SEAVR 2020: 018‐021
ISSN: 2424‐8525
Date of publication: 23 April 2020
Hosted online by ecologyasia.com

Observations on the breeding behavior of the Philippine Sticky Frog
Kalophrynus sinensis, Peters (1867)
Dennis A. MUGOT & Jake Wilson B. BINADAY
denmugot.dm@ gmail.com, jwbinaday @gmail.com

Observer: Dennis A. Mugot.
Photographs by: Dennis A. Mugot.
Subjects identified by: Jake Wilson B. Binaday.
Location: Barangay Poblacion, Municipality of Claveria, Misamis Oriental.
Elevation: 630 metres ASL.
Habitat: Artificial pond.
Date and time:i) 17 August 2019, 06:10 hrs.
ii) 22 March 2020, 19:38 hrs.
Identity of subjects: Philippine Sticky Frog, Kalophrynus sinensis (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae)
Description of records:
On the early morning of 17 August 2019, several pairs of Kalophrynus sinensis were observed mating in a small
artificial pond with shallow water, by the porch of a house. One of the pairs in amplexus was video recorded
while the female released its eggs. While the male grasped the female’s body, the female pushed its posterior
end upward with its hindlimb above the water’s surface until both the cloaca of the two sexes almost met. During
this process, the male formed a diamond‐shaped chamber with its thighs and legs by conjoining both of its heels(Figs. 1a‐b).

Figure. 1a‐b. Kalophrynus sinensis amplexus process.

© Dennis A. Mugot

After the eggs were released, the male spread its hindlimbs outwards while the female lowered its posterior end
until the eggs reached the water’s surface (Figs. 1c‐f). This process was repeated until all of the eggs in the clutchwere released. It was also observed that an unpaired male tried to separate the pair several times during thisprocess, but failed to do so.

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Figure. 1c‐f. Kalophrynus sinensis amplexus process.

© Dennis A. Mugot

On the evening of 22 March 2020, two vocalizing males and a female Kalophrynus sinensis were observed in thesame pond. Several tadpoles were also observed within the pond, but there were no eggs. The frogs were thenobserved every five minutes. One of the male frogs paired with the female and stayed for around 3 hours in thepond (Fig. 2). While in the amplexus position, the skin colouration of both sexes turned lighter, but the unpaired
male’s skin colour remained unchanged. The paired frogs left the pond while still in amplexus, probably due todisturbance during the observation process. However, the unpaired male stayed in the pond and continuously
made calls for the rest of the night. The pair was not observed again until 12 p.m. In the morning of 23 March
2019, a clutch of eggs was found in the pond, along with the unpaired male (Fig. 3).

Figure 2. Kalophrynus sinensis in amplexus, along with several tadpoles.

19© Dennis A. Mugot

Figure 3. Clutch of eggs of Kalophrynus sinensis with an adult male.

© Dennis A. Mugot

Remarks:
The individuals were identified as Kalophrynus sinensis based on (i) black inguinal spots, (ii) light‐edged ocelli, (iii)
presence of middorsal stripe from snout to neck where it bifurcates, (iv) dorsolateral ridge distinct from shoulder
to inguinal area, (v) dorsal surface granular rugose, (vi) lack of webbing on fingers, and (vii) modestly webbed toes(Zug 2015).
This observation of the female using its hindlimb to raise its posterior end from the water’s surface during
amplexus could provide some explanation as to why this species prefers shallow water as its mating ground: thefemale needs its hindfeet to touch the ground for it to raise its posterior end. Other Kalophrynus species havebeen documented breeding in shallow waters in small ephemeral pools and phytothelms (Vassilieva et al. 2014;
Zug 2015). Moreover, by raising the eggs from the water’s surface during the release of the male’s sperm likely
increases the chance of fertilizing the eggs.
The Philippine Sticky Frog is known to occur throughout the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Camiguin Sur, Culion,Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar (Diesmos et al. 2015). This species hide under forest litter during the day andemerges at night to forage and breed in shallow pools of water (Zug 2015). It can frequently be encounteredduring the rainy season, where males call while floating in ephemeral pools and water‐filled cavities in habitats ofvarying levels of disturbances, up to 1200m elevation (Sanguila et al. 2016; Venturina et al. 2020). Thisobservation provides additional information on the species breeding behavior..
References:Diesmos, A., Watters, J., Huron, N., Davis, D., Alcala, A., Crombie, R., Afuang, L., Gee‐Das, G. Sison, R., Sanguila, M.,
Penrod, M., Labonte, M., Davey, C., Austine Leon, E., Diesmos, M. & Sy, E. (2015). Amphibians of the Philippines,
Part I: Checklist of the Species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 62(4): 457–539.
Sanguila, M., Kobb, K., Siler, C., Diesmos, A., Alcala, A., & Brown, R. (2016). The amphibians and reptiles ofMindanao Island southern Philippines, II: the herpetofauna of northeast Mindanao and adjacent islands. Zookeys
624: 1–132.
Vassilieva, A., Galoyan, E., Gogoleva, S. & Poyarkov, N. Jr. (2014). Two new species of Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838
(Anura: Microhylidae) from the Annamite mountains in southern Vietnam. Zootaxa 3796(3): 401–434.

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Venturina, R. E., del Prado, Y. L., Kamir, R. A., Balmores, M. & Diesmos, A. (2020). A revised checklist ofamphibians and reptiles in Camiguin Sur, Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines. Asian Herpetological Research11(1): 28–43.
Zug, G. (2020). Morphology and systematics of Kalophrynus interlineatus‐pleurostigma populations (Anura:Microhylidae: Kalophryninae) and a taxonomy of the genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, Asian Sticky Frogs. Proceeding of
the California Academy of Sciences 62(4): 135–190.

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