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南太平洋海域調査研究報告
OCCASIONAL PAPERS

No.58（2017 年 3 月）
No.58（March 2017）

Identification and Inventory of Coastal and Small Islands
Conservation Area in the Lease Islands, Maluku Province
ABRAHAMSZ James1, AYAL Frederik W.1, LOPULALAN Yoisye1 and MAKAILIPESSY Marvin M.2
1: Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Pattimura University
2: Polytechnic of Fisheries, Tual

Abstract
Maluku Province is targeting 1,000,000 ha of coastal and small island conservation areas until 2019.
For that reason, this study was conducted to identify and to inventory the conservation area in the Lease
Islands region as part of the Cluster VII island of Maluku. The conservation areas in this region werecategorized into three namely conservation of coastal and small islands, maritime conservation area andmarine waters conservation area. The most suitable conservation area among those three classifications wasdetermined based on score system and value-weighted score for three main criteria, i.e., ecological, socialand economic which consist of 20 parameters. The results indicated a potential conservation area on theIsland Cluster VII, i.e., on the Lease Islands region with an area of 81,573.48 ha. Conservation of coastaland small islands have the highest score and become the selected category with a score-weighting of 1.15,
higher than the other two categories. The type of conservation area is set to become Small Island Park anddesignated by the name of Small Island Park of the Lease Islands.
Keywords: category, conservation policies, islands cluster, score-weightIntroduction
Until 2020, there is targeted Marine, Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Area of
20,000,000 ha in Indonesia. This target is to answer the mandate of Indonesia Republic Law
No. 27 of 2007 as amended by Law No. 1 of 2014. This law defines conservation as theprotection, preservation and utilization of Coastal Areas and Small Islands and the ecosystem
to ensure the existence, availability and continuity of resources while maintaining andimproving the quality of the value and diversity.
Conservation Areas according to the Regulation of the Indonesia Minister of Marine andFisheries No. 17 of 2008 is part of coastal areas and small islands that have certain
characteristics as a whole ecosystems are protected, preserved and/or utilized in a sustainable
manner to realize the management of coastal areas and small islands sustainably.38
ABRAHAMSZ James, AYAL Frederik W., LOPULALAN Yoisye and MAKAILIPESSY Marvin M.

Conservation of coastal areas and small islands is held: 1) to preserve coastal and small island
ecosystems, 2) to protect migration of fish and other marine life, 3) to protect the habitat formarine life and 4) to protect the traditional culture.
To support the policy of the Indonesian Government, the Government of Maluku
Province took the initiative to develop a Conservation Area of Marine, Coastal and Small
Islands on the entire island cluster as the unit of planning area. Maluku Government expects
up to 2019 there were 1,000,000 ha of conservation area. In the province there are 12 islandclusters, and 8 island clusters already have a conservation area.
In 2015, the Department of Marine and Fisheries Maluku Province collaborated with theResearch Center for Small Islands, Coastal and Outermost Islands of Pattimura University, todetermine the potential of protected areas at the Islands Cluster VII (including Ambon Islandand the Lease Islands) which has not had conservation area. This study aims to identify andinventory the conservation areas of marine, coastal and small islands waters.

MethodThis study was conducted on the Lease Islands as a part of the Islands Cluster VII ofMaluku. The study was conducted from September to December in 2015.
The method includes 20 parameters according to Supplement 1, Guide to Identification,
Inventory and Reservation of Marine, Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Area (LUBIS etal. 2014). Twenty of these parameters are clustered in three criteria. First, an ecologicalcriterion includes 10 parameters: 1) biodiversity of mangrove, seagrass and coral reefs, 2)
originality, 3) the ecological connectivity, 4) representation, 5) uniqueness (distribution offlora, fauna and ecosystems), 6) productivity (biomass, kg/ha), 7) migration area, 8) habitat ofendangered, endemic and protected fishes, 9) spawning ground and 10) nursery ground.
Second, a social criterion includes 6 parameters: 11) community support, 12) conflicts ofinterest potential, 13) threats potential, 14) the potential of maritime history, 15) local wisdomand 16) customs.
Third, an economic criterion includes 4 parameters: 17) the importance value of fisheries,18) the potential for recreation and tourism, 19) aesthetics and 20) access to location.
The category of conservation area, such as conservation of coastal and small islands,maritime conservation and marine conservation, was determined by using the scoring systemand the value of score-weighted. The type of conservation areas was chosen by using
comprehensive study approach.

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Identification and Inventory of Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Area in the Lease Islands, Maluku Province

Results and Discussion
General condition
The identification results show that a conservation area candidate has an area of81,573.48 ha, of which 70.11% is marine water and 29.89% are land. The area has six border
points: 1) 128o29’59,08” E and 3o29’56,24” S, 2) 128o35’18,80” E and 3o28’19,61” S, 3)
128o45’3,97” E and 3o28’48,76” S, 4) 128o52’2,91” E and 3o29’52,48” S, 5) 128o48’2,59” Eand 3o44’2,90” S and 6) 128o30’59,10” E and 3o39’11,88” S, covering most of Haruku,Saparua, Molana, Nusalaut islands and adjacent waters (Fig. 1).
Bathymetric mapping results showed that waters depth average near the islands ranging
from 50 to 150 m. Deep water in general is in the southern part of the conservation area,
directly opposite the Banda Sea, as well as the eastern part of Saparua and Nusalaut islands.
Chlorophyll-a concentration ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 mg/m3. The concentration ofchlorophyll-a was high (1.0 mg/m3) in the bay waters and around the estuary. The highconcentration of chlorophyll-a on the waters of Saparua and Nusalaut islands indicates thatthese waters contribute to high productivities.

Fig. 1. Delineation of the Lease Islands (the Islands Cluster VII) conservation area.

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ABRAHAMSZ James, AYAL Frederik W., LOPULALAN Yoisye and MAKAILIPESSY Marvin M.

Criteria and parameters to determine conservation area category
EcologicalBiodiversity: a biodiversity parameter rate was based on the existence of three keystone
ecosystem at the coastal area, mangroves, seagrass and coral reef. Among three ecosystems, abiodiversity value was in accordance with the species distribution. Distribution of mangrove
species ranged from 4 to 12 species and that of seegrass ranged from 5 to 8 species. Moreover,many species of coral reefs were found in this area. The average value of the entire ecosystemdiversity is 3.01. Biodiversity is given a score of 3.
Originality: 75.96% of mangrove, 76.51% of seagrass and 75.74% of coral reefs wereoriginal ecosystems. Originality is given a score of 3.
Ecological Connectivity: the status of ecosystem components connected to 73.15%.
Ecological Connectivity is given a score of 2.
Represent: assessment of these parameters is based on the number of ecosystem types
and the main habitats in an area. At a regional level, there are 11 types include: mangroves,seagrass beds, coral reefs, lagoons, muddy, sandy beaches, rocky beaches, steep coast, pasi,shallow waters and deep sea. There are 9 types (81.82%) at Haruku, 10 types (90.91%) at
Saparua and 10 types (90.91%) at Nusalaut. The average value of the representation is87.88%. Represent is given a score of 3.
Uniqueness: some uniqueness were found in this area, such as local wisdom (sasi) andcommunity knowledge about the location of fishing ground of red snapper group (thisknowledge is called pasi). These wisdom and knowledge are found only in the Moluccas,
particularly in the Lease Islands, thus Uniqueness is given a score of 2.
Productivity: productivity was assessed by abundance of reef fish. It is found that theproductivity was 949 kg/ha at Haruku, 2,151.5 kg/ha at Saparua and 2,411.5 kg/ha at Nusalaut,which indicates very high productivity in this region. Productivity is given a score of 3.
Migration Area: the waters around the candidate of conservation area is a migration areaof 7 species of whale, 5 species of dolphins and 4 species of sea turtles. The presence of threegroups of mega fauna illustrates the highly migratory species richness around the area.
Migration Area is given a score of 3.
Habitat of Endangered and Protected Species: an endangered species is found in Dugong
dugon and protected species are found in whales, dugongs, turtles, top shell and green turban.
Habitat of Endangered and Protected Species is given a score of 3.
Spawning Ground: a location of spawning ground was found only at the Leinitu waters,
Nusalaut Island by using participatory mapping. Spawning Ground is given a score of 1.
Nursery Ground: 491.67 ha of mangrove area and 91.98 ha of seagrass beds were an areaof nursery ground of marine fauna in the surrounding area. Nursery Ground is given a scoreof 3.

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Identification and Inventory of Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Area in the Lease Islands, Maluku ProvinceSocialCommunity Support: among 80 respondents in three islands, 88.75% agreed to support
conservation area development. The result shows the status of more than 75% of people
support the development of a conservation area, so Community Support is given a score of 3.
Conflicts of Interest Potential: conflict of space utilization, fishing gear conflicts andpolitical conflicts were assessed. All the components are generally considered low, an averageof 92.50% of respondents said that the potential for conflict is low. Conflicts of Interest
Potential is given a score of 3.
Potential of Threats: results of field assessment show only one of the six factors
identified as potential of threats (the use of fishing gear and techniques damages theenvironment). The status of the potential of threat is low, thus Potential of Threats is given ascore of 3.
Potential of Maritime History: three potential of maritime history, such as a routecolonial cruise, a historical tourism and an international live aboard since 1949, wereidentified. Potential of Maritime History is given a score of 3.
Local Wisdom: three types of local wisdom, such as sasi laut, amula laut and local
knowledge of pasi as a potential fishing ground, were identified in this area, which cansupport conservation. Local Wisdom is given a score of 3.
Customs: assessment is done to find the existence of institutions and customs as well as
the effectiveness of potentially support on conservation area development. About 14 local
agencies are considered effective. Local institutional governance systems still work
effectively, thus Customs is given a score of 3.
Economic
Importance Value of Fisheries: the assessment was based on the value of Location
Quotient (LQ) of the value of fishery production. The calculation of the value of LQ was 1.07
which shows fisheries potentially are very important economically. Importance Value ofFisheries is given a score of 3.
Recreation and Tourism Potential: recreation and tourism potential of the conservation
areas candidate includes beaches, mangrove ecotourism, seagrass ecotourism, coral reefecotourism and maritime history. Recreation and Tourism Potential is given a score of 3.
Aesthetics: coral reefs in the waters, white sand of beaches and cleanliness of the marine
environment in this region have a high aesthetic value, thus Aesthetics is given a score of 3.
Access to Location: assessment of the access was done by calculating the average valueof access to three main islands, Haruku, Saparua and Nusalaut through sea transportation. The
value of access was 89.58%, 92.19% and 67.86% in Haruku, Saparua and Nusalaut,respectively. These results indicate that the status of access is very easy, thus Access toLocation is given a score of 3.

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ABRAHAMSZ James, AYAL Frederik W., LOPULALAN Yoisye and MAKAILIPESSY Marvin M.

Determination of category and type of conservation area
Categories of the conservation areas are determined through an assessment of scores andweights in three general categories, conservation of coastal and small islands (CCSI),
maritime conservation area (MCA) and marine waters conservation area (MWCA). The
results show the highest value is the value of CCSI, 1.15 (Table 1). These results illustrate thatthe conservation area candidate of the Lease Islands should be developed with CCSI category.

Table 1. The results of the determination of Conservation Areas Criteria.
No Criteria and Parameters
Ecological
1 Biodiversity

CCSI*
MCA*
MWCA*
Score
(S) Weight WxS Weight WxS Weight WxS
(W)
(W)
(W)
34122

64122 Originality
3 Ecological connectivity
4 Represent

323444128
121
11323443128
95 Uniqueness6 Productivity
7 Migration area

233433899

112236433899339134129 Spawning ground
10 Nursery ground13434911133339Social
1 Community support
2 Conflict interest potential
3 Threats potential

33322266644312129224661233322266642412612

111333

1 Importance value of fisheries
2 Recreation and tourism potential
3 Aesthetics

333222666344912122226664 Access to location
Total

356

2656
152
1.15Selected

8Habitat (endangered and protectedspecies)

4 Maritime history potential
5 Local wisdom
6 CustomEconomic

Total score
Status of the area

41248
140
1.13
Not selected

2654148
1.14
Not selected*CCSI: conservation of coastal and small islands, MCA: maritime conservation area andMWCA: marine waters conservation area.

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Identification and Inventory of Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Area in the Lease Islands, Maluku Province

CCSI consists of four types, Coastal Asylum, Small Island Asylum, Coastal Park andSmall Island Park. In accordance with three criteria, Coastal Asylum has a value of 22, Small
Island Asylum with a value of 27, the Coastal Park with a value of 30 and Small Island Parkwith a value of 35. These results suggest that Small Island Park is suitable for theconservation area candidate. High value on the type of Small Island Park is also based on theimportance of conservation in the region that has been utilized by the community, with thesupport of the potential of small islands and the surrounding waters.
In general, the effectiveness of a protected area depends on a complex set of interactions
between biological, economic and institutional factors. While MPAs might provide protection
for critical habitats and cultural heritage sites, their impact is less certain as a tool to enhance
fishery management (SANCHIRICO et al. 2002).
Protected areas are essential for the conservation of biodiversity and are one of the pillarsof virtually all conservation strategies (AGOSTINI et al. 2015). In this context, the managementof coastal/marine protected areas represents one of the main mechanisms for the protection ofareas with significant ecological importance, functioning as an essential tool for ensuring theconservation of nature and the promotion of sustainable development (ESTIMA et al. 2014).

Conclusion
Conservation area candidate of coastal and small islands at the Lease Islands has thehighest score and becomes the selected category with a score-weighting of 1.15, higher thanthe other two categories. The type of conservation area is set to a Small Island Park, anddesignated by the name of Small Island Park of the Lease Islands.

Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank Department of Marine and Fisheries of the Maluku Province
for supporting this research.

References
AGOSTINI, V. N., MARGLES, S.W., KNOWLES, J. K., SCHILL, S. R., BOVINO, R. J. and BLYTHER,R. J. 2015. Marine Zoning in St. Kitts and Nevis: A Design for Sustainable Managementin the Caribbean. Ocean and Coastal Management, 104: 1–10.

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ABRAHAMSZ James, AYAL Frederik W., LOPULALAN Yoisye and MAKAILIPESSY Marvin M.

ESTIMA, D. C., VENTURA, M. A. M., RABINOVICI, A. and MARTINS, M. C. P. F. 2014.
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