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OUTH PACIFIC NEWSLETTERSKAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER
FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
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FAX: +81-99-285-6197

⿅児島⼤学国際島嶼教育研究センター
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E-mail: shimaken@cpi.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
Website:http://cpi.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/index.html

March 2 0 1 5

No.26

KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITYRESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDSSTRENGTHS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE KAGOSHIMA ISLANDS STUDYWITH A GEOGRAPHICAL AND ACADEMIC FOCUS
Shunsuke NAGASHIMA
Professor, Research Center for Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University
In the 1960s (at the time when I was taking my university entrance exams), and when I
embarked on the study of islands (also known as Nissology), I realized that Kyushu andKagoshima offer a considerable geographical advantage. I was recently reminded of thisthrough such research and publications as “The Islands of Kagoshima Japan” and “Chain ofIslands in the Kyushu Area”. I cannot leave the university without affirming thegeographical and academic advantage of Kagoshima for the study of islands.
The Remote Islands area is 1.6 times the area of Nagasaki Prefecture and 2.4 times thatof Okinawa Prefecture. Even when the main island in Okinawa is included in the calculation,
the surface area of the Kagoshima remote islands is larger by 13%. Nagasaki claimed tohave the highest island area in Japan, but the area is within the Act of Remote Island
Promotion. The Amami group of islands is declared to be in the remote islands area underthe Act on Special Measures for the Amami Islands Promotion and Development (not the
Act of the Remote Island Promotion law). The area of the Amami group of islands is verylarge. 49% of the Kyushu remote islands belong to Kagoshima.
Reference will be made first to the islands’ population. The remote islands’ population
is 22% larger than the self-professed number 1 Nagasaki Prefecture, and 33% larger than
Okinawa. The largest island in terms of population (with the exception of the Northern
Territories and the bridged island of Awajishima) is Amami Oshima, according to a national
census conducted in 2010, It has overtaken the Sado island population by 1,380 people. The
Kyushu district population ratio among the remote islands of the whole country is 70%, andwhen the Okinawa main island is included it reaches 90%.
The role of Kyushu and Okinawa with respect to Japan’s Exclusive Economic Zone issignificant. It is thought to be more than 25% of the national EEZ, although the data
concerning each prefecture’s contribution has not been verified and thus some uncertainty
still remains. In 2012, the northern blank area of Okinotorishima Islands was officiallyrecognized by the Continental Shelf Limit Committee of the United Nations as part of the1

Japanese EEZ. As the Japanese ambassador to Palau has emphasized, “there are the
Okinotorishima Islands on the Kyushu-Palau oceanic ridge” which is an addition to the EEZ
connecting Kyushu. If the southern area of the Okinotorishima Islands is added to the EEZ,
then Kyushu’s contribution to the ocean zone will be at the same level as Tokyo.
Kagoshima is one of the greatest places within the country to be studying islands. It
contains unparalleled diversity with respect to culture that is deep and unique within eachisland group:- each group is a little world on its own. With the frequent visits I have made, I
have been attracted to its richness and its depth.
Kagoshima has a geographical stretch of 602km from north to south. The diversity of
the islands’ environment is considerable and the islands’ location: (they may be seen as
occupying a central island-line position between Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula.) Social,
cultural and climatic features exhibit continuity and, at the same time, are in a state oftransition.
There are many islands that one cannot visit without first going to Kagoshima. Thoseliving in Kagoshima enjoy the advantage of having direct access to many truly remote andisolated islands. Sado Island, my home island, is a remote island that has the greatest landarea in Japan with the exception of the northern territories. It is also an island withconsiderable variety in land and society. I feel lucky to have been able to become familiar
with the Kagoshima Islands, in particular the small islands.
I spent 11.5 years working with islanders of Toshima-islands, Mishima-islands,
Kuchinoerabujima, Koshikijima-islands, Yoroshima and Ukeshima. This has been one of thebest periods of my life and I wish to thank the people of these islands deeply.
We announced the establishment of JSIS (Japan Society of Island Studies) in July of theyear 1998, at the general meeting of the 2nd ISISA (International Small Islands Studies
Association) Conference in Mauritius. We obtained sponsorship and invited the president of
ISISA from Australia to come to Nagasaki. The members of the Kagoshima University
Research Center for Pacific Islands, which had just been reorganized, also participated in
ISISA. Posters displaying information on the Ryukyu Islands were displayed at the venue.
This event led to the holding the first annual conference of JSIS at Kagoshima University in
1999. Other events that followed include a special open local meeting in Amami-Oshima at
the end of 1998, the 2006 annual conference in Amami-Oshima, and the 2011 annual
conference in Tokunoshima. For many of the participants, the above event inAmami-Oshima was the first opportunity to attend an academic meeting at a national scale,2

so there was a lot of excitement among them. The decision was made to hold meetings in
multiple venues and to run the conference simultaneously. In Tokunoshima, the conference
was held across three towns sequentially. There was a spirit of rivalry and at the same time apositive collaborative relationship among the members. There were 19 reports by 17 local
people, including those who had come back from overseas for their presentations. Thisintense study by the Amami islanders is encouraging to the new activities of the ResearchCenter for the Pacific Islands, which will open permanent a Amami Branch Office (withmembers taking by turns) in April 2015.
When I was working with the central government as a career officer, the Air Nauru
office was in the neighboring Kasumigaseki Building, on the first floor. Back then, there
used to be Kagoshima-Pacific international flights, and the colleagues at the Pacific Society
used this service for their research. The colleagues at the Nankai Research Center, thepredecessor to the Research Center for the Pacific Islands, have also benefited from thegeographical advantage when conducting international research and investigation by using
the training ships available at the Faculty of Fisheries.
Accuracy and discipline of scientific study was a tradition, probably because there wereforced opportunities for physical science specialization program in the higher education
system, as 7th Number School, after the Satsuma rebellion. I was lucky to have been able tobe registered as a member of staff at this classic research center at the former Ministry of
Education order facility, even though that was for a short term. My employment started
when overseas research had completely switched over from ships to planes. However,domestic researches for uninhabited islands were possible by a ship, the Nansei-Maru,
owned by the Faculty of Fisheries. I have particularly notable memories of the research at
Gajajima in Kagoshima and Iou-Torishima in Okinawa, which became no person island, andUji Islands; uninhabited island. And also of the investigations on earthquakes by the
Department of Scientific Studies and GPS maintenance at Gajajima and Yokoatejima
uninhabited islands in Kagoshima. What was a geographical advantage became
advantageous also with respect to the academic (the arts & sciences with the humanity &social sciences) environment.
In the context of our overseas research activities, we have had opportunities to visit
remote islands in Micronesia almost on an annual basis. These visits offered valuableknowledge of the actual island situation after the theoretical study at the university, and thestudy of data went further than the boundaries of a single specialty. I have been able to visit
3every island nation in the world within my working life, which was something I havecontinued since 1979 during the time I have been holding this post. I have also been able topublish articles in the evening edition of the local newspaper continuously for 16 months
until the evening edition was terminated, on a series called “Taking pictures and walking
around the islands of the world”.
We have welcomed the first meeting of the SICRI (Small Island Culture Research
Initiative) at Kagoshima University in 2004 and SICRI’s fifth meeting on Sado Island in
2008. The number of conference attendees from Kagoshima University was at its highest.
The villages of Mishima and Toshima government offices and Amami-no-sato gave us many
benefits and opportunities by being part of Kagoshima-city. We have welcomed foreign
visiting scholars as members of our staff, and we have been able to establish long-term
relationships of cooperation and friendship.
Thanks to the geographical advantage of the region and the work of the group of
persons engaged in island studies, a world-class research environment and infrastructure has
been established. From this April, my duties at the Centre will cease. But it is my hope andwish that the Center will continue to be a leader at a national and international level inadvancing research in the field of island studies in the future.
Thank you all for a job that may not always have been done perfectly but always
handled in a challenging way. Stay calm and carry on to the next step, summarizing theefforts and results of your fieldworks for better nissological Practice.
As an Islander, please accept my best wishes, and my profound appreciation.

Yokoatejima (the southernmost tip of Toshima-village) has many industrial traces (cableway facilities
for plant collection, livistona chinensis) (October, 2014 investigation)

4

JINTORI GAME IN PIIS-PANEU ISLAND, MICRONESIALEE Yoon Sun
Visiting Professor, Research Center for Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University(May 2013 to February 2014): Mokpo National University, South Korea
This is a preliminary research note on Piis-Paneu Island. I visited the island two times
in 2013 by a small motorboat from Weno, Chuuk. Chuuk is an archipelago of about 100
small islands. Some of these islands are uninhabited. During the World War Ⅱ, many ships
struck the corals and sunk. Life is free and easy in the islands. It may seem simple to avisitor like me from an industrialized country. If the weather is warm, people sleep outside.
The sky is so clear that one can see billions of stars at night.
1. Mayor Benito
In Piis-Paneu Island my team and I were welcomed to Mayor Benito's home. Every day
I enjoyed drinking tea with Mr. Benito. We talked about the trees that were swayed by thesea wind and exchanged stories. Rocking in a hammock, I listened to the sound of the sea
waves. At the coral reef along the coast I caught shellfish. In the evening, I heard the
Chuukese song of Benito's daughters. It was a great pleasure staying together with Mr.
Benito. Every evening his daughters created a brand new love song from scratch. We talked
about Indonesia and the Philippines, and about visiting China, Japan, Korea and othercountries.
Mr. Benito hopes to visit Korea and Japan. He knows that his father had a family Ohthat probably came from Korea. His father went back to either Korea or Japan when the
Word War II was over. His mother was pregnant then. Mr. Benito is of mixed blood. He
studied in the Micronesia State University and was elected mayor 24 years ago. He is now in
his 60's. He married two times, but both his wives passed away. He is presently living withhis children. Mr. Benito is an elite graduate of the National University in capital Pohnpei.
When he shows his diploma, he is proud of himself. He also served at the elementary schoolof Piss Islands as Principal.
The wind often blew hard for days. The tall coconut trees shook violently by the strongwind. Micronesia Chuuk is hit by typhoons on average three times a year and sometimes
5suffers huge damage. Big coconut trees fall down like sweeping brooms. A typhoon can bevery destructive. In the Philippines the last typhoon left more than ten thousand casualties.
We kept drinking tea and talking a few more days until the wind calmed down. We
shared political views too, mainly on the foreign policy of the United States, China's rapid
growth and the people at the base of the Antarctic across the South Pacific Ocean.
2. Poo and Lime
Every day I chewed ‘poo' (Areca catechu) five or six times. It is offered to guests by thehost. Chewing it together is believed to be socially necessary. Poo is a green acorn-like fruit.
It is wrapped with wanawan (Piper betle) leaves. Lime powder is inserted into Poo, first.
Next supwa (ground tobacco) is added to the lime powder that is made from shellfish. Poo iscommonly seen in the East South Asia-Pacific region. Wanawan leaves are known for theirsmell and taste.
After chewing 'poo', people spit it out and it looks like red saliva. Chewing 'poo'
together promotes sociability. After chewing it, I became woozy. Mixing more supwa or lime
powder can lead to a trancelike state. 'Poo' is like a drug. First I swallowed it, but later I got
used to it.
I learned a lot from my visit to the Piis-Paneu Island. ‘Poo’ has a long history. It wasused in ancient rituals. I’m not sure yet whether that practice is widespread over the Pacific
Ocean. As a matter of a fact, it came into the island a hundred years ago. In Pohnpei, a lot of
native poo is farmed. In Taiwan farming poo is popular. In some provinces the only crop is
poo.
Local people often chew 'poo' while resting. They prefer Indonesian supwa. Why dothey chew ‘poo’? The Lactobacillus in the soil of the floors of their houses has beneficial
properties. Piis-Paneu Island provides people poo and lime, which are essential nutrients.
Chewing poo together helps making friends.
3. Thanksgiving Day
The 28th of November 2013 was Thanksgiving Day. Some young people in Benito'sfamily butchered a dog. Traditionally, once or twice a year dogs are killed for their meat.
Their meat is a good source of animal protein for rice eaters. Otherwise people would haveto rely solely on fish. On the evening of Thanksgiving Day there was a dinner for the whole
Benito family. We ate barbecued chicken and roast duck. We also ate dog meat. Dog meat is
6

wrapped with banana leaves. Next fire barks of dry Coconut are added. Dog meat is a
special dish for local people.
People also eat ‘apot’, a fermented food from the Breadfruit. This is similar to Korean
Fermentation Sauce. In Pingelap islands of Micronesia it is called 'mar'. It is made bymashing breadfruit. The ingredients are buried in the ground. Sometimes maggots come out.
However, this is not a problem. About a year later, apot is removed. Notwithstanding the badsmell, apot is one of the best fermented foods for indigestion.
Mr. Benito’s neighbors gave me a bag of shells. It was a special gift for me. I knew how
I well was treated and deeply appreciated it. Mr. Benito showed his friendship with a sign.
He also wrote each name in the Chuukese language. The letters were followed by the namesof shells: bonsim, piwm, pwei, nicomat, potiroro, nifous, seningur, nimuwar, pwin.
4. Achi and tuba, traditional alcohol
There is a traditional alcoholic beverage. It is made of achi, a fermented natural
coconut bud. Before it becomes tuba, the achi is aged. In Piis-Paneu Island they can nolonger drink achi or tuba. But in the old days a lot of achi or tuba was consumed, especiallyin the course of rituals.
The noise of the strong wind woke me up early in the morning. The sound of raindrops
falling on the roof was heard on and off. It was monsoon season. I was eager to listen tointeresting stories from villagers. I also shot videos. The heavy rain lasted all night andstopped in the morning. The wind caused high waves.
I wanted to promote friendship between my group and Mr. Benito's people. Mr. Benito,
Mr. Julian, Prof. Yamamoto and I played card games. One game was new to me. Mary,sitting by my side, gave me some help. We all chewed poo with lime several times. I am
stunned by poo's toxicity. I had to go to bed earlier than usual that evening.
5. Jintori game
There is a game called Jintori. It seemed that all Piis-Paneu Island children played it.
First, they start at a slow tempo. Hand in hand they form a large circle. Girls, boys, andsometimes some adults join the circle. There is no doubt that the game is meant for children.
1) At the beginning of the game the children sing (singing children spin slowly making acircle by holding hands).
7

Amwo mei fufick upwe Achasini oh inisi ngeni
Efoch Puru fosa oh Pwe Upwe Kumei Kumei
A mu ehu ai fongeni won om na Pekus
2) In the second part the singing continues. Another name for the song is 'chumwong': thesong that invites a ‘yankou’ (local spelling is Iangke, meaning ‘ghost’). The circle spins
quicker and quicker as the game progresses.
U mochen chumwong *children (name of child request) epwe Pworuk
Epwe ani ewe mufafe mutate Sio Sio Panana Sio Panana
Ekis Keifiw ekis Kei ta Uwa Uta Chawarur Funkie Down
3) In the third part the singing is about taking the ghost out of the game.
Inagke Iangke Lusu luse to Ikei Iangke
Inviting a 'Iangke' (ghost) involves dancing and waving the legs in a circle. Soon "it",the chosen seeker, goes out of the circle. When "it" touches normally a girl in the circle, thegame ends. The game is repeated with children assuming the role of Iangke in turns. The
game looks similar to the Korean KangKangSullae (traditional circle dance). Miss Mary andKasinta translated the game song in the old Chuukese language. They found it extremely
difficult to speak in a different language. They insisted that foreigners do not understand it.
Perhaps Japanese, English and Chuukese languages in the lyric are mixed.
In Jintori the ghost, ‘Iangke’, comes out as the song is being sung. During the play thedance stops so that the ‘Iangke’ can enter the circle. Mr. Benito explained the meaning of‘Iangke’. It is an entertainment ghost that comes to play with us. Sometimes, it appears in ahorrible shape. Julian says that the ghosts can take a girl out of the village. So the circle wascreated to protect the girl in the circle. Jintori is usually played by younger girls. The slower
part of the game song means that the ‘Iangke’ should not take the girl out in the circle.
Outside of the circle, one boy tries to touch the girl in the circle.
The Iangke, the tagger, attempts to leap into the circle during the first period. The
Iangke is running around to touch the girl. The structure of Jintori with the ghost chasing the8victim is also seen in China. It seems that the structure of the game reflects a common
pattern that exists all over the world. More children take the role of ‘Iangke’ during thesecond period. The Iangke is the seeker in a hide-and-seek game. During the third period the
Iangke would run into the circle to catch the girl. The children of the circle seek to preventthe tagger from reaching the girl in the circle. All participants seek to protect the girl in thecircle by holding their hands together.
6. Possible interpretations
Langke is probably a term coined by Japanese soldiers. Langke means Yankees. Jintori
game is about protection from the Yankees. However, it is difficult to understand why peoplein Micronesia see the Americans as ghosts seeking their victims. What is left in the game is
the way the phenomenon is shown. Imagine that USA soldiers are seeking an isolated
Japanese soldier who appears to be the victim, not a ghost. Second, in Piis-Paneu Island
traditionally ghosts are regarded as enemies coming from outside. They could be American,
their Allies, or Japanese. No matter who it is, "it" would go after the Chuukese girl. Whatthey try to do is protect the innocent girl from the foreign soldiers.
The structure of Jintori is seems clear, but I can’t be too sure how the whole thingworks. My colleagues and I hope to go into more details later, after more thorough researchhas been carried out. The langke looks like a child. South Korea's ‘dokebi’ is like the langke.
The Japanese call it ‘ohni’. Ghosts in different cultures are family-similar. Not all ghosts arescary and dangerous. Some ghosts are entertaining us. How do we tell the bad from the good
ones? The one that takes the virgin away is said to be the bad.
Even the worst ghost is not always intent on causing harm. A bad ghost can sing andplay games also. This suggests a possible twofold meaning. I guess the structure of the gameis similar to KangKangSullae, which shows that the use of the circle and dancing are notunique to KangKangSullae but are universal.
Jintori does not appear to be very old. Benito and Julian say it was probably introduced
by Japanese soldiers during World War II. Benito knows more about the history and cultureof Piss islands than anyone else. He was elected mayor in Piss islands by the vast majority ofvoters. So his testimony is credible. We can thus say that the ‘Jintory’ game and game song
were brought to several islands in Micronesia, including Piss island, by Japanese soldiers.
It rained on and off every day. During the morning, I used to walk away from thevillage. I met several people and talked with them. When I returned to the village, I played9‘damatsuki’ (billiards game) with some young people. There were many youngsters around,including Benito’s grandsons, daughters and local youth. It was hard for me to communicate
with them. Prof. Yamamoto is a very great scholar. I understood that he had good rapport
with them. After we late lunch, we played card games again. Benito, Yamamoto andAntonius played together. Merry and Kasinta gave me some help. I promised to them that I
will visit them again in the future.
Help Credits
Benito (1946, Mayor of Piis-Paneu Island), Pasiente (1948, Elementary School Principal),Antonius (1951, neighbors of Benito), Julian (1957, neighbors of Benito), Kasinta (1978, thedaughter of Benito), Merry (1982, the daughter of Benito)

International Symposium
7 February 2015
Kagoshima University
Challenge of Integrated Disciplinary Research—Natural Resources Use by People in the Pacific Islands—
The balance between humans and nature is an everlasting theme. Because we humanbeings live and evolve in the natural environment our lives depend on it. In addition to that,
we are constantly developing civilization and therefore our interaction with naturalenvironment, especially the utilization of natural resources, has been undergoing change andadaptation. With the use of The Scientific Research Fund, we have been conducting researchon the relation between humans and nature regarded from the viewpoint of “Integrated
Disciplinary Research.” In our study of Fiji various research fields are integrated throughthree stages. In the first stage, the coexistence between humans and the nature was set as a
key issue and we have researched the topic of resource utilization with a view to quantifying
the factors related to the economic system and natural environment in coastal fishingvillages. In the second stage, we classified the villages’ lifestyles into these types according
to the popularity of monetary economy and on the basis of statistical analysis. Finally, in thethird stage, a project on the Ecosystem Services was started. In this stage we pointed to theimportance of bivalve “Kaikoso” in the ecosystem and then elucidated the relationship10between traditional village institutions and current domestic and international influences. In
this symposium we will report the outcomes of our research, especially those derived fromthe third stage, and draw attention to issues and problems that often emerge when integrated
disciplinary research on the relation between humans and nature is conducted with a focus
on the interaction between humans and nature in Pacific Islands.
Keynote Speech
1: Integrated Coastal Management Initiative in Gau Island, Fiji: The Activities and theInteresting Lessons Learned
Joeli VEITAYAKI (School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Fiji)
Indigenous village communities on Gau Island, Fiji have been undertaking integrated
coastal management over the last decade and are displaying a unique commitment to better
manage their environmental resources to ensure better life for them and their children in the
future. The people are continually confronting pressing challenges that need to be overcome
if the results of the resource management activities are to be realized. The case demands that
resources are strategically used and that governance is strengthened to convince the people
that the better management of their environmental resources, the mainstay of life in theseislands, is their best development option.
All of the 16 villages and five settlements in Gau are part of the Lomani Gau initiative
to pursue sustainable development to improve their lives as well as maintain the integrity of
their ecological environment that provides the critical support services. While the people areundertaking sustainable development activities that protect their environment and enhancetheir lives and those of their future generation, pressing challenges and altering situation
continue to pose difficulties that demand better governance.
In this presentation, I will share the lessons from some of the processes and actions
undertaken by the villagers in Gau to safeguard the environment that they will present totheir future generations as the basis of future economic, social and cultural and ecologicalwell being. The lessons from the challenges faced and the activities taken to address thedifficulties will also be discussed.
2: Re-examining the Rural Economy in the Pacific Islands: Accounting for Natural
Resource Use by Women in Coastal Communities
Vina BIDESI (School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Fiji)
The discriminations embedded in gender relations resulting from existing social norms,
conventions and practices are often reproduced in the sphere of economic activities which inturn influence the economic outcomes. Using the coastal fisheries sector in the Pacific Island
Countries, the paper firstly reviews the shifts in rural development thinking through11re-examining the dominant theories and policy thrusts and their impacts on environment,
society and economy. It then goes on to discuss the context of sustainable development insmall island developing economies within this framework where the sustainable livelihoods
approach is most applicable. As a result, the multiple roles of women form the cornerstoneof such an approach in rural coastal communities. Using an economic lens, the paper
analyses some of the misconceptions and discriminations that result in terms of costs andbenefits and how these translate into opportunities and constraints faced by women inparticular and the coastal fisheries sector in general. The paper argues that integration ofgender into economic analysis is important not only to change economic thinking but also indesigning of more effective policies for natural resource use and sustainable development.
Report1: Factors Influencing the Natural Resource Use in Semi Self-sufficient Communities
Satoru NISHIMURA (Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities, Kagoshima University)
It is a very important issue how to use the natural resource in semi self-sufficient
communities where the people are heavily depending on the agricultural products andmarine resources in the community both for their food and source of income. We argue what
factors decide the mechanism of the resource use by comparing several semi self-sufficient
communities in Fiji which locate in deferent geographical zones. We focus on the kinshipsystem (yavusa and mataqali), accessibility of each community to the main market,
intervention of the Government and NGO, religion and so on. We also discuss some useful
economic approaches to understand the mechanism of the resource use such as Micro-Macro
Loop (Shiozawa 1995) and the Thünen rings (1826).
2: The Change and Challenges of Resource Management System in FijiTakeshi TORII (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University)
The objective of our study is clarified of the current situation and challenges ofFisheries Resource Management System in Fiji through a case study of some Village.
There were no rules in some of the village in Fiji related to the management of fishinggrounds and fishery resources. Villager caught fish and shellfish for consumption by theirfamilies and selectively caught shellfish of certain sizes suitable for consumption.
However, with the spread of the monetary economy throughout the country, anddevelopment and adoption of fishery equipment and devices, the way fishery resources areused have dramatically changed. Specifically, there have been shifts from self-sufficient use
to commercial use of fishery resources and from traditional fishing methods to efficientfishing methods. As operators started harvesting more fishery resources than necessary for
self-consumption, a new lifestyle has been established in which extra fishery resources12harvested are exchanged for money at the markets. Changes in economic environment andtechnological advancement have increased pressure on fishing, threatening the fisheryresource level, while the order established during the era of self-sufficiency only has become
insufficient for securing sustainable resource use.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries introduced the Inside Demarcated Areas
Fishing License system in 2013. If the villagers want to sell their fishing products in themarket, it is necessary that they pay registration fee and get the license. And they should
follow the ministerial regulation.
However, households less than half had the license. And it was observed that licensees
do not correctly understand all the regulation rules. The current system in which fisheryoperators are trusted to learn about the regulation by themselves has limitations. If the
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries wants to enforce the regulation without exception, it isnecessary to notify fishery operators on the regulation details thoroughly. And it is also
necessary to examine a transmission course of the information.
3: Comparison of Fisheries Management in Fiji
Jokim KITOLELEI (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University)
Coastal fisheries management is important to Pacific Island communities, as they are
fisheries-dependent economies. This study aims to analyze coastal fisheries management inFiji and the difficulties that are faced within achieving effective coastal fisheries
management. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current management system andpractices in coastal communities. The challenges faced in managing community-based
fisheries in Fiji include the lack of understanding of fishing boundaries, fishermen activities,
fisheries rules, fisheries practices and the impact of fisheries market.
4: Comparison of Dietary Habit for Fijian Local People Using Stable Isotope Ratio
Toru KOBARI (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University)
Fijian dietary habits are compared among the three local villages. We also analyzed
stable isotope ratio of dietary items and Fijian kids’ hairs to explore an approach to compare
dietary habits. Vegetables and cereals are major dietary items and seafood was important asprotein items in all villages. Regardless of accessibility to urban areas, both locally produced
and market-derived items were equally used. The stable isotope ratio was specific to seafoodamong dietary items and different for Fijian kids’ hairs among the three villages, suggesting
an useful approach to compare their dietary habits. The stable isotope ratio of Fijian wasclose to those of Indian and Chinese but represented more fish-eating.

13

4: Bivalve Resources Use by Local People in Fiji
Kei KAWAI (Director of Research Center for Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)
The coastal village’s lifestyle in Fiji is mainly dependent on farming and fishery.
“Kaikoso” are a major fishery resource, and are collected by women and sold as a source ofincome. Kaikoso are bivalve and feed on organic matter in the seawater; they inhabit thecoastal sites between mangroves and coral reeves, and are more abundant than on otherislands. This presentation will demonstrate the ecological importance of Kaikoso tomangrove-tidal flat ecosystems and the islands’ economic and social systems.

Symposium
4 October 2014
Kagoshima University
Cooperation and Lessons from Linking the Islands—Simultaneous Development of Nissology and the Local Studies on the each Island—
Aim
The Nissology (Island Studies) Research Core Project is aimed at constructing
cross-faculty and departmental system that builds on the 5 core fields of Kagoshima
University Charter for education and research, namely Environment, Food and Health, Water,
Energy, and Nissology. Through annual researches, reports creation and review meetings weare continuing to solidify the establishment and the enrichment of the educational andresearch system. We have reviewed the achievements the last fiscal year, especially thereview meetings from then the islanders were invited; we were intended for this next
symposium to do at some islands in Kagoshima.
Theme: Cooperation and lessons from linking the islands
We will be discussing the approach to the simultaneous development of both local
study and Nissology. The theme will be explored with Tanegashima Island and Satsunan
Islands at the core of the discussion and will be broadening the topic onto theinterrelationships between the Kagoshima Archipelago including the Amami Islands andother peripheral regions. We will further review the current state of cooperation between theisland regions, the collaborative efforts between the locals, and the concrete significance ofthe collaborative measures from the standpoint research and academia.
14Intension of this Symposium
Kagoshima Islands have an area with unparalleled diversity and endlessness with richuniqueness in abundance. The combined area (spanning 600km from north to south) and the
population of the remote islands within Kagoshima Prefecture are ranked highest in Japan.
However there are a number of regional challenges such as the development and theadvancementofindustry

appealing

to

young

population,

lack

of

stableyoung/industrial-production population on the islands, development of the local culture, andcollaboration between other local areas which include between islands. The development of
culture, nature, and industries are not only the problems experienced by islands on an
isolated level but are a common problem experienced by all. There is a need to review andcreate new ground with improvements by reflecting on inter-island collaboration and theirrelationship histories as well as their interactions with the mainland. In this Symposium thisissue will be highlighted from the point of view of Satsunan Islands with its “history of
connection”, development, its new potentials, together with the leading figures in local
developments.
The discussion of the “history of connection” will be held by Professor Masami ISHII(Tokyo Gakugei University), the leading specialist of the ethnology pioneer Kunio
YANAGITA, who has been invited on this special occasion. He will focus on the theory of“Road above Ocean” in relation to Tanegashima Island. This will be further discussed fromthe point of view of Kuroshio (Black Current) Cultural Theory which links Okinawa and the
Korean Peninsula by the visiting professor, Professor CHUN Kyung Soo (Seoul University,
Ethnology).
The symposium will continue with the reports from the local public. From YakushimaIsland, there will be a talk on seed preservation, environment and local guide activities from
Kuchinoerabu Island and from Tanegashima Island there will be reports on agriculture andhorticulture as well as classes for water sports and other sea activities. The university willreport on some of the cases of the concrete application of the theory of island tourism(Cultural Anthropology) and island information theory (Information Engineering/Computer
Science).
At this symposium we would like to encourage all attendees to exchange opinions,
including the people who are part of the broadcast. The topic can range from theapplicability of the broad island promotion theory and its specificity in furthering
contributions towards island development and promotion along with the way of theuniversity. We would also appreciate any opinions and feedback after the symposium

15

Keynote Speech: Thinking about "Kaijo no michi (Road on Ocean)": The Case of theSatsunan Islands
Masami ISHII (Tokyo Gakugei University)
Kunio Yanagita wrote "Kaijo no michi"(1961) and he considered origin of Japanesepeople from his experience and knowledge in this book. It didn't be enough to think about
Satsunan Islands except for Amami Oshima. However, these islands in a line played the roleas "the islands on the road" connecting Okinawa and the Kyushu district. It became clear by
the recent studies that they were the meeting places of south and north cultures. While,
Kunio Yanagita worried about "koto-ku" and then wrote "Shima no jinsei"(1951). We areliving in the informational and international society, so I want to study about the pride ofliving in the small islands. For example, Tanegashima Island that has the Space Center isclose to Yakushima Island that has the World Heritage. It must be the chance of thinking
about not only nature and science but also the past and the future.
Comment: 'Satsunan' and History of Japanese Anthropology: From TASHIRO Antei to
KOKUBU Naochi
CHUN Kyung Soo (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)
Satsuma had a different and independent way of modernization from the main stream ofJapan as Bakubu, as a matter of fact. I would like to find out the way of Satsunan School interms of the history of Japanese of anthropology. TASHIRO Antei born in Kagoshima can beclaimed as the pioneering the discipline of anthropology because he published an article on
Satsunan archipelagos in the journal titled as <Jinrui-kaku-jatssi> at Tokyo in 1889 aftersurvey in the area.
1: Ocean School and Other Endeavours
Mitsuharu KUME (NPO, Turtle Crew)
Living by our motto “Human being are part of nature”, we facilitate series of natureawareness programs by focusing on the life of sea turtles to provide opportunities to feel thejoy and the happiness of being in nature, and challenges that nature poses to us. Located off
the coast of Southern Kyushu, Tanegashima is known as one of major nesting site ofloggerhead sea turtles in the northern Pacific region. Depopulation is one of major issues
that the island faces, and the loss of young generation hold challenges for the future. Ourconcern over the fact that many of them leave the island without knowing the beauty of theisland has to offer, and realizing their fortunate surroundings. Based in the island, a home forsea turtles, we strive to promote natural awareness by offering various interactive activities
that anyone can join. One of our highlighted programs includes a trip to a desert island in asail boat searching for sea turtles and examining garbage found in the ocean. Programs are16

intended for cultivating respect and appreciation for nature while enjoying marine activities
that linked to the life of sea turtles.
2: Creating Local Community through Farming and Its Delivery
Hiromi ENDO (Nakawari Ginger Farm)
Based in Nakawari school district Kounomine Elementary School became the only
closed down in Nishinoomote, and product commercialization and cultivation of the famous"ginger" as "healthy vegetables" and is also the origin of the name of ginger mountainvillage there is this elementary school through, I am working on the activation of elderly
depopulated area. For number of people is small in the older center members, we start from
where you recruit "farm supporters" from the city, and ask them to cooperate with the farmwork. In addition, since in order to have a connection with urban areas, was carried
Ownership System of ginger on "My Ginger Project", to get with the relationship how notjust "consumers", and create a mechanism for me to cheer the activity itself have.
3: Pinus armandii var. amamiana (Yakutane-goyo) and Erythrorchis altissima(Takatsururan) — The World of Rare Plants in Kumage Three Islands
Kenshi TETSUKA (Yakushima Biodiversity Conserving Conference)
We would like to review the importance of protecting the nature and the environment
through the conservation of two endangered plants living on the islands of Tanega-shima,
Yakushima Island, and Kuchinoerabujima Island and also the meaning of communicating
this to the generations to come. Yakutane-goyo is a unique endemic pine only grown inYakushima and Tanegashima islands. On Yakushima Island, there are approximately two
thousand survival trees distributing predominantly in the Natural World Heritage Areas. On
Tanegashima Island, there are approximately three hundred left, however due to pine wilt
disease, the numbers are dwindling. The Mishima is the northernmost islands in Japan where
the non-foliage tropical plant belonging to the orchid family, Takatsururan, grows. They live
symbiotically with the fungi in the laurel forest where there are chinquapin (Castanopsis
sieboldii, Sudazii) and the laurels (Machilus thunbergii,Tabuno-ki), especially in the mostundisturbed forest. The survival of this orchid for generations is dependent on the old laurel
forests, however, there are only a few surviving due to various development works that has
been taking place in Tanegashima and Yakushima islands. We are hoping that the unique andprecious diversity of living organisms and the diversity cultures that are born in the richnessof nature are shared as part of the “Learning about the Regions” scheme.
4: The Changes in Consciousness by the “Eco-Tour of the Village”
Kyoko KIFUNE (Kuchinoerabujima Island)
17

Kuchinoerabujima is a small island in the shape of a gourd to about 12 km northwest ofYakushima-island. I think many people saw the news that the mountain erupted on August 3
after 34 years silence. Even as long as they remain in the record, it is also the island of anactive volcano eruption has been repeated again and again. In 2007 whole island has been
specified for the Yakushima National Park. We are seeking to balance the use of tourism andconservation of nature. I will introduce the "eco-tour of the village" as a new form of
tourism that is working on this island. And I will talk about changes in the island obtained inthrough the "eco-tour of the village". Then, to the population problem is a major problems
facing Kuchinoerabujima, consider that we can do now.
5: Current Situation and the Future Prospect of Tourism in the Satsunan Islands ofKagoshima
Sueo KUWAHARA (Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities, Kagoshima University)
Twenty-one inhabited islands lie on the sea south of mainland Kagoshima prefecture
which extends 500 kilometers north and south. Among them are Mishima (Takeshima,
Satsuma-Iwojima,

Kuroshima),

Kuchinoerabujima),

TokaraIslands

Osumi

Islands(Tanegashima,

Yakushima,(Kuchinoshima,

Nakanoshima,

Suwanosejima,

Hirashima, Akusekijima, Kodakarajima, Takarajima), and Amai Islands (Amami Oshima,
Kakromajima, Ukejima, Yorojima, Kikaijima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Yoronjima).
In this study, firstly, I will outline the present situation of tourism in Satsunan Islands ofKagoshima which is known as an islands prefecture. Secondly, from the viewpoint of
tourism, I would like to discuss about how these islands have established the relationshipwith each other. Lastly, I will focus on the tourism of Tanegashima and Yakushima by
positioning them in the overall island tourism of Kagoshima prefecture and also discuss
about the characteristics and the future prospect of the two islands.
6: Development and Utilization of Broadband Infrastructure at Islands in Kagoshima
Masato MASUYA (Computing and Communications Center, Kagoshima University)
It has been constructed broadband infrastructures at isolated islands in Kagoshima, now
there are no islands that do not have broadband Internet access environments. However, they
are different depending on islands, actually, regional differences have been more widen thanever. And daily life of the island is very influenced by disconnection of Internet access lines,
because they are closely related to each other. On the other hand, broadband infrastructures
can release from spatial limitations and those utilization provides various new evolutions. I
will give an overview of broadband infrastructure connections between islands ofKagoshima, describe current situations and problems, and look toward the future of islands
from the point of view of the broadband Internet.
18Symposium
31 January 2015
Kagoshima University
Characteristics and Prevention of Disasters on Islands
Aim
The Kagoshima Prefecture is one of Japan’s most prominent prefectures consisting of
numerous islands where many disasters strike. The islands stretch 600km from north tosouth and the combined areas of the remote islands surpass that of the Okinawa Prefecture.
The typhoons that land are highly intense and their impact and amount of damage caused
can be very serious. The islands also suffer many volcanic disasters, which areinternationally renowned. Each island has its own unique disaster propensities,
characteristics, and apprehensions of the damages from tsunami, nuclear power generation,
landslides and floods caused by heavy rain and so on. This can be seen through disaster
drills and disaster recovery measures. There are many problems around island disasterprevention coming from the various islands’ specific circumstances. Beyond the routine
preventative measures, how do we prepare and how do we ensure we take all possible
measures for disaster prevention? In this symposium we aim to discuss these issues
academically and by taking into account the experiences and perspectives of the islanders.
We hope for proactive participation from the attendees of this symposium.
Keynote Speech: Volcanic Hazards and Disaster Prevention in Remote Islands
Tetsuo KOBAYASHI (Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kagoshima
University)
There are several active volcanoes in the Nansei-shoto islands to the south ofKagoshima, such as Satsuma-Iojima, Kuchinoerabujima, Kuchinoshima, Nakanoshima,
Suwanosejima, Yokoatejima, and Io-Torishima. At this lecture I will refer to two examples
concerning disaster prevention in a volcanic island, such as the Sakurajima and the
Suwanosejima volcanoes which produced large scale eruptions in historical times.
1: The Role of Community FM at the Time of Disaster
Kengo FUMOTO (NPO Amami FM D!)
Amami FM started in 2007 and was the first radio station established in a remote islandin the Kyusyu area. It is known familiarly as the radio of “Shimatcyu; which means local
19islander”, by the “Siamatcyu”, for the “Simatcyu”. It helps islanders to search for theiridentity by providing information and news about the island. The 24 hours for five days
narrowcasting for torrential rains that occurred in Amami city in 2010 provided criticalinformation which mass-media couldn’t cover. I would like to report how thecommunications with listeners through the radio can play an important role in reducing
damages in emergency situations.
2: Tsunami Disaster Prevention According to the Nature of Islands: A Model of the
Evacuation Plan in the Amami Islands
Masaki IWAFUNE (Research and Education Center for Natural Hazards, Kagoshima
University)
Tsunami waves inundate a settlement on alluvial plan with an altitude of several meters
above sea level easier than one on marine terrace with an altitude of tens meters above sea
level. The Amami Oshima Island is one of the "high islands" with mountainous and hilly
districts that enclose most residential areas in alluvial plains along the coast. In view of 1)
the high naturalness of the mountainous districts with habitats of "endangered animals" suchas the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi), 2) the difficult entrance into the mountainous
districts because of the presence of Habu, a venomous and dangerous snake (Protobothrops),
3) the great worth of the nature and landscape as tourist attractions, and 4) the high rate ofelderly persons needing assistance for evacuation, the people in the Amami Oshima island
should take comprehensive measures against tsunami disasters. Rather than the constructionof seawalls along the coast, these measures should include an evacuation plan by vehicles
from the rural settlements to roads in the mountainous districts.
3: Volcanic Benefits and Disaster Prevention in the Iwojima Islands and theMishimamura Village
Hisashi OIWANE (Local government of Mishimamura Village)
The Satsuma-Iwojima Island is a volcanic island located at the Northwestern edge ofthe Kikai Caldera. The eastern part of the island features Iwo-dake volcano, which shows
fumarolic and hydrothermal activities. These activities have been benefiting local people,
supplying natural sulphur ores and hot springs for thousands of years. At present, only 113
people are living in the island. Recently, we started to use these natural resources for diverse
purposes, for example, for making fireworks using natural sulphur and for kayaking on thehydrothermal area. On the other hand, the Iwo-dake Volcano had a small eruption in 2013,
which reminds us to pay attention to volcanic activity. Hence we have an annual emergency
evacuation training that all islanders participate in. In this talk, I will introduce examples ofour efforts to take advantage of the volcano and our emergency evacuation training
procedures.
20

4: Characteristics and Diversity of Natural Disasters on Islands and Local Society
Shunsuke NAGASHIMA (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)
There tends to be distinctiveness in the way natural disasters strike in areas with strongisland characteristics. Islands are affected in diverse ways depending on factors such as
remoteness, size, altitude, nature of the surrounding seas and these factors affect also disaster
forecast, rescue procedures, alarm and evacuation methods, the severity of the disaster andthe duration of its effects. The safety, reassurance, and stability of life on the island is basedon the ability to maintain rescue and recovery services continuously. The unity among theisland people, as well as their wisdom and ability to endure and overcome hardships haveframed the island culture, technology and societal rules. There are countless examples
showing how disasters have forced people to come together, such as group migration. What
are the current and future options for effective responses to problems such as global
warming, extreme weather and human-made calamity? In this presentation, the history ofvarious risks that were overcome since the “Water and Light Revolution” will besummarized. We will also examine the comprehensive and functional disaster management
governance and disaster prevention systems that support the islanders.

Prof. NAGASHIMA, Mr. FUMOTO, Dr. OIWANE, Prof. IWAFUNE, Prof. KOBAYASHI (Left to Righ)21

Research Seminars
No.145, 10 January 2014
“The Banishment to an Island of a Feudal Warrior —A Case in Hachijō-jima—”
Hiroyuki SATO (Faculty of Education, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]
During the first month of the 7th year of the Enpō era (1679), the conflict in the Takada
domain of the Echigo Province between the house elder Oguri Misaku and his opponent
Nagami ōkura intensified with the problem of the succession to the domain lord Matsudaira
Mitsunaga. This conflict is called “Echigo sōdō”. This feud lengthened because of theimplication of some conflict between high-ranking bakufu officials, but in the 6th month of
the 9th year of Enpō, the 5th shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi decided the following
punishments: Oguri (father and son) were forced to ritual suicide (seppuku), Nagami and his
followers were banned to an island (entō) or exiled, and Matsudaira Mitsunaga was deprivedof his fief (kaieki).
In this presentation, we will deal with one of the main protagonists of the “Echigosōdō”, that is to say Nagami ōkura, one feudal warrior, who was banned to Hachijō-jima by
the decision of Tsunayoshi.
We will present here some reflexions on the background of and the relationshipbetween those who took part in that kind of banishment, that is to say the bakufu, the fief(s),or the guardians (azukenin), and on the signification of entō.
No.146, 17 February 2014
“Ant Diversity Research and Network of Ant Researchers in Asia”
Seiki YAMANE (Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]As many as 12,500 ant species have been known from various parts of the world.
However, numerous unnamed ant species secretly live in natural habitats of developing
countries in Asia. Some ants are encountered once a person's life, whereas others are
spreading throughout the earth's surface with the help of human activity.
Looking back my 20-year research on ant diversity, I will introduce interesting topics
and our achievement in the field of natural history of ants. I also explain how important are
big collections of fine quality and maintaining independent researchers for the developmentof taxonomy, through my experience in growing a network for Asian ant researchers(ANeT). I believe that finding talented persons, respecting members' uniqueness, global
22viewpoint and maintaining long-term interactions are most important in developing such a
network.
No.147, 17 March 2014
“Be Parasitic on the Parasite for 37 Years”
Shinichi NODA (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]Infections are caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminthes (nematodes,
cestodes and trematode). Medical parasitology is the subject which deals with the protozoa
and helminthes that infect human. Medical zoology is sometimes used as a name withemphasis on ectoparasites which are parasitic on human body surface, vectors which spreads
a pathogenic organ, and the living thing which inflicts harm on human. Many parasitic
diseases are overcome by improving the living environment in Japan. Currently importantparasitic diseases are larva migrans which animal parasite infected to humans. I will discuss
pig roundworm disease that occurred in the context of the livestock industry in Kagoshima
Prefecture. In Kagoshima Prefecture, tsutsugamushi disease and Japanese spotted fever
occurred, and patients infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus
were also reported. I will mention trombiculid mites and ticks. I began investigation of themosquito fauna in the Federated States of Micronesia after starting for my new assignment
in this center. As I finish surveys in four states, I will show the geographical distribution andbreeding sites of mosquito species.
No.148, 21 April 2014
“Circulation of Early Modern Ceramics in the Nansei Islands: An Archaeological
Survey of the Mishima Islands and Toshima Islands”
Yoshiro WATANABE (Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities, Kagoshima
University)[ABSTRACT]
Despite having an interest in the circulation of early modern ceramics in the Nansei
Islands, I could find very little archaeological literature covering the Mishima islands andToshima islands. Therefore, in order to compile some basic data, I undertook several
archaeological surveys in the islands in 2012 and 2013. The results show that while there aresimilarities with mainland Kagoshima, the large amounts of Chinese porcelain found in
Toshima, in particular, point towards close links with Okinawa. From clues in documentsfrom the Meiji Period (1868–1912), I have been able to speculate on how the ceramics
circulated. In both Mishima and Toshima, it seems people bought ceramics while they were23

visiting Kagoshima or Amami/Okinawa for whatever reason. It is also worth noting that
ceramics were not only brought back for everyday use but also as shrine offerings.
No.149, 26 May 2014
“Studies on Speciation in Medical Entomology and Parasitology”
Yasushi OTSUKA (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]Species identification is a very important in studies of medical entomology parasitology.
Recently, classification using nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of cryptic species.
For example, Anopheles barbirostris species group, which is one of malaria vector
mosquitoes in Thailand, is divided into five species using mating, chromosome andnucleotide sequence analyses. But, only one of the five species seems to be a vector ofmalaria. In addition, zoonotic onchocersiasis in Japan is caused by Onchocerca dewittei
japonica, a common filarial parasite of wild boar. But, a morphological similar parasite isalso found in wild boar. We have to evaluate medical importance of the parasite. I will
predict the future of such studies.
No.150, 30 June 2014
“Life of Fishery Villages in the East Coast in Luzon Island: Observation Using
Sea-Kayak”
Kosaku YAMAOKA (Emeritus Professor of Kochi University)[ABSTRACT]The Kuroshio Current, one of the biggest warm current in the world, brings various
gifts to Japan. In Japan locating at its lower reaches, many scientific works on the current
have been conducted in both natural and sociological fields. However, only few works canbe found out in its headwater region at the east coast of Luzon. Much work there is needed
to found "Kuroshio Science" a new scientific field, but there were many difficulties mainly
regarding access issue; no road. At that time, I fortunately had a chance to get information
about an explorer who traveled alone by using sea-kayak from Australia to Japan,
island-hopping exploration. I proposed him, Mr. Yahata, an expedition along the east coastof Luzon by sea-kayaking. In 2010, 2011 and 2012 fiscal years, we four members conducted
1000km expeditions 3 times from Tabaco, Albay to Sant Ana, Cagayan, northeastern tip ofLuzon. We made a hearing toward artisanal fishers about their lives and fisheries. Here, I
will make a short report on the results of our sea-kayak expedition and consider potential
abilities of the sea-kayak as a tool of field research.

24

No.151, 14 July 2014
“Anthropology of Longevity and Centenarians”
CHUN Kyung Soo (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]
Longevity phenomenon is a global future issue. A natural phenomenon to be rise as acore theme of future study, I believe that longevity phenomenon will form a major outline in
futurology. I may show the possibility and expectation of longevity studies to be developed
as a model of a unified science.
21st century has become the era where all types of science challenge to human life span.
Not only the general biology, from the genetic engineering to computer engineering,surrounding studies strive for development of medical science. On the one hand, thanks to
the nutrition which has been provided to the human being during the last century, infantmortality ratio has dropped, and relatively, numbers of senior population is rapidly growing
all over the world. On the other hand, social welfare researchers raise serious issues
regarding support issues of senior population. By families become nuclear, supporting ofsenior population becomes the issue of the nation, and finance of the nation is more strongly
requested to prepare the aging society.
Anthropology, which has collected information of human life and studied life span, can
not keep being quiet on this longevity phenomenon. Longevity phenomenon requests a new
point to the discipline of anthropology. I think that anthropology has to set its angle
regarding the upcoming longevity phenomenon in the future. On the basis of the information
through analysis of the information that has been collected all over the world, and wisdomthat has been collected from lives, anthropology has to set its angle toward longevity
phenomenon. To arrange such angle, I believe that a field of anthropology of longevity shallbe set and progressed in terms of a practical anthropology dimension. It necessarily has to bepromoted, and we need to discuss the potential of it. It is also important not to miss any
preparation for the future by pursuing citizens and government officials.
In such situation, the research aims not only understanding the failure of longevity
studies, but also presentation alternative measures to solve the real issues. Longevity
phenomenon shall not be understood only as a long life span. Long life span that burdens
family and society seems to be considered improper. We may consider an issue how to face
the senior problem upon the overall social agreement that becomes the burden of a nation.
We also may consider how we can turn the current situation to the proper direction that isdebatable as a human right issue because not a small number of seniors are sick, stay in socalled welfare facilities and being isolated from the society.
Longevity needs to be understood as live long in good health. We may easily hear fromthe seniors 'I'm a sinner who lives long.' or 'What's good with longevity. I better die soon.' It25

is not from some individuals, but a common saying. Such sayings have to be understood as
an expression or surface mentality. It is only an expression of their dissatisfaction andinstability, but not a true will wishing to be dead. Expression of deep mentality of it is'longevity', live long in good health. We may understand that stronger surface mentality
expression means stronger desire of deep mentality. Therefore, the final aim of the researchis to let seniors live the new way of life so that they may plan the proper senior life, maintain
good health and face the death in good health.
No.152, 1 September 2014
“Current Condition and Future Outlook of Emergency Care in Kagoshima
Prefecture: Collaboration between the Kagoshima University Hospital Emergency
Critical Care Center, Remote Islands, and Other Remote Areas”
Yasuyuki KAKIHANA (Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima
University)[ABSTRACT]In medical parlance, “remote areas” are defined as follows: “mountainous areas, remoteislands, and other comparable regions that are disadvantaged in terms of traffic, natural,
economic and social conditions, where access to medical care is difficult, including but notlimited to medically underserved areas, quasi-medically underserved areas, and areas inwhich remote area clinics have been established.” Kagoshima Prefecture includes 16
medically underserved areas (four of which are remote islands), and 37 quasi-medicallyunderserved areas (33 of which are remote islands), and the issues seen in remote islands
and other remote areas, such as shortage of physicians and inadequate emergency caresystems, have been recognized as serious problems. It is necessary to ensure that theresidents of Kagoshima Prefecture are able, no matter the location of their residence, toreceive safe, reliable, high-quality medical services at any time according to their needs. To
this end, it is important to identify approaches for the establishment of reliable supply
systems and of programs for physician training and the transfer of injured and sickindividuals from the remote islands and other areas of Kagoshima Prefecture. We would liketo discuss the roles that the Kagoshima University Hospital Emergency Critical Care Centermust assume in regard to this issue.

26No.153, 17 November 2014
“Restorative Justice and Youth Justice in New Zealand”
George MOUSOURAKIS (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]Over the past three decades, a new approach to society's response to crime andcriminality, known as 'restorative justice', has been gaining ground around the world. This
innovative approach revolves around the ideas that crime is primarily a violation of a
relationship among victims, offenders and the community; that the chief aim of the justiceprocess should be to reconcile those most directly affected by the offending behaviour while
addressing the injuries they suffered; and that the resolution of crime-related conflicts
demands a positive effort on the part of victims and offenders, and the assumption of
responsibility by the community. A restorative justice practice that has attracted muchattention in recent years is conferencing. Conferencing is essentially an extension of thevictim-offender mediation process involving not only offenders and victims but also theirwider 'communities of care', such as their respective families and other community members.
It aims to involve the young offender, the victim, and their families in a decision-making
process with the objective of reaching group-consensus on a 'just' outcome. At the same time,it seeks to increase the offender's awareness of the human impact of his or her behaviour andto enable both the offender and victim to reconnect with key community support systems.
Conferencing in New Zealand, referred to as 'Family Group Conferencing' (FGC), wasincorporated into the youth justice system in 1989 with the introduction of the Children,
Young Persons and Their Families Act (CYPFA). The Act emerged partly as a response to
Maori demands for a system of justice more sensitive to their traditional cultural values, andit introduced significant changes to the approach for addressing issues of juvenile justice andfamily welfare. This paper analyses the function of Family Group Conferencing in New
Zealand in relation to the broader restorative justice philosophy and assesses the role of theconference system in addressing the problems associated with juvenile offending.
No.154, 1 December 2014
“Ancient Greek Agriculture: Concerning Agricultural Terraces”
Tadashi ITO (Faculty of Education, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]Agricultural terraces and terrace walls are a characteristic feature of the modern (i.e.
probably post-medieval) rural landscape of the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, it is unclear
how extensively the ancient rural landscape was terraced. Some scholars have believed thatthe past landscape was very like the modern one, in other words, the terrace systems can

27

trace back to classical antiquity, while others have denied that agricultural terraces andterrace walls were much used in antiquity.
In this paper the author considers the question of whether agricultural terraces andterrace walls can be projected back into classical antiquity. First, this article looks carefully
at ancient terminology, using both literary texts and inscriptions. Second, it investigates thepreceding studies of archaeological fieldwork and Geoponika compiled during the 10th
century by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Ⅶ. Through these examinations the author
concludes that claims to have discovered ancient terracing systems in Greece (e.g.
Bradford’s, Lohmann’s and Brunet’s works) are doubtful, that there are no ancient writtenreferences to terrace walls, and that there were trenches, not terraces on sloping land in
antiquity.

Field ResearchInterdisciplinary research in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia in August, 2014.
Members & Themes
Shunsuke NAGASHIMA (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)
Migration from Outer Islands to Ponape: Their Societies and Social Capital for Home
IslandHafiz Ur REHMAN (Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University)
Paleomagnetic and Petromagnetic Study of Volcanic Rock in Pohnpei Island
Yujin KITAMURA (Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University)
Geological Investigation of the Volcanic Islands in the Federated State of Micronesia
Sumie NAKATANI (Center for International Planning, Kagoshima University)
Adoption in the Change of Family, Kinship, and Marriage
Satoshi UDO (Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, Kagoshima University)
Islanders's Self-Recognition and Eco-Cultural Resources
Kei KAWAI (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)
Shell Colour Polymorphism in Populations of the Intertidal Gastropod Nerita plicata
Yasushi OTSUKA (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)
Survey of Blackfly Fauna in Pohnpei
Sota YAMAMOTO (Associate Professor, Kagoshima University)
Ethnobotanical Research on Crops in Pohnpei State28

Geological survey

Food survey

Tourism survey

Visitors
Prof. Mohd Harun ABDULLAH (Vice Chancellor of Universiti Malaysia Sabah) and Prof.
Charles S. VAIRAPPAN vistted our center on 10 June, 2014.

Prof. KAWAI, Prof. ABDULLAH, Prof. VAIRAPPAN (Left to Right)

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New Staff
Yasushi OTSUKA Associate professor
Profile: Born 1968. Completed his B.S. in 1990, M.S. in 1992 at Kyushu University, Ph. D.
in Medicine in 2012 at Oita University. Majored in Medical Entomology.

Recent Publications+++Journal+++South Pacific Studies

Vol.35, No1, 2014

Research Papers
FUKUGASAKO K.: “Communalization of Tombs” in Uken Village, Amami Ōshima (Island),
Kagoshima Prefecture: A Case of the Establishment of Taken “Shourouden”
MANUS P. and SINGAS S.: Determinants of Adoption of Pond Fish Farming Innovations in
Salamaua of Morobe Province in Papua New Guinea

South Pacific Studies

Vol.35, No2, 2015

Research PaperOTSUKA Y. and TAKAOKA H.: Biogeographical Distribution and Phylogenetic Analysis of
Simulium (Wallacellum) (Diptera: Simuliidae) based on the Mitochondrial
Sequences
Information
REHMAN H. U.: Environmental Degradation (Dumped Vehicles) in Major Islands of theFederated States of Micronesia+++Occasional Papers+++
Occasional Papers No.54 (December 2014)
New Horizon of Island Studies in the Asia-Pacific Region (YAMAMOTO S. and RAHARJO S.
eds)

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