「インタラクション2000」平成12年2月

AgentSheets⑳：anInteractiveSimuIationEnvironment
WithEnd・UserProgrammableAgent＄AlexanderRepennlng
AgentSheetsInc．，GunparkDrive6560，Boulder，Colorado，80301，email：alexander（参agentsheets，COmCenterfbrLifeLongLearn1ngandDesign，DepartmentofComputerScience，UniversltyOfColoradoat
Boulder，CampusBox430，Boulder，Colorado80309−0430，email：ralex＠cs，COlorado，edu

Abstract

lntroduction

CurrentInformation Technologyis mostly focused on

WiththedawnofthenewmillenniumwearereneCtingon

accesslnginformation and provideslittle support fortherelativelyshorthistoryoftheinformationage．Yes，We

PrOCeSSlnginfbmation．AnexponentiallygrowlngamOunt

have come along wayfrom the early beginnlngS．The

Ofinfbrmation becomesincreaslngly unmanageable with

Internethasmaturedfrombeingapeculiarplaygroundofa

today

sinhrmationtechnologyapproaches．Throughweb handful of researchers to a rapidly growing network

POrtals，emails，Chat rooms，and newslists a11kinds of COnneCtlng PeOple，reSOurCeS and services allover the
infbrmation can be accessed everywhere，allthe time，Planet．Therateofadoptionistrulyastonishing．Injust7

Often embeddedin rapidly nashing animations the

yearStheInternethas attainedamarketshareof25％．It

information glutis fighting fbrourattention and weare▼ tooktelephone35yearstoachievethesamepenetration．

fighting tolocate relevantinfbrmation．The ability toaccessinformationisacruCial蔦rststepbutnowweneed

InatechnologlCalcontext，reneCtionisoftenaccompanied

toexplorenewmeansofprocessinginformation．Howcan

byprediction．Whatisnextwithin払rmationtechnology？

Wekeepupwithfrequentlyupdatedwebsitecontentand

What wi11we be able to do with technology，What will

SetuPautOnOmOuSCOmPutationhelpingustoprocessthat

technologydotous？OnananalyticallevelwehavetooIs

information？

SuChasMoore slawhelpingustocapturetechnologlCal
growthasmathematicalfunctions．Accordingto Mooreslawthespeedofcomputerchipsdoublesevery18months．

End−uSerprOgrammableagentsareameanstoglVePeOPle
autonomousinformation−PrOCeSSlngPOWer．Simulationisa

Desplteearliercallsforcautionthishasbeentruefbrmany

form ofin丘）rmation processlng．Agents can be used toyears．Even growthlimitations attributed to physicalbuildinteractive simulations・AgentSheets㊥is an agent−constraints such as molecular limitations regularly havebased simulation−authoring toolthat allows end−uSerS tO

beenovercome withnewinnovations．Maybeas soon as

buildinteractive simulations and publish them asJava

thisorthenextyearwewillseethenrstc6nsumerpCs

appletsontheweb．Interactivesimulationscanhelppeople

ftaturinglGigaHertzclockedCPUs．SoonthereafterwetoexplorecomplexissuesandcommunicatethemtootherWillfbrgetthat there ever were CPUs operatlng atnOn−

people effectively．Interactive simulations are mOre

Giga Hertz speeds．Mega Hertz measurements willno

engaglng than static text，images and even video・

longerbeassociatedwithcomputersatall．Insteadallwe

Moreover，PeOPle can de頁ne the behavior of end−uSer

WillassociatewithMegaHertzmeasurewillthefrequency

PrOgrammableagentstoaccessexistlnginfbrmationsuch

ofFMradiostations．

asstocktickersymboIsandtoprocessthatinformationby
Anotherkindofgrowthequallyastonishingasthegrowth

analyzlngandsynthesizlnglt・

OfcomputlngSPeed．isthegrowthofinformationspaces・

JustlikethespeedofCPUsthenumberofwebsitesonthe−1−Internetis growlng eXPOnentially．Since we arerunnlng

distributinginteractivecontent．Interactivecontentsuchas

OutOfvalidinternetIPnumbers，SOOnWeneedtoreplace

Simulations cannot be captured on a static，PaPer−based，

the current internet addressing scheme with a new one

medium・By now，the computationalpower ofpersonal

CaPable to dealwith this kind of growth．Plottlng thecomputers has reached the necessary levels to run

amount ofinformation accessible via theInternet and theSOphisticated simulations that would have required a

COmPutlng SPeed versus time we cannot react any other

SuperCOmPuter Only a couple of years ago．Using

Way than being genuinelyimpressed withinformation

technologleS SuCh asJava and Flash，interactive content

technology．No other technology ever has changed ourcan be embedded in web pages and made accessible tolivessorapidly，SOPrOfoundly．

everybodyontheplanetwithawebbrowser．

How do we benentfromincreaslnginformation volume

By now theidea offtaturinglnteraCtive content on theandcomputlngSPeed？Aloadedquestiontobesure．Itis

Internetis not allthat new anymore．However，thenotclearwhattheexactshapeofthecurvewouldbeifwe

applications of interactive content discussed here are

WeretOplottheaverageIntelligenceQuotient（IQ）or−ifdifftrentinthesensethatpeoplewhoarenotprogrammers

therewouldbesuchasthing−theCreativityQuotientover

OrWebdesigners have builtthisinteractivecontent．The

time．My fearisthatIQandCQwouldlookremarkably

questisthe exploration of new tooIs that willenable

natnextto CPU speed andinfbrmation volume・Maybe

COmPuterend−uSerStObuildinteractivecontentverymuch

thisisnotterriblysurpnslngbutitstillraisesanumberof

inthesamesplrltaStOOIs−nOWCalledwordprocessors−essentialissues．Just howitis possible that with more

have enabled end−uSerS tO build static content on theirinformationaccessibleandwithmorecomputationpower

COmPuterS・The specinc

availablewestillfai1toexperienceanykindofprofoundAgentSheetsis only oneinstance of a more generalimpactonthequalitativeaspectsoflivesuchaseducation？

frameWOrk ofend−uSer tOOIs to authorinteractive content．

Theaveragedegreeofunderstandingoftheworld（SCience，

Nodetai1eddescnptionofAgentSheetscanbeglVenhere．

POlitics，nature，etC．）appears not to have changed much

FollowlngaquickoverviewoftheAgentSheetsauth0ring

desplte the factthatmost answers to complex questions

toolisadescnptionofhowpeoplehaveusedAgentSheets

maybejustonewebsearchaway．

to build simulations which，in turn，have been used tocommunicate complex ideas or to further their own

ECommercehasbecomethemostcelebratedapplicationof

understandinglnWaySimpossiblewithstaticmedia．

theInternet．JeffBezos，CEO ofAmazon．com wasjust

Selected to be 1999 Person of the Year by TimemagazinefbrhisplOneenngSuCCeSSWitheCommerce．Ido

AgentSheets：ASimuJationAuthoringT001

notwishtoattacktheseef払rtsinanyway−Iordermost CombiningJavaauthoring，end−uSerprOgrammableagents
Ofmy booksfrom Amazon−but really hope that as aandspreadsheettechnology，AgentSheets【Repenningand

SOCietywecanpushtheinternetbeyondtheasplrationof

Sumner 1995］［Repenning， et al．1998］

turn1ng the webinto a glgantic virtualshopplng mall．

OlttP：〟www・agentSheets・COm）isanauth0ring toolthat

Despitetherapid，agalneXPOnential，grOWthofshopplng empowers casual computer users with no formaltransactiononthewebitisunlikelythatintheendmore

PrOgrammlng training to buildand publish web−based

people are reading books．There simply have to beinteractivesimulation．

infbrmationtechnologyapplicationsthathavethepotential
totru1yenrichliftandnotjusttoserveaSaCOmmOdity．
Today

sInternetkillerapps（email，andeCommerce）push

Old types of content such as text，images and videos，through new media. What kind of other content types
COuldtherebeandhowcanpeopleusethemtodowhat？
Intheremainderofthispapersomescenariosarepresented
in whichinfbrmation technologyis used as medium−2−have used AgentSheets and VAT to create interactive
Simulationsandgamesinavarietyofdisciplinesincluding
COmputerSCience，enVironmentaldesign，nneart，rObotics，
music，history，and biology・In an elementary schooI

SCience class，Students created ecosystem simulations to
explore food webs and sustainability issues. In a highschoolhistoryclass，Studentscreatedsocialandhistoricalsimulations．Scientists working with NASA created
SimulationsofE．colibacteriaftrmentlnglnZerOgraVlty．

Figurel．AgentSheetscombinesAgent，Spread＄heetand
Java Authoring technology

AgentSheets enables users to create such simulations，
using its end−uSer PrOgrammlng language
VisualAgenTalk㊥（VAT）．Usersdesign agents looksby

drawlnglCOnSandcreateagents−behaviorsbycomposlng
VATconditions andactionsfromcommandpalettesinto
rules．Conditionsandactionsallowagentstodoavariety
Ofoperationsincluding：・COmPuteSpreadsheet−1ikeformulas

・reaCttOmOuSeClicksandkeystrokes

Figure2：SimProzac：SimulationrunnLnglnaWebpage
explaininghowSerotoninwork＄intheSynap＄eandhow

・SenSeOtheragents

Antidepres＄ant＄affectthesystem・・Sendmessagestoagents・PlaysampledsoundsandMIDIinstrumentS

Figure2aboveshowsaninteractivesimulationexplaining
theefftctsofProzactopatientsbymodelingaserotonin
synapse in the brain. The simulation was built by apsychiatrist払rhispatients・Forthisparticularsimulation・・Speak・gatherinformationfromwebpages
VisualAgenTalk employs a new approach to end−uSer

asuiteofagents（Tablel）wascreatedbyspecifyingtheii

programmlng Called Tactile Programrrung・Tactile

Programming primitives and programs not only havelook and their behavior using the Visual AgenTalk
language・Figure3illustrates two VATru1es from thebehavioroftheSerotoninmoleculedefininganimationand

enhanced visual representations to help program
readability，but also haveinteractiveinterfaces to assist

with program writability. Tactile Programming is well
suited for collaborative use since it eases program
composition，CO〝甲rehensionandsharing［Repenningand
Ambach1996］ofbehaviors．

AwidespectrumOfusers，ranglngfromelementaryschooI
students with no programmlng background to scientists，−3−interactionwithmembranes．

atthecenterofthesense−makingprocessandsuggestthat
Studentslearnbyactivelybuildingtheirownunderstanding
Ofatopic．OnepromlSlngaPPrOaChtomeaningfu11earn1ng
androbustunderstandingofsciencecentersonthecreation
anduseofcomputersimulationsasrepresentationsofhow

andwhythings work［PapertandHare11993］・Activities
with simulations have the potential to help children
Organize，develop，teSt，and refine theirideas about

SClenCe．
Figure3：Partoftheserotoninbehaviorwhichspecifie＄thatjf

theserotonjn］00kslike鱒，itwillchangeto増，OrWith15％
Chanceifthe＄erOtOnin＄ee＄amembranetoit＄right，itwi

movetotheright．
The specific point of building the SimProzac simulation
was to communicate complex chemical interactions toPatients，ThewebservesasanidealplatfbrmtoharneSSthe
communicative power of interactive simulations such as
SimProzac．Entire AgentSheets simulations can beexported asJava applets andJavaBeans，uSlng theRistrettoTM Agenトto−Java−Byte−Code generator【RepenningandIoannidou1997］，Thisallowssimulations
Figure4・A＄imulationwor［dpopulatedwithanimalagents

tobepublishedonthewebmakingthemaccessibleto adesigned by kids

largercommunityofusers．UsingRistrettoTMtheserotonin

TheScienceTheater／TeatrodeCiencias（sTc）prqjecthas

SimulationwasturnedintoaJavaapplet（Figure2）．

developed a number of activities with simulations forelementary schooIstudents［Rader，et al，1998］．The

UsingSimuJatjon＄inufelongLearning

EcoWorldscurriculumfor4thand5thgradersfocusesona

AgentSheetsappealstoanunusuallywiderangeofusers．

number of content areaS，including characteristics ofThisgeneralapplicabilitymakesAgentSheetsanidealtool

Organisms，StruCture and functioninliving systems，fbrlifelonglearnlnglnCludingK−12education，Universlty POpulationsandecosystems，anddiversityandadaptations
leveleducationandworkplacetraining［GinaCherry，etal． Oforganisms，TheEcoWorldsunitaddressestheseissues
1999］．Justin Martin［Martin1998］put the market

by having students workin sma11groups to create

potentialoflifelonglearnlnginto numbers： The

computer simulations of ecosystems in different

Knowledge−based economylSinfu11bloom．America

environments suchasthearcticoradesert．Activitieswithsinvestmentinliftlonglearn1ng−eVerythingfromteaching

Simulations areintegratedinto a curriculum，Which

kidsin the schooIs to tralnlng adultsin the work

incorporates hands−On aCtivities，reSearCh activities，and

fbrce−runStO＄665billionayear，mOrethanisspenton

classdiscussions．

nationaldeftnse．

IntheScienceTheateractivitykidscollaborativelydesign
ThefbllowlngSeCtionsprovideasenseoftheapplicability

animals and exchange them through the Behaviorr

OfAgentSheetsbypresentingexampleprq］eCtS．

Exchange．The Behavior Exchangeis a web−based

reposltOryOfagents allowlngAgentSheetsusersto shareusefulFJeme相加γSdlOOJsニEco肋rJds

agents

with

each

other

（httl）：〟www．aどerltSheests．conJbehavi（）rpeXChan望e．html）

Current reform efforts in science education emphasize
COnStruCtivistpedagogleS−aPPrOaChesthatplacestudents−4−

PreSent their own thoughts andideas fbr their 丘nalPrq）eCtS・Oneofthegroups thatchosetodo annalprq］eCtuSlng
AgentSheets selected the topic of the California Grape
S◎arChb「agen』lnP「Oject

Ecourorld 99 Rain Forest
Rllandca【eg◇けBoycottin the context ofthe Chicano／a，Latino／a Civil‡手Rightsmovement．Theprqject，aSthestudentsdennedit，
Sear℃h Resulb：93ma【ches【RECErVEDl（CREm】

AGENT 他塾堕】
伯OtI−fQQ

h4川d8y．128

Simulation which they had created，aS Wellaslinks torelatedWebsites．Infact，thesestudents

Ho血on5S血001亡担堕 hぴStOng5h釧帥d158b鑓Ylor

Websiteserved

仙ed叫序、

PM
I血帆241999▲HTRO■OLIS l付e血es血筋

COnSisted of building a Web page with a boycott
DE5CRIPT10N

asasmallvirtua11ibraryonthesu切ect・
Ho鹿OnSSdl00」辿堕生 Sm如いdon≦′≦t耶由一er4d吋≦

鳩肌191999
1．3￠PM
冊ednモSd叫8▲■8▲RllES勒191999
1：20PM

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T血如如い0 q8▲M
NoⅦmb色㌧2

Ho汚ZOn≦S（〉h00川on8 1【●5d引火brown．」l●sn利ne15
B別¶b8rneSC址hy8r鮒d F劇gq柁Ⅵ〜edve巧10n

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1999
8LU∈・月印RY・モGG mesd8≠1・56 M色58El引nモhl打y lt●55tieky．
勅∠‖909S￠h001PM臥U【：・8R∈印■L01■En脚色dnQ如叩′ Honzon≦S￠h00川onelt≦tlnk5tOderendlt≦帆il￠0lor†u】
勒帽19091・引PM
808

州竜dne5d叫 HonzonsS￠h00咽堕旦 LlⅦ51n【h引扇山on≧S【バ鍼S

Figure5・TheBehaviorExchangeisaweb・ba＄edrepo＄itoryof
agent＄，User＄Can＄haretheiragent＄Withotheru＄er＄．

Theprocessofdesignlnganimalsandexchanglngthemto
build aJOint simulationis new，engaglng Way tOlearn
aboutcomplex．systemcollaboratively．Themotivationof

buildingsimulationswassohighthatstudentwerefound
toreturnearlyfromtheirlunchbreaksinordertotweak

their simulations．The same students had never returned

earlyfromtheirlunchbreakstoreadbooks・
Figure6・A＄tudentproducedwebpagecontaininga

Inthis exampleinformation agents captureinfbrmation＄imulationoftheCa［ifornianGrapeBoycot

processlng・Theseagentsarebuiltanddistributedasaform
Ofcollaborationbetwe？nCOmPuterend−uSerS・

Inordertobuildthesimulation，thestudentsrealizedthat
theyneededtofindoutaboutthehistoryoftheboycottand〃匂ゎSchooJsニmeG帽Peβqycof【ofthe UnitedFarmWorkers movement．The students did

Atthehigh schoollevel，SimulationswereusedinJohn

thebasichistoricalfacts，andfbundrelevantinfbrmationiQ

Zola

Webpages，WhichtheycouldreftrenceontheirownWeb

SOmeinitialresearchinthelibraryandontheWebtolearnsProtestandReform

history class atNew VistaHighSchool【Ioannidou，etal．1998］．Inthisclass，Students

page・

hadtheopportunltytOStudyprotestmovementsthroughout
U．S．history（e．g．theCivilRightsmovementandtheanti− 〃ode伽9
Vietnam war movement），and tolearnabout theories ofprotestandsocialchange・Initially，Simulationswereused

inthiscontexttopresentsomeoftheconceptsofprotest
and reform throughSegregationandIn modelingapplications simulationsareuSedtoexplore

COmPlexcausalitiesbetweenasetofinteractingvariables・
Thereasonswhypeoplebuildmodelsincludeissuessuch

Protest MarChthepriceofrunningaphysicalexperiment（fbrinstahceit

Simulations created by the researchers uslng theisveryexpensivetoexploretheefftctsofmicrogravityby

AgentSheetssystem．Studentsalsocreatedsimulationsto

Putting an experiment aboard a Space Shuttle），and the−5−danger of operating an experiment（fbrinstance an

PubノブcDfscourse

experimentmeltingthecoreofanuclearPOWerPlant）．

The use of simulation technologyis notlimited toModelinglS mOSt benencialto simulation builders．The

traditionalscreen−WithーmOuSeinteractionapproaches．New

modelbecomesaninstrumentOftheexplorativethinking

display and interaction techniques when combined with

PrOCeSSallowlngthebuildertotestnewhypothesisleading

Simulations resultin a new kind oftangibleinteractive

to new insight and understanding. An example of an

medium・ProftssorErneStOAriasfromtheUniversityof
Colorado schoolofA∫Chitecture＆Designis concernedinteractive simulation modelcreatedby scientists at the
BioServe Space Technologies center is shown below

With decision making as apublicprocess・He has been

（Figure7）．ThesimulationmodelsthebehaviorofE．Coli

uslng AgentSheetsin many ofhis courses，andis now

bacteriainmicrogravityandexploresitsimplicationsfor

WOrkingwiththeCenterofLiftLongLearn1ng＆Design

fermentationbiotechnology［Klaus1998］．Thegoaloftheon new interface technologies that bring the power ofmodelis to explain why E．Colibacteria behave

Simulationstothepublic．Heenvisionsinformationkiosks

fundamenta11ydifftrentinmicrogravitysituationssuchas

locatedin public buildings such aslibraries・Using aaboard the Space Shuttle orbiting around the earth．The

display technology ca11ed SmartBoard，heis building

PrOCeSS Ofbuilding this modelhas helped the BioServe

simulations that combine the physical world with thescientists to better understand complex molecularr

Virtualworld．PhysicalobjectssuchasLEGOblockscan

interactionsinvoIving bacteria cellsedimentation cell

beplacedontoaverticalversionoftheSmartBoard（seediffusion，byproductdiffusionandnutrientuptake・

Figure8）・ThevirtualworldisanAgentSheetssimulation
OftheBoulderbus system．Along withmembers ofthe
healthycommunityinitiative，ProftssorAriasisexplorlng
issues such as public transportation and pollution．
Community members experience public transportation
SCenarios either personally，byinteractlng With thephysicalvirtualsimulation，OrOVertheweb．

Figure7・E・CoJibacteriaare＄ituatedina10W・graVity

environmentandaresIowly＄inkingtowardthebottomoftheCe・G［uco＄ei＄absorbedandconvertedintowa＄tePrOducts．

Fromalearn1ngPerSPeCtivemodelinglSuSefulbecauseit

Figure8・APhysicar＋VirtualSimuJationrunnjngAgentSheets

helps simulation builders to explore new ground．The

OnSmartEIoard（horizontaJinfrontandverticaJinback）

Physicalexperiments that have beenin the MIR space

Connec加9Sfmリノa打0∩【00的erCompon即Is

Stationandwerepartofthe5SpaceShuttlemissionsare
COStlyandneedextensivepreparation．Thesimulation，in

COntraSt，Canbe variedatanytime andruninparameter

Interactive simulations could be turned into a richer

ranges that cannot be replicated with the physicallearning activity if they could be connected to otherexperiment．

educationalcomponents such as plotters，databases，and

SPreadsheets．AddresslngthesekindsofissuestheNational−6−

ScienceFoundationissupportlngtheEducationalSoftware

Ioannidou，A．，Repennlng，A．and Zola，J．1998

ComponentsofTomorrow［ESCOT］prqiectwiththegoal PosterboardsorJavaApplets？InlnternationalCo′昨renceOfexploringtheuseofJava−basedcomponenttechnology

dtheLearningSciences1998（Atlanta，GA）．Association

ineducation［Rosche11e，etal．1999］．TothisendESCOT

OftheAdvancementofComputinginEducation，152−159．

brings together researchers，PraCtitioners，developers，Curriculum designers，Publishers and content experts． Klaus，D・M・1998．Microgravityanditsimplicationsfor

Along with SimCalc and Geometer，s Sketchpad㊨，ftrmentationbiotechnology・TYendsinBiotechnology16，

AgentSheets is one of the cornerstone ESCOT tools to

9，369−373，

generateeducationalcomponentsandbuildmathactivities．
Martin，J・1998・Lifelong Learn1ng Spells EarnlngS・
ForJ〃乃eJJβ，1，197−200．

In Figure8an AgentSheets simulation called the ViruS
Attack simulation is connected to the SimCalc graphing
COmPOnenttOPlotthenumbertoinftctedpeoplewhilethe

Papert，S．and Harel，I．（Ed．），1993，Constructionism．

Simulationisrunnlng．This allows users to track the

Norwood，NJ：AblexPublishingCorporation．

SpreadingoftheviruSthroughgraphicalandnumericdata，

Rader，C．，Cherry，G，，Brand，C．，Repennl

aswe11assimulatedvisualdata．

Lewis，C，1998．Designlng Mixed TextualandIconic

ProgrammlngLanguagesfbrNoviceUsers・InProceedings
げ血ノタタβJ且E五郎〝甲0∫〜〟研げⅥ∫以dJエα〝g〃αge∫（Nova

Scotia，Canada）．ComputerSociety，187−194．

Repennlng，A．and Ambach，J．1996．Tactile

Programmlng：A Unined Manipulation Paradigm
Supportlng Program Comprehension，Composition andSharing．InProceedings qfthe1996］EEESylT7POSilLm QF
VisualLlanguageS（Boulder，CO）．ComputerSociety，102−

109．

Repennlng，A．andIoannidou，A．1997．Behavio
Processors：Layers between End−Users andJava Virtual

Fjgure9・ESCOTConnectedMathactjvitycombining

Machines．InProceedingsqf．the1997IEEESymposiumQf

AgentSheetsViru＄Attack＄imulationcomponent（left）with
SimCalcplottingcomponent（right）．

VisualLLmguageS（Capri，Italy）．ComputerSociety，402−

409．

Acknow［edgements

Repennlng，AリIoannidou，A．andAmbach，J．1998．Learn

toCommunicate，andCommunicatetoLeam．submittedto
AgentSheetsresearchandAgentSheetsInc．areSupPOrted

Jo〟r乃αJげ加grdC〟ve〟edfα〜乃g血c（‡Jわ〝．

bytheNationalScienceFoundation（DMI9761360，REC9804930，REC−9631396，RED9253425，CDA−940860）． Repennlng，A．and Sumner，T．1995．Agentsheets：A
MediumfbrCreatingDomain−0rientedVisualLanguages．
上古EgC（フ〝甲〟Jgr2β，3，17−25．

Reference＄

GinaCherry，AndriIoannidou，CyndiRader，CathyBrand
Rosche11e，J．，DiGiano，C．，Koutlis，M．，Repenn
and Repennlng，A．1999．Simulations fbr LiftlongPhi11ips，J．，Jackiw，N．andSuthers，D．1999．Develop
Leaming．InNationalEducationalCon甲utingCofd＆ence，

EducationalSoftwareComponents．mCb〝甲uter32，9，

NECC

50−58．

99（AtlanticCity，NJ）‥−7−

Tablel：ApplicationDomain＄for］nteractiveSimulation＄
血血Ⅶ鵬如Ⅷ肋頭Ⅶ鮎朋＆J2朗〝ぐαJわ〝J御方c鳥〃〃J

HowdoesaTVwork？ThissimulationillustrateshowapICtureis scannedinby acamera（1eft），tranSmittedto aTV set and
COnVertedbackintoapicture（right）．UserscanPainttheirown
Interactive Story TelIing：History students createinteractive
PICtureSandplaywithTVsignalprocesslngParameterS・StOriesofhistoricaleventssuchastheMontgomerybusboycott・
Deconstruction Kits

ぶc如的肋ゐ肋gLearn）ng byvisualization and modeling：The effbcts of
microgravlty・OntOE・COlibacteriaaremOdelledbyNASA・Thisis
Learningbytakingapart：Whatmakesabridgestable？The
goalpresented to the users ofthis simulationis to remove as asimulationofaneXPerimentthatwasaboardtheSpaceShuttle
many elements ofthe bridge as possible without makingthe WithJohn Glenn・This simulaton requlreS SeVeralthousandbridge collapse．A number of connectedissues are revealed

agentS・

includingfbrces，arChitecture，andgeometricperspective・This

SimulationwasftaturedonthePBSMathline．
∧わ〝・風血路鮫肌扉G脚は肋cαガ〃〝αJGα刑gぶ

Learning throtlgh simdation11Se：This simple voting
Simulationexplainsconceptssuchasclustenng，mlgrationand

Learningthroughdesign：Evenifthe航mihedsimulation／gameStabilityoftwopartysystems・Canitpredicttheoutcomeofthe

electionin2000？

is not directly related to educationalgoals，the process ofbuildingthesimulationmaybeveryeducational．TheUltimate
Pacman is a complete game based on complex Artificial

Intelligence algorithmsand the non一雨vialmathof diffusion
PrOCeSSeS・ー8→