ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬⏎μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡ͹ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹёȴʰ⏎॑ǵाǵӵǵᮁ *Tropical Forest Destruction in a Local Context:
An Example from Cameroon
ICHIKAWA Mitsuo*
The economic crisis and structural adjustment in the early 1990s accelerated
logging operations and agricultural expansion in Cameroon, which resulted in massive
destruction of the tropical forest in the southern part of the country. Even where forest
trees remained uncut, animal populations in the forest decreased considerably owing
to the excessive hunting pressure imposed by commercial bushmeat trading. Suchdeterioration of the forest ecosystem posed global as well as local environmental
problems, and attracted international attention, since when various projects have beenpromoted to save the forest ecosystems in Cameroon. While most of these projects
are financially and organizationally supported by external sources, like similar projects
before them, some are attempting new conservation measures. They emphasize active
participation by local inhabitants, instead of applying a top-down bureaucratic method ofconservation. These projects are, however, facing difficulties for several reasons.
Against this background, this essay first examines the problems involved in theWestern protectionism and nature aesthetics that prevailed in the conservation schemesof the last century. It also demonstrates that the new types of conservation attempts inthe area, such as “community forest” and “adaptive management”, have not yet produced
satisfactory results, due largely to a lack of understanding of the multiplex relationships
between people and nature in the forest ecosystem and of the complex local ethnic
relationships in the area. The important thing is to hold a clear image in which people andforest co-exist in a desirable manner, in addition to securing people's right over the landor compensation for the loss of access to the forest resources. In order to understand therelationships of people and forest properly, and to design a desirable future image, three***ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
Universityೣᠶయɹʢɭɴɲɤɛᠭീɻ⏋యᨆህዀ࡝቉ድᢹជ֖ᩆ‫ݜ‬ᇻ቉ድ⏃ᠩᰍᅱ‫⏧ش‬12371004⏆ɴʭʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏

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॑ा⏧
ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬

types of ecological investigation are proposed here: (1) cultural ecology, to show how
people's life and culture depend on the forest and its resources, (2) historical ecology, toevaluate short- and long-term impacts of human activities on the forest environment, and(3) political ecology, to illustrate the relationship between the forest-related activities atthe local level and the political and economic situations at the national and international
levels.

1/ ૩ႅ෫ٟ͈࡛ે
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ᮒകɻ˱Ͳ˳ᇮ‫ܩ‬ˁμਕɴঃȵʱ⏋ᐵᯆዩȵᏝ 1 Ӝ 7 ‫ן‬Ψ ha⏋ᯆዩȴʰȦȭɽˏ͇̈Ͳा༑‫ݖ‬ɴɦȽγᅠፀ 2 ɹၖय़ᮒകɫȡʳ⏏ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ʦ‫͍͠ˏ׫‬ˡɹၖय़ᮒകɭປᥒ
ɐʳɭ⏋෯ଁปዛɹధʦปᲞ⏋ࣝ෯ᦶɲɰȵປᥒᇕ‫׬‬Ꮴɞɭៜʼʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶɫʢ 1 ha ȡɛʱ
60-70 ዛɹปೠȵᗛʱ⏋ሁ৹ 60 cm ГΫɹ߂৹ೠɞȿɫ 15-16 m3 ɹೳዩˁʢɦ‫ݟ‬ǾɭɌɛගകɫ
ȡʳ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ᮠᬏᰖʦ೑ᤛᰖɲɰɹ‫ړ‬ϖ֪႒ሂȵᢌ࢏ɫ⏋˳͠͞ʦ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɲɰɹᐓྙ‫׶‬ઉዛȵᅊਖ਼ɐʳɄɭɫʢሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹᢌȴɲගകȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴປᥒᇕక੻ȵ࡫ࡴɌɩȦʳˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏋ˤ̓Ͳɲɰɫɻගകቑ‫ޙ‬ȵᘿɌȼᦽ˃ɫȦʳ⏏
ǵˡ͍͡ͻͲɴȲȿʳගകᐵᯆዩɻ 2,000 Ψ ha մ৿ɭ஠ࡴɇʶ⏋ɗɹʓɭ˃ɰȵȦʼʪʳྂ࿅ගക⏃‫ץ‬ᘺᘽਸปകˁ‫ي‬ʞၖय़ᮒക⏆ɫȡʳ⏏1980 ॷȴʰ 1995 ॷɹᬚɴ⏋Ʉɹගȴʰ 200 Ψ haʢɹගകȵ߉ʼʶɛɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴ 1994 ॷɴ CFA ̶͞Ͳɹ߂३ɲՖʱάɁ⏃50⎾⏆ȵ᝔ʼʶ⏋ᥥᦢᢹ͹ϺИᢹɲɰȵሂࢪᇕɴжάɐʳɭ⏋Гմɴɻ˱˽̜ᯆɫ஛፤ȵɭʶɲȴɤɛߡ‫ܩ‬ɫʢФ஛ȵᦽʞʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗˡ͍͡ͻͲɻ⏋̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏ⏋ˤ̓Ͳ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ
ɴ๖Ƚγᅠ 4 еɹೠೳᥥՏ‫ܕ‬ɴɲɤɛ⏏Ф஛ȵ೎Პ࿈ɴ᧒Ɍɛ 1996-98 ॷɴɻ⏋ॷᬚॶ‫ ܯ‬170 Ψ
m3⏋ᩆᰎɴɌɩ 2 Ӝ 3 ‫ן‬Ψ̝͡ʢɹೠೳȵ‫޺ܕ‬ɴᥥՏɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɄʶɻγᅠɹೠೳᅋՏᲞɹ
10 Օɹ 1 ɴ᧒ɐʳᩄɫȡʳ␩Bikie et al. 2000␭
⏏ʚɛ⏋1959 ॷɴɻᐵගകᯆዩɹʼɑȴ 8 ⎾ɴɐȹɲȴɤɛФ஛‫ݖܩ‬ȵ⏋1999 ॷɴɻ 76⎾ɴʢ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋০িᇕɴɓʭѳᡸ‫ך‬ɴɲɤɩȦʳɹɻʼɑȴ 6 ⎾ȡʚʱɫ⏋ɐʏɩˁ‫غ‬ʼɓɩʢ 140 Ψ ha ɴɐȹɲȦ⏏
ǵˡ͍͡ͻͲɴȲȿʳගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɴɻ⏋߂ៀฐɲФ஛ɞȿɫɲȼ⏋1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɹᐁཕ‫׶‬ลɭɗʶɴɦɧȼ෯ᦶఒᯊȵ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɌɛɭȦʼʶʳ␩Sunderlin et al. 2000␭⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɫ
ɻ 1991-92 ॷɴ⏋IMF ɭγ᪃ɹ‫֐ܦ‬ɴʭɤɩԇԊᨆᬐɹᮄᅎᓔȵཝʰɇʶ⏋1993 ॷɴɻᣀᩆȵ߂३ɴˡ̜̒ɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋1983 ॷɴɻ 7 ⎾ɞɤɛᨊ॑ɹ߉෌რȵ 1994 ॷɴɻ 24⎾ɴ᧒Ɍ⏋ᢩ‫ࣝܐ‬ɻз຦ɹ 20⎾ɴʚɫΫ౥Ɍɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛᨊ॑ɴȲȿʳᅊ༎೼Иɹੲ‫׋‬ɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ɗʶʚɫɻᨊ॑ʍ༑ՏɐʳΥ౅ɞɤɛϺ‫ؤ‬ȵᦅ೴ɴ᧰༑ˁɻɍʠɛ⏏ɗʶГմɻॷᬚ 0.7⎾ʓɰɫȡɤɛᦅ೴Ϻ‫ؤ‬ɹ‫֓ވ‬რȵ⏋ᐁཕ‫׶‬ลГᭇɹ 10 ॷᬚɴɻ 4.1⎾ɴΫ౥Ɍɛ⏏ɭȼɴ 1993 ॷГᭇɹ 5 ॷᬚɴɻ⏋ᦅ೴ʍɹውԂɹ౅ȵውՏʭʱʢ޽ȼɲɤɛ‫ݖܩ‬ʢȡʳ␩Sunderlin et al. 2000␭⏏
ǵϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ‫ވ‬ȭɛᦅ೴ɫɻ⏋ˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɲɰɹᥥՏᅎɹปೠс႒ȴʰ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳɲɰɹ
293

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ᕶᐌȲʭʃ‫ܕ‬Ԓ༥ᢹᅎɹᰩషɹᅊᅋɴᦅ෌ɹᩂဣȵውɇʶɛ⏏‫֓ވ‬ɌɛϺ‫ؤ‬ˁఌȭʳɛʠɴʚɑ
ᕶᐌᅎɹᰩషȵਖឹɫȡɤɛɄɭɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᦅ຦ᕶ᤹ȵѝൔɹέ࡫ࡴɲᥥՏс႒ʭʱʢ⏋‫ܕ‬Ԓɫተࡸɴެʶʳᰩషɹ౅ȵ೑գɭʛɩ⏋ɐɫɴȡʳˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɹᅣˁɗɹʚʚɴɌɩ⏋ᰩᅎс႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ɹɛʠɴృɌȦᓚ‫ܩ‬ˁՖʱᬖȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ᐁཕ‫׶‬ลʦ෯ᦶᠭ఩ɴʭɤ
ɩʢɛʰɇʶɛᦅ೴Ϻ‫ؤ‬ɹ‫֓ވ‬ɭᦅ෌০઴ɹ޴‫׋‬ȵගക༥߉ɹΥ‫܍‬ɭɲɤɛɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ᖒዷԠሎʦ᝚౰ᅙӉɹՕഓȴʰ⏋1986 ॷɹᐁཕ‫׶‬ลГᭇ 10 ॷᬚɹගകཝࢹრɻ⏋ɗʶГմ
ɹ 10 ॷᬚɹ 10 ҆ɴʢ᧒ɐʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵФ஛ʦᓚ‫׋ܩ‬ɴʭɤɩගകᯆዩȵཝࢹɌɩȦʳɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭឿȴȿΫɻጓ༐ɲගകȵ๿ɤɩȦɩʢ⏋᧌րɲႵჃ‫ܦ‬ɲɰɴʭɤɩȋගകɹዷ༃‫׋‬ȍȵᦽ˃ɫȦʳɭɄʸʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏
˱Ͳ˳ᇮ‫ܩ‬ɹ‫౅ܩ‬ɫɻჼ‫ܧ‬ʢɲȲ⏋1 Ϻ 1 ౗ॶ‫ ܯ‬100 g մ৿ɹვᔀȵ༥ᢹɇʶ⏋з຦ɹௌ‫؜‬ɐʳ̊Ͳ̮˪ᣒɹ߂‫ץ‬ˁʚȴɲɤɩȦʳ␩Wilkie and Carpenter 1999␭⏏ၖय़ᮒക‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ̓˛̓˛̫˛ɹᅊਖ਼ʦ႑ᗳ‫ܩ‬έ᣸ɲɰɹɛʠ⏋Υᖔɴࢃᅨᰲ᰸ɻᇵ˃ɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹз຦ɴɭɤɩ
ვᔀɻ⏋έ᣸Ɍȵɠɲ̊Ͳ̮˪ᣒɹњᐌ྇ɭɌɩᩂឹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ᦏॷɹᨊ॑
‫׋‬ʦɗʶɴЫȩගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɴʭɤɩᕶးɭɹஞ៘ˁ߉Ȧɦɦȡʳз຦ɴɭɤɩ⏋ვᔀɻ⏋ࢃᅨɹᔀʦ᳋ɲɰȴʰɫɻ਄ʰʶɲȦȋᩃᅊɹ֐ȍˁήȭʳʢɹɭɌɩ႕աɲѝғˁЊήɇʶɩȦʳ⏏߂ȷɲᨊ॑ɹз຦ɻ⏋၁ɫၭɌɛ‫ܔ‬Ȧვᔀˁႌᔀʦᢑᔀɲɰʭʱʢ߫ʛ⏋ʼɊʼɊᲞȦᩆˁଡɤɩ
ᢷȦິʠɛʱɐʳ⏏ვᔀɹϯ౫ᕶкɻГմȴʰȡɤɛȵ⏋೎ᦏɫɻვᔀɹ༑ᦲᩄ͹༥ᢹᩄɭʢɴ
‫֓ވ‬Ɍ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ȵୟ߂ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ԓ଍ʦɗʶɴЫȩᐁཕɹཌྷϕ⏋˓Ͳ̶͞ɹੲ‫׋‬ɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋Ʉ

଎!2!ȁ΃ισȜϋ൐ධ໐̤̫ͥͅুட༗ࢌߊ
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॑ा⏧
ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬ʶʚɫᦅ೴ɴȲȿʳςឹɲჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɫȡɤɛˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɹՏᗼȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɴɲʱ⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩვᔀȵଝᦏɲჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹʭȩɴ⏋ᮄᅎᠭ఩ʦᣀᩆˡ̜̒ɲɰ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ෯ᦶᠭ఩ɹ৯ᯱɴʭɤɩᨊ॑ȴʰᦅ೴ʍɹϺ‫᧰ؤ‬༑ȵᣱȷɛɭɄʸɫɻ⏋ɗʶȵɇʰɴვᔀɹϯ౫ɴ୑᥂ˁȴȿɩȦʳ⏏
ǵႵჃȡʳȦɻვᔀɹϯ౫ɻ⏋ᣀ֝ӈɲɰʭʱ޽ȼɹჼᩆ‫ؚ‬ԂˁʢɛʰɐɭȦȩ‫ݬ‬ٚʢȡʳ⏏μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹ˸Ͳˤ - ˵Ͳˤ (Dzanga-Sangha) ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɹЊᦏɫɻ⏋ႵჃɴʭɤɩ 1 Ϻॷᬚॶ‫ܯ‬400-700 US ⎼ˁ਄ɩȦʳȵ␩Noss 1998␭⏋Ʉʶɻԇ‫ܟ‬ᡰҺ‫ڊ‬ɹᣀᩆɭ‫ؾ‬ፈʚɛɻɗʶГΫɫȡʳ⏏
ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹ˻͑ (Dja) ѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹٞᦇɫʢ⏋ႵჃɻ̩Ͳ̊ͻ 1 Ϻȡɛʱॷᬚ 650 US ⎼ʢɹ‫ؚ‬ԂˁʢɛʰɐɭȦʼʶʳ␩Ngegues and Fotso 1996␭⏏Ʉʶʰɹёˁʛʳɭ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢቁೝᇕɴʛ
ʳȴȹʱ⏋ႵჃɻɄɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻȷʼʠɩᲞ‫ؚ‬Ԃɹ༎֪ɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ‫ڧ‬෌ᇕႵჃɹ༎ᇍ‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋֪႒҅кᒴɹཝࢹȵ߂ȷɲ‫ک‬ᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏˱Ͳ˳ᇮ‫ܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹႵჃɴʭɤɩගകਸˏͲ̘ͦͻ̺ᰖȵ‫ץ‬ཝɌɛɭȦȩ‫ݬ‬ٚʢȡʳ␩Hart
2000␭
⏏ɭȼɴ˳͠͞͹̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɲɰɹዎࢹዛʦ⏋ᢒɲɰɹ߂݀‫ړ‬ϖᰖɹᐓྙȵ‫׶‬ઉɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ֪႒ɻȦɑʶʢᑢຂᦵ঎ȵᧆȼ⏋ɗʶɞȿႵჃɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿʦɐȦɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɹᅊ઴࡝ᇕ೼И⏋ɐɲʼɠᅊ႒޽෵ਸɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ȵɗʶɴ୑᥂ˁȴȿɩȦʳ⏏႕ࡴɹዛɹʛ
ˁࢪᢒɭɌɛႵჃɫɻ⏋ႵჃ‫ܦ‬ɴʭɤɩ֪႒ɹᅊਖ਼ࢌ঎ȵཝࢹɐʳɭ⏋ႵჃ֟რȵάȵɤɩʦȵɩɻႵჃᕶкȵఔඉɇʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ޽ధɹዛȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳၖय़ᮒകɫɻ⏋ЈɹႵჃࢪᢒȵ‫מ‬Օɲࢌ঎ɫᅊਖ਼ɐʳȴȹʱႵჃȵɦɧȿʰʶʳ⏏ɗɹ᧌ዐɫዎࢹዛɴՏЦȭɽ⏋ʢɠʸ˃ɗʶʰʢႰʼʶʳɹɫ⏋ᑢຂɹᧆȦዛʦ߂݀ዛȴʰ༥ྙɌɩȦȼɭȦȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛႥ໥ˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɹѳᡸ༎֪ʢ༎ᇍ‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ᦏॷɹӃ‫ك‬ɭɌɩɄʶʚɫɭɻᅵɲɤɛ০ɫɹѳᡸɹਖឹਸȵ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ਃഀ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɹቑ‫ޙ‬ɭȦȭɽ⏋‫ܩ‬ჽ߂ຩɴࢪɐʳੲ৯ᯱ⏃ཧಣ‫⏆׋‬ʦᅊ႒޽෵ਸ⏃᧨Шࡎ྇⏆ɹ༥߉ɭȦɤɛ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲ៎ဣȴʰ‫ک‬ᰍɭɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɞȴʰɄɗɗʶɻ⏋ȋ‫ܩ‬ჽᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍȍɭȦʼʶɩȷɛ
ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȋ˫ͦͻ̫͡͹˱͐Ͳ̀⏃ԃϺᰖɹԊ೑ᣂᅋ⏆ȍˁࡪʳɛʠɴ⏋ɐʏɩɹϺᬚ༎֪ˁக᭑Ɍɛȋᩃᅊɹූ‫ܟ‬ȍˁɦȼʳɄɭȵਖឹɞɭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ‫إ‬Ԏᇕɲѳᡸςᒶ
(protectionism) ˁ˫ͦͻ̫̄͠ͻ˹͚ͲȵᦽʞჼБɴ‫غ‬ʼɓɩˏͤͲ˻Ɍɛᓒȭ౅ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɄɴɻ߂ȷɲ‫ک‬ᰍȵࡑʚʶɩȦʳ⏏‫ܩ‬ჽៀฐɹ‫ک‬ᰍȵɗɹʚʚ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹ‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶʳ
ʓɰ⏋γᅠɻ‫ܯ‬ᣒɫᐏ‫غ‬ɹɭʶɛʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ᕶးѳᡸˁުᲞɴς৓ɐʳɹɻ⏋ɛȦɩȦȋ޺ᨆȍɹ⏋ȋ‫׌‬ȍɹγᅠɹϺᬚɫȡʳ⏏ჼ‫ܩ‬з຦ɴɭɤɩɗʶɻ⏋ȋɗɄɴз˃ɫȲʰɑ⏋ณգʢʢɛɲȦ޺‫ܕ‬ϺȵЈϺɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɴᬠɌɩ‫ؤ‬ˁ୳ʞȍɄɭɞɭ౱ʳɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ɭʱʼȿ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹʭȩɲ‫ܩ‬ჽᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹ‫׶‬ลˁʢɛʰɌɛɗʢɗʢɹ؅‫܍‬ȵȋ‫׌‬ȍɹᅋ෌య౩ɭ⏋ȋ‫׌‬ȍɴʭʳඨ຦‫ܩ‬ɹ‫ߥؚ‬ɴȡɤɛɄɭ␩‫إ‬ा 2001␭ˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲଫՠɻʢɤɭʢɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
ǵɌȴɌჼ‫ᦽܧ‬᝔ɌɩȦʳʭȩɲගകቑ‫ޙ‬ʦගകɹዷ༃‫׋‬ɻ⏋ɗɄɴзʞ‫ݖܩ‬ɹз຦ᕶ᤹ɹᅊ
295

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬༎‫ݜ‬ᇻˁᔪȴɌɩȦʳ⏏৳ʰɹᅊ༎ɭయ‫׋‬ˁఌȭɩȷɛ္ᅣᦅᓚʦႵჃ༎֪ȵ୫ᐚ‫خ‬ᔨɲͤ̾͡
ˁᣳȭɦɦȡʱ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩ৳ʰɹᅊ༎ᕶкȵᦏȦࢰഀɴጓɠʪȴɲȼɲʳɭȦȩ‫׶‬ลˁᦎȭɩȦʳ⏏з຦ɴɭɤɩගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɻ⏋ȋ‫ܩ‬ჽᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍȍɭȦȩʭʱȋ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍȍɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ගകɴћࡔɌɩᅊ༎ɐʳз຦ɴɭɤɩ⏋ȋᩃᅊɹූ‫ܟ‬ȍ‫׋‬ɻ⏋ᅊ༎ɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻȵռߥɇʶʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɭ޴ʼʰɲȦ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻɞȴʰ⏋ਃഀɹᕶးѳᡸɹ̮̋͞˓͌⏮ȋᩃᅊɹූ‫ܟ‬ȍɹ៯ጓɴȴʼʳ⏋ృɌȦ০ɹᕶး៎ɭѳᡸɹ͐̚͡ˁ෯፷ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ගȴʰϺᬚˁக᭑ɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ගɹμɫϺᬚɭᕶးȵԊᅊɐʳʭȩɲගകѳԃɹ͐̚͡ɫȡʳ⏏ᕶးѳᡸɴɦȦɩɻ೎ᦏɇʚɊʚɲ᠅ʛȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ʼʶʼʶɻʚ
ɞᕶးɭϺᬚɹ೚ʚɌȦᬠѥɴɦȦɩ౩ተɲ˓͍ͻ˻ˁʢɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ᕶးɭϺᬚȵԊᅊɐʳγᅠˁተጓɐʳɄɭ⏋ɗʶɻȋ‫إ‬ԎᇕɲȍᕶးѳᡸςᒶᓔɴȦʼɓʶɽͅ˽̜͹̢͐̋˽̜ɹॽ઎
␩Attwell and Cotterill 2000␭ɲɹȴʢሾʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌࢹɲȼɭʢᕶးѳᡸˁᓒȭʳɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛ೚ʚɌȦγᅠɴɦȦɩɹ˓͍ͻ˻ˁ౩ተɴɌɩȲȼɄɭȵᩂឹɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶˁฐᏮɐʳȩȭɫ⏋‫ݖܩ‬቉ድȵʁɭɦɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁரњɐʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗʶȵ⏋ኽȵ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድɴɦɲȽॕ೚ɫȡʳ⏏

2/ ুட༗ࢌএே͈ठ࠿൦
ǵਃഀɹᕶးѳᡸਲ਼઎ɹ൓ঈɴɻ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶး៎⏋ɐɲʼɠȋଝɦȴɑɹᕶးȍˁᕸᲞɹʢɹ
ɭɐʳᒭઝᡫȵȡʳɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ɗɄɫʚɑ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶးᒭ࡝ɴᬠɐʳ Crandell␩1993] ɹᓒ࢘ɭ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹᕶးѳᡸɴᬠɐʳ Neuman␩1998␭ɹᠶᓒˁؒ၇Ɍɦɦ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶး៎ɭɗ
ʶɴʢɭɧȼȋ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ȍ⏮ȋᩃᅊɹූ‫ܟ‬ȍɹ෯઎ɴɰɹʭȩɲ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡʳȴˁද២ɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏
ǵჼБɴȲȿʳᕶးѳᡸɹጩᇕɲᝠჼˁ⏋ɛɭȭɽˏ̶͠ˡɹ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɴʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ঃ߂ɲ˵̫Ͳ̠ɫ੭းɭᗳˁɻʞ೑ᤛᰖɹᒴʶ⏏ɗʶˁᗛʛȴʰȩȴȵȩ͞˓ˠͲʦ̍ͻ̊ፈɹ஁ᰩვ⏏৳ʰȵᰩȦ๿Ɍɛᔼᔀɴᒴȵʳ̩˓˛̠ʦ̩˰̊ˡ⏏Ʉʶʰɻᗮɹᬚɹ̘̲ͤʦ៎ӵͅ˽̊ͻɲɰɫȲɲɍʛɹӵಕɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɄɴɻȴɲʱࡴ݀‫׋‬Ɍɛˏ̶͠ˡɹ˓͍ͻ˻ȵᝠʶɩȦʳ⏏˵̫Ͳ̠ɫɻ⏋ɐʏɩȵᕶးɹ‫ۊ‬ʛɹʚʚɴࣙᬖɌɩȦʳʭȩɴʛȭʳ⏏ɄʶɄɗȵី๘γᅠȵˏ̶͠ˡɴິʠɛȋჿ઎ɹᕶးȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɫȡʱ⏋ȋˏ̶͠ˡɹȡʳʏȷࠒȍɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɄɫӈȼϺᬚɹࠒɻᇖံɫȡʱ⏋ȴɦɩɻɗɄȵ႑ᅨ຦ɹᅊ༎ɹᖏ‫د‬ɫȡɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸʢ᭯ᚂɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵCrandell␩1993␭ɴʭʶɽ⏋‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ˁჿ઎ᇕɲᕶးɭɐʳʭȩɲី๘ɹᕶးᒭ࡝ɻ⏋17 γᏛГᭇᇵ˃ɴயȴʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛᰟಕᅙɴᅓഀɐʳ⏏য়ಁɹᢵ౏ʦ֤ᖂɌɦɦȡɤɛμᅋ᭥Ꮹɻ⏋ᐒᅙɴயȴʶɛʭȩɲಕ៎ˁჿ઎ᇕɲᕶးɭᓒȭ⏋ɗʶˁິʠɩోɴՏɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɠʬȩɰΥ३ɹᐒˁʛʳʭȩɴᕶးɴȋങ⏮‫ޅ‬ᅠȍˁ៯ȿ⏋ɗʶˁ޺ᨆȴʰ᫾ᣌɌɛ⏏৳ʰɴɭɤɩᕶ
296

॑ा⏧
ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬းɭɻɦʚʱ⏋ಕ៎ɫȡʱ⏋ȋՕᮐȍɌȋ៎࢘ȍɐʳࢪᢒɫȡɤɛ␩Williams 1973␭⏏ᕶးɻ⏋ਢ
᧟ɲ᥂ዿȴʰᦲʱɐȵʱɴሖʠʳᵶɌȷಕᖬɭɌɩкᱻɇʶʳʢɹ⏋ȦȦȴȭʶɽȋ޺ᨆȍȴʰഀɛᓔɹ᫾ᣌɹࢪᢒɭɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻȋԒᨆȍɹ࣎зᓔ⏮ᅊᅋᓔɭɻᅵɲʳᕶးɹкᱻɫȡɤɛȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲᒭᇕ᫾ᣌɹࢪᢒɭɌɩɹಕ៎ɹଁጓɭɭʢɴ⏋ȋᒭᇕɲȍᕶးɭȋࡸ᭬ᇕɲ⏃ᅊᅋɹ‫ݭ‬ɭɌɩɹ⏆ȍᕶးȵύᮐɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋Ϻဤɹ‫˃ؖ‬ɫȦɲȦᕶး (pristine nature)ȵჿ઎ᇕɲᕶးɭɇʶɩȦɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˡ͖̍͡͞͡͹˽̊̚ˑͻ̀ᰟɴȦȭɽ⏋য়ಁɹᢵ౏᭥Ꮹ⏃ɹɠɴɻμᅋ᭥Ꮹ⏆ɴɭɤɩ⏋ईᲞɲᕶးɹ᫾ᣌɭᣊᒭɻ⏋ᕶैɹ᭥Ꮹᇕˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ
̘ˑˁተጓɐʳลЦɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ Neuman␩1998␭ȵ୭௎ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ᐒᅙᇕɲᰟಕˁິʠ
ɩয়ಁɹᢵ౏ȵ᝔ɤɛో᝔ (Grand Tour) ɻ⏋ʦȵɩ߂ᝓ‫׋‬Ɍɛ̠˹͚̠̮͡ͻ˪͹̓ˏͻɴৄȷᐙȵʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲី๘γᅠɹᕶးᒭ࡝ˁᔘಕɴ⏋19 γᏛɹ৿‫⏃ץ‬1872 ॷ⏆ɴγᅠ೎՟ɹ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ȵˏ͍͠ˡɹ˓˛ͦͻ˽̜ͻͲɴ៯ጓɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋Ʉɹ͐̚͡ɴɌɛȵɤɩ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɲɰ⏋γᅠ‫ܩع‬ɴ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ȵ៯ጓɇʶɩȦɤɛ⏏
ǵ19 γᏛ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰˏ̶͠ˡɴᦽՏˁࠃʠɛី๘ɹඨ຦ᓔɛɠɻ⏋ȋᩃᅊᇕɲᕶးȍˁɗɄɴឿɩ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹᒭઝᡫɴ০ˁήȭʭȩɭɌɛ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴɻ⏋ೣ‫ܕ‬ɫɻɭȩɴ߉ʼʶɩɌʚɤɛȋᩃᅊɹಕ៎ȍȵȡʳɭʛɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻ⏋ೣ‫ܕ‬ɐɲʼɠᕶՕɛɠˁȋయ‫׋‬ȍɹүɴȲȷ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ˁȋᕶးȍɹүɴȲȼɭȦȩ৳ʰɹϠӯᠶᇕࢪᒞȵ‫ؙ‬౱ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ȋଝɦȴɑɹᕶးȍɭɇʶɛಕ៎ɴ⏋лγᏛɴʢʼɛɤɩ᣸ᤄˁ๿Ɍɩȷɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɹз຦ȵȦɛɭȦȩϟࡸɻʚɤɛȼᰘ
ૅɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵȋჿ઎ɹᕶးȍɭɌɩɹԇ‫ܟ‬ɹ៯ጓɴɻ⏋ɗɄȴʰϺᬚ༎֪ˁக᭑ɐʳɞȿɫɻ‫מ‬Օɫɲȴɤɛ⏏৳ʰɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁɗɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɹ๴‫ر‬ȴʰ༥ɌؑʳɄɭȵਖឹɞɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃ɗȩɌɛɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɲɹɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɻʢɭʢɭϺᬚɹଝȵ֓ʼɤɩȦɲȦዷᇐɹᩃᅊɹ‫ܩ‬ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴඨ຦ᓔɹయ‫׋‬ᇕ⏋ᐁཕᇕఌᨗȵ᢭਒ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɗʶʰȵయ‫׋‬ᇕ⏋ᅊᅋᇕɲዷᬚɴ޴ȭʰʶɩȦȼ⏋ɭȦȩ๴‫៎ر‬ȵȡɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɻɄȩɌɛ๴‫៎ر‬ɹʢɭɫ⏋ȴɦɩඨ຦ᓔ
ȵ᧠ᧇɌɛ؅՟ᇕಕ៎⏮ᩃᅊႥ઴ˁ៨ਥɐʳ᧨ᅋɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋ɄɹʭȩɴϺဤȵக᭑ɇʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋য়՟઎ࡴɌɩȦɛɹɭɻ‫ࢪؙ‬ɹ౅‫ك‬ɴᕶးɹ޴‫׋‬ȵᦽʞɄɭʢȡʳ␩Neuman 1998␭⏏ᕶးɹȋ߫ʚɌȦȍ᧊᝔ɴɻɌɽɌɽઝ‫ܒ‬ᇕ⏋ᯃઝ‫ܒ‬ᇕɲϺဤɴʭʳЂԂȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏˓˛ͦͻ˽̜ͻͲԇ‫ܟ‬ɫɻ⏋ᒭɌȦගകಕ៎ˁᐣ୫ɐ
ʳɹɴȡʳዐ঎ɹᩃတɹᇍᅊȵਖឹɞɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᩃတɻ߂ᩄɹᶌȼ္ȿɛೠˁ๿ɐ⏏ᶌɄɁɹೠȵጓɠιʉӵಕɻɰȩʛɩʢჿ઎ɭɇʶɩȦʳȋᐒᅙᇕɲᕶးȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɴ‫غ‬ᕹɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫԇ‫ܟ‬য়࣌ɻᩃတɹᇍᅊˁȲɇȭʳ஢ᒞˁɭɤɛɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ᩃတȵଵȭʰʶɛɛʠɴЁ঎ɻ߂ᩄɹഞʶೠȵ‫ݡ‬ዩɌ⏋ɗʶʰȵᕶးᇍတɌɩଝȵɦȿʰʶɲȦ߂တϟȵᇍᅊɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɲჼᢒɻȡɠɄɠɫ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ́ͤͲ˰̘̒ˑ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ
297

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬‫ܟ‬ɫʢ⏋ᮁ߂ɲሖ೚ȵූɌʠʳᗳ؅ȴʰࢃᅨɭ႑ᅨ຦ȵக᭑ɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ࢃᅨɴʭɤɩᅊᔒȵଵȭʰʶɩȦɛปೠȵែᅠˁߺɁʳʓɰɴᅊȦᗛɤɛ‫ݭ‬ଘȵȡʳɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹՏഀϟɻ⏋ȋჿ઎ɹᕶးȍˁᐣ୫ɐʳɴɻ⏋ɗʶˁఔᒞɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɌɽɌɽϺဤɹЂԂȵਖឹɞɭȦȩɄɭˁ႒᠝ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻʚɇɴ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒፬ჿ (wildlife management) ɭȦȩሺሄˁ‫˃ي‬ɞෙਥȵኍ‫ڗ‬ɐʳɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏

3/ ૧̱̞ࠁ͈ুட༗ࢌ͈ຈါ଻
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɹ๴‫ر‬ɻ⏋‫ܩܤ‬ɭᣂ྇ˁीʳඨ຦‫ܩ‬కঌɭ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹࢪጓɹ๴‫ر‬ɫȡɤɛ⏏1960 ॷБɹˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹႶጓГᭇʢ⏋Ʉɹࢪጓɹ๴‫ر‬ɻɗɹʚʚᤑ឴ɇʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌࢌჃȵᐓȭɲȦɄɭȴʰ⏋‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɹѢႢᓔɴࢪɐʳଵ‫ܦ‬ɻ⏋୨‫ک‬ʦࢮຏˁ‫ي‬ʞ؏ɌȦʢɹɴ˛˽ˡͤͻ̜ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫɻ 1980 ॷБɴᢒɹ҅кధȵ‫ץ‬ཝɌ⏋˪ͦ˵˓ɴᕸɤɩɻ 98⎾ʢཝࢹɐʳɭȦɤɛʭȩɴ⏋ᩃᅊ֪႒ɹధɻተࡸɴཝɤ
ɩȦʳɭȦȩ؏ɌȦჼࡸȵȡʳ␩Neuman 1998␭⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲϟࡸˁᔘಕɴɌɩ 1980 ॷ᯴ȴʰ⏋৔‫ܦ‬ᇕɲѳᡸకፑɴࢪɐʳឿሁɌȵࠃʚɤɛ⏏
ɭʱʼȿ 1980 ॷɴ‫ܕ‬᭬ᕶးѳᡸᦹ‫( غ‬IUCM) ʦγᅠᕶးѳᡸ‫ݜ‬ᩆ (WWF) ፈȵፑࡴɌɛȋγᅠѳԃ଍ᅭ (world conservation strategy)ȍɴȲȦɩᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹѳᡸɭ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹ̢ͻ̀ˁᠭ‫ٮ‬ɇɓʳʭȩɲ᠅ʛȵਖឹɭ୭௎ɇʶʳɭ⏋ɗʶГᭇɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹѳᡸ៟ᅙʍɹؒᅙʦѳᡸ៟ᅙɭΥкɴɲɤɛᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹ஠ᦽ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙȴʰ਄ʰʶʳգᇰɹ᧰ӯɲɰȵᕶးѳᡸɹଁ֒ɴɭɤ
ɩਖ᯷ɹ೼Иɭ᠗ᡫɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ˻Ͳ̸̫˗˙ɹ CAMPFIRE (Communal
Areas Management Programme For Indigenous Resources) ɲɰɹз຦ؒᅙ݀ɹᣂ྇፬ჿ៟ᅙʦ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲីᨆɹ˱ͻ̺̒͞ (Korup) ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɹʭȩɴᕶးѳᡸɹ˱ˏ͹˛͠ˏɭз຦ɹգᅎȵ៰ɇʶɛ̶̫̒ˎ͹̈ͻͲ⏋ɗʶʰɹ޺үɹᬖᇍ‫ݖܩ‬ˁᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓɛភ‫غ‬ᇕɲѳᡸ៟ᅙȵࡸేɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɇʰɴˡ͍͡ͻͲɫɻ⏋1994 ॷɴౙഀɹගക໬ʦႵჃ໬ȵఒࡴɇ
ʶɛ␩Government of Cameroon 1994␭ȵ⏋ɗɄɫɻȋШᐏᇕɲȍ౅໬ɴʭʳȋᅊ៟ɹɛʠɹȍႵჃȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛʓȴ⏋з຦ɹɛʠɹ˱̢͖̘͊ˑ͹̶˝ͤ˽̜ʦԊ‫ؾ‬ႵჃ‫( ݖ‬community huntingzone) ȵ៯ȿʰʶʳɲɰ⏋႕ࡴ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȿʳз຦ɹගകգᅎɭз຦ςкɹᣂ྇፬ჿȵ໬ը‫׋‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏з຦ɴʭʳȋШᐏᇕɲ౅໬ȍɫɹႵჃɻɐɫɴ 1981 ॷɹႵჃ໬␩Government of
Cameroon 1981␭ɫʢ০িᇕɴ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦɛȵ⏋1994 ॷɹఒ៝ႵჃ໬ɫɻɗɹณգȵɇʰɴୟ߂ɇʶɛʢɹɭɲɤɛ⏏лȵȋШᐏᇕȍɲႵჃɫȡʱ⏋ɰɄʚɫȵȋᅊ៟ȍɹɛʠɹႵჃɫȡʳȴ⏋ʚɛࡸ᭬ɴɰɹʭȩɴ፬ჿ៟ᅙȵፑࡴɇʶ⏋ମ᠗ɇʶʳȴɭȦɤɛ‫ک‬ᰍɻȡȦȴʼʰɑಸ౴ɲʚʚɫȡʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ০িᇕɴɻз຦ɹүɴ೑գɲ౅‫ك‬ɴϟ઴ȵ஠ውɌɩȦʳʭȩɴឿȭʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋‫ک‬ᰍɻ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹᅊ༎ѳԃʦณգተѳɹ‫ک‬ᰍɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲࡸ᭬ᯆɫɹࢪ
298

॑ा⏧
ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬ՃȵਖឹɲɄɭɻȦȩʚɫʢɲȦȵ⏋ɗʶɞȿɫ‫ک‬ᰍȵៗໆɐʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ᕶးѳᡸ៟ᅙɴʭɤɩ⏋з຦ȵᬏॷીʶ៊Ɍ˃ɫȷɛගȴʰՖʱᮐɇʶʳɄɭȵ‫ک‬ᰍɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫԇ‫ܟ‬፬ჿʦз຦ɹณգѳԃɭȦȩᇍ઎ȴʰᮐʶɩ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩី๘ᇕɲϠӯᠶˁᣳȭɩ⏋ගɭϺᬚȵԊࡔɐʳγᅠˁயȼɄɭȵɫȷʳȴˁᓒȭɩʛʭȩ⏏

4/ ૩͂૽͈‫ވ‬ంଲ‫ٮ‬ǵගɭϺɹԊࡔγᅠˁ˓͍ͻ˻ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ኽȵћ୞ɐʳɹɻ˱Ͳ˳ᇮ‫ܩ‬ɴзʞගɹ຦ɹёɫȡʳ⏏ኽɛɠɻ 1970 ॷБմ‫ץ‬ȴʰ⏋ᦲዌ̴˫͊ͻɭ٧ɽʶʳႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɹᠭീˁɦɧȿɩȷɛ
␩॑ा 2001␭
⏏՟ೝɹᠭീɫɻ⏋ʢɤɿʰ˱Ͳ˳຦ςԊ‫⏃ܕٮ‬ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɹ˓̜˕͠ (Ituri) ɹගɴзʞ̸̘͌ˑ͹̴˫͊ͻ (Mbuti Pygmies) ɹɭɄʸɴᦲȦ⏋ᅊ෌༎֪ʦ኏Цᏼᑩ⏋ᕶး᠗ᡫፈɴᬠɐʳ຦౏᠖ᇕɲᠭീˁ᝔ɤɩȦɛ⏏1990 ॷБ՟ʠɴ˸˓ͻ͡⏃য়ಁ⏆ɹక໠੻ֳȵੲ‫׋‬Ɍɛɛʠɴ⏋˱Ͳ˳ाࢪࣳɹ˱Ͳ˳Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɴᠭീ‫ܩ‬ˁውɌ⏋μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡԊ‫ܕٮ‬ɭɹ‫ܩޅܕ‬य़ɴзʞˏˡ (Aka)͹̴˫͊ͻɹᠭീɴਃϟɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ 2, 3 ॷ৿ɴɻ˱Ͳ˳Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɹ੻ֳʢੲ‫׋‬Ɍɛɛʠ⏋ɇʰɴីүɹ˱Ͳ˳ᇮ‫ីܩ‬ጩɴеᒞɐʳˡ͍͡ͻͲɴ᥊ᦽɌ⏋̫ˡ (Baka)͹̴˫͊ͻɹᠭീɴՖʱ್ȭɊʳˁ਄ɲȼɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ 10 ॷʓɰɹᬚɴ⏋˸˓ͻ͡ȴʰ˱Ͳ˳⏋ɗɌɩˡ͍͡ͻͲʍɭ⏋ȋᠭീᮑ຦ȍɹʭȩɴᠭീ‫ܩ‬ˁ޴ȭɩȷɛ⏏оәɲȼɇʶɛ᥊ᦽɫɻȡɤɛȵ⏋ȲȴɁɫˏ̶͠ˡˁБᝠɐʳ̴˫͊ͻᏙႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɹɐʏɩɴஞɐʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏
ǵ˱Ͳ˳ᇮ‫ܩ‬ആጩɹ˓̜˕͠ɹගȴʰីጩɹˡ͍͡ͻͲ‫׫‬ആᨆʚɫɻሁᐻɴɌɩ 2,000 Ρ ʢɹᤂᮐȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓̜˕͠ɹගɹ̸̘͌ˑʦ˛̶˙ (Efe) ɻ̫Ͳ̜˕ͻ᠝ᏙȡʳȦɻ˽ͻ̋Ͳ᠝Ꮩɹៜ᠝ˁ᠌ɐȵ⏋̫ˡɻɗʶʰɭɻᏙᐏȵᅵɲʳആˏ͇̋ͩᏙɹៜ᠝ᮃ܎ɴࣚɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛዷᬚᇕ᭧ɛʱɭៜ᠝ɹሂ᧓ɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋Ʉʶʰɹගɹ຦ɹᬚɴɻᲊȼʓɰɹయ‫׋‬ᇕɲԊᦲਸȵʛʰʶʳ⏏Ȧɑʶʢගɴࢪɐʳ৔ȦћࡔɭཉȦᬠήˁᦲɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛȋගɹయ‫׋‬ȍˁԊ೑ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵගɹ຦ɻගɹ֪႒ʦඨ႒ɴɦȦɩᲊȼʓɰᢌȴɲሾᡫˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋৳ʰɭʓ˃ɹధ
ಁᬚɫʢΥᐷɴගˁ๰ȦɩʛʶɽɐȽɴʼȴʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ܑٞˁ‫ݏ‬ʠࣉȼɐඨ႒ʦ‫ܩ‬ᯆɴȴɐȴɴ๿ʳ᣸ᤄ⏋ᰄΫɴɇɊʠȼ႒ᯭȴʰ⏋৳ʰȵɰ˃ɲɴ޽ȼɹɄɭˁ᠝ʳɄɭȴ⏏ʚɛ৳ʰɹගɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ˁΥራɐʳɞȿɫ⏋৳ʰȵȦȴɴ޽ȼˁගɹᅋ႒ɴᢦɤɩȦʳȴȵჿៗɫȷʳ⏏‫ץ‬ჽ݀ɹࢸ࣒ˁɻɍʠ⏋᧊ெᅎɹᎢʦᙶɲɰɻ⏋ɐʏɩගɹᏬೳɞȿȴʰɫȷɩȦʳ⏏˥͑Ͳ̺ɹȡɠɄɠɴɻගɫ஛ᮃɌɩȷɛഗ႒ʦᖱɲɰɹᰩ႒๿ྞȵᘺɠɩȦʳ⏏ࡎɰʢɛɠɹᧉʃ᧑ԍʢගɹඨ႒ɹࡸʦᘽɫɦȼɤɛʢɹȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɗɌɩ౗ȵಬʶʶɽ⏋ʼȷɛɦʭȩɲ̶͠ͅ˝̢ͻ⏃޽ު‫⏆ڟغ‬ɴ٧ਝɌɩගɹμȴʰჼʶɛᏄᮠɭɭʢɴ޿ೃȿʚɫ๣Ȧ⏋ᤐʳ⏏ᰩᅊ༎ʦз࣎⏋᧑ԍɹʭȩɲ႒ᣒᯆɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ᧉʃʦә኎ɭȦɤɛɄɭɴʚɫ⏋ɰʶɞȿ޽ȼɹᅊ༎ɹүᯆȵගɭࢌஞɴᬠʼɤɩȦʳɄɭȴ⏏৳ʰɹయ‫׋‬ɻගɹ೑ɐʳɇʚɊʚɲ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁࡔՕɴգᅎɌɛ
299

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻЁ⏋ɗȩɌɛ৳ʰɹගɹయ‫׋‬ɹჿៗˁᇿ୭ɌɩᠭീˁᦽʠɩȦʳȵ⏋ɲȴɫʢ֐ˁ໶ȦɫȦʳɹȵඨ႒ɴࢪɐʳሾᡫɹ‫ؚ‬ᮃɭ఩ჿɹс෌ɫȡʳ⏏
ȋˏ̶ͦͻ͞ (AFlora)ȍ
ɭ‫ؿ‬ЊȿʰʶɛɄɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɫɻ⏋႒ᣒᇕ͹Ꮔኜᇕ⏋ʚɛሁஞᇕ͹ᬚஞᇕɲգᅎɭ᠗ሾ⏋ɐɲʼɠගɹඨ႒ɴᬠɐʳ৳ʰɹሾᡫɹɐʏɩɴɦȦɩɹ៨ᥔȵ᠅ʛʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋৳ʰȵлγᏛɴʢʼɛɤɩᙢዩɌɩȷɛሾᇕ᧨ᅋ⏋ȡʳȦɻံ০ɹయ‫᧨׋‬ᅋˁѳԃɐʳ᠅ʛɫʢȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ᠅ʛˁᦲɌɩ⏋ɻɍʠɩ৳ʰȵȦȴɴ޽ȼˁගɴћࡔɌɩȦʳȴˁჿៗɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʭȩ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴගɴћࡔɐʳΥ౅ɫ⏋৳ʰȵʚɇɴගɹμɴзʛ⏋ɗɹᣂ྇ˁգᅎɐʳɄɭȵගɹᅊ઴Ꮩɹԗᅊᅋɴᢨ჉ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩᯆˁឿᦣɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ৳ʰȵգᅎɐʳᰩᅎඨ႒ɴɻ౗ӵȵʭȼয়ɛʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɫɌȴᇍᗂ͹ଁᬏɌɲȦ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ᭞ปȵ޽Ȧ⏏ගɹ˥͑Ͳ̺‫ܩ‬ɲɰɫɻ⏋μࢸೠȵ՗ʱଡʼʶɩ౗য়ɛʱȵʭȼɲʳɹɫ⏋ɗʶʰɹඨ႒ɹᅊᔒɹ೼Иȵ఩ȭʰʶʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺‫ܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᰩʏ๿Ɍɹྞʦഗࡸɹዛࡎȵঘඉɇʶ⏋ɗɄȴʰȡɛʰɌȦඨ႒ȵᗂᅊȭʳ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ɹܑٞˁ๰Ȧɩʛʳɭ⏋ȡɠɄɠɴɗȩɌɩᗂᅊȭɛ೑ᅎඨ႒ɹࡸᅊˁឿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᅆȦഗࡸˁɦȿʳගɹೠɹࡸɴɻ⏋ഗᔀɭዛࡎȵᮐʶɴȼȦʢɹȵ޽ȼ⏋ɗʶʰɻዛɅɭٜʛᦉʚʶʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋Ϻᬚʦ֪႒ɹ༥‫׋‬፬ˁᦲɤɩக໦ɇʶ
ʳɄɭɴʭɤɩዛࡎɹత॒ʦᇍᗂȵѦᦽɇʶʳʭȩɲඨ႒ʢȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ගɹμɹঃȦ፴ܑȴʰᮃʠʰʶɛᚩʦᰩ႒ɲɰɹᅊ༎႒ᣂȵဒʦᏎѤɭɲɤɩ˥͑Ͳ̺‫ܩ‬ٞᦇɹ‫ޚܤ‬ˁᔋ໋‫׋‬ɐʳɭȦȩ֟ഗʢံែɫȷɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ඨ႒ȵ‫ޚܤ‬ȴʰُ‫ؚ‬Ɍɛെ᰸Օɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹ༥ᢹˁЂɌɩʈɛɛʃ‫ޚܤ‬ɴ᧰ӯɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏Ɋɤɭ᠅፤ɌɛɭɄʸ⏋50 Ϻʓɰɹᮃ܎ȵ 1 Ͷ೐ᬚ˥͑Ͳ̺
ɴྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳᬚɴ⏋ᰩ႒ɞȿȴʰɫʢ 25 kg ʓɰɹዾᏬɭ 15 kg ʓɰɹ͠Ͳȵ˥͑Ͳ̺‫ܩ‬ٞᦇɴᙢዩɇʶʳɭȦȩ៟፤ɴɲɤɛ⏏ၖय़ᮒകɹ‫ޚܤ‬ɻ᰸ՕȵࢹɲȦɭȦʼʶʳȵ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺‫ܩ‬ɻ⏋ගɹμɫዎᚚɴత‫ܧ‬ɐʳ᰸ՕˁϺᬚ༎֪ɴʭɤɩᮃዩɇɓɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺‫ܩ‬ٞᦇɹ೑ᅎᣂ྇ɻ༥ᢹɇʶɩቁೝᇕɴɻཝࢹɐʳȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ࢰഀɹԗᅊᅋɹዛȵʚɇɴɗȩɌɛ༥ᢹˁᦲɌɩ௢ȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ȦȦȴȭʶɽ৳ʰɹᅊ༎ɻ⏋ගɹᣂ྇ˁ‫ي‬ʞᅊ઴Ꮩɹ߂ȷɲ
਌ᄩ˹˽̘͌ɹμɴȡʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆɹගɴȲȦɩ⏋ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ߂࡝᭏ᅊɹ࡫ࣩ࡯‫ٮ‬ȵගകᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ‫ؖ‬ʖɐϺᬚ༎֪ɹ˓Ͳ̮˪̜ɹᠭീɴȡɛɤɩȦʳ⏏ගɹμɹ؅ᅊᇕඨᅊʦ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ʦᮃᘺ⏋ᅣɹᤄ‫ܩ‬ɲɰɹɇʚɊʚɲඨᅊɴȲȦɩ⏋ɗʶəʶ೑ᅎඨ႒ʦ֪႒ɹՕ॒ɭᅊᔒႥ໥⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪ɹᆜᤄɭɗɹ৯ᯱɴɦȦɩ᠎Ᏻɲᠭീˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɹᠭീɴʭɤɩϺᬚ༎֪ɹᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴࢪɐʳᔐࡴᇕɲ˓Ͳ̮˪̜ȵጓ៷ɫȷʶɽ⏋৳ʰɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴගɭɗɹᅋ႒ɴћࡔɐʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɗʶʰɹԗᅊᅋɹ೼Иˁʢ఩ȭɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳɫȡʸȩ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ɗʶᕶкȵភᮊɲሂϣсᅎᏙɫȡʳᅊ઴ᏙɹμɴϺᬚˁеᒞɧȿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶးɭϺᬚ⏃య‫⏆׋‬ɹϠӯᠶˁώʱᣴȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗʶɻ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ଂǾȵᇿɴɐʳ
300

॑ा⏧
ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬ගകಕ៎ɹ߂‫ץ‬ȵ⏋ࡸɻᬏȦᬚɹගɭϺɹሂϣсᅎˁᦲɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛ๴‫ر‬ᇕɲᅋ႒ɞɭ᠗ᡫɐ
ʳɄɭɴᦲɍʳ⏏ɗȩɲʶɽ⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪ˁᭀࢀឹ‫܍‬ɭɌȴᓒȭɩɄɲȴɤɛɄʶʚɫɹᕶးѳᡸɹȡʱ౅ɴ൓ೣᇕɲឿሁɌˁᦗʳɄɭɴɲʸȩ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋ϺᬚɭගɹԊࡔ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ʢɻʦɗʶГ޺ɹγᅠɭՖʱᮐɇʶɩࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏Ȧȴɴˏ̶͠ˡɹᦇᨎɲගɹγᅠɭȦȭɰʢ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻ޽ȴʶࢹɲȴʶ⏋ʭʱঃȦ኏Ц⏋ɐɲʼɠ‫ࢃܕ‬ȡʳȦɻ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᐁཕ͹క໠˹˽̘͌ɭஞ៘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᕶးѳᡸ᧊֪ʦ⏋ɗʢɗʢɗɹᇍጩɭɲɤɛගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɗɹʢɹȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲᐁཕʦక໠⏋੻‫ݬ‬ɹ֪ȷɭࢌஞɴ
͠Ͳ˪ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛ͇˪ͦɲႥ໥ȴʰ᧡ుɇʶɛȋගɭϺɹԊࡔγᅠȍˁ෯፷Ɍʭȩɭɐʶɽ⏋ɗʶɻ⏋য়᠍‫ܕ‬కঌʦᬖᇍᠶᓔȵᯃᮑɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ȋᅊȷɛ‫׭‬႒᱅ȍ
(living museum) ˁɦȼʳɄɭɴɲʱȴɷɲȦ⏏ᅊȷɛϺᬚɻ‫׭‬႒᱅ɹฌೣɫɻɲȼ⏋޺ᇕɲႥ໥ɭԒᇕɲ̋˓̠͊˪
˽ɹሂϣсᅎɴʭɤɩᐓȭɑ޴‫׋‬ɐʳࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹɄɭȵɛɞɠɴ⏋৳ʰȵ޺ᅊᇕɲక໠͹ᐁཕႥ໥⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʶˁఌᨗɌɩȦʳȋณ֐ᬠѥȍɹ႞႓ᓔɫȡʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦȵ⏋৳ʰɹయ‫׋‬ʦᅊ༎ɻԒᇕɲ̋˓̠͊̀͌
ɞȿɫჿៗɫȷʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽμ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹගɹ຦ɻ⏋ȋ˛̶ͤˎͲ̜͹̩Ͳ̊ͻȍȡʳȦɻȋᤐʱɹ‫ؿ‬ଝȍɭɌɩ೑‫ؿ‬ɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰȵɗȩȦȩʈȩɴᦏБγᅠɴȲȦɩሾʰʶɩȦȼ᧌ዐɻ⏋Ȳɗʰȼᢒႋʦພᇤɲɰɹගക႒ᅋɹϯ౫ʦ៎ӵᅋ෌ɹ֤ᖂˁᦲɌɩ⏋৳ʰȵγᅠᐁཕɹɲȴɫٞᦇ‫׋‬ɇʶɩȦɤɛ᧌ዐɭံᬠѥɫɻȡʳʚȦ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻ৳ʰɹ߂‫ץ‬ȵᦏ᭰ɹᦅᓚ຦
ɭɹȡȦɞɴȦȼʉ˃ਃࣚᇕɲᬠѥˁᐄ˃ɫȦʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛਃࣚ‫׋‬ʢᦅ෌ᅊᅋɹୟ߂ɭ֝ӈ֐ᮛឹɹ‫߂ވ‬ɭȦȩᐁཕႥ໥ɭࢌஞɴᬠѥɐʳɄɭɫȡʸȩ⏏ȡʳȦɻʚɛ⏋৳ʰȵගɫԂଝɐʳვᔀʦᜂᜍɲɰȵϯ౫ɹࢪᢒɴɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗɄȴʰ਄ɛჼᩆɴʭɤɩ࡝ോఠᔒʦᦏБ‫כ‬ᆹʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɴʢᇿˁ‫ك‬ȿʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɻ⏋ᦏॷɹ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᕶးѳᡸ᧊֪ɹᲞʚʱɻ⏋৳ʰɭᦅᓚ຦ɭɹᬠѥʦ⏋৳ʰᕶ᤹ɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑʦගɭɹᬠѥɴ޴‫׋‬ˁʢɛʰɐɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏
ǵɌɛȵɤɩ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹ͊˪ͦɲͤ̾͡ɫɹගɹ຦ɹᅊ༎ʦయ‫׋‬ɭ⏋ɗʶʰɹȋങᏼȍˁήȭɩȦʳʭʱঃȦ኏Цɹ͇˪ͦɲక໠͹ᐁཕ˹˽̘͌ɭɹᬠѥˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɭȼɴˏ̶
͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹ޽ȼȵక໠͹ᐁཕᇕɴ‫׶‬ลˁᦎȭɩȦʳჼ‫⏋ܧ‬ɄɹᬠѥɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡʳ⏏
ɗɹμɫ⏋ගɹ຦ȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɛʰɄȩɌɛ‫ک‬ᰍɴࢪՃɫȷʳȴ⏋ɐɲʼɠ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕʦᄩ‫ޅ‬ቑ‫ޙ‬ȡʳȦɻᕶးѳᡸ᧊֪ɭȦɤɛ˫ͦͻ̫̄͠ͻ˹͚Ͳɹᗷ໳ˁ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴɐʶɽςкᇕɴɭʰȭᦐɌɩȦȿʳȴɴɦȦɩද២ɐʳਖឹȵȡʸȩ⏏
ǵГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋ȋගɹϺɹԊࡔγᅠȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɻ⏋⏃1⏆Ϻᬚɹయ‫׋‬ȵȦȴɴගɹᕶးɴћࡔɌɩȦʳȴˁኍɐయ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ᇕ៎ဣ⏋⏃2⏆Ϻᬚɹ࣎зʦᅊ෌༎֪ȵȦȴɴගകᅊ઴Ꮩɹ֪઴ɴᬠ
ʼɤɩȦʳȴˁኍɐ๴‫ر‬ᅊ઴࡝ᇕ៎ဣ⏋ɗɌɩɄʶʰȵȦȴɴ͇˪ͦɲక໠͹ᐁཕႥ໥ɭᬠʼɤ
ɩȦʳȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ̘͠ͅˑˡ͡͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ៎ဣ⏋ˁᐵ‫غ‬ɐʳс෌ˁᦲɌɩ౩ʰȴɴɲ301ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏

5/ ΃ισȜϋ̤̫ͥͅ૧̱̞দ͙
ǵ‫ܤܕ‬ɹ‫ץ‬Օᦏȼȵගകɴុʼʶɛˡ͍͡ͻͲɫɻ⏋޽ȼɹϺǾȵගകɭɗɹᣂ྇ɴћࡔɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɲȴɫʢගɭʢɤɭʢ৔ȼᐄʃɦȦɛᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦʳɹȵ̫ˡ͹̴˫͊ͻɹϺǾɫȡʳ⏏
ആᨆिɹͦ͊˛ٞᦇ⏋Ȳʭʃ͜ˡ̝˕͇ (Yokadoma) ɭ͌͡Ͳ̝ (Mouloundo) ˁᐄʉ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧˁμਕɴ⏋Ȳʭɗ 3 ΨϺʓɰȵႵჃʦ஛ᮃɲɰගɹᣂ྇ɴћࡔɌɛᅊ༎ˁȲȼɤɩȦʳ⏏̝˓̓᯿ɞɤɛˡ͍͡ͻͲȵፀΥ๖γᅠ߂଍৿ɴ̶͞Ͳ˽ɹࠇКᐏ໠᯿ɴɲɤɛ᯴ɴɻ⏋৳ʰɻʚɞ⏋ගɹμɫɹႵჃɭ஛ᮃˁ᝔Ȧɲȵʰው֪ᅊ༎ˁȲȼɤɩȦɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ৿̶͞Ͳ
˽ɹకፑɴʭʱ⏋1950-60 ॷБɴ৳ʰɹࡴз‫׋‬ȵɻɍʚɤɛ␩Althabe 1965; Joiris 2000␭⏏᧑ᤉ໤Ȧɹᦅᓚ຦ɹᮃᘺɴ᭰ஞɌɩ⏋ᦅᓚ຦ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɴ໵сʱɹ⏋ɌȴɌʁɭʚʼʱࢸɇȦ̫ˡɹз࣎ȵলɩʰʶɛ⏏ܑٞɹගˁୖȦɩ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ͹̫̠̠ʦ˥͑˵̫ɲɰɹൕ‫ݛ‬ʢ᝔ʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌᦅ෌ɻᕶᐌˁʚȴɲȩɴɻ‫מ‬Օɫɲȼ⏋ගɴȲȿʳႵჃɭྫௗ⏋‫ݠ‬ഗʦഗࡸ⏋൓ᗡɹ஛ᮃɻћးɭɌɩᩂឹɲᅊ෌ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ࡚፲ᇕɫȡʳȵ⏋ᜂᜍʦᰩᅎ౤ᛚɹ஛ᮃʢᩂឹɲ
༎֪ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦏ᭰ɹᦅᓚ຦ȴʰɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹകᅋ႒ɭɹϯழʦ⏋္ᅣɹФᬖʦ᭑ᗳ⏋‫ؚ‬ዲፈɹᦅс෌ɹଝШȦɴʭɤɩ⏋έ᣸ɐʳᦅс႒ˁ਄ɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɲɰɹழᩆс႒ൕ‫ݛ‬ȵᇵ˃ɴɲʳɭ⏋ᦅᓚ຦ɻɗʶʚɫГΫɴ̫ˡɹ֝ӈ֐ˁਖឹɭɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏
ɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋೎ᦏɫɻ̫ˡɹμɴʢ‫מ‬Օɲᅣˁᬖ‫ޕ‬Ɍɩᦅс႒ˁᕶᐌɌɛʱ⏋ᕶՕɫˡˡˠൕ‫ݛ‬ˁࠃʠʳᓔȵჼʶɩȲʱ⏋ᦅᓚ຦ɭɹᬚɴˏ˪́˽ɹʭȦ‫ܩܤ‬ʦ֝ӈˁʠȽʳϝȦȵᰒ‫׋ܧ‬Ɍɦɦȡʳ⏏
ǵ̫ˡɹ࣎з‫ݖ‬ɫࢸៀฐɲФ஛ȵࠃʚɤɛɹɻ 1970 ॷБɫȡʳȵ⏋1990 ॷБɴԂʳɭմᦚɌɛ
ʭȩɴ⏋ᐁཕ‫׶‬ลʦ෯ᦶᠭ఩ɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿɩФ஛ៀฐȵᰧᤲᇕɴୟ߂Ɍɛ⏏ࢪ޺Ӂ֭ɴੱʞˡ͍͡ͻͲకঌȵ⏋Ӂ֭ɭৄ್ȭɴФ஛ณˁ̶͞Ͳ˽ɲɰɹӁณ‫ܕ‬ɴެɤɛȴʰɞɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
ኽɛɠȵᠭീˁࠃʠɛ 1994 ॷ᯴ɴɻ⏋ആᨆिɹ͜ˡ̝˕͇౅ᯆȴʰɞȿɫʢຘ౗ॶ‫ ܯ‬100 ‫⏋د‬ᮒ࡚ɹ᧑ᤉȵੲȦɭȷɫɇȭຘ౗ 50 ‫د‬ʢɹ̜̒͞˪ȵॅೠˁዩ˃ɫཬɹȡʳ̝˕ˏ͞ (Douala)౅ᯆɴ‫ك‬ȴɤɩȦɛ⏏ගˁ᢭ȼ᧑ᤉɹθүɻ࣎з‫ך‬Ȳʭʃᦅᓚ‫ך‬ɭɌɩФ஛ˁӹʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗʶɻᔘ৿ɹᗷঘˁ᭯ɐ᝛ጓɹʭȩɲʢɹɫ⏋ࢹɌගɹߡɴԂʶɽФ஛᧑ȵᑖดɴᣬɤɩȦɛ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛਸ਼ᦵɲගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɴࢪɌɩ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᬠਕȵࢊɓʰʶ⏋1990 ॷБȴʰᕶးѳᡸ᧊֪ȵᇵ˃ɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹ˸Ͳˤ - ˵Ͳˤ‫ݖܩ‬ȵ 1990 ॷɴ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɴ୭ࡴɇʶʳɭ⏋ԇ‫ܟ‬፬ჿɹᯆȴʰʢ⏋μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹ 3 ˡ‫ܕ‬ɴʚɛȵʳ‫ܕ‬᭬ѳᡸ‫ך‬(transfrontier conservation area) ɹਖឹਸȵ‫ڟ‬ȭʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɴ٧ਝɌɩˡ͍͡ͻͲүɫʢ⏋WWF ʦ WCS⏃ᩃᅊᅊ႒ѳᡸ‫ת‬Ц⏋ˏ͍͠ˡɹᯃకঌᏼᑩ⏆ፈȵ˵Ͳˤ (Sangha) ाីࣳΥय़ɹѳᡸ៟ᅙɹ‫ݜ‬ኄɭɲʳᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲᠭീˁࡸేɌɛ⏏༎ᇍɲѳᡸ༎֪ˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋1999 ॷ
302

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ȏ‫ݖܩ‬ȑᄩ‫کޅ‬ᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑ‫ޙ‬

ɴɻ WWF ᐵ᝽ɹ˛˻Ͳ̫͞ԇȵ˵Ͳˤाីࣳɹͦ̾˭ (Lobeke) ‫ݖܩ‬ˁែ࢘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶȴ
ʰ 2 ॷ৿ɹ 2001 ॷ 3 ೐ 19 ౗ɴ⏋ͦ̾˭ा༑‫ݖ‬ɹ˽ͩͲ̺‫ܩ‬य़ˁμਕɭɐʳ 212,500 ha ȵˡ͍͡ͻͲకঌɴʭɤɩ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɴ୭ࡴɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉɹ៟ᅙɴࢹɌᧆʶɩ⏋̸Ͳ̫ (Boumba) ा⏋̾˪ (Bek) ा⏋Ͳ˥ (Nki) ा༑‫ݖ‬ɴঃȵʳȲʭɗ 670,000 ha ɹගകˁ˻˙Ͳ˧ (Jengi) ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬⏏ɠɲʛɴ˻˙Ͳ˧ɭɻ⏋ɭɌɩȡʰɛɴѳᡸɌʭȩɭȦȩ៟ᅙ 1) ȵᦽ᝔μɫȡʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬1 ؒ၇⏆̫ˡ͹̴˫͊ͻɹә኎ɴᇎ‫ݭ‬ɐʳʢɤɭʢᩂឹɲගɹᏄᮠɹ‫ؿ‬ɫȡʳ␩ᨊᅥ 1996␭⏏
ǵɄʶʰɹѳᡸ៟ᅙɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ȦȼɦȴɹృɌȦ᠅ʛȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ѳᡸ‫ݖܩ‬ԒɫϺᬚɴʭʳගകᣂ྇ɹգᅎȵȡʳዐ঎ࢅ᠗ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ͦ̾˭ɫɻ⏋ᦏȼɹගˁᑖดɴᣬʳФ஛᧑ᤉˁШɤɩ޺ᨆȴʰࢌჃᓔȵѢԂɌ⏋᪄ˁьɤɛႵჃʦ̜̿̒ᅎɹˠͻ͌ɹ஁კˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋য়ᯆɹȡȦɞɻჼ‫ܩ‬з຦ɹ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ʍɹጓԂʱɭྫௗʦඨ႒ਸᰩ႒ɭᜂᜍ⏋ᚫᅎඨ႒ፈɹ஛‫؜‬ȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ␩WWF-Cameroon 2001␭⏏ʚɛԇ‫ܟ‬፬ჿɹ౅໬ɭɌɩ⏋ਃഀɹΫઝά᧒ɴʭʳࡲӎᇕɲගക፬ჿɴБʼɤɩ⏋᧟ਝᇕ፬ჿ (adaptive
management) ɭȦȩృɌȦ౅໬ȵ᠅ʛʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ᅊ઴ᏙɴɻϜཀྵέ‫خ‬ᔨɲϟ઴ȵᣱɄʱȩʳɭɹ᠗ᡫɴʢɭɧȦɩ⏋ȡʰȴɍʠໆʠʰʶɛ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞ͲɴɌɛȵɤɩѳᡸ៟ᅙˁᦽʠʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋з຦ɭɹࢪ᠌ˁᦲɍɩ⏋ʚɛႥ໥ɹᦽࣙɴਝɍɩ៟ᅙɹឿሁɌȵɫȷʳʭȩɲര᥉ɲ౅໬ɴʭɤɩѳᡸ៟ᅙˁ஠ᦽɌʭȩɭȦȩʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ‫ݖܩ‬ɹз຦ˁගകɹቑ‫ޙ‬ᓔ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙɹᭀࢀឹᏬɭɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ගകᅊ઴Ꮩɹ෯ଁ‫ڊ‬ɭеᒞɧȿ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙɹዩෑᇕ
ɲ୊ȦଝɭᓒȭɩȦʳဣɫʢ̢͘ͻ˪ɫȡʳ␩Davenport 1998; Curran and Tshombe 2001␭⏏ࡸ᭬‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩ⏋ܑٞлᇑΡɴʢ‫ؖ‬ʉঃ߂ɲѳᡸ‫ך‬ˁ৔ณᇕɴѳᡸɌʭȩɭɐʶɽ⏋ࢌྫɹᇺែɹɛ
ʠɞȿɴɫʢᕛ߂ɲϺ֐ɭᣂᩆˁឹɐʳ⏏ɗʶˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋з຦ɴʭʳςкᇕɲѳᡸɹ౅ȵɻʳȴɴᐁཕᇕȴɦ֟ഗᇕɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʸȩ⏏ᕶးѳᡸɹɛʠɴɻ⏋ȋᩃᅊɹූ‫ܟ‬ȍ౅িɴʭʳ؏ࢌɲѳᡸɹ౅ȵз຦ɹգᅎˁࢅ᠗Ɍɛ޽ᇿᇕգᅎѳᡸ‫( ך‬multiple-use reserve) ʭʱ೑֟ɭɻȦȭɲȦɄɭʢʼȴɤɩȷɛ⏏
ǵɗʶɫʢɲȲ⏋̫ˡɹʭȩɲϺǾȵѳᡸ៟ᅙɴዩෑᇕɴؒᅙɐʳɹɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ᭭‫ޖ‬ȵȡʳ⏏ɗɹʁɭɦɻ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙʦɗʶɭୃȷ‫غ‬ʼɓɫᦽʠʰʶʳᬖᇍ៟ᅙȵ৳ʰɹయ‫׋‬ɹ‫ࡴو‬ˁɭʢɲȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Hewlett␩N. D.␭ʢᦚʏɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋̫ˡɹᬖᇍ៟ᅙɴᬠʼɤɩȦʳకঌ৲Ϻɭ޺‫ܕ‬ᅓഀɹ NGO ɻ⏋ɭȷɴ؏Ɍȼࢪጓɐʳɴʢᬠʼʰɑ⏋̫ˡɴࢪɐʳ᠗ᡫˁԊ೑ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋̫ˡɹᬖᇍɭɻɦʚʱɹɭɄʸ⏋৳ʰɹʭʱΥࣝɹࡴз‫׋‬ɭᦅᓚ‫׋‬ɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶˁᦲɌɩɹʛ৳ʰɹᦅᓚ຦ȴʰɹᕶጓɭ‫ࢃܕ‬኏Цʍɹؒᅙȵ᧒ଁɇʶʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫɫȡʳ⏏‫ؾ‬ಁɴ৳ʰɻ⏋̫ˡɹ኏Цɴ͠ͻ̋ͻˁɦȼʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɄȩɌɛ޴‫׋‬ʍɹው᝔ȵࢅ౫ɴɲʳɭɌɩ1) ೎ᦏჼ‫ܩ‬ȴʰԂɤɛ੻‫ݬ‬ɴʭʳɭ⏋˻˙Ͳ˧‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ɹϜࡴ‫ܩ‬ˁ᢭ᦲɌɩФ஛᧑ᤉȵল៯ɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋៟ᅙɹ߂३ɲ޴ೃˁоәɲȼɇʶɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏

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ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬Ȧʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄʶʰɻȦɑʶʢॶፈᇕɲ኏Цˁɦȼɤɩ⏋ගɹμɴ࡚፲ᇕɲው֪ˁɌɲȵʰႵჃ஛ᮃˁ᝔ȩ̫ˡɹჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᅊ༎ɭయ‫׋‬ɹ‫ࡴو‬ˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏
ǵɇʰɴ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙɹࢷԂ౅໬ɴᬠɐʳ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡʳ⏏೎ᦏɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɻʓɭ˃ɰё޺ɲȼ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙɹ஠ᦽɴȡɛɤɩɻჼ‫ܩ‬з຦ɭɹࢪ᠌ȵέ‫خ‬๕ɭ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ␩cf. Curran and Tshombe
2001␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̫ˡɹʭȩɴȋϠᩂɹٞᦇ‫׋‬ȍɴɇʰɇʶɩȷɛϺʃɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠඨ຦‫ܩ‬ಁБȴʰٞᦇ‫׋‬ɇʶɩȷɛˡ͍͡ͻͲɹμɫ⏋ɇʰɴٞᦇ‫׋‬ɹ‫֐ܦ‬ˁ‫؝‬ȿɩȷɛϺʃɭ⏃ʢɤɭʢ৳
ʰɻȋගɹμɴᦣɁᦉʞȍɲɰɌɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛ‫֐ܦ‬ȴʰᦣʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳȵ⏆ȵѳᡸ༎֪ɹዩ
ෑᇕɲ୊ȦଝɭɲʳɹɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ‫ܐ‬ᮑȵȡʳ⏏ჼ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳࡸ᭬ɹѳᡸ៟ᅙɫɻʚɑ⏋ᕶးѳᡸ܎кʦకঌɹՏӴลᬠɴʭʳ˵Ͳ˹̲͠˸˹ˠͲ⏋ɐɲʼɠѳᡸɹਖឹਸɴᬠɐʳᬠਕɹ‫ڽ‬ᣱȵ᝔ʼʶʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᕶးѳᡸɹఠᔒɭ៟ᅙɹಔ‫ؖ‬ɻᦲ।ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡⏃஠ᦽᓔ⏆ɭዌɐʳ͠ͻ̋ͻ৲ȵ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹμȴʰ᧧ɽʶɩȡɛɤɩȦʳ⏏೎ᦏࠃʚɤɛ˻˙Ͳ˧͹̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋WWF ʦ GTZ⏃̝˓̓కঌɹஹ֖ᏼᑩ⏆ɲɰȴʰ༐᧛ɇʶɛˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹၖਕɲ༎֪ɴʭɤɩ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹᦅᓚ຦ɹ೴ɫɻɐɫɴ⏋з຦ɴʭʳςкᇕɲԇ‫ܟ‬ɹѳᡸɭ፬ჿɴᬠ
ɐʳ‫غ‬ઝȵɫȷɦɦȡʳɭᓬȼ⏏ɌȴɌʢɤɭʢ৔ȼගɴћࡔɐʳ̫ˡ͹̴˫͊ͻɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋Ʉɹ៟ᅙɻʓɭ˃ɰᦽࣙɌɩȦɲȦ⏏‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹ᧧Տ౅໬ɭ৳ȵ᠝ʳៜᘽɴȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɻʚɑё޺ɲȼ⏋Ӧеɲጓ‫ݭ‬ɴȡʳ̫Ͳ̜˕ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦ɹμȴʰ᧧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ॶፈςᒶᇕɲ̫ˡɹ኏Цȴʰ⏋͠ͻ̋ͻ৲ˁ᧧ʉɄɭɻᮑɌȦȴʢሾʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋౗᯴ȴʰᦅᓚ຦ɴਃࣚᇕɲ‫ܩ‬еˁ৔Ȧʰʶ⏋ѠᙵɹʚɲɊɌɫឿʰʶɩȦʳ̫ˡɹϺǾȵ⏋ᦅᓚ຦Տ᤹ɹˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹៜᘽˁᏬሁɴѵᅎɐʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦ⏏ࢹɲȼɭʢ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩ
ᕶՕɛɠɹႵჃ஛ᮃ༎֪ˁըᭉɌʭȩɭɻਲ਼ʼɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹѳᡸ༎֪ɭɻគᕊ
ɴ⏋̫ˡɛɠɹᬚɫɻɐɫɴ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩࢌჃˁȩʚȼʦʳȴȵ᠌ᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳɭʢᓬȼ⏏
ǵɇʰɴˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɻ⏋ࢪ᠌ˁᦲɌɩз຦ˁɇʱɁɲȼѳᡸɹ౅‫ك‬ɴ᠛ࢷɐʳɄɭȵೝ৺ɇʶɩȦʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻᮃʚɤɛ೴Ϻˁմɴ⏋ఠȭʰʶɛԒࢅˁྲᠦ‫ؤ‬ᠭɫ‫ؙ‬਋ɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɗʶɫʢᦅᓚ຦ɹ౅ɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛลЦˁɭʰȭɩᕶՕɛɠˁዩෑᇕɴѳᡸ៟ᅙɹ஠ᦽ
ᓔɭɌɩеᒞɧȿɩȦȼȵ⏋̫ˡȵɄȩɌɛᠦ਄ɴᓡˁӃȿʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫ஠ᦽ᧊֪ɹࡸ઴ˁᠭീɌɛ೓ᨆਚ॓⏃ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ߂࡝᭏ᅊ⏆ɴʭʳɭ⏋೎՟ɻឹິɇʶʳʚʚɴЦ‫غ‬ɴᮃʚɤɩȷɛ̫ˡɛɠɹ߂‫ץ‬ȵ⏋‫׸‬႒ᇕɲ͍̜̒͠ȵံȦɄɭȵʼȴʳɭɐȽɴࠒˁ༥ɌɩɌʚɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɭȷ̫ˡɹ̩Ͳ̊ͻɛɠɻ⏋ȋɛɭȭኧ๬ɇʶɩ
ʢ⏋ʼʶʼʶɻႵʱˁᐚȿʳɌȴɲȦȍɭٝȦɛɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹៜᘽɴ⏋ԇɹ‫ݭ‬ɫɹᕶՕɛɠˁᝠჼɐʳៜᘽˁ୫ɛɲȦᓔɛɠɹয়੾ɭ⏋ᯁȴɫɻȡʳȵు‫ܔ‬ɭɌɛୄ଻ɹᝠჼˁᠧʛ
ɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ѳᡸ៟ᅙɭȦȩృɌȦႥ໥ɴȋςкᇕɴȍᬠʼɤɩȦɄȩɭɐʳᦅᓚ຦ɭɻࢪ၇ᇕɲࠒֳɫȡʳ⏏ѳᡸ៟ᅙɴ̫ˡɹϺʃɭɹዩෑᇕɲؒᅙˁѦɐ᧑ɻ⏋৳ʰȵᦅᓚ຦ʍɹਃࣚ‫⏋׋‬ɐɲʼɠȋϠᩂɹٞᦇ‫׋‬ȍɹ‫֐ܦ‬ȴʰៗȷఔɛʶʳ᧑ɭʢɲʳɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏
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