፷ɐʳ৲ւˁ୊ȩɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹ᧌ዐɫɻ⏋๴‫ر‬ᇕ᧨෯ɴ‫ݏ‬ʢʶɩȦɛߕᏝჿᠶȵԗᇍឿɇʶɛʱ⏋ౖࡔɹߕᏝჿᠶˁᩆᜨɹลᔨɴ᧟ਝɇɓʳɛʠɴԗ෯ଁˁɌɛʱɐʳс෌ȵ᝔ʼʶɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲс෌ɹଁഗɻ⏋៯ጓɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹμɴ៯ȿʰʶɛ˹͑͠ͻˏᡄ‫ڊࠇک‬ЦɹՏɐ̶ˎ̜ͩͻ⏃໬࡝᝽ࡴ⏋fatwā⏆ɴʚɭʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ɗɹʭȩɲ᧌ዐˁᐁɩԗ෯፷ɇʶɛᩆᜨଝ໬ɹБᝠёɭɌɩɻ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝ⏋͌˹͑ͻ36)͞ˡߕᏝ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝ (murāba.hah) ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ Ʉʶʰɹᩆᜨଝ໬ɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳήѵ෌֭ʦ‫؝‬ѵ෌֭ɴȲȦɩᅎȦʰʶʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ
ɹ៯ጓʦ᧊‫ۊ‬ɴȲȦɩʢᅎȦʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɭɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲᩆᜨଝ34) մᓔɹՠໆˁᓒ࢘ɌɛʢɹɭɌɩ [Sponeck 1994]⏋৿ᓔɹࢠჿɹ᧌ዐɹ᠎Ᏻˁ៨ɌɛʢɹɭɌɩ [Usmani 2001] ȵȡʳ⏏
35) ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌μγ‫ࢃر‬ɹ Udovitch ȵ⏋18 γᏛɹ‫ץ‬ɽʚɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴɻ⏋ᩆᜨลᬠȵɲȦɭɄʸɴɻᩆᜨɹลᔨɻɲȦ⏋ɭς৓Ɍɛᐁཕ‫ࢃر‬ɹ De Roover ɴࢪɌɩ‫ؙ‬ᠶɌɩȦʳ [Udovitch 1979: 255]⏏

238

ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

37)໬ɹᩂࣝᇕɲᩂɲʱɴʭɤɩଁጓɌɩȦʳɭៜɤɩʢʭȦ⏏ Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩᩆᜨଝ໬ɭɗɹທкɫȡʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹߕᏝჿᠶɴ໶ᇿɐʳɄɭȵȷʼʠɩᩂឹ
ɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɦɄɭȵჿៗɇʶʭȩ⏏
˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ȴʰɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴʭʳ቉ድɫɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɫ஛ᅎɇ
ʶɩȦʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɴ໶ᇿɌ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹߕᏝჿᠶȵჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɰɹʭ
ȩɴ᧟ᅎɇʶɩȦʳȴɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘Ɍɛʱ⏋ɗɹ᧟ᅎɹ᧌ዐɴȲȦɩ⏋ߕᏝჿᠶȵɰɹʭȩɲԗៗᨾʦჿᠶɹᯊృȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳȴɴɦȦɩද២ɌɩȦʳ⏏
մᓔɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴɦȦɩᠶɍɛʓɭ˃ɰɹయ჉ɴ᏷ЂɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ᐨᒧᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩɻ⏋๖ɹʭȩɲయ჉ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕ࡝ᅠɹᩂ
᫙ɫȡʳ Siddiqi ɹᘿс⏃႕ɴ⏋[Siddiqi 1983; 1985]⏆ɻ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝɭ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɴ᠎Ɍȼ⏋޽ȼɹయ჉ɴȲȦɩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹଝৄȷɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Usmani[2000] ɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɫ஛ᅎɇʶɩȦʳʓɭ˃ɰɹᩆᜨଝ໬ɴɦȦɩ⏋ߕᏝɹᬖࠃ
ȴʰᏺϛʚɫɹᬚɴ୫ɠΫȵʳᡉᠶဣɴɦȦɩɹ᏷Ђˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̩͌Ͳ͇̝͹̫ͻ˥̒͡⏮˵̝͡ɹȏံգࡎ᪃᝔ᠶȑɻ⏋˪˗˙ͻ̜͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽͹̩˗˽ɹឹᠱɴਃɤɩ
ᘿɇʶɛʢɹɫ⏋ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ؅հȴʰᩆᜨ෌֭ɹᏳᨆɴᕸʳʚɫȷʼʠɩࡸᤋᇕɲᠦ౩ȵȡ38)ʳ⏏

Υ౅⏋৿ᓔɹʭȩɲմᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹߕᏝჿᠶȴʰɹ޴ࢅɴመᇿɌɛ቉ድɭɌɩɻ⏋[Ray 1995; Saeed 1999] ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʭȩ⏏[Ray 1995] ɻ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȿʳ͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝ⏋͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɹ 3 ɦɹߕᏝȵჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴ᧟
ᅎɇʶʳɴȡɛɤɩᡴᠶɭɲɤɛဣɴɦȦɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵɰȩࢪՃɌɛɹȴɭȦȩࡸᤋᇕɲែဣȴʰ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹՏɌɛ̶ˎ̜ͩͻˁᅎȦɩ⏋ɗɹᠶဣˁʚɭʠɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋[Saeed 1999] ɫɻ⏋[Ray 1995] ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴմᦏБɭჼБɹປᥒˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩࡸᤋɇʶɩȦʳᩆᜨଝ໬ȵ⏋ɗʶˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴʭɤɩմᦏБɹߕᏝჿᠶ

36) ͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝɭɻ⏋ߕᏝয়ϟᓔɹႅ౅ȵᣂೣˁரњɌ⏋ʢȩႅ౅ȵࡸ᭬ɹϟ෌ˁ᝔ȩϟ෌ߕᏝɹ০িɫȡʳ⏏
ϟ෌ȴʰɹգᇰɻȡʰȴɍʠໆʠʰʶɛւ‫غ‬ɫՕᨗɇʶʳ⏏Υ౅⏋ா߉ȵᇍᅊɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɻ⏋ᣂೣரњᓔɻ⏋ரњɌɛᣂೣɹ፴ܑԒɫᣂᩆΫɹா߉ˁৄȷ‫؝‬ȿʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ϟ෌ᓔɻ⏋ϟ෌ɴହԂɌɛᕶʰɹ֝֐ˁᢦ୊Ɍ⏋ɗɹࢪѝɭɌɩɹ‫ݬ‬ᨢʢ਄ʰʶɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ϟ෌ᓔɻரњɇʶɛᣂೣГΫɹா߉ˁᇍᅊɇɓɛ‫غݭ‬ɻ⏋ɗɹᣳ᧌Օɹ
ா߉ʢৄȷ‫؝‬ȿʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹՏᣂɐʳᣂೣʦ⏋ЈɹН෌⏋҅Ϻɹᣂೣˁьɤɩହᣂˁ᝔ȩ̮ͻ̜̠ͻ˹̺̒ߕᏝɫȡʳ⏏ɐʏɩɹՏᣂᓔɻ⏋ϟ෌ɴؒᅙɐʳᣂൔˁ୫ɦɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ϟ෌ȴʰɹգᇰɻ⏋ȡʰȴɍʠໆʠʰʶɛւ‫غ‬ɫՏᣂᓔɹᬚɫՕᨗɇʶ⏋ா߉ɻՏᣂɹւ‫غ‬ɫ‫ع‬Տᣂᓔȵৄȷ‫؝‬ȿʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɻ⏋᥊ެϺɭɗɹᰘࡹɹᬚɫᐄɽʶʳߕᏝɫ⏋᥊ެϺȵፀΪᓔȴʰᣘԂɌɛ‫ڃڧ‬ɴࢪɌɩᕶʰɹգᇰˁΫώɓɌɛѝൔɫᰘࡹɴࢪɌɩ᢫ެɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏БᩆɹఌଡȦɻ⏋ᑵʱযʏଡȦʦՕւଡȦɴʭɤɩ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏
37) ɛɭȭɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓʦ᧊‫ۊ‬ɻ⏋͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɴʭɤɩ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ [Siddiqi 1983:
15-18]⏏
38)ȏံգࡎ᪃᝔ᠶȑɴɦȦɩɻ⏋
1977; ˵̝͡ 1994␭ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏
␩Sadr
.

239

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ɴɰɹʭȩɲѹ๭ˁేɌɩȷɛȴɴɦȦɩද២ɌɩȦʳ⏏θᓔɹ቉ድɴԊᦲɐʳ႕ਐɻ⏋๴‫ر‬ᇕɲປᥒˁ৔ȼઝᡫɌɩȦʳဣɫȡʱ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ˹˽̘͌ȵɰɹʭȩɴ෯፷ɇʶ
ɩȷɛɹȴɴɦȦɩɹ֪઴ᇕɲ̺ͦ́˽ˁ݄ᬚឿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɭȦȩဣȴʰ߂޴ኍ‫ڗ‬ᇕɫȡʳ⏏
Υ౅⏋ᦏॷᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȷɛృɌȦᩆᜨଝ໬ɹද២ˁ‫˃ي‬ɞʢɹɭɌɩɻ⏋̩ͻ̫ͻ̝߂࡝ɹμആ቉ድ́Ͳ̊ͻȲʭʃ̩ͻ̫ͻ̝͹ͦͻ˽˪ͻ͡ɫ 1995 ॷȴʰᦹᐚᇕɴ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ (Islamic Finance Project, IFP) ɴȲȿʳ՟ೝɹଁഗˁʚɭʠɛ [Vogeland Hayes 1998] ȵȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝʦ
̫͠ͻෙਥɭȦɤɛჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɛɭȷȴʰࡸᤋɇʶɩȦɛᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᓒ࢘ɴ
֓ȭɩ⏋Ӵ႒‫ৄ؜‬ʦӁժ‫ৄ؜‬ɲɰɹృɌȦᩆᜨଝ໬ȵ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹߕᏝჿᠶɴ
ʭɤɩͤ˻̘ˑ͇˹ͻȵήȭʰʶʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᓒ࢘ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
3.2̙ॳേҔҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧњन੃৻ᅩ౓
ፀ 2 ɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȿʳᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɹ‫ک‬ᰍȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ɄɄɫɹᐁ
ཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɹ୭ฌɻ⏋ᣂ྇գᅎɹ֟რਸɭ⏋ɗʶɴʢɭɧȼ‫ؚ‬ᇰɹ೎߂‫׋‬ɫȡʳ⏏ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɭȦȩН෌кɹ০ˁɭɤɩȦʳГΫ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ⏋‫ؚ‬ᇰਸɹ‫ك‬Ϋɭᣂ྇ɹ֟რᇕɲ༎ᅎȵິʠʰʶʳɄɭɻয়းɫȡʳ⏏Υᨆɫɻ⏋ჼБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɻ⏋1970 ॷБГᭇɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɹᢒਐᇕɲࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡʱ⏋ᩆᜨลᬠɹ
ႶጓɌɛ‫ؚ‬ᇰრˁ঎޺ែɌɩɫʢ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჿਥɹࡸჼ઴ɭɌɩɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ઝᒶȵȡʳɹɞɭ39)ɹᓒȭʢȡʳȵ⏋ Υᖔᇕɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɻ⏋‫ؚ‬ᇰਸɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴࢪɌɩȴɲʱచઢɫȡʳ⏏
ɛɭȭɽ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝɴʭʳᣂᩆɹரњӴɹϟ෌ɴɦȦɩɹ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸɹ̍˙̒˪ɻᰈᑢɴ᝔
ʼʶ⏋‫ؚ‬ᇰਸȵ‫׶‬ʉʚʶʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋‫׸‬এɴᣂᩆɹரњˁଠɠՖʳɭȦɤɛɄɭȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦ40)ʳ⏏ ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋޽ȼɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɭປʏɩృᖂֳ֐ɫȡʱ⏋ʭʱʭȦ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸɹࡸჼɴʭɤɩᐁ‫ۊ‬ˁ᥄᧑ɴώɓ⏋޽ȼɹృៀᰘࡹˁკ਄ɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭȦȩϟ੻ɭံᑉɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᐁ‫ۊ‬ɹ֟რਸɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ໶ઝˁଡɤ
ɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ɴʭʳॷ๖ͤͅͻ̜ɲɰɹ޽ȼɹᢧ֭੻‫ݬ‬ȵԇᬖɇʶɩȦʳɄɭʦ⏋AAOIFI ɴʭʳЦ៟‫ݜ‬ྈɹᐏΥɴʭʳᐁ‫ۊ‬ɹᦩ౩ਸɹተѳȵ‫ܒ‬ʰʶɩȦʳɄɭɲɰȴʰៜȭʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹʭȩɲᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɴࢪɐʳᨗૅɹᐄഗ⏋ᐁཕᇕɲ̶̮˝ͻ͇Ͳ˽ɴɦȦɩʢȲȲʞɷ39) 1998 ॷɴ̋͜͡Ͳɫ៯ጓɇʶɛˏ̸͞͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ˁʠȽɤɩɻ⏋1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɹ‫ܕؾ‬ɫɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ହᣂЦ኏ɹ߉ఞɴʭɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸɴࢪɌɩᆄ‫ک‬ȵ୫ɛʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჿਥɹࡸ
ჼ઴ˁᩂែɐʳުȵ⏋ɗɹ៯ጓˁ߂ȷȼ৿େɌɌɛɭᓒȭʳ቉ድʢȡʳ [Malley 2004]⏏
40) Ʉɹёɻ⏋2004 ॷ 9 ೐ɴ⏋ፆᓔȵ˛˻̺̜͹̶ˎ˓˵͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ˁ៮ʶɛɭȷɴ⏋ঃ‫ݬ‬ᨆտᨆᬏɫȡʳ
Abdel Halim Ahmed ລʭʱЯɤɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏

240

ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ᖪ߫ɲధғˁ๿ɐᩆᜨลᬠȵ޽ȼឿʰʶɛ⏏Iqbal ɭ Molyneux ɻ⏋ᐵᣂᅋգᇰრ (Return on
Total Asset, ROA) Ȳʭʃൎςᣂೣգᇰრ (Return on Equity, ROE) ɴɦȦɩ⏋γᅠɹᩆᜨลᬠ
41)

ɹ 1000 ᝔ɹॶ‫ܯ‬ɭ⏋ៀฐɹ߂ȷȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ 12 ᝔ɹॶ‫ܯ‬ˁປᥒɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɗʶɴʭʳɭ⏋ROA ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1990-96 ॷॶ‫⏋ܯ‬1996-2002 ॷॶ‫⏋ܯ‬1990-2002 ॷॶ‫ܯ‬ɹȦɑ
42)ʶˁປᥒɌɩʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹॶ‫ܯ‬ғɹ౅ȵΫ‫܌‬ɤɩȦʳ⏏ Υ౅ɹ ROE ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋43)ȦɑʶɴȲȦɩʢγᅠɹᩆᜨลᬠɹ1000᝔ɹॶ‫ܯ‬ғɹ౅ȵΫ‫܌‬ɤɩȦʳ⏏ ROA ɴɦȦɩʢ
ROE ɴɦȦɩʢθᓔɹेɻʼɑȴɫȡʳɄɭȴʰ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɭɗ
ɹᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɴɦȦɩ‫מ‬ՕɴСɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏
ГΫˁᤑʚȭɛ০ɫ⏋ᐁཕ࡝ȴʰɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɫɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ៿ѝˁ̚ͻ̊ɴʭɤɩ៿ѝɐʳɭȦȩࡸ៷቉ድ [Iqbal and Molyneux 2005] ɹʓȴɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɭȦȩըᏝ೼Иɹάɫ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩࡸᤋɇʶɩȦʳᩆᜨଝ໬ˁ
ɰɹʭȩɴ̚˸˓ͲɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋೚ʚɌȦ֟რਸʦ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸˁࡸჼɫȷʳɹȴɭȦȩჿᠶᇕɲ቉ድɴʢ့ဣȵȡɛʱɻɍʠɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɻ⏋ᦏБᐁཕ࡝ɴȲȿʳ੻‫ݬ‬ɹᐁཕ࡝ʦᩆᜨू࡝ɹʭȩɲ቉ድ᯿‫ݖ‬ɴࣚɐʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɄɫɹ੻‫ݬ‬ɹᯃࢪዌਸʦߕ
Ꮭɹέ࡭ҺਸˁմரɭɌɛᩆᜨߕᏝɹ֟რᇕɲ͍ˡ̢̀͌͹̚˸˓ͲɴɦȦɩɹՕഓଝ໬ȵჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᓒ࢘ɴʢਝᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋[Mills and Presley
1999]ɫɻ⏋ᩆᜨลᬠȵ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴՏᣂˁɐʳʭȩɲᩆᜨߕᏝ⏃͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝ⏆ɴȲȦɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲՏᣂᰎȵϟ෌ᓔɹ͐͞͡͹̩˸ͻ̝ˁᬿȹ⏋֟რᇕɲ֗֐ອ
ྈˁࢷȷՏɓʳȴɴɦȦɩ⏋੻‫ݬ‬ɹᐁཕ࡝ɴȲȿʳ̺͠Ͳ˹̮͡͹˛ͻ˻˙Ͳ̜͐̚͡ˁᅎȦɩՕഓɌɛʱ⏋ɗʶʰˁգࡎЊȷᣂᩆᠭ᧒ɹ‫غݭ‬ɭປᥒɌɛʱɐʳ቉ድȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏

4̝ॳേҔҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧड़ࢂѠёѳѠ࿾౵ᇰೌѱೣ፲ɫɻ⏋ГΫɹࡸᤋΫɹᠩᰍɹரኍɭɗʶɴࢪਝɐʳ቉ድ֪‫ك‬ɹʚɭʠˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ɗʶʰɹ቉ድ֪‫ك‬ɴࢪɐʳଫՠᇕද២ˁ᝔ȩ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲଫՠᇕද២ˁʢɭɴɌɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋˁ‫׃‬ୠᇕɴ୼ȭʳɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛˁரኍɐʳ⏏
4.1̙୊ᅔѠड़ࢂѝലыѽཹནฦৡੱ
ਃഀɹ቉ድɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋๖ɹ 2 ဣɴࢪɌɩଫՠɐʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɻ⏋ೣഀ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȦɩᝠគΥкɫȡʳɻɑɹ 2 ɦɹᠩᰍɴࢪɌɩ⏋ᅵɲ41) Гάɹధғɻ⏋[Iqbal and Molyneux 2005: 79-80] ˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏
42) 1990-96 ॷ⏋1996-2002 ॷ⏋1990-2002 ॷɹγᅠɹᩆᜨลᬠɹΫе 1000 ᝔ɹ ROA ॶ‫ܯ‬ɻ᯶ɴ⏋1.0⎾⏋1.1⎾⏋
1.0⎾ɫȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ 12 ᝔ɹ ROA ॶ‫ܯ‬ɻ⏋1.63⎾⏋1.29⎾⏋1.47⎾ɫȡʳ⏏
43) 1990-96 ॷ⏋1996-2002 ॷ⏋1990-2002 ॷ ɹ γ ᅠ ɹ ᩆ ᜨ ล ᬠ ɹ Ϋ е 1000 ᝔ ɹ ROE ॶ ‫ ܯ‬ɻ ᯶ ɴ⏋15.7⎾⏋
14.4⎾⏋14.9⎾ɫȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ 12 ᝔ɹ ROE ॶ‫ܯ‬ɻ⏋15.33⎾⏋13.13⎾⏋13.83⎾ɫȡʳ⏏

241ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ʳ౅໬ᠶᇕɲˏ̺ͦͻ̍ȴʰɹաǾɹᓒ࢘ȵ᝔ʼʶʳɞȿɫ⏋ɗʶʰˁࡸᤋᇕɲឹᠱɴਝɍɩ
ᐵ‫غ‬ɐʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɻ⏋‫̍ͻ̺ͦˏع‬ɴȲȿʳჿᠶᇕɲᓒ࢘ɴȲȦɩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁෑ঎ɴୈᢒ‫׋‬ɌɛɄɭɫ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȿʳ޽෵ਸʦ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲेᅵȵឿȭɴȼȼɲɤɩɌʚɤɛɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏
ፀ 1 ɹဣɴɦȦɩɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᠦ౩ɫȷʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹఠᒶʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸˁྃɛɌ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋ᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɴʢɭɧȦɛ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸɭ֟რਸɹተ
ѳȵິʠʰʶʳɄɭˁմ፲ɫឿɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ 2 ɦɹᠩᰍɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ա҅ɹ˛ͻ˻˙Ͳ̜ȵɗʶəʶៗໆɐʳʭȩɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɭȦȩ‫ؾ‬Υɹ˛ͻ˻˙Ͳ̜ȵ‫ؾ‬ಁɴៗໆɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁࢪᢒɭɌ
ɛ቉ድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋2 ɦɹᠩᰍɹθጓ‫خ‬ᔨਸɭȦȩࡸᤋɹȩȭɫɹᩂឹɲ‫ک‬ȦɻඖΫɁɴɇʶɩ⏋‫̍ͻ̺ͦˏع‬ȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳᠩᰍɴࢪᢒˁᐈɤɩᓒ࢘ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ߕᏝჿᠶȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹͤ˻̘ˑ͇˹ͻˁᐣ୫Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩᩆᜨଝ໬ɭɌɩ᧟ᅎɇʶɩȦɤɛȴˁᦠȩɄɭɴࢭਥɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹʭȩɴɌɩ᧟ᅎɇʶɛᩆᜨଝ໬ȵ⏋ᐁཕᇕɲࡸ֟ਸˁ೑ɌɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᠶ៷ɻʓɭ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȦɲȦ [Khan 1989: 126]⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋Tariqullah Khan ɭChapra ɻ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹ኏Цᇕɲգ਄ɹ‫ᦽވ‬ˁѦɐʢɹɫȡʳɭᦚ
ʏɩɻȦʳȵ [Khan and Chapra 2000: 10]⏋ɗʶȵɰɹʭȩɲ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɴʭɤɩգ਄ɹ‫ᦽވ‬ɴࢊήɐʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᠶ៷ɻ᝔ʼʶɩȦɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏
Υ౅⏋ᐁཕ࡝ɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴȲȦɩՕഓɇʶʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɻ⏋ɐɫɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɹˏ̺
ͦͻ̍ɹᎀˁᦲ᧌Ɍɛʢɹɹʛˁᐁཕ࡝ɹჿᠶˁஹᅎɌɩ͐̚͡‫׋‬ɐʳɞȿɫȡʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ʍɹͤ˻̘ˑ͇˹ͻɭȦȩঃȦ೼ИˁըᏝ೼ИɭɌɩ⏋ᐁཕ࡝ᇕɲՕഓȴʰ೚ʚɌȦᩆᜨଝ໬ɹர൜ˁɐʳɭȦȩዩෑਸɻឿʰʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ణȭɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭȦȩങᏼʛɫʢɤɩՕഓˁ᝔ȩઝ٢ȵϋɌȼɲʱȵɠɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᐁཕ࡝ɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴȲȿʳ‫؝‬ȿ᤹ᇕɲࠒֳɻ⏋๖ɹʭȩɲჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹႶᕶਸˁᆄ‫ک‬ែɐʳ؏ɌȦଫՠɴʢɦɲȵɤɩȦȼ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɻ⏋ᣂೣςᒶ˹˽̘͌ɹ᧑ԍɴ᧌ȹɲȦɹɫȡʱ⏋ృɛɲᐁཕዊইˁՖʱᬖȼʭȩɲʢɹɫɻɲȦɭᦚʏɩȲʱ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁጩᐷɭɌ
ɛᐁཕɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ர‫ڟ‬ɻ⏋‫ؤ‬Ӵɞȿɹ̜ͤ̒͠˪ɫȡʳɭȦȩʭȩɲଫՠɫȡʳ [Roy1994: 144]⏏
ፀ 2 ɹဣɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᐁཕ͐̚͡ɹୈᢒ‫׋‬ʍɹਚ‫ك‬ਸɹ৔Ȧᐁཕ࡝ɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɞȿɫɲ
ȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴȲȦɩʢჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȿʳ޽෵ਸʦ‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ᇕɲेᅵɹஅᢒȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ȵ⏋ɗɹμਕᇕɲᨆՕʚɫʢȵ๴‫ر‬ᇕɴ෯፷ɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȩ Schacht ɹ࡝ᠦ [Schacht 1964] ɹ೑֟ਸɹද២ɴᤑʛᦉʚɲȼɭ
ʢ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ȵ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲીᓃɭɹᬠѥɹμɫ໬࡝༐ȵ০ଁɇʶ⏋ɗʶȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹៗ242

ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ᨾɹ޴ࢅɴ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȷɛɄɭɻተȴɫȡʳɭȦȭʳ␩ഽย 1998: 296-298␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ɗʶȵࣙᬖɇʶʳ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲીᓃʦ⏋ɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴ৯ᯱɹȡʳ໬࡝༐ɴʭɤɩ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿʳɻɑɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᓒ࢘ɴȲȿʳ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲेᅵʍɹៜ‫ؖ‬ɻዎɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠ‫ަؾ‬ɹ̶ˎ̜ͩͻɹेᅵɴɦȦɩɹ୭௎ɻȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹेᅵȵлɴᅓഀɌɩȦʳȴɴɦȦɩɹៜ‫ؖ‬ȵɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋Ray ɻ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝȵ୙೺֐ɹȡʳߕᏝɫȡʳȴ‫و‬ȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ɗʶˁ୙೺֐ɹɲȦߕᏝɭɐʳឿៗɭ୙೺֐ɹȡʳߕᏝɫȡʳɭɐʳឿៗˁιᒞɇɓɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹेᅵȵɲɕᅊʚʶɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᓒ࢘ɻ᝔ɤɩȦɲȦ [Ray 1995: 51-54]⏏
Ʉɹʭȩɲჿᠶɴʭʳ޽෵ɲࡸᤋ০઴ɹ଴வɭɗɄȴʰɹჿᠶᇕɲද២ȵॕᚚɫȡʳᔘಕɴɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹμɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɭȦȩែဣȴʰɹ቉ድȵᝠࣝᇕɲͤ̾͡ɴɭɰʚɤ
ɩȦʳɭȦȩဣʢ৯ᯱɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲែဣȴʰჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁ୼ȭʳਃഀɹ቉ድɫɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɻ⏋‫ܕ‬ʦ‫ݖܩ‬ɹక໠ᐁཕ኏Цᇕɲ֪઴ɹμɹ 1 ɦɹ̶ˎ˪̊ͻɭɌɩеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȲʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɭЈɹ̶ˎ˪̊ͻɭȦɤɛʭȩɴᬠѥᠶᇕɲᓒ࢘ȵ᝔ʼʶʳɴɭɰʚɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋[Henry andWilson 2004] ɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳ⏋˪˗˙ͻ̜⏋̋͜͡Ͳ⏋̜͡˱⏋̢͖̍˻ˏ⏋˛˻̺̜ɴȲȿʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭ⏋ɗʶɴᬠѥɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ʦቄໞ˹͚̒˪ɲɰɹ‫ܕ‬Ԓ޺ɹక໠ᐁཕᇕɲ֪‫ك‬ɭɹᬠѥਸˁμਕɭɌɛᓒ࢘ˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋[Warde 2000] ɻ⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏋˓͞Ͳ⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ⏋̫̩ͤͻͲɴȲȿʳ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹకፑɭჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɭɹᬠѥˁᦠɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᓒ࢘ɹᩂឹਸɻ⏋ɄɄɫɹଫՠɴʭɤɩࢹɌʢཝɍ
ʰʶʳɄɭɻɲȦȵ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋˁఌȭʳჿᠶɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕेᅵˁᠶ៷ɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɗʶʰɹɇʚɊʚɲక໠ᐁཕ኏Цᇕɲ֪઴ɴʭɤɩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳࡸᤋɹȡʱ౅ᕶкɴɰɹʭȩɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᓒ࢘ȵਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏
4.2̙ॳേҔҩә̴Ӑࣜᄧड़ࢂѠёѳѠ࿾౵ᇰೌѱГΫɫឿɩȷɛଫՠᇕද២ˁᤑʚȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ဤɐʏȷɄɭɻлɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ʚɑჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ޽෵ਸˁ᠗ᡫɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɭᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɹθጓ‫خ‬ᔨਸɴᤑʛᦉʞ቉ድɹέ‫ܧ‬ʦ⏋ɗʶəʶɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴȲȿʳෑ঎ɹჿᠶ‫׋‬ਚ‫ك‬ɹɛʠɴ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹ႕ਐˁ⏋ɗʶʰɹɰɠʰȴɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ȵᩂែɐʳүᯆɴᐈɤɩᠶɍʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋γᅠμɴঃȼࣙᬖɌɩȦʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋȵ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹక໠ᐁཕ኏Цᇕɲ֪઴ʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕेᅵɴਝ
ɍɩ⏋޽෵ɲࡸᤋ০઴ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭˁ୼ȭாɷɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲ቉ድɹჼႥˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼ‫ݖܩ‬ɹక໠ᐁཕ኏Цᇕɲ֪઴ʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕेᅵˁ଴வɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬ਸɭȦȩؒ၇᥍ˁ៯ȿʳɄɭɫ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ਸɭɹሂϣᬠѥɴʭɤɩɗʶə
ʶɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɭᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɹɗʶəʶɹᦠິɹ঎‫غ‬243ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ద1̙ॳേҔҩә̴ӐࣜᄧѠ૰ಭѠഡᄹ౓Ȧȵໆࡴɇʶ⏋ɗʶȵჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ޽෵ਸɴɦɲȵʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ГΫɹʭȩɲ
44)‫ݖܩ‬ਸˁᓒૅɌɛჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ޽෵ਸˁ‫ܒ‬ኍɐʳɭ⏋‫ ܒ‬1 ɹʭȩɴɲʳ⏏

ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ਸˁᓒૅɌɛჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ޽෵ਸˁ଴வɐʳԍкᇕɲଝȵȴʱɭɌɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩ஛ᅎɇʶɩȦʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹेᅵɴመᇿɐʳɄɭȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹ៯ጓಁɴȲȦɩ⏋ȡʳᩆᜨଝ໬ȵɲɕ஛ᅎɇʶɛɹȴɴɦȦɩʦ⏋ɗʶГᭇɹᩆᜨଝ໬ɹգᅎᰈ঎ɹ޴᧦ɹឹ‫⏋܍‬ȡʳȦɻృɛɲᩆ
ᜨଝ໬ɹᬖᇍɹ᧌ዐˁ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ਸ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸ⏋ᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɹ 3 ɦɹᬠѥਸɹμɫᓒȭʳਖឹȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹգᅎᰈ঎ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹ̚ͻ̊ˁឿɩʛʳɭ⏋˓
45)˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴʭɤɩᩆᜨଝ໬ɹգᅎᰈ঎ɴɻ߂ȷɲेᅵȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ Ȧȼɦȴɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɹᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᰈ঎ˁᜨᣂɹүᯆɴ໶ᇿɌɩɗɹᜨᣂᰎɹւ‫غ‬ɹ߂ʚȴɲӃ‫ك‬ˁឿʳɭ⏋ɛɭȭɽ⏋̝̫˓͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɫɻ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɹւ‫غ‬ȵ
80⎾ˁᣳȭɩȦʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɹւ‫غ‬ɻɗʶəʶ 3⎾ɴʢྃɛɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋̋͜͡Ͳ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɫɻ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɹւ‫غ‬ȵ 50⎾ˁᣳȭɩȲʱ⏋ᜨᣂ౅໬ɹ߂ᨆՕˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳɄɭɻ̝̫˓͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳȵ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɻʓɭ˃ɰᅎȦʰʶɑ⏋ȴʼʱɴᢧɹ͠ͻ˽ߕᏝɴᰖаɌɩȦʳ˓˻͑ͻ͞ߕᏝ (’ijārah) ȵ 50⎾ᦏȦւ‫غ‬ˁკ਄ɌɩȦʳ⏏Υ౅⏋‫׌‬ᨆ˽ͻ̋Ͳ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɫɻ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɻ⏋20⎾ɫȡʱГΫɹ 2 ᝔ɭປʏɩԃкɴ‫װ‬ʠʳւ‫غ‬ȵࢸɇȦɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝȵ 60⎾ˁᣳȭɩȦʳ⏏

44) Ʉɹ‫ܒ‬ɭങᏼʛɴɦȦɩɻ⏋
␩ആᬏ 2002␭ɴ઎ˁ਄ɛ⏏
45) Гάɹ̚ͻ̊ɻ⏋[Dawābah 2003: 22] ɴ஥ᥔɇʶɩȦʳ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ع‬ᩆᜨลᬠɹॷ๖ͤͅͻ̜ȴʰ፤Տɇʶɛధ
ғˁؒ၇Ɍɛ⏏

244ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ஛ᅎʦɗɹ޴᧦ɴɦȦɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹ޽෵ਸɹങᏼʛɹμɫԍкᇕɴɰɹʭȩɴ୼ȭɛʰʭȦɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ࡸ઴ᠭീɴʢɭɧȦɛද២ɻЁ৿ɹᠩᰍɫȡʳȵ⏋Гάɫɻɗɹ᭬ɴᓒૅɐʳʏȷဣˁ՞୲Ɍɩʛʳ⏏
ፀ 1 ɴ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ਸɭɹᬠѥɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ʚɑ⏋ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ஛ିʦգᅎᰈ঎ɻɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᐁཕી᝔ʦᐁཕᇍࣙɹ঎‫غ‬Ȧɴ߂ȷȼ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿʳɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋஠ཀྵɹ‫ݖ‬ˁՏɲȦȵ⏋̿͡˹ཱྀ͑ࣳᡉ‫ܕ‬ɻ⏋๴‫ر‬ᇕɴ༠޺ᢼ౫ˁɻɍʠɭɐʳ‫ڧ‬෌ȵᐁཕ༎֪ɹμਕᇕеᒞˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳɛʠ⏋‫ڃڧ‬ɹЇԂʶɹɛʠɹቁೝᇕɲᣂᩆᠭ᧒ɴ‫ك‬ȦɩȦʳ͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝȵ߫˃ɫᅎȦʰʶɛɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʭȩ⏏Υ౅⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳɫɻ⏋ᦅ೴ᬖᇍɹɛʠɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽ɹଝຍɭɌɩ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝȵ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳɭȦȩ቉ድ‫ݬ‬ٚ [Osman 1999] ȵȡʳΥ౅ɫ⏋‫ܕ‬ԒᐁཕɹҪྡྷɴʭʱ߂ៀฐɲቁೝᇕᣂᩆɹᮛឹɻࢸɇȦ[Stiansen 2004] Ʉɭȵ⏋͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɹւ‫غ‬ˁዺՏɇɓɩȦʳɹɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ը঎ᇕɲങᏼʛɴʭʳըᏝɹ‫ک‬ᰍȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋գࡎɴћ୞ɌɲȦჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɻ⏋ɗʶȵ៯ጓɇʶʳ‫ܕ‬ʦ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳ໬ᇕങᏼʛʦգࡎɴћ୞ɐʳᐁཕը঎ɫɻ஁୼ɫ
ȷɲȦʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋޽ȼɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɻ⏋႕ա໬ɹըࡴɭȦȩё޺ᇕɲ
46)০ɫჼ᝔ɹ໬ᇕങᏼʛʦᐁཕը঎ɹμɴᏼʛᦉʚʶɛ⏏ ʭɤɩ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲը঎ᇕɲըᏝȵᩆᜨଝ໬ɹࡸᤋɴʢ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛɭᓒȭʰʶʭȩ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵࣙᬖˁࠃʠɛয়՟ɻ⏋ɗɹࡸᤋȵౖࡔɹಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳᩆᜨ෌֭ɭลᔨᇕɴᨦаɌɩȦɛɄɭȴʰʢៜȭʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᇍࣙʦ᠗ሾ঎ɹ‫ك‬Ϋɴʭɤɩ⏋໬ᇕɲៀըɹᑃ‫ٮ‬ʦᐁཕը঎ȵ޴ࢅɌ⏋ɗʶȵᩆᜨ෌֭⏋ɭʱʼȿᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᅎȦʰʶ౅ɴ‫ؙ‬౱ɇʶɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭ஠ཀྵɇʶʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹգᅎᰈ঎ɹ޴ࢅɴመᇿ
ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨȵࣙᬖɇʶʳ‫ܕ‬ʦ‫ݖܩ‬ɹը঎ᇕɲങᏼʛɭɹᬠѥɴȲȿʳ̋˓̠͊̀͌ˁயȼɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏
ፀ 2 ɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɴȲȿʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᅎȦʰʶ౅ɴɦȦɩɹៜ‫ؖ‬ɴɻ๖ɹʭȩɲɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ߕᏝჿᠶɹᏙᡮ࡝ᇕɲ៎ဣȴʰឿɩჼБɴ႕๾ᇕɲϟᢒɭɌɩ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȦɩᅵɲʳ‫ݭ‬ᯆʦᅵɲʳᇿᇕɴȲȦɩᅎȦʰʶɩȦɛ‫ߕৄ؜‬Ꮭȵ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɭȦȩ‫ؾ‬ɍᇿᇕɹ೺ɴ஫ȭʰʶɩ 1 ɦɹ̩˱ɴ‫ؚ‬ʠʰʶɛɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍᇿᇕɹάɫృɛɴᩆᜨଝ໬‫ަؾ‬ȵጫ‫غ‬ɐʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋Ȧʼɽᩆᜨଝ໬ɹই՞‫׋‬ɭʢៜȭʳϟ઴ȵৄȷᣱɄɇʶɛ⏏ɗɄɫΥᖔᇕɴៜʼʶɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɹ౅ȵ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝʭʱʢʭʱ೚ʚɌȦᩆ46) ɛɭȭɽ⏋1977 ॷɹ˛˻̺̜͹̶ˎ˓˵͡͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɹ៯ጓɻ⏋1977 ॷɹ႕ա໬ፀ 48 ‫ش‬ɹըࡴɴʭɤɩ
‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɛ [Soliman 2004: 270]⏏ʚɛ⏋1983 ॷɹ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ɹ៯ጓɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔໬ɹ
ృɛɲըࡴɴʭɤɩ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɛ [Man 1988: 72]⏏

245

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬

47)ᜨଝ໬ɫȡʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɲই՞‫׋‬ȵɰɹʭȩɲ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɴʭɤɩ᝔ʼʶ
ɛɹȴɴɦȦɩɹද២ɻ᝔ʼʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋Siddiqi ɹ͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɴɦȦɩɹ๖ɹʭȩɲᓒ࢘ȴʰ஠ཀྵȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏Siddiqi ɻ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɭʓʖ‫ؾ‬ᒶɴᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ̫˓˗͹͌ˏ̒˻͑͡ߕᏝ (bai‘ mu’ajjal) ɴɦȦɩ⏋ȋ̫˓˗͹͌ˏ̒˻͑͡ߕᏝɻ⏋ьᅎȵ៰ɇʶɩȦʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ͠˽̜ȴʰ࡭ԃɴ‫؜‬ʱ᭑ȴʶʳɄɭȵ೚ʚɌȦ⏏ɛɭȭ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲᩆᜨଝ໬ȵ໬ᇕɴ៰ɇʶʳɭɌɩʢ⏋ኧ๬ɇʶɩȦʳϟ᯵⏃̫͠ͻෙਥ̆̆ৄᅎᓔ៶⏆ɴ᝔ȷመȦɩɌʚȩȲɗʶȵȡʳʭȩɲʢɹɻኧ๬ɐʏȷɫȡʳɭȦȩ໬ᇕɲ؅հˁ೎ӦӴɴɐʳʏȷɫȡʳȍ[Siddiqi 1983: 139] ɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹߕᏝჿᠶȴʰྲᑶɇʶɛᩆᜨଝ໬ɹμɫʢ⏋႕ɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȵኧ๬ɐʳ̫͠ͻʍɹୄ៘‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᲞȦʢɹȵ֔еɴᒞȴʶʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏គˁᦐɓɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɹ៎ဣȴʰɻ⏋̫͠ͻɹୄ៘‫خ‬ᔨਸȵжȦʢɹʓɰ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɴȲȦɩ஠ߣɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲই՞‫׋‬ȵ᝔ʼʶʳᔘಕɭɌɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹͤ˻̘ˑ͇˹ͻɹ؏ൔ‫׋‬ˁЫȩ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ɹ৯ᯱȵᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹ᧊֪ɹ̺ͤ̄Ͳ˽ɴʢ‫ݖܩ‬ɴʭɤɩ࿣ཁȵȡʳɛʠ⏋ГΫɫᦚʏɩȷɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɴȲȿʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹই՞‫׋‬ɹᓒȭ౅ɹ৯ᯱ֐ʢɗɹʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ᇕɲेᅵɹάɫᓒȭʳਖឹȵȡʳɞʸȩ⏏
ፀ 3 ɴ⏋ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɄɄɫɻ͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɹ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸʦ֟რਸɹ
ਸൔɭ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɹ‫ؚ‬ᇰਸʦ֟რਸɹਸൔɭȵ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ቁೝᇕɲᣂᩆᮛឹɴࢪਝɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɛʠ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴɭɤɩɻቁȦ̊˓͌͹˽̮Ͳɫ‫ؚ‬ᇰˁȡɁʦɐȦᩆᜨଝ໬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋៯ጓᬚʢɲȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠȵ⏋ᐁ‫ۊ‬ˁ౛ȼ᥄᧑ɴώɓʳɛʠɴɻ೎ʢଝ‫ݠ‬Ȧ౅໬ɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȦɩ̘͠ͻ͡ՕᩃɴȲȿʳᮛឹȵ߂ȷȦգࡎЊȷቁೝͦͻͲʍɹᮛឹɭጫ‫غ‬ɐʳɛʠ⏋ʭʱ޽ȼɹᰘࡹˁಔᦲᩆᜨลᬠȴʰ˹̶̜ɇɓʳɛʠɴʢ೑֟ɫȡʳ⏏ᩆᜨߕᏝɴȲȿʳ੻‫ݬ‬ɹᯃࢪዌਸɴɦȦɩɻᰘࡹɹ̶̚˝̜͡͹͠˽˪ȵςឹɲ‫ک‬ᰍɴɲʳȵ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɻቁೝɫȡʱΥ‫܌‬ਸɹߕᏝɫȡʳɄɭȴʰέተࡸਸˁˡʹˎͻɐʳɛʠɹ˱˽̜ȵжȼ⏋ሂࢪᇕɴ֟რᇕɲᩆᜨଝ໬ɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Υ౅ɫ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɻ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜͹̶ˎ˓̠Ͳ˽ɲɰςɴᬏೝᇕɲϟ෌ɴȲȿʳᣂᩆᮛឹɴࢪਝɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɛʠ⏋‫ؚ‬ᇰɻᬏೝᇕɲ̊˓͌͹˽̮Ͳɫࡸჼɐʳ⏏ᰘࡹɭᬠʼʳೝᬚȵᬏೝɴʼɛʳɛʠ⏋‫ؚ‬ᇰɴࢪɐʳέተࡸਸȵᲞʚʱ⏋ɗʶˁˡʹˎͻɐʳɛʠɹ47) Usmani ɻ⏋๖ɹʭȩɴᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ȋ͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɻ⏋ʢɭʢɭᩆᜨଝ໬ɹɛʠɹߕᏝ౅িɫɻɲ
ȴɤɛɄɭˁឿᦣɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ɄɹߕᏝɻ‫׬‬ɴգࡎˁ᧫ȿʳɛʠɹ౅໬ɲɹɫȡɤɩ⏋ჿ઎ᇕɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕ˹˽̘͌ɹࡸჼɹɛʠɹଝຍɭɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ʭɤɩ⏋͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɹьᅎɻ⏋ᐁཕɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ɴ‫ك‬ȿɛΥಁᇕɲʢɹɴɭɰʠʳʏȷɫȡʱ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝȵգᅎɫȷɲȦՕᩃɴᭉࡴɐʏȷɫ
ȡʳȍ[Usmani 2000: 104-105]⏏

246ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

̢͐̊͠Ͳ˫͹˱˽̜ʢ߂ȷȼɲʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝɫɻ⏋؅ჿΫ⏋ா߉ȵᇍᅊɌɛɭ
ȷɴா߉ɹᰎȵரњɇʶɛᣂᩆɹ፴ܑԒɫȡʶɽ⏋ᄐᆎɹɲȦϟ෌ᓔɻா߉ˁዴ‫ݏ‬ʠɐʳਖឹȵɲȦɛʠ⏋ᣂᩆரњүɹᩆᜨลᬠɹ͠˽˪ɻʭʱ߂ȷȼɲʳ⏏ɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋ϟ෌ȵଁ֒Ɍɛ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ 1 ‫܌‬ɹߕᏝɫᘎ߂ɲ‫ؚ‬ᇰˁೝ৺ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ࡸ᭬ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɴȲȿʳᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ஛ᅎɭ᧧ିɴʭʳࡸᤋɻ⏋ГΫɫ୲Ɂɛʭ
ȩɲᡉឹ‫܍‬ɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹȩȭɴଁʱጓɤɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨลᬠɻ⏋ɗɹࡸᤋˁࣙᬖɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᐁཕી᝔ʦᐁཕᇍࣙɹ঎‫غ‬Ȧ⏋ȡʳȦɻը঎ᇕɲങᏼʛɹըᏝɹ৯ᯱˁ৔ȼ‫؝‬ȿɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ਸˁᤑʚȭɛȩȭɫ⏋̫͠ͻɴୄ៘ɌɲȦɭȦɤɛᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ؅հᇕɲ᧟‫غ‬ਸˁᐣ୫Ɍɦɦʢ⏋ᕶʰȵᒞȴʶɛႥ໥ɴ᧟Ɍɛᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸɹͤ̾͡ɹໆࡴɭȦȩଝᐚȷˁ।ɴ
ᑵʱᦐɌɲȵʰ⏋ᩆᜨଝ໬ɹ஛ᅎʦ᧧ିˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳʢɹɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬࡝ɴȲȿʳই՞‫׋‬ɇʶɛ͌̋ͻ̫͞ߕᏝʦ͌˹͑ͻ͞ˡߕᏝɲɰɹᩆᜨଝ໬ˁӦӴɐʳɹȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻ͌͞ͻ̫̩ߕᏝɴʭʳቁೝᇕɲ‫ؚ‬ᇰˁӦӴɐʳɹȴɭȦɤɛˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɹ؅ჿɭ
Ɍɩɻࢪጓɐʳʭȩɲဣˁ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ਸˁᑃ᝛ೳɭɌɩࡸᤋɴ‫ك‬ȿɩ˱ͻ̚ˑ̦ͻ˹͚Ͳˁ᝔ɤɩ
Ȧȼ᧌ዐɫʢȡʳɭៜȭʭȩ⏏ೣዣɫரᣱɇʶɛȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼ
ʛȍɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁ⏋ɗɹࡸᤋˁ൓ॻȴʰఌȭɩȦʳᩆᜨଝ໬ˁଝȵȴʱɭɌɩ⏋ɗʶɴ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦʳɇʚɊʚɲឹ‫ݖܩ⏃܍‬ਸ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸ⏋ᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸ⏆ɹᬠѥɹ˱ͻ̚ˑ̦ͻ˹͚Ͳɹ֪઴ᇕɲ᧊֪кɭɌɩயȼɄɭɫ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫࣙᬖɇʶʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋȵ⏋‫׬‬ΥɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨӉɴɻ‫ؚ‬ʚʱȷʰɲȦ޽෵ਸˁ‫ي׃‬ɌɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɐɄɭȵɫȷʳɹɫȡʳ⏏

мҁѼѝ̆̆࿾౵ᇰೌѱ҄њмщёҔҩә̴Ӑन੃ड़ࢂѠ݆໵౓೎৿ɴ⏋ೣ፲ɫɻೣዣɫரᣱɇʶɛȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛȍȵ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድˁ‫׃‬ௌɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕ቉ድɴࢪɌɩȦȴɲʳࢊήȵɫȷʳȴɴɦȦɩɹᗐॵɹ̺ͦͅͻ˸͡ˁᦚʏɩೣዣˁᬔɍʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭᐁཕɹ៊‫ٮ‬ਸɻ⏋˪͡ˏͻͲɹጟ‫ئ‬ˁؒ၇ɐʳʚɫʢɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌቉ድɹ48)Ԓ޺ɹ޽ȼɹᠶᓔɴʭɤɩ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ɛɭȭɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕ‫ࢃر‬ɹ֓ᚹ‫׭‬ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌႕೑ɹը঎ɫȡʳͩ˪̶ (waqf) ɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȿʳϯழ͹ϣᨢ͹ԗՕᨗɹลᔨȵᐏ‫غ‬ɇʶ⏋ᐁཕ༎֪ȵԓྜྷɴ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ48) ˪͡ˏͻͲɴɻ⏋ᐁཕ༎֪ˁປ‫ۄ‬ɭɌɩѵЖɴɦȦɩ᠝ɤɩȦʳጟ‫ئ‬ȵ޽ȼȡʳȵ⏋ჼγɴȲȿʳᐁཕ༎֪ɹ୭
ᩍˁሁஞᇕɴ୭ኍɌɩȦʳጟ‫ئ‬ʢឿʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ȋѵЖɐʳᓔʭ⏋ȡɲɛȵɛɹᢧᅋˁ⏋έ๭ɴȡɲɛȵɛɹᬚɫ༛ᢹɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ɞȵȲϣȦɹ‫ڵ‬ઝɴʭʳ⏋‫ެڧ‬Ϋɹ‫غݭ‬ɻաɫȡʳȍ⏃ࠨϺጟፀ 29 ፲⏆ɭᦚʏʰʶɩȲʱ⏋Ʉʶɻᕶʰɹ࢏ˁᅊᅋᇕɴьᅎɐʳɄɭˁ஠ߣɌɩȦʳ⏏

247

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬49)

␩֓ᚹ 2002b: 128-130␭⏏ ȡʳȦɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏᐁཕᠶˁࢭᬐɭɐʳ؅໽ψЂɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹԊ೑ɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛ኏Цᬠѥȵ⏋҅ϺɹգैᇕɫลЦςᒶᇕɲ᝔֪ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁཝɍʳɄɭɫ॑‫ݭ‬኏Цɹዊইˁᐣ୫Ɍ⏋ɗʶȵմᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȿʳ‫ڧ‬෌ɹᲞ঎ɲᇍ᧒ˁఌȭɛɭᦚʏɩȦʳ␩؅ 1993: 41-43␭⏏Ʉʶʰɹᠶɻ⏋ᐁཕɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ৲ւɭθᓔɹᬠѥਸɹ႕ਐˁȷʼʠɩᇕተɴኍɌɩȦʳʢɹɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ɌȴɌ⏋ᐁཕ༎֪ɴᬠɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳ೎ʢ߂ȷɲ႕ਐɫȡʳ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹᐁཕ༎֪ɴȲȦɩɰɹʭȩɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦɛɹȴɭȦȩဣɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ਃഀɹᓒ࢘
ɫɻȷʼʠɩ๲ՖʶȵੲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ȵᐁཕ༎֪ˁ஠ߣɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɄɭɻ᠗ʠ
ɩʢ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹᐁཕࡸᤋɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɻʓɭ˃ɰࡪʰʶɩȦɲȴɤɛɭᦚʏʳɄɭɫ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹᐁཕᇕɲઝ٢ɹஜድˁ‫᧫܌‬Ɍɛʱ␩ͦ̋Ͳ̅Ͳ 1978␭⏋ᦥɴ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɴʭɤɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹᐁཕᇕɲᇍࣙȵᭀࢀɇʶɛɭɌɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭᐁཕɹ៊‫ٮ‬ਸɴᅥѳȵɦȿʰʶɛʱɐʳɄɭʢȡɤɛ␩˪͞˗˽ 1944␭⏏մᓔɴɦȦɩɻ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȦɩ̯͓͡ (.hiyal) ɭȦȩ໬ᇕɲ࿃ᔵଝຍɴʭɤɩࡸᣒᇕɲգࡎ
Њȷɹᩆ᪐ᢸҏȵ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭɫ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ȵᲓାȷɴɇʶɛɭȦȩɄɭɻ⏋ϟࡸɹΥү
50)ᯆˁᝠɌɩȦʳɄɭɻተȴɫȡʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲϟࡸˁ᠗ʠɛɭɌɩʢ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ˁ‫᧫܌‬ɐʳଝຍˁᓒȭՏɐ኏Цᇕ˱˽̜ɻံែɫȷɲȦʢɹɫȡʱ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋գࡎˁਐ‫ؚ‬ɐʳɄɭɴɲ˃ʰȴɹଵը֐ȵӈȦɩȦɛɹɫɻɲȦȴɭᓒȭʳᦏ࿚చᩁɹᠶɴʢɭɧȦɩմᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȿʳ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹᐁཕᇕɲઝ٢ˁ
ԗᓒɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɞʸȩ␩ᦏ࿚ 1992: 50␭⏏Υ౅⏋৿ᓔɹʭȩɲ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɭȦȩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ൓ॻᨆՕɴȲȦɩᐁཕɭɹ៊‫ٮ‬ਸˁుɦʭȩɲឿ౅ɻ⏋ᐄ࣌ɹɭɄʸ⏋գࡎȵᐁཕ༎֪ɹ࿅ྜྷໞɹ৲ւˁഗɛɐɄɭˁᦠ᠗ɐʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᐁཕɹႶᕶਸɹࡔ
‫ܧ‬ɗɹʢɹˁ‫ࡴو‬ɌɩɌʚȩɄɭɴɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏏
ჼБɴᇿˁ‫ك‬ȿʳɭ⏋ೣዣɫឿɩȷɛʭȩɴჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɻ⏋̫͠ͻˁգࡎɭ౩ተɴࡴʠɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗʶˁ౩ኍᇕɴக᭑ɐʳ০ɫࣙᬖɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ʢɻʦ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ȵᐁཕᇕɴɰɹʭȩɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɦɹȴɴɦȦɩέ‫ک‬ɴЊɐɄɭɻέ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩɻ⏋մᦏБɹʭȩɴ̯͓͡ɴʭɤɩ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ˁᲓାȷ
ɴɐʳо‫ܩ‬ɻʚɤɛȼࡔ‫ܧ‬ɓɑ⏋ȴɦ̫͠ͻɴୄ៘ɌɲȦᩆᜨଝ໬ɹգᅎɴʭɤɩᐁཕᇕɴʢ
ଁ֒ɐʳɄɭȵິʠʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ణȭɩᣂೣςᒶ˹˽̘͌ȵӦֳɫȡʳჼБγᅠɴȲȦɩ⏋̫͠ͻɴୄ៘ɌɲȦʭȩɲᩆᜨଝ໬ˁᅎȦɩᐁཕࡸᤋˁ᝔ȩઝ٢ˁ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɌɩʢɗʶГ޺49) ͩ˪̶ɭɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌Ⴖᕶɹᢧᅋࢊᦽը঎ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹᢧᅋɹଘ೑ณɹ᝔ьˁҪ๬ɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ᢧᅋȴʰᅊɍʳգᇰˁঃȼલ‫ڵ‬ᇿᇕɴգᅎɐʳɛʠɹը঎ɫȡʳ⏏
50) ̯͓͡ɴʭɤɩᑂʛՏɇʶɛࡸᣒᇕɲգࡎЊȷɹᩆ᪐ᢸҏˁ᝔ȩ౅໬ɹБᝠёɭɌɩɻ⏋˓ͻ̠‫( ৄ؜‬bay‘ al-‘īna)ɭ٧ɽʶʳϠᩂɹ௹ըެᢷߕᏝȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ␩ගೣ 1970: 72-73␭
⏏

248

ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

ɹϺǾɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋ᠦ਄ᇕɲ০ɫኍɐਖឹȵȡʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹઝ٢ˁ‫ک‬ȩɄɭɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ኏Ц๭ᒶɹ؅հɴʢɭɧȦɩ̫͠ͻɹʭȩɲέ๭ɲᐁཕ༎֪ˁ‫ࡴو‬Ɍ⏋࢏ˁ˗Ͳ͇ɴԗՕᨗɐʳɄɭˁჿ઎ɭɐʳఠ೼ᇕɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹᐁཕჿᠶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɓȦɕȦࡸᤋɴȲȿʳ̺̒͠˵ͻ̲˽ɐʳɞȿɫȡʳɭȦȩჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴࢊɓʰʶʳଫՠ␩͐ͻ˽ 2005: 70␭ɴࢪɌɩʢਝፐɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏
ɐɲʼɠ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹઝ٢ˁ‫ک‬ȩɄɭɫ⏋ࡸᤋᇕɲគЊȿˁЫɤɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹᐁཕჿᠶɹ෯፷ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ɗɹʭȩɲ‫ک‬ᰍઝᡫɴࢪɌɩ⏋ೣዣɫரᣱɌɛȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങ
ᏼʛȍɻȦȴɲʳࢊήȵɫȷʳɞʸȩȴ⏏ȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛȍɴʭɤɩʼȴɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹᩆᜨଝ໬ȵࡸᤋɴውɇʶʳɛʠɴɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌⏋ᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ਸɹ 3 ɦɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɹᬚɫ˱ͻ̚ˑ̦ͻ˹͚Ͳȵ᝔ʼʶʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹ᧌ዐɻਲ਼ᓒࡸᱻᇕɴ๖ɹʭȩɴ៨ᦚɫȷʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨˁ஠ᦽ
ɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɻ⏋գࡎɴћ୞Ɍɛᐁཕ༎֪ˁɄʶʚɫ᝔ɤɩȷɩ⏋ɗʶȵ̶ˎͻ˽̜͹̾˽̜ɫȡʳɭȦȩ៎ਥˁ୫ɤɩȦʳᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸʦ‫ݖܩ‬ਸɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɴࢪɌɩ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋȵգࡎɴћ୞Ɍɛ‫غݭ‬ɭປʏɩȦȴɲʳˏ̝ʹˎͲ̘ͻ˻ˁ೑ɐʳȴˁς৓ɌɩȦȼ᧌ዐɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɗɄɫɹς৓ȵᠦ਄ᇕɭɲʱ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴᩆᜨଝ໬ɭɌɩ஛ᅎɇʶ
ʳɛʠɴɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴɗɹᩆᜨଝ໬ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸȴʰྲᑶɇʶɛɭȦȩͤ˻̘ˑ͇˹ͻˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɞȿɫɻέ‫מ‬Օɫȡɤɩ⏋ᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸʦ‫ݖܩ‬ਸɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɴጓɤɛ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ⏋ౖࡔɹգࡎɴћ୞ɌɛࡸᤋɴȲȿʳ̶̮˝ͻ͇Ͳ˽ˁΫ‫܌‬ʳлʰȴɹ০ɹᏢ਄ɹ᝔ȼᠶ୞ȵரኍɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɻ⏋ᩆᜨଝ໬ȵ̫͠ͻɴୄ៘ɌɲȦɭȦȩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ʍɹ᧟‫غ‬ਸˁ؏ൔɴᐣ୫Ɍɲȵʰ⏋Јɹ 2 ɦɹጓ‫ݭ‬ȴʰʭʱ೚ʚɌȦ০ɫ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶʳʭȩɲᩆᜨଝ໬ɹȡʱ౅ˁᦠድɌɩȦȼ⏏ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳ˱ͻ̚ˑ̦ͻ˹͚ͲɴȲȦɩɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ᧌ዐȵᑵʱᦐɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᐁཕ‫غ‬ჿਸʦ‫ݖܩ‬ਸɹጓ‫ݭ‬ˁᏢ਄ɇɓʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫჼࡸᇕɫȡʱ⏋ȴɦࡸᤋɇʶʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸɹᲞȦᩆᜨଝ໬ɹȡʱ౅ˁᦠድɐʳ‫ۊ‬ဤˁՕഓɌ⏋ɗɄɫɹᠶ୞ˁද២ɐʳɄɭʦ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲՕഓʦද២ˁភధ
ɹჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɹࡸᤋɹᬚɫປᥒɐʳɄɭȵ⏋ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȿʳ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹઝ٢ˁሾʳɛʠɹଝȵȴʱɴɲʳɭᓒȭʰʶʭȩ⏏
ᑵʱᦐɌɴɲʳȵ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ˁ౩ኍᇕɴࡺៜɌɩȦʳჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨɴȲȦɩ⏋̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹઝ٢ˁᓒȭʳɄɭɻ⏋೫ΫɹዷᠶɫɻɲȼࡸᤋᇕគЊȿˁЫɤɛჼБɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌Ⴖᕶɹᐁཕ៎ਥˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɛʠɹൔ߫ɹೳషɴɲɤɩȦʳɻɑɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲс෌ˁᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋।ɴ޽෵ɲࡸᤋɭɹᐳ৓ᬠѥˁᐣ୫ɐʳೣዣɫரᣱɌɛՕഓങᏼ
ʛȵ೑֟ɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲᓒ࢘ɭι᝔Ɍɩ⏋մᦏБɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȿʳ̫͠ͻɹኧ๬ɹᐁཕᇕɲઝ٢ˁᓒȭʳɄɭɫ⏋ɗɹჼБᇕɲ႕๾ਸˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭȵ
249

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-2 ‫ش‬ɫȷʳɭɭʢɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᕶкɴԒ‫ܧ‬ɐʳᐁཕɭɹ៊‫ٮ‬ਸɹ൒ਕᨆՕɴࢹɌɫʢᦗʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫɻɲȦȴɭᓒȭʳ⏏

‫̙ۀ‬ᄽ̙ည̙ज़
໖ႌঢညज़౗ೣ͌˽͌͠‫ת‬Ц៱⏏1987⏏ȏ౗ϩࢪ៱͹໶ៗǵᓩ˪͡ˏͻͲ⏃ఒ៝ႆ⏆ȑ౗ೣ͌˽͌͠‫ת‬Ц⏏
ᦏ࿚చᩁ⏏1992⏏ȏ˓˽͌͞᪃᝔ᠶȑᲞ‫ן‬ዥ‫ڧ‬ዀ߂࡝⏏
ᒽᅒǵ๭⏏2005⏏ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹօᦶȑആϴ߂࡝ՏႆЦ⏏
؅໽ψЂ⏏1993⏏ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕᠶȍ഍݄ᮁΪ͹৿ᚹǵ౩ᑂȏϟԎ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹᨊ॑ਸȑ౗ೣ࡝᝗୷ᖂ
Ц⏏
ቄᅒǵᦽ⏏1987⏏ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔͹ᩆᜨลᬠɹ༎֪Ⴅ໥ȑ‫ܕ‬᭬߂࡝‫ܕ‬᭬ᬠѥ࡝቉ድዀ.
㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏1988⏏ȋ˓˽͌͞ံգࡎᩆᜨɹ֪‫ك‬ȍቄᅒǵᦽ͹ᅒμ຦ψ͹๯ᚹॺ໠ȏჼႥ˓˽͌͞ᐁཕȑ౗ೣᢼ౫୷ᖂЦ⏏
֓ᚹǵ‫⏏׭‬2002a⏏ȋ˓˽͌͞᪃᝔ȍ౗ೣ˓˽͌͞‫ת‬Ц͹ऩᅒឨॶ͹഍݄ᮁΪ͹иᚹ๖Პᇺѹȏృ˓˽͌͞
ϟԎȑॶՂ኏⏏
㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2002b⏏ȏ˓˽͌͞γᅠᠶ̜̆̒͠˪˽̊ͻɭɌɩɹኜȑആϴ߂࡝ՏႆЦ⏏
㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2005⏏ȋჼБయ౩ଫՠɹଝຍɭɌɩɹȏ˓˽͌͞γᅠȑ̆ᒽᅒǵ๭ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹօᦶȑɴ៘ᇍɇʶɩȍȏUPȑ34 (10): 31-37.
‫׌‬೴ਜ਼ࡎ⏏2004⏏ȋ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴȲȿʳ˹͑͠ͻˏᩆᜨลᬠಔ‫ؖ‬ɹᔘಕ̆˻͚˪˻͑ˡ̊͡႕աिɹϟёȍȏ‫ܕ‬᭬ᬖᇍ቉ድ̶˝ͻ͌͞ȑ27: 17-35.
˪͞˗˽⏋J. 1944⏏ȏ‫܌‬ఠɹᐁཕҙჿȑࢸകქᮁ͹ནອঀ߄ᨀ៱⏋౩໠ೆଗ⏏
ࢸ೰ǵ໹⏏1994⏏ȋਐգᠶ 2⏃̫͠ͻ⏆ȍा‫׌‬ǵዓᑂȏ๴‫࡝ر‬ϟԎ 1ȑেయ‫⏏ݟ‬㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏1999⏏ȋആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ˁɰȩ୼ȭʳȴ (3)̆˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠȴʰȍܻԒᖪ‫׭‬ᑂȏȃᐵ‫غ‬ᇕ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድȅˁິʠɩ̆ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬Ӊˁଝȵȴʱɴȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏏
㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2001⏏ȋᔪࠓȴǸԊࡔȴ⏱ȏፀΪ᯵ȑȴʰɹ‫ک‬Ȧȍࢸ೰ǵ໹ᑂȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴлȵȲȷɩȦʳȴ⏃‫ވ‬ជ⏆ȑॶՂ኏⏏
ᶌᅒᒭБࡎ⏏1995⏏ȏ‫ڧ‬ϺɛɠɹԊ‫̆ܕٮ‬γᅠ೎‫إ‬ɹ˽ͻ˪⏋ˏͤ̒ͅȑᚹ؅ೆঊ⏏
ගೣԇ᠞⏏1970⏏ȋ͌˽͌͠‫ڧ‬Ϻɹ༎ᤲȍऩᅒឨॶᑂȏ˓˽͌͞ज़‫ܕ‬ɹ᧨ᅋȑॶՂ኏⏏
͐ͻ˽⏋S. B. 2005⏏ȏ̘ͦ͡ˁᓒȭʳ̆˓˽͌͞ςᒶɭଫՠჿᠶȑ೴࣢చ֯៱⏋ʛɐɑೆଗ⏏
๯ᚹॺ໠⏏1988⏏ȋᐁཕɹ˓˽͌͞‫׋‬ˁਚ‫ك‬ɐʳ‫ܕ‬Ǿȍቄᅒǵᦽ͹ᅒμ຦ψ͹๯ᚹॺ໠ȏჼႥ˓˽͌͞ᐁ
ཕȑ౗ೣᢼ౫୷ᖂЦ⏏
NHK ˽̿˹͑͡ȋ˓˽͌͞ȍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜⏏2000⏏ȏ˓˽͌͞࿈༑ȑ౗ೣఔᦢՏႆ‫ת‬Ц⏏
ࣩᩃԒ๭⏏2002⏏ȋ‫ܕ‬᭬˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔‫ת‬Цȍ߂‫߅ٮݻ‬͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹ࢸഌχᅖ͹ആᬏǵᯀ͹ᒽᅒǵ๭͹࣢Ԓ౨ψᑂȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻Ԏȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏏
ͦ̋Ͳ̅Ͳ⏋M. 1978⏏ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭᣂೣςᒶȑ࣢Ԓǵ౼៱⏋࣬໳ೆঊ⏏
˵̝͡⏋M. ̫ͻ˥̒͡⏏1994⏏ȏံգࡎ᪃᝔ᠶȑᶌᅒ޲ᨀ͹࣬ϥǵᓮ៱⏋ೡሾᢆ⏏
ནອǵ࡝⏏2002⏏ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ȍ߂‫߅ٮݻ‬͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹ࢸഌχᅖ͹ആᬏǵᯀ͹ᒽᅒǵ๭͹࣢Ԓ౨ψᑂȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻Ԏȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏏
ആᬏǵᯀ⏏2002⏏ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼȍȏˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድȑ2: 173-192.
ᴚ࣎ǵᲞ⏏2003⏏ȋ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᐁཕը঎ɹࣙᬖ̆˓˽͞ͻ͌᪃᝔ˁμਕɴɌɩȍᮾೠѳ͹ࠊǵࢼμ͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹‫ܮ‬ӯʁʸࡎ͹ᘎǵ᧷࢏͹࣢ࡻѵΥ͹‫ػ‬ឿѩ‫ڈ‬͹‫౅܋‬ᅒႡ১ᑂȏˏ˻ˏృγ250ᬏࣩ⏧ჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᩆᜨ቉ድɹɛʠɹՕഓങᏼʛ

Ꮫ̆॑‫ݭ‬ȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏏
࣢ᅒѩΥ⏏1989⏏ȋ˛˻̺̜̆˓˽͌͞ହᣂЦ኏‫ک‬ᰍȍࡾ໠Υᮁᑂȏμആ̆‫ޅܕ‬ˁᣴȭʳᐁཕȑˏ˻ˏᐁཕ቉ድଘ⏏
ഽย‫׭‬ψ⏏1998⏏ȋ‫ݖܩ‬኏Цɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬̫̆͠ͻɹኧ๬ɭᣀᢸҏˁёɭɌɩȍഌೣࡺᨀ͹࣢ᅒ֯ᖾᑂ
ȏѵЖɹ‫رݖܩ‬ȑ࣢ाՏႆ኏⏏
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