IN COLD BLOOD
A TRUE ACCOUNT OF A MULTIPLE MURDER
AND ITS CONSEQUENCESTRUMAN CAPOTECONTENTS

About the Author
Introduction
Dedication

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

EpigraphI
THE LAST TO SEE THEM ALIVEIIPERSONS UNKNOWNIIIANSWERIV
THE CORNER

The Modern Library
Copyright

TRUMAN CAPOTE
Truman Capote was born Truman Streckfus Persons on
September 30, 1924, in New Orleans. His early years wereaffected by an unsettled family life. He was turned over tothe care of his mother’s family in Monroeville, Alabama; hisfather was imprisoned for fraud; his parents divorced andthen fought a bitter custody battle over Truman. Eventually
he moved to New York City to live with his mother and her
second husband, a Cuban businessman whose name headopted. The young Capote got a job as a copyboy at The
New Yorker in the early forties, but was fired forinadvertently offending Robert Frost. The publication of his
early stories in Harper’s Bazaar established his literary
reputation when he was in his twenties, and his novels
Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948), a gothic coming-ofage story that Capote described as “an attempt to exorcise
demons,” and The Grass Harp (1951), a gentler fantasy
rooted in his Alabama years, consolidated his precocious
fame.
From the start of his career Capote associated himself
with a wide range of writers and artists, high-society
figures, and international celebrities, gaining frequent
media attention for his exuberant social life. He collected
his stories in A Tree of Night (1949) and published thenovella Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958), but devoted hisenergies increasingly to the stage—adapting The GrassHarp into a play and writing the musical House of Flowers(1954)—and to journalism, of which the earliest examples
were Local Color (1950) and The Muses Are Heard(1956). He made a brief foray into the movies to write thescreenplay for John Huston’s Beat the Devil (1954).
Capote’s interest in the murder of a family in Kansas led
to the prolonged investigation that provided the basis for In
Cold Blood (1966), his most successful and acclaimed
book. By “treating a real event with fictional techniques,”
Capote intended to create a new synthesis: something both
“immaculately factual” and a work of art. However its genre
was defined, from the moment it began to appear inserialized form in The New Yorker the book exerted afascination among a wider readership than Capote’s
writing had ever attracted before. The abundantly
publicized masked ball at the Plaza Hotel with which hecelebrated the completion of In Cold Blood was an iconic
event of the 1960s, and for a time Capote was a constantpresence on television and in magazines, even trying his
hand at movie acting in Murder by Death.
He worked for many years on Answered Prayers, anultimately unfinished novel that was intended to be thedistillation of everything he had observed in his life among
the rich and famous; an excerpt from it published in Esquirein 1975 appalled many of Capote’s wealthy friends for its
revelation of intimate secrets, and he found himself

excluded from the world he had once dominated. In his later
years he published two collections of fiction and essays,
The Dogs Bark (1973) and Music for Chameleons (1980).
He died on August 25, 1984, after years of problems withdrugs and alcohol.

INTRODUCTION
BY BOB COLACELLOIn Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and
Its Consequences riveted the nation’s attention when it
was first published as a four-part series in The New Yorker
in the fall of 1965 and then in book form by Random Housein early 1966. I met Truman Capote several years later.
Although Truman and I sometimes spent entire days
together, he almost never mentioned the work that had
brought him fame and fortune. Occasionally, he’d remarkthat Norman Mailer—who had published his tour de force ofnovelistic journalism, Armies of the Night, two years after In
Cold Blood—was receiving far too much praise for
exploiting the hybrid form Capote claimed he’d invented:
the nonfiction novel. (“But no matter how hard Mr. Mailer
tries,” he’d say, “he will never beat me at my own game.”)
Capote’s early “fiction” novels—Other Voices, Other
Rooms (1948), The Grass Harp (1951), and Breakfast at
Tiffany’s (1958)—were gems of style, charm, andcharacter. But it was only when he turned to journalism in
The Muses Are Heard, his acutely observed, amusingly
told 1956 report of a tour of Russia by a troupe of American
actors performing Porgy and Bess, that his work became
modern. He later noted, “The Muses Are Heard” had set
me thinking on a different line altogether: I wanted to
produce a journalistic novel, something on a large scalethat would have the credibility of fact, the immediacy of film,
the depth and freedom of prose and the precision of
poetry.”In Cold Blood began with a one-column story, datelined
Holcomb, Kansas, on page 39 of The New York Times ofNovember 16, 1959. Its headline read “WEALTHY FARMER, 3 OF
FAMILY SLAIN.” Two weeks later, Capote was on his way to
Kansas. “He bought a new Dior suit for the trip,” says
Phyllis Cerf Wagner, the widow of Random House
chairman Bennett Cerf. “That was the first thing he said tothe professor Bennett sent him to at the University of
Kansas: ‘Have you ever seen a man in a Dior suit?’ The
professor replied, ‘Not only have I never seen a man in a
Dior suit, I’ve never seen a woman in a Dior suit.’ ” Yet,
within a month, the New York City slicker in his Pariswardrobe had succeeded in winning over not only the
upstanding citizens of Finney County who re-created the lifeand personalities of the murdered Clutter family, but also
the killers themselves, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith, whopoured out their ragtag tales of woe.
Over the next six years, after Hickock and Smith werequickly convicted, sentenced to death, and then granted
five stays of execution, Capote grew increasingly close tothem. Too close, his friends would say afterward,
particularly to Perry Smith, who was almost as short asTruman, and like him, the son of an alcoholic mother who
had abandoned him and a father who had disappointed

him. Diana Vreeland liked to tell a tale she said Truman
had told her: During one of his death row interviews with
Smith, “Perry grabbed Truman’s ballpoint pen and pressed
it right against his eyeball, while he held him by the back of
his head for something like fifteen minutes. Can you
imagine, poor Truman? But it was an act of love you see,as well as an act of terror.”
At Hickock and Smith’s request, Capote was witness totheir execution by hanging on April 14, 1965. “Truman told
me he always felt guilty about not doing enough for them,
about using them,” recalls Bianca Jagger. Another friend,
C.Z. Guest, says, “I begged him not to go to the execution.
He felt he should. I think it affected him more than he everrealized. That book took everything out of him. He was so
sensitive. He wasn’t a tough nut.”
By the time I met him, Capote was obsessed with novel-inprogress Answered Prayers—which he said, again andagain, would be the American equivalent of Proust’s
Remembrance of Things Past—and after a chapter fromit, “La Cote Basque, 1965,” was printed in Esquire in
December 1975, with defending himself from the snubs
and insults of the rich and powerful friends who foundthemselves insufficiently fictionalized. But Answered
Prayers was never finished. It was during that time that
Capote turned to the downtown world of Andy Warhol’s
Factory, where I was then working as editor of Interview
magazine. Capote’s association with Warhol turned out tobe surprisingly productive.
The ever-practical Andy gave Truman a tape recorder sothat he could, as Andy put it, “Write without writing,” andoffered to do Truman’s portrait for free if he’d publish theresults in Interview as “Conversations with Capote.” During
1979, while Interview contributing editor Brigid Berlin sat
beside him in his raspberry-lacquered dining room,heaping praise and making sure he kept writing, Truman
completed ten pieces for the magazine that purported to betranscripts of tapes but were actually highly structured
compositions of recorded and remembered dialogue. At
least three of them—an extraordinary profile of Marilyn
Monroe entitled “A Beautiful Child”; the hilarious andheartrending “A Day’s Work,” in which he followed a
Caribbean-born cleaning woman on her Manhattan rounds,
and “Hand-Carved Coffins,” “a nonfiction novella” about aseries of bizarre murders in Nebraska—were ascompelling as anything he had previously written. All ten
pieces were included in the collection Music for
Chameleons (1983), his first book of new work since In
Cold Blood, and the last one before his death, at age 59, in
1984.
It seems fitting that Capote’s final testament was a work ofreportage, because, as In Cold Blood made magnificently
clear, journalism was his true calling. In fact, he was among
the first writers—Joan Didion and V. S. Naipaul also cometo mind—to realize that as our culture rushed headlong intothe Age of Information, it was no longer as interesting or asvital to imagine reality as to report, shape, and define it. In
Cold Blood, it is now apparent, was the compass pointing
the way to much of the most exciting writing that has since
followed, on both sides of the border between fiction andnonfiction, from the New Journalism of Tom Wolfe and Gay
Talese to the Literary Journalism of Bruce Chatwin andRyszard Kapuscinski, from James Ellroy’s American
Tabloid to John Berendt’s Midnight in the Garden of Goodand Evil.
Capote was one of the first who dared to elevate journalism
to the level of art. In Cold Blood is a work of great
discipline and even greater restraint, a tale of fate, as
spare and elegiac as a Greek tragedy, as rich in its
breadth and depth as the classic French novels of Stendhal
and Flaubert. “We all have our souls and we all have
façades,” Truman Capote told his friend Kay Meehan ayear or so before he came upon the news that would
inspire his masterpiece, “and then there’s something in
between that makes us function as people. That’s what I
have the ability to communicate.”

For Jack Dunphy and Harper Lee
with my love and gratitudeACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All the material in this book not derived from my own
observation is either taken from official records or is theresult of interviews with the persons directly concerned,
more often than not numerous interviews conducted over aconsiderable period of time. Because these “collaborators”
are identified within the text, it would be redundant to namethem here; nevertheless, I want to express a formal
gratitude, for without their patient co-operation my task
would have been impossible. Also, I will not attempt tomake a roll call of all those Finney County citizens who,
though their names do not appear in these pages, provided
the author with a hospitality and friendship he can only
reciprocate but never repay. However, I do wish to thankcertain persons whose contributions to my work were very
specific: Dr. James McCain, President of Kansas State
University; Mr. Logan Sanford, and the staff of the Kansas
Bureau of Investigation; Mr. Charles McAtee, Director of
the Kansas State Penal Institutions; Mr. Clifford R. Hope,
Jr., whose assistance in legal matters was invaluable; andfinally, but really foremost, Mr. William Shawn of The New
Yorker, who encouraged me to undertake this project, andwhose judgment stood me in good stead from first to last.

T.C.

Frères humains qui aprés nous vivez,
N’ayez les cuers contre nous endurcis,
Car, se pitié de nous povres avez,
Dieu en aura plus tost de vous mercis.
FRANÇOIS VILLON

Ballade des pendus

IN COLD BLOOD

I
THE LAST
TO SEE THEM ALIVE

The village of Holcomb stands on the high wheat plains ofwestern Kansas, a lonesome area that other Kansans call“out there.” Some seventy miles east of the Colorado
border, the countryside, with its hard blue skies and desertclear air, has an atmosphere that is rather more Far Westthan Middle West. The local accent is barbed with a prairie
twang, a ranch-hand nasalness, and the men, many ofthem, wear narrow frontier trousers, Stetsons, and highheeled boots with pointed toes. The land is flat, and theviews are awesomely extensive; horses, herds of cattle, awhite cluster of grain elevators rising as gracefully as Greek
temples are visible long before a traveler reaches them.
Holcomb, too, can be seen from great distances. Not that
there is much to see—simply an aimless congregation ofbuildings divided in the center by the main-line tracks of the
Santa Fe Railroad, a haphazard hamlet bounded on thesouth by a brown stretch of the Arkansas (pronounced “Arkan-sas”) River, on the north by a highway, Route 50, andon the east and west by prairie lands and wheat fields.
After rain, or when snowfalls thaw, the streets, unnamed,unshaded, unpaved, turn from the thickest dust into thedirest mud. At one end of the town stands a stark old

stucco structure, the roof of which supports an electric sign
—DANCE—but the dancing has ceased and theadvertisement has been dark for several years. Nearby isanother building with an irrelevant sign, this one in flaking
gold on a dirty window—HOLCOMB BANK. The bank closed in
1933, and its former counting rooms have been converted
into apartments. It is one of the town’s two “apartment
houses,” the second being a ramshackle mansion known,
because a good part of the local school’s faculty lives there,
as the Teacherage. But the majority of Holcomb’s homes
are one-story frame affairs, with front porches.
Down by the depot, the postmistress, a gaunt woman who
wears a rawhide jacket and denims and cowboy boots,presides over a falling-apart post office. The depot itself,with its peeling sulphur-colored paint, is equally melancholy;
the Chief, the Super-Chief, the El Capitan go by every day,but these celebrated expresses never pause there. No
passenger trains do—only an occasional freight. Up on the
highway, there are two filling stations, one of which doubles
as a meagerly supplied grocery store, while the other does
extra duty as a café—Hartman’s Café, where Mrs.
Hartman, the proprietress, dispenses sandwiches, coffee,
soft drinks, and 3.2 beer. (Holcomb, like all the rest of
Kansas, is “dry.”)
And that, really, is all. Unless you include, as one must, theHolcomb School, a good-looking establishment, which
reveals a circumstance that the appearance of thecommunity otherwise camouflages: that the parents who
send their children to this modern and ably staffed“consolidated” school—the grades go from kindergarten
through senior high, and a fleet of buses transport thestudents, of which there are usually around three hundredand sixty, from as far as sixteen miles away—are, in
general, a prosperous people. Farm ranchers, most ofthem, they are outdoor folk of very varied stock—German,
Irish, Norwegian, Mexican, Japanese. They raise cattle andsheep, grow wheat, milo, grass seed, and sugar beets.
Farming is always a chancy business, but in western
Kansas its practitioners consider themselves “borngamblers,” for they must contend with an extremely shallow
precipitation (the annual average is eighteen inches) andanguishing irrigation problems. However, the last sevenyears have been years of droughtless beneficence. The
farm ranchers in Finney County, of which Holcomb is a part,
have done well; money has been made not from farming
alone but also from the exploitation of plentiful natural-gas
resources, and its acquisition is reflected in the new school,
the comfortable interiors of the farmhouses, the steep andswollen grain elevators.
Until one morning in mid-November of 1959, few
Americans—in fact, few Kansans—had ever heard of
Holcomb. Like the waters of the river, like the motorists on
the highway, and like the yellow trains streaking down the
Santa Fe tracks, drama, in the shape of exceptional
happenings, had never stopped there. The inhabitants of

the village, numbering two hundred and seventy, weresatisfied that this should be so, quite content to exist insideordinary life—to work, to hunt, to watch television, to attend
school socials, choir practice, meetings of the 4-H Club.
But then, in the earliest hours of that morning in November,a Sunday morning, certain foreign sounds impinged on thenormal nightly Holcomb noises—on the keening hysteria ofcoyotes, the dry scrape of scuttling tumbleweed, the racing,receding wail of locomotive whistles. At the time not a soulin sleeping Holcomb heard them—four shotgun blasts that,
all told, ended six human lives. But afterward thetownspeople, theretofore sufficiently unfearful of each otherto seldom trouble to lock their doors, found fantasy recreating them over and again—those somber explosions
that stimulated fires of mistrust in the glare of which many
old neighbors viewed each other strangely, and as
strangers.

The master of River Valley Farm, Herbert William Clutter,
was forty-eight years old, and as a result of a recent
medical examination for an insurance policy, knew himself
to be in first-rate condition. Though he wore rimlessglasses and was of but average height, standing just underfive feet ten, Mr. Clutter cut a man’s-man figure. His
shoulders were broad, his hair had held its dark color, hissquare-jawed, confident face retained a healthy-hued
youthfulness, and his teeth, unstained and strong enough toshatter walnuts, were still intact. He weighed a hundred andfifty-four—the same as he had the day he graduated from
Kansas State University, where he had majored inagriculture. He was not as rich as the richest man in
Holcomb—Mr. Taylor Jones, a neighboring rancher. He
was, however, the community’s most widely known citizen,
prominent both there and in Garden City, the close-by
county seat, where he had headed the building committee
for the newly completed First Methodist Church, an eighthundred-thousand-dollar edifice. He was currently chairmanof the Kansas Conference of Farm Organizations, and his
name was everywhere respectfully recognized among
Midwestern agriculturists, as it was in certain Washington
offices, where he had been a member of the Federal Farm
Credit Board during the Eisenhower administration.
Always certain of what he wanted from the world, Mr. Clutter
had in large measure obtained it. On his left hand, on what
remained of a finger once mangled by a piece of farmmachinery, he wore a plain gold band, which was the
symbol, a quarter-century old, of his marriage to the person
he had wished to marry—the sister of a college classmate,a timid, pious, delicate girl named Bonnie Fox, who wasthree years younger than he. She had given him fourchildren—a trio of daughters, then a son. The eldest
daughter, Eveanna, married and the mother of a boy ten
months old, lived in northern Illinois but visited Holcomb

frequently. Indeed, she and her family were expected within
the fortnight, for her parents planned a sizable Thanksgiving
reunion of the Clutter clan (which had its beginnings inGermany; the first immigrant Clutter—or Klotter, as thename was then spelled—arrived here in 1880); fifty-odd
kinfolk had been asked, several of whom would be travelingfrom places as far away as Palatka, Florida. Nor did
Beverly, the child next in age to Eveanna, any longer resideat River Valley Farm; she was in Kansas City, Kansas,
studying to be a nurse. Beverly was engaged to a young
biology student, of whom her father very much approved;
invitations to the wedding, scheduled for Christmas Week,
were already printed. Which left, still living at home, the boy,
Kenyon, who at fifteen was taller than Mr. Clutter, and one
sister, a year older—the town darling, Nancy.
In regard to his family, Mr. Clutter had just one serious
cause for disquiet—his wife’s health. She was “nervous,”
she suffered “little spells”—such were the sheltering
expressions used by those close to her. Not that the truth
concerning “poor Bonnie’s afflictions” was in the least asecret; everyone knew she had been an on-and-off
psychiatric patient the last half-dozen years. Yet even uponthis shadowed terrain sunlight had very lately sparkled. The
past Wednesday, returning from two weeks of treatment at
the Wesley Medical Center in Wichita, her customary placeof retirement, Mrs. Clutter had brought scarcely credible
tidings to tell her husband; with joy she informed him thatthe source of her misery, so medical opinion had at last

decreed, was not in her head but in her spine—it was
physical, a matter of misplaced vertebrae. Of course, shemust undergo an operation, and afterward—well, she would
be her “old self” again. Was it possible—the tension, thewithdrawals, the pillow-muted sobbing behind locked
doors, all due to an out-of-order backbone? If so, then Mr.
Clutter could, when addressing his Thanksgiving table,
recite a blessing of unmarred gratitude.
Ordinarily, Mr. Clutter’s mornings began at six-thirty;
clanging milk pails and the whispery chatter of the boys
who brought them, two sons of a hired man named Vic
Irsik, usually roused him. But today he lingered, let Vic
Irsik’s sons come and leave, for the previous evening, aFriday the thirteenth, had been a tiring one, though in part
exhilarating. Bonnie had resurrected her “old self”; as if
serving up a preview of the normality, the regained vigor,
soon to be, she had rouged her lips, fussed with her hair,and, wearing a new dress, accompanied him to theHolcomb School, where they applauded a student
production of Tom Sawyer, in which Nancy played Becky
Thatcher. He had enjoyed it, seeing Bonnie out in public,
nervous but nonetheless smiling, talking to people, and theyboth had been proud of Nancy; she had done so well,remembering all her lines, and looking, as he had said to
her in the course of backstage congratulations, “Justbeautiful, honey—a real Southern belle.” Whereupon Nancy
had behaved like one; curtsying in her hoop-skirted
costume, she had asked if she might drive into Garden

City. The State Theatre was having a special, eleven-thirty,
Friday-the-thirteenth “Spook Show,” and all her friends
were going. In other circumstances Mr. Clutter would haverefused. His laws were laws, and one of them was: Nancy—and Kenyon, too—must be home by ten on week nights,
by twelve on Saturdays. But weakened by the genial eventsof the evening, he had consented. And Nancy had not
returned home until almost two. He had heard her come in,and had called to her, for though he was not a man everreally to raise his voice, he had some plain things to say toher, statements that concerned less the lateness of the hourthan the youngster who had driven her home—a schoolbasketball hero, Bobby Rupp.
Mr. Clutter liked Bobby, and considered him, for a boy hisage, which was seventeen, most dependable andgentlemanly; however, in the three years she had been
permitted “dates,” Nancy, popular and pretty as she was,
had never gone out with anyone else, and while Mr. Clutter
understood that it was the present national adolescentcustom to form couples, to “go steady” and wear
“engagement rings,” he disapproved, particularly since hehad not long ago, by accident, surprised his daughter andthe Rupp boy kissing. He had then suggested that Nancy
discontinue “seeing so much of Bobby,” advising her that aslow retreat now would hurt less than an abrupt severance
later—for, as he reminded her, it was a parting that must
eventually take place. The Rupp family were Roman
Catholics, the Clutters, Methodist—a fact that should initself be sufficient to terminate whatever fancies she andthis boy might have of some day marrying. Nancy had beenreasonable—at any rate, she had not argued—and now,
before saying good night, Mr. Clutter secured from her apromise to begin a gradual breaking off with Bobby.
Still, the incident had lamentably put off his retiring time,
which was ordinarily eleven o’clock. As a consequence, it
was well after seven when he awakened on Saturday,
November 14, 1959. His wife always slept as late as
possible. However, while Mr. Clutter was shaving,
showering, and outfitting himself in whipcord trousers, acattleman’s leather jacket, and soft stirrup boots, he had nofear of disturbing her; they did not share the same
bedroom. For several years he had slept alone in themaster bedroom, on the ground floor of the house—a twostory, fourteen-room frame-and-brick structure. Though Mrs.
Clutter stored her clothes in the closets of this room, andkept her few cosmetics and her myriad medicines in theblue-tile-and-glass-brick bathroom adjoining it, she hadtaken for serious occupancy Eveanna’s former bedroom,
which, like Nancy’s and Kenyon’s rooms, was on thesecond floor.
The house—for the most part designed by Mr. Clutter, whothereby proved himself a sensible and sedate, if not notably
decorative, architect—had been built in 1948 for forty
thousand dollars. (The resale value was now sixty thousand
dollars.) Situated at the end of a long, lanelike driveway

shaded by rows of Chinese elms, the handsome whitehouse, standing on an ample lawn of groomed Bermuda
grass, impressed Holcomb; it was a place people pointed
out. As for the interior, there were spongy displays of livercolored carpet intermittently abolishing the glare ofvarnished, resounding floors; an immense modernistic
living-room couch covered in nubby fabric interwoven withglittery strands of silver metal; a breakfast alcove featuring
a banquette upholstered in blue-and-white plastic. This sortof furnishing was what Mr. and Mrs. Clutter liked, as did the
majority of their acquaintances, whose homes, by andlarge, were similarly furnished.
Other than a housekeeper who came in on weekdays, theClutters employed no household help, so since his wife’s
illness and the departure of the elder daughters, Mr. Clutter
had of necessity learned to cook; either he or Nancy, but
principally Nancy, prepared the family meals. Mr. Clutter
enjoyed the chore, and was excellent at it—no woman in
Kansas baked a better loaf of salt-rising bread, and hiscelebrated coconut cookies were the first item to go atcharity cake sales—but he was not a hearty eater; unlike
his fellow-ranchers, he even preferred Spartan breakfasts.
That morning an apple and a glass of milk were enough for
him; because he touched neither coffee or tea, he was
accustomed to begin the day on a cold stomach. The truth
was he opposed all stimulants, however gentle. He did notsmoke, and of course he did not drink; indeed, he had
never tasted spirits, and was inclined to avoid people whohad—a circumstance that did not shrink his social circle asmuch as might be supposed, for the center of that circle
was supplied by the members of Garden City’s First
Methodist Church, a congregation totaling seventeen
hundred, most of whom were as abstemious as Mr. Clutter
could desire. While he was careful to avoid making a
nuisance of his views, to adopt outside his realm an
externally uncensoring manner, he enforced them within his
family and among the employees at River Valley Farm.
“Are you a drinking man?” was the first question he asked a
job applicant, and even though the fellow gave a negative
answer, he still must sign a work contract containing aclause that declared the agreement instantly void if theemployee should be discovered “harboring alcohol.” A
friend—an old pioneer rancher, Mr. Lynn Russell—had
once told him, “You’ve got no mercy. I swear, Herb, if youcaught a hired man drinking, out he’d go. And you wouldn’t
care if his family was starving.” It was perhaps the only
criticism ever made of Mr. Clutter as an employer.
Otherwise, he was known for his equanimity, his
charitableness, and the fact that he paid good wages anddistributed frequent bonuses; the men who worked for him—and there were sometimes as many as eighteen—hadsmall reason to complain.
After drinking the glass of milk and putting on a fleece-lined
cap, Mr. Clutter carried his apple with him when he went
outdoors to examine the morning. It was ideal apple-eating
weather; the whitest sunlight descended from the purest

sky, and an easterly wind rustled, without ripping loose, thelast of the leaves on the Chinese elms. Autumns reward
western Kansas for the evils that the remaining seasons
impose: winter’s rough Colorado winds and hip-high,sheep-slaughtering snows; the slushes and the strange
land fogs of spring; and summer, when even crows seek
the puny shade, and the tawny infinitude of wheatstalks
bristle, blaze. At last, after September, another weather
arrives, an Indian summer that occasionally endures until
Christmas. As Mr. Clutter contemplated this superior
specimen of the season, he was joined by a part-collie
mongrel, and together they ambled off toward the livestock
corral, which was adjacent to one of three barns on thepremises.
One of these barns was a mammoth Quonset hut; itbrimmed with grain—Westland sorghum—and one of themhoused a dark, pungent hill of milo grain worth considerable
money—a hundred thousand dollars. That figure alone
represented an almost four-thousand-percent advance over
Mr. Clutter’s entire income in 1934—the year he married
Bonnie Fox and moved with her from their home town ofRozel, Kansas, to Garden City, where he had found work
as an assistant to the Finney County agricultural agent.
Typically, it took him just seven months to be promoted; thatis, to install himself in the head man’s job. The years during
which he held the post—1935 to 1939—encompassed thedustiest, the down-and-outest the region had known sincewhite men settled there, and young Herb Clutter, having, ashe did, a brain expertly racing with the newest in
streamlined agricultural practices, was quite qualified toserve as middleman between the government and thedespondent farm ranchers; these men could well use theoptimism and the educated instruction of a likable young
fellow who seemed to know his business. All the same, he
was not doing what he wanted to do; the son of a farmer, he
had from the beginning aimed at operating a property of his
own. Facing up to it, he resigned as county agent after four
years and, on land leased with borrowed money, created,in embryo, River Valley Farm (a name justified by the
Arkansas River’s meandering presence but not, certainly,
by any evidence of valley). It was an endeavor that several
Finney County conservatives watched with show-us
amusement—old-timers who had been fond of baiting theyouthful county agent on the subject of his university notions:“That’s fine, Herb. You always know what’s best to do on
the other fellow’s land. Plant this. Terrace that. But you
might say a sight different if the place was your own.” They
were mistaken; the upstart’s experiments succeeded—
partly because, in the beginning years, he labored eighteen
hours a day. Setbacks occurred—twice the wheat crop
failed, and one winter he lost several hundred head of
sheep in a blizzard; but after a decade Mr. Clutter’s domain
consisted of over eight hundred acres owned outright andthree thousand more worked on a rental basis—and that,as his colleagues admitted, was “a pretty good spread.”
Wheat, milo seed, certified grass seed—these were thecrops the farm’s prosperity depended upon. Animals werealso important—sheep, and especially cattle. A herd ofseveral hundred Hereford bore the Clutter brand, though
one would not have suspected it from the scant contents of
the livestock corral, which was reserved for ailing steers, a
few milking cows, Nancy’s cats, and Babe, the family
favorite—an old fat workhorse who never objected tolumbering about with three and four children astride herbroad back.
Mr. Clutter now fed Babe the core of his apple, calling goodmorning to a man raking debris inside the corral—Alfred
Stoecklein, the sole resident employee. The Stoeckleins
and their three children lived in a house not a hundred yards
from the main house; except for them, the Clutters had noneighbors within half a mile. A long-faced man with longbrown teeth, Stoecklein asked, “Have you some particular
work in mind today? Cause we got a sick-un. The baby. Me
and Missis been up and down with her most the night. I
been thinking to carry her to doctor.” And Mr. Clutter,
expressing sympathy, said by all means to take themorning off, and if there was any way he or his wife could
help, please let them know. Then, with the dog runningahead of him, he moved southward toward the fields, lioncolored now, luminously golden with after-harvest stubble.
The river lay in this direction; near its bank stood a grove of
fruit trees—peach, pear, cherry, and apple. Fifty years ago,according to native memory, it would have taken alumberjack ten minutes to axe all the trees in westernKansas. Even today, only cottonwoods and Chinese elms
—perennials with a cactuslike indifference to thirst—arecommonly planted. However, as Mr. Clutter often remarked,“an inch more of rain and this country would be paradise—
Eden on earth.” The little collection of fruit-bearers growing
by the river was his attempt to contrive, rain or no, a patchof the paradise, the green, apple-scented Eden, heenvisioned. His wife once said, “My husband cares more
for those trees than he does for his children,” and everyone
in Holcomb recalled the day a small disabled planecrashed into the peach trees: “Herb was fit to be tied! Why,
the propeller hadn’t stopped turning before he’d slapped alawsuit on the pilot.”
Passing through the orchard, Mr. Clutter proceeded along
beside the river, which was shallow here and strewn withislands—midstream beaches of soft sand, to which, on
Sundays gone by, hot-weather Sabbaths when Bonnie had
still “felt up to things,” picnic baskets had been carted,family afternoons whiled away waiting for a twitch at the endof a fishline. Mr. Clutter seldom encountered trespassers
on his property; a mile and a half from the highway, andarrived at by obscure roads, it was not a place thatstrangers came upon by chance. Now, suddenly a wholeparty of them appeared, and Teddy, the dog, rushedforward roaring out a challenge. But it was odd about
Teddy. Though he was a good sentry, alert, ever ready toraise Cain, his valor had one flaw: let him glimpse a gun, as
he did now—for the intruders were armed—and his headdropped, his tail turned in. No one understood why, for no
one knew his history, other than that he was a vagabond
Kenyon had adopted years ago. The visitors proved to be
five pheasant hunters from Oklahoma. The pheasantseason in Kansas, a famed November event, lures hordesof sportsmen from adjoining states, and during the past
week plaid-hatted regiments had paraded across theautumnal expanses, flushing and felling with rounds ofbirdshot great coppery flights of the grain-fattened birds. By
custom, the hunters, if they are not invited guests, aresupposed to pay the landowner a fee for letting thempursue their quarry on his premises, but when the
Oklahomans offered to hire hunting rights, Mr. Clutter wasamused. “I’m not as poor as I look. Go ahead, get all you
can,” he said. Then, touching the brim of his cap, heheaded for home and the day’s work, unaware that it would
be his last.

Like Mr. Clutter, the young man breakfasting in a café
called the Little Jewel never drank coffee. He preferred root
beer. Three aspirin, cold root beer, and a chain of Pall Mallcigarettes—that was his notion of a proper “chow-down.”
Sipping and smoking, he studied a map spread on the
counter before him—a Phillips 66 map of Mexico—but it
was difficult to concentrate, for he was expecting a friend,and the friend was late. He looked out a window at thesilent small-town street, a street he had never seen until
yesterday. Still no sign of Dick. But he was sure to show up;
after all, the purpose of their meeting was Dick’s idea, his“score.” And when it was settled—Mexico. The map was
ragged, so thumbed that it had grown as supple as a pieceof chamois. Around the corner, in his room at the hotel
where he was staying, were hundreds more like it—worn
maps of every state in the Union, every Canadian province,
every South American country—for the young man was anincessant conceiver of voyages, not a few of which he had
actually taken: to Alaska, to Hawaii and Japan, to HongKong. Now, thanks to a letter, an invitation to a “score,”here he was with all his worldly belongings: one cardboard
suitcase, a guitar, and two big boxes of books and maps
and songs, poems and old letters, weighing a quarter of aton. (Dick’s face when he saw those boxes! “Christ, Perry.
You carry that junk everywhere?” And Perry had said, “Whatjunk? One of them books cost me thirty bucks.”) Here he
was in little Olathe, Kansas. Kind of funny, if you thought
about it; imagine being back in Kansas, when only fourmonths ago he had sworn, first to the State Parole Board,then to himself, that he would never set foot within its
boundaries again. Well, it wasn’t for long.
Ink-circled names populated the map. COZUMEL, an island off
the coast of Yucatán, where, so he had read in a men’smagazine, you could “shed your clothes, put on a relaxedgrin, live like a Rajah, and have all the women you want for$50-a-month!” From the same article he had memorizedother appealing statements: “Cozumel is a hold-out againstsocial, economic, and political pressure. No official pushes
any private person around on this island,” and “Every year
flights of parrots come over from the mainland to lay theireggs.” ACAPULCO connoted deep-sea fishing, casinos,
anxious rich women; and SIERRA MADRE meant gold, meant
Treasure of the Sierra Madre, a movie he had seen eighttimes. (It was Bogart’s best picture, but the old guy whoplayed the prospector, the one who reminded Perry of his
father, was terrific, too. Walter Huston. Yes, and what hehad told Dick was true: He did know the ins and outs ofhunting gold, having been taught them by his father, who
was a professional prospector. So why shouldn’t they, thetwo of them, buy a pair of pack horses and try their luck in
the Sierra Madre? But Dick, the practical Dick, had said,“Whoa, honey, whoa. I seen that show. Ends up everybody
nuts. On account of fever and bloodsuckers, mean
conditions all around. Then, when they got the gold—
remember, a big wind came along and blew it all away?”)
Perry folded the map. He paid for the root beer and stoodup. Sitting, he had seemed a more than normal-sized man,a powerful man, with the shoulders, the arms, the thick,crouching torso of a weight lifter—weight lifting was, in fact,
his hobby. But some sections of him were not in proportion
to others. His tiny feet, encased in short black boots withsteel buckles, would have neatly fitted into a delicate lady’s
dancing slippers; when he stood up, he was no taller than atwelve-year-old child, and suddenly looked, strutting on

stunted legs that seemed grotesquely inadequate to thegrown-up bulk they supported, not like a well-built truck
driver but like a retired jockey, overblown and musclebound.
Outside the drugstore, Perry stationed himself in the sun. It
was a quarter to nine, and Dick was a half hour late;however, if Dick had not hammered home the every-minute
importance of the next twenty-four hours, he would not havenoticed it. Time rarely weighed upon him, for he had manymethods of passing it—among them, mirror gazing. Dick
had once observed, “Every time you see a mirror you go
into a trance, like. Like you was looking at some gorgeous
piece of butt. I mean, my God, don’t you ever get tired?” Farfrom it; his own face enthralled him. Each angle of it
induced a different impression. It was a changeling’s face,and mirror-guided experiments had taught him how to ringthe changes, how to look now ominous, now impish, now
soulful; a tilt of the head, a twist of the lips, and the corrupt
gypsy became the gentle romantic. His mother had been afull-blooded Cherokee; it was from her that he had inherited
his coloring—the iodine skin, the dark, moist eyes, theblack hair, which he kept brilliantined and was plentiful
enough to provide him with sideburns and a slippery sprayof bangs. His mother’s donation was apparent; that of his
father, a freckled, ginger-haired Irishman, was less so. It
was as though the Indian blood had routed every trace of
the Celtic strain. Still, pink lips and a perky nose confirmed
its presence, as did a quality of roguish animation, of uppity

Irish egotism, which often activated the Cherokee mask
and took control completely when he played the guitar andsang. Singing, and the thought of doing so in front of an
audience, was another mesmeric way of whittling hours. He
always used the same mental scenery—a night club in Las
Vegas, which happened to be his home town. It was an
elegant room filled with celebrities excitedly focused on thesensational new star rendering his famous, backed-byviolins version of “I’ll Be Seeing You” and encoring with his
latest self-composed ballad:Every April flights of parrots
Fly overhead, red and green,
Green and tangerine.
I see them fly, I hear them high,Singing parrots bringing April spring . . .

(Dick, on first hearing this song, had commented, “Parrots
don’t sing. Talk maybe. Holler. But they sure as hell don’tsing.” Of course, Dick was very literal-minded, very—he
had no understanding of music, poetry—and yet when you
got right down to it, Dick’s literalness, his pragmaticapproach to every subject, was the primary reason Perry
had been attracted to him, for it made Dick seem,compared to himself, so authentically tough, invulnerable,“totally masculine.”)Nevertheless, pleasant as this Las Vegas reverie was, it
paled beside another of his visions. Since childhood, formore than half his thirty-one years, he had been sending off
for literature (“FORTUNES IN DIVING! Train at Home in Your
Spare Time. Make Big Money Fast in Skin and Lung
Diving. FREE BOOKLETS . . .”), answering advertisements(“SUNKEN TREASURE! Fifty Genuine Maps! Amazing Offer . . .”)that stoked a longing to realize an adventure his
imagination swiftly and over and over enabled him toexperience: the dream of drifting downward throughstrange waters, of plunging toward a green sea-dusk,
sliding past the scaly, savage-eyed protectors of a ship’s
hulk that loomed ahead, a Spanish galleon—a drowned
cargo of diamonds and pearls, heaping caskets of gold.
A car horn honked. At last—Dick.

“Good grief, Kenyon! I hear you.”
As usual, the devil was in Kenyon. His shouts kept coming

up the stairs: “Nancy! Telephone!”
Barefoot, pajama-clad, Nancy scampered down the stairs.
There were two telephones in the house—one in the roomher father used as an office, another in the kitchen. She
picked up the kitchen extension: “Hello? Oh, yes, goodmorning, Mrs. Katz.”
And Mrs. Clarence Katz, the wife of a farmer who lived on
the highway, said, “I told your daddy not to wake you up. I
said Nancy must be tired after all that wonderful acting she
did last night. You were lovely, dear. Those white ribbons inyour hair! And that part when you thought Tom Sawyer was
dead—you had real tears in your eyes. Good as anythingon TV. But your daddy said it was time you got up; well, it isgoing on for nine. Now, what I wanted, dear—my little girl,
my little Jolene, she’s just dying to bake a cherry pie, andseeing how you’re a champion cherry-pie maker, always
winning prizes, I wondered could I bring her over there thismorning and you show her?”
Normally, Nancy would willingly have taught Jolene toprepare an entire turkey dinner; she felt it her duty to beavailable when younger girls came to her wanting help with
their cooking, their sewing, or their music lessons—or, as
often happened, to confide. Where she found the time, andstill managed to “practically run that big house” and be astraight-A student, the president of her class, a leader in the
4-H program and the Young Methodists League, a skilledrider, an excellent musician (piano, clarinet), an annual
winner at the county fair (pastry, preserves, needlework,
flower arrangement)—how a girl not yet seventeen could
haul such a wagonload, and do so without “brag,” with,rather, merely a radiant jauntiness, was an enigma thecommunity pondered, and solved by saying, “She’s got
character. Gets it from her old man.” Certainly her strongest
trait, the talent that gave support to all the others, derived
from her father: a fine-honed sense of organization. Each
moment was assigned; she knew precisely, at any hour,what she would be doing, how long it would require. And
that was the trouble with today: she had overscheduled it.
She had committed herself to helping another neighbor’s
child, Roxie Lee Smith, with a trumpet solo that Roxie Leeplanned to play at a school concert; had promised to run
three complicated errands for her mother; and hadarranged to attend a 4-H meeting in Garden City with herfather. And then there was lunch to make and, after lunch,
work to be done on the bridesmaids’ dresses for Beverly’s
wedding, which she had designed and was sewing herself.
As matters stood, there was no room for Jolene’s cherrypie lesson. Unless something could be canceled.
“Mrs. Katz? Will you hold the line a moment, please?”
She walked the length of the house to her father’s office.
The office, which had an outside entrance for ordinary
visitors, was separated from the parlor by a sliding door;
though Mr. Clutter occasionally shared the office with

Gerald Van Vleet, a young man who assisted him with the
management of the farm, it was fundamentally his retreat—an orderly sanctuary, paneled in walnut veneer, where,
surrounded by weather barometers, rain charts, a pair ofbinoculars, he sat like a captain in his cabin, a navigatorpiloting River Valley’s sometimes risky passage throughthe seasons.
“Never mind,” he said, responding to Nancy’s problem.
“Skip 4-H. I’ll take Kenyon instead.”And so, lifting the office phone, Nancy told Mrs. Katz yes,
fine, bring Jolene right on over. But she hung up with afrown. “It’s so peculiar,” she said as she looked around theroom and saw in it her father helping Kenyon add a column
of figures, and, at his desk by the window, Mr. Van Vleet,
who had a kind of brooding, rugged good looks that led her
to call him Heathcliff behind his back. “But I keep smellingcigarette smoke.”“On your breath?” inquired Kenyon.
“No, funny one. Yours.”
That quieted him, for Kenyon, as he knew she knew, did
once in a while sneak a puff—but, then, so did Nancy.
Mr. Clutter clapped his hands. “That’s all. This is an office.”
Now, upstairs, she changed into faded Levis and a green

sweater, and fastened round her wrist her third-most-valued
belonging, a gold watch; her closest cat friend, Evinrude,
ranked above it, and surmounting even Evinrude was
Bobby’s signet ring, the cumbersome proof of her “goingsteady” status, which she wore (when she wore it; the least
flare-up and off it came) on a thumb, for even with the use ofadhesive tape its man-size girth could not be made to fit amore suitable finger. Nancy was a pretty girl, lean andboyishly agile, and the prettiest things about her were her
short-bobbed, shining chestnut hair (brushed a hundred
strokes each morning, the same number at night) and hersoap-polished complexion, still faintly freckled and rosebrown from last summer’s sun. But it was her eyes, wide
apart, darkly translucent, like ale held to the light, that madeher immediately likable, that at once announced her lack of
suspicion, her considered and yet so easily triggered
kindliness.
“Nancy!” Kenyon called. “Susan on the phone.”
Susan Kidwell, her confidante. Again she answered in the
kitchen.
“Tell,” said Susan, who invariably launched a telephonesession with this command. “And, to begin, tell why youwere flirting with Jerry Roth.” Like Bobby, Jerry Roth was aschool basketball star.
“Last night? Good grief, I wasn’t flirting. You mean because

we were holding hands? He just came backstage during
the show. And I was so nervous. So he held my hand. To
give me courage.”“Very sweet. Then what?”“Bobby took me to the spook movie. And we held hands.”“Was it scary? Not Bobby. The movie.”“He didn’t think so; he just laughed. But you know me. Boo!
—and I fall off the seat.”“What are you eating?”“Nothing.”“I know—your fingernails,” said Susan, guessing correctly.
Much as Nancy tried, she could not break the habit ofnibbling her nails, and, whenever she was troubled,chewing them right to the quick. “Tell. Something wrong?”“No. ”“Nancy. C’est moi. . .” Susan was studying French.
“Well—Daddy. He’s been in an awful mood the last three
weeks. Awful. At least, around me. And when I got homelast night he started that again.”“That” needed no amplification; it was a subject that the two
friends had discussed completely, and upon which theyagreed. Susan, summarizing the problem from Nancy’s
viewpoint, had once said, “You love Bobby now, and you
need him. But deep down even Bobby knows there isn’t
any future in it. Later on, when we go off to Manhattan,
everything will seem a new world.” Kansas State University
is in Manhattan, and the two girls planned to enroll there as
art students, and to room together. “Everything will change,
whether you want it to or not. But you can’t change it now,
living here in Holcomb, seeing Bobby every day, sitting inthe same classes—and there’s no reason to. Because you
and Bobby are a very happy thing. And it will be something
happy to think back about—if you’re left alone. Can’t you
make your father understand that?” No, she could not.
“Because,” as she explained it to Susan, “whenever I start
to say something, he looks at me as though I must not love
him. Or as though I loved him less. And suddenly I’m
tongue-tied; I just want to be his daughter and do as hewishes.” To this Susan had no reply; it embodied emotions,a relationship, beyond her experience. She lived alone withher mother, who taught music at the Holcomb School, andshe did not remember her own father very clearly, for years
ago, in their native California, Mr. Kidwell had one day left
home and not come back.
“And, anyway,” Nancy continued now, “I’m not sure it’s me.
That’s making him grouchy. Something else—he’s reallyworried about something.”

“Your mother?”No other friend of Nancy’s would have presumed to makesuch a suggestion. Susan, however, was privileged. Whenshe had first appeared in Holcomb, a melancholy,
imaginative child, willowy and wan and sensitive, then eight,
a year younger than Nancy, the Clutters had so ardently
adopted her that the fatherless little girl from California
soon came to seem a member of the family. For sevenyears the two friends had been inseparable, each, by virtueof the rarity of similar and equal sensibilities, irreplaceable
to the other. But then, this past September, Susan had
transferred from the local school to the vaster, supposedly
superior one in Garden City. It was the usual procedure for
Holcomb students who intended going on to college, but
Mr. Clutter, a die-hard community booster, considered such
defections an affront to community spirit; the Holcomb
School was good enough for his children, and there theywould remain. Thus, the girls were no longer always
together, and Nancy deeply felt the daytime absence of her
friend, the one person with whom she need be neither
brave nor reticent.
“Well. But we’re all so happy about Mother—you heard thewonderful news.” Then Nancy said, “Listen,” and hesitated,
as if summoning nerve to make an outrageous remark.
“Why do I keep smelling smoke? Honestly, I think I’m losing
my mind. I get into the car, I walk into a room, and it’s asthough somebody had just been there, smoking a cigarette.
It isn’t Mother, it can’t be Kenyon. Kenyon wouldn’t dare . . .”Nor, very likely, would any visitor to the Clutter home, which
was pointedly devoid of ashtrays. Slowly, Susan grasped
the implication, but it was ludicrous. Regardless of what his
private anxieties might be, she could not believe that Mr.
Clutter was finding secret solace in tobacco. Before she
could ask if this was really what Nancy meant, Nancy cut
her off: “Sorry, Susie. I’ve got to go. Mrs. Katz is here.”

Dick was driving a black 1949 Chevrolet sedan. As Perry
got in, he checked the back seat to see if his guitar wassafely there; the previous night, after playing for a party of
Dick’s friends, he had forgotten and left it in the car. It wasan old Gibson guitar, sandpapered and waxed to a honeyyellow finish. Another sort of instrument lay beside it—a
twelve-gauge pump-action shotgun, brand-new, bluebarreled, and with a sportsman’s scene of pheasants inflight etched along the stock. A flashlight, a fishing knife, apair of leather gloves, and a hunting vest fully packed withshells contributed further atmosphere to this curious still life.
“You wearing that?” Perry asked, indicating the vest.

Dick rapped his knuckles against the windshield. “Knock,knock. Excuse me, sir. We’ve been out hunting and lost ourway. If we could use the phone. . . ”“Si, señor. Yo comprendo.”“A cinch,” said Dick. “I promise you, honey, we’ll blast hair
all over them walls.”“ ‘Those’ walls,” said Perry. A dictionary buff, a devotee ofobscure words, he had been intent on improving his
companion’s grammar and expanding his vocabulary eversince they had celled together at Kansas State
Penitentiary. Far from resenting these lessons, the pupil, toplease his tutor, once composed a sheaf of poems, andthough the verses were very obscene, Perry, who thoughtthem nevertheless hilarious, had had the manuscript
leather-bound in a prison shop and its title, Dirty Jokes,
stamped in gold.
Dick was wearing a blue jumper suit; lettering stitched
across the back of it advertised BOB SANDS’ BODY SHOP. He
and Perry drove along the main street of Olathe until they
arrived at the Bob Sands establishment, an auto-repair
garage, where Dick had been employed since his releasefrom the penitentiary in mid-August. A capable mechanic,
he earned sixty dollars a week. He deserved no salary for
the work he planned to do this morning, but Mr. Sands, wholeft him in charge on Saturdays, would never know he had

paid his hireling to overhaul his own car. With Perryassisting him, he went to work. They changed the oil,adjusted the clutch, recharged the battery, replaced athrow-out bearing, and put new tires on the rear wheels—allnecessary undertakings, for between today and tomorrow
the aged Chevrolet was expected to perform punishingfeats.
“Because the old man was around,” said Dick, answering
Perry, who wanted to know why he had been late inmeeting him at the Little Jewel. “I didn’t want him to see metaking the gun out of the house. Christ, then he would haveknowed I wasn’t telling the truth.”“ ‘Known.’ But what did you say? Finally?”“Like we said. I said we’d be gone overnight—said we wasgoing to visit your sister in Fort Scott. On account of she
was holding money for you. Fifteen hundred dollars.” Perry
had a sister, and had once had two, but the surviving one
did not live in Fort Scott, a Kansas town eighty-five miles
from Olathe; in fact, he was uncertain of her present
address.
“And was he sore?”“Why should he be sore?”“Because he hates me,” said Perry, whose voice was both
gentle and prim—a voice that, though soft, manufactured

each word exactly, ejected it like a smoke ring issuing froma parson’s mouth. “So does your mother. I could see—the
ineffable way they looked at me.”
Dick shrugged. “Nothing to do with you. As such. It’s justthey don’t like me seeing anybody from The Walls.” Twice
married, twice divorced, now twenty-eight and the father ofthree boys, Dick had received his parole on the condition
that he reside with his parents; the family, which included ayounger brother, lived on a small farm near Olathe.
“Anybody wearing the fraternity pin,” he added, andtouched a blue dot tattooed under his left eye—an insigne,
a visible password, by which certain former prison inmates
could identify him.
“I understand,” said Perry. “I sympathize with that. They’regood people. She’s a real sweet person, your mother.”
Dick nodded; he thought so, too.
At noon they put down their tools, and Dick, racing theengine, listening to the consistent hum, was satisfied that athorough job had been done.

Nancy and her protégée, Jolene Katz, were also satisfied

with their morning’s work; indeed, the latter, a thin thirteenyear-old, was agog with pride. For the longest while shestared at the blue-ribbon winner, the oven-hot cherries
simmering under the crisp lattice crust, and then she wasovercome, and hugging Nancy, asked, “Honest, did I reallymake it myself?” Nancy laughed, returned the embrace,
and assured her that she had—with a little help.
Jolene urged that they sample the pie at once—nononsense about leaving it to cool. “Please, let’s both have apiece. And you, too,” she said to Mrs. Clutter who had
come into the kitchen. Mrs. Clutter smiled—attempted to;her head ached—and said thank you, but she hadn’t theappetite. As for Nancy, she hadn’t the time; Roxie Lee
Smith, and Roxie Lee’s trumpet solo, awaited her, andafterward those errands for her mother, one of which
concerned a bridal shower that some Garden City girls
were organizing for Beverly, and another the Thanksgiving
gala.
“You go, dear, I’ll keep Jolene company until her mothercomes for her,” Mrs. Clutter said, and then, addressing thechild with unconquerable timidity, added, “If Jolene doesn’t
mind keeping me company.” As a girl she had won an
elocution prize; maturity, it seemed, had reduced her voice
to a single tone, that of apology, and her personality to aseries of gestures blurred by the fear that she might give
offense, in some way displease. “I hope you understand,”she continued after her daughter’s departure. “I hope youwon’t think Nancy rude?”“Goodness, no. I just love her to death. Well, everybody
does. There isn’t anybody like Nancy. Do you know what
Mrs. Stringer says?” said Jolene, naming her homeeconomics teacher. “One day she told the class, ‘Nancy
Clutter is always in a hurry, but she always has time. And
that’s one definition of a lady.’ ”“Yes,” replied Mrs. Clutter. “All my children are very efficient.
They don’t need me.”
Jolene had never before been alone with Nancy’s “strange”
mother, but despite discussions she had heard, she felt
much at ease, for Mrs. Clutter, though unrelaxed herself,
had a relaxing quality, as is generally true of defenselesspersons who present no threat; even in Jolene, a very
childlike child, Mrs. Clutter’s heart-shaped, missionary’s
face, her look of helpless, homespun ethereality aroused
protective compassion. But to think that she was Nancy’s
mother! An aunt—that seemed possible; a visiting spinster
aunt, slightly odd, but nice.
“No, they don’t need me,” she repeated, pouring herself acup of coffee. Though all the other members of the family
observed her husband’s boycott of this beverage, shedrank two cups every morning and often as not ate nothingelse the rest of the day. She weighed ninety-eight pounds;
rings—a wedding band and one set with a diamondmodest to the point of meekness—wobbled on one of her
bony hands.
Jolene cut a piece of pie. “Boy!” she said, wolfing it down.
“I’m going to make one of these every day seven days aweek.”“Well, you have all those little brothers, and boys can eat a
lot of pie. Mr. Clutter and Kenyon, I know they never get
tired of them. But the cook does—Nancy just turns up her
nose. It’ll be the same with you. No, no—why do I say that?”Mrs. Clutter, who wore rimless glasses, removed them andpressed her eyes. “Forgive me, dear. I’m sure you’ll neverknow what it is to be tired. I’m sure you’ll always be
happy . . .”Jolene was silent. The note of panic in Mrs. Clutter’s voice
had caused her to have a shift of feeling; Jolene was
confused, and wished that her mother, who had promised
to call back for her at eleven, would come.
Presently, more calmly, Mrs. Clutter asked, “Do you likeminiature things? Tiny things?” and invited Jolene into thedining room to inspect the shelves of a whatnot on whichwere arranged assorted Lilliputian gewgaws—scissors,
thimbles, crystal flower baskets, toy figurines, forks andknives. “I’ve had some of these since I was a child. Daddy
and Mama—all of us—spent part of most years in
California. By the ocean. And there was a shop that soldsuch precious little things. These cups.” A set of doll-houseteacups, anchored to a diminutive tray, trembled in thepalm of her hand. “Daddy gave them to me; I had a lovely
childhood.”
The only daughter of a prosperous wheat grower named
Fox, the adored sister of three older brothers, she had notbeen spoiled but spared, led to suppose that life was asequence of agreeable events—Kansas autumns,
California summers, a round of teacup gifts. When she waseighteen, inflamed by a biography of Florence Nightingale,she enrolled as a student nurse at St. Rose’s Hospital inGreat Bend, Kansas. She was not meant to be a nurse,
and after two years she confessed it: a hospital’s realities—scenes, odors—sickened her. Yet to this day she
regretted not having completed the course and received
her diploma—“just to prove,” as she had told a friend, “that I
once succeeded at something.” Instead, she had met andmarried Herb, a college classmate of her oldest brother,
Glenn; actually, since the two families lived within twenty
miles of each other, she had long known him by sight, but
the Clutters, plain farm people, were not on visiting termswith the well-to-do and cultivated Foxes. However, Herb
was handsome, he was pious, he was strong-willed, hewanted her—and she was in love.
“Mr. Clutter travels a great deal,” she said to Jolene. “Oh,he’s always headed somewhere. Washington and Chicago
and Oklahoma and Kansas City—sometimes it seems like

he’s never home. But wherever he goes, he remembers
how I dote on tiny things.” She unfolded a little paper fan.
“He brought me this from San Francisco. It only cost apenny. But isn’t it pretty?”
The second year of the marriage, Eveanna was born, andthree years later, Beverly; after each confinement the young
mother had experienced an inexplicable despondency—
seizures of grief that sent her wandering from room to roomin a hand-wringing daze. Between the births of Beverly andNancy, three more years elapsed, and these were theyears of the Sunday picnics and of summer excursions toColorado, the years when she really ran her own home andwas the happy center of it. But with Nancy and then with
Kenyon, the pattern of postnatal depression repeated itself,
and following the birth of her son, the mood of misery thatdescended never altogether lifted; it lingered like a cloudthat might rain or might not. She knew “good days,” andoccasionally they accumulated into weeks, months, buteven on the best of the good days, those days when she
was otherwise her “old self,” the affectionate and charming
Bonnie her friends cherished, she could not summon thesocial vitality her husband’s pyramiding activities required.
He was a “joiner,” a “born leader”; she was not and stopped
attempting to be. And so, along paths bordered by tender
regard, by total fidelity, they began to go their semiseparate ways—his a public route, a march of satisfying
conquests, and hers a private one that eventually woundthrough hospital corridors. But she was not without hope.

Trust in God sustained her, and from time to time secularsources supplemented her faith in His forthcoming mercy;
she read of a miracle medicine, heard of a new therapy, or,as most recently, decided to believe that a “pinched nerve”
was to blame.
“Little things really belong to you,” she said, folding the fan.
“They don’t have to be left behind. You can carry them in ashoebox.”“Carry them where to?”“Why, wherever you go. You might be gone for a long time.”
Some years earlier Mrs. Clutter had traveled to Wichita for
two weeks of treatment and remained two months. On theadvice of a doctor, who had thought the experience would
aid her to regain “a sense of adequacy and usefulness,”she had taken an apartment, then found a job—as a fileclerk at the Y.W.C.A. Her husband, entirely sympathetic,
had encouraged the adventure, but she had liked it too well,so much that it seemed to her unchristian, and the sense of
guilt she in consequence developed ultimately outweighed
the experiment’s therapeutic value.
“Or you might never go home. And—it’s important always tohave with you something of your own. That’s really yours.”
The doorbell rang. It was Jolene’s mother.

Mrs. Clutter said, “Goodbye, dear,” and pressed into
Jolene’s hand the paper fan. “It’s only a penny thing—but
it’s pretty.”
Afterward Mrs. Clutter was alone in the house. Kenyon and
Mr. Clutter had gone to Garden City; Gerald Van Vleet had
left for the day; and the housekeeper, the blessed Mrs.
Helm to whom she could confide anything, did not come towork on Saturdays. She might as well go back to bed—the
bed she so rarely abandoned that poor Mrs. Helm had tobattle for the chance to change its linen twice a week.
There were four bedrooms on the second floor, and hers
was the last at the end of a spacious hall, which was bare
except for a baby crib that had been bought for the visits ofher grandson. If cots were brought in and the hall was used
as a dormitory, Mrs. Clutter estimated, the house could
accommodate twenty guests during the Thanksgiving
holidays; the others would have to lodge at motels or withneighbors. Among the Clutter kinfolk the Thanksgiving gettogether was an annual, turnabout to-do, and this year Herb
was the appointed host, so it had to be done, but
coinciding, as it did, with the preparations for Beverly’s
wedding, Mrs. Clutter despaired of surviving either project.
Both involved the necessity of making decisions—a
process she had always disliked, and had learned todread, for when her husband was off on one of his businessjourneys she was continually expected, in his absence, tosupply snap judgments concerning the affairs of the farm,and it was unendurable, a torment. What if she made a
mistake? What if Herb should be displeased? Better tolock the bedroom door and pretend not to hear, or say, as
she sometimes did, “I can’t. I don’t know. Please.”
The room she so seldom left was austere; had the bed
been made, a visitor might have thought it permanently
unoccupied. An oak bed, a walnut bureau, a bedside table—nothing else except lamps, one curtained window, and apicture of Jesus walking on the water. It was as though bykeeping this room impersonal, by not importing her intimate
belongings but leaving them mingled with those of her
husband, she lessened the offense of not sharing his
quarters. The only used drawer in the bureau contained a
jar of Vick’s Vaporub, Kleenex, an electric heating pad, anumber of white nightgowns, and white cotton socks. She
always wore a pair of these socks to bed, for she wasalways cold. And, for the same reason, she habitually kept
her windows closed. Summer before last, on a sweltering
August Sunday, when she was secluded here, a difficult
incident had taken place. There were guests that day, aparty of friends who had been invited to the farm to pickmulberries, and among them was Wilma Kidwell, Susan’s
mother. Like most of the people who were often entertainedby the Clutters, Mrs. Kidwell accepted the absence of thehostess without comment, and assumed, as was thecustom, that she was either “indisposed” or “away in
Wichita.” In any event, when the hour came to go to the fruitorchard, Mrs. Kidwell declined; a city-bred woman, easilyfatigued, she wished to remain indoors. Later, while she
was awaiting the return of the mulberry pickers, she heard
the sound of weeping, heartbroken, heartbreaking.
“Bonnie?” she called, and ran up the stairs, ran down thehall to Bonnie’s room. When she opened it, the heatgathered inside the room was like a sudden, awful handover her mouth; she hurried to open a window. “Don’t!”
Bonnie cried. “I’m not hot. I’m cold. I’m freezing. Lord, Lord,
Lord!” She flailed her arms. “Please, Lord, don’t let
anybody see me this way.” Mrs. Kidwell sat down on thebed; she wanted to hold Bonnie in her arms, and eventually
Bonnie let herself be held. “Wilma,” she said, “I’ve been
listening to you, Wilma. All of you. Laughing. Having a goodtime. I’m missing out on everything. The best years, thechildren—everything. A little while, and even Kenyon will begrown up—a man. And how will he remember me? As akind of ghost, Wilma.”
Now, on this final day of her life, Mrs. Clutter hung in thecloset the calico housedress she had been wearing, andput on one of her trailing nightgowns and a fresh set ofwhite socks. Then, before retiring, she exchanged her
ordinary glasses for a pair of reading spectacles. Though
she subscribed to several periodicals (the Ladies’ Home
Journal, McCall’s, Reader’s Digest, and Together:Midmonth Magazine for Methodist Families), none ofthese rested on the bedside table—only a Bible. A
bookmark lay between its pages, a stiff piece of wateredsilk upon which an admonition had been embroidered:“Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when thetime is.”The two young men had little in common, but they did not
realize it, for they shared a number of surface traits. Both,for example, were fastidious, very attentive to hygiene andthe condition of their fingernails. After their grease-monkey
morning, they spent the better part of an hour sprucing up in
the lavatory of the garage. Dick stripped to his briefs was
not quite the same as Dick fully clothed. In the latter state,
he seemed a flimsy dingy-blond youth of medium height,
fleshless and perhaps sunken-chested; disrobing revealed
that he was nothing of the sort, but, rather, an athlete
constructed on a welterweight scale. The tattooed face of acat, blue and grinning, covered his right hand; on one
shoulder a blue rose blossomed. More markings, selfdesigned and self-executed, ornamented his arms andtorso: the head of a dragon with a human skull between its
open jaws; bosomy nudes; a gremlin brandishing apitchfork; the word PEACE accompanied by a crossradiating, in the form of crude strokes, rays of holy light; andtwo sentimental concoctions—one a bouquet of flowers
dedicated to MOTHER-DAD, the other a heart that celebrated
the romance of DICK and CAROL, the girl whom he had
married when he was nineteen, and from whom he hadseparated six years later in order to “do the right thing” byanother young lady, the mother of his youngest child. (“Ihave three boys who I will definitely take care of,” he had
written in applying for parole. “My wife is remarried. I havebeen married twice, only I don’t want anything to do with mysecond wife.”)
But neither Dick’s physique nor the inky gallery adorning it
made as remarkable an impression as his face, which
seemed composed of mismatching parts. It was as though
his head had been halved like an apple, then put together afraction off center. Something of the kind had happened;
the imperfectly aligned features were the outcome of a carcollision in 1950—an accident that left his long-jawed andnarrow face tilted, the left side rather lower than the right,
with the results that the lips were slightly aslant, the nose
askew, and his eyes not only situated at uneven levels butof uneven size, the left eye being truly serpentine, with avenomous, sickly-blue squint that although it wasinvoluntarily acquired, seemed nevertheless to warn ofbitter sediment at the bottom of his nature. But Perry had
told him, “The eye doesn’t matter. Because you have awonderful smile. One of those smiles that really work.” It
was true that the tightening action of a smile contracted his
face into its correct proportions, and made it possible todiscern a less unnerving personality—an American-style“good kid” with an outgrown crew cut, sane enough but not
too bright. (Actually, he was very intelligent. An I.Q. test
taken in prison gave him a rating of 130; the averagesubject, in prison or out, scores between 90 and 110.)
Perry, too, had been maimed, and his injuries, received ina motorcycle wreck, were severer than Dick’s; he had
spent half a year in a State of Washington hospital andanother six months on crutches, and though the accident
had occurred in 1952, his chunky, dwarfish legs, broken infive places and pitifully scarred, still pained him so severelythat he had become an aspirin addict. While he had fewer
tattoos than his companion, they were more elaborate—not
the self-inflicted work of an amateur but epics of the art
contrived by Honolulu and Yokohama masters. COOKIE, thename of a nurse who had been friendly to him when he washospitalized, was tattooed on his right biceps. Blue-furred,orange-eyed, red-fanged, a tiger snarled upon his left
biceps; a spitting snake, coiled around a dagger, slithered
down his arm; and elsewhere skulls gleamed, a tombstoneloomed, a chrysanthemum flourished.
“O.K., beauty. Put away the comb,” said Dick, dressed now
and ready to go. Having discarded his work uniform, hewore gray khakis, a matching shirt, and, like Perry, anklehigh black boots. Perry, who could never find trousers to fit
his truncated lower half, wore blue jeans rolled up at thebottom and a leather windbreaker. Scrubbed, combed, as
tidy as two dudes setting off on a double date, they went out
to the car.

The distance between Olathe, a suburb of Kansas City,and Holcomb, which might be called a suburb of Garden
City, is approximately four hundred miles.
A town of eleven thousand, Garden City began assemblingits founders soon after the Civil War. An itinerant buffalo
hunter, Mr. C. J. (Buffalo) Jones, had much to do with its
subsequent expansion from a collection of huts and hitchingposts into an opulent ranching center with razzle-dazzle
saloons, an opera house, and the plushiest hotel anywhere
between Kansas City and Denver—in brief, a specimen offrontier fanciness that rivaled a more famous settlement fifty
miles east of it, Dodge City. Along with Buffalo Jones, wholost his money and then his mind (the last years of his life
were spent haranguing street groups against the wanton
extermination of the beasts he himself had so profitably
slaughtered), the glamours of the past are today entombed.
Some souvenirs exist; a moderately colorful row ofcommercial buildings is known as the Buffalo Block, andthe once splendid Windsor Hotel, with its still splendid highceilinged saloon and its atmosphere of spittoons andpotted palms, endures amid the variety stores andsupermarkets as a Main Street landmark—one
comparatively unpatronized, for the Windsor’s dark, hugechambers and echoing hallways, evocative as they are,cannot compete with the air-conditioned amenities offered

at the trim little Hotel Warren, or with the Wheat Lands
Motel’s individual television sets and “Heated Swimming
Pool.”
Anyone who has made the coast-to-coast journey acrossAmerica, whether by train or by car, has probably passed
through Garden City, but it is reasonable to assume thatfew travelers remember the event. It seems just anotherfair-sized town in the middle—almost the exact middle—of
the continental United States. Not that the inhabitants would
tolerate such an opinion—perhaps rightly. Though they may
overstate the case (“Look all over the world, and you won’t
find friendlier people or fresher air or sweeter drinking
water,” and “I could go to Denver at triple the salary, but I’ve
got five kids, and I figure there’s no better place to raisekids than right here. Swell schools with every kind of sport.
We even have a junior college,” and “I came out here topractice law. A temporary thing, I never planned to stay. But
when the chance came to move, I thought, Why go? Whatthe hell for? Maybe it’s not New York—but who wants New
York? Good neighbors, people who care about each other,that’s what counts. And everything else a decent man
needs—we’ve got that, too. Beautiful churches. A golfcourse”), the newcomer to Garden City, once he has
adjusted to the nightly after-eight silence of Main Street,
discovers much to support the defensive boastings of thecitizenry: a well-run public library, a competent daily
newspaper, green-lawned and shady squares here andthere, placid residential streets where animals and children

are safe to run free, a big, rambling park complete with asmall menagerie (“See the Polar Bears!” “See Penny the
Elephant!”), and a swimming pool that consumes several
acres (“World’s Largest FREE Swimpool!”). Suchaccessories, and the dust and the winds and the evercalling train whistles, add up to a “home town” that isprobably remembered with nostalgia by those who have left
it, and that, for those who have remained, provides a senseof roots and contentment.
Without exception, Garden Citians deny that the populationof the town can be socially graded (“No, sir. Nothing likethat here. All equal, regardless of wealth, color, or creed.
Everything the way it ought to be in a democracy; that’sus”), but, of course, class distinctions are as clearlyobserved, and as clearly observable, as in any other human
hive. A hundred miles west and one would be out of the“Bible Belt,” that gospel-haunted strip of American territoryin which a man must, if only for business reasons, take his
religion with the straightest of faces, but in Finney County
one is still within the Bible Belt borders, and therefore aperson’s church affiliation is the most important factor
influencing his class status. A combination of Baptists,
Methodists, and Roman Catholics would account for eighty
percent of the county’s devout, yet among the elite—thebusinessmen, bankers, lawyers, physicians, and more
prominent ranchers who tenant the top drawer—
Presbyterians and Episcopalians predominate. An
occasional Methodist is welcomed, and once in a while aDemocrat infiltrates, but on the whole the Establishment iscomposed of rightwing Republicans of the Presbyterianand Episcopalian faiths.
As an educated man successful in his profession, as aneminent Republican and church leader—even though of the
Methodist church—Mr. Clutter was entitled to rank among
the local patricians, but just as he had never joined theGarden City Country Club, he had never sought toassociate with the reigning coterie. Quite the contrary, fortheir pleasures were not his; he had no use for card games,
golf, cocktails, or buffet suppers served at ten—or, indeed,
for any pastime that he felt did not “accomplish something.”
Which is why, instead of being part of a golfing foursome
on this shining Saturday, Mr. Clutter was acting aschairman of a meeting of the Finney County 4-H Club. (4-H
stands for “Head, Heart, Hands, Health,” and the club mottoclaims “We learn to do by doing.” It is a nationalorganization, with overseas branches, whose purpose is tohelp those living in rural areas—and the children particularly—develop practical abilities and moral character. Nancy
and Kenyon had been conscientious members from theage of six.) Toward the end of the meeting, Mr. Clutter said,“Now I have something to say concerning one of our adultmembers.” His eyes singled out a chubby Japanese
woman surrounded by four chubby Japanese children. “Youall know Mrs. Hideo Ashida. Know how the Ashidas moved
here from Colorado—started farming out to Holcomb two
years ago. A fine family, the kind of people Holcomb’s luckyto have. As anyone will tell you. Anyone who has been sickand had Mrs. Ashida walk nobody can calculate how many
miles to bring them some of the wonderful soups she
makes. Or the flowers she grows where you wouldn’t
expect a flower could grow. And last year at the county fair
you will recall how much she contributed to the success of
the 4-H exhibits. So I want to suggest we honor Mrs. Ashidawith an award at our Achievement Banquet next Tuesday.”Her children tugged at her, punched her; the oldest boy
shouted, “Hey, Ma, that’s you!” But Mrs. Ashida wasbashful; she rubbed her eyes with her baby-plump hands
and laughed. She was the wife of a tenant farmer; the farm,an especially wind-swept and lonesome one, was halfway
between Garden City and Holcomb. After 4-H conferences,
Mr. Clutter usually drove the Ashidas home, and he did sotoday.
“Gosh, that was a jolt,” said Mrs. Ashida as they rolled
along Route 50 in Mr. Clutter’s pickup truck. “Seems likeI’m always thanking you, Herb. But thanks.” She had met
him on her second day in Finney County; it was the day
before Halloween, and he and Kenyon had come to call,bringing a load of pumpkins and squash. All through thatfirst hard year, gifts had arrived, of produce that the
Ashidas had not yet planted—baskets of asparagus,
lettuce. And Nancy often brought Babe by for the children to
ride. “You know, in most ways, this is the best place we’ve
ever lived. Hideo says the same. We sure hate to thinkabout leaving. Starting all over again.”“Leaving?” protested Mr. Clutter, and slowed the car.
“Well, Herb. The farm here, the people we’re working for—
Hideo thinks we could do better. Maybe in Nebraska. But
nothing’s settled. It’s just talk so far.” Her hearty voice,always on the verge of laughter, made the melancholy news
sound somehow cheerful, but seeing that she hadsaddened Mr. Clutter, she turned to other matters. “Herb,
give me a man’s opinion,” she said. “Me and the kids,
we’ve been saving up, we want to give Hideo something on
the grand side for Christmas. What he needs is teeth. Now,
if your wife was to give you three gold teeth, would thatstrike you as a wrong kind of present? I mean, asking a
man to spend Christmas in the dentist’s chair?”“You beat all. Don’t ever try to get away from here. We’ll
hogtie you,” said Mr. Clutter. “Yes, yes, by all means gold
teeth. Was me, I’d be tickled.”
His reaction delighted Mrs. Ashida, for she knew he would
not approve her plan unless he meant it; he was agentleman. She had never known him to “act the Squire,” orto take advantage or break a promise. She ventured toobtain a promise now. “Look, Herb. At the banquet—nospeeches, huh? Not for me. You, you’re different. The way
you can stand up and talk to hundreds of people.
Thousands. And be so easy—convince anybody aboutwhatever. Just nothing scares you,” she said, commenting
upon a generally recognized quality of Mr. Clutter’s: afearless self-assurance that set him apart, and while itcreated respect, also limited the affections of others a little.
“I can’t imagine you afraid. No matter what happened, you’dtalk your way out of it.”

By midafternoon the black Chevrolet had reached
Emporia, Kansas—a large town, almost a city, and a safe
place, so the occupants of the car had decided, to do a bitof shopping. They parked on a side street, then wandered
about until a suitably crowded variety store presented itself.
The first purchase was a pair of rubber gloves; these werefor Perry, who, unlike Dick, had neglected to bring old
gloves of his own.
They moved on to a counter displaying women’s hosiery.
After a spell of indecisive quibbling, Perry said, “I’m for it.”
Dick was not. “What about my eye? They’re all too lightcolored to hide that.”“Miss,” said Perry, attracting a salesgirl’s attention. “Yougot any black stockings?” When she told him no, heproposed that they try another store. “Black’s foolproof.”
But Dick had made up his mind: stockings of any shadewere unnecessary, an encumbrance, a useless expense(“I’ve already invested enough money in this operation”),
and, after all, anyone they encountered would not live tobear witness. “No witnesses,” he reminded Perry, for what
seemed to Perry the millionth time. It rankled in him, theway Dick mouthed those two words, as though they solved
every problem; it was stupid not to admit that there might
be a witness they hadn’t seen. “The ineffable happens,things do take a turn,” he said. But Dick, smiling boastfully,
boyishly, did not agree: “Get the bubbles out of your blood.
Nothing can go wrong.” No. Because the plan was Dick’s,
and from first footfall to final silence, flawlessly devised.
Next they were interested in rope. Perry studied the stock,
tested it. Having once served in the Merchant Marine, heunderstood rope and was clever with knots. He chose awhite nylon cord, as strong as wire and not much thicker.
They discussed how many yards of it they required. The
question irritated Dick, for it was part of a greater
quandary, and he could not, despite the alleged perfectionof his over-all design, be certain of the answer. Eventually,
he said, “Christ, how the hell should I know?”“You damn well better.”
Dick tried. “There’s him. Her. The kid and the girl. Andmaybe the other two. But it’s Saturday. They might haveguests. Let’s count on eight, or even twelve. The only surething is every one of them has got to go.”“Seems like a lot of it. To be so sure about.”“Ain’t that what I promised you, honey—plenty of hair on
them-those walls?”
Perry shrugged. “Then we’d better buy the whole roll.”
It was a hundred yards long—quite enough for twelve.

Kenyon had built the chest himself: a mahogany hopechest, lined with cedar, which he intended to give Beverly
as a wedding present. Now, working on it in the so-called
den in the basement, he applied a last coat of varnish. The
furniture of the den, a cement-floored room that ran thelength of the house, consisted almost entirely of examplesof his carpentry (shelves, tables, stools, a ping-pong table)
and Nancy’s needlework (chintz slip covers that rejuvenateda decrepit couch, curtains, pillows bearing legends: HAPPY?
and YOU DON’T HAVE TO BE CRAZY TO LIVE HERE BUT IT HELPS).
Together, Kenyon and Nancy had made a paint-splatteredattempt to deprive the basement room of its unremovabledourness, and neither was aware of failure. In fact, theyboth thought their den a triumph and a blessing—Nancy
because it was a place where she could entertain “thegang” without disturbing her mother, and Kenyon because
here he could be alone, free to bang, saw, and mess withhis “inventions,” the newest of which was an electric deepdish frying pan. Adjoining the den was a furnace room,
which contained a tool-littered table piled with some of hisother works-in-progress—an amplifying unit, an elderly
wind-up Victrola that he was restoring to service.
Kenyon resembled neither of his parents physically; hiscrewcut hair was hemp-colored, and he was six feet tall andlanky, though hefty enough to have once rescued a pair offull-grown sheep by carrying them two miles through a
blizzard—sturdy, strong, but cursed with a lanky boy’s lackof muscular coordination. This defect, aggravated by aninability to function without glasses, prevented him fromtaking more than a token part in those team sports(basketball, baseball) that were the main occupation ofmost of the boys who might have been his friends. He had
only one close friend—Bob Jones, the son of Taylor Jones,
whose ranch was a mile west of the Clutter home. Out inrural Kansas, boys start driving cars very young; Kenyon
was eleven when his father allowed him to buy, with money
he had earned raising sheep, an old truck with a Model A
engine—the Coyote Wagon, he and Bob called it. Not far
from River Valley Farm there is a mysterious stretch ofcountryside known as the Sand Hills; it is like a beachwithout an ocean, and at night coyotes slink among thedunes, assembling in hordes to howl. On moonlit evenings
the boys would descend upon them, set them running, andtry to outrace them in the wagon; they seldom did, for the
scrawniest coyote can hit fifty miles an hour, whereas thewagon’s top speed was thirty-five, but it was a wild andbeautiful kind of fun, the wagon skidding across the sand,the fleeing coyotes framed against the moon—as Bob
said, it sure made your heart hurry.
Equally intoxicating, and more profitable, were the rabbit
roundups the two boys conducted: Kenyon was a good shotand his friend a better one, and between them theysometimes delivered half a hundred rabbits to the “rabbit
factory”—a Garden City processing plant that paid ten
cents a head for the animals, which were then quick-frozen
and shipped to mink growers. But what meant most to
Kenyon—and Bob, too—was their weekend, overnight
hunting hikes along the shores of the river: wandering,wrapping up in blankets, listening at sunrise for the noise ofwings, moving toward the sound on tiptoe, and then,sweetest of all, swaggering homeward with a dozen duck
dinners swinging from their belts. But lately things hadchanged between Kenyon and his friend. They had not
quarreled, there had been no overt falling-out, nothing had
happened except that Bob, who was sixteen, had started“going with a girl,” which meant that Kenyon, a year younger
and still very much the adolescent bachelor, could no longer
count on his companionship. Bob told him, “When you’remy age, you’ll feel different. I used to think the same as you:
Women—so what? But then you get to talking to somewoman, and it’s mighty nice. You’ll see.” Kenyon doubted it;
he could not conceive of ever wanting to waste an hour on
any girl that might be spent with guns, horses, tools,
machinery, even a book. If Bob was unavailable, then hewould rather be alone, for in temperament he was not in theleast Mr. Clutter’s son but rather Bonnie’s child, a sensitiveand reticent boy. His contemporaries thought him “standoffish,” yet forgave him, saying, “Oh, Kenyon. It’s just that helives in a world of his own.”
Leaving the varnish to dry, he went on to another chore—
one that took him out-of-doors. He wanted to tidy up his
mother’s flower garden, a treasured patch of disheveled
foliage that grew beneath her bedroom window. When hegot there, he found one of the hired men loosening earth
with a spade—Paul Helm, the husband of the housekeeper.
“Seen that car?” Mr. Helm asked.
Yes, Kenyon had seen a car in the driveway—a gray Buick,standing outside the entrance to his father’s office.
“Thought you might know who it was.”“Not unless it’s Mr. Johnson. Dad said he was expecting
him.”
Mr. Helm (the late Mr. Helm; he died of a stroke thefollowing March) was a somber man in his late fifties whose
withdrawn manner veiled a nature keenly curious andwatchful; he liked to know what was going on. “WhichJohnson?”“The insurance fellow.”
Mr. Helm grunted. “Your dad must be laying in a stack of it.
That car’s been here I’d say three hours.”
The chill of oncoming dusk shivered through the air, andthough the sky was still deep blue, lengthening shadowsemanated from the garden’s tall chrysanthemum stalks;
Nancy’s cat frolicked among them, catching its paws in thetwine with which Kenyon and the old man were now tying
plants. Suddenly, Nancy herself came jogging across thefields aboard fat Babe—Babe, returning from her Saturday
treat, a bathe in the river. Teddy, the dog, accompanied
them, and all three were water-splashed and shining.
“You’ll catch cold,” Mr. Helm said.
Nancy laughed; she had never been ill—not once. Sliding
off Babe, she sprawled on the grass at the edge of thegarden and seized her cat, dangled him above her, andkissed his nose and whiskers.
Kenyon was disgusted. “Kissing animals on the mouth.”“You used to kiss Skeeter,” she reminded him.

“Skeeter was a horse.” A beautiful horse, a strawberrystallion he had raised from a foal. How that Skeeter could
take a fence! “You use a horse too hard,” his father hadcautioned him. “One day you’ll ride the life out of Skeeter.”
And he had; while Skeeter was streaking down a road withhis master astride him, his heart failed, and he stumbled
and was dead. Now, a year later, Kenyon still mourned him,even though his father, taking pity on him, had promised
him the pick of next spring’s foals.
“Kenyon?” Nancy said. “Do you think Tracy will be able totalk? By Thanksgiving?” Tracy, not yet a year old, was her
nephew, the son of Eveanna, the sister to whom she felt
particularly close. (Beverly was Kenyon’s favorite.) “It would
thrill me to pieces to hear him say ‘Aunt Nancy.’ Or ‘Uncle
Kenyon.’ Wouldn’t you like to hear him say that? I mean,
don’t you love being an uncle? Kenyon? Good grief, why
can’t you ever answer me?”
“Because you’re silly,” he said, tossing her the head of aflower, a wilted dahlia, which she jammed into her hair.
Mr. Helm picked up his spade. Crows cawed, sundown
was near, but his home was not; the lane of Chinese elms
had turned into a tunnel of darkening green, and he lived at
the end of it, half a mile away. “Evening,” he said, andstarted his journey. But once he looked back. “And that,” hewas to testify the next day, “was the last I seen them. Nancy

leading old Babe off to the barn. Like I said, nothing out of
the ordinary.”

The black Chevrolet was again parked, this time in front of
a Catholic hospital on the outskirts of Emporia. Under
continued needling (“That’s your trouble. You think there’s
only one right way—Dick’s way”), Dick had surrendered.
While Perry waited in the car, he had gone into the hospitalto try and buy a pair of black stockings from a nun. Thisrather unorthodox method of obtaining them had been
Perry’s inspiration; nuns, he had argued, were certain tohave a supply. The notion presented one drawback, ofcourse: nuns, and anything pertaining to them, were badluck, and Perry was most respectful of his superstitions.
(Some others were the number 15, red hair, white flowers,
priests crossing a road, snakes appearing in a dream.)
Still, it couldn’t be helped. The compulsively superstitious
person is also very often a serious believer in fate; that was
the case with Perry. He was here, and embarked on thepresent errand, not because he wished to be but because
fate had arranged the matter; he could prove it—though he
had no intention of doing so, at least within Dick’s hearing,for the proof would involve his confessing the true andsecret motive behind his return to Kansas, a piece ofparole violation he had decided upon for a reason quite

unrelated to Dick’s “score” or Dick’s summoning letter. The
reason was that several weeks earlier he had learned thaton Thursday, November 12, another of his former cellmates
was being released from Kansas State Penitentiary at
Lansing, and “more than anything in the world,” he desireda reunion with this man, his “real and only friend,” the“brilliant” Willie-Jay.
During the first of his three years in prison, Perry had
observed Willie-Jay from a distance, with interest but withapprehension; if one wished to be thought a toughspecimen, intimacy with Willie-Jay seemed unwise. He wasthe chaplain’s clerk, a slender Irishman with prematurely
gray hair and gray, melancholy eyes. His tenor voice was
the glory of the prison’s choir. Even Perry, though he wascontemptuous of any exhibition of piety, felt “upset” when heheard Willie-Jay sing “The Lord’s Prayer”; the hymn’s grave
language sung in so credulous a spirit moved him, madehim wonder a little at the justice of his contempt. Eventually,
prodded by a slightly alerted religious curiosity, heapproached Willie-Jay, and the chaplain’s clerk, at once
responsive, thought he divined in the cripple-legged bodybuilder with the misty gaze and the prim, smoky voice “apoet, something rare and savable.” An ambition to “bringthis boy to God” engulfed him. His hopes of succeeding
accelerated when one day Perry produced a pastel
drawing he had made—a large, in no way technically naïve
portrait of Jesus. Lansing’s Protestant chaplain, theReverend James Post, so valued it that he hung it in his

office, where it hangs still: a slick and pretty Saviour, with
Willie-Jay’s full lips and grieving eyes. The picture was theclimax of Perry’s never very earnest spiritual quest, and,ironically, the termination of it; he adjudged his Jesus “apiece of hypocrisy,” an attempt to “fool and betray” WillieJay, for he was as unconvinced of God as ever. Yet should
he admit this and risk forfeiting the one friend who had ever“truly understood” him? (Hod, Joe, Jesse, travelers straying
through a world where last names were seldom exchanged,
these had been his “buddies”—never anyone like WillieJay, who was in Perry’s opinion, “way above average
intellectually, perceptive as a well-trained psychologist.”
How was it possible that so gifted a man had wound up in
Lansing? That was what amazed Perry. The answer, which
he knew but rejected as “an evasion of the deeper, thehuman question,” was plain to simpler minds: the chaplain’s
clerk, then thirty-eight, was a thief, a small-scale robber who
over a period of twenty years had served sentences in fivedifferent states.) Perry decided to speak out: he was sorry,but it was not for him—heaven, hell, saints, divine mercy—
and if Willie-Jay’s affection was founded on the prospect ofPerry’s some day joining him at the foot of the Cross, thenhe was deceived and their friendship false, a counterfeit,
like the portrait.
As usual, Willie-Jay understood; disheartened but notdisenchanted, he had persisted in courting Perry’s soul until
the day of its possessor’s parole and departure, on the eveof which he wrote Perry a farewell letter, whose lastparagraph ran: “You are a man of extreme passion, ahungry man not quite sure where his appetite lies, a deeply
frustrated man striving to project his individuality against a
backdrop of rigid conformity. You exist in a half-world
suspended between two superstructures, one selfexpression and the other self-destruction. You are strong,but there is a flaw in your strength, and unless you learn tocontrol it the flaw will prove stronger than your strength anddefeat you. The flaw? Explosive emotional reaction out ofall proportion to the occasion. Why? Why thisunreasonable anger at the sight of others who are happy orcontent, this growing contempt for people and the desire tohurt them? All right, you think they’re fools, you despisethem because their morals, their happiness is the source ofyour frustration and resentment. But these are dreadfulenemies you carry within yourself—in time destructive asbullets. Mercifully, a bullet kills its victim. This other bacteria,
permitted to age, does not kill a man but leaves in its wakethe hulk of a creature torn and twisted; there is still firewithin his being but it is kept alive by casting upon it
faggots of scorn and hate. He may successfully
accumulate, but he does not accumulate success, for he is
his own enemy and is kept from truly enjoying hisachievements.”
Perry, flattered to be the subject of this sermon, had let
Dick read it, and Dick, who took a dim view of Willie-Jay,
had called the letter “just more of Billy Grahamcracker’s
hooey,” adding, “ ‘Faggots of scorn!’ He’s the faggot.” Ofcourse, Perry had expected this reaction, and secretly hewelcomed it, for his friendship with Dick, whom he had
scarcely known until his final few months in Lansing, was an
outgrowth of, and counterbalance to, the intensity of his
admiration for the chaplain’s clerk. Perhaps Dick was“shallow,” or even, as Willie-Jay claimed, “a vicious
blusterer.” All the same, Dick was full of fun, and he wasshrewd, a realist, he “cut through things,” there were no
clouds in his head or straw in his hair. Moreover, unlike
Willie-Jay, he was not critical of Perry’s exotic aspirations;
he was willing to listen, catch fire, share with him thosevisions of “guaranteed treasure” lurking in Mexican seas,
Brazilian jungles.
After Perry’s parole, four months elapsed, months of rattling
around in a fifth-hand, hundred-dollar Ford, rolling from
Reno to Las Vegas, from Bellingham, Washington, to Buhl,
Idaho, and it was in Buhl, where he had found temporary
work as a truck driver, that Dick’s letter reached him:
“Friend P., Came out in August, and after you left I Met
Someone, you do not know him, but he put me on toSomething we could bring off Beautiful. A cinch, the Perfectscore . . .” Until then Perry had not imagined that he would
ever see Dick again. Or Willie-Jay. But they had both beenmuch in his thoughts, and especially the latter, who inmemory had grown ten feet tall, a gray-haired wise man
haunting the hallways of his mind. “You pursue thenegative,” Willie-Jay had informed him once, in one of his
lectures. “You want not to give a damn, to exist without

responsibility, without faith or friends or warmth.”
In the solitary, comfortless course of his recent driftings,
Perry had over and over again reviewed this indictment,
and had decided it was unjust. He did give a damn—but
who had ever given a damn about him? His father? Yes, up
to a point. A girl or two—but that was “a long story.” No one
else except Willie-Jay himself. And only Willie-Jay had everrecognized his worth, his potentialities, had acknowledgedthat he was not just an undersized, overmuscled half-breed,
had seen him, for all the moralizing, as he saw himself—“exceptional,” “rare,” “artistic.” In Willie-Jay his vanity had
found support, his sensibility shelter, and the four-month
exile from this high-carat appreciation had made it morealluring than any dream of buried gold. So when hereceived Dick’s invitation, and realized that the date Dick
proposed for his coming to Kansas more or less coincidedwith the time of Willie-Jay’s release, he knew what he mustdo. He drove to Las Vegas, sold his junk-heap car, packed
his collection of maps, old letters, manuscripts, and books,
and bought a ticket for a Greyhound bus. The journey’s
aftermath was up to fate; if things didn’t “work out with
Willie-Jay,” then he might “consider Dick’s proposition.” As
it turned out, the choice was between Dick and nothing, forwhen Perry’s bus reached Kansas City, on the evening ofNovember 12, Willie-Jay, whom he’d been unable to adviseof his coming, had already left town-left, in fact, only five
hours earlier, from the same terminal at which Perryarrived. That much he had learned by telephoning theReverend Mr. Post, who further discouraged him by
declining to reveal his former clerk’s exact destination.
“He’s headed East,” the chaplain said. “To fineopportunities. A decent job, and a home with some goodpeople who are willing to help him.” And Perry, hanging up,
had felt “dizzy with anger and disappointment.”
But what, he wondered when the anguish subsided, had hereally expected from a reunion with Willie-Jay? Freedom
had separated them; as free men, they had nothing incommon, were opposites, who could never have formed a“team”—certainly not one capable of embarking on theskin-diving south-of-the-border adventures he and Dick had
plotted. Nevertheless, if he had not missed Willie-Jay, if
they could have been together for even an hour, Perry wasquite convinced—just “knew”—that he would not now beloitering outside a hospital waiting for Dick to emerge witha pair of black stockings.
Dick returned empty-handed. “No go,” he announced, witha furtive casualness that made Perry suspicious.
“Are you sure? Sure you even asked?”“Sure I did.”“I don’t believe you. I think you went in there, hung around acouple of minutes, and came out.”“O.K., sugar—whatever you say.” Dick started the car. Afterthey had traveled in silence awhile, Dick patted Perry on
the knee. “Aw, come on,” he said. “It was a puky idea. Whatthe hell would they have thought? Me barging in there like it
was a goddam five-’n’-dime . . .”Perry said, “Maybe it’s just as well. Nuns are a bad-luckbunch.”The Garden City representative of New York Life Insurance
smiled as he watched Mr. Clutter uncap a Parker pen andopen a checkbook. He was reminded of a local jest: “Knowwhat they say about you, Herb? Say, ‘Since haircuts went toa dollar-fifty, Herb writes the barber a check.’ ”“That’s correct,” replied Mr. Clutter. Like royalty, he wasfamous for never carrying cash. “That’s the way I do
business. When those tax fellows come poking around,canceled checks are your best friend.”
With the check written but not yet signed, he swiveled backin his desk chair and seemed to ponder. The agent, astocky, somewhat bald, rather informal man named Bob
Johnson, hoped his client wasn’t having last-minute doubts.
Herb was hardheaded, a slow man to make a deal;
Johnson had worked over a year to clinch this sale. But, no,his customer was merely experiencing what Johnson called
the Solemn Moment—a phenomenon familiar to insurance
salesmen. The mood of a man insuring his life is not unlikethat of a man signing his will; thoughts of mortality mustoccur.
“Yes, yes,” said Mr. Clutter, as though conversing withhimself. “I’ve plenty to be grateful for—wonderful things in
my life.” Framed documents commemorating milestones in
his career gleamed against the walnut walls of his office: acollege diploma, a map of River Valley Farm, agriculturalawards, an ornate certificate bearing the signatures of
Dwight D. Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles, which cited
his services to the Federal Farm Credit Board. “The kids.
We’ve been lucky there. Shouldn’t say it, but I’m real proudof them. Take Kenyon. Right now he kind of leans toward
being an engineer, or a scientist, but you can’t tell me myboy’s not a born rancher. God willing, he’ll run this placesome day. You ever met Eveanna’s husband? Don
Jarchow? Veterinarian. I can’t tell you how much I think ofthat boy. Vere, too. Vere English—the boy my girl Beverly
had the good sense to settle on. If anything ever happened
to me, I’m sure I could trust those fellows to takeresponsibility; Bonnie by herself—Bonnie wouldn’t be able
to carry on an operation like this . . .”Johnson, a veteran at listening to ruminations of this sort,knew it was time to intervene. “Why, Herb,” he said. “You’rea young man. Forty-eight. And from the looks of you, from

what the medical report tells us, we’re likely to have youaround a couple of weeks more.”
Mr. Clutter straightened, reached again for his pen. “Tell thetruth, I feel pretty good. And pretty optimistic. I’ve got an
idea a man could make some real money around here thenext few years.” While outlining his schemes for futurefinancial betterment, he signed the check and pushed it
across his desk.
The time was ten past six, and the agent was anxious to go;
his wife would be waiting supper. “It’s been a pleasure,
Herb.”“Same here, fellow.”
They shook hands. Then, with a merited sense of victory,
Johnson picked up Mr. Clutter’s check and deposited it inhis billfold. It was the first payment on a forty-thousanddollar policy that in the event of death by accidental means,paid double indemnity.

“And He walks with me, and He talks with me,

And He tells me I am His own,

And the joy we share as we tarry there,
None other has ever known . . .”W ith the aid of his guitar, Perry had sung himself into ahappier humor. He knew the lyrics of some two hundred
hymns and ballads—a repertoire ranging from “The Old
Rugged Cross” to Cole Porter—and, in addition to theguitar, he could play the harmonica, the accordion, thebanjo, and the xylophone. In one of his favorite theatricalfantasies, his stage name was Perry O’Parsons, a star whobilled himself as “The One-Man Symphony.”
Dick said, “How about a cocktail?”
Personally, Perry didn’t care what he drank, for he was notmuch of a drinker. Dick, however, was choosy, and in bars
his usual choice was an Orange Blossom. From the car’s
glove compartment Perry fetched a pint bottle containing a
ready-mixed compound of orange flavoring and vodka.
They passed the bottle to and fro. Though dusk had
established itself, Dick, doing a steady sixty miles an hour,
was still driving without headlights, but then the road wasstraight, the country was as level as a lake, and other cars
were seldom sighted. This was “out there”—or getting nearit.

“Christ!” said Perry, glaring at the landscape, flat andlimitless under the sky’s cold, lingering green—empty andlonesome except for the far-between flickerings offarmhouse lights. He hated it, as he hated the Texas plains,
the Nevada desert; spaces horizontal and sparsely
inhabited had always induced in him a depression
accompanied by agoraphobic sensations. Seaports were
his heart’s delight—crowded, clanging, ship-clogged,
sewage-scented cities, like Yokohama, where as an
American Army private he’d spent a summer during the
Korean War. “Christ—and they told me to keep away from
Kansas! Never set my pretty foot here again. As though
they were barring me from heaven. And just look at it. Just
feast your eyes.”
Dick handed him the bottle, the contents reduced by half.
“Save the rest,” Dick said. “We may need it.”“Remember, Dick? All that talk about getting a boat? I was
thinking—we could buy a boat in Mexico. Something cheap
but sturdy. And we could go to Japan. Sail right across the
Pacific. It’s been done—thousands of people have done it.
I’m not conning you, Dick—you’d go for Japan. Wonderful,gentle people, with manners like flowers. Reallyconsiderate—not just out for your dough. And the women.
You’ve never met a real woman . . .”“Yes, I have,” said Dick, who claimed still to be in love withhis honey-blond first wife though she had remarried.

“There are these baths. One place called the Dream Pool.
You stretch out, and beautiful knockout-type girls come andscrub you head to toe.”“You told me.” Dick’s tone was curt.
“So? Can’t I repeat myself?”“Later. Let’s talk about it later. Hell, man, I’ve got plenty on
my mind.”
Dick switched on the radio; Perry switched it off. Ignoring
Dick’s protest, he strummed his guitar:“I came to the garden alone, while the dew was still on theroses,
And the voice I hear, falling on my ear,
The Son of God discloses . . .”A full moon was forming at the edge of the sky.

The following Monday, while giving evidence prior to taking
a lie-detector test, young Bobby Rupp described his lastvisit to the Clutter home: “There was a full moon, and I
thought maybe, if Nancy wanted to, we might go for a drive—drive out to McKinney Lake. Or go to the movies in
Garden City. But when I called her—it must have been
about ten of seven—she said she’d have to ask her father.
Then she came back, and said the answer was no—
because we’d stayed out so late the night before. But said
why didn’t I come over and watch television. I’ve spent a lotof time at the Clutters’ watching television. See, Nancy’s
the only girl I ever dated. I’d known her all my life; we’d goneto school together from the first grade. Always, as long as I
can remember, she was pretty and popular—a person,
even when she was a little kid. I mean, she just madeeverybody feel good about themselves. The first time I
dated her was when we were in the eighth grade. Most of
the boys in our class wanted to take her to the eighth-grade
graduation dance, and I was surprised—I was pretty proud—when she said she would go with me. We were both
twelve. My dad lent me the car, and I drove her to thedance. The more I saw her, the more I liked her; the wholefamily, too—there wasn’t any other family like them, notaround here, not that I know of. Mr. Clutter may have been
more strict about some things—religion, and so on—but henever tried to make you feel he was right and you were
wrong.

“We live three miles west of the Clutter place. I used to walkit back and forth, but I always worked summers, and lastyear I’d saved enough to buy my own car, a ’55 Ford. So I
drove over there, got there a little after seven. I didn’t see
anybody on the road or on the lane that leads up to thehouse, or anybody outside. Just old Teddy. He barked atme. The lights were on downstairs—in the living room andin Mr. Clutter’s office. The second floor was dark, and I
figured Mrs. Clutter must be asleep—if she was home. You
never knew whether she was or not, and I never asked. But I
found out I was right, because later in the evening Kenyon
wanted to practice his horn, he played baritone horn in theschool band—and Nancy told him not to, because he would
wake up Mrs. Clutter. Anyway, when I got there they hadfinished supper and Nancy had cleaned up, put all thedishes in the dishwasher, and the three of them—the two
kids and Mr. Clutter—were in the living room. So we sataround like any other night—Nancy and I on the couch, andMr. Clutter in his chair, that stuffed rocker. He wasn’t
watching the television so much as he was reading a book—a ‘Rover Boy,’ one of Kenyon’s books. Once he went out
to the kitchen and came back with two apples; he offered
one to me, but I didn’t want it, so he ate them both. He hadvery white teeth; he said apples were why. Nancy—Nancy
was wearing socks and soft slippers, blue jeans, I think agreen sweater; she was wearing a gold wristwatch and an
I.D. bracelet I gave her last January for her sixteenthbirthday—with her name on one side and mine on the other—and she had on a ring, some little silver thing she boughta summer ago, when she went to Colorado with the
Kidwells. It wasn’t my ring—our ring. See, a couple ofweeks back she got sore at me and said she was going totake off our ring for a while. When your girl does that, itmeans you’re on probation. I mean, sure, we had fusses—
everybody does, all the kids that go steady. What
happened was I went to this friend’s wedding, thereception, and drank a beer, one bottle of beer, and Nancy
got to hear about it. Some tattle told her I was roaring
drunk. Well, she was stone, wouldn’t say hello for a week.
But lately we’d been getting on good as ever, and I believe
she was about ready to wear our ring again.
“O.K. The first show was called ‘The Man and theChallenge.’ Channel 11. About some fellows in the Arctic.
Then we saw a Western, and after that a spy adventure—‘Five Fingers.’ ‘Mike Hammer’ came on at nine-thirty.
Then the news. But Kenyon didn’t like anything, mostly
because we wouldn’t let him pick the programs. He
criticized everything and Nancy kept telling him to hush up.
They always quibbled, but actually they were very close—
closer than most brothers and sisters. I guess partly it was
because they’d been alone together so much, what with
Mrs. Clutter away and Mr. Clutter gone to Washington, or
wherever. I know Nancy loved Kenyon very specially, but I
don’t think even she, or anybody, exactly understood him.
He seemed to be off somewhere. You never knew what hewas thinking, never even knew if he was looking at you—on
account of he was slightly cockeyed. Some people said hewas a genius, and maybe it was true. He sure did read alot. But, like I say, he was restless; he didn’t want to watch
the TV, he wanted to practice his horn, and when Nancy
wouldn’t let him, I remember Mr. Clutter told him why didn’t
he go down to the basement, the recreation room, where
nobody could hear him. But he didn’t want to do that, either.
“The phone rang once. Twice? Gosh, I can’t remember.
Except that once the phone rang and Mr. Clutter answered
it in his office. The door was open—that sliding door
between the living room and the office—and I heard him
say ‘Van,’ so I knew he was talking to his partner, Mr. Van
Vleet, and I heard him say that he had a headache but that
it was getting better. And said he’d see Mr. Van Vleet on
Monday. When he came back—yes, the Mike Hammer wasjust over. Five minutes of news. Then the weather report.
Mr. Clutter always perked up when the weather report cameon. It’s all he ever really waited for. Like the only thing thatinterested me was the sports—which came on next. Afterthe sports ended, that was ten-thirty, and I got up to go.
Nancy walked me out. We talked a while, and made a dateto go to the movies Sunday night—a picture all the girls
were looking forward to, Blue Denim. Then she ran back in
the house, and I drove away. It was as clear as day—themoon was so bright—and cold and kind of windy; a lot of
tumbleweed blowing about. But that’s all I saw. Only now
when I think back, I think somebody must have been hiding
there. Maybe down among the trees. Somebody just
waiting for me to leave.”

The travelers stopped for dinner at a restaurant in Great
Bend. Perry, down to his last fifteen dollars, was ready tosettle for root beer and a sandwich, but Dick said no, theyneeded a solid “tuck-in,” and never mind the cost, the tab
was his. They ordered two steaks medium rare, baked
potatoes, French fries, fried onions, succotash, side dishesof macaroni and hominy, salad with Thousand Island
dressing, cinnamon rolls, apple pie and ice cream, andcoffee. To top it off, they visited a drugstore and selectedcigars; in the same drugstore, they also bought two thickrolls of adhesive tape.
As the black Chevrolet regained the highway and hurriedon across a countryside imperceptibly ascending toward
the colder, cracker-dry climate of the high wheat plains,
Perry closed his eyes and dozed off into a food-dazed
semi-slumber, from which he woke to hear a voice reading
the eleven-o’clock news. He rolled down a window andbathed his face in the flood of frosty air. Dick told him they
were in Finney County. “We crossed the line ten miles
back,” he said. The car was going very fast. Signs, theirmessages ignited by the car’s headlights, flared up, flew
by: “See the Polar Bears,” “Burtis Motors,” “World’s Largest
FREE Swimpool,” “Wheat Lands Motel,” and, finally, a bitbefore street lamps began, “Howdy, Stranger! Welcome to
Garden City. A Friendly Place.”
They skirted the northern rim of the town. No one wasabroad at this nearly midnight hour, and nothing was open
except a string of desolately brilliant service stations. Dickturned into one—Hurd’s Phillips 66. A youngster appeared,
and asked, “Fill her up?” Dick nodded, and Perry, gettingout of the car, went inside the station, where he locked
himself in the men’s room. His legs pained him, as theyoften did; they hurt as though his old accident had
happened five minutes before. He shook three aspirins outof a bottle, chewed them slowly (for he liked the taste), andthen drank water from the basin tap. He sat down on the
toilet, stretched out his legs and rubbed them, massaging
the almost unbendable knees. Dick had said they were
almost there—“only seven miles more.” He unzippered apocket of his windbreaker and brought out a paper sack;inside it were the recently purchased rubber gloves. They
were glue-covered, sticky and thin, and as he inched themon, one tore—not a dangerous tear, just a split between thefingers, but it seemed to him an omen.
The doorknob turned, rattled. Dick said, “Want somecandy? They got a candy machine out here.”“No.”“You O.K.?”

“I’m fine.”“Don’t be all night.”
Dick dropped a dime in a vending machine, pulled thelever, and picked up a bag of jelly beans; munching, hewandered back to the car and lounged there watching theyoung attendant’s efforts to rid the windshield of Kansas
dust and the slime of battered insects. The attendant,
whose name was James Spor, felt uneasy. Dick’s eyesand sullen expression and Perry’s strange, prolonged
sojourn in the lavatory disturbed him. (The next day hereported to his employer, “We had some tough customers
in here last night,” but he did not think, then or for the
longest while, to connect the visitors with the tragedy in
Holcomb.)
Dick said, “Kind of slow around here.”“Sure is,” James Spor said. “You’re the only body stopped
here since two hours. Where you coming from?”“Kansas City.”“Here to hunt?”“Just passing through. On our way to Arizona. We got jobs
waiting there. Construction work. Any idea the mileage
between here and Tucumcari, New Mexico?”“Can’t say I do. Three dollars six cents.” He accepted
Dick’s money, made change, and said, “You’ll excuse me,sir? I’m doing a job. Putting a bumper on a truck.”
Dick waited, ate some jelly beans, impatiently gunned the
motor, sounded the horn. Was it possible that he had
misjudged Perry’s character? That Perry, of all people, wassuffering a sudden case of “blood bubbles”? A year ago,
when they first encountered each other, he’d thought Perry“a good guy,” if a bit “stuck on himself,” “sentimental,” toomuch “the dreamer.” He had liked him but not consideredhim especially worth cultivating until, one day, Perrydescribed a murder, telling how, simply for “the hell of it,” hehad killed a colored man in Las Vegas—beaten him todeath with a bicycle chain. The anecdote elevated Dick’s
opinion of Little Perry; he began to see more of him, and,like Willie-Jay, though for dissimilar reasons, gradually
decided that Perry possessed unusual and valuable
qualities. Several murderers, or men who boasted ofmurder or their willingness to commit it, circulated inside
Lansing; but Dick became convinced that Perry was thatrarity, “a natural killer”—absolutely sane, but
conscienceless, and capable of dealing, with or without
motive, the coldest-blooded deathblows. It was Dick’s
theory that such a gift could, under his supervision, be
profitably exploited. Having reached this conclusion, he hadproceeded to woo Perry, flatter him—pretend, for example,
that he believed all the buried-treasure stuff and shared his
beachcomber yearnings and seaport longings, none ofwhich appealed to Dick, who wanted “a regular life,” with abusiness of his own, a house, a horse to ride, a new car,and “plenty of blond chicken.” It was important, however,that Perry not suspect this—not until Perry, with his gift, had
helped further Dick’s ambitions. But perhaps it was Dick
who had miscalculated, been duped; if so—if it developedthat Perry was, after all, only an “ordinary punk”—then “theparty” was over, the months of planning were wasted, there
was nothing to do but turn and go. It mustn’t happen; Dick
returned to the station.
The door to the men’s room was still bolted. He banged on
it: “For Christsake, Perry!”“In a minute.”“What’s the matter? You sick?”
Perry gripped the edge of the washbasin and hauledhimself to a standing position. His legs trembled; the pain
in his knees made him perspire. He wiped his face with apaper towel. He unlocked the door and said, “O.K. Let’sgo.”

Nancy’s bedroom was the smallest, most personal room inthe house—girlish, and as frothy as a ballerina’s tutu. Walls,
ceiling, and everything else except a bureau and a writing
desk, were pink or blue or white. The white-and-pink bed,
piled with blue pillows, was dominated by a big pink-andwhite Teddy bear—a shooting-gallery prize that Bobby had
won at the county fair. A cork bulletin board, painted pink,hung above a white-skirted dressing table; dry gardenias,
the remains of some ancient corsage, were attached to it,
and old valentines, newspaper recipes, and snapshots ofher baby nephew and of Susan Kidwell and of Bobby Rupp,
Bobby caught in a dozen actions—swinging a bat, dribblinga basketball, driving a tractor, wading, in bathing trunks, atthe edge of McKinney Lake (which was as far as he daredgo, for he had never learned to swim). And there were
photographs of the two together—Nancy and Bobby. Of
these, she liked best one that showed them sitting in a leafdappled light amid picnic debris and looking at one anotherwith expressions that, though unsmiling, seemed mirthfuland full of delight. Other pictures, of horses, of cats
deceased but unforgotten—like “poor Boobs,” who had
died not long ago and most mysteriously (she suspected
poison)—encumbered her desk.
Nancy was invariably the last of the family to retire; as she
had once informed her friend and home-economics
teacher, Mrs. Polly Stringer, the midnight hours were her“time to be selfish and vain.” It was then that she went
through her beauty routine, a cleansing, creaming ritual,
which on Saturday nights included washing her hair.

Tonight, having dried and brushed her hair and bound it in a
gauzy bandanna, she set out the clothes she intended towear to church the next morning: nylons, black pumps, a redvelveteen dress—her prettiest, which she herself had
made. It was the dress in which she was to be buried.
Before saying her prayers, she always recorded in a diarya few occurrences (“Summer here. Forever, I hope. Sueover and we rode Babe down to the river. Sue played herflute. Fireflies”) and an occasional outburst (“I love him, Ido”). It was a five-year diary; in the four years of its
existence she had never neglected to make an entry,
though the splendor of several events (Eveanna’s wedding,the birth of her nephew) and the drama of others (her “first
REAL quarrel with Bobby”—a page literally tear-stained)
had caused her to usurp space allotted to the future. A
different-tinted ink identified each year: 1956 was green
and 1957 a ribbon of red, replaced the following year bybright lavender, and now, in 1959, she had decided upon adignified blue. But as in every manifestation, she continued
to tinker with her handwriting, slanting it to the right or to theleft, shaping it roundly or steeply, loosely or stingily—as
though she were asking, “Is this Nancy? Or that? Or that?
Which is me?” (Once Mrs. Riggs, her English teacher, hadreturned a theme with a scribbled comment: “Good. But
why written in three styles of script?” To which Nancy had
replied: “Because I’m not grown-up enough to be one
person with one kind of signature.”) Still, she had
progressed in recent months, and it was in a handwriting ofemerging maturity that she wrote, “Jolene K. came overand I showed her how to make a cherry pie. Practiced with
Roxie. Bobby here and we watched TV. Left at eleven.”“This is it, this is it, this has to be it, there’s the school,
there’s the garage, now we turn south.” To Perry, it seemedas though Dick were muttering jubilant mumbo-jumbo. They
left the highway, sped through a deserted Holcomb, andcrossed the Santa Fe tracks. “The bank, that must be thebank, now we turn west—see the trees? This is it, this has
to be it.” The headlights disclosed a lane of Chinese elms;
bundles of wind-blown thistle scurried across it. Dickdoused the headlights, slowed down, and stopped until hiseyes were adjusted to the moon-illuminated night.
Presently, the car crept forward.

Holcomb is twelve miles east of the mountain time-zone
border, a circumstance that causes some grumbling, for itmeans that at seven in the morning, and in winter at eight orafter, the sky is still dark and the stars, if any, are still
shining—as they were when the two sons of Vic Irsik

arrived to do their Sunday-morning chores. But by nine,
when the boys finished work—during which they noticed
nothing amiss—the sun had risen, delivering another day ofpheasant-season perfection. As they left the property andran along the lane, they waved at an incoming car, and agirl waved back. She was a classmate of Nancy Clutter’s,and her name was also Nancy—Nancy Ewalt. She was the
only child of the man who was driving the car, Mr. Clarence
Ewalt, a middle-aged sugar-beet farmer. Mr. Ewalt was nothimself a churchgoer, nor was his wife, but every Sunday hedropped his daughter at River Valley Farm in order that she
might accompany the Clutter family to Methodist services in
Garden City. The arrangement saved him “making two
back-and-forth trips to town.” It was his custom to wait until
he had seen his daughter safely admitted to the house.
Nancy, a clothes-conscious girl with a film-star figure, abespectacled countenance, and a coy, tiptoe way ofwalking, crossed the lawn and pressed the front-door bell.
The house had four entrances, and when, after repeatedknockings, there was no response at this one, she moved
on to the next—that of Mr. Clutter’s office. Here the door
was partly open; she opened it somewhat more—enoughto ascertain that the office was filled only with shadow—but
she did not think the Clutters would appreciate her “barging
right in.” She knocked, rang, and at last walked around tothe back of the house. The garage was there, and she
noted that both cars were in it: two Chevrolet sedans.
Which meant they must be home. However, having applied
unavailingly at a third door, which led into a “utility room,”and a fourth, the door to the kitchen, she rejoined her father,
who said, “Maybe they’re asleep.”“But that’s impossible. Can you imagine Mr. Clutter missing
church? Just to sleep?”“Come on, then. We’ll drive down to the Teacherage.
Susan ought to know what’s happened.”
The Teacherage, which stands opposite the up-to-dateschool, is an out-of-date edifice, drab and poignant. Its
twenty-odd rooms are separated into grace-and-favorapartments for those members of the faculty unable to find,or afford, other quarters. Nevertheless, Susan Kidwell andher mother had managed to sugar the pill and install a cozyatmosphere in their apartment—three rooms on the groundfloor. The very small living room incredibly contained—
aside from things to sit on—an organ, a piano, a garden of
flowering flowerpots, and usually a darting little dog and alarge, drowsy cat. Susan, on this Sunday morning, stood at
the window of this room watching the street. She is a tall,
languid young lady with a pallid, oval face and beautiful
pale-blue-gray eyes; her hands are extraordinary—longfingered, flexible, nervously elegant. She was dressed forchurch, and expected momentarily to see the Clutters’
Chevrolet, for she, too, always attended services
chaperoned by the Clutter family. Instead, the Ewalts
arrived to tell their peculiar tale.

But Susan knew no explanation, nor did her mother, who
said, “If there was some change of plan, why, I’m sure theywould have telephoned. Susan, why don’t you call thehouse? They could be asleep—I suppose.”“So I did,” said Susan, in a statement made at a later date.
“I called the house and let the phone ring—at least, I had theimpression it was ringing—oh, a minute or more. Nobody
answered, so Mr. Ewalt suggested that we go to the houseand try to ‘wake them up.’ But when we got there—I didn’t
want to do it. Go inside the house. I was frightened, and I
don’t know why, because it never occurred to me—well,something like that just doesn’t. But the sun was so bright,
everything looked too bright and quiet. And then I saw that
all the cars were there, even Kenyon’s old coyote wagon.
Mr. Ewalt was wearing work clothes; he had mud on hisboots; he felt he wasn’t properly dressed to go calling on
the Clutters. Especially since he never had. Been in thehouse, I mean. Finally, Nancy said she would go with me.
We went around to the kitchen door, and, of course, it
wasn’t locked; the only person who ever locked doors
around there was Mrs. Helm—the family never did. We
walked in, and I saw right away that the Clutters hadn’t
eaten breakfast; there were no dishes, nothing on thestove. Then I noticed something funny: Nancy’s purse. It
was lying on the floor, sort of open. We passed on throughthe dining room, and stopped at the bottom of the stairs.
Nancy’s room is just at the top. I called her name, andstarted up the stairs, and Nancy Ewalt followed. The soundof our footsteps frightened me more than anything, they
were so loud and everything else was so silent. Nancy’s
door was open. The curtains hadn’t been drawn, and theroom was full of sunlight. I don’t remember screaming.
Nancy Ewalt says I did—screamed and screamed. I only
remember Nancy’s Teddy bear staring at me. And Nancy.
And running . . .”In the interim, Mr. Ewalt had decided that perhaps he ought
not to have allowed the girls to enter the house alone. He
was getting out of the car to go after them when he heard
the screams, but before he could reach the house, the girls
were running toward him. His daughter shouted, “She’s
dead!” and flung herself into his arms. “It’s true, Daddy!
Nancy’s dead!”
Susan turned on her. “No, she isn’t. And don’t you say it.
Don’t you dare. It’s only a nosebleed. She has them all thetime, terrible nosebleeds, and that’s all it is.”“There’s too much blood. There’s blood on the walls. You
didn’t really look.”“I couldn’t make head nor tails,” Mr. Ewalt subsequently
testified. “I thought maybe the child was hurt. It seemed tome the first thing to do was call an ambulance. Miss Kidwell—Susan—she told me there was a telephone in the
kitchen. I found it, right where she said. But the receiver
was off the hook, and when I picked it up, I saw the line hadbeen cut.”

Larry Hendricks, a teacher of English, aged twenty-seven,
lived on the top floor of the Teacherage. He wanted to write,
but his apartment was not the ideal lair for a would-be
author. It was smaller than the Kidwells’, and, moreover, heshared it with a wife, three active children, and a perpetuallyfunctioning television set. (“It’s the only way we can keep
the kids pacified.”) Though as yet unpublished, young
Hendricks, a he-mannish ex-sailor from Oklahoma whosmokes a pipe and has a mustache and a crop of untamed
black hair, at least looks literary—in fact, remarkably likeyouthful photographs of the writer he most admires, Ernest
Hemingway. To supplement his teacher’s salary, he also
drove a school bus.
“Sometimes I cover sixty miles a day,” he said to an
acquaintance. “Which doesn’t leave much time for writing.
Except Sundays. Now, that Sunday, November fifteenth, I
was sitting up here in the apartment going through thepapers. Most of my ideas for stories, I get them out of thenewspapers—you know? Well, the TV was on and the kids
were kind of lively, but even so I could hear voices. From
downstairs. Down at Mrs. Kidwell’s. But I didn’t figure it was
my concern, since I was new here—only came to Holcomb

when school began. But then Shirley—she’d been out
hanging up some clothes—my wife, Shirley, rushed in andsaid, ‘Honey, you better go downstairs. They’re all
hysterical.’ The two girls—now, they really were hysterical.
Susan never has got over it. Never will, ask me. And poor
Mrs. Kidwell. Her health’s not too good, she’s high-strung tobegin with. She kept saying—but it was only later I
understood what she meant—she kept saying, ‘Oh, Bonnie,
Bonnie, what happened? You were so happy, you told me it
was all over, you said you’d never be sick again.’ Words tothat effect. Even Mr. Ewalt, he was about as worked up asa man like that ever gets. He had the sheriff’s office on thephone—the Garden City sheriff—and he was telling himthat there was ‘something radically wrong over at the
Clutter place.’ The sheriff promised to come straight out,
and Mr. Ewalt said fine, he’d meet him on the highway.
Shirley came downstairs to sit with the women, try and calm
them—as if anybody could. And I went with Mr. Ewalt—
drove with him out to the highway to wait for Sheriff
Robinson. On the way, he told me what had happened.
When he came to the part about finding the wires cut, rightthen I thought, Uh-uh, and decided I’d better keep my eyes
open. Make a note of every detail. In case I was ever called
on to testify in court.
“The sheriff arrived; it was nine thirty-five—I looked at mywatch. Mr. Ewalt waved at him to follow our car, and wedrove out to the Clutters’. I’d never been there before, only
seen it from a distance. Of course, I knew the family.

Kenyon was in my sophomore English class, and I’ddirected Nancy in the ‘Tom Sawyer’ play. But they weresuch exceptional, unassuming kids you wouldn’t have
known they were rich or lived in such a big house—and thetrees, the lawn, everything so tended and cared for. After
we got there, and the sheriff had heard Mr. Ewalt’s story, heradioed his office and told them to send reinforcements,
and an ambulance. Said, ‘There’s been some kind of
accident.’ Then we went in the house, the three of us. Went
through the kitchen and saw a lady’s purse lying on thefloor, and the phone where the wires had been cut. The
sheriff was wearing a hip pistol, and when we started up thestairs, going to Nancy’s room, I noticed he kept his hand on
it, ready to draw.
“Well, it was pretty bad. That wonderful girl—but you would
never have known her. She’d been shot in the back of thehead with a shotgun held maybe two inches away. She waslying on her side, facing the wall, and the wall was covered
with blood. The bedcovers were drawn up to her shoulders.
Sheriff Robinson, he pulled them back, and we saw that
she was wearing a bathrobe, pajamas, socks, and slippers—like, whenever it happened, she hadn’t gone to bed yet.
Her hands were tied behind her, and her ankles were roped
together with the kind of cord you see on Venetian blinds.
Sheriff said, ‘Is this Nancy Clutter?’—he’d never seen thechild before. And I said, ‘Yes. Yes, that’s Nancy.’“We stepped back into the hall, and looked around. All theother doors were closed. We opened one, and that turned
out to be a bathroom. Something about it seemed wrong. I
decided it was because of the chair—a sort of dining-room
chair, that looked out of place in a bathroom. The next door
—we all agreed it must be Kenyon’s room. A lot of boy-stuff
scattered around. And I recognized Kenyon’s glasses—
saw them on a bookshelf beside the bed. But the bed was
empty, though it looked as if it had been slept in. So we
walked to the end of the hall, the last door, and there, on her
bed, that’s where we found Mrs. Clutter. She’d been tied,
too. But differently—with her hands in front of her, so that
she looked as though she were praying—and in one hand
she was holding, gripping, a handkerchief. Or was it
Kleenex? The cord around her wrists ran down to herankles, which were bound together, and then ran on down
to the bottom of the bed, where it was tied to the footboard—a very complicated, artful piece of work. Think how long it
took to do! And her lying there, scared out of her wits. Well,
she was wearing some jewelry, two rings—which is one of
the reasons why I’ve always discounted robbery as amotive—and a robe, and a white nightgown, and white
socks. Her mouth had been taped with adhesive, but she’dbeen shot point-blank in the side of the head, and the blast—the impact—had ripped the tape loose. Her eyes were
open. Wide open. As though she were still looking at thekiller. Because she must have had to watch him do it—aim
the gun. Nobody said anything. We were too stunned. I
remember the sheriff searched around to see if he could
find the discharged cartridge. But whoever had done it wasmuch too smart and cool to have left behind any clues likethat.
“Naturally, we were wondering where was Mr. Clutter? And
Kenyon? Sheriff said, ‘Let’s try downstairs.’ The first place
we tried was the master bedroom—the room where Mr.
Clutter slept. The bedcovers were drawn back, and lying
there, toward the foot of the bed, was a billfold with a messof cards spilling out of it, like somebody had shuffled
through them hunting something particular—a note, an
I.O.U., who knows? The fact that there wasn’t any money init didn’t signify one way or the other. It was Mr. Clutter’sbillfold, and he never did carry cash. Even I knew that, andI’d only been in Holcomb a little more than two months.
Another thing I knew was that neither Mr. Clutter nor Kenyon
could see a darn without his glasses. And there were Mr.
Clutter’s glasses sitting on a bureau. So I figured, wherever
they were, they weren’t there of their own accord. We
looked all over, and everything was just as it should be—nosign of a struggle, nothing disturbed. Except the office,where the telephone was off the hook, and the wires cut,same as in the kitchen. Sheriff Robinson, he found someshotguns in a closet, and sniffed them to see if they had
been fired recently. Said they hadn’t, and—I never saw amore bewildered man—said, ‘Where the devil can Herbbe?’ About then we heard footsteps. Coming up the stairs
from the basement. ‘Who’s that?’ said the sheriff, like he
was ready to shoot. And a voice said, ‘It’s me. Wendle.’
Turned out to be Wendle Meier, the undersheriff. Seems hehad come to the house and hadn’t seen us, so he’d gone
investigating down in the basement. The sheriff told him—
and it was sort of pitiful: ‘Wendle, I don’t know what to makeof it. There’s two bodies upstairs.’ ‘Well,’ he said, Wendle
did, ‘there’s another one down here.’ So we followed him
down to the basement. Or playroom, I guess you’d call it. It
wasn’t dark—there were windows that let in plenty of light.
Kenyon was over in a corner, lying on a couch. He wasgagged with adhesive tape and bound hand and foot, likethe mother—the same intricate process of the cord leadingfrom the hands to the feet, and finally tied to an arm of thecouch. Somehow he haunts me the most, Kenyon does. I
think it’s because he was the most recognizable, the onethat looked the most like himself—even though he’d been
shot in the face, directly, head-on. He was wearing a T-shirt
and blue jeans, and he was barefoot—as though he’ddressed in a hurry, just put on the first thing that came tohand. His head was propped by a couple of pillows, likethey’d been stuffed under him to make an easier target.
“Then the sheriff said, ‘Where’s this go to?’ Meaning
another door there in the basement. Sheriff led the way, but
inside you couldn’t see your hand until Mr. Ewalt found thelight switch. It was a furnace room, and very warm. Around
here, people just install a gas furnace and pump the gas
smack out of the ground. Doesn’t cost them a nickel—that’s
why all the houses are overheated. Well, I took one look at
Mr. Clutter, and it was hard to look again. I knew plain
shooting couldn’t account for that much blood. And I wasn’t

wrong. He’d been shot, all right, the same as Kenyon—with
the gun held right in front of his face. But probably he wasdead before he was shot. Or, anyway, dying. Because histhroat had been cut, too. He was wearing striped pajamas—nothing else. His mouth was taped; the tape had beenwound plumb around his head. His ankles were tied
together, but not his hands—or, rather, he’d managed, God
knows how, maybe in rage or pain, to break the cordbinding his hands. He was sprawled in front of the furnace.
On a big cardboard box that looked as though it had beenlaid there specially. A mattress box. Sheriff said, ‘Look
here, Wendle.’ What he was pointing at was a bloodstained
footprint. On the mattress box. A half-sole footprint withcircles—two holes in the center like a pair of eyes. Then
one of us—Mr. Ewalt? I don’t recall—pointed out somethingelse. A thing I can’t get out of my mind. There was asteampipe overhead, and knotted to it, dangling from it,
was a piece of cord—the kind of cord the killer had used.
Obviously, at some point Mr. Clutter had been tied there,
strung up by his hands, and then cut down. But why? To
torture him? I don’t guess we’ll ever know. Ever know who
did it, or why, or what went on in that house that night.
“After a bit, the house began to fill up. Ambulances arrived,
and the coroner, and the Methodist minister, a police
photographer, state troopers, fellows from the radio and thenewspaper. Oh, a bunch. Most of them had been called outof church, and acted as though they were still there. Veryquiet. Whispery. It was like nobody could believe it. A statetrooper asked me did I have any official business there,
and said if not, then I’d better leave. Outside, on the lawn, I
saw the undersheriff talking to a man—Alfred Stoecklein,
the hired man. Seems Stoecklein lived not a hundred yards
from the Clutter house, with nothing between his place andtheirs except a barn. But he was saying as to how he hadn’t
heard a sound—said, ‘I didn’t know a thing about it till fiveminutes ago, when one of my kids come running in and told
us the sheriff was here. The Missis and me, we didn’t sleep
two hours last night, was up and down the whole time, on
account of we got a sick baby. But the only thing we heard,
about ten-thirty, quarter to eleven, I heard a car drive away,
and I made the remark to Missis, “There goes Bob Rupp.” ‘I
started walking home, and on the way, about halfway down
the lane, I saw Kenyon’s old collie, and that dog wasscared. Stood there with its tail between its legs, didn’tbark or move. And seeing the dog—somehow that mademe feel again. I’d been too dazed, too numb, to feel the fullviciousness of it. The suffering. The horror. They were
dead. A whole family. Gentle, kindly people, people I knew
—murdered. You had to believe it, because it was reallytrue.”

Eight non-stop passenger trains hurry through Holcomb
every twenty-four hours. Of these, two pick up and depositmail—an operation that, as the person in charge of it
fervently explains, has its tricky side. “Yessir, you’ve got tokeep on your toes. Them trains come through here,
sometimes they’re going a hundred miles an hour. The
breeze alone why, it’s enough to knock you down. And
when those mail sacks come flying out—sakes alive! It’s
like playing tackle on a football team: Wham! Wham!
WHAM! Not that I’m complaining, mind you. It’s honest
work, government work, and it keeps me young.”
Holcomb’s mail messenger, Mrs. Sadie Truitt—or Mother
Truitt, as the townspeople call her—does seem younger
than her years, which amount to seventy-five. A stocky,
weathered widow who wears babushka bandannas andcowboy boots (“Most comfortable things you can put on
your feet, soft as a loon feather”), Mother Truitt is the oldest
native-born Holcombite. “Time was wasn’t anybody here
wasn’t my kin. Them days, we called this place Sherlock.
Then along came this stranger. By the name Holcomb. A
hog raiser, he was. Made money, and decided the town
ought to be called after him. Soon as it was, what did he
do? Sold out. Moved to California. Not us. I was born here,
my children was born here. And! Here! We! Are!” One ofher children is Mrs. Myrtle Clare, who happens to be thelocal postmistress. “Only, don’t go thinking that’s how I got
this position with the government. Myrt didn’t even want me
to have it. But it’s a job you bid for. Goes to whoever puts inthe lowest bid. And I always do—so low a caterpillar could
peek over it. Ha-ha! That sure does rile the boys. Lots ofboys would like to be mail messenger, yessir. But I don’tknow how much they’d like it when the snow’s high as old
Mr. Primo Camera, and the wind’s blowing blue-hard, andthose sacks come sailing—Ugh! Wham!”
In Mother Truitt’s profession, Sunday is a workday like anyother. On November 15, while she was waiting for the
westbound ten-thirty-two, she was astonished to see two
ambulances cross the railroad tracks and turn toward the
Clutter property. The incident provoked her into doing what
she had never done before—abandon her duties. Let the
mail fall where it may, this was news that Myrt must hear atonce.
The people of Holcomb speak of their post office as “theFederal Building,” which seems rather too substantial a title
to confer on a drafty and dusty shed. The ceiling leaks, thefloor boards wobble, the mailboxes won’t shut, the lightbulbs are broken, the clock has stopped. “Yes, it’s adisgrace,” agrees the caustic, somewhat original, andentirely imposing lady who presides over this litter. “But thestamps work, don’t they? Anyhow, what do I care? Backhere in my part is real cozy. I’ve got my rocker, and a nicewood stove, and a coffee pot, and plenty to read.”Mrs. Clare is a famous figure in Finney County. Her
celebrity derives not from her present occupation but aprevious one—dance-hall hostess, an incarnation notindicated by her appearance. She is a gaunt, trouser-wearing, woolen-shirted, cowboy-booted, ginger-colored,
gingery-tempered woman of unrevealed age (“That’s forme to know, and you to guess”) but promptly revealed
opinions, most of which are announced in a voice ofrooster-crow altitude and penetration. Until 1955 she andher late husband operated the Holcomb Dance Pavilion, an
enterprise that owing to its uniqueness in the area,
attracted from a hundred miles around a fast-drinking,fancy-stepping clientele, whose behavior, in turn, attracted
the interest of the sheriff now and then. “We had sometough times, all right,” says Mrs. Clare, reminiscing. “Someof those bowlegged country boys, you give ’em a little
hooch and they’re like redskins—want to scalp everythingin sight. Course, we only sold setups, never the hard stuff
itself. Wouldn’t have, even if it was legal. My husband,
Homer Clare, he didn’t hold with it; neither did I. One day
Homer Clare—he passed on seven months and twelvedays ago today, after a five-hour operation out in Oregon—
he said to me, ‘Myrt, we’ve lived all our lives in hell, now
we’re going to die in heaven.’ The next day we closed thedance hall. I’ve never regretted it. Oh, along at first I missed
being a night owl—the tunes, the jollity. But now that
Homer’s gone, I’m just glad to do my work here at theFederal Building. Sit a spell. Drink a cup of coffee.”
In fact, on that Sunday morning Mrs. Clare had just poured
herself a cup of coffee from a freshly brewed pot when
Mother Truitt returned.

“Myrt!” she said, but could say no more until she had caught
her breath. “Myrt, there’s two ambulances gone to the
Clutters’.”
Her daughter said, “Where’s the ten-thirty-two?”“Ambulances. Gone to the Clutters’—”“Well, what about it? It’s only Bonnie. Having one of her
spells. Where’s the ten-thirty-two?”
Mother Truitt subsided; as usual, Myrt knew the answer,
was enjoying the last word. Then a thought occurred to her.
“But Myrt, if it’s only Bonnie, why would there be two
ambulances?”
A sensible question, as Mrs. Clare, an admirer of logic,
though a curious interpreter of it, was driven to admit. She
said she would telephone Mrs. Helm. “Mabel will know,” shesaid.
The conversation with Mrs. Helm lasted several minutes,
and was most distressing to Mother Truitt, who could hearnothing of it except the noncommittal monosyllabic
responses of her daughter. Worse, when the daughter hungup, she did not quench the old woman’s curiosity; instead,she placidly drank her coffee, went to her desk, and began
to postmark a pile of letters.
“Myrt,” Mother Truitt said. “For heaven’s sake. What did

Mabel say?”“I’m not surprised,” Mrs. Clare said. “When you think how
Herb Clutter spent his whole life in a hurry, rushing in here
to get his mail with never a minute to say good-morningand-thank-you-dog, rushing around like a chicken with its
head off—joining clubs, running everything, getting jobs
maybe other people wanted. And now look—it’s all caught
up with him. Well, he won’t be rushing any more.”“Why, Myrt? Why won’t he?”Mrs. Clare raised her voice. “BECAUSE HE’S DEAD. And
Bonnie, too. And Nancy. And the boy. Somebody shot
them.”“Myrt—don’t say things like that. Who shot them?”
Without a pause in her postmarking activities, Mrs. Clarereplied, “The man in the airplane. The one Herb sued forcrashing into his fruit trees. If it wasn’t him, maybe it wasyou. Or somebody across the street. All the neighbors arerattlesnakes. Varmints looking for a chance to slam thedoor in your face. It’s the same the whole world over. You
know that.”“I don’t,” said Mother Truitt, who put her hands over her
ears. “I don’t know any such thing.”“Varmints.”

“I’m scared, Myrt.”“Of what? When your time comes, it comes. And tears
won’t save you.” She had observed that her mother had
begun to shed a few. “When Homer died, I used up all thefear I had in me, and all the grief, too. If there’s somebody
loose around here that wants to cut my throat, I wish him
luck. What difference does it make? It’s all the same ineternity. Just remember: If one bird carried every grain ofsand, grain by grain, across the ocean, by the time he got
them all on the other side, that would only be the beginningof eternity. So blow your nose.”

The grim information, announced from church pulpits,
distributed over telephone wires, publicized by Garden
City’s radio station, KIUL (“A tragedy, unbelievable andshocking beyond words, struck four members of the Herb
Clutter family late Saturday night or early today. Death,brutal and without apparent motive . . .”), produced in the
average recipient a reaction nearer that of Mother Truitt
than that of Mrs. Clare: amazement, shading into dismay; ashallow horror sensation that cold springs of personal fear
swiftly deepened.

Hartman’s Café, which contains four roughly made tables
and a lunch counter, could accommodate but a fraction of
the frightened gossips, mostly male, who wished to gather
there. The owner, Mrs. Bess Hartman, a sparsely fleshed,unfoolish lady with bobbed gray-and-gold hair and bright,
authoritative green eyes, is a cousin of Postmistress Clare,
whose style of candor Mrs. Hartman can equal, perhaps
surpass. “Some people say I’m a tough old bird, but the
Clutter business sure took the fly out of me,” she later said
to a friend. “Imagine anybody pulling a stunt like that! Time I
heard it, when everybody was pouring in here talking all
kinds of wild-eyed stuff, my first thought was Bonnie.
Course, it was silly, but we didn’t know the facts, and a lotof people thought maybe—on account of her spells. Now
we don’t know what to think. It must have been a grudge
killing. Done by somebody who knew the house inside out.
But who hated the Clutters? I never heard a word against
them; they were about as popular as a family can be, and if
something like this could happen to them, then who’s safe, I
ask you? One old man sitting here that Sunday, he put his
finger right on it, the reason nobody can sleep; he said, ‘All
we’ve got out here are our friends. There isn’t anythingelse.’ In a way, that’s the worst part of the crime. What aterrible thing when neighbors can’t look at each otherwithout kind of wondering! Yes, it’s a hard fact to live with,
but if they ever do find out who done it, I’m sure it’ll be abigger surprise than the murders themselves.”
Mrs. Bob Johnson, the wife of the New York Life Insurance

agent, is an excellent cook, but the Sunday dinner she had
prepared was not eaten—at least, not while it was warm—
for just as her husband was plunging a knife into the roast
pheasant, he received a telephone call from a friend. “And
that,” he recalls, rather ruefully, “was the first I heard of what
had happened in Holcomb. I didn’t believe it. I couldn’t
afford to. Lord, I had Clutter’s check right here in my pocket.
A piece of paper worth eighty thousand dollars. If what I’dheard was true. But I thought, It can’t be, there must be
some mistake, things like that don’t happen, you don’t sell a
man a big policy one minute and he’s dead the next.
Murdered. Meaning double indemnity. I didn’t know what todo. I called the manager of our office in Wichita. Told him
how I had the check but hadn’t put it through, and asked
what was his advice? Well, it was a delicate situation. It
appeared that legally we weren’t obliged to pay. But
morally—that was another matter. Naturally, we decided to
do the moral thing.”
The two persons who benefited by this honorable attitude—
Eveanna Jarchow and her sister Beverly, sole heirs to theirfather’s estate—were, within a few hours of the awful
discovery, on their way to Garden City, Beverly travelingfrom Winfield, Kansas, where she had been visiting her
fiancé, and Eveanna from her home in Mount Carroll,
Illinois. Gradually, in the course of the day, other relatives
were notified, among them Mr. Clutter’s father, his twobrothers, Arthur and Clarence, and his sister, Mrs. Harry
Nelson, all of Larned, Kansas, and a second sister, Mrs.

Elaine Selsor, of Palatka, Florida. Also, the parents ofBonnie Clutter, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur B. Fox, who live inPasadena, California, and her three brothers—Harold, ofVisalia, California; Howard, of Oregon, Illinois; and Glenn,of Kansas City, Kansas. Indeed, the better part of those on
the Clutters’ Thanksgiving guest list were either telephonedor telegraphed, and the majority set forth at once for what
was to be a family reunion not around a groaning board but
at the graveside of a mass burial.
At the Teacherage, Wilma Kidwell was forced to control
herself in order to control her daughter, for Susan, puffyeyed, sickened by spasms of nausea, argued, inconsolably
insisted, that she must go—must run—the three miles to the
Rupp farm. “Don’t you see, Mother?” she said. “If Bobby
just hears it? He loved her. We both did. I have to be theone to tell him.”
But Bobby already knew. On his way home, Mr. Ewalt had
stopped at the Rupp farm and consulted with his friend
Johnny Rupp, a father of eight, of whom Bobby is the third.
Together, the two men went to the bunkhouse—a building
separate from the farmhouse proper, which is too small toshelter all the Rupp children. The boys live in the
bunkhouse, the girls “at home.” They found Bobby making
his bed. He listened to Mr. Ewalt, asked no questions, andthanked him for coming. Afterward, he stood outside in thesunshine. The Rupp property is on a rise, an exposed
plateau, from which he could see the harvested, glowing

land of River Valley Farm—scenery that occupied him forperhaps an hour. Those who tried to distract him could not.
The dinner bell sounded, and his mother called to him tocome inside—called until finally her husband said, “No. I’dleave him alone.”
Larry, a younger brother, also refused to obey thesummoning bell. He circled around Bobby, helpless to help
but wanting to, even though he was told to “go away.” Later,when his brother stopped standing and started to walk,heading down the road and across the fields toward
Holcomb, Larry pursued him. “Hey, Bobby. Listen. If we’regoing somewhere, why don’t we go in the car?” His brotherwouldn’t answer. He was walking with purpose, running,
really, but Larry had no difficulty keeping stride. Though only
fourteen, he was the taller of the two, the deeper-chested,
the longer-legged, Bobby being, for all his athletic honors,
rather less than medium-size—compact but slender, afinely made boy with an open, homely-handsome face.
“Hey, Bobby. Listen. They won’t let you see her. It won’t do
any good.” Bobby turned on him, and said, “Go back. Go
home.” The younger brother fell behind, then followed at a
distance. Despite the pumpkin-season temperature, theday’s arid glitter, both boys were sweating as they
approached a barricade that state troopers had erected at
the entrance to River Valley Farm. Many friends of the
Clutter family, and strangers from all over Finney County as
well, had assembled at the site, but none was allowed past
the barricade, which, soon after the arrival of the Rupp

brothers, was briefly lifted to permit the exit of four
ambulances, the number finally required to remove thevictims, and a car filled with men from the sheriff’s office—men who, even at that moment, were mentioning the nameof Bobby Rupp. For Bobby, as he was to learn beforenightfall, was their principal suspect.
From her parlor window, Susan Kidwell saw the white
cortege glide past, and watched until it had rounded thecorner and the unpaved street’s easily airborne dust had
landed again. She was still contemplating the view when
Bobby, shadowed by his large little brother, became a partof it, a wobbly figure headed her way. She went out on theporch to meet him. She said, “I wanted so much to tell you.”
Bobby began to cry. Larry lingered at the edge of the
Teacherage yard, hunched against a tree. He couldn’t
remember ever seeing Bobby cry, and he didn’t want to, so
he lowered his eyes.

Far off, in the town of Olathe, in a hotel room where window
shades darkened the midday sun, Perry lay sleeping, with agray portable radio murmuring beside him. Except for
taking off his boots, he had not troubled to undress. He had
merely fallen face down across the bed, as though sleep
were a weapon that had struck him from behind. The boots,black and silver-buckled, were soaking in a washbasin
filled with warm, vaguely pink-tinted water.
A few miles north, in the pleasant kitchen of a modest
farmhouse, Dick was consuming a Sunday dinner. The
others at the table—his mother, his father, his younger
brother—were not conscious of anything uncommon in his
manner. He had arrived home at noon, kissed his mother,readily replied to questions his father put concerning his
supposed overnight trip to Fort Scott, and sat down to eat,seeming quite his ordinary self. When the meal was over,
the three male members of the family settled in the parlor towatch a televised basketball game. The broadcast had only
begun when the father was startled to hear Dick snoring; ashe remarked to the younger boy, he never thought he’d live
to see the day when Dick would rather sleep than watch
basketball. But, of course, he did not understand how very
tired Dick was, did not know that his dozing son had,among other things, driven over eight hundred miles in thepast twenty-four hours.

II
PERSONS UNKNOWN

That Monday, the sixteenth of November, 1959, was still
another fine specimen of pheasant weather on the highwheat plains of western Kansas—a day gloriously brightskied, as glittery as mica. Often, on such days in years
past, Andy Erhart had spent long pheasant-hunting
afternoons at River Valley Farm, the home of his goodfriend Herb Clutter, and often, on these sporting
expeditions, he’d been accompanied by three more of
Herb’s closest friends: Dr. J. E. Dale, a veterinarian; Carl
Myers, a dairy owner; and Everett Ogburn, a businessman.
Like Erhart, the superintendent of the Kansas State
University Agricultural Experiment Station, all wereprominent citizens of Garden City.
Today this quartet of old hunting companions had once
again gathered to make the familiar journey, but in an
unfamiliar spirit and armed with odd, non-sportive
equipment—mops and pails, scrubbing brushes, and ahamper heaped with rags and strong detergents. They
were wearing their oldest clothes. For, feeling it their duty, a
Christian task, these men had volunteered to clean certainof the fourteen rooms in the main house at River Valley
Farm: rooms in which four members of the Clutter family
had been murdered by, as their death certificates declared,

“a person or persons unknown.”
Erhart and his partners drove in silence. One of them later
remarked, “It just shut you up. The strangeness of it. Goingout there, where we’d always had such a welcome.” On thepresent occasion a highway patrolman welcomed them.
The patrolman, guardian of a barricade that the authorities
had erected at the entrance to the farm, waved them on,
and they drove a half mile more, down the elm-shaded lane
leading to the Clutter house. Alfred Stoecklein, the only
employee who actually lived on the property, was waiting toadmit them.
They went first to the furnace room in the basement, where
the pajama-clad Mr. Clutter had been found sprawled atop
the cardboard mattress box. Finishing there, they moved on
to the playroom in which Kenyon had been shot to death.
The couch, a relic that Kenyon had rescued and mended
and that Nancy had slip-covered and piled with mottoed
pillows, was a blood-splashed ruin; like the mattress box, it
would have to be burned. Gradually, as the cleaning party
progressed from the basement to the second-floor
bedrooms where Nancy and her mother had beenmurdered in their beds, they acquired additional fuel for theimpending fire-blood-soiled bedclothes, mattresses, a
bedside rug, a Teddy-bear doll.
Alfred Stoecklein, not usually a talkative man, had much tosay as he fetched hot water and otherwise assisted in thecleaning-up. He wished “folks would stop yappin’ and try tounderstand” why he and his wife, though they lived scarcely
a hundred yards from the Clutter home, had heard “nary a
nothin’ ”—not the slightest echo of gun thunder—of theviolence taking place. “Sheriff and all them fellas been out
here fingerprintin’ and scratchin’ around, they got good
sense, they understand how it was. How come we didn’t
hear. For one thing, the wind. A west wind, like it was,would carry the sound t’other way. Another thing, there’sthat big milo barn ’tween this house and our’n. That old barn
’ud soak up a lotta racket ’fore it reached us. And did you
ever think of this? Him that done it, he must’ve knowed wewouldn’t hear. Else he wouldn’t have took the chance—shootin’ off a shotgun four times in the middle of the night!
Why, he’d be crazy. Course, you might say he must be
crazy anyhow. To go doing what he did. But my opinion,
him that done it had it figured out to the final T. He knowed.
And there’s one thing I know, too. Me and the Missis, we’ve
slept our last night on this place. We’re movin’ to a house
alongside the highway.”
The men worked from noon to dusk. When the time cameto burn what they had collected, they piled it on a pickup
truck and, with Stoecklein at the wheel, drove deep into thefarm’s north field, a flat place full of color, though a single
color—the shimmering tawny yellow of November wheat
stubble. There they unloaded the truck and made a pyramidof Nancy’s pillows, the bedclothes, the mattresses, theplayroom couch; Stoecklein sprinkled it with kerosene andstruck a match.
Of those present, none had been closer to the Clutter family
than Andy Erhart. Gentle, genially dignified, a scholar withwork-calloused hands and sunburned neck, he’d been aclassmate of Herb’s at Kansas State University. “We werefriends for thirty years,” he said some time afterward, andduring those decades Erhart had seen his friend evolvefrom a poorly paid County Agricultural Agent into one of theregion’s most widely known and respected farm ranchers:“Everything Herb had, he earned—with the help of God. He
was a modest man but a proud man, as he had a right tobe. He raised a fine family. He made something of his life.”
But that life, and what he’d made of it—how could it
happen, Erhart wondered as he watched the bonfire catch.
How was it possible that such effort, such plain virtue, could
overnight be reduced to this smoke, thinning as it rose andwas received by the big, annihilating sky?

The Kansas Bureau of investigation, a state-wideorganization with headquarters in Topeka, had a staff ofnineteen experienced detectives scattered through thestate, and the services of these men are available
whenever a case seems beyond the competence of local
authorities. The Bureau’s Garden City representative, andthe agent responsible for a sizable portion of western
Kansas, is a lean and handsome fourth-generation Kansanof forty-seven named Alvin Adams Dewey. It was inevitablethat Earl Robinson, the sheriff of Finney County, should ask
Al Dewey to take charge of the Clutter case. Inevitable, andappropriate. For Dewey, himself a former sheriff of Finney
County (from 1947 to 1955) and, prior to that, a Special
Agent of the F.B.I. (between 1940 and 1945 he had servedin New Orleans, in San Antonio, in Denver, in Miami, and in
San Francisco), was professionally qualified to cope witheven as intricate an affair as the apparently motiveless, all
but clueless Clutter murders. Moreover, his attitude toward
the crime made it, as he later said, “a personal
proposition.” He went on to say that he and his wife “werereal fond of Herb and Bonnie,” and “saw them every
Sunday at church, visited a lot back and forth,” adding, “Buteven if I hadn’t known the family, and liked them so well, I
wouldn’t feel any different. Because I’ve seen some badthings, I sure as hell have. But nothing so vicious as this.
However long it takes, it may be the rest of my life, I’m
going to know what happened in that house: the why andthe who.”Toward the end, a total of eighteen men were assigned tothe case full time, among them three of the K.B.I.’s ablest
investigators—Special Agents Harold Nye, Roy Church,and Clarence Duntz. With the arrival in Garden City of thistrio, Dewey was satisfied that “a strong team” had beenassembled. “Somebody better watch out,” he said.

The sheriff’s office is on the third floor of the Finney County
courthouse, an ordinary stone-and-cement building
standing in the center of an otherwise attractive tree-filledsquare. Nowadays, Garden City, which was once a rather
raucous frontier town, is quite subdued. On the whole, thesheriff doesn’t do much business, and his office, threesparsely furnished rooms, is ordinarily a quiet place
popular with courthouse idlers; Mrs. Edna Richardson, his
hospitable secretary, usually has a pot of coffee going andplenty of time to “chew the fat.” Or did, until, as shecomplained, “this Clutter thing came along,” bringing with it“all these out-of-towners, all this newspaper fuss.” The case,then commanding headlines as far east as Chicago, as far
west as Denver, had indeed lured to Garden City aconsiderable press corps.
On Monday, at midday, Dewey held a press conference inthe sheriffs office. “I’ll talk facts but not theories,” heinformed the assembled journalists. “Now, the big fact here,
the thing to remember, is we’re not dealing with one murder
but four. And we don’t know which of the four was the main
target. The primary victim. It could have been Nancy or
Kenyon, or either of the parents. Some people say, Well, it
must have been Mr. Clutter. Because his throat was cut; hewas the most abused. But that’s theory, not fact. It would
help if we knew in what order the family died, but thecoroner can’t tell us that; he only knows the murders
happened sometime between eleven P.M. Saturday and twoA.M. Sunday.” Then, responding to questions, he said no,neither of the women had been “sexually molested,” and no,
as far as was presently known, nothing had been stolen
from the house, and yes, he did think it a “queer
coincidence” that Mr. Clutter should have taken out a fortythousand-dollar life-insurance policy, with double indemnity,
within eight hours of his death. However, Dewey was “pretty
darn sure” that no connection existed between thispurchase and the crime; how could there be one, when the
only persons who benefited financially were Mr. Clutter’s
two surviving children, the elder daughters, Mrs. Donald
Jarchow and Miss Beverly Clutter? And yes, he told thereporters, he did have an opinion on whether the murders
were the work of one man or two, but he preferred not todisclose it.
Actually, at this time, on this subject, Dewey was
undecided. He still entertained a pair of opinions—or, touse his word, “concepts”—and, in reconstructing the crime,
had developed both a “single-killer concept” and a “doublekiller concept.” In the former, the murderer was thought tobe a friend of the family, or, at any rate, a man with morethan casual knowledge of the house and its inhabitants—
someone who knew that the doors were seldom locked,
that Mr. Clutter slept alone in the master bedroom on the
ground floor, that Mrs. Clutter and the children occupied
separate bedrooms on the second floor. This person, so
Dewey imagined, approached the house on foot, probably
around midnight. The windows were dark, the Cluttersasleep, and as for Teddy, the farm’s watchdog—well,
Teddy was famously gun-shy. He would have cringed at thesight of the intruder’s weapon, whimpered, and crept away.
On entering the house, the killer first disposed of thetelephone installations—one in Mr. Clutter’s office, the otherin the kitchen—and then, after cutting the wires, he went to
Mr. Clutter’s bedroom and awakened him. Mr. Clutter, at
the mercy of the gun-bearing visitor, was forced to obey
instructions—forced to accompany him to the second floor,
where they aroused the rest of the family. Then, with cord
and adhesive tape supplied by the killer, Mr. Clutter boundand gagged his wife, bound his daughter (who,
inexplicably, had not been gagged), and roped them totheir beds. Next, father and son were escorted to thebasement, and there Mr. Clutter was made to tape Kenyon
and tie him to the playroom couch. Then Mr. Clutter was
taken into the furnace room, hit on the head, gagged, andtrussed. Now free to do as he pleased, the murderer killed
them one by one, each time carefully collecting thedischarged shell. When he had finished, he turned out all
the lights and left.
It might have happened that way; it was just possible. But
Dewey had doubts: “If Herb had thought his family was indanger, mortal danger, he would have fought like a tiger.
And Herb was no ninny—a strong guy in top condition.
Kenyon too—big as his dad, bigger, a big-shouldered boy.
It’s hard to see how one man, armed or not, could have
handled the two of them.” Moreover, there was reason tosuppose that all four had been bound by the same person:in all four instances the same type of knot, a half hitch, wasused.
Dewey—and the majority of his colleagues, as well—favored the second hypothesis, which in many essentials
followed the first, the important difference being that thekiller was not alone but had an accomplice, who helped
subdue the family, tape, and tie them. Still, as a theory, this,
too, had its faults. Dewey, for example, found it difficult tounderstand “how two individuals could reach the same
degree of rage, the kind of psychopathic rage it took tocommit such a crime.” He went on to explain: “Assuming
the murderer was someone known to the family, a memberof this community; assuming that he was an ordinary man,ordinary except that he had a quirk, an insane grudge
against the Clutters, or one of the Clutters—where did hefind a partner, someone crazy enough to help him? It
doesn’t add up. It doesn’t make sense. But then, come rightdown to it, nothing does.”
After the news conference, Dewey retired to his office, aroom that the sheriff had temporarily lent him. It contained adesk and two straight chairs. The desk was littered withwhat Dewey hoped would some day constitute courtroom
exhibits: the adhesive tape and the yards of cord removed
from the victims and now sealed in plastic sacks (as clues,
neither item seemed very promising, for both werecommon-brand products, obtainable anywhere in theUnited States), and photographs taken at the scene of thecrime by a police photographer—twenty blown-up glossyprint pictures of Mr. Clutter’s shattered skull, his son’s
demolished face, Nancy’s bound hands, her mother’s
death-dulled, still-staring eyes, and so on. In days to come,Dewey was to spend many hours examining thesephotographs, hoping that he might “suddenly see
something,” that a meaningful detail would declare itself:“Like those puzzles. The ones that ask, ‘How many animals
can you find in this picture?’ In a way, that’s what I’m trying
to do. Find the hidden animals. I feel they must be there-if
only I could see them.” As a matter of fact, one of thephotographs, a close-up of Mr. Clutter and the mattress box
upon which he lay, had already provided a valuable
surprise: footprints, the dusty trackings of shoes withdiamond-patterned soles. The prints, not noticeable to thenaked eye, registered on film; indeed, the delineating glareof a flashbulb had revealed their presence with superb
exactness. These prints, together with another footmark
found on the same cardboard cover—the bold and bloody
impression of a Cat’s Paw half sole—were the only
“serious clues” the investigators could claim. Not that they
were claiming them; Dewey and his team had decided tokeep secret the existence of this evidence.
Among the other articles on Dewey’s desk was Nancy
Clutter’s diary. He had glanced through it, no more thanthat, and now he settled down to an earnest reading of theday-by-day entries, which began on her thirteenth birthdayand ended some two months short of her seventeenth; theunsensational confidings of an intelligent child who adoredanimals, who liked to read, cook, sew, dance, ride
horseback—a popular, pretty, virginal girl who thought it“fun to flirt” but was nevertheless “only really and truly in lovewith Bobby.” Dewey read the final entry first. It consisted ofthree lines written an hour or two before she died: “Jolene
K. came over and I showed her how to make a cherry pie.
Practiced with Roxie. Bobby here and we watched TV. Leftat eleven.”
Young Rupp, the last person known to have seen the family
alive, had already undergone one extensive interrogation,
and although he’d told a straightforward story of having
passed “just an ordinary evening” with the Clutters, he wasscheduled for a second interview, at which time he was tobe given a polygraph test. The plain fact was that the police
were not quite ready to dismiss him as a suspect. Dewey
himself did not believe the boy had “anything to do with it”;
still, it was true that at this early stage of the investigation,
Bobby was the only person to whom a motive, however
feeble, could be attributed. Here and there in the diary,
Nancy referred to the situation that was supposed to havecreated the motive: her father’s insistence that she and
Bobby “break off,” stop “seeing so much of each other,” hisobjection being that the Clutters were Methodist, the Rupps
Catholic—a circumstance that in his view completely
canceled any hope the young couple might have of one day
marrying. But the diary notation that most tantalized Dewey

was unrelated to the Clutter-Rupp, Methodist-Catholic
impasse. Rather, it concerned a cat, the mysterious
demise of Nancy’s favorite pet, Boobs, whom, according toan entry dated two weeks prior to her own death, she’dfound “lying in the barn,” the victim, or so she suspected(without saying why), of a poisoner: “Poor Boobs. I buried
him in a special place.” On reading this, Dewey felt it could
be “very important.” If the cat had been poisoned, might notthis act have been a small, malicious prelude to themurders? He determined to find the “special place” where
Nancy had buried her pet, even though it meant combing
the vast whole of River Valley Farm.
While Dewey was occupying himself with the diary, his
principal assistants, the Agents Church, Duntz, and Nye,
were crisscrossing the countryside, talking, as Duntz said,“to anyone who could tell us anything”: the faculty of theHolcomb School, where both Nancy and Kenyon had beenhonor-roll, straight-A students; the employees of River
Valley Farm (a staff that in spring and summer sometimes
amounted to as many as eighteen men but in the present
fallow season consisted of Gerald Van Vleet and three
hired men, plus Mrs. Helm); friends of the victims; theirneighbors; and, very particularly, their relatives. From far
and near, some twenty of the last had arrived to attend thefuneral services, which were to take place Wednesday
morning.
The youngest of the K.B.I. group, Harold Nye, who was apeppy little man of thirty-four with restless, distrustful eyes
and a sharp nose, chin, and mind, had been assigned what
he called “the damned delicate business” of interviewing
the Clutter kinfolk: “It’s painful for you and it’s painful forthem. When it comes to murder, you can’t respect grief. Or
privacy. Or personal feelings. You’ve got to ask thequestions. And some of them cut deep.” But none of thepersons he questioned, and none of the questions heasked (“I was exploring the emotional background. I thought
the answer might be another woman—a triangle. Well,consider: Mr. Clutter was a fairly young, very healthy man,but his wife, she was a semi-invalid, she slept in a separate
bedroom . . .”), produced useful information; not even thetwo surviving daughters could suggest a cause for thecrime. In brief, Nye learned only this: “Of all the people in all
the world, the Clutters were the least likely to be murdered.”At the end of the day, when the three agents convened in
Dewey’s office, it developed that Duntz and Church had
had better luck than Nye—Brother Nye, as the others called
him. (Members of the K.B.I. are partial to nicknames; Duntz
is known as Old Man—unfairly, since he is not quite fifty, aburly but light-footed man with a broad, tomcat face, andChurch, who is sixty or so, pink-skinned and professoriallooking, but “tough,” according to his colleagues, and “thefastest draw in Kansas,” is called Curly, because his headis partly hairless.) Both men, in the course of their inquiries,
had picked up “promising leads.”

Duntz’s story concerned a father and son who shall here be
known as John Senior and John Junior. Some years earlier
John Senior had conducted with Mr. Clutter a minor
business transaction, the outcome of which angered John
Senior, who felt that Clutter had thrown him “a queer ball.”Now, both John Senior and his son “boozed”; indeed, John
Junior was an often incarcerated alcoholic. One unfortunate
day father and son, full of whiskey courage, appeared at the
Clutter home intending to “have it out with Herb.” They weredenied the chance, for Mr. Clutter, an abstainer
aggressively opposed to drink and drunkards, seized a gun
and marched them off his property. This discourtesy theJohns had not forgiven; as recently as a month ago, John
Senior had told an acquaintance, “Every time I think of that
bastard, my hands start to twitch. I just want to choke him.”
Church’s lead was of a similar nature. He, too, had heard of
someone admittedly hostile to Mr. Clutter: a certain Mr.
Smith (though that is not his true name), who believed thatthe squire of River Valley Farm had shot and killed Smith’shunting dog. Church had inspected Smith’s farm home andseen there, hanging from a barn rafter, a length of rope tiedwith the same kind of knot that was used to bind the four
Clutters.
Dewey said, “One of those, maybe that’s our deal. A
personal thing—a grudge that got out of hand.”“Unless it was robbery,” said Nye, though robbery as themotive had been much discussed and then more or lessdismissed. The arguments against it were good, thestrongest being that Mr. Clutter’s aversion to cash was acounty legend; he had no safe and never carried large
sums of money. Also, if robbery were the explanation, why
hadn’t the robber removed the jewelry that Mrs. Clutter was
wearing—a gold wedding band and a diamond ring? Yet
Nye was not convinced: “The whole setup has that robbery
smell. What about Clutter’s wallet? Someone left it open
and empty on Clutter’s bed—I don’t think it was the owner.
And Nancy’s purse. The purse was lying on the kitchen
floor. How did it get there? Yes, and not a dime in thehouse. Well—two dollars. We found two dollars in an
envelope on Nancy’s desk. And we know Clutter cashed acheck for sixty bucks just the day before. We figure there
ought to have been at least fifty of that left. So some say,‘Nobody would kill four people for fifty bucks.’ And say,
‘Sure, maybe the killer did take the money—but just to try
and mislead us, make us think robbery was the reason.’ I
wonder.”As darkness fell, Dewey interrupted the consultation totelephone his wife, Marie, at their home, and warn her that
he wouldn’t be home for dinner. She said, “Yes. All right,
Alvin,” but he noticed in her tone an uncharacteristic
anxiety. The Deweys, parents of two young boys, had beenmarried seventeen years, and Marie, a Louisiana-bornformer F.B.I. stenographer, whom he’d met while he wasstationed in New Orleans, sympathized with the hardships

of his profession—the eccentric hours, the sudden calls
summoning him to distant areas of the state.
He said, “Anything the matter?”“Not a thing,” she assured him. “Only, when you come hometonight, you’ll have to ring the bell. I’ve had all the locks
changed.”Now he understood, and said, “Don’t worry, honey. Just
lock the doors and turn on the porch light.”
After he’d hung up, a colleague asked, “What’s wrong?
Marie scared?”“Hell, yes,” Dewey said. “Her, and everybody else.”

Not everybody. Certainly not Holcomb’s widowed
postmistress, the intrepid Mrs. Myrtle Clare, who scorned
her fellow townsmen as “a lily-livered lot, shaking in theirboots afraid to shut their eyes,” and said of herself, “Thisold girl, she’s sleeping good as ever. Anybody wants toplay a trick on me, let ’em try.” (Eleven months later a guntoting team of masked bandits took her at her word by
invading the post office and relieving the lady of nine
hundred and fifty dollars.) As usual, Mrs. Clare’s notions

conformed with those of very few. “Around here,” according
to the proprietor of one Garden City hardware store, “locks
and bolts are the fastest-going item. Folks ain’t particularwhat brand they buy; they just want them to hold.”
Imagination, of course, can open any door—turn the key
and let terror walk right in. Tuesday, at dawn, a carload ofpheasant hunters from Colorado—strangers, ignorant of
the local disaster—were startled by what they saw as they
crossed the prairies and passed through Holcomb:
windows ablaze, almost every window in almost every
house, and, in the brightly lit rooms, fully clothed people,
even entire families, who had sat the whole night wideawake, watchful, listening. Of what were they frightened? “Itmight happen again.” That, with variations, was thecustomary response. However, one woman, aschoolteacher, observed, “Feeling wouldn’t run half so highif this had happened to anyone except the Clutters. Anyone
less admired. Prosperous. Secure. But that family
represented everything people hereabouts really value andrespect, and that such a thing could happen to them—well,it’s like being told there is no God. It makes life seem
pointless. I don’t think people are so much frightened asthey are deeply depressed.”
Another reason, the simplest, the ugliest, was that thishitherto peaceful congregation of neighbors and old friends
had suddenly to endure the unique experience of distrustingeach other; understandably, they believed that the murderer
was among themselves, and, to the last man, endorsed anopinion advanced by Arthur Clutter, a brother of thedeceased, who, while talking to journalists in the lobby of a
Garden City hotel on November 17, had said, “When this iscleared up, I’ll wager whoever did it was someone within
ten miles of where we now stand.”Approximately four hundred miles east of where Arthur
Clutter then stood, two young men were sharing a booth in
the Eagle Buffet, a Kansas City diner. One—narrow-faced,
and with a blue cat tattooed on his right hand—hadpolished off several chicken-salad sandwiches and wasnow eying his companion’s meal: an untouched hamburger
and a glass of root beer in which three aspirin weredissolving.
“Perry, baby,” Dick said, “you don’t want that burger. I’ll takeit.”
Perry shoved the plate across the table. “Christ! Can’t you
let me concentrate?”“You don’t have to read it fifty times.”
The reference was to a front-page article in the November
17 edition of the Kansas City Star. Headlined CLUES ARE

FEW IN SLAYING OF 4, the article, which was a follow-up of theprevious day’s initial announcement of the murders, ended
with a summarizing paragraph:
The investigators are left faced with a search for a killer
or killers whose cunning is apparent if his (or their) motive
is not. For this killer or killers: *Carefully cut the telephonecords of the home’s two telephones. *Bound and gagged
their victims expertly, with no evidence of a struggle withany of them. *Left nothing in the house amiss, left no
indication they had searched for anything with the possible
exception of [Clutter’s] billfold. *Shot four persons indifferent parts of the house, calmly picking up the expended
shotgun shells. *Arrived and left the home, presumably withthe murder weapon, without being seen. *Acted without amotive, if you care to discount an abortive robbery attempt,
which the investigators are wont to do.
“ ‘For this killer or killers,’ ” said Perry, reading aloud.
“That’s incorrect. The grammar is. It ought to be ‘For thiskiller or these killers. ’ ” Sipping his aspirin-spiked root
beer, he went on, “Anyway, I don’t believe it. Neither do you.
Own up, Dick. Be honest. You don’t believe this no-clue
stuff?”
Yesterday, after studying the papers, Perry had put thesame question, and Dick, who thought he’d disposed of it(“Look. If those cowboys could make the slightest
connection, we’d have heard the sound of hoofs a hundredmiles off”), was bored at hearing it again. Too bored toprotest when Perry once more pursued the matter: “I’ve
always played my hunches. That’s why I’m alive today. You
know Willie-Jay? He said I was a natural-born ‘medium,’and he knew about things like that, he was interested. He
said I had a high degree of ‘extrasensory perception.’ Sortof like having built-in radar—you see things before you see
them. The outlines of coming events. Take, like, my brotherand his wife. Jimmy and his wife. They were crazy about
each other, but he was jealous as hell, and he made her somiserable, being jealous and always thinking she waspassing it out behind his back, that she shot herself, andthe next day Jimmy put a bullet through his head. When it
happened—this was 1949, and I was in Alaska with Dad
up around Circle City—I told Dad, ‘Jimmy’s dead.’ A week
later we got the news. Lord’s truth. Another time, over inJapan, I was helping load a ship, and I sat down to rest aminute. Suddenly a voice inside me said, ‘Jump!’ I jumped I
guess maybe ten feet, and just then, right where I’d been
sitting, a ton of stuff came crashing down. I could give you ahundred examples. I don’t care if you believe me or not. For
instance, right before I had my motorcycle accident I saw
the whole thing happen: saw it in my mind—the rain, theskid tracks, me lying there bleeding and my legs broken.
That’s what I’ve got now. A premonition. Something tells me
this is a trap.” He tapped the newspaper. “A lot ofprevarications.”
Dick ordered another hamburger. During the past few days

he’d known a hunger that nothing—three successive
steaks, a dozen Hershey bars, a pound of gumdrops—
seemed to interrupt. Perry, on the other hand, was without
appetite; he subsisted on root beer, aspirin, and cigarettes.
“No wonder you got leaps,” Dick told him. “Aw, come on,baby. Get the bubbles out of your blood. We scored. It was
perfect.”“I’m surprised to hear that, all things considered,” Perrysaid. The quietness of his tone italicized the malice of his
reply. But Dick took it, even smiled—and his smile was askillful proposition. Here, it said, wearing a kid grin, was avery personable character, clean-cut, affable, a fellow any
man might trust to shave him.
“O.K.,” Dick said. “Maybe I had some wrong information.”“Hallelujah.”“But on the whole it was perfect. We hit the ball right out ofthe park. It’s lost. And it’s gonna stay lost. There isn’t asingle connection.”“I can think of one.”
Perry had gone too far. He went further: “Floyd—is that the
name?” A bit below the belt, but then Dick deserved it, his
confidence was like a kite that needed reeling in.
Nevertheless, Perry observed with some misgiving thesymptoms of fury rearranging Dick’s expression: jaw, lips,

the whole face slackened; saliva bubbles appeared at thecorners of his mouth. Well, if it came to a fight, Perry could
defend himself. He was short, several inches shorter thanDick, and his runty, damaged legs were unreliable, but heoutweighed his friend, was thicker, had arms that could
squeeze the breath out of a bear. To prove it, however—
have a fight, a real falling-out—was far from desirable. Like
Dick or not (and he didn’t dislike Dick, though once he’d
liked him better, respected him more), it was obvious they
could not now safely separate. On that point they were inaccord, for Dick had said, “If we get caught, let’s get caught
together. Then we can back each other up. When they startpulling the confession crap, saying you said and I said.”
Moreover, if he broke with Dick, it meant the end of plans
still attractive to Perry, and still, despite recent reverses,
deemed possible by both—a skin-diving, treasure-hunting
life lived together among islands or along coasts south of
the border.
Dick said, “Mr. Wells!” He picked up a fork. “It’d be worth it.
Like if I was nabbed on a check charge, it’d be worth it.
Just to get back in there.” The fork came down and stabbed
the table. “Right through the heart, honey.”“I’m not saying he would,” said Perry, willing to make aconcession now that Dick’s anger had soared past him andstruck elsewhere. “He’d be too scared.”“Sure,” said Dick. “Sure. He’d be too scared.” A marvel,

really, the ease with which Dick negotiated changes ofmood; in a trice, all trace of meanness, of sullen bravura,
had evaporated. He said, “About that premonition stuff. Tellme this: If you were so damn sure you were gonna crack
up, why didn’t you call it quits? It wouldn’t have happened if
you’d stayed off your bike—right?”
That was a riddle that Perry had pondered. He felt he’dsolved it, but the solution, while simple, was also somewhat
hazy: “No. Because once a thing is set to happen, all you
can do is hope it won’t. Or will—depending. As long as you
live, there’s always something waiting, and even if it’s bad,and you know it’s bad, what can you do? You can’t stop
living. Like my dream. Since I was a kid, I’ve had this same
dream. Where I’m in Africa. A jungle. I’m moving throughthe trees toward a tree standing all alone. Jesus, it smells
bad, that tree; it kind of makes me sick, the way it stinks.
Only, it’s beautiful to look at—it has blue leaves anddiamonds hanging everywhere. Diamonds like oranges.
That’s why I’m there—to pick myself a bushel of diamonds.
But I know the minute I try to, the minute I reach up, a snake
is gonna fall on me. A snake that guards the tree. This fat
son of a bitch living in the branches. I know this beforehand,see? And Jesus, I don’t know how to fight a snake. But I
figure, Well, I’ll take my chances. What it comes down to is I
want the diamonds more than I’m afraid of the snake. So I
go to pick one, I have the diamond in my hand, I’m pulling at
it, when the snake lands on top of me. We wrestle around,but he’s a slippery sonofabitch and I can’t get a hold, he’s

crushing me, you can hear my legs cracking. Now comesthe part it makes me sweat even to think about. See, hestarts to swallow me. Feet first. Like going down inquicksand.” Perry hesitated. He could not help noticing that
Dick, busy gouging under his fingernails with a fork prong,
was uninterested in his dream.
Dick said, “So? The snake swallows you? Or what?”“Never mind. It’s not important.” (But it was! The finale wasof great importance, a source of private joy. He’d once told
it to his friend Willie-Jay; he had described to him thetowering bird, the yellow “sort of parrot.” Of course, WillieJay was different—delicate-minded, “a saint.” He’dunderstood. But Dick? Dick might laugh. And that Perry
could not abide: anyone’s ridiculing the parrot, which had
first flown into his dreams when he was seven years old, a
hated, hating half-breed child living in a California
orphanage run by nuns—shrouded disciplinarians who
whipped him for wetting his bed. It was after one of these
beatings, one he could never forget (“She woke me up. She
had a flashlight, and she hit me with it. Hit me and hit me.
And when the flashlight broke, she went on hitting me in thedark”), that the parrot appeared, arrived while he slept, abird “taller than Jesus, yellow like a sunflower,” a warriorangel who blinded the nuns with its beak, fed upon theireyes, slaughtered them as they “pleaded for mercy,” thenso gently lifted him, enfolded him, winged him away to“paradise.”As the years went by, the particular torments from which thebird delivered him altered; others—older children, hisfather, a faithless girl, a sergeant he’d known in the Army—
replaced the nuns, but the parrot remained, a hovering
avenger. Thus, the snake, that custodian of the diamondbearing tree, never finished devouring him but was itself
always devoured. And afterward the blessed ascent!
Ascension to a paradise that in one version was merely “afeeling,” a sense of power, of unassailable superiority—sensations that in another version were transposed into “A
real place. Like out of a movie. Maybe that’s where I did
see it—remembered it from a movie. Because where else
would I have seen a garden like that? With white marble
steps? Fountains? And away down below, if you go to theedge of the garden, you can see the ocean. Terrific! Likearound Carmel, California. The best thing, though—well, it’sa long, long table. You never imagined so much food.
Oysters. Turkeys. Hot dogs. Fruit you could make into amillion fruit cups. And, listen—it’s every bit free. I mean, I
don’t have to be afraid to touch it. I can eat as much as I
want, and it won’t cost a cent. That’s how I know where I
am.”)Dick said, “I’m a normal. I only dream about blond chicken.
Speaking of which, you hear about the nanny goat’snightmare?” That was Dick—always ready with a dirty jokeon any subject. But he told the joke well, and Perry, though
he was in some measure a prude, could not help laughing,as always.

Speaking of her friendship with Nancy Clutter, Susan
Kidwell said: “We were like sisters. At least, that’s how I felt
about her—as though she were my sister. I couldn’t go toschool—not those first few days. I stayed out of school until
after the funeral. So did Bobby Rupp. For a while Bobby
and I were always together. He’s a nice boy—he has agood heart—but nothing very terrible had ever happened tohim before. Like losing anyone he’d loved. And then, on topof it, having to take a lie-detector test. I don’t mean he wasbitter about that; he realized the police were doing what
they had to do. Some hard things, two or three, had alreadyhappened to me, but not to him, so it was a shock when hefound out maybe life isn’t one long basketball game. Mostly,
we just drove around in his old Ford. Up and down the
highway. Out to the airport and back. Or we’d go to theCree-Mee—that’s a drive-in—and sit in the car, order aCoke, listen to the radio. The radio was always playing; wedidn’t have anything to say ourselves. Except once in awhile Bobby said how much he’d loved Nancy, and how he
could never care about another girl. Well, I was sure Nancy
wouldn’t have wanted that, and I told him so. I remember—I
think it was Monday—we drove down to the river. We
parked on the bridge. You can see the house from there—the Clutter house. And part of the land—Mr. Clutter’s fruitorchard, and the wheat fields going away. Way off in one of
the fields a bonfire was burning; they were burning stuff
from the house. Everywhere you looked, there wassomething to remind you. Men with nets and poles werefishing along the banks of the river, but not fishing for fish.
Bobby said they were looking for the weapons. The knife.
The gun.
“Nancy loved the river. Summer nights we used to ride
double on Nancy’s horse, Babe—that old fat gray? Ride
straight to the river and right into the water. Then Babewould wade along in the shallow part while we played ourflutes and sang. Got cool. I keep wondering, Gosh, what will
become of her? Babe. A lady from Garden City took
Kenyon’s dog. Took Teddy. He ran away—found his way
back to Holcomb. But she came and got him again. And I
have Nancy’s cat—Evinrude. But Babe. I suppose they’llsell her. Wouldn’t Nancy hate that? Wouldn’t she be
furious? Another day, the day before the funeral, Bobby
and I were sitting by the railroad tracks. Watching the trains
go by. Real stupid. Like sheep in a blizzard. When suddenly
Bobby woke up and said, ‘We ought to go see Nancy. We
ought to be with her.’ So we drove to Garden City—went to
the Phillips’ Funeral Home, there on Main Street. I think
Bobby’s kid brother was with us. Yes, I’m sure he was.
Because I remember we picked him up after school. And I
remember he said how there wasn’t going to be any school
the next day, so all the Holcomb kids could go to thefuneral. And he kept telling us what the kids thought. He
said the kids were convinced it was the work of ‘a hired
killer.’ I didn’t want to hear about it. Just gossip and talk—everything Nancy despised. Anyway, I don’t much care who
did it. Somehow it seems beside the point. My friend isgone. Knowing who killed her isn’t going to bring her back.
What else matters? They wouldn’t let us. At the funeralparlor, I mean. They said no one could ‘view the family.’
Except the relatives. But Bobby insisted, and finally theundertaker—he knew Bobby, and, I guess, felt sorry for him—he said all right, be quiet about it, but come on in. Now I
wish we hadn’t.”
The four coffins, which quite filled the small, flower-crowded
parlor, were to be sealed at the funeral services—very
understandably, for despite the care taken with theappearance of the victims, the effect achieved was
disquieting. Nancy wore her dress of cherry-red velvet, herbrother a bright plaid shirt; the parents were more sedately
attired, Mr. Clutter in navy-blue flannel, his wife in navy-blue
crepe; and—and it was this, especially, that lent the scene
an awful aura—the head of each was completely encasedin cotton, a swollen cocoon twice the size of an ordinary
blown-up balloon, and the cotton, because it had beensprayed with a glossy substance, twinkled like Christmastree snow.
Susan at once retreated. “I went outside and waited in thecar,” she recalled. “Across the street a man was raking

leaves. I kept looking at him. Because I didn’t want to close
my eyes. I thought, If I do I’ll faint. So I watched him rake
leaves and burn them. Watched, without really seeing him.
Because all I could see was the dress. I knew it so well. I
helped her pick the material. It was her own design, andshe sewed it herself. I remember how excited she was thefirst time she wore it. At a party. All I could see was Nancy’s
red velvet. And Nancy in it. Dancing.”

The Kansas City Star printed a lengthy account of the
Clutter funeral, but the edition containing the article was twodays old before Perry, lying abed in a hotel room, got
around to reading it. Even so, he merely skimmed through,skipped about among the paragraphs: “A thousand
persons, the largest crowd in the five-year history of theFirst Methodist Church, attended services for the four
victims today. . . . Several classmates of Nancy’s from
Holcomb High School wept as the Reverend Leonard
Cowan said: ‘God offers us courage, love and hope eventhough we walk through the shadows of the valley of death.
I’m sure he was with them in their last hours. Jesus has
never promised us we would not suffer pain or sorrow but
He has always said He would be there to help us bear thesorrow and the pain. . . .’ On the unseasonably warm day,about six hundred persons went to the Valley View

Cemetery on the north edge of this city. There, at gravesideservices, they recited the Lord’s Prayer. Their voices,massed together in a low whisper, could be heard
throughout the cemetery.”A thousand people! Perry was impressed. He wondered
how much the funeral had cost. Money was greatly on his
mind, though not as relentlessly as it had been earlier in the
day—a day he’d begun “without the price of a cat’s miaow.”
The situation had improved since then; thanks to Dick, heand Dick now possessed “a pretty fair stake”—enough to
get them to Mexico.
Dick! Smooth. Smart. Yes, you had to hand it to him. Christ,
it was incredible how he could “con a guy.” Like the clerk in
the Kansas City, Missouri, clothing store, the first of theplaces Dick had decided to “hit.” As for Perry, he’d nevertried to “pass a check.” He was nervous, but Dick told him,
“All I want you to do is stand there. Don’t laugh, and don’t
be surprised at anything I say. You got to play these things
by ear.” For the task proposed, it seemed, Dick had perfect
pitch. He breezed in, breezily introduced Perry to the clerk
as “a friend of mine about to get married,” and went on, “I’mhis best man. Helping him kind of shop around for theclothes he’ll want. Haha, what you might say his—ha-ha—
trousseau.” The salesman “ate it up,” and soon Perry,
stripped of his denim trousers, was trying on a gloomy suitthat the clerk considered “ideal for an informal ceremony.”
After commenting on the customer’s oddly proportioned

figure—the oversized torso supported by the undersized
legs—he added, “I’m afraid we haven’t anything that would
fit without alteration.” Oh, said Dick, that was O.K., there
was plenty of time—the wedding was “a week tomorrow.”
That settled, they then selected a gaudy array of jackets
and slacks regarded as appropriate for what was to be,according to Dick, a Florida honeymoon. “You know the
Eden Roc?” Dick said to the salesman. “In Miami Beach?
They got reservations. A present from her folks—two
weeks at forty bucks a day. How about that? An ugly runt
like him, he’s making it with a honey she’s not only built but
loaded. While guys like you and me, good-lookin’ guys . . .”The clerk presented the bill. Dick reached in his hip pocket,
frowned, snapped his fingers, and said, “Hot damn! I forgot
my wallet.” Which to his partner seemed a ploy so feeble
that it couldn’t possibly “fool a day-old nigger.” The clerk,
apparently, was not of that opinion, for he produced a blankcheck, and when Dick made it out for eighty dollars morethan the bill totaled, instantly paid over the difference in
cash.
Outside, Dick said, “So you’re going to get married next
week? Well, you’ll need a ring.” Moments later, riding inDick’s aged Chevrolet, they arrived at a store named Best
Jewelry. From there, after purchasing by check a diamondengagement ring and a diamond wedding band, they drove
to a pawnshop to dispose of these items. Perry was sorry
to see them go. He’d begun to half credit the make-believe
bride, though in his conception of her, as opposed toDick’s, she was not rich, not beautiful; rather, she was
nicely groomed, gently spoken, was conceivably “a college
graduate,” in any event “a very intellectual type”—a sort ofgirl he’d always wanted to meet but in fact never had.
Unless you counted Cookie, the nurse he’d known when he
was hospitalized as a result of his motorcycle accident. A
swell kid, Cookie, and she had liked him, pitied him,babied him, inspired him to read “serious literature”—Gonewith the Wind, This Is My Beloved. Sexual episodes of a
strange and stealthy nature had occurred, and love had
been mentioned, and marriage, too, but eventually, when
his injuries had mended, he’d told her goodbye and given
her, by way of explanation, a poem he pretended to havewritten:

There’s a race of men that don’t fit in,
A race that can’t stay still;
So they break the hearts of kith and kin;
And they roam the world at will.
They range the field and they rove the flood,
And they climb the mountain’s crest;

Theirs is the curse of the gypsy blood,
And they don’t know how to rest.
If they just went straight they might go far;
They are strong and brave and true;
But they’re always tired of the things that are,
And they want the strange and new.

He had not seen her again, or ever heard from or of her, yetseveral years later he’d had her name tattooed on his arm,and once, when Dick asked who “Cookie” was, he’d said,“Nobody. A girl I almost married.” (That Dick had beenmarried—married twice—and had fathered three sons was
something he envied. A wife, children—those wereexperiences “a man ought to have,” even if, as with Dick,
they didn’t “make him happy or do him any good.”)
The rings were pawned for a hundred and fifty dollars. They
visited another jewelry store, Goldman’s, and sauntered outof there with a man’s gold wristwatch. Next stop, an Elko
Camera Store, where they “bought” an elaborate motionpicture camera. “Cameras are your best investment,” Dick
informed Perry. “Easiest thing to hock or sell. Cameras andTV sets.” This being the case, they decided to obtainseveral of the latter, and, having completed the mission,
went on to attack a few more clothing emporiums—
Sheperd & Foster’s, Rothschild’s, Shopper’s Paradise. Bysundown, when the stores were closing, their pockets werefilled with cash and the car was heaped with salable,
pawnable wares. Surveying this harvest of shirts andcigarette lighters, expensive machinery and cheap cuff
links, Perry felt elatedly tall—now Mexico, a new chance, a“really living” life. But Dick seemed depressed. He
shrugged off Perry’s praises (“I mean it, Dick. You wereamazing. Half the time I believed you myself”). And Perry
was puzzled; he could not fathom why Dick, usually so full ofhimself, should suddenly, when he had good cause to gloat,
be meek, look wilted and sad. Perry said, “I’ll stand you adrink.”
They stopped at a bar. Dick drank three Orange Blossoms.
After the third, he abruptly asked, “What about Dad? I feel—oh, Jesus, he’s such a good old guy. And my mother—well, you saw her. What about them? Me, I’ll be off in
Mexico. Or wherever. But they’ll be right here when thosechecks start to bounce. I know Dad. He’ll want to makethem good. Like he tried to before. And he can’t—he’s old
and he’s sick, he ain’t got anything.”“I sympathize with that,” said Perry truthfully. Without being
kind, he was sentimental, and Dick’s affection for his
parents, his professed concern for them, did indeed touch
him. “But hell, Dick. It’s very simple,” Perry said. “We canpay off the checks. Once we’re in Mexico, once we getstarted down there, we’ll make money. Lots of it.”
“How?”“How?”—what could Dick mean? The question dazed
Perry. After all, such a rich assortment of ventures had been
discussed. Prospecting for gold, skin-diving for sunken
treasure—these were but two of the projects Perry had
ardently proposed. And there were others. The boat, forinstance. They had often talked of a deep-sea-fishing boat,
which they would buy, man themselves, and rent tovacationers—this though neither had ever skippered acanoe or hooked a guppy. Then, too, there was quickmoney to be made chauffeuring stolen cars across SouthAmerican borders. (“You get paid five hundred bucks atrip,” or so Perry had read somewhere.) But of the many
replies he might have made, he chose to remind Dick of
the fortune awaiting them on Cocos Island, a land speck off
the coast of Costa Rica. “No fooling, Dick,” Perry said.
“This is authentic. I’ve got a map. I’ve got the whole history.
It was buried there back in 1821—Peruvian bullion, jewelry.
Sixty million dollars—that’s what they say it’s worth. Even if
we didn’t find all of it, even if we found only some of it—Are
you with me, Dick?” Heretofore, Dick had always
encouraged him, listened attentively to his talk of maps,
tales of treasure, but now—and it had not occurred to him
before—he wondered if all along Dick had only beenpretending, just kidding him.

The thought, acutely painful, passed, for Dick, with a wink
and a playful jab, said, “Sure, honey. I’m with you. All theway.”

It was three in the morning, and the telephone rang again.
Not that the hour mattered. Al Dewey was wide awake
anyway, and so were Marie and their sons, nine-year-old
Paul and twelve-year-old Alvin Adams Dewey, Jr. For who
could sleep in a house—a modest one-story house-where
all night the telephone had been sounding every few
minutes? As he got out of bed, Dewey promised his wife,“This time I’ll leave it off the hook.” But it was not a promise
he dared keep. True, many of the calls came from newshunting journalists, or would-be humorists, or theorists (“Al?
Listen, fella, I’ve got this deal figured. It’s suicide andmurder. I happen to know Herb was in a bad way financially.
He was spread pretty thin. So what does he do? He takesout this big insurance policy, shoots Bonnie and the kids,
and kills himself with a bomb. A hand grenade stuffed withbuckshot”), or anonymous persons with poison-pen minds(“Know them Ls? Foreigners? Don’t work? Give parties?
Serve cocktails? Where’s the money come from? Wouldn’t
surprise me a darn if they ain’t at the roots of this Clutter
trouble”), or nervous ladies alarmed by the gossip goingaround, rumors that knew neither ceiling nor cellar (“Alvin,
now, I’ve known you since you were a boy. And I want you totell me straight out whether it’s so. I loved and respected
Mr. Clutter, and I refuse to believe that that man, that
Christian—I refuse to believe he was chasing after women.
. .”).
But most of those who telephoned were responsible
citizens wanting to be helpful (“I wonder if you’veinterviewed Nancy’s friend, Sue Kidwell? I was talking to
the child, and she said something that struck me. She said
the last time she ever spoke to Nancy, Nancy told her Mr.
Clutter was in a real bad mood. Had been the past three
weeks. That she thought he was very worried aboutsomething, so worried he’d taken to smoking
cigarettes . . .”). Either that or the callers were people
officially concerned—law officers and sheriffs from otherparts of the state (“This may be something, may not, but abartender here says he overheard two fellows discussing
the case in terms made it sound like they had a lot to dowith it . . .”). And while none of these conversations had as
yet done more than make extra work for the investigators, it
was always possible that the next one might be, as Dewey
put it, “the break that brings down the curtain.”
On answering the present call, Dewey immediately heard “I
want to confess.”
He said, “To whom am I speaking, please?”

The caller, a man, repeated his original assertion, andadded, “I did it. I killed them all.”“Yes,” said Dewey. “Now, if I could have your name andaddress . . .”“Oh, no, you don’t,” said the man, his voice thick withinebriated indignation. “I’m not going to tell you anything.
Not till I get the reward. You send the reward, then I’ll tell you
who I am. That’s final.”
Dewey went back to bed. “No, honey,” he said. “Nothingimportant. Just another drunk.”“What did he want?”“Wanted to confess. Provided we sent the reward first.” (AKansas paper, the Hutchinson News, had offered athousand dollars for information leading to the solution of
the crime.)“Alvin, are you lighting another cigarette? Honestly, Alvin,can’t you at least try to sleep?”
He was too tense to sleep, even if the telephone could besilenced—too fretful and frustrated. None of his “leads” had
led anywhere, except, perhaps, down a blind alley toward
the blankest of walls. Bobby Rupp? The polygraph machine
had eliminated Bobby. And Mr. Smith, the farmer who tiedrope knots identical with those used by the murderer—he,
too, was a discarded suspect, having established that on
the night of the crime he’d been “off in Oklahoma.” Whichleft the Johns, father and son, but they had also submitted
provable alibis. “So,” to quote Harold Nye, “it all adds up toa nice round number. Zero.” Even the hunt for the grave ofNancy’s cat had come to nothing.
Nevertheless, there had been one or two meaningful
developments. First, while sorting Nancy’s clothes, Mrs.
Elaine Selsor, her aunt, had found tucked in the toe of ashoe a gold wristwatch. Second, accompanied by a K.B.I.
agent, Mrs. Helm had explored every room at River Valley
Farm, toured the house in the expectation that she might
notice something awry or absent, and she had. It happenedin Kenyon’s room. Mrs. Helm looked and looked, paced
round and round the room with pursed lips, touching thisand that—Kenyon’s old baseball mitt, Kenyon’s mudspattered work boots, his pathetic abandoned spectacles.
All the while she kept whispering, “Something here iswrong, I feel it, I know it, but I don’t know what it is.” And
then she did know. “It’s the radio! Where is Kenyon’s little
radio?”
Taken together, these discoveries forced Dewey toconsider again the possibility of “plain robbery” as amotive. Surely that watch had not tumbled into Nancy’s
shoe by accident? She must, lying there in the dark, haveheard sounds—footfalls, perhaps voices—that led her tosuppose thieves were in the house, and so believing musthave hurriedly hidden the watch, a gift from her father that
she treasured. As for the radio, a gray portable made by
Zenith—no doubt about it, the radio was gone. All. thesame, Dewey could not accept the theory that the family
had been slaughtered for paltry profit—“a few dollars and aradio.” To accept it would obliterate his image of the killer—or, rather, killers. He and his associates had definitely
decided to pluralize the term. The expert execution of thecrimes was proof enough that at least one of the paircommanded an immoderate amount of coolheaded
slyness, and was—must be—a person too clever to havedone such a deed without calculated motive. Then, too,
Dewey had become aware of several particulars thatreinforced his conviction that at least one of the murderers
was emotionally involved with the victims, and felt for them,even as he destroyed them, a certain twisted tenderness.
How else explain the mattress box?
The business of the mattress box was one of the things thatmost tantalized Dewey. Why had the murderers taken thetrouble to move the box from the far end of the basement
room and lay it on the floor in front of the furnace, unless theintention had been to make Mr. Clutter more comfortable—
to provide him, while he contemplated the approachingknife, with a couch less rigid than cold cement? And instudying the death-scene photographs Dewey had
distinguished other details that seemed to support his
notion of a murderer now and again moved by considerateimpulses. “Or”—he could never quite find the word hewanted—“something fussy. And soft. Those bedcovers.
Now, what kind of person would do that—tie up two women,
the way Bonnie and the girl were tied, and then draw up the
bedcovers, tuck them in, like sweet dreams and goodnight? Or the pillow under Kenyon’s head. At first I thoughtmaybe the pillow was put there to make his head a simpler
target. Now I think, No, it was done for the same reason themattress box was spread on the floor—to make the victim
more comfortable.”
But speculations such as these, though they absorbed
Dewey, did not gratify him or give him a sense of “getting
somewhere.” A case was seldom solved by “fancy
theories”; he put his faith in facts—“sweated for and sworn
to.” The quantity of facts to be sought and sifted, and theagenda planned to obtain them, promised perspiration
aplenty, entailing, as it did, the tracking down, the “checking
out,” of hundreds of people, among them all former River
Valley Farm employees, friends and family, anyone withwhom Mr. Clutter had done business, much or little—a
tortoise crawl into the past. For, as Dewey had told his
team, “we have to keep going till we know the Cluttersbetter than they ever knew themselves. Until we see theconnection between what we found last Sunday morningand something that happened maybe five years ago. The
link. Got to be one. Got to.”Dewey’s wife dozed, but she awakened when she felt him

leave their bed, heard him once more answering thetelephone, and heard, from the nearby room where hersons slept, sobs, a small boy crying. “Paul?” Ordinarily,
Paul was neither troubled nor troublesome—not a whiner,
ever. He was too busy digging tunnels in the backyard orpracticing to be “the fastest runner in Finney County.” But at
breakfast that morning he’d burst into tears. His mother had
not needed to ask him why; she knew that although heunderstood only hazily the reasons for the uproar round him,
he felt endangered by it—by the harassing telephone, andthe strangers at the door, and his father’s worry-wearied
eyes. She went to comfort Paul. His brother, three years
older, helped. “Paul,” he said, “you take it easy now, andtomorrow I’ll teach you to play poker.”
Dewey was in the kitchen; Marie, searching for him, found
him there, waiting for a pot of coffee to percolate and withthe murder-scene photographs spread before him on the
kitchen table—bleak stains, spoiling the table’s pretty fruitpatterned oilcloth. (Once he had offered to let her look at
the pictures. She had declined. She had said, “I want toremember Bonnie the way Bonnie was—and all of them.”)
He said, “Maybe the boys ought to stay with Mother.” His
mother, a widow, lived not far off, in a house she thought
too spacious and silent; the grandchildren were always
welcome. “For just a few days. Until—well, until.”“Alvin, do you think we’ll ever get back to normal living?”
Mrs. Dewey asked.

Their normal life was like this: both worked, Mrs. Dewey as
an office secretary, and they divided between them thehousehold chores, taking turns at the stove and the sink.
(“When Alvin was sheriff, I know some of the boys teased
him. Used to say, ‘Lookayonder! Here comes Sheriff
Dewey! Tough guy! Totes a six-shooter! But once he gets
home, off comes the gun and on goes the apron!”) At thattime they were saving to build a house on a farm that
Dewey had bought in 1951—two hundred and forty acres
several miles north of Garden City. If the weather was fine,and especially when the days were hot and the wheat washigh and ripe, he liked to drive out there and practice hisdraw—shoot crows, tin cans—or in his imagination roamthrough the house he hoped to have, and through thegarden he meant to plant, and under trees yet to beseeded. He was very certain that some day his own oasis
of oaks and elms would stand upon those shadeless plains:“Some day. God willing.”
A belief in God and the rituals surrounding that belief—
church every Sunday, grace before meals, prayers before
bed—were an important part of the Deweys’ existence. “I
don’t see how anyone can sit down to table without wanting
to bless it,” Mrs. Dewey once said. “Sometimes, when I
come home from work—well, I’m tired. But there’s always
coffee on the stove, and sometimes a steak in the icebox.
The boys make a fire to cook the steak, and we talk, andtell each other our day, and by the time supper’s ready I

know we have good cause to be happy and grateful. So I
say, Thank you, Lord. Not just because I should—because I
want to.”Now Mrs. Dewey said, “Alvin, answer me. Do you think we’ll
ever have a normal life again?”He started to reply, but the telephone stopped him.

The old Chevrolet left Kansas City November 21, Saturdaynight. Luggage was lashed to the fenders and roped to theroof; the trunk was so stuffed it could not be shut; inside, on
the back seat, two television sets stood, one atop the other.
It was a tight fit for the passengers: Dick, who was driving,and Perry, who sat clutching the old Gibson guitar, his mostbeloved possession. As for Perry’s other belongings—a
cardboard suitcase, a gray Zenith portable radio, a gallon
jug of root-beer syrup (he feared that his favorite beveragemight not be available in Mexico), and two big boxes
containing books, manuscripts, cherished memorabilia(and hadn’t Dick raised hell! Cursed, kicked the boxes,
called them “five hundred pounds of pig slop!”)—these, too,
were part of the car’s untidy interior.
Around midnight they crossed the border into Oklahoma.

Perry, glad to be out of Kansas, at last relaxed. Now it wastrue—they were on their way—On their way, and nevercoming back—without regret, as far as he was concerned,
for he was leaving nothing behind, and no one who might
deeply wonder into what thin air he’d spiraled. The same
could not be said of Dick. There were those Dick claimed
to love: three sons, a mother, a father, a brother—persons
he hadn’t dared confide his plans to, or bid goodbye,
though he never expected to see them again—not in thislife.

CLUTTER—ENGLISH VOWS GIVEN IN SATURDAY CEREMONY: thatheadline, appearing on the social page of the Garden City
Telegram for November 23, surprised many of its readers.
It seemed that Beverly, the second of Mr. Clutter’s surviving
daughters, had married Mr. Vere Edward English, theyoung biology student to whom she had long been
engaged. Miss Clutter had worn white, and the wedding, afull-scale affair (“Mrs. Leonard Cowan was soloist, and Mrs.
Howard Blanchard organist”), had been “solemnized at theFirst Methodist Church”—the church in which, three days
earlier, the bride had formally mourned her parents, herbrother, and her younger sister. However, according to the
Telegram’s account, “Vere and Beverly had planned to be
married at Christmastime. The invitations were printed andher father had reserved the church for that date. Due to theunexpected tragedy and because of the many relatives
being here from distant places, the young couple decided
to have their wedding Saturday.”
The wedding over, the Clutter kinfolk dispersed. On
Monday, the day the last of them left Garden City, theTelegram featured on its front page a letter written by Mr.
Howard Fox, of Oregon, Illinois, a brother of Bonnie Clutter.
The letter, after expressing gratitude to the townspeople forhaving opened their “homes and hearts” to the bereaved
family, turned into a plea. “There is much resentment in thiscommunity [that is, Garden City],” wrote Mr. Fox. “I haveeven heard on more than one occasion that the man, whenfound, should be hanged from the nearest tree. Let us not
feel this way. The deed is done and taking another life
cannot change it. Instead, let us forgive as God would have
us do. It is not right that we should hold a grudge in ourhearts. The doer of this act is going to find it very difficult
indeed to live with himself. His only peace of mind will bewhen he goes to God for forgiveness. Let us not stand in
the way but instead give prayers that he may find hispeace.”

The car was parked on a promontory where Perry andDick had stopped to picnic. It was noon. Dick scanned theview through a pair of binoculars. Mountains. Hawks
wheeling in a white sky. A dusty road winding into and outof a white and dusty village. Today was his second day in
Mexico, and so far he liked it fine—even the food. (At thisvery moment he was eating a cold, oily tortilla.) They had
crossed the border at Laredo, Texas, the morning ofNovember 23, and spent the first night in a San Luis Potosí
brothel. They were now two hundred miles north of their next
destination, Mexico City.
“Know what I think?” said Perry. “I think there must be
something wrong with us. To do what we did.”“Did what?”“Out there.”
Dick dropped the binoculars into a leather case, a luxurious
receptacle initialed H.W.C. He was annoyed. Annoyed ashell. Why the hell couldn’t Perry shut up? Christ Jesus, whatdamn good did it do, always dragging the goddam thing
up? It really was annoying. Especially since they’d agreed,sort of, not to talk about the goddam thing. Just forget it.
“There’s got to be something wrong with somebody who’ddo a thing like that,” Perry said.
“Deal me out, baby,” Dick said. “I’m a normal.” And Dick
meant what he said. He thought himself as balanced, assane as anyone—maybe a bit smarter than the average
fellow, that’s all. But Perry—there was, in Dick’s opinion,“something wrong” with Little Perry. To say the least. Last
spring, when they had celled together at Kansas State
Penitentiary, he’d learned most of Perry’s lesser
peculiarities: Perry could be “such a kid,” always wetting his
bed and crying in his sleep (“Dad, I been looking
everywhere, where you been, Dad?”), and often Dick had
seen him “sit for hours just sucking his thumb and poringover them phony damn treasure guides.” Which was one
side; there were others. In some ways old Perry was“spooky as hell.” Take, for instance, that temper of his. He
could slide into a fury “quicker than ten drunk Indians.” And
yet you wouldn’t know it. “He might be ready to kill you, but
you’d never know it, not to look at or listen to,” Dick once
said. For however extreme the inward rage, outwardly
Perry remained a cool young tough, with eyes serene andslightly sleepy. The time had been when Dick had thought
he could control, could regulate the temperature of thesesudden cold fevers that burned and chilled his friend. He
had been mistaken, and in the aftermath of that discovery,
had grown very unsure of Perry, not at all certain what tothink—except that he felt he ought to be afraid of him, andwondered really why he wasn’t.
“Deep down,” Perry continued, “way, way rock-bottom, I
never thought I could do it. A thing like that.”“How about the nigger?” Dick said. Silence. Dick realizedthat Perry was staring at him. A week ago, in Kansas City,
Perry had bought a pair of dark glasses—fancy ones withsilver-lacquered rims and mirrored lenses. Dick disliked
them; he’d told Perry he was ashamed to be seen with“anyone who’d wear that kind of flit stuff.” Actually, what
irked him was the mirrored lenses; it was unpleasanthaving Perry’s eyes hidden behind the privacy of thosetinted, reflecting surfaces.
“But a nigger,” said Perry. “That’s different.”
The comment, the reluctance with which it was pronounced,
made Dick ask, “Or did you? Kill him like you said?” It wasa significant question, for his original interest in Perry, his
assessment of Perry’s character and potentialities, wasfounded on the story Perry had once told him of how he had
beaten a colored man to death.
“Sure I did. Only—a nigger. It’s not the same.” Then Perrysaid, “Know what it is that really bugs me? About the otherthing? It’s just I don’t believe it—that anyone can get awaywith a thing like that. Because I don’t see how it’s possible.
To do what we did. And just one hundred percent get awaywith it. I mean, that’s what bugs me—I can’t get it out of myhead that something’s got to happen.”Though as a child he had attended church, Dick had never“come near” a belief in God; nor was he troubled bysuperstitions. Unlike Perry, he was not convinced that abroken mirror meant seven years’ misfortune, or that ayoung moon if glimpsed through glass portended evil. But
Perry, with his sharp and scratchy intuitions, had hit upon
Dick’s one abiding doubt. Dick, too, suffered moments
when that question circled inside his head: Was it possible—were the two of them “honest to God going to get awaywith doing a thing like that”? Suddenly, he said to Perry,“Now, just shut up!” Then he gunned the motor and backed
the car off the promontory. Ahead of him, on the dusty road,he saw a dog trotting along in the warm sunshine.

Mountains. Hawks wheeling in a white sky.
When Perry asked Dick, “Know what I think?” he knew hewas beginning a conversation that would displease Dick,and one that, for that matter, he himself would just as soon
avoid. He agreed with Dick: Why go on talking about it? But
he could not always stop himself. Spells of helplessness
occurred, moments when he “remembered things”—blue
light exploding in a black room, the glass eyes of a big toy
bear—and when voices, a particular few words, started
nagging his mind: “Oh, no! Oh, please! No! No! No! No!
Don’t! Oh, please don’t, please!” And certain sounds
returned—a silver dollar rolling across a floor, boot steps
on hardwood stairs, and the sounds of breathing, thegasps, the hysterical inhalations of a man with a severed
windpipe.
When Perry said, “I think there must be something wrong
with us,” he was making an admission he “hated to make.”
After all, it was “painful” to imagine that one might be “notjust right”—particularly if whatever was wrong was not yourown fault but “maybe a thing you were born with.” Look at
his family! Look at what had happened there! His mother,an alcoholic, had strangled to death on her own vomit. Of
her children, two sons and two daughters, only the younger
girl, Barbara, had entered ordinary life, married, begun
raising a family. Fern, the other daughter, jumped out of awindow of a San Francisco hotel. (Perry had ever since“tried to believe she slipped,” for he’d loved Fern. She was“such a sweet person,” so “artistic,” a “terrific” dancer, andshe could sing, too. “If she’d ever had any luck at all, with
her looks and all, she could have got somewhere, been
somebody.” It was sad to think of her climbing over awindow sill and falling fifteen floors.) And there was Jimmy,
the older boy—Jimmy, who had one day driven his wife tosuicide and killed himself the next.
Then he heard Dick say, “Deal me out, baby. I’m a normal.”
Wasn’t that a horse’s laugh? But never mind, let it pass.
“Deep down,” Perry continued, “way, way rock-bottom, I
never thought I could do it. A thing like that.” And at once herecognized his error: Dick would, of course, answer by
asking, “How about the nigger?” When he’d told Dick thatstory, it was because he’d wanted Dick’s friendship,
wanted Dick to “respect” him, think him “hard,” as much “themasculine type” as he had considered Dick to be. And so
one day after they had both read and were discussing a
Reader’s Digest article entitled “How Good a Character
Detective Are You?” (“As you wait in a dentist’s office or arailway station, try studying the give-away signs in people
around you. Watch the way they walk, for example. A stifflegged gait can reveal a rigid, unbending personality; ashambling walk a lack of determination”), Perry had said
“I’ve always been an outstanding character detective,
otherwise I’d be dead today. Like if I couldn’t judge when totrust somebody. You never can much. But I’ve come to trustyou, Dick. You’ll see I do, because I’m going to put myself inyour power. I’m going to tell you something I never told
anybody. Not even Willie-Jay. About the time I fixed a guy.”
And Perry saw, as he went on, that Dick was interested; hewas really listening. “It was a couple of summers ago. Out in
Vegas. I was living in this old boarding house—it used to
be a fancy cathouse. But all the fancy was gone. It was aplace they should have torn down ten years back; anyway, it
was sort of coming down by itself. The cheapest rooms
were in the attic, and I lived up there. So did this nigger. Hisname was King; he was a transient. We were the only two
up there—us and a million cucarachas. King, he wasn’t too
young, but he’d done roadwork and other outdoor stuff—hehad a good build. He wore glasses, and he read a lot. He
never shut his door. Every time I passed by, he was always
lying there buck-naked. He was out of work, and said he’dsaved a few dollars from his last job, said he wanted to stayin bed awhile, read and fan himself and drink beer. The
stuff he read, it was just junk—comic books and cowboy
junk. He was O.K. Sometimes we’d have a beer together,and once he lent me ten dollars. I had no cause to hurt him.
But one night we were sitting in the attic, it was so hot you
couldn’t sleep, so I said, ‘Come on, King, let’s go for adrive.’ I had an old car I’d stripped and souped and painted
silver—the Silver Ghost, I called it. We went for a long drive.
Drove way out in the desert. Out there it was cool. We
parked and drank a few more beers. King got out of thecar, and I followed after him. He didn’t see I’d picked up thischain. A bicycle chain I kept under the seat. Actually, I had
no real idea to do it till I did it. I hit him across the face.
Broke his glasses. I kept right on. Afterward, I didn’t feel athing. I left him there, and never heard a word about it.
Maybe nobody ever found him. Just buzzards.”
There was some truth in the story. Perry had known, under
the circumstances stated, a Negro named King. But if theman was dead today it was none of Perry’s doing; he’dnever raised a hand against him. For all he knew, Kingmight still be lying abed somewhere, fanning himself andsipping beer.
“Or did you? Kill him like you said?” Dick asked.
Perry was not a gifted liar, or a prolific one; however, once
he had told a fiction he usually stuck by it. “Sure I did. Only

—a nigger. It’s not the same.” Presently, he said, “Knowwhat it is that really bugs me? About that other thing? It’s
just I don’t believe it—that anyone can get away with a thing
like that.” And he suspected that Dick didn’t, either. For
Dick was at least partly inhabited by Perry’s mystical-moral
apprehensions. Thus: “Now, just shut up!”
The car was moving. A hundred feet ahead, a dog trottedalong the side of the road. Dick swerved toward it. It was an
old half-dead mongrel, brittle-boned and mangy, and theimpact, as it met the car, was little more than what a bird
might make. But Dick was satisfied. “Boy!” he said—and it
was what he always said after running down a dog, which
was something he did whenever the opportunity arose.
“Boy! We sure splattered him!”Thanksgiving passed, and the pheasant season came to ahalt, but not the beautiful Indian summer, with its flow ofclear, pure days. The last of the out-of-town newsmen,convinced that the case was never going to be solved, left
Garden City. But the case was by no means closed for thepeople of Finney County, and least of all for those whopatronized Holcomb’s favorite meeting place, Hartman’s
Café.

“Since the trouble started, we’ve been doing all thebusiness we can handle,” Mrs. Hartman said, gazingaround her snug domain, every scrap of which was being
sat or stood or leaned upon by tobacco-scented, coffeedrinking farmers, farm helpers, and ranch hands. “Just abunch of old women,” added Mrs. Hartman’s cousin,
Postmistress Clare, who happened to be on the premises.
“If it was spring and work to be done, they wouldn’t be here.
But wheat’s in, winter’s on the way, they got nothing to do
but sit around and scare each other. You know Bill Brown,
down to the Telegram? See the editorial he wrote? Thatone he called it ‘Another Crime’? Said, ‘It’s time foreveryone to stop wagging loose tongues.’ Because that’s acrime, too—telling plain-out lies. But what can you expect?
Look around you. Rattlesnakes. Varmints. Rumormongers.
See anything else? Ha! Like dash you do.”One rumor originating in Hartman’s Café involved Taylor
Jones, a rancher whose property adjoins River Valley
Farm. In the opinion of a good part of the café’s clientele,
Mr. Jones and his family, not the Clutters, were themurderer’s intended victims. “It makes harder sense,”
argued one of those who held this view. “Taylor Jones, he’s
a richer man than Herb Clutter ever was. Now, pretend thefellow who done it wasn’t anyone from hereabouts. Pretendhe’d been maybe hired to kill, and all he had was
instructions on how to get to the house. Well, it would bemighty easy to make a mistake—take a wrong turn—andend up at Herb’s place ’stead of Taylor’s.” The “JonesTheory” was much repeated—especially to the Joneses, adignified and sensible family, who refused to be flustered.
A lunch counter, a few tables, an alcove harboring a hot grill
and an icebox and a radio—that’s all there is to Hartman’s
Café. “But our customers like it,” says the proprietress. “Gotto. Nowhere else for them to go. ’Less they drive sevenmiles one direction or fifteen the other. Anyway, we run afriendly place, and the coffee’s good since Mable came towork”—Mabel being Mrs. Helm. “After the tragedy, I said,‘Mabel, now that you’re out of a job, why don’t you comegive me a hand at the café. Cook a little. Wait counter.’
How it turned out—the only bad feature is, everybody
comes in here, they pester her with questions. About thetragedy. But Mabel’s not like Cousin Myrt. Or me. She’s
shy. Besides, she doesn’t know anything special. No morethan anybody else.” But by and large the Hartman
congregation continued to suspect that Mabel Helm knew athing or two that she was holding back. And, of course, shedid. Dewey had had several conversations with her andhad requested that everything they said be kept secret.
Particularly, she was not to mention the missing radio or thewatch found in Nancy’s shoe. Which is why she said to Mrs.
Archibald William Warren-Browne, “Anybody reads thepapers knows as much as I do. More. Because I don’t readthem.”
Square, squat, in the earlier forties, an Englishwoman fitted
out with an accent almost incoherently upper-class, Mrs.

Archibald William Warren-Browne did not at all resemble
the café’s other frequenters, and seemed, within thatsetting, like a peacock trapped in a turkey pen. Once,
explaining to an acquaintance why she and her husband
had abandoned “family estates in the North of England,”exchanging the hereditary home—“the jolliest, oh, theprettiest old priory”—for an old and highly unjolly farmhouseon the plains of western Kansas, Mrs. Warren-Browne said:“Taxes, my dear. Death duties. Enormous, criminal death
duties. That’s what drove us out of England. Yes, we left ayear ago. Without regrets. None. We love it here. Justadore it. Though, of course, it’s very different from our otherlife. The life we’ve always known. Paris and Rome. Monte.
London. I do—occasionally—think of London. Oh, I don’t
really miss it—the frenzy, and never a cab, and always
worrying how one looks. Positively not. We love it here. I
suppose some people—those aware of our past, the life
we’ve led—wonder aren’t we the tiniest bit lonely, out there
in the wheat fields. Out West is where we meant to settle.
Wyoming or Nevada—la vraie chose. We hoped when we
got there some oil might stick to us. But on our way westopped to visit friends in Garden City—friends of friends,
actually. But they couldn’t have been kinder. Insisted welinger on. And we thought, Well, why not? Why not hire a bitof land and start ranching? Or farming. Which is a decision
we still haven’t come to—whether to ranch or farm. Dr.
Austin asked if we didn’t find it perhaps too quiet. Actually,
no. Actually, I’ve never known such bedlam. It’s noisier than

a bomb raid. Train whistles. Coyotes. Monsters howling thebloody night long. A horrid racket. And since the murders it
seems to bother me more. So many things do. Our house—what an old creaker it is! Mark you, I’m not complaining.
Really, it’s quite a serviceable house—has all the mod.
cons.—but, oh, how it coughs and grunts! And after dark,when the wind commences, that hateful prairie wind, onehears the most appalling moans. I mean, if one’s a bit
nervy, one can’t help imagining—silly things. Dear God!
That poor family! No, we never met them. I saw Mr. Clutter
once. In the Federal Building.”
Early in December, in the course of a single afternoon, twoof the café’s steadiest customers announced plans to packup and leave not merely Finney County but the state. The
first was a tenant farmer who worked for Lester McCoy, awell-known western-Kansas landowner and businessman.
He said, “I had myself a talk with Mr. McCoy. Tried to let
him know what’s going on out here in Holcomb andhereabouts. How a body can’t sleep. My wife can’t sleep,and she won’t allow me. So I told Mr. McCoy I like his placefine but he better hunt up another man. ’Count of we’removin’ on. Down to east Colorado. Maybe then I’ll get somerest.”The second announcement was made by Mrs. Hideo
Ashida, who stopped by the café with three of her four redcheeked children. She lined them up at the counter and told
Mrs. Hartman, “Give Bruce a box of Cracker Jack. Bobby

wants a Coke. Bonnie Jean? We know how you feel,
Bonnie Jean, but come on, have a treat.” Bonnie Jean
shook her head, and Mrs. Ashida said, “Bonnie Jean’s sortof blue. She don’t want to leave here. The school here. And
all her friends.”“Why, say,” said Mrs. Hartman, smiling at Bonnie Jean.
“That’s nothing to be sad over. Transferring from Holcomb
to Garden City High. Lots more boys—”
Bonnie Jean said, “You don’t understand. Daddy’s taking
us away. To Nebraska.”
Bess Hartman looked at the mother, as if expecting her todeny the daughter’s allegation.
“It’s true, Bess,” Mrs. Ashida said.
“I don’t know what to say,” said Mrs. Hartman, her voice
indignantly astonished, and also despairing. The Ashidas
were a part of the Holcomb community everyone
appreciated—a family likably high-spirited, yet hardworking and neighborly and generous, though they didn’t
have much to be generous with.
Mrs. Ashida said, “We’ve been talking on it a long time.
Hideo, he thinks we can do better somewhere else.”“When you plan to go?”

“Soon as we sell up. But anyway not before Christmas. On
account of a deal we’ve worked out with the dentist. About
Hideo’s Christmas present. Me and the kids, we’re giving
him three gold teeth. For Christmas.”
Mrs. Hartman sighed. “I don’t know what to say. Except I
wish you wouldn’t. Just up and leave us.” She sighed again.
“Seems like we’re losing everybody. One way and another.”“Gosh, you think I want to leave?” Mrs. Ashida said.“Far as
people go, this is the nicest place we ever lived. But Hideo,
he’s the man, and he says we can get a better farm in
Nebraska. And I’ll tell you something, Bess.” Mrs. Ashidaattempted a frown, but her plump, round, smooth face could
not quite manage it. “We used to argue about it. Then one
night I said, ‘O.K., you’re the boss, let’s go.’ After what
happened to Herb and his family, I felt something aroundhere had come to an end. I mean personally. For me. And
so I quit arguing. I said O.K.” She dipped a hand into
Bruce’s box of Crackerjack. “Gosh, I can’t get over it. I can’t
get it off my mind. I liked Herb. Did you know I was one of
the last to see him alive? Uh-huh. Me and the kids. We
been to the 4-H meeting in Garden City and he gave us aride home. The last thing I said to Herb, I told him how I
couldn’t imagine his ever being afraid. That no matter what
the situation was, he could talk his way out of it.”Thoughtfully she nibbled a kernel of Cracker jack, took aswig of Bobby’s Coke, then said, “Funny, but you know,
Bess, I’ll bet he wasn’t afraid. I mean, however it happened,I’ll bet right up to the last he didn’t believe it would. Because
it couldn’t. Not to him.”

The sun was blazing. A small boat was riding at anchor in amild sea: the Estrellita, with four persons aboard—Dick,
Perry, a young Mexican, and Otto, a rich middle-aged
German.
“Please. Again,” said Otto, and Perry, strumming his guitar,sang in a husky sweet voice a Smoky Mountains song:“In this world today while we’re living
Some folks say the worst of us they can,But when we’re dead and in our caskets,
They always slip some lilies in our hand.
Won’t you give me flowers while I’m living . . .”A week in Mexico City, and then he and Dick had driven

south—Cuernavaca, Taxco, Acapulco. And it was in
Acapulco, in a “jukebox honky-tonk,” that they had met the
hairy-legged and hearty Otto. Dick had “picked him up.” But
the gentleman, a vacationing Hamburg lawyer, “already hada friend”—a young native Acapulcan who called himself the
Cowboy. “He proved to be a trustworthy person,” Perry
once said of the Cowboy. “Mean as Judas, some ways, butoh, man, a funny boy, a real fast jockey. Dick liked him, too.
We got on great.”
The Cowboy found for the tattooed drifters a room in thehouse of an uncle, undertook to improve Perry’s Spanish,
and shared the benefits of his liaison with the holidaymakerfrom Hamburg, in whose company and at whose expense
they drank and ate and bought women. The host seemed tothink his pesos well spent, if only because he relishedDick’s jokes. Each day Otto hired the Estrellita, a deepsea-fishing craft, and the four friends went trolling along thecoast. The Cowboy skippered the boat; Otto sketched andfished; Perry baited hooks, daydreamed, sang, andsometimes fished; Dick did nothing—only moaned,complained of the motion, lay about sun-drugged andlistless, like a lizard at siesta. But Perry said, “This is finallyit. The way it ought to be.” Still, he knew that it couldn’t
continue—that it was, in fact, destined to stop that very day.
The next day Otto was returning to Germany, and Perry andDick were driving back to Mexico City—at Dick’s
insistence. “Sure, baby,” he’d said when they weredebating the matter. “It’s nice and all. With the sun on yourback. But the dough’s going-going-gone. And after we’vesold the car, what have we got left?”
The answer was that they had very little, for they had by now
mostly disposed of the stuff acquired the day of the Kansas
City check-passing spree—the camera, the cuff links, thetelevision sets. Also, they had sold, to a Mexico City
policeman with whom Dick had got acquainted, a pair ofbinoculars and a gray Zenith portable radio. “What we’ll dois, we’ll go back to Mex, sell the car, and maybe I can get agarage job. Anyway, it’s a better deal up there. Better
opportunities. Christ, I sure could use some more of that
Inez.” Inez was a prostitute who had accosted Dick on thesteps of the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City (the visit
was part of a sightseeing tour taken to please Perry). She
was eighteen, and Dick had promised to marry her. But hehad also promised to marry Maria, a woman of fifty, who
was the widow of a “very prominent Mexican banker.” They
had met in a bar, and the next morning she had paid him
the equivalent of seven dollars. “So how about it?” Dicksaid to Perry. “We’ll sell the wagon. Find a job. Save ourdough. And see what happens.” As though Perry couldn’t
predict precisely what would happen. Suppose they got twoor three hundred for the old Chevrolet. Dick, if he knew
Dick, and he did—now he did—would spend it right awayon vodka and women.
While Perry sang, Otto sketched him in a sketchbook. It
was a passable likeness, and the artist perceived one notvery obvious aspect of the sitter’s countenance—its
mischief, an amused, babyish malice that suggested someunkind cupid aiming envenomed arrows. He was naked to
the waist. (Perry was “ashamed” to take off his trousers,“ashamed” to wear swimming trunks, for he was afraid thatthe sight of his injured legs would “disgust people,” and so,
despite his underwater reveries, all the talk about skindiving, he hadn’t once gone into the water.) Otto
reproduced a number of the tattoos ornamenting the
subject’s overmuscled chest, arms, and small andcalloused but girlish hands. The sketchbook, which Otto
gave Perry as a parting gift, contained several drawings ofDick—“nude studies.”
Otto shut his sketchbook, Perry put down his guitar, and the
Cowboy raised anchor, started the engine. It was time togo. They were ten miles out, and the water was darkening.
Perry urged Dick to fish. “We may never have anotherchance,” he said.
“Chance?”“To catch a big one.”“Jesus, I’ve got the bastard kind,” Dick said. “I’m sick.” Dick
often had headaches of migraine intensity—“the bastard
kind.” He thought they were the result of his automobile
accident. “Please, baby. Let’s be very, very quiet.”Moments later Dick had forgotten his pain. He was on his
feet, shouting with excitement. Otto and the Cowboy wereshouting, too. Perry had hooked “a big one.” Ten feet ofsoaring, plunging sailfish, it leaped, arched like a rainbow,
dived, sank deep, tugged the line taut, rose, flew, fell, rose.
An hour passed, and part of another, before the sweatsoaked sportsman reeled it in.
There is an old man with an ancient wooden box camera
who hangs around the harbor in Acapulco, and when the
Estrellita docked, Otto commissioned him to do six
portraits of Perry posed beside his catch. Technically, theold man’s work turned out badly—brown and streaked. Still,they were remarkable photographs, and what made themso was Perry’s expression, his look of unflawed fulfillment,of beatitude, as though at last, and as in one of his dreams,
a tall yellow bird had hauled him to heaven.

One December afternoon Paul Helm was pruning thepatch of floral odds and ends that had entitled Bonnie
Clutter to membership in the Garden City Garden Club. It
was a melancholy task, for he was reminded of anotherafternoon when he’d done the same chore. Kenyon had
helped him that day, and it was the last time he’d seen
Kenyon alive, or Nancy, or any of them. The weeks between

had been hard on Mr. Helm. He was “in poor health”(poorer than he knew; he had less than four months to live),and he was worried about a lot of things. His job, for one.
He doubted he would have it much longer. Nobody seemed
really to know, but he understood that “the girls,” Beverly
and Eveanna, intended to sell the property—though, as
he’d heard one of the boys at the café remark, “ain’t
nobody gonna buy that spread, long as the mystery lasts.” It“didn’t do” to think about—strangers here, harvesting “our”
land. Mr. Helm minded—he minded for Herb’s sake. This
was a place, he said, that “ought to be kept in a man’sfamily.” Once Herb had said to him, “I hope there’ll always
be a Clutter here, and a Helm, too.” It was only a year ago
Herb had said that. Lord, what was he to do if the farm got
sold? He felt “too old to fit in somewhere different.”
Still, he must work, and he wanted to. He wasn’t, he said,
the kind to kick off his shoes and sit by the stove. And yet it
was true that the farm nowadays made him uneasy: thelocked house, Nancy’s horse forlornly waiting in a field, theodor of windfall apples rotting under the apple trees, andthe absence of voices—Kenyon calling Nancy to thetelephone, Herb whistling, his glad “Good morning, Paul.”He and Herb had “got along grand”—never a cross word
between them. Why, then, did the men from the sheriff’s
office continue to question him? Unless they thought he had“something to hide”? Maybe he ought never to havementioned the Mexicans. He had informed Al Dewey that at
approximately four o’clock on Saturday, November 14, theday of the murders, a pair of Mexicans, one mustachioed
and the other pockmarked, appeared at River Valley Farm.
Mr. Helm had seen them knock on the door of “the office,”seen Herb step outside and talk to them on the lawn, and,possibly ten minutes later, watched the strangers walkaway, “looking sulky.” Mr. Helm figured that they had comeasking for work and had been told there was none.
Unfortunately, though he’d been called upon to recount his
version of that day’s events many times, he had not spokenof the incident until two weeks after the crime, because, as
he explained to Dewey, “I just suddenly recalled it.” But
Dewey, and some of the other investigators, seemed not tocredit his story, and behaved as though it were a tale he’dinvented to mislead them. They preferred to believe Bob
Johnson, the insurance salesman, who had spent all of
Saturday afternoon conferring with Mr. Clutter in the latter’s
office, and who was “absolutely positive” that from two toten past six he had been Herb’s sole visitor. Mr. Helm wasequally definite: Mexicans, a mustache, pockmarks, fouro’clock. Herb would have told them that he was speaking
the truth, convinced them that he, Paul Helm, was a man
who “said his prayers and earned his bread.” But Herb wasgone.
Gone. And Bonnie, too. Her bedroom window overlooked
the garden, and now and then, usually when she was“having a bad spell,” Mr. Helm had seen her stand longhours gazing into the garden, as though what she saw
bewitched her. (“When I was a girl,” she had once told afriend, “I was terribly sure trees and flowers were the sameas birds or people. That they thought things, and talked
among themselves. And we could hear them if we reallytried. It was just a matter of emptying your head of all othersounds. Being very quiet and listening very hard.
Sometimes I still believe that. But one can never get quiet
enough . . .”)Remembering Bonnie at the window, Mr. Helm looked up,
as though he expected to see her, a ghost behind theglass. If he had, it could not have amazed him more thanwhat he did in fact discern—a hand holding back a curtain,and eyes. “But,” as he subsequently described it, “the sun
was hitting that side of the house”—it made the window
glass waver, shimmeringly twisted what hung beyond it—
and by the time Mr. Helm had shielded his eyes, thenlooked again, the curtains had swung closed, the window
was vacant. “My eyes aren’t too good, and I wondered ifthey had played me a trick,” he recalled. “But I was pretty
darn certain that they hadn’t. And I was pretty darn certain it
wasn’t any spook. Because I don’t believe in spooks. So
who could it be? Sneaking around in there. Where
nobody’s got a right to go, except the law. And how did they
get in? With everything locked up like the radio wasadvertising tornadoes. That’s what I wondered. But I wasn’t
expecting to find out—not by myself. I dropped what I wasdoing, and cut across the fields to Holcomb. Soon as I got
there, I phoned Sheriff Robinson. Explained that there wassomebody prowling around inside the Clutter house. Well,they came raring right on out. State troopers. The sheriffand his bunch. The K.B.I. fellows. Al Dewey. Just as they
were stringing themselves around the place, sort of getting
ready for action, the front door opened.” Out walked aperson no one present had ever seen before—a man in his
middle thirties, dull-eyed, wild-haired, and wearing a hipholster stocked with a .38-caliber pistol. “I guess all of us
there had the identical idea—this was him, the one whocame and killed them,” Mr. Helm continued. “He didn’t
make a move. Stood quiet. Kind of blinking. They took the
gun away, and started asking questions.”
The man’s name was Adrian—Jonathan Daniel Adrian. He
was on his way to New Mexico, and at present had no fixed
address. For what purpose had he broken into the Clutter
house, and how, incidentally, had he managed it? He
showed them how. (He had lifted a lid off a water well andcrawled through a pipe tunnel that led into the basement.)
As for why, he had read about the case and was curious,
just wanted to see what the place looked like. “And then,”according to Mr. Helm’s memory of the episode,“somebody asked him was he a hitchhiker? Hitchhiking his
way to New Mexico? No, he said, he was driving his own
car. And it was parked down the lane a piece. So
everybody went to look at the car. When they found what
was inside it, one of the men—maybe it was Al Dewey—
said to him, told this Jonathan Daniel Adrian, ‘Well, mister,seems like we’ve got something to discuss.’ Because,
inside the car, what they’d found was a .12-gauge shotgun.

And a hunting knife.”

A room in a hotel in Mexico City. In the room was an ugly
modern bureau with a lavender-tinted mirror, and tucked
into a corner of the mirror was a printed warning from theManagement:

SU DÍA TERMINA A LAS 2 P.M.
YOUR DAY ENDS AT 2 P.M.

Guests, in other words, must vacate the room by the statedhour or expect to be charged another day’s rent—a luxury
that the present occupants were not contemplating. They
wondered only whether they could settle the sum alreadyowed. For everything had evolved as Perry had
prophesied: Dick had sold the car, and three days later themoney, slightly less than two hundred dollars, had largely
vanished. On the fourth day Dick had gone out hunting
honest work, and that night he had announced to Perry,“Nuts! You know what they pay? What the wages are? For
an expert mechanic? Two bucks a day. Mexico! Honey, I’ve

had it. We got to make it out of here. Back to the States.
No, now, I’m not going to listen. Diamonds. Buriedtreasure. Wake up, little boy. There ain’t no caskets of gold.
No sunken ship. And even if there was—hell, you can’t evenswim.” And the next day, having borrowed money from thericher of his two fiancées, the banker’s widow, Dick bought
bus tickets that would take them, via San Diego, as far as
Barstow, California. “After that,” he said, “we walk.”
Of course, Perry could have struck out on his own, stayed in
Mexico, let Dick go where he damn well wanted. Why not?
Hadn’t he always been “a loner,” and without any “realfriends” (except the gray-haired, gray-eyed, and “brilliant”
Willie-Jay)? But he was afraid to leave Dick; merely toconsider it made him feel “sort of sick,” as though he were
trying to make up his mind to “jump off a train going ninetynine miles an hour.” The basis of his fear, or so he himself
seemed to believe, was a newly grown superstitious
certainty that “whatever had to happen won’t happen” aslong as he and Dick “stick together.” Then, too, the severityof Dick’s “wakeup” speech, the belligerence with which
he’d proclaimed his theretofore concealed opinion ofPerry’s dreams and hopes—this, perversity being what itis, appealed to Perry, hurt and shocked him but charmed
him, almost revived his former faith in the tough, the “totally
masculine,” the pragmatic, the decisive Dick he’d once
allowed to boss him. And so, since a sunrise hour on achilly Mexico City morning in early December, Perry had
been prowling about the unheated hotel room assemblingand packing his possessions—stealthily, lest he waken thetwo sleeping shapes lying on one of the room’s twin beds:
Dick, and the younger of his betrotheds, Inez.
There was one belonging of his that need no longer
concern him. On their last night in Acapulco, a thief hadstolen the Gibson guitar—absconded with it from awaterfront café where he, Otto, Dick, and the Cowboy had
been bidding one another a highly alcoholic goodbye. And
Perry was bitter about it. He felt, he later said, “real mean
and low,” explaining, “You have a guitar long enough, like I
had that one, wax and shine it, fit your voice to it, treat it likeit was a girl you really had some use for—well, it gets to bekind of holy.” But while the purloined guitar presented noownership problem, his remaining property did. As he andDick would now be traveling by foot or thumb, they clearly
could not carry with them more than a few shirts and socks.
The rest of their clothing would have to be shipped—and,indeed, Perry had already filled a cardboard carton (putting
into it—along with some bits of unlaundered laundry—twopairs of boots, one pair with soles that left a Cat’s Paw
print, the other pair with diamond-pattern soles) andaddressed it to himself, care of General Delivery, Las
Vegas, Nevada.
But the big question, and source of heartache, was what to
do with his much-loved memorabilia—the two huge boxes
heavy with books and maps, yellowing letters, song lyrics,
poems, and unusual souvenirs (suspenders and a beltfabricated from the skins of Nevada rattlers he himself had
slain; an erotic netsuke bought in Kyoto; a petrified dwarf
tree, also from Japan; the foot of an Alaskan bear).
Probably the best solution—at least, the best Perry could
devise—was to leave the stuff with “Jesus.” The “Jesus” hehad in mind tended bar in a café across the street from thehotel, and was, Perry thought, muy simpático, definitely
someone he could trust to return the boxes on demand. (Heintended to send for them as soon as he had a “fixed
address.”)
Still, there were some things too precious to chance losing,
so while the lovers drowsed and time dawdled on toward
2:00 P.M., Perry looked through old letters, photographs,
clippings, and selected from them those mementos hemeant to take with him. Among them was a badly typed
composition entitled “A History of My Boy’s Life.” Theauthor of this manuscript was Perry’s father, who in an effort
to help his son obtain a parole from Kansas State
Penitentiary, had written it the previous December andmailed it to the Kansas State Parole Board. It was adocument that Perry had read at least a hundred times,
never with indifference:
CHILDHOOD—Be glad to tell you, as I see it, both good andbad. Yes, Perry birth was normal. Healthy—yes. Yes, I wasable to care for him properly until my wife turned out to be adisgraceful drunkard when my children were at school age.
Happy disposition—yes and no, very serious if mistreatedhe never forgets. I also keep my promises and make him
do so. My wife was different. We lived in the country. We
are all truly outdoor people. I taught my children the Golden
Rule. Live & let live and in many cases my children would
tell on each other when doing wrong and the guilty one
would always admit, and come forward, willing for a
spanking. And promise to be good, and always done theirwork quickly and willing so they could be free to play.
Always wash themselves first thing in the morning, dress inclean clothes, I was very strict about that, and wrong doingsto others, and if wrong was done to them by other kids I
made them quit playing with them. Our children were notrouble to us as long as we were together. It all started when
my wife wanted to go to the City and live a wild life—andran away to do so. I let her go and said goodby as she took
the car and left me behind (this was during depression). My
children all cryed at the top of their voices. She only cussed
them saying they would run away to come to me later. She
got mad and then said she would turn the children to hateme, which she did, all but Perry. For the love of my children
after several months I went to find them, located them in
San Francisco, my wife not knowing. I tryed to see them inschool. My wife had given orders to the teacher not to letme see them. However, I managed to see them while
playing in the school yard and was surprised when they toldme, “Mama told us not to talk to you.” All but Perry. He wasdifferent. He put his arms around me and wanted to run
away with me rite then. I told him No. But rite after schoolwas out, he ran away to my lawyers office Mr. Rinso Turco.
I took my boy back to his mother and left the City. Perrylater told me, his mother told him to find a new home. While
my children were with her they run around as they pleased, I
understand Perry got into trouble. I wanted her to ask for
divorce, which she did after about a year or so. Her drinkin
and stepin out, living with a young man. I contested the
divorce and was granted full custody of the children. I took
Perry to my home to live with me. The other children were
put in homes as I could not manage to take them all in myhome and them being part indian blood and welfare tookcare of them as I requested.
This was during depression time. I was working on
W.P.A. very small wages. I owned some property and small
home at the time. Perry and I lived together peacefully. My
heart was hurt, as I still loved my other children also. So I
took to roaming to forget it all. I made a livin for us both. I
sold my property and we lived in a “house car.” Perry went
to school often as possible. He didn’t like school very well.
He learns quick and never got into trouble with the otherkids. Only when the Bully Kid picked on him. He was shortand stocky a new kid in school they tried to mistreat him.
They found him willing to fight for his rights. That was theway I raised my kids. I always told them dont start a fight, if
you do, I’ll give you a beaten when I find out. But if the otherkids start a fight, do your best. One time a kid twice his age
at school, run up and hit him, to his surprise Perry got him
down and give him a good beating. I had given him someadvice in wrestling. As I once used to Box & Wrestle. The

lady principal of the school and all the kids watched thisfight. The lady principal loved the big kid. To see him getwhipped by my little boy Perry was more than she could
take. After that Perry was King of the Kids at school. If any
big kid tried to mistreat a small one, Perry would settle thatrite now. Even the Big Bully was afraid of Perry now, andhad to be good. But that hurt the lady principal so she cameto me complaining about Perry fighting in school. I told her I
knew all about it and that I didnt intend to let my boy getbeat up by kids twice his size. I also asked her why she letthat Bully Kid beat up on other kids. I told her that Perry had
a rite to defend himself. Perry never started the trouble andthat I would take a hand in this affair myself. I told her myson was well liked by all the neighbors, and their kids. I also
told her I was going to take Perry out of her school real
soon, move away to another state. Which I did. Perry is noAngel he has done wrong many times same as so manyother kids. Rite is Rite and wrong is wrong. I dont stick up
for his wrong doings. He must pay the Hardway when hedoes wrong, law is Boss he knows that by now.
YOUTH—Perry joined the merchant Marines in second
war. I went to Alaska, he came later and joined me there. I
trapped furs and Perry worked with the Alaska Road
Commission the first winter then he got work on the railroad
for a short while. He couldn’t get the work he liked to do.
Yes—he give me $ now and then when he had it. He also
sent me $30.00 a month while in Korea war while he wasthere from beginning until the end and was dischard inSeattle, Wash. Honorable as far as I know. He ismechanically inclined. Bulldozers, draglines, shovels, heavy
duty trucks of all type is his desire. For the experience hehas had he is real good. Somewhat reckless and speed
crazy with motorcycles and light cars. But since he has had
a good taste of what speed will do, and his both legs Broke& hip injury he now has slowed down on that I’m sure.
RECREATION—INTERESTS. Yes he had several girl friends,
soon as he found a girl to mistreat him or trifle, he would
quit her. He never was married as far as I know. My
troubles with his mother made him afraid of marriage
somewhat. Im a Sober man and as far as I know Perry is
also a person that dont like drunks. Perry is like myself agreat deal. He likes Company of decent type—outdoors
people, he like myself, likes to be by himself also he likes
best to work for himself. As I do. I’m a jack of all trades, so
to speak, master of few and so is Perry. I showed him how
to make a living working for himself as a fur trapper,
prospector, carpenter, woodsman, horses, etc. I know how
to cook and so does he, not a professional cook just planecooking for himself. Bake bread, etc. hunt, and fish, trap, domost anything else. As I said before, Perry likes to be his
own Boss & if he is given a chance to work at a job helikes, tell him how you want it done, then leave him alone,
he will take great pride in doing his work. If he sees the
Boss appreciates his work he will go out of his way for him.
But dont get tuff with him. Tell him in a pleasant way how
you want to have it done. He is very touchie, his feeling isvery easily hurt, and so are mine. I have quit several jobs &so has Perry on account of Bully Bosses. Perry does nothave much schooling I dont either, I only had second
reader. But dont let that make you think we are not sharp.
Im a self taught man & so is Perry. A White Colar job is not
for Perry or me. But outdoors jobs we can master & if wecant, show him or me how its done & in just a couple ofdays we can master a job or machine. Books are out.
Actual experience we both catch on rite now, if we like towork at it. First of all we must like the job. But now hes a
Cripple and almost middle-aged man. Perry knows he is
not wanted now by Contracters, cripples can’t get jobs on
heavy equiptment, unless you are well know to theContracter. He is beginning to realize that, he is beginningto think of a more easier way of supporting himself in linewith my life. Im sure Im correct. I also think speed is nolonger his desire. I notice all that now in his letters to me.
He says “be careful Dad. Don’t drive if you feel sleepy,
better stop & rest by the road side.” These are the samewords I used to tell him. Now he’s telling me. He’s learned alesson.
As I see it—Perry has learned a lesson he will neverforget. Freedom means everything to him you will never get
him behind bars again. Im quite sure Im rite. I notice a bigchange in the way he talks. He deeply regrets his mistake
he told me. I also know he feels ashamed to meet people
he knows he will not tell them he was behind bars. He
asked me not to mention where he is to his friends. Whenhe wrote & told me he was behind bars, I told him let that bea lesson—that I was glad that it happened that way when it
could have been worse. Someone could have shot him. I
also told him to take his term behind bars with a smile U
done it yourself. U know better. I didn’t raise you to steal
from others, so dont complain to me how tuff it is in prison.
Be a good boy in prison. & he promised that he would. I
hope he is a good prisoner. Im sure no one will talk him into
stealing anymore. The law is boss, he knows that. He loves
his Freedom.
How well I know that Perry is goodhearted if you treat him
rite. Treat him mean & you got a buzz saw to fight. You cantrust him with any amount of $ if your his friend. He will do
as you say he wont steal a cent from a friend or anyoneelse. Before this happened. And I sincerely hope he will live
the rest of his life a honest man. He did steal something in
Company with others when he was a little kid. just ask Perry
if I was a good father to him ask him if his mother was goodto him in Frisco. Perry knows whats good for him. U got him
whipped forever. He knows when he’s beat. He’s not adunce. He knows life is too short to sweet to spend behindbars ever again.
RELATIVES. One sister Bobo married, and me his father is
all that is living of Perry. Bobo & her husband are selfsupporting. Own their own home & I’m able & active to takecare of myself also. I sold my lodge in Alaska two years
ago. I intend to have another small place of my own next
year. I located several mineral claims & hope to getsomething out of them. Besides that I have not given up
prospecting. I am also asked to write a book on artistic

wood carving, and the famous Trappers Den Lodge I build
in Alaska once my homestead known by all tourists thattravel by car to Anchorage and maybe I will. I’ll share all I
have with Perry. Anytime I eat he eats. As long as Im alive.
& when I die Ive got life insurance that will be paid to him so
he can start LIFE Anew when he gets free again. In case Im
not alive then.
This biography always set racing a stable of emotions—self-pity in the lead, love and hate running evenly at first, thelatter ultimately pulling ahead. And most of the memories it
released were unwanted, though not all. In fact, the first partof his life that Perry could remember was treasurable—afragment composed of applause, glamour. He wasperhaps three, and he was seated with his sisters and hisolder brother in the grandstand at an open-air rodeo; in thering, a lean Cherokee girl rode a wild horse, a “bucking
bronc,” and her loosened hair whipped back and forth, flew
about like a flamenco dancer’s. Her name was Flo
Buckskin, and she was a professional rodeo performer, a“champion bronc-rider.” So was her husband, Tex John
Smith; it was while touring the Western rodeo circuit thatthe handsome Indian girl and the homely-handsome Irish
cowboy had met, married, and had the four children sittingin the grandstand. (And Perry could remember manyanother rodeo spectacle—see again his father skipping
about inside a circle of spinning lassos, or his mother, withsilver and turquoise bangles jangling on her wrists, trickriding at a desperado speed that thrilled her youngest childand caused crowds in towns from Texas to Oregon to“stand up and clap.”)
Until Perry was five, the team of “Tex & Flo” continued towork the rodeo circuit. As a way of life, it wasn’t “any gallonof ice cream,” Perry once recalled: “Six of us riding in an
old truck, sleeping in it, too, sometimes, living off mush andHershey kisses and condensed milk. Hawks Brand
condensed milk it was called, which is what weakened mykidneys—the sugar content—which is why I was always
wetting the bed.” Yet it was not an unhappy existence,
especially for a little boy proud of his parents, admiring of
their showmanship and courage—a happier life, certainly,
than what replaced it. For Tex and Flo, both forced byailments to retire from their occupation, settled near Reno,
Nevada. They fought, and Flo “took to whiskey,” and then,when Perry was six, she departed for San Francisco,taking the children with her. It was exactly as the old man
had written: “I let her go and said goodby as she took the
car and left me behind (this was during depression). My
children all cryed at the top of their voices. She only cursed
them saying they would run away to come to me later.” And,
indeed, over the course of the next three years Perry had
on several occasions run off, set out to find his lost father,for he had lost his mother as well, learned to “despise” her;liquor had blurred the face, swollen the figure of the once
sinewy, limber Cherokee girl, had “soured her soul,” honed
her tongue to the wickedest point, so dissolved her selfrespect that generally she did not bother to ask the names

of the stevedores and trolley-car conductors and such
persons who accepted what she offered without charge(except that she insisted they drink with her first, and dance
to the tunes of a wind-up Victrola).
Consequently, as Perry recalled, “I was always thinking
about Dad, hoping he could come take me away, and I
remember, like a second ago, the time I saw him again.
Standing in the schoolyard. It was like when the ball hits thebat really solid. Di Maggio. Only Dad wouldn’t help me.
Told me to be good and hugged me and went away. It was
not long afterward my mother put me to stay in a Catholicorphanage. The one where the Black Widows were always
at me. Hitting me. Because of wetting the bed. Which is
one reason I have an aversion to nuns. And God. And
religion. But later on I found there are people even more
evil. Because, after a couple of months, they tossed me outof the orphanage, and she [his mother] put me some placeworse. A children’s shelter operated by the Salvation Army.
They hated me, too. For wetting the bed. And being halfIndian. There was this one nurse, she used to call me‘nigger’ and say there wasn’t any difference between
niggers and Indians. Oh, Jesus, was she an Evil Bastard!
Incarnate. What she used to do, she’d fill a tub with ice-coldwater, put me in it, and hold me under till I was blue. Nearlydrowned. But she got found out, the bitch. Because I caught
pneumonia. I almost conked. I was in the hospital twomonths. It was while I was so sick that Dad came back.
When I got well, he took me away.”For almost a year father and son lived together in the housenear Reno, and Perry went to school. “I finished the third
grade,” Perry recalled. “Which was the finish. I never went
back. Because that summer Dad built a primitive sort oftrailer, what he called a ‘house car.’ It had two bunks and alittle cooking galley. The stove was good. You could cookanything on it. Baked our own bread. I used to put up
preserves—pickled apples, crabapple jelly. Anyway, for the
next six years we shifted around the country. Never stayed
nowhere too long. When we stayed some place too long,people would begin to look at Dad, act like he was acharacter, and I hated that, it hurt me. Because I loved Dadthen. Even though he could be rough on me. Bossy as hell.
But I loved Dad then. So I was always glad when we moved
on.” Moved on—to Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, eventually
Alaska. In Alaska, Tex taught his son to dream of gold, tohunt for it in the sandy beds of snow-water streams, andthere, too, Perry learned to use a gun, skin a bear, track
wolves and deer.
“Christ, it was cold,” Perry remembered. “Dad and I slept
hugged together, rolled up in blankets and bearskins.
Mornings, before daylight, I’d hustle our breakfast, biscuits
and syrup, fried meat, and off we went to scratch a living. It
would have been O.K. if only I hadn’t grown up; the older I
got, the less I was able to appreciate Dad. He knew
everything, one way, but he didn’t know anything, anotherway. Whole sections of me Dad was ignorant of. Didn’tunderstand an iota of. Like I could play a harmonica firsttime I picked one up. Guitar, too. I had this great natural
musical ability. Which Dad didn’t recognize. Or care about.
I liked to read, too. Improve my vocabulary. Make up songs.
And I could draw. But I never got any encouragement—from
him or anybody else. Nights I used to lie awake—trying tocontrol my bladder, partly, and partly because I couldn’t
stop thinking. Always, when it was too cold hardly tobreathe, I’d think about Hawaii. About a movie I’d seen.
With Dorothy Lamour. I wanted to go there. Where the sun
was. And all you wore was grass and flowers.”
Wearing considerably more, Perry, one balmy evening inwartime 1945, found himself inside a Honolulu tattoo parlor
having a snake-and-dagger design applied to his left
forearm. He had got there by the following route: a row withhis father, a hitchhike journey from Anchorage to Seattle, avisit to the recruiting offices of the Merchant Marine. “But I
never would have joined if I’d known what I was going up
against,” Perry once said. “I never minded the work, and I
liked being a sailor—seaports, and all that. But the queens
on ship wouldn’t leave me alone. A sixteen-year-old kid,
and a small kid. I could handle myself, sure. But a lot ofqueens aren’t effeminate, you know. Hell, I’ve known
queens could toss a pool table out the window. And the
piano after it. Those kind of girls, they can give you an evil
time, especially when there’s a couple of them, they get
together and gang up on you, and you’re just a kid. It canmake you practically want to kill yourself. Years later, when Iwent into the Army—when I was stationed in Korea—thesame problem came up. I had a good record in the Army,
good as anybody; they gave me the Bronze Star. But I
never got promoted. After four years, and fighting throughthe whole goddam Korean war, I ought at least to havemade corporal. But I never did. Know why? Because thesergeant we had was tough. Because I wouldn’t roll over.
Jesus, I hate that stuff. I can’t stand it. Though—I don’t
know. Some queers I’ve really liked. As long as they didn’t
try anything. The most worthwhile friend I ever had, reallysensitive and intelligent, he turned out to be queer.”In the interval between quitting the Merchant Marine andentering the Army, Perry had made peace with his father,who, when his son left him, drifted down to Nevada, thenback to Alaska. In 1952, the year Perry completed his
military service, the old man was in the midst of plansmeant to end his travels forever. “Dad was in a fever,” Perry
recalled. “Wrote me he had bought some land on the
highway outside Anchorage. Said he was going to have ahunting lodge, a place for tourists. ‘Trapper’s Den Lodge’—that was to be the name. And asked me to hurry on up there
and help him build it. He was sure we’d make a fortune.
Well, while I was still in the Army, stationed at Fort Lewis,
Washington, I’d bought a motorcycle (murdercycles, theyought to call them), and as soon as I got discharged I
headed for Alaska. Got as far as Bellingham. Up there on
the border. It was raining. My bike went into a skid.”

The skid delayed for a year the reunion with his father.
Surgery and hospitalization account for six months of that
year; the remainder he spent recuperating in the forest
home, near Bellingham, of a young Indian logger andfisherman. “Joe James. He and his wife befriended me.
The difference in our age was only two or three years, butthey took me into their home and treated me like I was oneof their kids. Which was O.K. Because they took trouble
with their kids and liked them. At the time they had four; thenumber finally went to seven. They were very good to me,
Joe and his family. I was on crutches, I was pretty helpless.
Just had to sit around. So to give me something to do, try to
make myself useful, I started what became a sort of school.
The pupils were Joe’s kids, along with some of theirfriends, and we held classes in the parlor. I was teachingharmonica and guitar. Drawing. And penmanship.
Everybody always remarks what a beautiful handwriting I
have. I do, and it’s because once I bought a book on thesubject and practiced till I could write same as in the book.
Also, we used to read stories—the kids did, each one inturn, and I’d correct them as we went along. It was fun. I likekids. Little kids. And that was a nice time. But then thespring came. It hurt me to walk, but I could walk. And Dad
was still waiting for me.”Waiting, but not idly. By the time Perry arrived at the site of
the proposed hunting lodge, his father, working alone, hadfinished the hardest chores—had cleared the ground,logged the necessary timber, cracked and carted

wagonloads of native rock. “But he didn’t commence tobuild till I got there. We did every damn piece of it
ourselves. With once in a while an Indian helper. Dad waslike a maniac. It didn’t matter what was happening—snowstorms, rainstorms, winds that could split a tree—wekept right at it. The day the roof was finished, Dad danced
all over it, shouting and laughing, doing a regular jig. Well, it
turned out quite an exceptional place. That could sleep
twenty people. Had a big fireplace in the dining room. And
there was a cocktail lounge. The Totem Pole Cocktail
Lounge. Where I was to entertain the customers. Singing
and so forth. We opened for business end of 1953.”
But the expected huntsmen did not materialize, and thoughordinary tourists—the few that trickled along the highway—
now and again paused to photograph the beyond-belief
rusticity of Trapper’s Den Lodge, they seldom stopped
overnight. “For a while we fooled ourselves. Kept thinking it
would catch on. Dad tried to trick up the place. Made a
Garden of Memories. With a Wishing Well. Put painted
signs up and down the highway. But none of it meant anickel more. When Dad realized that—saw it wasn’t any
use, all we’d done was waste ourselves and all our money—he began to take it out on me. Boss me around. Be
spiteful. Say I didn’t do my proper share of the work. It
wasn’t his fault, any more than it was mine. A situation like
that, with no money and the grub getting low, we couldn’t
help but be on each other’s nerves. The point came wewere downright hungry. Which is what we fell out over.

Ostensibly. A biscuit. Dad snatched a biscuit out of myhand, and said I ate too much, what a greedy, selfish
bastard I was, and why didn’t I get out, he didn’t want me
there no more. He carried on like that till I couldn’t stand it.
My hands got hold of his throat. My hands—but I couldn’t
control them. They wanted to choke him to death. Dad,though, he’s slippery, a smart wrestler. He tore loose andran to get his gun. Came back pointing it at me. He said,‘Look at me, Perry. I’m the last thing living you’re evergonna see.’ I just stood my ground. But then he realized thegun wasn’t even loaded, and he started to cry. Sat down
and bawled like a kid. Then I guess I wasn’t mad at him any
more. I was sorry for him. For both of us. But it wasn’t a bitof use—there wasn’t anything I could say. I went out for awalk. This was April, but the woods were still deep in snow.
I walked till it was almost night. When I got back, the lodge
was dark, and all the doors were locked. And everything I
owned was lying out there in the snow. Where Dad had
thrown it. Books. Clothes. Everything. I just let it lie. Except
my guitar. I picked up my guitar and started on down the
highway. Not a dollar in my pocket. Around midnight a truck
stopped to give me a lift. The driver asked where I wasgoing. I told him, ‘Wherever you’re headed, that’s where I’mgoing.”
Several weeks later, after again sheltering with the Jamesfamily, Perry decided on a definite destination—Worcester,
Massachusetts, the home town of an “Army buddy” hethought might welcome him and help him find “a good-paying job.” Various detours prolonged the eastward
journey; he washed dishes in an Omaha restaurant,
pumped gas at an Oklahoma garage, worked a month on aranch in Texas. By July of 1955 he had reached, on the trek
to Worcester, a small Kansas town, Phillipsburg, and there“fate,” in the form of “bad company,” asserted itself. “Hisname was Smith,” Perry said. “Same as me. I don’t evenrecall his first name. He was just somebody I’d picked up
with somewhere, and he had a car, and he said he’d giveme a ride as far as Chicago. Anyway, driving throughKansas we came to this little Phillipsburg place andstopped to look at a map. Seems to me like it was a
Sunday. Stores shut. Streets quiet. My friend there, blesshis heart, he looked around and made a suggestion.” Thesuggestion was that they burglarize a nearby building, theChandler Sales Company. Perry agreed, and they broke
into the deserted premises and removed a quantity ofoffice equipment (typewriters, adding machines). Thatmight have been that if only, some days afterward, thethieves hadn’t ignored a traffic signal in the city of Saint
Joseph, Missouri. “The junk was still in the car. The cop that
stopped us wanted to know where we got it. A little
checking was done, and, as they say, we were ‘returned’ toPhillipsburg, Kansas. Where the folks have a real cute jail. If
you like jails.” Within forty-eight hours Perry and his
companion had discovered an open window, climbed out
of it, stolen a car, and driven northwest to McCook,
Nebraska. “Pretty soon we broke up, me and Mr. Smith. I
don’t know what ever became of him. We both made theF.B.I.’s Wanted list. But far as I know, they never caught up
with him.”
One wet afternoon the following November, a Greyhoundbus deposited Perry in Worcester, a Massachusetts factory
town of steep, up-and-down streets that even in the best of
weathers seem cheerless and hostile. “I found the house
where my friend was supposed to live. My Army friend from
Korea. But the people there said he’d left six months backand they had no idea where he’d gone. Too bad, bigdisappointment, end of the world, all that. So I found a liquor
store and bought a half gallon of red wop and went back tothe bus depot and sat there drinking my wine and getting alittle warmer. I was really enjoying myself till a man camealong and arrested me for vagrancy.” The police booked
him as “Bob Turner”—a name he’d adopted because ofbeing listed by the F.B.I. He spent fourteen days in jail, wasfined ten dollars, and departed from Worcester on another
wet November afternoon. “I went down to New York andtook a room in a hotel on Eighth Avenue,” Perry said. “NearForty-second Street. Finally, I got a night job. Doing odd
jobs around a penny arcade. Right there on Forty-second
Street, next to an Automat. Which is where I ate—when I
ate. In over three months I practically never left theBroadway area. For one thing, I didn’t have the rightclothes. Just Western clothes—jeans and boots. But there
on Forty-second Street nobody cares, it all rides—anything. My whole life, I never met so many freaks.”

He lived out the winter in that ugly, neon-lit neighborhood,with its air full of the scent of popcorn, simmering hot dogs,
and orange drink. But then, one bright March morning on
the edge of spring, as he remembered it, “two F.B.I.
bastards woke me up. Arrested me at the hotel. Bang!—I
was extradited back to Kansas. To Phillipsburg. That same
cute jail. They nailed me to the cross—larceny, jailbreak,car theft. I got five to ten years. In Lansing. After I’d been
there awhile, I wrote Dad. Let him know the news. And
wrote Barbara, my sister. By now, over the years, that was
all I had left me. Jimmy a suicide. Fern out the window. My
mother dead. Been dead eight years. Everybody gone but
Dad and Barbara.”
A letter from Barbara was among the sheaf of selected
matter that Perry preferred not to leave behind in the
Mexico City hotel room. The letter, written in a pleasingly
legible script, was dated April 28, 1958, at which time therecipient had been imprisoned for approximately two years:
Dearest Bro. Perry,
We got your 2nd letter today & forgive me for not writing
sooner. Our weather here, as yours is, is turning warmer &maybe I am getting spring fever but I am going to try and do
better. Your first letter was very disturbing, as I’m sure you
must have suspected but that was not the reason I haven’t
written—it’s true the children do keep me busy & it’s hard tofind time to sit and concentrate on a letter as I have wanted

to write you for some time. Donnie has learned to open the
doors and climb on the chairs & other furniture & he worries
me constantly about falling.
I have been able to let the children play in the yard now &then—but I always have to go out with them as they can hurtthemselves if I don’t pay attention. But nothing is forever & I
know I will be sorry when they start running the block & I
don’t know where they’re at. Here are some statistics if
you’re interested—
HeightWeightShoe Size
Freddie 36-1/2” 26-1/2 lbs. 7-1/2 narrow
Baby 37-1/2 29-1/2 lbs. 8
narrow
Donnie 34
26
lbs 6-1/2 wide
You can see that Donnie is a pretty big boy for 15 months& with his 16 teeth and his sparkling personality—people
just can’t help loving him. He wears the same size clothes
as Baby and Freddie but the pants are too long as yet.
I am going to try & make this letter a long one so it willprobably have a lot of interruptions such as right now it’stime for Donnie’s bath—Baby & Freddie had theirs this A.M.
as it’s quite cold today & I have had them inside. Be backsoon—
About my typing—First—I cannot tell a lie! I am not atypist. I use from 1 to 5 fingers & although I can manage &do help Big Fred with his business affairs, what it takes me
1 hr. to do would probably take someone with the Know

How—15 minutes—Seriously, I do not have the time nor thewill to learn professionally. But I think it is wonderful how you
have stuck with it and become such an excellent typist. I do
believe we all were very adaptable (Jimmy, Fern, you andmyself) & we had all been blessed with a basic flair for theartistic—among other things. Even Mother & Dad wereartistic.
I truthfully feel none of us have anyone to blame forwhatever we have done with our own personal lives. It has
been proven that at the age of 7 most of us have reached
the age of reason—which means we do, at this age,
understand & know the difference between right & wrong.
Of course—environment plays an awfully important part inour lives such as the Convent in mine & in my case I am
grateful for that influence. In Jimmy’s case—he was thestrongest of us all. I remember how he worked & went toschool when there was no one to tell him & it was his own
WILL to make something of himself. We will never know thereasons for what eventually happened, why he did what hedid, but I still hurt thinking of it. It was such a waste. But wehave very little control over our human weaknesses, & thisapplies also to Fern & the hundreds of thousands of otherpeople including ourselves—for we all have weaknesses. In
your case—I don’t know what your weakness is but I do feel
—IT IS NO SHAME TO HAVE A DIRTY FACE—THE
SHAME COMES WHEN YOU KEEP IT DIRTY.
In all truthfulness & with love for you Perry, for you are my
only living brother and the uncle of my children, I cannot say

or feel your attitude towards our father or your imprisonment
JUST or healthy. If you are getting your back up—better
simmer down as I realize there are none of us who takecriticism cheerfully & it is natural to feel a certain amount of
resentment towards the one giving this criticism so I am
prepared for one or two things—a) Not to hear from you atall, or b) a letter telling me exactly what you think of me.
I hope I’m wrong & I sincerely hope you will give this lettera lot of thought & try to see—how someone else feels.
Please understand I know I am not an authority & I do notboast great intelligence or education but I do believe I am anormal individual with basic reasoning powers & the will tolive my life according to the laws of God & Man. It is also
true that I have “fallen” at times, as is normal—for as I said I
am human & therefore I too have human weaknesses but
the point is, again, There is no shame—having a dirty face—the shame comes when you keep it dirty. No one is moreaware of my shortcomings and mistakes than myself so I
won’t bore you further.
Now, first, & most important—Dad is not responsible foryour wrong doings or your good deeds. What you havedone, whether right or wrong, is your own doing. From what
I personally know, you have lived your life exactly as you
pleased without regard to circumstances or persons who
loved you—who might be hurt. Whether you realize it or not—your present confinement is embarrassing to me as well
as Dad—not because of what you did but the fact that you
don’t show me any signs of SINCERE regret and seem toshow no respect for any laws, people or anything. Yourletter implies that the blame of all your problems is that ofsomeone else, but never you. I do admit that you areintelligent & your vocabulary is excellent & I do feel you cando anything you decide to do & do it well but what exactly
do you want to do & are you willing to work & make anhonest effort to attain whatever it is you choose to do?
Nothing good comes easy & I’m sure you’ve heard thismany times but once more won’t hurt.
In case you want the truth about Dad—his heart is broken
because of you. He would give anything to get you out so
he can have his son back—but I am afraid you would only
hurt him worse if you could. He is not well and is getting
older &, as the saying goes, he cannot “Cut the Mustard” asin the old days. He has been wrong at times & he realizes
this but whatever he had and wherever he went he shared
his life & belongings with you when he wouldn’t do this foranyone else. Now I don’t say you owe him undying
gratitude or your life but you do owe him RESPECT and
COMMON DECENCY. I, personally, am proud of Dad. I
love him & Respect him as my Dad & I am only sorry hechose to be the Lone Wolf with his son, or he might beliving with us and share our love instead of alone in his little
trailer & longing & waiting & lonesome for you, his son. I
worry for him & when I say I I mean my husband too for myhusband respects our Dad. Because he is a MAN. It’s truethat Dad did not have a great extensive education but inschool we only learn to recognize the words and to spell butthe application of these words to real life is another thingthat only LIFE & LIVING can give us. Dad has lived & youshow ignorance in calling him uneducated & unable tounderstand “the scientific meaning etc” of life’s problems. A
mother is still the only one who can kiss a boo-boo andmake it all well—explain that scientifically.
I’m sorry to let you have it so strong but I feel I must speak
my piece. I am sorry that this must be censored [by theprison authorities], & I sincerely hope this letter is not
detrimental towards your eventual release but I feel you
should know & realize what terrible hurt you have done.
Dad is the important one as I am dedicated to my family but
you are the only one Dad loves—in short, his “family.” Heknows I love him, of course, but the closeness is not there,
as you know.
Your confinement is nothing to be proud of and you will
have to live with it & try & live it down & it can be done but
not with your attitude of feeling everyone is stupid &uneducated & un-understanding. You are a human being
with a free will. Which puts you above the animal level. But if
you live your life without feeling and compassion for yourfellow-man—you are as an animal—“an eye for an eye, atooth for a tooth” & happiness & peace of mind is not
attained by living thus.
As far as responsibility goes, no one really wants it—but
all of us are responsible to the community we live in & its
laws. When the time comes to assume the responsibility ofa home and children or business, this is the seeding of theboys from the Men—for surely you can realize what a messthe world would be if everyone in it said, “I want to be anindividual, without responsibilities, & be able to speak mymind freely & do as I alone will.” We are all free to speak &do as we individually will—providing this “freedom” of
Speech & Deed are not injurious to our fellow-man.
Think about it, Perry. You are above average in
intelligence, but somehow your reasoning is off the beam.
Maybe it’s the strain of your confinement. Whatever it is—remember—you & only you are responsible and it is up to
you and you alone to overcome this part of your life. Hoping
to hear from you soon.
With Love & Prayers,Your sister & Bro. in Law
Barbara & Frederic & Family

In preserving this letter, and including it in his collection ofparticular treasures, Perry was not moved by affection. Far
from it. He “loathed” Barbara, and just the other day he had
told Dick, “The only real regret I have I wish the hell mysister had been in that house.” (Dick had laughed, andconfessed to a similar yearning: “I keep thinking what fun if
my second wife had been there. Her, and all her goddam
family.”) No, he valued the letter merely because his prison
friend, the “super-intelligent” Willie-Jay, had written for him

a “very sensitive” analysis of it, occupying two singlespaced typewritten pages, with the title “Impressions I
Garnered from the Letter” at the top:
IMPRESSIONS I GARNERED FROM THE LETTER
1.) When she began this letter, she intended that it should
be a compassionate demonstration of Christian principles.
That is to say that in return for your letter to her, whichapparently annoyed her, she meant to turn the other cheekhoping in this way to incite regret for your previous letterand to place you on the defensive in your next.
However few people can successfully demonstrate aprinciple in common ethics when their deliberation isfestered with emotionalism. Your sister substantiates thisfailing for as her letter progresses her judgment gives way
to temper—her thoughts are good, lucid the products ofintelligence, but it is not now an unbiased, impersonal
intelligence. It is a mind propelled by emotional response tomemory and frustration; consequently, however wise heradmonishments might be, they fail to inspire resolve, unless
it would be the resolve to retaliate by hurting her in your next
letter. Thus commencing a cycle that can only culminate infurther anger and distress.
2.) It is a foolish letter, but born of human failing.
Your letter to her, and this, her answer to you, failed intheir objectives. Your letter was an attempt to explain youroutlook on life, as you are necessarily affected by it. It was
destined to be misunderstood, or taken too literally
because your ideas are opposed to conventionalism. What

could be more conventional than a housewife with threechildren, who is “dedicated” to her family???? What could
be more natural than that she would resent an
unconventional person. There is considerable hypocrisy inconventionalism. Any thinking person is aware of thisparadox; but in dealing with conventional people it isadvantageous to treat them as though they were not
hypocrites. It isn’t a question of faithfulness to your own
concepts; it is a matter of compromise so that you canremain an individual without the constant threat ofconventional pressures. Her letter failed because she
couldn’t conceive of the profundity of your problem—she
couldn’t fathom the pressures brought to bear upon you
because of environment, intellectual frustration and a
growing tendency toward isolationism.
3.) She feels that:a) You are leaning too heavily towards self-pity.
b) That you are too calculating.
c) That you are really undeserving of an 8 page letter
written in between motherly duties.
4.) On page 3 she writes: “I truthfully feel none of us has
anyone to blame etc.” Thus vindicating those who bore
influence in her formative years. But is this the whole truth?
She is a wife and mother. Respectable and more or lesssecure. It is easy to ignore the rain if you have a raincoat.
But how would she feel if she were compelled to hustle herliving on the streets? Would she still be all-forgiving about
the people in her past? Absolutely not. Nothing is moreusual than to feel that others have shared in our failures, justas it is an ordinary reaction to forget those who haveshared in our achievements.
5.) Your sister respects your Dad. She also resents thefact that you have been preferred. Her jealousy takes asubtle form in this letter. Between the lines she isregistering a question: “I love Dad and have tried to live sohe could be proud to own me as his daughter. But I have
had to content myself with the crumbs of his affection.
Because it is you he loves, and why should it be so?”Obviously over the years your Dad has taken advantageof your sister’s emotional nature via the mails. Painting a
picture that justifies her opinion of him—an underdog
cursed with an ungrateful son upon whom he has showered
love and concern, only to be infamously treated by that son
in return.
On page 7 she says she is sorry that her letter must be
censored. But she is really not sorry at all. She is glad it
passes through a censor. Subconsciously she has written itwith the censor in mind, hoping to convey the idea that theSmith family is really a well-ordered unit: “Please do notjudge us all by Perry.”
About the mother kissing away her child’s boo-boo. Thisis a woman’s form of sarcasm.
6.) You write to her because:a) You love her after a fashion.
b) You feel a need for this contact with the outside
world.
c) You can use her.

Prognosis: Correspondence between you and your sistercannot serve anything but a purely social function. Keep thetheme of your letters within the scope of her understanding.
Do not unburden your private conclusions. Do not put her
on the defensive and do not permit her to put you on the
defensive. Respect her limitations to comprehend yourobjectives, and remember that she is touchy towards
criticism of your Dad. Be consistent in your attitude towards
her and do not add anything to the impression she has thatyou are weak, not because you need her goodwill but
because you can expect more letters like this, and they can

only serve to increase your already dangerous anti-social
instincts.
FINISHAs Perry continued to sort and choose, the pile of material
he thought too dear to part with, even temporarily, assumed
a tottering height. But what was he to do? He couldn’t risk
losing the Bronze Medal earned in Korea, or his highschool diploma (issued by the Leavenworth County Boardof Education as a result of his having, while in prison,
resumed his long-recessed studies). Nor did he care tochance the loss of a manila envelope fat with photographs—primarily of himself, and ranging in time from a prettylittle-boy portrait made when he was in the Merchant Marine(and on the back of which he had scribbled, “16 yrs. old.

Young, happy-go-lucky & Innocent”) to the recent Acapulco
pictures. And there were half a hundred other items he had
decided he must take with him, among them his treasuremaps, Otto’s sketchbook, and two thick notebooks, thethicker of which constituted his personal dictionary, a nonalphabetically listed miscellany of words he believed“beautiful” or “useful,” or at least “worth memorizing.”(Sample page: “Thanatoid = deathlike; Omnilingual =versed in languages; Amerce = punishment, amount fixedby court; Nescient = ignorance; Facinorous = atrociously
wicked; Hagiophobia = a morbid fear of holy places &things; Lapidicolous = living under stones, as certain blind
beetles; Dyspathy = lack of sympathy, fellow feeling;
Psilopher = a fellow who fain would pass as a philosopher;
Omophagia = eating raw flesh, the rite of some savage
tribes; Depredate = to pillage, rob, and prey upon;
Aphrodisiac = a drug or the like which excites sexualdesire; Megalodactylous = having abnormally large fingers;
Myrtophobia = fear of night and darkness.”)
On the cover of the second notebook, the handwriting of
which he was so proud, a script abounding in curly,
feminine flourishes, proclaimed the contents to be “ThePrivate Diary of Perry Edward Smith”—an inaccurate
description, for it was not in the least a diary but, rather, aform of anthology consisting of obscure facts (“Every fifteen
years Mars gets closer. 1958 is a close year”), poems andliterary quotations (“No man is an island, Entire of itself”),
and passages for newspapers and books paraphrased orquoted. For example:
My acquaintances are many, my friends are few; those
who really know me fewer still.
Heard about a new rat poison on the market. Extremely
potent, odorless, tasteless, is so completely absorbed
once swallowed that no trace could ever be found in a deadbody.
If called upon to make a speech: “I can’t remember what I
was going to say for the life of me—I don’t think that everbefore in my life have so many people been so directly
responsible for my being so very, very glad. It’s a wonderful
moment and a rare one and I’m certainly indebted. Thankyou!”
Read interesting article Feb. issue of Man to Man: “IKnifed My Way to a Diamond Pit.”“It is almost impossible for a man who enjoys freedom
with all its prerogatives, to realize what it means to be
deprived of that freedom.”—Said by Erle Stanley Gardner.
“What is life? It is the flash of a firefly in the night. It is abreath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is as the little shadowthat runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.”—Said by Chief Crowfoot, Blackfoot Indian Chief.
This last entry was written in red ink and decorated with aborder of green-ink stars; the anthologist wished toemphasize its “personal significance.” “A breath of abuffalo in the wintertime”—that exactly evoked his view oflife. Why worry? What was there to “sweat about”? Manwas nothing, a mist, a shadow absorbed by shadows.
But, damn it, you do worry, scheme, fret over yourfingernails and the warnings of hotel managements: “SU DÍATERMINA A LAS 2 P.M.”“Dick? You hear me?” Perry said. “It’s almost one o’clock.”
Dick was awake. He was rather more than that; he and Inez
were making love. As though reciting a rosary, Dick
incessantly whispered: “Is it good, baby? Is it good?” But
Inez, smoking a cigarette, remained silent. The previous
midnight, when Dick had brought her to the room and told
Perry that she was going to sleep there, Perry, thoughdisapproving, had acquiesced, but if they imagined that
their conduct stimulated him, or seemed to him anythingother than a “nuisance,” they were wrong. Nevertheless,
Perry felt sorry for Inez. She was such a “stupid kid”—shereally believed that Dick meant to marry her, and had no
idea he was planning to leave Mexico that very afternoon.
“Is it good, baby? Is it good?”
Perry said: “For Christsake, Dick. Hurry it up, will you? Our
day ends at two P.M.”

It was Saturday, Christmas was near, and the traffic creptalong Main Street. Dewey, caught in the traffic, looked up at
the holly garlands that hung above the street—swags ofgala greenery trimmed with scarlet paper bells—and wasreminded that he had not yet bought a single gift for his wifeor his sons. His mind automatically rejected problems notconcerned with the Clutter case. Marie and many of theirfriends had begun to wonder at the completeness of his
fixation.
One close friend, the young lawyer Clifford R. Hope, Jr.,
had spoken plainly: “Do you know what’s happening to you,Al? Do you realize you never talk about anything else?”“Well,” Dewey had replied, “that’s all I think about. And
there’s the chance that just while talking the thing over, I’ll hit
on something I haven’t thought of before. Some new angle.
Or maybe you will. Damn it, Cliff, what do you suppose mylife will be if this thing stays in the Open File? Years fromnow I’ll still be running down tips, and every time there’s amurder, a case anywhere in the country even remotely
similar, I’ll have to horn right in, check, see if there could be
any possible connection. But it isn’t only that. The real thing
is I’ve come to feel I know Herb and the family better thanthey ever knew themselves. I’m haunted by them. I guess I
always will be. Until I know what happened.”
Dewey’s dedication to the puzzle had resulted in an
uncharacteristic absent-mindedness. Only that morning
Marie had asked him please, would he please, please, notforget to. . . But he couldn’t remember, or didn’t, until free ofthe shopping-day traffic and racing along Route 50 toward
Holcomb, he passed Dr. I. E. Dale’s veterinarianestablishment. Of course. His wife had asked him to be
sure and collect the family cat, Courthouse Pete. Pete, atiger-striped tom weighing fifteen pounds, is a well-known
character around Garden City, famous for his pugnacity,which was the cause of his current hospitalization; a battle
lost to a boxer dog had left him with wounds necessitating
both stitches and antibiotics. Released by Dr. Dale, Petesettled down on the front seat of his owner’s automobile
and purred all the way to Holcomb.
The detective’s destination was River Valley Farm, but
wanting something warm—a cup of hot coffee—he stopped
off at Hartman’s Café.
“Hello, handsome,” said Mrs. Hartman. “What can I do foryou?”“Just coffee, ma’am.”
She poured a cup. “Am I wrong? Or have you lost a lot ofweight?”“Some.” In fact, during the past three weeks Dewey had
dropped twenty pounds. His suits fitted as though he hadborrowed them from a stout friend, and his face, seldomsuggestive of his profession, was now not at all so; it couldhave been that of an ascetic absorbed in occult pursuits.
“How do you feel?”“Mighty fine.”“You look awful.”
Unarguably. But no worse than the other members of the
K.B.I. entourage—Agents Duntz, Church, and Nye.
Certainly he was in better shape than Harold Nye, who,
though full of flu and fever, kept reporting for duty. Amongthem, the four tired men had “checked out” some seven
hundred tips and rumors. Dewey, for example, had spent
two wearying and wasted days trying to trace that phantom
pair, the Mexicans sworn by Paul Helm to have visited Mr.
Clutter on the eve of the murders.
“Another cup, Alvin?”“Don’t guess I will. Thank you, ma’am.”
But she had already fetched the pot. “It’s on the house,
Sheriff. How you look, you need it.”At a corner table two whiskery ranch hands were playing
checkers. One of them got up and came over to the counter
where Dewey was seated. He said, “Is it true what weheard?”

“Depends.”“About that fellow you caught? Prowling in the Clutter
house? He’s the one responsible. That’s what we heard.”“I think you heard wrong, old man. Yes, sir, I do.”
Although the past life of Jonathan Daniel Adrian, who wasthen being held in the county jail on a charge of carrying a
concealed weapon, included a period of confinement as amental patient in Topeka State Hospital, the dataassembled by the investigators indicated that in relation to
the Clutter case he was guilty only of an unhappy curiosity.
“Well, if he’s the wrong un, why the hell don’t you find theright un? I got a houseful of women won’t go to thebathroom alone.”
Dewey had become accustomed to this brand of abuse; it
was a routine part of his existence. He swallowed thesecond cup of coffee, sighed, smiled.
“Hell, I’m not cracking jokes. I mean it. Why don’t you arrest
somebody? That’s what you’re paid for.”“Hush your meanness,” said Mrs. Hartman. “We’re all in thesame boat. Alvin’s doing good as he can.”Dewey winked at her. “You tell him, ma’am. And muchobliged for the coffee.”

The ranch hand waited until his quarry had reached thedoor, then fired a farewell volley: “If you ever run for sheriff
again, just forget my vote. ’Cause you ain’t gonna get it.”“Hush your meanness,” said Mrs. Hartman.
A mile separates River Valley Farm from Hartman’s Café.
Dewey decided to walk it. He enjoyed hiking across wheat
fields. Normally, once or twice a week he went for longwalks on his own land, the well-loved piece of prairie where
he had always hoped to build a house, plant trees,
eventually entertain great-grandchildren. That was the
dream, but it was one his wife had lately warned him she nolonger shared; she had told him that never now would she
consider living all alone “way out there in the country.”
Dewey knew that even if he were to snare the murderers
the next day, Marie would not change her mind—for once
an awful fate had befallen friends who lived in a lonely
country house.
Of course, the Clutter family were not the first persons evermurdered in Finney County, or even in Holcomb. Senior
members of that small community can recall “a wild goingson” of more than forty years ago—the Hefner Slaying. Mrs.
Sadie Truitt, the hamlet’s septuagenarian mail messenger,
who is the mother of Postmistress Clare, is expert on thisfabled affair: “August, it was. 1920. Hot as Hades. A fellow
called Tunif was working on the Finnup ranch. Walter Tunif.

He had a car, turned out to be stolen. Turned out he was asoldier AWOL from Fort Bliss, over there in Texas. He wasa rascal, sure enough, and a lot of people suspected him.
So one evening the sheriff—them days that was Orlie
Hefner, such a fine singer, don’t you know he’s part of the
Heavenly Choir?—one evening he rode out to the Finnup
ranch to ask Tunif a few straightforward questions. Third ofAugust. Hot as Hades. Outcome of it was, Walter Tunif shot
the sheriff right through the heart. Poor Orlie was gone ’fore
he hit the ground. The devil who done it, he lit out of there
on one of the Finnup horses, rode east along the river.
Word spread, and men for miles around made up a posse.
Along about the next morning, they caught up with him; oldWalter Tunif. He didn’t get the chance to say how d’you do?
On account of the boys were pretty irate. They just let thebuckshot fly.”
Dewey’s own initial contact with foul play in Finney County
occurred in 1947. The incident is noted in his files asfollows: “John Carlyle Polk, a Creek Indian, 32 years ofage, resident Muskogee, Okla., killed Mary Kay Finley,
white female, 40 years of age, a waitress residing in
Garden City. Polk stabbed her with the jagged neck of abeer bottle in a room in the Copeland Hotel, Garden City,
Kansas, 5-9-47.” A cut-and-dried description of an openand-shut case. Of three other murders Dewey had sinceinvestigated, two were equally obvious (a pair of railroad
workers robbed and killed an elderly farmer, 11-1-52; adrunken husband beat and kicked his wife to death, 6-17-56), but the third case, as it was once conversationally
narrated by Dewey, was not without several original
touches: “It all started out at Stevens Park. Where they havea bandstand, and under the bandstand a men’s room. Well,
this man named Mooney was walking around the park. He
was from North Carolina somewhere, just a stranger
passing through town. Anyway, he went to the rest room,and somebody followed him inside—a boy fromhereabouts, Wilmer Lee Stebbins, twenty years old.
Afterward, Wilmer Lee always claimed Mr. Mooney madehim an unnatural suggestion. And that was why he robbed
Mr. Mooney, and knocked him down, and banged his headon the cement floor, and why, when that didn’t finish him, hestuck Mr. Mooney’s head in a toilet bowl and kept on
flushing till he drowned him. Maybe so. But nothing can
explain the rest of Wilmer Lee’s behavior. First off, heburied the body a couple of miles northeast of Garden City.
Next day he dug it up and put it down fourteen miles theother direction. Well, it went on like that, burying andreburying. Wilmer Lee was like a dog with a bone—he justwouldn’t let Mr. Mooney rest in peace. Finally, he dug one
grave too many; somebody saw him.” Prior to the Clutter
mystery, the four cases cited were the sum of Dewey’s
experience with murder, and measured against the caseconfronting him, were as squalls preceding a hurricane.

Dewey fitted a key into the front door of the Clutter house.
Inside, the house was warm, for the heat had not been
turned off, and the shiny-floored rooms, smelling of alemon-scented polish, seemed only temporarily untenanted;
it was as though today were Sunday and the family might at
any moment return from church. The heirs, Mrs. English andMrs. Jarchow, had removed a vanload of clothing andfurniture, yet the atmosphere of a house still humanly
inhabited had not thereby been diminished. In the parlor, asheet of music, “Comin’ Thro’ the Rye,” stood open on the
piano rack. In the hall, a sweat-stained gray Stetson hat—
Herb’s—hung on a hat peg. Upstairs in Kenyon’s room, ona shelf above his bed, the lenses of the dead boy’s
spectacles gleamed with reflected light.
The detective moved from room to room. He had toured thehouse many times; indeed, he went out there almost every
day, and, in one sense, could be said to find these visits
pleasurable, for the place, unlike his own home, or thesheriff’s office, with its hullabaloo, was peaceful. The
telephones, their wires still severed, were silent. The great
quiet of the prairies surrounded him. He could sit in Herb’s
parlor rocking chair, and rock and think. A few of his
conclusions were unshakable: he believed that the death ofHerb Clutter had been the criminals’ main objective, themotive being a psychopathic hatred, or possibly a
combination of hatred and thievery, and he believed thatthe commission of the murders had been a leisurely labor,

with perhaps two or more hours elapsing between theentrance of the killers and their exit. (The coroner, Dr.
Robert Fenton, reported an appreciable difference in the
body temperatures of the victims, and, on this basis,
theorized that the order of execution had been: Mrs. Clutter,
Nancy, Kenyon, and Mr. Clutter.) Attendant upon these
beliefs was his conviction that the family had known very
well the persons who destroyed them.
During this visit Dewey paused at an upstairs window, his
attention caught by something seen in the near distance—ascarecrow amid the wheat stubble. The scarecrow wore aman’s hunting-cap and a dress of weather-faded flowered
calico. (Surely an old dress of Bonnie Clutter’s?) Wind
frolicked the skirt and made the scarecrow sway—made it
seem a creature forlornly dancing in the cold December
field. And Dewey was somehow reminded of Marie’s
dream. One recent morning she had served him a bungled
breakfast of sugared eggs and salted coffee, then bLarned
it all on “a silly dream”—but a dream the power of daylight
had not dispersed. “It was so real, Alvin,” she said. “As realas this kitchen. That’s where I was. Here in the kitchen. I
was cooking supper, and suddenly Bonnie walked throughthe door. She was wearing a blue angora sweater, and she
looked so sweet and pretty. And I said, ‘Oh, Bonnie . . .
Bonnie, dear . . . I haven’t seen you since that terrible thing
happened.’ But she didn’t answer, only looked at me in thatshy way of hers, and I didn’t know how to go on. Under thecircumstances. So I said, ‘Honey, come see what I’m

making Alvin for his supper. A pot of gumbo. With shrimp
and fresh crabs. It’s just about ready. Come on, honey,
have a taste.’ But she wouldn’t. She stayed by the door
looking at me. And then—I don’t know how to tell you
exactly, but she shut her eyes, she began to shake herhead, very slowly, and wring her hands, very slowly, and towhimper, or whisper. I couldn’t understand what she wassaying. But it broke my heart, I never felt so sorry foranyone, and I hugged her. I said, ‘Please, Bonnie! Oh,
don’t, darling, don’t! If ever anyone was prepared to go toGod, it was you, Bonnie.’ But I couldn’t comfort her. She
shook her head, and wrung her hands, and then I heard
what she was saying. She was saying, ‘To be murdered. To
be murdered. No. No. There’s nothing worse. Nothingworse than that. Nothing.’ ”

It was midday deep in the Mojave Desert. Perry, sitting ona straw suitcase, was playing a harmonica. Dick wasstanding at the side of a black-surfaced highway, Route 66,
his eyes fixed upon the immaculate emptiness as though
the fervor of his gaze could force motorists to materialize.
Few did, and none of those stopped for the hitchhikers.
One truck driver, bound for Needles, California, had offereda lift, but Dick had declined. That was not the sort of “setup”
he and Perry wanted. They were waiting for some solitary

traveler in a decent car and with money in his billfold—astranger to rob, strangle, discard on the desert.
In the desert, sound often precedes sight. Dick heard thedim vibrations of an oncoming, not yet visible car. Perry
heard it, too; he put the harmonica in his pocket, picked up
the straw suitcase (this, their only luggage, bulged andsagged with the weight of Perry’s souvenirs, plus threeshirts, five pairs of white socks, a box of aspirin, a bottle oftequila, scissors, a safety razor, and a fingernail file; all theirother belongings had either been pawned or been left with
the Mexican bartender or been shipped to Las Vegas), andjoined Dick at the side of the road. They watched. Now the
car appeared, and grew until it became a blue Dodge
sedan with a single passenger, a bald, skinny man. Perfect.
Dick raised his hand and waved. The Dodge slowed down,
and Dick gave the man a sumptuous smile. The car almost,but not quite, came to a stop, and the driver leaned out thewindow, looking them up and down. The impression they
made was evidently alarming. (After a fifty-hour bus ridefrom Mexico City to Barstow, California, and half a day of
trekking across the Mojave, both hikers were bearded,
stark, dusty figures.) The car leaped forward and sped on.
Dick cupped his hands around his mouth and called out,
“You’re a lucky bastard!” Then he laughed and hoisted thesuitcase to his shoulder. Nothing could get him really angry,
because, as he later recalled, he was “too glad to be backin the good ol’ U.S.A.” Anyway, another man in another car
would come along.

Perry produced his harmonica (his since yesterday, when
he stole it from a Barstow variety store) and played theopening bars of what had come to be their “marchingmusic”; the song was one of Perry’s favorites, and he hadtaught Dick all five stanzas. In step, and side by side, theyswung along the highway, singing, “Mine eyes have seen
the glory of the coming of the Lord; He is trampling out thevintage where the grapes of wrath are stored.” Through thesilence of the desert, their hard, young voices rang: “Glory!
Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!”III
ANSWER

The young man’s name was Floyd Wells, and he was shortand nearly chinless. He had attempted several careers, as
soldier, ranch hand, mechanic, thief, the last of which hadearned him a sentence of three to five years in Kansas
State Penitentiary. On the evening of Tuesday, November
17, 1959, he was lying in his cell with a pair of radio
earphones clamped to his head. He was listening to anews broadcast, but the announcer’s voice and thedrabness of the day’s events (“Chancellor Konrad
Adenauer arrived in London today for talks with Prime
Minister Harold Macmillan. . . . President Eisenhower put inseventy minutes going over space problems and thebudget for space exploration with Dr. T. Keith Glennan”)
were luring him toward sleep. His drowsiness instantly
vanished when he heard, “Officers investigating the tragic
slaying of four members of the Herbert W. Clutter family
have appealed to the public for any information which might
aid in solving this baffling crime. Clutter, his wife, and their
two teen-age children were found murdered in their farm
home near Garden City early last Sunday morning. Eachhad been bound, gagged, and shot through the head with a.12-gauge shotgun. Investigating officials admit they candiscover no motive for the crime, termed by Logan Sanford,
Director of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, as the mostvicious in the history of Kansas. Clutter, a prominent wheat
grower and former Eisenhower appointee to the Federal
Farm Credit Board . . .”Wells was stunned. As he was eventually to describe hisreaction, he “didn’t hardly believe it.” Yet he had goodreason to, for not only had he known the murdered family,
he knew very well who had murdered them.
It had begun a long time ago—eleven years ago, in theautumn of 1948, when Wells was nineteen. He was “sort ofdrifting around the country, taking jobs as they came,” as herecalled it. “One way and another, I found myself out there inwestern Kansas. Near the Colorado border. I was hunting
work, and asking round, I heard maybe they could use ahand over to River Valley Farm—that’s how he called hisplace, Mr. Clutter did. Sure enough, he put me on. I stayed
there I guess a year—all that winter, anyway—and when I
left it was just ’cause I was feeling kind of footy. Wanted tomove on. Not account of any quarrel with Mr. Clutter. He
treated me fine, same as he treated everybody that worked
for him; like, if you was a little short before payday, he’dalways hand you a ten or a five. He paid good wages, andif you deserved it he was quick to give you a bonus. The
fact is, I liked Mr. Clutter much as any man I ever met. The
whole family. Mrs. Clutter and the four kids. When I knew
them, the youngest two, the ones that got killed—Nancy andthe little boy what wore glasses—they were only babies,
maybe five or six years old. The other two—one was calledBeverly, the other girl I don’t remember her name—theywere already in high school. A nice family, real nice. I neverforgot them. When I left there, it was sometime in 1949. I
got married, I got divorced, the Army took me, other stuff
happened, time went by, you might say, and in 1959—
June, 1959, ten years since I last seen Mr. Clutter—I got
sent to Lansing. Because of breaking into this appliancestore. Electrical appliances. What I had in mind was, I
wanted to get hold of some electrical lawn mowers. Not tosell. I was going to start a lawnmower rental service. Thatway, see, I’d have had my own permanent little business.
Course nothing come of it—’cept I drew a three-to-five. If I
hadn’t, then I never would have met Dick, and maybe Mr.
Clutter wouldn’t be in his grave. But there you are. There it
is. I come to meet Dick.
“He was the first fellow I celled with. We celled together I
guess a month. June and part of July. He was just finishinga three-to-five—due for parole in August. He talked a lot
about what he planned to do when he got out. Said hethought he might go to Nevada, one of them missile-basetowns, buy hisself a uniform, and pass hisself off as a Air
Force officer. So he could hang out a regular washline of
hot paper. That was one idea he told me. (Never thoughtmuch of it myself. He was smart, I don’t deny, but he didn’t
look the part. Like no Air Force officer.) Other times, hementioned this friend of his. Perry. A half-Indian fellow heused to cell with. And the big deals him and Perry might pullwhen they got together again. I never met him—Perry.

Never saw him. He’d already left Lansing, was out onparole. But Dick always said if the chance of a real bigscore came up, he could rely on Perry Smith to go partners.
“I don’t exactly recall how Mr. Clutter first got mentioned. It
must have been when we were discussing jobs, different
kinds of work we’d done. Dick, he was a trained carmechanic, and mostly that was the work he’d done. Only,
once he’d had a job driving a hospital ambulance. He wasfull of brag about that. About nurses, and all what he’d donewith them in the back of the ambulance. Anyway, I informed
him how I’d worked a year on a considerable wheat spreadin western Kansas. For Mr. Clutter. He wanted to know if
Mr. Clutter was a wealthy man. Yes, I said. Yes, he was. In
fact, I said, Mr. Clutter had once told me that he got rid often thousand dollars in one week. I mean, said it
sometimes cost him ten thousand dollars a week to run his
operation. After that, Dick never stopped asking me about
the family. How many was they? What ages would the kids
be now? Exactly how did you get to the house? How was it
laid out? Did Mr. Clutter keep a safe? I won’t deny it—I told
him he did. Because I seemed to remember a sort ofcabinet, or safe, or something, right behind the desk in theroom Mr. Clutter used as an office. Next thing I knew, Dick
was talking about killing Mr. Clutter. Said him and Perry
was gonna go out there and rob the place, and they was
gonna kill all witnesses—the Clutters, and anybody elsethat happened to be around. He described to me a dozen
times how he was gonna do it, how him and Perry wasgonna tie them people up and gun them down. I told him,
‘Dick, you’ll never get by with it.’ But I can’t honestly say I
tried to persuade him different. Because I never for aminute believed he meant to carry it out. I thought it was justtalk. Like you hear plenty of in Lansing. That’s about all you
do hear: what a fellow’s gonna do when he gets out—the
holdups and robberies and so forth. It’s nothing but brag,mostly. Nobody takes it serious. That’s why, when I heard
what I heard on the earphones—well, I didn’t hardly believe
it. Still and all, it happened. Just like Dick said it would.”That was Floyd Wells’ story, though as yet he was far fromtelling it. He was afraid to, for if the other prisoners heard of
his bearing tales to the warden, then his life, as he put it,“wouldn’t be worth a dead coyote.” A week passed. He
monitored the radio, he followed the newspaper accounts—and in one of them read that a Kansas paper, theHutchinson News, was offering a reward of one thousand
dollars for any information leading to the capture andconviction of the person or persons guilty of the Clutter
murders. An interesting item; it almost inspired Wells to
speak. But he was still too much afraid, and his fear was
not solely of the other prisoners. There was also the chancethat the authorities might charge him with being anaccessory to the crime. After all, it was he who had guided
Dick to the Clutters’ door; certainly it could be claimed that
he had been aware of Dick’s intentions. However one
viewed it, his situation was curious, his excusesquestionable. So he said nothing, and ten more days went

by. December replaced November, and those investigating
the case remained, according to increasingly brief
newspaper reports (radio newscasters had ceased tomention the subject), as bewildered, as virtually clueless, as
they had been the morning of the tragic discovery.
But he knew. Presently, tortured by a need to “tellsomebody,” he confided in another prisoner. “A particularfriend. A Catholic. Kind of very religious. He asked me,‘Well, what are you gonna do, Floyd?’ I said, Well, I didn’trightly know—what did he think I ought to do? Well, he was
all for me going to the proper people. Said he didn’t think I
ought to live with something like that on my mind. And hesaid I could do it without anybody inside guessing I was theone told. Said he’d fix it. So the next day he got word to thedeputy warden—told him I wanted to be ‘called out.’ Toldthe deputy if he called me to his office on some pretext orother, maybe I could tell him who killed the Clutters. Sureenough, the deputy sent for me. I was scared, but I
remembered Mr. Clutter, and how he’d never done me noharm, how at Christmas he’d give me a little purse with fifty
dollars in it. I talked to the deputy. Then I told the warden
hisself. And while I was still sitting there, right there in
Warden Hand’s office, he picked up the telephone—”

The person to whom Warden Hand telephoned was Logan
Sanford. Sanford listened, hung up, issued several orders,then placed a call of his own to Alvin Dewey. That evening,when Dewey left his office in the courthouse at Garden City,
he took home with him a manila envelope.
When Dewey got home, Marie was in the kitchen preparing
supper. The moment he appeared, she launched into an
account of household upsets. The family cat had attacked
the cocker spaniel that lived across the street, and now it
seemed as if one of the spaniel’s eyes might be seriously
damaged. And Paul, their nine-year-old, had fallen out of atree. It was a wonder he was alive. And then their twelveyear-old, Dewey’s namesake, had gone into the yard toburn rubbish and started a blaze that had threatened theneighborhood. Someone—she didn’t know who—hadactually called the Fire Department.
While his wife described these unhappy episodes, Dewey
poured two cups of coffee. Suddenly, Marie stopped in the
middle of a sentence and stared at him. His face wasflushed, and she could tell that he was elated. She said,“Alvin. Oh, honey. Is it good news?” Without comment, hegave her the manila envelope. Her hands were wet; shedried them, sat down at the kitchen table, sipped hercoffee, opened the envelope, and took out photographs ofa blond young man and a darkhaired, dark-skinned young
man—police-made “mug shots.” A pair of semi-coded
dossiers accompanied the photographs. The one for thefair-headed man read:

Hickock, Richard Eugene (WM) 28. KBI 97093; FBI 859
273 A. Address: Edgerton, Kansas. Birthdate 6-6-31.
Birthplace: K.C., Kans. Height: 5-10. Weight: 175. Hair:
Blond. Eyes: Blue. Build: Stout. Comp: Ruddy. Occup: Car
Painter. Crime: Cheat & Defr. & Bad Checks. Paroled: 813-59. By: So. K.C.K.

The second description read:

Smith, Perry Edward (WM) 27-59. Birthplace: Nevada.
Height: 5-4. Weight: 156. Hair: D. Brn. Crime: B&E.
Arrested: (blank). By: (blank). Disposition: Sent KSP 3-1356 from Phillips Co. 5-10 yrs. Rec. 3-14-56. Paroled: 7-659.

Marie examined the front-view and profile photographs ofSmith: an arrogant face, tough, yet not entirely, for there
was about it a peculiar refinement; the lips and nose
seemed nicely made, and she thought the eyes, with theirmoist, dreamy expression, rather pretty—rather, in anactorish way, sensitive. Sensitive, and something more:“mean.” Though not as mean, as forbiddingly “criminal,” asthe eyes of Hickock, Richard Eugene. Marie, transfixed by
Hickock’s eyes, was reminded of a childhood incident—of
a bobcat she’d once seen caught in a trap, and of how,though she’d wanted to release it, the cat’s eyes, radiantwith pain and hatred, had drained her of pity and filled her
with terror. “Who are they?” Marie asked.
Dewey told her Floyd Wells’ story, and at the end he said,“Funny. The past three weeks, that’s the angle we’veconcentrated on. Tracking down every man who everworked on the Clutter place. Now, the way it’s turned out, it
just seems like a piece of luck. But a few days more andwe would’ve hit this Wells. Found he was in prison. We
would’ve got the truth then. Hell, yes.”“Maybe it isn’t the truth,” Marie said. Dewey and theeighteen men assisting him had pursued hundreds of leads
to barren destinations, and she hoped to warn him against
another disappointment, for she was worried about hishealth. His state of mind was bad; he was emaciated; andhe was smoking sixty cigarettes a day.
“No. Maybe not,” Dewey said. “But I have a hunch.”
His tone impressed her; she looked again at the faces on
the kitchen table. “Think of him,” she said, placing a finger
against the front-view portrait of the blond young man.

“Think of those eyes. Coming toward you.” Then she
pushed the pictures back into their envelope. “I wish you
hadn’t shown me.”Later that same evening, another woman, in anotherkitchen, put aside a sock she was darning, removed a pairof plastic-rimmed spectacles, and leveling them at a visitor,
said, “I hope you find him, Mr. Nye. For his own sake. We
have two sons, and he’s one of them, our firstborn. We love
him. But . . . Oh, I realized. I realized he wouldn’t havepacked up. Run off. Without a word to anybody—his daddy
or his brother. Unless he was in trouble again. What makes
him do it? Why?” She glanced across the small, stovewarmed room at a gaunt figure hunched in a rocking chair—Walter Hickock, her husband and the father of Richard
Eugene. He was a man with faded, defeated eyes andrough hands; when he spoke, his voice sounded as if itwere seldom used.
“Was nothing wrong with my boy, Mr. Nye,” Mr. Hickock
said. “An outstanding athlete-always on the first team at
school. Basketball! Baseball! Football! Dick was always
the star player. A pretty good student, too, with A marks inseveral subjects. History. Mechanical drawing. After hegraduated from high school—June, 1949—he wanted to go

on to college. Study to be an engineer. But we couldn’t doit. Plain didn’t have the money. Never have had any money.
Our farm here, it’s only forty-four acres—we hardly canscratch a living. I guess Dick resented it, not getting tocollege. The first job he had was with Santa Fe Railways, inKansas City. Made seventy-five dollars a week. He figuredthat was enough to get married on, so him and Carol got
married. She wasn’t but sixteen; he wasn’t but nineteen
hisself. I never thought nothing good would come of it.
Didn’t, neither.”Mrs. Hickock, a plump woman with a soft, round faceunmarred by a lifetime of dawn-to-dark endeavor,
reproached him. “Three precious little boys, ourgrandchildren—there, that’s what came of it. And Carol is alovely girl. She’s not to blame.”Mr. Hickock continued, “Him and Carol rented a good-sizehouse, bought a fancy car—they was in debt all the time.
Even though pretty soon Dick was making better money
driving a hospital ambulance. Later on, the Markl Buick
Company, a big outfit there in Kansas City, they hired him.
As a mechanic and car painter. But him and Carol lived too
high, kept buying stuff they couldn’t nohow afford, and Dickgot to writing checks. I still think the reason he started doing
stunts such as that was connected with the smash-up.
Concussed his head in a car smash-up. After that, hewasn’t the same boy. Gambling, writing bad checks. I never
knew him to do them things before. And it was along aboutthen he took up with this other gal. The one he divorced
Carol for, and was his second wife.”
Mrs. Hickock said, “Dick couldn’t help that. You remember
how Margaret Edna was attracted to him.”“ ’Cause a woman likes you, does that mean you got to getcaught?” Mr. Hickock said. “Well, Mr. Nye, I expect you
know as much about it as we do. Why our boy was sent toprison. Locked away seventeen months, and all he done
was borrow a hunting rifle. From the house of a neighborhere. He had no idea to steal it, I don’t give a damn what
nobody says. And that was the ruination of him. When hecame out of Lansing, he was a plain stranger to me. You
couldn’t talk to him. The whole world was against Dick
Hickock—that’s how he figured. Even the second wife, sheleft him—filed for divorce while he was in prison. Just thesame, lately there, he seemed to be settling down. Working
for the Bob Sands Body Shop, over in Olathe. Living here
at home with us, getting to bed early, not violating his
parole any shape or fashion. I’ll tell you, Mr. Nye, I’ve not got
long, I’m with cancer, and Dick knowed that—leastways, heknowed I’m sickly—and not a month ago, right before hetook off, he told me, ‘Dad, you’ve been a pretty good old
dad to me. I’m not ever gonna do nothing more to hurt you.’
He meant it, too. That boy has plenty of good inside him. If
ever you seen him on a football field, if ever you seen him
play with his children, you wouldn’t doubt me. Lord, I wish
the Lord could tell me, because I don’t know what

happened.”
His wife said, “I do,” resumed her darning, and was forcedby tears to stop. “That friend of his. That’s what happened.”
The visitor, K.B.I. Agent Harold Nye, busied himself
scribbling in a shorthand notebook—a notebook alreadywell filled with the results of a long day spent probing theaccusations of Floyd Wells. Thus far the facts ascertained
corroborated Wells’ story most persuasively. On November
20 the suspect Richard Eugene Hickock had gone on a
Kansas City shopping spree during which he had passed
not fewer than “seven pieces of hot paper.” Nye had calledon all the reported victims—salesmen of cameras and ofradio and television equipment, the proprietor of a jewelry
shop, a clerk in a clothing store—and when in each
instance the witness was shown photographs of Hickock
and Perry Edward Smith, he had identified the former as
the author of the spurious checks, the latter as his “silent”
accomplice. (One deceived salesman said, “He [Hickock]did the work. A very smooth talker, very convincing. The
other one—I thought he might be a foreigner, a Mexican
maybe—he never opened his mouth.”)Nye had next driven to the suburban village of Olathe,where he interviewed Hickock’s last employer, the owner ofthe Bob Sands Body Shop. “Yes, he worked here,” said Mr.
Sands. “From August until— Well, I never saw him after thenineteenth of November, or maybe it was the twentieth. He

left without giving me any notice whatever. Just took off—I
don’t know where to, and neither does his dad. Surprised?
Well, yes. Yes, I was. We were on a fairly friendly basis.
Dick kind of has a way with him, you know. He can be very
likable. Once in a while he used to come to our house. Factis, a week before he left, we had some people over, a little
party, and Dick brought this friend he had visiting him, aboy from Nevada—Perry Smith was his name. He could
play the guitar real nice. He played the guitar and sangsome songs, and him and Dick entertained everybody witha weight-lifting act. Perry Smith, he’s a little fellow, not muchover five feet high, but he could just about pick up a horse.
No, they didn’t seem nervous, neither one. I’d say they wereenjoying themselves. The exact date? Sure I remember. It
was the thirteenth. Friday, the thirteenth of November.”
From there, Nye steered his car northward along raw
country roads. As he neared the Hickock farm, he stopped
at several neighboring homesteads, ostensibly to ask
directions, actually to make inquiries concerning thesuspect. One farmer’s wife said, “Dick Hickock! Don’t talkto me about Dick Hickock! If ever I met the devil! Steal?
Steal the weights off a dead man’s eyes! His mother,though, Eunice, she’s a fine woman. Heart big as a barn.
His daddy, too. Both of them plain, honest people. Dick
would’ve gone to jail more times than you can count, except
nobody around here ever wanted to prosecute. Out of
respect for his folks.”

Dusk had fallen when Nye knocked at the door of Walter
Hickock’s weather-grayed four-room farmhouse. It was asthough some such visit had been expected. Mr. Hickock
invited the detective into the kitchen, and Mrs. Hickock
offered him coffee. Perhaps if they had known the true
meaning of the caller’s presence, the reception tendered
him would have been less gracious, more guarded. But
they did not know, and during the hours the three sat
conversing, the name Clutter was never mentioned, or theword murder. The parents accepted what Nye implied—that parole violation and financial fraud were all that
motivated his pursuit of their son.
“Dick brought him [Perry] home one evening, and told us he
was a friend just off a bus from Las Vegas, and he wanted
to know couldn’t he sleep here, stay here awhile,” Mrs.
Hickock said. “No, sir, I wouldn’t have him in the house.
One look and I saw what he was. With his perfume. And hisoily hair. It was clear as day where Dick had met him.
According to the conditions of his parole, he wasn’t
supposed to associate with anybody he’d met up there[Lansing]. I warned Dick, but he wouldn’t listen. He found aroom for his friend at the Hotel Olathe, in Olathe, and afterthat Dick was with him every spare minute. Once they went
off on a weekend trip. Mr. Nye, certain as I’m sitting here,
Perry Smith was the one put him up to writing themchecks.”Nye shut his notebook and put his pen in his pocket, andboth his hands as well, for his hands were shaking fromexcitement. “Now, on this weekend trip. Where did theygo?”“Fort Scott,” Mr. Hickock said, naming a Kansas town witha military history. “The way I understood it, Perry Smith has
a sister lives in Fort Scott. She was supposed to be holdinga piece of money belonged to him. Fifteen hundred dollars
was the sum mentioned. That was the main reason he’dcome to Kansas, to collect this money his sister was
holding. So Dick drove him down there to get it. It was only
a overnight trip. He was back home a little before noon
Sunday. Time for Sunday dinner.”“I see,” said Nye. “An overnight trip. Which means they left
here sometime Saturday. That would be Saturday,
November fourteenth?”
The old man agreed.
“And returned Sunday, November fifteenth?”“Sunday noon.”
Nye pondered the mathematics involved, and was
encouraged by the conclusion he came to: that within atime span of twenty or twenty-four hours, the suspects could
have made a round-trip journey of rather more than eight
hundred miles, and, in the process, murdered four people.

“Now, Mr. Hickock,” Nye said. “On Sunday, when your soncame home, was he alone? Or was Perry Smith with him?”“No, he was alone. He said he’d left Perry off at the Hotel
Olathe.”Nye, whose normal voice is cuttingly nasal and naturally
intimidating, was attempting a subdued timbre, adisarming, throwaway style. “And do you remember—did
anything in his manner strike you as unusual? Different?”“Who?”“Your son.”“When?”“When he returned from Fort Scott.”
Mr. Hickock ruminated. Then he said, “He seemed thesame as ever. Soon as he came in, we sat down to dinner.
He was mighty hungry. Started piling his plate before I’dfinished the blessing. I remarked on it, said, ‘Dick, you’re
shoveling it in as fast as you can work your elbow. Don’t
you mean to leave nothing for the rest of us?’ Course, he’s
always been a big eater. Pickles. He can eat a whole tub of
pickles.”“And after dinner what did he do?”“Fell asleep,” said Mr. Hickock, and appeared to bemoderately taken aback by his own reply. “Fell fast asleep.
And I guess you could say that was unusual. We’d gathered
round to watch a basketball game. On the TV. Me and Dickand our other boy, David. Pretty soon Dick was snoring likea buzz saw, and I said to his brother, ‘Lord, I never thought
I’d live to see the day Dick would go to sleep at abasketball game.’ Did, though. Slept straight through it.
Only woke up long enough to eat some cold supper, andright after went off to bed.”
Mrs. Hickock rethreaded her darning needle; her husband
rocked his rocker and sucked on an unlit pipe. The
detective’s trained eyes roamed the scrubbed and humble
room. In a corner, a gun stood propped against the wall; he
had noticed it before. Rising, reaching for it, he said, “Youdo much hunting, Mr. Hickock?”“That’s his gun. Dick’s. Him and David go out once in awhile. After rabbits, mostly.”
It was a .12-gauge Savage shotgun, Model 300; adelicately etched scene of pheasants in flight ornamented
the handle.
“How long has Dick had it?”
The question aroused Mrs. Hickock. “That gun cost over ahundred dollars. Dick bought it on credit, and now the store

won’t have it back, even though it’s not hardly a month old
and only been used the one time—the start of November,when him and David went to Grinnell on a pheasant shoot.
He used our names to buy it—his daddy let him—so here
we are, liable for the payments, and when you think ofWalter, sick as he is, and all the things we need, all we do
without . . .” She held her breath, as though trying to halt an
attack of hiccups. “Are you sure you won’t have a cup ofcoffee, Mr. Nye? It’s no trouble.”
The detective leaned the gun against the wall, relinquishingit, although he felt certain it was the weapon that had killed
the Clutter family. “Thank you, but it’s late, and I have todrive to Topeka,” he said, and then, consulting his
notebook, “Now, I’ll just run through this, see if I have it
straight. Perry Smith arrived in Kansas Thursday, the twelfthof November. Your son claimed this person came here tocollect a sum of money from a sister residing in Fort Scott.
That Saturday the two drove to Fort Scott, where theyremained overnight—I assume in the home of the sister?”Mr. Hickock said, “No. They never could find her. Seems
like she’d moved.”
Nye smiled. “Nevertheless, they stayed away overnight.
And during the week that followed—that is, from thefifteenth to the twenty-first—Dick continued to see his friend
Perry Smith, but otherwise, or as far as you know, hemaintained a normal routine: lived at home and reported towork every day. On the twenty-first he disappeared, and so
did Perry Smith. And since then you’ve not heard from him?
He hasn’t written you?”“He’s afraid to,” said Mrs. Hickock. “Ashamed and afraid.”“Ashamed?”“Of what he’s done. Of how he’s hurt us again. And afraid
because he thinks we won’t forgive him. Like we always
have. And will. You have children, Mr. Nye?”
He nodded.
“Then you know how it is.”“One thing more. Have you any idea, any at all, where yourson might have gone?”“Open a map,” said Mr. Hickock. “Point your finger—maybe
that’s it.”

It was late afternoon, and the driver of the car, a middleaged traveling salesman who shall here be known as Mr.
Bell, was tired. He longed to stop for a short nap. However,
he was only a hundred miles from his destination—Omaha,Nebraska, the headquarters of the large meat packing
company for which he worked. A company rule forbade its
salesmen to pick up hitchhikers, but Mr. Bell often
disobeyed it, particularly if he was bored and drowsy, sowhen he saw the two young men standing by the side of theroad, he immediately braked his car.
They looked to him like “O.K. boys.” The taller of the two, awiry type with dirty-blond, crew-cut hair, had an engaging
grin and a polite manner, and his partner, the “runty” one,holding a harmonica in his right hand and, in his left, aswollen straw suitcase, seemed “nice enough,” shy but
amiable. In any event, Mr. Bell, entirely unaware of his
guests’ intentions, which included throttling him with a belt
and leaving him, robbed of his car, his money, and his life,
concealed in a prairie grave, was glad to have company,
somebody to talk to and keep him awake until he arrived at
Omaha.
He introduced himself, then asked them their names. The
affable young man with whom he was sharing the front seatsaid his name was Dick. “And that’s Perry,” he said,
winking at Perry, who was seated directly behind the driver.
“I can ride you boys as far as Omaha.”Dick said, “Thank you, sir. Omaha’s where we were
headed. Hoped we might find some work.”

What kind of work were they hunting? The salesman
thought perhaps he could help.
Dick said, “I’m a first-class car painter. Mechanic, too. I’m
used to making real money. My buddy and me, we justbeen down in Old Mexico. Our idea was, we wanted to live
there. But hell, they don’t pay any wages. Nothing a white
man could live off.”Ah, Mexico. Mr. Bell explained that he had honeymooned in
Cuernavaca. “We always wanted to go back. But it’s hardto move around when you’ve got five kids.”
Perry, as he later recalled, thought, Five kids—well, toobad. And listening to Dick’s conceited chatter, hearing him
start to describe his Mexican “amorous conquests,” hethought how “queer” it was, “egomaniacal.” Imagine goingall out to impress a man you were going to kill, a man who
wouldn’t be alive ten minutes from now—not if the plan heand Dick had devised went smoothly. And why shouldn’t it?
The setup was ideal—exactly what they had been looking
for during the three days it had taken them to hitchhike from
California to Nevada and across Nevada and Wyoming
into Nebraska. Until now, however, a suitable victim had
eluded them. Mr. Bell was the first prosperous-seeming
solitary traveler to offer them a lift. Their other hosts had
been either truck drivers or soldiers—and, once, a pair ofNegro prizefighters driving a lavender Cadillac. But Mr. Bellwas perfect. Perry felt inside a pocket of the leatherwindbreaker he was wearing. The pocket bulged with abottle of Bayer aspirin and with a jagged, fist-size rockwrapped in a yellow cotton cowboy handkerchief. He
unfastened his belt, a Navajo belt, silver-buckled andstudded with turquoise beads; he took it off, flexed it,placed it across his knees. He waited. He watched the
Nebraska prairie rolling by, and fooled with his harmonica—made up a tune and played it and waited for Dick topronounce the agreed-upon signal: “Hey, Perry, pass me amatch.” Whereupon Dick was supposed to seize thesteering wheel, while Perry, wielding his handkerchiefwrapped rock, belabored the salesman’s head—“opened itup.” Later, along some quiet side road, use would be madeof the belt with the sky-blue beads.
Meanwhile, Dick and the condemned man were trading
dirty jokes. Their laughter irritated Perry; he especiallydisliked Mr. Bell’s outbursts—hearty barks that soundedvery much like the laughter of Tex John Smith, Perry’s
father. The memory of his father’s laughter increased his
tension; his head hurt, his knees ached. He chewed three
aspirin and swallowed them dry. Jesus! He thought hemight vomit, or faint; he felt certain he would if Dick delayed“the party” much longer. The light was dimming, the roadwas straight, with neither house nor human being in view—nothing but land winter-stripped and as somber as sheetiron. Now was the time, now. He stared at Dick, as though
to communicate this realization, and a few small signs—atwitching eyelid, a mustache of sweat drops—told him that

Dick had already reached the same conclusion.
And yet when Dick next spoke, it was only to launch anotherjoke. “Here’s a riddle. The riddle is: What’s the similarity
between a trip to the bathroom and a trip to the cemetery?”He grinned. “Give up?”
“Give up.”
“When you gotta go, you gotta go!”Mr. Bell barked.
“Hey, Perry, pass me a match.”
But just as Perry raised his hand, and the rock was on theverge of descent, something extraordinary occurred—what
Perry later called “a goddam miracle.” The miracle was thesudden appearance of a third hitchhiker, a Negro soldier,
for whom the charitable salesman stopped. “Say, that’s
pretty cute,” he said as his savior ran toward the car. “Whenyou gotta go, you gotta go!”December 16, 1959, Las Vegas, Nevada. Age andweather had removed the first letter and the last—an R andan S—thereby coining a somewhat ominous word: OOM.

The word, faintly present upon a sun-warped sign, seemed
appropriate to the place it publicized, which was, as Harold
Nye wrote in his official K.B.I. report, “run-down and shabby,
the lowest type of hotel or rooming house.” The reportcontinued: “Until a few years ago (according to information
supplied by the Las Vegas police), it was one of thebiggest cathouses in the West. Then fire destroyed themain building, and the remaining portion was converted
into a cheap-rent rooming house.” The “lobby” wasunfurnished, except for a cactus plant six feet tall and amakeshift reception desk; it was also uninhabited. The
detective clapped his hands. Eventually, a voice, female,but not very feminine, shouted, “I’m coming,” but it was fiveminutes before the woman appeared. She wore a soiled
housecoat and high-heeled gold leather sandals. Curlers
pinioned her thinning yellowish hair. Her face was broad,muscular, rouged, powdered. She was carrying a can ofMiller High Life beer; she smelled of beer and tobacco andrecently applied nail varnish. She was seventy-four years
old, but in Nye’s opinion, “looked younger—maybe ten
minutes younger.” She stared at him, his trim brown suit, hisbrown snapbrim hat. When he displayed his badge, she
was amused; her lips parted, and Nye glimpsed two rowsof fake teeth. “Uh-huh. That’s what I figured,” she said. “O.K.
Let’s hear it.”
He handed her a photograph of Richard Hickock. “Knowhim?”A negative grunt.
“Or him?”
She said, “Uh-huh. He’s stayed here a coupla times. But
he’s not here now. Checked out over a month ago. You
wanna see the register?”
Nye leaned against the desk and watched the landlady’slong and lacquered fingernails search a page of pencilscribbled names. Las Vegas was the first of three places
that his employers wished him to visit. Each had beenchosen because of its connection with the history of Perry
Smith. The two others were Reno, where it was thought that
Smith’s father lived, and San Francisco, the home ofSmith’s sister, who shall here be known as Mrs. Frederic
Johnson. Though Nye planned to interview these relatives,and anyone else who might have knowledge of thesuspect’s whereabouts, his main objective was to obtain
the aid of the local law agencies. On arriving in Las Vegas,
for example, he had discussed the Clutter case with
Lieutenant B. J. Handlon, Chief of the Detective Division of
the Las Vegas Police Department. The lieutenant had thenwritten a memorandum ordering all police personnel to beon the alert for Hickock and Smith: “Wanted in Kansas forparole violation, and said to be driving a 1949 Chevrolet
bearing Kansas license JO-58269. These men areprobably armed and should be considered dangerous.”
Also, Handlon had assigned a detective to help Nye “casethe pawnbrokers”; as he said, there was “always a pack ofthem in any gambling town.” Together, Nye and the Las
Vegas detective had checked every pawn ticket issued
during the past month. Specifically, Nye hoped to find a
Zenith portable radio believed to have been stolen from the
Clutter house on the night of the crime, but he had no luckwith that. One broker, though, remembered Smith (“He’sbeen in and out of here going on a good ten years”), andwas able to produce a ticket for a bearskin rug pawned
during the first week in November. It was from this ticketthat Nye had obtained the address of the rooming house.
“Registered October thirtieth,” the landlady said. “Pulled out
November eleventh.” Nye glanced at Smith’s signature. The
ornateness of it, the mannered swoops and swirls,
surprised him—a reaction that the landlady apparently
divined, for she said, “Uh-huh. And you oughta hear him
talk. Big, long words coming at you in this kinda lispy,
whispery voice. Quite a personality. What you got against
him—a nice little punk like that?”“Parole violation.”“Uh-huh. Came all the way from Kansas on a parole case.
Well, I’m just a dizzy blonde. I believe you. But I wouldn’t tellthat tale to any brunettes.” She raised the beer can,emptied it, then thoughtfully rolled the empty can between
her veined and freckled hands. “Whatever it is, it ain’t
nothing big-big. Couldn’t be. I never saw the man yet Icouldn’t gauge his shoe size. This one, he’s only a punk.
Little punk tried to sweet-talk me out of paying rent the last
week he was here.” She chuckled, presumably at theabsurdity of such an ambition.
The detective asked how much Smith’s room had cost.
“Regular rate. Nine bucks a week. Plus a fifty-cent key
deposit. Strictly cash. Strictly in advance.”“While he was here, what did he do with himself? Does hehave any friends?” Nye asked.
“You think I keep an eye on every crawly that comes in
here?” the landlady retorted. “Bums. Punks. I’m notinterested. I got a daughter married big-big.” Then she
said, “No, he doesn’t have any friends. Least, I nevernoticed him run around with anybody special. This last time
he was here, he spent most every day tinkering with his car.
Had it parked out front there. An old Ford. Looked like it
was made before he was born. He gave it a paint job.
Painted the top part black and the rest silver. Then he wrote‘For Sale’ on the windshield. One day I heard a sucker stopand offer him forty bucks—that’s forty more than it wasworth. But he allowed he couldn’t take less than ninety. Said
he needed the money for a bus ticket. Just before he left I
heard some colored man bought it.”“He said he needed the money for a bus ticket. But you

don’t know where it was he wanted to go?”She pursed her lips, hung a cigarette between them, but
her eyes stayed on Nye. “Play fair. Any money on the table?
A reward?” She waited for an answer; when none arrived,
she seemed to weigh the probabilities and decide in favorof proceeding. “Because I got the impression wherever hewas going he didn’t mean to stay long. That he meant to cut
back here. Sorta been expecting him to turn up any day.”
She nodded toward the interior of the establishment.
“Come along, and I’ll show you why.”
Stairs. Gray halls. Nye sniffed the odors, separating one
from another: lavatory disinfectant, alcohol, dead cigars.
Beyond one door, a drunken tenant wailed and sang in thefirm grip of either gladness or grief. “Boil down, Dutch! Turnit off or out you go!” the woman yelled. “Here,” she said toNye, leading him into a darkened storage room. She
switched on a light. “Over there. That box. He asked would I
keep it till he came back.”
It was a cardboard box, unwrapped but tied with cord. A
declaration, a warning somewhat in the spirit of an
Egyptian curse, was crayoned across the top: “Beware!
Property of Perry E. Smith! Beware!” Nye undid the cord;
the knot, he was unhappy to see, was not the same as thehalf hitch that the killers had used when binding the Clutter
family. He parted the flaps. A cockroach emerged, and thelandlady stepped on it, squashing it under the heel of her

gold leather sandal. “Hey!” she said as he carefully
extracted and slowly examined Smith’s possessions. “Thesneak. That’s my towel.” In addition to the towel, themeticulous Nye listed in his notebook: “One dirty pillow,‘Souvenir of Honolulu’; one pink baby blanket; one pairkhaki trousers; one aluminum pan with pancake turner.”
Other oddments included a scrapbook thick withphotographs clipped from physical-culture magazines(sweaty studies of weight-lifting weightlifters) and, inside ashoebox, a collection of medicines: rinses and powders
employed to combat trench mouth, and also a mystifying
amount of aspirin—at least a dozen containers, several ofthem empty.
“Junk,” the landlady said. “Nothing but trash.”True, it was valueless stuff even to a clue-hungry detective.
Still, Nye was glad to have seen it; each item—thepalliatives for sore gums, the greasy Honolulu pillow—gave
him a clearer impression of the owner and his lonely, meanlife.
The next day in Reno, preparing his official notes, Nyewrote: “At 9:00 A.M. the reporting agent contacted Mr. Bill
Driscoll, chief criminal investigator, Sheriff’s Office,Washoe County, Reno, Nevada. After being briefed on thecircumstances of this case, Mr. Driscoll was supplied withphotographs, fingerprints and warrants for Hickock andSmith. Stops were placed in the files on both theseindividuals as well as the automobile. At 10:30 A.M. thereporting agent contacted Sgt. Abe Feroah, Detective
Division, Police Department, Reno, Nevada. Sgt. Feroah
and the reporting agent checked the police files. Neither
the name of Smith or Hickock was reflected in the felon
registration file. A check of the pawnshop-ticket files failed
to reflect any information about the missing radio. A
permanent stop was placed in these files in the event theradio is pawned in Reno. The detective handling thepawnshop detail took photographs of Smith and Hickock toeach of the pawnshops in town and also made a personal
check of each shop for the radio. These pawnshops madean identification of Smith as being familiar, but were unable
to furnish any further information.”
Thus the morning. That afternoon Nye set forth in search ofTex John Smith. But at his first stop, the post office, a clerk
at the General Delivery window told him he need look nofarther—not in Nevada—for “the individual” had left there
the previous August and now lived in the vicinity of Circle
City, Alaska. That, anyway, was where his mail was being
forwarded.
“Gosh! Now, there’s a tall order,” said the clerk in response
to Nye’s request for a description of the elder Smith. “Theguy’s out of a book. He calls himself the Lone Wolf. A lot of
his mail comes addressed that way—the Lone Wolf. He
doesn’t receive many letters, no, but bales of catalogues
and advertising pamphlets. You’d be surprised the number

of people send away for that stuff—just to get some mail,must be. How old? I’d say sixty. Dresses Western—cowboy
boots and a big ten-gallon hat. He told me he used to bewith the rodeo. I’ve talked to him quite a bit. He’s been inhere almost every day the last few years. Once in a while
he’d disappear, stay away a month or so—always claimed
he’d been off prospecting. One day last August a young
man came here to the window. He said he was looking for
his father, Tex John Smith, and did I know where he could
find him. He didn’t look much like his dad; the Wolf is so
thin-lipped and Irish, and this boy looked almost pure Indian—hair black as boot polish, with eyes to match. But nextmorning in walks the Wolf and confirms it; he told me his
son had just got out of the Army and that they were going to
Alaska. He’s an old Alaska hand. I think he once owned ahotel there, or some kind of hunting lodge. He said he
expected to be gone about two years. Nope, never seen
him since, him or his boy.”

The Johnson family were recent arrivals in their San
Francisco community—a middle-class, middle-income
real-estate development high in the hills north of the city. On
the afternoon of December 18, 1959, young Mrs. Johnson
was expecting guests; three women of the neighborhood
were coming by for coffee and cake and perhaps a gameof cards. The hostess was tense; it would be the first time
she had entertained in her new home. Now, while she waslistening for the doorbell, she made a final tour, pausing todispose of a speck of lint or alter an arrangement of
Christmas poinsettias. The house, like the others on theslanting hillside street, was a conventional suburban ranchhouse, pleasant and commonplace. Mrs. Johnson loved it;
she was in love with the redwood paneling, the wall-to-wallcarpeting, the picture windows fore and aft, the view thatthe rear window provided—hills, a valley, then sky andocean. And she was proud of the small back garden; herhusband—by profession an insurance salesman, by
inclination a carpenter—had built around it a white picket
fence, and inside it a house for the family dog, and asandbox and swings for the children. At the moment, all four—dog, two little boys, and a girl—were playing there undera mild sky; she hoped they would be happy in the garden
until the guests had gone. When the doorbell sounded andMrs. Johnson went to the door, she was wearing what she
considered her most becoming dress, a yellow knit thathugged her figure and heightened the pale-tea shine of her
Cherokee coloring and the blackness of her featherbobbed hair. She opened the door, prepared to admit
three neighbors; instead, she discovered two strangers—
men who tipped their hats and flipped open badge-studded
billfolds. “Mrs. Johnson?” one of them said. “My name isNye. This is Inspector Guthrie. We’re attached to the San
Francisco police, and we’ve just received an inquiry from
Kansas concerning your brother, Perry Edward Smith. It

seems he hasn’t been reporting to his parole officer, andwe wondered if you could tell us anything of his present
whereabouts.”
Mrs. Johnson was not distressed—and definitely not
surprised—to learn that the police were once moreinterested in her brother’s activities. What did upset her
was the prospect of having guests arrive to find her being
questioned by detectives. She said, “No. Nothing. I haven’t
seen Perry in four years.”“This is a serious matter, Mrs. Johnson,” Nye said. “We’dlike to talk it over.”Having surrendered, having asked them in and offeredthem coffee (which was accepted), Mrs. Johnson said, “Ihaven’t seen Perry in four years. Or heard from him since
he was paroled. Last summer, when he came out of prison,
he visited my father in Reno. In a letter, my father told me he
was returning to Alaska and taking Perry with him. Then hewrote again, I think in September, and he was very angry.
He and Perry had quarreled and separated before theyreached the border. Perry turned back; my father went on to
Alaska alone.”“And he hasn’t written you since?”“Then it’s possible your brother may have joined him
recently. Within the last month.”

“I don’t know. I don’t care.”“On bad terms?”“With Perry? Yes. I’m afraid of him.”“But while he was in Lansing you wrote him frequently. Or
so the Kansas authorities tell us,” Nye said. The second
man, Inspector Guthrie, seemed content to occupy thesidelines.
“I wanted to help him. I hoped I might change a few of his
ideas. Now I know better. The rights of other people mean
nothing to Perry. He has no respect for anyone.”“About friends. Do you know of any with whom he might bestaying?”“Joe James,” she said, and explained that James was ayoung Indian logger and fisherman who lived in the forest
near Bellingham, Washington. No, she was not personallyacquainted with him, but she understood that he and his
family were generous people who had often been kind to
Perry in the past. The only friend of Perry’s she had evermet was a young lady who had appeared on the Johnsons’doorstep in June, 1955, bringing with her a letter from Perryin which he introduced her as his wife.
“He said he was in trouble, and asked if I would take careof his wife until he could send for her. The girl lookedtwenty; it turned out she was fourteen. And of course shewasn’t anyone’s wife. But at the time I was taken in. I felt
sorry for her, and asked her to stay with us. She did, though
not for long. Less than a week. And when she left, she took
our suitcases and everything they could hold—most of myclothes and most of my husband’s, the silver, even the
kitchen clock.”“When this happened, where were you living?”“Denver.”“Have you ever lived in Fort Scott, Kansas?”“Never. I’ve never been to Kansas.”“Have you a sister who lives in Fort Scott?”“My sister is dead. My only sister.”
Nye smiled. He said, “You understand, Mrs. Johnson, we’re
working on the assumption that your brother will contact
you. Write or call. Or come to see you.”“I hope not. As a matter of fact, he doesn’t know we’ve
moved. He thinks I’m still in Denver. Please, if you do findhim, don’t give him my address. I’m afraid.”“When you say that, is it because you think he might harmyou? Hurt you physically?”She considered, and unable to decide, said she didn’t
know. “But I’m afraid of him. I always have been. He canseem so warmhearted and sympathetic. Gentle. He cries
so easily. Sometimes music sets him off, and when he wasa little boy he used to cry because he thought a sunset was
beautiful. Or the moon. Oh, he can fool you. He can makeyou feel so sorry for him—”
The doorbell rang. Mrs. Johnson’s reluctance to answer
conveyed her dilemma, and Nye (who later wrote of her,“Throughout the interview she remained composed andmost gracious. A person of exceptional character”)
reached for his brown snapbrim. “Sorry to have troubled
you, Mrs. Johnson. But if you hear from Perry, we hope
you’ll have the good sense to call us. Ask for Inspector
Guthrie.”
After the departure of the detectives, the composure that
had impressed Nye faltered; a familiar despair impended.
She fought it, delayed its full impact until the party was done
and the guests had gone, until she’d fed the children andbathed them and heard their prayers. Then the mood, likethe evening ocean fog now clouding the street lamps,
closed round her. She had said she was afraid of Perry,and she was, but was it simply Perry she feared, or was it aconfiguration of which he was part—the terrible destinies
that seemed promised the four children of Florence
Buckskin and Tex John Smith? The eldest, the brother she
loved, had shot himself; Fern had fallen out of a window, orjumped; and Perry was committed to violence, a criminal.
So, in a sense, she was the only survivor; and what
tormented her was the thought that in time she, too, would
be overwhelmed: go mad, or contract an incurable illness,or in a fire lose all she valued—home, husband, children.
Her husband was away on a business trip, and when she
was alone, she never thought of having a drink. But tonight
she fixed a strong one, then lay down on the living-roomcouch, a picture album propped against her knees.
A photograph of her father dominated the first page—astudio portrait taken in 1922, the year of his marriage to theyoung Indian rodeo rider Miss Florence Buckskin. It was aphotograph that invariably transfixed Mrs. Johnson.
Because of it, she could understand why, when essentiallythey were so mismatched, her mother had married herfather. The young man in the picture exuded virile allure.
Everything—the cocky tilt of his ginger-haired head, thesquint in his left eye (as though he were sighting a target),the tiny cowboy scarf knotted round his throat—wasabundantly attractive. On the whole, Mrs. Johnson’s attitude
toward her father was ambivalent, but one aspect of him
she had always respected—his fortitude. She well knew
how eccentric he seemed to others; he seemed so to her,
for that matter. All the same, he was “a real man.” He didthings, did them easily. He could make a tree fall precisely
where he wished. He could skin a bear, repair a watch,build a house, bake a cake, darn a sock, or catch a trout

with a bent pin and a piece of string. Once he had survived
a winter alone in the Alaskan wilderness.
Alone: in Mrs. Johnson’s opinion, that was how such men
should live. Wives, children, a timid life are not for them.
She turned over some pages of childhood snapshots—
pictures made in Utah and Nevada and Idaho and Oregon.
The rodeo careers of “Tex & Flo” were finished, and thefamily, living in an old truck, roamed the country hunting
work, a hard thing to find in 1933. “Tex John Smith Family
picking berries in Oregon, 1933” was the caption under asnapshot of four barefooted children wearing overalls andcranky, uniformly fatigued expressions. Berries or stale
bread soaked in sweet condensed milk was often all they
had to eat. Barbara Johnson remembered that once thefamily had lived for days on rotten bananas, and that, as aresult, Perry had got colic; he had screamed all night, while
Bobo, as Barbara was called, wept for fear he was dying.
Bobo was three years older than Perry, and she adoredhim; he was her only toy, a doll she scrubbed and combed
and kissed and sometimes spanked. Here was a picture of
the two together bathing naked in a diamond-watered
Colorado creek, the brother, a pot-bellied, sun-blackened
cupid, clutching his sister’s hand and giggling, as though
the tumbling stream contained ghostly tickling fingers. In
another snapshot (Mrs. Johnson was unsure, but she
thought probably it was taken at a remote Nevada ranchwhere the family was staying when a final battle between
the parents, a terrifying contest in which horsewhips andscalding water and kerosene lamps were used as
weapons, had brought the marriage to a stop), she andPerry are astride a pony, their heads are together, theircheeks touch; beyond them dry mountains burn.
Later, when the children and their mother had gone to live in
San Francisco, Bobo’s love for the little boy weakened until
it went quite away. He wasn’t her baby any more but a wildthing, a thief, a robber. His first recorded arrest was on
October 27, 1936—his eighth birthday. Ultimately, after
several confinements in institutions and children’s detention
centers, he was returned to the custody of his father, and it
was many years before Bobo saw him again, except inphotographs that Tex John occasionally sent his otherchildren—pictures that, pasted above white-ink captions,were part of the album’s contents. There was “Perry, Dad,and their Husky Dog,” “Perry and Dad Panning for Gold,”“Perry Bear-Hunting in Alaska.” In this last, he was a furcapped boy of fifteen standing on snowshoes among snowweighted trees, a rifle hooked under his arm; the face wasdrawn and the eyes were sad and very tired, and Mrs.
Johnson, looking at the picture, was reminded of a “scene”
that Perry had made once when he had visited her in
Denver. Indeed, it was the last time she had ever seen him—the spring of 1955. They were discussing his childhood
with Tex John, and suddenly Perry, who had too much drink
inside him, pushed her against a wall and held her there. “Iwas his nigger,” Perry said. “That’s all. Somebody he could
work their guts out and never have to pay them one hotdime. No, Bobo, I’m talking. Shut up, or I’ll throw you in theriver. Like once when I was walking across a bridge inJapan, and a guy was standing there, I never saw him
before, I just picked him up and threw him in the river.
“Please, Bobo. Please listen. You think I like myself? Oh,
the man I could have been! But that bastard never gave mea chance. He wouldn’t let me go to school. O.K. O.K. I wasa bad kid. But the time came I begged to go to school. I
happen to have a brilliant mind. In case you don’t know. A
brilliant mind and talent plus. But no education, because hedidn’t want me to learn anything, only how to tote and carryfor him. Dumb. Ignorant. That’s the way he wanted me tobe. So that I could never escape him. But you, Bobo. You
went to school. You and Jimmy and Fern. Every damn oneof you got an education. Everybody but me. And I hate you,all of you—Dad and everybody.”
As though for his brother and sisters life had been a bed ofroses! Maybe so, if that meant cleaning up Mama’s
drunken vomit, if it meant never anything nice to wear or
enough to eat. Still, it was true, all three had finished highschool. Jimmy, in fact, had graduated at the top of his class—an honor he owed entirely to his own will power. That,
Barbara Johnson felt, was what made his suicide soominous. Strong character, high courage, hard work—it
seemed that none of these were determining factors in thefates of Tex John’s children. They shared a doom against
which virtue was no defense. Not that Perry was virtuous, orFern. When Fern was fourteen, she changed her name, andfor the rest of her short life she tried to justify the
replacement: Joy. She was an easygoing girl, “everybody’s
sweetheart”—rather too much everybody’s, for she waspartial to men, though somehow she hadn’t much luck withthem. Somehow, the kind of man she liked always let her
down. Her mother had died in an alcoholic coma, and she
was afraid of drink—yet she drank. Before she was twenty,
Fern-Joy was beginning the day with a bottle of beer. Then,
one summer night, she fell from the window of a hotel room.
Falling, she struck a theater marquee, bounced off it, androlled under the wheels of a taxi. Above, in the vacatedroom, police found her shoes, a moneyless purse, an
empty whiskey bottle.
One could understand Fern and forgive her, but Jimmy wasa different matter. Mrs. Johnson was looking at a picture of
him in which he was dressed as a sailor; during the war hehad served in the Navy. Slender, a pale young seafarer with
an elongated face of slightly dour saintliness, he stood withan arm around the waist of the girl he had married and, in
Mrs. Johnson’s estimation, ought not to have, for they had
nothing in common—the serious Jimmy and this teen-age
San Diego fleet-follower whose glass beads reflected a
now long-faded sun. And yet what Jimmy had felt for her
was beyond normal love; it was passion—a passion thatwas in part pathological. As for the girl, she must haveloved him, and loved him completely, or she would not havedone as she did. If only Jimmy had believed that! Or beencapable of believing it. But jealousy imprisoned him. He
was mortified by thoughts of the men she had slept with
before their marriage; he was convinced, moreover, that
she remained promiscuous—that every time he went tosea, or even left her alone for the day, she betrayed him
with a multitude of lovers, whose existence he unendingly
demanded that she admit. Then she aimed a shotgun at apoint between her eyes and pressed the trigger with hertoe. When Jimmy found her, he didn’t call the police. He
picked her up and put her on the bed and lay down besideher. Sometime around dawn of the next day, he reloaded
the gun and killed himself.
Opposite the picture of Jimmy and his wife was aphotograph of Perry in uniform. It had been clipped from anewspaper, and was accompanied by a paragraph of text:“Headquarters, United States Army, Alaska. Pvt. Perry E.
Smith, 23, first Army Korean combat veteran to return to theAnchorage, Alaska, area, is greeted by Captain Mason,
Public Information Officer, upon arrival at Elmendorf Air
Force Base. Smith served 15 months with the 24th Division
as a combat engineer. His trip from Seattle to Anchorage
was a gift from Pacific Northern Airlines. Miss Lynn
Marquis, airline hostess, smiles approval at welcome.
(Official U.S. Army Photo).” Captain Mason, with handextended, is looking at Private Smith, but Private Smith islooking at the camera. In his expression Mrs. Johnson saw,

or imagined she saw, not gratitude but arrogance, and, inplace of pride, immense conceit. It wasn’t incredible that hehad met a man on a bridge and thrown him off it. Of course
he had. She had never doubted it.
She shut the album and switched on the television, but it did
not console her. Suppose he did come? The detectives
had found her; why shouldn’t Perry? He need not expect her
to help him; she wouldn’t even let him in. The front door was
locked, but not the door to the garden. The garden waswhite with sea-fog; it might have been an assembly of
spirits: Mama and Jimmy and Fern. When Mrs. Johnson
bolted the door, she had in mind the dead as well as theliving.

A cloudburst. Rain. Buckets of it. Dick ran. Perry ran too,but he could not run as fast; his legs were shorter, and he
was lugging the suitcase. Dick reached shelter—a barn
near the highway—long before him. On leaving Omaha,
after a night spent in a Salvation Army dormitory, a truck
driver had given them a ride across the Nebraska border
into Iowa. The past several hours, however, had found themafoot. The rain came when they were sixteen miles north ofan Iowa settlement called Tenville Junction.

The barn was dark.
“Dick?” Perry said.
“Over here,” Dick said. He was sprawled on a bed of hay.
Perry, drenched and shaking, dropped beside him. “I’m socold,” he said, burrowing in the hay, “I’m so cold I wouldn’t
give a damn if this caught fire and burned me alive.” He
was hungry, too. Starved. Last night they had dined on
bowls of Salvation Army soup, and today the only
nourishment they’d had was some chocolate bars andchewing gum that Dick had stolen from a drugstore candy
counter. “Any more Hershey?” Perry asked.
No, but there was still a pack of chewing gum. They divided
it, then settled down to chewing it, each chomping on two
and a half sticks of Doublemint, Dick’s favorite flavor (Perry
preferred Juicy Fruit). Money was the problem. Their utter
lack of it had led Dick to decide that their next move should
be what Perry considered “a crazy-man stunt”—a return to
Kansas City. When Dick had first urged the return, Perrysaid, “You ought to see a doctor.” Now, huddled together inthe cold darkness, listening to the dark, cold rain, they
resumed the argument, Perry once more listing the dangers
of such a move, for surely by this time Dick was wanted forparole violation—“if nothing more.” But Dick was not to be
dissuaded. Kansas City, he again insisted, was the one
place he was certain he could successfully “hang a lot of hotpaper. Hell, I know we’ve got to be careful. I know they’ve
got a warrant out. Because of the paper we hung before.
But we’ll move fast. One day—that’ll do it. If we grab
enough, maybe we ought to try Florida. Spend Christmas in
Miami—stay the winter if it looks good.” But Perry chewed
his gum and shivered and sulked. Dick said, “What is it,
honey? That other deal? Why the hell can’t you forget it?
They never made any connection. They never will.”
Perry said, “You could be wrong. And if you are, it means
The Corner.” Neither one had ever before referred to theultimate penalty in the State of Kansas—the gallows, ordeath in The Corner, as the inmates of Kansas State
Penitentiary have named the shed that houses theequipment required to hang a man.
Dick said, “The comedian. You kill me.” He struck a match,intending to smoke a cigarette, but something seen by thelight of the flaring match brought him to his feet and carried
him across the barn to a cow stall. A car was parked inside
the stall, a black-and-white two-door 1956 Chevrolet. The
key was in the ignition.

Dewey was determined to conceal from “the civilian
population” any knowledge of a major break in the Clutter

case—so determined that he decided to take into his
confidence Garden City’s two professional town criers: Bill
Brown, editor of the Garden City Telegram, and RobertWells, manager of the local radio station, KIUL. In outlining
the situation, Dewey emphasized his reasons forconsidering secrecy of the first importance: “Remember,there’s a possibility these men are innocent.”
It was a possibility too valid to dismiss. The informer, Floyd
Wells, might easily have invented his story; such tale-telling
was not infrequently undertaken by prisoners who hoped to
win favor or attract official notice. But even if the man’s
every word was gospel, Dewey and his colleagues had not
yet unearthed one bit of solid supporting evidence—“courtroom evidence.” What had they discovered that
could not be interpreted as plausible, though exceptional,
coincidence? Just because Smith had traveled to Kansas
to visit his friend Hickock, and just because Hickock
possessed a gun of the caliber used to commit the crime,and just because the suspects had arranged a false alibi toaccount for their whereabouts the night of November 14,
they were not necessarily mass murderers. “But we’repretty sure this is it. We all think so. If we didn’t, we wouldn’t
have set up a seventeen-state alarm, from Arkansas toOregon. But keep in mind: It could be years before wecatch them. They may have separated. Or left the country.
There’s a chance they’ve gone to Alaska—not hard to getlost in Alaska. The longer they’re free, the less of a case
we’ll have. Frankly, as matters stand, we don’t have muchof a case anyhow. We could nab those sonsabitches
tomorrow, and never be able to prove spit.”
Dewey did not exaggerate. Except for two sets of bootprints, one bearing a diamond pattern and the other a Cat’s
Paw design, the slayers had left not a single clue. Since
they seemed to take such care, they had undoubtedly got
rid of the boots long ago. And the radio, too—assumingthat it was they who had stolen it, which was something
Dewey still hesitated to do, for it appeared to him“ludicrously inconsistent” with the magnitude of the crime
and the manifest cunning of the criminals, and“inconceivable” that these men had entered a house
expecting to find a money-filled safe, and then, not findingit, had thought it expedient to slaughter the family for
perhaps a few dollars and a small portable radio. “Without
a confession, we’ll never get a conviction,” he said. “That’s
my opinion. And that’s why we can’t be too cautious. They
think they’ve got away with it. Well, we don’t want them toknow any different. The safer they feel, the sooner we’ll
grab them.”
But secrets are an unusual commodity in a town the size of
Garden City. Anyone visiting the sheriff’s office, three
underfurnished, overcrowded rooms on the third floor of thecounty courthouse, could detect an odd, almost sinister
atmosphere. The hurry-scurry, the angry hum of recent
weeks had departed; a quivering stillness now permeatedthe premises. Mrs. Richardson, the office secretary and avery down-to-earth person, had acquired overnight a dainty
lot of whispery, tiptoe mannerisms, and the men she
served, the sheriff and his staff, Dewey and the imported
team of K.B.I. agents, crept about conversing in hushed
tones. It was as though, like huntsmen hiding in a forest,
they were afraid that any abrupt sound or movement would
warn away approaching beasts.
People talked. The Trail Room of the Warren Hotel, acoffee shop that Garden City businessmen treat as though
it were a private club, was a murmuring cave of speculation
and rumor. An eminent citizen, so one heard, was on the
point of arrest. Or it was now known that the crime was thework of killers hired by enemies of the Kansas Wheat
Growers’ Association, a progressive organization in which
Mr. Clutter had played a large role. Of the many stories
circulating, the most nearly accurate was contributed by aprominent car dealer (who refused to disclose its source):“Seems there was a man who worked for Herb way backyonder around ’47 or ’48. Ordinary ranch hand. Seems hewent to prison, state prison, and while he was there he got
to thinking what a rich man Herb was. So about a monthago, when they let him loose, the first thing he did wascome on out here to rob and kill those people.”
But seven miles westward, in the village of Holcomb, not ahint was heard of impending sensations, one reason beingthat for some while the Clutter tragedy had been a banned
topic at both of the community’s principal gossip-

dispensaries—the post office and Hartman’s Café. “Myself,
I don’t want to hear another word,” said Mrs. Hartman. “I told
them, We can’t go on like this. Distrusting everybody,scaring each other to death. What I say is, if you want to talkabout it, stay out of my place.” Myrt Clare took quite asstrong a stand. “Folks come in here to buy a nickel’s worthof postage and think they can spend the next three hours
and thirty-three minutes turning the Clutters inside out.
Pickin’ the wings off other people. Rattlesnakes, that’s all
they are. I don’t have the time to listen. I’m in business—I’m
a representative of the government of the United States.
Anyway, it’s morbid. Al Dewey and those hot-shot copsfrom Topeka and Kansas City—supposed to be sharp as
turpentine. But I don’t know a soul who still thinks they’ve
got hell’s chance of catching the one done it. So I say thesane thing to do is shut up. You live until you die, and it
doesn’t matter how you go; dead’s dead. So why carry on
like a sackful of sick cats just because Herb Clutter got his
throat cut? Anyway, it’s morbid. Polly Stringer, from over at
the schoolhouse? Polly Stringer was in here this morning.
She said it’s only now, after over a month, only now thosekids are beginning to quiet down. Which made me think:
What if they do arrest somebody? If they do, it’s bound tobe somebody everybody knows. And that would fan the fire
for sure, get the pot boiling just when it had started to cooloff. Ask me, we’ve had enough excitement.”

It was early, not yet nine, and Perry was the first customer
at the Washateria, a self-service laundry. He opened his fat
straw suitcase, extracted a wad of briefs and socks andshirts (some his, some Dick’s), tossed them into a washer,and fed the machine a lead slug—one of many bought in
Mexico.
Perry was well acquainted with the workings of suchemporiums, having often patronized them, and happily,
since usually he found it “so relaxing” to sit quietly andwatch clothes get clean. Not today. He was too
apprehensive. Despite his warnings, Dick had won out.
Here they were, back in Kansas City—dead broke, to boot,and driving a stolen car! All night they had raced the Iowa
Chevrolet through thick rain, stopping twice to siphon gas,
both times from vehicles parked on the empty streets ofsmall sleeping towns. (This was Perry’s job, one at which
he judged himself “absolutely tops. Just a short piece of
rubber hose, that’s my cross-country credit card.”) On
reaching Kansas City at sunrise, the travelers had gonefirst to the airport, where in the men’s lavatory they washedand shaved and brushed their teeth; two hours later, after anap in the airport lounge, they returned to the city. It wasthen that Dick had dropped his partner at the Washateria,
promising to come back for him within the hour.
When the laundry was clean and dry, Perry repacked thesuitcase. It was past ten. Dick, supposedly off somewhere“hanging paper,” was overdue. He sat down to wait,choosing a bench on which, an arm’s length away, awoman’s purse rested—tempting him to snake his handaround inside it. But the appearance of its owner, theburliest of several women now employing theestablishment’s facilities, deterred him. Once, when he wasa running-wild child in San Francisco, he and a “Chink kid”
(Tommy Chan? Tommy Lee? ) had worked together as a“purse-snatching team.” It amused Perry—cheered him up—to remember some of their escapades. “Like one time
we sneaked up on an old lady, really old, and Tommy
grabbed her handbag, but she wouldn’t let go, she was aregular tiger. The harder he tugged one way, the harder she
tugged the other. Then she saw me, and said, ‘Help me!
Help me!’ and I said, ‘Hell, lady, I’m helping him!—andbopped her good. Put her on the pavement. Ninety centswas all we got—I remember exactly. We went to a Chink
restaurant and ate ourselves under the table.”Things hadn’t changed much. Perry was twenty-odd years
older and a hundred pounds heavier, and yet his material
situation had improved not at all. He was still (and wasn’t it
incredible, a person of his intelligence, his talents?) an
urchin dependent, so to say, on stolen coins.
A clock on the wall kept catching his eye. At half past ten hebegan to worry; by eleven his legs were pulsing with pain,
which was always, with him, a sign of approaching panic

—“bubbles in my blood.” He ate an aspirin, and tried to blot
out—blur, at least—the brilliantly vivid cavalcade gliding
across his mind, a procession of dire visions: Dick in thehands of the law, perhaps arrested while writing a phonycheck, or for committing a minor traffic violation (and foundto be driving a “hot” car). Very likely, at this very instant Dicksat trapped inside a circle of red-necked detectives. And
they weren’t discussing trivialities—bad checks or stolen
automobiles. Murder, that was the topic, for somehow theconnection that Dick had been so certain no one could
make had been made. And right now a carload of Kansas
City police were on their way to the Washateria.
But, no, he was imagining too much. Dick would never dothat—“spill his guts.” Think of how often he had heard him
say, “They can beat me blind, I’ll never tell them anything.”
Of course, Dick was a “blowhard”; his toughness, as Perry
had come to know, existed solely in situations where heunarguably had the upper hand. Suddenly, gratefully, hethought of a less desperate reason for Dick’s prolonged
absence. He’d gone to visit his parents. A risky thing to do,
but Dick was “devoted” to them, or claimed to be, and lastnight during the long rainy ride he had told Perry, “I’d sure
like to see my folks. They wouldn’t mention it. I mean, theywouldn’t tell the parole officer—do anything to get us into
trouble. Only I’m ashamed to. I’m afraid of what my motherwould say. About the checks. And going off like we did. But
I wish I could call them, hear how they are.” However, thatwas not possible, for the Hickock home was without atelephone; otherwise, Perry would have rung up to see if
Dick was there.
Another few minutes, and he was again convinced that
Dick was under arrest. His leg pains flared up, flashedthrough his body, and the laundry odors, the steamy stench,
all at once sickened him, picked him up and propelled him
out the door. He stood at the curb retching like “a drunk withthe dry heaves.” Kansas City! Hadn’t he known Kansas City
was bad luck, and begged Dick to keep away? Now,
maybe now, Dick was sorry he hadn’t listened. And he
wondered: But what about me, “with a dime or two and abunch of lead slugs in my pocket”? Where could he go?
Who would help him? Bobo? Fat chance! But her husband
might. If Fred Johnson had followed his own inclination, hewould have guaranteed employment for Perry after he left
prison, thus helping him obtain a parole. But Bobo wouldn’t
permit it; she had said it would only lead to trouble, andpossibly danger. Then she had written to Perry to tell him
precisely that. One fine day he’d pay her back, have a little
fun—talk to her, advertise his abilities, spell out in detail thethings he was capable of doing to people like her,respectable people, safe and smug people, exactly like
Bobo. Yes, let her know just how dangerous he could be,
and watch her eyes. Surely that was worth a trip to Denver?
Which was what he’d do—go to Denver and visit theJohnsons. Fred Johnson would stake him to a new start inlife; he’d have to, if he wanted ever to be rid of him.

Then Dick came up to him at the curb. “Hey, Perry,” hesaid. “You sick?”
The sound of Dick’s voice was like an injection of somepotent narcotic, a drug that, invading his veins, produced adelirium of colliding sensations: tension and relief, fury andaffection. He advanced toward Dick with clenched fists.
“You sonofabitch,” he said.
Dick grinned, and said, “Come on. We’re eating again.”
But explanations were in order—apologies, too—and overa bowl of chili at the Kansas City hash house that Dick liked
best, the Eagle Buffet, Dick supplied them. “I’m sorry,honey. I knew you’d get the bends. Think I’d tangled with abull. But I was having such a run of luck it seemed like I
ought to let it ride.” He explained that after leaving Perry he
had gone to the Markl Buick Company, the firm that had
once employed him, hoping to find a set of license plates tosubstitute for the hazardous Iowa plates on the abducted
Chevrolet. “Nobody saw me come or go. Marki used to doa considerable wrecked-car trade. Sure enough, out backthere was a smashed-up De Soto with Kansas tags.” And
where were they now? “On our buggy, pal.”Having made the switch, Dick had dropped the Iowa plates
in a municipal reservoir. Then he’d stopped at a filling
station where a friend worked, a former high-schoolclassmate named Steve, and persuaded Steve to cash acheck for fifty dollars, which was something he’d not done
before—“rob a buddy.” Well, he’d never see Steve again.
He was “cutting out” of Kansas City tonight, this time really
forever. So why not fleece a few old friends? With that inmind, he’d called on another ex-classmate, a drugstore
clerk. The take was thereby increased to seventy-five
dollars. “Now, this afternoon, we’ll roll that up to a couple
hundred. I’ve made a list of places to hit. Six or seven,starting right here,” he said, meaning the Eagle Buffet,
where everybody—the bartender and waiters—knew andliked him, and called him Pickles (in honor of his favoritefood). “Then Florida, here we come. How about it, honey?
Didn’t I promise you we’d spend Christmas in Miami? Just
like all the millionaires?”Dewey and his colleague K.B.I. Agent Clarence stood
waiting for a free table in the Trail Room. Looking around at
the customary exhibit of lunch-hour faces—soft-fleshedbusinessmen and ranchers with sun-branded, coarse
complexions—Dewey acknowledged particularacquaintances: the county coroner, Dr. Fenton; themanager of the Warren, Tom Mahar; Harrison Smith, who
had run for county attorney last year and lost the election to
Duane West; and also Herbert W. Clutter, the owner ofRiver Valley Farm and a member of Dewey’s Sunday

School class. Wait a minute! Wasn’t Herb Clutter dead?
And hadn’t Dewey attended his funeral? Yet there he was,sitting in the Trail Room’s circular corner booth, his lively
brown eyes, his square-jawed, genial good looks
unchanged by death. But Herb was not alone. Sharing thetable were two young men, and Dewey, recognizing them,nudged Agent Duntz.
“Look.”“Where?”“The corner.”“I’ll be damned.”
Hickock and Smith! But the moment of recognition was
mutual. Those boys smelled danger. Feet first, theycrashed through the Trail Room’s plate-glass window, andwith Duntz and Dewey leaping after them, sped along Main
Street, past Palmer Jewelry, Norris Drugs, the Garden
Café, then around the corner and down to the depot and inand out, hide-and-seek, among a congregation of whitegrain-storage towers. Dewey drew a pistol, and so did
Duntz, but as they took aim, the supernatural intervened.
Abruptly, mysteriously (it was like a dream!), everyone wasswimming—the pursued, the pursuers—stroking the
awesome width of water that the Garden City Chamber ofCommerce claims is the “World’s Largest FREE

Swimpool.” As the detectives drew abreast of their quarry,
why, once more (How did it happen? Could he be
dreaming?) the scene faded out, and faded in upon anotherlandscape: Valley View Cemetery, that gray-and-green
island of tombs and trees and flowered paths, a restful,
leafy, whispering oasis lying like a cool piece of cloudshade on the luminous wheat plains north of town. But now
Duntz had disappeared, and Dewey was alone with thehunted men. Though he could not see them, he was certain
they were hiding among the dead, crouching there behind aheadstone, perhaps the headstone of his own father: “Alvin
Adams Dewey, September 6, 1879—January 26, 1948.”
Gun drawn, he crept along the solemn lanes until, hearing
laughter and tracing its sound, he saw that Hickock andSmith were not hiding at all but standing astride the as yet
unmarked mass grave of Herb and Bonnie and Nancy and
Kenyon, standing legs apart, hands on hips, heads flungback, laughing. Dewey fired . . . and again . . . andagain . . . Neither man fell, though each had been shot
through the heart three times; they simply rather slowly
turned transparent, by degrees grew invisible, evaporated,though the loud laughter expanded until Dewey bowed
before it, ran from it, filled with a despair so mournfully
intense that it awakened him.
When he awoke, it was as though he were a feverish,
frightened ten-year-old; his hair was wet, his shirt colddamp and clinging. The room—a room in the sheriff’s
office, into which he’d locked himself before falling asleep

at a desk—was dull with near-darkness. Listening, he could
hear Mrs. Richardson’s telephone ringing in the adjacentoffice. But she was not there to answer it; the office wasclosed. On his way out he walked past the ringing phonewith determined indifference, and then hesitated. It might
be Marie, calling to ask if he was still working and should
she wait dinner.
“Mr. A. A. Dewey, please. Kansas City calling.”“This is Mr. Dewey.”“Go ahead, Kansas City. Your party is on the line.”“Al? Brother Nye.”“Yes, Brother.”“Get ready for some very big news.”“I’m ready.”“Our friends are here. Right here in Kansas City.”“How do you know?”“Well, they aren’t exactly keeping it a secret. Hickock’s
written checks from one side of town to the other. Using his
own name.”“His own name. That must mean he doesn’t plan to hangaround long—either that or he’s feeling awful damn sure ofhimself. So Smith’s still with him?”“Oh, they’re together O.K. But driving a different car. A
1956 Chevy—black-and-white two-door job.”“Kansas tags?”“Kansas tags. And listen, Al—are we lucky! They bought atelevision set, see? Hickock gave the salesman a check.
Just as they were driving off, the guy had the sense to write
down the license number. Jot it on the back of the check.
Johnson County License 16212.”“Checked the registration?”“Guess what?”“It’s a stolen car.”“Undoubtedly. But the tags were definitely lifted. Our friends
took them off a wrecked De Soto in a K.C. garage.”“Know when?”“Yesterday morning. The boss [Logan Sanford] sent out analert with the new license number and a description of thecar.”“How about the Hickock farm? If they’re still in the area, it
seems to me sooner or later they’ll go there.”“Don’t worry. We’re watching it. Al—”
“I’m here.”“That’s what I want for Christmas. All I want. To wrap this up.
Wrap it up and sleep till New Year’s. Wouldn’t that be onehell of a present?”“Well, I hope you get it.”“Well, I hope we both do.”Afterward, as he crossed the darkening courthouse square,
pensively scuffing through dry mounds of unraked leaves,
Dewey wondered at his lack of elation. Why, when he now
knew that the suspects were not forever lost in Alaska or
Mexico or Timbuctoo, when the next second an arrest might
be made—why was it he felt none of the excitement heought to feel? The dream was at fault, for the treadmill
mood of it had lingered, making him question Nye’s
assertions—in a sense, disbelieve them. He did not
believe that Hickock and Smith would be caught in Kansas
City. They were invulnerable.

In Miami Beach, 335 Ocean Drive is the address of theSomerset Hotel, a small, square building painted more orless white, with many lavender touches, among them alavender sign that reads, “VACANCY—LOWEST RATES—BEACH
FACILITIES—ALWAYS A SEABREEZE.” It is one of a row of little
stucco-and-cement hotels lining a white, melancholy street.
In December, 1959, the Somerset’s “beach facilities”
consisted of two beach umbrellas stuck in a strip of sand at
the rear of the hotel. One umbrella, pink, had written upon it,“We Serve Valentine Ice-Cream.” At noon on Christmas
Day, a quartet of women lay under and around it, atransistor radio serenading them. The second umbrella,
blue and bearing the command “Tan with Coppertone,”sheltered Dick and Perry, who for five days had been living
at the Somerset, in a double room renting for eighteen
dollars weekly.
Perry said, “You never wished me a Merry Christmas.”“Merry Christmas, honey. And a Happy New Year.”
Dick wore bathing trunks, but Perry, as in Acapulco,
refused to expose his injured legs—he feared the sightmight “offend” other beach-goers—and therefore sat fully
clothed, wearing even socks and shoes. Still, he wascomparatively content, and when Dick stood up and started
performing exercises—headstands, meant to impress theladies beneath the pink umbrella—he occupied himself withthe Miami Herald. Presently he came across an inner-pagestory that won his entire attention. It concerned murder, theslaying of a Florida family, a Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Walker,
their four-year-old son, and their two-year-old daughter.
Each of the victims, though not bound or gagged, had been
shot through the head with a .22 weapon. The crime,
clueless and apparently motiveless, had taken place
Saturday night, December 19, at the Walker home, on acattle-raising ranch not far from Tallahassee.
Perry interrupted Dick’s athletics to read the story aloud,and said, “Where were we last Saturday night?”“Tallahassee?”“I’m asking you.”
Dick concentrated. On Thursday night, taking turns at thewheel, they had driven out of Kansas and through Missouri
into Arkansas and over the Ozarks, “up” to Louisiana,
where a burned-out generator stopped them early Friday
morning. (A secondhand replacement, bought in
Shreveport, cost twenty-two fifty.) That night they’d slept
parked by the side of the road somewhere near the
Alabama-Florida border. The next day’s journey, an
unhurried affair, had included several touristic diversions—visits to an alligator farm and a rattlesnake ranch, a ride ina glass-bottomed boat over a silvery-clear swamp lake, alate and long and costly broiled-lobster lunch at a roadsideseafood restaurant. Delightful day! But both were
exhausted when they arrived at Tallahassee, and decided
to spend the night there. “Yes, Tallahassee,” Dick said.
“Amazing!” Perry glanced through the article again. “Knowwhat I wouldn’t be surprised? If this wasn’t done by alunatic. Some nut that read about what happened out in
Kansas.”Dick, because he didn’t care to hear Perry “get going onthat subject,” shrugged and grinned and trotted down to theocean’s edge, where he ambled awhile over the surfdrenched sand, here and there stooping to collect aseashell. As a boy he’d so envied the son of a neighbor
who had gone to the Gulf Coast on holiday and returned
with a box full of shells—so hated him—that he’d stolen theshells and one by one crushed them with a hammer. Envy
was constantly with him; the Enemy was anyone who was
someone he wanted to be or who had anything he wanted
to have.
For instance, the man he had seen by the pool at the
Fontainebleau. Miles away, shrouded in a summery veil ofheat-haze and sea-sparkle, he could see the towers of thepale, expensive hotels—the Fontainebleau, the Eden Roc,
the Roney Plaza. On their second day in Miami he hadsuggested to Perry that they invade these pleasure-domes.
“Maybe pick up a coupla rich women,” he had said. Perry
had been most reluctant; he felt people would stare at them

because of their khaki trousers and T-shirts. Actually, their
tour of the Fontainebleau’s gaudy premises went
unnoticed, amid the men striding about in Bermuda shorts
of candy-striped raw silk, and the women wearing bathingsuits and mink stoles simultaneously. The trespassers hadloitered in the lobby, strolled in the garden, lounged by theswimming pool. It was there that Dick saw the man, who
was his own age—twenty-eight or thirty. He could havebeen a “gambler or lawyer or maybe a gangster from
Chicago.” Whatever he was, he looked as though he knew
the glories of money and power. A blonde who resembled
Marilyn Monroe was kneading him with suntan oil, and his
lazy, beringed hand reached for a tumbler of iced orange
juice. All that belonged to him, Dick, but he would never
have it. Why should that sonofabitch have everything, while
he had nothing? Why should that “big-shot bastard” have all
the luck? With a knife in his hand, he, Dick, had power.
Bigshot bastards like that had better be careful or he might“open them up and let a little of their luck spill on the floor.”
But Dick’s day was ruined. The beautiful blonde rubbing on
the suntan oil had ruined it. He’d said to Perry, “Let’s pull
the hell out of here.”Now a young girl, probably twelve, was drawing figures inthe sand, carving out big, crude faces with a piece ofdriftwood. Dick, pretending to admire her art, offered theshells he had gathered. “They make good eyes,” he said.
The child accepted the gift, whereupon Dick smiled andwinked at her. He was sorry he felt as he did about her, forhis sexual interest in female children was a failing of which
he was “sincerely ashamed”—a secret he’d not confessedto anyone and hoped no one suspected (though he wasaware that Perry had reason to), because other people
might not think it “normal.” That, to be sure, was something
he was certain he was—“a normal.” Seducing pubescent
girls, as he had done “eight or nine” times in the last several
years, did not disprove it, for if the truth were known, mostreal men had the same desires he had. He took the child’shand and said, “You’re my baby girl. My little sweetheart.”
But she objected. Her hand, held by his, twitched like a fishon a hook, and he recognized the astounded expression inher eyes from earlier incidents in his career. He let go,laughed lightly, and said, “Just a game. Don’t you likegames?”
Perry, still reclining under the blue umbrella, had observed
the scene and realized Dick’s purpose at once, anddespised him for it; he had “no respect for people who can’t
control themselves sexually,” especially when the lack ofcontrol involved what he called “pervertiness”—“bothering
kids,” “queer stuff,” rape. And he thought he had made hisviews obvious to Dick; indeed, hadn’t they almost had a fist
fight when quite recently he had prevented Dick from raping
a terrified young girl? However, he wouldn’t care to repeatthat particular test of strength. He was relieved when hesaw the child walk away from Dick.
Christmas carols were in the air; they issued from the radioof the four women and mixed strangely with Miami’ssunshine and the cries of the querulous, never thoroughly
silent seagulls. “Oh, come let us adore Him, Oh, come let
us adore Him”: a cathedral choir, an exalted music thatmoved Perry to tears—which refused to stop, even after themusic did. And as was not uncommon when he was thus
afflicted, he dwelt upon a possibility that had for him“tremendous fascination”: suicide. As a child he had often
thought of killing himself, but those were sentimental
reveries born of a wish to punish his father and mother andother enemies. From young manhood onward, however, theprospect of ending his life had more and more lost its
fantastic quality. That, he must remember, was Jimmy’s“solution,” and Fern’s, too. And lately it had come to seem
not just an alternative but the specific death awaiting him.
Anyway, he couldn’t see that he had “a lot to live for.” Hotislands and buried gold, diving deep in fire-blue seas
toward sunken treasure—such dreams were gone. Gone,
too, was “Perry O’Parsons,” the name invented for thesinging sensation of stage and screen that he’d halfseriously hoped some day to be. Perry O’Parsons had diedwithout having ever lived. What was there to look forward
to? He and Dick were “running a race without a finishline”—that was how it struck him. And now, after not quite aweek in Miami, the long ride was to resume. Dick, who had
worked one day at the ABC auto-service company for sixtyfive cents an hour, had told him, “Miami’s worse than
Mexico. Sixty-five cents! Not me. I’m white.” So tomorrow,with only twenty-seven dollars left of the money raised in
Kansas City, they were heading west again, to Texas, to
Nevada—“nowhere definite.”Dick, who had waded into the surf, returned. He fell, wet
and breathless, face down on the sticky sand.
“How was the water?”“Wonderful.”

The closeness of Christmas to Nancy Clutter’s birthday,
which was right after New Year’s, had always createdproblems for her boy friend, Bobby Rupp. It had strained his
imagination to think of two suitable gifts in such quick
succession. But each year, with money made working
summers on his father’s sugar-beet farm, he had done thebest he could, and on Christmas morning he had always
hurried to the Clutter house carrying a package that his
sisters had helped him wrap and that he hoped would
surprise Nancy and delight her. Last year he had given her
a small heart-shaped gold locket. This year, as forehanded
as ever, he’d been wavering between the imported
perfumes on sale at Norris Drugs and a pair of riding
boots. But then Nancy had died.

On Christmas morning, instead of racing off to River Valley
Farm, he remained at home, and later in the day he sharedwith his family the splendid dinner his mother had been aweek preparing. Everybody—his parents and every one ofhis seven brothers and sisters—had treated him gently
since the tragedy. All the same, at mealtimes he was told
again and again that he must please eat. No one
comprehended that really he was ill, that grief had madehim so, that grief had drawn a circle around him he could
not escape from and others could not enter—except
possibly Sue. Until Nancy’s death he had not appreciatedSue, never felt altogether comfortable with her. She was too
different—took seriously things that even girls ought not totake very seriously: paintings, poems, the music she playedon the piano. And, of course, he was jealous of her; herposition in Nancy’s esteem, though of another order, hadbeen at least equal to his. But that was why she was able tounderstand his loss. Without Sue, without her almost
constant presence, how could he have withstood such anavalanche of shocks—the crime itself, his interviews with
Mr. Dewey, the pathetic irony of being for a while theprincipal suspect?
Then, after about a month, the friendship waned. Bobby
went less frequently to sit in the Kidwells’ tiny, cozy parlor,
and when he did go, Sue seemed not as welcoming. The
trouble was that they were forcing each other to mourn andremember what in fact they wanted to forget. Sometimes
Bobby could when he was playing basketball or driving his

car over country roads at eighty miles an hour, or when, as
part of a self-imposed athletic program (his ambition was
to be a high-school gymnastics instructor), he took longdistance jog-trots across flat yellow fields. And now, after
helping clear the dining table of all its holiday dishes, thatwas what he decided to do—put on a sweatshirt and go fora run.
The weather was remarkable. Even for western Kansas,
renowned for the longevity of its Indian summers, thecurrent sample seemed far-fetched—dry air, bold sun,azure sky. Optimistic ranchers were predicting an “openwinter”—a season so bland that cattle could graze during
the whole of it. Such winters are rare, but Bobby could
remember one—the year he had started to court Nancy.
They were both twelve, and after school he used to carryher book satchel the mile separating the Holcomb
schoolhouse from her father’s farm ranch. Often, if the day
was warm and sun-kindled, they stopped along the way andsat by the river, a snaky, slow-moving, brown piece of the
Arkansas.
Once Nancy had said to him, “One summer, when we werein Colorado, I saw where the Arkansas begins. The exact
place. You wouldn’t believe it, though. That it was our river.
It’s not the same color. But pure as drinking water. And fast.
And full of rocks. Whirlpools. Daddy caught a trout.” It had
stayed with Bobby, her memory of the river’s source, andsince her death . . . Well, he couldn’t explain it, butwhenever he looked at the Arkansas, it was for an instanttransformed, and what he saw was not a muddy stream
meandering across the Kansas plains, but what Nancy had
described—a Colorado torrent, a chilly, crystal trout river
speeding down a mountain valley. That was how Nancy had
been: like young water—energetic, joyous.
Usually, though, western Kansas winters are imprisoning,
and usually frost on the fields and razory winds have altered
the climate before Christmas. Some years back snow had
fallen on Christmas Eve and continued falling, and when
Bobby set out the next morning for the Clutter property, athree-mile walk, he had had to fight through deep drifts. It
was worth it, for though he was numbed and scarlet, thewelcome he got thawed him thoroughly. Nancy wasamazed and proud, and her mother, often so timid anddistant, had hugged and kissed him, insisting that he wrap
up in a quilt and sit close to the parlor fire. While the women
worked in the kitchen, he and Kenyon and Mr. Clutter had
sat around the fire cracking walnuts and pecans, and Mr.
Clutter said he was reminded of another Christmas, when
he was Kenyon’s age: “There were seven of us. Mother, myfather, the two girls, and us three boys. We lived on a farma good ways from town. For that reason it was the custom
to do our Christmas buying in a bunch—make the trip onceand do it all together. The year I’m thinking of, the morning
we were supposed to go, the snow was high as today,higher, and still coming down—flakes like saucers. Looked
like we were in for a snowbound Christmas with nopresents under the tree. Mother and the girls wereheartbroken. Then I had an idea.” He would saddle their
huskiest plow horse, ride into town, and shop foreverybody. The family agreed. All of them gave him their
Christmas savings and a list of the things they wished him
to buy: four yards of calico, a football, a pincushion, shotgun
shells—an assortment of orders that took until nightfall to fill.
Heading homeward, the purchases secure inside atarpaulin sack, he was grateful that his father had forced
him to carry a lantern, and glad, too, that the horse’s
harness was strung with bells, for both their jaunty racket
and the careening light of the kerosene lantern were acomfort to him.
“The ride in, that was easy, a piece of cake. But now theroad was gone, and every landmark.” Earth and air—all
was snow. The horse, up to his haunches in it, slippedsidewise. “I dropped our lamp. We were lost in the night. It
was just a question of time before we fell asleep and froze.
Yes, I was afraid. But I prayed. And I felt God’spresence . . .” Dogs howled. He followed the noise until hesaw the windows of a neighboring farmhouse. “I ought tohave stopped there. But I thought of the family—imagined
my mother in tears, Dad and the boys getting up a search
party, and I pushed on. So, naturally, I wasn’t too happy
when finally I reached home and found the house dark.
Doors locked. Found everybody had gone to bed and plain
forgot me. None of them could understand why I was so put
out. Dad said, ‘We were sure you’d stay the night in town.

Good grief, boy! Who’d have thought you hadn’t better
sense than to start home in a perfect blizzard?’ ”

The cider-tart odor of spoiling apples. Apple trees andpear trees, peach and cherry: Mr. Clutter’s orchard, thetreasured assembly of fruit trees he had planted. Bobby,
running mindlessly, had not meant to come here, or to any
other part of River Valley Farm. It was inexplicable, and heturned to leave, but he turned again and wandered toward
the house—white and solid and spacious. He had always
been impressed by it, and pleased to think that his girlfriend lived there. But now that it was deprived of the lateowner’s dedicated attention, the first threads of decay’s
cobweb were being spun. A gravel rake lay rusting in thedriveway; the lawn was parched and shabby. That fateful
Sunday, when the sheriff summoned ambulances toremove the murdered family, the ambulances had driven
across the grass straight to the front door, and the tire
tracks were still visible.
The hired man’s house was empty, too; he had found newquarters for his family nearer Holcomb—to no one’s
surprise, for nowadays, though the weather was glittering,
the Clutter place seemed shadowed, and hushed, andmotionless. But as Bobby passed a storage barn and,

beyond that, a livestock corral, he heard a horse’s tailswish. It was Nancy’s Babe, the obedient old dappled marewith flaxen mane and dark-purple eyes like magnificent
pansy blossoms. Clutching her mane, Bobby rubbed his
cheek along Babe’s neck—something Nancy used to do.
And Babe whinnied. Last Sunday, the last time he had
visited the Kidwells, Sue’s mother had mentioned Babe.
Mrs. Kidwell, a fanciful woman, had been standing at awindow watching dusk tint the outdoors, the sprawlingprairie. And out of the blue she had said, “Susan? You
know what I keep seeing? Nancy. On Babe. Coming thisway.”

Perry noticed them first—hitchhikers, a boy and an oldman, both carrying homemade knapsacks, and despite theblowy weather, a gritty and bitter Texas wind, wearing only
overalls and a thin denim shirt. “Let’s give them a lift,” Perrysaid. Dick was reluctant; he had no objection to assisting
hitchhikers, provided they looked as if they could pay theirway—at least “chip in a couple of gallons of gas.” But Perry,little old big-hearted Perry, was always pestering Dick topick up the damnedest, sorriest-looking people. Finally
Dick agreed, and stopped the car.
The boy—a stocky, sharp-eyed, talkative towhead of abouttwelve—was exuberantly grateful, but the old man, whose
face was seamed and yellow, feebly crawled into the backseat and slumped there silently. The boy said, “We sure do
appreciate this. Johnny was ready to drop. We ain’t had aride since Galveston.”
Perry and Dick had left that port city an hour earlier, having
spent a morning there applying at various shipping offices
for jobs as able-bodied seamen. One company offeredthem immediate work on a tanker bound for Brazil, and,indeed, the two would now have been at sea if theirprospective employer had not discovered that neither man
possessed union papers or a passport. Strangely, Dick’s
disappointment exceeded Perry’s: “Brazil! That’s where
they’re building a whole new capital city. Right from scratch.
Imagine getting in on the ground floor of something likethat! Any fool could make a fortune.”“Where you headed?” Perry asked the boy.
“Sweetwater.”“Where’s Sweetwater?”“Well, it’s along in this direction somewhere. It’s
somewhere in Texas. Johnny, here, he’s my gramp. And
he’s got a sister lives in Sweetwater. Least, I sure Jesus
hope she does. We thought she lived in Jasper, Texas. But
when we got to Jasper, folks told us her and her people

moved to Galveston. But she wasn’t in Galveston—lady
there said she was gone to Sweetwater. I sure Jesus hope
we find her. Johnny,” he said, rubbing the old man’s hands,
as if to thaw them, “you hear me, Johnny? We’re riding in anice warm Chevrolet—’56 model.”The old man coughed, rolled his head slightly, opened andclosed his eyes, and coughed again.
Dick said, “Hey, listen. What’s wrong with him?”“It’s the change,” the boy said. “And the walking. We beenwalking since before Christmas. Seems to me we covered
the better part of Texas.” In the most matter-of-fact voice,and while continuing to massage the old man’s hands, theboy told them that up to the start of the present journey heand his grandfather and an aunt had lived alone on a farmnear Shreveport, Louisiana. Not long ago the aunt had
died. “Johnny’s been poorly about a year, and Auntie had
all the work to do. With only me to help. We were chopping
firewood. Chopping up a stump. Right in the middle of it,
Auntie said she was wore out. Ever seen a horse just lay
down and never get up? I have. And that’s like what Auntie
did.” A few days before Christmas the man from whom his
grandfather rented the farm “turned us off the place,” theboy continued. “That’s how come we started out for Texas.
Looking to find Mrs. Jackson. I never seen her, but she’s
Johnny’s own blood sister. And somebody’s got to take us
in. Leastways, him. He can’t go a lot more. Last night itrained on us.”The car stopped. Perry asked Dick why he had stopped it.
“That man’s very sick,” Dick said.
“Well? What do you want to do? Put him out?”“Use your head. Just for once.”“You really are a mean bastard.”“Suppose he dies?”
The boy said, “He won’t die. We’ve got this far, he’ll wait
now.”
Dick persisted. “Suppose he dies? Think of what could
happen. The questions.”“Frankly, I don’t give a damn. You want to put them out?
Then by all means.” Perry looked at the invalid, still
somnolent, dazed, deaf, and he looked at the boy, who
returned his gaze calmly, not begging, not “asking foranything,” and Perry remembered himself at that age, his
own wanderings with an old man. “Go ahead. Put them out.
But I’ll be getting out, too.”“O.K. O.K. O.K. Only don’t forget,” said Dick. “It’s yourdamn fault.”

Dick shifted gears. Suddenly, as the car began to moveagain, the boy hollered, “Hold it!” Hopping out, he hurriedalong the edge of the road, stopped, stooped, picked up
one, two, three, four empty Coca-Cola bottles, ran back,and hopped in, happy and grinning. “There’s plenty ofmoney in bottles,” he said to Dick. “Why, mister, if you wasto drive kind of slow, I guarantee you we can pick us up a
big piece of change. That’s what me and Johnny been
eating off. Refund money.”
Dick was amused, but he was also interested, and whennext the boy commanded him to halt, he at once obeyed.
The commands came so frequently that it took them anhour to travel five miles, but it was worth it. The kid had an“honest-to-God genius” for spotting, amid the roadsiderocks and grassy rubble, and the brown glow of thrownaway beer bottles, the emerald daubs that had once held 7Up and Canada Dry. Perry soon developed his own
personal gift for spying out bottles. At first he merely
indicated to the boy the whereabouts of his finds; hethought it too undignified to scurry about collecting themhimself. It was all “pretty silly,” just “kid stuff.” Nevertheless,the game generated a treasure-hunt excitement, andpresently he, too, succumbed to the fun, the fervor of thisquest for refundable empties. Dick, too, but Dick was indead earnest. Screwy as it seemed, maybe this was a way
to make some money—or, at any rate, a few bucks. Lord
knows, he and Perry could use them; their combinedfinances amounted at the moment to less than five dollars.
Now all three—Dick and the boy and Perry—were piling outof the car and shamelessly, though amiably, competing with
one another. Once Dick located a cache of wine andwhiskey bottles at the bottom of a ditch, and was chagrined
to learn that his discovery was valueless. “They don’t giveno refund on liquor empties,” the boy informed him. “Evensome of the beers ain’t no good. I don’t mess with themusually. Just stick with the surefire things. Dr. Pepper.
Pepsi. Coke. White Rock. Nehi.”
Dick said, “What’s your name?”“Bill,” the boy said.
“Well, Bill. You’re a regular education.”Nightfall came, and forced the hunters to quit—that, andlack of space, for they had amassed as many bottles as the
car could contain. The trunk was filled, the back seat
seemed a glittering dump heap; unnoticed, unmentioned byeven his grandson, the ailing old man was all but hidden
under the shifting, dangerously chiming cargo.
Dick said, “Be funny if we had a smash-up.”
A bunch of lights publicized the New Motel, which proved tobe, as the travelers neared it, an impressive compoundconsisting of bungalows, a garage, a restaurant, and acocktail lounge. Taking charge, the boy said to Dick, “Pullin there. Maybe we can make a deal. Only let me talk. I’ve
had the experience. Sometimes they try to cheat.” Perry
could not imagine “anyone smart enough to cheat that kid,”
he said later. “It didn’t shame him a bit going in there withall those bottles. Me, I never could’ve, I’d have felt soashamed. But the people at the motel were nice about it;
they just laughed. Turned out the bottles were worth twelve
dollars and sixty cents.”
The boy divided the money evenly, giving half to himself, therest to his partners, and said, “Know what? I’m gonna blow
me and Johnny to a good feed. Ain’t you fellows hungry?”As always, Dick was. And after so much activity, even Perry
felt starved. As he later told about it, “We carted the oldman into the restaurant and propped him up at a table. He
looked exactly the same—thanatoid. And he never said
one word. But you should have seen him shovel it in. The
kid ordered him pancakes; he said that was what Johnny
liked best. I swear he ate something like thirty pancakes.
With maybe two pounds of butter, and a quart of syrup. The
kid could put it down himself. Potato chips and ice cream,that was all he wanted, but he sure ate a lot of them. I
wonder it didn’t make him sick.”
During the dinner party, Dick, who had consulted a map,announced that Sweetwater was a hundred or more miles
west of the route he was driving—the route that would takehim across New Mexico and Arizona to Nevada—to Las
Vegas. Though this was true, it was clear to Perry that Dick
simply wanted to rid himself of the boy and the old man.
Dick’s purpose was obvious to the boy, too, but he waspolite and said, “Oh, don’t you worry about us. Plenty of
traffic must stop here. We’ll get a ride.”
The boy walked with them to the car, leaving the old man to
devour a fresh stack of pancakes. He shook hands with
Dick and with Perry, wished them a Happy New Year, andwaved them away into the dark.

The evening of Wednesday, December 30, was amemorable one in the household of Agent A. A. Dewey.
Remembering it later, his wife said, “Alvin was singing in
the bath. ‘The Yellow Rose of Texas.’ The kids werewatching TV. And I was setting the dining-room table. For abuffet. I’m from New Orleans; I love to cook and entertain,
and my mother had just sent us a crate of avocados andblack-eyed peas, and—oh, a heap of real nice things. So I
decided: We’re going to have a buffet, invite some friends
over—the Murrays, and Cliff and Dodie Hope. Alvin didn’t
want to, but I was determined. My goodness! The casecould go on forever, and he hadn’t taken hardly a minute offsince it began. Well, I was setting the table, so when I heard

the phone I asked one of the boys to answer it—Paul. Paulsaid it was for Daddy, and I said, ‘You tell them he’s in thebath,’ but Paul said he wondered if he ought to do that,
because it was Mr. Sanford calling from Topeka. Alvin’s
boss. Alvin took the call with just a towel around him. Mademe so mad—dripping puddles everywhere. But when I went
to get a mop I saw something worse—that cat, that foolPete, up on the kitchen table gorging crabmeat salad. My
avocado stuffing.
“The next thing was, suddenly Alvin had hold of me, he washugging me, and I said, ‘Alvin Dewey, have you lost yourmind?’ Fun’s fun, but the man was wet as a pond, he wasruining my dress, and I was already dressed for company.
Of course, when I understood why he was hugging me I
hugged him right back. You can imagine what it meant to
Alvin to know those men had been arrested. Out in Las
Vegas. He said he had to leave for Las Vegas
straightaway, and I asked him hadn’t he ought to put onsome clothes first, and Alvin, he was so excited, he said,‘Gosh, honey, I guess I’ve spoiled your party!’ I couldn’t
think of a happier way of having it spoiled—not if this meantthat maybe one day soon we’d be back living an ordinary
life. Alvin laughed—it was just beautiful to hear him. I mean,
the past two weeks had been the worst of all. Because theweek before Christmas those men turned up in Kansas
City—came and went without getting caught—and I neversaw Alvin more depressed, except once when young Alvinwas in the hospital, had encephalitis, we thought we mightlose him. But I don’t want to talk about that.
“Anyway, I made coffee for him and took it to the bedroom,
where he was supposed to be getting dressed. But hewasn’t. He was sitting on the edge of our bed holding hishead, as if he had a headache. Hadn’t put on even a sock.
So I said, ‘What do you want to do, get pneumonia?’ And
he looked at me and said, ‘Marie, listen, it’s got to be these
guys, has to, that’s the only logical solution.’ Alvin’s funny.
Like the first time he ran for Finney County Sheriff. Election
Night, when practically every vote had been counted and it
was plain as plain he’d won, he said—I could havestrangled him—said over and over, ‘Well, we won’t know till
the last return.’“I told him, ‘Now, Alvin, don’t start that. Of course they did it.’He said, ‘Where’s our proof? We can’t prove either of themever set foot inside the Clutter house!’ But that seemed tome exactly what he could prove: footprints—weren’t
footprints the one thing those animals left behind? Alvinsaid, ‘Yes, and a big lot of good they are—unless thoseboys still happen to be wearing the boots that made them.
Just footprints by themselves aren’t worth a Dixie dollar.’ I
said, ‘All right, honey, drink your coffee and I’ll help you
pack.’ Sometimes you can’t reason with Alvin. The way hekept on, he had me almost convinced Hickock and Smith
were innocent, and if they weren’t innocent they would neverconfess, and if they didn’t confess they could never be
convicted—the evidence was too circumstantial. Whatbothered him most, though—he was afraid that the story
would leak, that the men would learn the truth before the
K.B.I. could question them. As it was, they thought they’dbeen picked up for parole violation. Passing bad checks.
And Alvin felt it was very important they keep thinking that.
He said, ‘The name Clutter has to hit them like a hammer, ablow they never knew was coming.’“Paul—I’d sent him out to the washline for some of Alvin’s
socks—Paul came back and stood around watching me
pack. He wanted to know where Alvin was going. Alvinlifted him up in his arms. He said, ‘Can you keep a secret,Pauly?’ Not that he needed to ask. Both boys know they
mustn’t talk about Alvin’s work—the bits and pieces they
hear around the house. So he said, ‘Pauly, you remember
those two fellows we’ve been looking for? Well, now weknow where they are, and Daddy’s going to go get themand bring them here to Garden City.’ But Paul begged him,
‘Don’t do that, Daddy, don’t bring them here.’ He wasfrightened—any nine-year-old might’ve been. Alvin kissed
him. He said. ‘Now that’s O.K., Pauly, we won’t let them hurtanybody. They’re not going to hurt anybody ever again.”At five that afternoon, some twenty minutes after the stolen
Chevrolet rolled off the Nevada desert into Las Vegas, thelong ride came to an end. But not before Perry had visited
the Las Vegas post office, where he claimed a package
addressed to himself in care of General Delivery—the large
cardboard box he had mailed from Mexico, and had
insured for a hundred dollars, a sum exceeding to animpertinent extent the value of the contents, which were
suntans and denim pants, worn shirts, underwear, and twopairs of steel-buckled boots. Waiting for Perry outside thepost office, Dick was in excellent spirits; he had reached adecision that he was certain would eradicate his current
difficulties and start him on a new road, with a new rainbow
in view. The decision involved impersonating an Air Force
officer. It was a project that had long fascinated him, and
Las Vegas was the ideal place to try it out. He’d alreadyselected the officer’s rank and name, the latter borrowed
from a former acquaintance, the then warden of Kansas
State Penitentiary: Tracy Hand. As Captain Tracy Hand,
smartly clothed in a made-to-order uniform, Dick intended
to “crawl the strip,” Las Vegas’s street of never-closed
casinos. Small-time, big-time, the Sands, the Stardust—hemeant to hit them all, distributing en route “a bundle ofconfetti.” By writing worthless checks right around the clock,he expected to haul in three, maybe four thousand dollars
within a twenty-four-hour period. That was half the plot; thesecond half was: Goodbye, Perry. Dick was sick of him—
his harmonica, his aches and ills, his superstitions, theweepy, womanly eyes, the nagging, whispering voice.
Suspicious, self-righteous, spiteful, he was like a wife thatmust be got rid of. And there was but one way to do it: Saynothing—just go.
Absorbed in his plans, Dick did not notice a patrol car passhim, slow down, reconnoiter. Nor did Perry, descending thepost office steps with the Mexican box balanced on ashoulder, observe the prowling car and the policemen in it.
Officers Ocie Pigford and Francis Macauley carried in theirheads pages of memorized data, including a description ofa black-and-white 1956 Chevrolet bearing Kansas license
plate no. Jo 16212. Neither Perry nor Dick was aware of
the police vehicle trailing them as they pulled away from thepost office, and with Dick driving and Perry directing, they
traveled five blocks north, turned left, then right, drove aquarter mile more, and stopped in front of a dying palm tree
and a weather-wrecked sign from which all calligraphy had
faded except the word “OOM.”“This it?” Dick asked.
Perry, as the patrol car drew alongside, nodded.

The Detective Division of the Las Vegas City Jail contains
two interrogation rooms—fluorescent-lighted chambers
measuring ten by twelve, with walls and ceilings of celotex.

In each room, in addition to an electric fan, a metal table,
and folding metal chairs, there are camouflaged
microphones, concealed tape recorders, and, set into thedoor, a mirrored one-way observation window. On
Saturday, the second day of 1960, both rooms werebooked for 2:00 P.M.—the hour that four detectives from
Kansas had selected for their first confrontation of Hickock
and Smith.
Shortly before the appointed moment, the quartet of K.B.I.
agents—Harold Nye, Roy Church, Alvin Dewey, andClarence Duntz—gathered in a corridor outside theinterrogation rooms. Nye was running a temperature. “Partflu. But mostly sheer excitement,” he subsequently informeda journalist. “By then I’d already been waiting in Las Vegas
two days—took the next plane out after news of the arrest
reached our headquarters in Topeka. The rest of the team,Al and Roy and Clarence, came on by car—had a lousy
trip, too. Lousy weather. Spent New Year’s Eve snowed up
in a motel in Albuquerque. Boy, when they finally hit Vegas,
they needed good whiskey and good news. I was readywith both. Our young men had signed waivers of extradition.
Better yet: We had the boots, both pairs, and the soles—
the Cat’s Paw and the diamond pattern—matched perfectly
life-size photographs of the footprints found in the Clutter
house. The boots were in a box of stuff the boys picked up
at the post office just before the curtain fell. Like I told Al
Dewey, suppose the squeeze had come five minutes
sooner!

“Even so, our case was very shaky—nothing that couldn’t
be pulled apart. But I remember, while we were waiting in
the corridor—I remember being feverish and nervous ashell, but confident. We all were; we felt we were on theedge of the truth. My job, mine and Church’s, was topressure it out of Hickock. Smith belonged to Al and Old
Man Duntz. At that time I hadn’t seen the suspects—justexamined their possessions and arranged the extradition
waivers. I’d never laid eyes on Hickock until he was brought
down to the interrogation room. I’d imagined a bigger guy.
Brawnier. Not some skinny kid. He was twenty-eight, but helooked like a kid. Hungry—right down to the bone. He was
wearing a blue shirt and suntans and white socks and black
shoes. We shook hands; his hand was drier than mine.
Clean, polite, nice voice, good diction, a pretty decentlooking fellow, with a very disarming smile—and in the
beginning he smiled quite a lot.
“I said, ‘Mr. Hickock, my name is Harold Nye, and this othergentleman is Mr. Roy Church. We’re Special Agents of the
Kansas Bureau of Investigation, and we’ve come here to
discuss your parole violation. Of course, you’re under noobligation to answer our questions, and anything you say
may be used against you in evidence. You’re entitled to alawyer at all times. We’ll use no force, no threats, and we’ll
make you no promises.’ He was calm as could be.”“I know the form,” Dick said. “I’ve been questioned before.”“Now, Mr. Hickock—”“Dick.”“Dick, we want to talk to you about your activities since yourparole. To our knowledge, you’ve gone on at least two big
check sprees in the Kansas City area.”“Uh-huh. Hung out quite a few.”“Could you give us a list?”
The prisoner, evidently proud of his one authentic gift, abrilliant memory, recited the names and addresses oftwenty Kansas City stores, cafés, and garages, andrecalled, accurately, the “purchase” made at each and theamount of the check passed.
“I’m curious, Dick. Why do these people accept yourchecks? I’d like to know the secret.”“The secret is: People are dumb.”
Roy Church said, “Fine, Dick. Very funny. But just for the
moment let’s forget these checks.” Though he sounds as if
his throat were lined with hog bristle, and has hands sohardened that he can punch stone walls (his favorite stunt,in fact), persons have been known to mistake Church for akindly little man, somebody’s bald-headed, pink-cheeked
uncle. “Dick,” he said, “suppose you tell us something about
your family background.”The prisoner reminisced. Once, when he was nine or ten,
his father had fallen ill. “It was rabbit fever,” and the illness
lasted many months, during which the family had depended
upon church assistance and the charity of neighbors—“otherwise we would’ve starved.” That episode aside, hischildhood had been O.K. “We never had much money, but
we were never really down-and-out,” Hickock said. “Wealways had clean clothes and something to eat. My dad
was strict, though. He wasn’t happy unless he had me
doing chores. But we got along O.K.—no serious
arguments. My parents never argued, either. I can’t recall asingle quarrel. She’s wonderful, my mother. Dad’s a good
guy, too. I’d say they did the best for me they could.”
School? Well, he felt he might have been more than an
average student if he had contributed to books a fraction of
the time he’d “wasted” on sports. “Baseball. Football. I
made all the teams. After high school I could have gone tocollege on a football scholarship. I wanted to study
engineering, but even with a scholarship, deals like thatcost plenty. I don’t know, it seemed safer to get a job.”
Before his twenty-first birthday Hickock had worked as arailway trackman, an ambulance driver, a car painter, and agarage mechanic; he’d also married a girl sixteen years
old. “Carol. Her father was a minister. He was dead against
me. Said I was a full-time nobody. He made all the trouble
he could. But I was nuts about Carol. Still am. There’s a realprincess. Only—see, we had three kids. Boys. And wewere too young to have three kids. Maybe if we hadn’t got
so deep into debt. If I could’ve earned extra money. I tried.”
He tried gambling, and started forging checks andexperimenting with other forms of theft. In 1958 he wasconvicted of house burglary in a Johnson County court andsentenced to five years in Kansas State Penitentiary. But
by then Carol had departed and he’d taken as a brideanother girl aged sixteen. “Mean as hell. Her and her wholefamily. She divorced me while I was inside. I’m notcomplaining. Last August, when I left The Walls, I figured I
had every chance to start new. I got a job in Olathe, lived
with my family, and stayed home nights. I was doing swell—”“Until November twentieth,” said Nye, and Hickock seemed
not to understand him. “The day you stopped doing swelland started hanging paper. Why?”
Hickock sighed, and said, “That would make a book.” Then,smoking a cigarette borrowed from Nye and lighted by the
courteous Church, he said, “Perry—my buddy Perry Smith—was paroled in the spring. Later on, when I came out, hesent me a letter. Postmarked Idaho. He wrote remindingme of this deal we used to talk over. About Mexico. The
idea was we would go to Acapulco, one of them places,
buy a fishing boat, and run it ourselves—take tourists deepsea fishing.”
Nye said, “This boat. How did you plan to pay for it?”“I’m coming to that,” Hickock said. “See, Perry wrote me hehad a sister living in Fort Scott. And she was holding someheavy change for him. Several thousand dollars. Money his
dad owed him from the sale of some property up in Alaska.
He said he was coming to Kansas to get the dough.”“And the two of you would use it to buy a boat.”“Correct.”“But it didn’t work out that way.”“What happened was, Perry showed up maybe a month
later. I met him at the bus station in Kansas City—”“When?” said Church. “The day of the week.”“A Thursday.”“And when did you go to Fort Scott?”“Saturday.”“November fourteenth.”
Hickock’s eyes flashed with surprise. One could see that he
was asking himself why Church should be so certain of thedate; and hurriedly—for it was too soon to stir suspicions—the detective said, “What time did you leave for Fort Scott?”“That afternoon. We did some work on my car, and had abowl of chili at the West Side Café. It must have beenaround three.”“Around three. Was Perry Smith’s sister expecting you?”“No. Because, see, Perry lost her address. And she didn’t
have a telephone.”“Then how did you expect to find her?”“By inquiring at the post office.”“Did you?”“Perry did. They said she’d moved away. To Oregon, they
thought. But she hadn’t left any forwarding address.”“Must have been quite a blow. After you’d been counting on
a big piece of money like that.”
Hickock agreed. “Because—well, we’d definitely decided
to go to Mexico. Otherwise, I never would’ve cashed them

checks. But I hoped . . . Now listen to me; I’m telling thetruth. I thought once we got to Mexico and began making
money, then I’d be able to pay them off. The checks.”
Nye took over. “One minute, Dick.” Nye is a short, shorttempered man who has difficulty moderating his
aggressive vigor, his talent for language both sharp andoutspoken. “I’d like to hear a little more about the trip to Fort
Scott,” he said, soft-pedaling. “When you found Smith’ssister no longer there, what did you do then?”“Walked around. Had a beer. Drove back.”“You mean you went home?”“No. To Kansas City. We stopped at the Zesto Drive-In. Ate
hamburgers. We tried Cherry Row.”
Neither Nye nor Church was familiar with Cherry Row.
Hickock said, “You kiddin’? Every cop in Kansas knows it.”
When the detectives again pleaded ignorance, he
explained that it was a stretch of park where one
encountered “hustlers mostly,” adding, “but plenty ofamateurs, too. Nurses. Secretaries. I’ve had a lot of luck
there.”“And this particular evening. Have any luck?”“The bad kind. We ended up with a pair of rollers.”

“Named?”“Mildred. The other one, Perry’s girl, I think she was called
Joan.”“Describe them.”“Maybe they were sisters. Both blond. Plump. I’m not too
clear about it. See, we’d bought a bottle of ready-mix
Orange Blossoms—that’s orange pop and vodka—and I
was getting stiff. We gave the girls a few drinks and drove
them out to Fun Haven. I imagine you gentlemen neverheard of Fun Haven?”
They hadn’t.
Hickock grinned and shrugged. “It’s on the Blue Ridge
Road. Eight miles south of Kansas City. A combinationnight-club-motel. You pay ten bucks for the key to a cabin.”
Continuing, he described the cabin in which he claimed thatthe foursome had stayed the night: twin beds, an old CocaCola calendar, a radio that wouldn’t play unless thecustomer deposited a quarter. His poise, his explicitness,
the assured presentation of verifiable detail impressed Nye—though, of course, the boy was lying. Well, wasn’t he?
Whether because of flu and fever or an abrupt lessening in
the warmth of his confidence, Nye exuded an icy sweat.

“Next morning we woke up to find they’d rolled us and beatit,” said Hickock. “Didn’t get much off me. But Perry lost his
wallet, with forty or fifty dollars.”“What did you do about it?”
“There wasn’t nothing to do.”“You could’ve notified the police.”“Aw, come on. Quit it. Notify the police. For yourinformation, a guy on parole’s not allowed to booze. Or
associate with another Old Grad—”“All right, Dick. It’s Sunday. The fifteenth of November. Tell
us what you did that day from the moment you checked outof Fun Haven.”“Well, we ate breakfast at a truck stop near Happy Hill.
Then we drove to Olathe, and I dropped Perry off at thehotel where he was living. I’d say that was around eleven.
Afterward, I went home and had dinner with the family.
Same as every Sunday. Watched TV—a basketball game,or maybe it was football. I was pretty tired.”“When did you next see Perry Smith?”“Monday. He came by where I worked. Bob Sands’ Body
Shop.”

“And what did you talk about? Mexico?”“Well, we still liked the idea, even if we hadn’t got hold of
the money to do all we had in mind—put ourselves inbusiness down there. But we wanted to go, and it seemedworth the risk.”“Worth another stretch in Lansing?”“That didn’t figure. See, we never intended coming
Stateside again.”Nye, who had been jotting notes in a notebook, said, “On
the day following the check spree—that would be thetwenty-first—you and your friend Smith disappeared. Now,
Dick, please outline your movements between then and thetime of your arrest here in Las Vegas. Just a rough idea.”
Hickock whistled and rolled his eyes. “Wow!” he said, andthen, summoning his talent for something very like total
recall, he began an account of the long ride—theapproximately ten thousand miles he and Smith hadcovered in the past six weeks. He talked for an hour andtwenty-five minutes—from two-fifty to four-fifteen—and told,
while Nye attempted to list them, of highways and hotels,
motels, rivers, towns, and cities, a chorus of entwining
names: Apache, El Paso, Corpus Christi, Santillo, San Luis
Potosí, Acapulco, San Diego, Dallas, Omaha, Sweetwater,
Stillwater, Tenville Junction, Tallahassee, Needles, Miami,

Hotel Nuevo Waldorf, Somerset Hotel, Hotel Simone,
Arrowhead Motel, Cherokee Motel, and many, many more.
He gave them the name of the man in Mexico to whom he’dsold his own old 1949 Chevrolet, and confessed that hehad stolen a newer model in Iowa. He described persons
he and his partner had met: a Mexican widow, rich andsexy; Otto, a German “millionaire”; a “swish” pair of Negro
prizefighters driving a “swish” lavender Cadillac; the blind
proprietor of a Florida rattlesnake farm; a dying old man
and his grandson; and others. And when he had finished hesat with folded arms and a pleased smile, as though
waiting to be commended for the humor, the clarity, and the
candor of his traveler’s tale.
But Nye, in pursuit of the narrative, raced his pen, andChurch, lazily slamming a shut hand against an open palm,
said nothing—until suddenly he said, “I guess you know why
we’re here.”
Hickock’s mouth straightened—his posture, too.
“I guess you realize we wouldn’t have come all the way to
Nevada just to chat with a couple of two-bit check
chiselers.”
Nye had closed the notebook. He, too, stared at theprisoner, and observed that a cluster of veins had
appeared in his left temple.

“Would we, Dick?”“What?”“Come this far to talk about a bunch of checks.”“I can’t think of any other reason.”Nye drew a dagger on the cover of his notebook. While
doing so, he said, “Tell me, Dick. Have you ever heard of
the Clutter murder case?” Whereupon, he later wrote in aformal report of the interview, “Suspect underwent an
intense visible reaction. He turned gray. His eyes twitched.”
Hickock said, “Whoa, now. Hold on here. I’m no goddam
killer.”“The question asked,” Church reminded him, “was whether
you’d heard of the Clutter murders.”“I may have read something,” Hickock said.
“A vicious crime. Vicious. Cowardly.”“And almost perfect,” Nye said. “But you made two
mistakes, Dick. One was, you left a witness. A living
witness. Who’ll testify in court. Who’ll stand in the witness
box and tell a jury how Richard Hickock and Perry Smithbound and gagged and slaughtered four helpless people.”

Hickock’s face reddened with returning color. “Living
witness! There can’t be!”“Because you thought you’d got rid of everyone?”“I said whoa! There ain’t anybody can connect me with any
goddam murder. Checks. A little petty thievery. But I’m no
goddam killer.”“Then why,” Nye asked hotly, “have you been lying to us?”
“I’ve been telling you the goddam truth.”“Now and then. Not always. For instance, what about
Saturday afternoon, November fourteenth? You say you
drove to Fort Scott.”“Yes.”“And when you got there you went to the post office.”“Yes.”“To obtain the address of Perry Smith’s sister.”“That’s right.”
Nye rose. He walked around to the rear of Hickock’s chair,and placing his hands on the back of the chair, leaned
down as though to whisper in the prisoner’s ear. “PerrySmith has no sister living in Fort Scott,” he said. “He neverhas had. And on Saturday afternoons the Fort Scott post
office happens to be closed.” Then he said, “Think it over,Dick. That’s all for now. We’ll talk to you later.”
After Hickock’s dismissal, Nye and Church crossed thecorridor, and looking through the one-way observation
window set in the door of the interrogation room, watched
the questioning of Perry Smith—a scene visible though not
audible. Nye, who was seeing Smith for the first time, wasfascinated by his feet—by the fact that his legs were soshort that his feet, as small as a child’s, couldn’t quite makethe floor. Smith’s head—the stiff Indian hair, the Irish-Indian
blending of dark skin and pert, impish features—reminded
him of the suspect’s pretty sister, the nice Mrs. Johnson.
But this chunky, misshapen child-man was not pretty; thepink end of his tongue darted forth, flickering like the tongueof a lizard. He was smoking a cigarette, and from theevenness of his exhalations Nye deduced that he was still a“virgin”—that is, still uninformed about the real purpose of
the interview.

Nye was right. For Dewey and Duntz, patient
professionals, had gradually narrowed the prisoner’s life
story to the events of the last seven weeks, then reducedthose to a concentrated recapitulation of the crucial
weekend—Saturday noon to Sunday noon, November 14
to 15. Now, having spent three hours preparing the way,
they were not far from coming to the point.
Dewey said, “Perry, let’s review our position. Now, when
you received parole, it was on condition that you neverreturn to Kansas.”“The Sunflower State. I cried my eyes out.”“Feeling that way, why did you go back? You must have hadsome very strong reason.”“I told you. To see my sister. To get the money she washolding for me.”“Oh, yes. The sister you and Hickock tried to find in Fort
Scott. Perry, how far is Fort Scott from Kansas City?”
Smith shook his head. He didn’t know.
“Well, how long did it take you to drive there?”
No response.
“One hour? Two? Three? Four?”The prisoner said he couldn’t remember.

“Of course you can’t. Because you’ve never in your life
been to Fort Scott.”Until then, neither of the detectives had challenged any partof Smith’s statement. He shifted in his chair; with the tip of
his tongue he wet his lips.
“The fact is, nothing you’ve told us is true. You never set footin Fort Scott. You never picked up any two girls and never
took them to any motel—”“We did. No kidding.”“What were their names?”“I never asked.”“You and Hickock spent the night with these women andnever asked their names?”“They were just prostitutes.”“Tell us the name of the motel.”“Ask Dick. He’ll know. I never remember junk like that.”
Dewey addressed his colleague. “Clarence, I think it’s time
we straightened Perry out.”
Duntz hunched forward. He is a heavyweight with awelterweight’s spontaneous agility, but his eyes arehooded and lazy. He drawls; each word, formed reluctantly
and framed in a cattle-country accent, lasts awhile. “Yes,sir,” he said. “ ’Bout time.”“Listen good, Perry. Because Mr. Duntz is going to tell you
where you really were that Saturday night. Where you were
and what you were doing.”
Duntz said, “You were killing the Clutter family.”
Smith swallowed. He began to rub his knees.
“You were out in Holcomb, Kansas. In the home of Mr.
Herbert W. Clutter. And before you left that house you killed
all the people in it.”“Never. I never.”“Never what?”“Knew anybody by that name. Clutter.”
Dewey called him a liar, and then, conjuring a card that inprior consultation the four detectives had agreed to play
face down, told him, “We have a living witness, Perry.
Somebody you boys overlooked.”
A full minute elapsed, and Dewey exulted in Smith’ssilence, for an innocent man would ask who was thiswitness, and who were these Clutters, and why did they
think he’d murdered them—would, at any rate, saysomething. But Smith sat quiet, squeezing his knees.
“Well, Perry?”“You got an aspirin? They took away my aspirin.”“Feeling bad?”“My legs do.”It was five-thirty. Dewey, intentionally abrupt, terminated theinterview. “We’ll take this up again tomorrow,” he said. “By
the way, do you know what tomorrow is? Nancy Clutter’sbirthday. She would have been seventeen.”“She would have been seventeen.” Perry, sleepless in thedawn hours, wondered (he later recalled) if it was true thattoday was the girl’s birthday, and decided no, that it was
just another way of getting under his skin, like that phonybusiness about a witness—“a living witness.” There
couldn’t be. Or did they mean— If only he could talk to Dick!
But he and Dick were being kept apart; Dick was locked ina cell on another floor. “Listen good, Perry. Because Mr.
Duntz is going to tell you where you really were . . .” Midway

in the questioning, after he’d begun to notice the number ofallusions to a particular November weekend, he’d nerved
himself for what he knew was coming, yet when it did, when
the big cowboy with the sleepy voice said, “You were killing
the Clutter family”—well, he’d damn near died, that’s all. He
must have lost ten pounds in two seconds. Thank God hehadn’t let them see it. Or hoped he hadn’t. And Dick?
Presumably they’d pulled the same stunt on him. Dick was
smart, a convincing performer, but his “guts” wereunreliable, he panicked too easily. Even so, and however
much they pressured him, Perry was sure Dick would holdout. Unless he wanted to hang. “And before you left thathouse you killed all the people in it.” It wouldn’t amaze him if
every Old Grad in Kansas had heard that line. They musthave questioned hundreds of men, and no doubt accuseddozens; he and Dick were merely two more. On the other
hand—well, would Kansas send four Special Agents a
thousand miles to pick up a small-time pair of parole
violators? Maybe somehow they had stumbled onsomething, somebody—“a living witness.” But that was
impossible. Except— He’d give an arm, a leg to talk to
Dick for just five minutes.
And Dick, awake in a cell on the floor below, was (he later
recalled) equally eager to converse with Perry—find out
what the punk had told them. Christ, you couldn’t trust him toremember even the outline of the Fun Haven alibi—though
they had discussed it often enough. And when thosebastards threatened him with a witness! Ten to one the little

spook had thought they meant an eyewitness. Whereas he,
Dick, had known at once who the so-called witness must
be: Floyd Wells, his old friend and former cellmate. Whileserving the last weeks of his sentence, Dick had plotted toknife Floyd—stab him through the heart with a handmade“shiv”—and what a fool he was not to have done it. Except
for Perry, Floyd Wells was the one human being who could
link the names Hickock and Clutter. Floyd, with his sloping
shoulders and inclining chin—Dick had thought he’d be too
afraid. The sonofabitch was probably expecting some fancy
reward—a parole or money, or both. But hell would freeze
before he got it. Because a convict’s tattle wasn’t proof.
Proof is footprints, fingerprints, witnesses, a confession.
Hell, if all those cowboys had to go on was some story
Floyd Wells had told, then there wasn’t a lot to worry about.
Come right down to it, Floyd wasn’t half as dangerous as
Perry. Perry, if he lost his nerve and let fly, could put themboth in The Corner. And suddenly he saw the truth: It was
Perry he ought to have silenced. On a mountain road in
Mexico. Or while walking across the Mojave. Why had it
never occurred to him until now? For now, now was much
too late.

Ultimately, at five minutes past three that afternoon, Smith
admitted the falsity of the Fort Scott tale. “That was only

something Dick told his family. So he could stay out
overnight. Do some drinking. See, Dick’s dad watched him
pretty close—afraid he’d break parole. So we made up an
excuse about my sister. It was just to pacify Mr. Hickock.”
Otherwise, he repeated the same story again and again,
and Duntz and Dewey, regardless of how often theycorrected him and accused him of lying, could not makehim change it—except to add fresh details. The names ofthe prostitutes, he recalled today, were Mildred and Jane(or Joan). “They rolled us,” he now remembered. “Walked
off with all our dough while we were asleep.” And thougheven Duntz had forfeited his composure—had shed, alongwith tie and coat, his enigmatic drowsy dignity—thesuspect seemed content and serene; he refused to budge.
He’d never heard of the Clutters or Holcomb, or even
Garden City.
Across the hall, in the smoke-choked room where Hickock
was undergoing his second interrogation, Church and Nye
were methodically applying a more roundabout strategy.
Not once during this interview, now almost three hours old,
had either of them mentioned murder—an omission that
kept the prisoner edgy, expectant. They talked of everythingelse: Hickock’s religious philosophy (“I know about hell. I
been there. Maybe there’s a heaven, too. Lots of richpeople think so”); his sexual history (“I’ve always behaved
like a one-hundred-percent normal”); and, once more, thehistory of his recent cross-country hegira (“Why we kept
going like that, the only reason was we were looking forjobs. Couldn’t find anything decent, though. I worked one
day digging a ditch . . .”). But things unspoken were thecenter of interest—the cause, the detectives wereconvinced, of Hickock’s escalating distress. Presently, heshut his eyes and touched the lids with trembling fingertips.
And Church said, “Something wrong?”“A headache. I get real bastards.”
Then Nye said, “Look at me, Dick.” Hickock obeyed, withan expression that the detective interpreted as a pleadingwith him to speak, to accuse, and let the prisoner escape
into the sanctuary of steadfast denial. “When we discussed
the matter yesterday, you may recall my saying that the
Clutter murders were almost a perfect crime. The killers
made only two mistakes. The first one was they left awitness. The second—well, I’ll show you.” Rising, heretrieved from a corner a box and a briefcase, both ofwhich he’d brought into the room at the start of theinterview. Out of the briefcase came a large photograph.
“This,” he said, leaving it on the table, “is a one-to-one
reproduction of certain footprints found near Mr. Clutter’s
body. And here”—he opened the box—“are the boots thatmade them. Your boots, Dick.” Hickock looked, and looked
away. He rested his elbows on his knees and cradled hishead in his hands. “Smith,” said Nye, “was even morecareless. We have his boots, too, and they exactly fit
another set of prints. Bloody ones.”

Church closed in. “Here’s what’s going to happen to you,
Hickock,” he said. “You’ll be taken back to Kansas. You’ll
be charged on four counts of first-degree murder. Count
One: That on or about the fifteenth day of November, 1959,
one Richard Eugene Hickock did unlawfully, feloniously,
willfully and with deliberation and premeditation, and while
being engaged in the perpetration of a felony, kill and takethe life of Herbert W. Clutter. Count Two: That on or about
the fifteenth day of November 1959, the same Richard
Eugene Hickock did unlawfully—”
Hickock said, “Perry Smith killed the Clutters.” He lifted hishead, and slowly straightened up in the chair, like a fighter
staggering to his feet. “It was Perry. I couldn’t stop him. He
killed them all.”

Postmistress Clare, enjoying a coffee break at Hartman’s
Café, complained of the low volume of the café’s radio.
“Turn it up,” she demanded.
The radio was tuned to Garden City’s Station KIUL. She
heard the words “. . . after sobbing out his dramaticconfession, Hickock emerged from the interrogation roomand fainted in a hallway. K.B.I. agents caught him as he fellto the floor. The agents quoted Hickock as saying he andSmith invaded the Clutter home expecting to find a safe
containing at least ten thousand dollars. But there was nosafe, so they tied the family up and shot them one by one.
Smith has neither confirmed nor denied taking part in thecrime. When told that Hickock had signed a confession,
Smith said, ‘I’d like to see my buddy’s statement.’ But therequest was rejected. Officers have declined to reveal
whether it was Hickock or Smith who actually shot themembers of the family. They emphasized that the statement
was only Hickock’s version. K.B.I. personnel, returning thetwo men to Kansas, have already left Las Vegas by car. It
is expected the party will arrive in Garden City late
Wednesday. Meanwhile, County Attorney Duane West . . .”“One by one,” said Mrs. Hartman. “Just imagine. I don’t
wonder the varmint fainted.”
Others in the café—Mrs. Clare and Mabel Helm and ahusky young farmer who had stopped to buy a plug ofBrown’s Mule chewing tobacco—muttered and mumbled.
Mrs. Helm dabbed at her eyes with a paper napkin. “I won’t
listen,” she said. “I mustn’t. I won’t.”“. . . news of a break in the case has met with little reactionin the town of Holcomb, a half mile from the Clutter home.
Generally, townspeople in the community of two hundredand seventy expressed relief . . .”The young farmer hooted. “Relief! Last night, after we heard

it on the TV, know what my wife did? Bawled like a baby.”“Shush,” said Mrs. Clare. “That’s me.”“. . . and Holcomb’s postmistress, Mrs. Myrtle Clare, said
the residents are glad the case has been solved, but someof them still feel others may be involved. She said plenty offolks are still keeping their doors locked and their guns
ready . . .”Mrs. Hartman laughed. “Oh, Myrt!” she said. “Who’d you tellthat to?”“A reporter from the Telegram.”
The men of her acquaintance, many of them, treat Mrs.
Clare as though she were another man. The farmer
slapped her on the back and said, “Gosh, Myrt. Gee, fella.
You don’t still think one of us—anybody round here—hadsomething to do with it?”
But that, of course, was what Mrs. Clare did think, andthough she was usually alone in her opinions, this time she
was not without company, for the majority of Holcomb’s
population, having lived for seven weeks amid
unwholesome rumors, general mistrust, and suspicion,appeared to feel disappointed at being told that themurderer was not someone among themselves. Indeed, asizable faction refused to accept the fact that two unknown
men, two thieving strangers, were solely responsible. As

Mrs. Clare now remarked, “Maybe they did it, these fellows.
But there’s more to it than that. Wait. Some day they’ll getto the bottom, and when they do they’ll find the one behind
it. The one wanted Clutter out of the way. The brains.”
Mrs. Hartman sighed. She hoped Myrt was wrong. And
Mrs. Helm said, “What I hope is, I hope they keep ’em
locked up good. I won’t feel easy knowing they’re in our
vicinity.”“Oh, I don’t think you got to worry, ma’am,” said the young
farmer. “Right now those boys are a lot more scared of us
than we are of them.”

On an Arizona highway, a two-car caravan is flashingacross sagebrush country—the mesa country of hawks andrattlesnakes and towering red rocks. Dewey is driving thelead car, Perry Smith sits beside him, and Duntz is sitting in
the back seat. Smith is handcuffed, and the handcuffs areattached to a security belt by a short length of chain—anarrangement so restricting his movements that he cannot
smoke unaided. When he wants a cigarette, Dewey mustlight it for him and place it between his lips, a task that thedetective finds “repellent,” for it seems such an intimate
action—the kind of thing he’d done while he was courtinghis wife.
On the whole, the prisoner ignores his guardians and theirsporadic attempts to goad him by repeating parts of
Hickock’s hour-long tape-recorded confession: “He says hetried to stop you, Perry. But says he couldn’t. Says he wasscared you’d shoot him too,” and “Yes, sir, Perry. It’s all
your fault. Hickock himself, he says he wouldn’t harm thefleas on a dog.” None of this—outwardly, at any rate—
agitates Smith. He continues to contemplate the scenery, toread Burma-Shave doggerel, and to count the carcasses of
shotgunned coyotes festooning ranch fences.
Dewey, not anticipating any exceptional response, says,“Hickock tells us you’re a natural-born killer. Says it doesn’t
bother you a bit. Says one time out there in Las Vegas you
went after a colored man with a bicycle chain. Whipped him
to death. For fun.”To Dewey’s surprise, the prisoner gasps. He twists aroundin his seat until he can see, through the rear window, themotorcade’s second car, see inside it: “The tough boy!”Turning back, he stares at the dark streak of desert
highway. “I thought it was a stunt. I didn’t believe you. That
Dick let fly. The tough boy! Oh, a real brass boy. Wouldn’t
harm the fleas on a dog. Just run over the dog.” He spits. “Inever killed any nigger.” Duntz agrees with him; having
studied the files on unsolved Las Vegas homicides, heknows Smith to be innocent of this particular deed. “I neverkilled any niggers. But he thought so. I always knew if weever got caught, if Dick ever really let fly, dropped his guts
all over the goddam floor—I knew he’d tell about thenigger.” He spits again. “So Dick was afraid of me? That’s
amusing. I’m very amused. What he don’t know is, I almost
did shoot him.”
Dewey lights two cigarettes, one for himself, one for theprisoner. “Tell us about it, Perry.”
Smith smokes with closed eyes, and explains, “I’m thinking.
I want to remember this just the way it was.” He pauses forquite a while. “Well, it all started with a letter I got while I
was out in Buhl, Idaho. That was September or October.
The letter was from Dick, and he said he was on to a cinch.
The perfect score. I didn’t answer him, but he wrote again,
urging me to come back to Kansas and go partners withhim. He never said what kind of score it was. Just that it
was a ‘sure-fire cinch.’ Now, as it happened, I had anotherreason for wanting to be in Kansas around about that time.
A personal matter I’d just as soon keep to myself—it’s got
nothing to do with this deal. Only that otherwise I wouldn’t
have gone back there. But I did. And Dick met me at thebus station in Kansas City. We drove out to the farm, his
parents’ place. But they didn’t want me there. I’m very
sensitive; I usually know what people are feeling.
“Like you.” He means Dewey, but does not look at him.
“You hate handing me a butt. That’s your business. I don’tblame you. Any more than I bLarned Dick’s mother. The
fact is, she’s a very sweet person. But she knew what I was—a friend from The Walls—and she didn’t want me in herhouse. Christ, I was glad to get out, go to a hotel. Dick took
me to a hotel in Olathe. We bought some beer and carried
it up to the room, and that’s when Dick outlined what he hadin mind. He said after I’d left Lansing he celled withsomeone who’d once worked for a wealthy wheat grower
out in western Kansas. Mr. Clutter. Dick drew me adiagram of the Clutter house. He knew where everything
was—doors, halls, bedrooms. He said one of the groundfloor rooms was used as an office, and in the office there
was a safe—a wall safe. He said Mr. Clutter needed it
because he always kept on hand large sums of cash. Neverless than ten thousand dollars. The plan was to rob thesafe, and if we were seen—well, whoever saw us would
have to go. Dick must have said it a million times: ‘No
witnesses.’ ”
Dewey says, “How many of these witnesses did he think
there might be? I mean, how many people did he expect tofind in the Clutter house?”“That’s what I wanted to know. But he wasn’t sure. At least
four. Probably six. And it was possible the family might
have guests. He thought we ought to be ready to handle up
to a dozen.”
Dewey groans, Duntz whistles, and Smith, smiling wanly,adds, “Me, too. Seemed to me that was a little off. Twelve
people. But Dick said it was a cinch. He said, ‘We’regonna go in there and splatter those walls with hair.’ Themood I was in, I let myself be carried along. But also—I’ll behonest—I had faith in Dick; he struck me as being verypractical, the masculine type, and I wanted the money asmuch as he did. I wanted to get it and go to Mexico. But I
hoped we could do it without violence. Seemed to me we
could if we wore masks. We argued about it. On the way
out there, out to Holcomb, I wanted to stop and buy someblack silk stockings to wear over our heads. But Dick feltthat even with a stocking he could still be identified.
Because of his bad eye. All the same, when we got toEmporia—”
Duntz says, “Hold on, Perry. You’re jumping ahead. Go
back to Olathe. What time did you leave there?”“One. One-thirty. We left just after lunch and drove toEmporia. Where we bought some rubber gloves and a rollof cord. The knife and shotgun, the shells—Dick had
brought all that from home. But he didn’t want to look forblack stockings. It got to be quite an argument. Somewhereon the outskirts of Emporia, we passed a Catholic hospital,
and I persuaded him to stop and go inside and try and buy
some black stockings from the nuns. I knew nuns wear
them. But he only made believe. Came out and said theywouldn’t sell him any. I was sure he hadn’t even asked, andhe confessed it; he said it was a puky idea—the nuns

would’ve thought he was crazy. So we didn’t stop again till
Great Bend. That’s where we bought the tape. Had dinnerthere, a big dinner. It put me to sleep. When I woke up, wewere just coming into Garden City. Seemed like a realdead-dog town. We stopped for gas at a filling station—”
Dewey asks if he remembers which one.
“Believe it was a Phillips 66.”
“What time was this?”“Around midnight. Dick said it was seven miles more to
Holcomb. All the rest of the way, he kept talking to himself,saying this ought to be here and that ought to be there—according to the instructions he’d memorized. I hardly
realized it when we went through Holcomb, it was such alittle settlement. We crossed a railroad track. Suddenly
Dick said, ‘This is it, this has to be it.’ It was the entrance toa private road, lined with trees. We slowed down andturned off the lights. Didn’t need them. Account of the moon.
There wasn’t nothing else up there—not a cloud, nothing.
Just that full moon. It was like broad day, and when we
started up the road, Dick said, ‘Look at this spread! The
barns! That house! Don’t tell me this guy ain’t loaded.’ But I
didn’t like the setup, the atmosphere; it was sort of too
impressive. We parked in the shadows of a tree. While wewere sitting there, a light came on—not in the main house
but a house maybe a hundred yards to the left. Dick said itwas the hired man’s house; he knew because of the
diagram. But he said it was a damn sight nearer the Clutter
house than it was supposed to be. Then the light went off.
Mr. Dewey—the witness you mentioned. Is that who you
meant—the hired man?”“No. He never heard a sound. But his wife was nursing asick baby. He said they were up and down the whole night.”“A sick baby. Well, I wondered. While we were still sitting
there, it happened again—a light flashed on and off. And
that really put bubbles in my blood. I told Dick to count meout. If he was determined to go ahead with it, he’d have to
do it alone. He started the car, we were leaving, and I
thought, Bless Jesus. I’ve always trusted my intuitions;they’ve saved my life more than once. But halfway down theroad Dick stopped. He was sore as hell. I could see he wasthinking, Here I’ve set up this big score, here we’ve comeall this way, and now this punk wants to chicken out. He
said, ‘Maybe you think I ain’t got the guts to do it alone. But,
by God, I’ll show you who’s got guts.’ There was someliquor in the car. We each had a drink, and I told him, ‘O.K.,
Dick. I’m with you.’ So we turned back. Parked where we
had before. In the shadows of a tree. Dick put on gloves; I’dalready put on mine. He carried the knife and a flashlight. I
had the gun. The house looked tremendous in the
moonlight. Looked empty. I remember hoping there was
nobody home—”Dewey says, “But you saw a dog?”“No.”“The family had an old gun-shy dog. We couldn’t
understand why he didn’t bark. Unless he’d seen a gun andbolted.”“Well, I didn’t see anything or nobody. That’s why I neverbelieved it. About an eyewitness.”“Not eyewitness. Witness. Someone whose testimony
associates you and Hickock with this case.”“Oh. Uh-huh. Uh-huh. Him. And Dick always said he’d be
too scared. Ha!”
Duntz, not to be diverted, reminds him, “Hickock had theknife. You had the gun. How did you get into the house?”“The door was unlocked. A side door. It took us into Mr.
Clutter’s office. Then we waited in the dark. Listening. But
the only sound was the wind. There was quite a little windoutside. It made the trees move, and you could hear theleaves. The one window was curtained with Venetianblinds, but moonlight was coming through. I closed theblinds, and Dick turned on his flashlight. We saw the desk.
The safe was supposed to be in the wall directly behind thedesk, but we couldn’t find it. It was a paneled wall, and there
were books and framed maps, and I noticed, on a shelf, aterrific pair of binoculars. I decided I was going to takethem with me when we left there.”“Did you?” asks Dewey, for the binoculars had not been
missed.
Smith nods. “We sold them in Mexico.”“Sorry. Go on.”“Well, when we couldn’t find the safe, Dick doused the
flashlight and we moved in darkness out of the office andacross a parlor, a living room. Dick whispered to me
couldn’t I walk quieter. But he was just as bad. Every step
we took made a racket. We came to a hall and a door, andDick, remembering the diagram, said it was a bedroom.
He shined the flashlight and opened the door. A man said,‘Honey?’ He’d been asleep, and he blinked and said, ‘Is
that you, honey?’ Dick asked him, ‘Are you Mr. Clutter?’ He
was wide awake now; he sat up and said, ‘Who is it? Whatdo you want?’ Dick told him, very polite, like we were acouple of door-to-door salesmen, ‘We want to talk to you,sir. In your office, please.’ And Mr. Clutter, barefoot, justwearing pajamas, he went with us to the office and weturned on the office lights.
“Up till then he hadn’t been able to see us very good. I think
what he saw hit him hard. Dick says, ‘Now, sir, all we want
you to do is show us where you keep that safe.’ But Mr.

Clutter says, ‘What safe?’ He says he don’t have any safe. I
knew right then it was true. He had that kind of face. You
just knew whatever he told you was pretty much the truth.
But Dick shouted at him, ‘Don’t lie to me, you sonofabitch! I
know goddam well you got a safe!’ My feeling was nobody
had ever spoken to Mr. Clutter like that. But he looked Dickstraight in the eye and told him, being very mild about it—said, well, he was sorry but he just didn’t have any safe.
Dick tapped him on the chest with the knife, says, ‘Show us
where that safe is or you’re gonna be a good bit sorrier.’
But Mr. Clutter—oh, you could see he was scared, but his
voice stayed mild and steady—he went on denying he hada safe.
“Sometime along in there, I fixed the telephone. The one in
the office. I ripped out the wires. And I asked Mr. Clutter if
there were any other telephones in the house. He said yes,
there was one in the kitchen. So I took the flashlight andwent to the kitchen—it was quite a distance from the office.
When I found the telephone, I removed the receiver and cut
the line with a pair of pliers. Then, heading back, I heard anoise. A creaking overhead. I stopped at the foot of thestairs leading to the second floor. It was dark, and I didn’t
dare use the flashlight. But I could tell there was someone
there. At the top of the stairs, silhouetted against a window.
A figure. Then it moved away.”
Dewey imagines it must have been Nancy. He’d often
theorized, on the basis of the gold wristwatch found tuckedin the toe of a shoe in her closet, that Nancy had awakened,
heard persons in the house, thought they might be thieves,and prudently hidden the watch, her most valuable property.
“For all I knew, maybe it was somebody with a gun. But
Dick wouldn’t even listen to me. He was so busy playing
tough boy. Bossing Mr. Clutter around. Now he’d brought
him back to the bedroom. He was counting the money in
Mr. Clutter’s billfold. There was about thirty dollars. He
threw the billfold on the bed and told him, ‘You’ve got moremoney in this house than that. A rich man like you. Living ona spread like this.’ Mr. Clutter said that was all the cash hehad, and explained he always did business by check. He
offered to write us a check. Dick just blew up—‘What kindof Mongolians do you think we are?’—and I thought Dick
was ready to smash him, so I said, ‘Dick. Listen to me.
There’s somebody awake upstairs.’ Mr. Clutter told us the
only people upstairs were his wife and a son and daughter.
Dick wanted to know if the wife had any money, and Mr.
Clutter said if she did, it would be very little, a few dollars,
and he asked us—really kind of broke down—please not tobother her, because she was an invalid, she’d been very ill
for a long time. But Dick insisted on going upstairs. He
made Mr. Clutter lead the way.
“At the foot of the stairs, Mr. Clutter switched on lights thatlighted the hall above, and as we were going up, he said, ‘I
don’t know why you boys want to do this. I’ve never done
you any harm. I never saw you before.’ That’s when Dick

told him, ‘Shut up! When we want you to talk, we’ll tell you.’
Wasn’t anybody in the upstairs hall, and all the doors wereshut. Mr. Clutter pointed out the rooms where the boy andgirl were supposed to be sleeping, then opened his wife’sdoor. He lighted a lamp beside the bed and told her, ‘It’s allright, sweetheart. Don’t be afraid. These men, they justwant some money.’ She was a thin, frail sort of woman in along white nightgown. The minute she opened her eyes,
she started to cry. She says, talking to her husband,‘Sweetheart, I don’t have any money.’ He was holding her
hand, patting it. He said, ‘Now, don’t cry, honey. It’s nothing
to be afraid of. It’s just I gave these men all the money I had,
but they want some more. They believe we have a safe
somewhere in the house. I told them we don’t.’ Dick raised
his hand, like he was going to crack him across the mouth.
Says, ‘Didn’t I tell you to shut up?’ Mrs. Clutter said, ‘But myhusband’s telling you the God’s truth. There isn’t any safe.’
And Dick answers back, ‘I know goddam well you got asafe. And I’ll find it before I leave here. Needn’t worry that I
won’t.’ Then he asked her where she kept her purse. The
purse was in a bureau drawer. Dick turned it inside out.
Found just some change and a dollar or two. I motioned tohim to come into the hall. I wanted to discuss the situation.
So we stepped outside, and I said—”
Duntz interrupts him to ask if Mr. and Mrs. Clutter could
overhear the conversation.
“No. We were just outside the door, where we could keep

an eye on them. But we were whispering. I told Dick, ‘These
people are telling the truth. The one who lied is your friend
Floyd Wells. There isn’t any safe, so let’s get the hell out ofhere.’ But Dick was too ashamed to face it. He said hewouldn’t believe it till we searched the whole house. He
said the thing to do was tie them all up, then take our timelooking around. You couldn’t argue with him, he was so
excited. The glory of having everybody at his mercy, that’s
what excited him. Well, there was a bathroom next door to
Mrs. Clutter’s room. The idea was to lock the parents in thebathroom, and wake the kids and put them there, then bringthem out one by one and tie them up in different parts of thehouse. And then, says Dick, after we’ve found the safe,
we’ll cut their throats. Can’t shoot them, he says—that
would make too much noise.”
Perry frowns, rubs his knees with his manacled hands. “Letme think a minute. Because along in here things begin to
get a little complicated. I remember. Yes. Yes, I took a chairout of the hall and stuck it in the bathroom. So Mrs. Clutter
could sit down. Seeing she was said to be an invalid. When
we locked them up, Mrs. Clutter was crying and telling us,‘Please don’t hurt anybody. Please don’t hurt my children.’And her husband had his arms around her, saying, like,‘Sweetheart, these fellows don’t mean to hurt anybody. Allthey want is some money.’“We went to the boy’s room. He was awake. Lying there
like he was too scared to move. Dick told him to get up, buthe didn’t move, or move fast enough, so Dick punched him,pulled him out of bed, and I said, ‘You don’t have to hit him,
Dick.’ And I told the boy—he was only wearing a T-shirt—toput on his pants. He put on a pair of blue jeans, and we’djust locked him in the bathroom when the girl appeared—
came out of her room. She was all dressed, like she’d been
awake some while. I mean, she had on socks and slippers,
and a kimono, and her hair was wrapped in a bandanna.
She was trying to smile. She said, ‘Good grief, what is this?
Some kind of joke?’ I don’t guess she thought it was muchof a joke, though. Not after Dick opened the bathroom doorand shoved her in . . .”Dewey envisions them: the captive family, meek andfrightened but without any premonition of their destiny. Herb
couldn’t have suspected, or he would have fought. He wasa gentle man but strong and no coward. Herb, his friend
Alvin Dewey felt certain, would have fought to the death
defending Bonnie’s life and the lives of his children.
“Dick stood guard outside the bathroom door while I
reconnoitered. I frisked the girl’s room, and I found a little
purse-like a doll’s purse. Inside it was a silver dollar. I
dropped it somehow, and it rolled across the floor. Rolled
under a chair. I had to get down on my knees. And just thenit was like I was outside myself. Watching myself in somenutty movie. It made me sick. I was just disgusted. Dick,and all his talk about a rich man’s safe, and here I am
crawling on my belly to steal a child’s silver dollar. One

dollar. And I’m crawling on my belly to get it.”
Perry squeezes his knees, asks the detectives for aspirin,
thanks Duntz for giving him one, chews it, and resumes
talking. “But that’s what you do. You get what you can. I
frisked the boy’s room, too. Not a dime. But there was alittle portable radio, and I decided to take it. Then I
remembered the binoculars I’d seen in Mr. Clutter’s office. I
went downstairs to get them. I carried the binoculars andthe radio out to the car. It was cold, and the wind and thecold felt good. The moon was so bright you could see formiles. And I thought, Why don’t I walk off? Walk to thehighway, hitch a ride. I sure Jesus didn’t want to go back inthat house. And yet—How can I explain this? It was like I
wasn’t part of it. More as though I was reading a story. And I
had to know what was going to happen. The end. So I went
back upstairs. And now, let’s see—uh-huh, that’s when we
tied them up. Mr. Clutter first. We called him out of thebathroom, and I tied his hands together. Then I marched
him all the way down to the basement—”Dewey says, “Alone and unarmed?”“I had the knife.”
Dewey says, “But Hickock stayed guard upstairs?”“To keep them quiet. Anyway, I didn’t need help. I’ve
worked with rope all my life.”
Dewey says, “Were you using the flashlight or did you turnon the basement lights?”“The lights. The basement was divided into two sections.
One part seemed to be a playroom. Took him to the othersection, the furnace room. I saw a big cardboard box
leaning against the wall. A mattress box. Well, I didn’t feel I
ought to ask him to stretch out on the cold floor, so I
dragged the mattress box over, flattened it, and told him tolie down.”
The driver, via the rear-view mirror, glances at hiscolleague, attracts his eye, and Duntz slightly nods, as if in
tribute. All along Dewey had argued that the mattress box
had been placed on the floor for the comfort of Mr. Clutter,and taking heed of similar hints, other fragmentary
indications of ironic, erratic compassion, the detective had
conjectured that at least one of the killers was notaltogether uncharitable.

“I tied his feet, then tied his hands to his feet. I asked him
was it too tight, and he said no, but said would we pleaseleave his wife alone. There was no need to tie her up—shewasn’t going to holler or try to run out of the house. He said
she’d been sick for years and years, and she was justbeginning to get a little better, but an incident like this mightcause her to have a setback. I know it’s nothing to laughover, only I couldn’t help it—him talking about a ‘setback.’“Next thing, I brought the boy down. First I put him in theroom with his dad. Tied his hands to an overhead
steampipe. Then I figured that wasn’t very safe. He mightsomehow get loose and undo the old man, or vice versa.
So I cut him down and took him to the playroom, where
there was a comfortable-looking couch. I roped his feet tothe foot of the couch, roped his hands, then carried the ropeup and made a loop around his neck, so if he struggled
he’d choke himself. Once, while I was working, I put the
knife down on this—well, it was a freshly varnished cedar
chest; the whole cellar smelled of varnish—and he asked
me not to put my knife there. The chest was a wedding
present he’d built for somebody. A sister, I believe he said.
Just as I was leaving, he had a coughing fit, so I stuffed apillow under his head. Then I turned off the lights—”
Dewey says, “But you hadn’t taped their mouths?”“No. The taping came later, after I’d tied both the women in
their bedrooms. Mrs. Clutter was still crying, at the sametime she was asking me about Dick. She didn’t trust him,
but said she felt I was a decent young man. I’m sure youare, she says, and made me promise I wouldn’t let Dickhurt anybody. I think what she really had in mind was herdaughter. I was worried about that myself. I suspected Dick
was plotting something, something I wouldn’t stand for.
When I finished tying Mrs. Clutter, sure enough, I found he’dtaken the girl to her bedroom. She was in the bed, and he
was sitting on the edge of it talking to her. I stopped that; I
told him to go look for the safe while I tied her up. After he’dgone, I roped her feet together and tied her hands behindher back. Then I pulled up the covers, tucked her in till justher head showed. There was a little easy chair near thebed, and I thought I’d rest a minute; my legs were on fire—
all that climbing and kneeling. I asked Nancy if she had aboy friend. She said yes, she did. She was trying hard toact casual and friendly. I really liked her. She was really
nice. A very pretty girl, and not spoiled or anything. She told
me quite a lot about herself. About school, and how she
was going to go to a university to study music and art.
Horses. Said next to dancing what she liked best was togallop a horse, so I mentioned my mother had been achampion rodeo rider.
“And we talked about Dick; I was curious, see, what he’dbeen saying to her. Seems she’d asked him why he didthings like this. Rob people. And, wow, did he toss her atearjerker—said he’d been raised an orphan in anorphanage, and how nobody had ever loved him, and hisonly relative was a sister who lived with men without
marrying them. All the time we were talking, we could hear
the lunatic roaming around below, looking for the safe.
Looking behind pictures. Tapping the walls. Tap tap tap.
Like some nutty woodpecker. When he came back, just to
be a real bastard I asked had he found it. Course he hadn’t,
but he said he’d come across another purse in the kitchen.
With seven dollars.”Duntz says, “How long now had you been in the house?”“Maybe an hour.”Duntz says, “And when did you do the taping?”“Right then. Started with Mrs. Clutter. I made Dick help me—because I didn’t want to leave him alone with the girl. I cut
the tape in long strips, and Dick wrapped them around Mrs.
Clutter’s head like you’d wrap a mummy. He asked her,‘How come you keep on crying? Nobody’s hurting you,’ andhe turned off the bedside lamp and said, ‘Good night, Mrs.
Clutter. Go to sleep.’ Then he says to me, as we’re headingalong the hail toward Nancy’s room, ‘I’m gonna bust thatlittle girl.’ And I said, ‘Uh-huh. But you’ll have to kill me first.’
He looked like he didn’t believe he’d heard right. He says,‘What do you care? Hell, you can bust her, too.’ Now, that’s
something I despise. Anybody that can’t control themselves
sexually. Christ, I hate that kind of stuff. I told him straight,‘Leave her alone. Else you’ve got a buzzsaw to fight.’ That

really burned him, but he realized it wasn’t the time to havea flat-out free-for-all. So he says, ‘O.K., honey. If that’s theway you feel.’ The end of it was we never even taped her.
We switched off the hall light and went down to thebasement.”
Perry hesitates. He has a question but phrases it as astatement: “I’ll bet he never said anything about wanting torape the girl.”
Dewey admits it, but he adds that except for an apparently
somewhat expurgated version of his own conduct,
Hickock’s story supports Smith’s. The details vary, thedialogue is not identical, but in substance the two accounts—thus far, at least—corroborate one another.
“Maybe. But I knew he hadn’t told about the girl. I’d have bet
my shirt.”
Duntz says, “Perry, I’ve been keeping track of the lights.
The way I calculate it, when you turned off the upstairs light,that left the house completely dark.”“Did. And we never used the lights again. Except the
flashlight. Dick carried the flashlight when we went to tape
Mr. Clutter and the boy. Just before I taped him, Mr. Clutter
asked me—and these were his last words—wanted toknow how his wife was, if she was all right, and I said she
was fine, she was ready to go to sleep, and I told him itwasn’t long till morning, and how in the morning somebody
would find them, and then all of it, me and Dick and all,would seem like something they dreamed. I wasn’t kidding
him. I didn’t want to harm the man. I thought he was a very
nice gentleman. Soft-spoken. I thought so right up to themoment I cut his throat.
“Wait. I’m not telling it the way it was.” Perry scowls. He
rubs his legs; the handcuffs rattle. “After, see, after we’dtaped them, Dick and I went off in a corner. To talk it over.
Remember, now, there were hard feelings between us. Just
then it made my stomach turn to think I’d ever admired him,
lapped up all that brag. I said, ‘Well, Dick. Any qualms?’ Hedidn’t answer me. I said, ‘Leave them alive, and this won’t
be any small rap. Ten years the very least.’ He still didn’t
say anything. He was holding the knife. I asked him for it,
and he gave it to me, and I said, ‘All right, Dick. Here goes.’
But I didn’t mean it. I meant to call his bluff, make him argue
me out of it, make him admit he was a phony and a coward.
See, it was something between me and Dick. I knelt down
beside Mr. Clutter, and the pain of kneeling—I thought ofthat goddam dollar. Silver dollar. The shame. Disgust. And
they’d told me never to come back to Kansas. But I didn’t
realize what I’d done till I heard the sound. Like somebody
drowning. Screaming under water. I handed the knife to
Dick. I said, ‘Finish him. You’ll feel better.’ Dick tried—orpretended to. But the man had the strength of ten men—he
was half out of his ropes, his hands were free. Dickpanicked. Dick wanted to get the hell out of there. But I

wouldn’t let him go. The man would have died anyway, I
know that, but I couldn’t leave him like he was. I told Dick tohold the flashlight, focus it. Then I aimed the gun. The room
just exploded. Went blue. Just blazed up. Jesus, I’ll neverunderstand why they didn’t hear the noise twenty miles
around.”Dewey’s ears ring with it—a ringing that almost deafens
him to the whispery rush of Smith’s soft voice. But the voice
plunges on, ejecting a fusillade of sounds and images:
Hickock hunting the discharged shell; hurrying, hurrying,and Kenyon’s head in a circle of light, the murmur of muffled
pleadings, then Hickock again scrambling after a used
cartridge; Nancy’s room, Nancy listening to boots on
hardwood stairs, the creak of the steps as they climb
toward her, Nancy’s eyes, Nancy watching the flashlight’s
shine seek the target (“She said, ‘Oh, no! Oh, please. No!
No! No! No! Don’t! Oh, please don’t! Please!’ I gave thegun to Dick. I told him I’d done all I could do. He took aim,and she turned her face to the wall”); the dark hall, theassassins hastening toward the final door. Perhaps, having
heard all she had, Bonnie welcomed their swift approach.
“That last shell was a bitch to locate. Dick wiggled underthe bed to get it. Then we closed Mrs. Clutter’s door andwent downstairs to the office. We waited there, like we had
when we first came. Looked through the blinds to see if thehired man was poking around, or anybody else who might
have heard the gunfire. But it was just the same—not asound. Just the wind—and Dick panting like wolves wereafter him. Right there, in those few seconds before we ran
out to the car and drove away, that’s when I decided I’dbetter shoot Dick. He’d said over and over, he’d drummed
it into me: No witnesses. And I thought, He’s a witness. I
don’t know what stopped me. God knows I should’ve doneit. Shot him dead. Got in the car and kept on going till I lostmyself in Mexico.”
A hush. For ten miles and more, the three men ride without
speaking.
Sorrow and profound fatigue are at the heart of Dewey’s
silence. It had been his ambition to learn “exactly what
happened in that house that night.” Twice now he’d been
told, and the two versions were very much alike, the only
serious discrepancy being that Hickock attributed all four
deaths to Smith, while Smith contended that Hickock had
killed the two women. But the confessions, though theyanswered questions of how and why, failed to satisfy hissense of meaningful design. The crime was a
psychological accident, virtually an impersonal act; thevictims might as well have been killed by lightning. Except
for one thing: they had experienced prolonged terror, they
had suffered. And Dewey could not forget their sufferings.
Nonetheless, he found it possible to look at the man besidehim without anger—with, rather, a measure of sympathy—
for Perry Smith’s life had been no bed of roses but pitiful,an ugly and lonely progress toward one mirage and thenanother. Dewey’s sympathy, however, was not deep
enough to accommodate either forgiveness or mercy. He
hoped to see Perry and his partner hanged—hanged backto back.
Duntz asks Smith, “Added up, how much money did you getfrom the Clutters?”“Between forty and fifty dollars.”

Among Garden City’s animals are two gray tomcats who
are always together—thin, dirty strays with strange andclever habits. The chief ceremony of their day is performed
at twilight. First they trot the length of Main Street, stopping
to scrutinize the engine grilles of parked automobiles,
particularly those stationed in front of the two hotels, theWindsor and Warren, for these cars, usually the property oftravelers from afar, often yield what the bony, methodical
creatures are hunting: slaughtered birds—crows,
chickadees, and sparrows foolhardy enough to have flown
into the path of oncoming motorists. Using their paws as
though they are surgical instruments, the cats extract fromthe grilles every feathery particle. Having cruised Main
Street, they invariably turn the corner at Main and Grant,
then lope along toward Courthouse Square, another of theirhunting grounds—and a highly promising one on theafternoon of Wednesday, January 6, for the area swarmed
with Finney County vehicles that had brought to town part ofthe crowd populating the square.
The crowd started forming at four o’clock, the hour that thecounty attorney had given as the probable arrival time of
Hickock and Smith. Since the announcement of Hickock’s
confession on Sunday evening, newsmen of every style had
assembled in Garden City: representatives of the major
wire services, photographers, newsreel and television
cameramen, reporters from Missouri, Nebraska,
Oklahoma, Texas, and, of course, all the principal Kansas
papers—twenty or twenty-five men altogether. Many ofthem had been waiting three days without much to do
except interview the service-station attendant James Spor,
who, after seeing published photographs of the accusedkillers, had identified them as customers to whom he’d soldthree dollars and six cents’ worth of gas the night of theHolcomb tragedy.
It was the return of Hickock and Smith that these
professional spectators were on hand to record, andCaptain Gerald Murray, of the Highway Patrol, hadreserved for them ample space on the sidewalk fronting thecourthouse steps—the steps the prisoners must mount on
their way to the county jail, an institution that occupies the
top floor of the four-story limestone structure. One reporter,
Richard Parr, of the Kansas City Star, had obtained a copy

of Monday’s Las Vegas Sun. The paper’s headline raisedrounds of laughter: FEAR LYNCH MOB AWAITING RETURN OF KILLER
SUSPECTS. Captain Murray remarked, “Don’t look much likea necktie party to me.”Indeed, the congregation in the square might have been
expecting a parade, or attending a political rally. Highschool students, among them former classmates of Nancy
and Kenyon Clutter, chanted cheerleader rhymes, bubbled
bubble gum, gobbled hot dogs and soda pop. Mothers
soothed wailing babies. Men strode about with young
children perched on their shoulders. The Boy Scouts were
present—an entire troop. And the middle-aged
membership of a women’s bridge club arrived en masse.
Mr. J. P. (Jap) Adams, head of the local Veterans
Commission office, appeared, attired in a tweed garment
so oddly tailored that a friend yelled, “Hey, Jap! What ya
doin’ wearin’ ladies’ clothes?”—for Mr. Adams, in his haste
to reach the scene, had unwittingly donned his secretary’s
coat. A roving radio reporter interviewed sundry othertownsfolk, asking them what, in their opinion, the proper
retribution would be for “the doers of such a dastardly
deed,” and while most of his subjects said gosh or gee
whiz, one student replied, “I think they ought to be locked in
the same cell for the rest of their lives. Never allowed any
visitors. Just sit there staring at each other till the day theydie.” And a tough, strutty little man said, “I believe in capital
punishment. It’s like the Bible says—an eye for an eye. Andeven so we’re two pair short!”

As long as the sun lasted, the day had been dry and warm
—October weather in January. But when the sundescended, when the shadows of the square’s giant shadetrees met and combined, the coldness as well as darkness
numbed the crowd. Numbed and pruned it; by six o’clock,fewer than three hundred persons remained. Newsmen,
cursing the undue delay, stamped their feet and slappedfrozen ears with ungloved, freezing hands. Suddenly, amurmuring arose on the south side of the square. The cars
were coming.
Although none of the journalists anticipated violence,
several had predicted shouted abuse. But when the crowd
caught sight of the murderers, with their escort of bluecoated highway patrolmen, it fell silent, as though amazedto find them humanly shaped. The handcuffed men, whitefaced and blinking blindly, glistened in the glare of
flashbulbs and floodlights. The cameramen, pursuing theprisoners and the police into the courthouse and up threeflights of stairs, photographed the door of the county jailslamming shut.
No one lingered, neither the press corps nor any of thetownspeople. Warm rooms and warm suppers beckoned
them, and as they hurried away, leaving the cold square to
the two gray cats, the miraculous autumn departed too; theyear’s first snow began to fall.

IV
THE CORNER

Institutional dourness and cheerful domesticity coexist on
the fourth floor of the Finney County Courthouse. The
presence of the county jail supplies the first quality, while
the so-called Sheriff’s Residence, a pleasant apartment
separated from the jail proper by steel doors and a shortcorridor, accounts for the second.
In January, 1960, the Sheriff’s Residence was not in factoccupied by the sheriff, Earl Robinson, but by theundersheriff and his wife, Wendle and Josephine (“Josie”)
Meier. The Meiers, who had been married more thantwenty years, were very much alike: tall people with weightand strength to spare, with wide hands, square and calmand kindly faces—the last being most true of Mrs. Meier, adirect and practical woman who nevertheless seems
illuminated by a mystical serenity. As the undersheriff’s
helpmate her hours are long; between five in the morning,when she begins the day by reading a chapter in the Bible,and 10:00 P.M., her bedtime, she cooks and sews for theprisoners, darns, does their laundry, takes splendid care ofher husband, and looks after their five-room apartment, with
its gemütlich mélange of plump hassocks and squashy
chairs and cream-colored lace window curtains. The
Meiers have a daughter, an only child, who is married andlives in Kansas City, so the couple live alone—or, as Mrs.

Meier more correctly puts it: “Alone except for whoever
happens to be in the ladies’ cell.”
The jail contains six cells; the sixth, the one reserved forfemale prisoners, is actually an isolated unit situated inside
the Sheriff’s Residence—indeed, it adjoins the Meiers’
kitchen. “But,” says Josie Meier, “that don’t worry me. I
enjoy the company. Having somebody to talk to while I’mdoing my kitchen work. Most of these women, you got tofeel sorry for them. Just met up with Old Man Trouble is all.
Course Hickock and Smith was a different matter. Far as I
know, Perry Smith was the first man ever stayed in theladies’ cell. The reason was, the sheriff wanted to keep him
and Hickock separated from each other until after their trial.
The afternoon they brought them in, I made six apple pies
and baked some bread and all the while kept track of thegoings-on down there on the Square. My kitchen window
overlooks the Square; you couldn’t want a better view. I’m
no judge of crowds, but I’d guess there were several
hundred people waiting to see the boys that killed the
Clutter family. I never met any of the Clutters myself, butfrom everything I’ve ever heard about them they must havebeen very fine people. What happened to them is hard toforgive, and I know Wendle was worried how the crowdmight act when they caught sight of Hickock and Smith. He
was afraid somebody might try to get at them. So I kind of
had my heart in my mouth when I saw the cars arrive, saw
the reporters, all the newspaper fellows running andpushing; but by then it was dark, after six, and bitter cold—more than half the crowd had given up and gone home. The
ones that stayed, they didn’t say boo. Only stared.
“Later, when they brought the boys upstairs, the first one I
saw was Hickock. He had on light summer pants and justan old cloth shirt. Surprised he didn’t catch pneumonia,
considering how cold it was. But he looked sick all right.
White as a ghost. Well, it must be a terrible experience—tobe stared at by a horde of strangers, to have to walk among
them, and them knowing who you are and what you did.
Then they brought up Smith. I had some supper ready toserve them in their cells, hot soup and coffee and somesandwiches and pie. Ordinarily, we feed just twice a day.
Breakfast at seven-thirty, and at four-thirty we serve themain meal. But I didn’t want those fellows going to bed onan empty stomach; seemed to me they must be feeling bad
enough without that. But when I took Smith his supper,
carried it in on a tray, he said he wasn’t hungry. He waslooking out the window of the ladies’ cell. Standing with hisback to me. That window has the same view as my kitchen
window: trees and the Square and the tops of houses. I told
him, ‘Just taste the soup, it’s vegetable, and not out of acan. I made it myself. The pie, too.’ In about an hour I went
back for the tray and he hadn’t touched a crumb. He wasstill at the window. Like he hadn’t moved. It was snowing,and I remember saying it was the first snow of the year, andhow we’d had such a beautiful long autumn right till then.
And now the snow had come. And then I asked him if he
had any special dish he liked; if he did I’d try and fix it forhim the next day. He turned round and looked at me.
Suspicious, like I might be mocking him. Then he said
something about a movie—he had such a quiet way of
speaking, almost a whisper. Wanted to know if I had seen amovie. I forget the name, anyway I hadn’t seen it: never
have been much for picture shows. He said this show took
place in Biblical times, and there was a scene where a man
was flung off a balcony, thrown to a mob of men andwomen, who tore him to pieces. And he said that was whatcame to mind when he saw the crowd on the Square. The
man being torn apart. And the idea that maybe that waswhat they might do to him. Said it scared him so bad his
stomach still hurt. Which was why he couldn’t eat. Course
he was wrong, and I told him so—nobody was going toharm him, regardless of what he’d done; folks around here
aren’t like that.
“We talked some, he was very shy, but after a while hesaid, ‘One thing I really like is Spanish rice.’ So I promised
to make him some, and he smiled kind of, and I decided—
well, he wasn’t the worst young man I ever saw. That night,
after I’d gone to bed, I said as much to my husband. But
Wendle snorted. Wendle was one of the first on the scene
after the crime was discovered. He said he wished I’d beenout at the Clutter place when they found the bodies. Then I
could’ve judged for myself just how gentle Mr. Smith was.
Him and his friend Hickock. He said they’d cut out yourheart and never bat an eye. There was no denying it—not
with four people dead. And I lay awake wondering if either

one was bothered by it—the thought of those four graves.”

A month passed, and another, and it snowed some part ofalmost every day. Snow whitened the wheat-tawny
countryside, heaped the streets of the town, hushed them.
The topmost branches of a snow-laden elm brushed
against the window of the ladies’ cell. Squirrels lived in thetree, and after weeks of tempting them with leftover
breakfast scraps, Perry lured one off a branch onto thewindow sill and through the bars. It was a male squirrel withauburn fur. He named it Red, and Red soon settled down,
apparently content to share his friend’s captivity. Perrytaught him several tricks: to play with a paper ball, to beg,
to perch on Perry’s shoulder. All this helped to pass time,
but still there were many long hours the prisoner had tolose. He was not allowed to read newspapers, and he wasbored by the magazines Mrs. Meier lent him: old issues ofGood Housekeeping and McCall’s. But he found things to
do: file his fingernails with an emery board, buff them to asilky pink sheen; comb and comb his lotion-soaked andscented hair; brush his teeth three and four times a day;shave and shower almost as often. And he kept the cell,which contained a toilet, a shower stall, a cot, a chair, atable, as neat as his person. He was proud of a complimentMrs. Meier had paid him. “Look!” she had said, pointing at
his bunk. “Look at that blanket! You could bounce dimes.”
But it was at the table that he spent most of his waking life;
he ate his meals there, it was where he sat when hesketched portraits of Red, drew flowers, and the face ofJesus, and the faces and torsos of imaginary women; and it
was where, on cheap sheets of ruled paper, he made diarylike notes of day-to-day occurrences.

Thursday 7 January. Dewey here. Brought carton
cigarettes. Also typed copies of Statement for mysignature. I declined.
The “Statement,” a seventy-eight-page document which hehad dictated to the Finney County court stenographer,recounted admissions already made to Alvin Dewey and
Clarence Duntz. Dewey, speaking of his encounter with
Perry Smith on this particular day, remembered that he had
been very surprised when Perry refused to sign thestatement. “It wasn’t important: I could always testify in court
as to the oral confession he’d made to Duntz and myself.
And of course Hickock had given us a signed confession
while we were still in Las Vegas—the one in which heaccused Smith of having committed all four murders. But I
was curious. I asked Perry why he’d changed his mind. And
he said, ‘Everything in my statement is accurate except for
two details. If you’ll let me correct those items then I’ll signit.’ Well, I could guess the items he meant. Because theonly serious difference between his story and Hickock’swas that he denied having executed the Clutters singlehanded. Until now he’d sworn Hickock killed Nancy and hermother.
“And I was right!—that’s just what he wanted to do: admitthat Hickock had been telling the truth, and that it was he,
Perry Smith, who had shot and killed the whole family. He
said he’d lied about it because, in his words, ‘I wanted to fix
Dick for being such a coward. Dropping his guts all overthe goddam floor.’ And the reason he’d decided to set therecord straight wasn’t that he suddenly felt any kinder
toward Hickock. According to him he was doing it out ofconsideration for Hickock’s parents—said he was sorry for
Dick’s mother. Said, ‘She’s a real sweet person. It might besome comfort to her to know Dick never pulled the trigger.
None of it would have happened without him, in a way it
was mostly his fault, but the fact remains I’m the one who
killed them.’ But I wasn’t certain I believed it. Not to theextent of letting him alter his statement. As I say, we weren’t
dependent on a formal confession from Smith to prove any
part of our case. With or without it, we had enough to hangthem ten times over.”Among the elements contributing to Dewey’s confidence
was the recovery of the radio and pair of binoculars themurderers had stolen from the Clutter house andsubsequently disposed of in Mexico City (where, having
flown there for the purpose, K.B.I. Agent Harold Nye traced
them to a pawnshop). Moreover, Smith, while dictating hisstatement, had revealed the whereabouts of other potent
evidence. “We hit the highway and drove east,” he’d said,in the process of describing what he and Hickock had done
after fleeing the murder scene. “Drove like hell, Dick
driving. I think we both felt very high. I did. Very high, andvery relieved at the same time. Couldn’t stop laughing,neither one of us; suddenly it all seemed very funny—I don’tknow why, it just did. But the gun was dripping blood, andmy clothes were stained; there was even blood in my hair.
So we turned off onto a country road, and drove maybe
eight miles till we were way out on the prairie. You could
hear coyotes. We smoked a cigarette, and Dick went on
making jokes about what had happened back there. I got
out of the car, and siphoned some water out of the watertank and washed the blood off the gun barrel. Then I
scraped a hole in the ground with Dick’s hunting knife, theone I used on Mr. Clutter, and buried in it the empty shells
and all the leftover nylon cord and adhesive tape. After that
we drove till we came to U.S. 83, and headed east toward
Kansas City and Olathe. Around dawn Dick stopped at oneof those picnic places: what they call rest areas—where
they have open fireplaces. We built a fire and burned stuff.
The gloves we’d worn, and my shirt. Dick said he wished
we had an ox to roast; he said he’d never been so hungry. It
was almost noon when we got to Olathe. Dick dropped meat my hotel, and went on home to have Sunday dinner withhis family. Yes, he took the knife with him. The gun, too.”
K.B.I. agents, dispatched to Hickock’s home, found theknife inside a fishing-tackle box and the shotgun still
casually propped against a kitchen wall. (Hickock’s father,
who refused to believe his “boy” could have taken part insuch a “horrible crime,” insisted the gun hadn’t been out of
the house since the first week in November, and therefore
could not be the death weapon). As for the empty cartridge
shells, the cord and tape, these were retrieved with the aidof Virgil Pietz, a county-highway employee, who, working
with a road grader in the area pinpointed by Perry Smith,shaved away the earth inch by inch until the buried articles
were uncovered. Thus the last loose strings were tied; theK.B.I. had now assembled an unshakable case, for tests
established that the shells had been discharged by
Hickock’s shotgun, and the remnants of cord and tape wereof a piece with the materials used to bind and silence thevictims.

Monday 11 January. Have a lawyer. Mr. Fleming. Old
man with red tie.
Informed by the defendants that they were without funds tohire legal counsel, the court, in the person of Judge Roland
H. Tate, appointed as their representatives two local
lawyers, Mr. Arthur Fleming and Mr. Harrison Smith.
Fleming, seventy-one, a former mayor of Garden City, ashort man who enlivens an unsensational appearance withrather conspicuous neckwear, resisted the assignment. “I
do not desire to serve,” he told the judge. “But if the court
sees fit to appoint me, then of course I have no choice.”Hickock’s attorney, Harrison Smith, forty-five, six feet tall, a
golfer, an Elk of exalted degree, accepted the task with
resigned grace: “Someone has to do it. And I’ll do my best.
Though I doubt that’ll make me too popular around here.”

Friday 15 January. Mrs. Meier playing radio in her kitchen
and I heard man say the county attorney will seek Death
Penalty. “The rich never hang. Only the poor andfriendless.”
In making his announcement, the county attorney, Duane
West, an ambitious, portly young man of twenty-eight who
looks forty and sometimes fifty, told newsmen, “If the casegoes before a jury, I will request the jury, upon finding them
guilty, to sentence them to the death penalty. If the
defendants waive right to jury trial and enter a plea of guilty
before the judge, I will request the judge to set the death
penalty. This was a matter I knew I would be called upon todecide, and my decision has not been arrived at lightly. I
feel that due to the violence of the crime and the apparent
utter lack of mercy shown the victims, the only way the
public can be absolutely protected is to have the death
penalty set against these defendants. This is especially truesince in Kansas there is no such thing as life imprisonment
without possibility of parole. Persons sentenced to life
imprisonment actually serve, on the average, less thenfifteen years.”

Wednesday 20 January. Asked to take lie-detector inregards to this Walker deal.
A case like the Clutter case, crimes of that magnitude,
arouse the interest of lawmen everywhere, particularly
those investigators burdened with unsolved but similar
crimes, for it is always possible that the solution to one
mystery will solve another. Among the many officers
intrigued by events in Garden City was the sheriff ofSarasota County, Florida, which includes Osprey, a fishingsettlement not far from Tampa, and the scene, slightly morethan a month after the Clutter tragedy, of the quadruple
slaying on an isolated cattle ranch which Smith had readabout in a Miami newspaper on Christmas Day. The
victims were again four members of a family: a young
couple, Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Walker, and their two children,
a boy and a girl, all of whom had been shot in the head witha rifle. Since the Clutter murderers had spent the night ofDecember 19, the date of the murders, in a Tallahassee
hotel, Osprey’s sheriff, who had no other leads whatever,
was understandably anxious to have the two menquestioned and a polygraph examination administered.
Hickock consented to take the test and so did Smith, who
told Kansas authorities, “I remarked at the time, I said toDick, I’ll bet whoever did this must be somebody that readabout what happened out here in Kansas. A nut.” The
results of the test, to the dismay of Osprey’s sheriff as well
as Alvin Dewey, who does not believe in exceptional
coincidences, were decisively negative. The murderer ofthe Walker family remains unknown.

Sunday 31 January. Dick’s dad here to visit Dick. Said
hello when I saw him go past [the cell door] but he kept
going. Could be he never heard me. Understand from
Mrs. M [Meier] that Mrs. H [Hickock] didn’t come because
she felt too bad to. Snowing like a bitch. Dreamed lastnight I was up in Alaska with Dad—woke up in a puddle ofcold urine!!!
Mr. Hickock spent three hours with his son. Afterward hewalked through the snow to the Garden City depot, a workworn old man, stooped and thinned-down by the cancer thatwould kill him a few months hence. At the station, while
waiting for a homeward-bound train, he spoke to a reporter:“I seen Dick, uh-huh. We had a long talk. And I canguarantee you it’s not like people say. Or what’s put in thepapers. Those boys didn’t go to that house planning to doviolence. My boy didn’t. He may have some bad sides, but
he’s nowhere near bad as that. Smitty’s the one. Dick told
me he didn’t even know it when Smitty attacked the man[Mr. Clutter], cut his throat. Dick wasn’t even in the sameroom. He only run in when he heard them struggling. Dick
was carrying his shotgun, and how he described it was:‘Smitty took my shotgun and just blew that man’s head off.’
And he says, ‘Dad, I ought to have grabbed back the gun
and shot Smitty dead. Killed him ’fore he killed the rest ofthat family. If I’d done it I’d be better off than I am now.’ I
guess he would, too. How it is, the way folks feel, he don’t
stand no chance. They’ll hang them both. And,” he added,

fatigue and defeat glazing his eyes, “having your boy hang,knowing he will, nothing worse can happen to a man.”Neither Perry Smith’s father nor sister wrote him or came tosee him. Tex John Smith was presumed to be prospecting
for gold somewhere in Alaska—though lawmen, despite
great effort, had been unable to locate him. The sister had
told investigators that she was afraid of her brother, andrequested that they please not let him know her present
address. (When informed of this, Smith smiled slightly andsaid, “I wish she’d been in that house that night. What asweet scene!”)Except for the squirrel, except for the Meiers and an
occasional consultation with his lawyer, Mr. Fleming, Perrywas very much alone. He missed Dick. Many thoughts ofDick, he wrote one day in his makeshift diary. Since theirarrest they had not been allowed to communicate, and that,
freedom aside, was what he most desired—to talk to Dick,be with him again. Dick was not the “hardrock” he’d once
thought him: “pragmatic,” “virile,” “a real brass boy”; he’dproven himself to be “pretty weak and shallow,” “a coward.”
Still, of everyone in all the world, this was the person towhom he was closest at that moment, for they at least wereof the same species, brothers in the breed of Cain;separated from him, Perry felt “all by myself. Like
somebody covered with sores. Somebody only a big nut
would have anything to do with.”But then one mid-February morning Perry received a letter.
It was postmarked Reading, Mass., and it read:
Dear Perry, I was sorry to hear about the trouble you are
in and I decided to write and let you know that I remember
you and would like to help you in any way that I can. In case
you don’t remember my name, Don Cullivan, I’ve enclosed
a picture taken at about the time we met. When I first readabout you in the news recently I was startled and then I
began to think back to those days when I knew you. Whilewe were never close personal friends I can remember you
a lot more clearly than most fellows I met in the Army. It
must have been about the fall of 1951 when you wereassigned to the 761st Engineer Light Equipment Company
at Fort Lewis, Washington. You were short (I’m not muchtaller), solidly built, dark with a heavy shock of black hairand a grin on your face almost all the time. Since you had
lived in Alaska quite a few of the fellows used to call you“Eskimo.” One of my first recollections of you was at a
Company inspection in which all the footlockers were open
for inspection. As I recall it all the footlockers were in order,
even yours, except that the inside cover of your footlocker
was plastered with pictures of pin-up girls. The rest of us
were sure you were in for trouble. But the inspecting officer
took it in stride and when it was all over and he let it pass I
think we all felt you were a nervy guy. I remember that you
were a fairly good pool player and I can picture you quite
clearly in the Company day room at the pool table. You
were one of the best truck drivers in the outfit. Remember

the Army field problems we went out on? On one trip thattook place in the winter I remember that we each wereassigned to a truck for the duration of the problem. In ouroutfit, Army trucks had no heaters and it used to get pretty
cold in those cabs. I remember you cutting a hole in thefloor-boards of your truck in order to let the heat from theengine come into the cab. The reason I remember this sowell is the impression it made on me because “mutilation”
of Army property was a crime for which you could get
severely punished. Of course I was pretty green in the Armyand probably afraid to stretch the rules even a little bit, but I
can remember you grinning about it (and keeping warm)
while I worried about it (and froze). I recall that you bought a
motorcycle, and vaguely remember you had some trouble
with it—chased by the police?—crackup? Whatever it was,it was the first time I realized the wild streak in you. Some of
my recollections may be wrong; this was over eight years
ago and I only knew you for a period of about eight months.
From what I remember, though, I got along with you very
well and rather liked you. You always seemed cheerful andcocky, you were good at your Army work and I can’t
remember that you did much griping. Of course you wereapparently quite wild but I never knew too much about that.
But now you are in real trouble. I try to imagine what you arelike now. What you think about. When first I read about you I
was stunned. I really was. But then I put the paper down andturned to something else. But the thought of you returned. I
wasn’t satisfied just to forget. I am, or try to be, fairly
religious [Catholic]. I wasn’t always. I used to just drift alongwith little thought about the only important thing there is. I
never considered death or the possibility of a life hereafter.
I was too much alive: car, college, dating, etc. But my kid
brother died of leukemia when he was just 17 years old. He
knew he was dying and afterwards I used to wonder what
he thought about. And now I think of you, and wonder what
you think about. I didn’t know what to say to my brother inthe last weeks before he died. But I know what I’d say now.
And this is why I am writing you: because God made you aswell as me and He loves you just as He loves me, and forthe little we know of God’s will what has happened to you
could have happened to me. Your friend, Don Cullivan.
The name meant nothing, but Perry at once recognized theface in the photograph of a young soldier with crew-cut hairand round, very earnest eyes. He read the letter manytimes; though he found the religious allusions unpersuasive(“I’ve tried to believe, but I don’t, I can’t, and there’s no use
pretending”), he was thrilled by it. Here was someone
offering help, a sane and respectable man who had once
known and liked him, a man who signed himself friend.
Gratefully, in great haste, he started a reply: “Dear Don, Hellyes I remember Don Cullivan . . .”Hickock’s cell had no window; he faced a wide corridor

and the façades of other cells. But he was not isolated,
there were people to talk to, a plentiful turnover ofdrunkards, forgers, wife-beaters, and Mexican vagrants;
and Dick, with his light-hearted “con-man” patter, his sex
anecdotes and gamy jokes, was popular with the inmates(though there was one who had no use for him whatever—an old man who hissed at him: “Killer! Killer!” and who once
drenched him with a bucketful of dirty scrubwater).
Outwardly, Hickock seemed to one and all an unusuallyuntroubled young man. When he was not socializing or
sleeping, he lay on his cot smoking or chewing gum andreading sports magazines or paperback thrillers. Often hesimply lay there whistling old favorites (“You Must Have
Been a Beautiful Baby,” “Shuffle Off to Buffalo”), and staring
at an unshaded light bulb that burned day and night in theceiling of the cell. He hated the light bulb’s monotonous
surveillance; it disturbed his sleep and, more explicitly,
endangered the success of a private project—escape. For
the prisoner was not as unconcerned as he appeared tobe, or as resigned; he intended taking every step possible
to avoid “a ride on the Big Swing.” Convinced that such aceremony would be the outcome of any trial—certainly any
trial held in the State of Kansas—he had decided to “bustjail. Grab a car and raise dust.” But first he must have aweapon; and over a period of weeks he’d been making
one: a “shiv,” an instrument very like an icepick—somethingthat would fit with lethal niceness between the shoulderblades of Undersheriff Meier. The weapon’s components, apiece of wood and a length of hard wire, were originallypart of a toilet brush he’d confiscated, dismantled andhidden under his mattress. Late at night, when the only
noises were snores and coughs and the mournful whistlewailings of Santa Fe trains rumbling through the darkened
town, he honed the wire against the cell’s concrete floor.
And while he worked he schemed.
Once, the first winter after he had finished high school,
Hickock had hitchhiked across Kansas and Colorado:“This was when I was looking for a job. Well, I was riding ina truck, and the driver, me and him got into a little
argument, no reason exactly, but he beat up on me. Shoved
me out. Just left me there. High the hell up in the Rockies. It
was sleeting like, and I walked miles, my nose bleeding like
fifteen pigs. Then I come to a bunch of cabins on a wooded
slope. Summer cabins, all locked up and empty that time ofyear. And I broke into one of them. There was firewood andcanned goods, even some whiskey. I laid up there over a
week, and it was one of the best times I ever knew. Despite
the fact my nose hurt so and my eyes were green andyellow. And when the snow stopped the sun came out. You
never saw such skies. Like Mexico. If Mexico was in a cold
climate. I hunted through the other cabins and found somesmoked hams and a radio and a rifle. It was great. Out all
day with a gun. With the sun in my face. Boy, I felt good. I
felt like Tarzan. And every night I ate beans and fried hamand rolled up in a blanket by the fire and fell asleep listening
to music on the radio. Nobody came near the place. I bet Icould’ve stayed till spring.” If the escape succeeded, thatwas the course Dick had determined upon—to head for the
Colorado mountains, and find there a cabin where he could
hide until spring (alone, of course; Perry’s future did notconcern him). The prospect of so idyllic an interim added tothe inspired stealth with which he whetted his wire, filed it toa limber stiletto fineness.

Thursday 10 March. Sheriff had a shake-out. Searchedthrough all the cells and found a shiv tucked under D’s
mattress. Wonder what he had in mind (smile).
Not that Perry really considered it a smiling matter, for Dick,flourishing a dangerous weapon, could have played adecisive role in plans he himself was forming. As the weeks
went by he had become familiar with life on Courthouse
Square, its habitués and their habits. The cats, for example:
the two thin gray toms who appeared with every twilight andprowled the Square, stopping to examine the cars parked
around its periphery—behavior puzzling to him until Mrs.
Meier explained that the cats were hunting for dead birds
caught in the vehicles’ engine grilles. Thereafter it pained
him to watch their maneuvers: “Because most of my life I’ve
done what they’re doing. The equivalent.”

And there was one man of whom Perry had grown
especially aware, a robust, upright gentleman with hair likea gray-and-silver skullcap; his face, filled out, firm-jawed,
was somewhat cantankerous in repose, the mouth downcurved, the eyes downcast as though in mirthless reverie—a picture of unsparing sternness. And yet this was at least a
partially inaccurate impression, for now and again theprisoner glimpsed him as he paused to talk to other men,joke with them and laugh, and then he seemed carefree,
jovial, generous: “The kind of person who might see thehuman side”—an important attribute, for the man was
Roland H. Tate, Judge of the 32nd Judicial District, thejurist who would preside at the trial of the State of Kansas
versus Smith and Hickock. Tate, as Perry soon learned,
was an old and awesome name in western Kansas. The
judge was rich, he raised horses, he owned much land, andhis wife was said to be very beautiful. He was the father of
two sons, but the younger had died, a tragedy that greatly
affected the parents and led them to adopt a small boy who
had appeared in court as an abandoned, homeless child.
“He sounds soft-hearted to me,” Perry once said to Mrs.
Meier. “Maybe he’ll give us a break.”But that was not what Perry really believed; he believed
what he’d written Don Cullivan, with whom he now
corresponded regularly: his crime was “unforgivable,” andhe fully expected to “climb those thirteen steps.” However,
he was not altogether without hope, for he too had plotted
an escape. It depended upon a pair of young men that hehad often observed observing him. One was red-haired, theother dark. Sometimes, standing in the Square under thetree that touched the cell window, they smiled and signaled
to him—or so he imagined. Nothing was ever said, andalways, after perhaps a minute, they drifted away. But theprisoner had convinced himself that the young men,possibly motivated by a desire for adventure, meant to help
him escape. Accordingly, he drew a map of the Square,indicating the points at which a “getaway car” could mostadvantageously be stationed. Beneath the map he wrote: I

need a Hacksaw Blade 5”. Nothing else. But do you
realize the consequences if you get caught (nod yourhead if you do)? It could mean a long stretch in prison. Or
you might get killed. All for someone you don’t know. YOU
BETTER THINK IT OVER!! Seriously! Besides, how do I
know I can trust you? How do I know it isn’t a trick to get meout there and gun me down? What about Hickock? All
preparations must include him.
Perry kept this document on his desk, wadded and ready todrop out the window the next time the young men
appeared. But they never did; he never saw them again.
Eventually, he wondered if perhaps he had invented them(a notion that he “might not be normal, maybe insane” hadtroubled him “even when I was little, and my sisters laughed
because I liked moonlight. To hide in the shadows andwatch the moon”). Phantoms or not, he ceased to think of
the young men. Another method of escape, suicide,replaced them in his musings; and despite the jailer’s
precautions (no mirror, no belt or tie or shoelaces), he had
devised a way to do it. For he also was furnished with aceiling bulb that burned eternally, but, unlike Hickock, he
had in his cell a broom, and by pressing the broom-brushagainst the bulb he could unscrew it. One night he dreamed
that he’d unscrewed the bulb, broken it, and with the broken
glass cut his wrists and ankles. “I felt all breath and lightleaving me,” he said, in a subsequent description of his
sensations. “The walls of the cell fell away, the sky came
down, I saw the big yellow bird.”
Throughout his life—as a child, poor and meanly treated, asa foot-loose youth, as an imprisoned man—the yellow bird,
huge and parrot-faced, had soared across Perry’s dreams,
an avenging angel who savaged his enemies or, as now,
rescued him in moments of mortal danger: “She lifted me, I
could have been light as a mouse, we went up, up, I could
see the Square below, men running, yelling, the sheriffshooting at us, everybody sore as hell because I was free, I
was flying, I was better than any of them.”

The trial was scheduled to start on March 22, 1960. In the
weeks preceding that date the defense attorneys frequently
consulted the defendants. The advisability of requesting achange of venue was discussed, but as the elderly Mr.
Fleming warned his client, “It wouldn’t matter where in
Kansas the trial was held. Sentiment’s the same all over thestate. We’re probably better off in Garden City. This is areligious community. Eleven thousand population andtwenty-two churches. And most of the ministers areopposed to capital punishment, say it’s immoral,
unchristian; even the Reverend Cowan, the Clutters’ ownminister and a close friend of the family, he’s beenpreaching against the death penalty in this very case.
Remember, all we can hope is to save your lives. I think westand as good a chance here as anywhere.”
Soon after the original arraignment of Smith and Hickock,their advocates appeared before Judge Tate to argue a
motion urging comprehensive psychiatric examinations forthe accused. Specifically, the court was asked to permit thestate hospital in Larned, Kansas, a mental institution withmaximum-security facilities, to take custody of theprisoners for the purpose of ascertaining whether either orboth were “insane, imbeciles or idiots, unable tocomprehend their position and aid in their defense.”
Larned is a hundred miles east of Garden City; Hickock’s
attorney, Harrison Smith, informed the court that he had
driven there the previous day and conferred with several of
the hospital’s staff: “We have no qualified psychiatrists inour own community. In fact, Larned is the only place within aradius of two hundred and twenty-five miles where you’ll findsuch men—doctors trained to make serious psychiatricevaluations. That takes time. Four to eight weeks. But thepersonnel with whom I discussed the matter said they werewilling to start work at once; and, of course, being a state
institution it won’t cost the county a nickel.”This plan was opposed by the special assistantprosecuting attorney, Logan Green, who, certain that
“temporary insanity” was the defense his antagonists would
attempt to sustain in the forthcoming trial, feared that theultimate outcome of the proposal would be, as he predicted
in private conversation, the appearance on the witness
stand of a “pack of head-healers” sympathetic to thedefendants (“Those fellows, they’re always crying over thekillers. Never a thought for the victims”). Short, pugnacious,a Kentuckian by birth, Green began by pointing out to thecourt that Kansas’ law, in regard to sanity, adheres to the
M’Naghten Rule, the ancient British importation which
contends that if the accused knew the nature of his act, andknew it was wrong, then he is mentally competent andresponsible for his actions. Furthermore, said Green, there
was nothing in the Kansas statutes indicating that thephysicians chosen to determine a defendant’s mental
condition must be of any particular qualification: “Just plain
doctors. Medical doctors in general practice. That’s all thelaw requires. We have sanity hearings in this county every
year for the purpose of committing people to the institution.
We never call anybody in from Larned or psychiatricinstitutions of any kind. Our own local physicians attend tothe matter. It’s no great job to find whether a man is insane
or an idiot or an imbecile . . . It is entirely unnecessary, awaste of time to send the defendants to Larned.”
In rebuttal, Counsel Smith suggested that the present
situation was “far graver than a simple sanity hearing inprobate court. Two lives are at stake. Whatever their crime,these men are entitled to examination by persons of
training and experience. Psychiatry,” he added, pleadingwith the judge quite directly, “has matured rapidly in thepast twenty years. The Federal courts are beginning tokeep in tune with this science as related to people charged
with criminal offenses. It just seems to me we have agolden opportunity to face up to the new concepts in thisfield.”
It was an opportunity the judge preferred to reject, for as afellow jurist once remarked, “Tate is what you might call alaw-book lawyer, he never experiments, he goes strictly by
the text”; but the same critic also said of him, “If I were
innocent, he’s the first man I’d want on the bench; if I was
guilty, the last.” Judge Tate did not entirely deny the motion;rather, he did exactly all the law demanded by appointing acommission of three Garden City doctors and directing
them to pronounce a verdict upon the mental capacities ofthe prisoners. (In due course the medical trio met theaccused and, after an hour or so of conversational prying,
announced that neither man suffered from any mental
disorder. When told of their diagnosis, Perry Smith said,

“How would they know? They just wanted to be entertained.
Hear all the morbid details from the killer’s own terrible lips.
Oh, their eyes were shining.” Hickock’s attorney was also
angry; once more he traveled to Larned State Hospital,
where he appealed for the unpaid services of a psychiatrist
willing to go to Garden City and interview the defendants.
The one man who volunteered, Dr. W. Mitchell Jones, wasexceptionally competent; not yet thirty, a sophisticatedspecialist in criminal psychology and the criminally insane
who had worked and studied in Europe and the UnitedStates, he agreed to examine Smith and Hickock, and,should his findings warrant it, testify in their behalf.)
On the morning of March 14 counsels for the defense again
stood before Judge Tate, there on this occasion to plead
for a postponement of the trial, which was then eight days
distant. Two reasons were given, the first was that a “mostmaterial witness,” Hickock’s father, was at present too ill totestify. The second was a subtler matter. During the past
week a boldly lettered notice had begun to appear in the
town’s shop windows, and in banks, restaurants, and at therailroad station; and it read: H. W. CLUTTER ESTATE AUCTION
SALE *21 MARCH 1960 * AT THE CLUTTER HOMESTEAD. “Now,”
said Harrison Smith, addressing the bench, “I realize it isalmost impossible to prove prejudice. But this sale, anauction of the victim’s estate, occurs one week from today—in other words, the very day before the trial begins.
Whether that’s prejudicial to the defendants I’m not able tostate. But these signs, coupled with newspaperadvertisements, and advertisements on the radio, will be aconstant reminder to every citizen in the community, amongwhom one hundred and fifty have been called asprospective jurors.”
Judge Tate was not impressed. He denied the motion
without comment.

Earlier in the year Mr. Clutter’s Japanese neighbor, Hideo
Ashida, had auctioned his farming equipment and moved
to Nebraska. The Ashida sale, which was considered asuccess, attracted not quite a hundred customers. Slightly
more than five thousand people attended the Clutter
auction. Holcomb’s citizenry expected an unusual turnout—
the Ladies’ Circle of the Holcomb Community Church had
converted one of the Clutter barns into a cafeteria stockedwith two hundred homemade pies, two hundred and fifty
pounds of hamburger meat, and sixty pounds of sliced ham—but no one was prepared for the largest auction crowd in
the history of western Kansas. Cars converged on Holcomb
from half the counties in the state, and from Oklahoma,
Colorado, Texas, Nebraska. They came bumper to bumper
down the lane leading to River Valley Farm.
It was the first time the public had been permitted to visit

the Clutter place since the discovery of the murders, acircumstance which explained the presence of perhaps athird of the immense congregation—those who had comeout of curiosity. And of course the weather was an aid toattendance, for by mid-March winter’s high snows havedissolved, and the earth beneath, thoroughly thawed, has
emerged as acre upon acre of ankle-deep mud; there is
not much a farmer can do until the ground hardens. “Land’s
so wet and nasty,” said Mrs. Bill Ramsey, the wife of a
farmer. “Can’t work nohow. We figured we might as welldrive on out to the sale.” Actually, it was a beautiful day.
Spring. Though mud abounded underfoot, the sun, so long
shrouded by snow and cloud, seemed an object freshly
made, and the trees—Mr. Clutter’s orchard of pear andapple trees, the elms shading the lane—were lightly veiled
in a haze of virginal green. The fine lawn surrounding the
Clutter house was also newly green, and trespassers uponit, women anxious to have a closer look at the uninhabited
home, crept across the grass and peered through thewindows as though hopeful but fearful of discerning, in thegloom beyond the pleasant flower-print curtains, grim
apparitions.
Shouting, the auctioneer praised his wares—tractors,
trucks, wheelbarrows, nail kegs and sledgehammers andunused lumber, milk buckets, branding irons, horses,
horseshoes, everything needed to run a ranch from ropeand harness to sheep dip and tin washtubs—it was theprospect of buying this merchandise at bargain prices that

had lured most of the crowd. But the hands of bidders
flickered shyly—work-roughened hands timid of parting with
hard-earned cash; yet nothing went unsold, there was evensomeone keen to acquire a bunch of rusty keys, and ayouthful cowboy sporting pale-yellow boots bought Kenyon
Clutter’s “coyote wagon,” the dilapidated vehicle the deadboy had used to harass coyotes, chase them on moonlit
nights.
The stagehands, the men who hauled the smaller items on
and off the auctioneer’s podium, were Paul Helm, Vic Irsik,
and Alfred Stoecklein, each of them an old, still-faithful
employee of the late Herbert W. Clutter. Assisting at thedisposal of his possessions was their final service, fortoday was their last day at River Valley Farm; the property
had been leased to an Oklahoma rancher, andhenceforward strangers would live and work there. As theauction progressed, and Mr. Clutter’s worldly domain
dwindled, gradually vanished, Paul Helm, remembering theburial of the murdered family, said, “It’s like a second
funeral.”The last thing to go was the contents of the livestock corral,
mostly horses, including Nancy’s horse, big, fat Babe, who
was much beyond her prime. It was late afternoon, school
was out, and several schoolmates of Nancy’s were among
the spectators when bidding on the horse began; Susan
Kidwell was there. Sue, who had adopted another ofNancy’s orphaned pets, a cat, wished she could give Babea home, for she loved the old horse and knew how much
Nancy had loved her. The two girls had often gone riding
together aboard Babe’s wide back, jogged through thewheat fields on hot summer evenings down to the river andinto the water, the mare wading against the current until, as
Sue once described it, “the three of us were cool as fish.”
But Sue had no place to keep a horse.
“I hear fifty . . . sixty-five . . . seventy . . .”: the bidding was
laggardly, nobody seemed really to want Babe, and theman who got her, a Mennonite farmer who said he mightuse her for plowing, paid seventy-five dollars. As he led herout of the corral, Sue Kidwell ran forward; she raised her
hand as though to wave goodbye, but instead clasped itover her mouth.

The Garden City Telegram, on the eve of the trial’s start,
printed the following editorial: “Some may think the eyes ofthe entire nation are on Garden City during this sensationalmurder trial. But they are not. Even a hundred miles west ofhere in Colorado few persons are even acquainted with thecase—other than just remembering some members of aprominent family were slain. This is a sad commentary on
the state of crime in our nation. Since the four members of
the Clutter family were killed last fall, several other such

multiple murders have occurred in various parts of thecountry. Just during the few days leading up to this trial atleast three mass murder cases broke into the headlines.
As a result, this crime and trial are just one of many suchcases people have read about and forgotten. . . .”Although the eyes of the nation were not upon them, thedemeanor of the event’s main participants, from the court
recorder to the judge himself, was markedly self-aware on
the morning of the court’s first convening. All four of thelawyers sported new suits; the new shoes of the big-footed
county attorney creaked and squealed with every step.
Hickock, too, was sharply dressed in clothes provided byhis parents: trim blue-serge trousers, a white shirt, a narrowdark-blue tie. Only Perry Smith, who owned neither jacket
nor tie, seemed sartorially misplaced. Wearing an opennecked shirt (borrowed from Mr. Meier) and blue jeansrolled up at the cuffs, he looked as lonely and inappropriate
as a seagull in a wheat field.
The courtroom, an unpretentious chamber situated on thethird floor of the Finney County Courthouse, has dull whitewalls and furnishings of darkly varnished wood. The
spectator benches can seat perhaps one hundred and sixty
persons. On Tuesday morning, March 22, the benches
were occupied exclusively by the all-male venire of Finney
County residents from which a jury was to be selected. Not
many of the summoned citizenry seemed anxious to serve(one potential juror, in conversation with another, said,

“They can’t use me. I can’t hear well enough.” To which his
friend, after a bit of sly reflection, replied, “Come to think of
it, my hearing’s not too good either”), and it was generally
thought that the choosing of the jury would take several
days. As it turned out, the process was completed withinfour hours; moreover, the jury, including two alternative
members, was extracted from the first forty-four candidates.
Seven were rejected on pre-emptory challenge by the
defense, and three were excused at the request of theprosecution; another twenty won dismissal either because
they opposed capital punishment or because they admitted
to having already formed a firm opinion regarding the guiltof the defendants.
The fourteen men ultimately elected consisted of half adozen farmers, a pharmacist, a nursery manager, an airport
employee, a well driller, two salesmen, a machinist, and the
manager of Ray’s Bowling Alley. They were all family men(several had five children or more), and were seriously
affiliated with one or another of the local churches. During
the voir dire examination, four of them told the court thatthey had been personally, though not intimately, acquainted
with Mr. Clutter; but upon further questioning, each said he
did not feel this circumstance would hinder his ability toreach an impartial verdict. The airport employee, a middleaged man named N. L. Dunnan, said, when asked his
opinion of capital punishment, “Ordinarily I’m against it. But
in this case, no”—a declaration which, to some who heardit, seemed clearly indicative of prejudice. Dunnan wasnevertheless accepted as a juror.
The defendants were inattentive observers of the voir direproceedings. The previous day, Dr. Jones, the psychiatrist
who had volunteered to examine them, had interviewed
them separately for approximately two hours: at the end of
the interviews, he had suggested that they each write forhim an autobiographical statement, and it was the act ofcomposing these statements that occupied the accusedthroughout the hours spent assembling a jury. Seated at
opposite ends of their counsels’ table, Hickock worked witha pen and Smith with a pencil.
Smith wrote:
I was born Perry Edward Smith Oct. 27 1928 in
Huntington, Elko County, Nevada, which is situated way out
in the boon docks, so to speak. I recall that in 1929 ourfamily had ventured to Juneau, Alaska. In my family weremy brother Tex Jr. (he later changed his name to Jamesbecause of the ridicule of the name “Tex” & also I believe
he hated my father in his early years—my mother’s doing).
My sister Fern (She also changed her name—to Joy). My
sister Barbara. And myself. . . . In Juneau, my father was
making bootleg hooch. I believe it was during this period
my mother became acquainted with alcohol. Mom & Dad
began having quarrels. I remember my mother was“entertaining” some sailors while my father was away.
When he came home a fight ensued, and my father, after aviolent struggle, threw the sailors out & proceeded to beat
my mother. I was frightfully scared, in fact all us children
were terrified. Crying. I was scared because I thought myfather was going to hurt me, also because he was beating
my mother. I really didn’t understand why he was beating
her but I felt she must have done something dreadfully
wrong. . . . The next thing I can vaguely recall is living in Fort
Bragg, Calif. My brother had been presented a B.B. gun.
He had shot a hummingbird, and after he had shot it he wassorry. I asked him to let me shoot the B.B. gun. He pushed
me away, telling me I was too small. It made me so mad I
started to cry. After I finished crying, my anger mounted
again, and during the evening when the B.B. gun wasbehind the chair my brother was sitting in, I grabbed it &held it to my brother’s ear & hollered BANG! My father (ormother) beat me and made me apologize. My brother used
to shoot at a big white horse riden by a neighbor who wentby our place on his way to town. The neighbor caught mybrother and I hiding in the bushes and took us to Dad & wegot a beating & brother had his B.B. gun taken away & I
was glad he had his gun taken away! . . . This is about all I
remember when we lived in Fort Bragg (Oh! We kids used
to jump from a hay-loft, holding an umbrella, onto a pile of
hay on the ground). . . . My next recollection is several years
later when we were living in Calif.? Nevada? I recall a very
odious episode between my mother and a Negro. We
children slept on a porch in the summertime. One of ourbeds was directly under my mother and father’s room.
Everyone of us kids had taken a good look through thepartly open curtain and seen what was going on. Dad had
hired a Negro (Sam) to do odd jobs around the farm, or
ranch, while he was working somewhere down the road. He
used to come home late in the evening in his Model A truck.
I do not recall the chain of events but assumed Dad had
known or suspected what was happening. It ended in aseperation between Mom & Dad & Mom took us kids to
San Francisco. She run off with Dad’s truck & all of themany souvenirs he brought from Alaska. I believe this wasin 1935 (?). . . . In Frisco I was continously in trouble. I had
started to run around with a gang, all of which were older
than myself. My mother was always drunk, never in a fit
condition to properly provide and care for us. I run as free &wild as a coyote. There was no rule or discipline, or anyone
to show me right from wrong. I came & went as I pleased—
until my first encounter with Trouble. I was in & out ofDetention Homes many many times for running away fromhome & stealing. I remember one place I was sent to. I had
weak kidneys & wet the bed every night. This was very
humiliating to me, but I couldn’t control myself. I was very
severly beaten by the cottage mistress, who had called menames and made fun of me in front of all the boys. She
used to come around at all hours of the night to see if I wet
the bed. She would throw back the covers & furiously beatme with a large black leather belt—pull me out of bed by myhair & drag me to the bathroom & throw me in the tub & turnthe cold water on & tell me to wash myself and the sheets.
Every night was a nightmare. Later on she thought it wasvery funny to put some kind of ointment on my penis. This

was almost unbearable. It burned something terrible. She
was later discharged from her job. But this never changed
my mind about her & what I wished I could have done to her& all the people who made fun of me.
Then, because Dr. Jones had told him he must have thestatement that very afternoon, Smith skipped forward to
early adolescence and the years he and his father had lived
together, the two of them wandering all over the West andFar West, prospecting, trapping, doing odd jobs:
I loved my father but there were times when this love andaffection I had for him drained from my heart like wasted
water. Whenever he would not try to understand myproblems. Give me a little consideration & voice &responsibility. I had to get away from him. When I was
sixteen I joined the Merchant Marine. In 1948 I joined thearmy—the recruiting officer gave me a break and upped
my test. From this time on I started to realize theimportance of an education. This only added to the hatredand bitterness I held for others. I began to get into fights. I
threw a Japanese policeman off a bridge into the water. I
was court-martialed for demolishing a Japanese cafe. I
was court-martialed again in Kyoto, Japan, for stealing a
Japanese taxicab. I was in the army almost four years. I had
many violent outbursts of anger while I served time in Japan& Korea. I was in Korea 15 months, was rotated and sent
back to the states—and was given special recognition as
being the first Korean Vet to come back to the territory ofAlaska. Big write up, picture in paper, paid trip to Alaska by
air, all the trimmings. . . . I finished my army service in Ft.
Lewis, Washington.
Smith’s pencil sped almost indecipherably as he hurried
toward more recent history: the motorcycle accident that
had crippled him, the burglary in Phillipsburg, Kansas, that
had led to his first prison sentence:. . . I was sentenced to 5 to 10 years for grand larceny,
burglary and jailbreak. I felt I was very unjustly dealt with. I
became very bitter while I was in prison. Upon my release I
was supposed to go to Alaska with my father—I didn’t go—
I worked for a while in Nevada and Idaho-went to Las
Vegas and continued to Kansas where got into thesituation I’m in now. No time for more.
He signed his name, and added a postscript:“Would like to speak to you again. There’s much I haven’t
said that may interest you. I have always felt a remarkable
exhiliration being among people with a purpose and senseof dedication to carry out that purpose. I felt this about you
in your presence.”
Hickock did not write with his companion’s intensity. He
often stopped to listen to the questioning of a prospective
juror, or to stare at the faces around him—particularly, andwith plain displeasure, the muscular face of the countyattorney, Duane West, who was his own age, twenty-eight.
But his statement, written in a stylized script that looked likeslanting rain, was finished before the court adjourned forthe day:
I will try to tell you all I can about myself, though most of
my early life is vague to me—up until about my tenth
birthday. My school years went quite the same as mostother boys my own age. I had my share of fights, girls, andother things that go with a growing boy. My home life wasalso normal, but as I told you before, I was hardly everallowed to leave my yard and visit with playmates. My father
was always strict about us boys [his brother and him] in thatline. Also I had to help my dad quite a lot around thehouse. . . . I can only remember my mother and dad having
one argument that amounted to anything. What it was
about, I don’t know. . . . My dad bought me a bicycle once,and I believe that I was the proudest boy in town. It was a
girl’s bike and he changed it over to a boy’s. He painted it
all up and it looked like new. But I had a lot of toys when I
was little, a lot for the financial condition that my folks werein. We were always what you would call semi-poor. Neverdown and out, but several times on the verge of it. My dad
was a hard worker and did his best to provide for us. My
mother also was always a hard worker. Her house wasalways neat, and we had clean clothes aplenty. I remember
my dad used to wear those old fashioned flat crown caps,
and he would make me wear them too, and I didn’t likethem. . . . In high-school I did real well, made aboveaverage grades the first year or two. But then started falling
off a little. I had a girl friend. She was a nice girl, and I neveronce tried to touch her anyway but just kissing. It was a realclean courtship. . . . While in school I participated in all the
sports, and received 9 letters in all. Basketball, football,track and baseball. My senior year was best. I never had
any steady girl, just played the field. That was when I had
my first relationship with a girl. Of course I told the boys that
I’d had a lot of girls. . . . I got offers from two colleges to playball, but never attended any of them. After I graduated fromschool I went to work for the Santa Fe railroad, and stayed
until the following winter when I got laid off. The following
spring I got a job with the Roark Motor Company. I had
been working there about four months when I had anautomobile wreck with a company car. I was in the hospitalseveral days with extensive head injuries. While I was in thecondition I was in I couldn’t find another job, so I was
unemployed most of the winter. Meantime, I had met a girland fallen in love. Her dad was a Baptist preacher andresented me going with her. In July we were married. All hell
broke loose from her dad until he learned she waspregnant. But still he never wished me good luck and thathas always gone against the grain. After we were married, I
worked at a service-station near Kansas City. I worked
from 8 at night till 8 in the morning. Sometimes my wife
stayed with me all night—she was afraid I couldn’t keep
awake, so she came to help me. Then I got an offer to work
at Perry Pontiac, which I gladly accepted. It was verysatisfactory, though I didn’t make a lot of money—$75 aweek. I got along good with the other men, and was well
liked by my boss. I worked there five years. . . . During myemployment there was the beginning of some of the lowest
things I have ever done.
Here Hickock revealed his pedophiliac tendencies, andafter describing several sample experiences, wrote:

I know it is wrong. But at the time I never give any thought
to whether it is right or wrong. The same with stealing. It
seems to be an impulse. One thing I never told you about
the Clutter deal is this. Before I ever went to their house I
knew there would be a girl there. I think the main reason I
went there was not to rob them but to rape the girl. Because
I thought a lot about it. That is one reason why I neverwanted to turn back when we started to. Even when I saw
there was no safe. I did make some advances toward the
Clutter girl when I was there. But Perry never gave me achance. I hope no one finds this out but you, as I haven’t
even told my lawyer. There were other things I should havetold you, but I’m afraid of my people finding them out.
Because I am more ashamed of them (these things I did)than hanging. . . . I have had sickness. I think caused fromthe car wreck I had. Spells of passing out, and sometimes I
would hemhorrage at the nose and left ear. I had one atsome people’s house by the name of Crist—they live southof my parents. Not long ago I had a piece of glass work out

of my head. It came out the corner of my eye. My dadhelped me to get it out. . . . I figure I should tell you the things
that led to my divorce, and things that caused me to go toprison. It started the early part of 1957. My wife and I were
living in an apartment in Kansas City. I had quit my job at
the automobile company, and went into the garage
business for myself. I was renting the garage from a woman
who had a daughter-in-law named Margaret. I met this girl
one day while I was at work, and we went to have a cup ofcoffee. Her husband was away in the Marine Corps. To
make a long story short, I started going out with her. My wife
sued for divorce. I began thinking I never really loved mywife. Because if I had, I wouldn’t have done all the things I’ddone. So I never fought the divorce. I started drinking, andwas drunk for almost a month. I neglected my business,spent more money than I earned, wrote bad checks, and in
the end became a thief. For this last I was sent to thepenitentiary. . . . My lawyer said I should be truthful with you
as you can help me. And I need help, as you know.

The next day, Wednesday, was the proper start of the trial;
it was also the first time ordinary spectators were admitted
into the courtroom, an area too small to accommodate
more than a modest percentage of those who applied at
the door. The best seats had been reserved for twentymembers of the press, and for such special personages as
Hickock’s parents and Donald Cullivan (who, at the requestof Perry Smith’s lawyer, had traveled from Massachusetts
to appear as a character witness in behalf of his former
Army friend). It had been rumored that the two surviving
Clutter daughters would be present; they were not, nor did
they attend any subsequent session. The family was
represented by Mr. Clutter’s younger brother, Arthur, who
had driven a hundred miles to be there. He told newsmen: “Ijust want to get a good look at them [Smith and Hickock]. I
just want to see what kind of animals they are. The way I
feel, I could tear them apart.” He took a seat directly behindthe defendants, and fixed them with a gaze of uniquepersistence, as though he planned to paint their portraits
from memory. Presently, and it was as if Arthur Clutter had
willed him to do it, Perry Smith turned and looked at him—
and recognized a face very like the face of the man he had
killed: the same mild eyes, narrow lips, firm chin. Perry, who
was chewing gum, stopped chewing; he lowered his eyes,a minute elapsed, then slowly his jaws began to moveagain. Except for this moment, Smith, and Hickock too,affected a courtroom attitude that was simultaneously
uninterested and disinterested; they chewed gum andtapped their feet with languid impatience as the statesummoned its first witness.
Nancy Ewalt. And after Nancy, Susan Kidwell. The young
girls described what they saw upon entering the Clutter
house on Sunday, November 15: the quiet rooms, an empty

purse on a kitchen floor, sunshine in a bedroom, and theirschoolmate, Nancy Clutter, surrounded by her own blood.
The defense waived cross-examination, a policy they
pursued with the next three witnesses (Nancy Ewalt’s
father, Clarence, and Sheriff Earl Robinson, and the county
coroner, Dr. Robert Fenton), each of whom added to thenarrative of events that sunny November morning: thediscovery, finally, of all four victims, and accounts of how
they looked, and, from Dr. Fenton, a clinical diagnosis of
why—“Severe traumas to brain and vital cranial structures
inflicted by a shotgun.”
Then Richard G. Rohleder took the stand.
Rohleder is Chief Investigator of the Garden City Police
Department. His hobby is photography, and he is good at
it. It was Rohleder who took the pictures that, whendeveloped, revealed Hickock’s dusty footprints in the
Clutter cellar, prints the camera could discern, though not
the human eye. And it was he who had photographed thecorpses, those death-scene images Alvin Dewey had
continuously pondered while the murders were still
unsolved. The point of Rohleder’s testimony was toestablish the fact of his having made these pictures, which
the prosecution proposed to put into evidence. But
Hickock’s attorney objected: “The sole reason the pictures
are being introduced is to prejudice and inflame the mindsof the jurors.” Judge Tate overruled the objection andallowed the photographs into evidence, which meant theymust be shown to the jury.
While this was being done, Hickock’s father, addressing ajournalist seated near him, said, “The judge up there! I
never seen a man so prejudiced. Just no sense having a
trial. Not with him in charge. Why, that man was apallbearer at the funeral!” (Actually, Tate was but slightly
acquainted with the victims, and was not present at theirfuneral in any capacity.) But Mr. Hickock’s was the only
voice raised in an exceedingly silent courtroom. Altogether,
there were seventeen prints, and as they were passed fromhand to hand, the jurors’ expressions reflected the impact
the pictures made: one man’s cheeks reddened, as if hehad been slapped, and a few, after the first distressing
glance, obviously had no heart for the task; it was as though
the photographs had prised open their mind’s eye, andforced them to at last really see the true and pitiful thing that
had happened to a neighbor and his wife and children. It
amazed them, it made them angry, and several of them—
the pharmacist, the manager of the bowling alley—stared at
the defendants with total contempt.
The elder Mr. Hickock, wearily wagging his head, again
and again murmured, “No sense. Just no sense having a
trial.”As the day’s final witness, the prosecution had promised to
produce a “mystery man.” It was the man who had supplied
the information that led to the arrest of the accused: FloydWells, Hickock’s former cellmate. Because he was still
serving a sentence at Kansas State Penitentiary, andtherefore was in danger of retaliation from other inmates,
Wells had never been publicly identified as the informer.
Now, in order that he might safely testify at the trial, he had
been removed from the prison and lodged in a small jail inan adjacent county. Nevertheless, Wells’ passage acrossthe courtroom toward the witness stand was oddly stealthy—as though he expected to encounter an assassin along
the way—and, as he walked past Hickock, Hickock’s lips
writhed as he whispered a few atrocious words. Wells
pretended not to notice; but like a horse that has heard thehum of a rattlesnake, he shied away from the betrayedman’s venomous vicinity. Taking the stand, he stared
straight ahead, a somewhat chinless little farmboyish fellow
wearing a very decent dark-blue suit which the State of
Kansas had bought for the occasion—the state being
concerned that its most important witness should lookrespectable, and consequently trustworthy.
Wells’ testimony, perfected by pre-trial rehearsal, was astidy as his appearance. Encouraged by the sympathetic
promptings of Logan Green, the witness acknowledgedthat he had once, for approximately a year, worked as ahired hand at River Valley Farm; he went on to say thatsome ten years later, following his conviction on a burglary
charge, he had become friendly with another imprisoned
burglar, Richard Hickock, and had described to him the
Clutter farm and family.

“Now,” Green asked, “during your conversations with Mr.
Hickock what was said about Mr. Clutter by either of you?”“Well, we talked quite a bit about Mr. Clutter. Hickock said
he was about to be paroled, and he was going to go Westlooking for a job; he might stop to see Mr. Clutter to get ajob. I was telling him how wealthy Mr. Clutter was.”“Did that seem to interest Mr. Hickock?”“Well, he wanted to know if Mr. Clutter had a safe aroundthere.”“Mr. Wells, did you think at the time there was a safe in the
Clutter house?”“Well, it has been so long since I worked out there. I thought
there was a safe. I knew there was a cabinet of somekind. . . . The next thing I knew he [Hickock] was talking
about robbing Mr. Clutter.”“Did he tell you anything about how he was going to commit
the robbery?”“He told me if he done anything like that he wouldn’t leave
no witnesses.”“Did he actually say what he was going to do with thewitnesses?”

“Yes. He told me he would probably tie them up and thenrob them and then kill them.”
Having established premeditation of great degree, Greenleft the witness to the ministrations of the defense. Old Mr.
Fleming, a classic country lawyer more happily at homewith land deeds than ill deeds, opened the crossexamination. The intent of his queries, as he soon
established, was to introduce a subject the prosecution hademphatically avoided: the question of Wells’ own role in themurder plot, and his own moral liability.
“You didn’t,” Fleming said, hastening to the heart of thematter, “say anything at all to Mr. Hickock to discourage
him from coming out here to rob and kill the Clutter family?”“No. Anybody tells you anything about that up there [Kansas
State Penitentiary], you don’t pay any attention to it
because you think they are just talking anyway.”“You mean you talked that way and didn’t mean anything?
Didn’t you mean to convey to him [Hickock] the idea that
Mr. Clutter had a safe? You wanted Mr. Hickock to believe
that, did you not?”In his quiet way, Fleming was giving the witness a roughtime; Wells plucked at his tie, as though the knot was
suddenly too tight.

“And you meant for Mr. Hickock to believe that Mr. Clutter
had a lot of money, didn’t you?”“I told him Mr. Clutter had a lot of money, yes.”
Fleming once more elicited an account of how Hickock had
fully informed Wells of his violent plans for the Clutter family.
Then, as though veiled in a private grief, the lawyer wistfully
said, “And even after all of that you did nothing todiscourage him?”“I didn’t believe he’d do it.”“You didn’t believe him. Then why, when you heard about
the thing that happened out here, why did you think he was
the one that was guilty?”
Wells cockily replied, “Because it was done just like hesaid he was going to do!”Harrison Smith, the younger half of the defense team, tookcharge. Assuming an aggressive, sneering manner that
seemed forced, for really he is a mild and lenient man,Smith asked the witness if he had a nickname.
“No. I just go by ‘Floyd.’ ”
The lawyer snorted. “Don’t they call you ‘Squealer’ now? Or
do they call you ‘Snitch’?”“I just go by ‘Floyd,’ ” Wells repeated, rather hangdog.
“How many times have you been in jail?”“About three times.”“Some of those times for lying, were they?”
Denying it, the witness said that once he’d gone to jail for
driving without an operator’s license, that burglary was thereason for his second incarceration, and the third, a ninetyday hitch in an Army stockade, had been the outcome ofsomething that happened while he was a soldier: “We wason a train trip guard. We got a little intoxicated on the train,
done a little extra shooting at some windows and lights.”
Everyone laughed; everyone except the defendants(Hickock spat on the floor) and Harrison Smith, who now
asked Wells why, after learning of the Holcomb tragedy, he
had tarried several weeks before telling the authorities what
he knew. “Weren’t you,” he said, “waiting for something tocome out? Maybe like a reward?”“No.”“You didn’t hear anything about a reward?” The lawyer wasreferring to the reward of one thousand dollars that had
been offered by the Hutchinson News, for information
resulting in the arrest and conviction of the Clutter
murderers.

“I seen it in the paper.”“That was before you went to the authorities, wasn’t it?” And
when the witness admitted that this was true, Smith
triumphantly continued by asking, “What kind of immunity
did the county attorney offer you for coming up here today
and testifying?”
But Logan Green protested: “We object to the form of thequestion, Your Honor. There’s been no testimony about
immunity to anybody.” The objection was sustained, and thewitness dismissed; as he left the stand, Hickock
announced to everyone within earshot, “Sonofabitch.
Anybody ought to hang, he ought to hang. Look at him.
Gonna walk out of here and get that money and go scotfree.”This prediction proved correct, for not long afterward Wells
collected both the reward and a parole. But his good
fortune was short-lived. He was soon in trouble again, and,over the years, has experienced many vicissitudes. At
present he is a resident of the Mississippi State Prison in
Parchman, Mississippi, where he is serving a thirty-year
sentence for armed robbery.

By Friday, when the court recessed for the weekend, thestate had completed its case, which included theappearance of four Special Agents of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation in Washington, D.C. These men, laboratory
technicians skilled in various categories of scientific crime
detection, had studied the physical evidence connecting
the accused to the murders (blood samples, footprints,
cartridge shells, rope and tape), and each of them certified
the validity of the exhibits. Finally, the four K.B.I. agents
provided accounts of interviews with the prisoners, and of
the confessions eventually made by them. In crossexamining the K.B.I. personnel, the defense attorneys, abeleaguered pair, argued that the admissions of guilt had
been obtained by improper means—brutal interrogation in
sweltering, brightly lighted, closet-like rooms. The
allegation, which was untrue, irritated the detectives into
expounding very convincing denials. (Later, in reply to areporter who asked him why he had dogged this artificial
scent at such length, Hickock’s lawyer snapped, “What am I
supposed to do? Hell, I’m playing without any cards. But I
can’t just sit here like a dummy. I’ve got to sound off once ina while.”)The prosecution’s most damaging witness proved to be
Alvin Dewey; his testimony, the first public rendering of theevents detailed in Perry Smith’s confession, earned large
headlines (UNVEIL MUTE MURDER HORROR—Cold, Chilling
Facts Told), and shocked his listeners—none more so thanRichard Hickock, who came to a startled and chagrinedattention when, in the course of Dewey’s commentary, theagent said, “There is one incident Smith related to me that I
haven’t as yet mentioned. And that was that after the Clutter
family was tied up, Hickock said to him how well built hethought Nancy Clutter was, and that he was going to rape
her. Smith said he told Hickock there wasn’t going to be
anything like that go on. Smith told me he had no respect
for anyone who couldn’t control their sexual desires, andthat he would have fought Hickock before allowing him torape the Clutter girl.” Heretofore, Hickock had not known
that his partner had informed police of the proposed
assault; nor was he aware that, in a friendlier spirit, Perry
had altered his original story to claim that he alone had shot
the four victims—a fact revealed by Dewey as he neared
the end of his testimony: “Perry Smith told me he wished tochange two things in the statement he had given us. He
said everything else in that statement was true and correct.
Except these two things. And that was that he wanted tosay he killed Mrs. Clutter and Nancy Clutter—not Hickock.
He told me that Hickock. . . didn’t want to die with hismother thinking he had killed any members of the Clutter
family. And he said the Hickocks were good people. So
why not have it that way.”
Hearing this, Mrs. Hickock wept. Throughout the trial she
had sat quietly beside her husband, her hands worrying arumpled handkerchief. As often as she could she caught
her son’s eye, nodded at him and simulated a smile which,though flimsily constructed, affirmed her loyalty. But clearlythe woman’s control was exhausted; she began to cry. A
few spectators glanced at her, and glanced away,embarrassed; the rest seemed oblivious of the raw dirge
counterpointing Dewey’s continuing recitation; even her
husband, perhaps because he believed it unmanly to takenotice, remained aloof. At last a woman reporter, the only
one present, led Mrs. Hickock out of the courtroom and into
the privacy of a ladies’ room.
Once her anguish had subsided, Mrs. Hickock expressed aneed to confide. “There’s nobody much I can talk to,” shetold her companion. “I don’t mean people haven’t been
kind, neighbors and all. And strangers, too—strangers havewrote letters to say they know how hard it must be and how
sorry they are. Nobody’s said a mean word, either to Walteror me. Not even here, where you might expect it. Everybody
here has gone out of their way to be friendly. The waitressover at the place where we take our meals, she puts ice
cream on the pie and don’t charge for it. I tell her don’t, I
can’t eat it. Used to be I could eat anything didn’t eat me
first. But she puts it on. To be nice. Sheila, that’s her, shesays it’s not our fault what happened. But it seems to me
like people are looking at me and thinking, Well, she must
be to blame somehow. The way I raised Dick. Maybe I did
do something wrong. Only I don’t know what it could havebeen; I get headaches trying to remember. We’re plain
people, just country people, getting along the same as
everybody else. We had some good times at our house. I
taught Dick the foxtrot. Dancing, I was always crazy about it,it was my whole life when I was a girl; and there was a boy,gosh, he could dance like Christmas—we won a silver cup
waltzing together. For a long time we planned to run away
and go on the stage. Vaudeville. It was just a dream.
Children dreaming. He left town, and one day I married
Walter, and Walter Hickock couldn’t do step one. He said if
I wanted a hoofer I should’ve married a horse. Nobody everdanced with me again until I learned Dick, and he didn’t
take to it exactly, but he was sweet, Dick was the bestnatured little kid.”
Mrs. Hickock removed the spectacles she was wearing,
polished the smeared lenses and resettled them on her
pudgy, agreeable face. “There’s lots more to Dick thanwhat you hear back there in the courtroom. The lawyers
jabbering how terrible he is—no good at all. I can’t makeany excuses for what he did, his part in it. I’m not forgettingthat family; I pray for them every night. But I pray for Dick,
too. And this boy Perry. It was wrong of me to hate him; I’ve
got nothing but pity for him now. And you know—I believe
Mrs. Clutter would feel pity, too. Being the kind of woman
they say she was.”Court had adjourned; the noises of the departing audience
clattered in the corridor beyond the lavatory door. Mrs.
Hickock said she must go and meet her husband. “He’sdying. I don’t think he minds any more.”Many observers of the trial scene were baffled by thevisitor from Boston, Donald Cullivan. They could not quite
understand why this staid young Catholic, a successful
engineer who had taken his degree at Harvard, a husband
and the father of three children, should choose to befriend
an uneducated, homicidal half-breed whom he knew but
slightly and had not seen for nine years. Cullivan himself
said, “My wife doesn’t understand it either. Coming out
here was something I couldn’t afford to do-it meant using aweek of my vacation, and money we really need for otherthings. On the other hand, it was something I couldn’t afford
not to do. Perry’s lawyer wrote me asking if I would be acharacter witness; the moment I read the letter I knew I had
to do it. Because I’d offered this man my friendship. And
because—well, I believe in the life everlasting. All souls canbe saved for God.”
The salvation of a soul, namely Perry Smith’s, was anenterprise the deeply Catholic undersheriff and his wife
were eager to assist—although Mrs. Meier had been
rebuffed by Perry when she had suggested a consultation
with Father Goubeaux, a local priest. (Perry said, “Priests
and nuns have had their chance with me. I’m still wearing
the scars to prove it.”) And so, during the weekend recess,the Meiers invited Cullivan to eat Sunday dinner with theprisoner in his cell.

The opportunity to entertain his friend, play host as it were,delighted Perry, and the planning of the menu—wild goose,
stuffed and roasted, with gravy and creamed potatoes andstring beans, aspic salad, hot biscuits, cold milk, freshly
baked cherry tarts, cheese, and coffee—seemed toconcern him more than the outcome of the trial (which, to be
sure, he did not consider a suspenseful matter: “Those
prairiebillys, they’ll vote to hang fast as pigs eat slop. Lookat their eyes. I’ll be damned if I’m the only killer in the
courtroom”). All Sunday morning he prepared to receive hisguest. The day was warm, a little windy, and leaf shadows,
supple emanations from the tree boughs that brushed thecell’s barred window, tantalized Perry’s tamed squirrel. Big
Red chased the swaying patterns while his master swept
and dusted, scrubbed the floor and scoured the toilet andcleared the desk of literary accumulations. The desk was tobe the dining table, and once Perry had finished setting it, it
looked most inviting, for Mrs. Meier had donated a linen
tablecloth, starched napkins, and her best china and silver.
Cullivan was impressed—he whistled when the feast,
arriving on trays, was placed upon the table-and before
sitting down, he asked the host if he might offer a blessing.
The host, head unbowed, cracked his knuckles as Cullivan,
with bowed head and palms together, intoned, “Bless us, O
Lord, and these thy gifts which we are about to receive fromthy bounty, through the mercy of Christ, our Lord. Amen.”
Perry murmuringly remarked that in his opinion any credit
due belonged to Mrs. Meier. “She did all the work. Well,” hesaid, heaping his guest’s plate, “it’s good to see you, Don.
You look just the same. Haven’t changed a bit.”
Cullivan, in appearance a cautious bank clerk with depleted
hair and a face rather difficult to recall, agreed that
outwardly he hadn’t changed much. But his interior self, theinvisible man, was another matter: “I was coasting along.
Not knowing God is the only reality. Once you realize that,then everything falls into place. Life has meaning—and sodoes death. Boy, do you always eat like this?”
Perry laughed. “She’s really a terrific cook, Mrs. Meier. You
ought to taste her Spanish rice. I’ve gained fifteen pounds
since I got here. Course I was on the thin side. I’d lost a lotof weight while Dick and me were out on the road riding all
to hell and gone—hardly ever eating a square meal, hungry
as hell most of the time. Mostly, we lived like animals. Dick
was always stealing canned stuff out of grocery stores.
Baked beans and canned spaghetti. We’d open it up in the
car and gobble it cold. Animals. Dick loves to steal. It’s anemotional thing with him—a sickness. I’m a thief too, but
only if I don’t have the money to pay. Dick, if he wascarrying a hundred dollars in his pocket, he’d steal a stickof chewing gum.”
Later, over cigarettes and coffee, Perry returned to thesubject of thievery. “My friend Willie-Jay used to talk aboutit. He used to say that all crimes were only ‘varieties oftheft.’ Murder included. When you kill a man you steal hislife. I guess that makes me a pretty big thief. See, Don—I
did kill them. Down there in court, old Dewey made it soundlike I was prevaricating—on account of Dick’s mother. Well,
I wasn’t. Dick helped me, he held the flashlight and pickedup the shells. And it was his idea, too. But Dick didn’t shootthem, he never could’ve—though he’s damn quick when it
comes to running down an old dog. I wonder why I did it.”He scowled, as though the problem was new to him, a
newly unearthed stone of surprising, unclassified color. “I
don’t know why,” he said, as if holding it to the light, andangling it now here, now there. “I was sore at Dick. The
tough brass boy. But it wasn’t Dick. Or the fear of being
identified. I was willing to take that gamble. And it wasn’t
because of anything the Clutters did. They never hurt me.
Like other people. Like people have all my life. Maybe it’s
just that the Clutters were the ones who had to pay for it.”
Cullivan probed, trying to gauge the depth of what heassumed would be Perry’s contrition. Surely he must be
experiencing a remorse sufficiently profound to summon adesire for God’s mercy and forgiveness? Perry said, “Am I
sorry? If that’s what you mean—I’m not. I don’t feel anything
about it. I wish I did. But nothing about it bothers me a bit.
Half an hour after it happened, Dick was making jokes and I
was laughing at them. Maybe we’re not human. I’m humanenough to feel sorry for myself. Sorry I can’t walk out of here
when you walk out. But that’s all.” Cullivan could scarcely
credit so detached an attitude; Perry was confused,
mistaken, it was not possible for any man to be that devoid

of conscience or compassion. Perry said, “Why? Soldiers
don’t lose much sleep. They murder, and get medals fordoing it. The good people of Kansas want to murder me—
and some hangman will be glad to get the work. It’s easy tokill—a lot easier than passing a bad check. Just remember:
I only knew the Clutters maybe an hour. If I’d really known
them, I guess I’d feel different. I don’t think I could live withmyself. But the way it was, it was like picking off targets in ashooting gallery.”
Cullivan was silent, and his silence upset Perry, who
seemed to interpret it as implying disapproval. “Hell, Don,
don’t make me act the hypocrite with you. Throw a load ofbull—how sorry I am, how all I want to do now is crawl on myknees and pray. That stuff don’t ring with me. I can’t accept
overnight what I’ve always denied. The truth is, you’ve done
more for me than any what you call God ever has. Or everwill. By writing to me, by signing yourself ‘friend.’ When I
had no friends. Except Joe James.” Joe James, heexplained to Cullivan, was a young Indian logger with whom
he had once lived in a forest near Bellingham, Washington.
“That’s a long way from Garden City. A good two thousand
miles. I sent word to Joe about the trouble I’m in. Joe’s apoor guy, he’s got seven kids to feed, but he promised tocome here if he had to walk. He hasn’t shown up yet, andmaybe he won’t, only I think he will. Joe always liked me.
Do you, Don?”“Yes. I like you.”Cullivan’s softly emphatic answer pleased and rather
flustered Perry. He smiled and said, “Then you must be
some kind of nut.” Suddenly rising, he crossed the cell andpicked up a broom. “I don’t know why I should die among
strangers. Let a bunch of prairiebillys stand around andwatch me strangle. Shit. I ought to kill myself first.” He lifted
the broom and pressed the bristles against the light bulbthat burned in the ceiling. “Just unscrew the bulb and smash
it and cut my wrists. That’s what I ought to do. While you’re
still here. Somebody who cares about me a little bit.”

The trial resumed on Monday morning at ten o’clock.
Ninety minutes later the court adjourned, the case for the
defense having been completed in that brief time. The
defendants declined to testify in their own behalf, andtherefore the question of whether Hickock or Smith had
been the actual executioner of the Clutter family did notarise.
Of the five witnesses who did appear, the first was thehollow-eyed Mr. Hickock. Though he spoke with a dignified
and mournful clarity, he had but one contribution to makethat was relevant to a claim of temporary insanity. His son,he said, had suffered head injuries in a car accident in July,

1950. Prior to the accident, Dick had been a “happy-golucky boy,” had done well in school, been popular with hisclassmates and considerate of his parents— “No trouble toanybody.”
Harrison Smith, gently guiding the witness, said, “I will ask
you if, after July, 1950, you observed any change in the
personality and habits and actions of your son, Richard?”“He just didn’t act like the same boy.”“What were the changes you observed?”
Mr. Hickock, between pensive hesitations, listed several:
Dick was sulky and restless, he ran around with older men,
drank and gambled. “He just wasn’t the same boy.”
The last assertion was promptly challenged by Logan
Green, who undertook the cross-examination. “Mr. Hickock,you say you never had any trouble with your son until after
1950?”“. . . I think he got arrested in 1949.”
A citric smile bent Green’s tiny lips. “Remember what he
was arrested for?”“He was accused of breaking into a drugstore.”“Accused? Didn’t he admit that he broke into the store?”“That’s right, he did.”“And that was in 1949. Yet now you tell us your son had achange in his attitude and conduct after 1950?”“I would say so, yes.”“You mean that after 1950 he became a good boy?”
Hard coughs agitated the old man; he spat into a
handkerchief. “No,” he said, studying the discharge. “Iwouldn’t say that.”“Then what was the change that took place?”“Well, that would be pretty hard to explain. He just didn’t act
like the same boy.”“You mean he lost his criminal tendencies?”
The lawyer’s sally induced guffaws, a courtroom flare-upthat Judge Tate’s dour gaze soon extinguished. Mr.
Hickock, presently set free, was replaced on the stand by
Dr. W. Mitchell Jones.
Dr. Jones identified himself to the court as a “physician
specializing in the field of psychiatry,” and in support of his
qualifications, added that he had attended perhaps fifteen
hundred patients since 1956, the year he had entered a
psychiatric residency at Topeka State Hospital in Topeka,

Kansas. For the past two years he had served on the staffof Larned State Hospital, where he was in charge of the
Dillon Building, a section reserved for the criminally insane.
Harrison Smith asked the witness, “Approximately how
many murderers have you dealt with?”“About twenty-five.”“Doctor, I would like to ask you if you know my client,
Richard Eugene Hickock?”“I do.”“Have you had occasion to examine him professionally?”“Yes, sir . . . I made a psychiatric evaluation of Mr. Hickock.”“Based upon your examination, do you have an opinion as
to whether or not Richard Eugene Hickock knew right fromwrong at the time of the commission of the crime?”
The witness, a stout man of twenty-eight with a moonshaped but intelligent, subtly delicate face, took a deep
breath, as though to equip himself for a prolonged reply—
which the judge then cautioned him he must not make: “Youmay answer the question yes or no, Doctor. Limit youranswer to yes or no.”“Yes.”

“And what is your opinion?”“I think that within the usual definitions Mr. Hickock did know
right from wrong.”
Confined as he was by the M’Naghten Rule (“the usual
definitions”), a formula quite color-blind to any gradations
between black and white, Dr. Jones was impotent toanswer otherwise. But of course the response was aletdown for Hickock’s attorney, who hopelessly asked, “Can
you qualify that answer?”
It was hopeless because though Dr. Jones agreed toelaborate, the prosecution was entitled to object—and did,citing the fact that Kansas law allowed nothing more than ayes or no reply to the pertinent question. The objection was
upheld, and the witness dismissed. However, had Dr.
Jones been allowed to speak further, here is what he would
have testified: “Richard Hickock is above average in
intelligence, grasps new ideas easily and has a wide fundof information. He is alert to what is happening around him,
and he shows no sign of mental confusion or disorientation.
His thinking is well organized and logical and he seems to
be in good contact with reality. Although I did not find theusual signs of organic brain damage—memory loss,
concrete concept formation, intellectual deterioration—thiscannot be completely ruled out. He had a serious head
injury with concussion and several hours ofunconsciousness in 1950—this was verified by me bychecking hospital records. He says he has had blackout
spells, periods of amnesia, and headaches ever since thattime, and a major portion of his antisocial behavior has
occurred since that time. He has never had the medical
tests which would definitely prove or disprove the existenceof residual brain damage. Definitive medical tests areindicated before a complete evaluation can be said toexist. . . . Hickock does show signs of emotional
abnormality. That he knew what he was doing and still went
ahead with it is possibly the most clear-cut demonstrationof this fact. He is a person who is impulsive in action, likely
to do things without thought of consequences or future
discomfort to himself or to others. He does not seem to becapable of learning from experience, and he shows anunusual pattern of intermittent periods of productive activity
followed by patently irresponsible actions. He cannot
tolerate feelings of frustration as a more normal person
can, and he is poorly able to rid himself of those feelings
except through antisocial activity. . . . His self-esteem isvery low, and he secretly feels inferior to others and sexually
inadequate. These feelings seem to be over-compensatedfor by dreams of being rich and powerful, a tendency tobrag about his exploits, spending sprees when he has
money, and dissatisfaction with only the normal slow
advancement he could expect from his job. . . . He is
uncomfortable in his relationships to other people, and has
a pathological inability to form and hold enduring personal
attachments. Although he professes usual moral standards
he seems obviously uninfluenced by them in his actions. Insummary, he shows fairly typical characteristics of what
would psychiatrically be called a severe character disorder.
It is important that steps be taken to rule out the possibilityof organic brain damage, since, if present, it might havesubstantially influenced his behavior during the past several
years and at the time of the crime.”
Aside from a formal plea to the jury, which would not takeplace until the morrow, the psychiatrist’s testimony
terminated Hickock’s planned defense. Next it was the turnof Arthur Fleming, Smith’s elderly counselor. He presented
four witnesses: the Reverend James E. Post, theProtestant chaplain at Kansas State Penitentiary; Perry’s
Indian friend, Joe James, who after all had arrived by bus
that morning, having traveled a day and two nights from his
wilderness home in the Far Northwest; Donald Cullivan;
and, once again, Dr. Jones. Except for the latter, these men
were offered as “character witnesses”—persons expected
to attribute to the accused a few human virtues. They did
not fare very well, though each of them negotiated someskimpily favorable remark before the protestingprosecution, which contended that personal comments ofthis nature were “incompetent, irrelevant, immaterial,”
hushed and banished them.
For example, Joe James, dark-haired, even darkerskinned than Perry, a lithe figure who with his faded
huntsman’s shirt and moccasined feet looked as though he
had that instant mysteriously emerged from woodland

shadows, told the court that the defendant had lived withhim off and on for over two years. “Perry was a likable kid,well liked around the neighborhood—he never done one
thing out of the way to my knowledge.” The state stopped
him there; and stopped Cullivan, too, when he said, “During
the time I knew him in the Army, Perry was a very likable
fellow.”
The Reverend Post survived somewhat longer, for he madeno direct attempt to compliment the prisoner, but describedsympathetically an encounter with him at Lansing. “I first
met Perry Smith when he came to my office in the prison
chapel with a picture he had painted—a head-andshoulders portrait of Jesus Christ done in pastel crayon. He
wanted to give it to me for use in the chapel. It’s beenhanging on the walls of my office ever since.”
Fleming said, “Do you have a photograph of that painting?”
The minister had an envelope full; but when he produced
them, ostensibly for distribution among the jurors, an
exasperated Logan Green leaped to his feet: “If Your Honor
please, this is going too far . . .” His Honor saw that it went
no further.
Dr. Jones was now recalled, and following the preliminaries
that had accompanied his original appearance, Fleming
put to him the crucial query: “From your conversations andexamination of Perry Edward Smith, do you have an
opinion as to whether he knew right from wrong at the time

of the offense involved in this action?” And once more thecourt admonished the witness: “Answer yes or no, do you
have an opinion?”“No.”
Amid surprised mutters, Fleming, surprised himself, said,“You may state to the jury why you have no opinion.”
Green objected: “The man has no opinion, and that’s it.”Which it was, legally speaking.
But had Dr. Jones been permitted to discourse on thecause of his indecision, he would have testified: “Perry
Smith shows definite signs of severe mental illness. His
childhood, related to me and verified by portions of theprison records, was marked by brutality and lack of concern
on the part of both parents. He seems to have grown up
without direction, without love, and without ever having
absorbed any fixed sense of moral values. . . . He isoriented, hyperalert to things going on about him, andshows no sign of confusion. He is above average in
intelligence, and has a good range of informationconsidering his poor educational background. . . . Two
features in his personality make-up stand out as particularly
pathological. The first is his ‘paranoid’ orientation toward
the world. He is suspicious and distrustful of others, tends
to feel that others discriminate against him, and feels that
others are unfair to him and do not understand him. He isoverly sensitive to criticisms that others make of him, andcannot tolerate being made fun of. He is quick to senseslight or insult in things others say, and frequently may
misinterpret well-meant communications. He feels he has
great need of friendship and understanding, but he isreluctant to confide in others, and when he does, expects tobe misunderstood or even betrayed. In evaluating theintentions and feelings of others, his ability to separate thereal situation from his own mental projections is very poor.
He not infrequently groups all people together as being
hypocritical, hostile, and deserving of whatever he is able to
do to them. Akin to this first trait is the second, an everpresent, poorly controlled rage—easily triggered by any
feeling of being tricked, slighted, or labeled inferior byothers. For the most part, his rages in the past have been
directed at authority figures—father, brother, Armysergeant, state parole officer—and have led to violent
assaultive behavior on several occasions. Both he and his
acquaintances have been aware of these rages, which hesays ‘mount up’ in him, and of the poor control he has overthem. When turned toward himself his anger has
precipitated ideas of suicide. The inappropriate force of hisanger and lack of ability to control or channel it reflect a
primary weakness of personality structure. . . . In addition tothese traits, the subject shows mild early signs of adisorder of his thought processes. He has poor ability toorganize his thinking, he seems unable to scan orsummarize his thought, becoming involved and sometimes
lost in detail, and some of his thinking reflects a ‘magical’quality, a disregard of reality. . . . He has had few close
emotional relationships with other people, and these havenot been able to stand small crises. He has little feeling forothers outside a very small circle of friends, and attaches
little real value to human life. This emotional detachment
and blandness in certain areas is other evidence of his
mental abnormality. More extensive evaluation would benecessary to make an exact psychiatric diagnosis, but his
present personality structure is very nearly that of aparanoid schizophrenic reaction.”
It is significant that a widely respected veteran in the field of
forensic psychiatry, Dr. Joseph Satten of the Menninger
Clinic in Topeka, Kansas, consulted with Dr. Jones andendorsed his evaluations of Hickock and Smith. Dr. Satten,
who afterward gave the case close attention, suggests thatthough the crime would not have occurred except for acertain frictional interplay between the perpetrators, it wasessentially the act of Perry Smith, who, he feels, representsa type of murderer described by him in an article: “Murder
Without Apparent Motive—A Study in Personality
Disorganization.”
The article, printed in The American Journal of Psychiatry(July, 1960), and written in collaboration with threecolleagues, Karl Menninger, Irwin Rosen, and Martin
Mayman, states its aim at the outset: “In attempting toassess the criminal responsibility of murderers, the lawtries to divide them (as it does all offenders) into twogroups, the ‘sane’ and the ‘insane.’ The ‘sane’ murderer isthought of as acting upon rational motives that can beunderstood, though condemned, and the ‘insane’ one as
being driven by irrational senseless motives. When rational
motives are conspicuous (for example, when a man kills for
personal gain) or when the irrational motives areaccompanied by delusions or hallucinations (for example, aparanoid patient who kills his fantasied persecutor), thesituation presents little problem to the psychiatrist. But
murderers who seem rational, coherent, and controlled, andyet whose homicidal acts have a bizarre, apparently
senseless quality, pose a difficult problem, if courtroom
disagreements and contradictory reports about the sameoffender are an index. It is our thesis that thepsychopathology of such murderers forms at least one
specific syndrome which we shall describe. In general,these individuals are predisposed to severe lapses in egocontrol which makes possible the open expression ofprimitive violence, born out of previous, and now
unconscious, traumatic experiences.”
The authors, as part of an appeals process, had examined
four men convicted of seemingly unmotivated murders. All
had been examined prior to their trials, and found to be“without psychosis” and “sane.” Three of the men were
under death sentence, and the fourth was serving a long
prison sentence. In each of these cases, further psychiatricinvestigation had been requested because someone—
either the lawyer, a relative, or a friend—was dissatisfied

with the psychiatric explanations previously given, and in
effect had asked, “How can a person as sane as this man
seems to be commit an act as crazy as the one he wasconvicted of?” After describing the four criminals and theircrimes (a Negro soldier who mutilated and dismembered a
prostitute, a laborer who strangled a fourteen-year-old boy
when the boy rejected his sexual advances, an Armycorporal who bludgeoned to death another young boy
because he imagined the victim was making fun of him,
and a hospital employee who drowned a girl of nine byholding her head under water), the authors surveyed theareas of similarity. The men themselves, they wrote, werepuzzled as to why they killed their victims, who wererelatively unknown to them, and in each instance themurderer appears to have lapsed into a dreamlike
dissociative trance from which he awakened to “suddenly
discover” himself assaulting his victim. “The most uniform,
and perhaps the most significant, historical finding was along-standing, sometimes lifelong, history of erratic control
over aggressive impulses. For example, three of the men,throughout their lives, had been frequently involved in fights
which were not ordinary altercations, and which would havebecome homicidal assaults if not stopped by others.”
Here, in excerpt, are a number of other observations
contained in the study: “Despite the violence in their lives,
all of the men had ego-images of themselves as physicallyinferior, weak, and inadequate. The histories revealed ineach a severe degree of sexual inhibition. To all of them,adult women were threatening creatures, and in two cases
there was overt sexual perversion. All of them, too, hadbeen concerned throughout their early years about being
considered ‘sissies,’ physically undersized or sickly. . . . In
all four cases, there was historical evidence of alteredstates of consciousness, frequently in connection with theoutbursts of violence. Two of the men reported severe
dissociative trancelike states during which violent andbizarre behavior was seen, while the other two reported
less severe, and perhaps less well-organized, amnesiac
episodes. During moments of actual violence, they often felt
separated or isolated from themselves, as if they werewatching someone else. . . . Also seen in the historicalbackground of all the cases was the occurrence of extreme
parental violence during childhood. . . . One man said hewas ‘whipped every time I turned around.’ . . . Another of themen had many violent beatings in order to ‘break’ him of
his stammering and ‘fits,’ as well as to correct him for his
allegedly ‘bad’ behavior. . . . The history relating to extreme
violence, whether fantasied, observed in reality, or actuallyexperienced by the child, fits in with the psychoanalytic
hypothesis that the child’s exposure to overwhelming
stimuli, before he can master them, is closely linked to early
defects in ego formation and later severe disturbances in
impulse control. In all of these cases, there was evidence ofsevere emotional deprivation in early life. This deprivation
may have involved prolonged or recurrent absence of one
or both parents, a chaotic family life in which the parents
were unknown, or an outright rejection of the child by one orboth parents with the child being raised by others. . . .
Evidence of disturbances in affect organization was seen.
Most typically the men displayed a tendency not toexperience anger or rage in association with violent
aggressive action. None reported feelings of rage inconnection with the murders, nor did they experience anger
in any strong or pronounced way, although each of themwas capable of enormous and brutal aggression. . . . Theirrelationships with others were of a shallow, cold nature,lending a quality of loneliness and isolation to these men.
People were scarcely real to them, in the sense of being
warmly or positively (or even angrily) felt about. . . . The
three men under sentence of death had shallow emotions
regarding their own fate and that of their victims. Guilt,
depression, and remorse were strikingly absent. . . . Suchindividuals can be considered to be murder-prone in thesense of either carrying a surcharge of aggressive energy
or having an unstable ego defense system that periodicallyallows the naked and archaic expression of such energy.
The murderous potential can become activated, especially
if some disequilibrium is already present, when the victimto-be is unconsciously perceived as a key figure in somepast traumatic configuration. The behavior, or even themere presence, of this figure adds a stress to the unstablebalance of forces that results in a sudden extreme
discharge of violence, similar to the explosion that takes
place when a percussion cap ignites a charge ofdynamite. . . . The hypothesis of unconscious motivation
explains why the murderers perceived innocuous andrelatively unknown victims as provocative and thereby
suitable targets for aggression. But why murder? Most
people, fortunately, do not respond with murderous
outbursts even under extreme provocation. The cases
described, on the other hand, were predisposed to grosslapses in reality contact and extreme weakness in impulse
control during periods of heightened tension anddisorganization. At such times, a chance acquaintance oreven a stranger was easily able to lose his ‘real’ meaning
and assume an identity in the unconscious traumaticconfiguration. The ‘old’ conflict was reactivated andaggression swiftly mounted to murderous proportions. . . .
When such senseless murders occur, they are seen to be
an end result of a period of increasing tension anddisorganization in the murderer starting before the contact
with the victim who, by fitting into the unconscious conflictsof the murderer, unwittingly serves to set into motion his
homicidal potential.”
Because of the many parallels between the backgroundand personality of Perry Smith and the subjects of his study,
Dr. Satten feels secure in assigning him to a position
among their ranks. Moreover, the circumstances of thecrime seem to him to fit exactly the concept of “murder
without apparent motive.” Obviously, three of the murders
Smith committed were logically motivated—Nancy, Kenyon,
and their mother had to be killed because Mr. Clutter had
been killed. But it is Dr. Satten’s contention that only the
first murder matters psychologically, and that when Smithattacked Mr. Clutter he was under a mental eclipse, deep
inside a schizophrenic darkness, for it was not entirely aflesh-and-blood man he “suddenly discovered” himself
destroying, but “a key figure in some past traumaticconfiguration”: his father? the orphanage nuns who had
derided and beaten him? the hated Army sergeant? theparole officer who had ordered him to “stay out of Kansas”?
One of them, or all of them.
In his confession, Smith said, “I didn’t want to harm theman. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Softspoken. I
thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat.” While
talking to Donald Cullivan, Smith said, “They [the Clutters]
never hurt me. Like other people. Like people have all mylife. Maybe it’s just that the Clutters were the ones who had
to pay for it.”
So it would appear that by independent paths, both theprofessional and the amateur analyst reached conclusions
not dissimilar.

The aristocracy of Finney County had snubbed the trial. “It
doesn’t do,” announced the wife of one rich rancher, “toseem curious about that sort of thing.” Nevertheless, thetrial’s last session found a fair segment of the local

Establishment seated alongside the plainer citizenry. Their
presence was a courteous gesture toward Judge Tate andLogan Green, esteemed members of their own order. Also,a large contingent of out-of-town lawyers, many of whom
had journeyed great distances, filled several benches;
specifically, they were on hand to hear Green’s final
address to the jury. Green, a suavely tough little
septuagenarian, has an imposing reputation among his
peers, who admire his stagecraft—a repertoire of actorish
gifts that includes a sense of timing acute as a night-club
comedian’s. An expert criminal lawyer, his usual role is thatof defender, but in this instance the state had retained him
as a special assistant to Duane West, for it was felt that the
young county attorney was too unseasoned to prosecutethe case without experienced support.
But like most star turns, Green was the last act on the
program. Judge Tate’s level-headed instructions to the jury
preceded him, as did the county attorney’s summation:“Can there be a single doubt in your minds regarding theguilt of these defendants? No! Regardless of who pulled
the trigger on Richard Eugene Hickock’s shotgun, both
men are equally guilty. There is only one way to assure thatthese men will never again roam the towns and cities of thisland. We request the maximum penalty—death. This
request is made not in vengeance, but in all
humbleness. . . .”Then the pleas of the defense attorneys had to be heard.

Fleming’s speech, described by one journalist as “soft-sell,”amounted to a mild churchly sermon: “Man is not an animal.
He has a body, and he has a soul that lives forever. I don’t
believe man has the right to destroy that house, a temple, inwhich the soul dwells. . . .” Harrison Smith, though he too
appealed to the jurors’ presumed Christianity, took as his
main theme the evils of capital punishment: “It is a relic of
human barbarism. The law tells us that the taking of humanlife is wrong, then goes ahead and sets the example. Whichis almost as wicked as the crime it punished. The state hasno right to inflict it. It isn’t effective. It doesn’t deter crime,
but merely cheapens human life and gives rise to moremurders. All we ask is mercy. Surely life imprisonment issmall mercy to ask. . . .” Not everyone was attentive; one
juror, as though poisoned by the numerous spring-fever
yawns weighting the air, sat with drugged eyes and jaws soutterly ajar bees could have buzzed in and out.
Green woke them up. “Gentlemen,” he said, speaking
without notes, “you have just heard two energetic pleas formercy in behalf of the defendants. It seems to me fortunatethat these admirable attorneys, Mr. Fleming and Mr. Smith,
were not at the Clutter house that fateful night—very
fortunate for them that they were not present to plead mercy
for the doomed family. Because had they been there—well,come next morning we would have had more than four
corpses to count.”
As a boy in his native Kentucky, Green was called Pinky, anickname he owed to his freckled coloring; now, as hestrutted before the jury, the stress of his assignment
warmed his face and splotched it with patches of pink. “Ihave no intention of engaging in theological debate. But I
anticipated that defense counsel would use the Holy Bible
as an argument against the death penalty. You have heard
the Bible quoted. But I can read, too.” He slapped open a
copy of the Old Testament. “And here are a few things theGood Book has to say on the subject. In Exodus Twenty,
Verse Thirteen, we have one of the Ten Commandments:‘Thou shalt not kill.’ This refers to unlawful killing. Of course
it does, because in the next chapter, Verse Twelve, thepenalty for disobedience of that Commandment reads: ‘He
that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put todeath.’ Now, Mr. Fleming would have you believe that all
this was changed by the coming of Christ. Not so. For
Christ says, ‘Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or
the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.’ And
finally—” Green fumbled, and seemed to accidentally shutthe Bible, whereupon the visiting legal dignitaries grinned
and nudged each other, for this was a venerable courtroom
ploy—the lawyer who while reading from the Scriptures
pretends to lose his place, and then remarks, as Green
now did, “Never mind. I think I can quote from memory.
Genesis Nine, Verse Six: ‘Whoso sheddeth man’s blood,by man shall his blood be shed.’“But,” Green went on, “I see nothing to be gained by arguingthe Bible. Our state provides that the punishment for murderin the first degree shall be imprisonment for life or death byhanging. That is the law. You, gentlemen, are here to
enforce it. And if ever there was a case in which the
maximum penalty was justified, this is it. These were
strange, ferocious murders. Four of your fellow citizens
were slaughtered like hogs in a pen. And for what reason?
Not out of vengeance or hatred. But for money. Money. It
was the cold and calculated weighing of so many ounces ofsilver against so many ounces of blood. And how cheaply
those lives were bought! For forty dollars’ worth of loot! Tendollars a life!” He whirled, and pointed a finger that moved
back and forth between Hickock and Smith. “They went
armed with a shotgun and a dagger. They went to rob andkill—” His voice trembled, toppled, disappeared, as thoughstrangled by the intensity of his own loathing for thedebonair, gum-chewing defendants. Turning again to thejury, he hoarsely asked, “What are you going to do? What
are you going to do with these men that bind a man handand foot and cut his throat and blow out his brains? Givethem the minimum penalty? Yes, and that’s only one of four
counts. What about Kenyon Clutter, a young boy with hiswhole life before him, tied helplessly in sight of his father’s
death struggle. Or young Nancy Clutter, hearing thegunshots and knowing her time was next. Nancy, begging
for her life: ‘Don’t. Oh, please don’t. Please. Please.’ Whatagony! What unspeakable torture! And there remains themother, bound and gagged and having to listen as her
husband, her beloved children died one by one. Listen untilat last the killers, these defendants before you, entered her

room, focused a flashlight in her eyes, and let the blast of a
shotgun end the existence of an entire household.”
Pausing, Green gingerly touched a boil on the back of hisneck, a mature inflammation that seemed, like its angry
wearer, about to burst. “So, gentlemen, what are you goingto do? Give them the minimum? Send them back to thepenitentiary, and take the chance of their escaping or being
paroled? The next time they go slaughtering it may be yourfamily. I say to you,” he solemnly said, staring at the panel ina manner that encompassed and challenged them all,“some of our enormous crimes only happen because once
upon a time a pack of chickenhearted jurors refused to dotheir duty. Now, gentlemen, I leave it to you and yourconsciences.”
He sat down. West whispered to him, “That was masterly,
sir.”
But a few of Green’s auditors were less enthusiastic; andafter the jury retired to discuss the verdict, one of them, ayoung reporter from Oklahoma, exchanged sharp words
with another newsman, Richard Parr of the Kansas City
Star. To the Oklahoman, Green’s address had seemed“rabble-rousing, brutal.”“He was just telling the truth,” Parr said. “The truth can be
brutal. To coin a phrase.”“But he didn’t have to hit that hard. It’s unfair.”“What’s unfair?”“The whole trial. These guys don’t stand a chance.”“Fat chance they gave Nancy Clutter.”“Perry Smith. My God. He’s had such a rotten life—”
Parr said, “Many a man can match sob stories with that little
bastard. Me included. Maybe I drink too much, but I sure ashell never killed four people in cold blood.”“Yeah, and how about hanging the bastard? That’s pretty
goddam cold-blooded too.”
The Reverend Post, overhearing the conversation, joined
in. “Well,” he said, passing around a snapshot reproductionof Perry Smith’s portrait of Jesus, “any man who could paintthis picture can’t be one hundred percent bad. All the same
it’s hard to know what to do. Capital punishment is noanswer: it doesn’t give the sinner time enough to come toGod. Sometimes I despair.” A jovial fellow with gold-filled
teeth and a silvery widows peak, he jovially repeated,“Sometimes I despair. Sometimes I think old Doc Savage
had the right idea.” The Doc Savage to whom he referred
was a fictional hero popular among adolescent readers of
pulp magazines a generation ago. “If you boys remember,
Doc Savage was a kind of superman. He’d made himself

proficient in every field—medicine, science, philosophy, art.
There wasn’t much old Doc didn’t know or couldn’t do. Oneof his projects was, he decided to rid the world of criminals.
First he bought a big island out in the ocean. Then he andhis assistants—he had an army of trained assistants—
kidnaped all the world’s criminals and brought them to theisland. And Doc Savage operated on their brains. He
removed the part that holds wicked thoughts. And when
they recovered they were all decent citizens. They couldn’t
commit crimes because that part of their brain was out.
Now it strikes me that surgery of this nature might really be
the answer to—”A bell, the signal that the jury was returning, interrupted him.
The jury’s deliberations had lasted forty minutes. Many
spectators, anticipating a swift decision, had never left theirseats. Judge Tate, however, had to be fetched from his
farm, where he had gone to feed his horses. A hurriedly
donned black robe billowed about him when at last hearrived, but it was with impressive sedateness and dignitythat he asked, “Gentlemen of the jury, have you reached
your verdicts?” Their foreman replied: “We have, Your
Honor.” The court bailiff carried the sealed verdicts to thebench.
Train whistles, the fanfare of an approaching Santa Fe
express, penetrated the courtroom. Tate’s bass voiceinterlaced with the locomotive’s cries as he read: “ ‘Count
One. We the jury find the defendant, Richard Eugene

Hickock, guilty of murder in the first degree, and thepunishment is death.’ ” Then, as though interested in theirreaction, he looked down upon the prisoners, who stood
before him handcuffed to guards; they stared backimpassively until he resumed and read the seven counts
that followed: three more convictions for Hickock, and four
for Smith.
“—and the punishment is death”; each time he came to thesentence, Tate enunciated it with a dark-toned hollowness
that seemed to echo the train’s mournful, now fading call.
Then he dismissed the jury (“You have performed a
courageous service”), and the condemned men were led
away. At the door, Smith said to Hickock, “No chickenhearted jurors, they!” They both laughed loudly, and acameraman photographed them. The picture appeared in a
Kansas paper above a caption entitled: “The Last Laugh?”

A week later Mrs. Meier was sitting in her parlor talking to afriend. “Yes, it’s turned quiet around here,” she said. “Iguess we ought to be grateful things have settled down. But
I still feel bad about it. I never had much truck with Dick, but
Perry and I got to know each other real well. That afternoon,
after he heard the verdict and they brought him back up
here—I shut myself in the kitchen to keep from having tosee him. I sat by the kitchen window and watched the crowd
leaving the courthouse. Mr. Cullivan—he looked up andsaw me and waved. The Hickocks. All going away. Just thismorning I had a lovely letter from Mrs. Hickock; she visited
with me several times while the trial was going on, and I
wished I could have helped her, only what can you say tosomeone in a situation like that? But after everybody had
gone, and I’d started to wash some dishes—I heard him
crying. I turned on the radio. Not to hear him. But I could.
Crying like a child. He’d never broke down before, shown
any sign of it. Well, I went to him. The door of his cell. He
reached out his hand. He wanted me to hold his hand, and I
did, I held his hand, and all he said was, ‘I’m embraced byshame.’ I wanted to send for Father Goubeaux—I said firstthing tomorrow I’d make him Spanish rice—but he just held
my hand tighter.
“And that night, of all nights, we had to leave him alone.
Wendle and I almost never go out, but we had a longstanding engagement, and Wendle didn’t think we ought tobreak it. But I’ll always be sorry we left him alone. Next day I
did fix the rice. He wouldn’t touch it. Or hardly speak to me.
He hated the whole world. But the morning the men came totake him to the penitentiary, he thanked me and gave me a
picture of himself. A little Kodak made when he was sixteen
years old. He said it was how he wanted me to remember
him, like the boy in the picture.
“The bad part was saying goodbye. When you knew wherehe was going, and what would happen to him. That squirrelof his, he sure misses Perry. Keeps coming to the cell
looking for him. I’ve tried to feed him, but he won’t haveanything to do with me. It was just Perry he liked.”

Prisons are important to the economy of LeavenworthCounty, Kansas. The two state penitentiaries, one for eachsex, are situated there; so is Leavenworth, the largest
Federal prison, and, at Fort Leavenworth, the country’s
principal military prison, the grim United States Army and
Air Force Disciplinary Barracks. If all the inmates in these
institutions were let free, they could populate a small city.
The oldest of the prisons is the Kansas State Penitentiaryfor Men, a turreted black-and-white palace that visually
distinguishes an otherwise ordinary rural town, Lansing.
Built during the Civil War, it received its first resident in1864. Nowadays the convict population averages around
two thousand; the present warden, Sherman H. Crouse,keeps a chart which lists the daily total according to race(for example, White 1405, Colored 360, Mexicans 12,
Indians 6). Whatever his race, each convict is a citizen of astony village that exists within the prison’s steep, machinegun-guarded walls—twelve gray acres of cement streetsand cell blocks and workshops.

In a south section of the prison compound there stands acurious little building: a dark two-storied building shaped
like a coffin. This establishment, officially called theSegregation and Isolation Building, constitutes a prison
inside a prison. Among the inmates, the lower floor is
known as The Hole—the place to which difficult prisoners,
the “hardrock” troublemakers, are now and then banished.
The upper story is reached by climbing a circular ironstaircase; at the top is Death Row.
The first time the Clutter murderers ascended the staircase
was late one rainy April afternoon. Having arrived atLansing after an eight-hour, four-hundred-mile car ride from
Garden City, the newcomers had been stripped, showered,given close haircuts, and supplied with coarse denim
uniforms and soft slippers (in most American prisons suchslippers are a condemned man’s customary footwear); thenarmed escorts marched them through a wet twilight to thecoffin-shaped edifice, hustled them up the spiral stairs andinto two of the twelve side-by-side cells that comprise
Lansing’s Death Row.
The cells are identical. They measure seven by ten feet,
and are unfurnished except for a cot, a toilet, a basin, andan overhead light bulb that is never extinguished night orday. The cell windows are very narrow, and not only barred
but covered with a wire mesh black as a widow’s veil; thus
the faces of those sentenced to hang can be but hazily

discerned by passers-by. The doomed themselves can see
out well enough; what they see is an empty dirt lot thatserves in summer as a baseball diamond, beyond the lot apiece of prison wall, and above that, a piece of sky.
The wall is made of rough stone; pigeons nest inside its
crevices. A rusty iron door, set into the part of the wall
visible to the Row’s occupants, rouses the pigeons
whenever it is opened, puts them in a flap, for the hinges
creak so, scream. The door leads into a cavernous storage
room, where on even the warmest day the air is moist andchilly. A number of things are kept there: stockpiles of metal
used by the convicts to manufacture automobile license
plates, lumber, old machinery, baseball paraphernalia—
and also an unpainted wooden gallows that smells faintly ofpine. For this is the state’s execution chamber; when a man
is brought here to be hanged, the prisoners say he has“gone to The Corner,” or, alternatively, “paid a visit to thewarehouse.”
In accordance with the sentence of the court, Smith andHickock were scheduled to visit the warehouse six weeks
hence: at one minute after midnight on Friday, May 13,
1960.

Kansas abolished capital punishment in 1907; in 1935,
due to a sudden prevalence in the Midwest of rampaging
professional criminals (Alvin “Old Creepy” Karpis, Charles“Pretty Boy” Floyd, Clyde Barrow and his homicidal
sweetheart, Bonnie Parker), the state legislators voted torestore it. However, it was not until 1944 that an executioner
had a chance to employ his craft; over the next ten years he
was given nine additional opportunities. But for six years, or
since 1954, there had been no pay checks for a hangman
in Kansas (except at the Army and Air Force Disciplinary
Barracks, which also has a gallows). The late George
Docking, Governor of Kansas from 1957 through 1960,
was responsible for this hiatus, for he was unreservedly
opposed to the death penalty (“I just don’t like killing
people”).
Now, at that time—April, 1960—there were in UnitedStates prisons one hundred and ninety persons awaiting
civil execution; five, the Clutter killers included, were among
the lodgers at Lansing. Occasionally, important visitors to
the prison are invited to take what one high official calls “alittle peek at Death Row.” Those who accept are assigned
a guard who, as he leads the tourist along the iron walkway
fronting the death cells, is likely to identify the condemnedwith what he must consider comic formality. “And this,” hesaid to a visitor in 1960, “this is Mr. Perry Edward Smith.
Now next door, that’s Mr. Smith’s buddy, Mr. Richard
Eugene Hickock. And over here we have Mr. Earl Wilson.
And after Mr. Wilson—meet Mr. Bobby Joe Spencer. And

as for this last gentleman, I’m sure you recognize thefamous Mr. Lowell Lee Andrews.”
Earl Wilson, a husky, hymn-singing Negro, had beensentenced to die for the kidnaping, rape, and torture of ayoung white woman; the victim, though she survived, wasleft severely disabled. Bobby Joe Spencer, white, aneffeminate youth, had confessed to murdering an elderly
Kansas City woman, the owner of a rooming house where
he lived. Prior to leaving office in January, 1961, Governor
Docking, who had been defeated for re-election (in large
measure because of his attitude toward capital
punishment), commuted the sentences of both these men
to life imprisonment, which generally meant that they could
apply for parole in seven years. However, Bobby Joe
Spencer soon killed again: stabbed with a shiv anotheryoung convict, his rival for the affections of an older inmate(as one prison officer said, “Just two punks fighting over ajocker”). This deed earned Spencer a second life sentence.
But the public was not much aware of either Wilson or
Spencer; compared to Smith and Hickock, or the fifth manon the Row, Lowell Lee Andrews, the press had rather
slighted them.
Two years earlier Lowell Lee Andrews, an enormous,
weak-eyed boy of eighteen who wore horn-rimmed glasses
and weighed almost three hundred pounds, had been asophomore at the University of Kansas, an honor student
majoring in biology. Though he was a solitary creature,withdrawn and seldom communicative, his acquaintances,both at the university and in his home town of Wolcott,Kansas, regarded him as exceptionally gentle and “sweetnatured” (later one Kansas paper printed an article about
him entitled: “The Nicest Boy in Wolcott”). But inside thequiet young scholar there existed a second, unsuspected
personality, one with stunted emotions and a distorted mind
through which cold thoughts flowed in cruel directions. His
family—his parents and a slightly older sister, Jennie
Marie-would have been astounded had they known the
daydreams Lowell Lee dreamed throughout the summer
and autumn of 1958; the brilliant son, the adored brother,was planning to poison them all.
The elder Andrews was a prosperous farmer; he had notmuch money in the bank, but he owned land valued at
approximately two hundred thousand dollars. A desire toinherit this estate was ostensibly the motivation behind
Lowell Lee’s plot to destroy his family. For the secret Lowell
Lee, the one concealed inside the shy churchgoing biology
student, fancied himself an ice-hearted master criminal: hewanted to wear gangsterish silk shirts and drive scarlet
sports cars; he wanted to be recognized as no mere
bespectacled, bookish, overweight, virginal schoolboy; andwhile he did not dislike any member of his family, at least
not consciously, murdering them seemed the swiftest, mostsensible way of implementing the fantasies that possessedhim. Arsenic was the weapon he decided upon; after
poisoning the victims, he meant to tuck them in their beds

and burn down the house, in the hope that investigators
would believe the deaths accidental. However, one detail
perturbed him: suppose autopsies revealed the presenceof arsenic? And suppose the purchase of the poison could
be traced to him? Toward the end of summer he evolved
another plan. He spent three months polishing it. Finally,
there came a near-zero November night when he wasready to act.
It was Thanksgiving week, and Lowell Lee was home forthe holidays, as was Jennie Marie, an intelligent but rather
plain girl who attended a college in Oklahoma. On theevening of November 28, somewhere around seven,Jennie Marie was sitting with her parents in the parlor
watching television; Lowell Lee was locked in his bedroom
reading the last chapter of The Brothers Karamazov. Thattask completed, he shaved, changed into his best suit, andproceeded to load both a semi-automatic .22-caliber rifle
and a Ruger .22-caliber revolver. He fitted the revolver intoa hip holster, shouldered the rifle, and ambled down a hallto the parlor, which was dark except for the flickering
television screen. He switched on a light, aimed the rifle,
pulled the trigger, and hit his sister between the eyes, killing
her instantly. He shot his mother three times, and his father
twice. The mother, eyes gaping, arms outstretched,staggered toward him; she tried to speak, her mouth
opened, closed, but Lowell Lee said: “Shut up.” To becertain she obeyed him, he shot her three times more. Mr.
Andrews, however, was still alive; sobbing, whimpering, hethrashed along the floor toward the kitchen, but at the
kitchen’s threshold the son unholstered his revolver anddischarged every chamber, then reloaded the weapon andemptied it again; altogether, his father absorbed seventeen
bullets.
Andrews, according to statements credited to him, “didn’t
feel anything about it. The time came, and I was doing what
I had to do. That’s all there was to it.” After the shootings heraised a window in his bedroom and removed the screen,
then roamed the house rifling dresser drawers andscattering the contents: it was his intention to blame thecrime on thieves. Later, driving his father’s car, he traveled
forty miles over snow-slippery roads to Lawrence, the town
where the University of Kansas is located; en route, heparked on a bridge, dismantled his lethal artillery, anddisposed of it by dropping the parts into the Kansas River.
But of course the journey’s true purpose was to arrange analibi. First he stopped at the campus house where heroomed; he talked with the landlady, told her that he hadcome to pick up his typewriter, and that because of the badweather the trip from Wolcott to Lawrence had taken twohours. Departing, he visited a movie theater, where,uncharacteristically, he chatted with an usher and a candy
vendor. At eleven, when the movie let out, he returned to
Wolcott. The family’s mongrel dog was waiting on the front
porch; it was whining with hunger, so Lowell Lee, entering
the house and stepping across his father’s corpse,
prepared a bowl of warm milk and mush; then, while thedog was lapping it up, he telephoned the sheriff’s office andsaid, “My name is Lowell Lee Andrews. I live at 6040
Wolcott Drive, and I want to report a robbery—”
Four officers of the Wyandotte County Sheriff’s Patrol
responded. One of the group, Patrolman Meyers,described the scene as follows: “Well, it was one in themorning when we got there. All the lights in the house wason. And this big dark-haired boy, Lowell Lee, he was sitting
on the porch petting his dog. Patting it on the head.
Lieutenant Athey asked the boy what happened, and hepointed to the door, real casual, and said, ‘Look in there.’ ”
Having looked, the astonished officers summoned thecounty coroner, a gentleman who was also impressed byyoung Andrews’ callous nonchalance, for when the coroner
asked him what funeral arrangements he wished to have
made, Andrews replied with a shrug, “I don’t care what you
do with them.”
Shortly, two senior detectives appeared and began toquestion the family’s lone survivor. Though convinced hewas lying, the detectives listened respectfully to the tale ofhow he had driven to Lawrence to fetch a typewriter, goneto a movie, and arrived home after midnight to find the
bedrooms ransacked and his family slain. He stayed withthe story, and might never have altered it if, subsequent to
his arrest and removal to the county jail, the authorities had
not obtained the aid of the Reverend Mr. Virto C. Dameron.

The Reverend Dameron, a Dickensian personage, anunctuous and jolly brimstone-and-damnation orator, wasminister of the Grandview Baptist Church in Kansas City,
Kansas, the church the Andrews family attended regularly.
Awakened by an urgent call from the county coroner,
Dameron presented himself at the jail around 3:00 A.M.,
whereupon detectives, who had been strenuously but
abortively interrogating the suspect, withdrew to anotherroom, leaving the minister to consult privately with his
parishioner. It proved a fatal interview for the latter, whomany months afterward gave this account of it to a friend:“Mr. Dameron said, ‘Now, Lee, I’ve known you all your life.
Since you were just a little tadpole. And I knew your daddy
all his life, we grew up together, we were childhood friends.
And that’s why I’m here—not just because I’m your minister,
but because I feel like you’re a member of my own family.
And because you need a friend that you can talk to andtrust. And I feel terrible about this terrible event, and I’m
every bit as anxious as you are to see the guilty party
caught and punished.’“He wanted to know was I thirsty, and I was, so he got me aCoke, and after that he’s going on about the Thanksgiving
vacation and how do I like school, when all of a sudden hesays, ‘Now, Lee, there seems to be some doubt among thepeople here regarding your innocence. I’m sure you’d bewilling to take a lie detector and convince these men of yourinnocence so they can get busy and catch the guilty party.’
Then he said, ‘Lee, you didn’t do this terrible thing, did you?

If you did, now is the time to purge your soul.’ The next thing
was, I thought what difference does it make, and I told him
the truth, most everything about it. He kept wagging hishead and rolling his eyes and rubbing his hands together,and he said it was a terrible thing, and I would have toanswer to the Almighty, have to purge my soul by telling theofficers what I’d told him, and would I?” Receiving anaffirmative nod, the prisoner’s spiritual adviser stepped into
an adjacent room, which was crowded with expectant
policemen, and elatedly issued an invitation: “Come on in.
The boy’s ready to make a statement.”
The Andrews case became the basis for a legal andmedical crusade. Prior to the trial, at which Andrews
pleaded innocent by reason of insanity, the psychiatric staffof the Menninger Clinic conducted an exhaustive
examination of the accused; this produced a diagnosis of“schizophrenia, simple type.” By “simple,” thediagnosticians meant that Andrews suffered no delusions,no false perceptions, no hallucinations, but the primary
illness of separation of thinking from feeling. He understoodthe nature of his acts, and that they were prohibited, andthat he was subject to punishment. “But,” to quote Dr.
Joseph Satten, one of the examiners, “Lowell Lee Andrews
felt no emotions whatsoever. He considered himself the
only important, only significant person in the world. And in
his own seclusive world it seemed to him just as right to kill
his mother as to kill an animal or a fly.”In the opinion of Dr. Satten and his colleagues, Andrews’
crime amounted to such an undebatable example ofdiminished responsibility that the case offered an ideal
chance to challenge the M’Naghten Rule in Kansas courts.
The M’Naghten Rule, as has been previously stated,recognizes no form of insanity provided the defendant has
the capacity to discriminate between right and wrong—
legally, not morally. Much to the distress of psychiatrists andliberal jurists, the Rule prevails in the courts of the British
Commonwealth and, in the United States, in the courts of all
but half a dozen or so of the states and the District ofColumbia, which abide by the more lenient, though to someminds impractical, Durham Rule, which is simply that an
accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act isthe product of mental disease or mental defect.
In short, what Andrews’ defenders, a team composed ofMenninger Clinic psychiatrists and two first-class attorneys,
hoped to achieve was a victory of legal-landmark stature.
The great essential was to persuade the court to substitutethe Durham Rule for the M’Naghten Rule. If that happened,
then Andrews, because of the abundant evidence
concerning his schizophrenic condition, would certainly besentenced not to the gallows, or even to prison, but toconfinement in the State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.
However, the defense reckoned without the defendant’s
religious counselor, the tireless Reverend Mr. Dameron,
who appeared at the trial as the chief witness for theprosecution, and who, in the overwrought, rococo style of atent-show revivalist, told the court he had often warned hisformer Sunday School pupil of God’s impending wrath: “Isays, there isn’t anything in this world that is worth morethan your soul, and you have acknowledged to me anumber of times in our conversations that your faith isweak, that you have no faith in God. You know that all sin isagainst God and God is your final judge, and you have got
to answer to Him. That is what I said to make him feel theterribleness of the thing he’d done, and that he had toanswer to the Almighty for this crime.”
Apparently the Reverend Dameron was determined young
Andrews should answer not only to the Almighty, but also tomore temporal powers, for it was his testimony, added tothe defendant’s confession, that settled matters. The
presiding judge upheld the M’Naghten Rule, and the jury
gave the state the death penalty it demanded.

Friday, May 13, the first date set for the execution of Smithand Hickock, passed harmlessly, the Kansas Supreme
Court having granted them a stay pending the outcome of
appeals for a new trial filed by their lawyers. At that time theAndrews verdict was under review by the same court.

Perry’s cell adjoined Dick’s; though invisible to each other,
they could easily converse, yet Perry seldom spoke to Dick,and it wasn’t because of any declared animosity between
them (after the exchange of a few tepid reproaches, theirrelationship had turned into one of mutual toleration: theacceptance of uncongenial but helpless Siamese twins); it
was because Perry, cautious as always, secretive,
suspicious, disliked having the guards and other inmates
overhear his “private business”—especially Andrews, orAndy, as he was called on the Row. Andrews’ educatedaccent and the formal quality of his college-trained
intelligence were anathema to Perry, who though he had
not gone beyond third grade, imagined himself morelearned than most of his acquaintances, and enjoyedcorrecting them, especially their grammar andpronunciation. But here suddenly was someone—“just akid!”—constantly correcting him. Was it any wonder henever opened his mouth? Better to keep your mouth shutthan to risk one of the college kid’s snotty lines, like: “Don’t
say disinterested. When what you mean is uninterested.”
Andrews meant well, he was without malice, but Perry could
have boiled him in oil—yet he never admitted it, never letanyone there guess why, after one of these humiliating
incidents, he sat and sulked and ignored the meals thatwere delivered to him three times a day. At the beginning ofJune he stopped eating altogether—he told Dick, “You can
wait around for the rope. But not me”—and from thatmoment he refused to touch food or water, or say one word
to anybody.

The fast lasted five days before the warden took it
seriously. On the sixth day he ordered Smith transferred tothe prison hospital, but the move did not lessen Perry’s
resolve; when attempts were made to force-feed him hefought back, tossed his head and clenched his jaws until
they were rigid as horseshoes. Eventually, he had to bepinioned and fed intravenously or through a tube inserted ina nostril. Even so, over the next nine weeks his weight fell
from 168 to 115 pounds, and the warden was warned thatforced-feeding alone could not keep the patient alive
indefinitely.
Dick, though impressed by Perry’s will power, would notconcede that his purpose was suicide; even when Perry
was reported to be in a coma, he told Andrews, with whom
he had become friendly, that his former confederate wasfaking. “He just wants them to think he’s crazy.”
Andrews, a compulsive eater (he had filled a scrapbook
with illustrated edibles, everything from strawberry
shortcake to roasted pig), said, “Maybe he is crazy.
Starving himself like that.”“He just wants to get out of here. Play-acting. So they’ll say
he’s crazy and put him in the crazy house.”
Dick afterward grew fond of quoting Andrews’ reply, for it
seemed to him a fine specimen of the boy’s “funnythinking,” his “off on a cloud” complacency. “Well,” Andrews
allegedly said, “it sure strikes me a hard way to do it.
Starving yourself. Because sooner or later we’ll all get outof here. Either walk out—or be carried out in a coffin.
Myself, I don’t care whether I walk or get carried. It’s all thesame in the end.”
Dick said, “The trouble with you, Andy, you’ve got norespect for human life. Including your own.”
Andrews agreed. “And,” he said, “I’ll tell you somethingelse. If ever I do get out of here alive, I mean over the walls
and clear out—well, maybe nobody will know where Andy
went, but they’ll sure hell know where Andy’s been.”
All summer Perry undulated between half-awake stupors
and sickly, sweat-drenched sleep. Voices roared throughhis head; one voice persistently asked him, “Where is
Jesus? Where?” And once he woke up shouting, “The bird
is Jesus! The bird is Jesus!” His favorite old theatricalfantasy, the one in which he thought of himself as “PerryO’Parsons, The One-Man Symphony,” returned in the guiseof a recurrent dream. The dream’s geographical center
was a Las Vegas night-club where, wearing a white top hat
and a white tuxedo, he strutted about a spotlighted stage
playing in turn a harmonica, a guitar, a banjo, drums, sang
“You Are My Sunshine,” and tap-danced up a short flight ofgold-painted prop steps; at the top, standing on a platform,
he took a bow. There was no applause, none, and yetthousands of patrons packed the vast and gaudy room—astrange audience, mostly men and mostly Negroes. Staring
at them, the perspiring entertainer at last understood theirsilence, for suddenly he knew that these were phantoms,
the ghosts of the legally annihilated, the hanged, thegassed, the electrocuted—and in the same instant herealized that he was there to join them, that the gold-painted
steps had led to a scaffold, that the platform on which hestood was opening beneath him. His top hat tumbled;
urinating, defecating, Perry O’Parsons entered eternity.
One afternoon he escaped from a dream and wakened tofind the warden standing beside his bed. The warden said,“Sounds like you were having a little nightmare?” But Perry
wouldn’t answer him, and the warden, who on several
occasions had visited the hospital and tried to persuade
the prisoner to cease his fast, said, “I have something here.
From your father. I thought you might want to see it.” Perry,his eyes glitteringly immense in a face now almost
phosphorescently pale, studied the ceiling; and presently,
after placing a picture postcard on the patient’s bedsidetable, the rebuffed visitor departed.
That night Perry looked at the card. It was addressed to thewarden, and postmarked Blue Lake, California; themessage, written in a familiar stubby script, said: “Dear Sir,
I understand you have my boy Perry back in custody. Write
me please what did he do wrong and if I come there could I
see him. Alls well with me and trust the same with you. Tex

J. Smith.” Perry destroyed the card, but his mind preserved
it, for the few crude words had resurrected him emotionally,
revived love and hate, and reminded him that he was stillwhat he had tried not to be—alive. “And I just decided,” helater informed a friend, “that I ought to stay that way.
Anybody wanted my life wasn’t going to get any more help
from me. They’d have to fight for it.”
The next morning he asked for a glass of milk, the firstsustenance he had volunteered to accept in fourteen
weeks. Gradually, on a diet of eggnogs and orange juice,
he regained weight; by October the prison physician, Dr.
Robert Moore, considered him strong enough to be
returned to the Row. When he arrived there, Dick laughedand said, “Welcome home, honey.”

Two years passed.
The departures of Wilson and Spencer left Smith andHickock and Andrews alone with the Row’s burning lights
and veiled windows. The privileges granted ordinary
prisoners were denied them; no radios or card games, noteven an exercise period—indeed, they were never allowedout of their cells, except each Saturday when they weretaken to a shower room, then given a once-weekly change

of clothing; the only other occasions for momentary release
were the far-between visits of lawyers or relatives. Mrs.
Hickock came once a month; her husband had died, she
had lost the farm, and, as she told Dick, lived now with one
relative, now another.
It seemed to Perry as though he existed “deepunderwater”—perhaps because the Row usually was asgray and quiet as ocean depths, soundless except forsnores, coughs, the whisper of slippered feet, the featheryracket of the pigeons nesting in the prison walls. But notalways. “Sometimes,” Dick wrote in a letter to his mother,“you can’t hear yourself think. They throw men in the cells
downstairs, what they call the hole, and plenty of them arefighting mad and crazy to boot. Curse and scream thewhole time. It’s intolerable, so everybody starts yelling shutup. I wish you’d send me earplugs. Only they wouldn’t allow
me to have them. No rest for the wicked, I guess.”
The little building had been standing for more than acentury, and seasonal changes provoked different
symptoms of its antiquity: winter cold saturated the stoneand-iron fixtures, and in summer, when temperatures often
hurtled over the hundred mark, the old cells weremalodorous cauldrons. “So hot my skin stings,” Dick wrote
in a letter dated July 5, 1961. “I try not to move much. I justsit on the floor. My bed’s too sweaty to lie down, and thesmell makes me sick because of only the one bath a week
and always wearing the same clothes. No ventilation

whatever and the light bulbs make everything hotter. Bugs
keep bumping on the walls.”
Unlike conventional prisoners, the condemned are notsubjected to a work routine; they can do with their time what
they like—sleep all day, as Perry frequently did (“I pretend
I’m a tiny little baby that can’t keep its eyes open”); or, as
was Andrews’ habit, read all night. Andrews averaged
fifteen to twenty books a week; his taste encompassed
both trash and belles-lettres, and he liked poetry, Robert
Frost’s particularly, but he also admired Whitman, Emily
Dickinson, and the comic poems of Ogden Nash. Though
the quenchless quality of his literary thirst had soon
depleted the shelves of the prison library, the prison
chaplain and others sympathetic to Andrews kept him
supplied with parcels from the Kansas City public library.
Dick was rather a bookworm, too; but his interest was
restricted to two themes—sex, as represented in the novelsof Harold Robbins and Irving Wallace (Perry, after being
lent one of these by Dick, returned it with an indignant note:“Degenerate filth for filthy degenerate minds!”), and law
literature. He consumed hours each day leafing through law
books, compiling research that he hoped would help
reverse his conviction. Also, in pursuit of the same cause
he fired off a cannonade of letters to such organizations as
the American Civil Liberties Union and the Kansas StateBar Association—letters attacking his trial as a “travesty of
due process,” and urging the recipients to aid him in his

quest for a new trial. Perry was persuaded to draft similar
pleas, but when Dick suggested that Andy follow their
example by writing protests in his own behalf, Andrews
replied, “I’ll worry about my neck and you worry about
yours.” (Actually, Dick’s neck was not the part of his
anatomy that most immediately troubled him. “My hair iscoming out by the handfuls,” he confided in yet anotherletter to his mother. “I’m frantic. Nobody in our family wasbaldheaded as I can recall, and it makes me frantic theidea of being an ugly old baldhead.”)The Row’s two night guards, arriving at work on an autumn
evening in 1961, had a piece of news. “Well,” one of themannounced, “seems like you boys can expect company.”
The import of the remark was clear to his audience: itmeant that two young soldiers, who had been standing trial
for the murder of a Kansas railroad worker, had received
the ultimate sentence. “Yessir,” the guard said, confirming
this, “they got the death penalty.” Dick said, “Sure. It’s very
popular in Kansas. Juries hand it out like they were giving
candy to kids.”
One of the soldiers, George Ronald York, was eighteen; hiscompanion, James Douglas Latham, was a year older.
They were both exceptionally personable, which perhaps
explains why hordes of teen-aged girls had attended theirtrial. Though convicted of a single slaying, the pair had
claimed seven victims in the course of a cross-country
murder spree.

Ronnie York, blond and blue-eyed, had been born andraised in Florida, where his father was a well-known, wellpaid deep-sea diver. The Yorks had a pleasantly
comfortable home life, and Ronnie, overloved andoverpraised by his parents and a worshipful younger sister,
was the adored center of it. Latham’s background was at
the opposite extreme, being every bit as bleak as Perry
Smith’s. Born in Texas, he was the youngest child of fertile,
moneyless, embattled parents who, when finally they
separated, left their progeny to fend for themselves, toscatter hither and thither, loose and unwanted as bundles ofPanhandle tumbleweed. At seventeen, in need of a refuge,
Latham enlisted in the Army; two years later, found guilty of
an AWOL offense, he was imprisoned in the stockade atFort Hood, Texas. It was there that he met Ronnie York,
who was also under sentence for having gone AWOL.
Though they were very unlike—even physically, York beingtall and phlegmatic, whereas the Texan was a short young
man with foxy brown eyes animating a compact, cute little
face—they found they shared at least one firm opinion: theworld was hateful, and everybody in it would be better off
dead. “It’s a rotten world,” Latham said. “There’s no answer
to it but meanness. That’s all anybody understands—meanness. Burn down the man’s barn—he’ll understandthat. Poison his dog. Kill him.” Ronnie said Latham was“one hundred percent correct,” adding, “Anyway, anybody
you kill, you’re doing them a favor.”

The first person they chose to so favor were two Georgia
women, respectable housewives who had the misfortune toencounter York and Latham not long after the murderous
pair escaped from the Fort Hood stockade, stole a pickup
truck, and drove to Jacksonville, Florida, York’s home town.
The scene of the encounter was an Esso station on thedark outskirts of Jacksonville; the date was the night of May
29, 1961. Originally, the absconding soldiers had traveledto the Florida city with the intention of visiting York’s family;
once there, however, York decided it might be unwise tocontact his parents; his father sometimes had quite atemper. He and Latham talked it over, and New Orleans
was their new destination when they stopped at the Esso
station to buy gas. Alongside them another car was
imbibing fuel; it contained the two matronly victims-to-be,
who, after a day of shopping and pleasure in Jacksonville,
were returning to their homes in a small town near the
Florida-Georgia border. Alas, they had lost their way. York,
from whom they asked directions, was most obliging: “Youjust follow us. We’ll put you on the right road.” But the roadto which he led them was very wrong indeed: a narrowside-turning that petered off into swamp. Nevertheless, theladies followed along faithfully until the lead vehicle halted,
and they saw, in the shine of their headlights, the helpful
young men approaching them on foot, and saw, but toolate, that each was armed with a black bullwhip. The whips
were the property of the stolen truck’s rightful custodian, acattleman; it had been Latham’s notion to use them as
garrotes—which, after robbing the women, is what they did.

In New Orleans the boys bought a pistol and carved two
notches in the handle.
During the next ten days notches were added in Tullahoma,
Tennessee, where they acquired a snappy red Dodge
convertible by shooting the owner, a traveling salesman;and in an Illinois suburb of St. Louis, where two more men
were slain. The Kansas victim, who followed the preceding
five, was a grandfather; his name was Otto Ziegler, he was
sixty-two, a robust, friendly fellow, the sort not likely to pass
distressed motorists without offering assistance. Whilespinning along a Kansas highway one fine June morning,
Mr. Ziegler spied a red convertible parked by the roadside,
its hood up, and a couple of nice-looking youngsters
fiddling with the motor. How was the good-hearted Mr.
Ziegler to know that nothing ailed the machine—that thiswas a ruse devised to rob and kill would-be Samaritans?
His last words were, “Anything I can do?” York, at a
distance of twenty feet, sent a bullet crashing through theold man’s skull, then turned to Latham and said, “Pretty
good shootin’, huh?”
Their final victim was the most pathetic. It was a girl, only
eighteen; she was employed as a maid in a Colorado
motel where the rampaging pair spent a night, during which
she let them make love to her. Then they told her they wereon their way to California, and invited her to come along.
“Come on,” Latham urged her, “maybe we’ll all end up
movie stars.” The girl and her hastily packed cardboard

suitcase ended up as blood-soaked wreckage at thebottom of a ravine near Craig, Colorado; but not many
hours after she had been shot and thrown there, herassassins were in fact performing before motion-picture
cameras.
Descriptions of the red car’s occupants, provided bywitnesses who had noticed them loitering in the area where
Otto Ziegler’s body was discovered, had been circulated
through the Midwest and Western states. Roadblocks wereerected, and helicopters patrolled the highways; it was aroadblock in Utah that caught York and Latham. Later, at
Police Headquarters in Salt Lake City, a local televisioncompany was allowed to film an interview with them. The
result, if viewed without sound, would seem to concern two
cheerful, milkfed athletes discussing hockey or baseball—anything but murder and the roles, boastfully confessed,
they had played in the deaths of seven people. “Why,” theinterviewer asks, “why did you do it?” And York, with a selfcongratulatory grin, answers, “We hate the world.”
All five of the states that vied for the right to prosecute Yorkand Latham endorse judicial homicide: Florida(electrocution), Tennessee (electrocution), Illinois(electrocution), Kansas (hanging), and Colorado (lethalgas). But because it had the firmest evidence, Kansas was
victorious.
The men on the Row first met their new companions

November 2, 1961. A guard, escorting the arrivals to theircells, introduced them: “Mr. York, Mr. Latham, I’d like you toknow Mr. Smith here. And Mr. Hickock. And Mr. Lowell Lee
Andrews— ‘the nicest boy in Wolcott!’ ”
When the parade had passed, Hickock heard Andrews
chuckling, and said, “What’s so funny about thatsonofabitch?”“Nothing,” Andrews said. “But I was thinking: when you
count my three and your four and their seven, that makes
fourteen of them and five of us. Now five into fourteen
averages out—”“Four into fourteen,” Hickock curtly corrected him. “There
are four killers up here and one railroaded man. I’m no
goddam killer. I never touched a hair on a human head.”

Hickock continued writing letters protesting his conviction,and one of these at last bore fruit. The recipient, Everett
Steerman, Chairman of the Legal Aid Committee of the
Kansas State Bar Association, was disturbed by theallegations of the sender, who insisted that he and his codefendant had not had a fair trial. According to Hickock, the“hostile atmosphere” in Garden City had made itimpossible to empanel an unbiased jury, and therefore achange of venue should have been granted. As for the
jurors that were chosen, at least two had clearly indicated apresumption of guilt during the voir dire examination(“When asked to state his opinion of capital punishment,
one man said that ordinarily he was against it, but in thiscase no”); unfortunately, the voir dire had not beenrecorded because Kansas law does not require it unless a
specific demand is made. Many of the jurors, moreover,were “well acquainted with the deceased. So was thejudge. Judge Tate was an intimate friend of Mr. Clutter.”
But the bulkiest of Hickock’s mudpies was aimed at the two
defense attorneys, Arthur Fleming and Harrison Smith,whose “incompetence and inadequacy” were the chief
cause of the correspondent’s present predicament, for noreal defense had been prepared or offered by them, andthis lack of effort, it was implied, had been deliberate—an
act of collusion between the defense and the prosecution.
These were grave assertions, reflecting upon the integrityof two respected lawyers and a distinguished district judge,
but if even partially true, then the constitutional rights of the
defendants had been abused. Prompted by Mr. Steerman,
the Bar Association undertook a course of action without
precedent in Kansas legal history: it appointed a young
Wichita attorney, Russell Shultz, to investigate the charges
and, should evidence warrant it, challenge the validity of theconviction by bringing habeas corpus proceedings in theKansas Supreme Court, which had recently upheld theverdict.
It would appear that Shultz’s investigation was rather onesided, since it consisted of little more than an interview with
Smith and Hickock, from which the lawyer emerged withcrusading phrases for the press: “The question is this—dopoor, plainly guilty defendants have a right to a complete
defense? I do not believe that the State of Kansas would beeither greatly or for long harmed by the death of theseappellants. But I do not believe it could ever recover fromthe death of due process.”
Shultz filed his habeas corpus petition, and the Kansas
Supreme Court commissioned one of its own retired
justices, the Honorable Walter G. Thiele, to conduct a fullscale hearing. And so it came to pass that almost two
years after the trial, the whole cast reassembled in the
courtroom at Garden City. The only important participantsabsent were the original defendants; in their stead, as it
were, stood Judge Tate, old Mr. Fleming, and Harrison
Smith, whose careers were imperiled—not because of theappellant’s allegations per se, but because of the apparent
credit the Bar Association bestowed upon them.
The hearing, which at one point was transferred to Lansing,where Judge Thiele heard Smith and Hickock testify, took
six days to complete; ultimately, every point was covered.
Eight jurors swore they had never known any member of theslain family; four admitted some slight acquaintance with
Mr. Clutter, but each, including N. L. Dunnan, the airport
operator who had made the controversial reply during thevoir dire, testified that he had entered the jurybox with anunprejudiced mind. Shultz challenged Dunnan: “Do you feel,sir, that you would have been willing to go to trial with a juror
whose state of mind was the same as yours?” Dunnan said
yes, he would; and Shultz then said, “Do you recall being
asked whether or not you were averse to capital
punishment?” Nodding, the witness answered, “I told themunder normal conditions I would probably be averse to it.
But with the magnitude of this crime I could probably vote infavor.”
Tangling with Tate was more difficult: Shultz soon realized
he had a tiger by the tail. Responding to questions relevant
to his supposed intimacy with Mr. Clutter, the judge said,“He [Clutter] was once a litigant in this court, a case overwhich I presided, a damage action involving an airplanefalling on his property; he was suing for damages to—I
believe some fruit trees. Other than that, I had no occasion
to associate with him. None whatever. I saw him perhaps
once or twice in the course of a year . . .” Shultz,
floundering, switched the subject. “Do you know,” he asked,“what the attitude of the people was in this community after
the apprehension of these two men?” “I believe I do,” thejudge told him with scathing confidence. “It is my opinion
that the attitude toward them was that of anyone else
charged with a criminal offense—that they should be tried

as the law provides; that if they were guilty they should be
convicted; that they should be given the same fair treatment
as any other person. There was no prejudice against thembecause they were accused of crime.” “You mean,” Shultz
slyly said, “you saw no reason for the court on its own
motion to grant a change of venue?” Tate’s lips curved
downward, his eyes blazed. “Mr. Shultz,” he said, as though
the name was a prolonged hiss, “the court cannot on its
own grant a change of venue. That would be contrary to
Kansas law. I couldn’t grant a change unless it was properly
requested.”
But why had such a request not been made by the
defendants’ attorneys? Shultz now pursued this question
with the attorneys themselves, for to discredit them andprove that they had not supplied their clients with theminimum protection was, from the Wichita lawyer’s
viewpoint, the hearing’s principal objective. Fleming andSmith withstood the onslaught in good style, particularly
Fleming, who, wearing a bold red tie and an abiding smile,
endured Shultz with gentlemanly resignation. Explaining
why he had not applied for a change of venue, he said, “I
felt that since the Reverend Cowan, the minister of the
Methodist church, and a man of substance here, a man ofhigh standing, as well as many other ministers here, hadexpressed themselves against capital punishment, that atleast the leaven had been cast in the area, and there werelikely more people here inclined to be lenient in the matterof the penalty than perhaps in other parts of the state. Then Ibelieve it was a brother of Mrs. Clutter’s who made astatement that appeared in the press indicating he did not
feel the defendants should be put to death.”
Shultz had a score of charges, but underlying them all was
the implication that because of community pressure,
Fleming and Smith had deliberately neglected their duties.
Both men, Shultz maintained, had betrayed their clients by
not consulting with them sufficiently (Mr. Fleming replied, “I
worked on the case to the very best of my ability, giving it
more time than I do most cases”); by waiving a preliminary
hearing (Smith answered, “But sir, neither Mr. Fleming nor I
had been appointed counsel at the time of the waiver”); by
making remarks to newsmen damaging to the defendants(Shultz to Smith: “Are you aware that a reporter, Ron Kull of
the Topeka Daily Capital, quoted you, on the second dayof the trial, as saying there was no doubt of Mr. Hickock’s
guilt, but that you were concerned only with obtaining life
imprisonment rather than the death penalty?” Smith to
Shultz: “No, sir. If I was quoted as saying that it wasincorrect”); and by failing to prepare a proper defense.
This last proposition was the one Shultz pedaled hardest; itis relevant, therefore, to reproduce an opinion of it writtenby three Federal judges as the result of a subsequentappeal to the United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit:“We think, however, that those viewing the situation in
retrospect have lost sight of the problems which confronted
Attorneys Smith and Fleming when they undertook thedefense of these petitioners. When they accepted theappointments each petitioner had made a full confession,and they did not then contend, nor did they seriously
contend at any time in the state courts, that these
confessions were not voluntary. A radio taken from the
Clutter home and sold by the petitioners in Mexico City had
been recovered, and the attorneys knew of other evidenceof their guilt then in the possession of the prosecution.
When called upon to plead to the charges against them
they stood mute, and it was necessary for the court to entera plea of not guilty for them. There was no substantial
evidence then, and none has been produced since the trial,
to substantiate a defense of insanity. The attempt toestablish insanity as a defense because of serious injuries
in accidents years before, and headaches and occasional
fainting spells of Hickock, was like grasping at theproverbial straw. The attorneys were faced with a situation
where outrageous crimes committed on innocent persons
had been admitted. Under these circumstances, they would
have been justified in advising that petitioners enter pleasof guilty and throw themselves on the mercy of the court.
Their only hope was through some turn of fate the lives ofthese misguided individuals might be spared.”In the report he submitted to the Kansas Supreme Court,
Judge Thiele found that the petitioners had received aconstitutionally fair trial; the court thereupon denied the writ
to abolish the verdict, and set a new date of execution—
October 25, 1962. As it happened, Lowell Lee Andrews,

whose case had twice traveled all the way to the UnitedStates Supreme Court, was scheduled to hang one month
later.
The Clutter slayers, granted a reprieve by a Federal judge,
evaded their date. Andrews kept his.

In the disposition of capital cases in the United States, themedian elapsed time between sentence and execution isapproximately seventeen months. Recently, in Texas, anarmed robber was electrocuted one month after his
conviction; but in Louisiana, at the present writing, tworapists have been waiting for a record twelve years. The
variance depends a little on luck and a great deal on theextent of litigation. The majority of the lawyers handlingthese cases are court-appointed and work without
recompense; but more often than not the courts, in order toavoid future appeals based on complaints of inadequate
representation, appoint men of first quality who defend withcommendable vigor. However, even an attorney ofmoderate talent can postpone doomsday year after year,
for the system of appeals that pervades American
jurisprudence amounts to a legalistic wheel of fortune, agame of chance, somewhat fixed in the favor of thecriminal, that the participants play interminably, first in thestate courts, then through the Federal courts until theultimate tribunal is reached—the United States Supreme
Court. But even defeat there does not signify if petitioner’s
counsel can discover or invent new grounds for appeal;
usually they can, and so once more the wheel turns, andturns until, perhaps some years later, the prisoner arrives
back at the nation’s highest court, probably only to begin
again the slow cruel contest. But at intervals the wheel does
pause to declare a winner—or, though with increasing
rarity, a loser: Andrews’ lawyers fought to the final moment,
but their client went to the gallows on Friday, November 30,
1962.

“That was a cold night,” Hickock said, talking to a journalist
with whom he corresponded and who was periodicallyallowed to visit him. “Cold and wet. It had been raining likea bastard, and the baseball field was mud up to yourcojones. So when they took Andy out to the warehouse,
they had to walk him along the path. We were all at ourwindows watching—Perry and me, Ronnie York, Jimmy
Latham. It was just after midnight, and the warehouse was
lit up like a Halloween pumpkin. The doors wide open. We
could see the witnesses, a lot of guards, the doctor and thewarden—every damn thing but the gallows. It was off at anangle, but we could see its shadow. A shadow on the wall

like the shadow of a boxing ring.
“The chaplain and four guards had charge of Andy, andwhen they got to the door they stopped a second. Andy waslooking at the gallows—you could sense he was. His arms
were tied in front of him. All of a sudden the chaplain
reached out and took off Andy’s glasses. Which was kindof pitiful, Andy without his glasses. They led him on inside,and I wondered he could see to climb the steps. It was real
quiet, just nothing but this dog barking way off. Some town
dog. Then we heard it, the sound, and Jimmy Latham said,“What was that?”; and I told him what it was—the trap door.
“Then it was real quiet again. Except that dog. Old Andy, hedanced a long time. They must have had a real mess toclean up. Every few minutes the doctor came to the doorand stepped outside, and stood there with this stethoscopein his hand. I wouldn’t say he was enjoying his work—kept
gasping, like he was gasping for breath, and he was crying,too. Jimmy said, ‘Get a load of that nance.’ I guess thereason he stepped outside was so the others wouldn’t see
he was crying. Then he’d go back and listen to hear if
Andy’s heart had stopped. Seemed like it never would. The
fact is, his heart kept beating for nineteen minutes.
“Andy was a funny kid,” Hickock said, smiling lopsidedly as
he propped a cigarette between his lips. “It was like I told
him: he had no respect for human life, not even his own.
Right before they hanged him, he sat down and ate twofried chickens. And that last afternoon he was smoking
cigars and drinking Coke and writing poetry. When theycame to get him, and we said our goodbye, I said, ‘I’ll beseeing you soon, Andy. ’Cause I’m sure we’re going to thesame place. So scout around and see if you can’t find acool shady spot for us Down There.’ He laughed, and said
he didn’t believe in heaven or hell, just dust unto dust. And
he said an aunt and uncle had been to see him, and told
him they had a coffin waiting to carry him to some little
cemetery in north Missouri. The same place where thethree he disposed of were buried. They planned to put
Andy right alongside them. He said when they told him thathe could hardly keep a straight face. I said, ‘Well, you’re
lucky to have a grave. Most likely they’ll give Perry and me
to the vivisectionist.’ We joked on like that till it was time togo, and just as he was going he handed me a piece of
paper with a poem on it. I don’t know if he wrote it. Or
copied it out of a book. My impression was he wrote it. If
you’re interested, I’ll send it to you.”
He later did so, and Andrews’ farewell message turned out
to be the ninth stanza of Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard”:

The boasts of heraldry, the pomp of pow’r,
And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,

Await alike the inevitable hour:
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.

“I really liked Andy. He was a nut—not a real nut, like they
kept hollering; but, you know, just goofy. He was always
talking about breaking out of here and making his living asa hired gun. He liked to imagine himself roaming around
Chicago or Los Angeles with a machine gun inside a violincase. Cooling guys. Said he’d charge a thousand bucks
per stiff.”
Hickock laughed, presumably at the absurdity of his friend’s
ambitions, sighed, and shook his head. “But for someone
his age he was the smartest person I ever come across. A
human library. When that boy read a book it stayed read.
Course he didn’t know a dumb-darn thing about life. Me,
I’m an ignoramus except when it comes to what I know
about life. I’ve walked along a lot of mean streets. I’ve seena white man flogged. I’ve watched babies born. I’ve seen agirl, and her no more than fourteen, take on three guys at
the same time and give them all their money’s worth. Fell
off a ship once five miles out to sea. Swam five miles withmy life passing before me with every stroke. Once I shookhands with President Truman in the lobby of the Hotel
Muehlebach. Harry S Truman. When I was working for thehospital, driving an ambulance, I saw every side of life thereis—things that would make a dog vomit. But Andy. He
didn’t know one dumb-damn-darn thing except what he’dread in books.
“He was innocent as a little child, some kid with a box of
Cracker Jack. He’d never once been with a woman. Man ormule. He said so himself. Maybe that’s what I liked about
him most. How he wouldn’t prevaricate. The rest of us on
the Row, we’re all a bunch of bull-artists. I’m one of theworst. Shoot, you’ve got to talk about something. Brag.
Otherwise you’re nobody, nothing, a potato vegetating inyour seven-by-ten limbo. But Andy never would partake. He
said what’s the use telling a lot of stuff that never happened.
“Old Perry, though, he wasn’t sorry to see the last of Andy.
Andy was the one thing in the world Perry wants to be—
educated. And Perry couldn’t forgive him for it. You know
how Perry’s always using hundred-dollar words he doesn’t
half know the meaning of? Sounds like one of them college
niggers? Boy, it burned his bottom to have Andy catch up
on him and haul him to the curb. Course Andy was justtrying to give him what he wanted—an education. The truthis, can’t anybody get along with Perry. He hasn’t got asingle friend on the premises. I mean, just who the hell does
he think he is? Sneering at everybody. Calling people
perverts and degenerates. Going on about what low I.Q.’sthey have. It’s too bad we can’t all be such sensitive souls
like little Perry. Saints. Boy, but I know some hardrocks
who’d gladly go to The Corner if they could get him alone inthe shower room for just one hot minute. The way he highhats York and Latham! Ronnie says he sure wishes heknew where he could lay hold of a bullwhip. Says he’d liketo squeeze Perry a little. I don’t blame him. After all, we’re
all in the same fix, and they’re pretty good boys.”
Hickock chuckled ruefully, shrugged, and said, “You knowwhat I mean. Good—considering. Ronnie York’s motherhas been here to visit him several times. One day, out in thewaiting room, she met my mother, and now they’ve come tobe each other’s number-one buddy. Mrs. York wants mymother to come visit her home in Florida, maybe even live
there. Jesus, I wish she would. Then she wouldn’t have togo through this ordeal. Once a month riding the bus here tosee me. Smiling, trying to find something to say, make me
feel good. The poor lady. I don’t know how she stands it. I
wonder she isn’t crazy.”
Hickock’s uneven eyes turned toward a window in thevisiting room; his face, puffy, pallid as a funeral lily,
gleamed in the weak winter sunshine filtering through thebar-shrouded glass.
“The poor lady. She wrote the warden, and asked him if she
could speak to Perry the next time she came here. She
wanted to hear from Perry himself how he killed thosepeople, how I never fired shot one. All I can hope is thatsome day we’ll get a new trial, and Perry will testify and tell
the truth. Only I doubt it. He’s plain determined that if hegoes I go. Back to back. It’s not right. Many a man has
killed and never seen the inside of a death cell. And I never
killed anybody. If you’ve got fifty thousand dollars to spend,
you could bump off half of Kansas City and just laugh haha.” A sudden grin obliterated his woeful indignation. “Uhoh. There I go again. Old crybaby. You’d think I’d learn. But
honest to God, I’ve done my damnedest to get along with
Perry. Only he’s so critical. Two-faced. So jealous of every
little thing. Every letter I get, every visit. Nobody ever comesto see him except you,” he said, nodding at the journalist,
who was as equally well acquainted with Smith as he waswith Hickock. “Or his lawyer. Remember when he was in
the hospital? With that phony starvation routine? And his
dad sent the postcard? Well, the warden wrote Perry’s dad
and said he was welcome to come here any time. But henever has showed up. I don’t know. Sometimes you got tofeel sorry for Perry. He must be one of the most alone
people there ever was. But. Aw, the hell with him. It’s mostly
every bit his own fault.”
Hickock slipped another cigarette away from a package ofPall Malls, wrinkled his nose, and said, “I’ve tried to quit
smoking. Then I figure what difference does it make under
the circumstances. With a little luck, maybe I’ll get cancer
and beat the state at its own game. For a while there I was
smoking cigars. Andy’s. The morning after they hanged
him, I woke up and called to him, ‘Andy?’—the way I usuallydid. Then I remembered he was on his way to Missouri.
With the aunt and uncle. I looked out in the corridor. His cell

had been cleaned out, and all his junk was piled there. The
mattress off his bunk, his slippers, and the scrapbook withall the food pictures—he called it his icebox. And this box of‘Macbeth’ cigars. I told the guard Andy wanted me to havethem, left them to me in his will. Actually, I never smokedthem all. Maybe it was the idea of Andy, but somehow theygave me indigestion.
“Well, what’s there to say about capital punishment? I’m notagainst it. Revenge is all it is, but what’s wrong withrevenge? It’s very important. If I was kin to the Clutters, or
any of the parties York and Latham dispensed with, I
couldn’t rest in peace till the ones responsible had takenthat ride on the Big Swing. These people that write lettersto the newspapers. There were two in a Topeka paper theother day—one from a minister. Saying, in effect, what is all
this legal farce, why haven’t those sonsabitches Smith andHickock got it in the neck, how come those murderingsonsabitches are still eating up the taxpayers’ money?
Well, I can see their side. They’re mad ’cause they’re notgetting what they want—revenge. And they’re not going to
get it if I can help it. I believe in hanging. Just so long as I’m
not the one being hanged.”But then he was.

Another three years passed, and during those years two
exceptionally skillful Kansas City lawyers, Joseph P.
Jenkins and Robert Bingham, replaced Shultz, the latter
having resigned from the case. Appointed by a Federal
judge, and working without compensation (but motivated bya hard-held opinion that the defendants had been thevictims of a “nightmarishly unfair trial”), Jenkins andBingham filed numerous appeals within the framework of
the Federal court system, thereby avoiding three execution
dates: October 25, 1962, August 8, 1963, and February 18,
1965. The attorneys contended that their clients had been
unjustly convicted because legal counsel had not been
appointed them until after they had confessed and had
waived preliminary hearings; and because they were notcompetently represented at their trial, were convicted withthe help of evidence seized without a search warrant (theshotgun and knife taken from the Hickock home), were notgranted a change of venue even though the environs of thetrial had been “saturated” with publicity prejudicial to theaccused.
With these arguments, Jenkins and Bingham succeeded incarrying the case three times to the United States Supreme
Court—the Big Boy, as many litigating prisoners refer to it—but on each occasion the Court, which never commentson its decisions in such instances, denied the appeals byrefusing to grant the writs of certiorari that would haveentitled the appellants to a full hearing before the Court. In

March, 1965, after Smith and Hickock had been confined intheir Death Row cells almost two thousand days, theKansas Supreme Court decreed that their lives must end
between midnight and 2:00 A.M., Wednesday, April 14,
1965. Subsequently, a clemency appeal was presented to
the newly elected Governor of Kansas, William Avery; but
Avery, a rich farmer sensitive to public opinion, refused tointervene—a decision he felt to be in the “best interest of
the people of Kansas.” (Two months later, Avery alsodenied the clemency appeals of York and Latham, whowere hanged on June 22, 1965.)
And so it happened that in the daylight hours of that
Wednesday morning, Alvin Dewey, breakfasting in thecoffee shop of a Topeka hotel, read, on the first page of the
Kansas City Star, a headline he had long awaited: DIE ON
ROPE FOR BLOODY CRIME. The story, written by an AssociatedPress reporter, began: “Richard Eugene Hickock and Perry
Edward Smith, partners in crime, died on the gallows at thestate prison early today for one of the bloodiest murders in
Kansas criminal annals. Hickock, 33 years old, died first, at
12:41 A.M.; Smith, 36, died at 1:19. . .”Dewey had watched them die, for he had been among thetwenty-odd witnesses invited to the ceremony. He had

never attended an execution, and when on the midnight
past he entered the cold warehouse, the scenery had
surprised him: he had anticipated a setting of suitabledignity, not this bleakly lighted cavern cluttered with lumber
and other debris. But the gallows itself, with its two palenooses attached to a crossbeam, was imposing enough;and so, in an unexpected style, was the hangman, who casta long shadow from his perch on the platform at the top of
the wooden instrument’s thirteen steps. The hangman, an
anonymous, leathery gentleman who had been imported
from Missouri for the event, for which he was paid six
hundred dollars, was attired in an aged double-breasted
pin-striped suit overly commodious for the narrow figure
inside it—the coat came nearly to his knees; and on hishead he wore a cowboy hat which, when first bought, had
perhaps been bright green, but was now a weathered,sweat-stained oddity.
Also, Dewey found the self-consciously casual conversationof his fellow witnesses, as they stood awaiting the start ofwhat one witness termed “the festivities,” disconcerting.
“What I heard was, they was gonna let them draw straws to
see who dropped first. Or flip a coin. But Smith says why
not do it alphabetically. Guess ’cause S comes after H.
Ha!”“Read in the paper, afternoon paper, what they ordered fortheir last meal? Ordered the same menu. Shrimp. Frenchfries. Garlic bread. Ice cream and strawberries andwhipped cream. Understand Smith didn’t touch his much.”“That Hickock’s got a sense of humor. They was telling me
how, about an hour ago, one of the guards says to him,
‘This must be the longest night of your life.’ And Hickock, helaughs and says, ‘No. The shortest.’ ”“Did you hear about Hickock’s eyes? He left them to an eye
doctor. Soon as they cut him down, this doctor’s gonnayank out his eyes and stick them in somebody else’s head.
Can’t say I’d want to be that somebody. I’d feel peculiar
with them eyes in my head.”“Christ! Is that rain? All the windows down! My new Chevy.
Christ!”The sudden rain rapped the high warehouse roof. The
sound, not unlike the rat-a-tat-tat of parade drums, heralded
Hickock’s arrival. Accompanied by six guards and aprayer-murmuring chaplain, he entered the death place
handcuffed and wearing an ugly harness of leather straps
that bound his arms to his torso. At the foot of the gallows
the warden read to him the official order of execution, a
two-page document; and as the warden read, Hickock’s
eyes, enfeebled by half a decade of cell shadows, roamed
the little audience until, not seeing what he sought, heasked the nearest guard, in a whisper, if any member of the
Clutter family was present. When he was told no, theprisoner seemed disappointed, as though he thought the
protocol surrounding this ritual of vengeance was not being
properly observed.
As is customary, the warden, having finished his recitation,
asked the condemned man whether he had any laststatement to make. Hickock nodded. “I just want to say I
hold no hard feelings. You people are sending me to abetter world than this ever was”; then, as if to emphasize
the point, he shook hands with the four men mainly
responsible for his capture and conviction, all of whom hadrequested permission to attend the executions: K.B.I.
Agents Roy Church, Clarence Duntz, Harold Nye, andDewey himself. “Nice to see you,” Hickock said with his
most charming smile; it was as if he were greeting guests
at his own funeral.
The hangman coughed—impatiently lifted his cowboy hat
and settled it again, a gesture somehow reminiscent of aturkey buzzard huffing, then smoothing its neck feathers—
and Hickock, nudged by an attendant, mounted the scaffold
steps. “The Lord giveth, the Lord taketh away. Blessed isthe name of the Lord,” the chaplain intoned, as the rainsound accelerated, as the noose was fitted, and as adelicate black mask was tied round the prisoner’s eyes.
“May the Lord have mercy on your soul.” The trap door
opened, and Hickock hung for all to see a full twenty
minutes before the prison doctor at last said, “I pronounce
this man dead.” A hearse, its blazing headlights beaded

with rain, drove into the warehouse, and the body, placedon a litter and shrouded under a blanket, was carried to thehearse and out into the night.
Staring after it, Roy Church shook his head: “I never would
have believed he had the guts. To take it like he did. I had
him tagged a coward.”
The man to whom he spoke, another detective, said, “Aw,
Roy. The guy was a punk. A mean bastard. He deserved it.”
Church, with thoughtful eyes, continued to shake his head.
While waiting for the second execution, a reporter and aguard conversed. The reporter said, “This your firsthanging?”“I seen Lee Andrews.”“This here’s my first.”“Yeah. How’d you like it?”
The reporter pursed his lips. “Nobody in our office wanted
the assignment. Me either. But it wasn’t as bad as I thought
it would be. Just like jumping off a diving board. Only with arope around your neck.”“They don’t feel nothing. Drop, snap, and that’s it. They
don’t feel nothing.”

“Are you sure? I was standing right close. I could hear him
gasping for breath.”“Uh-huh, but he don’t feel nothing. Wouldn’t be humane if he
did.”“Well. And I suppose they feed them a lot of pills.
Sedatives.”“Hell, no. Against the rules. Here comes Smith.”“Gosh, I didn’t know he was such a shrimp.”“Yeah, he’s little. But so is a tarantula.”
As he was brought into the warehouse, Smith recognizedhis old foe, Dewey; he stopped chewing a hunk ofDoublemint gum he had in his mouth, and grinned andwinked at Dewey, jaunty and mischievous. But after thewarden asked if he had anything to say, his expression was
sober. His sensitive eyes gazed gravely at the surrounding
faces, swerved up to the shadowy hangman, thendownward to his own manacled hands. He looked at his
fingers, which were stained with ink and paint, for he’dspent his final three years on Death Row painting selfportraits and pictures of children, usually the children ofinmates who supplied him with photographs of their
seldom-seen progeny. “I think,” he said, “it’s a helluva thing
to take a life in this manner. I don’t believe in capitalpunishment, morally or legally. Maybe I had something tocontribute, something—” His assurance faltered; shyness
blurred his voice, lowered it to a just audible level. “It would
be meaningless to apologize for what I did. Even
inappropriate. But I do. I apologize.”
Steps, noose, mask; but before the mask was adjusted, theprisoner spat his chewing gum into the chaplain’s
outstretched palm. Dewey shut his eyes; he kept them shut
until he heard the thud-snap that announces a rope-broken
neck. Like the majority of American law-enforcement
officials, Dewey is certain that capital punishment is adeterrent to violent crime, and he felt that if ever the penalty
had been earned, the present instance was it. The
preceding execution had not disturbed him, he had neverhad much use for Hickock, who seemed to him “a smalltime chiseler who got out of his depth, empty andworthless.” But Smith, though he was the true murderer,
aroused another response, for Perry possessed a quality,
the aura of an exiled animal, a creature walking wounded,that the detective could not disregard. He remembered his
first meeting with Perry in the interrogation room at Police
Headquarters in Las Vegas—the dwarfish boy-man seatedin the metal chair, his small booted feet not quite brushing
the floor. And when Dewey now opened his eyes, that iswhat he saw: the same childish feet, tilted, dangling.
Dewey had imagined that with the deaths of Smith andHickock, he would experience a sense of climax, release,of a design justly completed. Instead, he discovered himself
recalling an incident of almost a year ago, a casualencounter in Valley View Cemetery, which, in retrospect,
had somehow for him more or less ended the Clutter case.
The pioneers who founded Garden City were necessarily aSpartan people, but when the time came to establish aformal cemetery, they were determined, despite arid soil
and the troubles of transporting water, to create a richcontrast to the dusty streets, the austere plains. The result,which they named Valley View, is situated above the town
on a plateau of modest altitude. Seen today, it is a darkisland lapped by the undulating surf of surrounding wheat
fields—a good refuge from a hot day, for there are many
cool paths unbrokenly shaded by trees planted generationsago.
One afternoon the previous May, a month when the fields
blaze with the green-gold fire of half-grown wheat, Dewey
had spent several hours at Valley View weeding his father’s
grave, an obligation he had too long neglected. Dewey was
fifty-one, four years older than when he had supervised the
Clutter investigation; but he was still lean and agile, and still
the K.B.I.’s principal agent in western Kansas; only a weekearlier he had caught a pair of cattle rustlers. The dream ofsettling on his farm had not come true, for his wife’s fear ofliving in that sort of isolation had never lessened. Instead,the Deweys had built a new house in town; they were proudof it, and proud, too, of both their sons, who were deep-

voiced now and as tall as their father. The older boy washeaded for college in the autumn.
When he had finished weeding, Dewey strolled along thequiet paths. He stopped at a tombstone marked with arecently carved name: Tate. Judge Tate had died ofpneumonia the past November; wreaths, brown roses, andrain-faded ribbons still lay upon the raw earth. Close by,fresher petals spilled across a newer mound—the grave ofBonnie Jean Ashida, the Ashidas’ elder daughter, who
while visiting Garden City had been killed in a car collision.
Deaths, births, marriages—why, just the other day he’dheard that Nancy Clutter’s boy friend, young Bobby Rupp,
had gone and got married.
The graves of the Clutter family, four graves gathered undera single gray stone, lie in a far corner of the cemetery—
beyond the trees, out in the sun, almost at the wheat field’s
bright edge. As Dewey approached them, he saw that
another visitor was already there: a willowy girl with whitegloved hands, a smooth cap of dark-honey hair, and long,elegant legs. She smiled at him, and he wondered who she
was.
“Have you forgotten me, Mr. Dewey? Susan Kidwell.”He laughed; she joined him. “Sue Kidwell. I’ll be darned.”
He hadn’t seen her since the trial; she had been a childthen. “How are you? How’s your mother?”“Fine, thank you. She’s still teaching music at the Holcomb
School.”“Haven’t been that way lately. Any changes?”“Oh, there’s some talk about paving the streets. But you
know Holcomb. Actually, I don’t spend much time there.
This is my junior year at K.U.,” she said, meaning the
University of Kansas. “I’m just home for a few days.”“That’s wonderful, Sue. What are you studying?”“Everything. Art, mostly. I love it. I’m really happy.” Sheglanced across the prairie. “Nancy and I planned to go tocollege together. We were going to be roommates. I think
about it sometimes. Suddenly, when I’m very happy, I thinkof all the plans we made.”
Dewey looked at the gray stone inscribed with four names,
and the date of their death: November 15, 1959. “Do youcome here often?”“Once in a while. Gosh, the sun’s strong.” She covered hereyes with tinted glasses. “Remember Bobby Rupp? Hemarried a beautiful girl.”“So I heard.”“Colleen Whitehurst. She’s really beautiful. And very nice,too.”

“Good for Bobby.” And to tease her, Dewey added, “Buthow about you? You must have a lot of beaus.”“Well. Nothing serious. But that reminds me. Do you havethe time? Oh,” she cried, when he told her it was past four,“I’ve got to run! But it was nice to have seen you, Mr.
Dewey.”“And nice to have seen you, Sue. Good luck,” he called
after her as she disappeared down the path, a pretty girl ina hurry, her smooth hair swinging, shining—just such ayoung woman as Nancy might have been. Then, starting
home, he walked toward the trees, and under them, leaving
behind him the big sky, the whisper of wind voices in thewind-bent wheat.

THE END
THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD
Maya Angelou•

Daniel J. Boorstin•
A. S. Byatt•
Caleb Carr•
Christopher Cerf•
Ron Chernow•
Shelby Foote•
Vartan Gregorian•Charles Johnson•

Mary Karr•
Jon Krakauer•
Edmund Morris•
Michael Ondaatje•
Elaine Pagels•
David Remnick•
John Richardson•
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.

•
Carolyn See•
William Styron•
Gore Vidal

IV
THE CORNER

Institutional dourness and cheerful domesticity coexist on
the fourth floor of the Finney County Courthouse. The
presence of the county jail supplies the first quality, while
the so-called Sheriff’s Residence, a pleasant apartment
separated from the jail proper by steel doors and a shortcorridor, accounts for the second.
In January, 1960, the Sheriff’s Residence was not in factoccupied by the sheriff, Earl Robinson, but by theundersheriff and his wife, Wendle and Josephine (“Josie”)
Meier. The Meiers, who had been married more thantwenty years, were very much alike: tall people with weightand strength to spare, with wide hands, square and calmand kindly faces—the last being most true of Mrs. Meier, adirect and practical woman who nevertheless seems
illuminated by a mystical serenity. As the undersheriff’s
helpmate her hours are long; between five in the morning,when she begins the day by reading a chapter in the Bible,and 10:00 P.M., her bedtime, she cooks and sews for theprisoners, darns, does their laundry, takes splendid care ofher husband, and looks after their five-room apartment, with
its gemütlich mélange of plump hassocks and squashy
chairs and cream-colored lace window curtains. The
Meiers have a daughter, an only child, who is married andlives in Kansas City, so the couple live alone—or, as Mrs.
Meier more correctly puts it: “Alone except for whoever
happens to be in the ladies’ cell.”
The jail contains six cells; the sixth, the one reserved forfemale prisoners, is actually an isolated unit situated inside
the Sheriff’s Residence—indeed, it adjoins the Meiers’
kitchen. “But,” says Josie Meier, “that don’t worry me. I
enjoy the company. Having somebody to talk to while I’mdoing my kitchen work. Most of these women, you got tofeel sorry for them. Just met up with Old Man Trouble is all.
Course Hickock and Smith was a different matter. Far as I
know, Perry Smith was the first man ever stayed in theladies’ cell. The reason was, the sheriff wanted to keep him
and Hickock separated from each other until after their trial.
The afternoon they brought them in, I made six apple pies
and baked some bread and all the while kept track of thegoings-on down there on the Square. My kitchen window
overlooks the Square; you couldn’t want a better view. I’m
no judge of crowds, but I’d guess there were several
hundred people waiting to see the boys that killed the
Clutter family. I never met any of the Clutters myself, butfrom everything I’ve ever heard about them they must havebeen very fine people. What happened to them is hard toforgive, and I know Wendle was worried how the crowdmight act when they caught sight of Hickock and Smith. He
was afraid somebody might try to get at them. So I kind of
had my heart in my mouth when I saw the cars arrive, saw
the reporters, all the newspaper fellows running andpushing; but by then it was dark, after six, and bitter cold—
more than half the crowd had given up and gone home. The
ones that stayed, they didn’t say boo. Only stared.
“Later, when they brought the boys upstairs, the first one I
saw was Hickock. He had on light summer pants and justan old cloth shirt. Surprised he didn’t catch pneumonia,
considering how cold it was. But he looked sick all right.
White as a ghost. Well, it must be a terrible experience—tobe stared at by a horde of strangers, to have to walk among
them, and them knowing who you are and what you did.
Then they brought up Smith. I had some supper ready toserve them in their cells, hot soup and coffee and somesandwiches and pie. Ordinarily, we feed just twice a day.
Breakfast at seven-thirty, and at four-thirty we serve themain meal. But I didn’t want those fellows going to bed onan empty stomach; seemed to me they must be feeling bad
enough without that. But when I took Smith his supper,
carried it in on a tray, he said he wasn’t hungry. He waslooking out the window of the ladies’ cell. Standing with hisback to me. That window has the same view as my kitchen
window: trees and the Square and the tops of houses. I told
him, ‘Just taste the soup, it’s vegetable, and not out of acan. I made it myself. The pie, too.’ In about an hour I went
back for the tray and he hadn’t touched a crumb. He wasstill at the window. Like he hadn’t moved. It was snowing,and I remember saying it was the first snow of the year, andhow we’d had such a beautiful long autumn right till then.
And now the snow had come. And then I asked him if hehad any special dish he liked; if he did I’d try and fix it for
him the next day. He turned round and looked at me.
Suspicious, like I might be mocking him. Then he said
something about a movie—he had such a quiet way of
speaking, almost a whisper. Wanted to know if I had seen amovie. I forget the name, anyway I hadn’t seen it: never
have been much for picture shows. He said this show took
place in Biblical times, and there was a scene where a man
was flung off a balcony, thrown to a mob of men andwomen, who tore him to pieces. And he said that was whatcame to mind when he saw the crowd on the Square. The
man being torn apart. And the idea that maybe that waswhat they might do to him. Said it scared him so bad his
stomach still hurt. Which was why he couldn’t eat. Course
he was wrong, and I told him so—nobody was going toharm him, regardless of what he’d done; folks around here
aren’t like that.
“We talked some, he was very shy, but after a while hesaid, ‘One thing I really like is Spanish rice.’ So I promised
to make him some, and he smiled kind of, and I decided—
well, he wasn’t the worst young man I ever saw. That night,
after I’d gone to bed, I said as much to my husband. But
Wendle snorted. Wendle was one of the first on the scene
after the crime was discovered. He said he wished I’d beenout at the Clutter place when they found the bodies. Then I
could’ve judged for myself just how gentle Mr. Smith was.
Him and his friend Hickock. He said they’d cut out yourheart and never bat an eye. There was no denying it—notwith four people dead. And I lay awake wondering if either
one was bothered by it—the thought of those four graves.”

A month passed, and another, and it snowed some part ofalmost every day. Snow whitened the wheat-tawny
countryside, heaped the streets of the town, hushed them.
The topmost branches of a snow-laden elm brushed
against the window of the ladies’ cell. Squirrels lived in thetree, and after weeks of tempting them with leftover
breakfast scraps, Perry lured one off a branch onto thewindow sill and through the bars. It was a male squirrel withauburn fur. He named it Red, and Red soon settled down,
apparently content to share his friend’s captivity. Perrytaught him several tricks: to play with a paper ball, to beg,
to perch on Perry’s shoulder. All this helped to pass time,
but still there were many long hours the prisoner had tolose. He was not allowed to read newspapers, and he wasbored by the magazines Mrs. Meier lent him: old issues ofGood Housekeeping and McCall’s. But he found things to
do: file his fingernails with an emery board, buff them to asilky pink sheen; comb and comb his lotion-soaked andscented hair; brush his teeth three and four times a day;shave and shower almost as often. And he kept the cell,which contained a toilet, a shower stall, a cot, a chair, atable, as neat as his person. He was proud of a complimentMrs. Meier had paid him. “Look!” she had said, pointing at
his bunk. “Look at that blanket! You could bounce dimes.”
But it was at the table that he spent most of his waking life;
he ate his meals there, it was where he sat when hesketched portraits of Red, drew flowers, and the face ofJesus, and the faces and torsos of imaginary women; and it
was where, on cheap sheets of ruled paper, he made diarylike notes of day-to-day occurrences.

Thursday 7 January. Dewey here. Brought carton
cigarettes. Also typed copies of Statement for mysignature. I declined.
The “Statement,” a seventy-eight-page document which hehad dictated to the Finney County court stenographer,recounted admissions already made to Alvin Dewey and
Clarence Duntz. Dewey, speaking of his encounter with
Perry Smith on this particular day, remembered that he had
been very surprised when Perry refused to sign thestatement. “It wasn’t important: I could always testify in court
as to the oral confession he’d made to Duntz and myself.
And of course Hickock had given us a signed confession
while we were still in Las Vegas—the one in which heaccused Smith of having committed all four murders. But I
was curious. I asked Perry why he’d changed his mind. And
he said, ‘Everything in my statement is accurate except for
two details. If you’ll let me correct those items then I’ll signit.’ Well, I could guess the items he meant. Because theonly serious difference between his story and Hickock’s
was that he denied having executed the Clutters singlehanded. Until now he’d sworn Hickock killed Nancy and hermother.
“And I was right!—that’s just what he wanted to do: admitthat Hickock had been telling the truth, and that it was he,
Perry Smith, who had shot and killed the whole family. He
said he’d lied about it because, in his words, ‘I wanted to fix
Dick for being such a coward. Dropping his guts all overthe goddam floor.’ And the reason he’d decided to set therecord straight wasn’t that he suddenly felt any kinder
toward Hickock. According to him he was doing it out ofconsideration for Hickock’s parents—said he was sorry for
Dick’s mother. Said, ‘She’s a real sweet person. It might besome comfort to her to know Dick never pulled the trigger.
None of it would have happened without him, in a way it
was mostly his fault, but the fact remains I’m the one who
killed them.’ But I wasn’t certain I believed it. Not to theextent of letting him alter his statement. As I say, we weren’t
dependent on a formal confession from Smith to prove any
part of our case. With or without it, we had enough to hangthem ten times over.”Among the elements contributing to Dewey’s confidence
was the recovery of the radio and pair of binoculars themurderers had stolen from the Clutter house andsubsequently disposed of in Mexico City (where, having
flown there for the purpose, K.B.I. Agent Harold Nye traced

them to a pawnshop). Moreover, Smith, while dictating his
statement, had revealed the whereabouts of other potent
evidence. “We hit the highway and drove east,” he’d said,in the process of describing what he and Hickock had done
after fleeing the murder scene. “Drove like hell, Dick
driving. I think we both felt very high. I did. Very high, andvery relieved at the same time. Couldn’t stop laughing,neither one of us; suddenly it all seemed very funny—I don’tknow why, it just did. But the gun was dripping blood, andmy clothes were stained; there was even blood in my hair.
So we turned off onto a country road, and drove maybe
eight miles till we were way out on the prairie. You could
hear coyotes. We smoked a cigarette, and Dick went on
making jokes about what had happened back there. I got
out of the car, and siphoned some water out of the watertank and washed the blood off the gun barrel. Then I
scraped a hole in the ground with Dick’s hunting knife, theone I used on Mr. Clutter, and buried in it the empty shells
and all the leftover nylon cord and adhesive tape. After that
we drove till we came to U.S. 83, and headed east toward
Kansas City and Olathe. Around dawn Dick stopped at oneof those picnic places: what they call rest areas—where
they have open fireplaces. We built a fire and burned stuff.
The gloves we’d worn, and my shirt. Dick said he wished
we had an ox to roast; he said he’d never been so hungry. It
was almost noon when we got to Olathe. Dick dropped meat my hotel, and went on home to have Sunday dinner withhis family. Yes, he took the knife with him. The gun, too.”K.B.I. agents, dispatched to Hickock’s home, found theknife inside a fishing-tackle box and the shotgun still
casually propped against a kitchen wall. (Hickock’s father,
who refused to believe his “boy” could have taken part insuch a “horrible crime,” insisted the gun hadn’t been out of
the house since the first week in November, and therefore
could not be the death weapon). As for the empty cartridge
shells, the cord and tape, these were retrieved with the aidof Virgil Pietz, a county-highway employee, who, working
with a road grader in the area pinpointed by Perry Smith,shaved away the earth inch by inch until the buried articles
were uncovered. Thus the last loose strings were tied; theK.B.I. had now assembled an unshakable case, for tests
established that the shells had been discharged by
Hickock’s shotgun, and the remnants of cord and tape wereof a piece with the materials used to bind and silence thevictims.

Monday 11 January. Have a lawyer. Mr. Fleming. Old
man with red tie.
Informed by the defendants that they were without funds tohire legal counsel, the court, in the person of Judge Roland
H. Tate, appointed as their representatives two local
lawyers, Mr. Arthur Fleming and Mr. Harrison Smith.
Fleming, seventy-one, a former mayor of Garden City, ashort man who enlivens an unsensational appearance withrather conspicuous neckwear, resisted the assignment. “I
do not desire to serve,” he told the judge. “But if the courtsees fit to appoint me, then of course I have no choice.”
Hickock’s attorney, Harrison Smith, forty-five, six feet tall, a
golfer, an Elk of exalted degree, accepted the task with
resigned grace: “Someone has to do it. And I’ll do my best.
Though I doubt that’ll make me too popular around here.”

Friday 15 January. Mrs. Meier playing radio in her kitchen
and I heard man say the county attorney will seek Death
Penalty. “The rich never hang. Only the poor andfriendless.”
In making his announcement, the county attorney, Duane
West, an ambitious, portly young man of twenty-eight who
looks forty and sometimes fifty, told newsmen, “If the casegoes before a jury, I will request the jury, upon finding them
guilty, to sentence them to the death penalty. If the
defendants waive right to jury trial and enter a plea of guilty
before the judge, I will request the judge to set the death
penalty. This was a matter I knew I would be called upon todecide, and my decision has not been arrived at lightly. I
feel that due to the violence of the crime and the apparent
utter lack of mercy shown the victims, the only way the
public can be absolutely protected is to have the death
penalty set against these defendants. This is especially truesince in Kansas there is no such thing as life imprisonment
without possibility of parole. Persons sentenced to life
imprisonment actually serve, on the average, less thenfifteen years.”

Wednesday 20 January. Asked to take lie-detector inregards to this Walker deal.
A case like the Clutter case, crimes of that magnitude,
arouse the interest of lawmen everywhere, particularly
those investigators burdened with unsolved but similar
crimes, for it is always possible that the solution to one
mystery will solve another. Among the many officers
intrigued by events in Garden City was the sheriff ofSarasota County, Florida, which includes Osprey, a fishingsettlement not far from Tampa, and the scene, slightly morethan a month after the Clutter tragedy, of the quadruple
slaying on an isolated cattle ranch which Smith had readabout in a Miami newspaper on Christmas Day. The
victims were again four members of a family: a young
couple, Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Walker, and their two children,
a boy and a girl, all of whom had been shot in the head witha rifle. Since the Clutter murderers had spent the night ofDecember 19, the date of the murders, in a Tallahassee
hotel, Osprey’s sheriff, who had no other leads whatever,
was understandably anxious to have the two menquestioned and a polygraph examination administered.
Hickock consented to take the test and so did Smith, who
told Kansas authorities, “I remarked at the time, I said toDick, I’ll bet whoever did this must be somebody that readabout what happened out here in Kansas. A nut.” The
results of the test, to the dismay of Osprey’s sheriff as well
as Alvin Dewey, who does not believe in exceptional
coincidences, were decisively negative. The murderer ofthe Walker family remains unknown.

Sunday 31 January. Dick’s dad here to visit Dick. Said
hello when I saw him go past [the cell door] but he kept
going. Could be he never heard me. Understand from
Mrs. M [Meier] that Mrs. H [Hickock] didn’t come because
she felt too bad to. Snowing like a bitch. Dreamed lastnight I was up in Alaska with Dad—woke up in a puddle ofcold urine!!!
Mr. Hickock spent three hours with his son. Afterward hewalked through the snow to the Garden City depot, a workworn old man, stooped and thinned-down by the cancer thatwould kill him a few months hence. At the station, while
waiting for a homeward-bound train, he spoke to a reporter:“I seen Dick, uh-huh. We had a long talk. And I canguarantee you it’s not like people say. Or what’s put in thepapers. Those boys didn’t go to that house planning to doviolence. My boy didn’t. He may have some bad sides, but
he’s nowhere near bad as that. Smitty’s the one. Dick told
me he didn’t even know it when Smitty attacked the man[Mr. Clutter], cut his throat. Dick wasn’t even in the sameroom. He only run in when he heard them struggling. Dick
was carrying his shotgun, and how he described it was:‘Smitty took my shotgun and just blew that man’s head off.’
And he says, ‘Dad, I ought to have grabbed back the gun
and shot Smitty dead. Killed him ’fore he killed the rest ofthat family. If I’d done it I’d be better off than I am now.’ I
guess he would, too. How it is, the way folks feel, he don’tstand no chance. They’ll hang them both. And,” he added,
fatigue and defeat glazing his eyes, “having your boy hang,knowing he will, nothing worse can happen to a man.”Neither Perry Smith’s father nor sister wrote him or came tosee him. Tex John Smith was presumed to be prospecting
for gold somewhere in Alaska—though lawmen, despite
great effort, had been unable to locate him. The sister had
told investigators that she was afraid of her brother, andrequested that they please not let him know her present
address. (When informed of this, Smith smiled slightly andsaid, “I wish she’d been in that house that night. What asweet scene!”)Except for the squirrel, except for the Meiers and an
occasional consultation with his lawyer, Mr. Fleming, Perrywas very much alone. He missed Dick. Many thoughts ofDick, he wrote one day in his makeshift diary. Since theirarrest they had not been allowed to communicate, and that,
freedom aside, was what he most desired—to talk to Dick,be with him again. Dick was not the “hardrock” he’d once
thought him: “pragmatic,” “virile,” “a real brass boy”; he’dproven himself to be “pretty weak and shallow,” “a coward.”
Still, of everyone in all the world, this was the person towhom he was closest at that moment, for they at least wereof the same species, brothers in the breed of Cain;separated from him, Perry felt “all by myself. Like
somebody covered with sores. Somebody only a big nut
would have anything to do with.”But then one mid-February morning Perry received a letter.
It was postmarked Reading, Mass., and it read:
Dear Perry, I was sorry to hear about the trouble you are
in and I decided to write and let you know that I remember
you and would like to help you in any way that I can. In case
you don’t remember my name, Don Cullivan, I’ve enclosed
a picture taken at about the time we met. When I first readabout you in the news recently I was startled and then I
began to think back to those days when I knew you. Whilewe were never close personal friends I can remember you
a lot more clearly than most fellows I met in the Army. It
must have been about the fall of 1951 when you wereassigned to the 761st Engineer Light Equipment Company
at Fort Lewis, Washington. You were short (I’m not muchtaller), solidly built, dark with a heavy shock of black hairand a grin on your face almost all the time. Since you had
lived in Alaska quite a few of the fellows used to call you“Eskimo.” One of my first recollections of you was at a
Company inspection in which all the footlockers were open
for inspection. As I recall it all the footlockers were in order,
even yours, except that the inside cover of your footlocker
was plastered with pictures of pin-up girls. The rest of us
were sure you were in for trouble. But the inspecting officer
took it in stride and when it was all over and he let it pass I
think we all felt you were a nervy guy. I remember that you
were a fairly good pool player and I can picture you quite
clearly in the Company day room at the pool table. You

were one of the best truck drivers in the outfit. Remember
the Army field problems we went out on? On one trip thattook place in the winter I remember that we each wereassigned to a truck for the duration of the problem. In ouroutfit, Army trucks had no heaters and it used to get pretty
cold in those cabs. I remember you cutting a hole in thefloor-boards of your truck in order to let the heat from theengine come into the cab. The reason I remember this sowell is the impression it made on me because “mutilation”
of Army property was a crime for which you could get
severely punished. Of course I was pretty green in the Armyand probably afraid to stretch the rules even a little bit, but I
can remember you grinning about it (and keeping warm)
while I worried about it (and froze). I recall that you bought a
motorcycle, and vaguely remember you had some trouble
with it—chased by the police?—crackup? Whatever it was,it was the first time I realized the wild streak in you. Some of
my recollections may be wrong; this was over eight years
ago and I only knew you for a period of about eight months.
From what I remember, though, I got along with you very
well and rather liked you. You always seemed cheerful andcocky, you were good at your Army work and I can’t
remember that you did much griping. Of course you wereapparently quite wild but I never knew too much about that.
But now you are in real trouble. I try to imagine what you arelike now. What you think about. When first I read about you I
was stunned. I really was. But then I put the paper down andturned to something else. But the thought of you returned. I
wasn’t satisfied just to forget. I am, or try to be, fairly

religious [Catholic]. I wasn’t always. I used to just drift alongwith little thought about the only important thing there is. I
never considered death or the possibility of a life hereafter.
I was too much alive: car, college, dating, etc. But my kid
brother died of leukemia when he was just 17 years old. He
knew he was dying and afterwards I used to wonder what
he thought about. And now I think of you, and wonder what
you think about. I didn’t know what to say to my brother inthe last weeks before he died. But I know what I’d say now.
And this is why I am writing you: because God made you aswell as me and He loves you just as He loves me, and forthe little we know of God’s will what has happened to you
could have happened to me. Your friend, Don Cullivan.
The name meant nothing, but Perry at once recognized theface in the photograph of a young soldier with crew-cut hairand round, very earnest eyes. He read the letter manytimes; though he found the religious allusions unpersuasive(“I’ve tried to believe, but I don’t, I can’t, and there’s no use
pretending”), he was thrilled by it. Here was someone
offering help, a sane and respectable man who had once
known and liked him, a man who signed himself friend.
Gratefully, in great haste, he started a reply: “Dear Don, Hellyes I remember Don Cullivan . . .”

Hickock’s cell had no window; he faced a wide corridor
and the façades of other cells. But he was not isolated,
there were people to talk to, a plentiful turnover ofdrunkards, forgers, wife-beaters, and Mexican vagrants;
and Dick, with his light-hearted “con-man” patter, his sex
anecdotes and gamy jokes, was popular with the inmates(though there was one who had no use for him whatever—an old man who hissed at him: “Killer! Killer!” and who once
drenched him with a bucketful of dirty scrubwater).
Outwardly, Hickock seemed to one and all an unusuallyuntroubled young man. When he was not socializing or
sleeping, he lay on his cot smoking or chewing gum andreading sports magazines or paperback thrillers. Often hesimply lay there whistling old favorites (“You Must Have
Been a Beautiful Baby,” “Shuffle Off to Buffalo”), and staring
at an unshaded light bulb that burned day and night in theceiling of the cell. He hated the light bulb’s monotonous
surveillance; it disturbed his sleep and, more explicitly,
endangered the success of a private project—escape. For
the prisoner was not as unconcerned as he appeared tobe, or as resigned; he intended taking every step possible
to avoid “a ride on the Big Swing.” Convinced that such aceremony would be the outcome of any trial—certainly any
trial held in the State of Kansas—he had decided to “bustjail. Grab a car and raise dust.” But first he must have aweapon; and over a period of weeks he’d been making
one: a “shiv,” an instrument very like an icepick—somethingthat would fit with lethal niceness between the shoulder-blades of Undersheriff Meier. The weapon’s components, apiece of wood and a length of hard wire, were originallypart of a toilet brush he’d confiscated, dismantled andhidden under his mattress. Late at night, when the only
noises were snores and coughs and the mournful whistlewailings of Santa Fe trains rumbling through the darkened
town, he honed the wire against the cell’s concrete floor.
And while he worked he schemed.
Once, the first winter after he had finished high school,
Hickock had hitchhiked across Kansas and Colorado:“This was when I was looking for a job. Well, I was riding ina truck, and the driver, me and him got into a little
argument, no reason exactly, but he beat up on me. Shoved
me out. Just left me there. High the hell up in the Rockies. It
was sleeting like, and I walked miles, my nose bleeding like
fifteen pigs. Then I come to a bunch of cabins on a wooded
slope. Summer cabins, all locked up and empty that time ofyear. And I broke into one of them. There was firewood andcanned goods, even some whiskey. I laid up there over a
week, and it was one of the best times I ever knew. Despite
the fact my nose hurt so and my eyes were green andyellow. And when the snow stopped the sun came out. You
never saw such skies. Like Mexico. If Mexico was in a cold
climate. I hunted through the other cabins and found somesmoked hams and a radio and a rifle. It was great. Out all
day with a gun. With the sun in my face. Boy, I felt good. I
felt like Tarzan. And every night I ate beans and fried hamand rolled up in a blanket by the fire and fell asleep listeningto music on the radio. Nobody came near the place. I bet I
could’ve stayed till spring.” If the escape succeeded, thatwas the course Dick had determined upon—to head for the
Colorado mountains, and find there a cabin where he could
hide until spring (alone, of course; Perry’s future did notconcern him). The prospect of so idyllic an interim added tothe inspired stealth with which he whetted his wire, filed it toa limber stiletto fineness.

Thursday 10 March. Sheriff had a shake-out. Searchedthrough all the cells and found a shiv tucked under D’s
mattress. Wonder what he had in mind (smile).
Not that Perry really considered it a smiling matter, for Dick,flourishing a dangerous weapon, could have played adecisive role in plans he himself was forming. As the weeks
went by he had become familiar with life on Courthouse
Square, its habitués and their habits. The cats, for example:
the two thin gray toms who appeared with every twilight andprowled the Square, stopping to examine the cars parked
around its periphery—behavior puzzling to him until Mrs.
Meier explained that the cats were hunting for dead birds
caught in the vehicles’ engine grilles. Thereafter it pained
him to watch their maneuvers: “Because most of my life I’ve
done what they’re doing. The equivalent.”

And there was one man of whom Perry had grown
especially aware, a robust, upright gentleman with hair likea gray-and-silver skullcap; his face, filled out, firm-jawed,
was somewhat cantankerous in repose, the mouth downcurved, the eyes downcast as though in mirthless reverie—a picture of unsparing sternness. And yet this was at least a
partially inaccurate impression, for now and again theprisoner glimpsed him as he paused to talk to other men,joke with them and laugh, and then he seemed carefree,
jovial, generous: “The kind of person who might see thehuman side”—an important attribute, for the man was
Roland H. Tate, Judge of the 32nd Judicial District, thejurist who would preside at the trial of the State of Kansas
versus Smith and Hickock. Tate, as Perry soon learned,
was an old and awesome name in western Kansas. The
judge was rich, he raised horses, he owned much land, andhis wife was said to be very beautiful. He was the father of
two sons, but the younger had died, a tragedy that greatly
affected the parents and led them to adopt a small boy who
had appeared in court as an abandoned, homeless child.
“He sounds soft-hearted to me,” Perry once said to Mrs.
Meier. “Maybe he’ll give us a break.”But that was not what Perry really believed; he believed
what he’d written Don Cullivan, with whom he now
corresponded regularly: his crime was “unforgivable,” andhe fully expected to “climb those thirteen steps.” However,
he was not altogether without hope, for he too had plottedan escape. It depended upon a pair of young men that hehad often observed observing him. One was red-haired, theother dark. Sometimes, standing in the Square under thetree that touched the cell window, they smiled and signaled
to him—or so he imagined. Nothing was ever said, andalways, after perhaps a minute, they drifted away. But theprisoner had convinced himself that the young men,possibly motivated by a desire for adventure, meant to help
him escape. Accordingly, he drew a map of the Square,indicating the points at which a “getaway car” could mostadvantageously be stationed. Beneath the map he wrote: I

need a Hacksaw Blade 5”. Nothing else. But do you
realize the consequences if you get caught (nod yourhead if you do)? It could mean a long stretch in prison. Or
you might get killed. All for someone you don’t know. YOU
BETTER THINK IT OVER!! Seriously! Besides, how do I
know I can trust you? How do I know it isn’t a trick to get meout there and gun me down? What about Hickock? All
preparations must include him.
Perry kept this document on his desk, wadded and ready todrop out the window the next time the young men
appeared. But they never did; he never saw them again.
Eventually, he wondered if perhaps he had invented them(a notion that he “might not be normal, maybe insane” hadtroubled him “even when I was little, and my sisters laughed
because I liked moonlight. To hide in the shadows andwatch the moon”). Phantoms or not, he ceased to think of

the young men. Another method of escape, suicide,replaced them in his musings; and despite the jailer’s
precautions (no mirror, no belt or tie or shoelaces), he had
devised a way to do it. For he also was furnished with aceiling bulb that burned eternally, but, unlike Hickock, he
had in his cell a broom, and by pressing the broom-brushagainst the bulb he could unscrew it. One night he dreamed
that he’d unscrewed the bulb, broken it, and with the broken
glass cut his wrists and ankles. “I felt all breath and lightleaving me,” he said, in a subsequent description of his
sensations. “The walls of the cell fell away, the sky came
down, I saw the big yellow bird.”
Throughout his life—as a child, poor and meanly treated, asa foot-loose youth, as an imprisoned man—the yellow bird,
huge and parrot-faced, had soared across Perry’s dreams,
an avenging angel who savaged his enemies or, as now,
rescued him in moments of mortal danger: “She lifted me, I
could have been light as a mouse, we went up, up, I could
see the Square below, men running, yelling, the sheriffshooting at us, everybody sore as hell because I was free, I
was flying, I was better than any of them.”

The trial was scheduled to start on March 22, 1960. In the
weeks preceding that date the defense attorneys frequently

consulted the defendants. The advisability of requesting achange of venue was discussed, but as the elderly Mr.
Fleming warned his client, “It wouldn’t matter where in
Kansas the trial was held. Sentiment’s the same all over thestate. We’re probably better off in Garden City. This is areligious community. Eleven thousand population andtwenty-two churches. And most of the ministers areopposed to capital punishment, say it’s immoral,
unchristian; even the Reverend Cowan, the Clutters’ ownminister and a close friend of the family, he’s beenpreaching against the death penalty in this very case.
Remember, all we can hope is to save your lives. I think westand as good a chance here as anywhere.”
Soon after the original arraignment of Smith and Hickock,their advocates appeared before Judge Tate to argue a
motion urging comprehensive psychiatric examinations forthe accused. Specifically, the court was asked to permit thestate hospital in Larned, Kansas, a mental institution withmaximum-security facilities, to take custody of theprisoners for the purpose of ascertaining whether either orboth were “insane, imbeciles or idiots, unable tocomprehend their position and aid in their defense.”
Larned is a hundred miles east of Garden City; Hickock’s
attorney, Harrison Smith, informed the court that he had
driven there the previous day and conferred with several of
the hospital’s staff: “We have no qualified psychiatrists inour own community. In fact, Larned is the only place within aradius of two hundred and twenty-five miles where you’ll findsuch men—doctors trained to make serious psychiatricevaluations. That takes time. Four to eight weeks. But thepersonnel with whom I discussed the matter said they werewilling to start work at once; and, of course, being a state
institution it won’t cost the county a nickel.”This plan was opposed by the special assistantprosecuting attorney, Logan Green, who, certain that
“temporary insanity” was the defense his antagonists would
attempt to sustain in the forthcoming trial, feared that theultimate outcome of the proposal would be, as he predicted
in private conversation, the appearance on the witness
stand of a “pack of head-healers” sympathetic to thedefendants (“Those fellows, they’re always crying over thekillers. Never a thought for the victims”). Short, pugnacious,a Kentuckian by birth, Green began by pointing out to thecourt that Kansas’ law, in regard to sanity, adheres to the
M’Naghten Rule, the ancient British importation which
contends that if the accused knew the nature of his act, andknew it was wrong, then he is mentally competent andresponsible for his actions. Furthermore, said Green, there
was nothing in the Kansas statutes indicating that thephysicians chosen to determine a defendant’s mental
condition must be of any particular qualification: “Just plain
doctors. Medical doctors in general practice. That’s all thelaw requires. We have sanity hearings in this county every
year for the purpose of committing people to the institution.
We never call anybody in from Larned or psychiatricinstitutions of any kind. Our own local physicians attend tothe matter. It’s no great job to find whether a man is insane
or an idiot or an imbecile . . . It is entirely unnecessary, awaste of time to send the defendants to Larned.”
In rebuttal, Counsel Smith suggested that the present
situation was “far graver than a simple sanity hearing inprobate court. Two lives are at stake. Whatever their crime,these men are entitled to examination by persons of
training and experience. Psychiatry,” he added, pleadingwith the judge quite directly, “has matured rapidly in thepast twenty years. The Federal courts are beginning tokeep in tune with this science as related to people charged
with criminal offenses. It just seems to me we have agolden opportunity to face up to the new concepts in thisfield.”
It was an opportunity the judge preferred to reject, for as afellow jurist once remarked, “Tate is what you might call alaw-book lawyer, he never experiments, he goes strictly by
the text”; but the same critic also said of him, “If I were
innocent, he’s the first man I’d want on the bench; if I was
guilty, the last.” Judge Tate did not entirely deny the motion;rather, he did exactly all the law demanded by appointing acommission of three Garden City doctors and directing
them to pronounce a verdict upon the mental capacities ofthe prisoners. (In due course the medical trio met theaccused and, after an hour or so of conversational prying,
announced that neither man suffered from any mental

disorder. When told of their diagnosis, Perry Smith said,“How would they know? They just wanted to be entertained.
Hear all the morbid details from the killer’s own terrible lips.
Oh, their eyes were shining.” Hickock’s attorney was also
angry; once more he traveled to Larned State Hospital,
where he appealed for the unpaid services of a psychiatrist
willing to go to Garden City and interview the defendants.
The one man who volunteered, Dr. W. Mitchell Jones, wasexceptionally competent; not yet thirty, a sophisticatedspecialist in criminal psychology and the criminally insane
who had worked and studied in Europe and the UnitedStates, he agreed to examine Smith and Hickock, and,should his findings warrant it, testify in their behalf.)
On the morning of March 14 counsels for the defense again
stood before Judge Tate, there on this occasion to plead
for a postponement of the trial, which was then eight days
distant. Two reasons were given, the first was that a “mostmaterial witness,” Hickock’s father, was at present too ill totestify. The second was a subtler matter. During the past
week a boldly lettered notice had begun to appear in the
town’s shop windows, and in banks, restaurants, and at therailroad station; and it read: H. W. CLUTTER ESTATE AUCTION
SALE *21 MARCH 1960 * AT THE CLUTTER HOMESTEAD. “Now,”
said Harrison Smith, addressing the bench, “I realize it isalmost impossible to prove prejudice. But this sale, anauction of the victim’s estate, occurs one week from today—in other words, the very day before the trial begins.
Whether that’s prejudicial to the defendants I’m not able tostate. But these signs, coupled with newspaper
advertisements, and advertisements on the radio, will be aconstant reminder to every citizen in the community, amongwhom one hundred and fifty have been called asprospective jurors.”
Judge Tate was not impressed. He denied the motion
without comment.

Earlier in the year Mr. Clutter’s Japanese neighbor, Hideo
Ashida, had auctioned his farming equipment and moved
to Nebraska. The Ashida sale, which was considered asuccess, attracted not quite a hundred customers. Slightly
more than five thousand people attended the Clutter
auction. Holcomb’s citizenry expected an unusual turnout—
the Ladies’ Circle of the Holcomb Community Church had
converted one of the Clutter barns into a cafeteria stockedwith two hundred homemade pies, two hundred and fifty
pounds of hamburger meat, and sixty pounds of sliced ham—but no one was prepared for the largest auction crowd in
the history of western Kansas. Cars converged on Holcomb
from half the counties in the state, and from Oklahoma,
Colorado, Texas, Nebraska. They came bumper to bumper
down the lane leading to River Valley Farm.

It was the first time the public had been permitted to visit
the Clutter place since the discovery of the murders, acircumstance which explained the presence of perhaps athird of the immense congregation—those who had comeout of curiosity. And of course the weather was an aid toattendance, for by mid-March winter’s high snows havedissolved, and the earth beneath, thoroughly thawed, has
emerged as acre upon acre of ankle-deep mud; there is
not much a farmer can do until the ground hardens. “Land’s
so wet and nasty,” said Mrs. Bill Ramsey, the wife of a
farmer. “Can’t work nohow. We figured we might as welldrive on out to the sale.” Actually, it was a beautiful day.
Spring. Though mud abounded underfoot, the sun, so long
shrouded by snow and cloud, seemed an object freshly
made, and the trees—Mr. Clutter’s orchard of pear andapple trees, the elms shading the lane—were lightly veiled
in a haze of virginal green. The fine lawn surrounding the
Clutter house was also newly green, and trespassers uponit, women anxious to have a closer look at the uninhabited
home, crept across the grass and peered through thewindows as though hopeful but fearful of discerning, in thegloom beyond the pleasant flower-print curtains, grim
apparitions.
Shouting, the auctioneer praised his wares—tractors,
trucks, wheelbarrows, nail kegs and sledgehammers andunused lumber, milk buckets, branding irons, horses,
horseshoes, everything needed to run a ranch from ropeand harness to sheep dip and tin washtubs—it was theprospect of buying this merchandise at bargain prices that
had lured most of the crowd. But the hands of bidders
flickered shyly—work-roughened hands timid of parting with
hard-earned cash; yet nothing went unsold, there was evensomeone keen to acquire a bunch of rusty keys, and ayouthful cowboy sporting pale-yellow boots bought Kenyon
Clutter’s “coyote wagon,” the dilapidated vehicle the deadboy had used to harass coyotes, chase them on moonlit
nights.
The stagehands, the men who hauled the smaller items on
and off the auctioneer’s podium, were Paul Helm, Vic Irsik,
and Alfred Stoecklein, each of them an old, still-faithful
employee of the late Herbert W. Clutter. Assisting at thedisposal of his possessions was their final service, fortoday was their last day at River Valley Farm; the property
had been leased to an Oklahoma rancher, andhenceforward strangers would live and work there. As theauction progressed, and Mr. Clutter’s worldly domain
dwindled, gradually vanished, Paul Helm, remembering theburial of the murdered family, said, “It’s like a second
funeral.”The last thing to go was the contents of the livestock corral,
mostly horses, including Nancy’s horse, big, fat Babe, who
was much beyond her prime. It was late afternoon, school
was out, and several schoolmates of Nancy’s were among
the spectators when bidding on the horse began; Susan
Kidwell was there. Sue, who had adopted another ofNancy’s orphaned pets, a cat, wished she could give Babea home, for she loved the old horse and knew how much
Nancy had loved her. The two girls had often gone riding
together aboard Babe’s wide back, jogged through thewheat fields on hot summer evenings down to the river andinto the water, the mare wading against the current until, as
Sue once described it, “the three of us were cool as fish.”
But Sue had no place to keep a horse.
“I hear fifty . . . sixty-five . . . seventy . . .”: the bidding was
laggardly, nobody seemed really to want Babe, and theman who got her, a Mennonite farmer who said he mightuse her for plowing, paid seventy-five dollars. As he led herout of the corral, Sue Kidwell ran forward; she raised her
hand as though to wave goodbye, but instead clasped itover her mouth.

The Garden City Telegram, on the eve of the trial’s start,
printed the following editorial: “Some may think the eyes ofthe entire nation are on Garden City during this sensationalmurder trial. But they are not. Even a hundred miles west ofhere in Colorado few persons are even acquainted with thecase—other than just remembering some members of aprominent family were slain. This is a sad commentary on
the state of crime in our nation. Since the four members of

the Clutter family were killed last fall, several other such
multiple murders have occurred in various parts of thecountry. Just during the few days leading up to this trial atleast three mass murder cases broke into the headlines.
As a result, this crime and trial are just one of many suchcases people have read about and forgotten. . . .”Although the eyes of the nation were not upon them, thedemeanor of the event’s main participants, from the court
recorder to the judge himself, was markedly self-aware on
the morning of the court’s first convening. All four of thelawyers sported new suits; the new shoes of the big-footed
county attorney creaked and squealed with every step.
Hickock, too, was sharply dressed in clothes provided byhis parents: trim blue-serge trousers, a white shirt, a narrowdark-blue tie. Only Perry Smith, who owned neither jacket
nor tie, seemed sartorially misplaced. Wearing an opennecked shirt (borrowed from Mr. Meier) and blue jeansrolled up at the cuffs, he looked as lonely and inappropriate
as a seagull in a wheat field.
The courtroom, an unpretentious chamber situated on thethird floor of the Finney County Courthouse, has dull whitewalls and furnishings of darkly varnished wood. The
spectator benches can seat perhaps one hundred and sixty
persons. On Tuesday morning, March 22, the benches
were occupied exclusively by the all-male venire of Finney
County residents from which a jury was to be selected. Not
many of the summoned citizenry seemed anxious to serve(one potential juror, in conversation with another, said,“They can’t use me. I can’t hear well enough.” To which his
friend, after a bit of sly reflection, replied, “Come to think of
it, my hearing’s not too good either”), and it was generally
thought that the choosing of the jury would take several
days. As it turned out, the process was completed withinfour hours; moreover, the jury, including two alternative
members, was extracted from the first forty-four candidates.
Seven were rejected on pre-emptory challenge by the
defense, and three were excused at the request of theprosecution; another twenty won dismissal either because
they opposed capital punishment or because they admitted
to having already formed a firm opinion regarding the guiltof the defendants.
The fourteen men ultimately elected consisted of half adozen farmers, a pharmacist, a nursery manager, an airport
employee, a well driller, two salesmen, a machinist, and the
manager of Ray’s Bowling Alley. They were all family men(several had five children or more), and were seriously
affiliated with one or another of the local churches. During
the voir dire examination, four of them told the court thatthey had been personally, though not intimately, acquainted
with Mr. Clutter; but upon further questioning, each said he
did not feel this circumstance would hinder his ability toreach an impartial verdict. The airport employee, a middleaged man named N. L. Dunnan, said, when asked his
opinion of capital punishment, “Ordinarily I’m against it. But
in this case, no”—a declaration which, to some who heardit, seemed clearly indicative of prejudice. Dunnan wasnevertheless accepted as a juror.
The defendants were inattentive observers of the voir direproceedings. The previous day, Dr. Jones, the psychiatrist
who had volunteered to examine them, had interviewed
them separately for approximately two hours: at the end of
the interviews, he had suggested that they each write forhim an autobiographical statement, and it was the act ofcomposing these statements that occupied the accusedthroughout the hours spent assembling a jury. Seated at
opposite ends of their counsels’ table, Hickock worked witha pen and Smith with a pencil.
Smith wrote:
I was born Perry Edward Smith Oct. 27 1928 in
Huntington, Elko County, Nevada, which is situated way out
in the boon docks, so to speak. I recall that in 1929 ourfamily had ventured to Juneau, Alaska. In my family weremy brother Tex Jr. (he later changed his name to Jamesbecause of the ridicule of the name “Tex” & also I believe
he hated my father in his early years—my mother’s doing).
My sister Fern (She also changed her name—to Joy). My
sister Barbara. And myself. . . . In Juneau, my father was
making bootleg hooch. I believe it was during this period
my mother became acquainted with alcohol. Mom & Dad
began having quarrels. I remember my mother was“entertaining” some sailors while my father was away.

When he came home a fight ensued, and my father, after aviolent struggle, threw the sailors out & proceeded to beat
my mother. I was frightfully scared, in fact all us children
were terrified. Crying. I was scared because I thought myfather was going to hurt me, also because he was beating
my mother. I really didn’t understand why he was beating
her but I felt she must have done something dreadfully
wrong. . . . The next thing I can vaguely recall is living in Fort
Bragg, Calif. My brother had been presented a B.B. gun.
He had shot a hummingbird, and after he had shot it he wassorry. I asked him to let me shoot the B.B. gun. He pushed
me away, telling me I was too small. It made me so mad I
started to cry. After I finished crying, my anger mounted
again, and during the evening when the B.B. gun wasbehind the chair my brother was sitting in, I grabbed it &held it to my brother’s ear & hollered BANG! My father (ormother) beat me and made me apologize. My brother used
to shoot at a big white horse riden by a neighbor who wentby our place on his way to town. The neighbor caught mybrother and I hiding in the bushes and took us to Dad & wegot a beating & brother had his B.B. gun taken away & I
was glad he had his gun taken away! . . . This is about all I
remember when we lived in Fort Bragg (Oh! We kids used
to jump from a hay-loft, holding an umbrella, onto a pile of
hay on the ground). . . . My next recollection is several years
later when we were living in Calif.? Nevada? I recall a very
odious episode between my mother and a Negro. We
children slept on a porch in the summertime. One of ourbeds was directly under my mother and father’s room.

Everyone of us kids had taken a good look through thepartly open curtain and seen what was going on. Dad had
hired a Negro (Sam) to do odd jobs around the farm, or
ranch, while he was working somewhere down the road. He
used to come home late in the evening in his Model A truck.
I do not recall the chain of events but assumed Dad had
known or suspected what was happening. It ended in aseperation between Mom & Dad & Mom took us kids to
San Francisco. She run off with Dad’s truck & all of themany souvenirs he brought from Alaska. I believe this wasin 1935 (?). . . . In Frisco I was continously in trouble. I had
started to run around with a gang, all of which were older
than myself. My mother was always drunk, never in a fit
condition to properly provide and care for us. I run as free &wild as a coyote. There was no rule or discipline, or anyone
to show me right from wrong. I came & went as I pleased—
until my first encounter with Trouble. I was in & out ofDetention Homes many many times for running away fromhome & stealing. I remember one place I was sent to. I had
weak kidneys & wet the bed every night. This was very
humiliating to me, but I couldn’t control myself. I was very
severly beaten by the cottage mistress, who had called menames and made fun of me in front of all the boys. She
used to come around at all hours of the night to see if I wet
the bed. She would throw back the covers & furiously beatme with a large black leather belt—pull me out of bed by myhair & drag me to the bathroom & throw me in the tub & turnthe cold water on & tell me to wash myself and the sheets.
Every night was a nightmare. Later on she thought it wasvery funny to put some kind of ointment on my penis. This
was almost unbearable. It burned something terrible. She
was later discharged from her job. But this never changed
my mind about her & what I wished I could have done to her& all the people who made fun of me.
Then, because Dr. Jones had told him he must have thestatement that very afternoon, Smith skipped forward to
early adolescence and the years he and his father had lived
together, the two of them wandering all over the West andFar West, prospecting, trapping, doing odd jobs:
I loved my father but there were times when this love andaffection I had for him drained from my heart like wasted
water. Whenever he would not try to understand myproblems. Give me a little consideration & voice &responsibility. I had to get away from him. When I was
sixteen I joined the Merchant Marine. In 1948 I joined thearmy—the recruiting officer gave me a break and upped
my test. From this time on I started to realize theimportance of an education. This only added to the hatredand bitterness I held for others. I began to get into fights. I
threw a Japanese policeman off a bridge into the water. I
was court-martialed for demolishing a Japanese cafe. I
was court-martialed again in Kyoto, Japan, for stealing a
Japanese taxicab. I was in the army almost four years. I had
many violent outbursts of anger while I served time in Japan& Korea. I was in Korea 15 months, was rotated and sent
back to the states—and was given special recognition asbeing the first Korean Vet to come back to the territory of
Alaska. Big write up, picture in paper, paid trip to Alaska by
air, all the trimmings. . . . I finished my army service in Ft.
Lewis, Washington.
Smith’s pencil sped almost indecipherably as he hurried
toward more recent history: the motorcycle accident that
had crippled him, the burglary in Phillipsburg, Kansas, that
had led to his first prison sentence:. . . I was sentenced to 5 to 10 years for grand larceny,
burglary and jailbreak. I felt I was very unjustly dealt with. I
became very bitter while I was in prison. Upon my release I
was supposed to go to Alaska with my father—I didn’t go—
I worked for a while in Nevada and Idaho-went to Las
Vegas and continued to Kansas where got into thesituation I’m in now. No time for more.
He signed his name, and added a postscript:“Would like to speak to you again. There’s much I haven’t
said that may interest you. I have always felt a remarkable
exhiliration being among people with a purpose and senseof dedication to carry out that purpose. I felt this about you
in your presence.”
Hickock did not write with his companion’s intensity. He
often stopped to listen to the questioning of a prospective
juror, or to stare at the faces around him—particularly, andwith plain displeasure, the muscular face of the county
attorney, Duane West, who was his own age, twenty-eight.
But his statement, written in a stylized script that looked likeslanting rain, was finished before the court adjourned forthe day:
I will try to tell you all I can about myself, though most of
my early life is vague to me—up until about my tenth
birthday. My school years went quite the same as mostother boys my own age. I had my share of fights, girls, andother things that go with a growing boy. My home life wasalso normal, but as I told you before, I was hardly everallowed to leave my yard and visit with playmates. My father
was always strict about us boys [his brother and him] in thatline. Also I had to help my dad quite a lot around thehouse. . . . I can only remember my mother and dad having
one argument that amounted to anything. What it was
about, I don’t know. . . . My dad bought me a bicycle once,and I believe that I was the proudest boy in town. It was a
girl’s bike and he changed it over to a boy’s. He painted it
all up and it looked like new. But I had a lot of toys when I
was little, a lot for the financial condition that my folks werein. We were always what you would call semi-poor. Neverdown and out, but several times on the verge of it. My dad
was a hard worker and did his best to provide for us. My
mother also was always a hard worker. Her house wasalways neat, and we had clean clothes aplenty. I remember
my dad used to wear those old fashioned flat crown caps,
and he would make me wear them too, and I didn’t like

them. . . . In high-school I did real well, made above
average grades the first year or two. But then started falling
off a little. I had a girl friend. She was a nice girl, and I neveronce tried to touch her anyway but just kissing. It was a realclean courtship. . . . While in school I participated in all the
sports, and received 9 letters in all. Basketball, football,track and baseball. My senior year was best. I never had
any steady girl, just played the field. That was when I had
my first relationship with a girl. Of course I told the boys that
I’d had a lot of girls. . . . I got offers from two colleges to playball, but never attended any of them. After I graduated fromschool I went to work for the Santa Fe railroad, and stayed
until the following winter when I got laid off. The following
spring I got a job with the Roark Motor Company. I had
been working there about four months when I had anautomobile wreck with a company car. I was in the hospitalseveral days with extensive head injuries. While I was in thecondition I was in I couldn’t find another job, so I was
unemployed most of the winter. Meantime, I had met a girland fallen in love. Her dad was a Baptist preacher andresented me going with her. In July we were married. All hell
broke loose from her dad until he learned she waspregnant. But still he never wished me good luck and thathas always gone against the grain. After we were married, I
worked at a service-station near Kansas City. I worked
from 8 at night till 8 in the morning. Sometimes my wife
stayed with me all night—she was afraid I couldn’t keep
awake, so she came to help me. Then I got an offer to work
at Perry Pontiac, which I gladly accepted. It was very

satisfactory, though I didn’t make a lot of money—$75 aweek. I got along good with the other men, and was well
liked by my boss. I worked there five years. . . . During myemployment there was the beginning of some of the lowest
things I have ever done.
Here Hickock revealed his pedophiliac tendencies, andafter describing several sample experiences, wrote:

I know it is wrong. But at the time I never give any thought
to whether it is right or wrong. The same with stealing. It
seems to be an impulse. One thing I never told you about
the Clutter deal is this. Before I ever went to their house I
knew there would be a girl there. I think the main reason I
went there was not to rob them but to rape the girl. Because
I thought a lot about it. That is one reason why I neverwanted to turn back when we started to. Even when I saw
there was no safe. I did make some advances toward the
Clutter girl when I was there. But Perry never gave me achance. I hope no one finds this out but you, as I haven’t
even told my lawyer. There were other things I should havetold you, but I’m afraid of my people finding them out.
Because I am more ashamed of them (these things I did)than hanging. . . . I have had sickness. I think caused fromthe car wreck I had. Spells of passing out, and sometimes I
would hemhorrage at the nose and left ear. I had one atsome people’s house by the name of Crist—they live south

of my parents. Not long ago I had a piece of glass work outof my head. It came out the corner of my eye. My dadhelped me to get it out. . . . I figure I should tell you the things
that led to my divorce, and things that caused me to go toprison. It started the early part of 1957. My wife and I were
living in an apartment in Kansas City. I had quit my job at
the automobile company, and went into the garage
business for myself. I was renting the garage from a woman
who had a daughter-in-law named Margaret. I met this girl
one day while I was at work, and we went to have a cup ofcoffee. Her husband was away in the Marine Corps. To
make a long story short, I started going out with her. My wife
sued for divorce. I began thinking I never really loved mywife. Because if I had, I wouldn’t have done all the things I’ddone. So I never fought the divorce. I started drinking, andwas drunk for almost a month. I neglected my business,spent more money than I earned, wrote bad checks, and in
the end became a thief. For this last I was sent to thepenitentiary. . . . My lawyer said I should be truthful with you
as you can help me. And I need help, as you know.

The next day, Wednesday, was the proper start of the trial;
it was also the first time ordinary spectators were admitted
into the courtroom, an area too small to accommodate
more than a modest percentage of those who applied atthe door. The best seats had been reserved for twenty
members of the press, and for such special personages as
Hickock’s parents and Donald Cullivan (who, at the requestof Perry Smith’s lawyer, had traveled from Massachusetts
to appear as a character witness in behalf of his former
Army friend). It had been rumored that the two surviving
Clutter daughters would be present; they were not, nor did
they attend any subsequent session. The family was
represented by Mr. Clutter’s younger brother, Arthur, who
had driven a hundred miles to be there. He told newsmen: “Ijust want to get a good look at them [Smith and Hickock]. I
just want to see what kind of animals they are. The way I
feel, I could tear them apart.” He took a seat directly behindthe defendants, and fixed them with a gaze of uniquepersistence, as though he planned to paint their portraits
from memory. Presently, and it was as if Arthur Clutter had
willed him to do it, Perry Smith turned and looked at him—
and recognized a face very like the face of the man he had
killed: the same mild eyes, narrow lips, firm chin. Perry, who
was chewing gum, stopped chewing; he lowered his eyes,a minute elapsed, then slowly his jaws began to moveagain. Except for this moment, Smith, and Hickock too,affected a courtroom attitude that was simultaneously
uninterested and disinterested; they chewed gum andtapped their feet with languid impatience as the statesummoned its first witness.
Nancy Ewalt. And after Nancy, Susan Kidwell. The young
girls described what they saw upon entering the Clutterhouse on Sunday, November 15: the quiet rooms, an empty
purse on a kitchen floor, sunshine in a bedroom, and theirschoolmate, Nancy Clutter, surrounded by her own blood.
The defense waived cross-examination, a policy they
pursued with the next three witnesses (Nancy Ewalt’s
father, Clarence, and Sheriff Earl Robinson, and the county
coroner, Dr. Robert Fenton), each of whom added to thenarrative of events that sunny November morning: thediscovery, finally, of all four victims, and accounts of how
they looked, and, from Dr. Fenton, a clinical diagnosis of
why—“Severe traumas to brain and vital cranial structures
inflicted by a shotgun.”
Then Richard G. Rohleder took the stand.
Rohleder is Chief Investigator of the Garden City Police
Department. His hobby is photography, and he is good at
it. It was Rohleder who took the pictures that, whendeveloped, revealed Hickock’s dusty footprints in the
Clutter cellar, prints the camera could discern, though not
the human eye. And it was he who had photographed thecorpses, those death-scene images Alvin Dewey had
continuously pondered while the murders were still
unsolved. The point of Rohleder’s testimony was toestablish the fact of his having made these pictures, which
the prosecution proposed to put into evidence. But
Hickock’s attorney objected: “The sole reason the pictures
are being introduced is to prejudice and inflame the mindsof the jurors.” Judge Tate overruled the objection andallowed the photographs into evidence, which meant theymust be shown to the jury.
While this was being done, Hickock’s father, addressing ajournalist seated near him, said, “The judge up there! I
never seen a man so prejudiced. Just no sense having a
trial. Not with him in charge. Why, that man was apallbearer at the funeral!” (Actually, Tate was but slightly
acquainted with the victims, and was not present at theirfuneral in any capacity.) But Mr. Hickock’s was the only
voice raised in an exceedingly silent courtroom. Altogether,
there were seventeen prints, and as they were passed fromhand to hand, the jurors’ expressions reflected the impact
the pictures made: one man’s cheeks reddened, as if hehad been slapped, and a few, after the first distressing
glance, obviously had no heart for the task; it was as though
the photographs had prised open their mind’s eye, andforced them to at last really see the true and pitiful thing that
had happened to a neighbor and his wife and children. It
amazed them, it made them angry, and several of them—
the pharmacist, the manager of the bowling alley—stared at
the defendants with total contempt.
The elder Mr. Hickock, wearily wagging his head, again
and again murmured, “No sense. Just no sense having a
trial.”As the day’s final witness, the prosecution had promised to
produce a “mystery man.” It was the man who had suppliedthe information that led to the arrest of the accused: Floyd
Wells, Hickock’s former cellmate. Because he was still
serving a sentence at Kansas State Penitentiary, andtherefore was in danger of retaliation from other inmates,
Wells had never been publicly identified as the informer.
Now, in order that he might safely testify at the trial, he had
been removed from the prison and lodged in a small jail inan adjacent county. Nevertheless, Wells’ passage acrossthe courtroom toward the witness stand was oddly stealthy—as though he expected to encounter an assassin along
the way—and, as he walked past Hickock, Hickock’s lips
writhed as he whispered a few atrocious words. Wells
pretended not to notice; but like a horse that has heard thehum of a rattlesnake, he shied away from the betrayedman’s venomous vicinity. Taking the stand, he stared
straight ahead, a somewhat chinless little farmboyish fellow
wearing a very decent dark-blue suit which the State of
Kansas had bought for the occasion—the state being
concerned that its most important witness should lookrespectable, and consequently trustworthy.
Wells’ testimony, perfected by pre-trial rehearsal, was astidy as his appearance. Encouraged by the sympathetic
promptings of Logan Green, the witness acknowledgedthat he had once, for approximately a year, worked as ahired hand at River Valley Farm; he went on to say thatsome ten years later, following his conviction on a burglary
charge, he had become friendly with another imprisoned
burglar, Richard Hickock, and had described to him theClutter farm and family.
“Now,” Green asked, “during your conversations with Mr.
Hickock what was said about Mr. Clutter by either of you?”“Well, we talked quite a bit about Mr. Clutter. Hickock said
he was about to be paroled, and he was going to go Westlooking for a job; he might stop to see Mr. Clutter to get ajob. I was telling him how wealthy Mr. Clutter was.”“Did that seem to interest Mr. Hickock?”“Well, he wanted to know if Mr. Clutter had a safe aroundthere.”“Mr. Wells, did you think at the time there was a safe in the
Clutter house?”“Well, it has been so long since I worked out there. I thought
there was a safe. I knew there was a cabinet of somekind. . . . The next thing I knew he [Hickock] was talking
about robbing Mr. Clutter.”“Did he tell you anything about how he was going to commit
the robbery?”“He told me if he done anything like that he wouldn’t leave
no witnesses.”“Did he actually say what he was going to do with thewitnesses?”“Yes. He told me he would probably tie them up and thenrob them and then kill them.”
Having established premeditation of great degree, Greenleft the witness to the ministrations of the defense. Old Mr.
Fleming, a classic country lawyer more happily at homewith land deeds than ill deeds, opened the crossexamination. The intent of his queries, as he soon
established, was to introduce a subject the prosecution hademphatically avoided: the question of Wells’ own role in themurder plot, and his own moral liability.
“You didn’t,” Fleming said, hastening to the heart of thematter, “say anything at all to Mr. Hickock to discourage
him from coming out here to rob and kill the Clutter family?”“No. Anybody tells you anything about that up there [Kansas
State Penitentiary], you don’t pay any attention to it
because you think they are just talking anyway.”“You mean you talked that way and didn’t mean anything?
Didn’t you mean to convey to him [Hickock] the idea that
Mr. Clutter had a safe? You wanted Mr. Hickock to believe
that, did you not?”In his quiet way, Fleming was giving the witness a roughtime; Wells plucked at his tie, as though the knot was
suddenly too tight.

“And you meant for Mr. Hickock to believe that Mr. Clutter
had a lot of money, didn’t you?”“I told him Mr. Clutter had a lot of money, yes.”
Fleming once more elicited an account of how Hickock had
fully informed Wells of his violent plans for the Clutter family.
Then, as though veiled in a private grief, the lawyer wistfully
said, “And even after all of that you did nothing todiscourage him?”“I didn’t believe he’d do it.”“You didn’t believe him. Then why, when you heard about
the thing that happened out here, why did you think he was
the one that was guilty?”
Wells cockily replied, “Because it was done just like hesaid he was going to do!”Harrison Smith, the younger half of the defense team, tookcharge. Assuming an aggressive, sneering manner that
seemed forced, for really he is a mild and lenient man,Smith asked the witness if he had a nickname.
“No. I just go by ‘Floyd.’ ”
The lawyer snorted. “Don’t they call you ‘Squealer’ now? Or
do they call you ‘Snitch’?”“I just go by ‘Floyd,’ ” Wells repeated, rather hangdog.
“How many times have you been in jail?”“About three times.”“Some of those times for lying, were they?”
Denying it, the witness said that once he’d gone to jail for
driving without an operator’s license, that burglary was thereason for his second incarceration, and the third, a ninetyday hitch in an Army stockade, had been the outcome ofsomething that happened while he was a soldier: “We wason a train trip guard. We got a little intoxicated on the train,
done a little extra shooting at some windows and lights.”
Everyone laughed; everyone except the defendants(Hickock spat on the floor) and Harrison Smith, who now
asked Wells why, after learning of the Holcomb tragedy, he
had tarried several weeks before telling the authorities what
he knew. “Weren’t you,” he said, “waiting for something tocome out? Maybe like a reward?”“No.”“You didn’t hear anything about a reward?” The lawyer wasreferring to the reward of one thousand dollars that had
been offered by the Hutchinson News, for information
resulting in the arrest and conviction of the Cluttermurderers.
“I seen it in the paper.”“That was before you went to the authorities, wasn’t it?” And
when the witness admitted that this was true, Smith
triumphantly continued by asking, “What kind of immunity
did the county attorney offer you for coming up here today
and testifying?”
But Logan Green protested: “We object to the form of thequestion, Your Honor. There’s been no testimony about
immunity to anybody.” The objection was sustained, and thewitness dismissed; as he left the stand, Hickock
announced to everyone within earshot, “Sonofabitch.
Anybody ought to hang, he ought to hang. Look at him.
Gonna walk out of here and get that money and go scotfree.”This prediction proved correct, for not long afterward Wells
collected both the reward and a parole. But his good
fortune was short-lived. He was soon in trouble again, and,over the years, has experienced many vicissitudes. At
present he is a resident of the Mississippi State Prison in
Parchman, Mississippi, where he is serving a thirty-year
sentence for armed robbery.

By Friday, when the court recessed for the weekend, thestate had completed its case, which included theappearance of four Special Agents of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation in Washington, D.C. These men, laboratory
technicians skilled in various categories of scientific crime
detection, had studied the physical evidence connecting
the accused to the murders (blood samples, footprints,
cartridge shells, rope and tape), and each of them certified
the validity of the exhibits. Finally, the four K.B.I. agents
provided accounts of interviews with the prisoners, and of
the confessions eventually made by them. In crossexamining the K.B.I. personnel, the defense attorneys, abeleaguered pair, argued that the admissions of guilt had
been obtained by improper means—brutal interrogation in
sweltering, brightly lighted, closet-like rooms. The
allegation, which was untrue, irritated the detectives into
expounding very convincing denials. (Later, in reply to areporter who asked him why he had dogged this artificial
scent at such length, Hickock’s lawyer snapped, “What am I
supposed to do? Hell, I’m playing without any cards. But I
can’t just sit here like a dummy. I’ve got to sound off once ina while.”)The prosecution’s most damaging witness proved to be
Alvin Dewey; his testimony, the first public rendering of theevents detailed in Perry Smith’s confession, earned large
headlines (UNVEIL MUTE MURDER HORROR—Cold, Chilling
Facts Told), and shocked his listeners—none more so thanRichard Hickock, who came to a startled and chagrined
attention when, in the course of Dewey’s commentary, theagent said, “There is one incident Smith related to me that I
haven’t as yet mentioned. And that was that after the Clutter
family was tied up, Hickock said to him how well built hethought Nancy Clutter was, and that he was going to rape
her. Smith said he told Hickock there wasn’t going to be
anything like that go on. Smith told me he had no respect
for anyone who couldn’t control their sexual desires, andthat he would have fought Hickock before allowing him torape the Clutter girl.” Heretofore, Hickock had not known
that his partner had informed police of the proposed
assault; nor was he aware that, in a friendlier spirit, Perry
had altered his original story to claim that he alone had shot
the four victims—a fact revealed by Dewey as he neared
the end of his testimony: “Perry Smith told me he wished tochange two things in the statement he had given us. He
said everything else in that statement was true and correct.
Except these two things. And that was that he wanted tosay he killed Mrs. Clutter and Nancy Clutter—not Hickock.
He told me that Hickock. . . didn’t want to die with hismother thinking he had killed any members of the Clutter
family. And he said the Hickocks were good people. So
why not have it that way.”
Hearing this, Mrs. Hickock wept. Throughout the trial she
had sat quietly beside her husband, her hands worrying arumpled handkerchief. As often as she could she caught
her son’s eye, nodded at him and simulated a smile which,though flimsily constructed, affirmed her loyalty. But clearly
the woman’s control was exhausted; she began to cry. A
few spectators glanced at her, and glanced away,embarrassed; the rest seemed oblivious of the raw dirge
counterpointing Dewey’s continuing recitation; even her
husband, perhaps because he believed it unmanly to takenotice, remained aloof. At last a woman reporter, the only
one present, led Mrs. Hickock out of the courtroom and into
the privacy of a ladies’ room.
Once her anguish had subsided, Mrs. Hickock expressed aneed to confide. “There’s nobody much I can talk to,” shetold her companion. “I don’t mean people haven’t been
kind, neighbors and all. And strangers, too—strangers havewrote letters to say they know how hard it must be and how
sorry they are. Nobody’s said a mean word, either to Walteror me. Not even here, where you might expect it. Everybody
here has gone out of their way to be friendly. The waitressover at the place where we take our meals, she puts ice
cream on the pie and don’t charge for it. I tell her don’t, I
can’t eat it. Used to be I could eat anything didn’t eat me
first. But she puts it on. To be nice. Sheila, that’s her, shesays it’s not our fault what happened. But it seems to me
like people are looking at me and thinking, Well, she must
be to blame somehow. The way I raised Dick. Maybe I did
do something wrong. Only I don’t know what it could havebeen; I get headaches trying to remember. We’re plain
people, just country people, getting along the same as
everybody else. We had some good times at our house. Itaught Dick the foxtrot. Dancing, I was always crazy about it,it was my whole life when I was a girl; and there was a boy,gosh, he could dance like Christmas—we won a silver cup
waltzing together. For a long time we planned to run away
and go on the stage. Vaudeville. It was just a dream.
Children dreaming. He left town, and one day I married
Walter, and Walter Hickock couldn’t do step one. He said if
I wanted a hoofer I should’ve married a horse. Nobody everdanced with me again until I learned Dick, and he didn’t
take to it exactly, but he was sweet, Dick was the bestnatured little kid.”
Mrs. Hickock removed the spectacles she was wearing,
polished the smeared lenses and resettled them on her
pudgy, agreeable face. “There’s lots more to Dick thanwhat you hear back there in the courtroom. The lawyers
jabbering how terrible he is—no good at all. I can’t makeany excuses for what he did, his part in it. I’m not forgettingthat family; I pray for them every night. But I pray for Dick,
too. And this boy Perry. It was wrong of me to hate him; I’ve
got nothing but pity for him now. And you know—I believe
Mrs. Clutter would feel pity, too. Being the kind of woman
they say she was.”Court had adjourned; the noises of the departing audience
clattered in the corridor beyond the lavatory door. Mrs.
Hickock said she must go and meet her husband. “He’sdying. I don’t think he minds any more.”Many observers of the trial scene were baffled by thevisitor from Boston, Donald Cullivan. They could not quite
understand why this staid young Catholic, a successful
engineer who had taken his degree at Harvard, a husband
and the father of three children, should choose to befriend
an uneducated, homicidal half-breed whom he knew but
slightly and had not seen for nine years. Cullivan himself
said, “My wife doesn’t understand it either. Coming out
here was something I couldn’t afford to do-it meant using aweek of my vacation, and money we really need for otherthings. On the other hand, it was something I couldn’t afford
not to do. Perry’s lawyer wrote me asking if I would be acharacter witness; the moment I read the letter I knew I had
to do it. Because I’d offered this man my friendship. And
because—well, I believe in the life everlasting. All souls canbe saved for God.”
The salvation of a soul, namely Perry Smith’s, was anenterprise the deeply Catholic undersheriff and his wife
were eager to assist—although Mrs. Meier had been
rebuffed by Perry when she had suggested a consultation
with Father Goubeaux, a local priest. (Perry said, “Priests
and nuns have had their chance with me. I’m still wearing
the scars to prove it.”) And so, during the weekend recess,the Meiers invited Cullivan to eat Sunday dinner with theprisoner in his cell.
The opportunity to entertain his friend, play host as it were,delighted Perry, and the planning of the menu—wild goose,
stuffed and roasted, with gravy and creamed potatoes andstring beans, aspic salad, hot biscuits, cold milk, freshly
baked cherry tarts, cheese, and coffee—seemed toconcern him more than the outcome of the trial (which, to be
sure, he did not consider a suspenseful matter: “Those
prairiebillys, they’ll vote to hang fast as pigs eat slop. Lookat their eyes. I’ll be damned if I’m the only killer in the
courtroom”). All Sunday morning he prepared to receive hisguest. The day was warm, a little windy, and leaf shadows,
supple emanations from the tree boughs that brushed thecell’s barred window, tantalized Perry’s tamed squirrel. Big
Red chased the swaying patterns while his master swept
and dusted, scrubbed the floor and scoured the toilet andcleared the desk of literary accumulations. The desk was tobe the dining table, and once Perry had finished setting it, it
looked most inviting, for Mrs. Meier had donated a linen
tablecloth, starched napkins, and her best china and silver.
Cullivan was impressed—he whistled when the feast,
arriving on trays, was placed upon the table-and before
sitting down, he asked the host if he might offer a blessing.
The host, head unbowed, cracked his knuckles as Cullivan,
with bowed head and palms together, intoned, “Bless us, O
Lord, and these thy gifts which we are about to receive fromthy bounty, through the mercy of Christ, our Lord. Amen.”Perry murmuringly remarked that in his opinion any credit
due belonged to Mrs. Meier. “She did all the work. Well,” hesaid, heaping his guest’s plate, “it’s good to see you, Don.
You look just the same. Haven’t changed a bit.”
Cullivan, in appearance a cautious bank clerk with depleted
hair and a face rather difficult to recall, agreed that
outwardly he hadn’t changed much. But his interior self, theinvisible man, was another matter: “I was coasting along.
Not knowing God is the only reality. Once you realize that,then everything falls into place. Life has meaning—and sodoes death. Boy, do you always eat like this?”
Perry laughed. “She’s really a terrific cook, Mrs. Meier. You
ought to taste her Spanish rice. I’ve gained fifteen pounds
since I got here. Course I was on the thin side. I’d lost a lotof weight while Dick and me were out on the road riding all
to hell and gone—hardly ever eating a square meal, hungry
as hell most of the time. Mostly, we lived like animals. Dick
was always stealing canned stuff out of grocery stores.
Baked beans and canned spaghetti. We’d open it up in the
car and gobble it cold. Animals. Dick loves to steal. It’s anemotional thing with him—a sickness. I’m a thief too, but
only if I don’t have the money to pay. Dick, if he wascarrying a hundred dollars in his pocket, he’d steal a stickof chewing gum.”
Later, over cigarettes and coffee, Perry returned to thesubject of thievery. “My friend Willie-Jay used to talk aboutit. He used to say that all crimes were only ‘varieties oftheft.’ Murder included. When you kill a man you steal his
life. I guess that makes me a pretty big thief. See, Don—I
did kill them. Down there in court, old Dewey made it soundlike I was prevaricating—on account of Dick’s mother. Well,
I wasn’t. Dick helped me, he held the flashlight and pickedup the shells. And it was his idea, too. But Dick didn’t shootthem, he never could’ve—though he’s damn quick when it
comes to running down an old dog. I wonder why I did it.”He scowled, as though the problem was new to him, a
newly unearthed stone of surprising, unclassified color. “I
don’t know why,” he said, as if holding it to the light, andangling it now here, now there. “I was sore at Dick. The
tough brass boy. But it wasn’t Dick. Or the fear of being
identified. I was willing to take that gamble. And it wasn’t
because of anything the Clutters did. They never hurt me.
Like other people. Like people have all my life. Maybe it’s
just that the Clutters were the ones who had to pay for it.”
Cullivan probed, trying to gauge the depth of what heassumed would be Perry’s contrition. Surely he must be
experiencing a remorse sufficiently profound to summon adesire for God’s mercy and forgiveness? Perry said, “Am I
sorry? If that’s what you mean—I’m not. I don’t feel anything
about it. I wish I did. But nothing about it bothers me a bit.
Half an hour after it happened, Dick was making jokes and I
was laughing at them. Maybe we’re not human. I’m humanenough to feel sorry for myself. Sorry I can’t walk out of here
when you walk out. But that’s all.” Cullivan could scarcelycredit so detached an attitude; Perry was confused,
mistaken, it was not possible for any man to be that devoidof conscience or compassion. Perry said, “Why? Soldiers
don’t lose much sleep. They murder, and get medals fordoing it. The good people of Kansas want to murder me—
and some hangman will be glad to get the work. It’s easy tokill—a lot easier than passing a bad check. Just remember:
I only knew the Clutters maybe an hour. If I’d really known
them, I guess I’d feel different. I don’t think I could live withmyself. But the way it was, it was like picking off targets in ashooting gallery.”
Cullivan was silent, and his silence upset Perry, who
seemed to interpret it as implying disapproval. “Hell, Don,
don’t make me act the hypocrite with you. Throw a load ofbull—how sorry I am, how all I want to do now is crawl on myknees and pray. That stuff don’t ring with me. I can’t accept
overnight what I’ve always denied. The truth is, you’ve done
more for me than any what you call God ever has. Or everwill. By writing to me, by signing yourself ‘friend.’ When I
had no friends. Except Joe James.” Joe James, heexplained to Cullivan, was a young Indian logger with whom
he had once lived in a forest near Bellingham, Washington.
“That’s a long way from Garden City. A good two thousand
miles. I sent word to Joe about the trouble I’m in. Joe’s apoor guy, he’s got seven kids to feed, but he promised tocome here if he had to walk. He hasn’t shown up yet, andmaybe he won’t, only I think he will. Joe always liked me.
Do you, Don?”“Yes. I like you.”
Cullivan’s softly emphatic answer pleased and rather
flustered Perry. He smiled and said, “Then you must be
some kind of nut.” Suddenly rising, he crossed the cell andpicked up a broom. “I don’t know why I should die among
strangers. Let a bunch of prairiebillys stand around andwatch me strangle. Shit. I ought to kill myself first.” He lifted
the broom and pressed the bristles against the light bulbthat burned in the ceiling. “Just unscrew the bulb and smash
it and cut my wrists. That’s what I ought to do. While you’re
still here. Somebody who cares about me a little bit.”

The trial resumed on Monday morning at ten o’clock.
Ninety minutes later the court adjourned, the case for the
defense having been completed in that brief time. The
defendants declined to testify in their own behalf, andtherefore the question of whether Hickock or Smith had
been the actual executioner of the Clutter family did notarise.
Of the five witnesses who did appear, the first was thehollow-eyed Mr. Hickock. Though he spoke with a dignified
and mournful clarity, he had but one contribution to make

that was relevant to a claim of temporary insanity. His son,he said, had suffered head injuries in a car accident in July,
1950. Prior to the accident, Dick had been a “happy-golucky boy,” had done well in school, been popular with hisclassmates and considerate of his parents— “No trouble toanybody.”
Harrison Smith, gently guiding the witness, said, “I will ask
you if, after July, 1950, you observed any change in the
personality and habits and actions of your son, Richard?”“He just didn’t act like the same boy.”“What were the changes you observed?”
Mr. Hickock, between pensive hesitations, listed several:
Dick was sulky and restless, he ran around with older men,
drank and gambled. “He just wasn’t the same boy.”
The last assertion was promptly challenged by Logan
Green, who undertook the cross-examination. “Mr. Hickock,you say you never had any trouble with your son until after
1950?”“. . . I think he got arrested in 1949.”
A citric smile bent Green’s tiny lips. “Remember what he
was arrested for?”“He was accused of breaking into a drugstore.”“Accused? Didn’t he admit that he broke into the store?”“That’s right, he did.”“And that was in 1949. Yet now you tell us your son had achange in his attitude and conduct after 1950?”“I would say so, yes.”“You mean that after 1950 he became a good boy?”
Hard coughs agitated the old man; he spat into a
handkerchief. “No,” he said, studying the discharge. “Iwouldn’t say that.”“Then what was the change that took place?”“Well, that would be pretty hard to explain. He just didn’t act
like the same boy.”“You mean he lost his criminal tendencies?”
The lawyer’s sally induced guffaws, a courtroom flare-upthat Judge Tate’s dour gaze soon extinguished. Mr.
Hickock, presently set free, was replaced on the stand by
Dr. W. Mitchell Jones.
Dr. Jones identified himself to the court as a “physician
specializing in the field of psychiatry,” and in support of his
qualifications, added that he had attended perhaps fifteen

hundred patients since 1956, the year he had entered a
psychiatric residency at Topeka State Hospital in Topeka,
Kansas. For the past two years he had served on the staffof Larned State Hospital, where he was in charge of the
Dillon Building, a section reserved for the criminally insane.
Harrison Smith asked the witness, “Approximately how
many murderers have you dealt with?”“About twenty-five.”“Doctor, I would like to ask you if you know my client,
Richard Eugene Hickock?”“I do.”“Have you had occasion to examine him professionally?”“Yes, sir . . . I made a psychiatric evaluation of Mr. Hickock.”“Based upon your examination, do you have an opinion as
to whether or not Richard Eugene Hickock knew right fromwrong at the time of the commission of the crime?”
The witness, a stout man of twenty-eight with a moonshaped but intelligent, subtly delicate face, took a deep
breath, as though to equip himself for a prolonged reply—
which the judge then cautioned him he must not make: “Youmay answer the question yes or no, Doctor. Limit youranswer to yes or no.”“Yes.”“And what is your opinion?”“I think that within the usual definitions Mr. Hickock did know
right from wrong.”
Confined as he was by the M’Naghten Rule (“the usual
definitions”), a formula quite color-blind to any gradations
between black and white, Dr. Jones was impotent toanswer otherwise. But of course the response was aletdown for Hickock’s attorney, who hopelessly asked, “Can
you qualify that answer?”
It was hopeless because though Dr. Jones agreed toelaborate, the prosecution was entitled to object—and did,citing the fact that Kansas law allowed nothing more than ayes or no reply to the pertinent question. The objection was
upheld, and the witness dismissed. However, had Dr.
Jones been allowed to speak further, here is what he would
have testified: “Richard Hickock is above average in
intelligence, grasps new ideas easily and has a wide fundof information. He is alert to what is happening around him,
and he shows no sign of mental confusion or disorientation.
His thinking is well organized and logical and he seems to
be in good contact with reality. Although I did not find theusual signs of organic brain damage—memory loss,
concrete concept formation, intellectual deterioration—thiscannot be completely ruled out. He had a serious head

injury with concussion and several hours ofunconsciousness in 1950—this was verified by me bychecking hospital records. He says he has had blackout
spells, periods of amnesia, and headaches ever since thattime, and a major portion of his antisocial behavior has
occurred since that time. He has never had the medical
tests which would definitely prove or disprove the existenceof residual brain damage. Definitive medical tests areindicated before a complete evaluation can be said toexist. . . . Hickock does show signs of emotional
abnormality. That he knew what he was doing and still went
ahead with it is possibly the most clear-cut demonstrationof this fact. He is a person who is impulsive in action, likely
to do things without thought of consequences or future
discomfort to himself or to others. He does not seem to becapable of learning from experience, and he shows anunusual pattern of intermittent periods of productive activity
followed by patently irresponsible actions. He cannot
tolerate feelings of frustration as a more normal person
can, and he is poorly able to rid himself of those feelings
except through antisocial activity. . . . His self-esteem isvery low, and he secretly feels inferior to others and sexually
inadequate. These feelings seem to be over-compensatedfor by dreams of being rich and powerful, a tendency tobrag about his exploits, spending sprees when he has
money, and dissatisfaction with only the normal slow
advancement he could expect from his job. . . . He is
uncomfortable in his relationships to other people, and has
a pathological inability to form and hold enduring personal

attachments. Although he professes usual moral standards
he seems obviously uninfluenced by them in his actions. In
summary, he shows fairly typical characteristics of what
would psychiatrically be called a severe character disorder.
It is important that steps be taken to rule out the possibilityof organic brain damage, since, if present, it might havesubstantially influenced his behavior during the past several
years and at the time of the crime.”
Aside from a formal plea to the jury, which would not takeplace until the morrow, the psychiatrist’s testimony
terminated Hickock’s planned defense. Next it was the turnof Arthur Fleming, Smith’s elderly counselor. He presented
four witnesses: the Reverend James E. Post, theProtestant chaplain at Kansas State Penitentiary; Perry’s
Indian friend, Joe James, who after all had arrived by bus
that morning, having traveled a day and two nights from his
wilderness home in the Far Northwest; Donald Cullivan;
and, once again, Dr. Jones. Except for the latter, these men
were offered as “character witnesses”—persons expected
to attribute to the accused a few human virtues. They did
not fare very well, though each of them negotiated someskimpily favorable remark before the protestingprosecution, which contended that personal comments ofthis nature were “incompetent, irrelevant, immaterial,”
hushed and banished them.
For example, Joe James, dark-haired, even darkerskinned than Perry, a lithe figure who with his fadedhuntsman’s shirt and moccasined feet looked as though he
had that instant mysteriously emerged from woodland
shadows, told the court that the defendant had lived withhim off and on for over two years. “Perry was a likable kid,well liked around the neighborhood—he never done one
thing out of the way to my knowledge.” The state stopped
him there; and stopped Cullivan, too, when he said, “During
the time I knew him in the Army, Perry was a very likable
fellow.”
The Reverend Post survived somewhat longer, for he madeno direct attempt to compliment the prisoner, but describedsympathetically an encounter with him at Lansing. “I first
met Perry Smith when he came to my office in the prison
chapel with a picture he had painted—a head-andshoulders portrait of Jesus Christ done in pastel crayon. He
wanted to give it to me for use in the chapel. It’s beenhanging on the walls of my office ever since.”
Fleming said, “Do you have a photograph of that painting?”
The minister had an envelope full; but when he produced
them, ostensibly for distribution among the jurors, an
exasperated Logan Green leaped to his feet: “If Your Honor
please, this is going too far . . .” His Honor saw that it went
no further.
Dr. Jones was now recalled, and following the preliminaries
that had accompanied his original appearance, Fleming
put to him the crucial query: “From your conversations andexamination of Perry Edward Smith, do you have an
opinion as to whether he knew right from wrong at the timeof the offense involved in this action?” And once more thecourt admonished the witness: “Answer yes or no, do you
have an opinion?”“No.”
Amid surprised mutters, Fleming, surprised himself, said,“You may state to the jury why you have no opinion.”
Green objected: “The man has no opinion, and that’s it.”Which it was, legally speaking.
But had Dr. Jones been permitted to discourse on thecause of his indecision, he would have testified: “Perry
Smith shows definite signs of severe mental illness. His
childhood, related to me and verified by portions of theprison records, was marked by brutality and lack of concern
on the part of both parents. He seems to have grown up
without direction, without love, and without ever having
absorbed any fixed sense of moral values. . . . He isoriented, hyperalert to things going on about him, andshows no sign of confusion. He is above average in
intelligence, and has a good range of informationconsidering his poor educational background. . . . Two
features in his personality make-up stand out as particularly
pathological. The first is his ‘paranoid’ orientation toward
the world. He is suspicious and distrustful of others, tends

to feel that others discriminate against him, and feels that
others are unfair to him and do not understand him. He isoverly sensitive to criticisms that others make of him, andcannot tolerate being made fun of. He is quick to senseslight or insult in things others say, and frequently may
misinterpret well-meant communications. He feels he has
great need of friendship and understanding, but he isreluctant to confide in others, and when he does, expects tobe misunderstood or even betrayed. In evaluating theintentions and feelings of others, his ability to separate thereal situation from his own mental projections is very poor.
He not infrequently groups all people together as being
hypocritical, hostile, and deserving of whatever he is able to
do to them. Akin to this first trait is the second, an everpresent, poorly controlled rage—easily triggered by any
feeling of being tricked, slighted, or labeled inferior byothers. For the most part, his rages in the past have been
directed at authority figures—father, brother, Armysergeant, state parole officer—and have led to violent
assaultive behavior on several occasions. Both he and his
acquaintances have been aware of these rages, which hesays ‘mount up’ in him, and of the poor control he has overthem. When turned toward himself his anger has
precipitated ideas of suicide. The inappropriate force of hisanger and lack of ability to control or channel it reflect a
primary weakness of personality structure. . . . In addition tothese traits, the subject shows mild early signs of adisorder of his thought processes. He has poor ability toorganize his thinking, he seems unable to scan orsummarize his thought, becoming involved and sometimes
lost in detail, and some of his thinking reflects a ‘magical’quality, a disregard of reality. . . . He has had few close
emotional relationships with other people, and these havenot been able to stand small crises. He has little feeling forothers outside a very small circle of friends, and attaches
little real value to human life. This emotional detachment
and blandness in certain areas is other evidence of his
mental abnormality. More extensive evaluation would benecessary to make an exact psychiatric diagnosis, but his
present personality structure is very nearly that of aparanoid schizophrenic reaction.”
It is significant that a widely respected veteran in the field of
forensic psychiatry, Dr. Joseph Satten of the Menninger
Clinic in Topeka, Kansas, consulted with Dr. Jones andendorsed his evaluations of Hickock and Smith. Dr. Satten,
who afterward gave the case close attention, suggests thatthough the crime would not have occurred except for acertain frictional interplay between the perpetrators, it wasessentially the act of Perry Smith, who, he feels, representsa type of murderer described by him in an article: “Murder
Without Apparent Motive—A Study in Personality
Disorganization.”
The article, printed in The American Journal of Psychiatry(July, 1960), and written in collaboration with threecolleagues, Karl Menninger, Irwin Rosen, and Martin
Mayman, states its aim at the outset: “In attempting toassess the criminal responsibility of murderers, the lawtries to divide them (as it does all offenders) into twogroups, the ‘sane’ and the ‘insane.’ The ‘sane’ murderer isthought of as acting upon rational motives that can beunderstood, though condemned, and the ‘insane’ one as
being driven by irrational senseless motives. When rational
motives are conspicuous (for example, when a man kills for
personal gain) or when the irrational motives areaccompanied by delusions or hallucinations (for example, aparanoid patient who kills his fantasied persecutor), thesituation presents little problem to the psychiatrist. But
murderers who seem rational, coherent, and controlled, andyet whose homicidal acts have a bizarre, apparently
senseless quality, pose a difficult problem, if courtroom
disagreements and contradictory reports about the sameoffender are an index. It is our thesis that thepsychopathology of such murderers forms at least one
specific syndrome which we shall describe. In general,these individuals are predisposed to severe lapses in egocontrol which makes possible the open expression ofprimitive violence, born out of previous, and now
unconscious, traumatic experiences.”
The authors, as part of an appeals process, had examined
four men convicted of seemingly unmotivated murders. All
had been examined prior to their trials, and found to be“without psychosis” and “sane.” Three of the men were
under death sentence, and the fourth was serving a long
prison sentence. In each of these cases, further psychiatricinvestigation had been requested because someone—
either the lawyer, a relative, or a friend—was dissatisfied
with the psychiatric explanations previously given, and in
effect had asked, “How can a person as sane as this man
seems to be commit an act as crazy as the one he wasconvicted of?” After describing the four criminals and theircrimes (a Negro soldier who mutilated and dismembered a
prostitute, a laborer who strangled a fourteen-year-old boy
when the boy rejected his sexual advances, an Armycorporal who bludgeoned to death another young boy
because he imagined the victim was making fun of him,
and a hospital employee who drowned a girl of nine byholding her head under water), the authors surveyed theareas of similarity. The men themselves, they wrote, werepuzzled as to why they killed their victims, who wererelatively unknown to them, and in each instance themurderer appears to have lapsed into a dreamlike
dissociative trance from which he awakened to “suddenly
discover” himself assaulting his victim. “The most uniform,
and perhaps the most significant, historical finding was along-standing, sometimes lifelong, history of erratic control
over aggressive impulses. For example, three of the men,throughout their lives, had been frequently involved in fights
which were not ordinary altercations, and which would havebecome homicidal assaults if not stopped by others.”
Here, in excerpt, are a number of other observations
contained in the study: “Despite the violence in their lives,
all of the men had ego-images of themselves as physicallyinferior, weak, and inadequate. The histories revealed ineach a severe degree of sexual inhibition. To all of them,
adult women were threatening creatures, and in two cases
there was overt sexual perversion. All of them, too, hadbeen concerned throughout their early years about being
considered ‘sissies,’ physically undersized or sickly. . . . In
all four cases, there was historical evidence of alteredstates of consciousness, frequently in connection with theoutbursts of violence. Two of the men reported severe
dissociative trancelike states during which violent andbizarre behavior was seen, while the other two reported
less severe, and perhaps less well-organized, amnesiac
episodes. During moments of actual violence, they often felt
separated or isolated from themselves, as if they werewatching someone else. . . . Also seen in the historicalbackground of all the cases was the occurrence of extreme
parental violence during childhood. . . . One man said hewas ‘whipped every time I turned around.’ . . . Another of themen had many violent beatings in order to ‘break’ him of
his stammering and ‘fits,’ as well as to correct him for his
allegedly ‘bad’ behavior. . . . The history relating to extreme
violence, whether fantasied, observed in reality, or actuallyexperienced by the child, fits in with the psychoanalytic
hypothesis that the child’s exposure to overwhelming
stimuli, before he can master them, is closely linked to early
defects in ego formation and later severe disturbances in
impulse control. In all of these cases, there was evidence ofsevere emotional deprivation in early life. This deprivation
may have involved prolonged or recurrent absence of one

or both parents, a chaotic family life in which the parents
were unknown, or an outright rejection of the child by one orboth parents with the child being raised by others. . . .
Evidence of disturbances in affect organization was seen.
Most typically the men displayed a tendency not toexperience anger or rage in association with violent
aggressive action. None reported feelings of rage inconnection with the murders, nor did they experience anger
in any strong or pronounced way, although each of themwas capable of enormous and brutal aggression. . . . Theirrelationships with others were of a shallow, cold nature,lending a quality of loneliness and isolation to these men.
People were scarcely real to them, in the sense of being
warmly or positively (or even angrily) felt about. . . . The
three men under sentence of death had shallow emotions
regarding their own fate and that of their victims. Guilt,
depression, and remorse were strikingly absent. . . . Suchindividuals can be considered to be murder-prone in thesense of either carrying a surcharge of aggressive energy
or having an unstable ego defense system that periodicallyallows the naked and archaic expression of such energy.
The murderous potential can become activated, especially
if some disequilibrium is already present, when the victimto-be is unconsciously perceived as a key figure in somepast traumatic configuration. The behavior, or even themere presence, of this figure adds a stress to the unstablebalance of forces that results in a sudden extreme
discharge of violence, similar to the explosion that takes
place when a percussion cap ignites a charge ofdynamite. . . . The hypothesis of unconscious motivation
explains why the murderers perceived innocuous andrelatively unknown victims as provocative and thereby
suitable targets for aggression. But why murder? Most
people, fortunately, do not respond with murderous
outbursts even under extreme provocation. The cases
described, on the other hand, were predisposed to grosslapses in reality contact and extreme weakness in impulse
control during periods of heightened tension anddisorganization. At such times, a chance acquaintance oreven a stranger was easily able to lose his ‘real’ meaning
and assume an identity in the unconscious traumaticconfiguration. The ‘old’ conflict was reactivated andaggression swiftly mounted to murderous proportions. . . .
When such senseless murders occur, they are seen to be
an end result of a period of increasing tension anddisorganization in the murderer starting before the contact
with the victim who, by fitting into the unconscious conflictsof the murderer, unwittingly serves to set into motion his
homicidal potential.”
Because of the many parallels between the backgroundand personality of Perry Smith and the subjects of his study,
Dr. Satten feels secure in assigning him to a position
among their ranks. Moreover, the circumstances of thecrime seem to him to fit exactly the concept of “murder
without apparent motive.” Obviously, three of the murders
Smith committed were logically motivated—Nancy, Kenyon,
and their mother had to be killed because Mr. Clutter hadbeen killed. But it is Dr. Satten’s contention that only the
first murder matters psychologically, and that when Smithattacked Mr. Clutter he was under a mental eclipse, deep
inside a schizophrenic darkness, for it was not entirely aflesh-and-blood man he “suddenly discovered” himself
destroying, but “a key figure in some past traumaticconfiguration”: his father? the orphanage nuns who had
derided and beaten him? the hated Army sergeant? theparole officer who had ordered him to “stay out of Kansas”?
One of them, or all of them.
In his confession, Smith said, “I didn’t want to harm theman. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Softspoken. I
thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat.” While
talking to Donald Cullivan, Smith said, “They [the Clutters]
never hurt me. Like other people. Like people have all mylife. Maybe it’s just that the Clutters were the ones who had
to pay for it.”
So it would appear that by independent paths, both theprofessional and the amateur analyst reached conclusions
not dissimilar.

The aristocracy of Finney County had snubbed the trial. “It
doesn’t do,” announced the wife of one rich rancher, “toseem curious about that sort of thing.” Nevertheless, thetrial’s last session found a fair segment of the local
Establishment seated alongside the plainer citizenry. Their
presence was a courteous gesture toward Judge Tate andLogan Green, esteemed members of their own order. Also,a large contingent of out-of-town lawyers, many of whom
had journeyed great distances, filled several benches;
specifically, they were on hand to hear Green’s final
address to the jury. Green, a suavely tough little
septuagenarian, has an imposing reputation among his
peers, who admire his stagecraft—a repertoire of actorish
gifts that includes a sense of timing acute as a night-club
comedian’s. An expert criminal lawyer, his usual role is thatof defender, but in this instance the state had retained him
as a special assistant to Duane West, for it was felt that the
young county attorney was too unseasoned to prosecutethe case without experienced support.
But like most star turns, Green was the last act on the
program. Judge Tate’s level-headed instructions to the jury
preceded him, as did the county attorney’s summation:“Can there be a single doubt in your minds regarding theguilt of these defendants? No! Regardless of who pulled
the trigger on Richard Eugene Hickock’s shotgun, both
men are equally guilty. There is only one way to assure thatthese men will never again roam the towns and cities of thisland. We request the maximum penalty—death. This
request is made not in vengeance, but in all
humbleness. . . .”

Then the pleas of the defense attorneys had to be heard.
Fleming’s speech, described by one journalist as “soft-sell,”amounted to a mild churchly sermon: “Man is not an animal.
He has a body, and he has a soul that lives forever. I don’t
believe man has the right to destroy that house, a temple, inwhich the soul dwells. . . .” Harrison Smith, though he too
appealed to the jurors’ presumed Christianity, took as his
main theme the evils of capital punishment: “It is a relic of
human barbarism. The law tells us that the taking of humanlife is wrong, then goes ahead and sets the example. Whichis almost as wicked as the crime it punished. The state hasno right to inflict it. It isn’t effective. It doesn’t deter crime,
but merely cheapens human life and gives rise to moremurders. All we ask is mercy. Surely life imprisonment issmall mercy to ask. . . .” Not everyone was attentive; one
juror, as though poisoned by the numerous spring-fever
yawns weighting the air, sat with drugged eyes and jaws soutterly ajar bees could have buzzed in and out.
Green woke them up. “Gentlemen,” he said, speaking
without notes, “you have just heard two energetic pleas formercy in behalf of the defendants. It seems to me fortunatethat these admirable attorneys, Mr. Fleming and Mr. Smith,
were not at the Clutter house that fateful night—very
fortunate for them that they were not present to plead mercy
for the doomed family. Because had they been there—well,come next morning we would have had more than four
corpses to count.”As a boy in his native Kentucky, Green was called Pinky, anickname he owed to his freckled coloring; now, as hestrutted before the jury, the stress of his assignment
warmed his face and splotched it with patches of pink. “Ihave no intention of engaging in theological debate. But I
anticipated that defense counsel would use the Holy Bible
as an argument against the death penalty. You have heard
the Bible quoted. But I can read, too.” He slapped open a
copy of the Old Testament. “And here are a few things theGood Book has to say on the subject. In Exodus Twenty,
Verse Thirteen, we have one of the Ten Commandments:‘Thou shalt not kill.’ This refers to unlawful killing. Of course
it does, because in the next chapter, Verse Twelve, thepenalty for disobedience of that Commandment reads: ‘He
that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put todeath.’ Now, Mr. Fleming would have you believe that all
this was changed by the coming of Christ. Not so. For
Christ says, ‘Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or
the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.’ And
finally—” Green fumbled, and seemed to accidentally shutthe Bible, whereupon the visiting legal dignitaries grinned
and nudged each other, for this was a venerable courtroom
ploy—the lawyer who while reading from the Scriptures
pretends to lose his place, and then remarks, as Green
now did, “Never mind. I think I can quote from memory.
Genesis Nine, Verse Six: ‘Whoso sheddeth man’s blood,by man shall his blood be shed.’

“But,” Green went on, “I see nothing to be gained by arguingthe Bible. Our state provides that the punishment for murderin the first degree shall be imprisonment for life or death byhanging. That is the law. You, gentlemen, are here to
enforce it. And if ever there was a case in which the
maximum penalty was justified, this is it. These were
strange, ferocious murders. Four of your fellow citizens
were slaughtered like hogs in a pen. And for what reason?
Not out of vengeance or hatred. But for money. Money. It
was the cold and calculated weighing of so many ounces ofsilver against so many ounces of blood. And how cheaply
those lives were bought! For forty dollars’ worth of loot! Tendollars a life!” He whirled, and pointed a finger that moved
back and forth between Hickock and Smith. “They went
armed with a shotgun and a dagger. They went to rob andkill—” His voice trembled, toppled, disappeared, as thoughstrangled by the intensity of his own loathing for thedebonair, gum-chewing defendants. Turning again to thejury, he hoarsely asked, “What are you going to do? What
are you going to do with these men that bind a man handand foot and cut his throat and blow out his brains? Givethem the minimum penalty? Yes, and that’s only one of four
counts. What about Kenyon Clutter, a young boy with hiswhole life before him, tied helplessly in sight of his father’s
death struggle. Or young Nancy Clutter, hearing thegunshots and knowing her time was next. Nancy, begging
for her life: ‘Don’t. Oh, please don’t. Please. Please.’ Whatagony! What unspeakable torture! And there remains themother, bound and gagged and having to listen as herhusband, her beloved children died one by one. Listen untilat last the killers, these defendants before you, entered herroom, focused a flashlight in her eyes, and let the blast of a
shotgun end the existence of an entire household.”
Pausing, Green gingerly touched a boil on the back of hisneck, a mature inflammation that seemed, like its angry
wearer, about to burst. “So, gentlemen, what are you goingto do? Give them the minimum? Send them back to thepenitentiary, and take the chance of their escaping or being
paroled? The next time they go slaughtering it may be yourfamily. I say to you,” he solemnly said, staring at the panel ina manner that encompassed and challenged them all,“some of our enormous crimes only happen because once
upon a time a pack of chickenhearted jurors refused to dotheir duty. Now, gentlemen, I leave it to you and yourconsciences.”
He sat down. West whispered to him, “That was masterly,
sir.”
But a few of Green’s auditors were less enthusiastic; andafter the jury retired to discuss the verdict, one of them, ayoung reporter from Oklahoma, exchanged sharp words
with another newsman, Richard Parr of the Kansas City
Star. To the Oklahoman, Green’s address had seemed“rabble-rousing, brutal.”“He was just telling the truth,” Parr said. “The truth can bebrutal. To coin a phrase.”“But he didn’t have to hit that hard. It’s unfair.”“What’s unfair?”“The whole trial. These guys don’t stand a chance.”“Fat chance they gave Nancy Clutter.”“Perry Smith. My God. He’s had such a rotten life—”
Parr said, “Many a man can match sob stories with that little
bastard. Me included. Maybe I drink too much, but I sure ashell never killed four people in cold blood.”“Yeah, and how about hanging the bastard? That’s pretty
goddam cold-blooded too.”
The Reverend Post, overhearing the conversation, joined
in. “Well,” he said, passing around a snapshot reproductionof Perry Smith’s portrait of Jesus, “any man who could paintthis picture can’t be one hundred percent bad. All the same
it’s hard to know what to do. Capital punishment is noanswer: it doesn’t give the sinner time enough to come toGod. Sometimes I despair.” A jovial fellow with gold-filled
teeth and a silvery widows peak, he jovially repeated,“Sometimes I despair. Sometimes I think old Doc Savage
had the right idea.” The Doc Savage to whom he referred
was a fictional hero popular among adolescent readers ofpulp magazines a generation ago. “If you boys remember,
Doc Savage was a kind of superman. He’d made himself
proficient in every field—medicine, science, philosophy, art.
There wasn’t much old Doc didn’t know or couldn’t do. Oneof his projects was, he decided to rid the world of criminals.
First he bought a big island out in the ocean. Then he andhis assistants—he had an army of trained assistants—
kidnaped all the world’s criminals and brought them to theisland. And Doc Savage operated on their brains. He
removed the part that holds wicked thoughts. And when
they recovered they were all decent citizens. They couldn’t
commit crimes because that part of their brain was out.
Now it strikes me that surgery of this nature might really be
the answer to—”A bell, the signal that the jury was returning, interrupted him.
The jury’s deliberations had lasted forty minutes. Many
spectators, anticipating a swift decision, had never left theirseats. Judge Tate, however, had to be fetched from his
farm, where he had gone to feed his horses. A hurriedly
donned black robe billowed about him when at last hearrived, but it was with impressive sedateness and dignitythat he asked, “Gentlemen of the jury, have you reached
your verdicts?” Their foreman replied: “We have, Your
Honor.” The court bailiff carried the sealed verdicts to thebench.
Train whistles, the fanfare of an approaching Santa Fe
express, penetrated the courtroom. Tate’s bass voiceinterlaced with the locomotive’s cries as he read: “ ‘Count
One. We the jury find the defendant, Richard Eugene
Hickock, guilty of murder in the first degree, and thepunishment is death.’ ” Then, as though interested in theirreaction, he looked down upon the prisoners, who stood
before him handcuffed to guards; they stared backimpassively until he resumed and read the seven counts
that followed: three more convictions for Hickock, and four
for Smith.
“—and the punishment is death”; each time he came to thesentence, Tate enunciated it with a dark-toned hollowness
that seemed to echo the train’s mournful, now fading call.
Then he dismissed the jury (“You have performed a
courageous service”), and the condemned men were led
away. At the door, Smith said to Hickock, “No chickenhearted jurors, they!” They both laughed loudly, and acameraman photographed them. The picture appeared in a
Kansas paper above a caption entitled: “The Last Laugh?”

A week later Mrs. Meier was sitting in her parlor talking to afriend. “Yes, it’s turned quiet around here,” she said. “Iguess we ought to be grateful things have settled down. But
I still feel bad about it. I never had much truck with Dick, but
Perry and I got to know each other real well. That afternoon,

after he heard the verdict and they brought him back up
here—I shut myself in the kitchen to keep from having tosee him. I sat by the kitchen window and watched the crowd
leaving the courthouse. Mr. Cullivan—he looked up andsaw me and waved. The Hickocks. All going away. Just thismorning I had a lovely letter from Mrs. Hickock; she visited
with me several times while the trial was going on, and I
wished I could have helped her, only what can you say tosomeone in a situation like that? But after everybody had
gone, and I’d started to wash some dishes—I heard him
crying. I turned on the radio. Not to hear him. But I could.
Crying like a child. He’d never broke down before, shown
any sign of it. Well, I went to him. The door of his cell. He
reached out his hand. He wanted me to hold his hand, and I
did, I held his hand, and all he said was, ‘I’m embraced byshame.’ I wanted to send for Father Goubeaux—I said firstthing tomorrow I’d make him Spanish rice—but he just held
my hand tighter.
“And that night, of all nights, we had to leave him alone.
Wendle and I almost never go out, but we had a longstanding engagement, and Wendle didn’t think we ought tobreak it. But I’ll always be sorry we left him alone. Next day I
did fix the rice. He wouldn’t touch it. Or hardly speak to me.
He hated the whole world. But the morning the men came totake him to the penitentiary, he thanked me and gave me a
picture of himself. A little Kodak made when he was sixteen
years old. He said it was how he wanted me to remember
him, like the boy in the picture.

“The bad part was saying goodbye. When you knew where
he was going, and what would happen to him. That squirrelof his, he sure misses Perry. Keeps coming to the cell
looking for him. I’ve tried to feed him, but he won’t haveanything to do with me. It was just Perry he liked.”

Prisons are important to the economy of LeavenworthCounty, Kansas. The two state penitentiaries, one for eachsex, are situated there; so is Leavenworth, the largest
Federal prison, and, at Fort Leavenworth, the country’s
principal military prison, the grim United States Army and
Air Force Disciplinary Barracks. If all the inmates in these
institutions were let free, they could populate a small city.
The oldest of the prisons is the Kansas State Penitentiaryfor Men, a turreted black-and-white palace that visually
distinguishes an otherwise ordinary rural town, Lansing.
Built during the Civil War, it received its first resident in1864. Nowadays the convict population averages around
two thousand; the present warden, Sherman H. Crouse,keeps a chart which lists the daily total according to race(for example, White 1405, Colored 360, Mexicans 12,
Indians 6). Whatever his race, each convict is a citizen of astony village that exists within the prison’s steep, machine-gun-guarded walls—twelve gray acres of cement streetsand cell blocks and workshops.
In a south section of the prison compound there stands acurious little building: a dark two-storied building shaped
like a coffin. This establishment, officially called theSegregation and Isolation Building, constitutes a prison
inside a prison. Among the inmates, the lower floor is
known as The Hole—the place to which difficult prisoners,
the “hardrock” troublemakers, are now and then banished.
The upper story is reached by climbing a circular ironstaircase; at the top is Death Row.
The first time the Clutter murderers ascended the staircase
was late one rainy April afternoon. Having arrived atLansing after an eight-hour, four-hundred-mile car ride from
Garden City, the newcomers had been stripped, showered,given close haircuts, and supplied with coarse denim
uniforms and soft slippers (in most American prisons suchslippers are a condemned man’s customary footwear); thenarmed escorts marched them through a wet twilight to thecoffin-shaped edifice, hustled them up the spiral stairs andinto two of the twelve side-by-side cells that comprise
Lansing’s Death Row.
The cells are identical. They measure seven by ten feet,
and are unfurnished except for a cot, a toilet, a basin, andan overhead light bulb that is never extinguished night orday. The cell windows are very narrow, and not only barredbut covered with a wire mesh black as a widow’s veil; thus
the faces of those sentenced to hang can be but hazily
discerned by passers-by. The doomed themselves can see
out well enough; what they see is an empty dirt lot thatserves in summer as a baseball diamond, beyond the lot apiece of prison wall, and above that, a piece of sky.
The wall is made of rough stone; pigeons nest inside its
crevices. A rusty iron door, set into the part of the wall
visible to the Row’s occupants, rouses the pigeons
whenever it is opened, puts them in a flap, for the hinges
creak so, scream. The door leads into a cavernous storage
room, where on even the warmest day the air is moist andchilly. A number of things are kept there: stockpiles of metal
used by the convicts to manufacture automobile license
plates, lumber, old machinery, baseball paraphernalia—
and also an unpainted wooden gallows that smells faintly ofpine. For this is the state’s execution chamber; when a man
is brought here to be hanged, the prisoners say he has“gone to The Corner,” or, alternatively, “paid a visit to thewarehouse.”
In accordance with the sentence of the court, Smith andHickock were scheduled to visit the warehouse six weeks
hence: at one minute after midnight on Friday, May 13,
1960.

Kansas abolished capital punishment in 1907; in 1935,
due to a sudden prevalence in the Midwest of rampaging
professional criminals (Alvin “Old Creepy” Karpis, Charles“Pretty Boy” Floyd, Clyde Barrow and his homicidal
sweetheart, Bonnie Parker), the state legislators voted torestore it. However, it was not until 1944 that an executioner
had a chance to employ his craft; over the next ten years he
was given nine additional opportunities. But for six years, or
since 1954, there had been no pay checks for a hangman
in Kansas (except at the Army and Air Force Disciplinary
Barracks, which also has a gallows). The late George
Docking, Governor of Kansas from 1957 through 1960,
was responsible for this hiatus, for he was unreservedly
opposed to the death penalty (“I just don’t like killing
people”).
Now, at that time—April, 1960—there were in UnitedStates prisons one hundred and ninety persons awaiting
civil execution; five, the Clutter killers included, were among
the lodgers at Lansing. Occasionally, important visitors to
the prison are invited to take what one high official calls “alittle peek at Death Row.” Those who accept are assigned
a guard who, as he leads the tourist along the iron walkway
fronting the death cells, is likely to identify the condemnedwith what he must consider comic formality. “And this,” hesaid to a visitor in 1960, “this is Mr. Perry Edward Smith.
Now next door, that’s Mr. Smith’s buddy, Mr. Richard

Eugene Hickock. And over here we have Mr. Earl Wilson.
And after Mr. Wilson—meet Mr. Bobby Joe Spencer. And
as for this last gentleman, I’m sure you recognize thefamous Mr. Lowell Lee Andrews.”
Earl Wilson, a husky, hymn-singing Negro, had beensentenced to die for the kidnaping, rape, and torture of ayoung white woman; the victim, though she survived, wasleft severely disabled. Bobby Joe Spencer, white, aneffeminate youth, had confessed to murdering an elderly
Kansas City woman, the owner of a rooming house where
he lived. Prior to leaving office in January, 1961, Governor
Docking, who had been defeated for re-election (in large
measure because of his attitude toward capital
punishment), commuted the sentences of both these men
to life imprisonment, which generally meant that they could
apply for parole in seven years. However, Bobby Joe
Spencer soon killed again: stabbed with a shiv anotheryoung convict, his rival for the affections of an older inmate(as one prison officer said, “Just two punks fighting over ajocker”). This deed earned Spencer a second life sentence.
But the public was not much aware of either Wilson or
Spencer; compared to Smith and Hickock, or the fifth manon the Row, Lowell Lee Andrews, the press had rather
slighted them.
Two years earlier Lowell Lee Andrews, an enormous,
weak-eyed boy of eighteen who wore horn-rimmed glasses
and weighed almost three hundred pounds, had been asophomore at the University of Kansas, an honor student
majoring in biology. Though he was a solitary creature,
withdrawn and seldom communicative, his acquaintances,both at the university and in his home town of Wolcott,Kansas, regarded him as exceptionally gentle and “sweetnatured” (later one Kansas paper printed an article about
him entitled: “The Nicest Boy in Wolcott”). But inside thequiet young scholar there existed a second, unsuspected
personality, one with stunted emotions and a distorted mind
through which cold thoughts flowed in cruel directions. His
family—his parents and a slightly older sister, Jennie
Marie-would have been astounded had they known the
daydreams Lowell Lee dreamed throughout the summer
and autumn of 1958; the brilliant son, the adored brother,was planning to poison them all.
The elder Andrews was a prosperous farmer; he had notmuch money in the bank, but he owned land valued at
approximately two hundred thousand dollars. A desire toinherit this estate was ostensibly the motivation behind
Lowell Lee’s plot to destroy his family. For the secret Lowell
Lee, the one concealed inside the shy churchgoing biology
student, fancied himself an ice-hearted master criminal: hewanted to wear gangsterish silk shirts and drive scarlet
sports cars; he wanted to be recognized as no mere
bespectacled, bookish, overweight, virginal schoolboy; andwhile he did not dislike any member of his family, at least
not consciously, murdering them seemed the swiftest, mostsensible way of implementing the fantasies that possessedhim. Arsenic was the weapon he decided upon; after
poisoning the victims, he meant to tuck them in their beds
and burn down the house, in the hope that investigators
would believe the deaths accidental. However, one detail
perturbed him: suppose autopsies revealed the presenceof arsenic? And suppose the purchase of the poison could
be traced to him? Toward the end of summer he evolved
another plan. He spent three months polishing it. Finally,
there came a near-zero November night when he wasready to act.
It was Thanksgiving week, and Lowell Lee was home forthe holidays, as was Jennie Marie, an intelligent but rather
plain girl who attended a college in Oklahoma. On theevening of November 28, somewhere around seven,Jennie Marie was sitting with her parents in the parlor
watching television; Lowell Lee was locked in his bedroom
reading the last chapter of The Brothers Karamazov. Thattask completed, he shaved, changed into his best suit, andproceeded to load both a semi-automatic .22-caliber rifle
and a Ruger .22-caliber revolver. He fitted the revolver intoa hip holster, shouldered the rifle, and ambled down a hallto the parlor, which was dark except for the flickering
television screen. He switched on a light, aimed the rifle,
pulled the trigger, and hit his sister between the eyes, killing
her instantly. He shot his mother three times, and his father
twice. The mother, eyes gaping, arms outstretched,staggered toward him; she tried to speak, her mouth
opened, closed, but Lowell Lee said: “Shut up.” To becertain she obeyed him, he shot her three times more. Mr.
Andrews, however, was still alive; sobbing, whimpering, hethrashed along the floor toward the kitchen, but at the
kitchen’s threshold the son unholstered his revolver anddischarged every chamber, then reloaded the weapon andemptied it again; altogether, his father absorbed seventeen
bullets.
Andrews, according to statements credited to him, “didn’t
feel anything about it. The time came, and I was doing what
I had to do. That’s all there was to it.” After the shootings heraised a window in his bedroom and removed the screen,
then roamed the house rifling dresser drawers andscattering the contents: it was his intention to blame thecrime on thieves. Later, driving his father’s car, he traveled
forty miles over snow-slippery roads to Lawrence, the town
where the University of Kansas is located; en route, heparked on a bridge, dismantled his lethal artillery, anddisposed of it by dropping the parts into the Kansas River.
But of course the journey’s true purpose was to arrange analibi. First he stopped at the campus house where heroomed; he talked with the landlady, told her that he hadcome to pick up his typewriter, and that because of the badweather the trip from Wolcott to Lawrence had taken twohours. Departing, he visited a movie theater, where,uncharacteristically, he chatted with an usher and a candy
vendor. At eleven, when the movie let out, he returned to
Wolcott. The family’s mongrel dog was waiting on the front
porch; it was whining with hunger, so Lowell Lee, entering

the house and stepping across his father’s corpse,
prepared a bowl of warm milk and mush; then, while thedog was lapping it up, he telephoned the sheriff’s office andsaid, “My name is Lowell Lee Andrews. I live at 6040
Wolcott Drive, and I want to report a robbery—”
Four officers of the Wyandotte County Sheriff’s Patrol
responded. One of the group, Patrolman Meyers,described the scene as follows: “Well, it was one in themorning when we got there. All the lights in the house wason. And this big dark-haired boy, Lowell Lee, he was sitting
on the porch petting his dog. Patting it on the head.
Lieutenant Athey asked the boy what happened, and hepointed to the door, real casual, and said, ‘Look in there.’ ”
Having looked, the astonished officers summoned thecounty coroner, a gentleman who was also impressed byyoung Andrews’ callous nonchalance, for when the coroner
asked him what funeral arrangements he wished to have
made, Andrews replied with a shrug, “I don’t care what you
do with them.”
Shortly, two senior detectives appeared and began toquestion the family’s lone survivor. Though convinced hewas lying, the detectives listened respectfully to the tale ofhow he had driven to Lawrence to fetch a typewriter, goneto a movie, and arrived home after midnight to find the
bedrooms ransacked and his family slain. He stayed withthe story, and might never have altered it if, subsequent to
his arrest and removal to the county jail, the authorities hadnot obtained the aid of the Reverend Mr. Virto C. Dameron.
The Reverend Dameron, a Dickensian personage, anunctuous and jolly brimstone-and-damnation orator, wasminister of the Grandview Baptist Church in Kansas City,
Kansas, the church the Andrews family attended regularly.
Awakened by an urgent call from the county coroner,
Dameron presented himself at the jail around 3:00 A.M.,
whereupon detectives, who had been strenuously but
abortively interrogating the suspect, withdrew to anotherroom, leaving the minister to consult privately with his
parishioner. It proved a fatal interview for the latter, whomany months afterward gave this account of it to a friend:“Mr. Dameron said, ‘Now, Lee, I’ve known you all your life.
Since you were just a little tadpole. And I knew your daddy
all his life, we grew up together, we were childhood friends.
And that’s why I’m here—not just because I’m your minister,
but because I feel like you’re a member of my own family.
And because you need a friend that you can talk to andtrust. And I feel terrible about this terrible event, and I’m
every bit as anxious as you are to see the guilty party
caught and punished.’“He wanted to know was I thirsty, and I was, so he got me aCoke, and after that he’s going on about the Thanksgiving
vacation and how do I like school, when all of a sudden hesays, ‘Now, Lee, there seems to be some doubt among thepeople here regarding your innocence. I’m sure you’d bewilling to take a lie detector and convince these men of yourinnocence so they can get busy and catch the guilty party.’
Then he said, ‘Lee, you didn’t do this terrible thing, did you?
If you did, now is the time to purge your soul.’ The next thing
was, I thought what difference does it make, and I told him
the truth, most everything about it. He kept wagging hishead and rolling his eyes and rubbing his hands together,and he said it was a terrible thing, and I would have toanswer to the Almighty, have to purge my soul by telling theofficers what I’d told him, and would I?” Receiving anaffirmative nod, the prisoner’s spiritual adviser stepped into
an adjacent room, which was crowded with expectant
policemen, and elatedly issued an invitation: “Come on in.
The boy’s ready to make a statement.”
The Andrews case became the basis for a legal andmedical crusade. Prior to the trial, at which Andrews
pleaded innocent by reason of insanity, the psychiatric staffof the Menninger Clinic conducted an exhaustive
examination of the accused; this produced a diagnosis of“schizophrenia, simple type.” By “simple,” thediagnosticians meant that Andrews suffered no delusions,no false perceptions, no hallucinations, but the primary
illness of separation of thinking from feeling. He understoodthe nature of his acts, and that they were prohibited, andthat he was subject to punishment. “But,” to quote Dr.
Joseph Satten, one of the examiners, “Lowell Lee Andrews
felt no emotions whatsoever. He considered himself the
only important, only significant person in the world. And in
his own seclusive world it seemed to him just as right to kill

his mother as to kill an animal or a fly.”In the opinion of Dr. Satten and his colleagues, Andrews’
crime amounted to such an undebatable example ofdiminished responsibility that the case offered an ideal
chance to challenge the M’Naghten Rule in Kansas courts.
The M’Naghten Rule, as has been previously stated,recognizes no form of insanity provided the defendant has
the capacity to discriminate between right and wrong—
legally, not morally. Much to the distress of psychiatrists andliberal jurists, the Rule prevails in the courts of the British
Commonwealth and, in the United States, in the courts of all
but half a dozen or so of the states and the District ofColumbia, which abide by the more lenient, though to someminds impractical, Durham Rule, which is simply that an
accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act isthe product of mental disease or mental defect.
In short, what Andrews’ defenders, a team composed ofMenninger Clinic psychiatrists and two first-class attorneys,
hoped to achieve was a victory of legal-landmark stature.
The great essential was to persuade the court to substitutethe Durham Rule for the M’Naghten Rule. If that happened,
then Andrews, because of the abundant evidence
concerning his schizophrenic condition, would certainly besentenced not to the gallows, or even to prison, but toconfinement in the State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.
However, the defense reckoned without the defendant’sreligious counselor, the tireless Reverend Mr. Dameron,
who appeared at the trial as the chief witness for theprosecution, and who, in the overwrought, rococo style of atent-show revivalist, told the court he had often warned hisformer Sunday School pupil of God’s impending wrath: “Isays, there isn’t anything in this world that is worth morethan your soul, and you have acknowledged to me anumber of times in our conversations that your faith isweak, that you have no faith in God. You know that all sin isagainst God and God is your final judge, and you have got
to answer to Him. That is what I said to make him feel theterribleness of the thing he’d done, and that he had toanswer to the Almighty for this crime.”
Apparently the Reverend Dameron was determined young
Andrews should answer not only to the Almighty, but also tomore temporal powers, for it was his testimony, added tothe defendant’s confession, that settled matters. The
presiding judge upheld the M’Naghten Rule, and the jury
gave the state the death penalty it demanded.

Friday, May 13, the first date set for the execution of Smithand Hickock, passed harmlessly, the Kansas Supreme
Court having granted them a stay pending the outcome of
appeals for a new trial filed by their lawyers. At that time theAndrews verdict was under review by the same court.
Perry’s cell adjoined Dick’s; though invisible to each other,
they could easily converse, yet Perry seldom spoke to Dick,and it wasn’t because of any declared animosity between
them (after the exchange of a few tepid reproaches, theirrelationship had turned into one of mutual toleration: theacceptance of uncongenial but helpless Siamese twins); it
was because Perry, cautious as always, secretive,
suspicious, disliked having the guards and other inmates
overhear his “private business”—especially Andrews, orAndy, as he was called on the Row. Andrews’ educatedaccent and the formal quality of his college-trained
intelligence were anathema to Perry, who though he had
not gone beyond third grade, imagined himself morelearned than most of his acquaintances, and enjoyedcorrecting them, especially their grammar andpronunciation. But here suddenly was someone—“just akid!”—constantly correcting him. Was it any wonder henever opened his mouth? Better to keep your mouth shutthan to risk one of the college kid’s snotty lines, like: “Don’t
say disinterested. When what you mean is uninterested.”
Andrews meant well, he was without malice, but Perry could
have boiled him in oil—yet he never admitted it, never letanyone there guess why, after one of these humiliating
incidents, he sat and sulked and ignored the meals thatwere delivered to him three times a day. At the beginning ofJune he stopped eating altogether—he told Dick, “You can
wait around for the rope. But not me”—and from thatmoment he refused to touch food or water, or say one word
to anybody.
The fast lasted five days before the warden took it
seriously. On the sixth day he ordered Smith transferred tothe prison hospital, but the move did not lessen Perry’s
resolve; when attempts were made to force-feed him hefought back, tossed his head and clenched his jaws until
they were rigid as horseshoes. Eventually, he had to bepinioned and fed intravenously or through a tube inserted ina nostril. Even so, over the next nine weeks his weight fell
from 168 to 115 pounds, and the warden was warned thatforced-feeding alone could not keep the patient alive
indefinitely.
Dick, though impressed by Perry’s will power, would notconcede that his purpose was suicide; even when Perry
was reported to be in a coma, he told Andrews, with whom
he had become friendly, that his former confederate wasfaking. “He just wants them to think he’s crazy.”
Andrews, a compulsive eater (he had filled a scrapbook
with illustrated edibles, everything from strawberry
shortcake to roasted pig), said, “Maybe he is crazy.
Starving himself like that.”“He just wants to get out of here. Play-acting. So they’ll say
he’s crazy and put him in the crazy house.”

Dick afterward grew fond of quoting Andrews’ reply, for it
seemed to him a fine specimen of the boy’s “funny
thinking,” his “off on a cloud” complacency. “Well,” Andrews
allegedly said, “it sure strikes me a hard way to do it.
Starving yourself. Because sooner or later we’ll all get outof here. Either walk out—or be carried out in a coffin.
Myself, I don’t care whether I walk or get carried. It’s all thesame in the end.”
Dick said, “The trouble with you, Andy, you’ve got norespect for human life. Including your own.”
Andrews agreed. “And,” he said, “I’ll tell you somethingelse. If ever I do get out of here alive, I mean over the walls
and clear out—well, maybe nobody will know where Andy
went, but they’ll sure hell know where Andy’s been.”
All summer Perry undulated between half-awake stupors
and sickly, sweat-drenched sleep. Voices roared throughhis head; one voice persistently asked him, “Where is
Jesus? Where?” And once he woke up shouting, “The bird
is Jesus! The bird is Jesus!” His favorite old theatricalfantasy, the one in which he thought of himself as “PerryO’Parsons, The One-Man Symphony,” returned in the guiseof a recurrent dream. The dream’s geographical center
was a Las Vegas night-club where, wearing a white top hat
and a white tuxedo, he strutted about a spotlighted stage
playing in turn a harmonica, a guitar, a banjo, drums, sang
“You Are My Sunshine,” and tap-danced up a short flight ofgold-painted prop steps; at the top, standing on a platform,
he took a bow. There was no applause, none, and yet
thousands of patrons packed the vast and gaudy room—astrange audience, mostly men and mostly Negroes. Staring
at them, the perspiring entertainer at last understood theirsilence, for suddenly he knew that these were phantoms,
the ghosts of the legally annihilated, the hanged, thegassed, the electrocuted—and in the same instant herealized that he was there to join them, that the gold-painted
steps had led to a scaffold, that the platform on which hestood was opening beneath him. His top hat tumbled;
urinating, defecating, Perry O’Parsons entered eternity.
One afternoon he escaped from a dream and wakened tofind the warden standing beside his bed. The warden said,“Sounds like you were having a little nightmare?” But Perry
wouldn’t answer him, and the warden, who on several
occasions had visited the hospital and tried to persuade
the prisoner to cease his fast, said, “I have something here.
From your father. I thought you might want to see it.” Perry,his eyes glitteringly immense in a face now almost
phosphorescently pale, studied the ceiling; and presently,
after placing a picture postcard on the patient’s bedsidetable, the rebuffed visitor departed.
That night Perry looked at the card. It was addressed to thewarden, and postmarked Blue Lake, California; themessage, written in a familiar stubby script, said: “Dear Sir,
I understand you have my boy Perry back in custody. Writeme please what did he do wrong and if I come there could I
see him. Alls well with me and trust the same with you. Tex
J. Smith.” Perry destroyed the card, but his mind preserved
it, for the few crude words had resurrected him emotionally,
revived love and hate, and reminded him that he was stillwhat he had tried not to be—alive. “And I just decided,” helater informed a friend, “that I ought to stay that way.
Anybody wanted my life wasn’t going to get any more help
from me. They’d have to fight for it.”
The next morning he asked for a glass of milk, the firstsustenance he had volunteered to accept in fourteen
weeks. Gradually, on a diet of eggnogs and orange juice,
he regained weight; by October the prison physician, Dr.
Robert Moore, considered him strong enough to be
returned to the Row. When he arrived there, Dick laughedand said, “Welcome home, honey.”

Two years passed.
The departures of Wilson and Spencer left Smith andHickock and Andrews alone with the Row’s burning lights
and veiled windows. The privileges granted ordinary
prisoners were denied them; no radios or card games, noteven an exercise period—indeed, they were never allowedout of their cells, except each Saturday when they weretaken to a shower room, then given a once-weekly changeof clothing; the only other occasions for momentary release
were the far-between visits of lawyers or relatives. Mrs.
Hickock came once a month; her husband had died, she
had lost the farm, and, as she told Dick, lived now with one
relative, now another.
It seemed to Perry as though he existed “deepunderwater”—perhaps because the Row usually was asgray and quiet as ocean depths, soundless except forsnores, coughs, the whisper of slippered feet, the featheryracket of the pigeons nesting in the prison walls. But notalways. “Sometimes,” Dick wrote in a letter to his mother,“you can’t hear yourself think. They throw men in the cells
downstairs, what they call the hole, and plenty of them arefighting mad and crazy to boot. Curse and scream thewhole time. It’s intolerable, so everybody starts yelling shutup. I wish you’d send me earplugs. Only they wouldn’t allow
me to have them. No rest for the wicked, I guess.”
The little building had been standing for more than acentury, and seasonal changes provoked different
symptoms of its antiquity: winter cold saturated the stoneand-iron fixtures, and in summer, when temperatures often
hurtled over the hundred mark, the old cells weremalodorous cauldrons. “So hot my skin stings,” Dick wrote
in a letter dated July 5, 1961. “I try not to move much. I justsit on the floor. My bed’s too sweaty to lie down, and thesmell makes me sick because of only the one bath a week
and always wearing the same clothes. No ventilation
whatever and the light bulbs make everything hotter. Bugs
keep bumping on the walls.”
Unlike conventional prisoners, the condemned are notsubjected to a work routine; they can do with their time what
they like—sleep all day, as Perry frequently did (“I pretend
I’m a tiny little baby that can’t keep its eyes open”); or, as
was Andrews’ habit, read all night. Andrews averaged
fifteen to twenty books a week; his taste encompassed
both trash and belles-lettres, and he liked poetry, Robert
Frost’s particularly, but he also admired Whitman, Emily
Dickinson, and the comic poems of Ogden Nash. Though
the quenchless quality of his literary thirst had soon
depleted the shelves of the prison library, the prison
chaplain and others sympathetic to Andrews kept him
supplied with parcels from the Kansas City public library.
Dick was rather a bookworm, too; but his interest was
restricted to two themes—sex, as represented in the novelsof Harold Robbins and Irving Wallace (Perry, after being
lent one of these by Dick, returned it with an indignant note:“Degenerate filth for filthy degenerate minds!”), and law
literature. He consumed hours each day leafing through law
books, compiling research that he hoped would help
reverse his conviction. Also, in pursuit of the same cause
he fired off a cannonade of letters to such organizations as
the American Civil Liberties Union and the Kansas StateBar Association—letters attacking his trial as a “travesty of
due process,” and urging the recipients to aid him in hisquest for a new trial. Perry was persuaded to draft similar
pleas, but when Dick suggested that Andy follow their
example by writing protests in his own behalf, Andrews
replied, “I’ll worry about my neck and you worry about
yours.” (Actually, Dick’s neck was not the part of his
anatomy that most immediately troubled him. “My hair iscoming out by the handfuls,” he confided in yet anotherletter to his mother. “I’m frantic. Nobody in our family wasbaldheaded as I can recall, and it makes me frantic theidea of being an ugly old baldhead.”)The Row’s two night guards, arriving at work on an autumn
evening in 1961, had a piece of news. “Well,” one of themannounced, “seems like you boys can expect company.”
The import of the remark was clear to his audience: itmeant that two young soldiers, who had been standing trial
for the murder of a Kansas railroad worker, had received
the ultimate sentence. “Yessir,” the guard said, confirming
this, “they got the death penalty.” Dick said, “Sure. It’s very
popular in Kansas. Juries hand it out like they were giving
candy to kids.”
One of the soldiers, George Ronald York, was eighteen; hiscompanion, James Douglas Latham, was a year older.
They were both exceptionally personable, which perhaps
explains why hordes of teen-aged girls had attended theirtrial. Though convicted of a single slaying, the pair had

claimed seven victims in the course of a cross-country
murder spree.
Ronnie York, blond and blue-eyed, had been born andraised in Florida, where his father was a well-known, wellpaid deep-sea diver. The Yorks had a pleasantly
comfortable home life, and Ronnie, overloved andoverpraised by his parents and a worshipful younger sister,
was the adored center of it. Latham’s background was at
the opposite extreme, being every bit as bleak as Perry
Smith’s. Born in Texas, he was the youngest child of fertile,
moneyless, embattled parents who, when finally they
separated, left their progeny to fend for themselves, toscatter hither and thither, loose and unwanted as bundles ofPanhandle tumbleweed. At seventeen, in need of a refuge,
Latham enlisted in the Army; two years later, found guilty of
an AWOL offense, he was imprisoned in the stockade atFort Hood, Texas. It was there that he met Ronnie York,
who was also under sentence for having gone AWOL.
Though they were very unlike—even physically, York beingtall and phlegmatic, whereas the Texan was a short young
man with foxy brown eyes animating a compact, cute little
face—they found they shared at least one firm opinion: theworld was hateful, and everybody in it would be better off
dead. “It’s a rotten world,” Latham said. “There’s no answer
to it but meanness. That’s all anybody understands—meanness. Burn down the man’s barn—he’ll understandthat. Poison his dog. Kill him.” Ronnie said Latham was“one hundred percent correct,” adding, “Anyway, anybody

you kill, you’re doing them a favor.”
The first person they chose to so favor were two Georgia
women, respectable housewives who had the misfortune toencounter York and Latham not long after the murderous
pair escaped from the Fort Hood stockade, stole a pickup
truck, and drove to Jacksonville, Florida, York’s home town.
The scene of the encounter was an Esso station on thedark outskirts of Jacksonville; the date was the night of May
29, 1961. Originally, the absconding soldiers had traveledto the Florida city with the intention of visiting York’s family;
once there, however, York decided it might be unwise tocontact his parents; his father sometimes had quite atemper. He and Latham talked it over, and New Orleans
was their new destination when they stopped at the Esso
station to buy gas. Alongside them another car was
imbibing fuel; it contained the two matronly victims-to-be,
who, after a day of shopping and pleasure in Jacksonville,
were returning to their homes in a small town near the
Florida-Georgia border. Alas, they had lost their way. York,
from whom they asked directions, was most obliging: “Youjust follow us. We’ll put you on the right road.” But the roadto which he led them was very wrong indeed: a narrowside-turning that petered off into swamp. Nevertheless, theladies followed along faithfully until the lead vehicle halted,
and they saw, in the shine of their headlights, the helpful
young men approaching them on foot, and saw, but toolate, that each was armed with a black bullwhip. The whips
were the property of the stolen truck’s rightful custodian, acattleman; it had been Latham’s notion to use them as
garrotes—which, after robbing the women, is what they did.
In New Orleans the boys bought a pistol and carved two
notches in the handle.
During the next ten days notches were added in Tullahoma,
Tennessee, where they acquired a snappy red Dodge
convertible by shooting the owner, a traveling salesman;and in an Illinois suburb of St. Louis, where two more men
were slain. The Kansas victim, who followed the preceding
five, was a grandfather; his name was Otto Ziegler, he was
sixty-two, a robust, friendly fellow, the sort not likely to pass
distressed motorists without offering assistance. Whilespinning along a Kansas highway one fine June morning,
Mr. Ziegler spied a red convertible parked by the roadside,
its hood up, and a couple of nice-looking youngsters
fiddling with the motor. How was the good-hearted Mr.
Ziegler to know that nothing ailed the machine—that thiswas a ruse devised to rob and kill would-be Samaritans?
His last words were, “Anything I can do?” York, at a
distance of twenty feet, sent a bullet crashing through theold man’s skull, then turned to Latham and said, “Pretty
good shootin’, huh?”
Their final victim was the most pathetic. It was a girl, only
eighteen; she was employed as a maid in a Colorado
motel where the rampaging pair spent a night, during which
she let them make love to her. Then they told her they wereon their way to California, and invited her to come along.

“Come on,” Latham urged her, “maybe we’ll all end up
movie stars.” The girl and her hastily packed cardboard
suitcase ended up as blood-soaked wreckage at thebottom of a ravine near Craig, Colorado; but not many
hours after she had been shot and thrown there, herassassins were in fact performing before motion-picture
cameras.
Descriptions of the red car’s occupants, provided bywitnesses who had noticed them loitering in the area where
Otto Ziegler’s body was discovered, had been circulated
through the Midwest and Western states. Roadblocks wereerected, and helicopters patrolled the highways; it was aroadblock in Utah that caught York and Latham. Later, at
Police Headquarters in Salt Lake City, a local televisioncompany was allowed to film an interview with them. The
result, if viewed without sound, would seem to concern two
cheerful, milkfed athletes discussing hockey or baseball—anything but murder and the roles, boastfully confessed,
they had played in the deaths of seven people. “Why,” theinterviewer asks, “why did you do it?” And York, with a selfcongratulatory grin, answers, “We hate the world.”
All five of the states that vied for the right to prosecute Yorkand Latham endorse judicial homicide: Florida(electrocution), Tennessee (electrocution), Illinois(electrocution), Kansas (hanging), and Colorado (lethalgas). But because it had the firmest evidence, Kansas was
victorious.

The men on the Row first met their new companions
November 2, 1961. A guard, escorting the arrivals to theircells, introduced them: “Mr. York, Mr. Latham, I’d like you toknow Mr. Smith here. And Mr. Hickock. And Mr. Lowell Lee
Andrews— ‘the nicest boy in Wolcott!’ ”
When the parade had passed, Hickock heard Andrews
chuckling, and said, “What’s so funny about thatsonofabitch?”“Nothing,” Andrews said. “But I was thinking: when you
count my three and your four and their seven, that makes
fourteen of them and five of us. Now five into fourteen
averages out—”“Four into fourteen,” Hickock curtly corrected him. “There
are four killers up here and one railroaded man. I’m no
goddam killer. I never touched a hair on a human head.”

Hickock continued writing letters protesting his conviction,and one of these at last bore fruit. The recipient, Everett
Steerman, Chairman of the Legal Aid Committee of the
Kansas State Bar Association, was disturbed by theallegations of the sender, who insisted that he and his codefendant had not had a fair trial. According to Hickock, the“hostile atmosphere” in Garden City had made it
impossible to empanel an unbiased jury, and therefore achange of venue should have been granted. As for the
jurors that were chosen, at least two had clearly indicated apresumption of guilt during the voir dire examination(“When asked to state his opinion of capital punishment,
one man said that ordinarily he was against it, but in thiscase no”); unfortunately, the voir dire had not beenrecorded because Kansas law does not require it unless a
specific demand is made. Many of the jurors, moreover,were “well acquainted with the deceased. So was thejudge. Judge Tate was an intimate friend of Mr. Clutter.”
But the bulkiest of Hickock’s mudpies was aimed at the two
defense attorneys, Arthur Fleming and Harrison Smith,whose “incompetence and inadequacy” were the chief
cause of the correspondent’s present predicament, for noreal defense had been prepared or offered by them, andthis lack of effort, it was implied, had been deliberate—an
act of collusion between the defense and the prosecution.
These were grave assertions, reflecting upon the integrityof two respected lawyers and a distinguished district judge,
but if even partially true, then the constitutional rights of the
defendants had been abused. Prompted by Mr. Steerman,
the Bar Association undertook a course of action without
precedent in Kansas legal history: it appointed a young
Wichita attorney, Russell Shultz, to investigate the charges
and, should evidence warrant it, challenge the validity of theconviction by bringing habeas corpus proceedings in the
Kansas Supreme Court, which had recently upheld theverdict.
It would appear that Shultz’s investigation was rather onesided, since it consisted of little more than an interview with
Smith and Hickock, from which the lawyer emerged withcrusading phrases for the press: “The question is this—dopoor, plainly guilty defendants have a right to a complete
defense? I do not believe that the State of Kansas would beeither greatly or for long harmed by the death of theseappellants. But I do not believe it could ever recover fromthe death of due process.”
Shultz filed his habeas corpus petition, and the Kansas
Supreme Court commissioned one of its own retired
justices, the Honorable Walter G. Thiele, to conduct a fullscale hearing. And so it came to pass that almost two
years after the trial, the whole cast reassembled in the
courtroom at Garden City. The only important participantsabsent were the original defendants; in their stead, as it
were, stood Judge Tate, old Mr. Fleming, and Harrison
Smith, whose careers were imperiled—not because of theappellant’s allegations per se, but because of the apparent
credit the Bar Association bestowed upon them.
The hearing, which at one point was transferred to Lansing,where Judge Thiele heard Smith and Hickock testify, took
six days to complete; ultimately, every point was covered.

Eight jurors swore they had never known any member of theslain family; four admitted some slight acquaintance with
Mr. Clutter, but each, including N. L. Dunnan, the airport
operator who had made the controversial reply during thevoir dire, testified that he had entered the jurybox with anunprejudiced mind. Shultz challenged Dunnan: “Do you feel,sir, that you would have been willing to go to trial with a juror
whose state of mind was the same as yours?” Dunnan said
yes, he would; and Shultz then said, “Do you recall being
asked whether or not you were averse to capital
punishment?” Nodding, the witness answered, “I told themunder normal conditions I would probably be averse to it.
But with the magnitude of this crime I could probably vote infavor.”
Tangling with Tate was more difficult: Shultz soon realized
he had a tiger by the tail. Responding to questions relevant
to his supposed intimacy with Mr. Clutter, the judge said,“He [Clutter] was once a litigant in this court, a case overwhich I presided, a damage action involving an airplanefalling on his property; he was suing for damages to—I
believe some fruit trees. Other than that, I had no occasion
to associate with him. None whatever. I saw him perhaps
once or twice in the course of a year . . .” Shultz,
floundering, switched the subject. “Do you know,” he asked,“what the attitude of the people was in this community after
the apprehension of these two men?” “I believe I do,” thejudge told him with scathing confidence. “It is my opinion
that the attitude toward them was that of anyone elsecharged with a criminal offense—that they should be tried
as the law provides; that if they were guilty they should be
convicted; that they should be given the same fair treatment
as any other person. There was no prejudice against thembecause they were accused of crime.” “You mean,” Shultz
slyly said, “you saw no reason for the court on its own
motion to grant a change of venue?” Tate’s lips curved
downward, his eyes blazed. “Mr. Shultz,” he said, as though
the name was a prolonged hiss, “the court cannot on its
own grant a change of venue. That would be contrary to
Kansas law. I couldn’t grant a change unless it was properly
requested.”
But why had such a request not been made by the
defendants’ attorneys? Shultz now pursued this question
with the attorneys themselves, for to discredit them andprove that they had not supplied their clients with theminimum protection was, from the Wichita lawyer’s
viewpoint, the hearing’s principal objective. Fleming andSmith withstood the onslaught in good style, particularly
Fleming, who, wearing a bold red tie and an abiding smile,
endured Shultz with gentlemanly resignation. Explaining
why he had not applied for a change of venue, he said, “I
felt that since the Reverend Cowan, the minister of the
Methodist church, and a man of substance here, a man ofhigh standing, as well as many other ministers here, hadexpressed themselves against capital punishment, that atleast the leaven had been cast in the area, and there werelikely more people here inclined to be lenient in the matterof the penalty than perhaps in other parts of the state. Then I
believe it was a brother of Mrs. Clutter’s who made astatement that appeared in the press indicating he did not
feel the defendants should be put to death.”
Shultz had a score of charges, but underlying them all was
the implication that because of community pressure,
Fleming and Smith had deliberately neglected their duties.
Both men, Shultz maintained, had betrayed their clients by
not consulting with them sufficiently (Mr. Fleming replied, “I
worked on the case to the very best of my ability, giving it
more time than I do most cases”); by waiving a preliminary
hearing (Smith answered, “But sir, neither Mr. Fleming nor I
had been appointed counsel at the time of the waiver”); by
making remarks to newsmen damaging to the defendants(Shultz to Smith: “Are you aware that a reporter, Ron Kull of
the Topeka Daily Capital, quoted you, on the second dayof the trial, as saying there was no doubt of Mr. Hickock’s
guilt, but that you were concerned only with obtaining life
imprisonment rather than the death penalty?” Smith to
Shultz: “No, sir. If I was quoted as saying that it wasincorrect”); and by failing to prepare a proper defense.
This last proposition was the one Shultz pedaled hardest; itis relevant, therefore, to reproduce an opinion of it writtenby three Federal judges as the result of a subsequentappeal to the United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit:“We think, however, that those viewing the situation in
retrospect have lost sight of the problems which confronted

Attorneys Smith and Fleming when they undertook the
defense of these petitioners. When they accepted theappointments each petitioner had made a full confession,and they did not then contend, nor did they seriously
contend at any time in the state courts, that these
confessions were not voluntary. A radio taken from the
Clutter home and sold by the petitioners in Mexico City had
been recovered, and the attorneys knew of other evidenceof their guilt then in the possession of the prosecution.
When called upon to plead to the charges against them
they stood mute, and it was necessary for the court to entera plea of not guilty for them. There was no substantial
evidence then, and none has been produced since the trial,
to substantiate a defense of insanity. The attempt toestablish insanity as a defense because of serious injuries
in accidents years before, and headaches and occasional
fainting spells of Hickock, was like grasping at theproverbial straw. The attorneys were faced with a situation
where outrageous crimes committed on innocent persons
had been admitted. Under these circumstances, they would
have been justified in advising that petitioners enter pleasof guilty and throw themselves on the mercy of the court.
Their only hope was through some turn of fate the lives ofthese misguided individuals might be spared.”In the report he submitted to the Kansas Supreme Court,
Judge Thiele found that the petitioners had received aconstitutionally fair trial; the court thereupon denied the writ
to abolish the verdict, and set a new date of execution—

October 25, 1962. As it happened, Lowell Lee Andrews,
whose case had twice traveled all the way to the UnitedStates Supreme Court, was scheduled to hang one month
later.
The Clutter slayers, granted a reprieve by a Federal judge,
evaded their date. Andrews kept his.

In the disposition of capital cases in the United States, themedian elapsed time between sentence and execution isapproximately seventeen months. Recently, in Texas, anarmed robber was electrocuted one month after his
conviction; but in Louisiana, at the present writing, tworapists have been waiting for a record twelve years. The
variance depends a little on luck and a great deal on theextent of litigation. The majority of the lawyers handlingthese cases are court-appointed and work without
recompense; but more often than not the courts, in order toavoid future appeals based on complaints of inadequate
representation, appoint men of first quality who defend withcommendable vigor. However, even an attorney ofmoderate talent can postpone doomsday year after year,
for the system of appeals that pervades American
jurisprudence amounts to a legalistic wheel of fortune, agame of chance, somewhat fixed in the favor of thecriminal, that the participants play interminably, first in thestate courts, then through the Federal courts until theultimate tribunal is reached—the United States Supreme
Court. But even defeat there does not signify if petitioner’s
counsel can discover or invent new grounds for appeal;
usually they can, and so once more the wheel turns, andturns until, perhaps some years later, the prisoner arrives
back at the nation’s highest court, probably only to begin
again the slow cruel contest. But at intervals the wheel does
pause to declare a winner—or, though with increasing
rarity, a loser: Andrews’ lawyers fought to the final moment,
but their client went to the gallows on Friday, November 30,
1962.

“That was a cold night,” Hickock said, talking to a journalist
with whom he corresponded and who was periodicallyallowed to visit him. “Cold and wet. It had been raining likea bastard, and the baseball field was mud up to yourcojones. So when they took Andy out to the warehouse,
they had to walk him along the path. We were all at ourwindows watching—Perry and me, Ronnie York, Jimmy
Latham. It was just after midnight, and the warehouse was
lit up like a Halloween pumpkin. The doors wide open. We
could see the witnesses, a lot of guards, the doctor and thewarden—every damn thing but the gallows. It was off at anangle, but we could see its shadow. A shadow on the wall
like the shadow of a boxing ring.
“The chaplain and four guards had charge of Andy, andwhen they got to the door they stopped a second. Andy waslooking at the gallows—you could sense he was. His arms
were tied in front of him. All of a sudden the chaplain
reached out and took off Andy’s glasses. Which was kindof pitiful, Andy without his glasses. They led him on inside,and I wondered he could see to climb the steps. It was real
quiet, just nothing but this dog barking way off. Some town
dog. Then we heard it, the sound, and Jimmy Latham said,“What was that?”; and I told him what it was—the trap door.
“Then it was real quiet again. Except that dog. Old Andy, hedanced a long time. They must have had a real mess toclean up. Every few minutes the doctor came to the doorand stepped outside, and stood there with this stethoscopein his hand. I wouldn’t say he was enjoying his work—kept
gasping, like he was gasping for breath, and he was crying,too. Jimmy said, ‘Get a load of that nance.’ I guess thereason he stepped outside was so the others wouldn’t see
he was crying. Then he’d go back and listen to hear if
Andy’s heart had stopped. Seemed like it never would. The
fact is, his heart kept beating for nineteen minutes.
“Andy was a funny kid,” Hickock said, smiling lopsidedly as
he propped a cigarette between his lips. “It was like I told
him: he had no respect for human life, not even his own.

Right before they hanged him, he sat down and ate two
fried chickens. And that last afternoon he was smoking
cigars and drinking Coke and writing poetry. When theycame to get him, and we said our goodbye, I said, ‘I’ll beseeing you soon, Andy. ’Cause I’m sure we’re going to thesame place. So scout around and see if you can’t find acool shady spot for us Down There.’ He laughed, and said
he didn’t believe in heaven or hell, just dust unto dust. And
he said an aunt and uncle had been to see him, and told
him they had a coffin waiting to carry him to some little
cemetery in north Missouri. The same place where thethree he disposed of were buried. They planned to put
Andy right alongside them. He said when they told him thathe could hardly keep a straight face. I said, ‘Well, you’re
lucky to have a grave. Most likely they’ll give Perry and me
to the vivisectionist.’ We joked on like that till it was time togo, and just as he was going he handed me a piece of
paper with a poem on it. I don’t know if he wrote it. Or
copied it out of a book. My impression was he wrote it. If
you’re interested, I’ll send it to you.”
He later did so, and Andrews’ farewell message turned out
to be the ninth stanza of Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard”:

The boasts of heraldry, the pomp of pow’r,

And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,
Await alike the inevitable hour:
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.

“I really liked Andy. He was a nut—not a real nut, like they
kept hollering; but, you know, just goofy. He was always
talking about breaking out of here and making his living asa hired gun. He liked to imagine himself roaming around
Chicago or Los Angeles with a machine gun inside a violincase. Cooling guys. Said he’d charge a thousand bucks
per stiff.”
Hickock laughed, presumably at the absurdity of his friend’s
ambitions, sighed, and shook his head. “But for someone
his age he was the smartest person I ever come across. A
human library. When that boy read a book it stayed read.
Course he didn’t know a dumb-darn thing about life. Me,
I’m an ignoramus except when it comes to what I know
about life. I’ve walked along a lot of mean streets. I’ve seena white man flogged. I’ve watched babies born. I’ve seen agirl, and her no more than fourteen, take on three guys at
the same time and give them all their money’s worth. Fell
off a ship once five miles out to sea. Swam five miles withmy life passing before me with every stroke. Once I shookhands with President Truman in the lobby of the HotelMuehlebach. Harry S Truman. When I was working for thehospital, driving an ambulance, I saw every side of life there
is—things that would make a dog vomit. But Andy. He
didn’t know one dumb-damn-darn thing except what he’dread in books.
“He was innocent as a little child, some kid with a box of
Cracker Jack. He’d never once been with a woman. Man ormule. He said so himself. Maybe that’s what I liked about
him most. How he wouldn’t prevaricate. The rest of us on
the Row, we’re all a bunch of bull-artists. I’m one of theworst. Shoot, you’ve got to talk about something. Brag.
Otherwise you’re nobody, nothing, a potato vegetating inyour seven-by-ten limbo. But Andy never would partake. He
said what’s the use telling a lot of stuff that never happened.
“Old Perry, though, he wasn’t sorry to see the last of Andy.
Andy was the one thing in the world Perry wants to be—
educated. And Perry couldn’t forgive him for it. You know
how Perry’s always using hundred-dollar words he doesn’t
half know the meaning of? Sounds like one of them college
niggers? Boy, it burned his bottom to have Andy catch up
on him and haul him to the curb. Course Andy was justtrying to give him what he wanted—an education. The truthis, can’t anybody get along with Perry. He hasn’t got asingle friend on the premises. I mean, just who the hell does
he think he is? Sneering at everybody. Calling people
perverts and degenerates. Going on about what low I.Q.’sthey have. It’s too bad we can’t all be such sensitive souls

like little Perry. Saints. Boy, but I know some hardrocks
who’d gladly go to The Corner if they could get him alone in
the shower room for just one hot minute. The way he highhats York and Latham! Ronnie says he sure wishes heknew where he could lay hold of a bullwhip. Says he’d liketo squeeze Perry a little. I don’t blame him. After all, we’re
all in the same fix, and they’re pretty good boys.”
Hickock chuckled ruefully, shrugged, and said, “You knowwhat I mean. Good—considering. Ronnie York’s motherhas been here to visit him several times. One day, out in thewaiting room, she met my mother, and now they’ve come tobe each other’s number-one buddy. Mrs. York wants mymother to come visit her home in Florida, maybe even live
there. Jesus, I wish she would. Then she wouldn’t have togo through this ordeal. Once a month riding the bus here tosee me. Smiling, trying to find something to say, make me
feel good. The poor lady. I don’t know how she stands it. I
wonder she isn’t crazy.”
Hickock’s uneven eyes turned toward a window in thevisiting room; his face, puffy, pallid as a funeral lily,
gleamed in the weak winter sunshine filtering through thebar-shrouded glass.
“The poor lady. She wrote the warden, and asked him if she
could speak to Perry the next time she came here. She
wanted to hear from Perry himself how he killed thosepeople, how I never fired shot one. All I can hope is thatsome day we’ll get a new trial, and Perry will testify and tell
the truth. Only I doubt it. He’s plain determined that if hegoes I go. Back to back. It’s not right. Many a man has
killed and never seen the inside of a death cell. And I never
killed anybody. If you’ve got fifty thousand dollars to spend,
you could bump off half of Kansas City and just laugh haha.” A sudden grin obliterated his woeful indignation. “Uhoh. There I go again. Old crybaby. You’d think I’d learn. But
honest to God, I’ve done my damnedest to get along with
Perry. Only he’s so critical. Two-faced. So jealous of every
little thing. Every letter I get, every visit. Nobody ever comesto see him except you,” he said, nodding at the journalist,
who was as equally well acquainted with Smith as he waswith Hickock. “Or his lawyer. Remember when he was in
the hospital? With that phony starvation routine? And his
dad sent the postcard? Well, the warden wrote Perry’s dad
and said he was welcome to come here any time. But henever has showed up. I don’t know. Sometimes you got tofeel sorry for Perry. He must be one of the most alone
people there ever was. But. Aw, the hell with him. It’s mostly
every bit his own fault.”
Hickock slipped another cigarette away from a package ofPall Malls, wrinkled his nose, and said, “I’ve tried to quit
smoking. Then I figure what difference does it make under
the circumstances. With a little luck, maybe I’ll get cancer
and beat the state at its own game. For a while there I was
smoking cigars. Andy’s. The morning after they hanged
him, I woke up and called to him, ‘Andy?’—the way I usuallydid. Then I remembered he was on his way to Missouri.
With the aunt and uncle. I looked out in the corridor. His cell
had been cleaned out, and all his junk was piled there. The
mattress off his bunk, his slippers, and the scrapbook withall the food pictures—he called it his icebox. And this box of‘Macbeth’ cigars. I told the guard Andy wanted me to havethem, left them to me in his will. Actually, I never smokedthem all. Maybe it was the idea of Andy, but somehow theygave me indigestion.
“Well, what’s there to say about capital punishment? I’m notagainst it. Revenge is all it is, but what’s wrong withrevenge? It’s very important. If I was kin to the Clutters, or
any of the parties York and Latham dispensed with, I
couldn’t rest in peace till the ones responsible had takenthat ride on the Big Swing. These people that write lettersto the newspapers. There were two in a Topeka paper theother day—one from a minister. Saying, in effect, what is all
this legal farce, why haven’t those sonsabitches Smith andHickock got it in the neck, how come those murderingsonsabitches are still eating up the taxpayers’ money?
Well, I can see their side. They’re mad ’cause they’re notgetting what they want—revenge. And they’re not going to
get it if I can help it. I believe in hanging. Just so long as I’m
not the one being hanged.”But then he was.
Another three years passed, and during those years two
exceptionally skillful Kansas City lawyers, Joseph P.
Jenkins and Robert Bingham, replaced Shultz, the latter
having resigned from the case. Appointed by a Federal
judge, and working without compensation (but motivated bya hard-held opinion that the defendants had been thevictims of a “nightmarishly unfair trial”), Jenkins andBingham filed numerous appeals within the framework of
the Federal court system, thereby avoiding three execution
dates: October 25, 1962, August 8, 1963, and February 18,
1965. The attorneys contended that their clients had been
unjustly convicted because legal counsel had not been
appointed them until after they had confessed and had
waived preliminary hearings; and because they were notcompetently represented at their trial, were convicted withthe help of evidence seized without a search warrant (theshotgun and knife taken from the Hickock home), were notgranted a change of venue even though the environs of thetrial had been “saturated” with publicity prejudicial to theaccused.
With these arguments, Jenkins and Bingham succeeded incarrying the case three times to the United States Supreme
Court—the Big Boy, as many litigating prisoners refer to it—but on each occasion the Court, which never commentson its decisions in such instances, denied the appeals byrefusing to grant the writs of certiorari that would haveentitled the appellants to a full hearing before the Court. In
March, 1965, after Smith and Hickock had been confined intheir Death Row cells almost two thousand days, theKansas Supreme Court decreed that their lives must end
between midnight and 2:00 A.M., Wednesday, April 14,
1965. Subsequently, a clemency appeal was presented to
the newly elected Governor of Kansas, William Avery; but
Avery, a rich farmer sensitive to public opinion, refused tointervene—a decision he felt to be in the “best interest of
the people of Kansas.” (Two months later, Avery alsodenied the clemency appeals of York and Latham, whowere hanged on June 22, 1965.)
And so it happened that in the daylight hours of that
Wednesday morning, Alvin Dewey, breakfasting in thecoffee shop of a Topeka hotel, read, on the first page of the
Kansas City Star, a headline he had long awaited: DIE ON
ROPE FOR BLOODY CRIME. The story, written by an AssociatedPress reporter, began: “Richard Eugene Hickock and Perry
Edward Smith, partners in crime, died on the gallows at thestate prison early today for one of the bloodiest murders in
Kansas criminal annals. Hickock, 33 years old, died first, at
12:41 A.M.; Smith, 36, died at 1:19. . .”

Dewey had watched them die, for he had been among thetwenty-odd witnesses invited to the ceremony. He had
never attended an execution, and when on the midnight
past he entered the cold warehouse, the scenery had
surprised him: he had anticipated a setting of suitabledignity, not this bleakly lighted cavern cluttered with lumber
and other debris. But the gallows itself, with its two palenooses attached to a crossbeam, was imposing enough;and so, in an unexpected style, was the hangman, who casta long shadow from his perch on the platform at the top of
the wooden instrument’s thirteen steps. The hangman, an
anonymous, leathery gentleman who had been imported
from Missouri for the event, for which he was paid six
hundred dollars, was attired in an aged double-breasted
pin-striped suit overly commodious for the narrow figure
inside it—the coat came nearly to his knees; and on hishead he wore a cowboy hat which, when first bought, had
perhaps been bright green, but was now a weathered,sweat-stained oddity.
Also, Dewey found the self-consciously casual conversationof his fellow witnesses, as they stood awaiting the start ofwhat one witness termed “the festivities,” disconcerting.
“What I heard was, they was gonna let them draw straws to
see who dropped first. Or flip a coin. But Smith says why
not do it alphabetically. Guess ’cause S comes after H.
Ha!”“Read in the paper, afternoon paper, what they ordered fortheir last meal? Ordered the same menu. Shrimp. Frenchfries. Garlic bread. Ice cream and strawberries andwhipped cream. Understand Smith didn’t touch his much.”“That Hickock’s got a sense of humor. They was telling me
how, about an hour ago, one of the guards says to him,
‘This must be the longest night of your life.’ And Hickock, helaughs and says, ‘No. The shortest.’ ”“Did you hear about Hickock’s eyes? He left them to an eye
doctor. Soon as they cut him down, this doctor’s gonnayank out his eyes and stick them in somebody else’s head.
Can’t say I’d want to be that somebody. I’d feel peculiar
with them eyes in my head.”“Christ! Is that rain? All the windows down! My new Chevy.
Christ!”The sudden rain rapped the high warehouse roof. The
sound, not unlike the rat-a-tat-tat of parade drums, heralded
Hickock’s arrival. Accompanied by six guards and aprayer-murmuring chaplain, he entered the death place
handcuffed and wearing an ugly harness of leather straps
that bound his arms to his torso. At the foot of the gallows
the warden read to him the official order of execution, a
two-page document; and as the warden read, Hickock’s
eyes, enfeebled by half a decade of cell shadows, roamed
the little audience until, not seeing what he sought, heasked the nearest guard, in a whisper, if any member of the
Clutter family was present. When he was told no, theprisoner seemed disappointed, as though he thought the
protocol surrounding this ritual of vengeance was not being
properly observed.
As is customary, the warden, having finished his recitation,
asked the condemned man whether he had any laststatement to make. Hickock nodded. “I just want to say I
hold no hard feelings. You people are sending me to abetter world than this ever was”; then, as if to emphasize
the point, he shook hands with the four men mainly
responsible for his capture and conviction, all of whom hadrequested permission to attend the executions: K.B.I.
Agents Roy Church, Clarence Duntz, Harold Nye, andDewey himself. “Nice to see you,” Hickock said with his
most charming smile; it was as if he were greeting guests
at his own funeral.
The hangman coughed—impatiently lifted his cowboy hat
and settled it again, a gesture somehow reminiscent of aturkey buzzard huffing, then smoothing its neck feathers—
and Hickock, nudged by an attendant, mounted the scaffold
steps. “The Lord giveth, the Lord taketh away. Blessed isthe name of the Lord,” the chaplain intoned, as the rainsound accelerated, as the noose was fitted, and as adelicate black mask was tied round the prisoner’s eyes.
“May the Lord have mercy on your soul.” The trap door
opened, and Hickock hung for all to see a full twentyminutes before the prison doctor at last said, “I pronounce
this man dead.” A hearse, its blazing headlights beadedwith rain, drove into the warehouse, and the body, placedon a litter and shrouded under a blanket, was carried to thehearse and out into the night.
Staring after it, Roy Church shook his head: “I never would
have believed he had the guts. To take it like he did. I had
him tagged a coward.”
The man to whom he spoke, another detective, said, “Aw,
Roy. The guy was a punk. A mean bastard. He deserved it.”
Church, with thoughtful eyes, continued to shake his head.
While waiting for the second execution, a reporter and aguard conversed. The reporter said, “This your firsthanging?”“I seen Lee Andrews.”“This here’s my first.”“Yeah. How’d you like it?”
The reporter pursed his lips. “Nobody in our office wanted
the assignment. Me either. But it wasn’t as bad as I thought
it would be. Just like jumping off a diving board. Only with arope around your neck.”

“They don’t feel nothing. Drop, snap, and that’s it. They
don’t feel nothing.”“Are you sure? I was standing right close. I could hear him
gasping for breath.”“Uh-huh, but he don’t feel nothing. Wouldn’t be humane if he
did.”“Well. And I suppose they feed them a lot of pills.
Sedatives.”“Hell, no. Against the rules. Here comes Smith.”“Gosh, I didn’t know he was such a shrimp.”“Yeah, he’s little. But so is a tarantula.”
As he was brought into the warehouse, Smith recognizedhis old foe, Dewey; he stopped chewing a hunk ofDoublemint gum he had in his mouth, and grinned andwinked at Dewey, jaunty and mischievous. But after thewarden asked if he had anything to say, his expression was
sober. His sensitive eyes gazed gravely at the surrounding
faces, swerved up to the shadowy hangman, thendownward to his own manacled hands. He looked at his
fingers, which were stained with ink and paint, for he’dspent his final three years on Death Row painting selfportraits and pictures of children, usually the children ofinmates who supplied him with photographs of theirseldom-seen progeny. “I think,” he said, “it’s a helluva thing
to take a life in this manner. I don’t believe in capital
punishment, morally or legally. Maybe I had something tocontribute, something—” His assurance faltered; shyness
blurred his voice, lowered it to a just audible level. “It would
be meaningless to apologize for what I did. Even
inappropriate. But I do. I apologize.”
Steps, noose, mask; but before the mask was adjusted, theprisoner spat his chewing gum into the chaplain’s
outstretched palm. Dewey shut his eyes; he kept them shut
until he heard the thud-snap that announces a rope-broken
neck. Like the majority of American law-enforcement
officials, Dewey is certain that capital punishment is adeterrent to violent crime, and he felt that if ever the penalty
had been earned, the present instance was it. The
preceding execution had not disturbed him, he had neverhad much use for Hickock, who seemed to him “a smalltime chiseler who got out of his depth, empty andworthless.” But Smith, though he was the true murderer,
aroused another response, for Perry possessed a quality,
the aura of an exiled animal, a creature walking wounded,that the detective could not disregard. He remembered his
first meeting with Perry in the interrogation room at Police
Headquarters in Las Vegas—the dwarfish boy-man seatedin the metal chair, his small booted feet not quite brushing
the floor. And when Dewey now opened his eyes, that iswhat he saw: the same childish feet, tilted, dangling.

Dewey had imagined that with the deaths of Smith andHickock, he would experience a sense of climax, release,of a design justly completed. Instead, he discovered himself
recalling an incident of almost a year ago, a casualencounter in Valley View Cemetery, which, in retrospect,
had somehow for him more or less ended the Clutter case.
The pioneers who founded Garden City were necessarily aSpartan people, but when the time came to establish aformal cemetery, they were determined, despite arid soil
and the troubles of transporting water, to create a richcontrast to the dusty streets, the austere plains. The result,which they named Valley View, is situated above the town
on a plateau of modest altitude. Seen today, it is a darkisland lapped by the undulating surf of surrounding wheat
fields—a good refuge from a hot day, for there are many
cool paths unbrokenly shaded by trees planted generationsago.
One afternoon the previous May, a month when the fields
blaze with the green-gold fire of half-grown wheat, Dewey
had spent several hours at Valley View weeding his father’s
grave, an obligation he had too long neglected. Dewey was
fifty-one, four years older than when he had supervised the
Clutter investigation; but he was still lean and agile, and still
the K.B.I.’s principal agent in western Kansas; only a weekearlier he had caught a pair of cattle rustlers. The dream ofsettling on his farm had not come true, for his wife’s fear ofliving in that sort of isolation had never lessened. Instead,the Deweys had built a new house in town; they were proudof it, and proud, too, of both their sons, who were deepvoiced now and as tall as their father. The older boy washeaded for college in the autumn.
When he had finished weeding, Dewey strolled along thequiet paths. He stopped at a tombstone marked with arecently carved name: Tate. Judge Tate had died ofpneumonia the past November; wreaths, brown roses, andrain-faded ribbons still lay upon the raw earth. Close by,fresher petals spilled across a newer mound—the grave ofBonnie Jean Ashida, the Ashidas’ elder daughter, who
while visiting Garden City had been killed in a car collision.
Deaths, births, marriages—why, just the other day he’dheard that Nancy Clutter’s boy friend, young Bobby Rupp,
had gone and got married.
The graves of the Clutter family, four graves gathered undera single gray stone, lie in a far corner of the cemetery—
beyond the trees, out in the sun, almost at the wheat field’s
bright edge. As Dewey approached them, he saw that
another visitor was already there: a willowy girl with whitegloved hands, a smooth cap of dark-honey hair, and long,elegant legs. She smiled at him, and he wondered who she
was.
“Have you forgotten me, Mr. Dewey? Susan Kidwell.”He laughed; she joined him. “Sue Kidwell. I’ll be darned.”

He hadn’t seen her since the trial; she had been a childthen. “How are you? How’s your mother?”“Fine, thank you. She’s still teaching music at the Holcomb
School.”“Haven’t been that way lately. Any changes?”“Oh, there’s some talk about paving the streets. But you
know Holcomb. Actually, I don’t spend much time there.
This is my junior year at K.U.,” she said, meaning the
University of Kansas. “I’m just home for a few days.”“That’s wonderful, Sue. What are you studying?”“Everything. Art, mostly. I love it. I’m really happy.” Sheglanced across the prairie. “Nancy and I planned to go tocollege together. We were going to be roommates. I think
about it sometimes. Suddenly, when I’m very happy, I thinkof all the plans we made.”
Dewey looked at the gray stone inscribed with four names,
and the date of their death: November 15, 1959. “Do youcome here often?”“Once in a while. Gosh, the sun’s strong.” She covered hereyes with tinted glasses. “Remember Bobby Rupp? Hemarried a beautiful girl.”“So I heard.”

“Colleen Whitehurst. She’s really beautiful. And very nice,too.”“Good for Bobby.” And to tease her, Dewey added, “Buthow about you? You must have a lot of beaus.”“Well. Nothing serious. But that reminds me. Do you havethe time? Oh,” she cried, when he told her it was past four,“I’ve got to run! But it was nice to have seen you, Mr.
Dewey.”“And nice to have seen you, Sue. Good luck,” he called
after her as she disappeared down the path, a pretty girl ina hurry, her smooth hair swinging, shining—just such ayoung woman as Nancy might have been. Then, starting
home, he walked toward the trees, and under them, leaving
behind him the big sky, the whisper of wind voices in thewind-bent wheat.

THE END

THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD
Maya Angelou•
Daniel J. Boorstin•
A. S. Byatt•
Caleb Carr•
Christopher Cerf•
Ron Chernow•
Shelby Foote•Vartan Gregorian•Charles Johnson•
Mary Karr•
Jon Krakauer•
Edmund Morris•
Michael Ondaatje•
Elaine Pagels•
David Remnick•John Richardson•
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
•
Carolyn See•
William Styron•
Gore Vidal

Biographical note copyright (c) 1992 by Random House,Inc.
Copyright © 1965 by Truman Capote

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States byRandom House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in
Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.

Modern Library is a registered trademark of Random
House, Inc.

The contents of this book appeared originally in The New
Yorker in slightly different form.

All letters and quotations are reprinted with the permissionof their authors.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to The Rodeheaver HallMack Co. for permission to reprint excerpts from “In the
Garden” by C. Austin Miles. Words and music copyright
The Rodeheaver Co. Copyright renewed. Reprinted bypermission.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Capote, Truman.
In cold blood/Truman Capotep. cm.
Originally published: New York: Random House, 1966, ©
1965.
1. Murder—Kansas—Case studies. I. Title
HV6533.K3C3 1992
364.1’523’09781—dc20 92-50211

Modern Library website address:www.randomhouse.com/modernlibraryeISBN: 978-1-58836-165-3v3.0