Additional information on calculating the emission factors of the Philippines for the JCM
Summary
In order to secure net emission reductions in the methodology, the following reference emission factors
are applied depending on the grid to which a proposed project activity will connect in the Philippines:··

Table 1 summarises the applied reference emission factors for the solar PV system system(s) in a
proposed project activity, which is directly connected to a regional grid, or connected to a regional
grid via an internal grid not connecting to a captive power generator (Case 1).
Table 1 also summarises the applied reference emission factors for the solar PV system system(s)in a proposed project activity, which is connected to an internal grid connecting to both a regional
grid and a captive power generator (Case 2).
Table 1. Reference emission factor Case 1 and Case 2
Regional grid nameEmission factorfor Case 1 and Case 2 (tCO2/MWh)Luzon-Visayas
0.507
Mindanao
0.468·A reference emission factor of 0.533 t-CO2/MWh is applied, in the case that the solar PV systemsystem(s) in a proposed project activity is only connected to an internal grid connecting to a captive
power generator (Case 3).

1. Current status of the electricity system in Philippines
The Philippine electric power grid is organised into two systems: Luzon-Visayas system andMindanao system. All electric power generation are carried out by the private sector. The
transmission is implemented by National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP). The
distribution activities are implemented by MERALCO, VECO, DPLC and other private sector.
Throughout 2015-2017. As shown in Table 2 below, Luzon-Visayas system was the main electricitysystem in the Philippines, covering approximately 88%, followed by Mindanao (12%).
Table 2. Annual Power Generation per Electricity System
Gross Power Generation (TWh)Year
Luzon-Visayas
MindanaoTotal
2015
72.3
10.1
82.4
2016
79.5
11.3
90.8
2017
82.6
11.8
94.4
Source: Department of Energy
Eight types of primary energy sources are used for electricity generation: coal, oil and diesel, naturalgas, geothermal, hydro, biomass, wind and solar power. The share of electricity generated from2015-2017 by each type of primary energy source is shown in Figure 1 below. The electricitygenerated from hydro, biomass, wind, and solar power plants are deemed as low cost/must run(LCMR) power sources.

1Figure 1. National Total Gross Power Generation per Type of Fuel(TWh)1008060402002015
CoalDiesel/oil2016
Natural Gas

Geothermal

2017
Hydro

Biomass

Solar

Wind

Source: Department of Energy
2. Calculation of reference emission factor of electricity systems
Since the electricity systems are independent from each other, reference emission factors arecalculated for each system. In order to identify the reference emission factor of each grid in aconservative and simple manner to secure net emission reductions, the emission factors in thismethodology are established by an operating margin that is calculated using gross electricity
generation from fossil-fuel power plants for the years 2015-2017. Emission factor of natural gas isapplied to calculate the emission factor of thermal power plants in a conservative manner.
Conservative emission factors of fossil fuel power plants are calculated using the following
equation:
Emission factor of fossil fuel power plant [tCO2/MWh]= (Emission factor of fuel source [kgCO2/TJ]*10-3*0.0036[TJ/MWh] /(Heat efficiency (LHV) [%]/100)
Emission factors of coal, gas and diesel combustion are derived from the “IPCC guideline 2006,
Chapter 2, stationary combustion” as 89,500 kgCO2/TJ, 54,300 kgCO2/TJ and 72,600 kgCO2/TJ.
The heat efficiencies of coal-fired power plants and gas-fired power plants are applied as 39% and
60% respectively, taking into consideration the technologies being used in currently operational
power plants in the Philippines. With regard to the diesel-fired power plants, a heat efficiency of49%, an efficiency level which has not yet been achieved by the world’s leading diesel generator,
is applied. These figures are shown in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Constants for calculation of reference emission factor
ItemValues
Reference
Best heat efficiency of natural gas
60%
Department of Energy
power plant(combined cycle)
39%
Best heat efficiency of coal power(Circulating
Department of Energy
plant
Fluidized Bed)
Best heat efficiency of diesel powerplant

JCM Approved Methodologies:
PW_AM001, MN_AM003, etc.

49%2CO2 emission factor of otherbituminous coal
CO2 emission factor of natural gas
CO2 emission factor of diesel

89,500 kgCO2/TJ
54,300 kgCO2/TJ
72,600 kgCO2/TJ

IPCC guideline for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006,
Chapter 2, stationary combustion1

Applying the emission factors and plant efficiencies as explained above, the conservative emission
factors are calculated to be 0.826 tCO2/MWh for coal-fired power plants, 0.326 tCO2/MWh for gasfired power plants and 0.533 tCO2/MWh for diesel-fired power plants. These conservative emission
factors are applied for calculating the reference emission factor of each grid in the Philippines.
Using these conservative emission factors for each power source data and electricity generation
including LCMR resources, operating margins of each grid are obtained using the following
equation:‫ܨܧ‬ோா,௝ =∑೔ ாீ೔,ೕ ×ாி೔∑೔ ாீ೔,ೕWhere:EFRE,j = The reference emission factor of regional grid j [tCO2/MWh]EFi= Conservative emission factor of power plant type i [tCO2/MWh]
EGi,j = Average electricity generated and delivered to each grid from power plant type i
including LCMR resources in grid j during 2015-2017 [MWh]There are three possible cases of the installation of solar PV system systems in a project activity interms of its connectivity to the grid and captive power generator:
···a.

1

Case 1: the solar PV system system(s) is directly connected to a regional grid, or connected
to a regional grid via an internal grid not connecting to a captive power generator.
Case 2: the solar PV system system(s) is connected to an internal grid connecting to botha regional grid and a captive power generator.
Case 3: the solar PV system system(s) is only connected to an internal grid connecting toa captive power generator.
Reference emission factor of Luzon-Visayas
The Luzon-Visayas system is mainly powered by coal (49%), followed by natural gas (25%),
then Geothermal (13%). Hydro, biomass, diesel/oil, wind, and solar power supply the rest of
the power generation as shown in the Figure 2 below.

IPCC default values at the lower limit of the uncertainty at a 95 per cent confidence interval.

3

Figure 2. Electric power generated by power plants in LuzonVisayas grid by fuel type (TWh, 2015-2017)
908070510692021333538412015

2016

2017

51060
50

1940

330
20
100
Coal

Diesel/oil

Natural Gas

Geothermal

Hydro

Biomass

SolarWind

Source: Department of Energy
Applying the conservative emission factors and power generation to Equation 1, the reference
emission factor to be applied for solar PV system systems in a proposed project activity which
is directly connected, or connected via an internal grid not connecting to a captive power
generator (Case 1), to the Luzon-Visayas grid is 0.507 tCO2/MWh, as shown in Table 1above.

b. Reference emission factor of Mindanao
The Mindanao system is mainly powered by coal (40%), followed by hydro (32%), diesel/oil(20%). Biomass, Geothermal and solar power supply the rest of the power generation. The
electric power generation by fuel types are shown in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4. Electric power generated by power plants in
Mindanao grid by fuel type (TWh, 2015-2017)
15105

3.0

3.8

3.9

0.9

0.8

2.5

0.8
0.9

3.4

6.34.92.002015

CoalDiesel/oil2016

Natural Gas

Geothermal

Source: Department of Energy

42017

Hydro

Biomass

SolarWindApplying the conservative emission factors and power generation to Equation 1, the reference
emission factor to be applied for solar PV system systems in a proposed project activity which
is directly connected, or connected via an internal grid not connecting to a captive power
generator (Case 1), to the Mindanao grid is 0.468 tCO2/MWh, as shown in Table 1 above.
3. Calculation of reference emission factor of a captive power generator (Case 3)
To determine the emission factor of a captive power generator which normally uses a diesel
generator in a conservative and simple manner, a heat efficiency of 49%, an efficiency level which
has not yet been achieved by the world’s leading diesel generator, is applied.
The emission factor of diesel power generation is calculated from the heat efficiency using thefollowing equation:
Emission factor of diesel power plant [tCO2/MWh]= (CO2 emission factor of diesel oil [kgCO2/TJ]*10-3*0.0036[TJ/MWh] / (Heat efficiency(LHV) [%]/100)
Applying the default value of the emission factor of diesel combustion which is 72,600 kgCO2/TJ
derived from “IPCC guideline 2006, Chapter 2, stationary combustion”, together with the heatefficiency of 49%, the emission factor of a captive power generator and the reference emission
factor to be applied for solar PV system system(s) which is directly connected, or connected via aninternal grid connecting to only a captive power generator (Case 3), is calculated to be 0.533
tCO2/MWh.
4. Selection of the reference emission factors in the case a solar PV system system is connected
to both grid and captive power generator (Case 2)
In the case the solar PV system system(s) in a proposed project activity is connected to an internal
grid connecting to both a regional grid and a captive power generator (Case 2), a comparison wasmade for each regional grid, between the emission factor for Case 1 (as shown in Table 1) and theemission factor for Case 3 (conservative emission factor of diesel-fired power plants of 0.533
tCO2/MWh). The lower value between emission factors of Case 1 compared to that of Case 2 is set
as the emission factors applied as Case 2, as shown in Table 1 above.
Annexa. Share of fuel source for electric power generated in Luzon-Visayas grid
Share of fuel source for electric power generated by power
plants in Luzon-Visayas grid (2015-2017)
Biomass, 1%

Solar, 1%

Wind, 1%

Hydro, 7%
Geothermal, 13%
Coal, 49%
Natural Gas,
25%

Diesel/oil, 4%
Coal

Diesel/oil

Natural Gas

Geothermal

Hydro

Biomass

Solarb. Share of fuel source for electric power generated in Mindanao grid
5WindShare of fuel source for electric power generated by power
plants in Mindanao grid (2015-2017)
Solar, 0%Wind, 0%

Biomass, 0%Hydro, 32%

Coal, 40%

Geothermal,8%Natural Gas,
0%
Coal

Diesel/oil

Natural Gas

Diesel/oil, 20%
Geothermal

Hydro

6Biomass

SolarWind