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OUTH PACIFICPACIFIC NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER
OUTH

KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITYRESEARCH
CENTERKAGOSHIMA
UNIVERSITYFOR THEINTERNATIONAL CENTER
FOR PACIFICISLAND ISLANDSSTUDIES
1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-8580 JAPAN ●T E L: +81-99-285-7394
FAX: +81-99-285-6197

⿅児島⼤学国際島嶼教育研究センター
郵便番号 890-8580
⿅児島市郡元１丁⽬21番24号
電 話 099-285-7394
ファクシミリ 099-285-6197

E-mail: shimaken@cpi.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
Website:http://cpi.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/index.html

March
No.30
March 2200 11 95 No.26

KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITYKAGOSHIMA
INTERNATIONALCENTERUNIVERSITYFOR ISLAND STUDIESRESEARCH
CENTERFORFOR
THETHE
PACIFICISLANDS(formerly
RESEARCH
CENTER
PACIFICISLANDS)

CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
Page
ResearchResearchon
onInfluence
Influencethe
theLife
Lifeininthe
theRepublic
Republicof
ofthe
theMarshall
MarshallIslands
Islands(Mili,(Mili,Takaiwa,
Takaiwa,Nalu
NaluofofMili
Mili
Atoll)Atoll)bybyGlobalization
GlobalizationandandGlobal
GlobalWarming
Warming
YYANAGAWAANAGAWAH.:
H.:Bilingual
BilingualEducation
Educationon
onMili
MiliAtoll:
Atoll:aaCase
CaseStudy
StudyofofElementary
ElementarySchools
Schoolson
on
Mili
MiliIsland,
Island,Takaiwa
TakaiwaIsland,
Island,and
andNalu
NaluIsland·················································
Island·················································11
KKAWAIAWAIK.
K.Coastal
CoastalErosion
Erosionand
andSeashell
SeashellColour
ColourDiversity
DiversityInfluenced
Influencedby
byEnvironmental
Environmental
Changes
Changesininthe
theRepublic
Republicof
ofthe
theMarshall
MarshallIslands·············································
Islands·············································22
OOTSUKA
TSUKAY.:
Y.:Mosquito
MosquitoHabitats
HabitatsininMili
MiliAtoll
Atollofofthe
theRepublic
Republicof
ofthe
theMarshall
MarshallIslands············
Islands············55
YYAMAMOTOAMAMOTOS.:
S.:EthnobotanicalEthnobotanicalStudy
StudyononChili
ChiliPeppers
Peppers(Capsicum(Capsicumspp.)spp.)ininMili
MiliAtoll,
Atoll,
Republic
Republicof
ofthe
theMarshall
MarshallIslands·······························································
Islands·······························································77
TTAKAMIYAAKAMIYAH.:
H.:Prehistory
Prehistoryand
andPeople
Peopleof
ofthe
theRepublic
Republicof
ofthe
theMarshall
MarshallIslands·
Islands·······································77
ResearchResearch Seminars
Seminars ················································································································································································ 1111
RecentRecent Publications
Publications ·········································································································································································· 19
19

Cover
Coverphoto:
photo:Weaving
Weavingtraditional
traditionalmat
matininfront
frontofofher
herhousehouseininMili
Miliisland,
island,Republic
Republicof
ofthe
theMarshall
MarshallIslands,
Islands,September
September2018
2018(by(byHiroto
HirotoTTAKAMIYAAKAMIYA))RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE THE LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALLISLANDS (MILI, TAKAIWA, NALU OF MILI ATOLL) BY GLOBALIZATION AND
GLOBAL WARMING
Globalization and global warming are affecting people's life in the world. Especiallythese are affecting many small islands, because the small islands are featured by the size ofsmallest and delicateness. For example, global warming leads temperature increase which
affects sea level rise and this will affect low land very much. There are many low lands inthe pacific, ex atoll. To improve this situation, at first we should know the situation andpeople's idea. This research is aimed to study how globalization and global warming affectthe life in each island in Mili, Takaiwa, Nalu of Mili Atoll of the Republic of the MarshallIslands on 23–24 September, 2018

BILINGUAL EDUCATION ON MILI ATOLL: A CASE STUDY OF ELEMENTARYSCHOOLS ON MILI ISLAND, TAKAIWA ISLAND AND NALU ISLAND
Hidetoshi YANAGAWA
Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities, Kagoshima University
People in the Marshall Islands use both Marshallese and English in their daily lives.
Reflecting this bilingual situation, school education is done in two languages. My researchon Mili Atoll consisted of the following three questions.
1) What method do teachers use for bilingual education?
2) What is the status of Marshallese at school?
3) What kind of problems do teachers and students have?
On Mili Atoll, I visited three islands, Mili Island, Takaiwa Island and Nalu Island.
On Mili Island, I interviewed two elementary school teachers. They told me how theyteach subjects in two languages. According to them, students buy their textbooks from theUnited States. Apart from the lower grades, they do not use Marshallese textbooks. There are
not so many opportunities for them to learn Marshallese systematically.
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On Takaiwa Island, I attended an elementary school class with the permission of theteacher. The class was composed of students from 3rd grade to 5th grade. They were learning
mathematics with an American textbook. Before they solve the problems, the teacher makes
the students read the English problem sentences aloud. But when the teacher explained, she
spoke mostly in Marshallese.
On Nalu Island, a teacher allowed me to see the Marshallese lesson. Students were doing
spelling tests. They wrote Marshallese words on the blackboard and explained the meaning
in English. The teacher spoke in both Marshallese and English.
In these three elementary schools on Mili Atoll, teachers did not have a systematic
program for bilingual education. For students, Marshallese is their mother tongue. They
always speak Marshallese outside of school. But Marshallese is not a language for reading
and writing. Their written language is English. Almost all students were hoping to live in the
United States in the future, but they did not seem perfect in English.
.
COASTAL EROSION AND SEASHELL COLOUR DIVERSITY INFLUENCED BYENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
Kei KAWAIInternational Center for the Islands Studies, Kagoshima University
Environmental change has a great influence on the habitat and the ecology of livingorganisms. For example, global warming, which is increasingly recognised as a leading
cause of environmental change, can lead to erosion in coastal areas and changes in the
distribution of organisms. The purpose of this study of the Mili atoll in the Marshall Islandsof the Pacific Ocean was to examine, 1) the degree of erosion of the coastal area and 2) theshell diversity of marine snails in the coastal area (especially shell colour diversity).
The survey was conducted in September in the Mili Atoll in the Republic of the
Marshall Islands. The state of erosion was studied by conducting a survey around the coastof the island. To study the shell colour diversity, around 50 specimens of the marine snail
Nerita plicata, which normally live in the upper part of the intertidal zone, were collected at22

several points around the coast and the shell colour was described. The shell colour diversityof this species has previously been recognised and is known to vary as a function of both
environmental and genetic factors. For example, KAWAI hypothesised that this shell colour
diversity is maintained by pressure from predators.
In the Mili Atoll, the beach environment is distributed in the inner bay of the atoll,from the northern part of the island to the south-east part. In part of the south-eastern area of
the inner bay, fallen palm trees were observed and sand was partly removed to expose
underlying coral rock. However, several metres further, the sand was not absent. In thesouthern part of the island, reefs in close proximity to the shore were impacted by many
coral rock blocks measuring around 50 cm (Fig. 1). This is thought to be the result of a large
wave that transported the rock blocks onto the reef. This is generally a phenomenon that iscommonly found in locations impacted by large waves, demonstrating that waves are high inthis area. In the south-west, there is a turret constructed by the former Japanese army, but its
base may be destroyed by waves.

Fig. 1 Transported rock blocks onto the reef by waves.
When walking along the coast from the south of the island to the west bank, many33

areas were noted where palm tree roots were exposed due to coastal erosion. Conversely, as
the north and east are located inside the atoll, wave action on these beaches is gentler.
According to the islanders, two roads used to exist in the southern part of the island,but only one now remains. This is believed to be due to the erosion of the land by wave
action. The islander said that waves become higher around December, therefore erosion may
be most efficient at this time.
A large number of the marine snails lived on the coral rocks on the coast (Fig 2). Most
individuals had shells that were uniformly white in colour, with very few individuals
featuring stripes on the shell. The surveyed area is an island constituted of coral, and thisresult may be due to the white substrate in the snail habitat. This result is consistent with theresults from other Pacific island regions, supporting the hypothesis that this shell colour
diversity is maintained by pressure from predators.

Fig. 2. Marine snail Nerita plicata on the coral rock.

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4

MOSQUITO HABITATS IN MILI ATOLL OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALLISLANDS
Yasushi OTSUKA
International Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University
Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects, and bite human, animals and birds. Moreover,mosquitoes transmit pathogens, filaria, Dengue virus and Zika virus. In the Republic of the
Marshall Islands, lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, was a public healthproblem. But, the Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis and the Global
Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis achieved elimination of lymphatic filariasis
from the Republic of the Marshall Islands in 2017 (WHO 2017). In Yap state of Federated
States of Micronesia, outbreaks of dengue virus and zika virus occurred in 1995 and 2007,
respectively (SAVAGE et al. 1998, DUFFY et al. 2009). Recently, Zika virus was reported in
the Marshall Islands (WHO 2016). It still needs to pay attention to mosquito-borne diseases
in the Marshall Islands. To prevent such mosquito-borne diseases, the most important andeffective method is mosquito control.
Mosquito survey was conducted in Mili, Takaiwa, Nalu of Mili Atoll of the Republic of
the Marshall Islands on 23–24 September, 2018. Mosquito larvae were found in pond,
coconuts shell, plastic bucket, can, tree hole (Fig 1). To prevent Dengue virus and Zika virus,
it needs to reduce occurrences of Aedes species. In Mili Atoll, Aedes aegypti is inhabited.
This species is the primary vector of Zika fever and Dengue fever. In Mili Atoll, Ae. aegypti
was particularly distributed around the residential area. They used trash (can, glass bottle,
plastic container, etc.) mainly from people's activities. Although cleaning activities are donein the communities of Mili Atoll, mosquito larvae were inhabited in the trashes. This meansthat residents can reduce mosquitoes by properly dispose of trash. To practice the mosquito
control, it is essential to make the residents understand and Zika fever and Dengue fever.
Continuous enlightenment activities with local governments for residents are required.

55

Fig. 1. Various mosquito containers in Mili Atoll, (a, b) coconuts shell, (c) plastic bucket, (d)pond, (e) tree hole, (f) can.

References
DUFFY, M. R. et al. 2009. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 360: 2536–2543.
SAVAGE, H. M., FRITZ, C. L., RUTSTEIN, D., YOLWA, A., VORNDAM, V. and GUBLER, D. J.
1998. Epidemic of dengue-4 virus in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, andimplication of Aedes hensilli as an epidemic vector. The American Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, 58(4): 519–524.
WHO. 2016. Zika Virus Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Situation Report 26
February 2016.
WHO. 2017. Marshall Islanders triumph against lymphatic filariasis. Retrieved 31 January,
2019,from https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/Marshall_Islanders_triump h_against_lymphatic_filariasis/en/.

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6

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY ON CHILI PEPPERS (CAPSICUM SPP.) IN MILIATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
Sota YAMAMOTO
International Center for the Islands Studies, Kagoshima University
I surveyed the nomenclature and usage of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.), in particular
C. frutescens, in Mili Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands to identify the relationshipbetween people and Capsicum. Mainly C. frutescens, especially the green immature fruit
color type, was cultivated on Mili, Takaiwa, and Nalu islands in Mili Atoll. Chili peppers arecalled pepa in Mili Atoll, which is similar to pwepuh, the local name on Kosrae Island, theFederated States of Micronesia (FSM). These local names seem to be related to pfeffer inGerman or pepper in English. Local people who preferred spicy flavors ate fresh C.
frutescens fruits raw or together with food. Some added fresh fruits to soups, and some usedthem to make a dipping sauce, a mix of fruits and salt (or soy sauce), occasionally withvinegar to eat with raw and/or coocked fish. People throughout Mili Atoll appeared to use
dried fruits rarely, similar to people in the FSM. They did not eat leaves of chili peppers as avegetable although the leaves, especially C. frutescens, are used in soups and in mixes ofvegetables in the FSM.

PREHISTORY AND PEOPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
Hiroto TAKAMIYAInternational Center for the Islands Studies, Kagoshima University
Introduction
Almost all human groups are interested in their origins: when and where did theirancestors come from? For example, Japanese are so interested on this theme, not only
scholars but also lay people paid great attention on when and where their ancestors came7
7

from (SHINODA 2016). However, there are often large gap on the knowledge between themost recent scientific findings on the theme and what lay people know about their origin.
Are people of the Marshall islands interested in their origin? What do they know about their
origin? In order to understand these questions, I have interviewed twelve Marshall islanders
from Mili, Takaiwa, Nalu of Mili Atoll between 23rd and 24th of September, 2018. Whilesample number is small, this report presents the preliminary results of the survey.
MethodThe sex and age categories of the informants are shown in Table 1. The interview mainly
consists of three questions.
1) Are you interested in the origin of the Marshall islanders?
2) When and how the island was created or formed?
3) Do you know when and how people came to the island?
Results
Table 2 summarizes the results of the interview. On Question #1, all of them said they
were interested in their origin. Regarding to Question #2, all of them did not know correctly
when was the island formed. On the formation of the island, seven people believed increation myth. With regard to the third question, to which the author of this report had greatinterest, no one knew when people came to the island for the first time. Interestingly, fivepeople thought their ancestors came from Kiribati.

)

Discussion and Concluding Remarks
According to RAINBIRD (2004), the atolls of the Marshall islands were formed after
8
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ca.3000 years ago, and habitable space for human settlement was developed 1000 years after
the formation of the atolls. While people (Homo sapiens) first appeared into Australia and
New Guinea around ca. 50,000 years ago, they did not spread into the Micronesian islands
and beyond for several thousand years later. Archaeological evidence indicates that the
Marshall islands first witnessed human colonization between ca. 2500 and 2000 years ago.
(INTOH 1997, RAINBIRD 2004). They probably colonized the atolls from Melanesia area
(INTOH 1997, RAINBIRD 2004).
All of them did not know when it happened. Seven people believed in mythologicalstory on the formation of the island. While all twelve people were interested in the origin of
their ancestor, they did not know when people colonized the island for the first time. Some
said it was before the World War II. Interestingly, while five people were not able to answer
when colonization took place, they said their ancestors came from Kiribati.
No one told me that they ever studied prehistory of the Marshall islands. It is
unfortunate that they did not have an opportunity to learn about prehistory of the islands.
Some thought the older people know about their origins. However, the older generations also
did not know much about the origins of the islanders. While I was interviewing the islanders,
I strongly felt the islanders should have more opportunity to learn about their origin andprehistory of the island in school education.
References
INTOH, M.1997. Human Dispersals into Micronesia. Anthropological Science, 105(1):15-28.
RAINBIRD, P. 2004. The Archaeology of Micronesia. 301pp., Cambridge University Press,
New York, USA.
SHINODA, K. 2016. DNA de kataru Nihonjin Kigen-ron (The Origins of the Japanese basedon DNA analysis). 272pp., Iwanami shoten: Tokyo. (in Japanese).

99The Mili Research Members with the Chief(from right, S. YAMAMOTO, Y. OTSUKA, the Chief, K. KAWAI, H. YANAGAWA, and H.
TAKAMIYA. Photo by K. KAWAI)

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Research Seminars
No.184, 22 January 2018
“Koreans of the South Sea Islands: The Copra industry and the Koreans in Yap
Island during the Japanese Period”

Sung Youn CHO (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University:
Jeju National University)[ABSTRACT]The objective of the present research is to investigate into the history of a Koreanfamily who lived in Yap Island of the South Sea Islands during the Japanese colonial period.
By investigating into the Japanese community that lived in Yap Island which was one of themain islands in the South Sea Islands, I will provide a review of adaptive strategy of
Koreans who were part of the community.
The person that I interviewed was Doosung KO, who lives in Jeju Island in Korea now.
He was born in 1934 at Yap Island, lived there until he was 7 years old, and returned to Jeju
Island in 1940.
His father Myeongryoe KO was born in 1902, opened a store, and engaged in the workof collecting Copra from the locals. KO went around the island to collect coconuts. In thelate 1930s, he opened hospital and restaurant in Yap Island and became a successful
businessman who rubbed shoulders with Japanese. In 1940, he came back to Jeju Island andescaped the pacific war.
Meanwhile, HWANG Young-sam, who lived on the island of Satawal Island, andcollected Copra by mobilizing residents. He was killed by the villagers, and after that event,
HIJIKATA Hisakatsu entered the island with his disciples, and acts as a Copra collector on theother hand, as an artist, as a folk scholar.
The two cases show me about Koreans activities how to engage in commercial
activities, unlike those of the Koreans who were forcefully mobilized during the Pacific War.
It would have been possible for the Korean people to gain recognition in their own networks
by gaining recognition from the Japanese community in order to succeed in the South Sea
Islands.

1111

No.185, 19 February 2018
“Thoughts and Needs during Pregnancy and the Delivery Period of Mothers with
Experience of Delivery outside Their Home Island: Through Focus Group Interviews”
Yuko NAKANO and Naomi INOUE(Kagoshima University Graduate School of Health Sciences)[ABSTRACT]The objective of the present study is to elucidate feeling and needs of mothers living on
remote islands who have no choice but to give birth outside their home island due to theabsence of delivery facilities on the island. Focus group interviews were conducted on 10
mothers who had experienced delivery outside their home island by dividing them into those
who were natives of their home island (n=4) and those were not (n=6).
Analysis showed that mothers who had experienced delivery outside their home island
faced the “difficulty of living as a pregnant woman on an island with no obstetric facilities”,“frustration of living outside home island”, and “lingering financial concerns”, amid which
they had the “realization that family is a big presence”, and that they spent their pregnancy
and delivery period based on the feeling of “wanting to protect this pregnancy”. In addition,
the following needs were identified: “want enhancement of support for living outside homeisland”, “want to give birth on home island”, “want advice at time of prenatal checkup”,“want opportunities to consult midwives”, and “want increased cooperation between homeisland and hospitals”.
These results indicate that enhanced support is necessary for women living on theirhome island and mothers living outside their home island, and that mothers who are notnatives of their home island have a greater need for support during pregnancy. Enhancementof support systems including provision of information regarding matters such as delivery
outside home islands and the use of peer support groups was considered necessary as
support for mothers giving birth outside their home island.

No.186, 23 April 2018
“Life history of Ryukyu-ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis in Amami-oshimaIsland”
Gen KUME (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]The Ryukyu-ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis is a subspecies of the ayu
Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, which is distributed widely from Japan and the Korean
Peninsula to northern Vietnam. The subspecies is commonly called the “Yaji” and has been1212

consumed locally since ancient times. P. altivelis ryukyuensis have some different
morphological features from P. altivelis altivelis. Their size is small: adults reach only 10-15
cm total length. The subspecies now inhabits only Okinawa Island and Amami-oshimaIsland. The wild population of Okinawa Island has been extinct since 1978. Fry produced byparent fish from Yakugachi River on Amami-oshima Island were stocked into the rivers of
Okinawa Island in 1992, and some landlocked populations have now successfully settled inreservoirs in northern Okinawa Island. The subspecies was designated as criticallyendangered by the Kagoshima Prefecture and Ministry of the Environment, and fishing themhas been completely banned since 2004. Although administrative support contributes to theconservation of the Ryukyu-ayu, the subspecies is continually facing the risk of extinction.
We have practiced various life history studies on the subspecies intended to conserve them.
In the presentation, I introduce the latest research results on their life history and current
outreach programs.

No.187, 28 May 2018
“Island Biogeography of Terrestrial Snail from Islands of Sabah, Malaysia”
Chee Chean PHUNG (Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University of
Malaysia Sabah)[ABSTRACT]
Islands always held special attraction to scientist as model systems in biogeography andevolutionary studies. In Sabah, there are about 500 islands with various degree of isolationand size, and have experienced different climatic or historical processes. Unfortunately, theup-to-date knowledge about the island biodiversity in Sabah is scarce in spite of the fact that
Sabah is situated within one of the megabiodiversity hotspots. Using land snail as subject, anannotated checklist of land snail from 24 west coast islands of Sabah was presented and was
explained the effect of island area, isolation on species composition and species richness.
The phylogeography pattern of selected land snail species (i.e. Leptopoma pellucidum) from
northwest islands was also demonstrated to understand the present genetic distribution andstructure, and infer underlying historical processes by calibrating the tree with molecular
clock. A total of 67 land snail species were documented from 24 west coast islands of Sabah
based on 133 systematic sampling plots, collection database and published records. Landsnail composition pattern showed strong nestedness pattern and was influenced by bothisolation and area. The results of this study demonstrated that the species richness on
Sabah’s island was largely determined by the island area rather by its isolation, which inagreement with most studies on continental islands. With respect to phylogeography of L.
1313

pellucidum from northwest islands, the results revealed that its genetic structure wascategorized into three major lineages. Surprisingly, time-calibrated tree showed that thegenetic divergence time does not correspond with island isolation due to sea level risingduring Last Glacial Maximum. The lineages were estimated to have diverged during the
middle and late Pleistocene. Earlier periodic interglacials and Pleistocene climate fluctuation
might cause intra-specific divergence. This study reveals biogeography and evolutionary
processes of Borneo Island.

No.188, 18 June 2018
“Several Numerical Calculations for Tsunamis and the Characteristics of the Isolated
Islands in Japan based on Multivariate Analyses”
Taro KAKINUMA (Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]First, two numerical models for water motion are introduced, i.e., a 3D Eulerian method,
and a 2D Lagrangian method. The tsunamis due to both a submarine earthquake, and alandslide, are simulated, using these numerical methods. Second, the characteristics of theisolated islands in Japan, are discussed based on the principal component analysis, as well as
the cluster analysis. I focus attention on three parameters of isolated islands: economic
power, potential capacity, and inhabitability.

No.189, 23 July 2018
“Ixodid Ticks in Amami-oshima Island and Lifecycle of Tick-borne Phleboviruses”
Keita MATSUNO (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University)[ABSTRACT]The recent (re)emergence of tick-borne viruses has complicated the epidemiologicallandscape of tick-borne infectious diseases, posing a significant challenge to public healthsystems worldwide. In Japan, fatal cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
virus (SFTSV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus infections were recently reported. However,to understand whole virus populations in ticks, the genetic diversity of viruses and/or low
virus titers in ticks have hampered us. Thus, we have employed a comprehensive screening
method to identify a variety of viral pathogens in ticks. By far, more than three-thousandticks were collected in Japan (including approximately a hundred ticks collected in
Amami-oshima and Tokunoshima islands), and a variety of viruses was discovered invarious species of ticks. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that phleboviruses in ticks, including
14
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SFTSV, have co-evolved together with ticks. While our screening has not identified any
viruses in the island ticks, monitoring on pathogens may need to be continued to prepare forthe future emergence of tick-borne diseases..

No.190, 18 September 2018
“History of Ryukyus and Satsuma in Technology Exchange”
Kosei YAMADA (Okinawa Prefecture Board of Education)[ABSTRACT]In the pre-modern era, the Satsuma clan and the Ryukyu kingdom had complex anddiverse relationships. There were active people and objects coming and going. Also,
exchange of various technologies was done. For example, in the Ryukyu Kingdom doctors
and cooks frequently undergo training in China and Satsuma clan. They returned home andgot a position in the country. Contributing to the country using technology in various scenes.
For that reason, in the Kingdom of the Ryukyus, we devised a person who introduced
technology into a samurai.
Moreover, we used technology in various scenes to show the position of the Ryukyus.
Satsuma clan also used technology to conduct diplomacy. We incorporated technology into
our own culture. Training and diplomatic negotiations became opportunities for technology
exchanges and had a major impact on the cultural formation in the regions.

No.191, 12 November 2018
“The Recent Results of Excavations in the Southern Part of Kikai-cho”
Takashi NOZAKI (Kikai-cho Archaeological Center)[ABSTRACT]From the year 2003 in Kikai-cho, we have started a series of archaeological researches
resulting from the Farmland Development Project, and have excavated a huge area in central
and southern part of the Island. Since the excavation began, it have been attracted theattention of the many researchers by its findings.
From the result of the excavation 2003-2008 of Gusuku ruins, located in the center of
Kikai Island, it has been understood that this ruin was established as a trading base in therelationship between Ancient Japanese Nation and the Nansei Islands in 9th-10th century. It
was a great discover of that moment that just only little researcher had imagined.
From 2011 we began investigating the Tekuzuku area, located in the southern part ofthe island. The area is located on the coastal terrace side, and we found many structures such15
15

as a ditches, pillar holes, tombs etc. We had also found a great quantity of Chinese ceramics
of the 14th and 15th century during the excavation. We are working on analysis at present.
From 2013, we started investigating central area of Araki, located in the southern partof the island. Here we detected several ruins of Late Jomon period, and we were finding
many pit houses and its associated artifacts in good condition. The area is still underinvestigation.

No.192, 10 December 2018
“Role and Prospects of Native Domestic Animals in the Satsunan Islands”
Yoshitaka NAKANISHI (Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima Univercity)[ABSTRACT]
Since native domestic and feral animals inhabit in Satsunan Islands, Kagoshima
Prefecture, where a high level of biodiversity has been conserved, they are regarded as oneof the most important and the rarest animal genetic resources from the academic point ofview. Extraneous animals also inhabit in some islands, where they give harmful impact on
agriculture, a species indigenous to the island and environment together with prat of feral
animals. Especially, Kuchinoshima feral cattle, Tokara native horses, Tokara native goatsand their crossbreds inhabit in Tokara Islands, and the former two are conserved underhuman management, whilst the latter two are fed artificially or become feral by theabandonment of feeding. The authors have engaged in studying conservation and utilizationof native domestic animals in terms of the conservation of rare animal genetic resources.
Recently there have been serious problems that some feral animals affect agriculture andenvironment, thereby we conduct habitat survey as well as investigation on feeding situationof the animals. Of all native domestic animals, Tokara native goats are the most hybridized,
and they are called Shimayagi goats in Satsunan Islands except Tokara Islands. Shimayagi
goats are mainly used for meat or companions. Shimayagi goats which were abandoned in
Amami Oshima (feral goats), invaded farm and caused damage to agricultural fields and rare
plants, resulting in vegetation destruction and soil erosion.

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No.193, 15 January 2019
“Why do Mites and Ticks Have the Most Number of Valid Species in Terrestrial
Arthropods Excepted Insects?”
Satoshi SHIMANO (Science Research Center, Hosei University)[ABSTRACT]The taxon-group of Acari has most number of valid species (almost 55,000) in
Arachnida. However Acari was disappeared in textbooks of invertebrate nowadays.
Acariformes and Parasitiformes sensu lato are used as separated taxon-groups instead of
Acari. Although two-name system, tick (sucking blood) and mite (others) were common formeaning Acari in some countries, Japanese use one word “dani” for Acari. French use three
categories, tick, mite and ciron (ceron). The “ciron” means cheese mites (and some smallbugs) and was used as the symbol of minimums in some French literature (e.g. Fables byJean de la FONTAINE in 1668, Pensées by Blaise PASCAL in 1670). Acarine species arerecorded almost 2,000 in Japan, and 1% (almost 20 species) of them are harmful as common
sucking blood ticks. Acari have diverse eating habits, while other members of Arachnida are
only predators. The diversity of Acarine eating habits may have maintained species diversityof them. Oribatida as a decomposer has various physical appearance. The muchmorphological diversity is a strategy to defend against predators. The oribatid mite have not
only morphological defense but also chemical defense as chemical secretion fromopisthonotal glands and physical defense as jumping. These various defense strategies arealso helpful in maintaining diverse species.

Special Research Seminar, 9 October 2018
“Textile Prospecting and Kusakizome Alchemy: New Generation Dyers inContemporary Rural Japan”
LINTON, Charlotte (School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of
Oxford)[ABSTRACT]
Built on the foundations of traditional textile histories, kusakizome – dyeing with plantmaterials and naturally occurring mordents (fixing agents) – is increasingly returning as astandalone industry in rural locales across Japan. While historically, such techniques were
mostly used for dyeing yarn for weaving, designers nationally and internationally are now
commissioning the dyeing of fashion conscious clothing and interior objects and textiles,
promoting the results as a natural alternative to harmful chemical colourants. In Amami
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Oshima, a new generation of dyer, mostly I-turn and U-turn migrants, lean on the authenticity
and establishment of Oshima Tsumugi, the infamous but financially troubled locally produced
kimono cloth to market the heritage of processes such as aizome (indigo) and dorozome (mud)to an outsider customer base. Concurrently, the ‘naturalness’ of kusakizome techniques, andtheir material constituents are built into a verbal and visual narrative that support claims ofenvironmental sustainability and place based authenticity.

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Recent Publications+++ Journal +++South Pacific Studies Vol.39, No1, 2018
Research Papers
FUNAKI K. P.: Theoretical Perspectives of Gross National Generosity (GNC): Philosophy fora Dignified Pacific to Enrich the WorldPAPPOUTSAKI E. and KUWAHARA S.: Mapping Small Islands Communicative Ecologies: a
Case Studies from the Amami Islands
South Pacific Studies Vol.39, No2, 2019
Research Note
SUMB A.: International Tourists’ Perceptions of Safety and Security Issues in Madang
Province, PNG+++ Occasional Papers +++Occasional Papers No. 59 (March 2018)2017 Project Progress Report: Biodiversity and Its Conservation in the Satsunan Islands.
(SUZUKI E. and KAWAI K. eds.)+++ Kagoshima University Toushoken Booklet +++No.8 WATANABE Y.: Distribution in Tokara Islands of the Early Modern Period: Ceramic
Archaeological Approach (March 2018)
No.9

TOMINAGA S.: Fruit Production in Kagoshima-Under Various Weather Conditions
Stretching about 600km North and South (March 2018)

Kagoshima University Toushoken Booklets No. 8 and No.9

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