F L I L A N G UA G E A N D C U LT U R E S E R I ES , N O. 7

PalulaVocabulary

Henrik Liljegren
Naseem Haider

Palula Vocabulary

Palula Vocabulary
Henrik Liljegren
Naseem Haider

Forum for Language Initiatives

Published by Forum for Language Initiatives
Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: info@fli-online.org© 2011 Henrik Liljegren and Naseem Haider

FLI Language and Culture Series
Series editor: Henrik Liljegren, Ph.D, Stockholm University
1. Report on Local Names and Uses of Plants in Kalam Kohistan, by Joan L.G. Baart, Esther
L. Baart-Bremer, and Muhammad Zaman Sagar
2. Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey, by Michael and Laura Lothers
3. Kalam Kohistan ki Riwayati Tarikh: Gawri Qabail oor un ka Nizam-e-Mashirat(Hisa-e-awal-Kalam Khas), by Muhammad Zaman Sagar
4. Kalkatak: A Crossroads of Cultures in Chitral, by Fakhruddin Akhunzada and Maarit
Liljegren
5. Treasures of Seven Kings: Stories from Northern Pakistan, edited by Maarit Liljegren
and Judith Baart
6. The Ormuri Language in Past and Present, by V.A. Efimov
7. Palula Vocabulary, by Henrik Liljegren and Naseem Haider

Cover design: Elina Johanna LiljegrenISBN 978-969-9437-07-6

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For Naveed, Nighat, Nazish and Nabeel –Taking Palula into the futureContents
Maps ......................................................................................................................................... vii
Foreword .................................................................................................................................. ix
Introduction to the volume ................................................................................................... xi
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xi
A brief introduction to Palula ............................................................................................ xiii
The general setting ......................................................................................................... xiii
The linguistic setting ........................................................................................................ xv
Previous and current research .................................................................................... xviii
Linguistic features ............................................................................................................xix
The sound system.........................................................................................................xix
Parts of speech and subclasses ...................................................................................xxi
Word order ................................................................................................................ xxxii
Complex constructions .......................................................................................... xxxiii
Palula as a written language ...................................................................................... xxxiii
The structure of the vocabulary ................................................................................... xxxvii
Entry components ...................................................................................................... xxxvii
Lexical representation........................................................................................... xxxvii
Phonetic transcription .......................................................................................... xxxvii
Orthographic form ................................................................................................. xxxvii
Part of speech ......................................................................................................... xxxviiv

Definition in English ............................................................................................. xxxviii
Example sentences with translation.................................................................. xxxviii
Morphological form.............................................................................................. xxxviii
Usage information ................................................................................................ xxxviii
Cross-references ................................................................................................... xxxviii
Variants .....................................................................................................................xxxix
Origin .........................................................................................................................xxxix
Inflection ...................................................................................................................xxxix
Subentries......................................................................................................................xxxix
Alphabetical order ............................................................................................................. xl
English index....................................................................................................................... xl
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... xl
Palula-English........................................................................................................................... 1
English-Palula index ........................................................................................................... 166
References............................................................................................................................. 185
Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 192
Noun paradigms .............................................................................................................. 192
Verb paradigms ............................................................................................................... 188

vi

Maps

Map 1: Languages of northern PakistanviiMap 2: The Palula speaking areaviii

Foreword
When people talk about languages, they very often think of them as consisting of
two major parts – a collection of words (lexicon) and grammar. The majority of
linguists, i.e. people who describe and study language and languages, are interested
in grammar; it is often seen as the most important and essential part of thelanguage, its basis, a truly amazing system, an incomparable achievement ofmankind. The lexicon is often viewed as a chaotic part of the language, susceptible
to influences and changes, elusive and hardly worth of accurate scientific scrutiny.
However, for the speakers of a language, it is normally the words that are at its
heart, with all their individual shapes and meanings, with all their peculiarities,
similarities and contrasts, with all their rich associations with each other and withthe history and culture of the people who speak that particular language – and ofother people.
I find therefore a great satisfaction and pleasure in the fact that the documentation of Palula currently encompasses both grammar and lexicon, and that the earlier
grammatical description of the language is now complemented by a fairly detailed
description of its lexicon. Henrik Liljegren’s dissertation on Palula (2008) was
received with enthusiasm by the linguistic community, who viewed the title of thatexemplary and very substantial volume, Towards a grammatical description of Palula, as
too modest. This is in a way repeated in the title of the present work. Although theauthors themselves, Henrik Liljegren and Naseem Haider, explain why this book is
not a dictionary, I regard their label “vocabulary” as not doing sufficient justice tothe volume, from the point of view of either quantity or quality.
First of all, the lexical entries take up almost two hundred pages, which is quite alot. Secondly, and even more importantly, each of the lexical entries receives a very
thorough and systematic description, covering detailed information on its meaning,form, grammatical properties, other variants, origin, and is richly illustrated byexamples.
This volume is a treasury for people with various interests – both for those whoare interested in the language, history and culture of the Palula community, but also
for those who are curious about words and languages, among others, professional
linguists. It is mainly thanks to descriptions of this kind that we have finally started
discovering both amazing differences and stunning similarities among the lexicalixsystems of different languages and approaching the lexicon as a highly respectableand desirable target for linguistic, and especially, cross-linguistic research.
Dr. Maria Koptjevskaja-TammProfessor, Department of Linguistics
Stockholm University
October 2011x

Introduction to the volume
This is not a complete dictionary!
Contrary to what you as a reader or user may think, this statement should not beread as an indication of false modesty on our part. We are indeed proud to present
this piece of work, and it is not without a considerable amount of perspiration that it
has been produced. However, the reason for not labelling this a “dictionary” istwofold. On the one hand, it has to do with a lack of comprehensiveness; on theother hand, it has to do with limitations in community usefulness.
The main purpose of this volume is to provide a complement to Towards agrammatical description of Palula, the language description that was delivered in theform of a doctoral dissertation (Henrik Liljegren 2008). The 1460 main entries
included in the present work are limited to those lexical items that are cited or
exemplified in the aforementioned work. There is therefore no intention to cover
the entire active Palula vocabulary or even a substantial part of it. The latter would
be an important goal of a proper dictionary.
Neither do we as compilers claim that this is the product that the Palulacommunity for quite some time has been requesting, i.e. a dictionary of great lexicalscope, including definitions and translations of example sentences in Urdu, thenational language of Pakistan, either instead of English or in addition to it. Such a
product would undoubtedly greatly enhance current educational and literary efforts
in the community.
Both of these aspects are worthy goals, and therefore work on a comprehensive
and practical dictionary is indeed in progress. However, as anyone ever devoted tosuch a task knows, it is an incredibly time-consuming undertaking. Rather than
expecting potential users to wait for that “final” product, we are presently looking
into options of making a so-called growing dictionary available and open forcollaborative efforts and broader input. In the meantime, we present this vocabulary
as an intermediary step, and thus make our contribution to a continued
documentation of the Palula language.

Acknowledgements
There are quite a few people to whom we want to express gratitude for their help
and support in completing and improving the quality of this work.
xiOur thanks go, first of all, to the Palula community, and in particular to those in
the community who have shared their knowledge and their stories with us. Much of
the vocabulary presented, and examples of usage in various contexts, is based oninterviews, written texts, brainstorming sessions, informal interaction, but mostimportantly on recordings, with numerous people in the community over the last
thirteen years. It would be futile to try to mention everyone by name without
running the risk of forgetting someone. Having said that, we do want to especiallymention our dear friend Muhammad Atiq Ullah for spending much time with us inproviding words and corresponding forms and expressions used in the Palula of the
Biori Valley.
We also want to thank all of our colleagues and friends at the Forum for
Language Initiatives in Islamabad for providing funds, work space, and much-neededcross-language interaction and encouragement in this ongoing lexicographic
undertaking. We want to mention Wayne Lunsford and Fakhrud Din, in particular,
for your support and for the initiatives taken in the area of language-based
development and the documentation of languages in Pakistan’s mountainous North.
Thanks go to a few other individuals who at different stages took the time toread and comment on the manuscript or parts of it: Joan Baart, Judith Baart, Peter
Hook, and Henk Courtz. The final copy-editing of the entire manuscript was done by
Kimberly Caton, who, within a very short time span, made essential improvements
to the text. Thank you so much!
The main part of my (that is Henrik’s) field work in Pakistan was conducted
while holding a post as a language development consultant (under the auspices of
the Forum for Language Initiatives, Islamabad) financially supported by Sida
(Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency) through PMU InterLife,
Sweden. During the follow-up period spent in Stockholm, when the material was
given its final shape, I was employed first as a postdoctoral fellow at the Departmentof Oriental Languages, Stockholm University, and most recently as a research fellow
at the Department of Linguistics.
Finally, we want to express our deepest love and appreciation to our own
families, in Sweden and in Pakistan, respectively.
Henrik Liljegren and Naseem Haider
Islamabad
November 2011xii

A brief introduction to Palula
Palula is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 10,000 people in theChitral Valley in northern Pakistan’s mountain region. The language is part of acontinuum of Indo-Aryan varieties (i.e., languages and dialects) spoken at thenorthwestern fringes of the subcontinent.
Palula (sometimes Phalura) is the name commonly used in linguistic and otherliterature with reference to this speech variety. Although this term corresponds tothe self-designation paalúula (sg. paalúulu ‘male person of the Palula’), as well as tothe derivation paaluulaá ‘the language of the Palula’, there is no complete internal
consensus on what name to use for the language. Many speakers prefer to identify
their language as well as themselves with a particular geographic location. For
instance, the people of Ashret (one of the main settlements) more readily refer totheir tongue as atshareetaá, ‘the language of Ashret’, or the even more generic asíicoolaá ‘our speech’. The ethnonym Dangarik is in popular use by most outsiders,mainly speakers of Khowar (the main language in Chitral); that term, however, isoften interpreted as derogatory, and is frowned upon by many Palula speakers.

The general setting
Chitral corresponds on the one hand to an erstwhile princely state with the same
name, and on the other hand to the northernmost district in modern-day Pakistan’s
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province. It is situated in the middle of what can be termed
the Greater Hindu Kush, a system of interconnected mountain ranges offering someof the world’s most spectacular views with enormous glaciers and some of its
highest peaks, represented in Chitral by the 7,780 meter high Tirich Mir.
The geographical home of Palula is a 40 kilometre stretch on the eastern side of
the Chitral (or Kunar) River in the southern part of Chitral. The two major
settlements are located in the two side valleys of Ashret and Biori. The main road,leading from lowland Pakistan to Chitral through the 3,000 metre high Lowari Pass,goes right through the Ashret Valley. Apart from those two main settlements, there
are a few other non adjacent villages where the language is spoken, or, in somecases, has been spoken in the recent past.
All of the Palula locations are relatively small settlements with rudimentary
infrastructures. Agriculture combined with animal husbandry is the main source ofincome. Traditionally, a large portion of the population practiced transhumance, inxiii

the spring taking flocks of goats and sheep to the cool, green pastures situated at aconsiderably higher elevation than the permanent settlements, staying there
throughout the summer months. That is still the case, but only to a limited extent,
involving just a few individuals rather than a temporary shifting of entire
households. A secondary source of income is received from timber harvesting in theform of royalties from the cedar forest growing on the high slopes, and through thesale of firewood from the low-lying oak forest. Contrary to the rest of the district,the forest in these southern parts is still plentiful, containing a diversity of trees.
However, an ever growing demand for wood in the towns of the district is changing
the landscape of the Palula habitat. Older people remember when all of thesettlements were immediately surrounded by thick forests, offering relatively easy
access to firewood (which was primarily the women’s job to collect), timber forbuilding houses and making furniture, as well as excellent hunting grounds.
For most of the Palula speaking area, electricity provided by a few smallhydroelectric power stations (established either through local initiative or by the
Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, from 1990 onward) is mainly used for lighting
purposes and for running a few low-energy household devices. Even that is only
possible during certain hours, mainly evenings and night time, in some of thesettlements. The socioeconomic environment is likely be reshaped in the years tocome as a new road tunnel is being constructed under the Lowari. This issubsequently opening up the area to a higher degree of mobility, cultural influences
are spreading in new ways, and new products and materials are being introduced in
the local market. Already a growing number of people are employed by thegovernment or carry out business within the private sector. In pursuit of other
employment opportunities, a number of families have migrated to urban areas,settling more or less permanently in larger cities such as Peshawar, Rawalpindi andLahore.
From the outsider perspective, especially of the Khowar speaking majority of
Chitral, the people and the speech of the Ashret and Biori Valleys areindistinguishable. Internally, however, the picture is less clear. Indeed, in the ears of
the “Southerners” in Ashret, the speech of the “Northerners” in Biori is rather
similar and largely comprehensible, and vice versa. Yet from both sides, the idea isalso common that the other variety is a speech form that is somehow debased ordeteriorated from its pure form. Although speakers of the two sub-varieties haveinteracted for a long time, and to some extent have also intermarried, it is obvious
xivthat the community in Ashret does not consider the community in Biori to berelated to them, the main reason being that they have no genealogy in common. As
is the case with many other communities in the region, there are preserved oral
traditions concerning a particular place of origin in these communities, as well as
genealogies memorised from generation to generation. The most extensive andconsistent traditions of this kind are found in Ashret, where the entire population,
more or less, claims descent from a common ancestor, a certain Choke, son of
Machoke, who migrated to the present location from Chilas in the Indus Valley some
15 to 16 generations ago.

The linguistic setting
The mountainous North of Pakistan, the region in which Palula is spoken, hosts
some two dozen distinct languages in an area of the approximate size of England andWales. 1 About ten of those have well over 100,000 speakers, and with a few
exceptions, have a privileged position as regional or sub-regional lingua franca with afair number of other-tongue speakers, whereas the majority of languages are
relatively small and limited in scope. Most of the latter are clearly bounded bygeographical barriers such as mountain ranges or rivers, which until recently madeextensive language contact difficult.
As far as linguistic affiliation is concerned, the largest component is Indo-Aryan,
represented by about twenty language communities; then there are also a handful of
Iranian languages, two Nuristani languages, one Tibeto-Burman, and one not yet
fully classified language. A number of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken here (Palula
included) are frequently referred to as ‘Dardic’, but it is highly disputed to what
extent this geographically defined cluster has any classificatory validity. 2 Six
subgroups within this cluster can be recognized:3 Kunar: Gawarbati, Dameli; Chitral:
1

The term language is not unproblematic in the absence of a longer literate history or an
established association between a linguistic variety and a well-defined political unit. Our
somewhat impressionistic definition is based on mutual intelligibility and a perceived sharedgroup identity.
2
Some suggest the term be discarded altogether since there is no justification for such agrouping (Strand 2001:251, 258), while others have continued using the term for a variety ofreasons (Bashir 2003:822; Zoller 2005:10-11).
3
Essentially I am following Bashir’s (2003) lower-level classification, which in its turn,largely agrees with Strand (2001). The focus here is on sociolinguistically discernible
xv

Kalasha, Khowar; Kohistani: Gawri (aka Bashkarik or Dir-Kalam Kohistani), Indus
Kohistani, Torwali, Chilisso, Gowro, Bateri; Shina: Shina proper, Kohistani Shina,
Ushojo, Kundal Shahi, Kalkoti, Palula; Kashmiri is a subgroup in itself, including
several dialects spoken on both sides of the present line-of-control. Apart from the‘Dardic’ cluster, at least four other Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by communities
that are indigenous to the mountainous North: Hindko, Pahari, Gojri, and Domaaki.
The first three comprise by themselves clusters of widely different dialects, with ageographical distribution well beyond the mountainous North. The few Iranian
languages spoken in the region are quite diverse. Northeastern Iranian Pashto is amajor language with a scope far beyond this particular region, and plays animportant role as a medium of wider communication in the western and southernparts of the region, including the southern part of Chitral. The so-called (Iranian)
Pamir languages, Wakhi and Yidgha, are spoken by considerably smaller
communities, both represented in Chitral. Madaglashti, the language of a single
village in Chitral’s Shishi Koh Valley, is surrounded by other languages and isconsidered a dialect of Dari, i.e. Persian (Southwestern Iranian) as spoken in
Afghanistan (Decker 1992b:12-14). The Nuristani languages are, in the words of theforemost expert on these varieties, “distant linguistic cousins of the Indo-Aryangroup” (Strand 2001:251). The two languages Kataviri and Kamviri are the only
representatives of this group in Pakistan, spoken in locations close to the Palula
speaking area. Balti is the only Tibeto-Burman language spoken within the borders ofPakistani jurisdiction, linguistically belonging to a family with a wide distribution in
the Himalayan-Tibetan highlands; the territory where Balti is spoken is at its
extreme western edge. Finally, Burushaski is not yet a conclusively classified
language. It is sometimes considered the last remnant of a once much morewide-spread language or even language family, perhaps pre-dating the Indo-Iranian
expansion into South and West Asia.
Shina, where the closest relatives of Palula are found, is traditionally describedas one language with different dialects. It is in actual fact, a number of diverse andgeographically widespread varieties, spoken by a range of ethnic groups, from theKunar Valley in Afghanistan, all the way to Kashmir. Its largest uninterrupted area isalong the portion of the Indus stretching from Kohistan District in the South,
language communities and their relative linguistic proximity, not on classificatory
fine-tuning. A sixth grouping, Pashai, and some of the languages that belong to the other fivegroups have their home in adjacent regions of Afghanistan; they are thus not included here.
xvithrough Chilas District, covering the east-west flowing portion of the river, then in
Gilgit-Baltistan branching out both eastwards into the Skardu area and westward
along the Gilgit River. A particularly close affinity exists between Palula and twoother varieties, namely Sawi (or Sauji) and Kalkoti (Buddruss 1967:11; Liljegren 2009;
Rensch 1992:7). Sawi is the speech variety of Sau, a village situated on the east bankof the Kunar River in Afghanistan, about 20 kilometres south of the Pakistani border
town Arandu in southern Chitral. Kalkoti is spoken by about 70 percent of the
population of Kalkot, a village situated in the upper Panjkora Valley in Dir Kohistan.
Chitral District, in particular the southern part of it, can be described as
excessively multilingual. Within an area of approximately 3000 square kilometres,
ten of the languages listed above are represented; in addition to those, at least threeother-tongue languages play a significant role (Morgenstierne 1941:7). Somewhat
simplified, two languages function as lingua francas: Khowar, which is the mothertongue of the overwhelming majority in the valley, and Pashto, which, although its
speaker community is one of the smallest in the district, dominates the province atlarge, and controls much of the district’s commerce. Their respective scope is largely
geographical. Khowar is used in the largest part of Chitral, from its northernmost
reach to some distance south of the bazaar town Drosh in the South. Pashto covers
the southernmost part, coinciding with the area with the largest concentration of
Pashtun settlements, from Arandu by the Afghanistan border in the South, andnorthward, including Drosh. This means that the area where Palula is spoken is atransitional zone, evidenced by a high level of bilingualism in both languages, with apreference for Khowar in the northern dialect area, and Pashto in the southern area.
Most Palula men, regardless of dialect, communicate in Khowar with mother-tongue
Khowar speakers, as well as with speakers of any of the other languages whoseheartland is within the area where Khowar is the lingua franca. Many choose to
speak Pashto with mother-tongue Pashto speakers and with speakers of Gawarbati
and Dameli. The latter two languages are spoken in the non-overlapping area where
Pashto is the sole lingua franca.
Palula is almost exclusively used among people who speak it as their first
language. It is only in the main settlements that it enjoys a somewhat exclusive
status, as there are few resident native speakers of other languages. In almost all
situations where a non-Palula speaker is present, even in one of the main Palulavillages, the language switches quickly to one of wider communication. The only
indication that Palula may be learnt by speakers of other languages is in thexviihistorical case of Kalasha speakers in the village of Kalkatak shifting from Kalasha to
Palula, and a fair number of Kamviri speakers of the adjacent settlement Badrugal
whom reportedly use Palula as a second language, mainly as a result of extensive
intermarriage (Decker 1992a:55-59, 79). Although the exact pattern varies fromlocation to location, multilingualism is widespread in all Palula settlements, and theability to use other languages has possibly increased over time. There is strongpressure to learn other languages for educational and business purposes. Today, it isvery common for people to speak, with some fluency, as many as three languages
besides Palula. When children start school, they must learn Urdu to gain anythingfrom the teaching; as soon as they leave their home village to go to the bazaar, or
meet people from non-Palula villages, they need either Khowar or Pashto in order tocommunicate. Only a few people are purely monolingual: mainly older people,
women to a larger extent than men, and small children.
There is no significant dialect variation between the different locations in
Chitral, but there is nonetheless reason to speak of two dialect areas, each
representing one of the two major concentrations of Palula speakers: Ashret andBiori. Although it is not entirely clear how the speech of Ghos (now extinct or nearlyso) and Puri relate to these two main dialect areas, the data available for the speechof Puri agrees more closely with the Biori subvariety than it does with the Ashretvariety. There is no dialect continuum between the Biori and Ashret subvarieties (asthe population is confined to these two relatively fertile side valleys), and thegeographical proximity within each valley is close enough to exclude any significant
in-dialect variations. Individual examples or forms cited that represent Biori speech
will be explicitly indicated as Biori, whereas if no such reference is given, it is the
speech of Ashret that is intended.

Previous and current research
The first scholar to collect linguistic data on Palula was the Norwegian researcher
Georg Morgenstierne, who visited Chitral in the 1920s. His brief description ismainly based on the speech of Ashret, for which he outlines its relationship to otherlanguages, summarizes its phonology and morphology, and presents a word list
(Morgenstierne 1941). The next scholar to approach the subject was Professor
Buddruss from Germany, who in the 1950s studied Sawi, the closely related variety
spoken on the Afghan side of the border. His results include an outline of thephonology and morphology from a historical perspective, a word list, and somecomparisons with Morgenstierne’s Palula material (Buddruss 1967). In the fifth
xviii

volume of a survey carried out in the region by the Summer Institute of Linguistics
in the early 1990s, Kendall Decker (1992a) discusses the sociolinguistic environmentof Palula, including its geographical extension, and summarizes its history as viewed
by the community. Some factors regarding language use are also presented. The
material presented by the same author in subsequent publications overlaps to alarge extent with his earlier work (Decker 1992a, 1996). On his Nuristan-focused
website, Richard Strand has continuously posted results from a short stretch offieldwork carried out on the Ashret dialect. Recently he presented somehistorical-genealogical material from Ashret, a phonological summary and asemantically-structured word list, incorporating Morgenstierne’s data in the latter(Strand 2011). Elena Bashir, an expert on Kalasha and Khowar, includes material on
Palula in some publications with a wider scope (Bashir 1996, 2003). Two recent works
that cover ethnographic and ethnohistorical aspects of the Palula community and its
immediate adjacent environs are Cacopardo & Cacopardo (2001) and Akhunzada &M. Liljegren (2009).
The present study is part of a larger field-linguistic undertaking, from 1998
onward, including the collection, analysis, and presentation of language data andorally transmitted tradition in close collaboration with the local language
community. The main outcomes of this undertaking are the following: a language
description in the form of a 393-page doctoral dissertation (Liljegren 2008) covering
a range of topics within phonology, morphology and syntax; a phonologicalsummary (Liljegren and Haider 2009); a treatment of Palula from ahistorical-comparative perspective (Liljegren 2009); and, an exploration of complex
predicates in Palula and related languages (Liljegren 2010).

Linguistic features
The following overview covers the most central linguistic features of Palula, withspecial reference to lexical classification. For more in-depth coverage andinformation on other aspects of grammar, the reader should consult Liljegren (2008).
The sound system
The language has 30 phonemic consonants (Table 1), of which three are less central.
The consonant segments /q/ and /f/ are not fully contrastive sounds with all
speakers, and /ʐ/ is marginal in occurrence. There are five basic places ofarticulation, with a voicing contrast in the plosive and fricative sets. (Symbols usedxix

in the latin-based representation of Palula in this work that deviate from IPA
notation are given in italics next to respective phoneme.)
Table 1: Consonants

p
b

t
d
ʦ (ts)
s
z
n
r
l

f
m

ʈ
ɖ
ʈʂ
ʂ
ʐ
ɳ
ɽ

(ṭ)
(ḍ)
(c̣)
(ṣ)
(ẓ)
(ṇ)
(ṛ)

w

ʨ (č)
ɕ (š)
ʑ (ǰ)

j

k
ɡ

q

x
ɣ

h

(y)

There are ten phonemic vowels (Table 2), comprising five basic qualities, eachhaving a long and a short counterpart (the former represented by a doubled vowel).
Table 2: Vowels

ii

i

uu
ee

e

oo
aa

u

o

a

Vowel nasalisation is a marginal feature in the language, and not fully contrastive.
However, in a few lexical items it is not in free variation with a full nasal (e.g. in/dʑhĩĩ/ ‘head louse’), and has in those cases been indicated in the lexical
representation with a free-standing symbol after the nasalised vowel: ǰhií~.
Aspiration (or rather what is treated as aspiration in many related languages) is
contrastive (see Table 3) and occurs extensively, but is best considered a property ofthe stem as a whole or, alternatively, as a segment in its own right, rather than as asecondary articulation of any one segement. This feature (in the lexical
representation invariably written as h) occurs only once in a (phonologial) word,
and is phonetically realized as aspiration [ʰ], when concomitant with a voicelessconsonant, often as ‘breathiness’ (partly colouring the following vowel) whenoccurring in the syllable onset along with a voiced consonant or a cluster of voiced
consonants, and as a fricative segment [h] in all other positions.4
4

The ‘breathiness’ is somewhat mobile within the syllable, and for some words even beyond
the realm of a single syllable.
xx

Table 3: “Aspiration” contrasts/kʰaréeɽi/’bolt’(contrasting with: /karéeɽi/’leopardess’)/bhóola/’were able to’(contrasting with: /bóola/’hair’)/whíi/’will come down (3sg)’(contrasting with: /wíi/’water’)A phonological word may carry one, and only one, accent. Generally speaking, in asingle word, accent is associated with high pitch, and the accent-bearing unit is themora. In some cases, as shown in Table 4, difference in accent placement is the only
phonological contrast between two lexical items.
Table 4: Accent contrasts/seetí/’looked after’/séeti/’thigh’/deédi/’burnt (FEM)’/déedi/’grandmother’/har/’every’/haár/’defeat’/háar/’take away!’

Parts of speech and subclasses
Each lexical item has been classified in terms of a class traditionally referred to as apart of speech. A distinction can be made between open and closed classes:
Open classes
nouns
verbs
adjectives
adverbs

n
v
adj
adv

Closed classes
pronouns
postpositions
quantifiers
determiners
auxiliaries

pron
post
quant
det
aux

mood markers
conjunctions
discourse markers
interjections

mood
conj
disc
interjA small number of other words or word-like elements are cited and given asomewhat more tentative classification as something other than one of theabove-mentioned categories. Some of them constitute a very small category; others
are special for other reasons. (See Other words or word-like elements, below.)
The primary criteria for the part-of-speech classification applied in this work
are grammatical, although there is an obvious semantic core to each of the classes
thus established (Givón 2001:49–54; Dixon 2010:47–54, 102–106; Croft 2003:183–188).
These criteria include language-particular distribution, functional range andmorphological behaviour (Schachter and Shopen 2007:1-3). While Palula can be
described along those lines, as having four open classes and another nine clearlyxxi

defined closed classes, it should be stressed that this division is by no means to be
seen as an entirely discrete one. Even within the open classes, there are closed
subclasses (particularly among the adverbs), and even some of the closed classes areopen to occasional additions, through loans or derivation.
Nouns (n)Examples: báaṭ (masc) ‘stone’, ac̣híi (fem) ‘eye’, ṭíinčuk (masc) ‘scorpion’, kúṛi (fem)‘woman’A noun primarily functions as the head of an argument (subject, object, etc.), but canalso be the predicate, in the latter case often without an accompanying overt copula.
The most important subclassification of nouns is the one between masculine (n.masc)and feminine (n.fem) gender nouns. Gender assignment is almost exclusively inherent
and part of the lexical specification. Only for a smaller group of nouns is genderassigned contextually only.
The typical noun is inflected for number (singular vs. plural) and case(nominative vs. oblique vs. genitive), although the realization of and formal
expression of each category are subject to declensional differences. There are threemain declensions (the a-, i-, and m-declensions), two minor ones (the aan- andee-declensions), and a smaller number of nouns that display idiosyncratic
inflectional behaviour. In the vocabulary, nouns are usually listed in theirnominative (basic) singular form. Because there are subvariations (such as theaccent shifting from the root to a suffix) even within the declensions, specificinformation on the plural and oblique forms is provided in each noun entry. A few
highly irregular plurals have been listed separately from their corresponding basic
forms. The typical noun paradigms, according to declension, are displayed in the
Appendix.
Proper nouns
Examples: atshareét (masc) ‘Ashret (the name of a valley and its main settlement)’,
deeúli (fem) ‘Dir (the name of a district and a former principality)’, mac̣hoók (masc)‘Machoke (the name of a tribal ancestor)’
A distinction is made between common nouns (not specifically indicated in thisvocabulary) and proper nouns (:pn).
(:pn) The latter are used to refer to specific persons orplaces. They are normally not pluralized, and only rarely occur with any preceding
modifiers. In most cases, however, they can be identified as either masculine or
feminine, and as belonging to one of the above mentioned declensions.
xxii

Verbs (v)Examples: utráapa (intr) ‘to run’, ɡhína (tr) ‘to take, buy’, bhíi (cop, intr) ‘to become;to come into existence’
The characteristic function of a verb is as a predicate, with the most important
subclassification being one between transitive (v.tr) and intransitive verbs (v.intr)(v.intr).
.intr) Thisis a strict distinction, and almost without exception, a particular verb stem is either
intransitive or transitive and cannot (without further derivation, see below) be
ambivalent or polyvalent. In addition to those two main classes, there is a subclass of
copulative verbs (v.cop),(v.cop) some of which overlap functionally with intransitive verbs on
the one hand, and with auxiliaries on the other.
Verbs are primarily inflected for tense, aspect and argument agreement, and in
addition to that, a few tense-mood-aspect (TMA) categories (such as Perfect and Past
Imperfective) are expressed periphrastically by means of auxiliaries. Two different
kinds of agreement are part of the paradigm, person agreement and gender/number
agreement. The former is confined to the non-tense marked categories Future and
the Past Imperfective, and the latter with Present tense and the perfective-based
categories. Apart from finite inflectional categories, there are a number ofimportant non-finite forms.
As far as inflectional morphology is concerned, there are two main
morphological verb classes, here referred to as L-verbs (an open, productive andlarge class) and T-verbs. Additionally, there are a few verbs with stems that to avarying degree are suppletive. Within the class of L-verbs there are predictablevariations in the inflectional paradigms due to accent position and the quality ofstem vowels, which is why those verbs have been further identified as
consonant-ending (:cons),(:cons) e-ending (:e),(:e) and a-ending (:a).
(:a) A few L-verbs that do not fit
into any of these categories have been labelled as (:minor).
(:minor) In the vocabulary, verbs
are listed according to their Third person singular Future forms, a form chosenbecause of its maximum class-differentiating potential. Specific information on themost commonly occurring forms (Present Masculine Singular, Perfective Masculine
Singular, and Converb, for most verbs) are provided in each verb entry. Many
T-verbs form their perfectives with a plosive segment (in the clear cases a t-suffix),
but often this has been assimilated with preceding stem segments, and it makes
sense to identify a perfective and an imperfective stem, respectively. Therefore, atleast one perfective form (usually the masculine singular) has been listed separately

xxiii

with a cross-reference to the respective main entry. Typical verb paradigms,
according to verb class, are displayed in the Appendix.
Secondary stems
Examples: pašíǰa (pass) ‘to be seen’ (cf. páaša ‘to see’), thawóo (caus) ‘to have someonedo’ (cf. thíi ‘to do’)There is a fairly productive valence changing morphology by which “new” stems canbe derived: A secondary one-argument verb stem (v.intr:pass) can be derived
morphologically from a corresponding primary transitive verb, and in the reverse,many two-argument verb stems (v.tr) are (at least in a historical sense) derived
morphologically from corresponding primary one-argument verb stems (v.intr).
Similarly, a secondary three-argument verb (v.tr:caus) can be derived morphologicallyfrom a corresponding primary transitive verb stem.
Conjunct verbs
Examples: ǰhaní thíi (ninc) ‘to marry’, káaṇ thíi (inc) ‘to listen, give heed to’, milaáu bhíi(inc) ‘to meet’, póo díi (ninc) ‘to step on’
Conjunct verbs (:cjt) are frequently occurring complex predicate constructions that,albeit phonologically existing as a combination of two words, function as lexicalunits. Usually they consist of a simplex verb preceded by a noun or an adjective;
words, or rather lexical elements, that cannot easily be identified as belonging toeither of these part-of-speech categories may also occur in this position (see Other
words or word-like elements, below). The verb in such a construction comes from asmall set of verb stems (mostly bhíi ‘become’, thíi ‘do’, díi ‘give; fall’), and it is thenon-verb element that contributes the main semantic content to the complex. This
work chooses to list these conjunct verbs as subentries of each non-verb element
lexeme contributing to individual complex constructions.
There are two main types of conjunct verbs, one referred to here as incorporating(.inc),(.inc) and another referred to as non-incorporating (.ninc).
(.ninc) In the non-incorporating
conjunct, the non-verb element functions as the direct object, whereas in theincorporating conjunct, the non-verb element is never treated as an argument of theclause.

xxiv

Adjectives (adj)
Examples: piṇḍúuru ‘round’, ṣíiṛu ‘blind’, ḍanɡ (inv) ‘hard’, purá (inv) ‘full, complete’
The typical adjective functions as an attributive modifier of a noun, or as apredicate, in the latter case often without an accompanying overt copula. The only
subclassification applied here is based solely on agreement properties. On the one
hand, there are those adjectives that inflectionally indicate gender, number and caseof the nouns they modify or, when they function as predicates, the nouns that are
their subjects. These have been left unmarked in this work. On the other hand, there
are those adjectives that are invariable in form (.inv).
(.inv) In particular, adjectives
pertaining to dimensions, age and human propensity show a strong tendency to be
substantivized, and many of those are therefore listed under the same entry as
nouns in addition to their primary adjectival categorization.
The great majority of inflecting adjectives occur in three forms ending in -u, -a
and -i, respectively, as displayed in Table 5, the latter with an additional umlaut for
those stems that (morphologically) have an accented á or áa.
Table 5: Regular inflection of adjectives

Nom Masc Sg

Nom Masc Pl/Obl Masc

Fem

níil-utáat-uóom-uníil-atáat-aóom-aníil-itéet-iéem-iníil- ‘blue, green’tát- ‘hot, warm’
áam- ‘raw, unripe’

There is also a marginal feminine plural in -im, largely limited to predicative use.
In this work, inflecting adjectives are listed in their nominative masculine singularform. Although there is little irregularity, information on the feminine agreement
form is always given in the entry, and in the case of umlaut formation, the feminine
form has been listed separately with a cross-reference to the respective main entry.
Adverbs (adv)
The fourth, and final, open class is adverbs. It is of only moderate size compared tothe aforementioned three open classes, and some of its rather disparate subclasses
are closed rather than open. Adverbs function as modifiers of constituents otherthan nouns on various grammatical levels. A fair number of adverbs are also part ofthe cross-cutting category pro-forms, in this case belonging to the subcategory
pro-adverbs. At least five subclasses of adverbs can be identified: spatial adverbs (:sp),(:sp)
temporal adverbs (:tm),(:tm) manner adverbs (:mann),(:mann) degree adverbs (:deg),(:deg) and sentencexxv

adverbs (:sent). It should be noted that many adverbial meanings are expressed bywords primarily belonging to other categories, or by entire phrases (often
postpositional or noun phrases).
Spatial adverbs
Examples: bhun ‘down, down below’, aǰá ‘up, up there’, nhiáaṛa ‘ near, nearby’
Spatial adverbs usually modify verbs or verb phrases, and as such, specify the
direction of a movement or the location of an event expressed by a verb. Some ofthese adverbs are closely related to, yet in most cases clearly distinct from, nouns.
While these do not pluralize, nor are they assigned to a gender category, they dooccur with case inflections reminiscent of those found in the noun paradigm.
Temporal adverbs
Examples: típa ‘now, nowadays’, heeṇṣúka ‘this year’, dhoóṛ ‘yesterday’
There is a certain degree of overlap between temporal and spatial adverbs, and likethe spatial adverbs, a number of temporal adverbs are related to nouns. In somecases it is not altogether obvious whether a particular word is primarily a noun or
primarily an adverb. It has been decided here to categorize such a word as a noun
when assignment to one or the other gender can be established beyond doubt.
Manner adverbs
Examples: ɡúči ‘freely, for nothing’, táru ‘quickly’, bhraáš ‘slowly’
Although manner mainly is expressed by non-finite verb forms (especially converbs
and copredicative participles), there is a small class of non-derived manner adverbs
whose main function is to modify verbs or verb phrases.
Degree adverbs
Examples: phaṣ (with ‘white’: phaṣ paṇáaru ‘white as a sheet’), bak (with ‘bright’: bakpráal ‘shining bright’), tap (with ‘dark’: tap c̣hiṇ ‘pitch dark’)
The function of degree adverbs is mostly to modify adjectives or other adverbs.
Apart from a few quantifiers that besides their noun quantifying role also function
as adjectival and adverbial degree modifiers, there is a set of what is referred to here
as co-lexicalized intensifiers (some examples given above). These are highly
specialized (or idiomatic) elements having a degree-modifying or intensifying
function when preceding a certain adjective or adverb (with which they areco-lexicalised).
xxvi

Sentence adverbs
Examples: ɡóo ‘maybe’, inšaalaáh ‘God willing’, rištaá ‘really, in truth’
Sentence adverbs is a small subclass that modify entire utterances, i.e., they specify
the speaker’s attitude toward the event.
Pronouns (pron)
Pronouns are in fact a subset of a cross-cutting category of pro-forms, includingwords that belong to a variety of part of speech categories as well as some that
correspond to larger constituents. There are two major kinds of these,
functionally-semantically defined, pro-forms: demonstrative pro-forms (:dem):dem) andindefinite-interrogative pro-forms (:ind),(:ind) the former mostly recognized by an initial
ee-element, the latter by an initial k- or ɡ-element. In Table 6, a few examples of suchpro-forms can be seen.
Table 6: Cross-cutting pro-forms

Demonstrative
Pro-nouns
Pro-adjectives
Pro-adverbs
Pro-quantifiers
Pro-determiners
Pro-clause(manner)eesó
eeteeṇú
eetáa
eetí
eesó
eendáa bheeendáa the

Indefiniteinterrogative’that one’’that kind of’’there’’that much’’that (one)’’like that’ [intr]’like that’ [tr]koókateeṇú
ɡóo
katí
khayú
kanáa bhekanáa the’who, anyone’’what/any kind of’’where, anywhere’’how much’’which (one)’’how’ [intr]’how’ [tr]However, the class of pro-nouns has a central position with its many members,
especially of the demonstrative kind, and is therefore deserving of being treated as apart of speech in its own right. Pronouns substitute for a noun or an entire nounphrase. A number of subclasses can be identified.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns (:pers):pers) are words that refer to the speaker or the person spoken to.
They occur in singular and plural, respectively, with two case forms available in the
singular and four in the plural, as displayed in Table 7. Third person, i.e. words thatrefer to contextually identifiable referents other than speakers or hearers, isexpressed by forms belonging in the demonstrative subcategory.
xxvii

Table 7: Personal pronouns

1 Sg
2 Sg
1 Pl
2 Pl

Nominative

Accusative

Oblique

Genitive

ma
tu
be
tus

ma
tu
asaám
tusaám

míi
thíi
asím
tusím

míi
thíi
asíi
tusíi

Demonstrative pronouns
As displayed in Table 8, a basic three-way distance/visibility differentiation is used
extensively with demonstrative pronouns (pron:dem)pron:dem)::dem) a proximate category forreferents close at hand, a distal category for referents further removed from the
speaker, and a remote category for referents out of sight.
Table 8: Demonstrative pronouns

Proximate

Sg

DistalPl
Sg

Remote

Pl
Sg
Pl

Masc
Fem
Masc
Fem
Masc
Fem

Nominative

Accusative

Oblique

Genitive

nu
ni
ni
lo
le
le
so
se
se

nis
nis
niaám
las
las
lanaámtastastanaám

níi
níi
niním
líi
líi
laním
tíi
tíi
taním

nisíi
nisíi
niníi
lasíi
lasíi
laníi
tasíi
tasíi
taníi

Within each subset, there is a further differentiation in number, case, and gender,
the latter restricted to the singular nominative. It is also possible to differentiate
between strong and weak forms, where strong forms with an initial ee- (eesó
corresponding to so) tend to be used for deictic or anaphoric functions in order tokeep track of less accessible discourse referents, whereas the forms presented in thetable are the default choice with easily accessible discourse referents. For theproximate and distal sets, additional forms with an initial a- (anú corresponding tonu) are available, seemingly in free variation with the “bare” forms.
Indefinite-interrogative pronouns
Another subset of pronouns directly corresponding to the demonstratives, does
double duty as indefinite and interrogative pronouns (pron:ind)pron:ind).
:ind) While the same casexxviiidistinctions are made, there is no differentiation in gender or number. On the other
hand, the indefinite ɡubáa or ɡa must be used when referring to an inanimate
referent or an abstract entity, while the forms in Table 9 are largely reserved foranimate, in particular human, referents.
Table 9: Indefinite-interrogative pronouns (animate only)

Nominative

Accusative

Oblique

Genitive

koó

kaseé

kií

kasíi

In addition to this particular closed set, there are a small number of other words
that can be used as, and therefore labelled as, indefinite pronouns. These often havemore specialized functions, some of which in fact primarily belong in the class ofquantifiers.
Reflexive pronouns
There is one frequently used pronoun, teeṇíi ‘self’s, own’, identified as reflexive (:refl),(:refl)i.e. a pronoun that is co-referential with another nominal in the clause. It occurs
almost exclusively in this form. Usually, but not exclusively, it is the possessor in apossessive construction, and its referent is identical to the clause subject.
Reciprocal pronouns
There is a single reciprocal pronoun (:recp),(:recp) akaadúi ‘one another, each other’. It is used,although rarely, in a few other case forms. It is, like the reflexive pronoun,
co-referential with another nominal, but is restricted to mutual actions.
Postpositions (post)
Examples: the ‘to, for’, sangí ‘with, at’, maǰí ‘among, in, inside’
Postpositions are markers of syntactic-semantic roles or spatial-temporal relations
that are held by the nouns or pronouns they follow. These markers also form phrasal
constituents with the nouns or pronouns about which they convey some
information. Under certain circumstances, some postpositions form a single
phonological word with the nominal form to which they are postposed.
With most postpositions, the preceding noun occurs in the oblique case. Apartfrom single word postpositions, there are also a number of complex postpositions,consisting either of a sequence of postpositions or a postposition followed by anadverb. In both cases, the phrase functions just like any single word postposition.
Some spatial and temporal adverbs can also function as postpositions.
xxix

Quantifiers (quant)Examples: tróo ‘three’, bíiḍu ‘many, much’, buṭheé ‘all’, khéli ‘quite some’
Quantifiers are modifiers in much the same sense as adjectives, but while adjectives
are descriptive, i.e. denoting qualities and attributes, quantifiers are limiting, thus
indicating quantity or scope of the nouns they modify. While most quantifiers show
no agreement features, there are a few that agree in gender and case with the nouns
that they modify, much like adjectives. Unlike adjectives, quantifiers do not agree in
number (naturally, as they are inherently either plural or singular) with themodified noun. The quantifiers that indicate exact quantities can combine eitherwith other such quantifiers or with non-exact quantifiers to form compound
quantifier expressions; a few of them can be pluralized when being modified byanother quantifier. As with some subsets of adjectives, quantifiers have a strong
tendency to be substantivized, and many of those are therefore under the sameentry listed as indefinite pronouns (some of them along with pronoun-typical caseinflections) in addition to their primary quantifier categorization.
Determiners (det)
Examples: anú ‘this’, áa ‘a’, dúi ‘another’, daašúma ‘the tenth’
While attributes (of nouns) are expressed by adjectives, and quantity by quantifiers,
determiners establish the reference of a particular noun (and in some cases of apronoun). Almost all determiner words have dual membership (or are polysemous)and can occur pronominally as well as adnominally. Although clearly derived fromquantifiers, what is often described as ordinal numerals, are for functional reasons,
included here among the determiners. The special subset of demonstrative
determiners displays agreement in gender, number and case, as shown in Table 10.
As with the closely related demonstrative pronoun set, a differentiation is madebetween strong and weak forms, where the strong forms (represented in the table)
are used along with less accessible discourse referents, whereas the weak forms
occur when the referents are easily accessible. A further, and probably still ongoing,grammaticalization of this distinction is the use of the weak forms of the remote set(so and se, respectively); those have come to indicate definiteness or identifiability,
often systematically contrasting with the indefinite use of áa ‘a, an’.
In addition to the basic three-way differentiation, the demonstrative
determiners can be compounded with preceding spatial adverbs to derive more
specialized determiners that indicate finer degrees of distance orxxx

vertical-horizontal position in relation to the speaker, e.g., bhun ‘down there’ + aṛó‘that’ > bhunaṛó ‘that down there’.
Table 10: Demonstrative determiners

Proximate
DistalRemoteNominative Masculine SingularNon-nominative / Plural / Feminine

anú, eenú
eeṛó
eesó

aní, eení
eeṛí
eesé

Auxiliaries (aux)
Examples: de Past tense marker, bhóo ‘can, to be able to’, ṣáatu ‘began’
Auxiliaries is a small set of verb-related words which, in addition to verbal
morphology, express certain TMA distinctions. Although some of them can takeverbal inflections, they always occur in a clause along with a (main) verb. Some of
the auxiliaries can be combined with each other.
Mood markers (mood)
Examples: ee Polar question marker, maní Hearsay marker, neé Request marker
Mood markers is another size-wise very limited set of words that, one way or
another, specify the relationship between an utterance as a whole and the speaker
and/or hearer. A mood marker mostly occurs in utterance-final position, sometimes
cliticized to the immediately preceding element.
Conjunctions (conj)
Examples: ee ‘and’, yaá ‘or’, heentá ‘if’, ki ‘that’
The function of conjunctions (some of them clitics) is to connect or signal the
relationship between constituents on various levels. Primarily they indicate whatkind of relationship exists between two adjacent clauses, or between a dependent
unit and a larger unit that the former is a part of. With a few exceptions, theconjunctions can be characterized as postpositional, since the conjunction forms astructural unit with the conjunct it follows.
Discourse markers (disc)
Examples: ba Switch-topic marker, bi Separation marker, ta Different-subject
marker, eé Amplification marker

xxxi

Discourse markers are words (or clitics) that specify the discourse role of aparticular unit vis-à-vis adjacent units. The units that are being indicated thus areprimarily phrasal in nature (they tend to be postposed to noun phrases inparticular), but not exclusively so. A secondary effect of some discourse markers isthat they indicate how larger units (such as clauses) are interrelated, especiallywhen used in pairs, or when the same marker is used repeatedly in two adjacentclauses, thus partly overlapping with the function of the conjunction category.
Interjections (interj)
Examples: óo ‘yes’, ohoó ‘wow!’, čo ‘go ahead!’, ée ‘hey!’
Although the category of interjections, at least theoretically, may be an open class,there are few examples included in this work. These words can in themselves beused as entire utterances, and there is in most cases no clear syntactic connection
with any other co-occurring words.
Other words or word-like elements
A single-word word category, at least as far as this vocabulary is concerned, consistsof the high frequency negator (neg) word na. Belonging in the cross-cutting category
pro-forms, but not really fitting into any of the aforementioned classes, is theindefinite-interrogative keé ‘why’, substituting for an entire clause (clause:ind).
(clause:ind)
Another minor category is labelled honorifics (hon),(hon) which are titles or title-likeelements prefaced to, or cliticized after, names of certain highly respected people.
Closely related to that are some ritualistic expressions (ritual),(ritual) such as aleehisalaám ‘onwhom be peace’, which is a phrase that has to be added when mentioning one of theprophets according to Islamic beliefs.
As already mentioned above, some conjunct verbs consist of a simplex verb
preceded by a lexical element that only occurs inside that complex. Such elements
have been classified as host elements (host).
(host) Two other processes involving what may
be termed “semi-words” are echo formation and reduplication.
Word order
Word order in Palula is almost exclusively head-final. This is seen in thequalifier--head word order in noun phrases (determiner--noun
noun,
noun,
noun adjective--noun
noun
numeral--noun
noun,
noun)
adjective).
noun genitive--noun
noun as well as in adjective phrases (adjunct--adjective
adjective
In postpositional phrases, the order is noun phrase--postposition, and the unmarked
xxxii

constituent order in clauses is subject--verb in intransitive clauses, andsubject--object--verb in transitive clauses.
Complex constructions
Although it is possible to conjoin clauses with a conjunctive clitic (also used forconjoining noun phrases), other strategies are preferred, such as juxtaposition forsymmetrical clauses, or the overwhelmingly favoured converb construction
exemplified in (1), which is used for a great variety of same-subject clausecombinations.
(1)ḍaaku-aan-óomyha-í

robber-PL-OBL

come-CV flock-OBL

bakáara-m

híṛ-u

de

take.away.PFV-MASC.SG

PST

sanɡí

tas

ɡhaš-í

with

3SG.ACC

catch-CV’Some robbers came, caught him along with his flock, and took him away.’

In complex constructions, the unmarked order is a complement clause followed by(or embedded in) the main clause (2), and similarly an adverbial clause followed by
the main clause (3).
(2)

se

[har

deés

akaaduípaš-ainií]daw-óon de.

3PL.NOM

every

day

each.other

see-VNwant-3PL PST’They wanted to meet every day.’(3)[raaǰaá múṛ-uta]

putr-óom

tasíi

king

DS

son-PL.OBL

3SG.GEN

die.PFV-MASC.SG

hukumát

bulooṣṭéel-igovernment

snatch.PFV-FEM’When the king died, the sons seized the power.’

However, a postposed construction with the complementizer ki is also commonlyused (4), especially for utterance complements.
(4)ɡhueeṇíi-ammaníit-uki[ni

bíiḍ-aPashtun-PL.OBL

say.PFV-MASC.SG

COMPL

3PL.PROX.NOM

much-MASC.PL

zinaawúr

xálakahín-a]

wild

peoplebe.pres-MASC.PL’The Pashtuns said: “These are very wild people.” ‘Palula as a written language
Until recently, Palula was unwritten and largely undocumented, a condition sharedwith most smaller (and even some larger) language communities in northernxxxiiiPakistan. Before the commencement of this research, only a handful of local poets
saw the need for writing Palula, basically making use of Urdu writing when
composing poetry to be read aloud by themselves. There had been no systematic orcollective attempts at creating a consistent and practical orthographic
representation of Palula. The community is, after all, relatively small, with only alimited number of highly educated people, and uses a language entirely deprived ofany outside recognition. Although there are primary schools throughout the Palula
speaking area, only Urdu (and more recently English) is the recognized medium of
instruction and formal literacy.
In 2003, representatives from all the major settlements came together andformed Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula, a society for the promotion of Palula, with the
purpose of facilitating the development of Palula as a vehicle for literary andeducational efforts. At that time, an orthography proposal was put together by theauthors of this work, with input from a few local scholars and teachers. It wasendorsed by the society, which agreed that a Perso-Arabic script, conforming closelywith the way it is applied to Urdu, should be used as a basis, with the addition ofsymbols representing a few consonant sounds not present in Urdu.5 Starting with agroup of Urdu-literate people, the basic spelling principles were further discussed
and applied in a writers’ workshop in 2004. Following some fine-tuning of theorthography, the two first-ever Palula booklets were printed, one of them analphabet book and the other a collection of short stories. The alphabet adopted ispresented in Table 11.
Through the Forum for Language Initiatives (at the time known as the Frontier
Language Institute), the concept of multilingual education was introduced to thecommunity in 2005. This eventually led to the establishment of a mother-tongue
school in Ashret in 2008, and a second school in 2010. More than 30 native Palula
speakers, both men and women, took part in producing the curricula from scratch,
representing a set of culturally relevant themes. In preparation for the first school
year, a package was produced consisting of a pre-reader, a pre-writer, a primer, a5Words which are clearly identical with words in the Perso-Arabic stock are normally
written in the traditional way, resulting in a fair degree of orthographic overrepresentation.
The phoneme s is, for example, represented by <‫ >س‬in most native Palula vocabulary, but
could be written as <‫>س‬, <‫ >ث‬or <‫ >ص‬if occurring in a loanword, depending on the particularspelling in the donor language.
xxxiv

collection of reading stories, a collection of listening stories, and a compilation ofsongs and rhymes, all in Palula. At the time of this writing, the programme has been
expanded to a second year, and there is a growing demand to set up more classes in
the area.
Table 11: The Palula alphabet with corresponding transcription

'

(

)

*

+



ǰ

s

ṭ

t

p

b

a, aa

,

-

.

/

0

1

2

ḍ

d

x

h

ts

c̣

č

3

4

5



6



7

s

ẓ

ǰ

z

ṛ

r

z

8

9

:

;

<

=



-

z

t

z

s

ṣ

š

>

?

@

A

B

C

D

m

l

ɡ

k

q

f

ɣ

E



F





G

H

ee

y, ii

h

h

w, oo

ṇ

n

The most visible modifications made to the existing Urdu alphabet in order to write
Palula have to do with symbols representing a number of retroflex sounds: <‫ >ڇ‬for c̣,<‫ >ڙ‬for ẓ, <‫ >ݜ‬for ṣ, and <‫ >ݨ‬for ṇ. To write ts, the symbol <‫ >څ‬has been borrowed
from the Pashto alphabet. Another modification relates to the representation of theten vowels. Because of the many crucial contrasts between long and short vowels,particularly in word-final position, the developers of the Palula orthography
introduced a lanɡuaɡe-particular use of a diacritic <◌ > to mark a short vowel, as

xxxv

displayed in Table 12. Mainly due to challenges in the area of font development,
Palula materials are exclusively produced in naskh style, not in nasta’liq.
Table 12: Palula vowel representation







E

J

uu

oo

ii

ee

aa





E


o

i

e

u

xxxvi

a

The structure of the vocabulary
Entry components
A single entry may contain the following pieces of information.
Lexical representation
Unless otherwise indicated, the headword occurs in the form most frequently heard
in the Ashret Valley. This is meant to be a lexical level representation that takes into
account all of the relevant phonological contrasts, but should not be regarded as an
absolute guide to pronunciation. The transcription (referred to here as Palulacommon transcription) corresponds to the system most generally used in South
Asian linguistics and recognized by indologists. If there is more than one headword
with identical lexical representations, they each occur with a subscript homographnumber.
Phonetic transcription
In addition to the lexical level representation, each headword is phoneticallytranscribed within square brackets using the International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA). Sometimes alternative (mainly Ashreti) surface forms are listed. This (broad)transcription is to be treated as a rough guide to pronunciation.
Orthographic form
The orthographic form is how the word has been written for some time, or how it issuggested to be written using the Arabic-based alphabet as endorsed by the speaker
community. However, it should be pointed out that a local standardization process isstill under way and is likely to produce further revisions or refinements.
Part of speech
The principles behind the grammatical classification and sub-classification of theheadword by means of a set of abbreviations (such as v.tr for transitive verbs or
adv.tm for temporal adverbs) are explained in detail above (see Parts of speech andsubclasses). Some words have been analysed as belonging to multiple parts of speechwhen no overt derivational process is involved.

xxxvii

Definition in English
Each headword is glossed (often with more than one corresponding word or phrase),or given an approximate definition or functional label in English. For more
information on precise usage, however, it is important to consult example sentences
or any notes on usage whenever those are available in the entry. To avoid imposing
too much of an Anglo-centric perspective on Palula, various possible English
definitions or glosses are (apart from a few obvious cases of polysemy) listed without
organizing them into numbered multiple senses.
Example sentences with translation
Probably one of the more important features of this presentation is the example
sentences (or phrases) cited in order to illustrate the particular use of a word.6 As
much as possible, examples are taken from spontaneously occurring speech or
frequently used sayings that have been recorded. Such examples are given in Palula
Common Transcription with a translation in English.
Morphological form
The label Morph is used to give an underlying form, particularly of words that occur
in many different morphological shapes. For verbs, the verb stem is consistently
listed under this label (a perfective stem alongside with an imperfective stem whenthose differ in form).
Usage information
Additional information on usage not reflected in the definition is indicated by thelabel Usage. Specific comments on grammatical restrictions are found under Restrict.
Cross-references
The label See is used liberally to indicate various types of lexical relationships within
the vocabulary. Sometimes when a particular entry is regarded as a mere secondary
but still commonly occurring form, the user is referred to another entry with thelabel See main entry for more complete information.

6Note that the example sentences in this work are not limited to those occurring in
Liljegren 2008.
xxxviiiVariants
The label Variant either indicates a parallel Ashret Valley word form that is not
simply an expected alternative pronunciation, or a different word form
(alternatively an altogether different word) used with the same or a very similar
meaning in the other main dialect (indicated as Biori within parentheses).
OriginA number of entries contain information about Old Indo-Aryan forms, either
documented or reconstructed, from which the Palula words may have descended.
This is given with the label Etym, and the source is invariably Turner (1966),
abbreviated to T. Many words used in Palula can be regarded as borrowed from one
or more languages. This is indicated with the label Comp, after which follows thename of the language and the form it takes in that language. In many such cases it isobviously very difficult to say with any certainty by which route a word came to be
used in the language, or even whether it is a loan or an item inherited from anearlier stage of Indo-Aryan. For most words of ultimately Arabic origin it can besafely assumed that it was mediated through one of the more influential languages
in the region, thus partly reflecting the use such words would have already acquiredin those languages. Urdu (Arabic) should be read as corresponding to Urdu form of
Arabic origin word. In the spelling of those words, the practice of the particular
dictionaries or other sources from which they have been taken has generally been
followed. For Urdu, this work has primarily made use of Platts (2003[1911]), and themain reference for Pashto has been Raverty (1982[1901]).
Inflection
For verbs and nouns, the information under Prdm refers to a particular verb class ornoun declension, respectively. Other information on paradigmatically or
inflectionally related forms is indicated by specific grammatical labels, such as Pl forplural or Pfv for perfective (see Abbreviations).

Subentries
Many different types of subentries have been included. Some are analysed as related
to the headword by derivation or compounding, other subentries are entire phrases
or idiomatic expressions involving the headword or a form that is morphologicallyrelated to the headword. The same information as for the headwords may be
included under a subentry. In most cases, however, the information is briefer.
xxxix

Alphabetical order
Entries are sorted on the basis of the alphabetical order of most Latin-basedalphabets, with any diacritical variants following on their respective non-diacritic
symbols:a, b, č, c̣, d, ḍ, e, f, ɡ, ɣ, h, i, ǰ, k, l, m, n, ṇ, o, p, q, r, ṛ, s, š, ṣ, t, ṭ, u, w, x, y, z, ẓEspecially, note that the phoneme /ʦ/ is treated as a sequence of t and s. All doubled(long) vowels are likewise treated as sequences in the alphabetical listing.

English index
An English-to-Palula index is included after the Palula-English listing. The index
only includes the English word and its Palula equivalent(s).

Abbreviations
A
ACC
ADJ
ADV
AGR
AUX
CAUS
CJT
COMP
COMPL
CONJ
CONS
COP
CV
DECL
DEG
DEM
DET
DISC
DIST
DS

a-ending
accusative
adjective
adverbagreement
auxiliarycausative
conjunct (verb)
comparecomplementizer
conjunction
consonant-ending
copulaconverb
declension
degreedemonstrative
determiner
discourse marker
distaldifferent subject marker

E
EMPH
ETYM
FEM
GEN
HON
HOST
IMP
INC
IND
INTERJ
INTR
INV
IRR
L
LIT
MANN
MASC
MOOD
MORPH
N

xl

e-ending
emphatic
etymology
feminine
genitivehonorific
host element
imperative
incorporatingindefinite
interjection
intransitiveinvariantirregular
L-verbs
literally
mannermasculine
mood marker
morphology (underlying)noun

negator
NEUT
neuter
NINC
non-incorporating
NOM
nominative
NON-EMPH non-emphatic
NON-NOM
non-nominativeOBL
oblique
PASS
passive
PERS
personal
PFV
perfective
PLpluralPOST
postposition
PN
proper noun
PRDM
paradigm
PRON
pronounPROX
proximate
PRS
present
PST
past
QUANT
quantifier

RECP

NEG

REFL
REM
RESTRICTRITUAL
SB
SENT
SFX
SG
SP
STH
T
TM
TR
V
VN

1
2
3

xli

reciprocal
reflexive
remoterestriction
ritualistic
somebody
sentence
suffixsingularspatialsomething
T-verbs
temporaltransitiveverb
verbal nounfirst person
second person
third person

xlii

-á

-a

Palula-Englisha-á1 [-á] Plural suffix (with a-declension

saw the raspberries, his mouth began towater. ustóoda kuṇaak
kuṇaak-á seemóola ta,ta,
de.. The teacher
kamaál na heensílu dechecked the children and saw that Kamal
was not there. páanda be ba se kúṛii
banɡl--ée širínɡan dede.. On the way, thebanɡlwoman’s bangles started to rattle. See: -í2‘Pluralsuffix(with
i-declension
nouns)’;
suffix(with-m ‘Pluralm-declension nouns)’; -eé3 ‘Plural suffix(with ee-declension nouns)’; -aán ‘Plural
suffix (with aan-declension nouns)’.
Variant:(With
accent-shifting-ánouns); -ée (Alternation with áiái--a forai-ending nouns).
-a3 [-a] sfx. Oblique case suffix (witha-declension nouns). luumái ṣiṣ čulaá áak
táapaṛ--a ǰe ṣačí ɡíi híni
híni.. The fox shook its
táapaṛ
head and climbed up a hill. se míiš
míiš--a seǰíti.. The man fired at thebhalaáii toobakíim ǰítispirit with his gun. bakaraál heewan
heewandd-á
díiš--a hansáanu
hansáanu.. The shepherd spends the
díiš
winter in the village. tíi so meewá samaṭí
wheelílu.. He collected theba booǰée wée de wheelílu
fruit, put it in a bag and took it down [tohis home]. See: -í3 ‘Oblique case suffix (withi-declension nouns)’. Variant: -á (Withaccent shifting nouns); -ée (Alternation
with ái
ái--a for ai-ending nouns).

nouns). See main entry: -a2.
-á2 [-á] sfx. Causative (valence-increasing)
suffix. aníi wée wíi hínu
hínu,, aninaám wíi keénapil--á-áanuáanu).
pilaáanu (pil). Here is water, why
not have them [the goats] drink? tíi kkakaríi
akaríikhóṇḍ--á-íliíli).
khoṇḍéeli (khóṇḍ). He made the skull
speak. See: -awá ‘Causative (second or
double causative) suffix’.
-á3 [-á] Oblique case suffix (witha-declension nouns). See main entry: -a3.
-a1 [-a] sfx. Third person singular suffix. yaá
máar--a. Eitherba tu mhaaríiṛ yaá ba lo eé máar
you will kill him or he will die anyway.
khóṇḍ--a de. He used tolaláyoo thaní so khóṇḍ
speak to me, saying “O ‘lalay’ [my dearbrother]”. paačhambeé uthíitu seentá so biuth--íi dede.. Whenever Pashambi stood up, heuthalso stood up. čoór pal
pal--óo
óo.. A thief will
come and steal [them]. Restrict: Added toverb stem in Future and Past Imperfective.
Morph: -e. Variant: -íi (With e-ending verb
stems); -óo (With a-ending verb stems); -e(Biori); -úu (With a-ending verb stems in
Biori).
-a2 [-a] sfx. Plural suffix (with a-declension
nouns). dharándi ba míi dúu kučúr
kučúr--a. My
two dogs were outside. áaṇc̣-a paší íṇc̣ii
hínu.. When the bear
dhúta the wíi yhóolu hínu
1

-a

áaḍu

-a4 [-a] sfx. Masculine plural agreementbhóo de.
de. One of the men knew how toclimb a tree. Restrict: Usually suffixed to acomplement-clause verb with a modality
verb following it. Variant: -áaiáai; -ái (Biori).
-aá [-aá] Converb suffix (with a-ending verb
stems). Morph: á-í. See main entry: -í1.
áa hóola [áa hóola] ‫آ ہولہ‬. adv.mann. again
and again; continuously. so áa hóola khóode. He was eating and eating.
áača [áatɕa] ‫آچہ‬. v.intr. to enter; comeinside. ṭhaaṭáaku yhaí šíiṭi ačíitu
ačíitu.. The
monster arrived and came inside. ak čoóračíitu.. A thief entered his
tesée ɡhooṣṭá ačíitu
house (Biori). Morph: ačač--, ačíit
ačíit--. Variant:ačáanu. Pfv: ačíitu
ačíitu.
áače (Biori). Prdm: T. Prs: ačáanu
Cv: ačí
ačí. Imp: áačáač.
áaḍu [áaɖu] ‫آڈ ْو‬. quant. half; half of, some of.
bhaaɡáana,, bheeɡí ba áaḍu ta áakáak bhruk bhaaɡáanakhaáanu.. They split akhaáanu áaḍu ba áak khaáanu
kidney, and then one of them eats half of it
and the other eats the other half. asíi áaḍahína.. Half of [some of]bhraawú ba saawá hína
our brothers are in Sau [a village in
Afghanistan]. Morph: aḍ-. Prdm: Uml. Fem:
éeḍi.
éeḍi
— pron:ind. the one half; half of the people;
some of them, etc. áaḍa índa dharíita áaḍa
ɡíia.. Half of them remained
ba naaṛéea the ɡíia
here, while the other half went to Naray.
Etym: ardhá- ‘half (masc.neut)’ (T: 644).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: áaḍaáaḍa.
 áak thiáaḍu ‫آک تِھیاڈ ْو‬. one and a half.
Fem: áak thiéeḍi
thiéeḍi.
 dúu thiáaḍa ‫ ُدو تِھیاڈہ‬. two and a half.
anú taqriibán dúu thiáaḍa kaalá muṣṭúku

suffix. aaweelíi se dúu mítra bháaṭa áakbhruk bhaaɡáanbhaaɡáan-a. First, the two who arebecoming blood-brothers split a kidney.
phedíl--a. The
paalawaaṇaán be deeúli phedíl
strongmen left and arrived at Dir. baṭóom
mheeríl--a de. He killedǰe tíi katí katí íṇc̣a mheeríl
numerous bears with a piece of rock.
Restrict: Added to the tense- or
aspect-marked verb.
-a5 [-a] sfx. Masculine non-nominative andnon-singular agreement suffix. míi ɡhooṣṭá
lhoók--a lhoók
lhoók--a maasumaán kuṇaaká hína
hína..
lhoók
I have small, innocent children at home.
kháač--a kráama díi ba teeṇíi zaán bač
kháač
theeṇḍeéu.. One should keep away fromtheeṇḍeéu
bad behaviour [lit. save oneself from badwork]. Restrict: Added to inflecting
adjective stems.
áa [áa] ٓ‫ا‬. det. 1) one. áa musibát ba eeṛó ki
ki...
...
One problem is the following... áa deés sede.. One day
dhueé bhe páanda pharé bíin dethey were both walking along the path.
2) a, an. khainií široó thíilu ta tíi maǰí áa
yhóolu.. While starting toǰhaṭílu ṭhaaṭáaku yhóolu
eat, a hairy monster suddenly appeared. áaǰandoó ɡhiní tasíi muxíi nikheeṇḍeéu
bháanu.. He should go and visit him andbháanutake a goat with him. See: áak ‘one, a’.
Variant: áakáak; a, ak (Biori). Etym: *ēkka- ‘one’(T: 2462).
-áa [áa, áj, áaj] sfx. Infinitive suffix added to
the verb root. se har deés akaadúi paš
paš--áa
de.. They were able to meet every
bhóon deday. tanaám maǰí áak míiš muṭá ǰe ukh
ukh--áai
2

aaɡhaáaamúuṣa

qisá.
qisá. This is something that happened
about two and a half years ago. Fem: dúu
thiéeḍi.
thiéeḍi
aaɡhaá [aaɡʰaá] ‫آگھا‬. n.masc. sky. aaɡhaá ta
dhúura,, dharaáṇ ba ḍanɡḍanɡ.. The sky is far
dhúuraaway and the ground is hard. Etym: ākāśá‘sky (masc)’ (T: 1008).
 aaɡhaabáanu [aaɡhabáanu] ‫آگھا بان ْو‬.
adj.
sky-coloured.
Etym:
várna‘appearance, colour, class (masc)’ (T:11338). Fem: aaɡhaabéeni
aaɡhaabéeni.
aaindá [aajindá] ‫آئندہ‬. adv.tm. in the future;next time. áaṛu heensílu heentá
heentá,, eesó
bháanu.. Ifḍhínɡar aaindá dapáara naakaám bháanu
there were a knot in the wood, it would be
useless in the future. Comp: Urdu (Persian)āyanda,, āˈinda..
aáǰ [áaʑ, áadʑ] ‫آج‬. adv.tm. today. dhoóṛ ta
paačhambá.. Yesterdayčaaršambá de aáǰ ba paačhambá
was Wednesday and today is Thursday.
Variant: aǰ (Biori). Etym: adyá ‘today’ (T:242).
 aáǰ tií ‫آج تی‬. until today.
 aaǰíi baád ‫آجی باد‬. after today. aaǰíi
híni.. There is also abaád rhootašíi bi hínitomorrow after today. Variant: aaǰíi
pahúrta.
pahúrtaِ ‫آجی نِی‬. from today.
 aaǰíi niiɡiraá ‫گرا‬ aáǰkal [aáʑkal] ‫آجکل‬. adv.tm. nowadays.
hínu.. Nowadays I’mma aáǰkal c̣hatróola hínu
staying in Chitral. Comp: Urdu āj-kal.
 aaǰúku ‫ٓجک ْو‬ُ ‫ا‬. adj. today’s. Prdm: Reg.
Fem: aaǰúki
aaǰúki.
áak [áak] ‫آک‬. quant. one. tas the maníi de ki
tha.. He was tellingsírif áak xudaáii ibaadát tha

him to worship only one God. Morph: akak-.
— det. a, an; a certain. muṣṭóoi zamaanáiide.. Once there was aáak baačaá heensílu deking. See: áa ‘one, a’. Variant: ak, a (Biori).
— pron:ind. one (person), someone. haráakii ṣiṣíi taáǰ the crown of everyone’s
head thée ba áaka thíilu the ba dúya thíthíiluilu
hínu.. Then one after the other did it. áak ta
hínude,, áak ba tasíi ṣiṣoṣiṣo~
buc̣há máara de~í paraaṭeé
de.. One person was dying frombuláaḍa dehunger, while another was searching forbread at the head end of his bed.
 aakáak ‫آک آک‬. quant. one each.
aakatí
aakatí [aakatí] ‫ٓکتی‬ْ ‫ا‬. quant. some; a few.
nikháata,, ɡiḍá dúšii thíi
thíi.. A
aakatí kasaán nikháata
few people appeared [coming] from thedirection of the Damel Valley. See: katí
‘how many’. Variant: áak katí
katí,, katí
katí; akatí(Biori).
aalmaarí [aalmaarí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫آلمار‬. n.fem.
cupboard. Comp: Urdu almārī. Prdm: a-decl.
Pl: -á.
aalúɡ [aalúɡ] ‫آلُگ‬. n.masc. potato. Comp:
Pashto (Urdu) alū,, alūɡān (pl). Prdm:
aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
aamúuṣa [aamúuʂa] ‫آ ُموݜہ‬. v.tr. to forget. sekaṭamúš
páaka áaṇc̣a paší íṇc̣a kaṭamúš aamúuṣṭu
hínu.. When the bear caught sight of the
hínu
raspberries, he forgot about Katamosh.
heentá,, xudaáišoorúṇḍu ḍheerí dháatu heentáaamuṣáanu.. When the orphan has hadaamuṣáanu
enough to eat [lit. is full in his belly], heforgets God. Morph: aamúuṣ
aamúuṣ--, aamúu
aamúuṣṭ
ṣṭ--.
ṣṭ
Variant: aamúuṣe (Biori). Etym: āmr̥ṣyate;*āmr̥ṣṭa- ‘bears patiently’ (T: 1265). Prdm:
3

aamúuṣṭu

áaṛu

T. Prs: aamuṣáanu.
aamuṣáanu Pfv: aamúuṣṭu.
aamúuṣṭu Cv:
aamuṣí. Imp: aamúuṣ.
aamuṣí
aamúuṣ
aamúuṣṭu [aamúuʂʈo] ‫آ ُموݜٹ ْو‬. forgot (mascsg). See main entry: aamúuṣa
aamúuṣa.
-áan [-áan] sfx. Present tense suffix. kúṛi maru--áanáan--u. My wife
díi khooǰóolu ki keé ru
asked me, “Why are you crying?” nis thebh--áanáan--a. Nobody can stand up
koó ṭinɡ na bhagainst him. muṣṭú ma thíi ráat pilpil--áan
áan--u,čap--áan
áan--u.
thée ba ma thíi lhéṇḍi kakaríi čapFirst I will drink your blood, and then I will
gnaw on your bald scalp. eetí čúkri kiɡaḍ--éen
éen--i. It is sotandée pharé dhuumíi ɡaḍsour that it is as if smoke were coming outof your head. eetáai aawaáz yhyh--áandáand--u. A
sound is coming from there. ɡaáṛimii
kaarxaaneémii
dhuumíia
bíiḍi
nikh--éendéend--im. There are great deal ofnikh
fumes coming from cars and factories.
Restrict: Invariably followed by agender/number
agreement
suffix.
Morph: -ánán. Variant: -áandáand,, -éend (With aclosed class of (motion) verbs); -éen (Whenfollowed by feminine agreement suffix -i).
-aán [-aán] sfx. Plural suffix (withaan-declension
nouns).
asíi
dúu
oostaaz--aán hína
hína.. We have two teachers. áaoostaazpir--aán haansáana
haansáana.. Therepiraanóom maǰí pir
are pirs among pirs. See: -a2 ‘Plural suffix(with a-declension nouns)’; -m ‘Plural
suffix (with m-declension nouns)’; -í2‘Pluralsuffix(with
i-declension
nouns)’; -eé3 ‘Plural suffix (withee-declension nouns)’.
-áand [-áand] Present tense suffix (with aclosed class of (motion) verbs followed by
masculine agreement suffix). See main
entry: -áanáan.
aandáaru [aandáaru] ‫آندار ْو‬. n.masc.
intestine. ma tasíi aandáara ǰhaanáanuǰhaanáanu.. I
know him very well [lit. I know his
intestines]. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: aandáara
aandáara.
áanɡu [áaŋɡu] ‫آںگ ْو‬. n.masc. sickle. kareé
heentá,, so áanɡu ɡhiní čáarčáar baḍíli heentá
lunáanu.. Whenever the grass has grownlunáanutall, he takes a sickle and cuts it. ɡuǰúr katíheentá,, áanɡii phúṭi sam babi c̣húuṇc̣u heentá
kúulu.. No matter how straight the Gujur is,
kúulu
he is equally bent like the blade of thesickle. Etym: anká- ‘hook (masc)’ (T: 100).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: áanɡaáanɡa.
áaṇc̣u [áaɳʈʂu] ‫آنڇ ْو‬. n.masc. raspberry.
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: áaṇc̣a.
aaraám [aaraám] ‫آرام‬. n.fem. rest; ease.
zarurát.. I need rest. Comp:máathe aaraám zarurát
Urdu (Persian) ārām.
 aaraám thíi ‫آرام تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. torest. míi araám thíili
thíili.. I rested. Restrict: Fem
agr with host element in pfv.
 aaraám ki ‫آرام کی‬. at rest, at ease.
ْ
hínu,, aaraám ki hínu
hínu.. He isníindram maǰí hínu
asleep, resting. so aaraám ki yhóola
yhóola.. He
came, being at ease.
aarzaán [aarzaán] ‫آرزان‬. adj.inv. cheap.
Comp: Pashto (Persian) ar-zān.
áaṛu [áaɽu] ‫آڑ ْو‬. n.masc. knot (in wood). áaṛuheentá,, eesó ḍhínɡar aaindá
heensílu heentábháanu.. If there were adapáara naakaám bháanu
knot in the wood, it would be useless inthe future. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: áaṛaáaṛa.
4áašuṇ

ac̣híiwu

áašuṇ [áaɕuɳ] ‫آشُ ن‬. n.fem. hail. Variant:suffix -i).
aaweelíi [aaweelíi, aawelíi] ‫آویلی‬. det. first.
de.. My first wife
míi aaweelíi kúṛi tasíi dhií dewas his daughter. so aaweelíi ǰameetí wée
manáanu.. He is in first grade.
sabáq manáanu
Variant: aaweél
aaweél; aaweelóoi
aaweelóoi; aaweloó (Biori).
Comp: Pashto (Arabic) aw-wal.
aaxér [aaxér] ‫آخ ْیر‬. adv.tm. eventually; inthe end, at last. aaxeér šumaalí húuši teeṇíi
uṛiɡeéli.. At last the North Wind gavekoošíš uṛiɡeéli
up the attempt. Variant: aaxeér
aaxeér. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) akhīr.
 aaxeríi adv.tm. at last; finally. Variant:waxtíi.
aaxeríi waxtíi-áaya [-áaja] First person plural suffix (witha-ending verb stems). See main entry: -íiaíia.
abaí [abáj] ‫ابئی‬ْ . n.fem. half-grown she-goat.
áak istúuri abái karáaṛu ɡhaší ba ráat
hínu.. A leopard had caught apiláanu hínu
young she-goat and was drinking its blood.
Variant: abéi (Biori). Prdm: m-decl. Pl:
abaíim.
abaíimačíitu [atɕíito] ‫اچِ یت ْو‬. entered (masc sg). See
main entry: áačaáača.
ac̣híi [aʈʂíi] ‫اڇھی‬. n.fem. eye. Etym: ákṣi‘eye (neut)’ (T: 43). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 ac̣hibáaṛu ‫اڇِ ھباڑ ْو‬. n.masc. eyebrow.
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ac̣hibáaṛa
ibáaṛa.
 ac̣hibéeṛi ‫ی‬ْ ‫اڇِ ھبیڑ‬. n.fem. eyelashes.
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
 ac̣hikúi ‫کئی‬ْ ُ ‫اڇِ ھ‬. n.fem. winking(signalling to sb). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
 ac̣hikhípi ‫کھپی‬ْ ِ ‫اڇِ ھ‬. n.fem. blinking(involuntary). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
ac̣híiwu
híiwu [aʈʂíiwo] ‫اڇِ ھی ْو‬. adj. sane. See:áašum (Biori). Etym: aśáni- ‘thunderbolt(fem)’ (T: 910).
aaṣaáṛ [aaʂaáɽ, aaʈʂʰaáɽ] ‫آݜاڑ‬. n.fem.
apricot. Morph: aaṣáṛ
aṣáṛ. Etym: āṣāḍhīya‘*pertaining to the month Āṣāḍha’ (T:1474). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: aaṣaṛí
aaṣaṛí.
ِ aaṣaṛkiloóṛ ‫آݜڑ کلوڑ‬. n.masc. sapling of
apricot tree. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
 aaṣaṛmúṭ ‫آݜڑ ُمٹ‬. n.masc. apricot tree.
 aaṣaṛpéeči ‫آݜڑ پیچی‬. n.fem. season
ْwhen apricots are ripe.
 aaṣaṛphúṇḍi ‫ی‬ْ ‫آݜڑ ُپھنڈ‬. n.fem. season
when the apricot flowers are in bloom.
áaṣṭ [áaʂʈ] ‫آݜٹ‬. quant. eight. Morph: aṣṭṣṭ--.
Variant: aṣṭ (Biori). Etym: aṣṭā́ ‘eight’ (T:941). Non-nom agr: aṣṭúm
aṣṭúm.
 aṣṭeé [aʂʈeé] ‫اݜٹے‬. quant. all eight.
— pron:ind. the eight. Obl: aṣṭmeém
aṣṭmeém.
 áaṣṭ bhišá ‫آݜٹ بِھشہ‬. 160 (lit. eighttwenties).
-áaṭ [-áaʈ] sfx. Suffix added to verb stem toform agentive verbal noun. ni xálaka
kha--áaṭ
áaṭ--a bi bíiḍa
bíiḍa.. These people aremhaasá kha
also very fond of eating meat [lit. manymeat eaters]. áak deés se zanɡalí pharéba--áaṭ
áaṭ--a bhíla hína
hína.. One day they startedbagoing through a forest. dun
dun--áaṭ
áaṭ--u bhíluǰuwánd.. He
hínu ki aní ba katéeṇi ǰuwánd[suddenly] thought [lit. became a thinker],“What a life this is!” le bimeerí ḍhakḍhak--éeṭ
éeṭ--iThat disease is very contagious. Restrict:Invariably followed by a gender/number
agreement suffix. Morph: -áṭáṭ. Variant: -éeṭ(When followed by feminine agreement5ac̣húuṛi

akaadúi

kaantíiru ‘insane’. Fem agr: ac̣híiwi.
íiwiac̣húuṛi [aʈʂúuɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫اڇھوڑ‬ُ . n.fem. walnut
tree. See: ac̣hoóṛ ‘walnut’. Etym: akṣōṭa‘walnut (or pistacio nut?)’ (T: 48). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
adráx [adɾáx] ‫ادرخ‬. n.fem. forest; upper
part of hill (not part of anyone’s private
property). Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
aḍaphaár [aɖapʰaáɾ] ‫اڈپھار‬. adv.sp. halfway.
ta,, amzarái bhešíaḍaphaár whaí dac̣híi ta
hínu.. When she had come halfway down,
hínu
she saw a lion sitting [there]. aḍaphará
wháilu.. We got it halfway down. See: áaḍuwháilu‘half’; phará ‘yonder, over there’. Variant:aḍaphará.
aḍaphará aḍaphaár tií ‫اڈپھار تی‬. as far as
halfway. mameé ɡíi híni aḍaphaár tií
tií.. I
myself went as far as halfway.
 aḍapharíi ‫اڈپھری‬. adv.sp. from the
middle. aḍapharíi huṇḍ the ta ǰaláṣ bhun
lhístu.. From the middle upwards it
the ba lhístu
was hairy, whereas it was bald below.
aḍaphará [aɖapʰará] ‫اڈپھرہ‬. halfway. See
main entry: aḍaphaáraḍaphaár.
áɡar [áɡaɾ] ‫اگر‬. conj. if; supposing. áɡar thíi
dóodo
heentá,, tasíi
dó
odo ǰáandu heensílu de heentá
heentá.. Ifúmur típa čuurbhišá kaalá de heentá
your grandfather were still alive, he would
be 80 years old by now. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) aɡar.
-ainií [-ajnií] sfx. Verbal Noun suffix. xudaáiǰhaan--ainií sifát tas the díti
duéemii zabeení ǰhaan
de. God has given him the ability tounderstand other people’s languages . típad--ainií asíi mooqá hínu
hínu.. Now is ourlas haár dopportunity to defeat him [lit. the givingof defeat]. tas mhaarmhaar-ainií the áak čal
saméeli.. They designed a plan to kill him.
saméeli
Variant: -anií (Biori).
-aiṇḍeéu [-ajɳɖeéw] Obligative suffix. See
main entry: -eeṇḍeéu
eeṇḍeéu.
aǰá [adʑá] ‫اجہ‬. adv.sp. up, up there. yáabɡúum.. I went up along the canal.
ɡhaší aǰá ɡúum
hínu.. Phandar is upčilaasá díi pháṇḍar aǰá hínu
there [in the mountains] close to Chilas.
Variant: aǰé (Biori).
ِ ‫اجہ‬. upwards (direction).
 aǰá ɡiraá ‫گرا‬
hínu.. The
karáaṛu aǰá ɡiraá utrapílu hínu
leopard ran away, up the hill.
 aǰá mooṣṭá ‫موݜٹہ‬‫اجہ‬. at the(uppermost) end.
 aǰaṛáa ‫اجہ ڑا‬. adv.sp. up/over there.
 aǰaṛó ‫اجہ ڑ ْو‬. det:dem. that up/overthere (agr: dist nom masc sg).
Non-nom/fem/pl agr: aǰaṛé
aǰaṛé.
— pron:dem. that one (he, it) up/over there.
Variant: aǰá aṛóaṛó.
 aǰíi ‫اجی‬. adv.sp. from upstream, fromuphill. ma aǰíi wháatu hínu
hínu.. I have comedown from uphill. Variant: aǰí (Biori).
ِ . adv.sp. upwards; uphill.
 aǰimaá ‫اجما‬aǰdahaá [adʑdahaá] ‫اژدھا‬. n.masc. dragon.
See: xaamaár
xaamaár. Comp: Urdu (Persian)azhdahā.
akaadúi [akaadúj, akwaadúj] ‫ئی‬ْ ‫اکا ُد‬.
pron:recp. one another. se har deés akaadúide.. They were able to meetpašáa bhóon de
one another every day. be musibatíi waxtíiuṛiɡalíia.. We will not leave one
akaadúi na uṛiɡalíia
another in times of trouble. See: áak ‘one’;6

akaašúma

-amdúi ‘other’.
Obl: akaaduíim.
Gen:akaaduíim
akaaduíimii.
akaaduíimii
akaašúma
akaašúma [akaaɕúma] ‫اکاشُ مہ‬. det.
eleventh. See: akóoš ‘eleven’. Variant:akaašúme (Biori).
akaṭíi [akaʈíi] ‫اکٹی‬. v.intr. to gather; meet.
akaṭíilim.. They met eachsíiwa ǰhulí se akaṭíilim
other on the bridge. xálaka díiša méeǰi
akaṭáana.. People gather in the middle ofakaṭáana
the village. Morph: akaṭé
akaṭé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:akaṭáanu. Pfv: akaṭílu
akaṭílu. Cv: akaṭí
akaṭí.
akaṭáanu
akóoš [akóoɕ] ‫اکوش‬. quant. eleven. behína.. We are [made up of]akóoš qóoma hínaeleven clans [in Ashret]. Morph: akáaš
akáaš--.
Variant: akáaš (Biori). Etym: ēḱ ādaśa
‘eleven’ (T: 2485).
aksár [aksáɾ] ‫اکثر‬. adv.tm. often. aksár asíixabaáree.. You
índa ba šaralá ǰhaní bhéeni xabaáreeknow, often our weddings here take placein the autumn. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) aksar.
alaahtaalaá [alaahtaalaá] ٰ ‫اللہ تعالی‬. n.masc.
God Almighty (the Exalted One), theAlmighty. alaahtaalaá hazrát iisaaleehisa
iisaaleehisa-thíilu.. God Almighty
laamíi duaá qabúl thíilu
accepted the prayer of Lord Isa, on whom
be peace. alaahtaalaá tas dubaará dunyaíthíilu.. God Almighty
the phrayainií iraadá thíilu
decided to send him back to the world.
pašambeé ba alaahtaalaá eeteeṇú ǰusá dítu
de. Pashambi had been blessed by God
Almighty with such a body. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) allāh taˈālā.
alaaqá [alaaqá, ilaaqá] ‫علاقہ‬. n.masc. area.
asimeé
asaám the anú alaaqá asimeé teeṇíi zoorí
bhaáu.. This area has becomebáandi ɡhíinu bhaáu

ours by taking it with our own strength.
eesé waxtíi aní alaaqá raiisaanóomii
de.. At that time, the Rais [ahukumát deChitrali dynasty] ruled over this area.
Comp: Urdu/Persian (Arabic) ˈalāqa. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: alaaqeé
alaaqeé.
aleehisalaám [aleehisalaám, aleejisalaám]‫علیہ السلام‬. ritual. on whom be peace. soeesé waxtíi peeɣambár hazrát iliaásde.. He did
aleehisalaamíi beetí káaṇ na thíi denot heed the words of the prophet of thetime, Lord Ilyas [Elijah], on whom bepeace. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ˈalai-hiˈs-salām.
-am1 [-am] sfx. Oblique plural suffix (witha-declension nouns). ɡhueeṇíi
ɡhueeṇíi--am maníitu
hína.. The Pashtuns
ki ni zinaawúr xálaka hínasaid, “These are very wild people.” soɡáaḍaḍ--am díi náqal tháanu
tháanu.. He imitates [lit.
ɡáaḍ
makes a copy from] his elders. asíi tuɡhooṣṭ--óomteṇteeṇíi
ɡhooṣṭ
the
práačuhareeṇḍeéu.. We should take you to ourhareeṇḍeéu
homes as a guest. See: -íim ‘Oblique plural
suffix (with i-declension nouns)’; -eém‘Oblique plural suffix (with ee-declension
nouns)’; -úmúm,, -óom ‘Oblique plural suffix(with
aan-declension
nouns)’.
Variant: -óom (With accent-shiftingnouns); -éem (With ai-ending nouns); -úum(With accent-shifting nouns in Biori).
-am2 [-am] sfx. Instrumental suffix (witha-declension nouns). míi eé teeṇíi ac̣híi
íi--amdhríiṣṭu.. I saw that with my own eyes. phaídhríiṣṭu
háat--am čooṇṭéeli rumiaál díti híni
híni..
teeṇíi háat
The girl gave him a handkerchief which
she herself [with her own hands] had
7

amál

andáa

embroidered. traambumeeṇí
traambumeeṇí the baṭbaṭ-óomǰainií hitting a wasp’s nest with stones
See: -íim ‘Instrumental suffix (withi-declension nouns)’. Variant: -óom (Withaccent-shifting nouns); -úum (Withaccent-shifting nouns in Biori).
amál [amál] ‫عمل‬. n.fem. action. tasíi amá
amáll
šuí.. His actions are correct. Usage:
šuíPrimarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)ˈamal. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
 amál thíi ‫عمل تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toobey; give heed; follow. so taníi beetíimde.. He was not givingǰhulí amál na thíi deheed to their words. Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv; possessive
complement.
amzarái [amzaɾéj] ‫امزرئی‬ْ . n.masc. lion (orany big cat animal). zanɡalíi baačaá ki tasíi
nóo amzarái manáana asareetaá tíi ṣúuntu
de ki zanɡalíi zinaawuróom díi insaán thaníhínu.. The king of the jungle, whoseáa šay hínu
name in Ashreti is amzarái
amzarái, heard from theanimals of the forest of a creature called“man”. Variant: amzaréi (Biori). Comp:
Pashto zˈmaraey. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:amzarée,, amzaréea
amzaréea.
amzarée
amzayíi [amzajíi] ‫امزئی‬. v.tr. to send sth. maamzayúum.. I’ll send a letter totu the xat amzayúum
you. tíi meelmastiaá ki sáat áaṣṭ ɡúuaamzayíla.. He sent seven or eight bulls toamzayíla
them in a gesture of hospitality. Morph:amzayé--. Variant: anzayíi (Biori). Prdm: L:e.
amzayé
Prs: amzayáanu
amzayáanu. Pfv: amzayílu
amzayílu. Cv: amzayí
amzayí.
-an [-an] sfx. Third person plural suffix.

páanda be ba se kúṛii banɡlée širínɡan de.
de.
On the way, the woman’s bangles started
to rattle. rhootašíia anú watán asaám díi
ɡhín--an. In future days [lit. tomorrow]ɡhínthey may take this land from us. eetáa
phédum seentá míi se preṣíi se bhraawú maɡhaš--íin dede.. When I had reached that place,ɡhaš
my mother-in-law’s brothers caught me.
khooǰ--óon de.
muṣṭúka xálaka dhiiá díi na khooǰ
People in the old days did not ask theirdaughters [whom they wanted to marry].
Restrict: Added to verb stem in Future andPast Imperfective. Morph: -enen. Variant: -íin(With e-ending verb stems); -óon (Witha-ending verb stems); -en (Biori); -éen(With e-ending verb stems in Biori); -áan(With a-ending verb stems in Biori).
andáa [andáa] ‫اندا‬. adj.inv:dem. of that/thiskind, in this/that way; such, thus, that. anúna,, xálaka xu andáa manáana
manáana.. He
míi báabu na
is not my father, although that is what
people say. Usage: Only rarely would andáa
occur independently of bhe or thethe. Variant:eendáa (of that/this kind, in this/that way(emphatic form)).
 andáa bhe like this/that; thus; in thismanner (intr). eesó andáa bhe neečíir
hínu.. He went hunting in thisɡúum hínu
manner. be andáa bhe bhraáš bhraáš
wháata.. We came down, like this, slowly,
wháataslowly. Restrict: Modifying an intransitiveverb.
 andáa the like this/that; thus; in thismanner (tr). darkáambalii andáa the ǰítiǰíti..
[He] hit the upper door frame like this. ṣiṣ
8andóoianíi

andáa the šóo the ɡhaṇḍílu.
ɡhaṇḍílu. He tied his hairthus, tightly. bíiḍa íṇc̣a tíi eendáa themheeríla.. He killed many bears in such amheeríla
manner. Restrict: Modifying a transitiveverb.
andóoi [andóoj] ‫اندوئی‬ْ . adv.sp:dem. fromhere (prox). thée andóoi atshareetíi xálaka
ɡíia.. Then people left from here, fromɡíia
Ashret. See: índa ‘here’. Variant: indóoi(Biori).
anɡaá [aŋɡaá] ‫انگا‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu (Persian) āɡāh.
 anɡaá bhíi ‫انگا بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to feelor become conscious; wake up; come toknow or remember. ɡhareé kaná ǰhulí míi
dítu,, anɡaá na bhílu
bhílu.. When I put it on my
dítu
shoulder, I didn’t feel anything. yéei uthínáinu.. Theanɡaá bhe dac̣híi ta kuṇaák náinu
mother woke up and saw that her child
was not there.
anɡóor [aŋɡóoɾ] ‫انگور‬. n.masc. fire.
ṣaawóolu.. He
lambúuṣu uc̣hí ba anɡóor ṣaawóolu
took the firewood and lit a fire. Variant:anɡáar (Biori). Etym: án̆ɡāra- ‘glowing
charcoal (masc.neut)’ (T: 125). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl: -a.
anɡreéz [aŋɡɾeéz] ‫انگریز‬. n.masc.
Englishman, British; foreigner. c̣hatróolaanɡreezaanóom xabaár díti ki raáǰii
bháanu.. In Chitral, the British
muqaabilá bháanu
announced that there would be a
tug-of-war. Comp: Urdu anɡrez. Prdm:
aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aánaán.
ُanɡúṛi [aŋɡúɽi] ‫ی‬‫ڑ‬‫گ‬ْ ‫ان‬. n.fem. finger; toe.

har koó páanǰ anɡúṛim dhúta the haráana.
haráana.
Everyone moves his five fingers to hismouth [to eat]. See: anɡúṛu ‘thumb, big
toe’. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
ُ ‫ان‬. n.masc. thumb; biganɡúṛu [aŋɡúɽo] ‫گڑ ْو‬
toe. See: anɡúṛi ‘finger’. Etym: *an̆ɡūḍi‘finger, toe (fem)’ (T: 135). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: anɡúṛaanɡúṛa.
aní [aní] ‫انی‬ْ . det:dem. 1) this (agr: prox fem).
samúum.. What size
aní darúṛi ma ɡa seezí samúum
shall I make this window? aní kakaríi kasíi
kasíi..
Whose skull is this? 2) this (agr: prox
non-nom masc). aní wataní so maalík bhílu
bhílu..
He became the ruler of this place. aníde.. I was asleep in thisɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi ma seé dehouse. 3) these (agr: prox). so anísanɡítháanu.. He is
kaafiraanóom sanɡí madád tháanu
helping these infidels. aní pooštrá abaíim
saatáanuee.. Do you think I
thíi dapáara saatáanuee
have taken care of these fattened goats
just for you? See: anú ‘this (agr: prox nom
masc sg)’.
— pron:dem. 1) this one; it (prox fem nom).
ǰuwánd.. What a life is this!
aní ba katéeṇi ǰuwánd
2) these ones; they (prox nom). se nóowa
aní.. These are some ofmaǰí aakatí nóowa aní
the names. 3) she (prox nom). aslí zariṇíi
aní.. She [this one] is in fact Zarin’s
dhií anídaughter. See: anú ‘he, it, this one (proxmasc nom)’; ni ‘they, she, it (non-emph)’.
Variant: eení
eení; haní (Biori).
aníi [aníi] ‫انی‬. pron:dem. 1) this; it; here(prox obl with postposition). aníi wée wíi
hínu.. Here [lit. in this] is water. 2) he (proxhínuobl). aníi asíi nóo zindá thíilu
thíilu.. He [this9aninaámaṛasíiperson here] has saved our reputation.
3) she (prox obl). See: anú ‘this one, he, she(prox masc nom)’; níi ‘it, he, she(non-emph)’.
aninaám [aninaám, aninjaám, anjaám]‫انِنام‬. pron:dem. these; them (prox acc). tu
khaáanu.. Why aren’t you
aninaám keéna khaáanu
eating these [food items]? aninaám maǰíkhayáak.. Who among them iszariṇíi dhií khayáak
Zarin’s daughter? See: anú ‘he, it, that(prox masc nom)’; ninaám
ninaám. Variant:haninaám (Biori).
aniníi [aniníi] ‫انِنی‬. pron:dem. their (prox).
See: anú ‘he, it, this (prox masc nom)’; niníi‘their (non-emph)’. Variant: haninúme(Biori).
aniním [aniním] ‫انِ ِنم‬. pron:dem. these; they(prox obl). See: anú ‘he, it, this (prox mascnom)’; niním ‘they (non-emph)’. Variant:haniním (Biori).
anís
anís [anís] ‫انِس‬. pron:dem. 1) this; it (proxacc). anís the be ɡhoóṣṭ manáana
manáana.. We callthis ‘house’ [in our language]. 2) him (proxacc). 3) her (prox acc). See: anú ‘this one, it,he (prox masc nom)’; nis ‘it, her, him(non-emph)’. Variant: hanís (Biori).
anisíi [anisíi] ‫انِسی‬. pron:dem. 1) its (prox).
2) his (prox). anisíi áak bheeṇíi putrḍaakṭár.. A nephew [sister’s son] of his is aḍaakṭár
doctor. 3) her (prox). See: anú ‘he, it, thisone (prox masc nom)’; nisíi ‘its, his, her(non-emph)’. Variant: hanisée (Biori).
anú [anú] ‫ان ْو‬. det:dem. this (agr: prox nom
masc sg). rhootašíia anú watán asaám díi
ɡhínan.. In future days [lit. tomorrow] they
ɡhínanmay take this land from us. anú míiš axsíǰáanu.. This man is playing axsí [a game].
ǰáanuNon-nom/fem/pl agr: aní
aní.
— pron:dem. 1) it; this one (prox mascnom). anú eeteeṇú qisá
qisá.. It is such a story.
2) he (prox nom). anú míi bharíiw na
na.. He[this one] is not my husband. See: nu ‘he, it(non-emph)’. Variant: eenú
eenú; hanú (Biori). Sg
fem: aníaní. Sg acc: anís
anís. Sg obl: aníi
aníi. Sg gen:anisíi. Pl nom: aníaní. Pl acc: aninaám
aninaám. Pl obl:
anisíianiním. Pl gen: aniníi
aniníi.
aninímaṇabhiíš [aɳabʰiíɕ] ‫اݨ ِبھیش‬. quant. nineteen.
See: bhiíš ‘twenty’. Etym: ūnavim̆ śati- ‘19(fem)’ (T: 2411).
 aṇabhišúma ‫اݨ ِبھشُ مہ‬. det. nineteenth.
-aṛ [-aɽ] sfx. Second person singular suffix.
lháay--aṛ xu lo ba ɡraán hóonsa
hóonsa..
tu dúi šóo lháay
You will find something better, but it will
be more expensive. máathe ba ɡubáa thth--íiṛ
íiṛ..
What will you do for me? tu tas sanɡí nabh--óoṛ
óoṛ.. You won’t be able to talkkhoṇḍáai bhwith her. táa tu bíiḍi xušaán hóons
hóons--aṛ. You
will be very happy there. Restrict: Added toverb stem in Future and Past Imperfective.
Morph: -eṛ. Variant: -íiṛ (With e-ending verb
stems); -óoṛ (With a-ending verb
stems); -eṛ (Biori); -éeṛ (With e-ending
verb stems in Biori); -áaṛ (With a-ending
verb stems in Biori).
aṛanaám [aɽanaám] ‫اڑنام‬. them. See main
entry: eeṛanaámeeṛanaám.
aṛás [aɽás] ‫اڑس‬. it; him; her; that. See main
entry: eeṛás
eeṛás.
aṛasíi [aɽasíi] ‫اڑسی‬. its; her; his. See main
entry: eeṛasíi
eeṛasíi.
10aṛéaṣṭóoš

aṛé [aɽé] ‫ے‬ْ ‫اڑ‬. that; those; it, she, they; thatasíi [asíi] ‫اسی‬. pron:pers. our (1pl gen). tu

one, those ones. See main entry: eeṛé.
eeṛé

asíi práaču.
práaču. You are our guest. míi ɡhoóṣṭ
lookúṛi
lookú
ṛi hínu iskuúl ba asíi kaṇeeɡhaá híni.
híni.
My house is in Lokuri, but our school issituated in Kanegha. See: be ‘we (nom)’.
Variant: asée (Biori). Etym: asmad- ‘1pl
(base of oblique cases)’ (T: 986).
ِ . pron:pers. we (1pl obl).
asím [asím] ‫اسم‬
niníimhaarawóola.. We
asím niníi dubhišá xálaka mhaarawóola
had forty of their people killed. asím tu na
hínu.. We have not called you. See:bulaḍílu hínu
be ‘we (nom)’.
askóon [askóon] ‫اسکون‬. adj.inv. easy.
paačhambeé búdu maní ki nis phusainiíaskóon.. Pashambi understood that it
askóonwould be easy to get rid of him. Variant:askáan (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Persian) āsān.
 askóona ǰhulí ‫جھلی‬ْ ُ ‫اسکونہ‬. easily.
ɡaṭáana..
uxiaár xálak askóona ǰhulí duniaá ɡaṭáana
Wise men conquer the world easily.
Variant: askúuna báandi (Biori).
ašáq [aɕáq, aɕáx] ‫عشق‬. adj.inv. in love. sede.. She was ináak bakaraál phoó the ašaq delove with a shepherd boy. Usage: Primarily
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ˈishq.
 ašáq bhíi ‫عشق بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to fallin love. se phaí se mac̣hooká the ašáq bhíli
bhíli..
The girl fell in love with Machoke. Restrict:
Postpositional object with thethe.
aṣṭaašúma [aʂʈaaɕúma] ‫اݜٹاشُ مہ‬. det.
eighteenth. See: aṣṭóoš ‘eighteen’.
aṣṭóoš [aʂʈóoɕ] ‫اݜٹوش‬. quant. eighteen.
Morph: aṣṭṣṭáašáaš--. Variant: aṣṭáaš (Biori). Etym:áašaṣṭād́ aśa ‘eighteen’ (T: 946).

aṛíi [aɽíi] ‫اڑی‬. it, she, he; her, him. See main
entry: eeṛíi.
eeṛíiaṛó [aɽó] ‫اڑ ْو‬. that. pron:dem. it, that one; he.
See main entry: eeṛó
eeṛó.
asaám
asaám [asaám] ‫اسام‬. pron:pers. us (1pl acc).
thíilu.. [They] handed it
asaám the hawaalá thíilu
over to us. ɡokhíia asaám the ḍánɡarik
thanáana.. The Chitralis [the Kho people]
thanáana
call us Dangarik. nu ba asaám mhaarainií
ukháatu.. He has come [up here] to kill
the ukháatu
us. See: be ‘we’.
asár [asár] ‫اثر‬. n.fem. affliction; effect. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)asar.
 asár bhíi ‫اثر بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.ninc. to beafflicted. ma ǰhulí asár bhíli
bhíli.. I was afflicted[by djinns]. Usage: Fem agr with hostelement; experiencer with ǰhulí
ǰhulí.
 asár thíi ‫اثر تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to affect,
harm; influence. na zinaawurá tas the asárde.. Neither wild
thíili de na ɡhrastá thíili deanimals nor wolves had touched it. tasíi
beetíí ma ǰhulí šuí asár thíili
thíili.. His words had
beet
a positive influence on me. Restrict: Fem
agr with host element in pfv;
postpositional object with thethe.
 asár wháida ‫اثر وھئدہ‬. v.intr:cjt.ninc. toinfluence, affect. aṛé ínc̣i tu khóolu heentá
thee asár wháida
wháida.. If this she-bearqóoma thwere to eat you, it would affect the [whole]tribe. Restrict: Fem agr with host element;
postpositional object with thethe.
11aṣṭúmaaudásaṣṭúma [aʂʈúma] ‫اݜٹُمہ‬. det. eighth. See: áaṣṭ‘Palula (the language of Biori and Ashret)’.
Variant: asareetaá.
asareetaá
atsharíitu [atsʰaríito] ‫اڅھرِیت ْو‬. adj. from
Ashret, of Ashret. Fem agr: atsharíiti
atsharíiti.
— n.masc. man from Ashret. deeúlii
xálakam daawát díti atsharíitam the ki
thíia.. The people of Dir issued
muqaabilá thíia
an invitation to the Ashretis to have acompetition with them. See: atshareét‘Ashret’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: atsharíita
atsharíita.
aṭíi [aʈíi] ‫اٹی‬. v.tr. to bring sth or sb; givebirth. islaám ba aṭíli híni ɡabarúuṭii
putróom.. It was Gabarut’s sons whoputróombrought Islam. tus aṛé zhayí bhéšooi ta maaṭúum.. You stay here and I will
laxkár aṭúum
bring the army. tus aakáak looṛíia aṭóoi
aṭóoi!! Go
and get a bowl each! dúu ac̣híia aṭí čúurthainií.. Getting two more eyes makes four.
thainiíhíni.. I have brought a
míi néewi kúṛi aṭíli híni
new wife. šúma baačaáee wazíirii beetíaṭíli.. The parrot brought thekuṛíinam the aṭíli
words of the king and his minister to thewomen. ma teeṇíi khaamadá the báaš
híni.. I have given birth tobuc̣húuṛa aṭí híni
twelve calves for my owner [said the cow]
(Biori). Morph: aṭéaṭé--. Etym: *aṭṭ- ‘contain, be
contained, fit into’ (T: 178). Prdm: L:e. Prs:aṭáanu. Pfv: aṭílu
aṭílu. Cv: aṭíaṭí.
aṭáanuaudás [awdás] ‫اودس‬. n.fem. ablution. Comp:
Pashto aw-das.
 audás phooṭóo v.tr:cjt.ninc. to urinate.
phooṭéeli.. Hepáanda túuri be ba audás phooṭéeli
went off the path and urinated. Restrict:
Fem agr with host element in pfv.
 audás yhíi v.intr:cjt.ninc. to feel an urge‘eight’.

-at [-at] sfx. Second person plural suffix.
eesé mehfilí wée rhoó dainií tus aamúuṣaamúuṣ-at
de. In that crowd you forgot to sing a song.
índi tus aṛó bhešáana heentá xamaxaád--íitíit.. If you are staying
asaám the qalánɡ dhere, you will have to pay taxes to us.
Restrict: Added to verb stem in Future andPast Imperfective. Morph: -etet. Variant: -íit(With e-ending verb stems); -óot (Witha-ending verb stems); -et (Biori); -éet (Withe-ending verb stems in Biori); -áat (Witha-ending verb stems in Biori).
atshareét [atsʰareét, asareét] ‫اڅھریت‬.
n.masc:pn. Ashret (valley and village).
paačhambeémuṣṭóoi zamaanéii atshareetá paačha
mbeé
maní.. A longthaní áak míiš heensílu de manítime ago there was a man in Ashret whosename was Pashambi. ma atshareetíi malák
malák.. I am Ghulam Sayd, theɣolaamseéd malák
headman of Ashret. See: atsharíitu ‘ofAshret’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
 atshareét
atshareét xaás ‫اڅھریت خاص‬. Ashretproper; the main village in Ashret Valley
where the police post, government highschool, and the bazaar are located.
 atshareetaá ‫اڅھریتا‬. n.masc. Ashreti(the language of Ashret). zanɡalíi baačaá ki
manáanatasíi nóo amzarái manáana asareetaá tíiṣúuntu de ki zanɡalíi zinaawuróom díi
hínu.. The king of theinsaán thaní áa šay hínu
jungle, whose name in Ashreti is amzarái
amzarái,heard from the animals of the forest of acreature called “man”. See: paaluulaá
12aulaád

azaáb(to urinate). tas audás yhéeli.
yhéeli. He felt anurge [to urinate]. Restrict: Fem agr withhost element; experiencer in acc case.
aulaád [awlaád] ‫اولاد‬. n.masc. offspring,
descendants. be atshareetá buṭheé
aulaád.. We in Ashretmac̣hookíiee c̣hookíi aulaád
are all the descendants of Machoke andChoke. tasíi aulaád bíiḍa
bíiḍa.. His descendants
were numerous. Usage: Usually with pluralreference. See: anǰurú
anǰurú. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)aulād. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: auleedíauleedí.
-awá [-awá] sfx. Causative (orsecond/double causative) suffix. insaán aṛé
hínu,, ma tu pašawúum (pašpaš--awá
awá--um).
zhayí hínu
The human being is at that place; I willshow you [=make you see]. asím niníi
dubhišá
xálakamhaarawóola
mhaar--awá
awá--íla
íla).
(mhaar). We have had forty of
their people killed. Morph: -á-á. See: -á1.
ِ ‫اوا‬. adv.sp. up high, atawaaɡír [awaaɡír] ‫گر‬a high elevation. paṇáaru táapaṛ thaníawaaɡír qaríiban dúu thiáaḍa míila táapaṛ
hínu.. There is a hill, about two and a half
hínu
miles up, called paṇáaru táapaṛ [whitehill].
axpúl [axpúl] ‫اخپل‬ُ . n.masc. relative. phooíiɡhooṣṭíi tarapíi tasíi axpulaán kuṛíina míišabaáana.. The
teeṇíi se bhoóy pašainií the baáana

relatives from the boy’s house, men andwomen, go to see their [future]
daughter-in-law. Comp: Pashto khpul. Prdm:
a/aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán,, -á.
axsaá [axsaá, ixsaá] ‫اخسا‬. adj.inv. dirty.
Comp: Pashto khsā.
axsí [axsí] ‫اخسی‬ْ . n.fem. a traditional gameplayed between two teams that involves
holding up one’s right leg with one’s left
hand while fighting with one’s right hand.
Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -á.
 axsí ǰíi ‫اخسی جی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to playْ
the game of axs
axsíí. anú míiš axsí ǰáanu tata,, nisbháana.. This man want to
the koó ṭinɡ na bháana
play axsí [a game] but no one is able totake up the challenge. Restrict: Fem agrwith host element in pfv.
azaáb [azaáb] ‫عذاب‬. n.fem. punishment(especially divine). azaáb yyhéeli
héeli.. There washéeli
a disaster [lit. Punishment came]. so azeebí
hínu.. His life is very tough. Comp: Urdu
wée hínu
(Arabic) ˈazāb. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: azeebí
azeebí.
 azaáb díi ‫عذاب دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. topunish. qábura wée farišteém tas bíiḍu
azaáb
díti.. The angels punishedziaát ɡooríi az
aáb díti
him severely in the grave. Restrict: Fem agrwith host element in pfv; object in acc caseor postpositional object with the
the.

13

ba

báaḍa

b
ba [ba] ‫بہ‬. disc. Marker with a (switch-)topic

baabayeé.
baabayeébaačaá [baatɕaá] ‫باچا‬. n.masc. king. Comp:
Urdu bādshāh. Prdm: Irr. Pl: baačaán
baačaán.
baačaí [baatɕají] ‫باچئی‬ْ . n.fem. rule;
kingdom. baačáaii baačaí phus bhéeni
bhéeni,,bhéeni.. The king’sɣaríibii ɣaribí na phus bhéeni
rule will come to an end, but the povertyof the poor does not. le kuṛíina nikhéetim
heentá,, míi baačaí thíi bhíibhíi.. If these turnheentá
out to be women, my kingdom will be
yours. Comp: Urdu (Persian) bādshāhī.
 baačaí thíi ‫باچئی تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toْrule. so biíiḍu dabdabá ki baačaí thíi dede.. He
was ruling with great pomp and show.
Restrict: Fem agr with host element in pfv.
baád [baád] ‫باد‬. post. after. aakatí reetíi baádmúṛu.. After a few days, he died. púustu
so múṛu
baádmheerílu.. Afterṣaawóolii baá
d dúi bhíiru mheerílu
putting on the skin, he killed another
he-goat. Restrict: With preceding genitive
nominal argument or an ablativepro-form. See: pahúrta
pahúrta. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)baˈd.
báaḍa [báaɖa] ‫باڈہ‬. v.intr. to grow (up).
teeṇíiseetíli,, seetípašambeé teeṇíi bhraaudhií seetílibaḍíli.. Pashambe lookedtasíi múuṛa wée baḍíli
after his niece and she grew up in his
house [lit. in his lap]. ǰabá bíiḍu ziaát baḍilu
heentá,, mašín ɡhiní lunáanu
lunáanu.. If the lawnheentá
grows very much, he takes the machine
and mows it. Morph: báḍbáḍ--. Variant: bháaḍe
(Biori). Etym: várdatē ‘grows, increases’ (T:function (variously corresponding to ‘and,however, instead, as for, but’). tanaám maǰímaní,, soáak míiš muṭá ǰe ukháai bhóo de maníhínu.. áak ba muṭá ǰe
utrapí muṭá ǰe ukháatu hínude,, so ba dharaṇí pharéna ukháai bhóo dehínu.. One of the men knew
dhreéɡ dítu hínu
how to climb a tree, so he ran and climbed
up a tree. The other one, however, did notknow how to climb a tree, so he stretchedout along the ground instead. iskuúl ba asíi
híni.. As for the school, it is inkaṇeeɡhaá híni
our [village of] Kanegha. míi nóo
aaxuunseéd,, míi báabii nóo ba ɡulseédɡulseéd,, míi
aaxuunseédmalák.. My namedóodii nóo ba ɣolaamseéd malák
is Akhund Sayd, my father’s name Gul
Sayd, and my grandfather’s name [in histurn] was Ghulam Sayd Malak. tu kanaábháanu,, eendaá ba tu sanɡí bhíin
bhíin.. The waybháanuyou are [the way you act], you will findyourself treated. ée kúṛi thíi míišii paaṇṭí
na.. O woman, you haveṣéeli híni tu míiš ba na
put on a man’s clothes but you are not aman. See: ta ‘Different-subject marker’.
báabu [báabu] ‫باب ْو‬. n.masc. father. booṭaáii
oók.
báabii nóo c̣hoó
k. The name of Bota’s
father was Choke. thíi báabu tu kanáa thede.. How did your father look after
saatíi deyou? tíi teeṇíi mhéeli díi khooǰóolu ki míi
koó.. He asked his mother, “Who isbáabu koó
my father?” Etym: *bābba- ‘father’ (T:9209). Prdm: a-decl/irr. Obl, Pl: báaba
báaba. Pl:
14

baáɣ

baát

11376). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: baḍáanu.
baḍáanu Pfv:
baḍílu. Cv: baḍí.
baḍílubaḍíbaáɣ [baáɣ] ‫باغ‬. n.fem. garden. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) bāɡ. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: beeɣí
beeɣí.
baalbáč [baalbátɕ] ‫بالبچ‬. n.masc. children;
family. eeṛé bakáaram báandi ma teeṇíi
saatáanu.. Because of thosebaalbáč bi saatáanu
goats, I can also take care of my family.
Restrict: With plural reference. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
baalṭí [baalʈí] ‫بالٹی‬ْ . n.fem. bucket. Comp:
Urdu bālṭī. Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -á.
báandi [báandi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫باند‬. post. by (means of);according to; with; to; on. asaám the anú
alaaqá asimeé teeṇíi zoorí báandi ɡhíinu
bhaáu.. This area has become ours bybhaáu
taking it with our own strength. musib
musibát
átde.. I found myself inma báandi heensíli detrouble [lit. trouble was on me]. aní biǰlí
bhéeni.. This electricity
wíia báandi paidóo bhéeni
comes about by means of water. Restrict:
With preceding oblique nominal argument
or an accusative pro-form. See: ǰhǰhulíulí. Comp:ulí
Pashto bāndi.
baaqimaandá [baaqimaandá] ‫باقی ماندہ‬ْ .
det. additional; remaining. baaqimaandá
thíia.. We will carry out
kráam be ɡhareé thíia
the remaining work next time. See: dúi
dúi.
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) bāqī-mānda.
baás [baás] ‫باس‬. host. Usage: Primarily used
as a host element in complex predicates.
Can also be used alone, without díi
díi, withverbal meaning.
 baás díi [baás díi] ‫باس دی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. tospend the night; stay over night. dhoóṛ soyhaí míi ɡhooṣṭá baás (dítu).
dítu). Yesterday hecame and spent the night in my house. See:baasóo ‘to give shelter’.
baasóo [baasóo] ‫باسو‬. v.tr. to give shelter,accomodate, have sb stay (overnight). so tabaasoólu.. Hebíi de xu míi ba tas zooríimii baasoólu
was leaving, but I forced him to stay. tustusím
ímma bhióol róota dúi míiša sanɡí baasaá míi
thíili.. You disgraced me when you
bheezatí thíili
had me spend the night with another man.
Morph: baasá
baasá--. See: baás díi ‘to spend thenight, stay over night’. Variant: baasúu(Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: baa
baasaáanu
saáanu. Pfv:
saáanubaasóolu. Cv: baasaá
baasaá.
baasóolu
baastaár [baastaár] ‫باستار‬. n.fem. bedding.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) bistar. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: -í.
baašúma [baaɕúma] ‫باشُ مہ‬. det. twelfth. See:bóoš ‘twelve’. Variant: baašúme (Biori).
báaṣ [báaʂ] ‫باݜ‬. n.masc. rain. aáǰ bíiḍu téez
dítu.. It rained heavily today. Variant:báaṣ dítubaṣṣ (Biori). Etym: varṣá- ‘rain’ (T: 11392).
ba
Prdm: a-decl. Obl: baṣábaṣá.
baát [baát] ‫بات‬. n.fem. word; talk; issue,
matter; speech, language. ɡéeḍi baát náini
náini..
It is not a big issue. áa baát ba dúi híni
híni..
There is yet another matter. be teeṇíi baátuṛiɡaláana.. We are not abandoning ourna uṛiɡaláana
own speech. baačáaii baát sahí bhíli
bhíli.. The
king’s word became true. tasíi se baát sahísahí..
That is true [what he says]. beetí ba sahí ɡabuṭheé.. All of this is true. míi baát káaṇ thatha..
buṭheé
Listen to me! asíiee taníi baát áak
áak.. Ourlanguage and their language is the same.
míi.. So, that isseentá aṛé aaxeerí baát eeṛé míi
15

báaṭ

baḍoorɡhaá
baazóor [baazóor] ‫بازور‬. n.masc. bazaar.

the end of my talk. Etym: vārttā‘livelihood, business; tidings’ (T: 11564).
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: beetí
beetí.
 baát díi [baát díi] ‫بات دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tosay, talk about, tell. eesé baát ba nadeeṇḍeéu.. That is nothing we should talkdeeṇḍeéu
about. tíi teeṇíi díišii xalkíim the aní baátki...
de ba maníitu ki... He told the people of his
own village this and said...
 šuí baát ‫شُ وئی بات‬. good news; goodْ
stuff. eendáa heentá aní xu bíiḍi šuí baát
baát.. Ifthat is the case, that is very good news.
báaṭ [báaʈ] ‫باٹ‬. n.masc. stone, rock. prašíwháanda.. Stones are coming
wée baṭá wháanda
down the slope. traambumeeṇí the baṭóom
ǰainií.. [It is like] hitting a wasp’s nest withǰainií
a stone. Variant: babaṭṭ (Biori). Etym: *varta‘round stone’ (T: 11348). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: baṭá
baṭá.
 baṭašáan ‫بٹہ شان‬. n.masc. top of a flatstone. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
báaṭa [báaʈa] ‫باٹہ‬. v.intr. to fit; get in. čéeri
baṭílu.. The fox could
wée luumáii dhut na baṭílu
not get his mouth into the jug. aní katooléebaṭílu.. How could it fit in
wée kanáa bhe baṭílu
the fodder sack? áak paṇeé wée dúu khurábaṭáana.. Two feet do not fit into one
na baṭáana
slipper. Morph: báṭbáṭ--. Variant: báaṭe (Biori).
Prdm: L:cons. Prs: baṭáanu
baṭáanu. Pfv: baṭílu
baṭílu. Cv:
baṭí.
baṭí
baázi [baázi] ‫بعضی‬ْ . det. some; a few.
muṣṭúka xálaka ba aní baázi ba aṛé
dáana.. Among people
haansáana ɡa ɡúu bi dáanaof old there were a few that would evengive an ox. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) baˈẓī.

Variant: baazáar (Biori). Comp: Urdu
(Persian) bāzār. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
babaáy [babaáj] ‫ببائی‬ْ . n.fem. apple. Morph:babá--i. Variant: babéi (Biori). Etym:
babá*bhabbā- ‘apple’ (T: 9387). Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: babayí
babayí.
bač [batɕ] ‫بچ‬. adj.inv. safe. Usage: Primarily
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu baćnā.
 bač bhíi ‫بچ بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to escape.
kaṭamúš íṇc̣a díi bač bhe áak bheeríči ǰe ṣačíhínu.. Having escaped the bear,ɡúum hínu
Katamosh started climbing up a narrow
mountain track.
 bač thíi ‫بچ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to save;
keep away. kháača kráama díi ba tteeṇíi
eeṇíitheeṇḍeéu.. One should keep awayzaán bač theeṇḍeéu
from bad behaviour [lit. save oneself frombad work].
bac̣húuṛu [baʈʂʰúuɽo, baʂúuɽo] ‫بڇھوڑ ْو‬ُ .
n.masc. young calf. Etym: vatsá- ‘calf, child(masc)’ (T: 11239). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:úuṛa.
bac̣húuṛa
baḍilbaḍiloóḍiloó [baɖiloó] ‫ب ِڈلو‬. n.masc. descendantof Badil; member of the Badile clan (inAshret). c̣hookíiee mac̣ookíi aulaád
mirmaadikoór,, mulaakoór
mulaakoór,, baḍileé
baḍileé,, zariṇeé
zariṇeé,,mirmaadikoórphaṭakeé.. The descendants of Choke andphaṭakeé
Machoke are Mirmadikor, Mullahkor, theBadile, the Zarine, and the Phatake. lebaḍilúmii.. The placemuxaamúx zhaáy baḍilúmii
opposite to that belongs to the Badile.
Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: baḍileé
baḍileé. Pl obl: baḍilúm
baḍilúm.
baḍoorɡhaá[baɖoorɡhaá]‫بڈورگھا‬.
16

bak

basaándn.masc:pn. Badrugal (Nuristani village
between Ashret and Kalkatak). Prdm:
ee-decl. Obl: baḍoorɡhaábaḍoorɡhaá.
bak [bak] ‫بک‬. adv.deg. Co-lexicalized
intensifier. bak práal shining brightbakáara [bakáara] ‫بکارہ‬. n.fem. flock ofsheep and goats. sóona ḍanɡ khilaí bakáara
hínu.. He was all alone in theɡhiní heensílu hínu
pastures along with his goats. bakáara bíiḍi
de,, šid bíiḍu
bíiḍu.. There were many sheep anddegoats, and it was very cold [lit. muchcoldness]. Restrict: With plural reference.
Morph: bakár
bakár--. Etym: bárkara- ‘kid, lamb;goat (masc)’ (T: 9153). Prdm: a-decl. Obl(pl): -m.
bakaraál [bakaraál] ‫بکرال‬. n.masc.
shepherd; goatherd. bakaraál basaándbaáanu.. When the
bhílu seentá sóona the baáanu
spring came, the shepherd would leave forthe high pasture. See: bakáara ‘flock’. Etym:*barkarapāla- ‘goatherd’ (T: 9154). Prdm:
a/aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán,, -á.
bakareelí [bakareelí] ‫بکریلی‬. n.fem.
ْ
shepherding; goat herding.
balíi [balíi] ‫بلی‬. n.fem. outside; outer end (ofroof, etc.). See: khun ‘inner side’. Variant:šanbalíi. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
šanbalíibálki [bálki] ‫بلکی‬ْ . conj. but; instead. made,, bálki maǰburí ki míiš bhíli dede.. I
míiš na de
was not a man, but it was necessary for metobecome
one.
Comp:
Urdu
(Arabic/Persian) balki,, balke.
bandubás [bandubás] ‫بندوبس‬. n.fem.
arrangement (for marriage, etc.). xooṛéii
híni.. There are two
bandubás bi dúu qismá híniways of getting engaged. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) band-o-bast.
 bandubás thíi ‫تھی‬‫بندوبس‬.
v.tr:cjt.ninc. to arrange. míišii putr kareé
seentá,, tas the kúṛi dawainiízuaán bhílu seentátháanu.. A man arranges abandubás tháanu
marriage when his son becomes of age.
Restrict: Fem agr with host element in pfv.
banɡlái [baŋléj] ‫بنگلئی‬. n.fem. bracelet. seْbhalaá se kúṛi the maníitu ki teeṇíi banɡléeširinɡá.. The evil spirit said to thena širinɡá
woman, “Don’t shake your bracelets!”
Comp: Urdu ban̆ɡlī. Prdm: a-decl. Pl: banɡléebanɡlée.
bardaáš [bardáaɕ] ‫برداش‬. n.fem. endurance;patience. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) bar-dāsht.
 bardaáš thíi ‫برداش تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tobear; endure. ɡhooṣṭíi khaamaád ba dúi
tháanu.. The house owner
xarčá bardaáš tháanu
bears the other expenses. súuna be bateeṇíi se doostí ǰudaaí bardaáš na tháibhéeli.. Going to the high pasture, he couldbhéelinot bear the separation from his loved one(Biori). Restrict: Fem agr with host elementin pfv.
bartaaniá [bartaaɲjá] ‫برطانیہ‬. n.masc.
Britain. Comp: Urdu bartāniyah.
 bartaanyáii ‫برطانئی‬. adj.inv. British.
Variant: bartaaníi (Biori).
basaánd [basaánd, basaán] ‫بساند‬. n.masc.
spring; can also refer more specifically tothe first part of spring (a 40-day period)
when days are warmer and plants begin togrow and flowers blossom. basaánd bhílu
17baṭsúm

beénk[bajaán] ‫بیان‬. host. Usage:
Exclusively used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)bayān.
 bayaán thíi ‫بیان تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to tell;describe. kuṛíin
kuṛíinamam tas the teeṇíi
thíili.. The women
haalhawaál bayaán thíili
described their situation to her. Restrict:
Postpositional object with thethe.
be [be] ‫بے‬ْ . pron:pers. we (1pl nom). beuṛiɡalíia.. Wemusibatíi waxtíi akaadúi na uṛiɡalíia
will not leave one another in times oftrouble. be akóoš qóoma hína
hína.. We are[made up of] eleven clans [in Ashret]. anísmanáana.. We call this ‘house’
the be ɡhoóṣṭ manáana[in our language]. Etym: vayám ‘we’ (T:11302). Acc: asaám
asaám. Gen: asíi
asíi. Obl: asím
asím.
beedhowaá [beedhwaá, beedhowaá]‫بیدھوا‬. adj.inv. worried, fearful; impatient.
Variant: beedawaá (Biori). Comp: Urdu
be-dawā.
beedhríi [beedrhíi] ‫بیدھری‬. v.intr. to clearup (about sky). aaɡhaá beedhríilu
beedhríilu.. The sky
cleared. Prdm: L:e. Prs: beedhráanu
beedhráanu. Pfv:
beedhríilu. Cv: beedhríbeedhrí.
beedhríilubéeǰi [béedʑi] ‫بیجی‬ْ . n.fem. heifer. Etym:*dvivatsikā- ‘two years old’ (T: 6685). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
beelčá [beeltɕá, beltɕá] ‫بیلچہ‬. n.masc. spade.
Variant: bel (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Persian)belća. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: beelčeé
beelčeé.
béem [béem] ‫بیم‬. will go (1sg). See main
entry: bíi
bíi.
beénk [beéŋk] ‫بینک‬. n.fem. bank(establishment). míi beenkí qarzá ɡhíinu
ɡhíinu,,bayaánseentá,seentá, tas ǰhulí salír čhooráana.
čhooráana. When thespring comes, the scissors will be applied
to it [the goatskin]. basandá díi ba bhíiande. They feared the approach of spring.
Morph: basánd
basánd. Variant: basán (Biori). Etym:
vasantá- ‘spring season (masc)’ (T: 11439).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: basandábasandá.
 basanháaṛu ‫بسنہاڑ ْو‬. n.masc. late springor early summer; a (40-day) period during
which some trees bear fruit (e.g. apricots)
and the wheat harvest is gathered. Variant:basantháaṛ (Biori).
ُ basanpreetsúun ‫بسنپریڅون‬.
n.masc.
first month of spring (according to one
trad. calendar). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
baṭsúm [baʈsúm] ‫بٹسم‬ُ . n.masc:pn. Batsum(cluster of houses in Kanegha, Ashret
Valley). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
baxíi [baxíi] ‫بخی‬. v.tr. to forgive; give
(freely), donate. xudaái tas baxíi
baxíi.. May God
forgive him. aní mubáil míi tas the baxíli
baxíli.. I
gave this mobile phone to him. Variant:ubaxíi. Comp: Urdu (Persian) bakhshnā.
ubaxíi
Prdm: L:e. Prs: baxáanu
baxáanu. Pfv: baxílu
baxílu. Cv: baxí
baxí.
ِbaxšíš [baxɕíɕ] ‫بخشش‬. n.fem. alms; reward.
Variant: bašéš (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Persian)bakhshish. Prdm: i-decl. Pl, obl: -í.
ِ . v.tr:cjt.ninc. to baxšíš díi ‫بخشش دی‬
reward. aní íṇc̣a sanɡí mháala kií ɡalá
heentá,, ma tas the páanǰ sóo rupeé
ɡhašíli heentádáanu.. I will reward anybody withbaxšíš dáanu
500 rupees who is ready to wrestle withthis bear. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement in pfv; postpositional object with
the.
the
18

béeriṣ

bhaáu

ɡhíinii baád míi dukaandeerí široó thíili.
thíili. I
took a loan from the bank, and then I set
up my own shop. Comp: Urdu (English)ban̆k. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
béeriṣ [béeriʂ] ‫بیرِݜ‬. n.masc. summer. eetídhríɡu béeriṣ koó xabaár be ɡhareé akaadúita.. With such a longpašáai bháaya ki na ta
summer, who knows whether we will seeeach other again. Etym: varṣa- ‘year (neut)’(T: 11392). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
beeṣṭíi [bíiʂʈa] ‫بِیݜٹہ‬. v.tr. to wind up, pull.
beeṣtíli.. They rolled up the rope.
taním raáǰ beeṣtíli
karáaṛu kaṭamúš paši phúnɡa beeṣṭí uthíitu
hínu.. When the leopard saw Katamosh, hehínu
stood up with his whiskers bristling.
Morph: beeṣṭé
beeṣṭé--. Variant: bíiṣṭe (Biori). Prdm:
L:e. Prs: beeṣṭáanu
beeṣṭáanu. Pfv: beeṣṭílu
beeṣṭílu. Cv: beeṣṭí
beeṣṭí.
beetseerá [beetseerá] ‫بیڅیرہ‬. adj.inv. ugly.
Comp: Pashto tse--raˈh ‘scarecrow’.
beeṭí [beeʈí] ‫بیٹی‬ْ . n.masc. lamb. Etym:*bēṭṭa- ‘defective’ (T: 9238). Prdm: a-decl.
Pl: -á.
beezáaya [beezáaja] ‫بیضائیہ‬. adv.deg. inexcess; unnecessarily. las the beezáaya
heentá,, le xaraáp bhéeni
bhéeni.. If itc̣hóoṇ ɡeéli heentá[the goat] is fed more oak branches thannecessary, it is not good for it. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) ẓāyˈa ‘wasted’.
bhaaɡíi [bhaaɡíi] ‫بھاگی‬. v.tr. to divide,
split. aaweelíi se dúu mítra bháaṭa áakbhaaɡáana.. First, the two who arebhruk bhaaɡáana
becoming blood-brothers split a kidney.
Morph: bhaaɡébhaaɡé--. Etym: bhāɡya- ‘divisible;
entitled to a share; per cent’ (T: 9435).
Prdm: L:e. Prs: bhaaɡáanubhaaɡáanu. Pfv: bheeɡílubheeɡílu. Pl:

bheeɡí.
bheeɡí

bhaampú [bhaampú] ‫بھامپ ْو‬. n.masc. ball.

Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
bháaru [bháaru] ‫بھار ْو‬. n.masc. load;burden. na ma xu ux
ux,, insaán xu eeteeṇú
bháarutaaqatwár šay ki ma ǰhulí bhá
aru de ɡhiní
hínu.. No, I am a camel, but the manbaáanu hínu
is so strong that he can use me to carry hisloads when he travels. bhraáš pašambeé sočhúuṇu.. Slowly, Pashambi put his
bháaru čhúuṇu
load down. Etym: bhārá- ‘burden, weight(masc)’ (T: 9459). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:bháara.
bháarabhaaruṛóo [bhaaruɽóo] ‫بھا ُرڑو‬. v.tr. tomake noise, disturb; quarrel (verbally). nabhaaruṛá.. Don’t quarrel! kuṇaakóom
bhaaruṛá
bhaaruṛóolu.. The children were making
bhaaruṛóolu
noise. míi tas sanɡí bíiḍu bhaaruṛóolu
bhaaruṛóolu.. Iquarrelled a lot with him. Usage: Formallytransitive but semantically intransitive.
Variant: bhaaruṛúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:bhaaruṛaáanu. Pfv: bhaaruṛóolu
bhaaruṛóolu. Cv:bhaaruṛaáanu
bhaaruṛaá.
bhaaruṛaá
bhaáu [bhaáw] ‫بھاؤ‬. conj. Participial
marker. tíi ṣúuntu de ki amzarái múṛuinsaánkhaáanu.. He had heardbhaáu insaá
n na khaáanu
that lions do not eat dead bodies. asaám
the anú alaaqá asím eé teeṇíi zoorí báandi
bhaáu.. This area has become oursɡhíinu bhaáu
by taking it with our own strength. anu
bhaáu..
qisá ma tháanu ma báandi teér bhílu bhaáu
I am telling a story about something that
happend to me. Restrict: Added toperfective verb forms to clarify its
participial function. See: wáandu
wáandu. Variant:19

bhakulíibheezatíwhaáu.
whaáu

ɡhoóṣṭ.
ɡhoóṣṭ. Do not be upset; now yourhusband’s house is your real home. se kúṛiinsaán..
búdi ki anú míi bharíiw na bálki dúi insaán
The woman understood this was not her
husband but somebody else. Variant:bharéew (Biori). Etym: *bhāriyāpa‘husband’ (T: 9467). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
bhayíi [bhajíi] ‫بھئی‬. v.tr. to sow, cultivate.
bhayíitu,, eesó luníǰa
luníǰa.. What was sown
ɡubáa bhayíitu
will be reaped. aaxér kaár c̣híitr tayaár
bhílu,, tíi tíi wée ɡhoóm bhayíitu
bhayíitu.. Finallybhílu
the field was ready, and there he sowed
wheat. Morph: bhayé
bhayé--, bhayíit
bhayíit--. Etym:
vāpayati ‘sows’ (T: 11525). Prdm: T. Prs:bhayáanu. Pfv: bhayíitu
bhayíitu. Cv: bhayí
bhayí. Imp:bhayáanubhayá.
bhayá
bhayíitu [bhajíito] ‫بھ ِئیت ْو‬. sowed, cultivated(masc sg). See main entry: bhayíi
bhayíi.
bheénš [bhẽẽɕ́ ] ‫بھینش‬. n.masc. (wooden)beam. teeṇíi kaná bheénš na pašáana
pašáana,, dúye
pašáana.. One does not see thekaná búulu pašáana
beam on one’s own shoulder, but one does
see a hair on someone else’s shoulder(Biori). Variant: bheénč
bheénč. Etym: *vam̆ śiya‘crossbeam’ (T: 11182). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -á.
bheéṇ [bheéɳ] ‫بھیݨ‬. n.fem. sister. so teeṇíi
tháanu.. He islhoóki bheeṇí the phóom tháanu
taking care of his little sister. anisíi áakḍaakṭár.. His sister’s son is abheeṇíi putr ḍaakṭár
doctor. Etym: bhaɡinī ‘sister (fem)’ (T:9349). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
bheezatí [bheezatí] ‫بھیزتی‬ْ . n.fem. disgrace.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu

ُ ‫بھ‬. v.intr. to fatten.
bhakulíi [bhakulíi] ‫کلی‬índa tu bíiḍu trokíilu hínu,
hínu, sóona be tučhoót,, ɡhiíṛ,čhoótɡhiíṛ, o čoónɡ kha ta bhakulíiṛ.
bhakulíiṛ. Hereyou have become very thin. In the highpasture you eat cheese and butter andbecome fat. Morph: bhakulé
bhakulé--. See: bhakúlu‘fat’. Prdm: L:e. Prs: bhakuláanu
bhakuláanu. Pfv:
bhakulíilu. Cv: bhakulí
bhakulí.
bhakulíilu
ُ ‫بھ‬. adj. fat; strong.
bhakúlu [bhakúlo] ‫کل ْو‬
Etym: *bhakkha- ‘lump’ (T: 9330). Fem agr:
bhakúli.
bhakúlibhalaá [bhalaá] ‫بھلا‬. n.masc. demon, evil
spirit. tíi teewizí the ba se bhalaaɡaán maṣeekóola.. He made amulets and cast thedíi ṣeekóola
evil spirits from me. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl:bhalaá. Pl: bhalaaɡaán
bhalaaɡaán.
bhalaá
bhanǰawóo[bhaɲdʑawóo]‫بھنجوو‬.
v.tr:caus. to make (sb) beat (sb else). Morph:bhanǰá--á-. See: bhanǰóo ‘to beat someone,bhanǰá
play (musical instrument)’. Variant:bhanǰawúu (Biori).
bhanǰóo [bhaɲdʑóo] ‫بھنجو‬. v.tr. to beat sb,
play (musical instrument). ǰaanɡulá maruáanu.. Jan Gul beat me, thatbhanǰóolu ta ruáanu
is why I am weeping. so bíiḍu šóo sitaárbhanǰaáanu.. He plays the sitar very well.
bhanǰaáanu
Morph: bhanǰá
bhanǰá--. Variant: bhanǰúu (Biori).
Etym: *bhanjati ‘breaks’ (T: 9363). Prdm: L:a.
Prs: bhanǰaáanubhanǰaáanu. Pfv: bhanǰóolu
bhanǰóolu. Cv: bhanǰaá
bhanǰaá.
bharaaḍám [bharaaɖám] ‫بھراڈم‬. n.masc:pn.
Bharadam (hamlet in upper Ashret Valley).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
bharíiw [bharíiw] ‫بھرِی ْو‬. n.masc. husband.
bha,, típa bharíiwii ɡhoóṣṭ thíi asíl
xapá na bha
20

bhéšabhíi(Persian/Arabic) be-ˈizzatī.

place to sit by the innermost corner [of thehouse], but went and sat down rightbehind the door [instead]. Morph: bhešbheš--á-.
See: bhbhéšaéša ‘to sit’. Variant: bhešúu (Biori).
Etym: upavēśayati ‘causes to sit’ (T: 2245).
Prdm: L:a. Prs: bhešaáanu
bhešaáanu. Pfv: bhešóolu
bhešóolu. Cv:bhešaá.
bhešaá
bhéṭi [bhéʈi] ‫ٹی‬ْ ‫بھ ْی‬. n.fem. bundle; bouquet.
ɡeéli.. He gave atíi ɡheeí the áa bhéṭi čáar ɡeélibundle of grass to the cow. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
bhéṭu [bhéʈo] ‫بھ ْیٹ ْو‬. sat down (masc sg). See
main entry: bhéša
bhéša.
bhiaalúku [bjhaalúko] ‫بِھیالُک ْو‬. adj. lastnight’s. Morph: bhiáal
bhiáal--úk
úk--. See: bhióol ‘lastnight’. Fem agr: bhiaalúki
bhiaalúki.
bhíi [bhíi] ‫بھی‬. v.intr. to come into
existence, arise. maaxaám bhílu ta tíi áakmheerílu.. When it turned dark, heḍáaɡ mheerílu
killed a markhor. paakistaán bhílii patúde.. He had
tasíi úču waxt hukumát heensílu de
only a short time in power after Pakistan
came into being. Morph: bhebhe--.
— v.cop. to become. se dúu bi sáaz bhíla
bhíla..
The two became well, too. aní čhootá khabhíiṛ.. Eat this cheese and you
ta tu čaáx bhíiṛ
will become fat and healthy. le kuṛíina
heentá,, míi baačaí thíi bhíibhíi.. If
nikhéetim heentáthese turn out to be women, my kingdom
will be yours. tíi tanaám xátum the ba aní
bhílu.. When he had got
wataní so maalík bhílu
rid of them, he became the ruler of thisplace. Usage: Extremely generic verb used
in a large number of complex predicates.
Prdm: L:e. Prs: bháa
bháanunu. Pfv: bhílu
bhílu. Cv: bhebhe.
nu‫بھیزتی تھی‬ْ . v.tr:cjt.ninc. todisgrace sb. tusím ma bhióol róota dúi
míiša sanɡí baasaá míi bheezatí thíili.
thíili. You
disgraced me when you had me spend thenight with another man. Restrict: Fem agrwith host element in pfv.
bhéša [bhéɕa, bheéɕa] ‫بھ ْیشہ‬. v.intr. to sit
down, settle, stay. tu índi yhaí ba ma kéečibheš.. Come here and sit down
the nhiáaṛa bheš
next to me! tus aṛé zhayí bhéšooi ta maaṭúum.. You should stay here and I
laxkár aṭúum
will go bring the army. táa bheší tróo kaalá
hína.. We settled there andbe táa heensíla hínastayed for three years. hazratǰaán ba šíina
bhe.. Hazrat Jan was
wée bheší de andáa bhe
sitting on the bed like that. aḍaphaár whaíhínu.. When she had
dac̣híi ta amzarái bheší hínu
come halfway down, she saw a lion sitting
there. ɡhúuṛa ǰhulí bheší dúi wataní theɡíia.. They went to another country ridingɡíia
on a horse. dúi qóoma maǰí yhaí bhéṭa
bhéṭa.. We
came and settled among another tribe.
Morph: bhešbheš--, bhebheṭṭ-. See: bhešóo ‘to seat sb’.
Variant: bhéše (Biori). Etym: úpaviśati
‘approaches; sits down’ (T: 2245). Prdm: T.
Prs: bhešáanu
bhešáanu. Pfv: bhéṭu
bhéṭu. Cv: bheší
bheší. Imp:
bheš.
bheš
bhešóo [bheɕóo] ‫بھ ْیشو‬. v.tr. to seat sb;
make sb sit down; put. áa baṭá ǰhulí sobhešóolu.. He put the child on topkuṇaák bhešóolu
of a stone. míi toobakí wée dúu naṭúukim
bhešéelim.
bhešéelim. I put two bullets in my rifle.
ta,, dará patúbheeríi patookúuṇa bhešóolu tabhéṭu.. The donkey seller was offered abe bhéṭu
 bheezatí thíi

21

bhíiabhiíš

bhíia [bhíia] ‫بِھیہ‬. v.intr. to fear, be afraid of.

12056). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: bhíira.
bhíiraِbhiíš [bhiíɕ] ‫بھیش‬. quant. twenty. Morph:bhiš--.
bhiš— pron:ind. the twenty sth or people. Etym:
vim̆ śatí- ‘20 (fem)’ (T:11616). Pl: bhišá
bhišá.
 bhíšee akóoš [bhíɕee akóoɕ] ‫بِھشے‬‫اکوش‬. thirty-one (twenty and eleven).
 bhíšee aṇabhiíš [bhíɕee aɳabhiíɕ]‫بِھشے اݨ ِبھش‬. thirty-nine (twenty andnineteen).
 bhíšee aṣṭóoš [bhíɕee aʂʈóoɕ] ‫بِھشے‬‫اݜٹوش‬. thirty-eight (twenty and eighteen).
 bhíšee áak [bhíɕee áak] ‫بِھشے آک‬.
twenty-one.
 bhíšee áaṣṭ [bhíɕee áaʂʈ] ‫بِھشے آݜٹ‬.
twenty-eight.
 bhíšee
bhíšee bóoš [bhíɕee bóoɕ] ‫بِھشے بوش‬.
thirty-two (twenty and twelve).
 bhíšee čandíiš [bhíɕee tɕandíiɕ] ‫بِھشے‬‫چن ِدیش‬. thirty-four (twenty and fourteen).
 bhíšee čúur [bhíɕee tɕúur] ‫چور‬ُ ‫بِھشے‬.
twenty-four.
 bhíšee dáaš [bhíɕee dáaɕ] ‫بِھشے داش‬.
thirty (twenty and ten).
 bhíšee dúu [bhíɕee dúu] ‫دو‬ُ ‫بِھشے‬.
twenty-two.
 bhíšee núu [bhíɕee núu] ‫بِھشے ن ُو‬.
twenty-nine.
 bhíšee panǰíiš [bhíɕee paɲdʑíiɕ] ‫بِھشے‬ِ . thirty-five (twenty and fifteen).
‫پنجیش‬ bhíšee páanǰ [bhíɕee páaɲʑ] ‫بِھشے پانج‬.
twenty-five.
 bhíšee satóoš [bhíɕee satóoɕ] ‫بِھشے‬‫ستوش‬. thirty-seven (twenty andseventeen).

so uxaanúm díi bhiáanu.
bhiáanu. He is afraid ofcamels. aziíz bhíitu.
bhíitu. Aziz became afraid
Morph: bhíi
bhíi--, bhíit
bhíit--. See: bhíili díi ‘to befrightened’; bhíili ṣáača ‘to be overcome byfear’. Variant: bhíie (Biori). Etym: bibhhti‘fears’ (T: 9241); bhīyatē ‘fears’ (T: 9515).
Prdm: T. Prs: bhiáanu
bhiáanu. Pfv: bhíitu
bhíitu. Cv: bhiyí
bhiyí.
Imp: bhíi
bhíi.
bhíili [bhíili] ‫ھیلی‬ْ ِ‫ب‬. n.fem. fear. ikraám bhíiliǰhaanáanu.. Ikram is [easily] frightened.
ǰhaanáanu
ǰhóon.. Don’t be afraid! Usage:bhíili na ǰhóon
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates.
 bhíilam ‫بِھیلم‬. adv.mann. due to fear,
fearfully. bhíilam ma nuuṭíli híni
híni.. I
returned due to fear. se éeḍim bhíilam
zariṇíii dhií aní thaní
thaní.. Halfkhoṇḍílim ki aslí zariṇí
of them spoke fearfully, saying, “This isindeed Zarin’s daughter.” bhíili díi ‫بِھیلی دی‬. v.intr:cjt.ninc. to beْfrightened, be scared. se šayíi ǰusá dac̣hí ba
díti.. Looking at the body of that thingbhíili dítifrightened me. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement; experiencer in acc case. See: bhíia‘to fear’.
 bhíili ṣáača ‫بِھیلی ݜاچہ‬. v.intr:cjt.ninc.
ْ
to be overcome by fear. Restrict: Fem agrwith host element; experiencer in acc case.
bhiiroó [bhiiroó] ‫بِھیرو‬. adj. male. Etym:
vīrá- ‘man, hero, son; male of an animal(masc)’ (T: 12056). Masc Pl agr: bhiireébhiireé.
bhíiru [bhíiro] ‫بِھیر ْو‬. n.masc. he-goat. See:dhaán ‘goat (generic)’. Etym: vīrá- ‘man,hero, son; male of an animal (masc)’ (T:22bhíitubhootíi

 bhíšee sáat [bhíɕee sáat]‫بِھشے سات‬.

even these four or five people were able tohold me. ma na suáa bhóolu.
bhóolu. I could not
sleep. dúi ta ɡaṭílu
ɡaṭílu,, áak ḍaakuwaanóomii
bhóolu.. He conquered all
qilaá tíi na ɡaṭáa bhóolu
the others, but was unable to capture one
robbers’ fort. Usage: Preceded by main verb
(and mostly a negator) in the infinitive.
Agreement pattern and argument
structure remains that of the main verb.
Morph: bhábhá--. Variant: bhúu (Biori). Etym:
bhāvayati ‘causes to be; cherishes;considers, esteems, shows’ (T: 9477). Prdm:
L:a. Prs: bhaáanu
bhaáanu. Pfv: bhóolu
bhóolu. Cv: bhaá
bhaá.
bhóoša [bhóoɕa] ‫بھوشہ‬. v.intr. to bark,bleat; talk (negatively). ɡáaḍu ku
kučúručúru tabhaašáanu,, lhoóku kučúru ba ɡúčiǰheení bhaašáanu
bhaašáanu.. A big dog barks because ofbhaašáanu
recognition, but the small dog barks fornothing. čhéeli bhaašéeni
bhaašéeni.. The goat isbleating. Morph: bháaš
bháaš--. Variant: bhúuše(Biori). Etym: vāś́ yatē ‘roars, howls,
bellows, lows, bleats, sings (of birds)’ (T:11589). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: bhaašáanu
bhaašáanu. Pfv:
bheešílu. Cv: bheeší
bheeší.
bheešílu
bhootíi [bhootíi] ‫بھوتی‬. n.fem. ploughing.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Etym: *upōpta ‘sown’(T: 2328). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 bhootíi thíi ‫بھوتی تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toplough. tíi teeṇíi c̣híitra wée bhootíi thíili
thíili..
He ploughed his own field. bíi ɡalí batháana.. When we have spread thebhootíia tháana
seeds, then we plough. Restrict: Fem agrwith host element in pfv (sg or pl);postpositional object with wée
wée.

twenty-seven.
 bhíšee

ṣo [bhíɕee ʂo]twenty-six.
 bhíšee

‫بِھشے ݜ ْو‬.

ṣoṛíiš [bhíɕee ʂoɽíiɕ]‫بِھشے‬‫ݜ ْوڑِیش‬. thirty-six (twenty and sixteen).
‫بِھشے ترِیش‬.

 bhíšee tríiš [bhíɕee tríiɕ]thirty-three (twenty and thirteen).
 bhíšee tróo [bhíɕee tróo] ‫بِھشے ترو‬.
twenty-three.
 bhišúma ‫بِھشُ مہ‬. det. twentieth.
bhíitu [bhíito] ‫بِھیت ْو‬. feared (masc sg). See
main entry: bh
bhíia
íia.
íia
bhióol [bjhóol] ‫بِھیول‬. adv.tm. last night.
Morph: bhiáal
bhiáal--. See: dhoóṛ ‘yesterday’.
Variant: bhiáal (Biori).
bhiooṛkúi [bjhooɽkúj] ‫ُئی‬ْ ‫بِھئوڑک‬. n.fem.
Biori Valley. See: bhiúuṛi ‘Biori’.
bhit [bhit] ‫بِھت‬. n.masc. plank. čauratsí ǰhulí
bhíta
ɡalíi.. He will put planks on top ofba bhíta ɡalíi
the beam. Etym: bhitta- ‘*split timber;fragment; wall (neut)’ (T: 9493). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
bhiúuṛi [bjhúuɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫بِھ ُئوڑ‬. n.fem:pn. Biori(valley and the largest village in the valley
with the same name, i.e. Upper Biori or
Biori proper). Morph: bhióoṛ
bhióoṛ--. Variant:bihúuṛi (Biori). Prdm: m-decl.
bhóo [bhóo] ‫بھو‬. aux. to be able to, know
how to, can. tanaám maǰí áak míiš muṭá ǰede,, áak ba muṭá ǰe na ukháai
ukháai bhóo dede.. One of the men knew how tobhóo declimb a tree, the other one, however, did
not know how to climb a tree. se bi čúurbhe,, ma na ṭinɡ tháai bhóon dede.. Notpáanǰ bhe23

bhoóybhun

bhoóy [bhoój] ‫بھوئی‬ْ . n.fem. son’s wife.

(Biori). Etym: bhrāt́ r̥- ‘brother (masc)’ (T:9661). Prdm: Irr. Obl, Pl: bhraaú.
bhraaú Obl Pl:
bhraawóom. Gen: bhraawíi
bhraawíi.
bhraawóombhruk [brhuk] ‫بھرک‬ُ . n.masc. kidney.
aaweelíi se dúu mítra bháaṭa áak bhrukbhaaɡáana,, bheeɡí ba áaḍu ta áak khaáanu
bhaaɡáana
khaáanu.. First, the twoáaḍu ba áak khaáanu
persons becoming brothers divide akidney. Then, one of them will eat one partand the other one the other part. Etym:
vr̥kká-; vr̥kya- ‘kidneys (masc, du)’ (T:12064). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
bhun [bhun] ‫ ُبھن‬. adv.sp. down, down
below. se ɡhaṭá wée dac̣híi
híi ta bhun áak šayčuláanu.. He looked into theɡubáa ɡa čuláanu
thicket and something was seen moving
about down there. bhun whaí ǰooṛtaazáthíilu.. He got down [from the horse] andthíilugreeted him. so quraán šaríf tíi bhun the na
lhasóolu.. She did not let the Holy Qur’anlhasóolu
fall down [onto the ground]. aḍapharíi
lhístu.. Fromhuṇḍ the ta ǰaláṣ bhun the ba lhístu
the middle upwards it was hairy, whereas
it was bald below. Etym: bundha- ‘bottom’(T: 9280).
 bhuná ‫ ُبھنہ‬. adv.sp. down (to), down(there). ma aní toob
toobakíakí bhuná dúšičhooráanu.. I will put these guns down.
čhooráanu
heensíli.. Down there was abhuná áak ɡíri heensílilarge piece of rock.
 bhunaṛáa ‫ ُبھنڑا‬. adv.sp. down there.
 bhunaṛó ‫ ُبھنڑ ْو‬. det:dem. that down there(agr: dist nom masc sg). Non-nom/fem/pl
agr: bhbhunaṛé
unaṛé.
unaṛé— pron:dem. that one (he, it) down there.

phooíi ɡhooṣṭíi tarapíi tasíi axpulaánkuṛíina míiša teeṇíi se bhoóy pašainií thebaáana.. The relatives from the boy’s house,baáanamen and women, go to see their [future]
daughter-in-law. Etym: vadhū́ ‘bride, youngwife; son’s wife (fem)’ (T: 11250). Prdm: Irr.
Obl: bhooyí
bhooyí. Pl: bhooyá
bhooyá.
bhraaǰái [brhaadʑéj] ‫بھراجئی‬. n.fem.
ْbrother’s wife. Variant: bhraaǰéi
bhraaǰéi. Etym:
bhrāturjāyā ‘brother’s wife (fem)’ (T: 9660).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: bhraaǰée
bhraaǰée.
bhraapútr [brhaapútr] ‫بھرا ُپتر‬. n.masc.
brother’s son. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:bhraaputrá.
bhraaputrá
bhraáš [brhaáɕ] ‫بھراش‬. adv.mann. slowly.
čhúuṇu..
bhraáš pašambeé so bháaru čhúuṇu
Slowly, Pashambi put his load down.
bhóoi,, ma khinǰáanu
khinǰáanu.. na utráapooi
utráapooi..
bhraáš bhóoi
Slow down; I’m becoming tired. Don’t run!
bhraaú [brhaawú] ‫بھراؤ‬. brothers (irrplural). See main entry: bhróo
bhróo.
bhraawéeli [brhaawéeli] ‫بھراویلی‬. n.fem.
ْbrotherhood. See: bhróo ‘brother’.
bhróo [brhoó] ‫بھرو‬. n.masc. brother; cousin,
member of one’s own tribe. tasíi eé áak tasaká bhróo ɡulmhaamaǰaán thaní áak ba
thaní.. There was his
pitríi putr hazratǰaán thaní
own real brother called Gul Mahmad Jan,but also his paternal uncle’s son called
Hazrat Jan. lo xu thíi bhróo
bhróo,, atsharíitu
atsharíitu,, thíiqóom.. He is your brother; he is Ashreti,
qóom
your own tribe. eesé dašúm maǰí dúu
de.. Among those ten were twobhraaú debrothers. Morph: bhraa
bhraa--. Variant: bhrúu
24

bhuuǰóo
 bhun ɡiraá

bidréeɡi‫ِگرا‬‫ ُبھن‬.

downward,
downhill; towards low-lying areas. bhuná
ɡiróo tasíi asár rusúx na heensíli dede.. He
exerted no influence towards the
low-lying areas. Variant: bhuná ɡiróo
ɡiróo,,
bhunaɡiróo
bhunteɡiráak,, bhuntráak
bhunaɡiróo; bhunteɡiráak(Biori).
 bhunimaá ‫ ُبھ ِنما‬. adv.sp. (on the way)
downhill.
 bhuníi ‫ ُبھنی‬. adv.sp. from below.
bhuuǰóo [bhuudʑóo] ‫ ُبھوجو‬. v.tr. to wake(sb) up. míi preṣí ma bhuuǰóolu
bhuuǰóolu.. Mymother-in-law woke me up. Morph:bhuuǰá--. See: ǰhaanóo ‘to wake up’. Variant:bhuuǰá
bhuuǰúu (Biori). Etym: búdhyatē ‘isawakened, observes, understands’ (T:9279). Prdm: L:a. Prs: bhuuǰaáanubhuuǰaáanu. Pfv:
bhuuǰóolu. Cv: bhuuǰaá
bhuuǰaá.
bhuuǰóolu
bhúuru [bhúuro] ‫ ُبھور ْو‬. adj. deaf. Morph:bhoór--. Etym: *bhōḍa- ‘defective’ (T: 9530);
bhoór*bōḍa- ‘defective’ (T: 9268). Fem agr:
bhúuri.
bhúuribi [bi] ‫بی‬ْ . disc. also, too; else, at all; even.
bhešéeni..
čhéeli bi teeṇíi zhaáy khooṇṣí bhešéeni
Even the goat cleans out [lit. digs] its place
before sitting down. sirázar dheeróoṇa wéeɡeélu
heentá,, so sirázar haansáanu
haansáanu.. Evenbi ɡeé
lu heentá
gold thrown into the refuse dump remains
gold. aaǰíi baád rhootašíi bi híni
híni.. There isalso a tomorrow after today. aaxeeríide.. Inwaxtíi tas sanɡí koó bi na heensíla dethe end, there was nobody at all left withhim. le bi c̣hookíiee mac̣hóokíi aulaád
aulaád.. They
too are the descendants of Choke andMachoke. kaseé bi teeṇíi díi kam naǰoṣeeṇḍeéu.
ǰoṣeeṇḍeéu. Don’tinferior to yourself.
 bi ... bi

consideranybody‫بی‬ْ ‫بی ۔۔۔‬ْ . as well as; both. matarkaáṇ bi misrí bi.
bi. I am a carpenter as well
as a mason. kaṭéeri bi aṛíiwee híni,
híni, toobaák
híni.. There was both a largebi aṛíiwee híni
knife and a rifle.
 bi na ‫بی نہ‬. not even. áa šukhaáu ṣaá dede,,ْde.. He was wearing
peeróoṇ bi na heensílu de
only a coat; he did not even have a shirton.
 bi na ... bi na ‫بی نہ ۔۔۔ بی نہ‬. neither ...
ْْnor. bíiḍi ráal bi na theeṇḍeéu
theeṇḍeéu,,na.. Neither should it benaameeṇḍeéu bi na
raised very high, nor should it be lowered.
biaabaán [bjaabaán] ‫بِیابان‬. n.fem.
wilderness. káakeṛ teeṇíi kúṛkúṛie
ie pándeeṣáatu.. Kakel
kaantarí ba biaabeeníim ɡiráa ṣáatu
went mad because of his wife and began
wandering about in the wilderness (Biori).
se ak biaabeení phará bayaníie maǰí sax
eelíila.. While they were in thebuc̣heelíila
wilderness, they became very hungry(Biori). Comp: Urdu (Persian) biyābān.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl: biaabeení
biaabeení.
bidráaɡu [bidráaɡu] ‫بِدراگ ْو‬. adj. ill, sick. sosastíilu.. The sick childbidráaɡu kuṇaák sastíilu
recovered. Morph: bidráɡ
bidráɡ--. Etym: *vidharɡa‘without movement’ (T: 11751). Fem agr:bidréeɡidréeɡi.
bi
dréeɡi— n.masc. patient. ḍaakṭará bidráaɡu xatráɡaḍílu.. The doctor [i.e., his treatment]díi ɡaḍílu
brought the patient out of danger.
ِ‫ب‬. ill, sick (fem).
bidréeɡi [bidréeɡi] ‫دریگی‬ْSee main entry: bidráaɡubidráaɡu.
25

bíi

bilóo

bíi1 [bíi] ‫بی‬. n.fem. seed. Etym: bíja- ‘seed,inaám dúum.
dúum. I will give you many gifts.
— adv.deg. very, really. se zhaáy bíiḍi
de.. The place was very dangerous.
naawás dede.. Physically,huǰutíi bi bíiḍu paalawaáṇ dehe was also very strong. čhéelii faaidá biɡáaḍu,, kaṛaáw bi bíiḍu ziaát
ziaát.. Therebíiḍu ɡáaḍuare really great benefits with having goats,
but there is also a great deal of effort.
iskuúlhíni.. Our school isiskuúl asíi bíiḍi dhúura hínivery far away. Etym: vivr̥ddha- ‘grown,large’ (T: 11929). Nom-nom/pl agr: bíiḍa
bíiḍa. Fem
agr: bíiḍi
bíiḍi.
biǰéeli [bidʑéeli] ‫جیلی‬ْ ِ‫ب‬. several, numerous(fem). See main entry: biǰóola
biǰóola.
biǰóola [bidʑóola] ‫بِجولہ‬. quant. several;numerous. áak eeteeṇú waxt yhóolu kibhíla.. Thereatshareetá wée xálak biǰóola bhíla
was a time when the population of Ashret
had grown numerous. Restrict: Only in theplural. Variant: biǰúula (Biori). Prdm: Uml.
Fem: biǰéeli
biǰéeli.
bilíǰa [bilídʑa] ‫بِلجہ‬. v.intr. to melt. béeriṣa
bháanu.. In thehiimaál biliǰí wíi ziaát bháanu
summer when the glacier melts, there isplenty of water. Morph: bilíǰ
bilíǰ--. See: bilóo ‘tomelt sth’. Variant: bilíǰe (Biori). Prdm:
L:cons. Prs: biliǰáanu
biliǰáanu. Pfv: bilibiliǰílu
ǰílu. Cv: biliǰí
biliǰí.
ǰílubilóo [bilóo] ‫بِلو‬. v.tr. to melt (sth). tíi sobilóolu.. She melted
sučá ɡhiíṛ deeɡčée wée bilóolu
the pure butter in the pot. ṣiṣá wée ɡhiíṛ biheentá,, teeṇíi na bháanu
bháanu.. Evenbilaá uṛíitu heentá
if you melt ghee and pour it over his head,
he will still not be yours. Morph: bilá
bilá--. See:bilíǰa ‘to melt (by itself)’. Variant: bilúu(Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: bilaáanu
bilaáanu. Pfv: bilóolu
bilóolu.

semen (neut)’ (T: 9250). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
bíi2 [bíi] ‫بی‬. v.intr. to go, leave, move. tu kíi
baáanu.. Where are you going? dóodu
baáanuhínu..
ayaanmír bhraáš se íṇc̣a kéeči ɡúum hínu
Grandfather Ayan Mir went slowly close to
the bear. múuṣu tas bulaḍíim ɡúum
ɡúum.. The
rat went searching for him. ɡhueeṇíiamii
ɡíi.. The Pashtun army left. eesé
laxkár ɡíi
waqtíi peeɣambár har deés tasíi ɡhooṣṭá
de.. The prophet of that time visitedthe bíi dehim every day. tasíi axpulaán kuṛíina míišateeṇíii se bhoóy pašainií the baáana
baáana.. His
teeṇírelatives, women and men, are going to
see their [future] daughter-in-law. utsuṇḍá
de.. He was going to Urtsun toǰanɡí the bíi defight. tu aṛáa the na baba.. Don’t go there! áadeés se dhueé bhe páanda pharé bíin de.
One day they were both walking along thepath. Usage: Generic intransitive motion
verb used in conjunct and compound verb
formations. Morph: bebe--, ɡ-. Etym: vrájati
‘goes, wanders’ (T: 12225); ɡatá- ‘gone’ (T:4008). Prdm: Suppl. Prs: baáanu
baáanu. Pfv Masc Sg:
ɡúum. Pfv Fem Sg: ɡíiɡíi. Pfv Pl: ɡíia
ɡíia. Fut 1Sg:ɡúumbéem. Cv: be
be. Imp: baba.
béem
bíiḍu [bíiɖo] ‫بِیڈ ْو‬. quant. many; much. be
hína.. We are
lookúṛi wée bíiḍa kuṇaaká hínamany children in Lokuri. akaadúi bíiḍi
se.. They loved one
muhabát thíin de seanother very much [lit. did much love].
de,, šid bíiḍu
bíiḍu.. There were
bakáara bíiḍi demany sheep and goats, and it was very
cold [lit. much coldness]. ma tu the bíiḍi
26

biṣáamabúǰa

Cv: bilaá.
bilaá

the ribs). Comp: Pashto breḱh.
 breéx díi ‫بریخ دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to feelpain (in the ribs). Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv.
 breéx nikhíi ‫بریخ نِکھی‬. v.intr:cjt.ninc.
to have pain (in the ribs). áakii ta ḍheerdáṛ
áakii
nikhéeti áa
kii ba aní phiaaṛmaǰí wée breéx
nikhéeti.. One felt pain in his stomach, andnikhéetithe other in his side. Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv.
buc̣haalíi [buʈʂʰaalíi, buʂaalíi] ‫ ُبڇھالی‬.
v.intr. to become hungry, feel hunger. se ak
biaabeení phará bayaníie maǰí sax
eelíila.. They were very hungry after
buc̣heelíila
going through a desert (Biori). Morph:aalé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: buc̣haaláanu
aaláanu. Pfv:
buc̣haaléeelíilu. Cv: buc̣heelí
eelí.
buc̣heelíilu
buc̣húṇa [buʈʂʰúɳa] ‫ڇھݨہ‬ُ ‫ ُب‬. v.tr. to card(wool). Morph: buc̣húṇ
úṇ--. Variant: buc̣húṇe(Biori). Etym: *vikṣuṇatti ‘pounds’ (T:11652). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: buc̣huṇáanu
uṇáanu. Pfv:
uṇílu. Cv: buc̣huṇíuṇí.
buc̣huṇílu
búdu [búdo] ‫ ُبد ْو‬. understood (masc sg). See
main entry: búǰabúǰa.
búḍa [búɖa] ‫ ُبڈہ‬. v.intr. to sting; prick; poke.
šíinaa wée siléeni heensíli dede,, se ma
se šíinbuḍíli.. There was a needle in the bed; itbuḍílipricked me. Morph: bubuḍḍ-. Variant: bhúḍe
(Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: buḍáanu
buḍáanu. Pfv:
buḍílu. Cv: buḍíbuḍí.
buḍílubúǰa [búdʑa] ‫ ُبجہ‬. v.intr. to understand,realize. buǰáanu ba na ki nu ɡa šay. I really
do not understand what kind of thing thisis. búduee
búduee.. Do you understand?/Are you
following what I’m saying? so búdu ki míibiṣáama [biʂáama] ‫بِݜامہ‬. v.intr. to rest.
oothóona the nhiáaṛa phedí ba so biṣamílu
hínu.. Having reached the vicinity of the
hínuhigh pasture settlement, he rested. Morph:biṣám--. Variant: biṣáame (Biori). Etym:biṣámviśramatē ‘rests’ (T: 11949). Prdm: L:cons.
Prs: biṣamáanubiṣamáanu. Pfv: biṣamílubiṣamílu. Cv: biṣamí
biṣamí.
booǰái [boodʑéj] ‫بوجئی‬ْ . n.fem. sack. Variant:booǰée.
booǰéi (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Pl: booǰée
bóolu [bóolo] ‫بول ْو‬. n.masc. (straw of) hair.
pašáana,, duíi kanáteeṇíi kaná ṣaá ta ux na pašáana
pašawaáana.. One does not seeṣaá ba bóolu pašawaáana
the camel on one’s own shoulder, but
points out the hair on the other’s
shoulder. aní anɡúṛim bóola phaṭíi de maníthe,, ǰáandu hínu ki na thaní
thaní.. He was
andáa thepulling the hair from his [own] knuckles
like this, to see whether he was still alive.
Variant: búulu (Biori). Etym: vāĺ a- ‘hair oftail, tail, hair (masc)’ (T: 11572). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: bóola
bóola.
bóor [bóor] ‫بور‬. adj.inv. bored. Comp: Urdu
(English) bor.
 bóor thíi ‫بور تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to bore
sb. míi tusaám bóor xu na thíila
thíila.. Do I boreyou?
bóoš [bóoɕ] ‫بوش‬. quant. twelve. Morph:báaš--. Variant: báaš (Biori). Etym: dvād́ aśabáaš‘twelve’ (T: 6658).
bráam [bráam] ‫برام‬. n.masc. joint. Etym:
márman- ‘vulnerable spot, vital organ;secret; limb, joint (neut)’ (T: 9893). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
breéx [breéx] ‫بریخ‬. n.fem. twich of pain (in27buǰóobuuḍíikúṛi dúi koó ɡaḍí ɡhiní ɡíia thaní.
thaní. He
realized that someone had snatched hiswife and taken her with him. Morph: bu
buǰǰ-,
bud--. Variant: búǰe (Biori). Etym: búdhyatēbud‘is awakened, observes, understands’ (T:9279); buddha- ‘known, understood;
awakened, conscious, wise’ (T: 9276). Prdm:
T. Prs: buǰáanu
buǰáanu. Pfv: búdu
búdu. Cv: buǰíbuǰí. Imp: bubuǰǰ.
buǰóo [budʑóo] ‫ ُبجو‬. v.tr. to make sb
understand. so ɣalát dede,, tasíi bhraaú tasbuǰóolu.. His brother made him understandbuǰóoluthat he was wrong. Morph: buǰbuǰ--á-. See: búǰa‘to understand, realize’. Variant: buǰúu
(Biori).
búku [búko] ‫ ُبک ْو‬. adj. dull. See: tíiṇu ‘sharp’.
Variant: móḍu (Biori). Fem agr: búki
búki.
buláaḍa [buláaɖa] ‫ ُبلاڈہ‬. v.tr. to look for sb,
call sb. asím tu na bulaḍílu hínu
hínu,, šíiṭi bebheš. We have not called for you, go insideand sit down. se ǰhaanaá bulaḍíim ɡíiɡíi.. She
woke up and went searching [for him].
bulaḍeeṇḍeéu.. A mason should be
misrí bulaḍeeṇḍeéu
called. baačaá so míiš bulaḍí khooǰóolu ki tuɡhináanu.. The kingmíi baačaíi khaí zhaáy ɡhináanu
called in the man and asked him whichpart of his kingdom he wanted. ma ta tude,, tu ba xudxudaáiaaɡhaá buláaḍum deaái dharaṇí
dítu.. I was searching for you in the sky, but
dítu
you had been put on earth by God. Morph:buláḍ--. Variant: buláaḍe (Biori). Prdm:
buláḍ
L:cons. Prs: bulaḍáanu
bulaḍáanu. Pfv: bulaḍílu
bulaḍílu. Cv:
bulaḍí.
bulaḍí
bulooṣṭóo [bulooʂʈóo] ‫ ُبلوݜٹو‬. v.tr. tosnatch; fight over. raaǰaá múṛu ta putróom
bulooṣṭéeli.. When the ruler
tasíi hukumát bulooṣṭéeli

died, his sons started to fight over the
power. Morph: bulooṣṭábulooṣṭá-. Variant: bilooṣṭóo;bilooṣṭóo
bulooṣṭúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:
bulooṣṭaáanu.
Pfv: bulooṣṭóolu
bulooṣṭóolu.
Cv:
bulooṣṭaáanu
bulooṣṭaá.
bulooṣṭaá
butsóo [butsóo] ‫ ُبڅو‬. v.tr. to inject, insert.
uthíitu..
so lhaléemi dharaṇí wée butsaá ba uthíitu
He put his stick into the ground and stoodup. Morph: butsá
butsá--. Variant: butsúu (Biori).
Prdm: L:a. Prs: butsaáanu
butsaáanu. Pfv: butsóolu
butsóolu. Cv:
butsaá.
butsaá
bútsu [bútso] ‫ ُبڅ ْو‬. n.masc. large, wooden
stick. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: bútsa
bútsa.
buṭheé [buʈʰeé] ‫ ُبٹھے‬. quant. all. kakaríiateeṇíi buṭheé ɡooríi azaáb saxtí bayaán
thíili.. The skull told him about all its
thíilipunishment and hardships in the grave.
mhaarúuya.. You
tus hakimí buṭheé putrá mhaarúuya
should kill all of the ruler’s sons (Biori).
— pron:ind. all (of a referred to group).
bhíla.. All of them came andbuṭheé be ǰáma bhíla
gathered. foóǰ buṭheé baṭá ɡiraá ɡeéla hína
hína..
The troups, all of them, had been turned
into stones. buṭheé dharándi nikhóoi
nikhóoi.. All ofyou get out! buṭhimeém díi tapóos thíili
thíili..
She asked all of them. buṭhimeém sanɡíbhíli.. He met all of them. Obl:mulaaqaát bhílibuṭhimeém. Gen: buṭhimeémiibuṭhimeémii.
buṭhimeémbuṭhimeém [buʈʰimeém] ‫ ُب ِٹھمیم‬. all (obl).
See main entry: buṭheé
buṭheé.
buṭíi [buʈíi] ‫ ُبٹی‬. v.tr. to braid. kúṛi teeṇíi ṣiṣbuṭéeni.. The woman is braiding her hair.
buṭéeniMorph: buṭébuṭé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: buṭáanu
buṭáanu. Pfv:
buṭílu. Cv: buṭíbuṭí.
buṭílubuuḍíi [buuɖíi] ‫ ُبوڈی‬. v.intr. to grow old,28buuḍóo

čaáx

age. kareé ɡalá so buuḍíilu
buuḍíilu ta,
ta, aní ṣiṣíi
púustu so mhaás lamiǰí ba whaí aníiwee díide.. As he grew old, theta páand na páaša deskin on his head started hanging downfrom here so that he could not see theroad in front of him. Morph: buuḍé
buuḍé--. Prdm:
L:e. Prs: buuḍáanu
buuḍáanu. Pfv: buuḍíilu
buuḍíilu. Cv: buuḍí
buuḍí.
buuḍóo [buuɖóo] ‫ ُبودو‬. v.tr. to cause
grievance (lit. make sb grow old). Morph:buuḍé--á-. Variant: buuḍúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a.
buuḍé
Prs: buuḍaáanubuuḍaáanu. Pfv: buuḍóolu
buuḍóolu. Cv: buuḍaá
buuḍaá.
búuḍu [búuɖo] ‫ ُبوڈ ْو‬. adj. old. fazalčhaá
míišde,, búuḍu míiš
míiš.. There was a man
thaní míiš decalled Fazal Shah, an old man. búuḍu
de.. He was very old. Fem agr: búuḍi
búuḍi.
búuḍu de— n.masc. old man. Etym: *buḍḍha- ‘old’ (T:9271).

búusi [búusi] ‫وسی‬ْ ‫ ُب‬. n.fem. kiss. phooá serumieelí búusi de ɡhíini híni.
híni. The boy
kissed the handkerchief and took it. Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
buzeeɡhaá [buzeeɡhaá] ‫بزیگھا‬. n.masc:pn.
Buzegha (hamlet in upper Ashret Valley
with a Pashtun majority). Prdm: ee-decl.
Obl: buzeeɡhaá
buzeeɡhaá.
buzrúɡ [buzrúɡ] ‫ ُبزرگ‬. n.masc. pious man.
baṭá
áa ba
ṭá ǰhulí dhreéɡ de ba níindram ɡíi áa
yhóolu.. She stretched out
buzrúɡ ac̣híiam yhóolu
on a stone, fell asleep, and had a dreamabout a pious man. Comp: Urdu (Persian)buzurɡ. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aánaán.

č[tɕaapʰeér] ‫چاپھیر‬. adv.sp.
around; on all sides. Variant: čaapheerá.
čaapheerá
Comp: Pashto chāper, chāperah.
 teér čaapheér ‫تیر چاپھیر‬. all around.
hína..
iskuulíi čamaníi teér čaapheér pišíika hína
There are flowers all around the school’s
garden.
čáar [tɕáar] ‫چار‬. n.fem. fresh grass (esp. as
fodder). šuí čarí maǰí čeerí baraabár thíili
yháanda..
seentá se čhéeli heesóoba ki yháanda
When they are taken to graze on good
grass, they grow strong and become equalin size of grown goats. Variant: čar (Biori).
Etym: *cāri- ‘grass’ (T: 4762). Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: čaríčarí.
čáara [tɕáara] ‫چارہ‬. v.intr. to graze. ɡhaáučaapheérc̣híitra wée čaréeni.
čaréeni. A cow is grazing in thefield. Morph: čarčar-. See: čaaríi ‘to take (cattle)
for grazing’. Variant: čáare (Biori). Prdm:
L:cons. Prs: čaráanučaráanu. Pfv: čarílučarílu. Cv: čaríčarí.
čaaríi [tɕaaríi] ‫چاری‬. v.tr. to take (cattle)
for grazing. bakaraál teeṇíi bakáara saaraáčaaríi.. The shepherd took his flock toharí čaaríi
graze in the [winter] pasture. so bakáara
haráanuaráanu.. Every day,har deés čaarainií the haráanuhe takesi his flock to graze. Morph: čaaré
čaaré--.
See: čáara ‘to graze’. Prdm: L:e. Prs:čaaráanu. Pfv: čeerílučeerílu. Cv: čeerí
čeerí.
čaaráanučaaṛaá [tɕaaɽaá] ‫چاڑا‬. adj. dumb (unable tospeak). Comp: Pashto chārrā. Fem agr:čaarái.
čaaráičaáx [tɕaáx] ‫چاخ‬. adj.inv. fat, strong,29čakaaḍhám

čhéeličauráts [tɕawráts, tɕawrás] ‫چورڅ‬. n.masc.

healthy. aní čhootá kha ta tu čaáx bhíiṛ.
bhíiṛ. Eat
this cheese and you will become fat andhealthy. ni ǰandeé bíiḍa čaáx haansáana
haansáana..
These goats are really fat. Comp: Pashtochāɡh.
čakaaḍhám [tɕakaaɖhám] ‫چکاڈھم‬. n.masc.
Chakadham (settlement in Dhamaret, Biori
Valley). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
čal [tɕal] ‫چل‬. n.fem. manner, way, plan;skill, trick. tasíi dimeeɣí wée áa čal paidóo
bhíli.. He thought of a way of solving it.
bhílita.. It happenedateeṇí čal bhíli ki eetáa ɡíia ta
like this, that we went there. tas
saméeli.. Theymhaarainií the áak čal saméeli
designed a plan to kill him. so čal the índauḍheewílu.. He found out a trick so thatdíi uḍheewílu
he could escape from here. Variant: čaálčaál.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: čalíčalí.
čalúṭi [tɕalúʈi] ‫ٹی‬ْ ُ‫چل‬. n.fem. bird (esp.
sparrow). muṭá ǰhulí tróo čalúṭim bhéṭim
bhéṭim..
Three sparrows sat in the tree. Variant:čailúṭi. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
čailúṭi
čandeešúma [tɕandeeɕúma] ‫چندیشُ مہ‬. det.
fourteenth. See: čandíiš ‘fourteen’.
čandíiščandíiš [tɕandíiɕ] ‫چن ِدیش‬. quant. fourteen.
Morph: čandéeščandéeš--. Variant: čandéeš (Biori).
Etym: cáturdaśa ‘fourteen’ (T: 4605).
čapíi [tɕapíi] ‫چپی‬. v.tr. to gnaw on sth.
piláanu,, thée ba ma thíimuṣṭú ma thíi ráat piláanučapáanu.. First I will drinklhéṇḍi kakaríi čapáanu
your blood, and then I will gnaw on yourbald scalp. Morph: čapéčapé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:čapáanu. Pfv: čapílučapílu. Cv: čapíčapí.
čapáanučáu [tɕaw] ‫چئ ْو‬. adv.deg. Co-lexicalized
intensifier. čáu lhóilu bright red

small beam. čauratsí ǰhulí ba bhíta ɡalíi.
ɡalíi. He
will put planks on top of the beam. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
čay [tɕaj] ‫چئی‬ْ . n.fem. tea. Variant: čéy(Biori). Comp: Urdu (Sinitic) ćāˈe. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
čéeli [tɕéeli] ‫چیل ْی‬. wide, thick, big (fem).
See main entry: čóolu
čóolu.
čeemáaru [tɕeemáaru] ‫چیمار ْو‬. adj. of steel,iron. Morph: čeemárčeemár--. See: čímar ‘iron’. Fem
agr: čeeméeričeeméeri.
čeeméeri [tɕeeméeri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫چیمیر‬. of steel,iron (fem). See main entry: čeemáaručeemáaru.
čéeri
‫چیر‬
.
n.fem.
spouted jug.
čéeri [tɕéeri] ‫ی‬ْ
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
čhaál [tɕʰaál] ‫چھال‬. n.masc. kid (younggoat). See: čhéeli ‘she-goat’. Etym: chaɡalá‘goat (masc)’ (T: 4963). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -á.
čhaáṭ [tɕaáʈ] ‫چھاٹ‬. n.fem. shot. bhalaá áamaráanu,, dubaará čhaáṭ bačhaṭí báandi ta maráanuǰandáanu.. A spirit diesǰíti seentá so waapás ǰandáanu
by one shot only, but by a second shot hebecomes alive again. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:čhaṭí.
čhaṭíčhéeli [tɕʰéeli] ‫چھیلی‬. n.fem. she-goat.
ْbii bíiḍu ɡáaḍuɡáaḍu,, kaṛaáw bičhéelii faaidá bziaát.. There are really great benefitsbíiḍu ziaát
from having goats, but there is also a great
deal of effort. táapaṛa túuri íṇc̣a čhéeli
híni.. A bear had captured a goatɡhašíli hínibeneath the hill. See: čhaál ‘goat-kid’;dhaándhaán ‘goat (generic)’; bhíiru ‘he-goat’.
Etym: chaɡalikā- ‘goat (fem. der.)’ (T: 4963).
30čhínačiiríitu

Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
čhína [tɕʰína] ‫چِ ھنہ‬. v.tr. to cut, cut off;
reduce. tíi ǰhandraíi ṣiṣ čhinílučhinílu.. He cut off
the snake’s head. las the deesíi tróo zalíčhineeṇḍeéu.. It should be fed withc̣hóoṇ čhineeṇḍeéu
oak branches three times a day [lit. oakshould be cut down]. míiša sóonɡ čhinílučhinílu..
The man cut off a branch. méeli čhinčhin.. Cut[the top off] the pile of flour. Morph: čhinčhin--.
Variant: čhíne (Biori). Etym: *chindati ‘cuts
off, splits’ (T: 5046). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:čhináanu. Pfv: čhinílučhinílu. Cv: čhiní
čhiní.
čhináanučhínǰa [tɕʰíɲdʑa] ‫چِ ھنجہ‬. v.intr. to fall,
strike, be felled, be cut off, break apart.
híṛa.. An avalanchehiimaál čhinǰí asaám híṛastruck and took us away. raáǰ čhinǰíli
čhinǰíli.. The
rope broke apart. wíi baáanu baáanu ta sustčhinǰáanu.. The water is flowing
zhayí wée čhinǰáanu
and flowing [in a canal], but is obstructed
at a weak spot. Morph: čhinǰ
čhinǰ--. Variant:čhinǰáanu. Pfv: čhinǰílu
čhinǰílu.
čhínǰe (Biori). Prs: čhinǰáanu
Cv: čhinǰí
čhinǰí.
čhooríi [tɕʰooríi] ‫چھوری‬. v.tr. to put(down), put in place; name. dhrúuka be
dac̣híin ta manɡái čhoorí híni óo áak
híni.. Going to the stream,
rumiaál bi čhoorí híni
they saw the water pot and a handkerchief
lying there. míi aṭí ba teeṇíi khura ǰhulí
ṣaawóolu.. He took somečhoorí ba anɡóor ṣaawóolu
fat, put it on his foot, and set fire to it.
heentá,, se áak eeteeṇí tariqá
khur čhúuṇu heentáǰhulí čhoorí heensíli híni ki qalaá thede.. Such a system was put inxabaár bíi deplace that if anybody put his foot on to thebridge, the fort would be alerted. tasíi

putríi mitraí nóo čhúuṇu.
čhúuṇu. His son had been
named Mitray. tíi dáaš paiseé šart čhúuṇi.
čhúuṇi.
He bet ten paisa on it. Morph: čhooréčhooré--,čhúuṇ--. Etym: chōrayati ‘removes, throws
čhúuṇ
away, abandons’ (T: 5060). Prdm: T. Prs:čhooráanu. Pfv: čhúuṇu
čhúuṇu. Cv: čhooríčhoorí. Imp:čhooráanu
čhoorá.
čhoorá
čhoót [tɕʰoót] ‫چھوت‬. n.masc. traditionallymade salty cheese. aní čhootá kha ta tubhíiṛ.. Eat this cheese and you willčaáx bhíiṛ
becomefat
andhealthy.
Etym:*styātaduɡdha- ‘coagulated milk’ (T:13730). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
čhúuṇu [tɕʰúuɳo] ‫ ُچھوݨ ْو‬. put (down) (mascsg). See main entry: čhooríičhooríi.
číčal [tɕítɕal] ‫چِ چل‬. n.masc. wet mud; clay.
Etym: *kicca- ‘mud, dirt’ (T: 3153). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
číɣi [tɕíɣi, tɕéɣi] ‫غی‬ْ ِ‫چ‬. n.fem. cry, scream.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Pashto chiɡhe.
 číɣi díi ‫چِ غی دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to cry,ْ
scream. so číɣi díi de seentá láka ǰeṭ ǰahaáz
ɡhuumbéenim
umbéenim.. His crying sounded like aɡhuumbéenim
jet plane. kaṭamušá číɣi díti kiki,, páčoo páčoo
daádu.. Katamosh cried out, “Ouch,ma daádu
ouch, I’m burning.” Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv.
čiiríi [tɕiiríi] ‫چِ یری‬. v.intr. to be delayed.
čiiríitu.. This year I amheeṇṣúka ma čiiríitu
delayed. intizaár thethe,, so na čiiríičiiríi.. Wait for
him, he won’t be long. Morph: čiiré
čiiré--, čiiríitčiiríit--.
Prdm: T. Prs: čiiráanučiiráanu. Pfv: čiiríitučiiríitu. Cv: čiirí
čiirí.
Imp: čiirá
čiirá.
čiiríitu [tɕiiríito] ‫چِ یرِیت ْو‬. was delayed (masc
31

čiíz

čorímasg). See main entry: čiiríi.
čiiríičiíz [tɕiíz] ‫چِ یز‬. n.masc. thing. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) ćīz. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
čímar [tɕímar] ‫چِ مر‬. n.masc. iron (material).
Etym: †cīmara- ‘copper’ (T: 14496). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 čimaríilu [tɕimaríilo] ‫ِیرو‬ُ ‫چِ مر‬. adj. ofsteel, iron. Fem agr: čimaríiličimaríili.
činaaróom [tɕinaaróom] ‫چِ ناروم‬. n.masc:pn.
Chinarom (a place in lower Ashret Valley).
činí [tɕiní] ‫نی‬ْ ِ‫چ‬. n.fem. sugar. Variant: tári
(Biori). Comp: Urdu ćīnī.
číta [tɕíta] ‫چِ تہ‬. v.tr. to think; consider,regard. tu ba ɡubáa čitáanučitáanu.. What do you
think? ma ba čítum de ki so rhootašíia
thaní.. I thought, “He will
xamaxaá yhíi thanícertainly come tomorrow.” bíiḍi čitíli xu
léedi.. She
kuhée wée yúu nikhanií ɡa čal na léedi[the fox] thought hard but could not comeup with any idea how to get out of the well
(Biori). har kram thenií díi muxáakčitaiṇḍeéu.. You should always think beforečitaiṇḍeéu
acting (Biori). Morph: čitčit--. Prdm: L:cons. Prs:čitáanu. Pfv: čitílučitílu. Cv: čitíčití.
čitáanučo [tɕo] ‫چ ْو‬. interj. now! go ahead! čo ba Go
away! čo tata,, tas sanɡí haát maát milaá
yháaya.. Let’s go and visit him! Etym:
yháayacyávatē ‘moves to and fro, retires’ (T:4939).
čoolaá [tɕoolaá] ‫چولا‬. n.masc. language,
speech; style. teeṇíi čoolaá khóṇḍum tata,, míidháara.. If I speak my own
maadarí zabaán dháara
language, my mother tongue will remain[alive]. kóoka xaaruṇáii čoolaá tílum thaníaamúuṣṭu.. When theba teeṇíi čoolaá bi aamúuṣṭu

crow tried to imitate the myna bird’s way
of walking, he forgot his own way.
 čoolaá bhíi ‫چولا بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. toadopt a style or a way of acting. so míi
bháanu.. He is adopting my ways.
čoolaá bháanučóolu [tɕóolo] ‫چول ْو‬. adj. wide, thick, big(about inanimates). Morph: čáalčáal--. See: čúṇu‘thin, small’. Variant: čúulčúuluu (Biori). Fem agr:čéeli.
čéeličooṇṭóo [tɕooɳʈóo] ‫چونٹو‬. v.tr. to write,
embroider. tíi teeṇíi doostá the xatčooṇṭéeli.. He wrote a letter to his friend.
čooṇṭéeli
phaí teeṇíi háatam čooṇṭéeli rumiaál díti
híni.. The girl gave him a handkerchief
híniwhich she herself had embroidered. Morph:čooṇṭá--. Variant: niwešíi (Biori). Prdm: L:a.
čooṇṭá
Prs: čooṇṭaáanučooṇṭaáanu. Pfv: čooṇṭóolu
čooṇṭóolu. Cv: čooṇṭaá
čooṇṭaá.
čoór [tɕoór] ‫چور‬. n.masc. thief. ak čoór tesée
ačíitu.. A thief entered his houseɡhooṣṭá ačíitu
(Biori). čoór palóo bas áak nuqsaán bhíi dúi
bhíi.. A thief may come and steal, or somebhíi
other disturbance may occur. Etym: cōrá‘thief (masc)’ (T: 4931). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -á.
čooṭíi [tɕooʈíi] ‫چوٹی‬. v.tr. to pick, collect.
ṭhakúum,, tu ba ac̣hooṛá
ma ta ac̣húuṛi ṭhakúum
čooṭá.. I’ll shake the walnut tree and youčooṭápick the walnuts. Morph: čooṭé
čooṭé--. Prdm: L:e.
Prs: čooṭáanu
čooṭáanu. Pfv: čooṭílu
čooṭílu. Cv: čooṭí
čooṭí.
čoráama [tɕoráama] ‫چ ْورامہ‬. fourth. See
main entry: čorímačoríma.
čoreé [tɕoreé] ‫چ ْورے‬. all four. See main
entry: čúurčúur.
čoríma [tɕoríma] ‫چ ْورِمہ‬. det. fourth. See:čoráama.
čúur ‘four’. Variant: čoráama
32čukíic̣hiírčukíi [tɕukíi] ‫ ُچکی‬. v.tr. to bite. ǰhanduraá‘thick, wide’. Etym: cūrṇa- ‘*pulverized(minute)’ (T: 4889). Fem agr: čuṇi.
čuṇičúur [tɕúur] ‫ ُچور‬. quant. four. Variant: čáar(Biori). Etym: catúraḥ ‘four (masc.acc.pl.)’(T: 4655). Non-nom agr: čorím
čorím.
 čoreé ‫چ ْورے‬. quant. all four. šíinii
phooṭíla.. All four legs ofčoreé šeenbóoa phooṭíla
the bed broke. be čoreé bhe anú kráam
thíia We’ll do it, all four of us.
— pron:ind. the four. Obl: čorimeémčorimeém.
 čúur bhišá ‫چور بِھشہ‬ُ . eighty (lit. fourtwenties).
čuúr [tɕuúr] ‫ ُچور‬. n.fem. glowing hot coal;ember. se kúuṭa tapiǰí čuúr ɡiríla dede.. The
coal was heated and turned glowing hot.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
čuuṣíi [tɕuuʂíi] ‫ ُچوݜی‬. v.tr. to suck. eeṛóčuuṣá.. Don’t suck on that bone.
haṇḍúk na čuuṣá
čuuṣáanu.
lhoóku kuṇaák teeṇíi anɡúṛi čuuṣáa
nu. Thelittle child sucks his own finger. Morph:čuuṣé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: čuuṣáanu
čuuṣáanu. Pfv:
čuuṣéčuuṣílu. Cv: čuuṣí
čuuṣí.
čuuṣílučukílu,čukílu, púṛee paší bhiáanu.
bhiáanu. The person
bitten by a snake is frightend by the sightof ropes [in a string bed]. Morph: čukčuk--.
Etym: cukkáyati ‘inflicts or suffers pain’ (T:4849). Prdm: L:e. Prs: čukáanučukáanu. Pfv: čukílučukílu.
Cv: čukíčukí.
čulóo [tɕulóo] ‫ ُچلو‬. v.tr. to shake, rock sth,wave. míi tas čulaá bhuuǰóolu
bhuuǰóolu.. I woke him
up by shaking him. ṭhaaṭáaku ṣis ččulaá
ulaá baanɡóora the tuúš sahaát tapí ba phatuthíitu.. The monster shook its head,uthíitu
warmed himself for a while at the fire,then suddenly stood up. phoó patú ɡiraá
dac̣híim dac̣híim áa dandá patú haát
hínu.
čulaíim ac̣híiam díi fanaá bhílu hí
nu. Theboy kept looking back and disappeared
behind a ridge, still waving his hand.
Morph: čulčul--á-. See: čúla ‘to rock (by itself)’.
Variant: čulúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:čulaáanu. Pfv: čulóolučulóolu.
čulaáanučúṇu [tɕúɳo] ‫ ُچݨ ْو‬. adj. thin, small. See: čóolu

c̣c̣aṇẓá [ʈʂaɳɖʐá] ‫ڇنڙہ‬. n.masc. torch. Prdm:c̣hatróol [ʈʂʰatróol]

ee-decl. Pl: c̣aṇẓeé.
ṇẓeé

Chitral (the district or the adminitrative
centre of the district). Variant: c̣hetráal(Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
c̣héeṇi [ʈʂʰéeɳi] ‫ڇھیݨی‬. n.fem. (small) stickْ
made of oak branch. Morph: c̣háaáaṇṇ-.
c̣hiír [ʈʂʰiír] ‫ڇِ ھیر‬. n.masc. milk. Etym: kṣīrá‘milk, thickened milk (neut)’ (T: 3696).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
ُ ‫ڇ ِھیر‬. n.fem. nipple (of c̣hiirɡúlum ‫گلُم‬c̣haaṇbharó [ʈʂʰaaɳbharó]‫ڇھاݨ بھر ْو‬.

n.masc. load of oak branches. See: c̣hóoṇ‘oak’; bháaru ‘load’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:aaṇbhará.
c̣haaṇbhará
c̣haár [ʈʂʰaár, ʂaár] ‫ڇھار‬. n.fem. waterfall.
Morph: c̣harar--. Variant: c̣har (Biori). Etym:kṣará- ‘melting away; cloud (masc); water(neut)’ (T: 3662). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: c̣harí
arí.
33‫ڇھترول‬. n.masc:pn.

c̣híitrdáand

breast, human or animal).
c̣híitr [ʈʂʰíitr] ‫ڇِ ھیتر‬. n.masc. field; (tilled)land. tíi teeṇíi c̣híitra wée bhootíi thíili
thíili.. Heploughed his own field. ɡhaáu c̣híitra wéečaréeni.. A cow is grazing in the field.
čaréenirhoošnaám waxtíi thíi be c̣híitra be kráam
thíia.. Let’s go early in the morning to work
thíia
in the field. ooḍhóola mímíii c̣híitr ṭópa dítu
dítu..
My field was flooded. Variant: c̣héetr(Biori). Etym: kṣṣtra- ‘land (neut)’ (T: 3735).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
c̣hiṇ [ʈʂʰiɳ] ‫ڇِ ھݨ‬. n.masc. darkness.
bhílu.. The evening turned
maaxaám c̣hiṇ bhílu
dark. c̣hiṇ zamaaná dede.. It was a dark age.
Etym: kṣīṇá- ‘worn away; feeble’ (T: 3690).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
c̣hoók [ʈʂʰoók] ‫ڇھوک‬. n.masc:pn. Choke(ancestor of the people of Ashret). be
atshareetá eení eetí qóom buṭheé
aulaád.. We in Ashret,mac̣hookíiee c̣hookíi aulaád

all the tribes, are the descendants of
Machoke and Choke. asíi dóodu c̣hoók
hínu..
kaṭurá díi dúu sóo kaalá muṣṭú yhóolu hínu
Our forefather Choke came here two
hundred years prior to the Katoor [rulingdynasty in Chitral]. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
c̣hóoṇ [ʈʂʰóoɳ] ‫ڇھوݨ‬. n.fem. (silver) oak;common evergreen tree on the lower
slopes in and around populated areas; itsfoliage is used for fodder and its wood for
fuel. Morph: c̣háaṇáaṇ--. Variant: c̣háaṇ (Biori).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
c̣iinkíi [ʈʂiiŋkíi] ‫ڇِ ینکی‬. v.intr. to twitter(esp. the sound made by birds), squawk.
inkíli.. The hen
kakuéeki haṇoó ɡalí ba c̣iinkílisquawked when the egg was taken away.
inkíla.. The
čalúṭii ooṛá ǰhanduraá paší ba c̣iinkíla
young birds squawked when they saw asnake. Prdm: L:e. Prs: c̣iinkáanu
inkáanu. Pfv: c̣iinkílu
inkílu.
Cv: c̣iinkí
inkí.

ddaádu [daádu] ‫داد ْو‬. was burned (masc sg).

Prs: daǰáanu.
daǰáanu Pfv Masc Sg: daádu,
daádu, daǰílu.
daǰílu Pfv
Fem Sg: deédi,
deédi, daǰíli.
daǰíli Cv: daǰí.
daǰí Imp: daáǰ.
daáǰdáand1 [dáand] ‫داند‬. n.masc. tooth. Variant:dan (Biori). Etym: dánta- ‘tooth (masc)’ (T:6152). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
dáand2 [dáand] ‫داند‬. n.masc. hill side, peak,ridge. phoó patú ɡiraá dac̣híim dac̣híim áa
dandá patú haát čulaíim ac̣híiam díi fanaáhínu.. The boy kept looking back andbhílu hínu
disappeared behind a ridge, still waving
his hand. Variant: dand (Biori). Etym:
dhánu- ‘dry land (fem); desert (masc)’ (T:See main entry: daáǰa.
daáǰa adj. burnt. Fem agr:
deédi.
deédidaáǰa [dáadʑa] ‫داجہ‬. v.intr. to burn. so bíikaṛaíǰa,, na ɡaḍíin
ɡaḍíin,, daáǰa
daáǰa.. Heanɡóora wée kaṛaíǰa
will go into the [eternal] fire and suffer,
and will not be pulled out; he will burn. míide.. Even the
se toobakíi kundaák bi daádu debutt of my rifle burnt. páčoo páčoo
páčoo,, madaádu.. Ouch, I’m burning! Morph: daǰdaǰ--,
daádu
daád--. See: ǰhuunkíi ‘to burn sth’. Etym:
daád
dahyátē ‘is burnt’ (T: 6248). Prdm: T/L:cons.
34

dáar

dapáaradapáara6724). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: dandá.
dandá
dáar [dáar] ‫دار‬. n.masc. door. Morph: dardar-.
Variant: dar (Biori). Etym: *dvara- ‘door’ (T:6651). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: darádará.
ِ ‫دا ُر‬.
daarulxilaafá [daarulxilaafá] ‫لخلافہ‬n.masc. capital. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)dāruˈl-khilāfat.
Prdm:
ee-decl.
Pl:darulxilaafeé.
darulxilaafeé
dáaš [dáaɕ] ‫داش‬. quant. ten. taním dašúmaṭílu.. The ten of thembhaíim anú bheénš aṭílu
brought this beam. Morph: dašdaš--. Non-nom
agr: dašúm
ašúm.
— pron:ind. eesé dašúm maǰí dúu bhraaú dede..
Among those ten were two brothers.
Variant: daš (Biori). Etym: dáśa ‘ten’ (T:6227).
 dašeé [daɕeé] ‫دشے‬. quant. all ten.
— pron:ind. the ten. Obl: dašmeém
dašmeém.
 dáaš bhišá [dáaɕ bhiɕá] ‫داش بِھشہ‬. two
hundred (lit. ten twenties). Variant: dúu
sóo,, dúu sáwa
sáwa.
sóo
 dáaš zára ‫داش زرہ‬. ten thousand.
daawát [daawát] ‫دعوت‬. n.fem. invitation.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) daˈwat. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
 daawát díi ‫دعوت دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toinvite. áak héeṛi áak luumée the ɡúuli
díti.. A duck invited a fox for
daawát dítidinner. Restrict: Fem agr with host elementin pfv; postpositional object with thethe.
dabdabá [dabdabá] ‫دبدبہ‬. n.masc. pomp,
highness. bíiḍu ɡáaḍu tesée dabdabá dede..
Great was his power (Biori). so bíiḍu

dabdabá ki baačaí thíi de He was rulingwith great pomp and show. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic/Persian) dabdaba.
dac̣híi [daʈʂʰíi] ‫دڇھی‬. v.tr. to look, see,watch; care for. bheší ba tu dac̣háá.. Sit down
and have a look! huṇḍ ɡiraá dac̣híin tata,, iṇc̣khaáanu.. Theymuṭíi ǰhulí bheší áaṇc̣a khaáanu
looked up and saw the bear sitting in the
top of the bush eating raspberries.
kuṛíinam ǰhaanaá dac̣hílu ta ɡhooṣṭíi xálaka
héensíla
de.. The women woke up andna hé
ensíla desaw that no one from the household wasthere. se na kasíi xaadí dac̣héeni
éeni,, na kasíiéeni.. It [the goat] does not caremarɡ dac̣héeni
about anyone’s happiness or anyone’s
death. Morph: dac̣héé--. Variant: dhayíi(Biori). Etym: *dr̥kṣati, *dr̥akṣati ‘sees’ (T:6507). Prdm: L:e. Prs: dac̣háanu
áanu. Pfv: dac̣híluílu.
Cv: dac̣híí.
daíǰa [déjdʑa] ‫دئجہ‬. v.intr:pass. to be given.
niaám the ǰaaidaád ba bíiḍi silsilá báandi
híni.. Property has been given todaiǰíli hínithem in many different ways. ǰhambréeṛi
daiǰéeni..
phedíli ɡhooṣṭá díišii xalkíim ɡúuli daiǰéeni
When the bride has arrived at the house,village people are given food [to eat]. See:díi ‘to give’. Variant: deíǰe (Biori).
damá [damá] ‫دمہ‬. n.masc. rest, break. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Pashto damaˈh.
 damá thíi ‫دمہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to rest,
take a break. aḍaphará whaí ba damá thíilu
thíilu..
Halfway down we rested. Restrict: Agr withhost element in pfv.
dapáara [dapáara] ‫دپارہ‬. post. for, (in order)35

darákdeto. táai dapáara ba máathe móoṇuṣa da,da,takṛá takṛá xálaka.
xálaka. For that, you should
provide me with some men, strong people.
yháandu.. He is coming
tasíi qatalíi dapáara yháandu
in order to kill him. aní pooštrá abaíim thíi
dapáarasaatáanuee.. Do you think I havedapá
ara saatáanuee
taken care of these fattened goats just foryou? tarkaaṇíi dapáara bíiḍi saamaánlaɡayiǰéeni.. There are so many kinds oflaɡayiǰéeni
tools a carpenter needs. Restrict: With
preceding genitive nominal argument oran ablative pro-form. Variant: pándee
(Biori). Comp: Pashto dapārah.
darák [darák] ‫درک‬. n.fem. trace. yéei uthíanɡaá bhe dac̣híi ta kuṇaák náinu darák
díti.. The mother wokenáini índa díti eeṛáa díti
up and could not see the child or any signof him anywhere she turned. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Pashto darak.
 darák na bhíi ‫بھی‬‫نہ‬‫درک‬.
v.intr:cjt.ninc. to be gone, not appear, notshow up. thíi xu darák na bhíli
bhíli.. Where haveyou been? ḍoolái darák na bhíli
bhíli.. The
carriage did not appear. rhootašíia soɡhareé ɡirílu máɡam tasíi ɡhaíi ɡa darák nabhíli.. In the morning he went out again,bhíli
but his cow did not show up. Restrict: Fem
agreement with host element; possessive
complement.
darwoozá [darwoozá] ‫دروازہ‬. n.fem. door.
See: dáardáar. Variant: darwaazá
darwaazá. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) darwāza. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:
darwoozeé.
darwoozeé
dasturá [dasturá] ‫دستورہ‬. n.masc. custom.

har qóomii teeṇteeṇíi ǰhaníi dasturáhaansáanu.. Every tribe has its own
haansáanu
marriage customs. Variant: dastúr;
dastúr dastúur(Biori). Comp: Pashto/Urdu (Persian)dastūr. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
dašúm [daɕúm] ‫دشُ م‬. ten (agr: non-nom).
See main entry: dáaš
dáaš.
dašúma [daɕúma] ‫دشُ مہ‬. det. tenth. See:dáaš ‘ten’.
dawóo [dawóo] ‫دوو‬. v.tr. to ask for sth, ask(take) sb for marriage; want. tíi ɡiḍúuči
dawéeli.. He married a Dameli woman.
kúṛi dawéeli
dawóoi.. Don’t ask me about
le baát ba na dawóoi
this matter. múṛee díi fáta dawaáanu
dawaáanu.. He is
asking for help from a dead body.
ɣeiratxaán hakimí ɡhooṣṭá panaahí
dawéeli.. He asked for shelter in the ruler
dawéeliGhairat Khan’s house (Biori). se har deésde.. They wanted
akaadúi pašainií dawóon de
to see each other every day. Morph: dede--á-.
See: díi ‘to give’. Variant: dawúu (Biori).
Etym: dāpáyati ‘causes to be given’ (T:6276). Prdm: L:a. Prs: dawaáanu
dawaáanu. Pfv:
dawóolu. Cv: dawaá
dawaá.
dawóoludáwur [dáwur] ‫دور‬ُ . n.masc. time period,
age; (olden) days. muṣṭúku dáwur bíiḍu šóo
de. The olden times were very good. eeséde.. In thosedáwrii eeṛé keéṇ ɡéeḍi kéeṇ dedays, that cave was a big cave. Variant:dóor (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Arabic) daur.
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: dáwra
dáwra.
de [de] ‫ے‬ْ ‫د‬. aux. Past tense marker.
seentá,, so bi uthíi depaačhambeé uthíitu seentámaní,, so bhéṭu seentá
seentá,, so bi bhéša de manímaní..
maní
Apparently, whenever Pashambi stood up,
36

deec̣híṇu

deeúlihe [the monster] stood up; whenever he[Pashambi] sat down, he [the monster] sat
down. wíi ba surmičaṇíi whaalíin dede.. They
used to draw water down from Surmichan.
ḍaakuwaanóom yhaí bakáaram sanɡí tasde.. The robbers had come andɡhaší híṛu decaught him and taken him away alongwith his flock. nu ba asaám mhaarainií thede.. He had come up in order to kill
ukháatu deus. tasíi nóo ba ǰamǰaá dede.. His name was
Jamja. baačaá bíiḍu saxt peexamáana dede..
The king was extremely regretful. be khilaíde,, asaám sanɡí bíiḍa xálaka dede..
ba na deHowever, we were not alone; there weremany other people with us. Restrict: Added
to verbs to form Past Imperfective andPluperfect, alternatively occurring in final
positionincopula-lessnonverbal
predicates to indicate past tense reference.
See: hínu1 ‘is (masc sg)’; hínu2 ‘Present
tense marker (masc sg)’.
deec̣híṇu [deeʈʂʰiɳo, deeʂiɳo] ‫دیڇِ ھݨ ْو‬. adj.
right. míi deec̣híṇi haát
haát.. My right hand [i.e.
my helper]. Etym: dákṣiṇa- ‘right (hand);southern’ (T: 6119). Fem agr: deec̣híṇiíṇi.
ِ deec̣hineetí ‫دیڇھنیتی‬. adv.sp. to theْright. tu ta míi deec̣hineetí bheší hínu
hínu,, lo ba
hínu.. You are seated tomíi kušeetí bheší hínu
the right of me, and he is sitting on myleft. Variant: deeṣineetídeeṣineetí.
déedi
déedi [déedi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫دید‬. n.fem. father’s mother.
eetheelúki míi déedi áaṣṭ bhišá kaalúki
múṛi.. My grandmother was 160 years oldmúṛiwhen she died. See: dóodu ‘father’s father’.
Etym: *dādda- ‘father or elderly relative’(T: 6261). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
deédi
deédi [deédi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫دید‬. burnt (fem). See main
entry: dáaǰa
dáaǰa.
déeṇi [déeɳi] ‫دیݨی‬ْ . n.fem. leg (below theknee). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
deerá [deerá] ‫دیرہ‬. n.masc. room. anú
deerá.. This is the guest room.
práačamii deerá
Comp: Pashto deraˈh. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:
eereé.
deereé
déeṛi [déeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫دیڑ‬. n.fem. beard. thíi déeṛi
uṛíitiee.. You have grown a beard! thíi déeṛi
uṛíitieeɡaíliee.. You have shaved off your beard!
ɡaíliee
Etym: *dām̆ ṣṭra- ‘fang, tusk, beard’ (T:6250). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
deés [deés] ‫دیس‬. n.masc. day; point in time.
thíilu.. One
áa deés táa ɡúum ta máathe qisá thíilu
day when I went there, he told me a story.
de.. They
se har deés akaadúi pašáa bhóon de
were able to meet one another every day.
tháana.. Aftermáhar ɡhiní deés muqarár tháana
the dowry has been accepted, they fix aday [for the wedding]. las the deesíi tróočhineeṇḍeéu.. It should be fed
zalí c̣hóoṇ čhineeṇḍeéu
with oak branches three times a day. anídeesóom atshareetá wée qariibán čúur zára
hína.. Nowadays there are about
kušúni hínafour thousand people in Ashret. See: raát
raát.
Etym: divasá- ‘heaven; day (masc)’ (T:6333). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
deéu [deéw] ‫دی ْو‬. n.masc. giant. Comp: Pashto(Persian) dew. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aán
aán.
deeúli [deewúli] ‫لی‬ْ ‫دی ُو‬. n.fem:pn. Dir(neighbouring district, a former princely
state). niníi áak qábur deeúli pinakooṭá wée37

dhaándhií

hínu.
hínu. One of their graves is in Pinakot inDir. deeúlii xálakam daawát díti atsharíitam
thíia.. The people of Dir
the ki muqaabilá thíia
issued an invitation to the Ashretis to havea competition with them. Variant: díir
(Biori).
dhaán [dhaán] ‫دھان‬. n.masc. goat (generic).
bhiíš bhišeedáaš dhaán hína xu máɡar áa
thawaáanu..
putrá ṣaawaá ma taalím thawaáanu
Although I have [only] twenty or thirtygoats, I can have my son educated. Usage:
With plural reference. Morph: dhandhan--. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: dhaná
dhaná.
 dhanamóos ‫دھنموس‬.
n.masc. goatmeat. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
dháara [dháara] ‫دھارہ‬. v.intr. to remain,
stay behind, fail. so khilaí dharíitu
dharíitu.. Healone remained. koó bi duny
dunyaí
aí na
dharáana.. Nobody will remain in thedharáana
world. ki anú múṛu heentá ḍhanɡáḍhanɡá,, anúǰáandu ba dharíitu heentá asím tu the
baxílu.. If he dies you should bury him, but
baxíluif he remains alive I will leave him to [beraised by] you (Biori). so padúši dha
dhaaríitu
aríitu..
aríituHe did not manage to go forward. ma aní
dharíitu.. I failed in thisimtiheení dharíitu
examination. Morph: dhar
dhar--, dharíit
dharíit--.
Variant: dháare (Biori). Prdm: T. Prs:dharáanu. Pfv: dharíitu
dharíitu. Cv: dharí
dharí. Imp:dharáanudháar.
dháar
dhaataár [dhaataár] ‫دھاتار‬. n.masc. fireplace. Morph: dhaatár
dhaatár--. Variant: dhaatár(Biori). Etym: *dhmātra- ‘fireplace’ (T:6888). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: dhaatarádhaatará.
dhamareét[dhamareét]‫دھمریت‬.

n.masc:pn. Dhamaret (village in Biori
valley); Middle Biori. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
dharaáṇ
dharaáṇ [dharaáɳ] ‫دھراݨ‬. n.fem. ground;earth. ma ta tu aaɡhaá buláaḍum dede,, tu ba
dítu.. I was searching for
xudaái dharaṇí dítu
you in the sky, but you had been put onearth by God. áak ba muṭá ǰe na ukháaide,, so ba dharaṇí pharé dhreéɡ dítu
bhóo dehínu.. The other one did not know how tohínu
climb a tree, so he stretched out along the
ground. Morph: dharáṇ
dharáṇ--. Variant: dharáṇ
(Biori). Etym: dharáṇī- ‘ground (fem)’ (T:6744). Prdm: i-decl. Obl: dharaṇí
dharaṇí.
dharándi [dharándi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫دھرند‬. adv.sp.
outside, out. dharándi ba míi dúu kučúr
kučúr--a.
My two dogs were outside. buṭheé
nikhóoi.. All of you get out!
dharándi nikhóoi
Variant: dharéndi
dharéndi; dharédi (Biori).
dharíitu [dharíito] ‫دھرِیت ْو‬. remained (mascsg). See main entry: dháara
dháara.
dheeṛúm [dheeɽúm] ‫دھی ُڑم‬. n.masc.
pomegranate. Etym: dāḍima- ‘pomegranate
tree (masc); its fruit (neut)’ (T: 6254). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
dhiaáṛ [djhaáɽ] ‫ ِدھئاڑ‬. n.fem. pieces of rock;collection of stones in one place. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: dhieeṛí
dhieeṛí.
dhií [dhií] ‫دھی‬. n.fem. daughter. se zariṇíi
de.. They captured
dhií ɡhaší ɡhiní ɡíia deZarin’s daughter and went back. le asíibi.. They belong to ourdhiyíi bi putríi bi
daughter as well as to our son. tasíi dhiíde.. His daughter was my wife.
míi kúri dekhooǰ--óon dede..
muṣṭúka xálaka dhiiá díi na khooǰ
People in the old days did not ask their38

dhiúuṛi

dhreéɡ

daughters [whom they wanted to marry].
Etym: duhitr̥-́ ‘daughter (fem)’ (T: 6481).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: dhiá
dhiá.
dhiúuṛi [djhúuɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ِدھ ُئوڑ‬. n.fem. daughter’sdaughter. See: dhiúuṛu ‘daughter’s son’;dhií ‘daughter’. Etym: *duhitr̥kuḍikā‘daughter’s child (fem)’ (T: 6482). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
dhóo [dhóo] ‫دھو‬. v.tr. to wash (utensils,
one’s body). se durbaáṭ dhuaéeni
dhuaéeni.. She iswashing the pot. teeṇíi huǰút dhuaáanu
dhuaáanu..
I’m washing myself. háata dhuá
dhuá.. Wash yourhands! Morph: dhuá
dhuá--. Variant: dhuwúu(Biori). Etym: *dhuvati, dhūtá- ‘washes;rinsed (of soma)’ (T: 6833). Prdm: L:a. Prs:dhuaáanu. Pfv Masc Sg: dhóolu
dhóolu. Pfv Fem Sg:
dhuaáanudhuéeli. Cv: dhuaá
dhuaá.
dhuéelidhoóṛ [dhoóɽ] ‫دھوڑ‬. adv.tm. yesterday.
de,, típa bi kir hínu
hínu..
dhoóṛ índa kir dítu deYesterday it was snowing, and today, too,
there is snow. See: bhióol ‘last night’. Etym:
dōṣá- ‘night, night personified (fem)’ (T:6590).
 dhoóṛ tií ‫دھوڑ تی‬. until yesterday.
ِ ‫دھوڑو نِی‬. since dhoóṛoo niiɡiraá ‫گرا‬
yesterday.
 dhooṛúku ‫دھو ُڑک ْو‬. adj. yesterday’s.
Prdm: Reg. Fem: dhooṛúki
dhooṛúki.
dhráac̣ [drháaʈʂ] ‫دھراڇ‬. n.fem. grape.
Variant: dhrac̣ (Biori). Etym: drāḱ ṣā- ‘vine,
grape (fem)’ (T: 6628). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
dhraáǰa [drháadʑa] ‫دھراجہ‬. v.intr. to be
stretched out, grow tall, grow long. anú
dhraáǰa.. This tree willmuṭ áa kaál tií bíiḍu dhraáǰa

become taller after a year. se drháac̣ii níiṛa
eetí dhraǰíla ki dúi muṭá the phedíla.
phedíla. The
grape vine has grown so much that it hasreached another tree. Morph: dhradhraǰǰ-.
Variant: draáǰe (Biori). Etym: †*drāhyatē ‘isstretched out’ (T: 14633). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:dhraǰáanu. Pfv: dhraǰílu
dhraǰílu.
dhraǰáanu
dhraǰóo [drhadʑóo] ‫دھرجو‬. v.tr. to stretch
sth out. šíin dac̣hí khur dhraǰeeṇḍeéu
dhraǰeeṇḍeéu.. Only
after seeing the bed, should you stretch
out your legs. kasée ɡalé maáṭu dhraǰaá ba
khúu.. The
šúula the phedílu heentá hasó khúu
one who can stretch out his neck andreach the sheaf may eat (Biori). Morph:dhraǰ--á-. See: dhráǰa ‘to be stretched out’.
dhraǰ
Variant: draǰúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:dhraǰaáanu. Pfv: dhraǰóolu
dhraǰóolu. Cv: drhaǰaá
drhaǰaá.
dhraǰaáanu
dhrakíi [drhakíi] ‫دھرکی‬. v.tr. to pull, draw.
bheenšíi phúṭi ɡhaší háata de ɡhaší andáa
be lamiǰainií andáa the drhakí ba tasphooṭóolu.. Taking hold of the end of thephooṭóolu
beam with his hands, hanging on it andpulling, he broke it. so siɡréṭ dhrakáanu
dhrakáanu..
He is smoking. Morph: dhraké
dhraké--. Etym:*drakk- ‘drag’ (T: 6613). Prdm: L:e. Prs:
dhrakáanu. Pfv: dhrakílu
dhrakílu. Cv: dhrakí
dhrakí.
dhrakáanu
dhreéɡ [drheéɡ] ‫دھریگ‬. adj.inv. stretchedout, lying. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Etym:
dairɡhá- ‘length (neut)’ (T: 6568).
 dhreéɡ díi ‫دھریگ دی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tolay down, stretch out. so dharaṇí pharéhínu.. He has stretched out
dhreéɡ dítu hínu
along the ground. so típa šíina wée dhreéɡhínu.. Now he has stretched out on thede hínu39

dhríɡudhut

bed. ma tuúš dhreéɡ de ba uthúum.
uthúum. I will
get up when I have had a bit of rest.
dhríɡu [drhíɡo] ‫دھرِگ ْو‬. adj. long, tall.
dhríɡu ba eetí ki loomuṭíi aḍaphaár tiíhínu.. It was so tall that it reachedphedí hínu
halfway up a deodar tree. eetí dhríɡubéeriṣ koó xabaár be ɡhareé akaadúi pašáaita.. With such a long summer,
bháaya ki na ta
who knows whether we will see each otheragain. so na ta dhríɡu na ba khaṭáanu
khaṭáanu.. He isneither tall nor short. Etym: dīrɡhá- ‘long,tall, deep’ (T: 6368). Fem agr: dhríɡidhríɡi.
 dhriɡóokam ‫دھرِگوکم‬.
adv.deg.
lengthwise, of length, of hight. sohínu.. His height isdhriɡóokam páanǰ fuṭí hínu
five feet.
dhríṣṭu [drhíiʂʈo, drhíʂʈo] ‫دھرِیݜٹ ْو‬. saw(masc sg). See main entry: páaša
páaša.
dhrumanaám [drhumanaám] ‫دھرمنام‬ُ .
n.masc. afternoon. dhrumanaám bhílu
bhílu.. It
became afternoon. rhootašíia dhrumanaám
nheé.. Should we comebe anú kráam thíia nheé
and work tomorrow afternoon?
dhrúuk [drhúuk] ‫دھروک‬ُ . n.masc. stream;
streambed, gorge. se dhrúuka wée dúu
ma.. I came down two
míila bhun wháatu mamiles along the gorge. kaaṭarɡhaá ɡiḍá thenóo.. The gorgebaáanu eeṛé dhrúukii nóo
through which one goes to the Damel
Valley is called Katargha. Variant: dhráak(Biori). Etym: durɡá- ‘impassable; difficult
passage, danger’ (T: 6429). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
dhruusíi [drhuusíi] ‫دھروسی‬ُ . v.tr. to sip,
drink. Prdm: L:e. Prs: dhruusáanu
dhruusáanu. Pfv:

dhruusílu.
dhruusílu Cv: dhruusí.
dhruusídhrúu~
dhrúu~ṣ [drhhũʂ] ‫دھرون ّݜ‬
ُ . n.masc:pn.
Drosh (bazaar town in southern Chitral);sub-district (tehsil) centre for the area
where Palula is spoken. Variant: dhráa
dhráa~~ṣ(Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
dhueé [dwheé] ‫ ُدھے‬. quant. both. so dhueé
hínu.. He has becomeac̣híiamii ṣeeṛíilu hínu
blind in both eyes.
— pron:ind. both, the two of them. aní
hínim.. Both of them aredhueé kuṛíina hínim
women. daawá ba dhueé thíin dede.. Bothwere claiming it [for themselves]. taním
dhuimeém bhaíim dúu toobakí ɡhaší tas
ṣaá.. They both took theirkhaṇíitu eetíi wée ṣaáguns and shot at it from there. dhueé bhehína.. The two were beingǰudaá bhíla hínaseparated. See: dúu ‘two’. Variant: duheé
duheé.
Obl: dhuimeém
dhuimeém.
dhuím [dhujím] ‫ ُدھ ِئم‬. two (agr: non-nom).
See main entry: dúu
dúu.
dhuíma [dhujíma] ‫ ُدھ ِئمہ‬. second. See main
entry: dhuyáama
dhuyáama. Variant: dhuíima
dhuíima.
dhuimeém [dhujmeém] ‫ ُدھئمیم‬. both (obl).
See main entry: dhueé
dhueé.
dhut [dhut] ‫ ُدھت‬. n.masc. mouth. har koó
haráana.. Everypáanǰ anɡúṛim dhúta the haráana
person moves his five fingers to his mouth[while eating]. Etym: *dutta-,*dhutta‘beak, trunk, snout; contemptous term formouth (neut)’ (T: 5853). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
 dutaɡháanu ‫ ُدھتہ گھان ْو‬. adj. talkative.
See: dhut ‘mouth’; ɡháanu ‘large’. Variant:khoṇḍáatu. Fem agr: dutaɡhéeni
dutaɡhéeni.
khoṇḍáatu
40

dhuumíi

díi

dhuumíi [dhuumíi] ‫ ُدھومی‬. n.fem. smoke,kilí ta thíi háata díti,
díti, ǰandrá ba míi háata
dítu.. The Almighty has given the key todítu
you [lit. put in your hand], but he has
given me the lock. Usage: Used in a large
number of complex predicates. Morph: dede--,dit--. See: dawóo ‘to ask for (=make give)’;ditdaíǰa ‘to be given’. Etym: dádāti ‘gives’ (T:6141); *ditta ‘given’ (T: 6140). Prdm: T. Prs:dáanu. Pfv: dítu
dítu. Cv: dede. Imp: da
da.
dáanu
díi2 [díi] ‫دی‬. v.intr. to fall, come upon,
strike. ḍaakuaanóomii qilaá ǰhulí tándar
dítu.. A thunder struck the robbers’ fort.
dítu
híni.. The sun has beenma ǰhulí súuri díti híni
shining on me. panǰ phuṭí kir dítu
dítu.. We had
five feet of snow (Biori). Usage: Used in alarge number of complex predicates.
Morph: dede--, dít
dít--. Prdm: T. Prs: dáanu
dáanu. Pfv:
dítu. Cv: dede.
dítu
díi3 [díi] ‫دی‬. post. from; (out) of; than; with.
híṛi.. Who took thisaní toobaák ma díi kií híṛirifle from me? eeṛé baát ba ma díi nakhooǰóoi.. Do not ask me about such things.
khooǰóoi
ṣúuntu.. I heard it from my
míi déedi díi míi ṣúuntu
grandmother. tíi teewizí the ba seṣeekóola.. He madebhalaaɡaán ma díi ṣeekóola
amulets and cast out the evil spirits fromme. tu ateeṇú takṛá íṇc̣a díi ma kanaá bheuḍhíiwum.. How could I escape from auḍhíiwumstrong bear like you? teeṇíi paiseé laɡayí batháanu.. He has
tusaám díi zubaán yaád tháanu
spent his money to learn your language.
ɡireeṇḍeéu.. We should nottas díi ḍóok na ɡireeṇḍeéu
disobey him [lit. turn the back from him].
bhraaú
kaantíira bhraa
ú díi aqalmánd duṣmaán
šóo.. A wise enemy is better than a crazyšóo

fume. anɡóor ṣaawóolu ta dhuumíi
nikhéeti.. He lit a fire and smoke came out.
nikhéetiɡaáṛimii kaarxaaneémii dhuumíia bíiḍi
nikhéendim.. There are a great deal of
nikhéendim
fumes coming from cars and factories.
Etym: dhūmikā- ‘smoke; fog (fem)’ (T:6849). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
dhúura [dhúura] ‫ ُدھورہ‬. adv.sp. far away;
away. asíi iskuúl asaám the bíiḍi dhúura
híni.. Our school is very far away for us.
híni
taníi c̣híitr ba taníi ɡhooṣtá díi taqriibánde.. Their field
tróo čúur kulumiṭará dhúura de
was situated approximately 3-4 kilometresaway from their home. Etym: dūrá‘distant; distance (neut)’ (T: 6495).
 díi dhúura ‫دی ُدھورہ‬. far from, awayfrom.
dhuurá [dhuurá] ‫ ُدھورہ‬. adv.mann.
separately. tíi áa kamrá ba prá
práačamačam thesamóolu.. He built a separate guest
dhuurá samóolu
room.
dhuyáama [dhujáama] ‫ ُدھیامہ‬. det. second;the other. dhuyáama yaár muṭíi waapásnamí ba tas díi khooǰóolu ki amzarée thíi
maníitu.. The other onekáaṇa wée ɡubáa maníitu
came down from the tree and asked what
the lion whispered in his ear. See: dúu‘two’. Variant: dhuíima
dhuíima,, dhuíma
dhuíma; dhuyúme
dhuyúme,,duíime (Biori).
díi1 [díi] ‫دی‬. v.tr. to give, put. ɡhaáu bíiḍu
de.. The cow was giving plenty ofc̣hiír díi demilk. baṭá túuri ṭíinčuka the bi xudaái rízaq
dáanu.. God gives the daily bread even todáanu
the scorpion under the stone. alaahtaalaá
41

díiš

duaá

brother. ɡúči bhešainií díi ṣóoii biɡaár šuí.
šuí.
It is better to be a slave at the king’s court
than to sit idle. šikást khéelii pahúrta senikháata.. After the defeat
areebisteení díi nikháata
they left [lit. came out from] Arabia. misríseentá,, misrí díi tsaṭák hóonsa
hóonsa..
yhóolu seentá
When the mason comes he will have ahammer with him. basandá díi ba bhíiande. They feared the approach of spring.
Restrict: With preceding oblique nominal
argument or an accusative pro-form.
 díi dhúura ‫دی ُدھورہ‬. far from, away
from. Restrict: With preceding obliquenominal argument. See: dhúura ‘far away’.
 díi ɣéer [díi ɣéer] ‫دی غیر‬. post. without.
bháanu.. Without amulóo díi ɣéer kráam na bháanu
mullah, the act cannot be completed.
 díi maxadúši ‫مخدُشی‬‫دی‬. before,ْ
prior to. marɡí díi maxadúši marainiímarainií.. It is
like dying before death. See: maxadúši ‘infront of’.
 díi muṣṭú [díi muʂʈú] ‫دی ُمݜٹ ْو‬. before,prior to. ṭhaaṭáaka ba bhešainií ddíi
íi muṣṭú
maní.. Before sitting
tas díi nóo khooǰóolu manídown, the monster asked for his name. asíi
dóodu c̣hoók kaṭurá díi dúu sóo kaalá
hínu.. Our forefather Chokemuṣṭú yhóolu hínu
came here two hundred years prior to the
Katoor [ruling dynasty in Chitral]. See:muṣṭú ‘first; before’. Variant: díi muxáak(Biori).
díiš [díiɕ] ‫ ِدیش‬. n.masc. (home) village.
de.. It was a small village. díiša
lhoóku díiš debáaya.. Let’s go to the village. míi xox ki
the báaya
xox.. I think like the rest of the
díišii xox[people of the] village. Variant: déeš (Biori).
Etym: dēšá ‘point, region, part; province,
country (masc)’ (T: 6547). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
diṣṭdiṣṭ [diʂʈ] ‫ ِدݜٹ‬. n.fem. hand-span (as ameasure). Etym: diṣṭi- ‘a measure of length(fem)’ (T: 6343). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
dítu1 [díto] ‫ ِدت ْو‬. gave (masc sg). See main
entry: díi
díi.
dítu2 [díto] ‫ ِدت ْو‬. fell, came upon, stroke(masc sg). See main entry: díi
díi.
dóodu [dóodo] ‫دود ْو‬. n.masc. father’s father;
forefather. míi nóo aaxuunseéd
aaxuunseéd,, míi báabii
ɡulseéd,, míi dóodii nóo ba
nóo ba ɡulseédmalák.. My name is Akhundɣolaamseéd malák
Sayd, my father’s name Gul Sayd, and my
grandfather’s name [in his turn] was
Ghulam Sayd Malak. dóodu ayaanmír
hínu..
bhraáš se íṇc̣a kéeči ɡúum hínu
Grandfather Ayan Mir went slowly close to
the bear. asíi dóodu c̣hoók kaṭurá díi dúu
hínu.. Oursóo kaalá muṣṭú yhóolu hínu
forefather Choke came here two hundredyears prior to the Katoor [ruling dynasty
in Chitral]. See: déedi ‘father’s mother’.
Variant: dúudu (Biori). Etym: *dādda‘father or other elderly relative’ (T: 6261).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: dóoda
dóoda. Voc: dóod
dóod.
doóst [doóst] ‫دوست‬. n.masc. friend. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) dost. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aánaán.
 doostí ‫دوستی‬. n.fem. friendship.
ْ
duaá [duwaá] ‫دعا‬. n.masc. prayer; request.
alaahtaalaá hazrát iisaaleehisalaamíi duaá
thíilu.. God Almighty accepted the
qabúl thíilu
42dubaará

dúna

prayer of Lord Isa, on whom be peace.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)duˈā.
 duaá thíi ‫دعا تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to pray,
plead with. xuḍaáii peeɣambará tasíi
thíilu.. God’s
dubaará ǰuwandíi dapáara duaá thíilu
Prophet prayed again for his life. Restrict:
Masc agr with host element in pfv.
dubaará [dubaará] ‫ ُدبارہ‬. adv.tm. again.
alaahtaalaá tas dubaará dunyaí the
thíilu.. God Almighty
phrayainií iraadá thíilu
decided to send him back to the world.
maráanu,, dubaarábhalaá áa čhaṭí báandi ta maráanuǰandáanu.. Ačhaáṭ ba ǰíti seentá so waapás ǰandáanu
spirit dies by one shot only, but by asecond shot he becomes alive again. Comp:
Pashto (Persian) do bārah.
dúbhiša [dúbhiɕa] ‫ ُدبِھشہ‬. quant. forty (twotwenties). asím niníi dubhišá xálaka
mhaarawóola.. We have had forty of theirmhaarawóola
people killed. Variant: dúu bhišá
bhišá.
 dúbhišee ṣoṛíiš ‫ݜ ْوڑِیش‬‫ ُدبِھشے‬.
fifty-six (two twenties and sixteen).
dúi [duj, dwi] ‫ئی‬ْ ‫ ُد‬. det. another; other, someother. eendáa bhe insaán dúi maxluqaatíim
bhílu.. In this way man became
díi mumtaáz bhílu
superior to other creatures. dúi qóomabhéṭa.. We came and settledmaǰí yhaí bhéṭa
among another tribe. so ɡhooṣṭíi khaamaádtháanu.. The owner ofba dúi xarčá bardaáš tháanu
the house bears the other expenses.
— pron:ind. other, another (one); the other(out of two or more entities referred to);any other, sth or sb else. dúi bbaa ɡubáa

thúum.
thúum. Now, what else should I do? dúiuc̣hí ba maníi de ki nis khúum ta rhootašíia
thúum.. He picked up another one
ba kanáa thúum[from a collection of fruits] and said, “If I
eat this, what will happen tomorrow?” dúuhína,, dúi ɡɡaa na bháanu
bháanu.. Thereoostaazaán hína
are two teachers; nobody else is there. dúiɡaṭílu,, áak ḍaakuwaanóomii qilaá tíi nata ɡaṭílu
bhóolu.. He conquered all the others,ɡaṭáa bhóolu
but one robbers’ fort he wasn’t able tocapture. áaka thíilu thée ba dúya thíilu
thíilu..
One did it, then another one did it, too.
ɡiraá.. Due tobhíilam mux bi dúya dúši na ɡiraá
fear I was not able to turn my head in any
other direction. xudaái duéemii zabeeníǰhaan--ainií sifát tas the díti dede.. God hasǰhaangiven him the ability to understand otherpeople’s languages. See: dúu ‘two’. Variant:dúe (Biori). Etym: *dutīya- ‘second’ (T:6402). Obl Sg: dúya
dúya. Gen Sg: duíi
duíi. Obl Pl:
duéem. Gen Pl: duéemii
duéemii.
duéem
dukaán [dukaán] ‫ ُدکان‬. n.fem. shop. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) dukān. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:
dukeení.
dukeení dukaandaár ‫ ُدکاندار‬. n.masc. shopkeeper. ma ṣo kaalíi niiɡiraá dukaandaár
dukaandaár.. I
have been a shopkeeper for six years.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aánaán.
 dukaandeerí ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُدکاندیر‬. n.fem. shopkeeping, business. alhamdulilaáh šuíčalaiǰéeni.
dukaandeerí čalaiǰé
eni. Praise God, mybusiness is doing well.
dúna [dúna] ‫ ُدنہ‬. v.intr. to think.
paačhambeé tuúš saát duní ba maníitu
paxpúla.. Pashambi thoughtmaní ki míi nóo paxpúla
43

duniaádúula
 dúšidúšii
šii thíi

for a moment then said, “My name is‘myself’.” dunáaṭu bhílu hínu ki aní bakateeṇí
ǰuwánd.. He started thinking,kateeṇí ǰuwánd“What kind of life is this?” Morph: dun
dun--.
Variant: dúne (Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:
dunáanu. Pfv: dunílu
dunílu. Cv: duní
duní.
dunáanu
duniaá [dunjaá] ‫ ُدنیا‬. n.masc. world. koó bi
dharáana.. Nobody will remain indunyaí na dharáana
the world. alaahtaalaá tas dubaará dunyaíthíilu.. God Almighty
the phrayainií iraadá thíilu
decided to send him back to the world. anú
hínu.. This world is only
duniaá ba úču waxt hínu
for a short while. uxiaár xálak askóonaɡaṭáana.. Wise people obtainǰhulí duniaá ɡaṭáana
the world with ease. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)dunyā. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: dunyaí
dunyaí.
durbaáṭ [durbaáʈ] ‫ ُدرباٹ‬. n.fem. pot.
ḍibiséenim.. In aɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi dúu durbaṭí bi ḍibiséenim
house, two pots also knock against eachother. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: durbaṭí
durbaṭí.
dúši
dúši [dúɕi] ‫شی‬ْ ‫ ُد‬. post. toward, at, in the
direction of. díiša dúši tilíli híni
híni.. She
started walking toward the village. áak
maaspaxiníi so teeṇíi bakáara ɡhiní zanɡalíi
maní.. One
páanda de ɡiḍá dúši nikháatu maníafternoon he set out to Damel, through theforest along with his flock. eendáa maní ba
híni.. Havingíṇc̣a kaṭamušá dúši ṭoóp thíili hínisaid that, the bear jumped toward
Katamosh. Restrict: With preceding obliquenominal argument or an accusative (ifanimate)altenatively
oblique(ifinanimate/locative) pro-form. See: ḍáḍiḍáḍi.

‫ ُدشی تھی‬.

from (thedirection of). kaaṭarɡhaá wée aakatí kasaán
nikháata,
nikháata, ɡiḍá dúšíi thíi.
thíi. In Katargha, a few
people appeared to come down from theDamel side.
duṣmaán [duʂmaán] ‫ ُدݜمان‬. n.masc.
enemy. kaantíira bhraaú díi aqalmánd
šóo.. A wise enemy is better thanduṣmaán šóoa crazy brother. Comp: Pashto (Persian)duḱhman. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: duṣmaná
duṣmaná. Pl:duṣmanaán.
duṣmanaán duṣmaní ‫ ُدݜمنی‬.
n.fem.
enmity.
ْ
asáamee barwulíiam maǰí duṣmaní paidóo
bhíli.. Enmity arose bertween us and thebhílipeople of Barawul.
dúu [dúu] ‫ ُدو‬. quant. two. dharándi ba míi
kučúra.. Outside were my two dogs.
dúu kučúra
dúu deesíi pas ba míi waarlís ɡaḍí tanaám
díti.. Two days later I dug out a mobile
dítiphone and gave it to them. atshareetá wée
hína.. There are two tribes in
dúu qóoma hína
Ashret. See: dhueé ‘both; the two’. Etym:
dva- ‘two’ (T: 6648). Non-nom agr: dhuím
dhuím.
 dúu bhišá ‫ ُدو بِھشہ‬. forty (lit. two
twenties).
 dúu sáwa ‫سوہ‬‫ ُدو‬. two hundred.
Variant: dúu sóo
sóo; dáaš bhišá
bhišá.
 dúu zára ‫ ُدو زرہ‬. two thousand.
dúula [dúula] ‫ ُدولہ‬. n.masc. marriage
proposal. phaíi báaba the dúula phrayáana
phrayáana..
They send someone to the girl’s father tomake a marriage proposal. Variant: minát(Biori).

44

ḍáab

ḍhanɡóo

ḍḍáab [ɖáab] ‫ڈاب‬. n.fem. plateau, plain area

hose toward the left. Restrict: With
preceding oblique nominal argument or an
accusative (if animate) altenatively oblique(if inanimate/locative) pro-form. See: dúši
dúši.
ḍanɡ [ɖaŋɡ, ɖaŋ] ‫ڈنگ‬. adj.inv. hard, firm.
dhúura,, dharaáṇ ba ḍanɡḍanɡ.. Theaaɡhaá ta dhúura
sky is far away and the ground is hard.
uthíituhíitu.. He stood up strong.
ḍanɡ bhe ut
híituɡhaṇḍá.. Tie up the dog
kučúru ḍanɡ the ɡhaṇḍá
firmly! mií haát ḍanɡ the ɡhašá
ɡhašá.. Grab myhand firmly! teeṇií beetí ǰhulí ḍanɡ bha
bha..
Keep to your promise!
— adv.deg. Co-lexicalized intensifier. ḍanɡkhilaí all aloneḍháaka [ɖháaka] ‫ڈھاکہ‬. v.intr. to touch, hit.
heentá,, ṣiṣ ḍhakáanuḍhakáanu.. If it’snamí ta yhéeli heentá
fixed too low, someone’s head will hit it.
ḍhakílu.. He got a severetas the marɡíi ǰáar ḍhakílu
fever. eeteeṇú muṭ náinu ki táa húuši na
híni.. There is no such tree that isḍhakí híninever affected by the wind. Morph: ḍhakḍhak--.
Variant: ḍháake (Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:ḍhakáanu. Pfv: ḍhakíluḍhakílu. Cv: ḍhakí
ḍhakí.
ḍhakáanuِḍhanɡíǰa [ɖhaŋɡidʑa] ‫ڈھنگجہ‬. v.intr:pass.
to be buried. See: ḍhanɡóo ‘to bury, plant’.
Variant: ḍhanɡíǰe (Biori).
ḍhanɡóo
ḍhanɡóo [ɖhaŋɡóo] ‫ڈھنگو‬. v.tr. to bury,
plant. kareé ɡalé se múṛim ta asím tenaámḍhanɡéelim.. When they died we buriedḍhanɡéelim
them (Biori). sum khooṇṣí ba šíiṭi wée deḍhanɡóolu.. It [the bear] took up mud fromḍhanɡóolu
the ground, covered him [with it], andon top of a hill. Morph: ḍabḍab-. Variant: ḍab(Biori). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: ḍabí.
ḍabíḍáaɡ [ɖáaɡ] ‫ڈاگ‬. n.masc. markhor (aspecies of wild goat). maaxaám bhílu ta tíi
mheerílu.. When it becameáak ḍáaɡ mheerílu
evening, he killed a markhor. Morph: ḍaɡḍaɡ--.
Variant: ḍaɡ (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
ḍaɡá.
ḍaɡá
ḍaaká [ɖaaká] ‫ڈاکہ‬. n.masc. robbery. Comp:
Urdu ḍākā. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: ḍaakeéḍaakeé.
 ḍaaká díi ‫ڈاکہ دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to rob.
dítu.. The
ḍaakuaanóom asaám ǰhulí ḍaaká dítu
thieves robbed us. Restrict: Masc agr withhost element in pfv; postpositional object
with ǰhulí
ǰhulí.
ḍaakṭár [ɖaakʈár] ‫ڈاکٹر‬. n.masc. doctor.
dítu.. The doctorḍaakṭará tas dac̣hí daarú dítu
examined him and gave him medicine.
Comp: Urdu (English) ḍākṭar. Prdm:
aan-decl. Pl: -aán
aán. Obl: -á.
ḍaakú [ɖaakú] ‫ڈاک ْو‬. n.masc. robber; thief.
ḍaakuwaanóom yhaí bakáaram sanɡí tasde.. The robbers had come andɡhaší híṛu decaught him and taken him away alongwith his flock. See: ḍaaká ‘robbery’. Prdm:
aan-decl. Pl: -aán
aán.
ḍábal [ɖábal] ‫ڈبل‬. quant. double. Comp: Urdu
(English) ḍabal.
ḍáḍi [ɖáɖi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ڈڈ‬. post. toward, at, in the
direction of. kúṛi teeṇíi ɡhúuṛu deec̣hineetínuuṭóolu.. The woman turned herḍáḍi nuuṭóolu
45

ḍheérḍóok

thus buried him. púšii káaṇ čhiní
ḍhanɡóolu hínu.
hínu. He has cut off and buried
the cat’s ear. Morph: ḍhanɡáḍhanɡá--. See: ḍhanɡíǰa‘to be buried’. Variant: ḍhanɡúu (Biori).
Etym: *ḍhan̆k- ‘cover’ (T: 5574). Prdm: L:a.
Prs: ḍhanɡaáanuḍhanɡaáanu. Pfv: ḍhanɡóoluḍhanɡóolu. Cv:
ḍhanɡaá.
ḍhanɡaáḍheér [ɖheér] ‫ڈھیر‬. n.fem. belly. šoorúṇḍu
heentá,, xudaái aamuṣáanu
aamuṣáanu..
ḍheeríi dháatu heentá
When the orphan has had enough to eat[lit. is full in his belly], he forgets God.
Etym: *ḍhēḍḍha- ‘belly’ (T: 5589). Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
 ḍheerdáṛ [ɖheerdáɽ] ‫دھیردڑ‬. n.fem.
stomach pain. tíi babaái na dhuwaá khéeli
khéeli,,nikhéeti.. He did not washtasíi ḍheerdaṛ nikhéeti
the apple before eating it, and he got apain in his stomach. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
ḍhínɡar [ɖhíŋɡar] ‫ ِڈھنگر‬. n.masc. piece ofwood. áaṛu heensílu heentá
heentá,, eesó ḍhínɡarbháanu.. If there
aaindá dapáara naakaám bháanu
were a knot in the wood, it would be
useless in the future. eeteeṇí seezíi ḍhínɡarlun. Cut off a piece of wood that size! Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ḍhoó [ɖhoó] ‫ڈھو‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates.
 ḍhoó díi ‫دی‬‫ڈھو‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. toappear, come into sight. whaí c̣hatróola
dítu.. Coming down to Chitral,meelá ḍhoó dítu
[he saw] there was a festival. tuúš muṣṭú
híni.. He had
bíi ta áak luumái ḍhoó díti hínigone some distance when a fox appeared.
akáaš kaalá padúši tas the dúu ziaaratíḍhooá dítim.
dítim. Eleven years later he cameupon two graves (Biori).
ḍilá [ɖilá] ‫ ِڈلہ‬. adj.inv. loose; not fitting.
ِ . v.tr:cjt.inc. to loosen ḍilá thíi ‫ڈلہ تھی‬sth. míi anú meéx ḍilá thíilu
thíilu.. I loosened thenail.
ḍipṭí [ɖipʈí] ‫پٹی‬ْ ‫ ِڈ‬. n.fem. duty, job. ma teeṇíi
ɡúum.. I went to do my job. Comp:ḍipṭí the ɡúum(English) duty.
 ḍipṭí thíi v.tr:cjt.ninc. to do one’s job;hold a vigil. eesé rróota
óota tíi se ǰinaazá the
thíili.. During that night he held
róota ḍipṭí thíili
a vigil for the dead body. Restrict: Fem agrwith host element in pfv.
ḍizeén [ɖizeén] ‫ ِڈزین‬. n.fem. design. ḍizeén
yhéendi.. There are alsobi muxtalíf yhéendi
different designs. Comp: (English) design.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ḍóo [ɖóo] ‫ڈو‬. host. Usage: Exclusively used asa host element in complex predicates. See:ḍóok ‘back’.
 ḍóo thíi ‫ڈو تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to carry(another human being). ṣíiṛa khúṭu ḍóo
thíilu,, khúṭa b
baa páanda pašawéeli
pašawéeli.. The
thíilublind carried the lame, and the lame
showed the way. na tiláai bhóolu heentá
thúum.. If he cannot walk, I’ll carry
ḍóo thúumhim.
ḍóok [ɖóok] ‫ڈوک‬. n.masc. back. ma kéečiǰíti..
yhainieé míi ba so lawáṛ ɡhiní ḍóoka ǰe ǰítiAs soon as it came near to me, I took the
stick and hit it over its back. kaṭamúš ṭíkihínu..
ḍóoka pharé ɡhaṇḍí sóona dúši ɡúum hínu
Katamosh tied the bread to his back andset out to the high pastures. tas díi ḍóok na
46ḍuḍúra-eé

ɡireeṇḍeéu.
ɡireeṇḍeéu. We should not disobey him[lit. turn the back from him]. Variant: ḍáak(Biori). Etym: *ḍhākka- ‘back, waist’ (T:5582). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ḍuḍúra [ɖuɖúra] ‫ ُڈ ُڈرہ‬. v.intr. to roll. baṭáwháanda.. Stones are rollingḍuḍuríim wháanda
down. Morph: ḍuḍúr
ḍuḍúr--. Variant: ḍuḍúre
(Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: ḍuḍuráanuḍuḍuráanu. Pfv:

ḍuḍurílu.
ḍuḍurílu Cv: ḍuḍurí.
ḍuḍurí
ḍúkur [ɖúkur] ‫ ُڈکُر‬. n.masc. hut (esp. in the
pasture); simple house. yhaí tasíi háatii
hína..
ɡhaší ḍúkura šíiṭi the ɡhiní ɡíia hína
Having come there, they took his hand andbrought him inside the hut. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.

eée [ée] ‫اے‬. interj. Expression used whenwáandu.
wáandu. This is something I heard myself.
anú alaaqá asím eé teeṇíi zoorí báandi
bháawu.. We captured this area withɡhíinu bháawu
our own strength. so ba ma sanɡí eékhoṇḍáanu.. He is only talking to me [i.e. tokhoṇḍáanu
nobody else]. típa aní mauǰudá waqtíi matháanu.. Now at thiseé bakáaramii kásub tháanu
present time I myself am working as a
shepherd. aáǰ ba bíiḍu eé húluk bhílu
bhílu..
Today it became unexpectedly hot. so ta ɡade,, tíi ba tas bhanǰóolu eé dede.. Hena maníi dedid not say anything, although he [anotherperson] kept beating him. ɡhaḍeerá mánade.. The older
thíilu xu so áa hóola toolíi eé de[brother] warned him, but he kept
measuring. be akaṭiǰí eé ɡiráana
ɡiráana.. We always
move around together. Usage: Primarily
with numerical expressions. Primarily
with pronominal expressions. With verb
forms. Variant: -e (Biori).
-eé1 [-eé] sfx. Inclusivity (or substantivizing)
suffix. be čoreé bhe anú kráam thíia We’ll
do it, all four of us. tíi máa the trayeéde.. He gave me all three books.
kiteebí díti deaddressing a person or attracting sb’s
attention. ée méem ma niaám kanáa the
khúum.. O grandmother, how can I eat
khúum
these? ée khému
khému,, aṛó míiš thíi khaṇíitu ɡadúum.. Hey
heentá ma tu the bíiḍi inaám dúum
Khemo, if you shoot that man, I will
reward you richly. Usage: May precede
special vocative forms of kinship terms.
See: óo
óo.
-ée1 [-ée] Plural suffix (with ai-ending
a-declension nouns). Morph: áiái--a. See main
entry: -a2.
-ée2 [-ée] Oblique case suffix (withai-ending a-declension nouns). Morph: áiái--a.
See main entry: -a3.
eé [eé] ‫اے‬. disc. Exclusivity marker;
Emphasismarker;
Amplifyingorintensifying marker; Continuity or
iterativity marker. eesé wax
waxtíitíi dáaš eéde.. In those days there were only
kušúni deten households. háata ba áak eé lawáṛ dúi
ba ɡa bi ɡa na. In his hand he held nothing
but a single stick. so ba míi eé ṣúuntu
47

-eé

-eém
ee2 [ee]šíinii čoreé šeenbóoa phooṭíla.
phooṭíla. All four legsof the bed broke. se trayeé ak safaríbhíla.. The three of them set out
rawaaná bhíla
on a journey (Biori). Restrict: Exclusively
suffixed to de-accented numerals.
-eé2 [-eé] sfx. Simulteneity suffix; as soon as.
yhaini--eé míi ba so lawáṛ ɡhiní
ma kéeči yhainiḍóokaǰíti.. As soon as it came near to me,ḍóoka ǰe ǰítiI took the stick and hit it over its back. tíi
daini--eé naɡaršaá xabaár bheǰhulí póo dainilanɡáana.. Asmaníitu ki lo koó síiwa pharé lanɡáanasoon as she stepped on it [the bridge],
Nagar Shah became aware of it and said,“Who is is crossing the bridge?” Restrict:
Suffixed to the de-accented Verbal Noun.
-eé3 [-eé] sfx. Plural suffix (withee-declension nouns). ma tu the ǰinaazǰinaaz--eéaṭúum.. I will bring you the corpses.
aṭúumbhunaɡiróo ta lhoóka lhoóka míi maníitu
qil--eé hóonsan dede.. As I said, there wereqil
small forts down below. Morph: á-í, aá
aá--í,
oó--í. See: -a2 ‘Plural suffix (withoó
a-declension nouns)’; -í2 ‘Plural suffix (withi-declension nouns)’; -m ‘Plural suffix(with m-declension nouns)’; -aán ‘Plural
suffix (with aan-declension nouns)’.
-eé4 [-eé] Converb suffix (with o-ending
verb stems). Morph: ó-í. See main entry: -í1.
ee1 [ee] ‫اے‬. mood. Utterance final question
clitic. ǰaanɡulá tu bhanǰóolu
bhanǰóolu=ee.
=ee. Did Jan Gulbeat you up? tu sóoru
sóoru=ee.
=ee. Are you fine?
náin=ee.
tusíi díiša maǰí koó náin=ee. Isn’t there
anyone in your village [willing to fight]?
hínu=ee.
thíi káaṇ hínu=ee. Did you hear? [lit. Do
you have an ear?]. Variant: aa (Biori).

‫اے‬. conj. Conjoining marker

cliticized to the first constituent. máa=
máa=eeso mušqúl bhíia de.
de. He and I were talking
freely to each other. šumaalí húuši
húuši==eeṣéetim.. The North Wind and the Sun
súuri ṣéetim
were disputing. ɡírii dhiaáṛ ráal bhéeni
bhéeni==ee
naméeni.. The heap of rocks is rising andnaméenisinking [repeatedly]. so ta ɡúɡúumum==ee ma baumyhóolu.. He left as I returned.
patú ɡiraá yhóolu
asáam==ee barwulíiam maǰí duṣmaní paidóo
asáam
bhíli.. Enmity arose bertween us and thebhílipeople of Barawul. asíi
asíi==ee taníi baát áakáak..
Our language and their language is thesame. asíi
asíi==ee laníi duṣmduṣmaníxátum.. The
aní xátum
enmity between us and them has come toan end.
éeḍi [éeɖi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ایڈ‬. quant. half; half of (fem).
— n.fem. the one half; half of the people;
some of them, etc. se éeḍim bhíilam
thaní.. Halfkhoṇḍílim ki aslí zariṇíi dhií aní thaníof them spoke fearfully saying, “This isindeed Zarin’s daughter.” See: áaḍu ‘half(masc); the one half (masc)’. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
-éel [-éel] Perfective suffix (with a-ending
L-verbs followed by a feminine agreement
suffix). Morph: á-ílíl--(i), á-ílíl--(im)(im). See main
entry: -ílíl.
-éem [-éem] Oblique plural suffix (withai-ending a-declension nouns). Morph:ái--amam. See main entry: -am1.
ái-eém [-eém] sfx. Oblique plural suffix (withee-declension nouns). qábura wée
farišt--eém tas bíiḍu ziaát ɡooríi azaáazaáb
díti..
farištb dítiIn the grave, the angels punished him
48

éemi

eeṛaníi

severely. ɡáaḍa ɡáaḍa qabiileé hína,
hína, eesé
qabiil--eém sanɡí rištá tha.
qabiiltha. There are verylarge tribes there that you should makerelationships with. See: -íim ‘Oblique plural
suffix (with i-declension nouns)’; -am‘Oblique plural suffix (with a-declension
nouns)’; -úmúm,, -óom ‘Oblique plural suffix(with aan-declension nouns)’.
éemi [éemi] ‫ایمی‬ْ . unripe, raw (fem). See
main entry: óomuóomu.
-éen [-éen] Present tense suffix (whenfollowed by feminine agreement suffix).
See main entry: -áanáan.
-éend [-éend] Present tense suffix (with aclosed class of (motion) verbs followed byfeminie agreement suffix). See main
entry: -áanáan.
eendáa [eendáa] ‫ایندا‬. adj.inv:dem. ofthat/this kind, in this/that way; such,thus. eendáa maní ba íṇc̣ áak keeṇí šíiṭi thehínu.. Having said that, the bear wentɡúum hínu
into a cave. Usage: Only rarely would
the.
eendáa occur independently of bhe or theSee: andáa ‘of that/this kind, in this/thatway (non-emphatic form)’. Variant: handáa(Biori).
eení [eení] ‫اینی‬ْ . this; it, she, they; this one,these ones. See main entry: aní
aní.
eenú [eenú] ‫این ْو‬. this; it, this one; he. See
main entry: anú
anú.
-eeṇḍeéu [-eeɳɖeéw] sfx. Obligative suffix.
hínana,, tanaám
thíi čúur dáanda pac̣halíila hínaɡaḍ--eeṇḍeéu
eeṇḍeéu.. Four of your teeth are rotten;ɡaḍ
they need to be extracted. asíi tu teṇteeṇíi
har--eeṇḍeéu
eeṇḍeéu.. Weɡhooṣṭóom the práaču harshould take you to our homes as a guest.
eesé baát ba na dd-eeṇḍeéu.
eeṇḍeéu. That is nothing
we should talk about. Variant: -aiṇḍeéu
aiṇḍeéu.
eeṛáa [eeɽáa] ‫ایڑا‬. adv.sp:dem. there; to there(dist); on that. ma aṛáa the keéna baáanu
baáanu..
Why not go there? dhúura áak ɣarí učát
hínu.. Far away on the top of
ɣarí eeṛáa piír hínu
a high mountain, there is a pir. See: láa‘there (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛáaaṛáa; haṛáa
(Biori).
eeṛáai [eeɽáaj] ‫ایڑائی‬ْ . adv.sp:dem. from there(dist); of that. so ba andóoi thíi baáanu
baáanu,,baáanu.. He was coming
rasuulíi aṛáai thíi baáanu
from here, and the follower of the prophet
was coming from there. eeeeṛáaiṛáai dapáarabulaḍíla.. For that reasontanaám ɡúuli the bulaḍíla
they were invited for a meal. See: láai ‘fromthere (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛáai
aṛáai; haṛáyuu
(Biori).
eeṛanaám [eeɽanaám] ‫ایڑنام‬. pron:dem.
them; those (dist acc). aṛanaám thethíili,, kaafiraanóom thethe.. Heṣuṇúuki thíili
whistled to them, to the infidels. ma díi xumheeríla.. They were, however,aṛanaám mheeríla
killed by me. piaaleé
piaaleé,, úči múči ɡóo saamaán
híni,, čeená meená
meená,, eeṛanaám krináana
krináana..
híni
Cups, this and that, China stuff, these we
sell. See: eeṛó ‘he, it, that (dist masc nom)’;lanaám ‘them (non-emph)’. Variant:aṛanaám; haṛenaám (Biori).
aṛanaám
eeṛaníi [eeɽaníi] ‫ایڑنی‬. pron:dem. their; of
those (dist). láka aṛé ǰheezí ɡaɡa,, aṛé amrikáiiǰheezí,, eeṛaníi aawaáz eeteeṇú aawaáz
le ǰheezí
nikhíii de tasíi
tasíi.. The voice coming out of him
nikhí
was just like the sound of those American49eeṛanímeeṛíiplanes. See: eeṛó ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’;laníi ‘their (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛaníi;aṛaníihaṛenúme (Biori).
eeṛaním [eeɽaním] ‫ایڑنِم‬. pron:dem. they
(dist obl). See: eeṛó ‘he, it (dist mac nom)’;aṛaním;laním ‘they (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛaním
harením (Biori).
eeṛás [eeɽás] ‫ایڑس‬. pron:dem. 1) that; it (distacc). eeṛás dhríṣṭu
dhríṣṭu.. That is what I saw.
2) him (dist acc). aṛás mheerílu
mheerílu,, umármheerílu,, thaníitu
thaníitu.. He said that they killed
mheerílu
him; they killed Umar. 3) her (dist acc). See:eeṛó ‘he, it, that one (dist masc nom)’; las‘him, her, it (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛásaṛás;haṛés (Biori).
eeṛasíi [eeɽasíi] ‫ایڑسی‬. pron:dem. 1) its; ofthat (dist). 2) his (dist). théeba uṭikí baaṛasíi,, ǰanɡibaazxaaníiǰanɡibaazxaaníi,, ṣiṣá wée ɡhašíli
ɡhašíli..
aṛasíi
Then he jumped up and grabbed Jangibaz
Khan by his hair. 3) her (dist). See: eeṛó ‘he,it, that one (dist masc nom)’; lasíi ‘its, his,her (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛasíi
aṛasíi; haṛesée
(Biori).
eeṛé [eeɽé] ‫ے‬ْ ‫ایڑ‬. det:dem. 1) that (agr: distfem). eeṛé saxtí ṣuṇí hazrát iisaaleehisa
iisaaleehisa-bhílu.. When Lord Isa,laám bíiḍu ziaát xafá bhílu
on whom be peace, heard of thatpunishment, he became very upset. eeséde.. In thosedáwrii eeṛé keéṇ ɡéeḍi kéeṇ dedays, that cave was a big cave. tus aṛé zhayíaṭúum.. You stay here
bhéšooi ta ma laxkár aṭúum
[in that place] and I will bring the army.
khooǰóoi.. Do not askeeṛé baát ba ma díi na khooǰóoi
me about such things [lit. that issue].
2) that (agr: dist non-nom masc sg). aṛéíṇc̣a ǰhulí ɡa hínu eeṛó míišee.
míišee. It is thatman who is sitting on that bear?
kaaṭarɡhaá ɡiḍá the baáanu eeṛé dhrúukii
nóo.. That gorge through which one goes tonóo
the Damel Valley is called Katargha.
3) those (agr: dist). eeṛé bakáaram báandi
saatáanu.. Because of
ma teeṇíi baalbáč bi saatáanu
those goats, I can also take care of myfamily. tu aṛé ǰinaazeémii apreešán tha
tha..
Perform the operation on those corpses.
hínee.. Haven’taṛé áaṇc̣a kateeṇá páaka hínee
those raspberries ripened nicely. See: eeṛó‘that (agr: dist nom masc sg)’.
— pron:dem. 1) that (one); it; such (dist fem
nom). aṛé asíi mazhabíi suaál
suaál,, aṛé ɡa dúi
na.. It is a question relating toaám suaál na
our religion, not one about anything else.
máɡam tasíi xuubí ba eeṛé de ki ssoode.. Butɣaribaanóom the bíiḍi phóom thíi dehis goodness was such that he took goodcare of the poor. 2) those (ones); they (distnom). ée eeṛé koó yháandee
yháandee.. Hey, who arethose [people] coming [over there]? se bakhoṇḍáana,, aré ba ɡokhaá
ɡhuaaṇaá khoṇḍáana
khoṇḍáana.. They speak Pashto, and thosekhoṇḍáana
[other] ones speak Khowar. 3) she (distnom). See: eeṛó ‘he, it, that one (dist mascnom)’; le ‘they, she, it (non-emph)’.
Variant: aṛéaṛé; haṛé (Biori).
eeṛíi [eeɽíi] ‫ایڑی‬. pron:dem. 1) that; it; there(dist obl with postposition). kaṭéeri bi aṛíihíni,, toobaák bi aṛíi wée híni
híni.. Therewée híni
was both a large knife and a rifle. 2) he(dist obl). aṛíi maníitu ki míi rasuulíi ṣiṣ kaṭ
thainií zoór He said, “It is difficult to cut
50

eeṛó

eesó

the head off my prophet.” 3) she (dist obl).
See: eeṛó ‘he, it, that one (dist masc nom)’;aṛíi;
líi ‘it, he, she (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛíihaṛíi (Biori).
eeṛó [eeɽó] ‫ایڑ ْو‬. det:dem. that (agr: dist nom
masc sg). eeṛó qisá ba tíi eé máathe thíilu
thíilu..
He himself told me that story. aṛó míiš thíikhaṇíitu ɡa heentá ma tu the bíiḍi inaám
dúum.. I would reward you richly, were you
dúum
to shoot that man. aṛé íṇc̣a ǰhulí ɡa hínu
míišee.. It is that man who is sitting oneeṛó míišee
that bear? aṛó ǰinaazá asaám díi ɡhašá
ɡhašá..
Keep that corpse away from us.
Non-nom/fem/pl agr: eeṛéeeṛé.
— pron:dem. 1) it; that (one); this (one);such (dist masc nom). asíi paalúulam maǰíšay.. Among us Palula people, itaṛó áa šóo šay
is a good thing. dhuíma qisá ba eeṛó ki
ki...
...
The second story goes like this... 2) he (distnom). tíi maníitu ki óo eeṛóeeṛó.. He said, “Yes,
he is the one.” tasíi qatalíi dapáara
yháandu.. He is coming in order to kill him.
yháanduSee: lo ‘he, it (non-emph)’. Variant: aṛóaṛó;haṛó (Biori). Etym: ārá- ‘from a distance(pronominal stem)’ (T: 14276). Sg fem: eeṛéeeṛé,,
aṛé. Sg acc: eeṛás
eeṛás,, aṛásaṛás. Sg obl: eeṛíi
eeṛíi,, aṛíiaṛíi. Sgaṛégen: eeṛasíi
eeṛasíi,, aṛasíi
aṛasíi. Pl nom: eeṛéeeṛé,, aṛéaṛé. Pl acc:
eeṛanaám,, aṛanaámaṛanaám. Pl obl: eeṛaním
eeṛaním,,eeṛanaámaṛaním. Pl gen: eeṛaníi
eeṛaníi,, aṛaníi
aṛaníi.
aṛanímeesé [eesé] ‫ایسے‬ْ . det:dem. 1) that (agr: remfem). eesé baát ba na deeṇḍeéu
deeṇḍeéu.. That is
nothing we should talk about. kareé ɡalá
hazrát iisaaleehisalaám eesé páanda pharé
pašáanu.. As Lordbaáanu ta so áak kakaríi pašáanu
Isa, on whom be peace, walks along thatroad, he sees a skull. 2) that (agr: rem
non-nom masc). eesé waxtíi aní alaaqáde.. At that time,raiisaanóomii hukumát dethe Rais [a Chitrali dynasty] ruled over thisarea. eesé róota tíi se ǰinaazá the róota ḍipṭí
thíili.. During that night he held a vigil for
thíilithe dead body. eesé baačaáii bóoš zárade.. That king had twelvekuṛíina heensílim de
thousand wives. 3) those; such (agr: rem).
de..
eesé xalkíim the bíiḍi ziaát phóom thíi de
He was taking very good care of suchpeople. eesé dašúm maǰí dúu bhraaú dede..
Among those ten were two brothers. ɡáaḍa
hína,, eesé qabiileém sanɡíɡáaḍa qabiileé hínatha.. There are very large tribes there
rištá thathat you should make relationships with.
See: eesó ‘that, those (agr: rem nom mascsg)’.
— pron:dem. 1) that one; it (rem fem nom).
máɡam tasíi bíiḍi ɡéeḍi ɣaltí ba eesé demaní ki so teeṇíi waxtíi peeɣambaríide.. But his greatbeetíim ǰhulí amál na thíi default was [that one] that he did not pay
heed to the words of the prophet of thosedays. 2) those ones; they (rem nom). eesébhíla.. In that way theyeendáa bhe xátum bhíla
vanished. eesé tu sanɡí madád bhíin
bhíin.. They
will help you. 3) she (rem nom). See: eesó
‘that one, it, he (rem masc nom)’; se ‘they,she, it, the (non-emph)’. Variant: hasé(Biori).
eesó [eesó] ‫ایس ْو‬. det:dem. that (agr: rem
nom masc sg). eesó ɡhoóṣṭ purá bhílii
baáanu..
pahúrta maaliká the hawaalá de ba baáanu
When the work on the/that house is51

eetáaeetás

completed, he [the carpenter] hands itover to the owner to live in. míi se dóoda
the ba eesó paalawaáṇ maalúm heensílu
hínu.. My grandfather was familiar with
hínu
that strongman. Non-nom/fem/pl agr: eesé
eesé.
— pron:dem. 1) it; that (one) (rem mascnom). áaṛu heensílu heentá
heentá,, eesó ḍhínɡarbháanu.. If there
aaindá dapáara naakaám bháanu
were a knot in the wood, it would be
useless in the future. ɡubáa bhayíitu
bhayíitu,, eesóluníǰa.. What was sown [that] will beluníǰareaped. 2) he; someone (rem nom). eesó
hínu.. He went
andáa bhe neečíir ɡúum hínu
hunting in this manner. eesó ukhaí áak ɡúuɡhíinu.. He came up [to my house]ta ma díi ɡhíinu
and got an ox from me. so ɡiḍúuču
paalaawaáṇ so yambaáṭ ɡa ɡhiní bíi de eesó
maní.. The Dameli man who wasna ṣandílu manícarrying the millstone [he] apparently lostheart. axpúl eesó ki so musibatí wée pakaár
bhíi.. A relative is someone you will need inbhíi
difficulties. See: so ‘he, it, the (non-emph)’.
Variant: hasó (Biori). Sg fem: eesé
eesé. Sg acc:
eetás. Sg obl: eetíi
eetíi. Sg gen: eetasíi
eetasíi. Pl nom:eetás
eesé. Pl acc: eetanaám
eetanaám. Pl obl: eetaním
eetaním. Pl
eeségen: eetaníi
eetaníi.
eetáa [eetáa] ‫ایتا‬. adv.sp:dem. there (rem).
eetáa phédum seentá míi se preṣíi seɡhaš--íin dede.. When I had
bhraawú ma ɡhaš
arrived there, my mother-in-law’s
brothers caught me. máathe maalúm bhílu
thaní.. I realized
ki eetáa sabáq manáana thaníthat teaching is done there. See: táa ‘there(non-emph)’. Variant: hatáa (Biori).
eetáai [eetáaj] ‫ایتائی‬ْ . adv.sp:dem. fromthere; that (rem). eetáai aawaáz yháandu.
yháandu. A
sound is coming from there. eetáai wheelí
phedóolu.. We brought him from
ɡhróoma phedóolu
there down to the village. See: táai ‘fromthere (non-emph)’. Variant: hatáae
hatáae,,hatáwuu (Biori).
eetanaám [eetanaám] ‫ایتنام‬. pron:dem.
them; those (rem acc). eetíi ǰhulí hukumatíthíili.. At thateetanaám bi asaám díi ban thíili
point the government banned both themand us [from doing it]. eetanaám samaṭí bamáathe.. She
dhrúuka wée sambáaṛa de máathe
called them together to keep me safe by
the stream. eetanaám akaadúi mheerílamheeríla..
They killed one another. See: eesó ‘he, it,that (rem masc nom)’; tanaám ‘them(non-emph)’. Variant: hatenaám (Biori).
eetaníi [eetaníi] ‫ایتنی‬. pron:dem. their; of
those (rem). See: eesó ‘he, it (rem mascnom)’; taníi ‘their (non-emph)’. Variant:hatenúme (Biori).
eetaním [eetaním] ‫ایت ِنم‬. pron:dem. they;
those (rem obl). See: eesó ‘he, it (dist mascnom)’; taním ‘they (non-emph)’. Variant:hatením (Biori).
eetás [eetás] ‫ایتس‬. pron:dem. 1) that; it (remacc). thíi ɡubáa thíilu
thíilu,, eetás lháayaṛ
lháayaṛ.. Whatyou sow [that] you will reap. eetás samóolii
tarkaáṇ
pahúrta théeba khiṛkí bi tarkaáṇkhooǰaáanu.. When that [the door] has beenkhooǰaáanu
built, the carpenter asks about thewindow. eetás matílu seentá tasíi bi ɡhiíṛbháanu.. When that has been churned, itbháanubecomes butter. 2) him (rem acc). 3) her(rem acc). See: eesó ‘he, it, that one (rem52eetasíieetímasc nom)’; tas ‘him, her, it (non-emph)’.
Variant: hatés (Biori).
eetasíi [eetasíi] ‫ایتسی‬. pron:dem. 1) its; ofthat (rem). eetasíi asár tas the phedíliphedíli.. He
was affected by that. 2) his (rem). eetasíide.. Toyaadɡaár ki tas the raaikoóṭ maníin dehonour his memory they gave it the name
Raikot. 3) her (rem). See: eesó ‘he, it, thatone (rem masc nom)’; tasíi ‘its, his, her(non-emph)’. Variant: hatesée (Biori).
eeteeṇú [eeteeɳú] ‫ایتیݨ ْو‬. adj:dem. like that,just like that; such, so. pašambeé bade.. Pashambi
alaahtaalaá eeteeṇú ǰusá dítu dehad been blessed by God Almighty withsuch a body. na ma xu ux
ux,, insaán xu
eeteeṇú taaqatwár šay ki ma ǰhulí bháaru
hínu.. No, I am a camel, butde ɡhiní baáanu hínu
the man is so strong that he uses me tocarry his loads when he travels. eeteeṇú
híni.. Theremuṭ náinu ki táa húuši na ḍhakí híni
is no such tree that is never affected by thewind. eeteeṇí téez ḍhakíli híni ki dúyahíni.. It hit so hard that it
pharé nikhaí ɡíi híniwent through and came out on the otherside. be bi tu eeteeṇí kuṛíina hínim
hínim.. We are
women just like you. ma eeteeṇá xálaka
pakaár.. I need people like that. tu ateeṇú
pakaáruḍhíiwum.. Howtakṛá íṇc̣a díi ma kanaá bhe uḍhíiwum
could I flee from a strong bear like you?
Variant: ateeṇú
ateeṇú; hateeṇú (Biori). Fem agr:
eeteeṇí,, ateeṇí
ateeṇí.
eeteeṇí
eetheél [eetʰeél] ‫ایتھیل‬. adv.tm:dem. then, atthat time, at such a time. šóo ma tu sanɡíúum.. Good, I will see to you
eetheél ba dac̣húum
at that time. eetheél buṭheé piaadá aṛéuḍheewáa na bhóon.
bhóon. At such a time when
they are all on foot, they will not be able toescape. Variant: hatheél (Biori).
 eetheél tií ‫ایتھیل تی‬. until then. eetheélde..
tíi teeṇíi waaqiá bayáan na the heensílu deUntil then he had not told him his own
story.
 eetheelúku ‫ایتھیلُک ْو‬. adj. of that time.
eetheelúki míi déedi áaṣṭ bhišá kaalúki
múṛi.. My grandmother was 160 years oldmúṛiwhen she died. anú eetheelúki duṣmaní dede.. Theki zaríṇ duiimíi dhií niním híṛi deenmity of those days stemmed from themabducting Zarin the Second’s daughter.
Fem agr: eetheelúki
eetheelúki.
eetí [eetí] ‫ایتی‬ْ . adv.deg:dem. so, that, such.
eetí dhríɡu béeriṣ koó xabaár be ɡhareéta.. With such aakaadúi pašáai bháaya ki na talong summer, who knows whether we will
see each other again. eetí čúkri ki tandéeɡaḍéeni.. It is so sour that it
pharé dhuumíi ɡaḍéeni
is as if smoke were coming out of yourhead. ɡa eetí ahám beetí nana.. It is not thatimportant. se drháac̣ii níiṛa eetí dhraǰíla ki
phedíla.. The grape vine has
dúi muṭá the phedílagrown so much that it has reached anothertree.
— adj:dem. such. niním eetí ɣaltí thíili híni
híni.. The fault
ki teeṇíi zhaáy ɡaḍí kríinti híni
they committed was such that they soldtheir property. xudaataalaá eetí taaqát tas
de.. God Almighty bestowed suchthe díti depower on him.
— quant:dem. that much, so much, that
many; some. eetí ṭeém máathe dada.. Give me53

eetíifláiṭ

some time! Variant: hatí (Biori).
eetíi [eetíi] ‫ایتی‬. pron:dem. 1) that; it; there(rem obl with postposition). taním
dhuimeém bhaíim dúu ttoobakí
oobakí ɡhaší tas
ṣaá.. They both took theirkhaṇíitu eetíi wée ṣaáguns and shot at it from there. eetíi ǰhulí
thíili..
hukumatí eetanaám bi asaám díi ban thíili
At that point the government banned boththem and us [from doing it]. eetíi pharé baáa šay ǰhaáṭ khaṣeelíim baáanu phará
phará.. Along it [that path], far away, aphará
creature was going, dragging its fur. 2) he(rem obl). eetíi ma sanɡí madád thíili
thíili.. He [isthe person who] helped me. 3) she (remobl). See: eesó ‘he, it, that one (rem mascnom)’; tíi ‘it, he, she (non-emph)’. Variant:hatíi (Biori).
eetríli [eetríli] ‫ِلی‬ْ ‫ایتر‬. adv.tm. day before
yesterday. Etym: *ātr̥tīyam ‘on the third(day) back or forwards’ (T: 1130).
 eetríli tií ‫ایترِلی تی‬. until the dayْbefore yesterday.
ِ ‫ایترِلو نِی‬. since the eetríloo
eetríloo niiɡiraá ‫گرا‬day before yesterday.
-éeṭ [-éeʈ] Suffix added to verb stem toform agentive verbal noun (when followed
by feminine agreement suffix). See main
entry: -áaṭáaṭ.

ffaaidá [faajdá, pʰaajdá]‫فائدہ‬. n.masc.

falānaey,, palānkī.
fanaá [fanaá, pʰanaá] ‫فنا‬. host. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) fanā.
 fanaá bhíi ‫فنا بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. todisappear. áa dandá patú ac̣híiam díi fanaáhínu.. He disappeared behind a ridge.
bhílu hínu
farištá [fariɕtá, pʰariɕtá] ‫فرِشتہ‬. n.masc.
angel. qábura wé
wéee farišteém tas bíiḍu ziaát
díti.. In the grave, the angels
ɡooríi azaáb dítipunished him severely. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) firishta. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: farišteé
farišteé.
ِ
fásil [fásil, pʰásil] ‫فسل‬. n.masc. crop. asíibháanu,, áak ta
díiša dúu qísmii fásil bíiḍu bháanuǰuwaár,, áak ba ɡhoóm
ɡhoóm.. There are two kindsǰuwaárof main crops in our village, one is maize
and the other is wheat. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) faṣl, faṣal. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: fásla
fásla.
ِfláiṭ [fléjiʈ, pʰléjʈ] ‫فلائٹ‬. n.fem. flight. Comp:benefit, avail. čhéelii faaidá bi bíiḍu ɡáaḍu,ɡáaḍu,
kaṛaáw bi bíiḍu ziaát.
ziaát. There are really great
benefits from having goats, but there isalso a great deal of effort. tas the yéeii baát
faaidá.. He rememberedyaád bhíli xu ɡa faaidá
what his mother had said, but to no avail.
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) fāˈida. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: faaideé
faaideé.
falaankí [falaaŋkí, pʰalaaŋkí] ‫فلانکی‬.
ْ
adj.inv. a certain (unnamed) person; so andso. maníitu ki falaankí zhayí zanɡalí ba tabhíi.. He
thíi putríi niṣaanaát tu the maalúm bhíi
told her to go to such and such a place inthe forest and that she would find signs ofher son. falaaní deesá na theeṇḍeéu
theeṇḍeéu.. Itshould not be done on such and such aday. Variant: falaanífalaaní. Comp: Pashto (Persian)
54

fuúṇ

ɡáaḍu

(English) flight. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
fuúṇ [fuúɳ] ‫فُوݨ‬. n.fem. telephone. Variant:ṭiliphúṇ. Comp: (English) phone.
ṭiliphúṇ
 fuúṇ thíi [fuúɳ ʈʰíi] v.tr:cjt.ninc. tophone. c̣hatróola the bi fuúṇ thíili de.
de. I alsophoned to Chitral. Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv.

ɡɡa [ɡa] ‫گہ‬. det:ind. any; what, which. asíiɡhooṣṭa šíiṭi ma seé hínu.
hínu. I was asleep
inside the house where you and I are
sitting. aṛé íṇc̣a ǰhulí ɡa hínu eeṛó míišee
míišee.. It
is the man that is sitting on that bear?
eenú.. The one who is hereaníiwee ɡa hínu eenú
is him. so ɡiḍúuču paalaawaáṇ so yambaáṭ
maní.. Theɡa ɡhiní bíi de eesó na ṣandílu maníDameli man who was carrying themillstone apparently lost heart. See: ɡubáa‘what’; ɡóo ‘where’.
 ɡa bi na ‫گہ بی نہ‬. nothing at all,ْ
nothing else. ma ɡa bi na ǰhaanéeniǰhaanéeni.. I don’tknow of anything else. See: ɡaláː ɡa ɡalá
‘whatever’.
ɡaaḍbáabu [ɡaaɖbáabu] ‫گاڈباب ْو‬. n.masc.
father’s older brother. teeṇíi pitrí the
manáana..
paaluulaá ɡaaḍbáabu lhookbáabu manáana
In Palula we address our own uncles asɡaaḍbáabu [“big father”] and lhookbáabu[“small father”]. Variant: ɡaaḍubáabu(Biori,also
forpaternal/maternal
grandfather). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:ɡaaḍbáaba.
ɡaaḍbáaba
ɡáaḍu [ɡáaɖu] ‫گاڈ ْو‬. adj. big, large; grown,old; great. ɡáaḍu kučúru ta ǰheení
bhaašáanu,, lhoóku kučúru ba ɡúčibhaašáanu
bhaašáanu.. A big dog barks because ofbhaašáanu
recognition, but the small dog barks foranǰumaníi ɡa baaqaaída daftár na heensílide. Our society has not had any regular
office. nu ba ɡa qísmii kuṇaák
kuṇaák.. What kind ofboy is he? rooṭaá kateeṇú míiš
míiš,, ɡa ranɡíi
míiš.. What kind of man is Rota, and of
míiš
what complexion? ɡa rištá xu hóonsa
hóonsa..
There is no relationship [with them].
šay.. I do notbuǰáanu ba na ki nu ɡa šay
understand what this thing is. ɡhooṣṭíi
maaliká díi khooǰaáanu ki dáar ɡa ṣiṣtám ki
samúum.. He asks the owner which type ofsamúumdoor he should make. thíi ɡa xiaál híni
híni..
What is your opinion? ǰalaalíi čúur putráde,, tasíi ɡa dhií ba na heensíli dede..
heensíla deJalal had four sons, but he did not have any
daughters. Etym: kim ‘what? why?
(interrogative particle)’ (T: 3164).
— pron:ind. 1) what; anything. neečíir beláadu..
zanɡalí pharé ɡirí ɡirí taním ɡa na láadu
They went hunting in the forest and werewalking around, but they did not findanything. be tu the ɡa na manáana
manáana.. We will
not tell you anything. báaba the ɡa na
thíilu.. You did nothing for your father. nu
thíiluǰhaanáanu.. This
lhoóku kuṇaák nu ba ɡa ǰhaanáanu
little boy, what does he know? 2) that,
who; where. máaee tu ɡa bheší hína eení55

ɡabarúuṭ

ɡalá

nothing. aṛé dhuyáama ǰéeli pahúrta ba seɡéeḍi čhéeli heesóoba ki yhéendi.
yhéendi. When it
has given birth a second time, it becomesequal in size to a grown she-goat. ǰaanɡúlde,, míi ɡaawaṇḍí
ɡaawaṇḍí.. Jan Gulba áak ɡáaḍu míiš dewas an old man and my neighbour. áak
zamindaár míišii c̣híitra wée áak ɡáaḍu laṛúbhílu.. A big pumpkin grew on a farmer’sbhílu
field. ɡéeḍi baát náini
náini.. It is not a big issue.
de.. Last yearpáar bíiḍi ɡéeḍi ɡhuumaál díti dethere was a really big earthquake. ɡáaḍa
hínana,, eesé qabiileém sanɡíɡáaḍa qabiileé hínatha.. There are very large tribes there
rištá thathat you should make relationships with.
tíi ba andáa thíilu ki áak ɡáaḍu míišmheerílu.. This is what he did: he killed amheerílu
great person. čhéelii faaidá bi bíiḍu ɡáaḍuɡáaḍu,,
kaṛaáwziaát.. There are really greatkaṛaáw bi bíiḍu ziaát
benefits from having goats, but there isalso a great deal of effort. bíiḍu ɡáaḍu teséede.. Great was his power (Biori).
dabdabá deSee: ɡháanu ‘large’. Fem agr: ɡéeḍiɡéeḍi.
— n.masc. adult; grown up man; elder. sotháanu.. He is imitatingɡáaḍam díi náqal tháanu
the adults. so ɡáaḍamii adáb tháanu
tháanu.. He is
showing his elders respect. Etym: ɡāḍha‘dived into; pressed together, thick, firm’(T: 4118). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ɡáaḍaɡáaḍa.
ɡabarúuṭ [ɡabarúuʈ] ‫گبروٹ‬ُ . n.masc:pn.
Gabarut (ancestor of the Gabarote clan).
putróom.. It
islaám ba aṭíli híni ɡabarúuṭii putróom
was Gabarut’s sons who brought Islam.
ɡaḍíi [ɡaɖíi] ‫گڈی‬. v.tr. to take away; takeout, dig out, extract; take off. bhešaá tasíide.. After putting him [thepaaṇṭí ɡaḍíi dechild] down, he took off his clothes. báaba
ba yákdam bhíiru mheerí tasíi púustu ɡaḍíṣaawóolu.. The father killed aso púustu tas ṣaawóolu
he-goat and skinned it, then he put theskin on him [his son]. dúu deesíi pas ba míi
díti.. Two days later I
waarlís ɡaḍí tanaám díti
dug out a mobile phone and gave it tothem. maačís ɡaḍí tasíi laméeṭi anɡóoruḍheewílu.. He took outṣaawóolu ta so uḍheewílu
matches, put fire to it’s [the monkey’s] tail,and it fled. thíi čúur dáanda pac̣halíila hína
hína,,
ɡaḍeeṇḍeéu.. Four of your teeth aretanaám ɡaḍeeṇḍeéu
rotten; they need to be extracted. Variant:ɡhaḍíi (Biori). Etym: *ɡaḍḍhati ‘pulls’ (T.
3985). Prdm: L:e. Prs: ɡaḍáanu
ɡaḍáanu. Pfv: ɡaḍílu
ɡaḍílu.
Cv: ɡaḍí
ɡaḍí.
ɡalá [ɡalá] ‫گلہ‬. disc. ever; else. Usage: Forms
adverbial or pronominal compound withpreceding indefinite pronoun or adverb.
 ɡa ɡalá ‫گہ گلہ‬. whatever. ma róota ɡaɡalá ṭeemíi yhaí ma tu the ṭaakúum seentá
báaya.. At whatevertu nikhá ta kráama the báaya
time during the night that I come, you
should get out when I call, and we will go
to work.
 ɡubáa ɡalá ‫گلہ‬‫ ُگبا‬. whatever,everything. tíi ɡubáa ɡalá khóolu heentáde.. He was vomiting everything hečháaḍa dehad eaten.
 kareé ɡalá ‫کرے گلہ‬. when, whenever;as. kareé ɡalá so umaraaxaán yhóolu ta míi
thíili.. When Umar
se dóoda tas the salaám thíili
Khan came, then my grandfather greeted
him. kareé ɡalá so buuḍíilu tata,, aní ṣiṣíi
púustu so mhaás lamiǰí ba whaí aníiwee díi
56ɡalaṭóok

ɡhaáu

ta páand na páaša de.
de. As he grew old, theskin on his head started hanging downfrom here so that he could not see theroad in front of him. kareé ɡalá hazrát
iisaaleehisalaám eesé páanda pharé baáanu
pašáanu.. As Lord Isa, on
ta so áak kakaríi pašáanu
whom be peace, walks along that road, hesees a skull.
 katí ɡalá ‫کتی گلہ‬. as many as; thatْmany.
 kií ɡalá ‫کی گلہ‬. whoever, anybody.
aní íṇc̣a sanɡí mháala kií ɡalá ɡhašíli
heentá,, ma tas the páanǰ sóo rupeé baxšíš
heentá
dáanu.. I will reward anybody with 500
dáanu
rupees who is ready to wrestle with thisbear.
 kíiwee ɡalá ‫گلہ‬‫کیوے‬. wherever.
Variant: ɡalé (Biori).
ɡalaṭóok [ɡalaʈóok] ‫گلٹوک‬. n.masc:pn.
Kalkatak (partly Palula-speaking village
south of Drosh, situated in the main
Chitral Valley). Variant: ɡalaṭáak (Biori).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
ɡalíi [ɡalíi] ‫گلی‬. v.tr. to throw, lay, put;leave. qileé šíiṭi ačí ba buṭheé the halóol
the,, halóol the ṣiṣá áaspara wée ɡeéla
ɡeéla.. Theytheentered the fort, cut off all their heads,
and threw them into the Aspar. čauratsíɡalíi.. He will put planks onǰhulí ba bhíta ɡalíi
top of the beam. so darwoozá kaná wée ɡalínikháatu.. He came out with thedharándi nikháatu
door laid on his shoulder. ma tu raáǰa desanɡí.. I will leaveɡhaṇḍí ɡaláanu aní muṭá sanɡí
you tied with a rope to this tree. Morph:ɡalé--, ɡeél
ɡeél--. Etym: *ɡhalyati ‘pours’ (T:ɡalé4457). Prdm: T. Prs: ɡaláanu.
ɡaláanu Pfv: ɡeélu,
ɡeélu, ɡaílu,
ɡaílu,
ɡeeílu. Cv: ɡalí.
ɡeeíluɡalí Imp: ɡalá.
ɡaláɡaṭíi [ɡaʈíi] ‫گٹی‬. v.tr. to win, defeat,conquer; earn, obtain. uxiaár xálakɡaṭáana.. Wise people
askóona ǰhulí duniaá ɡaṭáana
obtain the world with ease. dúi ta ɡɡaṭílu
aṭíluáak ḍaakuaanóomii qilaá tíi na ɡaṭáabhóolu.. He conquered all except one of thebhóoluthieves’ forts. baačaá ɡhareé šart ɡaṭíli
ɡaṭíli.. The
king once more won the bet. so šóo paiseéde.. He was earning good money.
ɡaṭíi deMorph: ɡaṭéɡaṭé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: ɡaṭáanu
ɡaṭáanu. Pfv:
ɡaṭílu. Cv: ɡaṭíɡaṭí.
ɡaṭíluɡéeḍi [ɡéeɖi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫گیڈ‬. big (fem). See main
entry: ɡáaḍuɡáaḍu.
ɡeélu [ɡeélo] ‫گیل ْو‬. threw (masc sg). See
main entry: ɡalíi
ɡalíi. Variant: ɡaílu
ɡaílu,, ɡeeílu
ɡeeílu.
ɡháanu [ɡháanu] ‫گھان ْو‬. adj. large, big. seɡhéenidúi kaalá the bíiḍi ɡhé
eni bhe bíiḍi šuí bheǰaéeni.. The next year it [the she-goat] willǰaéenigrow large and will give birth easily.
Morph: ɡhan
ɡhan--. Etym: ɡhaná- ‘compact, firm,
dense; densely filled, deep (of sound orcolour)’ (T: 4424). Fem agr: ɡhéeni
ɡhéeni.
ɡhaáu [ɡʰaáw] ‫گھاؤ‬. n.fem. cow. díiša ta
de..
xeeraát de šoorúṇḍii ba ɡhaáu phus deEverything is fine in the village but theorphan’s cow is gone. har insaán teeṇíi
ǰhaanáanu.. Every personɣooǰulii ɡhaáu šóo ǰhaanáanu
knows the cow in his own stall best.
teeṇíilameeṭičhinilí ɡhaáu teeṇíi phúta na urbháa
bhaéeni.. A tail-less cow cannot drive away
bhaéenithe flies. Variant: ɡháu (Biori). Etym: ɡāvī‘cow (fem)’ (T: 4147). Prdm: i-decl. Pl: ɡheeí
ɡheeí,,
ɡhaí.
ɡhaí
57

ɡhaawaáz
ɡhaawaáz [ɡhaawaáz]ɡhiíṛ‫گھاواز‬. n.masc.

ɡhaṇḍí sóona dúši ɡúum hínu.
hínu. Katamoshtied the bread to his back and set out tothe high pastures. tíi ǰaadú the maɡhaṇḍílu.. He put a spell on me. maɡhaṇḍílu
hínu.. I’m under a spell. Morph:ɡhaṇḍílu hínuɡhaṇḍé--. Etym: ɡrantháyati ‘ties’ (T: 4353).
ɡhaṇḍé
Prdm: L:e. Prs: ɡhaṇḍáanu
ɡhaṇḍáanu. Pfv: ɡhaṇḍílu
ɡhaṇḍílu. Cv:
ɡhaṇḍí.
ɡhaṇḍí ɡhaṇḍáaṭu ‫گھنڈاٹ ْو‬. n.masc. magician.
ɡhašíi [ɡhaɕíi] ‫گھشی‬. v.tr. to catch, take;hold. uṭikí ba aṛasíi ǰanɡibaazxaaníi ṣiṣá
ɡhašíli.. He jumped and caught
wée ɡhašíli
Jangibaz Khan by his hair. se zariṇíi dhiíɡíia.. They captured Zarin’sɡhaší ɡhiní ɡíiadaughter and went back. mafruúr ɡhaší míi
hínu.. I got a certificatesarṭifikéṭ ɡhíinu hínu
after catching a fugitive. míi se preṣíi sede.. The brothers of mybhraawú ma ɡhašíin demother-in-law were holding me. Morph:ɡhašé--. See: mháala ɡhašíi ‘to wrestle’. Etym:ɡhašéɡhárṣati ‘rubs; rubs oneself’ (T: 4450).
Prdm: L:e. Prs: ɡhašáanu
ɡhašáanu. Pfv: ɡhašílu
ɡhašílu. Cv:
ɡhaší.
ɡhaší
ɡhéeni [ɡhéeni] ‫گھینی‬ْ . large (fem). See
main entry: ɡháanu
ɡháanu.
ِ . took, bought (mascɡhíinu [ɡhíino] ‫گھین ْو‬sg). See main entry: ɡhína
ɡhína.
ِɡhiíṛ [ɡhiíɽ] ‫گھیڑ‬. n.masc. ghee; semi-liquidbutter (used for cooking). índa tu bíiḍu
hínu,, sóona be tu čhoót
čhoót,, ɡhiíṛɡhiíṛ,, otrokíilu hínu
bhakulíiṛ.. Here you havečoónɡ kha ta bhakulíiṛ
become very thin. In the high pasture you
eat cheese and butter and become fat. ṣiṣáheentá,, teeṇíi na
wée ɡhiíṛ bi bilaá uṛíitu heentábháanu.. Even if you melt ghee and pour itbháanustream bed. huṇḍ ta c̣híitree bhun ba
ɡhaawaázɡhaawaáz de síɡal.
síɡal. Up above was the field,
and down below was the stream bed, withsand. ɡhaawazá díi pilaá aṭainiíaṭainií.. to take sb
to the stream and let him drink Variant:weeɡál (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:ɡhaawazá.
ɡhaawazáɡhaḍeeró [ɡhaɖeeɾó, ɡaɖheeɾó] ‫گھڈیر ْو‬.
adj. older. ɡhúuṛa ǰhulí čhub bhe míi dóodo
hínu,, rooṭaá ba piaadá keéki míi dóodu
hínu
de.. My grandfather was riding onɡhaḍeeró dea horse, but Rota came by foot, since mygrandfather was older. Variant: ɡaḍheeróɡaḍheeró;ɡhaḍeerú (Biori). Etym: ɡāḍhatara- ‘more
intense; more closely packed’ (T: 4119).
Fem agr: ɡhaḍeerí
ɡhaḍeerí.
— n.masc. elder; older one. ɡhaḍeerá mánade.. The older
thíilu xu so áa hóola toolíi eé de[brother] warned him, but he kept
measuring. kií ɡhaḍeeráii baát káaṇ naheentá
eentá,, čeeméeri ɡoolíi wíi piláanu
piláanu..
thíili heentá
The one who doesn’t listen to the words ofthe elder is drinking water from an ironstream. ɣolaamseéd malák thaní lanaámde.. There was an eldermaǰí ɡhaḍeeró deamong them whose name was Ghulam
Sayd. Prdm: ee-decl. Obl: ɡhaḍeerá
ɡhaḍeerá. Pl:ɡhaḍeereé.
ɡhaḍeereéɡhambúri [ɡhambúri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫گھمبر‬ُ . n.fem.
flower. Restrict: B. See: pišíik
pišíik. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
ɡhaṇḍíi [ɡhaɳɖíi] ‫گھنڈی‬. v.tr. to fasten,tie. áak ḍhínɡara ṣaá ɡhaṇḍílu
ɡhaṇḍílu.. They tied
him to a log. kaṭamúš ṭíki ḍóoḍóokaka pharé58

ɡhínaɡhoóṣṭ

over his head, he’ll still not be yours. eetás
matílu seentá tasíi bi ɡhiíṛ bháanu.
bháanu. Whenthat has been churned, it becomes butter.
Etym: ɡhr̥tá- ‘fluid grease, clarified butter
or ghee (neut)’ (T: 4501). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -á.
ِ . v.tr. to take, get, seize;ɡhína [ɡhína] ‫گھنہ‬buy. rhootašíia anú watán asaám díi
ɡhínan.. Tomorrow they may take this land
ɡhínanfrom us. yhaí tasíi háatii ɡhaší ḍúkura šíiṭi
hína.. Having come there,the ɡhiní ɡíia hínathey took his hand and brought him inside
the hut. míi beenkíi qarzá ɡhíinu
ɡhíinu.. I took aloan from the bank. laním eeṛé riwaayátɡiḍúučam
híni.. They got thisɡiḍúuča
m díi ɡhíini híni
tradition from the Dameli people. eesó
ɡhíinu.. He came up
ukhaí áak ɡúu ta ma díi ɡhíinu[to my house] and got/bought an ox fromme. dúi aṛó ta míi ɡhíinu
ɡhíinu,, watán ta míi
ɡhíinu,, ḍaakuaanóomii qilaá ba ma na
ɡhíinuɡhináaa bhaáanu
bhaáanu.. I seized the other parts ofɡhiná
the country; only this thieves’ fort was I
not able to take. kúṛi táru hooṭalwaalá theɡhíinu.. The woman
peeseé de šúmu ɡhíinu
immediately bought the parrot from thehotel owner. Morph: ɡhínɡhín--, ɡhíin
ɡhíin--. Variant:ɡhínee (Biori). Etym: ɡr̥hṇāt́ i ‘takes, seizes;ɡhínbuys’ (T: 4236). Prdm: T. Prs: ɡhináanu
ɡhináanu. Pfv:
ɡhíinu. Cv: ɡhiní
ɡhiní. Imp: ɡhin
ɡhin.
ɡhíinuِɡhiní [ɡhiní] ‫ھنی‬ْ ‫گ‬. post. with, along with.
ǰíti.. I hit him on
míi so lawáṛ ɡhiní ḍóoka ǰe ǰítihis back with my stick. so padúš
padúšii čhaalá
wháandu.. He is coming after, alongɡhiní wháandu
with the goats. ma bhíiru ɡhiní thíi ɡhooṣṭá
yhúum.. I will come to your house along
the yhúumwith a he-goat. Restrict: With preceding
nominative nominal argument or an
accusative pro-form. See: ɡhína ‘to take,buy’.
ِ . adv.tm. again, back;ɡhireé [ɡhireé] ‫گھرے‬after that, next time. ɡhireé pašíia
pašíia.. We’ll
meet again. ɡúum wáandu waxt ɡhireé nayháandu.. The time that has gone byyháandudoesn’t come back. ɡhareé na maná
maná,, ma tu
mhaarúum.. Don’t say that again, or I willmhaarúum
kill you. dhrakílu tata,, ɡhireé anɡreezaanóom
thíilu.. He pulled [the rope], but
qabúl na thíilu
again the British would not accept it.
thíia.. We
baaqimaandá kráam be ɡhareé thíia
will carry out the remaining work next
time. Variant: ɡhareéɡhareé.
ɡhoós
ɡhoós [ɡhoós] ‫گھوس‬. n.masc:pn. Ghos
(previously Palula-speaking village a few
kilometres east of Drosh). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl: -á.
ɡhoóṣṭ [ɡhoóʂʈ] ‫گھوݜٹ‬. n.masc. house,home. míi ɡhoóṣṭ lookúṛi hínu
hínu.. I live in
Lokuri. eesé waqtíi peeɣambár har deéstasíide.. The prophet of thattasíi ɡhooṣṭá the bíi detime went visiting him every day. be teeṇíi
khonḍáana.. Weɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi teeṇíi čoolaá khonḍáana
speak our own language in our homes.
eesó ɡhoóṣṭ purá bhílii pahúrta maaliká thebaáanu.. When the work on
hawaalá de ba baáanu
the house is completed, he [the carpenter]hands it over to the owner to live in. xapábha,, típa bharíiwii ɡhoóṣṭ thíi asílna bhaɡhoóṣṭ.. Do not be upset, now yourɡhoóṣṭ
husband’s house is your real home. Etym:ɡōṣṭhá- ‘cow-house; meeting place (masc)’
59ɡhraást

ɡhueeṇíi
́ a- ‘troop, village’ (T: 4368).
ɡrāmɡhuaaṇaá [ɡwhaaɳaá, uɡhaaɳaá] ‫گھواݨا‬.
n.masc. Pashto (language). se ba ɡhuaaṇaá
khoṇḍáana,, aré ba ɡokhaá khoṇḍáana
khoṇḍáana.. Theykhoṇḍáana
speak Pashto, and those [other] ones speak
Khowar. See: ɡhueeṇíi ‘Pashtun’. Variant:uɡhaaṇaá (Biori).
ɡhuáaṛa [ɡwháaɽa, uɡháaɽa] ‫گھ ْواڑہ‬. v.intr.
to boil. wíi ziaát ttapiǰílu
heentá,, ɡhuaṛáanu
ɡhuaṛáanu..
apiǰílu heentá
If the water becomes very hot, it will boil.
Morph: ɡhuáṛɡhuáṛ--. See: ɡhuaṛóo ‘to boil
(something)’. Variant: uɡháaṛe (Biori).
Etym: udɡhr̥ta- ‘lifts up’ (T: 1971). Prdm:
L:cons. Prs: ɡhuaṛáanu
ɡhuaṛáanu. Pfv: ɡhuarílu
ɡhuarílu. Cv:
ɡhuaṛí.
ɡhuaṛí
ɡhuaṛóo
ɡhuaṛóo [ɡwhaɽóo, uɡhaɽóo] ‫گھ ْوڑو‬. v.tr. toboil sth. tíi čay samainií dapáara wíiɡhuaṛóolu.. She boiled water for making
ɡhuaṛóolu
tea. Morph: ɡhuáṛɡhuáṛ--á-. See: ɡhuáaṛa ‘to boil
(by itself)’. Variant: uɡhaṛúu (Biori). Prdm:
L:a. Prs: ɡhuaṛaáanuɡhuaṛaáanu. Pfv: ɡhuaṛó
ɡhuaṛóolu
olu. Cv:oluɡhuaṛaá.
ɡhuaṛaáɡhueeṇíi [ɡwheeɳíi, uɡheeɳíi] ‫گھویݨی‬.
n.masc. Pashtun (person). ɡhueeṇíiam
hína.. The
maníitu ki ni zinaawúr xálaka hína
Pashtuns said, “These are very wild
people.” ɡhueeṇíiamii laxkár ɡíiɡíi.. The
Pashtun army left. se ta andáa bhede,, ɡhueeṇíia andáa beɡhueeṇíia mhaaríin dede.. They [the people oftanaám mhaaríin de
Ashret] used to come and kill the
Pashtuns, and the Pashtuns used to comeand kill them. See: ɡhuaaṇaá ‘Pashto’.
Variant: uɡheeṇíi (Biori). Comp: (Persian)afɡhānī. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.

(T: 4336). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
ɡhraást [ɡrhaást] ‫گھراست‬. n.masc. wolf (orpredatory animal in general). na zinaawuráde..
tas the asár thíili de na ɡhrastá thíili de
Neither wild animals nor wolves had
touched it. kharíi ɡhrastá paší ac̣híiniirainií.. The donkey shuts his eyes whenniirainiíseeing the wolf. Morph: ɡhrastɡhrast--. Variant:ɡhrast (Biori). Etym: ɡrastr̥- ‘swallower (ofsun and moon) (masc)’ (T: 4362). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: ɡhrastáɡhrastá.
ɡhreéṇḍ [ɡrheéɳɖ] ‫گھرینڈ‬. n.fem. knot.
Etym: ɡranthí- ‘knot, bunch, protuberance;
joint; swelling or hardening of the vesselsof the body’ (T: 4354). Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
ɡhroók [ɡrhoók] ‫گھروک‬. n.masc. worm.
Variant: ɡhroónk (Biori). Etym: ɡavēdhuka‘a kind of snake (masc)’ (T: 4104, 14442).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
ɡhróom [ɡrhóom] ‫گھروم‬. n.masc. village;
permanent settlement (in contrast withsóon ‘summer pasture’). eetáai wheelí
phedóolu.. We brought him from
ɡhróoma phedóolu
there down to the village. inšaalaáhheentá
tá,, ɡhróomaheeṇṣúka paás bhíla heentá
wháaya.. If we, God willing, passiskuulí the wháaya
this year, we will come down to the village
school. míi tróo ɡhróoma mheerílamheeríla.. I killed[the people of] three villages. malikc̣heétr
hínu..
thaní ɡhróoma the nhiáaṛa áak c̣híitr hínu
There is a field called Malikchetr close to
the village. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
— n.masc:pn. Ashret proper, also atshareétxaás. See: díiš
díiš. Variant: ɡhráam (Biori). Etym:
xaás
60ɡhuumaálɡhuumaál [ɡhuumaál]

ɡiraá‫ ُگھومال‬. n.fem.

ɡíi [ɡíi] ‫گی‬. went (fem sg). See main entry:

earthquake. páar bíiḍi ɡéeḍi ɡhuumaál díti
de. Last year there was a really big
earthquake. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: ɡhuumeelíɡhuumeelí.
ɡhúuṛi [ɡhúuɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُگھوڑ‬. n.fem. mare. See:ɡhúuṛu ‘horse (generic)’. Etym: ɡhōṭa‘horse’ (T: 4516). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
ُ . n.masc. horseɡhúuṛu [ɡhúuɽo] ‫گھوڑ ْو‬(generic), stallion. ɡhúuṛa ǰhulí bheší dúi
ɡíia.. They went to anotherwataní the ɡíiacountry riding on a horse. kúṛi teeṇíi
ineetí
nuuṭóolu.. The
ɡhúuṛu deec̣hine
etí ḍáḍi nuuṭóolu
woman turned her hose toward the left.
hínu,,
ɡhúuṛa ǰhulí čhub bhe míi dóodo hínurooṭaá ba piaadá keéki míi dóodu ɡhaḍeeró
de. My grandfather was riding on a horse,
but Rota came by foot, since mygrandfather was older. See: ɡhúuṛi ‘mare’.
Etym: ɡhōṭa- ‘horse’ (T: 4516). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: ɡhúuṛa
ɡhúuṛa.
ِ . n.masc. Damel (valley inɡiḍɡiḍ [ɡiɖ] ‫گڈ‬
southern Chitral). kaaṭarɡhaá ɡiḍá thenóo.. The gorgebaáanu eeṛé dhrúukii nóo
through which one goes to the Damel
Valley is called Katargha. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl: -á.
ِ . n.masc. Dameli (the ɡiḍoočaá ‫گڈوچا‬language spoken in Damel Valley).
ِ . n.masc. the ɡiḍpeeštaán ‫گڈ پیشتان‬Damel Pass.
ُ ‫ ِگ‬. adj. from Damel, of ɡiḍúuču ‫ڈوچ ْو‬
Damel. tíi ɡiḍúuči kúṛi dawéeli
dawéeli.. He marrieda Dameli woman. Prdm: Reg. Fem: ɡiḍúuči
ɡiḍúuči.
— n.masc. man from Damel. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: ɡiḍúuča
ɡiḍúuča.

bíi.
bíi Variant: ɡéi (Biori).

ِ . went (pl). See main entry:ɡíia [ɡíja, ɡíia] ‫گیہ‬bíi.
bíi Variant: ɡía;ɡía ɡéa,ɡéa, ɡéeaɡéea (Biori).
ِɡiír [ɡiír] ‫گیر‬. n.masc. saw. Variant: ɡir(Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
ِ . n.masc. glass (drinking
ɡilaás [ɡilaás] ‫گلاس‬vessel). tíi ɡilaás ḍhiáp puurílu
puurílu.. He filled up
the glass. Comp: Urdu (English) ɡilās. Prdm:
i-decl. Pl: ɡileesí
ileesí.
ِ . v.intr. to turn around; turnɡíra [ɡíra] ‫گرہ‬
into; walk (around); run. ɡir. Turn around!
ɡirainií.. It is life turning into
zindaɡí čhíi ɡirainiíashes. kúṛi ooraán bhíli heentá
heentá,, ṭhaaṭéeki
ɡiréeni.. If a woman becomes unclean, sheɡiréeniturns into a witch. so teeṇíi kúṛii maxadúši
ɡirílu.. He turned into a sheep in
wée yíiṛu ɡirílu
front of his own wife. neečíir be zanɡalíláadu.. They
pharé ɡirí ɡirí taním ɡa na láadu
went hunting in the forest and werewalking around, but they didn’t findanything. ma teeṇíi doóst ɡhiní baazóora
ɡirílu.. I took my friend for a walk in the
ɡirílubazaar. ǰarneeṭár ɡirílu seentá táai díi biǰlí
bhéeni.. When the generator runs,
paidóo bhéeni
electricity comes out of it. Morph: ɡir
ɡir--.
Variant: ɡíre (Biori). Etym: *ɡhir- ‘go round’(T: 4474). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: ɡiráanu
ɡiráanu. Pfv:
ɡirílu. Cv: ɡirí
ɡirí.
ɡiríluِ . adv.sp. towards, inɡiraá [ɡiraá] ‫گرا‬direction of. phoó patú ɡiraá dac̣híim
dac̣híim áa dandá patú haát čulaíim
hínu.. The boy keptac̣híiam díi fanaá bhílu hínu
looking back and disappeared behind aridge, still waving his hand. ma ba patú
61

ɡíri

ɡubáa

ɡiraá yhóolu.
yhóolu. I came back. kaṭamúš muṣṭú
ɡiraá ɡúum hínu.
hínu. Katamosh continued
ahead. karáaṛu aǰá ɡiraá utrapílu hínu
hínu.. The
leopard ran away uphill. huṇḍ ɡiraá
dac̣híin ta iṇc̣ muṭíi phúṭi ǰhulí bheší áaṇc̣akhiáanu.. They looked up and there was the
khiáanu
bear sitting in the top of the bush eatingrasberries. palíi áak ṭómba patú pharé beba phará ɡiraá dac̣háanu ta ki le kíiwee hínathaní.. Hiding behind a tree trunk, I went
thaní
forward and looked ahead to see where
they were. Restrict: Following spatial
adverbs(relational
nouns)
ordemonstratives to form pharases orcompounds with directional meaning.
— adv.tm. since. ma ṣo kaalíi nii
nii==ɡiraá
dukaandaár.. I have been a shopkeeper for
dukaandaár
six years. Variant: ɡiróo
ɡiróo; ɡiraák
ɡiraák.
ِɡíri [ɡíri] ‫ی‬
‫ر‬
‫گ‬
.
n.fem.
rock.
ɡírii dhiaáṛ ráalْnaméeni.. The heap of rocks isbhéeniee naméeni
rising and sinking. eeteeṇú síɡal maidóon
maidóon eetiitíiti ɡirɡiríini hínim ki láxai
híni.. It is a fieldɡhooṣṭá sséemiéemi ɡirɡiríini híniwith sand and rocks as big as houses. Prdm:
Irr. Pl: ɡirɡiríini
ɡirɡiríini.
ɡokhíi [ɡokʰíi] ‫گ ْوکھی‬. adj.inv. Chitrali(person, people). so ɡokhíi xálaka tanɡayíi
de. He was troubling the Chitralis. míi kúṛiheentáá, ma keé ɡokhaá khoṇḍáanu
khoṇḍáanu..
ɡokhíi heent
Why would I speak Khowar just because
my wife were Chitrali.
— n.masc. Chitrali man, Khowar speaker,
Kho person. ɡokhíia asaám the ḍánɡarik
thanáana.. The Chitralis call us Dangarik.
thanáana
See: ɡokhaá ‘Khowar (the Chitrali

language)’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ɡóo1 [ɡóo] ‫گو‬. adv.sp:ind. where,
somewhere. ma ɡóoɡóo==the béem
béem.. Where
would I go? táa yhaí ba ɡóo hínu bhraapútr
thaníitu.. He came and asked, “Where is it
thaníitu[the bear], my nephew?” See: kíi ‘whither’.
Variant: ɡúɡúuu (Biori). Etym: kúha ‘where?’ (T:3384).
 ɡóo bi na ‫گو بی نہ‬. nowhere. tu díi maْlhéesti.. Nowhere am I safe fromɡóo bi na lhéestiyou.
 ɡóoi [ɡóoj] ‫گوئی‬. adv.sp:ind. from where.
ْyhóolu.. Where did you comeɡóoi thíi yhóolu
from? tus ɡóoi
ɡóoi.. Where are you from?
Variant: ɡóyeeɡóyee.
ɡóo2 [ɡóo] ‫گو‬. adv.sent. maybe, perhaps.
heentá,, šanákakuaakooṛá the zueení yhéeli heentáphúuṭa..
pharé bhraáš ɡiráanu ki ɡóo bheénš phúuṭa
When the chicken comes of age, he will
move slowly along the roof thinking abeam may break. asíi xiaál ki ɡóo mheerílu
khóolu.. We thought that he mayheentá khóolu
have been killed and eaten. ɡhareé ɡóo
thíia.. We’ll do it another time.
thíia
ɡookhúr [ɡookʰúr] ‫گوکُھر‬. n.masc. cattle.
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
 ɡookhurmeé ‫گوکُھر مے‬. n.fem. bovine
marrow.
ɡoór [ɡoór] ‫گور‬. n.fem. grave. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) ɡor. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ɡraán [ɡraán] ‫گران‬. adj.inv. expensive.
Variant: ɡiraán
ɡiraán. Comp: Pashto (Persian)ɡrān.
ُ . pron:ind. what. ma ta
ɡubáa [ɡubáa] ‫گبا‬ɡubáa,, tu ba ɡubáa
ɡubáa.. What about me and
ɡubáa
62

ɡúči

ɣoṛ

what about you? ma tu the ɡubáa aṭúum.
aṭúum.
What should I bring you? thíi ṣiṣá ǰhulí ba
hínu.. What have you got on yourɡubáa hínu
head? índa míi bakáara ɡubáa khóon
khóon,,
máaran.. What would myhúluka ba láa máaran
flock eat here? They would die there in theheat. tu ɡubáa bhílu
bhílu.. What happened toyou? See: ɡaláː ɡubáa ɡalá ‘whatever’.
Variant: báa
báa.
— pron:det. what, which; some. ɡubáa qisátháanu.. What story are you going to tell?
tháanudhríiṣṭu.. She saw
tíi wíia wée ɡubáa šay dhríiṣṭu
something in the water.
ɡúči [ɡútɕi] ‫چی‬ْ ‫ ُگ‬. adv.mann. freely; idle; fornothing. ɡúči bhešainií díi ṣóoii biɡaár šuíšuí..
It is better to slave at the king’s court thanto sit idle. ɡáaḍu kučúru ta ǰheení
bhaašáanu,, lhoóku kučúru ba ɡúčibhaašáanu
bhaašáanu.. A big dog barks because ofbhaašáanu

recognition, but the small dog barks fornothing.
ُ . n.masc.
ɡulsambér [ɡulsambér] ‫گلسمب ْیر‬small yellow flower growing in the forest.
ُ . n.masc. bull. Etym: ɡṓ- ‘oxɡúu [ɡúu] ‫گو‬
(masc), cow (fem)’ (T: 4255); ɡava- ‘cow orbull’ (T: 4093). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ɡúaɡúa.
ɡúuli [ɡúuli] ‫ولی‬ْ ‫ ُگ‬. n.fem. bread; food, meal.
díti..
tíi xálaka čhudaá ba tanaám the ɡúuli díti
He invited people and served them food.
bulaḍíla..
eeṛáai dapáara tanaám ɡúuli the bulaḍíla
For that reason they were invited for ameal. tíi ɡúuli maǰí záhar milóolu
milóolu.. He mixed
poison in the bread. dhúta lhóili ǰuaaríilide.. He had red maize bread in hisɡúuli demouth. Etym: ɡōla ‘ball’ (T: 4321, 14457).
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
ُ . went (masc sg). See mainɡúum [ɡúum] ‫گوم‬entry: bíibíi. Variant: ɡáu (Biori).

ɣɣaár [ɣaár] ‫غار‬. n.fem. (large) cave. haṛáa

(Persian/Arabic) ɡam. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.

ɣar [ɣar] ‫غر‬. n.fem. mountain, hill; mountaintáapeṛa ak tanɡ ɣaár híni.
híni. There in themountain is a narrow cave (Biori). Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) ɡār. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:ɣeerí.
ɣeeríɣáli [ɣáli] ‫غلی‬bha.. Be
ْ . adj.inv. silent. ɣáli bha
silent! so ɣáli bhe nikháatu
nikháatu.. He came out
silently. tsrap ɣáli bhílu
bhílu.. It became
completely silent. Comp: Pashto ɡhalaey.
ɣam [ɣam] ‫غم‬. n.masc. grief, sorrow. théebasáand nheeṛíilu seentá taníi ɣam bi ziaátde.. As the spring was approaching,bhíi detheir sorrow increased. Comp: Urdu

top. se ɣarí the asím tas phedóolu.
phedóolu. We
brought him up to the top. Comp: Pashto
ɡhar. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í. (Pl): ɣrúunaɣrúuna.
ɣaríb [ɣaríb, ɣaríib] ‫غرِب‬. adj.inv. poor.
— n.masc. poor (person). ma bíiḍu ɣaríb
ɣaríb,, mathe.. I am very poor, pleasesanɡí madád thehelp me (Biori)! Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ɡarīb.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aánaán.
ɣoṛ [ɣoɽ] ‫غ ْوڑ‬. adj.inv. greasy; oily. so báaṭɣoṛ de. The stone was greasy. Comp: Pashto
ɡhwarr.
63ɣúsulháaraɣúsul [ɣúsul] ‫غُسل‬. n.masc. bath. Comp:paaṇṭí ṣaá yha.
yha. Wash yourself, take a bath,put on new clothes, then come!
 ɣusulxaaná ‫خانہ‬‫غُسل‬. n.masc.
bathroom. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: ɣusulxaaneé
ɣusulxaaneé.

Urdu (Arabic) ɡusl.
 ɣúsul thíi‫غُسل تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. totake a bath. huǰút safaá the ɣusúl the néewihhaáḍ [haáɖ] ‫ہاڈ‬. n.masc. bone. Variant: haḍhaḍheard his story, she laughed saying, “Eatmy son! Not even their fathers will be able
to eat you.” Morph: hans
hans--. Variant: háanse
(Biori). Etym: hásati ‘laughs’ (T: 14021).
Prdm: L:cons. Prs: hansáanu
hansáanu. Pfv: hansílu
hansílu. Cv:
hansí.
hansí
haár [haár] ‫ہار‬. n.masc. defeat. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: haarhaaríí.
 haár díi ‫ہار دی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to defeat.
hínu.. Now istípa las haár dainií asíi mooqá hínu
our chance to defeat him.
háara [háara] ‫ہارہ‬. v.tr. to pull, take (sb orsth) [away], abduct, bring, move. aníhíṛi.. Who took this gun
toobaák ma díi kií híṛifrom me? har koó páanǰ anɡúṛim dhúta the
haráana.. Every person moves his fiveharáanafingers to his mouth [while eating]. ma aní
háarum.. I will take this woodšaaká ɡhooṣṭá háarum
to my house. anú eetheelúki duṣmaní de kihíṛizaríṇ duiimíi dhií niním híṛi de. The enmityof those days stemmed from themabducting Zarin the Second’s daughter.
asíi tu teeṇteeṇíi ɡhooṣṭóom the práaču
hareeṇḍeéu.. We should bring you to ourhareeṇḍeéu
homes as a guest. rhootašíia ǰhambréeṛi
ta.. In the morning it
harainií waxt yhóolu ta
was time to bring the bride [to thebridegroom’s home]. báaba tas ḍaakṭará

(Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: háaḍa.
háaḍaِhaakím [haakím] ‫حاکم‬. n.masc. ruler.
Variant: hakím (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Arabic)ḥākim. Obl: -á.
haál1 [haál] ‫ہال‬. n.masc. plough. Variant: hal(Biori). Etym: halá- ‘plough (masc.neut)’ (T:14000). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: halá
halá.
haál2 [haál] ‫ہال‬. n.masc. hall. Comp: Urdu
(English) hāl. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: heelí
heelí.
haál3 [haál] ‫حال‬. n.fem. condition. ɡa haálhíni.. How are you? Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
híni
ḥāl.
haalaát [haalaát] ‫حالات‬. n.fem. condition;
situation. Variant: haalát (Biori). Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) ḥālāt.
háanǰa [háaɲdʑa] ‫ہانجہ‬. host. Usage:
Exclusively used as a host element incomplex predicates.
 háanǰa díi ‫ہانجہ دی‬. v.tr:cjt:ninc. tocurse sb. na ta duaá thíilu na ba háanǰa díta
díta..
Neither did he pray, nor did he curse.
Restrict: Masc pl agr with host element in
pfv; postpositional object with thethe.
háansa [háansa] ‫ہانسہ‬. v.intr. to laugh.
kaṭamušíi méemi qisá ṣuṇí hansí ba maníitu
putr,, taníi báaba tu na kháai
hínu ki kha míi putrbhóon.. When Katamosh’s grandmother
bhóon
64

haát

hansóo hairaán bhíi

the híṛu.
híṛu. His father took him to the doctor.
Morph: harhar-, hiṛhiṛ-. Variant: háare (Biori).
Etym: hárati ‘carries, brings; takes away’ (T:13980); hr̥tá- ‘seized, taken away’ (T:14149). Prdm: T. Prs: haráanu
haráanu. Pfv: híṛuhíṛu. Cv:harí. Imp: háar
háar.
harí
haát [haát] ‫ہات‬. n.fem. hand. alaahtaalaá kilídíti,, ǰandrá ba míi háata dítu
dítu..
ta thíi háata díti
The Almighty has given the key to you, but
he has given me the lock. áak haát ɡhiní
ɡhiní,,
daiǰéeni.. You cannot clap withčóoḍ na daiǰéeni
only one hand. Variant: hat (Biori). Etym:
hásta- ‘hand (masc); forearm as measure oflength’ (T: 14024). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
háata.
háata
 haát díi ‫ہات دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to touch;agree to marry. taním šóo wée haát na díti
díti..
They did not touch the vegetables. tíi
díti.. She agreed toteeṇíi haát máathe dítimarry me. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement in pfv.
haazír [haazír] ‫حاضر‬. adj.inv. present (be).
bhílu.. He was present at
so ɡhooṣṭá haazír bhílu
home. haazír ǰenaábǰenaáb.. I’m here [at yourservice]. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ḥāẓir.
haftá [haftá] ‫ہفتہ‬. n.masc. week. ɡarmíi čuṭíde.. One weekthe áak haftá dharíitu deremained till the summer break. deesá teérbhíla,, hafteé yhóola
yhóola,, baát yúunam tthe
ɡíi..
bhíla
he ɡíiDays went by, weeks went by, and thenthey became months. Comp: Urdu (Persian)hafta. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: hafteé
hafteé.
hairaán [hajraán, heeraán] ‫حئران‬. adj.inv.
surprised. Variant: hairán
hairán. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) ḥairān.

‫حئران بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc.

to be surprised. thée ba hairaán bheheensíla de ta so maidóona wée nikhaí tas
ɡhašílu.. They were surprisedsanɡí mháala ɡhašílu
when he came down and started wrestlingwith it [the bear].
halóol [halóol] ‫ہلول‬. adj.inv. lawful; lawfullyslaughtered. anú mhaás halóol
halóol.. This meatis lawful. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Variant:haláal (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ḥalāl.
 halóol thíi ‫ہلول تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. toslaughter (lawfully). se čhéeli halóol thíili
thíili..
He slaughtered the goat. qileé šíiṭi ačí bathe,, halóol the ṣiṣábuṭheé the halóol theɡeéla.. They entered the fort,áaspara wée ɡeéla
slaughtered them all and threw theirheads into the Aspar.
hamál [hamál] ‫ہمل‬. n.masc. habit. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) ˈamal. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
hamlá [hamlá] ‫حملہ‬. n.masc. attack. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) ḥamla. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:
hamleé.
hamleé
 hamlá thíi ‫حملہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toattack. íṇc̣i nikhaí ba se íṇc̣i mulaáseeba
thíilu.. A she-bear came out andǰhulí hamlá thíilu
attacked Mullah Sahib. Restrict: Masc agrwith host element in pfv; postpositional
object with ǰhulí
ǰhulí.
hansóo [hansóo] ‫ہنسو‬. v.tr. to make sb
laugh. míi tas xáti the hansó
hansóolu.
olu. I madehim laugh as I tickled him. tíi ṭóoxa the sehansóola.. He made the people
xálaka bíiḍa hansóola
65haṇoó

heewaánd

laugh a lot when he told them a joke.
Morph: hanshans-á-. See: háansa ‘to laugh’.
Variant: hansúu (Biori).
haṇoó [haɳoó] ‫ہݨو‬. n.masc. egg. taním haṇehaṇeéé
ḍibisóola.. They knocked two eggs againstḍibisóola
each other [referring to a game played
during the Eid holidays]. Etym: āṇḍá- ‘egg
(neut); testicles; scrotum’ (T: 1111). Prdm:
ee-decl. Obl, Pl: haṇeé
haṇeé.
har [har] ‫ہر‬. det. every. har ɡuǰúr teeṇíi
ištikaáanu
kaáanu.. Every gujur praises hismheél išti
kaáanuown lassi [diluted curds]. har deés tasíide.. He visited his homeɡhooṣṭá the bíi deevery day. Comp: Urdu (Persian) har.
hawaalá [hawaalá] ‫حوالہ‬. host. Usage:
Exclusively used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) ḥawāla.
 hawaalá thíi [hawaalá tʰíi] ‫حوالہ تھی‬.
v.tr:cjt.inc. to hand over, place in sb’s
custody. baačaá wazíirii aqalmandí pašíthíili..
teeṇíi baačaí wazíira the hawaalá thíili
When the king saw the wisdom of his
prime minister, he handed over his
kingdom to him. teeṇíi lo phoó pirsaahibá
hína.. He placed his own
the hawaalá the hína
son in the custody of Pir Sahib (Biori).
Restrict: Postpositional object with thethe.
hazrát [hazrát] ‫حضرت‬. hon. Lord (esp. as areligious
title).
alaahtaalaá
hazrátthíilu.. God
iisaaleehisalaamíi duaá qabúl thíilu
Almighty accepted the prayer of Lord Isa,
on whom be peace. hazrát ba padúši nóode.. He was calledčhooriǰílu úmar tasíi nóo deLord later [when he became a Muslim]. Hisname was Umar. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) ḥaẓrat.
heentá [hẽẽtá] ‫ہینتہ‬. v:mod. would, might,
were. tu the aní čal pašawéeli de heentá
heentá,,míi aáǰ teeṇíi zaán kanáa the bač thíili deheentá.. If I had taught you that skill, howheentá
would I have been able to escape today?
heentá,,inšaalaáh heeṇṣúka paás bhíla heentá
wháaya.. If we, Godɡhróoma iskuulí the wháaya
willing, pass this year, we will come down
to the village school. aṛó míiš thíi khaṇíitu
heentá,, ma tu the bíiḍi inaám dúum
dúum..
ɡa heentá
Were you to hit this man, I would reward
you greatly. súuri na heentá
heentá,, insaaníi
bhíi.. If it weren’t for thezindaɡí bi xátum bhíisun, the life of man would be over. Variant:hínata,, heentá (Biori).
hínataheeṇṣúka [heeɳʂúka] ‫ہینݜُ کہ‬. adv.tm. thisyear. heeṇṣúka bíiḍu šid de. It has beenvery cold this year. heeṇṣúka ziaát mučí bade.. It rained much this year,
wíi ziaát bhílu deso there is plenty of water.
 heeṇṣukóoku ‫ہینݜُ کوک ْو‬.
adj.
this
year’s. heeṇṣukóoku kaál bíiḍu šidáalu dede..
This year has been very cold.
héeṛi [héeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ہیڑ‬. n.fem. duck. Etym: ātí- ‘anaquatic bird; Turdus ginginianus (fem)’ (T:1127). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
heewaánd [heewaánd] ‫ہیواند‬. n.masc.
winter. bakaraál heewandá díiš
díiš--a hansáanu
hansáanu..
The shepherd spends the winter in thevillage. pilíilu béeriṣa heewandíi dapáarathe,, xuraák ǰáma thíi dede.. The antmehnát thewas working hard during the summer togather food for the winter. Morph:66

hiimaál

hínu

heewandheewand-. Variant: heewaán;
heewaán heewán(Biori). Etym: hēmantá- ‘winter’ (T: 14164).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: heewandá
heewandá.
hiimaál [hiimaál, himaál] ‫ ِہیمال‬. n.fem.
glacier, packed snow; avalanche. béeriṣa
bháanu.. In thehiimaál biliǰí wíi ziaát bháanu
summer when the glacier melts, there isplenty of water. hiimaál čhinǰí asaám híṛahíṛa..
An avalanche struck and took us away.
Etym: *himacala- ‘avalanche’. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: hiimeelí
hiimeelí.
hiǰhiǰ [hiʑ] ‫ ِہج‬. adv.deg. at all. hiǰ ɡa xabaár
náini.. There is no news at all. hiǰ koó na
náini
de.. There was no-one there at all.
heensíla debhílu.. And nothing at
so míiš ta hiǰ ɡa bi na bhílu
all happened to the man. Usage:
Cooccurring with negator and often
prefixed to the indefinite pronoun that it
modifies. Comp: Pashto (Persian) hich.
hiǰrát [hidʑrát] ‫ ِہجرت‬. n.fem. migration.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) hijrat. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
 hiǰrát thíi ‫ ِہجرت تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tomigrate. ṣačí ba tíi taayúu hiǰrát thíili
thíili..
Because of the quarrelling, he migrated
from there [Biori). Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv.
hileéṛ [hileéɽ] ‫ ِہلیڑ‬. adj.inv. brave. so bíiḍu
maní.. He wasuxiaár óo hileéṛ de maníapparently very wise and brave.
hína1 [hína, hána] ‫ ِہنہ‬. v.cop. are (masc pl).
hína.. He is axaán míiš hínuee be ba úča hínaleader and we are very few. atshareetá wée

dúu qóoma hína.
hína. In Ashret there are twomain clans. asaám ǰhulí bíiḍa kráama hína.
hína.
We have much work to do. be akóoš qóoma
hína.. We are [made up of] eleven clans. See:hína
hínu ‘is (masc sg)’.
hína2 [hína, hána] ‫ ِہنہ‬. aux. Present tense
marker (masc pl). buṭheé be ǰáma bhíla
hína.. All came and gathered. áak deés se
hína
hína.. One day they set
safarí the nikháata hína
out on a journey. tíi
tíi,, xudaái
xudaái,, asaám paidóo
hína.. He, God, has created us. Restrict:thíila hína
Added to verbs to form Perfect [including
inferential meaning and the use in
non-personal experience narratives].
híni1 [híni] ‫ہنی‬ْ . v.cop. is (fem). líi šíiṭi the
híni.. Inside it is a big cave.
ɡéeḍi keéṇ híni
híni.. The place is dangerous.
zhaáy naawás híni
híni.. These must be ani xu uxíi rhaíi hínicamel’s footprints. iskuúl ba asíi kaṇeeɡhaá
híni.. As for the school, it is in our [village
híniof] Kanegha. See: hínu ‘is (masc sg)’.
híni2 [híni] ‫ہنی‬ْ . aux. Present tense marker(fem). tíi tuúš míi uc̣hí ba teeṇteeṇíiíi múṭi pharéhíni.. He took some bone marrow
malíiti híni
and applied it to his arm. teeṇíi zhaáy ɡaḍí
híni..
kríinti híni šaazaadaɡaanóom díti híni
They have sold their property to theprincely family. Restrict: Added to verbs toform Perfect [including inferential
meaning and the use in non-personal
experience narratives].
hínu1 [híno, húno] ‫ہن ْو‬. v.cop. is (masc sg).
hínu..
niaám sanɡí muqaabilá thainií muškíl hínu
It is difficult to compete with them.
hínu.. He morebuṭhimeém díi taaqatwár hínu
67

hínu

hukumát

powerful than all of them. insaán aṛé zhayí
hínu.. The man is in that place. Usage:
hínuStandard copula verb, supplemented invarious forms by hóonsa and bhíibhíi. See: bhíi
‘to become’; hóonsa ‘to be, remain’. Etym:
bhávati ‘becomes, is’ (T: 9416). Prdm: Irr.
Prs masc Pl: hína
hína. Prs fem: híni
híni. Prs fem Pl:
hínim. Pst: de
de.
hínim
hínu2 [híno, húno] ‫ہن ْو‬. aux. Present tense
marker (masc sg). táa yhaí dac̣hílu ta
hínu.. They came and saw
xaamaár múṛu hínu
that the dragon had died. asím tu na
hínu.. We have not called for you.
bulaḍílu hínuki...
áa deés se phaí maníitu hínu ki... One day
the girl said... Restrict: Added to verbs toform Perfect [including inferential
meaning and the use in non-personal
experience narratives].
híṛu1 [híɽo] ‫ ِہڑ ْو‬. n.masc. heart. páanda
yhéeli.. On the way,
doostíi híṛa wée laalíč yhéeli
greed started to grow in his friend’s heart.
badaníi parhaár ta sáaz bhíi xu híṛii
bhíi.. The wounds of theparhaár ba sáaz na bhíi
body will heal, but the wounds of the heart
won’t. Etym: hr̥d́ aya- ‘heart (neut)’ (T:14152). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: híṛahíṛa.
híṛu2 [híɽo] ‫ ِہڑ ْو‬. pulled, took away (masc sg).
See main entry: háara
háara.
hóonsa [hóonsa, hhõsa] ‫ہونسہ‬. v.intr. tostay, be (present); live. toobaák bi heensílide,, khanɡaár bi heensílu dede,, ṭhón
ṭhónɡideɡi bi de.
There was a gun, a sword and also an axe.
eesé baačaáii bóoš zára kuṛíina heensílim
de. That king had twelve thousand wives.
aaxeeríi waxtíi tas sanɡí koó bi na heensíla

de. In the end there was nobody at all left
with him. har qóomii
qóomii teeṇteeṇíi ǰhaníi
haansáanu.. Every tribe has its own
dasturá haansáanu
marriage customs. mulóo haansainií bíiḍu
zarurí.. The presence of a mullah iszarurí
important. misrí yhóolu seentá
seentá,, misrí díi
hóonsa.. When the mason comes hetsaṭák hóonsa
will have a hammer with him. Morph:háans--.
háans— v.cop. to be, remain. se heewandá bíiḍa
de.. They were very happy
xušaán hóonsan deduring the winter. míi putr panǰíiš reetí tude.. My son remained withkéeči héensílu de
you for fifteen days. Usage: Various formsof this verb supplement the incomplete
paradigm of the standard copula verb
hínu, de ,etc. Variant: húunse (Biori). Prdm:
hínu
L:cons. Prs: haansáanu
haansáanu. Pfv: heensílu
heensílu. Cv:
heensí.
heensí
huǰút [hudʑút] ‫جت‬ُ ‫ ُہ‬. n.fem. body. huǰutíi bide.. Physically he was alsobíiḍu paalawaáṇ devery strong. teeṇíi huǰút dhuaáanu
dhuaáanu.. I’m
washing myself. Variant: uǰútuǰút. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) wujūd. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ُ ‫ ُح‬. n.masc. order,
húkum [húkum] ‫کم‬
command. farišteém xudaáii húkum na
manainií wáǰa ǰhulí tas bíiḍu ziaát ɡɡooríi
ooríi
díti.. The angels punished him
azaáb díti
severely for not obeying God’s command.
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ḥukm. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
hukumát [hukumát] ‫ ُحکومت‬. n.fem. rule;
government; power. raaǰaá múṛu tabulooṣṭéeli.. Whenputróom tasíi hukumát bulooṣṭéeli
the ruler died, his sons started contending
68

huṇḍ
huṇḍ

-í

for the power. hukumatí tas the mooṭár
inaám ki dítu.
dítu. The government gave him a
car as a gift. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic)ḥukūmat. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
huṇḍhuṇḍ [huɳɖ, huɳ] ‫ ُہنڈ‬. adv.sp. up, up above.
wée,, laméeṭi ba huṇḍkóokii nóki ta c̣híika wée
aaɡhaá.. The lowly thinks highly of himself
aaɡhaá
[lit. The crow has its beak in the dung
while its tail is in the sky above]. huṇḍ ta
síɡal.. Upc̣híitree bhun ba ɡhaawaáz de síɡalabove was the field, and down below was
the stream bed, with sand. so ṭópii thíiukháatu.. He went up from downhuṇḍ the ukháatu
below. Variant: húuṇḍ
húuṇḍ. Etym: ūrdhvá‘erect, being above’ (T: 2426).
 huṇḍaṛáa ‫ ُہنڈڑا‬. adv.sp. up there.
 huṇḍaṛó ‫ ُہنڈڑ ْو‬. det:dem. that up there(agr: dist nom masc sg). Non-nom/fem/pl
agr: huṇḍaṛé
huṇḍaṛé.
— pron:dem. that one (he, it) up there.
ِ ‫ ُہنڈ‬. upward, uphill, up.
 huṇḍ ɡiraá ‫گرا‬ta,, iṇc̣ muṭíi ǰhulí bhešíhuṇḍ ɡiraá dac̣híin taáaṇc̣a khaáanu.
khaáanu. They looked up and saw
the bear sitting in the top of the busheating raspberries. páand ba áak huṇḍnáini..
ɡiraá bi páand náini bhun ɡiraá bi náini
There was only one path, no [other] pathgoing uphill or downhill. uc̣hí ba se čútime
zariiá báandi so baṭ huṇṭeɡiráak uc̣híbhešaniíí the na
ɡaláanu se kúuka se muṭá bhešaniuṛáanu.. After picking it up, he wasuṛáanuthrowing the stone upwards with the helpof his paws, not letting the crows sit downin the tree (Biori). Variant: huṇṭeɡiráakhuṇṭeɡiráak,,huṇṭráak (Biori).
 húṇḍii ‫ہُنڈی‬. adv.sp. from above. sethíii se bhalaáii toobakíim
míiša ba huṇḍíi thíǰíti.. The man shot from above at the spiritǰítiwith his gun.
húuši [húuɕi] ‫وشی‬ْ ُ‫ہ‬. n.fem. wind. húuši dítičuláanu.. Only when the wind
thée muṭ čuláanu
blows, the tree sways. Variant: háaš (Biori).
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.

i-í1 [-í] sfx. Converb suffix. áaṇc̣a pašpaš-í íṇc̣ii

she had come halfway down, she saw a lion
sitting [there]. luumái ṣiṣ čulčul-aá áak
híni.. The fox shook its
táapaṛa ǰe ṣačí ɡíi híni
head and climbed up a hill. tíi káac̣ akaṭakaṭ--aáɡhanḍílu.. He bound the grass together.
ɡhanḍílu
tusím ma bhióol róota dúi míiša sanɡíbaas--aá míi bheezatí thíili
thíili.. You disgracedbaas
me when you had me spend the night withanother man. se ǰhaan
ǰhaan--aá bulaḍíim ɡíiɡíi.. She
woke up and went searching. aní ɡhooṣṭá

dhúta the wíi yhóolu hínu.
hínu. When the bear
saw the raspberries, his mouth began towater. aaɡhaá áabru yhayha--í ba mútu
mútu.. Clouds
gathered and it started to rain. áak bhrukbhaaɡáana,, bheeɡ
bheeɡ--í ba áaḍu ta áak khaáanu
bhaaɡáana
khaáanu.. They split a kidney,áaḍu ba áak khaáanu
and then one of them eats half of it andthe other eats the other half. aḍaphaár
wha--í dac̣híi tata,, amzarái bhešbheš--í hínu
hínu.. When
wha
69

-í

-ii

šíiṭi ma ss-eé de.
de. I was asleep in this house.
roošnaám baačaáii dhií baačaáee wazíirabhióollthe rr--eé ba maníitu ki tusím ma bhióo
baas--aá míi bheezatí
róota dúi míiša sanɡí baas
thíili.. In the morning the king’s daughter
thíiliwept and said to the king and the prime
minister, “You disgraced me when you hadme spend the night with another man.”
Variant: -aá (With a-ending verb stems); -eé(With o-ending verb stems).
-í2 [-í] sfx. Plural suffix (with i-declension
nouns). kaṭamúš teeṇíi méemii beet
beet--í ṣuṇíhínu.. Hearing thesebíiḍu xušaán bhílu hínu
words from his grandmother, Katamosh
became very happy. ɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi dúu
durbaṭṭ-í bi ḍibiséenim
ḍibiséenim.. A little quarrel
durba
between two people is only normal [lit. Ina house, two pots also knock against eachother]. See: -a2 ‘Plural suffix (witha-declension nouns)’; -m ‘Plural suffix(with m-declension nouns)’; -eé3 ‘Plural
suffix (with ee-declension nouns)’; -aán‘Plural suffix (with aan-declension nouns)’.
-í3 [-í] sfx. Oblique case suffix (withi-declension nouns). tasíi watan
watan--í qaatíyhéeli.. There was a famine in his country.
yhéeliuǰut--í maǰí xaaráx paidóo bhíli
bhíli.. He got
tasíi uǰutan itching in his body. míi preṣpreṣ--í mabhuuǰóolu.. I was awakened by mybhuuǰóolu
mother-in-law. See: -a2 ‘Oblique case suffix(with a- and aan-declension nouns)’.
-i1 [-i] sfx. Feminine agreement suffix.
šidalíil--i. The weather cooledmoosím šidalíil
down. tasíi se hukum
hukumatíatí the ɡa kamzoorí
yhéel--i. Somehow his government became
yhéel

weak. tas díi ṭhónɡi wíia whaidítwhaidít-i. His axe
fell in the water. eendáa maní ba íṇc̣athíil--i hín
hín--i. Havingkaṭamušá dúši ṭoóp thíil
said that, the bear jumped toward
Katamosh. se paaṇṭí c̣hupí
hupí ba tsiipéen
tsiipéen--i.
After washing the clothes, she squeezes
them dry. ɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi beeitifeeqí heensíli
heentá,, púunti manɡái šušéenšušéen--i. In a house
heentá
where there is disagreement, the fullwater pot dries out. Restrict: Added to thetense- or aspect-marked verb.
-i2 [-i] sfx. Feminine agreement suffix. asíibíiḍ--i puréen
puréen--i. We have a longtaaríx bíiḍhistory. líi bíiḍbíiḍ--i ɡéeḍɡéeḍ--i rusóx léedi
léedi.. Hegained a great deal of power. tasíi áa
phalúuṛ--i dhií heensíli dede.. He had only one
phalúuṛ
daughter. zaahidzaahidáá búuḍbúuḍ--i kúṛi háatii ɡhašílanɡéeli.. Zahid took the oldtas phaár lanɡéeli
woman by the hand and led her across [theroad]. Restrict: Added to inflecting
adjective stems.
-íi1 [-íi] Third person singular suffix (withe-ending verb stems). Morph: é-e. See main
entry: -a1.
-íi2 [-íi] Genitive suffix (with accent-shiftingnouns). See main entry: -ii
ii. Variant: -í (Biori).
-ii [-ii, -i] sfx. Genitive suffix. ɡuǰúr katí biheentá,, áanɡáanɡ--ii phúṭi sam bac̣húuṇc̣u heentá
kúulu.. No matter how straight the Gujur is,
kúulu
he is equally bent like the blade of thesickle. kakóok dhúura kakóok
kakóok--ii c̣híik
dhúura.. Away with the chicken, away withdhúuraits dung. har áakáak--ii ṣiṣṣiṣ--íi taáǰtaáǰ.. It is thecrown of everyone’s head. šóo kráam
kráam--iitheeṇḍeéu.. We should try to do
koošíš theeṇḍeéu
70

-íia

-íǰ

good work. eesé waxtíi aní alaaqá
raiisaanóom--ii hukumát de.
raiisaanóomde. At that time,
the Rais [a Chitrali dynasty] ruled over thisarea. ɡhueeṇíiam
ɡhueeṇíiam--ii laxkár ɡíiɡíi.. The Pashtun
army left. Usage: With plural reference
preceded by an oblique plural suffix.
Variant: -íi (With accent-shifting nouns); -e(Biori); -í (With accent-shifting nouns inBiori).
-íia [-íija, -íja] sfx. First person plural suffix.
paš--íia
íia.. We’ll meet again. muqaabilá
ɡhireé pašth--íia
íia.. Let’s compete! máaee so mušqúlthbh--íia dede.. We were talking freely with eachbhother. yha ta bb--áayaáaya.. Come, let’s go!
Restrict: Added to verb stem in Future andPast
Imperfective.
Morph:
éea.
-éea
Variant: -áaya (With a-ending verb stems).
-íil [-íil] Perfective suffix (with somee-ending L-verbs). See main entry: -ílíl.
-íil1 [-íil] sfx. Derivational suffix forming
adjectives from nouns (particularly
denoting materials or substances).
ǰhaṭ--íil
íil--u made of fur šaakšaak--íil
íil--a woodenǰhaṭǰuaaríil--i ɡúuli maize bread Restrict:ǰuaaríil
Invariably followed by a gender/number
agreement suffix.
-íim1 [-íim] sfx. Oblique plural suffix (withi-declension nouns). so taníi beet
beet--íim ǰhulí
de.. He was not giving heed toamál na thíi detheir words. eesé xalk
xalk--íim the bíiḍi ziaátde.. He was taking very goodphóom thíi decare of such people. See: -am ‘Obliquepluralsuffix(witha-declension
nouns)’; -eém ‘Oblique plural suffix (withee-declension nouns)’; -úmúm,, -óom ‘Obliqueplural suffix (with aan-declension nouns)’.
-íim2 [-íim] sfx. Copredicate suffix. áa šaykhaṣeeleel--íim baáanu
baáanu.. A creature wasǰhaáṭ khaṣeelgoing, dragging its fur. múuṣu tasbulaḍ--íim ɡúum
ɡúum.. The rat went searchingbulaḍfor him. phoó patú ɡiraá dac̣h-íim dac̣h-íimčula--íim ac̣híiam díi
áa dandá patú haát čulahínu.. The boy kept looking
fanaá bhílu hínu
back and disappeared behind a ridge, stillwaving his hand. se kaṭamúš paší ba
utrap--íim yhóola hína
hína.. When they saw
utrap
Katamosh, they came running.
-íim3 [-íim] sfx. Instrumental suffix (withi-declension nouns). se míiša ba huṇḍíi thíi
toobakak--íim ǰítiǰíti.. The man shotse bhalaáii toob
ak
from above at the spirit with his gun.
khanɡar--íim ǰainiíǰainií.. It is [like] hitting
húušii khanɡarthe wind with a sword. See: -am‘Instrumental suffix (with a-declension
nouns)’.
-íin [-íin] Third person plural suffix (withe-ending verb stems). Morph: é-enen. See main
entry: -anan.
-íiṛ [-íiɽ] Second person singular suffix(with e-ending verb stems). Morph: é-eṛ.
See main entry: -aṛ. Variant: -éeṛ (Biori).
-íit [-íit] Second person plural suffix (withe-ending verb stems). Morph: é-et
et. See main
entry: -at
at. Variant: -éet (Biori).
-íǰ [-íʑ, -ídʑ] sfx. Passive-deriving (orvalence-decreasing) suffix. khéeči xabaárbiɡeeṣ--iǰiǰ--éeni
éeni.. Bad news spreads
táru biɡeeṣ
quickly. áak haát ɡhiní
ɡhiní,, čóoḍ na dada--iǰ
iǰ--éeni
éeni..
You cannot clap with only one hand.
bhanǰ--iǰiǰ--áanuáanu..
marɡíi anɣaará har kasíi dará bhanǰ
71

-íl

inaám

Death’s notice is put up on everyone’s
door. ɡubáa bhayíitu,bhayíitu, eesó lunlun-íǰíǰ-a. Whatwas sown will be reaped.
-íl [-íl] sfx. Perfective suffix. tasíi áaṣṭ zára
heens--ílíl--a de manímaní.. It is said thatkuṇaaká heens
he had eight thousand children. islaám ba
aṭ--ílíl--i híni ɡabarúuṭii putróom
putróom.. It wasaṭGabarut’s sons who brought Islam. sekhoṇḍ--ílíl--im ki aslí zariṇíi
éeḍim bhíilam khoṇḍ
thaní.. Half of them spoke fearfullydhií aní thanísaying, “This is indeed Zarin’s daughter.”yh--óolóol--uáaṇc̣a paší íṇc̣ii dhúta the wíi yhhínu.. When the bear saw the raspberries,hínu
his mouth began to water. tas mhaarainiísam--éel
éel--i. They designed a planthe áak čal sam
to kill him. síiwa ǰhulí se akaṭakaṭ--íil
íil--im. They
met each other on the bridge. buṭhimeémth--íilíil--i. She asked all of them.
díi tapóos thtrok--íil
íil--u hínu
hínu,, sóona be tuínda tu bíiḍu trokčhoót,, ɡhiíṛɡhiíṛ,, o čoónɡ kha ta bhakulíiṛ
bhakulíiṛ.. Herečhoót
you have become very thin. In the highpasture you eat cheese and butter andbecome fat. Restrict: Added to verb stem
andinvariably
followedbyagender/number
agreement
suffix.
Variant: -íil (With some e-ending L-verb
stems); -óol (With a-ending L-verb stems
followed by a masculine agreement
suffix); -úul (With a-ending L-verb stems
followed by a masculine agreement suffix
in Biori); -éel (With a-ending L-verb stems
followed by a feminine agreement suffix).
ilaán [ilaán] ‫اِعلان‬. n.fem. announcement.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)ĕˈlān. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: ileení.
ileení
 ilaán thíi ‫اِعلان تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toannounce, notify, make known. se míiša
xálaka samaṭí ilaán thíili ki ma míiš na dede.. The man
bálki maǰburí ki míiš bhíli degathered the people and made it known
that he was actually not a man, but due tothe circumstances [she] had to become
one. Restrict: Fem agr with host element in
pfv.
-im1 [-im] sfx. Feminine plural agreement
suffix. so ba dharaṇí pharé dhreéɡ dítu
hínu,, ac̣híia bi niiṛíl
niiṛíl--im hí
híni.
hínu
ni. He had
stretched out on the ground, and his eyes
were closed, too. eesé baačaáii bóoš zára
heensíl--im de. That king hadkuṛíina heensíl
twelve thousand wives. síiwa ǰhulí seakaṭíil--im. They met each other on theakaṭíilbridge. sáat lookilúuṛim lúunt
lúunt--im dede,, áanɡalunáana.. Seven small treesde ǰuwaár ɡa lunáana
were cut off, just like you cut maize with asickle. le kuṛíina nikhéet
nikhéet--im heentá
heentá,, míi
bhíi.. If these turn out to bebaačaí thíi bhíi
women, my kingdom will be yours. Restrict:
Added to the tense- or aspect-marked
verb.
-im2 [-im] sfx. Feminine plural agreement
suffix. aní púšim lhoók
lhoók--im. These cats are
small. Restrict: Added to inflecting
adjective stems (particularly in predicative
position).
inaám [inaám] ‫اِنعام‬. n.fem. gift. tasíi
imaandeerí paší ɡhaḍeerá manɡái tas thedíti.. When he saw his faithfulness,inaám ki díti
the elder gave the pot to him as a gift.
72

índa

iṇc̣

Comp: Urdu (Arabic) inˈām. Pl: ineemí.
ineemí
ِínda [índa] ‫اندہ‬. adv.sp:dem. here (prox).
ɡíia.
áaḍa índa dharíita áaḍa ba naaṛéea the ɡíia.
Half of them remained here [in Ashret],
while the other half went to Naray. índa tu
hínu,, sóona be tu čhoót
čhoót,, ɡhiíṛɡhiíṛ,,
bíiḍu trokíilu hínu
bhakulíiṛ.. Here [in theo čoónɡ kha ta bhakulíiṛ
village] you have become very thin. In thehigh pasture you eat cheese and butter
and become fat. so čal the índa díiuḍheewílu.. He found out a trick so that heuḍheewílu
could escape from here. índa yhaí phaaraṛíi
laɡayiǰíli.. Whenwée lawaní wée tasíi keémp laɡayiǰíli
coming here, his camp was put up overthere at Lawan. See: andóoi ‘from here’.
Variant: índiíndi.
inkaár [iŋkaár] ‫اِنکار‬. n.fem. refusal. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
inkār.
 inkaár thíi ‫اِنکار تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. torefuse, refrain from. pirsaahibá ba inkaár
thíilithí
ili so phoó deníi díi Pir Sahib refused tohand over the boy (Biori). se míiša dúi
thíili.. The mančhaáṭ ǰainií díi inkaár thíili
refrained from firing another shot. Restrict:
Fem agr with host element; clausal
complement with verbal noun and díi
díi.
ِinsaáfinsaáf [insaáf] ‫انصاف‬. n.fem. justice. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) inṣāf. Prdm: i-decl. Obl:inseefí.
inseefíinsaán [insaán] ‫اِنسان‬. n.masc. humanbeing, man; person. zanɡalíi baačaá ki tasíi
nóo amzarái manáana asareetaá tíi ṣúuntu
zinaawuróomde ki zanɡalíi zinaawu
róom díi insaán thaníáa šay hínu.
hínu. The king of the jungle, whosename in Ashreti is amzarái,
amzarái heard from theanimals of the forest of a creature called“man”. na ma xu ux
ux,, insaán xu eeteeṇú
taaqatwár šay ki ma ǰhulí bháaru de ɡhiní
hínu.
baáanu hín
u. No, I am a camel, but the man[the human being] is so strong that he uses
me to carry his loads when he travels. tíiṣúuntu de ki amzarái múṛu bhaáu insaán na
khaáanu.. He had heard that lions do notkhaáanu
eat dead bodies [lit. a man who has died].
se kkúṛi
úṛi búdi ki anú míi bharíiw na bálki dúi
insaán.. The woman understood this was
insaánnot her husband but somebody else. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) insān. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aán
aán.
inšaalaáh [inɕalaá] ‫اِنشاءاللہ‬. adv.sent. God
willing. inšaalaáh hheeṇṣúka
eeṇṣúka paás bhíla
heentá,, ɡhróoma iskuulí the wháaya
wháaya.. If we,heentá
God willing, pass this year, we will comedown to the village school. ɡhareé
pašíia.. We’ll meet again, God
inšaalaáh pašíia
willing. nawambaríi aaweelíi haftáii sowhíi.. He will come down in the
inšaalaáh whíi
first week of November, God willing. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) in-shāˈllāh.
iṇc̣ [iɳʈʂ, íiɳʈʂ] ‫اِنڇ‬. n.masc. bear. baṭóom ǰede.. He killed
tíi katí katí íṇc̣a mheeríla denumerous bears with a piece of rock. aní
kiíí ɡalá ɡhašíli heentá
heentá,,íṇc̣a sanɡí mháala ki
dáanu.. Ima tas the páanǰ sóo rupeé baxšíš dáanu
will reward anybody with 500 rupees who
is ready to wrestle with this bear. Etym:ŕ̥kṣa- ‘bear (masc)’ (T: 2445). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
73

iraadá iṇc̣ameéiẓḍúuṛ

‫اِنڇہ مے‬. n.fem. bear’s marrow.

 išaará thíiíṇc̣a khóola the iṇc̣ameé daarú.
daarú. The
medicine for a person eaten by a bear isbear’s marrow [Proverb]. See: míi ‘marrow’.
iraadá [iraadá] ‫اِرادہ‬. n.masc. plan, decision.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) irāda.
 iraadá thíi ‫اِرادہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toplan, decide. alaahtaalaá tas dubaaráthíilu.. God
dunyaí the phrayainií iraadá thíilu
Almighty decided to send him back to theworld. Restrict: Masc agr with host elementin pfv; clausal complement.
iskuúl [iskuúl, sikuúl] ‫اِسکول‬. n.fem. school.
híni.. Ourasíi iskuúl asaám the bíiḍi dhúura híni
school is very far away for us. dúu
oostaazaán hína óo čúur bhišá ba kuṇaaká
iskuulí.. There are two teachershína asíi iskuulí
and eighty students in our school. Comp:
Urdu (English) sakūl, iskūl. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
islaám [islaám] ‫اِسلام‬. n.fem. Islam. islaám
putróom.. It wasba aṭíli híni ɡabarúuṭii putróom
Gabarut’s sons who brought Islam. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) islām. Prdm: i-decl. Obl:isleemí.
isleemíislaamabaád [islaamabaád] ‫اِسلام آباد‬.
n.masc. Islamabad. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
išaará [iɕaará] ‫اِشارہ‬. n.masc. signal, sign;
hint. aqalmandá the išaará pakaár
pakaár.. The
wise needs [only] a sign. Usage: Primarily
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic)ishāra.

‫اِشارہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tosignal, hint. se kuṇaaká the išaará thíilu ki,ki,
ma khuná yha thaní.
thaní. [The spirit] signalled
to the child, “Come to me!” lhooméea sethíilu,, thanaáu dhraké
dhraké..
míiša ḍáḍi išaará thíilu
The fox signalled to the man to pull thestring (Biori). Restrict: Masc agr with hostelement in pfv; postpositional object withḍáḍi.
the or ḍáḍiiškaarí [iɕkaarí, ɕikaarí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫اِشکار‬. adj.inv.
hunting.
— n.masc. hunter. See: iṣkóiṣkóoror ‘hunting (n)’.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) shikārī. Prdm:
aan-decl. Pl: -aánaán.
ِiští [iɕtí] ‫شتی‬‫ا‬
ْ . n.fem. kindِ of milk product.
iṣkóor [iʂkóor] ‫اݜکور‬. n.fem. hunting.
muṣṭú zamaanáii áa míiš de atshareetíi sothe.. A long timeɡúum aṛáa ṣaará iṣkóora theago, one man from Ashret went hunting in
the winter pastures. See: iškaarí ‘hunting(adj); hunter’. Variant: iṣkaár
iṣkaár. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) shikār. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
 iṣkóor bhíi ‫اِݜکور بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tofall prey. karáaṛu iṣkóor bhíbhílu.
lu. A leopard
fell prey.
itlaá [itlaá] ‫اِطلاع‬. n.fem. message,
information. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ittilāˈ.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: itleeí
itleeí.
izát [izát] ‫عزت‬. n.fem. honour, pride. Comp:
Urdu (Persian/Arabic) ˈizzat. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
 izatmánd ‫عزت مند‬. adj.inv. respected,
honourable. so ɡáaḍu dede,, izatmánd bi dede..
He was an elder and also much respected.
iẓḍúuṛ [iʐɖúuɽ] ‫اِڙ ُڈوڑ‬. n.masc:pn. Ijdur
74ǰáanduǰamaát(place). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.

ǰǰáandu [dʑáandu] ‫جاند ْو‬. adj. alive. ki anú

m-decl. Pl: ǰabuíim.
ǰabuíimǰahaáz [dʑhaáz] ‫جہاز‬. n.fem. aeroplane. sočíɣi díi de seentá láka ǰeṭ ǰahaáz
ɡhuumbéenim.. His crying sounded like aɡhuumbéenim
jet plane. c̣hatróola moosím xaróob
xaróob,, cúur
reetí jheezíi fláiṭ na bhíli híni aáǰ bi kansálbhíli.. The weather in Chitral is bad; forbhílifour days there have been no flights, andtoday, too, the flight was cancelled.
Variant: ǰhaáz
ǰhaáz. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) jahāz.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: ǰheezíǰheezí.
ǰaláṣ [dʑaláʂ] ‫جلݜ‬. adj.inv. hairy (morethan normal). aḍapharíi huṇḍ the ta ǰaláṣ
lhístu.. From the middle
bhun the ba lhístu
upwards it was hairy, whereas it was bald
below.
ǰáma [dʑáma] ‫جمہ‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) jamaˈ.
 ǰáma bhíi ‫جمہ بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. togather, come together. buṭheé be ǰámahína.. They have all come together.
bhíla hína ǰáma thíi ‫جمہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. togather, collect. pilíilu béeriṣa heewandíithe,, xuraák ǰáma thíi dede..
dapáara mehnát the
The ant was working hard during thesummer to gather food for the winter.
ǰamaát [dʑamaát] ‫جماعت‬. n.fem. class,grade. so aaweelíi ǰameetí wée sabáq
manáanu.. He is in first grade. Comp: Urdu
manáanu(Persian/Arabic) jamāˈat. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,múṛu heentá ḍhanɡáḍhanɡá,ɡá, anú ǰáandu ba
dharíitu heentá asím tu the baxílu.
baxílu. If hedies you should bury him, but if heremains alive, I will leave him to [be raisedby] you (Biori). Morph: ǰandǰand--. Etym: jīvantá‘long-lived’ (T: 5244). Fem agr: ǰéendi
ǰéendi.
— n.masc. living (person). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: ǰáanda
ǰáanda.
ǰáanu [dʑáanu] ‫جان ْو‬. n.masc. individual,(male) person. baačaá áak rhoošnaám
ǰhaanaá dac̣híi ta tasíi ɡhooṣṭíi páanǰ ǰáana
de.. One morning the king woke up
heensíla deand found that there were [only] fivepersons in his house. bíiḍu muṣṭú dúu
maní.. A long timeǰáana bíiḍa yaaraán de maníago, there were two good friends. See: zaán‘self’. Etym: ǰána ‘race, person (masc)’(T5098). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ǰáana
ǰáana.
ǰáar [dʑáar] ‫جار‬. n.masc. fever. tas ttheheḍhakílu.. He got a severe fever.
marɡíi ǰáar ḍhakílu
Variant: ǰar (Biori). Etym: jvará- ‘fever(masc)’ (T: 5303); *jvāra- ‘burning’ (T:5311). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: ǰaráǰará.
ǰabá [dʑabá] ‫جبہ‬. n.masc. lawn; grass. maalíuṛáanu.. The gardener isǰabá the wíi uṛáanu
watering the lawn. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: ǰabeé
ǰabeé.
ǰabál [dʑabál] ‫جبل‬. n.masc. iron bar (forremoving heavy objects). Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
ǰabúi [dʑabúj] ‫ئی‬ُ . n.fem. uvula. Prdm:ْ ‫جب‬
75ǰanátǰhaalíi
ǰanǰ [dʑaɲdʑ] ‫جنج‬. n.fem. wedding party;

Pl: ǰameetí.
ǰameetíǰanát [dʑanát] ‫جنت‬. n.fem. paradise,heaven. yára ǰanatíi yhóolu hínu.
hínu. Fear [ofGod] has come from heaven. ǰanát tasíi
híni,, doozáx tasíi háata híni
híni.. Heavenháata híni
and hell are in his hand. Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) jannat. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -̥ í.
ǰandíi [dʑandíi] ‫جندی‬. v.intr. to become
alive, regain strength. ǰamǰaá baačaá
dubaaráǰandíilu.. King Jamja became alive
dub
aará ǰandíilu
again. ǰhandraá ǰandí tasíi putrá ǰhulí hamlá
thíilu.. When the snake had regained
thíilustrength, it attacked his son. Usage: With
past time reference only. Morph: ǰandé
ǰandé--.
See: ǰandóo ‘to give life’. Prdm: L:e. Pfv:
ǰandíilu. Cv: ǰandí
ǰandí.
ǰandíiluǰandóo [dʑandóo] ‫جندو‬. v.tr. to give life,
make alive. so múṛai ǰandóo dede.. He madethe dead body alive. xudaái insaánǰandaáanu.. God gives man life. Morph:ǰandaáanu
ǰandá--. See: ǰandíi ‘to become alive’. Variant:ǰandáǰandaáanu.
ǰandúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: ǰandaáanu
Pfv: ǰandóoluǰandóolu. Cv: ǰandaáǰandaá.
ǰandoó [dʑandoó] ‫جندو‬. n.masc. goat(generic). tasíi muxíi nikhaaṇḍeéu bháanu
bháanu,,áa ǰandoó ɡhiní ɡhireé tas the beeṇḍeéu
bháanu.. It will be necessary to go and visit
bháanuhim and bring along a goat. Prdm: ee-decl.
Pl: ǰandeéǰandeé.
ǰanɡ [dʑaŋɡ, dʑaŋ] ‫جنگ‬. n.fem. war, battle.
de.. He was going toutsuṇḍá ǰanɡí the bíi de
Urtsun to fight. khanɡaróomii ǰanɡ dede.. Itwas a battle with swords. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) janɡ. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.

the bringing of the bride to thebridegroom’s house. ǰanǰ ǰhambréeṛii
phedíli.. The wedding party arrived
ɡhooṣṭá phedíliat the bride’s house. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ǰarɡá [dʑarɡá] ‫جرگہ‬. n.masc. council,
decision. Variant: ǰerɡá (Biori). Comp:
Pashto jirɡaˈh. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: ǰarɡeéǰarɡeé.
 ǰarɡá thíi ‫جرگہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toconsult. yéeyee báabu taanúm méeǰi ǰarɡátháana.. The parents will consult with eachtháanaother. míi khaamád qasaabá sanɡí ǰerɡáki,, mmíi
híni.. My owner
tháanu kiíi ɡhaáu búuḍi híni
is consulting with the butcher, saying, “My
cow is old.” (Biori) Restrict: Masc agr withhost element in pfv; postpositional object
with sanɡísanɡí.
ǰe [dʑe] ‫جے‬ْ . post. up; on; over. míi so lawáṛ
ǰíti.. I took the stick and hit itɡhiní ḍóoka ǰe ǰítiover its back. so típa aní ǰé ɡúum
ɡúum.. Just now
he went up from here. Restrict: With
preceding oblique nominal argument or
pro-form.
ǰéendi [dʑéendi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫جیند‬. alive (fem). See
main entry: ǰáandu
ǰáandu.
ǰéeni [dʑéeni] ‫جینی‬ْ . n.fem. female person.
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
ǰeép [dʑeép] ‫جیپ‬. n.fem. pocket. ée putr
putr,, tulaṭayáanu.. Son, whatmíi ǰeepí wée ɡubáa laṭayáanu
are you looking for in my pocket? Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) jeb. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ǰhaalíi [dʑaalíi] ‫جھالی‬. v.tr. to light (a fire).
de..
kúṛi anɡóor ǰheelí tanaám the ɡúuli thíi de
My wife will make a fire and cook food forthem. Morph: ǰhaaléǰhaalé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:76ǰhaamatroóǰhaṭíluǰhaaláanu.
ǰhaaláanu Pfv: ǰheelílu.
ǰheelílu Cv: ǰheelí.
ǰheelí
ǰhaamatroó [dʑhaamatroó, dʑhamatroó]‫جھامترو‬. n.masc. daughter’s husband. phaíi
dawaáanu..
báabu ǰhaamatreé díi xarčá bi dawaáanu
The father of the girl also demands[reimbursement for] expenses from his
son-in-law. Etym: *jāmātra- ‘daughter’shusband (masc)’ (T: 5198). Prdm: ee-decl.
Obl, Pl: ǰhaamatreéǰhaamatreé.
ǰhaanóo [dʑhaanóo] ‫جھانو‬. v.intr. to wakeup. se yéei ǰhaanaá bulaḍíim ɡíiɡíi.. The
mother woke up and went searching.
baačaá áak rhoošnaám ǰhaanaá dac̣híi tade.. Onetasíi ɡhooṣṭíi páanǰ ǰáana heensíla demorning the king woke up and found that
there were [only] five persons in his house.
Morph: ǰhaanáǰhaaná--. See: bhuuǰóo ‘to wake (sb)up’. Variant: ǰhaanúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:ǰhaanaáanu. Pfv: ǰhaanóoluǰhaanóolu. Cv: ǰhaanaáǰhaanaá.
ǰhaanaáanuǰhaáṭ [dʑhaáʈ] ‫جھاٹ‬. n.fem. goat’s hair; fur.
ǰhaáṭ.. Hey fur! [said jokingly to a friendée ǰhaáṭ
with a beard] eetíi pharé ba áa šay ǰhaáṭ
phará.. Along itkhaṣeelíim baáanu phará phará[that path], far away, a creature was going,dragging its fur. Restrict: With pluralreference. Morph: ǰhaṭǰhaṭ--. Variant: ǰhaṭ (Biori).
Etym: *jhāṭṭha- ‘hair’ (T: 5334). Prdm: i-decl.
Obl (pl): ǰhaṭí
ǰhaṭí.
ǰhambréeṛi [dʑhambréeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫جھمبریڑ‬.
n.fem. bride. taním ǰhambréeṛi ḍoolée wée
bhešéeli.. They seated the bride in the
bhešéelisedan chair. See: ǰhambróoṛu ‘bridegroom’.
Variant: ǰhamburéeṛi (Biori). Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
ǰhambróoṛu [dʑhambróoɽo] ‫جھمبروڑ ْو‬.

n.masc. bridegroom. See: ǰhambréeṛi ‘bride’.
Variant: ǰhamburúuṛu (Biori). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: ǰhambróoṛa
ǰhambróoṛa.
ǰhanduraá [dʑhandraá, dʑhanduraá]‫جھندُرا‬. n.masc. snake. ǰhanduraá čukílučukílu,,bhiáanu.
púṛee paší bhiáanu. The person bitten by asnake is frightend by the sight of ropes [ina stringbed]. Etym: jantú- ‘offspring,creature, man; any animal of lowest order,
insect, worm (masc)’ (T: 5110). Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: ǰhanduraíǰhanduraí.
ǰhanɡaár [dʑhaŋɡaár] ‫جھنگار‬. n.fem. liver.
híṛu,, tasíi ǰhanɡaármheeríli pahúrta tasíi híṛukhóola.. After heoór tasíi aandáara ɡaḍí khóola[the monster] had killed her he took out
her heart, her liver and her intestines, andate them. Comp: (Persian) jiɡar ‘the liver,etc.’. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: ǰhanɡaríǰhanɡarí.
ǰhaní [dʑhaní] ‫جھنی‬.
n.fem. marriage;
ْ
wedding. aksár asíi índa ba šaralá ǰhaní
xabaáree.. You know, often ourbhéeni xabaáree
weddings here take place in the autumn.
Etym: jáni- ‘woman, wife (fem)’ (T: 5103).
Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -á.
 ǰhaní thíi ‫جھنی تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toْmarry. aslamá akramíi dhiiá sanɡí ǰhaní
thíili.. Aslam married Akram’s daughter.
thíilidawaá,, tas ǰhaní thíili
thíili.. He tookɡiḍúuči kúṛi dawaáa Dameli woman and married her. Restrict:
Fem agr with host element; object in acc
case or postpositional object with sanɡísanɡí.
ِǰhaṭíilu [dʑhaʈíilo] ‫جھٹیل ْو‬. adj. (made) offur. Fem agr: ǰhaṭíili
ǰhaṭíili.
ǰhaṭílu [dʑhaʈílo] ‫جھ ِٹل ْو‬. adj. hairy, fur-clad.
khainií široó thíilu ta tíi maǰí áa ǰhaṭílu
77ǰhií~
ǰhií~ǰíiṭhaaṭáaku yhóolu.
yhóolu. While starting to eat, ahairy monster suddenly appeared. See:ǰhaṭíli.
ǰhaáṭ ‘fur’. Fem agr: ǰhaṭíli
ǰhií~ǰhií~ [dʑhĩi]̃́ ‫ج ِھیں‬. n.fem. (head) louse. Etym:
jīvá- ‘any living being, vital breath; life
(masc, neut)’ (T: 5239); yúkā- ‘louse (fem)’(T: 10512). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ǰhiǰhi~~á.
ǰhim ǰhim [dʑhim dʑhim] ‫ ِجھم ِجھم‬.
adv.tm. all day (long), incessantly. yéei
baábii ta ǰhim ǰhim bhanǰainií duuéemii ba
baraabár.. The parentsǰhim ǰhim boosainií baraabár
spanking their children all day long isequal to the constant kissing of others. See:lúu lúu ‘all night’.
ǰhóona [dʑhóona] ‫جھونہ‬. v.tr. to recognize,
know, understand. xudaái duéemii zabeeníde.. God hasǰhaanainií sifát tas the díti degiven him the ability to understand otherpeople’s languages. ma ɡa bi na ǰhaanéǰhaanéeni.
eni. I
don’t know of anything else. har móoṇuṣ
ǰhaanáanu.. Every manteeṇíi kráam šóo ǰhaanáanu
knows his own work best. khaár teeṇíi
ǰhaanáanu.. The donkey doesn’tkáaṇ na ǰhaanáanu
recognize its own ears. thíi ma ɡa ǰheenílu
ǰheenílu..
How did you recognize me? Morph: ǰháan
ǰháan--.
See: šóo ǰhóona ‘to like’. Variant: ǰhúune(Biori). Etym: jānāt́ i ‘knows’ (T: 5193). Prdm:
L:cons. Prs: ǰhaanáanuǰhaanáanu. Pfv: ǰheenílu
ǰheenílu. Cv:
ǰheení.
ǰheení
ǰhulí [dʑhulí] ‫ھلی‬ْ ‫ ُج‬. post. on (top of), in; on
to; over; about, at; due to. tíi ǰhulí dúṛiheensíli
de.. There was dust on top of it [aheensíli depiece of cake]. tíi ǰhulí póo dainieé naɡaršaá
xabaár bhe maníitu ki lo koó síiwa pharélanɡáana.. As soon as she stepped on it [thelanɡáana

bridge], Nagar Shah became aware of itand said, “Who is is crossing the bridge?”
dítu,, anɡaá na bhílu
bhílu..
ɡhareé kaná ǰhulí míi dítu
When I put it on my shoulder, I didn’t feelanything. síiwa ǰhulí se akaṭíilim
akaṭíilim.. They met
each other on the bridge. muṭá ǰhulí tróobhéṭim.. Three sparrows sat in thečalúṭim bhéṭim
tree. c̣híika na khalooṛeeṇḍeéu tas ǰhulí
bhíi.. Dungsum ɡaleeṇḍeéu ta ɡhróoṇ phus bhíi
should not be stirred, but covered withsoil, and the smell will disappear. íṇc̣inikhaí ba se íṇc̣i mulaáseeba ǰhulí hamlá
thíilu.. A she-bear came out and attacked
thíiluMullah Sahib. so taníi beetíim ǰhulí amál nade.. He was not giving heed to theirthíi dewords. eetíi ǰhulí hukumatí eetanaám bi
thíili.. At that point the
asaám díi ban thíili
government banned both them and us[from doing it]. Restrict: With preceding
oblique nominal argument or an
accusative altenatively oblique pro-form.
Etym: *jhulyati ‘swings’ (T: 5406).
 ǰhulí the ‫جھلی تھے‬ْ ْ ُ . onto. tasíi šanáwháatu.. I got down onto his roof.
ǰhulí the wháatuǰhuṭá [dʑuʈá] ‫ ُجھٹہ‬. adj.inv. dirty; defiled.
thíilu.. A dog defiled
kučúra čhópan ǰǰhuṭá
huṭá thíilu
the food.
ǰíi [dʑíi] ‫جی‬. v.tr. to hit, shoot, beat. míi soǰíti.. I hit its [thelawáṛ ɡhiní ḍóoka ǰe ǰíticreature’s] back with a stick. se míiša ba
ǰíti.. The
húṇḍii thíi se bhalaaíi toobakíim ǰítiman fired from up there at the spirit withhis gun. tíi se bheeṇíi muxanastí ǰítiǰíti,,
ɡíia.. He hit
muxanastí ǰíti ta ba rúula bi tasíi ɡíia
his sister in her face and she started to78ǰinaazákáaku

weep. kuṛíina ta támbulamii ǰíin,ǰíin, rhooá
díin,, míiša ba axsí ǰíin.
díin
ǰíin. The women were
beating the drums and singing songs, andthe men were playing axsí [a game].
Restrict: Object in gen case and fem agr in
pfv. Morph: ǰeǰe--, ǰitǰit--. Prdm: T. Prs: ǰáanu
ǰáanu. Pfv:
ǰítu. Cv: ǰeǰe. Imp: ǰaǰa.
ǰítuǰinaazá [dʑinaazá] ‫ ِجنازہ‬. n.masc. corpse.
ǰinaazáeesé róota tíi se ǰinaa
zá the róota ḍipṭí
thíili.. During that night he held a vigil for
thíilithe dead body. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) jināza. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:ǰinaazeé.
ǰinaazeéǰítu [dʑíto] ‫ ِجت ْو‬. hit, shot, beat (masc sg). See
main entry: ǰíiǰíi.
ǰóo [dʑóo] ‫جو‬. v.intr. to be born, have [achild]. míi putr ǰóolu
ǰóolu.. A son [of mine] wasborn [uttered by father]. aní peerá tasíi
ǰóo.. This time she will have a son. maputr ǰóo
ǰóolu.. I was bornbhiíšee dáaš kaalá muṣṭú ǰóolu
thirty years ago. kaafí waxtíi baád tasíiǰéelim.. After quite some time,yúuṛim dhiiá ǰéelim
he had twin daughters. Usage: Only
exceptionally is the present tense used. If
referring to an animal’s birth, the sameverb can also be used transitively. Morph:ǰá--. Variant: ǰúu (Biori). Etym: jāý atē ‘isǰá
born; generates’ (T: 5204); jātá- ‘born; son(masc)’ (T: 5182). Prdm: L:a. Prs: ǰaáanuǰaáanu. Pfv:
ǰóolu. Cv: ǰaá
ǰaá.
ǰóolu
ǰuánd [dʑwand] ‫ج ْووند‬. n.fem. life. ǰamǰaá
thíili,, kúfur kibaačaá tasíi baát káaṇ na thíili
thíili.. King Jamja did notteeṇíi ǰuánd teér thíili
give heed to his words and spent his life in
infidelity. dunáaṭu bhílu hínu ki aní baǰuánd.. He started to think, “Whatkateeṇí ǰuánd
kind of a life is this!” Comp: Pashto jzwand.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
ǰudaá [dʑudaá] ‫ ُجدا‬. host. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) judā.
 ǰudaáǰudaá bhíi ‫جدا بھی‬ُ . v.intr:cjt.inc. to be
separated. dhueé bhe ǰudaá bhíla hína
hína.. The
two were being separated.
 ǰudaaí ‫جدائی‬ْ ُ . n.fem. separation.
ǰumaát [dʑumaát] ‫ ُجمات‬. n.fem. mosque. tíi
híni.. What mosqueba ɡa ǰumiaát ǰhuunkíli híni
has he set on fire? Variant: ǰumiaátǰumiaát. Comp:
Urdu (Persian/Arabic) jamāˈat. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: ǰumeetíǰumeetí.

kkaafír [kaafír] ‫کا ِفر‬. n.masc. infidel. Comp:term of address; dear uncle. heé~
heé~ kaakaá
ɡubáa qisá tháanu.
tháanu. Yes uncle, what story
will you tell me? Usage: Not for addressing
an actual relative. Comp: Urdu kākā.
káaku [káaku] ‫کاک ْو‬. n.masc. older brother.
See: kéeki ‘older sister’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:káaka.
káaka

Urdu (Arabic) kāfir. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aánaán.
kaaɣaáz [kaaɣaáz] ‫کاغاز‬. n.masc. paper.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) kāɡaz. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: kaaɣazí
kaaɣazí.
kaakaá [kaakaá] ‫کاکا‬. n.masc. Respectful
79

kaál

kanáa

kaál [kaál] ‫کال‬. n.masc. year. páanǰ bhišá

biaabeeníim ɡiráa ṣáatu.
ṣáatu. Kakel went maddue to this with his wife and [therefore he]began wandering about in the wilderness(Biori). Morph: kaantaré
kaantaré--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:
kaantaráanu. Pfv: kaantaríilu
kaantaríilu. Cv: kaantaríkaantarí.
kaantaráanu
ِkaantíiru [kaantíiro] ‫کانتیر ْو‬. adj. insane;
crazy, mad. See: ac̣híiwu ‘sane’. Fem agr:kaantíiri.
kaantíiri
— n.masc. insane person; madman. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: kaantíirakaantíira.
káaṇ [káaɳ] ‫کاݨ‬. n.masc. ear. Variant: kakaṇṇ(Biori). Etym: kárṇa- ‘ear, handle of avessel; end, tip(?) (masc)’ (T: 2830). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 káaṇ thíi ‫کاݨ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to listen,give heed to. tu káaṇ tha
tha,, ma tu the qisá
thúum.. You listen to a story I will tell you.
thúum
káaṇ
thíili.. Kingǰamǰaá baačaá tasíi baát ká
aṇ na thíili
Jamja did not give heed to his words.
kaašméeṇi [kaaɕméeɳi] ‫کاشمیݨی‬. n.fem.
ْkind of milk product. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
kakaríi [kakaríi] ‫ککری‬. n.fem. skull.
Variant: kákar
kákar. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
kanáa [kanáa] ‫کنا‬. adj.inv:ind. of what kind,in what way/state; what. naɡarǰutí yhéeli
bhíli.. Whentas díi khooǰóolu kanáa bhíli
Nagarjuti came, he asked her, “Whathappened [to you]?” so kanáa bhílu
bhílu.. What
happend to him? [lit. What did hebecome?] típa kanáa thíia
thíia.. What should we
do next? kanáa ba hínu
hínu.. How are you?
Usage: Only rarely would kanáa occur
independently of bhe or thethe.
 kanáa bhe ‫کنا بھے‬. adv.mann:ind. how;in what manner (intr). hatíitu ɡáaḍu

kaalíi dháatu páanǰ bhišá kaalá na
aaláanu,, páanǰ bhišá kaalíi buc̣hóolu ba
buc̣haaláanu
dhamáanu.. The personpáanǰ bhišá kaalá na dhamáanu
who has had enough to eat for 100 years
will not become hungry in 100 years, but
the person who has been hungry for 100
years will not be satisfied in 100 years.
Variant: saál (year (Urdu loan)). Etym: kālá‘time; fixed point of time; fate, death(masc)’ (T: 3084). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
 kaalúku ‫کالُک ْو‬. adj. of age, aged.
eetheelúki míi déedi áaṣṭ bhišá kaalúki
múṛi.. My grandmother was 160 years oldmúṛiwhen she died.
káamba [káamba] ‫کامبہ‬. v.intr. to shiver.
kambéeni.. His body istasíi buṭheé huǰút kambéeni
shivering. so šidá kambáanu
kambáanu.. He isshivering from cold. Morph: kámb
kámb--. Variant:káambe (Biori). Etym: kámpatē- ‘trembles,
shivers’ (T: 2767). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:
kambáanu. Pfv: kambílu
kambílu. Cv: kambí
kambí.
kambáanukáand [káand] ‫کاند‬. n.masc. shoulder.
Variant: káan
káan; kan (Biori). Etym: skandhá‘shoulder, upper part of back; trunk oftree, mass (esp. of an army) (masc)’ (T:13627). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: kaná
kaná.
 káand díi v.tr:cjt.inc. to carry (sth orsb) on one’s shoulder. múuṣu ta khuṣí na
dáanu.. The ratbaṭáanuee áak ba líiši káan dáanu
doesn’t fit into the crack while carrying an
ash spade on its shoulder. Variant: káan díi
díi.
kaantaríi [kaantaríi] ‫کانتری‬. v.intr. to go
mad, become (mentally) disturbed. kaakéṛ
teeṇíi kuṛíe pándee kaantarí ba80kansál

kasíiaǰdahaá aní katoolíia wée kanáa bhe baṭílu.
baṭílu.
How can such a big dragon fit into thisfodder sack (Biori)?
 kanáa the ‫کنا تھے‬. adv.mann:ind. how;in what manner (tr). ée méem ma niaám
khúum.. O grandmother, how cankanáa the khúum
I eat these? ée tu kaantíiru kuṇaák
kuṇaák,, lo tu
phaalíi.. tu ba kanáa the las sanɡsanɡíí
ɡhaší phaalíi
ɡhašáanu.. You crazy boy, he will
mháala ɡhašáanu
break you in pieces. How can you wrestle
with him? míi tróo ɡhróoma mheerílamheeríla..
mheeríla.. “I killed [the people of]
kanáa the mheeríla
three villages,” [one person declared.]“How did you kill them?” [another otherperson asked.]kansál [kansál] ‫کنسل‬. adj.inv. cancelled.
Comp: (English) cancel.
 kansál bhíi ‫کنسل بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to
be cancelled. c̣hatróola moosím xaróob
xaróob,,cúur reetí jheezíi fláiṭ na bhíli híni aáǰ bibhíli.. The weather in Chitral is bad;kansál bhíli
for four days there have been no flights,
and today, too, the flight was cancelled.
kaṇeeɡhaá [kaɳeeɡhaá] ‫کݨیگھا‬. n.masc:pn.
Kanegha (hamlet in central Ashret Valley);in Khowar: koc̣hanɡool. Prdm: ee-decl. Obl:kaṇeeɡhaá.
kaṇeeɡhaá
karaačí [karaatɕí] ‫کراچی‬. n.fem. Karachi.
ْVariant: karaančí
karaančí.
karáaṛu [karáaɽu] ‫کراڑ ْو‬. n.masc. leopard.
khóola.. A leopard
karáaṛu yhóolu kučúra khóolacame and ate the dogs. See: karéeṛi
‘leopardess’. Etym: káḍāra- ‘having
projecting teeth, gaping; gaping withprojecting teeth; dreadful’ (T: 2655). Prdm:

a-decl. Obl, Pl: karáaṛa.
karáaṛa
kareé [kareé] ‫کرے‬. adv.tm:ind. when,
whenever.
 kareé bi...(na)bi...(na) ‫بی‬ْ ‫کرے‬. never. kareétha.. Neverbi kirpuṭá malɡíri díi táma na thatrust an unfaithful friend. See: ɡaláː kareé
ɡalá ‘when, whenever’.
karéeṛi [karéeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫کریڑ‬. n.fem. leopardess.
See: karáaṛu ‘leopard’. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
karooṛíi [karooɽíi] ‫کروڑی‬. v.tr. to dig,scratch. kií duéem the kuhí karooṛíli
heentá,, paxpúla šíiṭi wée baáanu
baáanu.. The one
heentá
who digs a pit for another falls into it
himself. Morph: karooṛé
karooṛé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:
karooṛáanu. Pfv: karooṛílu
karooṛílu. Cv: karooṛí
karooṛí.
karooṛáanu
kaṛaáw [kaɽaáw] ‫کڑاو‬. n.masc. effort. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: kaṛeewí
kaṛeewí.
kasaán [kasaán] ‫کسان‬. n.masc. persons,people. Restrict: With plural reference.
Comp: Pashto (Persian) kas, kasān (pl).
kaseé [kaseé] ‫کسے‬. pron:ind. who,
somebody, anybody (acc). kaseé bi teeṇíi
ǰoṣeeṇḍeéu.. Don’t consider
díi kam na ǰoṣeeṇḍeéu
anybody inferior to yourself. sírif áaktha,, tas sanɡí kas
kaseé
xudaaíi ibaadát tha
eé naakaṭá.. Worship only one God, and don’t
akaṭá
mix him with anybody else [i.e., don’t mix
worship of other gods with worship ofGod]. taním zeerí thíili ki kaseé the namaní,, asaám sanɡí šuéeli thatha.. They beggedmaní
her to be so kind as to not tell anyone else.
See: koó ‘who (nom)’.
kasíi [kasíi] ‫کسی‬. pron:ind. whose,
somebody’s, anybody’s. aní kakaríi kasíi
kasíi..
Whose skull is this? kasíi putr ǰóolu seentá81

kásubkeé

tas mhaaróoi.
mhaaróoi. Should anyone have a boy,you should kill him. marɡíi anɣaará har
daráá bhanǰiǰáanu
bhanǰiǰáanu.. Death’s notice is put
kasíi darup on everyone’s door. See: koó ‘who(nom)’. Variant: kasée (Biori).
kásub [kásub] ‫کصب‬ُ . n.masc. occupation;
trade; skill. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) kasb. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 kásub thíi ‫کصب تھی‬ُ . v.tr:cjt.ninc. towork (in a profession). maeé bakáaramii
tháanu.. I myself am working as akásub tháanu
shepherd. Restrict: Masc agr with hostelement in pfv; possessive complement.
 kasubɡár ‫کصبگر‬ُ . n.masc. professional.
kasubɡár.. He is doing
so bakáaramii kasubɡársherherding. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
kaš [kaɕ] ‫کش‬. n.fem. draught (of smoke).
 kaš thíi ‫تھی‬‫کش‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tosmoke, take a draught (of smoke). tíiba,, ṣuɡeéliṣuɡeéli.. He tooksiɡareṭíi áa kaš the ba
three draughts of smoke and threw thecigarette away. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement in pfv; possessive complement.
kaš kaáš the [kaɕ kaáɕ tʰe, kaɕ kaáɕte]‫تھے‬ْ ‫کش کاش‬. adv:mann. tightly.
kateeṇú [kateeɳú] ‫کتیݨ ْو‬. adj:ind. what kindof; such kind of. Fem agr: kateeṇí
kateeṇí.
káti [káti] ‫کتی‬ْ . n.fem. pack-saddle fordonkeys. Comp: Pashto kataˈh. Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
katí [katí] ‫کتی‬ْ . quant:ind. how many; that
many. thíi katí mal híni
híni.. How many goats
do you have? baṭóom ǰe tíi katí katí íṇc̣amheeríl--a de. He killed numerous bears
mheeríl
with a piece of rock.

— adv.deg:ind. how; that (much). ɡuǰúr katíbi c̣húuṇc̣u heentá,
heentá, áanɡii phúṭi sam ba
kúulu.. No matter how straight the Gujur is,
kúulu
he is equally bent like the blade of thesickle.
— adv.tm:ind. how often. kučúrii laméeṭi
kúuli.. No
katí bi naṛí wée díti ta eeseé kúuli
matter how many times you put a dog’s
tail into the stream, it remains crooked.
See: ɡaláː katí ɡalá ‘as many as, that many’.
Etym: *kiyatta- ‘how great?’ (T: 3167).
katíitu [katíito] ‫ک ِتیت ْو‬. adj:ind. that big; whata big [sth]; how big; of such size. nu baɡhoóṣṭee.. Such a big house this is!
katíitu ɡhoóṣṭee
híni.. How big is yourthíi kitaáb katíiti hínibook? Fem agr: katíiti
katíiti.
katíma [katíma] ‫ک ِتمہ‬. det:ind. which one in
the order; in which. Variant: katiáama
katiáama;
katíme (Biori).
katoolái. n.fem. fodder
katoolái [katooléj] ‫کتولئی‬ْ
sack. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: katoolée
katoolée.
kaṭéeri [kaʈéeri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫کٹیر‬. n.fem. large knife.
See: kaṭóoru
kaṭóoru. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
keé [keé] ‫کے‬. clause:ind. why, for what
reason. míi kúṛi ɡokhíi heentá
heentá,, ma keékhoṇḍáanu.. Even if my wife wereɡokhaá khoṇḍáanu
Chitrali, why would I speak Khowar? lo tu
khóo.. Why would he eat you? kúṛi makeé khóoruáanu.. My wife asked
díi khooǰóolu ki keé ruáanu
me, “Why are you crying?” keé yhóolu
yhóolu..
What brought you here? Usage: Could be
used when asking for reasons as well as
rhetorically.
 keéna ‫کینہ‬. clause:ind. why not. aníi
hínu,, aninaám wíi keéna pilaáanu
pilaáanu..
wée wíi hínu
82

kéečikhaṇíi

Here is water, why not have them [thegoats] drink? tu aninaám keéna khaáanu.
khaáanu.
Why aren’t you eating these [food items]?
 keéki ‫کیکی‬.
conj. because, since.
ْde,, keéki bakaraál
basandá díi ba bhíian debaáanu..
basaánd bhílu seénta sóona the baáanu
However, they feared the spring, because
the shepherd would be going to the highpasture when the spring came.
kéeči [kéetɕi] ‫کیچی‬ْ . post. (near) to, with.
Restrict: With preceding oblique nominal
argument or an accusative pro-form. See:khuná.
khuná
kéeki [kéeki, kjéeki] ‫کیکی‬ْ . n.fem. older
sister. See: káaku ‘older brother’. Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
keéṇ [keéɳ] ‫کیݨ‬. n.fem. cave. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: -í.
kháaču [kʰáatɕu] ‫کھاچ ْو‬. adj. bad. khéeči
behtár.. Death is better
zindaɡí díi marɡ behtár
than a bad life. Morph: khač
khač--. Variant: kháču(Biori). Etym: *kacca- ‘mud, dirt’ (T: 3153,
14343). Fem agr: khéeči
khéeči.
khaamaád [kʰaamaád] ‫کھاماد‬. n.masc.
owner; husband. Variant: khaamád (Biori).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: khaamadá
khaamadá.
kháaṇ [kʰáaɳ] ‫کھاݨ‬. n.masc. mountain;
mountain pass; Lowari Pass. Variant: khaṇkhaṇ,,
rauléi (Biori). Etym: khaṇḍá- ‘broken,
crippled; having gaps or chasms; fragment(masc.neut)’ (T: 3792); skandhá- ‘shoulder,
upper part of back; trunk of tree, mass
(esp. of an army)’ (T: 13627). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
khaár [kʰaáar] ‫کھار‬. n.masc. donkey. See:khári ‘female donkey’. Variant: khar (Biori).
Etym: khara- ‘donkey (masc)’ (T: 3818).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: khará
khará.
khaláaṛu [kʰaláaɽu] ‫کھلاڑ ْو‬. n.masc. leather
grain bag (made from the skin of ahe-goat). See: khaléeṛi
khaléeṛi. Etym: khalla‘leather, leathern garment’ (T: 3848). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: khaláaṛa
khaláaṛa.
khaléeṛi
khaléeṛi [kʰaléeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫کھلیڑ‬. n.fem. leather
grain bag (made from the skin of a small
she-goat). See: khaláaṛu
khaláaṛu. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
khalíi [kʰalíi] ‫کھلی‬. v.tr. to stir. eetíiwee uṛítrunǰéeni..
khalí ba se c̣hiirá wée uṛí seentá trunǰéeni
When it is poured and stirred into themilk, it becomes curd. tíi teeṇíi čhayí wée
khalíiti.. She put sugar in her teačiní uṛí ba khalíiti
and stirred it. čhópan ziaát na khalá
khalá.. Don’t
stir the stew that much! Morph: khalé
khalé--,
khalíit--. Prdm: T/L:e. Prs: khaláanu
khaláanu. Pfv:
khalíitkhalíitu,, khalílu
khalílu. Cv: khalí
khalí. Imp: khalá
khalá.
khalíituِ
khalíitu [kʰalíito] ‫کھلیت ْو‬. stirred (masc sg).
Morph: khalíi
khalíi.
kham [kham] ‫کھم‬. adv.deg. Co-lexicalized
intensifier. kham kiṣíṇu pitch blackkhanɡaár [kʰaŋɡaár] ‫کھنگار‬. n.masc.
sword. húušii khanɡaríi
khanɡaríimǰainií.. Hitting them ǰainiíwind with a sword. míiš bhílu heentá
heentá,, báaṭkhanɡaár.. If you were a man, even abi khanɡaár
stone would be a sword. Variant: khanɡár(Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: khanɡarákhanɡará.
khaṇíi [kʰaɳíi] ‫کھݨی‬. v.tr. to hit, shoot. aṛó
míiš thíi khaṇíitu ɡa heentá ma tu the bíiḍi
dúum.. Were you to shoot that man,inaám dúum
I would reward you richly. Morph: khaṇé
khaṇé--,
83khaṇíitu

khínǰakhaṇíitkhaṇíit-. Etym: kháṇḍatē ‘breaks’ (T: 3795).
Prdm: T. Prs: khaṇáanu.
khaṇáanu Pfv: khaṇíitu.
khaṇíitu Cv:
khaṇí. Imp: khaṇá
khaṇá.
khaṇíkhaṇíitu [kʰaɳíito] ‫کھ ِݨیت ْو‬. hit, shot (mascsg). Morph: khaṇíi
khaṇíi.
kharéeṛi [kʰaréeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫کھریڑ‬. n.fem. bolt (ondoor or window). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
khári [kʰári] ‫ی‬ْ ‫کھر‬. n.fem. female donkey.
See: khaár ‘donkey’. Etym: kharī- ‘donkey(fem)’ (T: 3818). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
khaṣaalíi [kʰaʂaalíi] ‫کھݜالی‬. v.tr. to drag.
de.. We had
asím ǰinaazá khaṣeelí wheelílu dedragged the dead body down. so ǰhaáṭ
yháandu.. It [the creature]khaṣeelíim yháandu
comes dragging its fur. Morph: khaṣaalé
khaṣaalé--.
Prdm: L:e. Prs: khaṣaaláanukhaṣaaláanu. Pfv: khaṣeelílukhaṣeelílu.
Cv: khaṣeelí
khaṣeelí.
khaṣíi [kʰaʂíi] ‫کھݜی‬. n.fem. hoe. Etym:karṣí- ‘furrowing’ (T: 2909). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
khaṭáanu [kʰaʈáanu] ‫کھٹان ْو‬. adj. short.
Morph: khaṭán
khaṭán--. Fem agr: khaṭéeni
khaṭéeni.
khaṭéeni [kʰaʈéeni] ‫کھٹینی‬. short (fem).
ْSee main entry: khaṭáanu
khaṭáanu.
khaṭúuru [kʰaʈúuro] ‫کھٹُور ْو‬. n.masc. (tree)log. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: khaṭúura
khaṭúura.
khayú [kʰajú] ‫کھئ ْو‬. det:ind. that; that one;such; which, who. asíi khayí zabaán hínipurá c̣hatróola wée las the dhuíma darǰá
milaáubháanu.. Our language is such thatmilaá
u bháanu
in whole Chitral, it is the second in size.
paturaá nuuṭílu ta khayí zhayí wée asímta,, uṭíka de andáaǰinaazá khaṣeelí wheelílu tabhe. When I returned to the place where
we had dragged the corpse, it was jumping

like that. tíi zanɡalí khayí maxlúq hínaxálaka hína,
hína, tanaám bíiḍa tanɡ thíila hína.
hína.
He has greatly troubled the living beingsand people who are in the forest.
Non-nom/fem/pl agr: khayí
khayí.
— pron:ind. who, which one(s). tipúka ni bakhayí hína dhiiá díi khooǰainií zaruríbháanu.. Nowadays there are those forbháanuwhom it is necessary to ask their daughter[who she wants to be married to].
khéeči [kʰéetɕi] ‫کھیچی‬. bad (fem). Seeْmain entry: kháaču
kháaču.
khéli [kʰéli] ‫لی‬ْ ‫کھ ْی‬. quant. quite some;numerous. tasíi ǰhanióom khéli xálaka
yhóola.. A great number of people came foryhóolahis wedding. míi aní baát khéli xalkíim thehíni.. I told a number of peoplemaníiti híni
about this. so khéli waxt míi ɡhooṣtá the na
yhóolu.. He has not come to my house foryhóoluquite some time.
khilaí [kʰilají] ‫ھلئی‬ْ ‫ ِک‬. adv.mann. alone. madharíitu.. I remained alonephará khilaí dharíitu
over there. Etym: kkvala- ‘exclusively,
one’s own, alone’ (T: 3470).
khíndu [kʰindu] ‫ک ِھند ْو‬. became tired (mascsg). See main entry: khínǰa
khínǰa. adj. tired. Fem
agr: khíndi
khíndi.
ِ . v.intr. to becomekhínǰa [kʰiɲdʑa] ‫کھنجہ‬tired. tus khíndee
khíndee.. Are you tired? bhraáš
bhóoi,, ma khinǰáanu
khinǰáanu.. na utráapooi
utráapooi.. Slowbhóoi
down, I’m becoming tired. Don’t run!
Morph: khínǰ
khínǰ--, khind
khind--. Variant: khínǰe
(Biori). Etym: khídyatē ‘is depressed’ (T:3884); khinna- ‘wearied’ (T: 3884). Prdm: T.
Prs: khinǰáanu
khinǰáanu. Pfv: khíndu
khíndu. Cv: khinǰí
khinǰí. Imp:84khiṛkí

khúṭu

khinǰ
khinǰ.

flock eat here? They would die here in theheat. Morph: khakha-. Variant: khúu (Biori).
Etym: khād́ ati ‘chews, bites; eats’ (T: 3865).
Prdm: L:a. Prs: khaáanu
khaáanu. Pfv: khóolu
khóolu. Cv:
khaá.
khaá
khooǰóo [kʰoodʑóo] ‫کھوجو‬. v.tr. to ask.
ṭhaaṭáaka ba bhešainií díi muṣṭú tas díi nóokhooǰóolu.. Before sitting down, thekhooǰóolu
monster asked him for his name. eeṛé baátkhooǰóoi.. Don’t ask me aboutba ma díi na khooǰóoi
these matters! ɡhooṣṭíi maaliká díi
samúum..
khooǰaáanu ki dáar ɡa ṣiṣtám ki samúum
He asks the owner which type of door heshould make. naɡarǰutí yhéeli tas díi
bhíli.. When Nagarjutikhooǰóolu kanáa bhíli
came, he asked her, “What happened [toyou]?” Morph: khooǰá
khooǰá--. Variant: khooǰúu
(Biori). Etym: *khōjjati ‘tracks, seeks’ (T:3929). Prdm: L:a. Prs: khooǰaáanukhooǰaáanu. Pfv:
khooǰóolu. Cv: khooǰaá
khooǰaá.
khooǰóolu
khuná [kʰuná] ‫کُھنہ‬. post. (near) to, with.
Restrict: With preceding oblique nominal
argument or an accusative pro-form. See:kéeči.
kéeči
 khuná the ‫کُھنہ تھے‬. (moving near) toْ
(a person).
khur [kʰur] ‫کُھر‬. n.masc. foot; leg (including
the foot). šíin dac̣hí khur dhraǰeeṇḍéeu
dhraǰeeṇḍéeu..
Only after seeing the bed, should you
stretch out your legs. Etym: khura- ‘hoof(masc)’ (T: 3906). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
khúšu [kʰúɕo] ‫کُھش ْو‬. adj. left-handed. Etym:*khuśśa- ‘depraved, mad, inebriate’ (T:3364, 14401). Fem agr: khúši
khúši.
khúṭu1 [kʰúʈo] ‫کُھٹ ْو‬. n.masc. leg, knee. Etym:khiṛkí [kʰiɽkí] ‫ھڑکی‬ْ ‫ ِک‬. n.fem. window. See:darúṛi ‘window’. Comp: Urdu khiṛkī. Prdm:
a-decl. Pl: -á.
khóṇḍakhóṇḍa [kʰoɳɖa] ‫کھ ْونڈہ‬. v.intr. to speak,talk, discuss; say. be teeṇíi méeǰi ǰarɡá thíia
thíia,,
khoṇḍíia.. Let’s consult with one anotherkhoṇḍíia
and discuss. tíi se dhrúukii wíia sanɡí
hínu.. Shekhoṇḍainií ɡhareé široó thíilu hínu
had again started talking with the water ofthe stream. so khoṇḍílu heentá
heentá,, tasíi
bhéeni.. If he would say ašahidɡirí abás bhéeni
word, his entire martyrship would go
wasted. se éeḍim bhíilam khoṇḍílim ki aslíthaní.. The other half [of thezariṇíi dhií aní thaníwomen] spoke in fear and said, “This one
is indeed Zarin’s daughter.” Morph: khóṇḍ
khóṇḍ--.
Variant: khóṇḍe (Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:khoṇḍáanu. Pfv: khoṇḍílu
khoṇḍílu. Cv: khoṇḍí
khoṇḍí.
khoṇḍáanu
khoṇḍóo [kʰoɳɖóo] ‫کھ ْونڈو‬. v.tr. to make(sb) speak. so múṛai ǰandóo dede,, tíi kakaríikhonḍéeli.. He brought the dead body tokhonḍéeli
life and made the skull speak. ma tas muṣṭú
khoṇḍaáanu.. I make her talk first. Morph:khoṇḍaáanukhoṇḍ--á-. See: khóṇḍa ‘to speak’. Variant:khoṇḍkhoṇḍúu (Biori).
khóo [kʰóo] ‫کھو‬. v.tr. to eat. ma nis aáǰ
bhúum.. If I
khúum ta rhootašíia ba kanáa bhúum
eat this today, then what will I do
tomorrow? luumái kaṭamúš khainií the
híni.. The fox ran towards him toutrapíli híni
eat him. aní čhootá kha ta tu čaáx bhíiṛ
bhíiṛ.. Eat
this cheese and you will become fat andhealthy. índa míi bakáara ɡubáa kkhóon
hóon,,
hóon
máaran.. What would myhúluka ba láa máaran
85khúṭukoó*kuṭṭha- ‘knee’ (T: 3243). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: khúṭa
khúṭa.
 khúṭii ṭúupi ‫کُھٹی ٹُوپی‬. kneecap.
ْkhúṭu2 [kʰúʈo] ‫کُھٹ ْو‬. adj. lame (not able towalk normally). Etym: *khuṭṭa- ‘lame’ (T:3941). Fem agr: khúṭi
khúṭi.
ki1 [ki] ‫کی‬.
post.
as; of; out of; with. tíi laṛúْ
dítu.. He gave the
baačaá the toofá ki dítu
pumpkin as a gift to the king. míiš teeṇíi
búdu.
ɣaltí ki bú
du. The man became aware of his
mistake. so laalíč ki yhayí bheešílu
bheešílu.. It
started to bark out of greed. so bíiḍu
de.. He was rulingdabdabá ki baačái thíi dewith great pomp and show. Restrict: With
preceding nominative argument.
ki2 [ki] ‫کی‬yhíiṛ..
ْ . conj. or. ma yhúum ki tu yhíiṛ
Should you or I come?
ki3 [ki] ‫کی‬ْ . conj. Complementizer preceding
extraposed complement clause. tas thetha.. He
maníi de ki sírif áak xudaáii ibaadát tha
was telling him to worship only one God.
ru--áanáan--u. Mykúṛi ma díi khooǰóolu ki keé ru
wife asked me, “Why are you crying?” eetíɡaḍ--éen
éen--i. Itčúkri ki tandée pharé dhuumíi ɡaḍ
is so sour that it is as if smoke werecoming out of your head. dunáaṭu bhíluǰuwánd.. He
hínu ki aní ba katéeṇi ǰuwánd[suddenly] thought [lit. became a thinker],“What a life this is!”kíi [kíi] ‫کی‬. adv.sp:ind. whither, (to) where.
Variant: késa (Biori).
kií [kií] ‫کی‬. pron:ind. who; somebody;
anybody (obl). aní íṇc̣a sanɡí mháala kií
heentá,, ma tas the páanǰ sóo
ɡalá ɡhašíli heentá
baxšíšš dáanu
dáanu.. I will reward anybody
rupeé baxšíwith 500 rupees who is ready to wrestle
with this bear. aní toobaák ma díi kií híṛi.
híṛi.
Who took this rifle from me? kií ɡhaḍeeráii
heentá,, čeeméeri ɡoolíi
baát káaṇ na thíili heentá
piláanu.. The one who doesn’t listen towíi piláanu
the words of the elder is drinking waterfrom an iron stream. See: koó ‘who (nom)’;ɡaláː kií ɡalá ‘whoever, anybody’.
kilí [kilí] ‫لی‬ْ ‫ ِک‬. n.fem. key. alaahtaalaá kilí ta
díti,, ǰandrá ba míi háata dítu
dítu.. The
thíi háata díti
Almighty has given the key to you, but hehas given me the lock. Comp: Pashto kilī.
Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -á.
ِ . n.masc. snow. kirá ba eesé waxtíi
kir [kir] ‫کر‬alaaqá.. A great
ziaát díin de aní šumaalí alaaqá
deal of snow fell during that time in thisnorthern area. Etym: kiri- ‘scattering, heap’(T: 3175). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
ِ . v.intr:cjt.ninc. to snow.
 kir díi ‫کر دی‬
dítu.. It snowed the entirepurá deés kir dítu
day.
kiraamát [kiraamát] ‫کرامت‬. n.fem. divineor miraculous power. Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) karāmat. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
ِ . n.masc. chest. Etym:
kiroóṛ [kiroóɽ] ‫کروڑ‬krōḍá- ‘breast, bosom’ (T: 3607). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: -á.
ِ . n.fem. book. Comp:kitaáb [kitaáab] ‫کتاب‬Urdu (Arabic) kitāb. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:
kiteebí.
kiteebíkoó1 [koó] ‫کو‬. pron:ind. who, somebody,
anybody (nom). tíi teeṇíi mhéeli díi
koó.. He asked hiskhooǰóolu ki míi báabu koó
mother, “Who is my father?” nis the koó
86

koó

kráam

ṭinɡ na bhbh-áanáan-a. Nobody can stand up
against him. har koó páanǰ anɡúṛim dhúta
haráana.. Everyone moves his fivethe haráana
fingers to his mouth [to eat]. tíi ǰhulí póo
dainieé naɡaršaá xabaár bhe maníitu ki lolanɡáana.. As soon as she
koó síiwa pharé lanɡáana
stepped on it [the bridge], Nagar Shahbecame aware of it and said, “Who is iscrossing the bridge?” koó intizaár tháanabháanu..
tanaám the har ɡubáa milaáu bháanu
Those who wait will receive everything.
Etym: ká- ‘nom.sg.masc.’ (T: 5274). Acc:
kaseé. Obl: kiíkií. Gen: kasíi
kasíi.
kaseé
 koó bi na ‫کو بی نہ‬. pron:ind. nobody.
ْ
koó2 [koó] n.masc. olive tree. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -á.
 kooíilu [koowíilo] ‫کووِیل ْو‬. adj. made fromolive tree wood. Prdm: Reg. Fem: kooíili
kooíili.
kooḍɡhaá [kooɖɡhaá] ‫کوڈگھا‬. n.masc:pn.
Kodgha (hamlet in central Ashret Valley).
Prdm: ee-decl. Obl: kooḍɡhaákooḍɡhaá.
 kooḍɡhaadroók ‫دھروک‬‫کوڈگھا‬.
n.masc:pn. the Kodgha nullah. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl: -á.
kooɡái [kooɡéj] ‫کوگئی‬. n.fem. cheek.
ْVariant: kooɡéi (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:kooɡée.
kooɡéekóok [kóok] ‫کوک‬. n.masc. crow. kóoka díi
uxiaár.. The young crow is wiser
kaakoóṛ uxiaár
than the crow himself. Morph: káak
káak--.
Variant: káak (Biori). Etym: kāḱ a- ‘crow(masc)’ (T: 2993). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
koomáalu [koomáalu] ‫کومال ْو‬. adj. soft.
Morph: koomál
koomál--. See: kooṭáaṭu ‘hard’. Etym:
kōmalá- ‘tender, soft’ (T: 3523). Fem agr:kooméeli.
kooméelikooméeli [kooméeli] ‫کومیلی‬. soft (fem).
ْSee main entry: koomáalu.
koomáalukóoṇ [kóoɳ] ‫کوݨ‬. n.masc. arrow. kóoṇ ɡaḍítayaár.. To stand ready with the arrow [i.e.
tayaárbe prepared for a fight]. Variant: šará́ ḍa- ‘single joint of a plant;(Biori). Etym: kāṇ
arrow; cluster, heap (masc.neut)’ (T: 3023).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ِ . n.fem. attempt.
koošíš [kooɕíɕ] ‫کوشش‬uṛiɡeéli..
aaxeér šumaalí húuši teeṇíi koošíš uṛiɡeéli
At last the North Wind gave up theattempt. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) koshish.
ِ . v.tr:cjt.ninc. to koošíš thíi ‫کوشش تھی‬try. šóo kráamii koošíš theeṇḍeéu
theeṇḍeéu.. Weshould try to do our best. so phoó koošíš
bháanu.. The boy
tháanu xu waxt milaáu na bháanu
is trying but he cannot find an
opportunity. tíi dhoóṛ yhainií koošíš thíili
thíili..
He tried to come yesterday. Restrict: Fem
agr with host element; possessive or
clausal complement.
kooṭáaṭu [kooʈáaʈu] ‫کوٹاٹ ْو‬. adj. hard.
Morph: kooṭáṭ
kooṭáṭ--. See: koomáalu ‘soft’. Fem
agr: kooṭéeṭi
kooṭéeṭi.
kooṭéeṭi [kooʈéeʈi] ‫کوٹیٹی‬. hard (fem). Seeْmain entry: kooṭáaṭu
kooṭáaṭu.
kráam [kráam] ‫کرام‬. n.masc. work; deed,
behaviour. dáaš panǰíiš kaalá maxadúšii
tháanu.. I haveniiɡiraá ma tarkeeṇíi kráam tháanu
worked as a carpenter for ten to fifteen
years time. asaám ǰhulí bíiḍa kráama hína
hína..
We have plenty of work to do. kháača
87

kríintukuṇóokukráama díi ba teeṇíi zaán bač theeṇḍeéu.
theeṇḍeéu.
One should keep away from bad behaviour[lit. save oneself from bad work]. Variant:kram (Biori). Etym: kárman- ‘act, work
(neut)’ (T: 2892). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 kráam thíi ‫کرام تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. towork, act. rhoošnaám waxtíi thíi be c̣híitra
thíia.. Let’s go early in thebe kráam thíia
morning to work in the field. Restrict: Masc
agr with host element in pfv.
kríintu [kríinto] ‫کرِینت ْو‬. sold (masc sg). See
main entry: krína
krína.
ِ . v.tr. to sell. ɡóokrína [krína, kírna] ‫کرنہ‬kirnáanu.. I’m sellingsabzí mabzí kirnáanu
vegetables and such. laním teeṇíi zhaáy
híni.. They have sold their own
kríinti híniproperty. Morph: krín
krín--, kríint
kríint--. Variant:́
kríne (Biori). Etym: krīṇāti ‘buys’ (T: 3594).
Prdm: T. Prs: krináanu
krináanu,, kirnáanu
kirnáanu. Pfv:
kríintu. Cv: kriní
kriní. Imp: krin
krin.
kríintukriṣíṇu [kriʂíɳo, kiʂíɳo] ‫کر ِِݜݨ ْو‬. adj. black.
Variant: kiṣíṇu
kiṣíṇu. Etym: kr̥ṣṇá- ‘dark blue,
black’ (T: 3451). Fem agr: kriṣí
kriṣíṇi
ṇi.
ṇi
kučúru [kutɕúro] ‫ُچر ْو‬ُ ‫ک‬. n.masc. dog.
čukuṣá,, tu khóo
khóo.. Don’t tease the
kučúru na čukuṣá
dog or he’ll bite you. dharándi ba míi dúu
kučúra.. My two dogs were outside. kučúra
kučúrathíilu..
karáaṛa ǰhulí hamlá the phóo xalóos thíilu
The dog attacked the leopard and set theboy free. Etym: *kuccura- ‘dog’ (T: 3219).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: kučúra
kučúra.
kuḍkuḍ [kuɖ] ‫کُڈ‬. n.fem. wall. so kuḍí pharálanɡáanu.. He is climbing over the wall. katílanɡáanureetíi mehnatíi baád tasíi ɡhooṣṭíi kuḍ purábhíli.. After a few days of labour, the wall ofbhíli

his house was completed. Etym: kuḍya‘wall; plastering (a wall) (neut)’ (T: 3251).
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
 kuḍiṣoóṛ ‫ی ݜوڑ‬ْ ‫کُڈ‬. n.masc. crack in
the wall. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
kuhí [kuhí] ‫ُہی‬ْ ‫ک‬. n.fem. (water) well. kiíheentá,, paxpúla
duéem the kuhí karooṛíli heentábaáanu.. The one who digs a pit foršíiṭi wée baáanu
another falls into it himself. Variant: kuhéi(Biori). Comp: Pashto kū-haey. Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
kúi [kũj] ‫ُئی‬ْ ‫ک‬. n.fem. valley. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
ُ . n.masc.
kulumiṭár [kulumiʈár] ‫کلُ ِمٹر‬kilometre. taníi c̣híitr ba taníi ɡhooṣtá díide..
taqriibán tróo čúur kulumiṭará dhúura de
Their field was situated approximately 3-4
kilometres away from their home. Variant:(Biori).
Comp:(English)kulumiṭér
kilometre. Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -á.
kuṇaák [kuɳaák] ‫کُݨاک‬. n.masc. child; boy.
čuuṣáanu.. The
lhoóku kuṇaák teeṇíi anɡúṛi čuuṣáanu
little child sucks his own finger. tasíi áaṣṭmaní.. It is saidzára kuṇaaká heensíla de maníthat he had eight thousand children. nu bakuṇaák.. What kind of boy is he?
ɡa qísmii kuṇaák
See: lhoóku
lhoóku. Variant: kuṛánk
kuṛánk. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -á.
kuṇḍá [kuɳɖá] ‫کُنڈہ‬. n.masc. rod. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: kuṇḍeé
kuṇḍeé.
kuṇéeki [kuɳéeki] ‫ُݨیکی‬ْ ‫ک‬. n.fem. bitch(puppy). See: kuṇóoku ‘puppy’. Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
kuṇóoku [kuɳóoko] ‫کُݨوک ْو‬. n.masc. puppy.
See: kuṇéeki ‘bitch (puppy)’. Variant:88

kursí
kursí

laambú

kuṇúuku (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:kuṇóoka.
kuṇóokakursí [kursí] ‫ُرسی‬ْ ‫ک‬. n.fem. chair. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) kursī. Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -á.
kúṛi [kúɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫کُڑ‬. n.fem. 1) woman. kúṛiheentá,, ṭhaaṭéeki ɡiréeni
ɡiréeni.. If aooraán bhíli heentá
woman becomes unclean, she turns into awitch. tíi se búuḍi kúṛi wíia pharé lanɡéelilanɡéeli..
He carried the old woman across thewater. kuṛíina ta támbulamii ǰíinǰíin,, rrhooá
hooá
díin,, míiša ba axsí ǰíinǰíin.. The women weredíin
beating the drums and singing songs, andthe men were playing axsí [a game].
2) wife. míi aaweelíi kúṛi tasíi dhií dede.. My
first wife was his daughter. whaí ba kúṛiruáanu.. When I
ma díi khooǰóolu ki keé ruáanu
came down my wife asked me, “Why are
you crying?” Etym: *kuḍa- (kuḍī) ‘boy, son(girl, daughter)’ (T: 3245). Prdm: Irr. Pl:kuṛíina. Pl obl: kuṛíinam.
kuṛíinakuṛíinamُ . women (irr plural).
kuṛíina [kuɽíina] ‫کڑِینہ‬See main entry: kúṛikúṛi.
kušúni [kuɕúni] ‫نی‬ْ ُ‫ک ْوش‬. n.fem. households;
inhabitants. eesé waxtíi dáaš eé kušúni dede..
In those days there were only ten
households. aní deesóom atshareetá wée
hína.. Nowadays
qariibán čúur zára kušúni hína
there are about four thousand people in
Ashret. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
kúuṇ [kúuɳ] ‫کُوݨ‬. n.masc. corner (inside ahouse). dáar ta aṭí kúuṇkúuṇ,, kúuṇ ba aṭí dáarthainií.. It is [like] bringing the door to thethainiíplace of the corner, and the corner to theplace of the door [i.e. making a mess].
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.

lláa [láa, ɽáa] ‫لا‬. adv.sp:dem. there; to there

báandi.
báandi. A lot of our wealth has been spent
for that purpose. See: eeṛáai ‘from there(dist)’.
laák [laák] ‫لاک‬. quant. lakh; one hundred
thousand. Variant: áa llaák
aák. Comp: Urdu lākh.
aák
Prdm: a-decl. Pl: láka
láka.
laambú [laambú] ‫لامب ْو‬. n. bath. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Restrict: B. See:bhéenɡi. Comp: Pashto lān-bo.
bhéenɡi laambú ǰíi ‫لامب ْو جی‬. v:cjt. to take abath. haṛáa the niháaṛa ak sar heensíli de
de,,
de..
haṛíiwee peereṇíia har deés laambú ǰéen de
Nearby there was a lake, and every day(dist). índa míi bakáara ɡubáa khóon,
khóon,
húluka ba láa máaran.
máaran. What would myflock eat here? They would die here in theheat. phoó eeṛé dhuniaá patú eeṛé paiseém
dáanu.
patú índa láa dáanu. The boy would turnhere and there for the dowry and themoney. See: eeṛáa ‘there (emph)’.
láadu [láadu] ‫لاد ْو‬. found (masc sg). See
main entry: lháaya
lháaya. Variant: lháadu
lháadu.
laahúr [laahúr] ‫لا ُہر‬. n.masc. Lahore. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: -á.
láai [láaj] ‫لائی‬ْ . adv.sp:dem. from there (dist);
that. asíi bíiḍi daulát laɡayiǰíli híni láai
89

láanɡalanaámfairies used to bathe in it (Biori).
láanɡa [láaŋɡa] ‫لانگہ‬. v.intr. to cross; walk
(across); swim (across). so síiwa pharélanɡáanu.. He is crossing the bridge. solanɡáanuɡúum.. He left, crossing thekháaṇii lanɡí ɡúum
Lowari pass. so kuḍí phará lanɡáanulanɡáanu.. He is
climbing over the wall. míiš wíia pharélanɡílu.. A man swam across thebhéenɡi ǰe lanɡílu
water. See: lanɡóo ‘to take across’. Variant:láanɡe (Biori). Etym: lan̆ɡháyati ‘leaps over;transgresses; ascends’ (T: 10905). Prdm:
L:cons. Prs: lanɡáanulanɡáanu. Pfv: lanɡílulanɡílu. Cv: lanɡílanɡí.
laɡayíi [laɡajíi] ‫لگئی‬. v.tr. to attach, put in,
set up, spend. páanǰ sáat ba bheénč
laɡayeeṇḍeéu.. We need to put in a beamlaɡayeeṇḍeéu
that is five by seven. táa tíi hooṭál laɡayílilaɡayíli..
There he set up a hotel. teeṇíi paiseé laɡayí
tháanu.. He has
ba tusaám díi zubaán yaád tháanu
spent his money to learn your language.
Morph: laɡayé
laɡayé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: laɡayáanulaɡayáanu.
Pfv: lalaɡaɡayíluyílu. Cv: laɡayí
laɡayí.
ɡayílu
laɡayíǰa [laɡajídʑa] ‫لگئجہ‬. v.intr:pass. to be
put in, be put up, be spent, be needed. índayhaí phaaraṛíi wée lawaní wée tasíi keémplaɡayiǰíli.. When he came here, his camplaɡayiǰíli
was put up over there at Lawan. asíi bíiḍi
daulátt laɡayiǰíli híni láai báandi
báandi.. A lot ofdaulá
our wealth has been spent for that
purpose. tarkaaṇíi dapáara bíiḍi saamaánlaɡayiǰéeni.. There are so many kinds oflaɡayiǰéeni
tools a carpenter needs. See: laɡayíi ‘toattach, put in, set up, spend’. Variant:laɡaíǰee (Biori).
laɡaíǰ
laméeṭi [laméeʈi] ‫لمیٹی‬ْ . n.fem. tail. maačísɡaḍí tasíi laméeṭi anɡóor ṣaawóolu ta souḍheewílu.
uḍheewílu. He took out matches, put fire
to its [the monkey’s] tail, and it fled.
kučúrii laméeṭi katí bi naṛí wée díti ta eeseékúuli.. No matter how many times you put
kúuli
a dog’s tail into the stream, it remains
crooked. Etym: *lān̆ɡuṭṭa- ‘tail (neut)’ (T:11009); lūma- ‘tail (neut)’ (T: 11096). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
 lameeṭičhinilú ‫لمیٹی چِ ھنل ْو‬. adj.inv.
ْtail-less. lameeṭičhinilí ɡhaá
ɡhaáu
u teeṇíi phútabhaéeni.. A tail-less cow cannot
na urbháa bhaéeni
drive away the flies. Prdm: Reg. Fem:lameeṭičhinilí.
lameeṭičhinilílamíǰa [lamídʑa] ‫ل ِمجہ‬. v.intr. to hang.
bheenšíi phúṭi ɡhaší háata de ɡhaší andáa
be lamiǰainií andáa the drhakí ba tasphooṭóolu.
phooṭó
olu. Taking hold of the end of thebeam with his hands, hanging on it andpulling, he broke it. Morph: lamlam--íǰ
íǰ--. See:lamóo ‘to hang sth’. Variant: lamíǰe (Biori).
Prdm: L:cons. Prs: lamiǰáanu
lamiǰáanu. Pfv: lamiǰílu
lamiǰílu.
Cv: lamiǰí
lamiǰí.
lamóo [lamóo] ‫لمو‬. v.tr. to hang (up)something. róota c̣hóoṇ lamaáana deesá
pilaáana.. During the night you
harí wíi pilaáana
need to hang up oak branches, and during
the day you need to give them [the goats]water to drink. tíi teeṇíi lhaléemi meexá
laméeli.. He hang up his stick on a nail.
wée laméeli
Morph: lamlam--á-. See: lamíǰa ‘to hang (byitself)’. Variant: lamúu (Biori). Etym:
lambayati ‘causes to hang down’ (T:10956). Prdm: L:a. Prs: lamaáanu
lamaáanu. Pfv:
lamóolu. Cv: lamaá
lamaá.
lamóolulanaám [lanaám, ɽanaám, ɽaám] ‫لنام‬.
90

lanɡóo

laṭayíi

pron:dem. them (dist acc). ɣolaamseéd
malák thaní lanaám maǰí ɡhaḍeeró de.
de.
There was an elder among them whosename was Ghulam Sayd. See: lo ‘he, it (distmasc nom)’; eeṛanaám ‘them (emph)’.
Variant: lenaám (Biori).
lanɡóo [laŋɡóo] ‫لنگو‬. v.tr. to take across. tíi
lanɡéeli.. Hese búuḍi kúṛi wíia pharé lanɡéelicarried the old woman across the water.
lanɡéeli..
asím akaṭiǰí se ḍoolái kháaṇa pharé lanɡéeli
Together we carried the sedan chair acrossthe mountain pass. Morph: lanɡ
lanɡ--á-. See:láanɡa ‘to cross’. Variant: lanɡúu (Biori).
Prdm: L:cons. Prs: lanɡaáanu
lanɡaáanu. Pfv: lanɡóolulanɡóolu.
Cv: lanɡaálanɡaá.
laníi [laníi, ɽaníi] ‫لنی‬. pron:dem. their (dist).
xátum.. The enmity
asíiee laníi duṣmaní xátum
between us and them has come to an end.
nóo,, ḍhinzaakeé ba nana..
ɡoobaneekeé laníi nóo
Their name is Gobaneke [the name of aclan], not Dhinzake. See: lo ‘he, it (dist mascnom)’; eeṛaníi ‘their (emph)’. Variant:lenúme (Biori).
laním [laním, ɽaním] ‫ل ِنم‬. pron:dem. they
(dist obl). laním eeṛé riwaayát ɡiḍúučam díi
híni.. They got this tradition from
ɡhíini híni
the Dameli people. laním teeṇíi zhaáy
híni.. They have sold their own
kríinti híniproperty. See: lo ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’;ṛaním;
eeṛaním ‘they (emph)’. Variant: ṛaním
lením,, aṛením (Biori).
lením
lap [lap] ‫لپ‬. adv.mann. quickly; soon.
badaníi
bhéeni,, xu híṛii
badaníi parhaár ta lap saáz bhéeni
bhéeni.. The woundparhaár ba lap saáz na bhéeni
of the body heals quickly, but the woundof the heart does not heal quickly. ma lap
whúum.. I will soon come down. Variant:
whúum
lab.
lab
las [las, ɽas] ‫لس‬. pron:dem. 1) it (dist acc).
ǰúum ma las mhaarúum uṛúum ba na thaníba. I determined I would beat and kill it
and not let it free. las the beezáaya c̣hóoṇ
heentá,, le xaraáp bhéeni
bhéeni.. If it [theɡeéli heentágoat] is fed more oak branches thannecessary, it is not good for it. asíi khayízabaán híni purá c̣hatróola wée las thebháanu.. Our language
dhuíma darǰá milaáu bháanu
is such that in whole Chitral, it is thesecond in size. 2) him (dist acc). tanímmheeríia.. They
maníitu ki rhootašíia be las mheeríia
said, “Tomorrow we will kill him.” ée tukuṇaák,, lo tu ɡhaší phaalíi
phaalíi.. tu bakaantíiru kuṇaák
ɡhašáanu.. You
kanáa the las sanɡí mháala ɡhašáanu
crazy boy, he will break you in pieces. How
can you wrestle with him? 3) her (dist acc).
See: lo ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’; eeṛás ‘him,
her, it, that (one) (emph)’. Variant: les(Biori).
lasíi [lasíi, ɽasíi] ‫لسی‬. pron:dem. 1) its (dist).
hína.. Its benefits
lasíi phaaideé bíiḍa ziaát hína
are numerous. 2) his (dist). lasíi kúṛináinu.. His wife
maníitu ki asaám díi dúi ɡa náinu
said, “We don’t have any other one.” 3) her(dist). See: lo ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’; eeṛasíi
‘its, his, her (emph)’. Variant: lesée (Biori).
laṣ čax [laʂ tɕax] ‫لݜ چخ‬. adv.mann. swiftly.
ɡhaḍeerá phedí laṣ čax kaṭéeri ɡhiní se taáǰčhiníli.. The older one came, took a knifečhiníliand swiftly cut off the crown.
laṭayíi [laʈajíi] ‫لٹئی‬. v.tr. to search through.
91

lawanílháayačoorá ɡhoóṣṭ laṭayílu.
laṭayílu. The thief looked
through the house. pulusá tasíi ǰeéplaṭayíli.. The police searched his pocket. éelaṭayíli
putr,, tu míi ǰeepí wée ɡubáa laṭayáanulaṭayáanu.. Son,putr
what are you looking for in my pocket?
Morph: laṭayé
laṭayé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: laṭayáanulaṭayáanu. Pfv:
laṭayílu. Cv: laṭayí
laṭayí.
laṭayílu
lawaní [lawaní] ‫نی‬ْ ‫ل َو‬. n.fem:pn. Lawani (apart of the settlement Sharadesh in
Ashret). Prdm: m-decl.
le [le, ɽe] ‫لے‬ْ . pron:dem. 1) she (dist nom).
2) that one; it (dist fem nom). seetíli seentá
šay.. If it isle dunyaí maǰí bíiḍi phaaidadaár šay
taken care of, it is a very profitable thing
in this world. 3) those ones; these ones;
they (dist nom). palíi áak ṭómba p
patú
atú pharé
be ba phará ɡiraá dac̣háanu ta ki le kíiwee
thaní.. Hiding behind a tree trunk, I
hína thaníwent forward and looked ahead to see
where they were. le bi c̣hookíiee mac̣hóokíi
aulaád.. They too are the descendants ofaulaádChoke and Machoke. le kuṛíkuṛíina
ina nikhéetim
heentá,, míi baačaí thíi bhíibhíi.. If these turnheentá
out to be women, my kingdom will be
yours.
— det:dem. 1) that, this (agr: dist fem). ledawóoi.. Don’t ask me about thisbaát ba na dawóoi
matter. le muxaamúx zhaáy baḍilúmii
baḍilúmii.. The
place opposite to that belongs to the
Badile. le bimeerí ḍhakéeṭi
ḍhakéeṭi.. That disease isvery contagious. 2) that, this (agr: dist
non-nom masc). 3) those, these (agr: dist).
déeni.. The
thíi le banɡléem paší ma bhíili déeni
look of those bangles of yours scare me.
See: lo ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’; eeṛé ‘she, it,they, that one, those ones (emph)’.
léedi [léedi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫لید‬. found (fem sg). See main
entry: lháaya
lháaya. Variant: lhéedi
lhéedi.
leewóo [leewóo] ‫لیوو‬. v.tr. to lie, tell lies.
na.. We shouldn’t tell lies. maleewáaya ba na
ba lleewaá
eewaá teeṇíi dhií mhaaráam thaníde.. I was lying when I said I would
heensílu dekill my own daughter (Biori). Morph:leewá--. Variant: leewúu (Biori). Etym:
leewá
lāpayati ‘causes to cling or settle on’ (T:11016). Prdm: L:a. Prs: leewaáanu
leewaáanu. Pfv:
leewóolu
leewaá.
leewóolu. Cv: leewaá
léku [léko] ‫ل ْیک ْو‬. adj. small. ɡuǰúra the lékita,, ɡéeḍi anɡúṛi the urbuǰí
anɡúṛi pašawéeli ta
dítu.. You showed the small finger to a
dítu
Gujur, and he jumped at the big finger. Fem
agr: léki
léki.
lháasa [lháasa] ‫لھاسہ‬. v.intr. to drop, fall
out; escape, run away. míi háatii kitaáblhéesti.. The book fell out of my hand. solhéestide.. The manmíiš tas díi lhasí ba wháatu deescaped from her and came down. Morph:lhas--, lháastlháast--. Variant: lháase (Biori). Prdm:
lhas
T. Prs: lhaasáanulhaasáanu. Pfv Masc Sg: lháastu
lháastu. Pfv
Fem Sg: lhéesti
lhéesti. Cv: lhasí
lhasí.
lháastu [lháastu] ‫لھاست ْو‬. dropped, escaped,
ran away (masc sg). See main entry: lháasa
lháasa.
lháaya [lháaja] ‫لھایہ‬. v.tr. to find. thíi ɡubáa
thíilu,, eetás lháayaṛ
lháayaṛ.. What you sow you will
thíilureap [lit. What you did, you will find]. patú
léedi,, seɡiraá yhainií ba páand na léediúuṛa.. On its, the calf’s, way back it
bac̣húuṛa
could not find the path. Morph: lhái
lhái--, láad
láad--.
See: lhayíǰa ‘to be found, exist’. Variant:lháaye (Biori). Etym: lábhatē ‘catches,
92

lhaléemi

líi

takes’ (T: 10948); labdha- ‘taken, seized’ (T:10946). Prdm: T. Prs: lhayáanu.
lhayáanu Pfv Masc Sg:
láadu,, lháadu
lháadu. Pfv Fem Sg: léedi
léedi,, lhéedi
lhéedi. Cv:
láadu
lhayí. Imp: lháai
lháai.
lhayí
lhaléemi [lhaléemi] ‫لھلیمی‬. n.fem. big stick.
ْ
míi dóoda se íṇc̣i yhéeli ta lhaléemi ɡhinímheeríli.. When theaní ṣiṣá ǰe ǰíti ta tas mheeríli
she-bear came near to my grandfather, hetook his big stick and hit it over its headand killed it. Variant: lhaléembi (Biori).
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
lhayíǰa [lhajídʑa] ‫لھ ِئجہ‬. v.intr:pass. to befound, exist. anú míiš eetí maaldaár ki nisíi
lhayiǰáanu.. Thisɡhooṣṭá čailúṭii c̣hiír bi lhayiǰáanu
man is so rich that you can find sparrow’s
milk in his house. See: lháaya ‘to find’.
lhéesti [lhéesti] ‫لھیستی‬. dropped, escaped,ْ
ran away (fem sg). See main entry: lháasa
lháasa.
lheéṣ [lheéʂ] ‫لھیݜ‬. n.fem. dry plaster. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: -í.
lhéṇḍu [lhéɳɖo] ‫لھ ْینڈ ْو‬. adj. bald. muṣṭóoi
zamaanáii áak míišii áak lhéṇḍu putr demaní.. It is said that a long time ago, theremaní
was a man who had a bald son. Fem agr:lhéṇḍi.
lhéṇḍi— n.masc. male bald person. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: lhéṇḍa
lhéṇḍa.
lhístu [lhísto] ‫لِھست ْو‬. adj. with little hair orfur; barren. eeṛé zhaáy bíiḍi lhísti
lhísti.. The
place is entirely barren. tasíi ṣiṣ lhístu
lhístu.. He
has very little hair. Fem agr: lhísti
lhísti.
lhoílu [lʰojlo] ‫لھوئِل ْو‬. adj. red. Morph: lohíl
lohíl--.
Variant: lohílu
lohílu,, lhoyílu (Biori). Etym:*lōhila- ‘red’ (T: 11168). Fem agr: lhoíli
lhoíli.
lhookbáabu [lhookbaábu] ‫لھوک باب ْو‬.

n.masc. father’s younger brother. Variant:lhookubáabu (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
lhookbáaba.
lhookbáabalhookeeró [lhookeeró] ‫لھوکیر ْو‬. adj.
younger. so lhookeeró bhroó so kaná pharéde.. He had carried the youngerɡalí wheélu debrother on his shoulder. See: lhoóku‘small’. Variant: lhookeerú (Biori). Fem agr:lhookeerí.
lhookeerí— n.masc. younger one. Prdm: ee-decl. Obl:lhookeerá. Pl: lhookeereé
lhookeereé.
lhookeerá
lhoóku [lhoóko] ‫لھوک ْو‬. adj. small. so teeṇíi
tháanu.. He islhoóki bheeṇí the phóom tháanu
taking care of his little sister. nu lhoókuǰhaanáanu.. This little boy,kuṇaák nu ba ɡa ǰhaanáanu
what does he know? lhoóku díiš dede.. It was asmall village. Etym: laɡhú- ‘light; slight,
quick’ (T: 10896). Fem: lhoóki
lhoóki.
— n.masc. small boy; (small) child.
anɡreezaán andóoi ɡíia ta ma purá aníde.. When the British left I
lhoóka sáamu dewas about the same age as this small child.
See: kuṇaák ‘child’.
lhoóṇ [lhoóɳ] ‫لھوݨ‬. n.masc. salt.
likáanu.. Even the little
kakuaakoóṛ bi lhoóṇ likáanu
chicken is licking salt. Etym: lavaṇá- ‘salt;
salty’ (T: 10978). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
lhúuṇu [lhúuɳo] ‫لُھوݨ ْو‬. adj. salty. tasíilhuúṇu.. His meat is salty. Morph:mhaás lhuúṇu
lhoóṇ--. Fem agr: lhúuṇi
lhúuṇi.
lhoóṇ
líi [líi, ɽíi] ‫لی‬. pron:dem. 1) it; there (dist obl
with postposition). líi šíiṭi the ɡéeḍi keéṇhíni.. Inside it is a big cave. 2) he (dist obl).
híni
maníitu.. What did he say? 3) she
líi ɡubáa maníitu(dist obl). See: lo ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’;93lišóolúu lúu

eeṛíi ‘it, he, she, that (emph)’.
lišóo [liɕóo] ‫لِشو‬. v.tr. to close, put together.
lišá.. Close the doorčhaalíi dapáara dáar lišá
because of the little goats! dúu šaaká lišaá
hawá.. Put two pieces of wood togetheruṭhawá
and make them stand up! aní dúu šíina
ɡalá.. Place these two beds next tolišaá ɡalá
each other. Morph: lišliš--á-. See: líša ‘to comeclose’. Variant: lišúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:
lišaáanu. Pfv: lišóolu
lišóolu. Cv: lišaá
lišaá.
lišaáanulo [lo, ɽo] ‫ل ْو‬. pron:dem. 1) it (dist masc nom).
hóonsa..
tu dúi šóo lháayaṛ xu lo ba ɡraán hóonsa
You will find something better, but it will
be more expensive. na ba whaidítu heentákhóo.. If it is not hit, it will eat me.
lo ma khóo2) he (dist nom). yaá ba tu mhaaríiṛ yaá bamáar--a. Either you will kill him or helo eé máarwill die anyway. lo xu thíi bhróo
bhróo,,
atsharíitu,, thíi qóom
qóom.. He is your brother,
atsharíitu
he is Ashreti, your own tribe. tíi ǰhulí póo
dainieé naɡaršaá xabaár bhe maníitu ki lo
síiwa
lanɡáana.. As soon as she
koó sí
iwa pharé lanɡáana
stepped on it [the bridge], Nagar Shahbecame aware of it and said, “Who is iscrossing the bridge?” Sg fem: lele. Sg acc: laslas.
Sg obl: líilíi. Sg gen: lasíi
lasíi. Pl nom: lele. Pl acc:
lanaám. Pl obl: laním
laním. Pl gen: laníi
laníi.
lanaám— det:dem. that (agr: dist nom masc sg).
teeṇíi lo phoó pirsaahibá the hawaalá thehína.. He placed his own son in the custody
hína
of Pir Sahib (Biori). tu mheerabeení the asíibhíi..
lo móoṇuṣ asaám díiṛ heentá šóo bhíi
Would you kindly hand over that person tous? thíi lo tilainií ma xox nana.. I don’t likethat way you are walking. See: eeṛó ‘he, it,that one (emph)’. Non-nom/fem/pl agr: le.
lelookúṛi [lookúɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫لوکُڑ‬. n.fem:pn. Lokuli(hamlet in upper Ashret Valley). Prdm:
m-decl.
loomúṭ [loomúʈ] ‫لو ُمٹ‬. n.masc. deodar tree
(Himalayan cedar); very tall tree growing
on high altitudes, usually far frompermanent settlements, its wood is used
for construction. dhríɡu ba eetí ki loomuṭíi
hínu.. It was so tall thataḍaphaár tií phedí hínu
it reached halfway up a deodar tree. Etym:*lōka- ‘light’ (T: 11120); rrka- ‘light,
splendour (masc)’ (T: 10826). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -á.
looṛí [looɽí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫لوڑ‬. n.fem. bowl. Prdm: a-decl.
Pl: -á.
lootanɡhaá[looʈaŋɡhaá]‫لوتنگھا‬.
n.masc:pn. Lotangha (hamlet in lower
Ashret Valley). Prdm: ee-decl. Obl:lootanɡhaá.
lootanɡhaálúna [lúna] ‫لُنہ‬. v.tr. to reap, cut, cut off;mow. eeteeṇí seezíi ḍhínɡar lun
lun.. Cut off apiece of wood that size! sáat lookilúuṛim
de,, áanɡa de ǰuwaár ɡa lunáana
lunáana..
lúuntim de
Seven small trees were cut off, just likeyou cut maize with a sickle. ǰabá bíiḍu ziaát
heentá,, mašín ɡhiní lunáanu
lunáanu.. If thebaḍilu heentá
lawn grows very much, he takes themachine and mows it. Morph: lunlun--, lúunt
lúunt--.
́
Variant: lúne (Biori). Etym: lunāti ‘cuts,
reaps’ (T: 11082). Prdm: T. Prs: lunáanu
lunáanu. Pfv:
lúuntu. Cv: luníluní. Imp: lun
lun.
lúuntuُ
lúu lúu [lúu lúu] ‫لُو لو‬. adv.tm. all night(long). tíi róota lúu lúu bheší karooṛí seɡaḍíla.. He sat up digging the wholeṣínɡa ɡaḍíla
94

lúuɡumaaldaárnight, taking up the horns [that wereburied in the ground]. See: ǰhim ǰhim ‘allday’.
lúuɡu [lúuɡo] ‫لُوگ ْو‬. adj. strange;
non-related. tusím lúuɡa míiša kéeči mathawéeli.. You
baasaá míi bheezatí thawéeli
disgraced me by making me spend thenight with a stranger. Fem agr: lúuɡi
lúuɡi.
— n.masc. stranger; non-related person.
haansáanu.. A strangerteeṇíi díi lúuɡu šóo haansáanu
is better than one’s own [family]. Prdm:

a-decl. Obl, Pl: lúuɡa.
lúuɡaluumái [luuméj] ‫ومئی‬ْ ُ‫ل‬. n.fem. fox. See:luumóo ‘male fox’. Variant: lhooméi (Biori).
Etym: *lōmaka- ‘fox (masc)’ (T: 11153).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: luumée
luumée,, luuméea
luuméea.
ُ
luumóo [luumóo] ‫لومو‬. n.masc. male fox.
See: luumái ‘fox (generic)’. Variant:lhoomúwu (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
lúuntu [lúunto] ‫لُونت ْو‬. reaped (masc sg). See
main entry: lúna
lúna.

m-m [-m] sfx. Plural suffix (with m-declension

situation happened to me. aní toobaák ma
híṛi.. Who took this gun from me?
díi kií híṛikhóo.. This bear will eat me.
anú iṇc̣ ma khóo
Variant: máa
máa-- (Forming one phonologicalword with following postposition or clitic,
e.g. máathe ‘me, to me’ with the ‘to’.).
Etym: ma- ‘1sg (base of oblique cases)’ (T:9691). Gen: míi
míi.
maačís [maatɕís] ‫ماچِ س‬. n.fem. match.
Comp: (English) matches. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
maáf [maáf, mwaáf, muaáf] ‫معاف‬. n.fem.
excuse. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) mŏˈāf, māf. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: -í.
 maáf thíi ‫معاف تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toforgive. máathe muaáf the. Forgive me(Biori)! Restrict: Fem agr with host elementin pfv; postpositional object with thethe.
maaldaár [maaldaár] ‫مالدار‬. adj.inv. rich,nouns). har koó páanǰ anɡúṛianɡúṛi-m dhúta the
haráana.. Every person moves his fiveharáanafingers to his mouth [to eat]. sáat
lookilúuṛi--m lúuntim dede,, áanɡa de ǰuwaár
lookilúuṛi
lunáana.. Seven small trees were cut off,ɡa lunáana
just like you cut maize with a sickle. See: -a2‘Plural suffix (with a-declension nouns)’; -í2‘Pluralsuffix(with
i-declension
nouns)’; -eé3 ‘Plural suffix (withee-declension nouns)’; -aán ‘Plural suffix(with aan-declension nouns)’.
ma [ma] ‫مہ‬. pron:pers. 1) I (1sg nom, subject).
ma,, mhaatuseén míi nóo
nóo,, áa ba
áa ta made.. One of them
habibulaxaán thaní míiš dewas me, my name is Muhammad Hussain,
and one was a man called Habibullah
Khan. áak qisá ma tusaám the thúum
thúum.. I willtell you a story. 2) me (1sg nom, direct
object). míi zueeníi daureení eeṛé haalaát
yhéeli.. During my youth such ama báandi yhéeli
95maalúm

mac̣hoók

wealthy. míiš ṭhónɡi kirní maaldaár bhílu.
bhílu.
The man sold the axe and became rich.
Comp: Urdu (Arabic and Persian) māl-dār.
maalúm [maalúm] ‫معلوم‬. n.masc.
knowledge; realization. máathe maalúm
thaní.. I
bhílu ki eetáa sabáq manáana thanírealized that teaching is done there. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) maˈlūm.
maalumaát [maalumaát] ‫معلومات‬. n.fem.
information.
Comp:
Urdu
(Arabic)
maˈlūmāt. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: maalumeetímaalumeetí.
maamaá [maamaá] ‫ماما‬. n.masc. mother’s
brother. ée maamaá
maamaá,, anú míiš axsí ǰáanu tata,,bháana.. O uncle, this
nis the koó ṭinɡ na bháana
man wants to play axsí [a game] but
nobody can stand up against him. Usage:
Even addressing older person (especiallymaternal relative) that is not one’s
mother’s brother. Etym: māma- ‘uncle(masc)’ (T: 10055).
máamu [máamu] ‫مام ْو‬. n.masc. mother’s
brother. utsuṇḍá be ba se kaafiraán ba se bamaamayáde.. He went to Urtsun andtasíi maamayá dethe infidels there were his maternal
uncles. Prdm: Irr. Obl: máama
máama. Pl:
maamayeé,, maamayá
maamayá. Pl obl: maamayúm
maamayúm.
maamayeémáara [máara] ‫مارہ‬. v.intr. to die. anú
hínu,, bíiḍu na
na,, úču
duniaá ba úču waxt hínu
maráana.
waxtíi índa maráan
a. This world remains
for a short while, not for long, and after ashort time we die. rhootašíia táa bíi ta
hínu.. In the morning hekaráaṛu marí ɡalí hínu
went there and saw that the leopard waslying dead. tas the marɡíi ǰáar ḍhakíluḍhakílu,, áakreetíimúṛu.. He got a severe
katí reetíi baád so múṛufever, and after a few days he died. Morph:mar--, muṛmarmuṛ-. Variant: máare (Biori). Etym:
máratē ‘will die’ (T: 9871); mr̥tá- ‘dead;death (neut)’ (T: 10278). Prdm: T. Prs:
maráanu. Pfv: múṛumúṛu. Cv: marímarí. Imp: máar
máar.
maráanu
maasúmmaasúm [maasúm] ‫معصوم‬. adj.inv.
innocent (child). Comp: Urdu (Arabic)maˈṣūm.
— n.masc. innocent child. míi ɡhooṣṭá
hína.. I
lhoóka lhoóka maasumaán kuṇaaká hína
have small, innocent children at home.
Prdm: aan-decl. Pl: -aán
aán.
maaṣṭér [maaʂʈér] ‫ماݜٹر‬. n.masc. teacher.
Comp: (English) master. Prdm: aan-decl.
Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
máathe [máatʰe] ‫تھے‬ْ ‫ما‬. me; to me, for me.
zarurát.. I need rest. máathe
máathe aaraám zarurátthíiṛ.. What will you do for me?
ba ɡubáa thíiṛ
čoonkaáanu.. He ismáathe ba ɡa ṣínɡa čoonkaáanu
raising horns against me. máathe
heentá,, ma aṛó yambaáṭ
aambúuṛu piṣṭu heentábéem.. If someone would grind
khilaí ɡhiní béem
grain for me, I would carry the mill stone
all alone. See: ma ‘I’; the ‘to’.
máaṭu [máaʈu] ‫ماٹ ْو‬. n.fem. neck. Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
maaxaám [maaxaám] ‫ماخام‬. n.masc.
evening. maaxaám c̣hiṇ bhílu
bhílu.. The evening
turned dark. Variant: maaxám (Biori). Comp:
Pashto mā-ḱhām. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:
maaxamí.
maaxamímac̣hoók [maʈʂʰoók] ‫مڇھوک‬. n.masc:pn.
Machoke (ancestor of the people of
Ashret). mac̣hookíi násal xátum thíila
thíila,,the.. They completely annihilatedbuṭheé the96

madádmalɡíri

Machoke’s kin. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
madád [madád] ‫مدد‬. n.fem. help. xudaaíi
peeɣambaríi baát na káaṇ thainií wáǰabáandi alaahtaalaá teeṇíi madád tasíi baačaí
díi uc̣híiti de Because he did not listen to
the words of God’s prophet, God Almighty
took his help away from his kingdom.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Variant: madát
madát. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) madad. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
 madád thíi ‫مدد تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tohelp. ma thíi madád thúum
thúum.. I will help you.
tháanu..
so aní kaafiraanóom sanɡí madád tháanu
He is helping those infidels. Restrict: Fem
agr with host element in pfv;
postpositional object with sanɡí orpossessive complement.
maidaaní [majdaaní] ‫مئدانی‬. adj.inv.
ْ
relating to field. See: maidóon ‘field’.
maidóon [majdóon, meedóon] ‫مئدون‬.
n.masc. field. eeteeṇú síɡal maidóon
maidóon eetiitíiti ɡirɡiríini hínim ki láxai
híni.. It is a fieldɡhooṣṭá séemi ɡirɡiríini híniwith sand and rocks as big as houses.
Variant: maidáan (Biori). Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) maidān. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
maǰburí [madʑburí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫مجبر‬ُ . n.fem.
necessity. maǰburí yhéeli
yhéeli.. It became
necessary. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic)
majbūrī.
maǰí [madʑí] ‫مجی‬ْ . post. in, inside; among;
during. aninaám maǰí zariṇíi dhií khayáak
khayáak..
Who among them is Zarin’s daughter?
dainií.. Putting one’s eyesac̣híia búḍa maǰí dainiíinside the trousers. tasíi uǰutí maǰí xaaráx

paidóo bhíli.
bhíli. He got an itching in his body.
níindram maǰí hínu,
hínu, aaraám ki hínu.
hínu. He isasleep, resting. tíi maǰí téez húuši nikhéeti
nikhéeti..
Meanwhile a strong wind started blowing.
paléeli..
páanda bainií maǰí ma díi kií mubáil paléeli
While travelling, someone stole my mobile
phone. Restrict: With preceding obliquenominal argument in its spatial/temporalsense, an animate oblique plural nominalor accusative plural argument in the sense‘among, out of’, and an oblique form when
its temporal sense is expressed with apro-form.
mákara [mákara] ‫مکرہ‬. n.masc. cunning;
cunning behaviour. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
makr, makar.
 makrái ‫مکرئی‬. adj.inv. cunning, clever.
ْ
mal [mal] ‫مل‬. n.fem. goats. thíi katí mal híni
híni..
How many goats do you have? muṣṭuí
niiɡiraá malíimii kasubɡár ma. I have beena goatherd for a long time. malí the c̣hóoṇɡalá.. Throw some oak branches to theɡalágoats! Restrict: With plural reference. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: -í.
malɡíri [malɡíri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫مل ِگر‬. n. companion,
friend. so áak malɡíri ɡúum neé so khilaí
dharíitu
aríitu.. His companion left him and hedharíituremained there alone. Usage: Can modify
either male or female referents, and isassigned gender accordingly. Comp: Pashto
mal-ɡaraey (m), mal-ɡari (f). Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
 malɡíri bhíi ‫ی بھی‬ْ ‫مل ِگر‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. toaccompany. so díiša tií kuṇaakóom sanɡíbhílu.. He accompanied themalɡíri bhílu
97

malíimaṇḍáuchildren to the village.
malíi [malíi] ‫ملی‬. v.tr. to apply, spread onto,
mix. tíi tuúš míi uc̣hí ba teeṇíi múṭi pharéhíni.. He lifted up some bonemalíiti hínimarrow and applied it along his own arm.
maláanu.. I am
ma lohílu ranɡ šaaká maláanu
painting the wood with red colour (Biori).
malíiti.. I applied
míi teeṇíi háata nirkízi malíiti
henna to my hands. Morph: malémalé--, malíit
malíit--.
Prdm: T. Prs: maláanu
maláanu. Pfv: malíitu
malíitu. Cv: malmalíí.
Imp: malámalá.
malíitu [malíito] ‫م ِلیت ْو‬. applied (masc sg).
See main entry: malíi
malíi.
mána [mána] ‫منع‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) manˈ,manaˈ, manā.
 mána thíi ‫منع تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to tell sb
to stop, forbid; warn. ɡhaḍeerá mána thíilu
de.. The older
xu so áa hóola toolíi eé de[brother] warned him, but he kept
measuring. tíi se kúṛi mána thíili
thíili.. He told
the woman to stop.
manɡái [maŋɡéj] ‫منگئی‬ْ . n.fem. water pot.
šíiṭiheentá,,ɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi beeitifeeqí heensíli heentášušéeni.. In a house where
púunti manɡái šušéeni
there is disagreement, the full water pot
dries out. Variant: manɡéi (Biori). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: manɡéemanɡée,, manɡéeamanɡéea.
maní [maní] ‫منی‬ْ . mood. it has been said; wehave been told; apparently. eesé baačaáii
maní.. It has
bóoš zára kuṛíina heensílim de maníbeen said that the king had twelve
thousand wives. muṣṭóoi zamaanéii
atshareetá paačhambeé thaní áak míiš

heensílu de maní.
maní. A long time ago, there
was a man in Ashret whose name was
Pashambi. so ɡiḍúuču paalaawaáṇ so
yambaáṭ ɡa ɡhiní bíi de eesó na ṣandílu
maní.. The Dameli man who was carrying
maní
the millstone [he] apparently lost heart.
maníi [maníi] ‫منی‬. v.tr. to say, call; read,recite; obey. bheeríči páanda the manáana
manáana..
We use the word bheeríči for a path. tas
manáana.. We call him
the be kaantíiru manáana
mad. eesé waxtíi peeɣambár tas the maníi
tha.. Thede ki sírif áak xudaáii ibaadát tha
prophet of that time used to say to him,
“Pray only to the one God!” míi tas thekhoṇḍ.. I said to him,maníitu ki leewá na khoṇḍ
“Don’t lie!” míi quraán paakíi čúur aayeetí
maníiti.. I recited four verses from the Holy
maníiti
Qur’an. farišteém xudaáii húkum na
manainií wáǰa ǰhulí tas bíiḍu ziaát ɡooríi
díti.. The angels punished him
azaáb díti
severely for not obeying God’s command.
Morph: mané
mané--, maníit
maníit--. Etym: mantráyatē
‘speaks ; consults with ; advises’ (T: 9837).
Prdm: T. Prs: manáanu
manáanu. Pfv: maníitu
maníitu. Cv:
maní. Imp: maná
maná.
maní
maníitu [maníito] ‫م ِنیت ْو‬. said, called (mascsg). See main entry: maníi
maníi.
mansubá [mansubá] ‫منصوبہ‬. n.masc.
planning. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic)manṣūba. Prdm: ee-decl. Obl: mansubeé
mansubeé.
maṇḍáu [maɳɖáw] ‫منڈو ْو‬. n.masc. veranda;
gallery. maṇḍawíi ɡhareé ḍhínɡar ɡhoóṣṭa
tuúšš muxtalíf bháanu
bháanu.. The wood used
díi tuúfor the veranda should be a bit different
from the wood used for the house [itself].
98

marɡ
marɡ

méemi

Etym: maṇḍapa- ‘open temporary shed,pavilion’ (T: 9740). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:maṇḍawí,, maṇḍayí
maṇḍayí.
maṇḍawímarɡ
marɡíimarɡ [marɡ] ‫مرگ‬. n.masc. death. marɡíibhanǰiǰáanu.. Death’s
anɣaará har kasíi dará bhanǰiǰáanu
notice is put up on everyone’s door. khéeči
behtár.. Death is better
zindaɡí díi marɡ behtár
than a bad life. Comp: Urdu (Persian) marɡ.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
mašwará [maɕwará] ‫مشورہ‬. n.masc.
consultation. teeṇíi maǰí eenú mašwará
thíilu ki rhoošnaám waxtíi thíi be c̣híitra bethíia.. They consulted among
kráam thíia
themselves and said, “Let’s go early in themorning to work in the field.” Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) mashwara. Prdm: ee-decl.
Pl: mašwareé
mašwareé.
matíi [matíi] ‫متی‬. v.tr. to churn (esp. byshaking). so c̣hiír trunǰí báaṭ ɡirílu seentámatáana.. móona de andáa the matítas matáanaɡhiíṛ,, so ɡhiíṛ ta dhuurá
tíiwee nikháandu ɡhiíṛčhooráana.. When the milk has become ačhooráana
hard curd we will churn it. It is put into agoat skin and churned this way, and gheecomes out separated [from the curd]. Prdm:
L:e. Prs: matáanu
matáanu. Pfv: matílu
matílu. Cv: matímatí.
maṭaaí [maʈaají] ‫مٹائی‬.
n.fem.
sweets.
Comp:ْ
Urdu miṭhāˈī. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: maṭaaíimmaṭaaíim.
mauǰúd [mawdʑúd, moodʑúd] ‫موجود‬.
adj.inv. present; existing. ma táa mauǰúd dede..
I was present there. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)maujūd.
 mauǰudá ‫موجودہ‬.
adj.inv.
current,
present-day; present-time. mauǰudá waxtíi
híni.. Nowadays everything isbíiḍi ɡraaní hínivery expensive. típa aní mauǰudá waqtíi ma
eé bakáaramii kásub tháanu.
tháanu. Currently, I
myself am working as a shepherd.
maxadúši
[maxadúɕi,
muxadúɕi,
maxadúɕii] ‫ُشی‬ْ ‫مخد‬. post. in front of. so
ɡirílu.. Heteeṇíi kúṛii maxadúši wée yíiṛu ɡirílu
turned into a sheep in front of his own
wife. ṣóoii maxadúši bíiḍu damdaár dede.. He
was much appreciated by the king. tasíi
maxadúši wée tasíi putr tas the dac̣háaṭu
hínu.. In front of him was his son who
bhílu hínu
had started looking at him. Restrict: With
preceding genitive argument. Variant:muxadúši; maxadúši wée
wée.
muxadúši
— adv.sp. forward, in the front. maxadúši
hínu.. As he continued
bíi ta ux yháandu hínu
forward, a camel was coming along.
— adv.tm. first. maxadúši ta utrapainiíutrapainií,,uṛiɡalainií.. First running, thenpadúši ba uṛiɡalainiíleaving.
méeǰi [méedʑi] ‫میجی‬ْ . post. in between; inthe middle of, inside; among. xálaka díišaakaṭáana.. People gather in theméeǰi akaṭáana
middle of the village. tu aṛé duhím míišaméeǰi bheší hínu eeṛé dhueé míi phéepii
putrá.. The two men you are sitting
putrá
between are both my aunt’s sons. mačhooráanu.. I am
qalám kiteebí méeǰi čhooráanu
putting the pen inside the book. Restrict:
With preceding oblique argument. Etym:
mádhya- ‘middle; the middle (neut); waist’(T: 9804).
— adv.sp. in the middle. ma méeǰi de I wasstanding in the middle.
méemi [méemi] ‫میمی‬ْ . n.fem. mother’s99

méešimhéelimhaaríi [mhaaríi] ‫مھاری‬. v.tr. to kill. ǰúummother. Etym: *māmikā- ‘mother’ (T:10058). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
méeši [méeɕi] ‫میشی‬ْ . n.fem. mother’s sister.
Etym: mātuḥṣvasr̥- ‘mother’s sister (fem)’(T: 10001). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m. Pl: méeš
méeš.
ِmeeṭhíl [meeʈʰíl] ‫میٹھل‬. n.fem. Methil (fieldin Ashret Valley). Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
meewá [meewá] ‫میوہ‬. n.masc. fruit. sáburii
haansáanu.. The fruit of
meewá mhoóru haansáanu
patience is sweet. tíi šíiṭi áak máak
máakaṛaṛ šúkade.. A
meewá ǰáma the bheší héensílu demonkey was sitting inside [the cave] withsome dry fruit it had gathered. Comp:
Pashto/Urdu (Persian) mewaˈh. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: meeweé
meeweé.
mehfíl [mehfíl] ‫مح ِفل‬. n.fem. gathering.
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) maḥfil. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: -í.
mehmaán [mehmaán] ‫مہمان‬. n.masc.
guest. See: práaču
práaču. Comp: Urdu (Persian)mĕhmān. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
mháala [mháala] ‫مھالہ‬. host. Usage:
Exclusively used as a host element incomplex predicates.
 mháalamháala ɡhašíi [mháala ɡhaɕíi] ‫مھالہ‬‫گھشی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to wrestle. aní íṇc̣aheentá,, ma tassanɡí mháala kií ɡalá ɡhašíli heentádáanu.. I will
the páanǰ sóo rupeé baxšíš dáanu
give five hundred rupees to anyone who
wrestles with this bear. Restrict: Masc agrwith host element in pfv; postpositional
object with sanɡísanɡí. See: ɡhašíi ‘to catch’.
mháalu [mháalu] ‫مھال ْو‬. n.masc. father;parent. See: mhéeli ‘mother’. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: mháala
mháala.

ma las mhaarúum
mhaarúum uṛúum ba na thaní ba.
ba. I
determined I would beat and kill it, andnot let it free. nu ba asaám mhaarainií thede.. He had come up there to kill
ukháatu deus. tíi tas mheerílu
mheerílu.. She killed him. se ta
de,,andáa bhe ɡhueeṇíia mhaaríin de
andáa
de..
ɡhueeṇíia an
dáa be tanaám mhaaríin de
They [the people of Ashret] used to comeand kill the Pashtuns, and the Pashtuns
used to come and kill them. Morph:mhaaré--. Etym: māráyati ‘kills’ (T: 10066).
mhaaré
Prdm: L:e. Prs: mhaaráanu
mhaaráanu. Pfv: mheerílu
mheerílu. Cv:
mheerí.
mheerí
mhaás [mhaás] ‫مھاس‬. n.masc. meat, pieceof flesh. ni xálaka mhaasá khaáaṭa bi bíiḍa
bíiḍa..
These people are also very fond of eating
meat [lit. many meat eaters]. anú mhaás
halóol.. This meat is lawful. úču anɡóora
halóolpačáanu.. The meatbáandi mhaás šóo na pačáanu
will not be cooked well if it is only over asmall fire. kareé ɡalá so buuḍíilu tata,, aní ṣiṣíi
púustu so mhaás lamiǰí ba whaí aníiwee díide.. As he grew old, theta páand na páaša deskin on his head started hanging downfrom here so that he could not see theroad in front of him. lhookeeráii ba uǰutíi
dharíita.. Butpúustu mhaás šiyí haṇḍuká dharíita
the younger one’s skin and flesh fell off sothat only his bones remained. Etym:mām̆ sá- ‘flesh (neut)’ (T: 9982). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
mhéelimhéeli [mhéeli] ‫مھیلی‬ْ . n.fem. mother (esp.
of animals). tíi teeṇíi mhéeli díi khooǰóolu
koó.. He asked his mother,ki míi báabu koó
100

mheerabaánminɡál“Who is my father?” páanǰ yúuna čúuryúuna tas se mhéeli the uṛáana.
uṛáana. For four orfive months it [the goat kid] is allowed toits mother [to suck]. See: mháalu ‘father’.
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
mheerabaán [mheerabaán, meerabaán]‫مہربان‬. n.fem. thank, thanks. tu sóoruee
sóoruee..
mheerabeení,, thíi kuṇaaká bi sóoree
sóoree.. Are
mheerabeení
you fine? Thanks, and are your children
fine? bíiḍi mhmheerabeení
eerabeení.. Thanks a lot!
eerabeení
Usage: Primarily used in its plural form,
often in polite exchanges of greetings.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) mihrbān, mĕhrbān.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: mheerabeenímheerabeení.
 mheerabeení the ‫تھے‬‫مہربینی‬.
ْْ
adv.sent. kindly. tu mheerabeení ththee asíi lobhíi.. Wouldmóoṇuṣ asaám díiṛ heentá šóo bhíi
you kindly hand over that person to us?
mhoóru [mhoóro] ‫مھور ْو‬. adj. sweet; tasty.
haansáanu.. The
sáburii meewá mhoóru haansáanu
fruit of patience is sweet. háatii mehnátbhéeni.. The work of one’sbíiḍi mhoóri bhéeni
hand becomes very sweet. oočhaá zhayíbhéeni.. The oak becomesc̣hóoṇ mhoóri bhéeni
sweet on the shady side [i.e. its leaves will
taste good for the goats]. Etym: madhurá‘sweet’ (T: 9793). Fem agr: mhoóri
mhoóri.
míi1 [míi] ‫می‬. pron:pers. 1) my (1sg gen).
eetáa phédum seentá míi se preṣíi sede.. When I had arrived
bhraawú ma ɡhašíin de
there, my mother-in-law’s brothers caught
me. míi ɡhoóṣṭ lookúṛi hínu iskuúl ba asíi
híni.. My house is in Lokuri, butkaṇeeɡhaá híni
our school is situated in Kanegha. ṣóo ba
xálaka.. The king was
maníi de ki míi xálaka

saying, “They are my people.” 2) I (1sg gen,transitive subject in the perfective). ɡhareé
dítu,, anɡaá na bhílu
bhílu.. When I
kaná ǰhulí míi dítu
put it on my shoulder, I didn’t feelanything. míi ara
araám
thíili.. I rested. See: ma
ám thíili
‘I (nom)’.
míiš [míiɕ] ‫ ِمیش‬. n.masc. man; person. tíi bamheerílu..
andáa thíilu ki áak ɡáaḍu míiš mheerílu
This is what he did: he killed a great
person. kuṛíina ta támbulamii ǰíinǰíin,, rhooá
díin,, míiša ba axsí ǰíinǰíin.. The women weredíin
beating the drums and singing songs, andthe men were playing axsí [a game]. so ba
míiš.. He is an intimate
asíi patookúuṇii míiš
friend [lit. a man of our innermost corner].
maní.. Abíiḍu muṣṭú áak míišii áak dhií de manílong time ago, there was a man who had adaughter. Variant: méeš (Biori). Etym:manuṣyà- ‘human; human being, man(masc)’ (T: 9828). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
milaáu [milaáw] ‫ ِملا ْو‬. adj.inv. joined; met.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu milāˈo.
 milaáu bhíi ‫ ِملا ْو بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tomeet, find, come across, receive. ma aáǰ tas
bhílu.. I met him atsanɡí baazóora milaáu bhílu
the market today. koó intizaár tháanabháanu..
tanaám the har ɡubáa milaáu bháanu
Those who wait will receive everything.
bhílu.. He received
tas the saxt sazaá milaáu bhílu
harsh treatment. Restrict: Postpositional
object with sanɡí or thethe.
minɡál [miŋɡál] ‫ ِمنگل‬. n.masc:pn. Mingal(village in Biori Valley); Lower Biori. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: -á.
101

miṇḍ
miṇḍ

mulhaán

miṇḍmiṇḍ [miɳɖ] ‫ ِمنڈ‬. n.masc. ram. Variant: miḍmiḍmoosím šidalíili.
šidalíili. The weather cooled down.
moosím baraabár.
baraabár. The weather is fine.
xaróob,, cúur reetí jheezíic̣hatróola moosím xaróob
bhíli.. The
fláiṭ na bhíli híni aáǰ bi kansál bhíli
weather in Chitral is bad; for four days
there have been no flights, and today, too,
the flight was cancelled. Variant: moosúm(Biori). Comp: Urdu (Arabic) mausim,
mausam. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
mrinɡ
mrinɡ [mriŋɡ, mriŋ] ‫مرِنگ‬. n.masc.
markhor (generic). Restrict: With pluralreference. Etym: mr̥ɡá- ‘wild animal, deer’(T: 10264). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
múča [mútɕa] ‫ ُمچہ‬. v.intr. to rain. aáǰ
mučáanu.. It is raining today. heeṇṣúka
mučáanude.. It rained
ziaát mučí ba wíi ziaát bhílu demuch this year, so there is plenty of water.
Morph: muč
muč--, mut
mut--. Variant: múče (Biori).
Etym: mukta- ‘set free’ (T: 10151). Prdm: T.
Prs: mučáanu
mučáanu. Pfv: mútu
mútu. Cv: mučí
mučí.
mučóo [mutɕóo] ‫ ُمچو‬. v.tr. to open, untie.
eetáa wheélu ta ba šíin ukueélu thée sede..
ḍhínɡara díi mučaá se šíina wée dítu deThey brought him down there, brought abed, untied him from the piece of wood,and put him onto the bed. míi darúṛim
mučéeli.. I opened the windows. Morph:mučéelimuč--á-. Variant: mučúu (Biori). Etym:
muč
mucyátē ‘is loosed; escapes’ (T: 10181).
Prdm: L:a. Prs: mučaáanu
mučaáanu. Pfv: mučóolu
mučóolu. Cv:
mučaá.
mučaá
mulaakoór [mulaakoór] ‫ ُملاکور‬. n.masc.
Mullahkor (Ashreti clan); descendant of
Mullah Talab. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: -eéeé.
mulhaán [mulhaán] ‫ ُملھان‬. mullahs;(Biori). Etym: mēṇḍha- ‘ram (masc)’ (T:10310). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
mirmaadikoór [mirmaadikoór] ‫ ِمرما ِدکور‬.
n.masc. Mirmadikor (Ashreti clan);descendant of Mir Mahdi. Variant:milmaadikoór; milmaalikoór
milmaalikoór. Prdm: ee-decl.
milmaadikoór
Pl: -eéeé.
misrí [misrí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫مسر‬. n.masc. mason. mabi.. I am a carpenter as welltarkaáṇ bi misrí bi
as a mason. misrí yhóolu seentá
seentá,, misrí díi
hóonsa.. When the mason comes hetsaṭák hóonsa
will have a hammer with him. Prdm:
aan-decl. Pl: -aán
aán.
mitr [mitr] ‫ ِمتر‬. n.masc. blood-brother(kidney-brother); close friend. aaweelíi sebhaaɡáana..
dúu mítra bháaṭa áak bhruk bhaaɡáanaFirst, the two who are becoming
blood-brothers split a kidney. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
míṭinɡ [míʈiŋɡ, míʈiŋ] ‫ ِم ِٹنگ‬. n.fem.
meeting. Comp: (English) meeting. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
móoṇuṣ [móoɳuʂ] ‫موݨُݜ‬. n.masc. person,
human being. har móoṇuṣ teeṇíi kráam šóoǰhaanáanu.. Every man knows his own workǰhaanáanú uṣabest. Variant: máaṣ (Biori). Etym: mān‘human (fem) ; man (masc)’ (T: 10049).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
mooqá [mooqá] ‫موقع‬. n.masc. opportunity,occasion. típa las haár dainií asíi mooqá
hínu.. Now is our opportunity to defeat
hínu
him. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) mauqaˈ, maukā.
Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: mooqeé
mooqeé.
ِ . n.fem. weather.
moosím [moosím] ‫موسم‬102

mulóomuṣṭú

religious scholars (irr plural). See main
entry: mulóo
mulóo.
mulóo [mulóo] ‫ ُملو‬. n.masc. mullah;
religious scholar. Variant: mulúu (Biori).
Comp: Urdu (Turkish/Arabic) mullā. Prdm:
Irr. Obl: mulóo
mulóo. Pl: mulhaán
mulhaán. Pl obl:
mulhaanúm.
mulhaanúm
muqaabilá [muqaabilá, muxaabilá] ‫ ُمقابلہ‬.
n.masc. contest. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) muqābala. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:
muqaabileé.
muqaabileé muqaabilá thíi ‫مقابلہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc.
to compete. niaám sanɡí muqaabilá thainiíhínu.. It is very difficult to compete
muškíl hínu
with them. Restrict: Masc agr with hostelement in pfv; postpositional object withsanɡí.
sanɡímuqarár [muqarár, muxarár] ‫مقرر‬. adj.inv.
fixed; appointed. marɡíi ɡa waxt muqarár
náinu.. Death doesn’t have an appointed
náinu
time [id: Death keeps no calendar]. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
muqarrar.
 muqarár bhíi ‫مقرر بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tobe appointed. so afsár muqarár bhílu
bhílu.. He
was appointed an officer.
 muqarár thíi ‫مقرر تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. tofix (a date, etc.). máhar ɡhiní deés muqarár
tháana.. After the dowry has been accepted,
tháanathey fix a day [for the wedding].
múṛu [múɽo] ‫ ُمڑ ْو‬. died (masc sg). See main
entry: máara
máara. adj. dead (masc sg). Fem agr:
múṛi.
múṛi
ِ ‫ ُم‬. n.fem.
musibát [musiibát, musibát] ‫صبت‬trouble, difficulty. be musibatíi waxtíi
akaadúi na uṛiɡalíiauṛiɡalíia.
ṛiɡalíia. We will not leave one
another in times of trouble. axpúl eesó kibhíi.. A relative isso musibatí wée pakaár bhíi
someone you will need in difficulties.
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) muṣībat.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ِ ‫ ُمش‬. adj.inv. hard,muškíl [muɕkíl] ‫کل‬difficult. niaám sanɡí muqaabilá thainiíhínu.. It is difficult to compete withmuškíl hínu
them. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) mushkil.
mušqúl [muɕqúl, muɕxúl] ‫ ُمشقُل‬. adj.inv.
busy. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) mashɡūl.
 mušqúl bhíi ‫ ُمشقُل بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. totalk freely, get on well with. máaee sode.. He and I were getting on
mušqúl bhíia dewell with each other.
muṣṭookhúr [muʂʈookʰúr] ‫ ُمݜٹوکھر‬.
n.masc. foreleg (of animal). See: mu
muṣṭ
ṣṭú
ṣṭ
ú ‘first,
before’; khur ‘foot’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
muṣṭú [muʂʈú] ‫ ُمݜٹ ْو‬. adv.tm. first; before;ago. ma tas muṣṭú khoṇḍaáanukhoṇḍaáanu.. I make hertalk first. muṣṭú ma thíi ráat pilpil--áan
áan--u, théečapáanu.. First Iba ma thíi lhéṇḍi kakaríi čapáanu
will drink your blood, and then I will gnaw
on your bald scalp. bíiḍu muṣṭú dúu ǰáana
maní.. A long time ago [lit.
bíiḍa yaaraán de manímuch before], there were two goodfriends. ma bhiíšee dáaš kaalá muṣṭú ǰóolu
ǰóolu..
I was born thirty years ago. eetíiee ɡhɡhúuṛaúuṛa
nikháatu.. There,ǰhulí muṣṭú bhe naɡaršaá nikháatu
mounted on his horse, Nagar Shahappeared at the front [of his army].
103

mútu

mux

— adv.sp. forward. tuúš muṣṭú bíi ta áak
luumái ḍhoó díti híni.
híni. He had gone somedistance forward when a fox appeared.
Variant: muxáak (Biori).
 díi ... muṣṭú [díi muʂʈú] ‫دی ُمݜٹ ْو‬.
before, prior to. asíi dóodu c̣hoók kaṭurá díi
hínu.. Our
dúu sóo kaalá muṣṭú yhóolu hínu
forefather Choke came here two hundredyears prior to the Katoor [ruling dynasty
in Chitral]. Variant: díi maxadúši
maxadúši; díi
muxáak (Biori).
 muṣṭóoi ‫ ُمݜٹوئی‬. adj.inv. of the past.
ْde..
muṣtóoi zamaanáii áak baačaá heensílu deOnce a long time ago, there was a king.
ma.. Imuṣṭuí niiɡiraá malíimii kasubɡár mahave been a goatherd for a long time.
Variant: muṣṭú
muṣṭú; muṣṭuíi
muṣṭuíi,, muṣṭuí
muṣṭuí; muxáak(Biori).
ِ ‫ ُمݜٹ ْو‬. in front, ahead.
 muṣṭú ɡiraá ‫گرا‬
hínu.. Katamoshkaṭamúš muṣṭú ɡiraá ɡúum hínu
continued ahead.
 muṣṭúku ‫ ُمݜٹُک ْو‬. adj. of the past,olden. anú taqriibán dúu thiáaḍa kaalá
qisá.. This is something thatmuṣṭúku qisá
happened about two and a half years ago.
de..
muṣṭúka xálaka dhiiá díi na khooǰóon de
People in the old days did not ask theirdaughters [whom they wanted to marry].
de.. The oldenmuṣṭúku dáwur bíiḍu šóo detimes were very good. Variant: muxaakúku(Biori).
mútu [múto] ‫ ُمت ْو‬. rained (masc sg). See main
entry: múča
múča.
muṭ
muṭ [muʈ] ‫ ُمٹ‬. n.masc. tree. tanaám maǰíde.. One of theáak míiš muṭá ǰe ukháai bhóo demen knew how to climb a tree. eeteeṇú
muṭ náinu ki táa húuši na ḍhakí híni
híni.
íni. Thereis no such tree that is never affected by thewind. ma tu raáǰa de ɡhaṇḍí ɡaláanu anísanɡí.. I will leave you tied with amuṭá sanɡírope to this tree. Etym: *muṭṭha- ‘defective’(T: 10187). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
múṭi [múʈi] ‫ٹی‬ْ ‫ ُم‬. n.fem. arm. tíi tuúš míi uc̣híhíni.. He took
ba teeṇíi múṭi pharé malíiti hínisome bone marrow and applied it to hisarm. Etym: muṣṭí- ‘clenched hand, fist(masc.fem); handful’ (T: 10221). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
muúl [muúl] ‫ ُمول‬. n.fem. price, value.
Variant: mul (Biori). Etym: mūlya- ‘originalvalue, price; capital (neut)’ (T: 10257).
Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
múuṛ [múuɽ] ‫ ُموڑ‬. n.masc. lap. pašambeé
seetíli,, seetí tasíi múuṛa
teeṇíi bhraaudhií seetílibaḍíli.. Pashambi looked after his
wée baḍíli
niece, and she grew up in his lap. Variant:máaṛ (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
muuṣoó [muuʂoó] ‫ ُموݜو‬. n.masc. elbow.
Etym: *mūṣala- ‘muscle’ (T: 10261). Prdm:
ee-decl. Obl, Pl: muuṣeé
muuṣeé.
muutríi [muutríi] ‫ ُموتری‬. v.intr. to urinate.
baṭáluumái áak pičhíla baṭá ǰhulí muutrí baukhéeni.. A fox came down from a slippery
ukhéenirock where it had been urinating. Morph:muutré--. Prs: muutráanu
muutráanu. Pfv: muutrílu
muutrílu. Cv:
muutré
muutrí.
muutrí
mux [mux] ‫ ُمخ‬. n.masc. face. bhíilam mux biɡiraá.. Due to fear I was not
dúya dúši na ɡiraá
able to turn my head in any otherdirection. tíi wíia wée teeṇíi mux dhríiṣṭu
dhríiṣṭu,,104

muxóoknaamíitíi tas dúi kučúru ǰoṣílu.
ǰoṣílu. He saw his own
face [mirrored] in the water, and thought
it was another dog. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
muxóok [muxóok] ‫ ُمخوک‬. adv.sp. in front,
ahead. so muxóok utrapílu
utrapílu.. He ran ahead.
See: muṣṭú ‘first, before’. Variant: muxáak(Biori).
muxtalíf [muxtalíf] ‫ ُمخت ِلف‬. adj.inv.

different; opposite. maṇḍawíi ɡhareéḍhínɡar ɡhoóṣṭa díi tuúš muxtalíf bháanu.
bháanu.
The wood used for the veranda should be a
bit different from the wood used for thehouse [itself]. taníi mux ba muxtalífde.. They sat down back to back.
heensílu de
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) mukhtalif.

nna1 [na] ‫نہ‬. neg. not; don’t. be musibatíi

aaindá dapáara naakaám bháanu.
bháanu. If there
were a knot in the wood, it would be
useless in the future. Comp: Urdu nā-kām.
náama [náama] ‫نامہ‬. v.intr. to get down,
sink. dhuyáama yaár muṭíi waapás namí batas díi khooǰóolu ki amzarée thíi káaṇa wée
maníitu.. The other one came downɡubáa maníitu
from the tree and asked what the lion
whispered in his ear. ɡírii dhiaáṛ ráal
bhéeniee
naméeni.. The rock cluster wasbhéen
iee naméeni
rising and sinking. Morph: namnam--. See: naamíi‘to bow down’. Variant: náame (Biori).
Prdm: L:cons. Prs: namáanu
namáanu. Pfv: namílu
namílu. Cv:
namí.
namí
naamíi [naamíi] ‫نامی‬. v.tr. to bow (down),
lower, take down. kuṇaaká teeṇíi ṣṣiṣiṣ
neemílu.. The child bowed his head. míi se
neemíluneemíli.. Ibúuḍi kúṛi háatii ɡhaší ɡaárii neemíli
grabbed the hand of the old woman andhelped her down from the vehicle. anínaamá.. Bring down that book! bíiḍi
kitaáb naamátheeṇḍeéu,, naameeṇḍeéu bi na.
ráal bi na theeṇḍeéuNeither should it be raised very high, nor

waxtíi akaadúi na uṛiɡalíia.
uṛiɡalíia. We will notleave one another in times of trouble.
dítu,, anɡaá na bhílu
bhílu..
ɡhareé kaná ǰhulí míi dítu
When I put it on my shoulder, I didn’t feelanything. anú míi báabu nana,, xálaka xu
manáana.. He is not my father,andáa manáana
although that is what people say. kaṭamušákha..
maníitu hínu ki ée iṇc̣ ma típa na kha
Katamosh said, “O bear, don’t eat me
now!” Etym: ná ‘not’ (T: 6906).
 na ... na ‫نہ ۔۔۔ نہ‬. neither ... nor. na
zinaawurá tas the asár thíili de na ɡhrastáde.. Neither wild animals nor wolves
thíili dehad touched it.
naaɡhaaní [naaɡhaaní] ‫ناگہانی‬. adv.mann.
ْsuddenly. áak deés se zanɡalí pharé baáaṭa
hína,, naaɡhaaní áak amzarái nikháatu
bhíla hína
hínu.. One day they had started walking
hínu
through a forest, when suddenly a lion
appeared. Comp: Urdu (Persian) nāɡahānī.
naakaám [naakaám] ‫ناکام‬. adj.inv. failed,useless. áaṛu heensílu heentá
heentá,, eesó ḍhínɡar105naaṛái

neé

should it be lowered. Morph: naaménaamé-. See:náama ‘to get down’. Prdm: L:e. Prs:naamáanu. Pfv: neemílu
neemílu. Cv: neemí
neemí.
naamáanunaaṛái [naaɽéj] ‫ناڑئی‬ْ . n.fem:pn. Narey(village in Kunar Valley, across the Afghanborder). áaḍa índa dharíita áaḍa ba naaṛéea
ɡíia.. Half of them remained here, whilethe ɡíia
the other half went to Naray. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl: naaṛée
naaṛée.
náas [náas] ‫ناس‬. n.fem. nose. Variant: nas(Biori). Etym: *nastī- ‘nose’ (T: 7031). Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: nastí
nastí.
naawás [naawás] ‫ناوس‬. adj.inv. dangerous;difficult. heewandá tanaám the akaadúide.. It was not difficult
pašainií naawás na defor them to meet during the winter.
náawu [náawu] ‫ناو ْو‬. adj. new. míi néewi
híni.. I have brought a new wife.
kúṛi aṭíli hínihuǰút safaá the ɣusúl the néewi paaṇṭí ṣaáyha. Wash yourself, take a bath, put on
new clothes, then come! be náawa ɡhooṣṭá
ačíita.. We moved into a new house. Morph:ačíitanaw--. Etym: náva- ‘new, young’ (T: 6983).
naw
Fem agr: néewi
néewi.
náina
náina [nájna] ‫نئینہ‬. v:cop. are not, do notexist (masc pl). rizaráb paiseé maiseé manáina.. I do not have any extra money
díi náina
and stuff. See: náinu ‘is not (masc sg)’.
Variant: nahína
nahína,, néina (Biori).
náini [nájni] ‫نئینی‬ْ . v:cop. is not, does notexist (fem sg). ɡéeḍi baát náini
náini.. It is not a
big issue. hiǰ ɡa xabaár náini
náini.. There is nonews at all. páand ba áak huṇḍ ɡiraá bi
náini.. There waspáand náini bhun ɡiraá bi náini
only one path, no [other] path going uphillor downhill. See: náinu ‘is not (masc sg)’.
Variant: nahíni,
nahíni, néini (Biori).
náinu [nájno] ‫نئن ْو‬. v:cop. is not, does notexist (masc sg). yéei uthí anɡaá bhe dac̣híi
náinu.. The mother woke up andta kuṇaák náinu
saw that her child was not there. eeteeṇú
híni.. Theremuṭ náinu ki táa húuši na ḍhakí híni
is no such tree that is never affected by thewind. See: hínu ‘is’. Variant: náhinu (Biori).
Prdm: Irr. Prs Masc Pl: náina
náina. Prs Fem: náini
náini.
Prs Fem Pl: náinim
náinim.
náqal [náqal] ‫نقل‬. n.masc. copy, imitation.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
naql, naqal.
 náqal thíi ‫نقل تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to copy,
imitate. tíi míi náqal thíilu
thíilu.. He imitated me[my actions]. thíi imtiheeníi náqal thíiluee
thíiluee..
Did you copy the test? Restrict: Masc agrwith host element in pfv; postpositional
object with díi or possessive complement.
násal [násal] ‫نسل‬. n.masc. lineage; kingroup. mac̣hookíi násal xátum thíila
thíila,,the.. They completely annihilatedbuṭheé the
Machoke’s kin. Restrict: With pluralreference. Variant: násel (Biori). Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) nasl, nasal. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
nawaáb [nawaáb] ‫نواب‬. n.masc. prince (esp.
with reference to the ruler of Dir).
de.. Lord Umar
umaraaxaán xaán nawaáb deKhan was a prince. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)nawwāb, nawāb. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aánaán.
neé [neé] ‫نے‬. mood. please! yha neé
neé,, anu
thíia.. Please come and we’ll do thiskráam thíia106

neečíir

niaaṭíi

work! čo neé,neé, báaya.
báaya. Please come, let’s go!
aní wée tuúš rúǰi uṛí neé.
neé. Please, pour somerice into this! tu ddac̣neé.. Please, have aac̣há neélook!
neečíir [neetɕíir] ‫نیچِ یر‬. n.fem. hunt. áa
dóodu,, tasií nóo
neečíirii míiš de asíi dóodu
ayaanmír.. Our forefather was a realayaanmírhunter, his name was Ayan Mir. neečíir babíiḍi.. It was customary to hunteesé waxtíi bíiḍi
in those days. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 neečíir bíi [neetɕíir bíi] ‫نیچِ یر بی‬.
v.tr:cjt.inc. to go hunting. áa deés ba se ɡíia
neečíir.. One day, they went hunting.
neečíir
Variant: neečíir thíi
thíi.
néeṛi [néeɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫نیڑ‬. n.fem. brook. oóra
thaní
híni,, xatarnaák
xuneeṛí tha
ní áa néeṛi híninéeṛi,, dhrúuk
dhrúuk.. On this side there is a brooknéeṛi
called Khuneri, a dangerous brook, agorge. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
néewi [néewi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫نیو‬. new (fem). See main
entry: náawu
náawu.
nheé [nheé] ‫نھے‬. mood. isn’t it? right?
dhrúu~
de,, nheé
nheé..
máaee tu dhoóṛ dhrúu~ṣa the ɡíia de
You and I went to Drosh yesterday, didn’t
we? ma šuí baát dáanu
dáanu,, nheé
nheé.. I am right,
aren’t I?
nhiáaṛa [njháaɽa] ‫نھئاڑہ‬. adv.sp. near, nearby. tasíi páanǰ ṣo bhraaú nhiáaṛa hóonsan
de. She had five or six brothers living
nearby. nhiáaṛa yhaí luumái maníitu hínu
ki... Coming near, the fox said... Morph:niháṛa. Variant: niháaṛa (Biori). Etym:niháṛanikaṭam ‘near’ (T: 7136).
 the nhiáaṛa ‫تھے نھئاڑہ‬. close to, nextْto. oothóona the nhiáaṛa phedí ba sobiṣambiṣamílu
ṣamílu hínu.
hínu. Having reached the vicinityof the high pasture settlement, he rested.
malikc̣heétr thaní ɡhróoma the nhiáaṛa áak
hínu.. There is a field calledc̣híitr hínu
Malikchetr close to the village.
 kéeči the nhiáaṛa ‫کیچی تھے نھئاڑہ‬.
ْْ
next to (a person). tu índi yhaí ba ma kéečibheš.. Come here and sit down
the nhiáaṛa bheš
next to me!
ni [ni] ‫نی‬ْ . pron:dem. 1) it (prox fem nom).
híni,, ni sax šilaéenišilaéeni.. I
míi haát xux bhíli híni
injured my hand and it hurts badly. 2) she(prox nom). 3) they (prox nom).
ɡhueeṇíiam maníitu ki ni zinaawúr xálaka
hína.. The Pashtuns said, “These are very
hína
wild people.” ni xu uxíi rhaíi híni
híni.. These
must be a camel’s footprints. ni aslí yhóola
dooɡalíi.. Actually they have comehína dooɡalíifrom Dogal.
— det:dem. 1) this (agr: prox fem). míi nilaxkarí the dac̣háá.. Look at this army ofmine! míi ni nookarí šuí
šuí.. This job of mine isgood. 2) this (agr: prox non-nom masc).
3) these (agr: prox). ni xálaka mhaasákha--áaṭ
áaṭ--a bi bíiḍa
bíiḍa.. These people are alsokhavery fond of eating meat [lit. many meateaters]. See: nu ‘he, it (prox masc nom)’; aní‘she, they, these, this (emph)’.
niaaṭíi [njaaʈíi] ‫نِیاٹی‬. v.tr. to shear (wool),shave. yíiṛi pamá buleeḍí ɡíi tata,, tas ba ɡhašínieeṭíli.. The sheep went to search for wool,nieeṭíli
but someone caught it and sheared its
wool off [Proverb]. Morph: niaaṭé
niaaṭé--. Variant:neeṭíi (Biori). Etym: *nikartati ‘cuts off’ (T:7138). Prdm: L:e. Prs: niaaṭáanu
niaaṭáanu. Pfv: nieeṭílu
nieeṭílu.
107

níi

nikhíiCv: nieeṭí.
nieeṭí
níi [níi] ‫نی‬. pron:dem. 1) it; here (prox obl
with postposition). níi maǰí míi ɡa na ɡačand čand tuúš tuúš teeṇíi the ɡóo aabaadí
saméeli.. During it [this time] I have alsobi saméeli
constructed a few houses for myself. 2) he(prox obl). níi ɡubáa maníitu
maníitu.. What did hesay? 3) she (prox obl). See: nu ‘it, he, she(prox masc nom)’; aníi ‘he, she, it, this one(emph)’; niiɡiraá ‘time’. Variant: aníi (Biori).
niiɡiraá [niiɡiraá] ‫نِیگرا‬. post. since. dáašpanǰíiš kaalá maxadúšii niiɡiraá matháanu.. I have worked as atarkeeṇíi kráam tháanu
carpenter for ten to fifteen years time.
híni.. It [the custom]bíiḍi qadiimíi niiɡiraá híni
has been there since ancient times. muṣṭuí
ma.. I have beenniiɡiraá malíimii kasubɡár ma
a goatherd for a long time. ma ṣo kaalíi
dukaandaár.. I have been aniiɡiraá dukaandaár
shopkeeper for six years.
níilu [níilo] ‫نِیل ْو‬. adj. green, blue. Etym: nilā́‘dark blue, dark green, black’ (T: 7563). Fem
agr: níili
níili.
níindra [níindra, níidra] ‫نِیندرہ‬. n.fem. sleep.
hínu,, aaraám ki hínu
hínu.. He isníindram maǰí hínu
asleep, resting. Restrict: In the plural. Etym:
nidrā-́ ‘sleep (fem)’ (T: 7200). Prdm: Irr.
Obl: -m.
 níindra yhíi ‫نِیندرہ یھی‬. v.intr:cjt.ninc. tofeel sleepy. níindra yhéeli
yhéeli.. I feel sleepy.
Restrict: Fem agr with host element.
 níindram bíi ‫نِیندرم بی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tofall asleep. áa baṭá ǰhulí dhreéɡ de ba
yhóolu.. She
níindram ɡíi áa buzrúɡ ac̣híiam yhóolu
stretched out on a stone, fell asleep, andhad a dream about a pious man.
níiša [níiɕa] ‫نِیشہ‬. v.intr. to falter, go off. aníɡeélaheentá,, nuanɡóora wée dúi šaaká na ɡeéla heentá
níiša.. If more wood is not thrown into theníiša
fire, it will falter. laaṭán níiṣṭu
níiṣṭu.. The lantern
went out. biǰlí níiṣṭi
níiṣṭi.. The electricity went
off. Morph: níiš
níiš--, níiṣṭ
níiṣṭ--. See: niišóo ‘toblow/put out (a fire)’. Variant: níiše (Biori).
Prdm: T. Prs: niišáanu
niišáanu. Pfv: níiṣṭu
níiṣṭu. Cv: niiší
niiší.
Imp: níiš
níiš.
níiṣṭu [níiʂʈo] ‫نِیݜٹ ْو‬. faltered (masc sg). See
main entry: níiša
níiša.
nikháatu [nikʰáatu] ‫نِکھات ْو‬. came out;
appeared (masc sg). See main entry: nikhíi
nikhíi.
ِ
nikhéeti [nikʰéeti] ‫کھیتی‬
‫ن‬
.
came
out;
ْ
appeared (fem sg). See main entry: nikhíi
nikhíi.
ِ
nikhíi [nikʰíi] ‫نکھی‬. v.intr. to come out;
appear; happen. so maidóona wée nikhaí
ɡhašílu.. He came out into
tas sanɡí mháala ɡhašílu
the field and wrestled with him. šikást
nikháata..
khéelii pahúrta se araabisteení díi nikháata
After they had been defeated, they left
Arabia. anɡóor ṣaawóolu ta dhuumíi
nikhéeti.. He lit a fire and smoke came out.
nikhéeti
so darwoozá kaná wée ɡalí dharándi
nikháatu.. He came out [from the house]nikháatu
with the door on his shoulder. eetí
eetíieeieenikháatu..
ɡhúuṛa ǰhulí muṣṭú bhe naɡaršaá nikháatu
There, mounted on his horse, Nagar Shahappeared at the front [of his army]. tasíi
nikháata.. Moneynóowa ǰhulí paiseé nikháata[currency notes] appeared in his[Quaid-e-Azam’s] name. súuri teeṇíi
nikhéeti.. The sun shone out
taapieelí sanɡí nikhéeti
warmly. áakii ta ḍheerdáṛ nikhéeti áakii ba108

nimóosnookaríaní phiaaṛmaǰí wée breéx nikhéeti.
nikhéeti. One felt
pain in his stomach and the other in his
side. típa ma khaá tu the ɡubáa nikhíi
nikhíi.. If
you eat me now, what will you get out of
it? Morph: nikhéi
nikhéi--, nikhát
nikhát--. Etym:*niḥṣkatta- ‘jumps out’ (T: 7114); *niṣkasati‘goes out’ (T: 7479). Prdm: T. Prs: nikháandu
nikháandu.
Pfv Masc Sg: nikháatu
nikháatu. Pfv Fem Sg: nikhéeti
nikhéeti.
Cv: nikhaí
nikhaí. Imp: nikhá
nikhá,, nikhée
nikhée.
nimóos [nimóos] ‫نِموس‬. n.fem. prayer.
Variant: nimáas (Biori). Comp: Urdu
(Persian) namāz. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 nimóos thíi v.tr:cjt.ninc. to pray. páanǰ
tha.. Pray five times a day!
waxt nimóos tha
Restrict: Fem agr with host element in pfv.
ninaám [ninaám, nijaám] ‫نِنام‬. pron:dem.
them (prox acc). ninaám the ba surkaaṇeé
manáana.. We call them Surkane [name of amanáanaclan]. niaám ǰaaidaád eendáa bhe daiǰíli
daiǰíli..
Property was given to them like that. See:nu ‘he, it (prox masc nom)’; aninaám‘them, these (emph)’. Variant: aninaá
aninaám
m(Biori).
niníi [niníi] ‫نِنی‬. pron:dem. their (prox). niníi
híni.. Their property is overǰaaɡír táa híni
there. asím niníi dubhišá xálaka
mhaarawóola.. We had forty of their people
mhaarawóola
killed. See: nu ‘he, it (prox masc nom)’;aniníi ‘their (emph)’. Variant: aninúme(Biori).
niním [niním] ‫نِ ِنم‬. pron:dem. they (proxobl). anú eetheelúki duṣmaní de ki zariṇ
de.. The enmity ofduiimíi dhií niním híṛi dethose days stemmed from them abducting
Zarin the Second’s daughter. See: nu ‘he, it(prox masc nom)’; aniním ‘they, these(emph)’. Variant: aniním (Biori).
nis [nis] ‫نِس‬. pron:dem. 1) it; this one (proxacc). tíi qabúl thíilu ki tíi nis palóolu
palóolu.. Headmitted that he had stolen it. dúi uc̣hí ba
maníi de ki nis khúum ta rhootašíia ba
thúum
úum.. He picked up another one
kanáa thúum[from a collection of fruits] and said, “If I
eat this, what will happen tomorrow?”2) him (prox acc). nis the koó ṭinɡ nabháana.. No-one could face him.
bháanapaačhambeé búdu maní ki nis phusainiíaskóon.. Pashambi understood that it
askóonwould be easy to get rid of him. 3) her(prox acc). See: nu ‘he, it, this one (proxmasc nom)’; anís ‘him, her, it, this one(emph)’. Variant: anís (Biori).
nisíi [nisíi] ‫نِسی‬. pron:dem. 1) its (prox). míikhooǰá
oǰá.. Ask mybheeṇíim díi nisíi baara ki khooǰásisters about it! 2) his (prox). nisíi móomu
hínu.. His grandfather died indooɡalá múṛu hínu
Dogal. anú eesó míi ki nisíi ɡhooṣṭá mahínu.. This is the man whose house I live in.
hínu3) her (prox). See: nu ‘he, it (prox mascnom)’; anisíi ‘its, his, her (emph)’. Variant:anisée (Biori).
niwešíi [niweɕíi] ‫نِوشی‬. v.tr. to write.
Restrict: B. See: čooṇṭóo ‘to write,
embroider’. Comp: Khowar (Persian) niwēš.
nóo [nóo] ‫نو‬. n.masc. name. tasíi nóo ǰamǰaá
de. His name was Jamja. Variant: náau
́ an- ‘name (neut)’ (T:(Biori). Etym: nām7067). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
nookarí[nookarí]‫نوکر ْی‬. n.fem.
employment, job. Comp: Urdu (Persian)109

nóonɡ

óonuíma [nujíma] ‫نُ ِئمہ‬. det. ninth. See: núu

naukarī, naukrī.

‫نوکر ْی تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. towork, carry out a job. so beenkí nookarí
nookarítháanu.. He is working at the bank. Restrict:tháanuFem agr with host element in pfv.
nóonɡ [nóoŋɡ] ‫نونگ‬. n.masc. finger-nail.
Variant: náanɡ (Biori). Etym: nakhá- ‘nail (offinger or toe), claw (masc.neut)’ (T: 6914).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
nu [nu] ‫ن ْو‬. pron:dem. 1) he (prox nom). nu ba
ukháatu.. He has
asaám mhaarainií the ukháatu
come [up here] to kill us. nu ba ɡa qísmii
kuṇaák.. What kind of boy is he? 2) it; thiskuṇaákone (masc prox nom). bu
buǰaanuǰaanu ba na ki nu
ɡa šay. I don’t understand what kind ofthing this is. Sg fem: nini. Sg acc: nis
nis. Sg obl:
níi. Sg gen: nisíi
nisíi. Pl nom: nini. Pl acc: ninaám
ninaám. Pl
níiobl: niním
niním. Pl gen: niníi
niníi.
— det:dem. this (agr: prox nom masc sg). nu
ǰhaanáanu.. This
lhoóku kuṇaák nu ba ɡa ǰhaanáanu
little boy, what does he know? See: anú ‘he,it (emph)’.
 nookarí thíi‘nine’.

núu [núu] ‫نُو‬. quant. nine. Etym: náva ‘nine’(T: 6984). Non-nom agr: nuím.
nuím
 nueé [nuweé] ‫ن ُوے‬. quant. all nine.
— pron:ind. the nine. Obl: nuimeém
nuimeém.
núuṭa [núuʈ] ‫نُوٹہ‬. v.intr. to return, turnback. mameé bi paxpúla aḍaphaár tií ɡíihíni,, xu bhíilam ma nuuṭíli híni
híni.. I myself
híni
went halfways [into the cave], but becauseof fear I turned back. Morph: núuṭnúuṭ--. See:nuuṭóo ‘to turn sth’. Variant: núuṭe (Biori).
Prdm: L:cons. Prs: nuuṭáanu
nuuṭáanu. Pfv: nuuṭílu
nuuṭílu. Cv:
nuuṭí.
nuuṭínuuṭóo [nuuʈóo] ‫نُوٹو‬. v.tr. to turn (sth)around. kúṛi ɡhúuṛu khušeetí ḍáḍinuuṭaéeni.. The woman was turning thenuuṭaéeni
horse around in leftward direction. Morph:núuṭ--á-. See: núuṭa ‘to return, turn back’.
núuṭ
Variant: nuuṭúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:nuuṭaáanu. Pfv: nuuṭóolu
nuuṭóolu. Cv: nuuṭaá
nuuṭaá.
nuuṭaáanu

ṇṇiṇoó [ɳiɳoó] ‫ݨِݨو‬. n.masc. popcorn (locallyṇiṇeé.
ṇiṇeémade). Variant: niṇoó.
niṇoó Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:oohoó [ohoó] ‫ا ْوھو‬. interj. oh! wow! ohoó,
ohoó, niseeṛó thaníitu.
thaníitu. “The one who is on the bear,
Uncle?” He said, “Yes, that one.” Variant:áa (Biori).
óo2 [óo, o] ‫او‬. interj. Expression used when

keé phooṭóolo.
phooṭóolo. Oh, why did you break it?

óo1 [óo] ‫او‬. interj. yes! aṛé íṇc̣a ǰhulí hínueeṛó maamaá thaníitu,thaníitu, tíi maníitu ki óo
110

óo

-óom

addressing a person or attracting sb’s
attention. óo méeš,
méeš, séeriee.
séeriee. How is Aunt?
[way of addressing sister of mother orpolitely addressing an unknown woman]kaakaá,, ǰaǰa,, aṛó ɡa na ɡúum hínu
hínu.. Oóo kaakaá
Uncle, hit it! He is not yet dead. Usage: May
precede special vocative forms of kinshipterms. See: éeée; oo ‘Vocative suffix’.
óo3 [óo, o] ‫او‬. conj. and. so bíiḍu uxiaár óo
maní.. He was apparently very
hileéṛ de maníwise and brave. dhrúuka be dac̣híin tamanɡái čhoorí híni óo áak rumiaál bi čhooríhíni.. Going to the stream, they saw thehíni
water pot and a handkerchief lying there.
dúu oostaazaán hína óo čúur bhišá ba
iskuulí.. There are twokuṇaaká hína asíi iskuulí
teachers and eighty students in our school.
-óo [-óo] Third person singular suffix (witha-ending verb stems). Morph: á-e. See main
entry: -a1. Variant: -úu (Biori).
-oo [-oo] sfx. Rarely occurring suffix withablative function. dhoóṛ
dhoóṛ--oo niiɡiraá since
yesterday eetríl
eetríl--oo niiɡiraá since the day
before yesterday Variant: -uu (Biori).
ooḍhóol [ooɖhóol] ‫اوڈھول‬. n.fem. flood.
čhínooi,, ooḍhóol nikhíi
nikhíi.. Do notzanɡál na čhínooi
cut down the forest, or it will flood.
Variant: ooḍháal (Biori). Etym: *avaḍḍhāla‘falling down’ (T: 773). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
-óoi [-óoj, -óo] Imperative plural suffix(with a- and e-ending verb stems). See main
entry: -ooi
ooi. Variant: -úuiúui,, -úi (Biori).
-ooi [-óoj, -óo] sfx. Imperative plural suffix.
bhéš--ooi ta ma laxkár aṭúum
aṭúum..
tus aṛé zhayí bhéš

You stay here and I will bring the army. éeutsuṇḍíi xálaka nikhnikh-óoi aní aṛáa díi.
díi. O
people of Urtsun get out of there!
Variant: -óoi (With a- and e-ending verb
stems); -uui, -ui (Biori).
óol [óol] ‫اول‬. host. Usage: Exclusively used asa host element in complex predicates.
Variant: wáal (Biori).
 óol bhíi ‫اول تھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to watch,
guard. iṇc̣ kaṭamušá the óol bhílu
bhílu.. The bear
guarded Katamosh. Restrict: Postpositional
object with thethe.
-óol [-óol] Perfective suffix (with a-ending
L-verbs followed by a masculine
agreement suffix). Morph: á-ílíl--(u), á-ílíl--(a)(a).
See main entry: -ílíl. Variant: -úul (Biori).
-óom1 [-óom] sfx. Oblique plural suffix(with aan-declension nouns, and withaccent-shifting a-declension nouns). so aní
kaafiraan--óom sanɡí madád tháanu
tháanu.. He is
kaafiraan
helping these infidels. asíi tu teṇteeṇíi
ɡhooṣṭ--óom the práaču hareeṇḍeéu
hareeṇḍeéu.. Weɡhooṣṭ
should take you to our homes as a guest. souxaan--úm díi bhiáanu
bhiáanu.. He is afraid of
uxaan
camels. Restrict: For aan-declension nouns
invariably in combination with apreceding plural suffix. Morph: á-am
am.
See: -am ‘Oblique plural suffix (witha-declension nouns)’; -íim ‘Oblique plural
suffix (with i-declension nouns)’; -eém‘Oblique plural suffix (with ee-declension
nouns)’. Variant: -úmúm.
-óom2 [-óom] Instrumental suffix (withaccent-shifting
a-declension
nouns).
Morph: á-am
am. See main entry: -am2.
111

oombaár

páača-óoṛ [-óoɽ] Second person singular suffix

Variant: -úum (Biori).
oombaár [oombaár] ‫اومبار‬. n.fem. canal
inlet. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: oombeerí.
oombeeríóomu [óomo] ‫اوم ْو‬. adj. unripe; raw. Morph:áam--. Variant: úumu (Biori). Etym: āmááam‘raw’ (T: 1236). Fem agr: éemiéemi.
-óon [-óon] Third person plural suffix (witha-ending verb stems). Morph: á-enen. See main
entry: -anan. Variant: -áan (Biori).
oór [oór] ‫اور‬. conj. and. mheeríli pahúrtahíṛu,, tasíi ǰhanǰhanɡaár
tasíi híṛuɡaár oór tasíi aandáara
khóola.. After he [the monster] hadɡaḍí khóola
killed her he took out her heart, her liverand her intestines, and ate them. See: óo3.
oóra [oóra] ‫اورہ‬. adv.sp. over here; on thisside. kučúru uḍheewí oóra šaná nikháatu
nikháatu..
The dog fled to the roof over here. oóraṣaawóolu.. Heyhaí ba se bháara the ṭénɡu ṣaawóolu
came here and put the load on hisshoulders. dhuumíi paidóo bhíli híni oóra
híni.. Smoke came in andɡhooṣṭá the yhéeli híni
filled the house. se oóra ṣaá kaṭamúš pašíhína.. They saw
ba utrapíim yhóola hína
Katamosh from their side and camerunning.
 oóra the ‫اورہ تھے‬. to here; to this side.
ْ oórii ‫اوری‬. from here; from this side.

(with a-ending verb stems). Morph: á-eṛ.
See main entry: -aṛ. Variant: -áaṛ (Biori).
oóṛ [oóɽ] ‫اوڑ‬. n.masc. chicken; young(animal). čalúṭii ooṛá young birds
youngsnakesǰhanduraáiiooṛáṭeenčukooṛá the offspring of scorpions[idiomatic] Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
oostóoz [oostóoz] ‫اوستوذ‬. n.masc. teacher;driver; master worker. dúu oostaazaán
hína óo čúur bhišá ba kuṇaaká hína asíi
iskuulí.. There are two teachers and eighty
iskuulístudents in our school. asíi oostaazaanóom
híni.. Ourasaám the bíiḍi mehnát thíili híniteachers have given us plenty of work to
do. Variant: oostaáz
oostaáz; oostóod
oostóod. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) ustād (Arabicised as ustāz). Prdm:
aan-decl. Obl: -a. Pl: oostaazaán
oostaazaán.
-óot [-óot] Second person plural suffix(with a-ending verb stems). Morph: á-et
et. Seemain entry: -at
at. Variant: -áat (Biori).
oothóon [ootʰóon] ‫اوتھون‬. n.masc.
settlement in high pasture. oothóona the
hínu.. Having
nhiáaṛa phedí ba so biṣamílu hínu
reached the vicinity of the high pasturesettlement, he rested. Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.

ppáača [páatɕa] ‫پاچہ‬. v.intr. to ripen, become

lot this year, so the maize will not ripen
well. Morph: pačpač-, páakpáak-. Variant: páače(Biori). Etym: pakvá- ‘cooked, ripe’ (T:7621). Prdm: T. Prs: pačáanu
pačáanu. Pfv Masc Sg:
páaku. Pfv Fem Sg: péeki
péeki. Cv: pačí
pačí.
páaku

cooked. úču anɡóora báandi mhaás šóo na
pačáanu.. The meat will not be cooked wellpačáanu
if it is only over a small fire. heeṇṣúka
mútu,, ǰuwaár šuí na páača
páača.. It rained abíiḍu mútu
112

paaitsoó

páanǰ

paaitsoó [paajtsoó, pajtsoó] ‫پائڅو‬. n.masc.

strongman. so ɡiḍúuču paalawaáṇ so
yambaáṭ ɡa ɡhiní bíi de eesó na ṣandílu.
ṣandílu.
The Dameli strongman who was carrying amillstone lost heart. huǰutíi bi bíiḍu
de.. Physically he was also very
paalawaáṇ destrong. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
paalaweeṇí [paalaweeɳí] ‫پالویݨی‬ْ . n.fem.
strongmanship (the state of being astrongman). típa ba ma tasíi paalaweeṇíi
tháanu.. Now I will tell you about his
qiseé tháanu
strongmanship.
See:paalawaáṇ
pa
alawaáṇ
‘strongman’.
paaluulaá [paaluulaá, paalulaá] ‫پالُولا‬.
n.masc. Palula; the language of the Palula,primarily spoken in the Ashret and Biori
Valleys. See: paalúulu ‘Palulo (person)’;atshareét ‘Ashret’; čoolaá ‘speech’.
paalúulu [paalúulo] ‫پالُول ْو‬. n.masc. Palulo(person). Usage: A self-designationcommon among Palula speakers in the
Biori Valley, and slightly less used in the
Ashret Valley. See: paaluulaá ‘Palula(language)’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: paalúula
paalúula.
páand [páand, páan] ‫پاند‬. n.fem. path, road.
kareé ɡalá hazrát iisaaleehisalaám eesépáanda pharé baáanu ta so áak kakaríi
pašáanu.. As Lord Isa, on whom be peace,pašáanuwalks along that road, he sees a skull.
páand ba áak huṇḍ ɡiraá bi páand náini
náini.. There was only one
bhun ɡiraá bi náini
path, no [other] path going uphill or
downhill. Variant: pan (Biori). Etym:
pánthā- ‘path, road (masc)’ (T: 7785). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
páanǰ [páaɲʑ] ‫پانج‬. quant. five. Morph: panpanǰǰ-.

trouser leg. Variant: paatsoó (Biori). Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: paaitseé.
paaitseépaák [paák] ‫پاک‬. adj.inv. clean; holy; clear.
míi ba teeṇíi lo híṛu eetí paák na tháaibhooluee. Why couldn’t I make my heartso clear? Comp: Urdu (Persian) pāk.
páaku [páaku] ‫پاک ْو‬. ripened, became
cooked (masc sg). See main entry: páača
páača. adj.
ripe; cooked. keeleé páaka hína
hína.. The
bananas are ripe. Morph: pak
pak--. Fem agr:péeki.
péeki
páala [páala] ‫پالہ‬. v.intr. to hide. súuri anɡúṛi
paléeni.. The sun is not hidden byde na paléeni[putting up] a finger [lit. the sun is notgoing into hiding because of a finger put].
palí áak ṭómba patú pharé be ba phará ɡiraá
thaní.. Hiding
dac̣háanu ta ki le kíiwee hína thaníbehind a tree trunk, I went forward andlooked ahead to see where they were. seǰhulíkánda wée whaí teeṇíi ǰhu
lí sum ɡalí palíitu
hínu.. He went down into the hole, spread
hínu
sand on top of himself and hid. Morph: palpal--,
palíit--. See: palóo ‘to hide sth, steal’.
palíitVariant: páale (Biori). Etym: *apalīyatē ‘ishidden’ (T: 447). Prdm: T. Prs: paláanu
paláanu. Pfv:
palíitupalí.
palíitu. Cv: palípaalaá [paalaá] ‫پالا‬. n.masc. leaf. Variant:paaloó. Etym: pallava- ‘sprout, twig,
paaloó
blossom (masc.neut)’ (T: 7969). Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: paaleé
paaleé.
paalawaáṇ [paalawaáɳ] ‫پالواݨ‬. n.masc.
(athletic) strongman. míi se dóoda the bapaalawaáṇ
hínu.. My
eesó paalaw
aáṇ maalúm heensílu hínu
grandfather was familiar with that113paaṇṭí

pahúrta

Variant: panǰpanǰ (Biori). Etym: páñca ‘five’ (T:7655). Non-nom agr: panǰúm.
panǰúm panǰeé [paɲdʑeé] ‫پنجے‬. quant. all five.
— pron:ind. the five. Obl: panǰmeém
panǰmeém.
 páanǰ bhišá ‫پانج بِھشہ‬. one hundred(lit. five twenties). Variant: sáu
sáu,, (áakáak)) sóo
sóo.
paaṇṭí [paaɳʈí] ‫پانٹی‬.
n.fem.
clothes.
huǰút
ْ
yha..
safaá the ɣusúl the néewi paaṇṭí ṣaá yha
Wash yourself, take a bath, put on new
clothes, then come! se paaṇṭí c̣hupí batsiipéeni.. After washing the clothes, she
tsiipéeni
squeezes them dry. Restrict: With pluralreference. Variant: dóbal (Biori).
páar [páar] ‫پار‬. adv.tm. last year. páar táatu
par--.
de. It was hot last year. Morph: par
Variant: par (Biori). Etym: parút ‘last year(adv)’ (T: 7907).
paaṛú [paaɽú] ‫پا ُڑ ْو‬. n.masc. magician; healer.
Comp: Pashto pārrū. Prdm: aan-decl. Pl:paaṛuwaán,, paaṛuɡaánpaaṛuɡaán.
paaṛuwaánpaás [paás] ‫پاس‬. adj.inv. passed, completed(an examination, etc.). Comp: (English)pass.
 paás bhíi ‫پاس بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to pass(an examination, etc.). inšaalaáh heeṇṣúka
heentá,, ɡhróoma iskuulí thepaás bhíla heentá
wháaya.. If we, God willing, pass this year,
wháayawe will come down to the village school.
páaša [páaɕa] ‫پاشہ‬. v.tr. to see; notice. eesépáanda pharé baáanu ta so áak kakaríi
pašáanu.. As he walks along that road, hepašáanu
sees a skull. eenú čuloočúl pašípaačhambeé búdu maní kkii nis phusainiíaskóon.. When Pashambi saw thisaskóonmovement, he apparently understood that

it would be easy to get rid of him. míi
báaba paxpúla pašambeé dhríṣṭu de teeṇíi
móomu.. My father saw Pashambi, his
móomu
maternal grandfather. eetíi maǰí luumée
híni..
kaṭamušíi lhéṇḍi kakaríi dhríṣṭi híni
Meanwhile the fox had noticed Katamosh’sbald skull. Morph: paš
paš--, dhríṣṭ
dhríṣṭ--. See: pašíǰa
‘to be seen’. Variant: páaše (Biori). Etym:páśyati ‘sees’ (T: 8012); dr̥ṣṭá- ‘seen’ (T:6518). Prdm: Suppl. Prs: pašáa
pašáanu
nu. Pfv:nudhríṣṭu. Cv: pašípaší. Imp: páaš
páaš.
dhríṣṭu
paáu [paáw] ‫پاؤ‬. n.masc. quarter (measure).
aalmaarí wée ba páanǰ paawá ḍhínɡar bhit
bhakúlu laɡaiǰílu heentá eesó bíiḍu šóobháanu.. If five quarter thick woodenbháanuplanks are put in this cupboard, it will lookvery good. Comp: Urdu pāˈo. Prdm: a-decl.
Pl: paawá
paawá.
 nim paáu ‫نِم پاؤ‬. half a quarter.
pačóo [patɕóo] ‫پچو‬. v.tr. to cook. táa be so
pačaáana.. They go there,bhíiru halóol the pačaáana
slaughter the he-goat, and cook it. Morph:pač--á. See: pá
páača
pač
ača ‘to ripen’. Variant: pačúu(Biori). Etym: pacyátē ‘is cooked, isdigested’ (T: 7654). Prdm: L:a. Prs: pačaáanu
pačaáanu.
Pfv: pačóolu
pačóolu. Cv: pačaá
pačaá.
padúši [padúɕi] ‫ُشی‬ْ ‫پد‬. adv.sp. behind.
wháandu.. He is coming
padúši čhaalá ɡhiní wháandu
behind with the goat kids.
— adv.tm. later, then. čáar reetí padúši leséebhíli.. Four days later his
dhií paidáa bhílidaughter was born (Biori). maxadúši ta
utrapainií,, padúši ba uṛiɡalainiíuṛiɡalainií.. First
utrapainií
running, then leaving.
pahúrta [pahúrta] ‫پہرتہ‬ُ . post. after. múṛii
114

paidóo

panǰúmapahúrta tas ḍhanɡóolu.
ḍhanɡóolu. After he had died,[they] buried him. táai pahúrta tas čhintháana.. After that, it is stopped from being
tháanafed with milk. Restrict: With preceding
genitive nominal argument (almost
exclusively a verbal noun) or an ablativepro-form. See: baád
baád.
paidóo [pajdóo] ‫پئدو‬. adj.inv. born; comeabout. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Variant:paidáa (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Persian) paidā.
 paidóo bhíi ‫پئدو بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to beborn; arise, come about. tasíi huǰutí maǰíbhíli.. His body started
xaaráx paidóo bhíli
itching. tasíi híṛa wée laalíč paidóo bhíli
bhíli.. Hegrew greedy. asaámee barawulíiam maǰíbhílu.. Enmity arose between
patilá paidóo bhílu
us and the people of Barawul. thíi ak dhiíta,, thíi kúṛi tes ɡhiní adráx ṣačípaidáa bhíli ta
ɡéi.. When your daughter was born, yourɡéiwife took her with her and went up into
the forest. aní biǰlí wíia báandi paidóo
bhéeni.. This electricity comes about bybhéenimeans of water.
 paidóo thíi ‫پیئدو تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. tocreate. xudaái asaám paidóo thíila hína
hína..
God has created us.
paisá [pajsá] ‫پئسہ‬. n.masc. money; paisa (acopper coin). tíi dáaš paiseé šart čhúuṇi
čhúuṇi.. He
bet ten paisa on it. so šóo paiseé ɡaṭíi dede..
He was earning good money. Comp: Urdupaisā. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: paiseé
paiseé.
pakaár [pakaár] ‫پکار‬. adj.inv. of use,necessary, needed. bíiḍu rúulu xu ɡaheensílu.. He cried apakaár waxt teér bhe heensílu

lot, but in vain (Biori). Comp: Pashto pa-kār,
pah kār.
 pakaár bhíi ‫پکار بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to benecessary, have a need for. kháaču šaybháanu.. Everythingkhéeči zhayí pakaár bháanu
serves a purpose [lit. A bad thing needs to
be in a bad place]. aní kitaáb máathe
bhéeni.. I need this book.
pakaár bhéeni
palíitu [palíito] ‫پ ِلیت ْو‬. hid (masc sg). See main
entry: páala
páala.
palóo [palóo] ‫پلو‬. v.tr. to steal, hide sth.
paléeli..
páanda bainií maǰí ma díi kií mubáil paléeli
While travelling, someone stole my mobile
phone. míi teeníi kiteebí tas díi palaáčhúuṇim.. I hid my books from him. See:čhúuṇimpáala ‘to hide’. Variant: palúu (Biori). Etym:*apalāyayati ‘hides’ (T: 447). Prdm: L:a. Prs:palaáanu. Pfv: palóolu
palóolu. Cv: palaá
palaá.
palaáanu
panaahí [panaahí] ‫پناہی‬ْ . n.fem. shelter.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) panāhī.
 panaahí dawóo ‫پناہی دوو‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toْ
ask for shelter.
 panaahí díi ‫پناہی دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toْgive shelter, protect sb.
pánǰa [páɲdʑa] ‫پنجہ‬. n.masc. paw. Restrict:
With plural reference. Variant: čúti (Biori).
Comp: Urdu (Persian) panja. Prdm: a-decl.
Obl (pl): -m.
panǰeešúma [paɲdʑeeɕúma] ‫پنجیشُ مہ‬. det.
fifteenth. See: panǰíiš ‘fifteen’. Variant:panǰeešúme (Biori).
ِ . quant. fifteen.
panǰíiš [paɲdʑíiɕ] ‫پنجیش‬Morph: panǰéeš
panǰéeš--. Variant: panǰéeš (Biori).
Etym: páñcadaśa ‘fifteen’ (T: 7662).
panǰúma [paɲdʑúma] ‫پنجمہ‬ُ . det. fifth. See:115paṇáarupatúpáanǰ ‘five’. Variant: panǰúme (Biori).
paṇáaru [paɳáaru] ‫پݨار ْو‬. adj. white.
tsiipáana tsiipáana tas díi áa paṇáaru šay
nikháandu,, tas the manáana iští
iští.. By
nikháandu
squeezing it, a white substance called iští[a particular milk product] comes out .
́ ḍaraMorph:paṇár--.
Etym:
pāṇ
paṇár
‘whitish-yellow, yellow, pale, white’ (T:8047). Fem agr: paṇéeri
paṇéeri.
paṇardóoṛu [paɳardóoɽo] ‫پݨردوڑ ْو‬. n.masc.
village or clan elder. muṣṭú zamannáiiṣúuntupaṇardóoṛa búuḍa ɡáaḍa xalkíim díi ṣúuntuki...
wáandu áa qisá eeteeṇú hínu ki... Once
upon a time, according to a story that washeard from the elders, the old andpowerful people, the following happened...
de..
ma ta phoó de pašambeé ba paṇardóoṛu de
I was a just boy when Pashambi was anelder. See: paṇáaru ‘white’; déeṛi ‘beard’.
Variant: paṇardúuṛu (Biori). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: paṇardóoṛa
paṇardóoṛa.
paṇéeri [paɳéeri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫پݨیر‬. white (fem). See
main entry: paṇáaru
paṇáaru.
parčá [partɕá] ‫پرچہ‬. n.masc. exam paper.
Comp: Urdu parćā. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: parčeé
parčeé.
parúku [parúko] ‫پرک ْو‬
ُ . adj. last year’s.
de.. Last year was hot. See:parúku kaál táatu deparúki.
páar ‘last year’. Fem agr: parúki
pašawóo [paɕawóo] ‫پشوو‬. v.tr. to show.
insaán aṛé zhayí hínu ma tu pašawúum
hínu.. The man is cuttingšaaká čhináanu hínu
wood in that place; I’ll show you. mhéeli
díi khooǰóolu ki míi báabu koó ta teeṇíi
pašawóolu.. When he asked his
báabu pašawóolu
mother who his father was, she showed

him her own father. Morph: pašpaš-awáawá-. See:páaša ‘to see’. Variant: pašúu (Biori). Etym:*pāśayati ‘shows’ (T: 8134). Prdm: L:a. Prs:
pašawaáanu. Pfv: pašawóolu
pašawóolu. Cv: pašawaá
pašawaá.
pašawaáanuِpašíǰa [paɕídʑa] ‫پشجہ‬. v.intr:pass. to be
seen. thíi ta muxadac̣héeni samaá ba aṛópašiǰáanuee.. By making a mirror, thatmux pašiǰáanuee
face will be seen in it. See: páaša ‘to see’.
Variant: pašíǰe (Biori).
páta [páta] ‫پتہ‬. n.masc. knowledge; address.
náinu.. The family line ismáathe šiǰrá páta náinu
not known to me. puróoṇa xáalak asíi díiša
hína,, tanaám the páta
páta.. There are old
wée hína
people in this village who areknowledgeable. thée se míiša the eeṛó qisá
páta de ki bhalaá áa čhaṭí báandi ta
maráanu,, dubaará čhaáṭ ba ǰíti seentá somaráanuǰandáanu.. Then the man
waapás ǰandáanu
remembered the story [that he had heard]that a spirit dies by one shot only, but by asecond shot he becomes alive again. Usage:
Can be used alone, without a verb element,with verbal meaning. Comp: Urdu patā.
patoodhám[patoodhám]‫پتودھم‬.
n.masc:pn. Patodham (hamlet in upper
Ashret Valley). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
patú [patú] ‫پت ْو‬. post. behind; after. rooṭaá ba
hínu.. Histasíi bhróo míi dóodii ṭénɡa patú hínu
brother, Rota, is behind the back of mygrandfather. bheeríi patookúuṇa bhešóolu
ta,, dará patú be bhéṭu
bhéṭu.. The donkey sellerta
was offered a place to sit by the innermost
corner, but went and sat down rightbehind the door. rhootašíia be ɡíia tas patú
patú..
In the morning we went after him. Restrict:116

paxpúla

phaár

With preceding oblique nominal argument
or an accusative pro-form.
ِ ‫پت ْو‬. back (direction). so patú ɡiraá ‫گرا‬
yhóolu.. It [theta ɡúumee ma ba patu ɡiraá yhóolu
creature] left and I went back [home].
Variant: patú ɡiroó
ɡiroó,, patu ɡiraák
ɡiraák; patuɡiráak
patuɡiráak,,paturáak,, patráak (Biori).
paturáak
 patuíi ‫پت ْوئی‬. post. behind; outside.
bhílu.. The
kučúra sábur thíilu ta dará patuíi bhílu
dog showed patience, yet remained
outside the door.
paxpúla [paxpúla] ‫پخپلہ‬ُ . adv.mann. by
oneself. kií thíilu paxpúla
paxpúla.. It is his own
doing [lit. Who did it himself?]. kií duéem
heentá,, paxpúla šíiṭi wée
the kuhí karooṛíli heentábaáanu.. The one who digs a pit for anotherbaáanufalls into it himself. Comp: Pashto
pakhpula, pakhpulah.
peeɣambár [peeɣambár] ‫پیغمبر‬. n.masc.
prophet; divine messenger. so eesé waxtíi
peeɣambár hazrát iliaás aleehisalaamíide.. He did not heed the
beetí káaṇ na thíi dewords of the prophet of the time, Lord
Ilyas [Elijah], on whom be peace. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) paiɡam--bar. Prdm: aan-decl.
Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
péeki [péeki] ‫پیکی‬ْ . ripe, cooked (fem);
ripened, became cooked (fem sg). See main
entry: páaku
páaku.
peerái [peeréj] ‫پیرئی‬ْ . n.fem. djinn, fairy. See:peereeṇíi;xaapeerái ‘(good) fairy’. Variant: peereeṇíi
xaapeeréi (Biori). Comp: Pashto peraˈī.
Prdm: a-decl/aan-decl. Obl: peerée
peerée. Pl:
peeriaán,, pairaán
pairaán,, peerée
peerée.
peeriaánpeerišaán [peeriɕaán] ‫پیرِشان‬. adj.inv.

worried. aáǰ wíia
wíia the dac̣hí tasíi ac̣híi bíiḍi
ziaát peerišaán de.
de. Today she became very
worried when looking at the water. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) pareshān.
peexaúr [peexawúr] ‫پیخ ُور‬َ . n.masc:pn.
Peshawar (the provincial capital of
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa). Prdm: a-decl. Obl:peexawrá.
peexawráphaáɡ [pʰaáɡ] ‫پھاگ‬. n.masc. fig. Etym:*phālɡu- ‘Ficus oppositifolia’ (T: 9063).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
phaalíi [pʰaalíi] ‫پھالی‬. v.tr. to tear, break(apart), cut (into pieces). ée tu kaantíirukuṇaák,, lo tu ɡhaší phaalíi
phaalíi.. tu ba kanáa thekuṇaákɡhašáanu.. You crazy boy,las sanɡí mháala ɡhašáanu
he will break you in pieces. How can you
wrestle with him? kaaɣaáz phaalá
phaalá.. Tear thepaper! ma šaák phaaláanu
phaaláanu.. I’m cutting
wood [into pieces]. kučúra tas ɡhaší pheelíɡéelu.. The dog caught him and tore him
ɡéeluinto pieces. Morph: phaalé
phaalé--. Etym: phālayati‘splits, bursts (tr)’ (T: 9058). Prdm: L:e. Prs:
phaaláanu. Pfv: pheelílu
pheelílu. Cv: pheelí
pheelí.
phaaláanu
pháapu [pʰáapu] ‫پھاپ ْو‬. n.fem. lung. Etym:
phupphusa- ‘lungs (masc)’ (T: 9090). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: pháapa
pháapa.
phaár [pʰaár] ‫پھار‬. adv.sp. across; on theother side. zaahidá búuḍi kúṛi háatii ɡhašílanɡéeli.. Zahid took the oldtas phaár lanɡéeli
woman by the hand and led her across [theroad]. See: phará ‘yonder, over there’.
 phaár the ‫پھار تھے‬. to the other side.
ْ phaaraṛáa ‫پھارڑا‬. adv.sp. there on theother side. kareé ɡalá ǰanɡí the yhaí índayhaí phaaraṛíiwee lawaní wée tasíi keémp
117phaayápharélaɡaiǰíli.
laɡaiǰíli. When he came here to fight, he
put up his camp over there at Lawan.
Variant: phaaraṛíi
phaaraṛíiwee
wee.
wee
 phaaraṛó ‫پھارڑ ْو‬. det:dem. that far awayover there (agr: dist nom masc sg).
Non-nom/fem/pl agr: phaaraṛé
phaaraṛé.
 phaárii ‫پھاری‬. adv.sp. from the otherside.
phaayá [pʰaajá] ‫پھایہ‬. boys (irr plural). See
main entry: phoó
phoó.
phaí [pʰaj] ‫پھئی‬ْ . n.fem. girl. phaí teeṇíi
híni.. The girlháatam čooṇṭéeli rumiaál díti hínigave him a handkerchief which she herself[with her own hands] had embroidered. sebhíli.. The girlphaí se mac̣hooká the ašáq bhílifell in love with Machoke. See: phoó ‘boy’.
Variant: phphoíoí (Biori). Prdm: m-decl. Pl:
phaíim.
phaíimphalúuṛu1 [pʰalúuɽo] ‫پھلُوڑ ْو‬. n.masc. grain.
Etym: phála- ‘fruit (neut); *grain; seed of afruit; spot on a dice’ (T: 9051). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: phalúuṛa
phalúuṛa.
phalúuṛu2 [pʰalúuɽo] ‫پھلُوڑ ْو‬. adj. sole, only.
tasíide.. He hadtasíi áa phalúuṛi dhií heensíli de
only one daughter. biǰéeli dhiá tasíide.. She
heensílim de áa phalúuṛu ba putr dehad several daughters but only one son.
Fem agr: phalúuṛi
phalúuṛi.
phará [pʰará] ‫پھرہ‬. adv.sp. yonder, overthere. eetíi pharé ba áa šay ǰhaáṭ khaṣeelíim
phará.. Along that path abaáanu phará pharáthing was going away, dragging its fur. madharíitu.. I remained aloneba phará khilayí dharíitu
over there. phará wée wháatu hínu
hínu.. He hascome down from yonder. See: phaár‘across; on the other side’. Etym: pārá‘bringing across; further bank, furthest
end’ (T: 8100).
ِ ‫پھرہ‬. ahead. palíi áak phará ɡiraá ‫گرا‬ṭómba patú pharé be ba phará ɡiraá
thaní.. Hiding
dac̣háanu ta ki le kíiwee hína thaníbehind a tree trunk, I went forward andlooked ahead to see where they were.
 pharaṛáa ‫پھرڑا‬. adv.sp. over there,
yonder. pharaṛáa ba dac̣híi de maní so iṇc̣.
The bear was looking back from a distance.
Variant: pharaṛíiwee
pharaṛíiwee.
 pharaṛó ‫پھرڑ ْو‬. det:dem. that over there(agr: dist nom masc sg). Non-nom/fem/pl
agr: pharaṛé
pharaṛé.
— pron:dem. that one (he, it) over there.
 pharimaá adv.sp. (some ways) forward,
onward. Variant: pehrimaá (Biori).
 pharíi adv.sp. from some distanceaway. khéli muṣṭú be dac̣hí ta áak ɡáaḍuamzarái pharíi thíi yháandu He had gonesome ways when he saw a big lion comealong from some distance away. Variant:thíi; parí (Biori).
pharíi thíi
pharé [pʰaré] ‫ے‬ْ ‫پھر‬. post. toward; along;
over, across, through. so áak síiwa pharéde.. He was crossing over a bridge.
láanɡa dehína..
áak deés se zanɡalí pharé baáaṭa bhíla hína
One day they started going through aforest. eetí čúkri ki tandée pharé dhuumíiɡaḍéeni.. It is so sour that it is as if smokeɡaḍéeniwere coming out of your head. so dharaṇí
dítu.. He stretched out along
pharé dhreéɡ dítu
the ground. áa deés se dhueé bhe páanda
de.. One day they were bothpharé bíin de
118

phaṣ
phaṣ

phoó

walking along the path. kaṭamúš ṭíki ḍóoka
pharé ɡhaṇḍí sóona dúši ɡúum hínu.
hínu.
Katamosh tied the bread to his back andset out to the high pastures. so musaafár
de.. Thešukhaáu teeṇíi huǰutí pharé pailóo detraveller folded his cloak around him.
Restrict: With preceding oblique argument.
Variant: phará (Biori).
phaṣphaṣ [pʰaʂ] ‫پھݜ‬. adv.deg. Co-lexicalized
intensifier. phaṣ paṇáaru white as a sheetphaṭakoó [pʰaʈakoó] ‫پھٹکو‬. n.masc.
descendent of Phatak; member of thePhatake clan (in Ashret). míi báabuɡhaḍeeró.. My father is thephaṭakúmii ɡhaḍeeró
elder of the Phatake clan. ma phaṭakoó
phaṭakoó.. I’ma member of the Phatake clan. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl obl: phaphaṭṭakúm
akúm. Pl: phaṭakeé
phaṭakeé.
phéda [pʰéda] ‫پھ ْیدہ‬. v.intr. to arrive, reach.
eetáa phédum seentá míi se preṣíi sede.. When I arrived
bhraawú ma ɡhašíin de
there, the brothers of my mother-in-law
caught me. kumalái ráal the saméeli heentána.. If the shelf is built too high,phedáana na
nobody will reach up to it. dhríɡu ba eetí ki
hínu.. It was soloomuṭíi aḍaphaár tií phedí hínu
tall that it reached halfway up a deodar
tree. tusaám the rhootašíia páanǰ toobakí
phédan.. Tomorrow, five rifles that are for
phédanyou will arrive. Morph: phed
phed--. Variant:phéde (Biori). Etym: *spháyatē ‘swells out ;*is complete’ (T: 13831). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:phedáanu. Pfv: phedílu
phedílu. Cv: phedí
phedí.
phedáanuphedóo [pʰedóo] ‫پھدو‬. v.tr. to bring (sth orsb); carry. tíi tas uc̣hí ḍóo ththíiluíilu,, ḍóo theíiluɡhooṣṭá phedaá báaba the tíi qisá bayaán

thíili.
thíili. He lifted him up, carried him on hisback and brought him back home, where
he told their father the whole story. sede,, tas wheéli atshareetášíina wée dítu dephedóolu.. We put him on the bed andphedóolu
carried him down to Ashret. Morph:phed--á-. See: phéda ‘to arrive’. Variant:phedphedaáanu.
phedúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: phedaáanu
Pfv: phedóolu
phedóolu. Cv: phedaá
phedaá.
phéepi [pʰéepi] ‫پھیپی‬ْ . n.fem. father’s sister.
See: phóopu ‘father’s sister’s husband’.
Etym: *phupphu- ‘father’s sister’ (T: 9089).
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m. Voc: phéep
phéep.
pheerimaá [pʰeerimaá, feerimaá] ‫پھیرِما‬.
n.masc:pn. Ferima (hamlet in lower Ashret
Valley). Variant: feerimaá
feerimaá. Prdm: ee-decl.
Obl: pheerimaá
pheerimaá.
phiaaṛmaáǰ [pʰjaaɽmaádʑ] ‫پِھئاڑماج‬.
n.masc. side; part of back, below
shoulder-blade. áakii ta ḍheerdáṛ nikhéeti
nikhéeti..
áakii ba aní phiaaṛmaǰí wée breéx nikhéeti
One felt pain in his stomach, and the otherin his side. See: phióoṛ
phióoṛ. Variant: phiaaṛmáǰ
(Biori). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: phiaaṛmaǰí
phiaaṛmaǰí.
phióoṛ [pʰjóoɽ] ‫پِھئوڑ‬. n.masc. side ofanimal. Morph: phiáaṛ
phiáaṛ--. Variant: phiáaṛ
(Biori). Etym: *sphiyapāṭa- ‘expanse ofshoulderblade’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
phoó [pʰoó] ‫پھو‬. n.masc. boy; son. phooíiɡhooṣṭíi tarapíi ttasíi
asíi axpulaán kuṛíina míišabaáana.. The
teeṇíi se bhoóy pašainií the baáana
relatives from the boy’s house, men andwomen, go to see their [future]
daughter-in-law. ma ta phoó de pašambeéde.. I was a just boy whenba paṇardóoṛu de119

phóomphúti

Pashambi was an elder. teeṇíi lo phoó
pirsaahibá the hawaalá the hína.
hína. He placed
his own son in the custody of Pir Sahib(Biori). See: phaí ‘girl’. Etym: *phōta- ‘youngof animal or plant’ (T: 8399). Prdm: Irr. Obl:phooá. Pl: phaayá
phaayá.
phooá
phóom [pʰóom] ‫پھوم‬. n.fem. care. Usage:
Exclusively used as a host element incomplex predicates. Variant: pháam (Biori).
 phóom thíi ‫پھوم تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. totake care of. so teeṇíi lhoóki bheeṇí thetháanu.. He is taking care of his
phóom tháanu
little sister. eesé xalkíim the bíiḍbíiḍii ziaátde.. He was taking very goodphóom thíi decare of such people. Restrict: Fem agr withhost element in pfv; postpositional object
with thethe.
phóopu [pʰóopo] ‫پھوپ ْو‬. n.masc. father’ssister’s husband. See: phéepi ‘father’ssister’. Variant: phúupu (Biori). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: phóopa
phóopa.
phooṭóo [pʰooʈóo] ‫پھوٹو‬. v.tr. to break.
bheenšíi phúṭi ɡhaší háata de ɡhaší andáa
be lamiǰainií andáa the drhakí ba tasphooṭóolu.. Taking hold of the end of thephooṭóolu
beam with his hands, hanging on it andpulling, he broke it. karáaṛu bi lawáṛ ɡhiníǰe mheerílu ínc̣ii bi ḍóoka ǰe ḍóok phooṭaá
mheerílu.. He killed both a leopard and amheerílu
bear with a stick, beating the bear’s backand breaking it [the back]. asím aní kráamii
phooṭóolu.. We have overcome theḍóok phooṭóolu
lion’s share of this piece of work. Morph:phooṭ--á-. See: phúuṭa ‘to break (by itself)’.
phooṭVariant: phooṭúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:phooṭaáanu.
phooṭaáanu Pfv: phooṭóolu.
phooṭóolu Cv: phooṭaá.
phooṭaáphrayíi [pʰrajíi] ‫پھرئی‬. v.tr. to send (sb).
dubaaráalaahtaalaá tas dubaará dunyaí the
thíilu.. God Almighty
phrayainií iraadá thíilu
decided to send him back to the world.
phrayáana.. Theyphaíi báaba the dúula phrayáana
send someone to the girl’s father to make amarriage proposal. asím xu umár rusuúl
phrayílu
mhaarainií dapáara phrayílu de. We sent
Umar to kill the prophet. Morph: phrayé
phrayé--,phrayíit--. See: amzayíi ‘to send (sth)’. Prdm:
phrayíit
T/L:e. Prs: phrayáanu
phrayáanu. Pfv: phrayíitu
phrayíitu,,
phrayílu. Cv: phrayí
phrayí. Imp: phrayá
phrayá.
phrayílu
ِphrayíitu [pʰrajíito] ‫پھرئیت ْو‬. sent (masc sg).
See main entry: phr
phrayíi
ayíi. Variant: phrayílu
phrayílu.
ayíi
phus [pʰus] ‫ ُپھس‬. adj.inv. vanished, gone.
de,, šoorúṇḍii ba ɡhaáu phus
díiša ta xeeraát dede. Everything is fine in the village but theorphan’s cow is gone. Usage: Primarily
used as a host element in complex
predicates.
 phus bhíi
bhíi ‫ ُپھس بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. todisappear, vanish. See: phusóo ‘to get rid
of’.
phusóo [pʰusóo] ‫ ُپھسو‬. v.tr. to get rid of.
paačhambeé búdu maní ki nis phusainiíaskóon.. Pashambi understood that it
askóonwould be easy to get rid of him. ninímteeṇíii zhayí phuséeli híni
híni.. They got rid ofteeṇí
their own properties. Morph: phus
phus--á-. See:phus bhíi ‘to disappear’. Variant: phusúu(Biori). Etym: *pusati ‘leaves, is left’ (T:8310). Prdm: L:a. Prs: phusaáanu
phusaáanu. Pfv:
phusóolu. Cv: phusaá
phusaá.
phusóolu
phúti [pʰúti] ‫ھتی‬ْ ‫ ُپ‬. n.fem. mosquito. See:120

phútupíi
píiṣaphútu ‘fly’. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
phútu [pʰúto] ‫ ُپھت ْو‬. n.masc. fly. Etym:*phutta- ‘insignificant’ (T: 9085). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: phúta
phúta.
phuṭphuṭ [pʰuʈ, fuʈ] ‫ ُپھٹ‬. n.masc. foot(measure). purá tróo phuṭí
phuṭí.. a full three feetbaḍílu.. He has grown one foot. ak
áa phuṭ baḍílu
dítu,, panǰ phuṭí kir dítu
dítu.. One
deés de kir dítu
day it snowed and five feet now fell (Biori).
Comp: Urdu (English) fuṭ. Prdm: i-decl. Pl: -í.
 nim phuṭphuṭ ‫نِم ُپھٹ‬. half foot (measure).
phúṭi [pʰúʈi] ‫ھٹی‬ْ ‫ ُپ‬. n.fem. edge; peak; top (oftree); blade. ɡuǰúr katí bi c̣húuṇc̣u heentá
heentá,,kúulu.. No matter howáanɡii phúṭi sam ba kúulu
straight the Gujur is, he is equally bent likethe blade of the sickle. bheenšíi phúṭi ɡhaší
háata de ɡhaší andáa be lamiǰainií aandáa
ndáaphooṭóolu.. Taking hold of
the drhakí ba tas phooṭóolu
the end of the beam with his hands,
hanging on it and pulling, he broke it.
huṇḍ ɡiraá dac̣híin ta iṇc̣ muṭíi phúṭi ǰhulí
khiáanu.. They looked up andbheší áaṇc̣a khiáanu
there was the bear sitting in the top of thebush eating rasberries. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
phuukíi [pʰuukíi] ‫ ُپھوکی‬. v.tr. to blow.
phuukáanu.. I’m playing the flute.
išpeerí phuukáanu
Morph: phuuké
phuuké--. Etym: *phūtka- ‘blowing’(T: 9102). Prdm: L:e. Prs: phuukáanu
phuukáanu. Pfv:
phuukílu. Cv: phuukí
phuukí.
phuukílu
phúuṭa [pʰúuʈa] ‫ ُپھوٹہ‬. v.intr. to break(apart), crack. kakuaakooṛá the zueení
heentá,, šaná pharé bhraáš ɡiráanu ki
yhéeli heentáphúuṭa.. When the chickenɡóo bheénš phúuṭa
comes of age, he will move slowly along

the roof thinking a beam may break. síinii
čoreé šeenbóoa phooṭíla.
phooṭíla. All four legs ofthe bed broke. manɡái phooṭí
phooṭí,, kaṭamúš
hínu.. The pot brokemanɡái šíiṭi nikháatu hínu
apart and Katamosh appeared inside it .
Morph: phóoṭ
phóoṭ--. See: phooṭóo ‘to break sth’.
Variant: phúuṭe (Biori). Etym: *sphōṭyatē ‘isbroken’ (T: 13858). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:phooṭáanu. Pfv: phooṭílu
phooṭílu. Cv: phooṭí
phooṭí.
phooṭáanu
piaalá [pjaalá] ‫پِیالہ‬. n.masc. cup. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) piyāla. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: piaaleé
piaaleé.
pičhíla [pitɕʰíla] ‫پِچِ ھلہ‬. v.intr. to slip. pičhíli
wéemaǰí,, ma pičhilílu
pičhilílu.. Walkingɡíri wée bainií maǰíon a slippery rock, I slipped. hiimeelí wée
whaidítu.. I slipped on thema pičhilí whaidítu
glacier. Morph: pičhíl
pičhíl--. Variant: pičhíle
(Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: pičhiláanu
pičhiláanu. Pfv:
pičhilílu. Cv: pičhilí
pičhilí.
pičhilílu
pičhóopičhóo [pitɕʰóo] ‫پِچھو‬. v.tr. to sweep, dust,
clean, wipe; scratch (out). phoó teeṇíi
pičhóola.. The boy wiped his
yaaríi rúula pičhóola
friend’s tears. ɡúuli khaá ba tíi teeṇíi háata
pičhéeli.. After eating, he wiped his hands.
pičhéelihínu
ínu.. They haveso harf taním pičhóolu hínuscratched out the name [in the document].
Morph: pičhá
pičhá--. Variant: pičhúu (Biori). Etym:*pikṣōbhayati ‘sets in motion’ (T: 8146).
Prdm: L:a. Prs: pičhaáanu
pičhaáanu. Pfv: pičhóolu
pičhóolu. Cv:
pičhaá.
pičhaá
píilu [píilo] ‫پِیل ْو‬. drank (masc sg). See main
entry: pílapíla.
píiṣa [píiʂa] ‫پِیݜہ‬. v.tr. to grind. máathe
heentá,, ma aṛó yambaáṭ
aambúuṛu piṣṭu heentábéem.. If someone would grind
khilaí ɡhiní béem
grain for me, I would carry the mill stone
121

píla

práal

all alone. thíi yáandr píṣṭuee.
píṣṭuee. Have you
been grinding [maize or wheat]? be típaaṭíia.. Now we will go andaambúuṛu peeṣí aṭíia
grind the grains and bring them along.
Morph: péeṣpéeṣ--, pipiṣṭṣṭ--. Variant: píiṣe (Biori).
ṣṭ
Etym: pim̆ ṣáti ‘grinds’ (T: 8142); piṣṭá‘crushed, ground; flour (neut); cake (masc)’(T: 8218). Prdm: T. Prs: peeṣáanu
peeṣáanu. Pfv: píṣṭu
píṣṭu.
Cv: peeṣí
peeṣí. Imp: píiṣpíiṣ.
píla [píla] ‫پِلہ‬. v.tr. to drink. ǰhanduraá
eeteeṇí zhayí wíi piláanu ki táa koó bi na
haansáana.. The snake drinks water where
haansáana
there is nobody else. čay pilíia
pilíia.. Let’s drink
tea. Morph: pilpil--, píil
píil--. Variant: píle (Biori).
Etym: píbati ‘drinks’ (T: 8209). Prdm: T. Prs:piláanu. Pfv: píilu
píilu. Cv: pilípilí. Imp: pilpil.
piláanu pilawóo [pilawóo] ‫پِلوو‬. v.tr. to make sb
give sth to drink. Morph: pilpil--á-á-.
 pilóo ‫پِلو‬. v.tr. to make sb drink. Morph:pil--á-. Variant: pilúu (Biori).
pilpiléṭ [piléʈ] ‫پِل ْیٹ‬. n.fem. plate. Comp:(English) plate. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ُ ‫پ‬. adj. round.
piṇḍúuru [piɳɖúuro] ‫ِنڈور ْو‬
Etym: *piṇḍara- ‘round like a lump’. Fem
agr: piṇḍúuri
piṇḍúuri.
píṣṭu [píʂʈo] ‫پِݜٹ ْو‬. ground (masc sg). See
main entry: píiṣa
píiṣa.
pitrí [pitrí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫پِتر‬. n.masc. father’s brother;father’s cousin. tasíi eé áak ta saká bhróo
ɡulmhaamaǰaán thaní áak ba pitríi putrthaní.. There was his own realhazratǰaán thaníbrother called Gul Mahmad Jan, but also
his uncle’s son called Hazrat Jan. Etym:
pítriya- ‘paternal; eldest brother who takes
place of father’ (T: 8188). Prdm: a-decl.

Pl: -á.
piṭíi [piʈíi] ‫پِٹی‬. v.tr. to close (door, window,etc.). xudaái thíi dáar piṭíi
piṭíi.. May God close
your door [=May he destroy you]! darúṛi
piṭá.. Close the window! Prdm: L:e. Prs:piṭápiṭáanu. Pfv: piṭílu
piṭílu. Cv: piṭípiṭí.
piṭáanupóo [póo] ‫پو‬. host. Usage: Exclusively used asa host element in complex predicates.
Variant: púu (Biori).
 póo díi ‫پو دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to step on.
díti.. I stepped on amíi áa ǰhandraí ǰhulí póo díti
snake. Restrict: Fem agr with host elementin pfv; postpositional object with ǰhulí
ǰhulí.
pooštrá [pooɕtrá] ‫پوشترہ‬. adj.inv. fattened(goats). aní pooštrá abaíim thíi dapáara
saatáanuee.. Do you think I have taken caresaatáanueeof these fattened goats just for you?
póoṣ [póoʂ] ‫پوݜ‬. n.fem. dung (fromdomestic animals). Variant: páaṣ (Biori).
Etym: pāṣi- ‘dry cowdung’ (T: 8139). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: -a.
práaču [práatɕu] ‫پراچ ْو‬. n.masc. guest (maleor generic). asíi tu teṇteeṇíi ɡhooṣṭóom thehareeṇḍeéu.. We should take you topráaču hareeṇḍeéu
our homes as a guest. tu asíi práaču
práaču.. You
are our guest. tíi áa kamrá ba práačam the
samóolu.. He built a separate guest
dhuurá samóolu
room. Etym: *prārthyaka- ‘pertaining tohospitality’ (T: 8956). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
práača.
práačapráal [práal] ‫پرال‬. n.masc. light. baás dítii
pahúrta ba práal uṛiǰílu ta ṣačí huṇḍ áak
ukháata.. We spent the nightzhayí áak ɣarí ukháata
there and then when it became morning
we went up to the top. Variant: pral (Biori).
122

práašu

púši

Etym: *prabhāla- ‘light’ (T: 8711). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: pralá.
pralá
práašu [práaɕu] ‫پراش ْو‬. n.fem. ribs. míi
nikhéeti.. I hurt my ribs. tróo
práašum daṛ nikhéetiphooṭíli.. Three ribs were
liší práašu phooṭíli
broken. Restrict: With plural reference.
Etym: párśu ‘rib’ (T: 7948). Prdm: Irr. Obl(pl): -m.
praš [praɕ] ‫پرش‬. n.fem. slope. praší wée baṭáwháanda.. Stones are coming down thewháandaslope. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
préeči [préetɕi] ‫پریچی‬ْ . n.fem. female guest.
See: práa
práačuču ‘(male) guest’. Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
preeṣóo [preeʂóo, preeʈʂóo] ‫پریݜو‬. v.tr. tothrow out, pour (out); spill, shed (blood).
manáanu,, ráat na preeṣá
xudaái marɡ na manáanu
thanáanu.. God does not order us to kill andthanáanu
he says, “Do not shed blood.” booǰá
booǰáii phanǰí
preeṣéeli.. The sack broke and theba ǰuaár preeṣéeli
maize was spilled out. tíi míi háata pharépreeṣéeli.. He hit meḍhakí ba ma ǰhulí čay preeṣéeli
with his hand and the tea spilled out.
čhópan xaraáp bhílu de ta tíi tas preeṣaá
ɡeélu.. The food had gone bad so she threwɡeélu
it away. Morph: preeṣá
preeṣá--. Variant: preec̣úu(Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: preeṣaáanupreeṣaáanu. Pfv:
preeṣóolu. Cv: preeṣaá
preeṣaá.
preeṣóolu
preṣpreṣ [preʂ] ‫پر ْیݜ‬. n.fem. husband’s or wife’s
mother. míi se preṣí máathe šóo ǰheenílu
ǰheenílu..
My mother-in-law liked me. Variant: ipréṣ
(Biori). Etym: śvaśrū-́ ‘husband’s or wife’s
mother (fem)’ (T: 12759). Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
pruuɡraám [pruuɡraám] ‫پروگرام‬ُ . n.fem.

programme. Variant: puurɡaám.
puurɡaám Comp:(English) programme.
pulús [pulús] ‫ ُپلس‬. n.masc. police (asorganization or individual representative).
ta,, pulisiaanóom tas harí ǰeelí
so saáz bhílu ta
dítu.. When he recoved, the police camedítu
and took him to jail. Comp: (English) police.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: pulisiaánpulisiaán.
 puluswaalá ‫ ُپلس والہ‬. policeman.
purá [purá] ‫ ُپرہ‬. adj.inv. full; detailed;complete, enough. so purá purá khoṇḍílu
khoṇḍílu..
He spoke in great detail. ma purá bhílu
bhílu.. I
became complete [I got all the things that I
desired]. katí reetíi mehnatíi baád tasíi
bhíli.
ɡhooṣṭíi kuḍ purá bhíli. After a few days oflabour, the wall of his house wascompleted.
 purá bhiíš ‫ ُپرہ بِھیش‬. a full twenty.
 purá thíi ‫تھی‬‫ ُپرہ‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. tocomplete. duniaá kií purá thíilu hínu
hínu.. No
one has completed his work in this world.
puréeṇi [puréeɳi] ‫ریݨی‬ْ ‫ ُپ‬. old (fem). See main
entry: puróoṇu
puróoṇu.
púri [púri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُپر‬. n.fem:pn. Puri (partly
Palula-speaking village in Shishi Koh; aka
Purigal or Pursat). Prdm: m-decl.
puróoṇu [puróoɳo] ‫ ُپروݨ ْو‬. adj. old. asíi
puréeni.. We have a longtaaríx bíiḍi puréeni
history. eeṛé puróoṇam xalkíim the eeṛépáta.. Those old people know about
beetí páta
these things. Morph: puráaṇ
puráaṇ--. Variant:purúuṇu (Biori). Etym: purāṇá- ‘ancient’ (T:8283). Fem agr: puréeṇi
puréeṇi.
púši [púɕi] ‫شی‬ْ ‫ ُپ‬. n.fem. cat. See: púšu
‘tom-cat’. Etym: *puśśī- ‘cat’ (T: 8298).
123

púšu

púutri

Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.

‘to fill (up), be filled’. Etym: pūryátē ‘isfilled’ (T: 8342).
púuntu [púunto] ‫ ُپونت ْو‬. filled (up), was filled(masc sg). See main entry: púunǰa
púunǰa. adj. full,
filled. ɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi beeitifeeqí heensíli
heentá,, púunti manɡái šušéeni
šušéeni.. If there isheentá
disagreement in a house, the full pot driesout. Fem agr: púunti
púunti.
puuríi [puuríi] ‫ ُپوری‬. v.tr. to fill, load. tíi
puurílu.. He filled up the glass.
ɡilaás ḍhiáp puurílu
so muṭá the ráal bhe toobaák puurí babhéṭu.. He climbed up a tree, loaded hisbhéṭurifle and sat down. Morph: puuré
puuré--. Etym:
pūráyati ‘fills’ (T: 8335); pūrita- ‘filled’ (T:8336). Prdm: L:e. Prs: pupuuráanu
uráanu. Pfv: puurílu
puurílu.
uráanuCv: puurí
puurí.
púustu [púusto] ‫ ُپوست ْو‬. n.masc. skin. báaba
ba yákdam bhíiru mheerí tasíi púustu ɡaḍíṣaawóolu.. The father killed aso púustu tas ṣaawóolu
he-goat, skinned it, then he put the skin on
him [his son]. kareé ɡalá so bubuuḍíiluta,, aníuḍíilu taṣiṣíi púustu so mhaás lamiǰí ba whaí aníiwee
de.. As he grew old,
díi ta páand na páaša dethe skin on his head started hanging downfrom here so that he could not see theroad in front of him. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
púusta.
púustapúutri [púutri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُپوتر‬. n.fem. son’s daughter.
See: púutru ‘son’s son’. Etym: pautrī- ‘sons’s
daughter (fem)’ (T: 8417). Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.

‫شی لاپوٹہ‬ْ ‫ ُپ‬. adv.mann.
(walk) soundlessly, in a cat-like manner.
pušilaapóoṭa ɡirainií To move aboutsoundlessly like a cat.
púšu [púɕo] ‫ ُپش ْو‬. n.masc. tom-cat. See: púši‘cat (generic)’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: púša
púša.
putr [putr] ‫ ُپتر‬. n.masc. son. míi putr ǰóolu
ǰóolu.. Ason [of mine] was born [uttered by father].
putr.. This is my favourite son.
anú míi xoš putrde,, tasíi ɡa dhiíǰalaalíi čúur putrá heensíla dede.. Jalal had four sons, but
ba na heensíli dehe did not have any daughters. kaṭamušíi
méemi qisá ṣuṇí hansí ba maníitu hínu ki
putr,, taníi báaba tu na kháai bhóon
bhóon..
kha míi putr
When Katamosh’s grandmother heard hisstory, she laughed saying, “Eat my son!
Not even their fathers will be able to eat
you.” ée putr
putr,, tu míi ǰeepí wée ɡubáalaṭayáanu.. Son, what are you looking for inlaṭayáanu
my pocket? Etym: putrá- ‘son (masc)’ (T.
8265). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
púunǰa [púundʑa] ‫ ُپونجہ‬. v.intr. to fill (up),be filled. tasíi ac̣híiam róola ḍhiáp púunta
púunta..
His eyes were filled with tears. durbaáṭ
híni.. The pot has been filledḍhiáp puunǰí híni
to the brim. Morph: púunǰ
púunǰ--, púunt
púunt--. Prdm: T.
Prs: puunǰáanu
puunǰáanu. Pfv: púuntu
púuntu. Cv: puunǰí
puunǰí.
puunǰí [puuɲdʑí] ‫ونجی‬ْ ‫ ُپ‬. adj.inv. full.
ɡíi.. This yearheeṇṣúka asíi ǰuwaár puunǰí ɡíi
we got a full crop of maize. anú bootál
hínu.. This bottle is full. See: púunǰa
puunǰí hínu
 pušilaapóoṭa

124

qaatí

qilaá

qqaatí [qahtí, qaatí, xaatí] ‫قہتی‬ْ . n.fem.

you are staying here, you will have to pay
taxes to us. se xálaka qalánɡ na dáa bhaá baɡíia.. The people were not able touḍheewí ɡíia
pay the tax, so they ran away. Comp:
Pashto ḳulanɡ. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
qariibán [qariibán, xariibán] ‫قرِیبن‬. adv.deg.
approximately, about. paṇáaru táapaṛ
thaní awaaɡír qaríiban dúu thiáaḍa míila
hínu.. There is a hill, about two andtáapaṛ hínu
a half miles uphill, called paṇáaru táapaṛ
[white hill]. aní deesóom atshareetá wée
hína.. Nowadays
qariibán čúur zára kušúni hína
there are about four thousand people in
Ashret. taqriibán bóoš baǰaí the bhéṭa
bhéṭa.. Theysat down at about twelve o’clock. Variant:taqriibán. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) taqrīban.
taqriibán
qarzá [qarzá, xarzá] ‫قرضہ‬. n.masc. debt. míi
ɡhíinu,, ɡhíinii baád míi
beenkí qarzá ɡhíinu
thíili.. I took a loan fromdukaandeerí široó thíili
the bank and then I set up my own shop.
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) qarẓa. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: qarzeé
qarzeé.
qiaamát [qjaamát, xjaamát] ‫قیامت‬. n.fem.
judgement. Variant: qeaamát (Biori). Comp:
Urdu (Persian/Arabic) qiyāmat. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: -í.
qilaá [qilaá, xilaá] ‫ ِقلا‬. n.masc. fort, fortress.
the,,qileé šíiṭi ačí ba buṭheé the halóol theɡeéla.. They
halóol the ṣiṣá áaspara wée ɡeéla
entered the fort, slaughtered them all, andthrew their heads into the Aspar. teeṇíi
bhalaá.. A person
dhut hum ta qilaá hum ba bhalaáfamine. tasíi wataní qaatí yhéeli.
yhéeli. There wasa famine in his country. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) qaḥt.
qabiilá [qabiilá] ‫ق ِبیلہ‬. n.masc. clan; tribe.
ɡúum.. Heteeṇíi bhraaú qóom qabiilá ɡhiní ɡúumleft with all his brothers and his entire
clan. míi qóom qabiilá ǰhulí bíiḍu zúlum
hínu.. My people have been treatedbhílu hínu
with injustice. ɡáaḍa ɡáaḍa qabiileé hína
hína,,
qabiil--eém sanɡí rištá tha
tha.. There are
eesé qabiil
very large tribes there that you shouldmake relationships with. Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) qabīla. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:
qabiileé.
qabiileéqabúl [qabúl, xabúl] ‫ ُقبل‬. host. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
qabūl, qubūl.
 qabúl thíi ‫قبل تھی‬ُ . v.tr:cjt.inc. to agree
to, admit. tíi míi toofá qabúl thíilu
thíilu.. Heaccepted my gift. tíi qabúl thíilu ki tíi nnisispalóolu.. He admitted that he had stolen it.
palóoluqábur [qábur, xábur] ‫ ُقبر‬. n.masc. grave.
qábura wée farišteém tas bíiḍu ziaát ɡooríi
díti.. In the grave, the angels
azaáb dítipunished him severely. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) qabr, qabar. Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
qalánɡ [qaláŋɡ, qaláŋ] ‫قلنگ‬. n.fem. tax(specific kind of). índi tus aṛó bhešáana
díit.. If
heentá xamaxaá asaám the qalánɡ díit
125

qisá

ráal

is known by his words [lit. One’s own
mouth is a fortress as well as a demon].
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) qalˈa, qilˈa.
Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: qileé
qileé.
qisá [qisá, xisá] ‫ ِقصہ‬. n.masc. story. Comp:
Urdu (Persian/Arabic) qiṣṣa. Prdm: ee-decl.
Pl: qiseé
qiseé.
 qisá thíi ‫ ِقصہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to tell (astory). áa deés táa ɡúum ta máathe qisá
thíilu.. One day when I went there, he told
thíilume a story. Restrict: Masc agr with hostelement in pfv; postpositional object withthe.
the
qísum [qísum, xísum] ‫ ِقسم‬. n.fem. kind,way. asíi díiša dúu qísmii fásil bíiḍu bháanu
bháanu,,ǰuwaár,, áak ba ɡhoóm
ɡhoóm.. There are two
áak ta ǰuwaár
kinds of main crops in our village, one ismaize and the other is wheat. tasíi beeɣí
hína.. There are
wée qísma qísum pišíika hínamany different kinds of flowers in his

garden. se qísma qísum paaṇṭí ṣaéeni.
ṣaéeni. She
is wearing different kinds of clothes. nu bakuṇaák.. What kind of boy is he?
ɡa qísmii kuṇaák
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) qism. Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: qísma
qísma.
qóom [qóom] ‫قوم‬. n.masc. tribe, clan;nation. be akó
akóoš
hína.. We are [madeoš qóoma hína
up of] eleven clans [in Ashret]. aṛé ínc̣i tu
wháida.. Ifkhóolu heentá qóoma the asár wháidathis she-bear were to eat you, it would
affect the [whole] tribe. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) qaum. Prdm: a-decl. Pl: -a.
qurbaán [qurbaán] ‫قُربان‬. n.masc. sacrifice.
ibrahiimaleehisalaamí putr ismaaíile zhayí
hínu.. My forefather
míi dúudu qurbaán bhe hínu
was sacrificed in the place of Ismail, theson of Ibrahim, on whom be peace (Biori).
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) qurbān. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: qurbaaníqurbaaní.

rraáǰ [ráadʑ] ‫راج‬. n.fem. rope. c̣hatróola

the ruler died, his sons started contending
for the power. eesé waxtíi kaaláaṣu raaǰaá
de. See: baačaá ‘king’. Comp: Urdu rājā.
Prdm: aan-decl. Pl: raaǰaɡaánraaǰaɡaán.
ráal [ráal] ‫رال‬. adj.inv. high. kumalái ráal thena.
saméeli heentá phedáana na. If the shelf isbuilt too high, nobody will reach up to it.
Etym: *uparalla- ‘upper’ (T: 2208).
 ráal bhíi ‫رال بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to rise,
climb. méemi se pičhíla baṭá ǰhulí póo de ba
híni..
ráal bhe dharaṇí pharé ǰíti híniGrandmother stepped on the slipperyanɡreezaanóom xabaár díti ki raáǰii
bháanu.. In Chitral, the British
muqaabilá bháanu
announced that there would be a
tug-of-war. ma tu raáǰa de ɡhaṇḍí ɡaláanusanɡí.. I will leave you tied to thisaní muṭá sanɡítree with a rope. Variant: rharhaǰǰ (Biori). Etym:
rájju- ‘rope, cord (fem)’ (T: 10582). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
raaǰaá [raadʑaá] ‫راجا‬. n.masc. ruler (ofminor principality); prince. raaǰaá múṛu tabulooṣṭéeli.. Whenputróom tasíi hukumát bulooṣṭéeli
126

ráanɡ

rhaíi

stone, and climbing up on it, she fell to theground. so muṭá ǰe ráal bhe toobaák puuríbhéṭu.. He climbed up a tree, filled his
ba bhéṭu
gun and sat down.
 ráal thíi ‫رال تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to raise,
lift. so ba maidóona wée be ba áak khkhur
ur ráalɡíra.. He came out into thethe ba kárkar ɡírafield raising one leg and spinning around.
ráanɡ [ráaŋɡ, ráaŋ] ‫رانگ‬. n.masc. colour;
paint. rooṭaá kateeṇú míiš
míiš,, ɡa ranɡíi míiš
míiš..
What kind of man is Rota, and of whatcomplexion? ma lohílu ranɡ ššaaká
aaká
maláanu.. I am painting the wood with red
maláanu
colour (Biori). Variant: ranranɡ
ɡ (Biori). Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: ranɡíranɡí.
 ráanɡ díi ‫رانگ دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. topaint.
ráat [ráat] ‫رات‬. n.masc. blood. áak istúuri
hínu.
abái karáaṛu ɡhaší ba ráat piláanu hí
nu. A
leopard had caught a young she-goat andwas drinking its blood. xudaái marɡ na
manáanu,, ráat na preeṣá thanáanu
thanáanu.. God
manáanu
does not order us to kill and he says, “Do
not shed blood!” Variant: rat (Biori). Etym:
rakta- ‘coloured, dyed; red; blood (neut)’(T: 10539). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: ratá
ratá.
raát [raát] ‫رات‬. n.fem. night (as a measureof time); 24-hour period. áa raát muṣṭú onenight ago ma ta áak raát báas dítu
dítu.. I stayed
one night. míi putr panǰíiš reetí tu kéečide.. My son was with you forheensílu defifteen days. See: róot ‘night (as opposed today)’. Etym: rāt́ rī- ‘night (fem)’ (T: 10702).
Prdm: i-decl. Pl: reetí ‘nights (and days)’.
 raatúku ‫راتُک ْو‬. adj. of night (and day)periods. kaakéṛ bhiš raatúku páanda ɡáu.
ɡáu.
Kakel went away for twenty days (Biori).
Prdm: Reg. Fem: raatúki
raatúki.
raazí [raazí] ‫راضی‬ْ . adj.inv. satisfied. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplexpredicates.
Comp:
Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) rāẓī, rājī.
 raazí bhíi ‫راضی بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. toْagree, consent. so maaxamíi ɡúulii pahúrta
bhílu.. He agreed tomilaáu bhainií the raazí bhílu
meet after the evening meal.
raɣáṣṭi [raɣáʂʈi] ‫راغݜٹی‬. adv.tm. early. ma
ْutháanu.. I get up early inroošnaám raɣáṣṭi utháanu
the morning (Biori). Restrict: Biori. See:waxtt ‘time’. Comp: Khowar raɣešṭi.
wax
ram raám the [ram raám the] ‫تھے‬ْ ‫رم رام‬.
adv.mann. firmly. se insaaná raáǰ mučaá omuṭá sanɡí so amzarái seéb ram raám theɡaílu.. The man
kaš kaáš the ɡhaṇḍí ɡaílu
uncoiled the rope and tied the lion very
very firmly to a tree.
rawaán [rawaán] ‫روان‬. adj.inv. moving.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Variant: rawóon
rawóon. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) rawān, rawān̆.
 rawaán bhíi ‫روان بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to
move, get going, set out. se kúṛi nikhé
nikhéeti
eti,,
eti
bhíli.. The woman
thée ba tas patú rawaán bhílicame out and then started to follow him.
baačaá teeṇíi fóoǰ ɡhiní ɡhúuṛa ǰhulí čhubbhílu.. The king set out along
bhe rawóon bhílu
with his army, mounted on his horse.
rháai [raháaj, rháaj] ‫رھائی‬ْ . n.fem. desire.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) rahāˈī.
rhaíi [rahíi, rhajíi] ‫رہی‬. n.fem. footprint. ni127rhalá

riwaayátxu uxíi rhaíi híni.
híni. These must be thefootprints of a camel. Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
rhalá [rhalá] ‫رھلہ‬. post. above, up, on top.
eeṛáa rhalá qilaá de. Above it there was afort. Restrict: With preceding locativepro-form.
— adv.sp. up; above.
rhoó ‫رھو‬. n.masc. song; music. Prdm: a-decl.
Pl, obl: -á.
 rhoó díi [rhóo díi] ‫رھو دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc.
to sing. kuṛíina ta támbulamii ǰíinǰíin,, rhooá
díin,, míiša ba axsí ǰíinǰíin.. The women weredíin
beating the drums and singing, while themen were playing axsí [a game]. Variant:díi.
rhooá díirhoošnaám [rhooɕnaám] ‫رھوشنام‬. n.masc.
morning. be rhoošnaám yháanda
yháanda.. We
arrive in the morning. baačaá áak
rhoošnaámrhoošnaám ǰhaanaá dac̣híi ta tasíi ɡhooṣṭíi
de.. One morning thepáanǰ ǰáana heensíla deking woke up and found that there were
[only] five persons in his house. Variant:rhootašnaám.
rhootašnaám
rhootašíi [rhootaɕíi] ‫رھوتشی‬. n.fem. theday tomorrow; morning. aáǰii baádhíni.. There is a tomorrow after
rhootašíi bi híni
today. rhoošíi bhíli ta se míiša waxtíi thíide.. When it becameṭeekílu teeṇíi kúṛi nóo demorning, the man called out early to hiswife by her name. Variant: rhoošíi
rhoošíi. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
 rhootašíia ‫رھوتشیہ‬. adv.tm. tomorrow;in the future. dúi uc̣hí ba maníi de ki nis
thúum.. Hekhúum ta rhootašíia ba kanáa thúum

picked up another one [from a collectionof fruits] and said, “If I eat this, what will
happen tomorrow?” rhootašíia anú watá
watánn
ɡhínan.. In future days [lit.
asaám díi ɡhínan
tomorrow] they may take this land fromus.
ríi [ríi] ‫ری‬. v.intr. to weep. ǰaanɡulá maruáanu.. Jan Gul beat me; thatbhanǰóolu ta ruáanu
is why I’m weeping. bíiḍu rúulu xu ɡaheensílu.. He cried apakaár waxt teér bhe heensílu
lot, but in vain (Biori). ma na ṭinɡ bhílu
bhe.. I said thatthaní ma ba rúulu zoór zoór bhe
I could not face him, and then I started toweep loudly. Morph: roro--. Etym: rudáti‘weeps’ (T: 10840). Prdm: L:minor. Prs:
ruáanu. Pfv: rúulu
rúulu. Cv: reé
reé. Imp: roro.
ruáanuríiẓ [ríiʐ] ‫رِیڙ‬. n.masc. goat track (in themountains). Variant: réeẓ (Biori). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
rikaáḍ [rikaáɖ] ‫رِکاڈ‬. n.fem. recording;record. tasíi mháala ɡhašainií rikaáḍ híni
híni..
He holds a record in wrestling. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: (English)
record.
 rikaáḍ thíi ‫رِکاڈ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. torecord. tíi tasíi rhoó rikaáḍ thíilu
thíilu.. Herecorded his song.
rištaá [riɕtaá] ‫رِشتا‬. adv.sent. really, in truth;
actually. traíma dee
deesá
sá karáaṛu rištaá
yhóolu.. On the third day the leopard reallyyhóolucame. rištaá maná
maná.. Speak the truth! rištaá
na.. Let us talk trulykhoṇḍíia leewáaya ba na
without telling lies. Comp: Pashto riḱhtīˈā.
riwaayát [riwaaját] ‫رِوایت‬. n.fem.
128

róot

saatíitraditions, customs. aní asíi bíiḍi puréeṇi
riwaayát.. These are our very old customs.
riwaayát
Usage: Plural reference. Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) riwāyat. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
róot [róot] ‫روت‬. n.masc. night (as opposed
to day). róot bhílu
bhílu.. It became night. tíi
róota
ɡaḍíla..
ró
ota lúu lúu bheší karooṛí se ṣínɡa ɡaḍíla
He sat up digging the whole night, taking
up the horns [that were buried in the
ground]. róota uthí dac̣hílu ta múča dede.. Igot up during the night and saw that it was
raining. See: raát ‘night (as a measure oftime)’. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: róota ‘during/inthe night’.
ruikúṛi [rujkúɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ئی کُڑ‬ْ ‫ ُر‬. n.fem. witch,
mythical forest woman. Prdm: Irr. Pl:
ruikuṛíina.
ruikuṛíina
rúǰi [rúdʑi, rúʑi] ‫جی‬ْ ‫ ُر‬. n.fem. rice. rúǰi pileeṭí

wée ɡalé.
ɡalé. Put rice on the plate (Biori)!
Comp: Pashto wˈrijey. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
rumiaál
[rumjaál]‫ ُر ِمیال‬. n.fem.
handkerchief. phaí teeṇíi háatam čooṇṭéeli
híni.. The girl gave him arumiaál díti híni
handkerchief which she herself had
embroidered. Comp: Urdu (Persian) rū-māl,
rumāl. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: rumieelí
rumieelí,,rumeelí.
rumeelírusúx [rusóx] ‫ ُر ُسخ‬. n.fem. power, influence.
léedi.. He gained a great
líi bíiḍi ɡéeḍi rusóx léedi
deal of power. bhuná ɡiróo tasíi asár rusúxde.. He exerted no influence on
na heensíli dethe low-lying areas. Variant: rusóx (Biori).
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) rusūkh. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
rúulu2 [rúulo] ‫ ُرول ْو‬. wept (masc sg). See main
entry: ríi
ríi.

ssaamaán [saamaán] ‫سامان‬. n.fem. things,‘lake, pool (neut)’ (T: 13254). Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: sarí.
sarísaaréeṇi [saaréeɳi] ‫ساریݨی‬. n.fem. wife’sْ
sister. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
sáat [sáat] ‫سات‬. quant. seven. Morph: satsat--.
Variant: sat (Biori). Etym: saptá ‘7’ (T:13139). Non-nom agr: satúm
satúm.
 sateé [sateé] ‫ستے‬. quant. all seven.
— pron:ind. the seven. Obl: satmeém
satmeém.
saatíi [saatíi] ‫ساتی‬. v.tr. to take care of,protect; manage. xudaái ɣaríibii ɣaribí díi
saatíi.. God will protect the poor fromsaatíipoverty. se c̣hiír kirní zaán saatíi dede.. She

stuff. tarkaaṇíi dapáara bíiḍi saamaánlaɡayiǰéeni.. There are so many kinds oflaɡayiǰéeni
tools a carpenter needs. piaaleé
piaaleé,, úči múči
híni,, čeená meená
meená,, eeṛanaámɡóo saamaán hínikrináana.. Cups, this and that, China stuff,
krináana
these we sell. Comp: Urdu (Persian) sāmān,samān. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: saameenísaameení.
saaṇḍsaaṇḍú
ṇḍú [saaɳɖú] ‫سانڈ ْو‬. n.masc. wife’ssister’s husband. Prdm: aan-decl. Pl:saaṇḍuɡaán.
saaṇḍuɡaán
sáar [sáar] ‫سار‬. n.fem. lake, pond, puddle.
Morph: sar
sar. Variant: sar (Biori). Etym: sáras129

saáu

samóo

was [just] managing, by selling the milk.
pašambeé teeṇíi bhraaudhií seetíli,seetíli, seetíbaḍíli.. Pashambe lookedtasíi múuṛa wée baḍíli
after his niece and she grew up in his
house [lit. in his lap]. Morph: saaté
saaté--. Prdm:
L:e. Prs: saatáanu
saatáanu. Pfv: seetílu
seetílu. Cv: seetí
seetí.
saáu [saáw] ‫ساؤ‬. n.masc. Sau (village inKunar Valley, Afghanistan). asíi áaḍahína.. Half of [some of]bhraawú ba saawá hína
our brothers are in Sau. Prdm: a-decl. Obl:saawá.
saawá
saáz [saáz] ‫ساز‬. adj.inv. healthy; whole.
Usage: Exclusively used as a host element
in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) sāz.
 saáz bhíi ‫ساز بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to heal;
be restored; become well; come to terms.
bhéeni,, xu híṛii
badaníi parhaár ta lap saáz bhéeni
bhéeni.. The woundparhaár ba lap saáz na bhéeni
of the body heals quickly, but the woundof the heart does not heal quickly. Variant:sastíi (to recuperate, recover (fromillness)).
 saáz thíi [sáaz tʰíi] ‫ساز تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. tobuild; to repair.
sabáq [sabáq, sabáx] ‫سبق‬. n.fem. lesson. made.. I was a student [at thesabáq manúum detime]. so aaweelíi ǰameetí wée ssabáq
abáq
manáanu.. He is in first grade. Comp: Urdu
manáanu(Arabic) sabaq. Prdm: i-dcel. Obl, Pl: -í.
saká [saká] ‫سکہ‬. adj.inv. real (brother,sister, etc.). lo ta míi saká bhróo
bhróo,, aṛó ạá k ba
putr.. This is my real brother, andmíi pitríi putr
the other one is my uncle’s son.
salaám [salaám] ‫سلام‬. n.fem. greeting.

Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)salām. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: saleemísaleemí.
 salaám thíi ‫سلام تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. togreet. kareé ɡalá so umaraaxaán yhyhóoluóolu tathíili.. Whenmíi se dóoda tas the salaám thíili
Umar Khan came, then my grandfather
greeted him. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement in pfv.
samaṭíi [samaʈíi] ‫سمٹی‬. v.tr. to collect,gather, call together. šaralá buṭheé xálaka
de.
šaaká samaṭíin de. In the autumn, all thepeople were collecting wood. tíi so meewá
wheelílu.. Hesamaṭí ba booǰée wée de wheelílu
collected the fruit, put it in a bag and took
it down [to his home]. se míiša xálaka
samaṭí ilaán thíili ki ma míiš na de bálkide.. The man gatheredmaǰburí kkii míiš bhíli dethe people and made it known that he wasactually not a man, but due to thecircumstances, [she] had to become one.
Morph: samaṭé
samaṭé--. Etym: samarthayatē‘resolves; perceives; comforts’ (T: 13190).
Prdm: L:e. Prs: samaṭá
samaṭáanu
anu. Pfv: samaṭílu
samaṭílu. Cv:
anusamaṭí.
samaṭí
samóo [samóo] ‫سمو‬. v.tr. to build, put
together, construct, design. nis the be ɡasamáaya.. What kind of trousers
suthaán samáaya
should we make for him? tíi áa kamrá basamóolu.. He built apráačam the dhuurá samóolu
separate guest room. tíi teeṇíi c̣híitrii
hínu.. He hasmooṣṭá wée ṣaawíiṛu samóolu hínu
made a vegetable patch at the edge of his
field. tas mhaarainií the áak čal saméeli
saméeli..
They designed a plan to kill him. Morph:130sanɡí

sesamásamá-. Etym: sam̆ māti ‘is contained in’ (T:12975). Prdm: L:a. Prs: samaáanu.
samaáanu Pfv:
samóolu. Cv: samaá
samaá.
samóolusanɡí [saŋɡí] ‫سنگی‬ْ . post. (along) with; at,by; to. taním tas teeṇíi sanɡí híṛuhíṛu.. They
took him with them. se ṭhaaṭáaka bi tas
thíilu.. The monstersanɡí khainií široó thíilu
started to eat meat together with the man.
taním áak dúi sanɡí waadá thíilu hínu ki bethaní..
musibatíi waxtíi akaadúi na uṛiɡalíia thaní
They had promised each other that theywould not abandon one another in timesof trouble. eesé tu sanɡí madád bhíiin
bhíiin.. They
will help you. thíi ma sanɡí bíidi šuéeli
híni.. You have been very good to me.
thíili híni
nikhéeti.. The
súuri teeṇíi taapieelí sanɡí nikhéeti
sun shone out warmly. ma tu raáǰa desanɡí.. I will leaveɡhaṇḍí ɡaláanu aní muṭá sanɡí
you tied to this tree with a rope. Restrict:
With preceding oblique nominal argument
or an accusative pro-form. Etym: san̆ɡá‘battle (masc); contact with; addiction to’(T: 13082).
saṇḍá [saɳɖá] ‫سنڈہ‬. n.masc. buffalo bull.
́ ḍaVariant: saṇḍaá (Biori). Etym: sāṇ
‘uncastrated (of bull)’ (T: 13331). Prdm:
aan-decl. Pl: saṇḍaɡaánsaṇḍaɡaán.
 saṇḍameé ‫سنڈہ مے‬. n.fem. buffalo
marrow.
sastíi [sastíi] ‫سستی‬. v.intr. to recuperate,recover (from illness). so bidráaɡu kuṇaák
sastíilu.. The sick child recovered. Morph:sastíilu
sasté--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: sasastáanu
stáanu. Pfv: sastíilu
sastíilu.
sasté
stáanuCv: sastí
sastí.
sataašúma [sataaɕúma] ‫ستاشُ مہ‬. det.

seventeenth. See: satóoš ‘seventeen’.
Variant: sataašúme (Biori).
satóoš [satóoɕ] ‫ستوش‬. quant. seventeen.
Morph: satáaš
satáaš--. Variant: satáaš (Biori). Etym:
saptádaśa ‘17’ (T: 13146).
satúma [satúma] ‫س ُتمہ‬. det. seventh. See:sáat ‘seven’.
sáu [sáw] ‫سو‬. quant. hundred, one hundred.
Variant: sóo
sóo,, áak sóo
sóo; páanǰ bhišá
bhišá. Prdm:
a-decl. Pl: sáwa
sáwa,, sóo
sóo.
saxt [saxt, sax] ‫سخت‬. adj.inv. tough, hard,harsh. tas the saxt sazaá mimilaáubhílu.. Helaáu bhílu
receivedharshtreatment.
Comp:
Urdu/Pashto (Persian) sakht.
— adv.mann. very. yaasír saxt laǰiǰílu
laǰiǰílu.. Yassir
was very ashamed. se ak biaabeení pharáeelíila.. While goingbayaníie maǰí sax buc̣heelíila
into the wilderness they became very
hungry (Biori).
se [se] ‫سے‬ْ . pron:dem. 1) she (rem nom). sede.. She was ináak bakaraál phoó the ašaq delove with a shepherd boy. se ǰhaanaá
ɡíi.. She woke up and wentbulaḍíim ɡíisearching. 2) it (rem fem nom). se na kasíi
éeni,, na kasíi marɡ dac̣héeniéeni.. It
xaadí dac̣héeni[the goat] does not care about anyone’s
happiness or anyone’s death. 3) they (remnom). síiwa ǰhulí se akaṭíilim
akaṭíilim.. They met
each other on the bridge. se har deésde.. They were able toakaadúi pašáa bhóon demeet one another every day. See: so ‘he, it(rem masc nom)’; eesé ‘she, it, they, that,those (emph)’.
— det:dem. 1) the; that (agr: rem fem).
de..
páanda be ba se kúṛii banɡlée širínɡan de
131

seéb

síndu

On the way, the woman’s bangles started
to rattle. phooíi ɡhooṣṭíi tarapíi tasíi
axpulaán kkuṛíina
uṛíina míiša teeṇíi se bhoóy
baáana.. The relatives from the
pašainií the baáana
boy’s house, men and women, go to see
their [future] daughter-in-law. 2) the; that
(agr: masc non-nom). se míiša se bhalaáiiǰíti.. The man fired at the spirit
toobakíim ǰítiwith his gun. dóodu ayaanmír bhraáš se
hínu.. Grandfather Ayaníṇc̣a kéeči ɡúum hínu
Mir went slowly close to the bear. seki,, ma khuná yhakuṇaaká the išaará thíilu ki
thaní.. [The spirit] signalled to the child,
thaní“Come to me!” 3) the; those (agr: rem).
aaweelíiaaw
eelíi se dúu mítra bháaṭa áak bhrukbhaaɡáana.. First, the two who arebhaaɡáana
becoming blood-brothers split a kidney. seaní.. These are
nóowa maǰí aakatí nóowa aní
some of the names. se éeḍim bhíilam
thaní.. Halfkhoṇḍílim ki aslí zariṇíi dhií aní thaníof them spoke fearfully saying, “This isindeed Zarin’s daughter.” se páaka áaṇc̣ahínu.. Whenpaší íṇc̣a kaṭamúš aamúuṣṭu hínu
the bear caught sight of the raspberries, heforgot about Katamosh. See: so ‘that, the(agr: dist nom masc sg)’.
seéb [seéb] ‫سیب‬. hon. Sir, lord.
umaraaxaaná the maníitu ki umaraaxaán
seéb,, tu aṛáa the na baba.. He said to Umar
seéb
Khan, “Umar Khan Sir, don’t go there!”
Comp: Urdu (Arabic) ṣāḥib, ṣāḥab, ṣāb.
Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
seentá [sẽẽtá] ‫سینتہ‬. v:mod. will, should.
seentá,, misrí díi tsaṭák
misrí yhóolu seentá
hóonsa.. When the mason comes he willhóonsahave a hammer with him. míišii putr kareézuaán bhílu seentá,
seentá, tas the kúṛi dawainiítháanu.. A man arranges abandubás tháanu
marriage when his son becomes of age.
putrmhaaróoi..
kasíi putr ǰóolu seentá tas mhaaróoi
Should anyone have a boy, you should kill
him. Variant: síinta
síinta,, síta (Biori).
séeri [séeri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫سیر‬. whole, good, healthy(fem). See main entry: sóoru
sóoru.
séeti [séeti] ‫سیتی‬ْ . n.fem. thigh. Etym:
sakthán- ‘thigh, thighbone’ (T: 13073).
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
síɡal [síɡal] ‫ ِسگل‬. n.masc. sand (fine, black).
Etym: síkatā- ‘grain of sand; sand, gravel(fem)’ (T: 13386). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
siɡréṭ [siɡréʈ] ‫ ِسگریٹ‬. n.fem. cigarette.
Comp: (English) cigarette. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
síi [síi] ‫سی‬. v.intr. to sleep. máaee tu ɡahínu.. I
bheší hína eení ɡhooṣṭa šíiṭi ma seé hínu
was asleep inside the house where you and
I are sitting. be liší súta
súta.. We slept close
together. Morph: soso--, sut
sut--. Etym: svápati
‘sleeps’ (T: 13902). Prdm: T. Prs: suáanu
suáanu. Pfv:
sútu. Cv: seéseé. Imp: soso.
sútu
 suóo [swóo] ‫سوو‬ُ . v.tr. to make sb sleep;
put to bed. Morph: soso--á-.
síitu [síito] ‫ ِسیت ْو‬. sewed (masc sg). See main
entry: síla
síla.
síla [síla] ‫ ِسلہ‬. v.tr. to sew. súutr ɡhiní sil
sil..
Take a thread and sew! Morph: silsil--, síit
síit--.
Variant: síle (Biori). Etym: sivyati
̄́‘sews’ (T:13444). Prdm: T. Prs: siláanu
siláanu. Pfv: síitu
síitu. Cv:silí. Imp: sil
sil.
silí
síndu [síndo] ‫ ِسند ْو‬. adj. wet. míi paaṇṭí
132

so

súuri

síndi híni.
híni. My clothes are wet. Etym: *stinta‘wet’ (T: 13693). Fem agr: síndi.
síndi
so [so] ‫س ْو‬. pron:dem. 1) he (rem nom).
de..
paačhambeé uthíitu seentá so bi uthíi deWhenever Pashambi stood up, he also
stood up. so aní kaafiraanóom sanɡí madád
tháanu.. He is helping these infidels. 2) it
tháanu(rem masc nom). sirázar dheeróoṇa wée biheentá,, so sirázar haansáanu
haansáanu.. Even
ɡeélu heentágold thrown into the refuse dump remains
gold. Sg fem: se
se. Sg acc: tastas. Sg obl: tíitíi. Sg gen:tasíi. Pl nom: se
se. Pl acc: tanaám
tanaám. Pl obl: taním
taním.
tasíi
Pl gen: taníi
taníi.
— det:dem. the; that (agr: rem nom mascsg). míi so šúur máathe šóo ǰhóona dede.. Thatfather-in-law of mine liked me. taním
hínu.. Together theyakaṭiǰí so iṇc̣ mheerílu hínu
killed the bear. aní wataní so maalík bhílu
bhílu..
He became the ruler of this place. tíi sobilóolu.. She melted
sučá ɡhiíṛ deeɡčée wée bilóolu
the pure butter in the pot. baačaá so míišbulaḍí khooǰóolu ki tu míi baačaíi khaíɡhináanu.. The king called in the manzhaáy ɡhináanu
and asked him which part of his kingdom
he wanted. ma kéeči yhaini
yhaini--eé míi ba so
ǰíti.. As soon as it camelawáṛ ɡhiní ḍóoka ǰe ǰítinear to me, I took the stick and hit it overits back. See: eesó ‘he, it, that (emph)’. Etym:
sá; sṓ ‘nom.sg.masc pron. and pronom. adj.
he, that’ (T: 12815). Non-nom/fem/pl agr: sese.
soóč
soóč [soótɕ] ‫سوچ‬. n.fem. thinking. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu soć. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: -í.
 soóč thíi ‫سوچ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to think,ponder, plan. míi bíiḍi soóč thíili.
thíili. I thoughta great deal. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement in pfv.
sóon [sóon] ‫سون‬. n.masc. summer (high)pasture. sóona baurazdaará ḍanɡ khilaí
hínu.. He was all
bakáara ɡhiní heensílu hínu
alone in the pasture along with his goats.
hínu,, sóona be tuínda tu bíiḍu trokíilu hínučhoót,, ɡhiíṛɡhiíṛ,, o čoónɡ kha ta bhakulíiṛ
bhakulíiṛ.. Herečhoót
you have become very thin. In the highpasture you eat cheese and butter andbecome fat. Variant: sáan (Biori). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
sóoru [sóoro] ‫سور ْو‬. adj. whole; good,
healthy. sóoruee
sóoruee.. How are you? thíisóoree.. How are your children? sokuṇaaká sóoree
ɡirílu.. He wanderedsóoru deés faaltú ɡirílu
around the whole day without any reason.
Morph: sáar
sáar--. Variant: súuru (Biori). Fem agr:séeri.
séeri
sum [sum] ‫ ُسم‬. n.masc. mud (dry). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
suóo [swóo] ‫ ُسوو‬. v.tr. to make sb sleep, put
to sleep. Morph: soso--á-. See: síi ‘sleep’.
Variant: suwúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs:suwaáanu. Pfv: suwóolu
suwóolu. Cv: suwaá
suwaá.
suwaáanu
sútu [súto] ‫ ُست ْو‬. slept (masc sg). See main
entry: sut
sut--.
súuri [súuri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُسور‬. n.fem. sun. ma ǰhulí
híni.. The sun has been shining on
súuri díti híni
me. súuri buḍíli heentá róot bháanu
bháanu.. Whenthe sun sets it will become night. súuri na
heentá,, insaaníi zindaɡíi bi xátum bhíibhíi.. If it
heentá
weren’t for the sun, the life of man would
be over. Etym: sū́riya ‘sun (masc)’ (T:133

súutršid

13574). Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
súutr [súutr] ‫ ُسوتر‬. n.masc. thread. Etym:
sū́tra ‘thread, cord’ (T: 13561). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
súutru [súutro] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُسوتر‬. adj. female (aboutanimals). dúu čhaalá ǰóolǰóolaa, áak ta súutri áak

ba bhiroó.
bhiroó. Two goat kids were born, one
female and one male. súutru čhaál ǰóolu.
ǰóolu. A
female goat kid was born. See: bhiiroó‘male’. Etym: *sōtrī- ‘bearing young’ (T:13604). Fem agr: súutri
súutri.

ššaák [ɕaák] ‫شاک‬. n.masc. wood. aní anɡóora

Comp: Urdu (Arabic) shakk, shak. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: -í.
šaraál [ɕaraál] ‫شرال‬. n.masc. autumn. aksárbhéeni.. Often weddingsínda ba šaralá ǰhaní bhéeni
here are in the autumn. Variant: šarál
(Biori). Etym: śarád- ‘autumn (fem)’ (T:12329). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: šaralášaralá.
šárum [ɕárum] ‫شرم‬. n.fem. shame. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) sharm. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
šaṛadeéš [ɕaɽadeéɕ] ‫شڑدیش‬. n.masc:pn.
Sharadesh (hamlet in central Ashret
Valley). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
šáy [ɕaj, ɕej] ‫شئی‬ْ . n.masc. thing; creature. tíi
hínu.. She saw
wíia wée ɡubáa šáy dhríṣṭu hínu
something in the water. eetíi pharé ba áaphará..
šay ǰhaáṭ khaṣeelíim baáanu phará phará
Along it [that path], far away, a creature
was going, dragging its fur. Comp: Pashto(Arabic) shaey. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: šayášayá.
šéemi [ɕéemi] ‫شیمی‬ْ . n.fem. spleen. Etym:*śyāmī- ‘spleen’ (T: 12664). Prdm: m-decl.
šeenbóo [ɕeembóo] ‫شینبو‬. n.masc.
bed-frame. See: šíin ‘bed’. Variant:šeenbówu (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
šid [ɕid] ‫ ِشد‬. n.masc. coldness. kháaṇa
kháaṇa,, ṭékade.. On top of the mountainǰhulí bíiḍu šid dewée dúi šaaká na ɡeéla heentá,
heentá, nu níiša.
níiša. If
more wood is not thrown into the fire, itwill falter. insaán aṛé zhayí hínu ma tu
hínu.. The man
pašawúum šaaká čhináanu hínu
is cutting wood in that place; I’ll show you.
phaaláanu
aláanu.. I’m cutting wood [intoma šaák pha
aláanupieces]. šaralá buṭheé xálaka šaaká samaṭíin
de. In the autumn, all the people werecollecting wood. Etym: śākhyá- ‘belonging
to or resembling a branch, branching’ (T:12379). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -á.
ِ ‫شا‬. adj. wooden.
 šaakíilu [ɕaakíilo] ‫کیل ْو‬
Morph: šaákšaák--íil
íil--u. Fem agr: šaakíilišaakíili.
šáan [ɕáan] ‫شان‬. n.masc. roof. se maaziɡaríiɡhooṣṭíi kráamam díi faariɣ bhe šaná thebaéenim.. In the afternoon when they werebaéenimfree from household work, they weregoing up on the roof. kakuaakooṛá theheentá,, šaná pharé bhraáš
zueení yhéeli heentáphúuṭa.. When theɡiráanu ki ɡóo bheénš phúuṭa
chicken comes of age, he will move slowly
along the roof thinking a beam may break.
Variant: šan (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
šaná.
šaná
šak [ɕak] ‫شک‬. n.fem. doubt, hesitation.
134

šíia

šilóo
šíin [ɕíin] ‫ ِشین‬. n.masc. bed (charpoy, string[i.e. the Lowari Pass] it is very cold. mabéeli šidá múṛu.
múṛu. I am feeling very cold [lit. I
almost died in the cold]. bakáara bíiḍi dede,,bíiḍu.. There were many sheep andšid bíiḍu
goats, and it was very cold [lit. muchcoldness]. Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -á.
ِ . to feel cold, freeze.
 šid díi ‫شد دی‬ِ . to feel cold (due šid ṣáača ‫شد ݜاچہ‬to fever). ma šid ṣáatu
ṣáatu.. I was feeling cold.
 šidalaár n.fem. coldness. kiríi šidaleerítheeṇḍeéu.. You have to protect
díi bač theeṇḍeéu
yourself from the coldness of the snow.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl: šidaleeríšidaleerí.
ِ šidaloó ‫شدلو‬. n.masc. coolness. súuna
haanséeni,,bakáaraxošán
haanséeni
šidaloó
haansáanu.. The sheep and goats are happy
haansáanu
there where it is cool. šidaloó the be bheš
bheš..
Go and sit where it is cool!
ِ . adj. cold. šidáalu khur ma šidáalu ‫شدال ْو‬ḍhaká.. Do not touch me with your coldna ḍhaká
feet! šidéeli raát ɡíiɡíi.. The cold night is over.
zhaáy.. Chitral is a coldc̣hatróol šidéeli zhaáy
place. Morph: šidál
šidál--. Etym: śītalá- ‘cold’ (T:12487). Prdm: Uml. Fem: šidéelišidéeli.
ِšíia [ɕíija] ‫شیہ‬. v.intr. to fall, drop (to theground). šaralá paaleé šiáanašiáana.. The leaves
fall in the autumn. muṭíi aaṣarí šíitim
šíitim.. The
apricots fell from the tree. šaníi sumšiáanu.. Dust is falling from the roof.
šiáanulhookeeráii ba uǰutíi púustu mhaás šiyídharíita.. But the younger one’shaṇḍuká dharíita
skin and flesh fell off so that only his bones
remained. Morph: šíišíi--, šíitšíit--. See: šióo ‘tomake fall, drop’. Variant: šíie (Biori). Prdm:
T. Prs: šiáanušiáanu. Pfv: šíitu
šíitu. Cv: šiyíšiyí.

bed). šíin dac̣hí khur dhraǰeeṇḍeéu.
dhraǰeeṇḍeéu. Only
after seeing the bed, should you stretch
out your legs. eetáa wheélu ta ba šíinukueélu tthée
hée se ḍhínɡara díi mučaá se šíina
de.. They brought him down
wée dítu dethere, brought a bed, untied him from thepiece of wood, and put him onto the bed.
Morph: šéenšéen--. Variant: šéen (Biori). Etym:šáyana- ‘lying down, bed (neut)’ (T: 12323).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
šíitu [ɕíito] ‫ ِشیت ْو‬. fell, dropped (masc sg). See
main entry: šíiašíia.
šíiṭi [ɕíiʈi] ‫یٹی‬ْ ‫ ِش‬. adv.sp. inside, in. ṭhaaṭáaku
ačíitu.. The monster arrived andyhaí šíiṭi ačíitu
came inside. šíiṭi be bheš
bheš.. Go inside and sit
down!
— post. in, into. aní ɡhooṣṭá šíiṭi ma seé dede.. I
was asleep in this house. ṣiṣ ba áa keeṇí
ɡúum.. He threw the head into ašíiṭi ɡalí ba ɡúumcave and left. Etym: *śriṣṭa- ‘entered,
resting on’ (T: 12707).
ِ šíiṭi the ‫شیٹی تھے‬ْ ْ . inside, into. ḍúkura
šíiṭii the ɡhiní ɡíia hína
hína.. They took him
šíiṭinside the hut. líi šíiṭi the ɡéeḍi keéṇ híni
híni..
Inside it there is a big cave.
šiǰrá [ɕidʑrá] ‫ ِشجرہ‬. n.masc. family line;
genealogy. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic)
shajara, shijara, shajra. Prdm: ee-decl. Obl,
Pl: šiǰreé
šiǰreé.
šilóo [ɕilóo] ‫ ِشلو‬. v.intr. to hurt, cause pain.
šilaáanu.. My foot hurts [I have pain inkhur šilaáanu
my foot]. míi haát xux bhíli híni
híni,, ni saxšilaéeni.. I injured my hand and it hurtsšilaéeni
badly. tasíi dáanda šilóon dede.. She was135širinɡóošuéelihaving a tooth ache. Morph: šilášilá-. Variant:šilúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: šilaáanu.
šilaáanu Pfv:
šilóolu. Cv: šilaá
šilaá.
šilóoluširinɡóo [ɕiriŋɡóo] ‫ ِشرنگو‬. v.tr. to shake,
rattle. tíi teeṇíi banɡlée širinɡéelim
širinɡéelim.. She
rattled her bangles. Variant: širinɡúu(Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: širinɡaáanu
irinɡaáanu. Pfv:
širinɡóolu. Cv: širinɡaáširinɡaá.
širinɡóoluširoó [ɕiroó] ‫ ِشرو‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) shurūˈ.
ِ . v.intr:cjt.inc. to široó bhíi ‫شرو بھی‬begin, break out. ǰanɡ široó bhíli
bhíli.. A fightbroke out.
ِ . v.tr:cjt.inc. to start.
 široó thíi ‫شرو تھی‬táal khaṭílii pahúrta ba so tasíi čaukeeṭíi
tháanu.. When the ceiling has
kráam široó tháanu
been covered, he starts the work on thedoor frames. índi yhaí tíi ǰanɡ široó thíili
thíili..
When he had come here, he started a fight.
šišáki [ɕiɕáki] ‫شکی‬ْ ‫ ِش‬. n.fem. ogress; female
mythical being. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
šišáwu [ɕiɕówo] ‫ ِششو ْو‬. adj. beautiful. pišíikšišáwu.. The flower isteeṇíi buṭi sanɡí šišáwu[most] beautiful along with its own plant.
Etym: śśśucat- ‘shining brightly’ (T: 12642);*suśōbha- ‘splendid’ (T: 13534). Fem agr:šišáwi.
šišáwišiší [ɕiɕí] ‫شی‬ْ ‫ ِش‬. n.fem:pn. Shishi (Valley).
šóo1 [ɕóo] ‫شو‬. adj. good. tu dúi šóo lháayaṛ
hóonsa.. You will findxu lo ba ɡraán hóonsa
something better, but it will be more
expensive. muṣṭúku dáwur bíiḍu šóo dede..
The olden times were very good. ɡúči
šuí.. It is better tobhešainií díi ṣóoii biɡaár šuí

slave at the king’s court than to sit idle.
thíi tabiaát šuyeé.
šuyeé. Are you fine? Variant:šuy (Biori (inv)). Etym: śubha- ‘bright,
auspicious; good; anything bright, welfare(neut)’ (T: 12532). Masc Pl agr: šóoašóoa. Fem agr:šuí. Fem Pl agr: šuíim
šuíim.
šuí šóo ǰhóona ‫شو جھونہ‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tolike, be fond of. míi so šúur máathe bíiḍu
de,, mmaa ba tas the šóo ǰhóonumšóo ǰhóona dede. My father-in-law was very fond of me,
and I liked him. míi se preṣí máathe šóoǰheenílu.. My mother-in-law liked me.
ǰheenílu
Restrict: Masc agr with host element in pfv;
postpositional object with thethe.
šóo2 [ɕóo] ‫شو‬. n.masc. edible plant orvegetable (generic). Etym: śāka- ‘potherb,
vegetable (neut)’ (T: 12370). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl: -a.
šóol [ɕóol] ‫شول‬. n.masc. grass storage; grass
heap. Variant: šáal (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
šóonɡ [ɕóoŋɡ] ‫شونگ‬. n.masc. branch (oftree). Variant: šáanɡ (Biori). Etym: śan̆kú‘peg, spike; stake, post; stick, arrow (masc)’(T: 12260). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
šópu [ɕópo] ‫ش ْوپ ْو‬. n.masc. navel. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: šópašópa.
šúdu [ɕúdo] ‫شُ د ْو‬. ended, finished (masc sg).
See main entry: šúǰašúǰa.
šuéeli [ɕuwéeli] ‫ویلی‬ْ ُ‫ش‬. n.fem. goodness.
bhéeni.. There is no end tošuéeli phus na bhéeni
goodness.
 šuéeli thíi ‫شُ ویلی تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toْshow goodness. thíi ma sanɡí bíidi šuéeli
híni.. You have been very good to me.
thíili híni
136

šuí

ṣáača

Restrict: Fem agr with host element in pfv;
postpositional object with sanɡí.
sanɡíšuí [ɕuj, ɕwi] ‫ئی‬
ُ‫ش‬
.
good
(fem). See mainْentry: šóošóo.
šúǰa [ɕúdʑa] ‫شُ جہ‬. v.intr. to end, finish. asíi
hínu.. We are out of flour. Morph:haáṭ šúdu hínušúǰ--, šudšud--. Variant: šúǰe (Biori). Prdm: T. Prs:šúǰšuǰáanu. Pfv: šúdušúdu. Cv: šuǰíšuǰí.
šuǰáanušukhaáu [ɕukʰaáw] ‫شُ کھاؤ‬. n.masc. long
wollen coat (locally made and used in thewinter). áa šukhaáu ṣaá dede,, peeróoṇ bi nade.. He was wearing only a coat; heheensílu de
did not even have a shirt on. so musaafár
de.. Thešukhaáu teeṇíi huǰutí pharé pailóo detraveller folded his cloak around him.
Comp: Khowar (Turkish) šuqa. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: šukheewíšukheewí,, šukheeíšukheeí.
šúku [ɕúko] ‫شُ ک ْو‬. dry, dried out (masc sg).
See main entry: šúšašúša. adj. dry. tíi šíiṭi áak
máakaṛ šúka meewá ǰáma the bheší

héensílu de.
de. A monkey was sitting inside[the cave] with some dry fruit it had
gathered. Fem agr: šúkišúki.
šum [ɕum] ‫شُ م‬. adj.inv. stingy. so šum míiš
He is a stingy man. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
shūm.
šúša [ɕúɕa] ‫شُ شہ‬. v.intr. to dry (out). ɡhooṣṭá
heentá,, púunti
šíiṭi beeitifeeqí heensíli heentášušéeni.. In a house where there ismanɡái šušéeni
disagreement, the full water pot dries out.
Morph: šuššuš--, šukšuk--. Variant: šúše (Biori). Etym:śúṣka- ‘dried’ (T: 12548). Prdm: T. Prs:šušáanu. Pfv: šúkušúku. Cv: šušíšuší.
šušáanušut [ɕut] ‫شُ ت‬. adj.inv. sour (about milk
product or grapes). Comp: Khowar šut.
šúur [ɕúur] ‫شُ ور‬. n.masc. husband’s or wife’s
father. Variant: šáar (Biori). Etym: śváśura‘husband’s father; wife’s father (masc)’ (T:12753). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: šúura
šúura. Pl:šawúra ‘in-laws (coll.)’.

ṣṣaá [ʂaá] ‫ݜا‬. post. by, out of, from (thethey to fight, both of them would fall
down. ṣačí ba tíi taayúu hiǰrát thíili.
thíili.
Because of the quarrelling, he migrated
from there (Biori). šumaalí húušiee súuriṣéetim.. The North Wind and the Sun wereṣéetimdisputing. Morph: ṣačṣač--, ṣáatṣáat--. 2) climb, get
up. luumái ṣiṣ čulaá áak táapaṛa ǰe ṣačí ɡíihíni.. The fox shook its head and climbed
híni
up a hill. ma adráx ṣačáanu
ṣačáanu.. I am going up
to the forest. 3) appear, arise, spread.
heentá,, pháaṭa
pilíila the phus bhan yhóolu heentáṣačáana.. The ant has to disappear in orderṣačáana

direction of). áak ḍhínɡara ṣaá ɡhaṇḍílu.
ɡhaṇḍílu.
They tied him to a log. taním dhuimeém
ɡhašíbhaíim dúu toobakí ɡhaší tas khaṇíitu eetíi
ṣaá.. They both took their guns andwée ṣaáshot at it from there. se oóra ṣaá kaṭamúš
hína.. They saw
paší ba utrapíim yhóola hína
Katamosh from their side and camerunning.
ṣáača [ʂáatɕa] ‫ݜاچہ‬. v.intr. 1) to quarrel,
dispute, fight. áɡar se ṣéetim de heentá
heentá,,heentá.. Weredhuweé bhe whaidítim de heentá137ṣáandaṣíiṛufor wings to appear. ma šid ṣáatu.
ṣáatu. I was
feeling cold. ma bhíili ṣačéeni.
ṣačéeni. I am scared.
ṣáatu.. The
har tarapíi se ɡhooṣṭá anɡóor ṣáatu
fire spread in all directions of the house.
Variant: ṣáače (Biori). Etym: sajyátē ‘hangs
on; is occupied with’ (T: 13085). Prdm: T.
Prs: ṣačáanu
ṣačáanu. Pfv Masc Sg: ṣáatu
ṣáatu. Pfv Fem Sg:
ṣéeti. Cv: ṣačíṣačí. Imp: ṣáač
ṣáač.
ṣéeti
ṣáanda [ʂáanda] ‫ݜاندہ‬. v.intr. to take up achallenge, face. so ɡiḍúuču paalawaáṇ soṣandílu..
yambaáṭ ɡa ɡhiní bíi de eesó na ṣandílu
The Dameli strongman who was carrying amillstone lost heart. aṛó paalawaáṇ naheentá,, ma xu hínu
hínu.. If thatṣandáanu heentástrongman cannot take up the challenge,
I’m here. ma tas the ṣandílu
andílu.. I took up thefight against him. Morph: ṣandṣand--. Variant:ṣandáanu.
ṣáande (Biori). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: ṣandáanu
Pfv: ṣandíluṣandílu. Cv: ṣandí
ṣandí.
ṣáatu1 [ʂáatu] ‫ݜات ْو‬. quarrelled; climbed;
arose (masc sg). See main entry: ṣáača
ṣáača.
ṣáatu2 [ʂáatu] ‫ݜات ْو‬. aux. began (masc sg).
ṣéetim..
katí waxt baád tasíi ac̣híia šiláa ṣéetim
After some time his eyes began to hurt.
ṣáata.. People started toxálaka kirá ɡaláa ṣáata
throw snow. kareé róot bhílu ta so khuusáaṣáatu.. When it became night he started toṣáatucough. Fem: ṣé
ṣéeti
eti.
eti
ṣaawaá [ʂaawaá] ‫ݜاوا‬. post. Manipulee(causee) marker in causative constructions. aslamá teeṇíi bhraawú ṣaawaá báaba
dawóola.. Aslam made his brotherdíi paiseé dawóola
ask [their] father to give him some money.
ṣaawaá)) kitaáb
ma laṣaawaá (las ṣaawaá
hinawúum.. I will make him buy a book.
ɡhinawúum

xalkíim ṣaawaá teér bhíla qiseé thawóola.
thawóola.
He made people tell stories about pasttimes. Restrict: With preceding obliquenominal argument or an accusativepro-form.
ṣaawóo [ʂaawóo] ‫ݜاوو‬. v.tr. 1) to turn on;light. lambúuṣu uc̣hí ba anɡóor ṣaawóoluṣaawóolu..
He took the firewood and lit a fire. tíiṣaawéeli.. He lit a cigarette. 2) tosiɡreṭ ṣaawéeli
dress sb, put on. báaba ba yákdam bhíiru
mheerí tasíi púustu ɡaḍí so púustu tasṣaawóolu.. The father killed a he-goat,ṣaawóolu
skinned it, then he put the skin on him [hisson]. oóra yhaí ba se bháara the ṭénɡuṣaawóolu.. He came here and put the loadṣaawóolu
on his shoulders. Morph: ṣaṣa--á-. See: ṣóoṣóo.
Variant: ṣaawúu (Biori). Etym: *sājayati‘attaches to; couples’ (T: 13085). Prdm: L:a.
Prs: ṣaawaáanuṣaawaáanu. Pfv: ṣaawóoluṣaawóolu. Cv: ṣaawaáṣaawaá.
ṣeekóo [ʂeekóo] ‫ݜیکو‬. v.tr. to lead out;
throw out, cast out. míi teeṇíi c̣híitrii čhéeliṣeekéeli.. I led my goat out from the field.
ṣeekéeliṣeekóolu.. He threw me
tíi ma teeṇíi daftaríi ṣeekóolu
out of his office. tíi teewizí the ba seṣeekóola.. He madebhalaaɡaán ma díi ṣeekóola
amulets and cast of the evil spirits fromme. Morph: ṣeeká
ṣeeká--. Variant: ṣeekúu (Biori).
Prdm: L:a. Prs: ṣeekaáanuṣeekaáanu. Pfv: ṣeekóoluṣeekóolu. Cv:
ṣeekaá.
ṣeekaá
ṣéeti1 [ʂéeti] ‫ݜیتی‬ْ . quarrelled; climbed;
arose (fem sg). See main entry: ṣáača
ṣáača.
ṣéeti2 [ʂéeti] ‫ݜیتی‬ْ . aux. began (fem sg). See:ṣáatu ‘began (masc sg)’.
ṣíiṛu [ʂíiɽo] ‫ ِݜیڑ ْو‬. adj. blind. Morph: ṣeéṛṣeéṛ--.
Etym: *śrēḍa- ‘slanting, squinting’ (T:
138

ṣinɡ

ṣúṇa

12717). Fem: ṣíiṛi.
ṣíiṛi— n.masc. blind (person). ṣíiṛu xudaái díi
íia.. The blindɡubáa dawaáanu ki dúu ac̣híia[man] prays to God for nothing else but
two eyes.
ṣinɡ [ʂiŋ, ʂiŋɡ] ‫ ِݜنگ‬. n.masc. horn. čhaál ta
marainií,, ṣínɡa ba badhooṛainiíbadhooṛainií.. Even whenmarainií
the goat kid is dying, it is still butting its
horns. máathe ba ɡa ṣínɡa čoonkaáanučoonkaáanu.. He
is raising horns against me. wíi bade,, óo ḍaɡóomii ṣínɡamsurmičaṇíi whaalíin dede.. They used to draw waterde whaalíin de
downhill from Surmichan, through thehorns of markhor. Etym: śr̥ń ̆ɡa- ‘horn(neut)’ (T: 12583). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ṣióolu [ʂjóolo] ‫ ِݜیول ْو‬. n.masc. jackal. Variant:ṣióola.
ṣiáal (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ṣióolaِṣiṣ [ʂiʂ] ‫ݜݜ‬. n.masc. 1) head. tíi maníitu kitháanu.. He said, “Ima thíi rasuulíi ṣis kaṭ tháanu
will cut off your prophet’s head.” namí taheentá,, ṣiṣ ḍhakáanuḍhakáanu.. If it’s fixed too
yhéeli heentálow, someone’s head will hit it. 2) hair. ṣiṣɡhaṇḍílu.. He tied his hair
andáa the šóo the ɡhaṇḍílu
thus, tightly. míi ṣiṣá bháapar híni
híni.. There’s
dandruff in my hair. Etym: śīrṣá- ‘head,skull (neut)’ (T: 12497). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -á.
ṣo [ʂo] ‫ݜ ْو‬. quant. six. Etym: *ṣuvaṭ ‘six’ (T:12803). Non-nom agr: ṣoímṣoím.
 ṣoeé [ʂoweé] ‫ݜ ْووے‬. quant. all six.
— pron:ind. the six. Obl: ṣoimeémṣoimeém.
ṣóo1 [ʂóo] ‫ݜو‬. v.tr. to put on, wear. míiṣóolu.. I put on a cap. taním néewikhoṣónɡ ṣóolu
ṣéelim.. They put on new clothes. áapaaṇṭí ṣéelim
de,, peeróoṇ bi na heensílu dede..
šukhaáu ṣaá deHe was wearing only a coat; he did noteven have a shirt on. ée kúṛi thíi míišii
na.. O woman,paaṇṭí ṣéeli híni tu míiš ba na
you have put on a man’s clothes but you
are not a man. Morph: ṣaṣa--. Variant: ṣúu(Biori). Etym: sájati- ‘is attached, embraces’(T: 13085). Prdm: L:a. Prs: ṣaáanuṣaáanu. Pfv: ṣóolu
ṣóolu.
Cv: ṣaáṣaá.
ṣóo2 [ʂóo] ‫ݜو‬. n.masc. king. ɡúči bhešai
bhešainiínií díi
šuí.. It is better to slave at theṣóoii biɡaár šuí
king’s court than to sit idle. ṣóoii maxadúšide.. He was muchbíiḍu damdaár deappreciated by the king. ṣóo ba maníi de ki
xálaka.. The king was saying, “They are
míi xálaka
my people.” Variant: ṣuú (Biori). Comp:(Persian) shāh. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ṣoṛeešúma [ʂoɽeeɕúma] ‫ݜ ْوڑیشُ مہ‬. det.
sixteenth. See: ṣuṛíiš ‘sixteen’.
ṣoṛíiš [ʂoɽíiɕ] ‫ݜ ْوڑِیش‬. quant. sixteen. Morph:ṣoṛéeš--. Variant: ṣoṛéeš (Biori). Etym: śśḍaśa
ṣoṛéeš
‘sixteen’ (T: 12812).
ṣuɡalíi [ʂuɡalíi, ʈʂuɡalíi] ‫ݜُ گلی‬. v.tr. tothrow (away). bhaampú máathe ṣuɡaláṣuɡalá..
Throw the ball to me! tíi siɡareṭíi áa kaš theba,, ṣuɡeéliṣuɡeéli.. He took three draughts ofbasmoke and threw the cigarette away. sum
thaníitu.
huṇḍ the ṣuɡalí ba čo ba thaníit
u. He threw
soil up in the air and said, “Go on!” Morph:ṣuɡalé--, ṣuɡeélṣuɡeél--. Variant: uc̣hiɡalíi (Biori).
ṣuɡalé
Prdm: T. Prs: ṣuɡaláanu
ṣuɡaláanu. Pfv: ṣuɡeélu
ṣuɡeélu. Cv:ṣuɡalí. Imp: ṣuɡaláṣuɡalá.
ṣuɡalí
ṣúṇa [ʂúɳa] ‫ݜُ ݨہ‬. v.tr. to listen, hear. tíi
bhaáuṣúuntu de ki amzarái múṛu bhaáu insaán na
khaáanu.. He had heard that lions do notkhaáanu
eat dead bodies. ɡaawaṇḍí ǰalaalíi baát ṣuṇí139

ṣúuntutaṣúuṛi [ʂúuɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ݜُ وڑ‬. host.

ba laǰiǰílu.
laǰiǰílu. When the neighbour heard what
Jalal said, he felt ashamed. dharéndi ba áade..
bhalaá kúriee míišii eeṛó mašwará ṣúṇa deOutside an evil spirit was listening in to
the consultation between husband andwife. Morph: ṣuṇṣuṇ--, ṣúunt
ṣúunt--. Etym: śr̥ṇṇti‘hears’ (T: 12598). Prdm: T. Prs: ṣuṇáanu
ṣuṇáanu. Pfv:
ṣúuntu. Cv: ṣuṇíṣuṇí. Imp: ṣuṇṣuṇ.
ṣúuntuṣúuntu [ʂúunto] ‫ݜُ ونت ْو‬. heard (masc sg). See
main entry: ṣúṇaṣúṇa.

‫ݜُ وڑ ْی دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tobottle. tíi bootalí kháaṭa ṣúuṛi díti.
díti. She put
a lid on the bottle.
ṣúuṛu [ʂúuɽo] ‫ݜُ وڑ ْو‬. n.masc. hole. tíi ba se
yambaṭíi ṣúuṛa pharé haát de ba ɡhiní
hínu.. He put his hand through theɡúum hínu
hole in the millstone and carried it away.
Etym: śūrtá- ‘crushed, broken’ (T: 12572).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ṣúuṛa
ṣúuṛa.
 ṣúuṛi díitta [ta] ‫تہ‬. disc. Particle with different-subject

propositions; commonly occurring inproverbs (variously corresponding to ‘but,whereas, while (on the other hand), and’).
bakaraál,, máamu ba díišii
ma ta máamii bakaraál
bakaraál.. While I am my uncle’s shepherd,bakaraál
my uncle is the shepherd of the village.
yháandu,, ḍhoór xaalí thaníyáandrii ta ma yháandu
manáanu.. I’m the one coming fromba tu manáanu
the mill, but you tell me that the grain
container is empty. eetás míiša ta ṭhakíinde.. The men werede kuṛíina ba čootíin deshaking them [the walnuts] down, while
the women were collecting them. áak tade,, áak ba tasíi ṣiṣoṣiṣo~
buc̣há máara de~í paraaṭeé
de.. One person was dying frombuláaḍa dehunger while another was searching forbread at the head end of his bed. ac̣híi tabhiéeni,, haát ba théeni
théeni.. The eye isbhiéenifrightened but the hand does the work.
 na ta ... na ba ‫نہ تہ ۔۔۔ نہ بہ‬. neither ...
nor. na ta tanaám the díti na ba asaám thedíti.. Neither was it given to them nor to us.
díti

marking function (variously corresponding to ‘when, then, so (that), and’). anɡóor
nikhéeti.. He lit a fireṣaawóolu ta dhuumíi nikhéeti
and smoke came out. teeṇíi čoolaá
dháara.. Ikhóṇḍum ta míi maadarí zabaán dháara
will speak my own language, and mymother tongue will remain. táa ɡúum ta
de.. When hetasíi bheéṇ quraáni paák maníi degot there his sister was reading the Holy
Qur’an. tíi ba se bheeṇíi muxanastí ǰítiǰíti,,
ɡíia.. Thenmuxanastí ǰíti ta ba rúula bi tasíi ɡíia
he hit his sister in her face; when he did
that, she started to weep. namí ta yhéeli
heentá
tá,, ṣiṣ ḍhakáanuḍhakáanu.. If it’s fixed too low,heentá
someone’s head will hit it. Usage: Thisparticle can also be analysed as marking
temporal sequence and causality. See: ba‘Switch-topic marker’.
 ta ... ba‫تہ ۔۔۔ بہ‬. Adversative
conjoining construction, emphasising thecontrast between two entities or
140

táa

taaríxna ta duaá thíilu na ba háanǰa díta.
díta. Neither
did he pray nor did he curse. so na takhaṭáanu.. He is neither talldhríɡu na ba khaṭáanu
nor short.
táa [táa] ‫تا‬. adv.sp:dem. there; to there (rem).
táa tu bíiḍi xušaán hóonsaṛ You will bevery happy there. áa deés táa ɡúum ta
thíilu.. One day when I wentmáathe qisá thíilu
there, he told me a story. táa bheší tróo
hína.. We settled there
kaalá be táa heensíla hínaand stayed for three years. eeteeṇú muṭ
híni.. There isnáinu ki táa húuši na ḍhakí híni
no such tree that is never affected by thewind. See: eetáa ‘there (emph)’.
táai [táaj] ‫تائی‬ْ . adv.sp:dem. from there (rem);(from) that. táai ba taaríim de aṭí ba
phedaáana.. From there theyɡhooṣtóom phedaáana
bring it through wires and take it [theelectricity] to the houses. uḍheewí sedhúura makeení be ttáaiáai thíi dac̣hílu sebhaíim..
dhiaáṛ aahistá aahistá xaamúuš bhaíim
They escaped and went to a place far away;from there they saw the rock formation
slowly becoming still. ǰarneeṭár ɡirílu
bhéeni.. When
seentá táai díi biǰlí paidóo bhéeni
the generator runs, electricity comes outof it. táai dapáara ba máathe móoṇuṣa dada,,
xálaka.. For that, you shouldtakṛá takṛá xálaka
provide me with some men, strong people.
tháana.. After that, it
táai pahúrta tas čhin tháana
is stopped from being fed with milk. See:táae,,
eetáai ‘from there (emph)’. Variant: táae
tayúu (Biori).
taáǰ [taádʑ] ‫تاج‬. n.fem. crown. har áakii ṣiṣíi
taáǰ.. The crown of everyone’s head.
taáǰxaamaaríi ṣiṣíi ba taáǰ heensíli de.
de. On the
dragon’s head there was a crown. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) tāj. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: teeǰí
teeǰí.
taalím [taalím] ‫تعلیم‬. n.fem. education. bhiíš
bhišeedáaš dhaán hína xu máɡar áa putráthawaáanu.. Although Iṣaawaá ma taalím thawaáanu
have [only] twenty or thirty goats, I canhave my son educated. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)taˈlīm. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
táapaṛ [táapaɽ] ‫تاپڑ‬. n.masc. hill; rock. prašíwháanda,, táapaṛa
táapaṛa.. Stones are
wée baṭá wháanda
coming down the slope, down from thehill. haṛáa táapeṛa ak tanɡ ɣaár híni
híni.. Thereon the hill is a narrow cave (Biori). nu batáapaṛ.. What a large hill!
katí utháalu táapaṛ
Variant: táapeṛ (Biori). Prdm: a-decl. Obl,
Pl: -a.
taapíi [taapíi] ‫تاپی‬. v.tr. to heat up. kareé
taapáana.. When it [the goat] hasǰéeli c̣hiír taapáana
given birth, we heat the milk. Morph:taapé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: taap
taapáanuáanu. Pfv: teepílu
teepílu.
taapé
áanu
Cv: teepí
teepí.
taaqát [taaqát] ‫طاقت‬. n.fem. power,
strength. xudaataalaá eetí taaqát tas thede.. God Almighty bestowed such
díti depower on him. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) tāqat.
 taaqatwár [taaqatwár] ‫طاقتور‬. adj.inv.
powerful. buṭhimeém díi taaqatwár hínu
hínu..
He more powerful than all of them. sobhíi.. He will bedúya díi taaqatwár tasawúr bhíi
considered the most powerful of the two.
taaríx [taaríx] ‫تارِخ‬. nf. history; date; court
case, petition. asíi taaríx bíiḍi puréen
puréeni.
i. We
have a long history. aáǰ páanǰ taaríx
taaríx.. Today141

táatutanɡtanɡ

it is the fifth. ma tarixí the ɡúum.
ɡúum. I went tocourt. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) tārīkh. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl: -í.
táatu [táatu] ‫تات ْو‬. adj. hot. pač
pač,, aní čay téeti
téeti..
Ouch! This tea is hot. táata baṭá ǰhulí
bhešéeli.. He put her on a hot stone. aáǰbhešéelitéeti.. Today the weather ismoosím bíiḍi téeti
very hot. Morph: tattat--. Etym: taptá- ‘heated,hot’ (T: 5679). Fem agr: téeti
téeti.
tak [tak] ‫تک‬. adv.deg. Co-lexicalized
intensifier. tak zezeṛṛ bright yellow.
takṛá [takɽá] ‫تکڑہ‬. adj.inv. strong, powerful.
da,, takṛá
táai dapáara ba máathe móoṇuṣa da
xálaka.. For that, you should providetakṛá xálaka
me with some men, strong people. ma ba
míiš.. I washuǰutíi paalawaáṇ takṛá ɡáaḍu míiš
physically strong, a powerful grown man.
Comp: Pashto takrrah.
táma [táma] ‫تمہ‬. n.masc. trust, hope,
expectation. Usage: Primarily used as ahost element in complex predicates. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) tamaˈ.
 táma thíi ‫تمہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to wait,
trust, set hope in, expect. kareé bi kirp
kirpuṭá
uṭátha.. Never trust anmalɡíri díi táma na tha
unfaithful companion. díiša ba baalbáča
de.. Back in the villagekuṛíina táma théen de
the women and children were waiting.
thaní..
taním táma thíilu ki so máathe ɡa díi thaní
They expected to get something. Restrict:
Masc agr with host element in pfv;
postpositional object with díi or possessive
complement.
támbul [támbul] ‫تمبل‬ُ . n.masc. drum.
ɡhinainií.. Duemaamulí beetíi támbul háata ɡhinainií

to just a little word, someone is grabbing
the drum. kuṛíina ta támbulamii ǰíin,ǰíin, rhooá
díin,, míiša ba axsí ǰíinǰíin.. The women weredíin
beating the drums and singing songs, andthe men were playing axsí [a game]. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
tanaám [tanaám] ‫تنام‬. pron:dem. them (remacc). tíi zanɡalí khayí maxlúq hhína
ína xálaka
hína,, tanaám bíiḍa tanɡ thíila hína
hína.. He has
hína
greatly troubled the living beings andpeople who are in the forest. se ta andáade,, ɡhueeṇíia
bhe ɡhueeṇíia mhaaríin dede.. They [theandáa be tanaám mhaaríin depeople of Ashret] used to come and kill the
Pashtuns, and the Pashtuns used to comeand kill them. kúṛi anɡóor ǰheelí tanaámde.. My wife will make a firethe ɡúuli thíi deand cook food for them. tanaám maǰí áakde.. One of the
míiš muṭá ǰe ukháai bhóo demen knew how to climb a tree. See: so ‘he,it (rem masc nom)’; eetanaám ‘them(emph)’. Variant: tenaám (Biori).
tándar [tándar] ‫تندر‬. n.masc. thunder. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) tunder, tundur.
 tándar díi [tándar díi] ‫تندر دی‬. v.intr. tothunder,strikewiththunder.
ḍaakuaanóomii
dítu..
ḍaakuaanóomii qilaá ǰhulí tándar dítu
Thunder struck the robbers’ fort.
tanɡtanɡ [taŋɡ, taŋ] ‫تنگ‬. adj.inv. narrow;troubled. haṛáa táapeṛa ak tanɡ ɣaár híni
híni..
There in the mountain is a narrow cave
(Biori). xálaka húluka díi tanɡ dede.. People
were troubled by the heat. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) tanɡ.
 tanɡ bhíi ‫تنگ بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to feel142

taníitas

opressed, suffer. bakáara húluka tanɡbhéenim.. The flock is suffering in the heat.
bhéenim tanɡ thíi ‫تھی‬‫تنگ‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. totrouble. tíi tanaám bíiḍa tanɡ thíila hína
hína..
He has troubled them greatly.
taníi [taníi] ‫تنی‬. pron:dem. their (rem). sode.. He wastaníi beetíim ǰhulí amál na thíi denot giving heed to their words. asíiee taníi
áak.. Our language and their languagebaát áak
is the same. See: so ‘he, it (dist masc nom)’;eetaníi ‘their (emph)’. Variant: tenúme(Biori).
taním [taním] ‫ت ِنم‬. pron:dem. they (rem obl).
taním dhuimeém bhaíim dúu toobakí ɡhaší
ṣaá.. They both tooktas khaṇíitu eetíi wée ṣaá
their guns and shot at it from there.
zanɡalíí pharé ɡirí ɡirí taním ɡaneečíir be zanɡalláadu.. They went hunting in the forest
na láadu
and were walking around, but they did not
find anything. taním maníitu ki rhootašíia
mheeríia.. They said, “Tomorrow webe las mheeríia
will kill him.” taním akaṭiǰí so iṇc̣ mheerílu
ínu.. Together they killed the bear. See: sohínu‘he, it (rem masc nom)’; eetaním ‘they(emph)’. Variant: tením (Biori).
tanxaá [taŋxá] ‫تنخہ‬. n.masc. salary. Comp:
Urdu tankhẉāh,, tankhāh. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: tanxeeí
tanxeeí.
tap [tap] ‫تپ‬. adv.deg. Co-lexicalized
intensifier. tap c̣hiṇ pitch darktaráp [taráp] ‫طرپ‬. n.fem. direction. so míi
utráapa.. He is running towards me.
tarapí utráapaṣáatu.. The
har tarapíi se ɡhooṣṭá anɡóor ṣáatu
fire is spreading in all directions. Variant:taráf. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) taraf. Prdm:
taráf

i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
tariqá [tariqá, tarixá] ‫طریقہ‬. n.masc.
method. khur čhúuṇu heentá,
heentá, se áak
eeteeṇí tariqá ǰhulí čhoorí heensíli híni kide.. Such a system was
qalaá the xabaár bíi deput in place that if anybody put his foot on
to the bridge, the fort would be alerted.
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) tarīqa.
tarkaáṇ [tarkaáɳ] ‫ترکاݨ‬. n.masc. carpenter.
čaukeeṭíimii dapáara théeba ɡhooṣṭíi
khaamadá the tarkaáṇ seéz dáanu kilun.. Then,eeteeṇí seezíi ḍhínɡar máathe lun
for the door frames, the carpenter gives
the house owner the size [and says], “Cutoff a piece of wood of that size for me.”Comp: Pashto (Panjabi) tarkārrn. Prdm:
aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aánaán.
ِtartíb [tartíb] ‫ترتب‬. n.fem. method, order.
theeṇḍeéu.. All work
har kráam tartíb ki theeṇḍeéu
should be done according to order. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) tartīb. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
táru [táru] ‫تر ْو‬. adv.mann. quickly, fast; soon,
immediately.
khéečixabaártáru
biɡeeṣiǰéeni.. Bad news spreads quickly. éebiɡeeṣiǰéeni
amzarái,, ée karáaṛu
karáaṛu,, ée iṇc̣, táru whóoi míi
amzarái
láadu.. O lion, o leopard, o bear,lhéṇḍu láadu
come quickly; I found the bald one. kúṛitáru hooṭalwaalá the peeseé de šúmuɡhíinu.. The woman immediately boughtɡhíinuthe parrot from the hotel owner. bíiḍu táru
dítu
bhéeni.. Also, if it isbi dítu seentá xaraáp bhéeni
given to her too soon, it will harm her.
tas [tas] ‫تس‬. pron:dem. 1) him (rem acc).
alaahtaalaá tas dubaará dunyaí the
thíilu.. God Almighty
phrayainií iraadá thíilu
143

tasíiteeṇíidecided to send him back to the world.
áak
sírif áak xudaaíi ibaadát tha,
tha, tas sanɡí kaseéakaṭá.. Worship only one God, and don’tna akaṭá
confuse him with anybody else. xudaái tas
baxíi.. May God forgive him. aní mubáil míi
baxíi
baxíli.. I gave this mobile phone totas the baxílihim. 2) her (rem acc). ɡiḍúuči kú
kúṛidawaá,,
ṛi dawaáthíili.. He took a Dameli womantas ǰhaní thíili
and married her. naɡarǰutí yhéeli tas díi
bhíli.. When Nagarjutikhooǰóolu kanáa bhíli
came, he asked her, “What happened [toyou]?” ma tas muṣṭú khoṇḍaáanukhoṇḍaáanu.. I will
make her talk first. 3) it (rem acc). bheenšíiphúṭi ɡhaší háata de ɡhaší andáa belamiǰainií andáa the drhakí ba tasphooṭóolu.. Taking hold of the end of thephooṭóolu
beam with his hands, hanging on it andpulling, he broke it. taním dhuimeém
bhaíim dúu toobakí ɡhaší tas khaṇíitu eeetíi
etíi
ṣaá.. They both took their guns andwée ṣaáshot at it from there. yíiṛi pamá buleeḍí ɡíi
ta,, tas ba ɡhaší nieeṭíli
nieeṭíli.. The sheep went totasearch for wool, but someone caught it andsheared its wool off [Proverb]. See: so ‘he, it(rem masc nom)’; eetá
eetáss ‘him, her, it, that(one) (emph)’. Variant: tes (Biori). Etym: tá‘base of nom.sg.n., all obl.sg and all pl.
forms of pron. and pronom. adj’ (T: 5612).
tasíi [tasíi] ‫تسی‬. pron:dem. 1) his (rem). tasíide.. His daughter was my wife.
dhií míi kúṛi dethíili.. His words
tasíi beetí ma ǰhulí šuí asár thíili
had a positive influence on me. 2) her(rem). tíi ba se bheeṇíi muxanastí ǰítiǰíti,,
ɡíia.. Thenmuxanastí ǰíti ta ba rúula bi tasíi ɡíia
he hit his sister in her face; when he did

that, she started to weep. tasíi páanǰ ṣobhraaú nhiáaṛa hóonsan de.
de. She had five or
six brothers living nearby. 3) its (rem).
maačís ɡaḍí tasíi laméeṭi anɡóor ṣaawóoluuḍheewílu.. He took out matches, putta so uḍheewílu
fire to its [the monkey’s] tail, and it fled.
See: so ‘he, it (rem masc nom)’; eetasíi ‘its,
his, her (emph)’. Variant: tesée (Biori).
téec̣i [téetɕi] ‫تیڇی‬ْ . n.fem. wood chisel. téec̣iǰainií.. Using a chiselɡhiní teeṇíi khurá wée ǰainií
will cause someone to hit himself in thefoot. Etym: takṣa- ‘cutting; carpenter (incmpd.) (masc)’ (T: 5618). Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
teeṇíi [teeɳíi] ‫تیݨی‬. pron:refl. self’s. taním tas
híṛu.. They took him withteeṇíi sanɡí híṛuthem. kaseé bi teeṇíi díi kam naǰoṣeeṇḍeéu.. Don’t consider anybodyǰoṣeeṇḍeéu
inferior to yourself. niníniním
m eetí ɣaltí thíili
híni.. The
híni ki teeṇíi zhaáy ɡaḍí kríinti híni
fault they committed was such that theysold their property. kháača kráama díi batheeṇḍeéu.. One shouldteeṇíi zaán bač theeṇḍeéu
keep away from bad behaviour [lit. saveoneself from bad work]. míi eé teeṇíi
dhríiṣṭu.. I saw that with my ownac̣híiam dhríiṣṭu
eyes. Etym: *tānuva- ‘one’s own (son)’ (T:5766). Pl obl: taanúm maǰímaǰí.
 teéṇ teeṇíi [teéɳ teeɳíi] ‫تیݨ تیݨی‬.
pron:refl. each one’s. asíi tu teṇteeṇíi
hareeṇḍeéu
ṇḍeéu.. Weɡhooṣṭóom the práaču hareeṇḍeéushould take you to our homes as a guest.
har qóomii har qabiiláii teṇteeṇíi ǰhaníi
haansáanu.. Each nation and each
dasturá haansáanu
tribe has its own wedding traditions.
144

teér

thaní

Variant: teṇteeṇíi.
teṇteeṇíi
teér [teér] ‫تیر‬. adj.inv. passed; spent. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Pashto ter.
 teér bhíi ‫تیر بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to pass, go
by. axtár teér bhíli patú nikrízi kuḍí thopá
thopá..
Plaster the walls with henna when the Eid
holiday is over.
 teér čaapheér adv.sp. (all) around.
de.. Theráat záxuma the teér čaapheér šúku deblood clotted around the wound.
— adj. surrounding. laním eeṛé riwaayát
híni..
teeṇíi teér čaapheér qóoma díi ɡhíini híni
They have taken over this custom from thesurrounding tribes.
 teér nikhíi ‫تیر نِکھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. toovertake. kučúru utrapí ma díi teér
nikháatu.. The dog ran and overtook me.
nikháatu teér thíi ‫تیر تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to spend(time); tell. tróo yúuna eetáa teér thíili
thíili..
They spent three months there. teeṇíi qi
qisá
sá
thíilu.. He told him his own
tas the teér thíilu
story.
téeti [téeti] ‫تیتی‬ْ . hot (fem). See main entry:
táatu.
táatu
teewíz [teewíz] ‫تیوِز‬. n.fem. amulet. tíi
teewizí the ba se bhalaaɡaán ma díiṣeekóola.. He made amulets and cast off theṣeekóolaevil spirits from me. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)taˈwīz. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
téez [téez] ‫تیز‬. adj.inv. fast; strong. tíi maǰínikhéeti.. Meanwhile a strong
téez húuši nikhéeti
wind started blowing. baṣ hatí téez bhílu
whéeti.. The rain became so strongooḍháal whéetithat the area flooded (Biori). Comp: Urdu

(Persian) tez.
— adv.mann. fast, quickly; hard. ɡaáṛi bíiḍi
de.. He was driving his vehicletéez čalayíi devery fast. eeteeṇí téez ḍhakíli híni ki dúyahíni.. It hit so hard that it
pharé nikhaí ɡíi híniwent through and came out on the otherside. aáǰ súuri bíiḍi téez čimikéeničimikéeni.. Today
the sun is very hot (Biori).
 teezí ‫ی‬ْ ‫تیز‬. adv.mann. with speed.
Variant: teezí kiki.
thanaáw [tʰanaáw] ‫تھناؤ‬. n.fem. string,
mason’s line. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: thanawí
thanawí.
thaní [tʰaní] ‫تھنی‬ْ . conj. 1) Marker of
quotation or reported (direct) discourse. seéeḍim bhíilam khoṇḍílim ki aslí zariṇíi dhiíthaní.. Half of them spoke fearfully
aní thanísaying, “This is indeed Zarin’s daughter.”ma na ṭinɡ bhílu thaní ma ba rúulu zoórbhe.. I said that I could not face him,zoór bheand then I started to weep loudly. yáandrii
ta ma yháandu ḍhoór xaalí thaní ba tu
manáanu.. I’m coming from the mill, but
manáanu
you tell me that the grain container is
empty. so búdu ki míi kúṛi dúi koó ɡaḍíthaní.. He realized that someone
ɡhiní ɡíia thaní
had snatched his wife and taken her withhim. aní anɡúṛim bóola phaṭíi de maníthe,, ǰáandu hínu ki na thaní
thaní.. He was
andáa theplucking the hair from his fingers like this,to see whether he was still alive. 2) called.
de.. He was aso beezaadxaán thaní míiš deman called Bezad Khan. ɣolaamseéd malákde.. There wasthaní lanaám maǰí ɡhaḍeeró dean elder among them whose name was
Ghulam Sayd. paṇáaru táapaṛ thaní145

thaníi

thíi

awaaɡír qaríiban dúu thiáaḍa míila
míila táapaṛ
hínu.. There is a hill, about two and a half
hínu
miles up, called paṇáaru táapaṛ [whitehill]. Restrict: Invariably utterance- or
proposition-final. See: thaníi ‘to say, call’.
thaníi [tʰaníi] ‫تھنی‬. v.tr. to say, call. tu kóo
thaníitu
hínu thaníit
u. tíi maníitu ki ma atshareetíi
malák.. He said, “Whomalák ɣolaamseéd malák
are you?” He [the other person] said, “I am
Ghulam Seyd, an elder of Ashret.” sede,, na ǰhóona dede.. Heɡhúuṛa the iṇc̣ thaníi decalled the horse a bear, he didn’t know
[the difference]. Morph: thané
thané--, thaníit
thaníit--.
Prdm: T. Prs: thanáanu
thanáanu. Pfv: thaníitu
thaníitu. Cv:
thaní.
thaní
thaníitu [tʰaníito] ‫تھ ِنیت ْو‬. said, called (mascsg). See main entry: thaníi
thaníi.
ُ ‫تھس‬. n.masc.
thaskúuru [tʰaskúuro] ‫کور ْو‬
big two-edged hoe. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:
thaskúura
skúura.
tha
skúurathawóo [tʰawóo] ‫تھوو‬. v.tr:caus. to have sb
do. xalkíim ṣaawaá teér bhíla qiseé
thawóola.. He made people tell stories
thawóola
about past times. Morph: thethe--awá
awá--. See: thíi
‘to do’. Variant: thawúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a.
Prs: thawaáanu
thawaáanu. Pfv: thawó
thawóolu
olu. Cv: thawaá
thawaá.
olu
the [tʰe] ‫تھے‬. post. to; for; at. ma tas theْdáanu.. I will givepáanǰ sóo rupeé baxšíš dáanu
five hundred rupees to him as a reward.
aṭúum.. I’ll bring you thema tu the ǰinaazeé aṭúum
corpses. tas the maníitu
maníitu...
... She told him... sotass the ɡhruunǰíi dede.. The beariṇc̣ ba ta
growled at him. ma las the béem
béem.. I’ll go tohim. tus kháaṇa the bóoi
bóoi.. You should go to
the [Lowari] pass! ma aṛáa the keé nabaáanu.
baáanu. Why shouldn’t I go there? ɡokhíia
asaám the ḍánɡarik thanáana.
thanáana. The Chitralis[Kho people] call us Dangarik. kuṛíina šílide.. The women were going for [tothe bíin depick] šíli [wild herbs]. nu ba asaámde.. He has come upmhaarainií the ukháatu dehere to kill us. har kasíi watán teeṇíi the
kašmíir.. For everyone his own country iskašmíir[like] Kashmir. Restrict: With preceding
oblique nominal argument, an accusativepro-form (for animate recipient or
beneficiary) or a locative pro-form (forlocation). See: nhiáaṛaː the nhiáaṛa ‘close
to, next to’.
thée [tʰée] ‫تھے‬. conj. then. thée ɡhuɡhueeṇíia
eeṇíiaphedíla.. Then the Pashtuns arrived
ɡhiní phedílawith it. ma aní toobakí bhúna dúši čhoorí
thaní.. I said,ba thée ma kuwái ba ɡhašúum thaní“When I have put these guns down, then I
will come back and hold it.” aaxeeríi waxtíide.. thée ba tas
tas sanɡí koó bi na heensíla deḍhakílu.. In the end there
the marɡíi ǰáar ḍhakílu
was nobody at all left with him, and thenhe got a severe fever. tíi tuúš míi uc̣hí ba
híni.. thée bateeṇíi múṭi pharé malíiti híniṣaawóolu.. He
lambúuṣu uc̣hí ba anɡóor ṣaawóolu
took some bone marrow and applied it tohis arm. Then he took the firewood and lit
a fire. Usage: Often followed byswitch-topic marker baba.
thiáaḍu [tʰjáaɖu] ‫تِھیاڈ ْو‬. and a half. See
main entry: áaḍuáaḍu.
thíi1 [tʰíi] ‫تھی‬. v.tr. to do, make. kúṛi anɡóorǰheelí
de.. My wife willǰhe
elí tanaám the ɡúuli thíi demake a fire and cook food for them. ma
146

thíi

tíi

tarkeeṇíi kráam tháanu.
tháanu. I work as acarpenter [lit. do work of carpenting]. tíi
thíili.. Heteeṇíi c̣híitra wée bhootíi thíili
ploughed his own field [lit. did ploughing].
tíi ba andáa thíilu ki áak ɡáaḍu míišmheerílu.. This is what he did: he killed amheerílu
great person. čhoót ba ẓokí ẓokí ẓokítháana.. Cheese is made by repeatedly
tháanasqueezing it. Usage: Extremely generic verb
used in a large number of complex
predicates. Etym: sthāpáyati ‘causes tostand, establishes; appoints; causes to be,
makes’ (T: 13756). Prdm: L:e. Prs: tháanu
tháanu.
Pfv: thíilu
thíilu. Cv: thethe.
thíi2 [tʰíi] ‫تھی‬. pron:pers. 1) your (2sg gen).
heentá,, míi baačaí thíi
le kuṛíina nikhéetim heentábhíi.. If these turn out to be women, mybhíi
kingdom will be yours. lo xu thíi bhróo
bhróo,,
atsharíitu,, thíi qóom
qóom.. He is your brother,
atsharíitu
he is Ashreti, your own tribe. 2) you (2sggen, transitive subject in the perfective).
uṛíitiee.. You have grown a beard!
thíi déeṛi uṛíitieekhému,, aṛó míiš thíi khaṇíitu ɡa heentáée khému
dúum.. Hey Khemo, if
ma tu the bíiḍi inaám dúum
you shoot that man, I will reward you
richly. See: tu ‘you (nom)’.
thíi3 [tʰíi] ‫تھی‬. post. from (the direction of).
nikháata,, ɡiḍá dúšii tthíi
híi.. A
aakatí kasaán nikháata
híi
few people appeared [coming] from thedirection of the Damel Valley. ée wíi tu xu
wháandu.. O water, you are
sóonii thíi wháandu
obviously coming down from the pastures.
ukháatu.. He went up
so ṭópii thíi huṇḍ the ukháatu
from down below. so ba andóoi thíi baáanu
baáanu,,baáanu.. He was coming
rasuulíi aṛáai thíi baáanu

from here, and the follower of the prophet
was coming from there. ɡóoi thíi yhóolu.
yhóolu.
Where did you come from? se míiša ba
ǰíti.. The
huṇḍíi thíi se bhalaáii toobakíim ǰítiman shot from above at the spirit with hisgun. khéli muṣṭú be dac̣hí ta áak ɡáaḍuamzarái pharíi thíi yháandu He had gonesome ways when he saw a big lion comealong from some distance away. uḍheewí
se dhúura makeení be táai thíi dac̣hílu sebhaíim..
dhiaáṛ aahistá aahistá xaamúuš bhaíim
They escaped and went to a place far away;from there they saw the rock formation
slowly becoming still. Restrict: With
preceding genitive nominal argument or aspatial adverb.
thúki [tʰúki] ‫ھکی‬ْ ُ‫ت‬. n.fem. saliva, spit. Etym:*thukk- ‘spit’ (T: 6097). Prdm: m-decl.
Pl: -m.
thúlu [tʰúlo] ‫تُھل ْو‬. adj. fat (about animals).
Etym: sthūlá- ‘large, thick, stout’ (T: 13776).
Fem agr: thúli
thúli.
thúuṇi [tʰúuɳi] ‫ھوݨی‬ْ ُ‫ت‬. n.fem. pillar. Etym:
sthū́ṇā- ‘post, pillar’ (T: 13774). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
tíi [tíi] ‫تی‬. pron:dem. 1) he (rem obl). baṭóom
de.. He killedǰe tíi katí katí íṇc̣a mheeríla denumerous bears with a piece of rock. dúi taɡaṭílu,, áak ḍaakuwaanóomii qilaá tíi naɡaṭílubhóolu.. He conquered all the others,ɡaṭáa bhóolu
but one robbers’ fort he was not able tocapture. 2) she (rem obl). tíi so sučá ɡhiíṛbilóolu.. She melted the puredeeɡčée wée bilóolu
butter in the pot. tíi teeṇíi haát máathe
díti.. She agreed to marry me. 3) it; there
díti
147

tií

toolíi(rem obl with postposition). khainií široó
široóthíilu ta tíi maǰí áa ǰhaṭílu ṭhaaṭáaku
yhóolu.. While [lit. in it] starting to eat, ayhóoluhairy monster suddenly appeared. aaxér
bhílu,, tíi tíiwee ɡhoóm
kaár c̣híitr tayaár bhílu
bhayíitu.. Finally the field was ready, andbhayíitu
there [lit. into it] he sowed wheat. See: so‘he, it (rem masc nom)’; eetíi ‘he, she, it,that (emph)’. Variant: ti (Biori).
tií [tií] ‫تی‬. post. up to; until; as far as. mameétií.. I myself went as far asɡíi híni aḍaphaár tií
halfway. míi tasíi bíiḍi intizaár thíili xu soyhóolu.. I have waited for him
tipaán tíi na yhóolu
a long time, but until now he has notcome. aáǰ tií asím teeṇíi zabeení the ɡa xaásbhéeli.. Until today we havetaraqí na dáai bhéeli
not been able to promote our language inany special way. Restrict: With preceding
oblique nominal (inaminate) argument ora spatial/temporal adverb.
tíiṇu [tíiɳo] ‫تِیݨ ْو‬. adj. sharp. Etym: tīkṣṇá‘sharp; hot, pungent’ (T: 5839). Fem agr:tíiṇi.
tíiṇitíla [tíla] ‫تِلہ‬. v.intr. to walk. díiša dúši tilíli
híni.. She started walking toward the
híni
village. na tiláai bhóolu heentá ḍóo thúum
thúum..
If he cannot walk, I’ll carry him. Morph: tiltil--.
Variant: tíle (Biori). Etym: tíllati ‘goes’ (T:5836). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: tiláanu
tiláanu. Pfv: tilílu
tilílu.
Cv: tilítilí.
típa [típa] ‫تِپہ‬. adv.tm. now, nowadays. típa
hínu.. Now is ourlas haár dainií asíi mooqá hínu
opportunity to defeat him [lit. the givingof defeat]. típa kanáa thíia
thíia.. What should we
do next? ée zanɡalíi baačaá ma típa na khakha..

O king of the forest, don’t eat me now! típa
típa
aníiwee naziríi ɡhoóṣṭ hínu.
hínu. This is where
Nazir’s house is nowadays.
 tipaán tií [tipaán tií] ‫تِپان تی‬. until now,even to this day. míi tasíi bíiḍi intizaár
yhóolu.. I havethíili xu so tipaán tíi na yhóolu
waited for him a long time, but until now
he has not come. Variant: típa tií
tií; tipaaín tií(Biori).
 tipúku ‫ت ِ ُپک ْو‬. adj. present. tipúka ni bakhayí hína dhiiá díi khooǰainií zaruríbháanu.. Nowadays there are those forbháanuwhom it is necessary to ask their daughter[who she wants to be married to]. Prdm:
Reg. Fem: tipúki
tipúki.
toobaák [toobaák] ‫توباک‬. n.fem. gun; rifle.
ɡhaṇḍíli.. I mademíi toobaák ɡhiní tirbaán ɡhaṇḍíli
myself ready to hit the target with thegun. so muṭá ǰe ráal bhe toobaák puurí babhéṭu.. He climbed up a tree, filled his gun
bhéṭu
and
sat down.
toobakíinaṭúukinikhéeti.. The bullet from thepooraapóori nikhéeti
gun pierced it completely. Variant: thupéek(Biori).
Comp:
Urdu/Pashto(Persian/Turkish) tupak. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:
toobakí.
toobakítoofá [toofá] ‫تحفہ‬. n.masc. gift. títíii míi toofá
thíilu.. He accepted my gift. Variant:qabúl thíilu
tohfá. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) tŏḥfa.
tohfá
Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: toofeé
toofeé.
toolíi [toolíi] ‫تولی‬. v.tr. to weigh, measure.
de,, háatam dede,, toolílu
toolílu,,whaí ba tas diṣṭíim dehinueee bistiṇoókam ba
dhriɡoókam ta katí hinue
hínu.. He got down and measured it
katí hínu
with his hands, its length and width.
148

toopaančá

tróotraṭáa [traʈáa] ‫ترٹا‬. host. Usage: Exclusively

Morph: toolétoolé-. Etym: tōláyati ‘lifts, weighs,
considers’ (T: 5979). Prdm: L:e. Prs:
tooláanu. Pfv: toolílu
toolílu. Cv: toolí
toolí.
tooláanu
toopaančá [toopaantɕá] ‫توپانچہ‬. n.masc.
pistol. Comp: Pashto topanɡ-chaˈh. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: -eéeé.
tóoru [tóoro] ‫تور ْو‬. n.masc. star. Variant:túuru (Biori). Etym: tāraká- ‘belonging to
the stars’ (T: 5798). Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl:tóora.
tóora
tóoruṇ [tóoruɳ] ‫تو ُرݨ‬. n.masc. forehead.
híni,, eeteeṇí téez ḍhakíli
tóoruṇa wée ǰíti híni
híni,,
híni ki dúya pharé nikhaí ɡíi híni
híni.. It hit his
pooraapóori nikhéeti híni
forehead so hard that it went through andcame out on the other side, completely
piercing him. Variant: túuruṇ (Biori). Prdm:
a-decl. Pl: -a.
traác̣ [traáʈʂ] ‫تراڇ‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates.
 traác̣ díi ‫تراڇ دی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to pullout. dúi hiimaál whaí ṭópa traác̣ de asaámɡaḍíla.. Another avalanche came andrhalá ɡaḍíla
pulled us out from below.
 traac̣ṭhonɡí ‫تراڇ ٹھ ْونگی‬. n.fem. big axe
ْfor evening up the surface of logs.
traambú [traambú] ‫ترامب ْو‬. n.masc. wasp.
Variant: bhúmbur (Biori (both words
used)). Etym: tántra- ‘web; loom; weaving,thread (neut)’ (T: 5664); *vābha- ‘weaving,spinning’ (T: 11531). Prdm: aan-decl/i-decl.
Obl: -í. Pl: -aán
aán.
 traambumaáṇ ‫ترامب ْو ماڻ‬. n.fem. wasp’s
nest. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: traambumeeṇí
traambumeeṇí.

used as a host element in complex
predicates. Restrict: B.
 traṭáa thíi ‫ترٹا تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to expel.
tháanu.. I will
ma pirsaahíb haṛáyuu traṭáa tháanu
expel Pir Sahib from there.
trayáama [trajáama] ‫تریامہ‬. det. third. See:
traíma; trayúme
trayúme,,tróo ‘three’. Variant: traíma
traíme (Biori).
treešúma
treešúma [treeɕúma] ‫تریشُ مہ‬. det.
thirteenth. See: tríiš ‘thirteen’. Variant:treešúme (Biori).
tríimbaruṣ [tríimbaruʂ] ‫ِیمبرݜ‬ُ ‫تر‬. adv.tm.
two years ago. Variant: tríimbariṣ (Biori).
tríimbu [tríimbo] ‫ترِیمب ْو‬. adj. thick (aboutplants, forest). Fem agr: tríimbi
tríimbi.
tríiš [tríiɕ] ‫ترِیش‬. quant. thirteen. Morph:tréeš--. Variant: tréeš (Biori). Etym:
tréeš*trayédaśa ‘thirteen’ (T: 6001).
tríṣṭu [tríʂʈo] ‫ترِݜٹ ْو‬. adj. sour, bitter. Etym:tr̥ṣṭá- ‘harsh, rough’ (T: 5938). Fem agr:triṣṭiṣṭi.
tri
ṣṭi
tróku [tróko] ‫تر ْوک ْو‬. adj. skinny, weak,
worn. heewandíi zoór aksár ǰandeé tróka
bháana.. Due to the harshness of thebháanawinter, the goats often become weak. See:
tróki.
bhakúlu ‘fat, strong’. Fem agr: tróki
tróo [tróo] ‫ترو‬. quant. three. Variant: trúu
(Biori). Etym: *trāyaḥ ‘three’ (T: 5994).
Non-nom agr: traím
traím.
 trayeé ‫ترئے‬. quant. all three. tíi máa thede.. He gave me all threetrayeé kiteebí díti debooks.
— pron:ind. the three. se trayeé ak safaríbhíla.. The three of them set out
rawaaná bhíla
149

trúnǰi

túuri

on a journey (Biori). Obl: traimeém.
traimeémِ tróo bhišá ‫ترو بھشہ‬. sixty (lit. three
twenties). Variant: trábhiša (Biori).
trúnǰi [trúɲdʑi] ‫نجی‬ْ ‫ ُتر‬. adv.tm. day after
tomorrow. Restrict: Biori. Etym: tr̥tiyā́‘third (with word for ‘day’)’ (T: 5912).
tsakíi [tsakíi] ‫څکی‬. v.tr. to lick. tíi c̣hiír ráal
the na čhúuṇu de púši yhaí ba so c̣hiír
tsakílu.. He did not put up the milk so a cattsakílucame and licked the milk. Prdm: L:e. Prs:tsakáanu. Pfv: tsakílu
tsakílu. Cv: tsakí
tsakí.
tsakáanutsaṭák [tsaʈák] ‫څٹک‬. n.masc. hammer.
Comp: Pashto tsuttak, tsattak. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl, Pl: -í.
tsiipíi [tsiipíi] ‫ ِڅیپی‬. v.tr. to squeeze (outliquid). se paaṇṭí c̣hupí ba tsiipéeni
tsiipéeni.. Afterwashing the clothes, she squeezes them[dry]. Morph: tsiipé
tsiipé--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:
tsiipáanu. Pfv: tsiipílu
tsiipílu. Cv: tsiipí
tsiipí.
tsiipáanu
tu [tu] ‫ت ْو‬. pron:pers. 1) you (2sg nom,subject). ée putr
putr,, tu sóona teeṇíi méemiba.. O son, go to yourkéeči the ba
grandmother in the high pasture! yaá ba tu
máara.. Either you willmhaaríiṛ yaá ba lo eé máara
kill him or he will die anyway. tu asíi
práaču.. You are our guest. 2) you (2sg nom,práačudirect object). aṛé ínc̣i tu khóolu heentá
wháida.. If this she-bearqóoma the asár wháida
were to eat you, it would affect the [whole]tribe. insaán aṛé zhaáy hínu
hínu,, ma tu
pašawúum.. The man is in that place, I will
pašawúum
show you. ma tu the xat amzayúum
amzayúum.. I’ll
send a letter to you. Etym: tuvám ‘thou’ (T:5889). Gen: thíi
thíi.
tus [tus] ‫تُس‬. pron:pers. you (2pl nom). tus

aṛé zhayí bhéšooi ta ma laxkár aṭúum.
aṭúum. You
stay here and I will bring the army. tus
khíndee.. Are you tired? tus ɡóoi
ɡóoi.. Where are
khíndeeyou from? Etym: yuṣmad- ‘pron. 2 pl’ (T:10511). Acc: tusaám
tusaám. Gen: tusíi
tusíi. Obl: tusím
tusím.
tusaám [tusaám] ‫تُسام‬. pron:pers. you (2pl
acc). míi tusaám bóor xu na thíila
thíila.. Do I bore
you? teeṇíi paiseé laɡay
laɡayíí ba tusaám díi
tháanu.. He has spent his
zubaán yaád tháanu
money to learn your language. áak qisá mathúum.. I will tell you a story.
tusaám the thúum
See: tus ‘you (2pl nom)’.
tusíi [tusíi] ‫تُسی‬. pron:pers. your (2pl gen).
náinee.. Isn’t there
tusíi díiša maǰí koó náinee
anyone in your village [willing to fight]?
thúum.. I will whistle
tusíi čoolaá ṣuṇúukim thúumin your own manner. See: tus ‘you (2plnom)’. Variant: tusée (Biori).
tusím [tusím] ‫تُ ِسم‬. pron:pers. you (2pl obl).
míiša
tusím ma bhióol róota dúi míiša sanɡí
thíili.. You disgraced
baasaá míi bheezatí thíili
me when you had me spend the night withanother man. See: tus ‘you (2pl nom)’.
túuri [túuri] ‫ی‬ْ ‫تُور‬. post. below, beneath;under. baṭá túuri ṭíinčuka the bi xudaái
dáanu.. God gives the daily bread evenrízaq dáanu
to the scorpion under the stone. táapaṛa
híni.. A bear had
túuri íṇc̣a čhéeli ɡhašíli híni
captured a goat beneath the hill. páanda
phooṭéeli.. He went off
túuri be ba audás phooṭéeli
the path and urinated. eesé muaaihidáíndii áak katí waxt heensíla dede..
túuri bhéṭa índ
They stayed under that agreement andremained here for some time. Restrict:
With preceding oblique nominal argument
150

tuúš

ṭhaaṭáaku

or an accusative alternatively obliquepro-form.
tuúš [tuúɕ] ‫تُوش‬. quant. some, a little. tíi
tuúš míi uc̣hí ba teeṇíi múṭi pharé malíiti
híni.. thée ba lambúuṣu uc̣hí ba anɡóor
híniṣaawóolu.. He took some bone marrow andṣaawóolu
applied it to his arm. Then he took the
firewood and lit a fire. šóo tu bheš ta mawhúum.. Good, you sit, andtuúš áaṇc̣a khaá whúum
I will eat a little from the raspberry bushand then come down. paačhambeé tuúš
saát duní ba maníitu maní ki míi nóo

paxpúla.
paxpúla. Pashambi thought for a moment,
then said, “My name is ‘myself’.”— adv.deg. a bit, slightly. maṇḍawíi ɡhareébháanu..
ḍhínɡar ɡɡhoóṣṭa
hoóṣṭa díi tuúš muxtalíf bháanu
The wood used for the veranda should be a
bit different from the wood used for thehouse [itself]. tuúš bhunimaá whíi ta
ukháandu.. She had gone somekaráaṛu ukháandu
ways down when a leopard came uphill.
Etym: tuččhyá- ‘empty, vain; n. emptiness(neut)’ (T: 5850).

ṭ
ṭaakíi [ʈaakíi] ‫ٹاکی‬. v.tr. to call. ma róota ɡakráam míi ṭeeká ɡhíinu.
ɡhíinu. I have been
contracted to do this job. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:
eekeé.
ṭeekeé ṭeekadaár ‫ٹیکدار‬. n.masc. contractor.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
ṭeém [ʈeém] ‫ٹیم‬. n.fem. time. ṭeém ṭeemíi
yha.. Come here from time to time!
índa the yhada.. Give me some time!
eetí ṭeém máathe da
Comp: (English) time. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ṭeép [ʈeép] ‫ٹیپ‬. n.fem. tape recorder. Comp:(English) tape. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ṭeéṭ [ʈeéʈ] ‫ٹیٹ‬. adj.inv. tight. ṭeéṭ theɡhaṇḍá.. Tie it tightly! Comp: (English) tight.
ɡhaṇḍá
ṭéku [ʈéko] ‫ٹ ْیک ْو‬. n.masc. hilltop. bakáara
praší phará čáaren de so ba ṭéka bheší bade.. The flock was
tenaám the dac̣híi degrazing on the slope and he sat down on
the hilltop looking at them (Biori). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: ṭékaṭéka.
ṭhaaṭáaku [ʈʰaaʈáaku] ‫ٹھاٹاک ْو‬. n.masc. ogre,ɡalá ṭeemíi yhaí ma tu the ṭaakúum seentátu nikhá ta kráama the báaya.
báaya. At whatevertime during the night that I arrive, you
should come out when I call, and we will
go to work. rhoošíi bhíli ta se míiša waxtíide.. When it
thíi ṭeekílu teeṇíi kúṛi nóo debecame morning, the man called out early
to his wife by her name. míi ba ṭeekílu ki
óo kaakaá óo kaakaá íṇc̣a čhéeli khéeli
thaní.. I called and said, “O uncle, the bearthaní
ate the goat.” Morph: ṭaaké
ṭaaké--. Prdm: L:e. Prs:ṭaakáanu. Pfv: ṭeekíluṭeekílu. Cv: ṭeekí
ṭeekí.
ṭaakáanuṭáka [ʈáka] ‫ٹکہ‬. n.masc. blame, insult. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Pashto takah.
 ṭáka díi ‫ٹکہ دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to blamesb. tíi máathe ṭáka dítu
dítu.. She blamed me.
ṭeeká [ʈeeká] ‫ٹیکہ‬. n.masc. contract (esp.
relating to construction), project. anú
151ṭhakíi

ṭópa

demon; monster. khainií široó
široó thíilu ta tíimaǰí áa ǰhaṭílu ṭhaaṭáaku yhóolu.
yhóolu. While
starting to eat, a hairy monster suddenly
appeared. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ṭhaaṭáaka
ṭhaaṭáaka.
ṭhakíi [ʈʰakíi] ‫ٹھکی‬. v.tr. to shake down.
thakáana.. They are shaking downac̣hooṛá thakáana
walnuts [from the tree]. sarák xaraáp bhebhe,,ṭhakíla.. This vehicleaní ɡaáṛi xu asaám ṭhakíla
shook us because of the bad road. Morph:ṭhaké--. Prdm: L:e. Prs: ṭhakáanuṭhakáanu. Pfv: ṭhakíluṭhakílu.
ṭhaké
Cv: ṭhakíṭhakí.
ṭhónɡi [ʈʰóŋɡi] ‫نگی‬ْ ‫ٹھ ْو‬. n.fem. axe. Etym:ṭan̆ka- ‘spade, hoe, chisel’ (T: 5427). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
ṭíinčuk [ʈíiɲtɕuk] ‫ینچک‬ُ ِ‫ٹ‬. n.masc. scorpion.
heentá,, áak
har kuḍiṣooṛá pharé anɡúṛi díti heentá
nikháandu.. In one of all
pharé ba ṭíinčuk nikháandu
those cracks in the wall that you put yourfinger into, there will certainly be one
scorpion. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
ṭíki [ʈíki] ‫کی‬ْ ِ‫ٹ‬. n.fem. small, thick cakes ofbread. Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
ṭinɡ [ʈiŋɡ] ‫ٹِنگ‬. host. Usage: Exclusively
used as a host element in complex
predicates. Comp: Pashto ttīnɡ.
 ṭinɡ bhíi ‫ٹِنگ بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tochallenge, face. nis the koó ṭinɡ na bháanabháana..
No-one could face him. Restrict:
Postpostional object with thethe.
ِ ṭinɡ thíi ‫ٹنگ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to hold,support, control. se bi čúur páanǰ bhe made.. Even they, beingna ṭinɡ tháai bhóon defour or five people, were not able to holdme.
ṭip [ʈip] ‫ٹِپ‬. n.fem. drop (of liquid, such as

water, blood, etc.). Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
ṭiṭlái [ʈiʈléj] ‫ٹلئی‬ْ ِ‫ٹ‬. n.fem:pn. Titley(settlement in Sharadesh, Ashret Valley).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl: ṭiṭlṭiṭléeée.
éeṭoḍusóo [ʈoɖusóo] ‫ٹ ْو ُڈسو‬. v.tr. to cut down;
peck at; make knocking sound. Variant:ṭoḍusaáanu.
tooṛusúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a. Prs: ṭoḍusaáanu
Pfv: ṭoḍusóoluṭoḍusóolu. Cv: ṭoḍusaá
ṭoḍusaá.
ṭómbu [ʈómbo] ‫ٹ ْومب ْو‬. n.masc. stem (of tree).
baa pharápalíi áak ṭómba patú pharé be b
thaní..
ɡiraá dac̣háanu ta ki le kíiwee hína thaní
Hiding behind a tree trunk, I went forward
and looked ahead to see where they were.
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: ṭómba
ṭómba.
ṭookóo [ʈookóo] ‫ٹوکو‬. v.tr. to push (away).
whaidítu
dítu..
thíi so kuṇaák ṭookóolu ta so whai
dítu
When you pushed that child, he fell. aníṭooká.. Push away this table! Morph:meéz ṭooká
ṭooká--. Variant: ṭookúu (Biori). Prdm: L:a.
ṭooká
Prs: ṭookaáanuṭookaáanu. Pfv: ṭookóoluṭookóolu. Cv: ṭookaáṭookaá.
ṭoóp [ʈoóp] ‫ٹوپ‬. n.fem. leap, jump. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Pashto ttop.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
 ṭoóp thíi ‫تھی‬‫ٹوپ‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tocharge (at), jump toward. eendáa maní ba
híni.. Havingíṇc̣a kaṭamušá dúši ṭoóp thíili hínisaid that, the bear jumped toward
Katamosh.
ṭópaṭópa [ʈópa] ‫ٹ ْوپہ‬. adv.sp. down below; under.
hínu.. His house is situatedtasíi ɡhoóṣṭ ṭópa hínu
down below.
 ṭópa díi ‫ٹ ْوپہ دی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to defeat,put down. taním asaám ṭópa díta
díta.. They
defeated us. ooḍhóola míi c̣híitr ṭópa dítu
dítu..
152

ṭukṛá

-úkMy field was flooded. so baaláx aṭí ba ṭópade bhéṭu.
bhéṭu. He brought a cushion and sat
down on it.
 ṭópii thíi ‫ٹ ْوپی تھی‬. adv.sp. from down
below. so ṭópii thíi huṇḍ the ukháatu
ukháatu.. Hewent up from down below.
ṭukṛá [ʈukɽá] ‫ٹُکڑہ‬. n.masc. piece (of meat,etc.). Comp: Urdu ṭukṛā. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl:ṭukṛeé.
ṭukṛeé

u-u1 [-u, -o] sfx. Masculine singularuc̣hí ba maníi de ki nis khúum ta rhootašíia
ba kanáa thúum.
thúum. He picked up another one[from a collection of fruits] and said, “If I
eat this, what will happen tomorrow?”
xudaaíi peeɣambaríi baát na káaṇ thainiíwáǰa báandi alaahtaalaá teeṇíi madád tasíi
baačaí díi uc̣híiti de Because he did notlisten to the words of God’s prophet, God
Almighty took his help away from his
kingdom. tíi tas uc̣hí ḍóo thíilu
thíilu.. He lifted
him up and carried him on his back. Morph:íit--. Prdm: T. Prs: uc̣háanu
áanu. Pfv:
uc̣híí--, uc̣híit
íitu. Cv: uc̣híí. Imp: uc̣híí.
uc̣híituuc̣híitu [uʈʂʰíito] ‫اُڇِ ھیت ْو‬. lifted up, pickedup (masc sg). See main entry: uc̣híiíi.
uḍhíiwa [uɖʰíiwa] ‫اُ ِڈھیوہ‬. v.intr. to flee, run
away; escape. tasíi ǰóola tas uṛiɡalíuḍheewíla.. His children abandoned himuḍheewíla
and ran away. tu ateeṇú takṛá íṇc̣a díi mauḍhíiwum.. How could I escapekanaá bhe uḍhíiwum
from a strong bear like you? uḍhíiw
andóoi.. Flee from here! Morph: uḍhéew
uḍhéew--.
andóoi
Variant: uḍhíiwe (Biori). Etym: uddhāvayati‘runs away’ (T: 2020). Prdm: L:cons. Prs:uḍheewáanu. Pfv: uḍheewíluuḍheewílu. Cv: uḍheewíuḍheewí.
uḍheewáanu-úk [-úk] sfx. Derivational suffix forming
adjectives from adverbs (particularly withagreement suffix. so teeṇíi kúṛii maxadúši
ɡiríl--u. He turned into a sheep in
wée yíiṛu ɡiríl
front of his own wife. nisíi móomu dooɡalámúṛ--u hín
hín--u. His grandfather died inmúṛDogal. nu lhoóku kuṇaák nu ba ɡaǰhaanáan--u. This little boy, what does heǰhaanáan
know? Restrict: Added to the tense- or
aspect-marked verb.
-u2 [-u, -o] sfx. Masculine nominative/singular agreement suffix. parúk
parúk--utáat--u de. Last year was hot. ée tu
kaál táatkaantíir--u kuṇaák
kuṇaák.. You crazy boy. Restrict:kaantíir
Added to inflecting adjective stems.
ubaxíi [ubaxíi] ‫اُبخی‬. to forgive. See main
entry: baxíi
baxíi.
úču [útɕo] ‫اُچ ْو‬. quant. few; a little. na ta účuúču,,bíiḍu.. There is neither a little, norna ba bíiḍu
much. xaán míiš hínuee be ba úča hína
hína.. He
is a leader and we are very few. paakistaánbhílii patú tasíi úču waxt hukumát heensílu
de. He had a short time in power after
Pakistan came into being. tíiwee úču wíide.. There was a little water inheensílu dethere. Etym: *ōccha- ‘small, thin, mean’ (T:2540). Nom-nom/pl agr: účaúča. Fem: účiúči.
ُuc̣híi [uʈʂʰíi] ‫اڇھی‬. v.tr. to lift, pick up. dúi
153

ukháatu

urbhíitemporal meaning). Restrict: Invariably
followed by a gender/number agreement
suffix. See: aáǰː aaǰúku ‘today’s’; bhiaalúku‘last night’s’; eetheélː eetheelúku ‘of thattime’; kaálː kaalúk
kaalúkuu ‘aged’; dhoóṛːdhooṛúku ‘yesterday’s’; muṣṭúː muṣṭúku ‘ofthe past’; parúku ‘last year’s’; raatúku‘night’s’; típaː tipúku ‘present’.
ukháatu [ukʰáatu, kʰwáatu] ‫اُکھات ْو‬. cameup (masc sg). See main entry: ukhíi
ukhíi.
ukhéeti [ukʰéeti, kʰwéeti] ‫کھیتی‬ْ ُ‫ا‬. came up(fem sg). See main entry: ukhíi
ukhíi.
ukhíi [ukʰíi, kʰwíi] ‫اُکھی‬. v.intr. to come up,
come or go uphill/upstream. nu ba asaámde.. He has comemhaarainií the ukháatu de[up here] to kill us. so utrapí muṭá ǰe
hínu.. He ran and climbed up aukháatu hínu
tree. kareé ukháatu
ukháatu.. When did you arrive[come uphill from the lowlands]? so ɡaukhíiee.. He may be coming [uphill]. Morph:ukhíieeukhéi--, ukhát
ukhát--. Variant: khuíi
khuíi. Etym:
ukhéi*upaskadati, *upaskatta- ‘jumps towards’(T: 2263). Prdm: T. Prs: ukháandu
ukháandu. Pfv Masc
Sg: ukháatu
ukháatu. Pfv Fem Sg: ukhéeti
ukhéeti. Cv: ukhaí
ukhaí.
Imp: ukhá
ukhá.
ukuaalíi [ukwaalíi, kwaalíi] ‫اُکوالی‬. v.tr. tobring sth or sb uphill, take sth up, carrysth up. ṭaanɡuṛmuṭíi phúṭi the kuaalainiíkuaalainií..
To carry somebody to the top of the peartree. las kuaalóoi índa thethe.. Bring him up
here [to my house]! ṣaí ba mahramaánthaní.. The
phreyíla ki so phoó ɡhaší ukaalúi thaníking sent his guards to catch the boy andbring him up [to Chitral] (Biori). Morph:
ukuaalé--, ukueél
ukueél--. Variant: ukaalíi (Biori).
ukuaaléPrs: ukuaaláanu.
ukuaaláanu Pfv: ukueélu,
ukueélu, ukeelílu.
ukeelílu Cv:
ukueelí.
ukueelíukueélu [ukweélo, kweélo] ‫اُکویل ْو‬. carriedup, brought up, took up (masc sg). See main
entry: ukuaalíi
ukuaalíi. Variant: ukueelílu
ukueelílu.
ُulṭá [ulʈá] ‫الٹہ‬. upside down. Comp: Urduulṭā.
-úm [-úm] Oblique plural suffix (with aanand some ee-declension nouns). See main
entry: -óomóom.
-um [-um] sfx. First person singular suffix.
háar--um. I will take thisaní šaaká ɡhooṣṭá háarwood to my hounse. ma tas the šóoǰhóon--um de. I was fond of him. ma las
ǰhóon
mhaar
ar--úum
úum.. I will kill it [that creature].
mhaarRestrict: Added to verb stem in Future andPast Imperfective. Variant: -úum (With aand e-ending verb stems); -áam (With aand e-ending verb stems in Biori).
umbaarák [umbaarák] ‫اُمبارک‬. n.fem.
blessing; congratulation. umbaarák bhíibhíi..
Congratulations! Variant: mubaarák
mubaarák. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) mubārak. Prdm: i-decl. Obl,
Pl: -í.
úmur [úmur] ‫ع ُمر‬. n.masc. age. míi thíi
thúum.. I willšuéeli úmra úmur yaád thúum
remember your goodness all of my life. seteeṇíii úmra díi ɡéeḍi sarayiǰéeni
sarayiǰéeni.. She seems
teeṇí
older than her age. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
ˈumr. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: úmraúmra.
urbhíi [urbhíi] ‫اُربھی‬. v.intr. to fly, flutter.
ɡíi.. The bird flew away.
čalúṭi urbhé ɡíiurbhéenim..
phaaṭuuríia čamaní wée urbhéenim
Butterflies are fluttering around in thegarden. Morph: urbhí
urbhí--, urbhíit
urbhíit--. Etym:
154

urbhíitu

utráapaúdbharati ‘raises’ (T: 2038). Prdm: T. Prs:urbháanu. Pfv: urbhíitu.
urbháanuurbhíitu Cv: urbhé,
urbhé, urbhí.
urbhí
Imp: urbhí
urbhí.
urbhíitu [urbhíito] ‫اُربِھیت ْو‬. flew (masc sg).
See main entry: urbhíi
urbhíi.
urbhóo [urbhóo] ‫اُربھو‬. v.tr. to fly sth, makesth fly. lameeṭičhinilí ɡhaáu teeṇíi phúta nabhaéeni.. A tail-less cow cannot
urbháa bhaéeni
drive away the flies. Morph: urbhí
urbhí--á-. Prdm:
L:a. Prs: urbhaáanu
urbhaáanu. Pfv: urbhóolu
urbhóolu. Cv:
urbhaá.
urbhaá
urdú [urdú] ‫اُرد ْو‬. n.fem. Urdu (language).
Comp: Urdu (Turkish) urdū.
uṛiɡalíi [uɽiɡalíi] ‫اُڑِگلی‬. v.tr. to abandon,
leave; give up. aaxeér šumaalí húuši teeṇíi
uṛiɡeéli.. At last the North Wind gavekoošíš uṛiɡeéli
up her attempt. taním teeṇíi díiš uṛiɡeéluuṛiɡeélu..
They abandoned their village. be musibatíiuṛiɡalíia.. We will not
waxtíi akaadúi na uṛiɡalíia
leave one another in times of trouble. tasíiuḍheewíla.. His childrenǰóola tas uṛiɡalí uḍheewíla
abandoned him and ran away. Morph:uṛiɡalé--, uṛiɡeéluṛiɡeél--. See: ɡalíi ‘to throw’. Prdm:
uṛiɡaléT. Prs: uṛiɡaláanu
uṛiɡaláanu. Pfv: uṛiɡeéluuṛiɡeélu,, uṛiɡaílu
uṛiɡaílu. Cv:
uṛiɡalí. Imp: uṛiɡaláuṛiɡalá.
uṛiɡalíuṛiɡeélu [uɽiɡeélo] ‫اُڑِگیل ْو‬. abandoned(masc sg). See main entry: uṛiɡalíiuṛiɡalíi. Variant:uṛiɡaílu.
uṛiɡaílu
uṛíi [uɽíi] ‫اُڑی‬. v.tr. to pour, let out; let loose,
allow. bíiḍu saadsaadáá bhílu heentá
heentá,, koóuṛíin.. Someone becoming tooǰumeetí bi na uṛíin
simple won’t even be allowed into themosque. ṣiṣá wée ɡhiíṛ bi bilaá uṛíitu
heentá,, teeṇíi na bháanu
bháanu.. Even if you melt
heentá
ghee and pour it over his head, he’ll still

not be yours. thíi
thíi déeṛi uṛíitiee.
uṛíitiee. You havegrown a beard! maalí ǰabá the wíi uṛáanu.
uṛáanu.
The gardener is watering the lawn. ǰúumba.. Ima las mhaarúum uṛúum ba na thaní badetermined I would beat and kill it, andnot let it free. paačhambeé phat uthí taszhaáyuṛíiti.. Pashambi stood up and let
the zhaáy uṛíiti
him sit. Morph: uṛíuṛí--, uṛíit
uṛíit--. Etym: uḍḍāpayati‘flies up (caus)’ (T: 1697). Prdm: T. Prs:uṛáanu. Pfv: uṛíitu
uṛíitu. Cv: uṛíuṛí. Imp: uṛíuṛí.
uṛáanuuṛíitu [uɽíito] ‫اُڑِیت ْو‬. poured; let our; letloose (masc sg). See main entry: uṛíiuṛíi.
utháalu [utʰáalu] ‫اُتھال ْو‬. adj. high; tall(structure, etc.). Morph: uthál
uthál--. Etym:*utthala- ‘high’ (T: 1804). Fem agr: uthéeli
uthéeli.
uthéeli [utʰéeli] ‫تھیلی‬ْ ُ‫ا‬. high, tall (fem). See
main entry: utháalu
utháalu.
uthíi [utʰíi] ‫اُتھی‬. v.intr. to stand, get up. matháanu..
rhoošnaám waxtíi thíi uthí nimóos tháanu
I get up early in the morning to do myprayers. paačhambeé uthíitu seentá so bi
de.. Whenever Pashambi stood up, heuthíi dealso stood up. ak čhéeli maidúuna wée
híni.. In the field, a
dukhuráam ǰhulí uthí hínigoat was standing on two legs (Biori).
uthí.. Oh Bezad Khan, getbeezaadxaánoo uthí
up! Morph: uthí
uthí--, uthíit
uthíit--. Etym: *utthāti‘stands up’ (T: 1900). Prdm: T. Prs: utháanu
utháanu.
Pfv: uthíitu
uthíitu. Cv: uthíuthí. Imp: uthí
uthí.
ِ
ُ
uthíitu [utʰíito] ‫اتھیت ْو‬. stood, got up (mascsg). See main entry: uthíi
uthíi.
utráapa [utráapa] ‫اُتراپہ‬. v.intr. to run.
nikháatu.. The dog
kučúru utrapí ma díi teér nikháatu
ran and overtook me. se oóra ṣaá kaṭamúš
hína.. They saw
paší ba utrapíim yhóola hína155

utrapóo

wása

Katamosh from their side and camerunning. bhraáš bhóoi,
bhóoi, ma khinǰáanu.
khinǰáanu. na
utráapooi.. Slow down, I’m becoming tired.
utráapooi
Don’t run! so muxóok utrapílu
utrapílu.. He ran
ahead. Morph: utráp
utráp--. Variant: utráape(Biori). Etym: *uttarpati ‘jumps out’ (T:1782). Prdm: L:cons. Prs: utrapáan
utrapáanu
u. Pfv:
utrapílu. Cv: utrapí
utrapí.
utrapílu
utrapóo [utrapóo] ‫اُترپو‬. v.tr. to make (sb)run. Morph: utráp
utráp--á-. See: utráapa ‘to run’.
Variant: utrapúu (Biori).
uts [uts] ‫اُڅ‬. n.masc. spring (of water). Etym:
útsa- ‘spring of water (masc)’ (T: 1869).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
uṭíka [uʈíka] ‫اُٹِکہ‬. v.intr. to jump. ṭiinkúr parɡúum.. The grasshopper jumped upuṭikí ɡúumsuddenly. tíla na de xu uṭíka de andáa bhebhe..
It was not walking but jumping like this.
aṛasíi,, ǰanɡibaazxaaníiǰanɡibaazxaaníi,, ṣiṣáthéeba uṭikí ba aṛasíi
hašíli.. Then he jumped up andwée ɡɡhašíli
hašíligrabbed Jangibaz Khan by his hair. Morph:uṭík--. Variant: uṭíke (Biori). Prdm: L:cons.
uṭík
Prs: uṭikáanuuṭikáanu. Pfv: uṭikílu
uṭikílu. Cv: uṭikí
uṭikí.
úuč [úutɕ] ‫اُوچ‬. n.masc. Uch (place in Ashret
Valley). Prdm: a-decl. Obl: -a.
-úum [-úum] First person singular suffix(with a- and e-ending verb stems). Morph:um,, é-um
um. See main entry: -umum.
á-umux [ux] ‫اُخ‬. n.masc. camel. teeṇíi kaná ṣaá ta
pašáana,, duíi kaná ṣaá ba bóolu
ux na pašáana
pašawaáana.. One does not see the camel on
pašawaáana
one’s own shoulder, but points out the hairon the other’s shoulder. Variant: uṭ (Biori).
Comp: Pashto ūḱh. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aán
aán.
uxiaár [uxjaár] ‫اُخیار‬. adj.inv. wise, clever.
ɡaṭáana..
uxiaár xálak askóona ǰhulí duniaá ɡaṭáana
Wise people obtain the world with ease.
Variant: hušiaár (Biori). Comp: Pashto(Persian) (h)uḱh-yār.

wwáandu [wáandu] ‫واند ْو‬. conj. Participialwáǰa [wádʑa] ‫وجہ‬. n.masc. cause, reason

marker. ɡúum wáandu waxt ɡhireé nayháandu.. The time that has gone byyháandudoesn’t come back. thée ba tíi páanda teér
bhílu
hínu.. Then he toldbhíl
u wáandu qisá thíilu hínu
me the story of what had happened on theway. Restrict: Added to perfective verb
forms to clarify its participial function. See:bhaáu. Prdm: Uml. Fem: wéendi
wéendi.
bhaáu
waarɣaléṭi [waarɣaléʈi] ‫ٹی‬ْ ‫ورغل ْی‬. n.fem.
female goat (that has not given birth).
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.

(logic for doing sth). so teeṇíi anǰuróomii
wáǰa báandi bíiḍu looičáara heensílu de.
de. Hewas very proud of his own children [lit.
because of his children]. farišteém xudaáii
húkum na manainií wáǰa ǰhulí tas bíiḍu
díti.. The angels punishedziaát ɡooríi azaáb díti
him severely for not obeying God’scommand. Comp: Pashto (Arabic) wajhaˈh.
wása [wása] ‫وسہ‬. n.masc. strength, capacity.
wása
heensílu.. He had no
tasíi ba ɡa wá
sa na heensílu
strength [left].
156

watánwháidawatán [watán] ‫وطن‬. n.masc. country; area,

pro-form.
wéendi [wéendi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ویند‬. Adjectivizing or
nominalizing particle (fem). See main entry:
wáandu.
wáanduwhaalíi [whaalíi] ‫وھالی‬. v.tr. to bring sth or
sb downhill, take sth down, carry sth
down. wíi ba surmičaṇíi whaalíin dede.. They
used to draw water downhill from
Surmichan. tíi so meewá samaṭí ba booǰée
wheelílu.. He collected the fruit, put
wée de wheelílu
it in a bag and took it down [to his home].
phedóolu.. We
eetáai wheelí ɡhróoma phedóolu
brought him from there down to thevillage. asím ǰinaazá khaṣeelí wheelílu dede..
We had dragged the dead body down. ṭeekí
hínu.. They called him down. Morph:wheélu hínu
whaalé--, wheél
wheél--. See: whíi ‘to come down’.
whaalé
Prdm: L:e/T. Prs: whaaláanu
whaaláanu. Pfv: wheelílu
wheelílu,,wheélu,, whaílu
whaílu. Cv: wheelí
wheelí. Imp: whaalá
whaalá.
wheéluwháatu [wháatu] ‫وھات ْو‬. came down (mascsg). See main entry: whíi
whíi.
whaáu [whaáw] ‫وھاؤ‬. Adjectivizing andnominalizing particle. See main entry:bhaáu.
bhaáu
wháida [whájda] ‫وھئدہ‬. v.intr. to fall
(down). tas díi ṭhónɡi wíia whaidíti
whaidíti.. His axe
fell in the water. hiimeelí wée ma pičhilí
whaidítu.. I slipped [and fell] on the glacier.
whaidítu
heentá,, dhuweé bheáɡar se ṣéetim de heentá
heentá.. Were they to fight,
whaidítim de heentáboth of them would fall down. thíi sowhaidítu.. When youkuṇaák ṭookóolu ta so whaidítu
pushed that child, he fell. Morph: wháid
wháid--,
whaidít--. See: asárː asár wháida ‘towhaidít
influence’. Prdm: T. Prs: whaidáanu
whaidáanu. Pfv:

place. atshareetá bheší anú watán áa zanɡálde. When they settled in Ashret, this area
was a forest. aní wataní so maalík bhílu
bhílu.. He
became the ruler of this place. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) watan. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
waxt [waxt, wax] ‫وخت‬. n.masc. time. áak
eeteeṇú waxt yhóolu ki atshareetá wée
bhíla.. This was a time whenxálak biǰóola bhíla
the people of Ashret grew in numbers. áakkaṭamúš
katí waxtí maǰí kaṭamúš šóo čaáx bhílu
hínu.. After some time, Katamosh became
hínu
nice and fat. eesé waxtíi dáašee kušúni dede..
At that time, there were only ten
households. Variant: waqt
waqt. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) waqt. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
wazíir [wazíir] ‫وزِیر‬. n.masc. (prime)
minister. baačaá wazíirii aqalmandí pašíthíili..
teeṇíi baačaí wazíira the hawaalá thíili
When the king saw the wisdom of his
prime minister, he handed over his
kingdom to him. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
wazīr. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
wée [wée] ‫وے‬. post. in, on; into. aníi wée
hínu,, aninaám wíi keéna pilaáanu
pilaáanu.. Herewíi hínu
[lit. in this] is water, why not have them[the goats] drink? amzarée thíi káaṇa wée
mainíitu.. What did the lion whisper
ɡubáa mainíitu
in your ear? so aaweelíi ǰameetí wée sabáq
manáanu.. He is in first grade. hazratǰaán ba
manáanubhe.. Hazrat Janšíina wée bheší de andáa bhewas sitting on the bed like that. čéeri wéebaṭílu.. The fox could notluumáii dhut na baṭílu
get his mouth into the jug. Restrict: With
preceding oblique nominal argument or157

wheélu

xaamaár

whaidítu.
whaidítu Cv: whaidé,
whaidé, whaidí.
whaidí
wheélu [wheélo, whaílo] ‫وھیل ْو‬. carried
down (masc sg). See main entry: whaalíi.
whaalíi
Variant: whaílu
haílu,, wheelílu
wheelílu.
whéeti [whéeti] ‫وھیتی‬ْ . came down (femsg). See main entry: whíi
whíi.
whíi [whíi] ‫وھی‬. v.intr. to come down, comeorgodownhill/downstream.
baṭá
wháanda.. Stones are rollingḍuḍuríim wháanda
down. se dhrúuka wée dúu míila bhun
ma.. I came down two miles alongwháatu ma
the gorge. so padúši čhaalá ɡhiní wháandu
wháandu..
He is coming after [downhill] along withthe goats. ée wíi tu xu sóonii thíi wháandu
wháandu..
O water, you are obviously coming downfrom the pastures. baṣ hatí téez bhíluooḍháalwhéeti.. The rain became so strongooḍhá
al whéeti
that the area flooded (Biori). tasíi híṛa wée
whéeti.. Another idea entered his
dúi baát whéeti
mind [lit. came down into his heart].
Morph: whéi
whéi--, what
what--. Etym: *avavahati‘carries down’ (T: 841). Prdm: T. Prs:

wháandu.
wháandu Pfv Masc Sg: wháatu.
wháatu Pfv Fem Sg:
whéeti. Cv: whaí.
whéetiwhaí Imp: whá.
whá
wíi [wíi] ‫وی‬. n.masc. water. béeriṣa hiimaál
bháanu.. In the summer whenbiliǰí wíi ziaát bháanu
the glacier melts, there is plenty of water.
bhéeni.. Thisaní biǰlí wíia báandi paidóo bhéeni
electricity comes about by means of water.
hínu..
áaṇc̣a paší íṇc̣ii dhúta the wíi yhóolu hínu
When the bear saw the raspberries, hismouth began to water. tíi wíia wée ɡubáa
dhríiṣṭu.. She saw something in thešay dhríiṣṭu
water. róota c̣hóoṇ lamaáana dee
deesá
sá harí wíi
pilaáana.. During the night you need topilaáanahang up oak branches, and during the day
you need to give them [the goats] water todrink. Etym: udaká- ‘water (neut)’. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: -a.
 wíilu [wíilo] ‫وِیل ْو‬. adj. watery. Fem agr:wíili.
wíili
wíiwaywíiway [wíiwej] ‫ِیوئی‬ْ ‫و‬. n.masc. wife’s
brother. Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.

xxaadí [xaadí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫خاد‬. n.fem. happiness. se na— adv.deg. only, just. xaalí bhíšee dáaš kikatí heentá ma díi xalóos bhíla hína.
hína. Only
thirty people have escaped from me.
xaamaár [xaamaár] ‫خامار‬. n.masc. dragon;
big snake. táa ɡíia ta ɡíri ǰhulí xaamaár
dhreéɡ de hínuee níindram maǰí hínu
hínu.. And when they got there,aaraám ki hínu
they saw a dragon asleep, resting on a big
stone. Comp: Pashto khāmār. Prdm:
aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.

kasíi xaadí dac̣héeni,éeni, na kasíi marɡéeni.. It [the goat] does not care aboutdac̣héeni
anyone’s happiness or anyone’s death.
xaalí
xaalí [xaalí] ‫خالی‬ْ . adj.inv. empty; pure.
yháandu,, ḍhoór xaalí thaníyáandrii ta ma yháandu
manáanu.. I’m coming from the mill,ba tu manáanu
but you tell me that the grain container is
empty. anú piaalá xaalí hínu
hínu.. This cup isempty. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) khālī.

158

xaaná

xarčá

xaaná [xaaná] ‫خانہ‬. n.masc. shelf. Morph:men obtain the world easily. tíi teeṇíi
teeṇíi díišii
xalkíim the aní baát de ba maníitu ki...
ki... He
told the people of his own village this andsaid... ɡhueeṇíi
ɡhueeṇíi--am maníitu ki ni zinaawúr
hína.. The Pashtuns said, “These are
xálaka hínavery wild people.” táai dapáara ba máathe
da,, taktakṛṛá takṛá xálaka
xálaka.. For that,móoṇuṣa dayou should provide me with some men,strong people. deeúlii xálakam daawát díti
thíia.. The
atsharíitam the ki muqaabilá thíia
people of Dir issued an invitation to the
Ashretis to have a competition with them.
Restrict: With plural reference. Morph:
xalk--. Variant: xálaka
xálaka. Comp: Pashto (Arabic)xalkkhalḳ. Prdm: i-decl. Obl (pl): xalkíim
xalkíim,, xálaka
xálaka.
xapá [xapá, xafá] ‫خفہ‬. adj.inv. upset. xapábha,, típa bharíiwii ɡhoóṣṭ thíi asílna bhaɡhoóṣṭ.. Do not be upset, now yourɡhoóṣṭ
husband’s house is your real home.
Variant: xafá
xafá. Comp: Pashto/Urdu (Persian)khapah.
 xapá thíi v.tr:cjt.inc. to make sb upset.
thíilu.. He made me upset.
tíi ma xapá thíilu
xaraáp [xaraáp] ‫خراپ‬. adj.inv. bad; spoiled.
bhéeni.
bíiḍu táru bi dítu seentá xaraáp bhéeni.
Also, if it is given to her too soon, it will
harm her. čhópan xaraáp bhílu de ta tíi tas
ɡeélu.. The food had gone bad sopreeṣaá ɡeélu
she threw it away. Variant: xaróob
xaróob. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) kharāb.
xarčá [xartɕá] ‫خرچہ‬. n.masc. cost, expenses.
ɡhooṣṭíi khaamaád ba dúi xarčá bardaáš
tháanu.. The house owner bears the othertháanuexpenses. phaíi báabu ǰhaamatreé díi xarčá
dawaáanu.. The father of the girl alsobi dawaáanu

khāna.
khāna Comp: Urdu (Persian) khāna. Prdm:
ee-decl. Pl: xaaneé.
xaaneé
xaaráx [xaaráx] ‫خارخ‬. n.fem. itching. tasíi
bhíli.. His bodyuǰutí maǰí xaaráx paidóo bhíli
started itching. Comp: Pashto (Persian)khāriḱht. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
xabaár [xabaár] ‫خبار‬. n.fem. news. míi
náiniee.. Isn’t there any
yaaríi ɡa xabaár náiniee
news about my friend? Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) khabar. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl:
xabeerí.
xabeerí— adj.inv. informed, be aware of. aksár asíixabaáree.. You
índa ba šaralá ǰhaní bhéeni xabaáreeknow, often our weddings here take placein the autumn.
 xabaár
xabaár bhíi ‫خبار بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tocome to know. kareé so phoó sóona xabaár
bhílu hínu ki tasíi yaár wíia ɡíi thaní tíi bi
híni.. When the boyteeṇíi zaán wíia ɡaíli híni
received the news that his friend had gone
into the water, he also threw himself into
the water.
 xabaár díi ‫خبار دی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. toinform,announce.
c̣hatróolaanɡreezaanóom xabaár díti ki raáǰii
bháanu.. In Chitral, the British
muqaabilá bháanu
announced that there would be a
tug-of-war. sábur tha
tha,, míi maamayúm
xabaárdúum.. Just wait and I will informxaba
ár dúum
my uncles. Restrict: Fem agr with hostelement in pfv; postpositional object withthe.
the
xálak [xálak] ‫خلک‬. n.masc. people. uxiaárɡaṭáana.. Wisexálak askóona ǰhulí duniaá ɡaṭáana
159

xat

xu

demands [reimbursement for] expenses
from his son-in-law. Comp: Urdu (Persian)kharća. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: xarčeé
xarčeé.
xat [xat] ‫خط‬. n.fem. letter. tíi teeṇíi doostáčooṇṭéeli.. He wrote a letter to his
the xat čooṇṭéeli
friend. Comp: Urdu (Arabic) khatt, khat.
Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
xatrá [xatrá] ‫خطرہ‬. n.masc. danger.
bidráaɡuɡaḍílu.. The
ḍaakṭará bidráaɡu xatrá díi ɡaḍílu
doctor brought the patient out of danger.
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) khatra. Prdm:
ee-decl. Obl, Pl: xatreé
xatreé.
xátum [xátum] ‫خ ُتم‬. adj.inv. finished. asíiee
xátum.. The enmity between
laníi duṣmaní xátum
us and them has come to an end. Usage:
Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Arabic)
khatm.
 xátum bhíi ‫خ ُتم بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. tovanish, come to an end. eesé eendáa bhebhíla.. In that way they vanished.
xátum bhíla
heentá,, insaaníi zzindaɡíi
súuri na heentáindaɡíi bi xátum
bhíi.. If it were not for the sun, the life ofbhíi
man would be over.
 xátum thíi ‫خ ُتم تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to get
rid of, annihilate. tíi tanaám xátum the babhílu.. When he had
aní wataní so maalík bhílu
gotten rid of them, he became the ruler ofthis place. mac̣hookíi násal xátum thíila
thíila,,the.. They completely annihilatedbuṭheé the
Machoke’s kin.
xéer [xéer] ‫خیر‬. n.masc. happiness; safety.
hínu.. Todayáak índa ɡhuumaál díti xu xéer hínu
there was an earthquake here, but it is safe[now]. xéera sanɡí yhóoluee
yhóoluee.. Did you arrive

safely? Comp: Urdu (Arabic) khair. Prdm:
a-decl. Obl: -a.
xiaál [xijaál] ‫خیال‬. n.fem. opinion; thinking.
khóolu..
asíi xiaál ki ɡóo mheerílu heentá khóolu
We thought that he may have been killed
and eaten. thíi ɡa xiaál híni
híni.. What’s youropinion? Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Arabic) khayāl, khiyāl. Prdm: i-decl. Obl: -í.
 xiaál thíi ‫خیال تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. tothink, plan. áa deés se phoó xiaál thíili híni
ki tuúš čhoót míi se yaaríi rumeelí maǰí
ɡalúum.. One day the boyɡhaṇḍí wíia keéna ɡalúum
thought, “Why don’t I put some cheese in
my friend’s handkerchief and throw it into
the water?”xooṛá [xooɽá] ‫خوڑہ‬. n.masc. betrothal,engagement. xooṛéii bandbandubás
ubás bi dúu
híni.. There are two ways of getting
qismá híniengaged. Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: xooṛeé
xooṛeé.
xox [xox] ‫خ ْوخ‬. adj.inv. liked. thíi lo tilainiíma xox na. I don’t like that way you arewalking.
— n.masc. liking; choice. míi xox ki díišii
xox. I think like the rest of the village.
Variant: xoš (Biori). Comp: Pashto khwaḱh.
 xox bhíi ‫خ ْوخ بھی‬. v.intr:cjt.inc. to be
fond of, like. dúu ǰáana akaadúi xox bhíla
heentá,, se bhraawú bháanabháana.. If two persons
heentá
like each other, they become brothers. aní
kursíí ma xox bhíli
bhíli.. I like this chair.
kursbhílu.. They liked
imraaníi šišoó tanaám xox bhílu
Imran’s play.
xu [xu] ‫خ ْو‬. disc. but; however; although. ni
híni.. These must be thexu uxíi rhayíi híni160

xuaaíš

yaár

footprints of a camel. badaníi parhaár tabhéeni,, xu híṛii
lap saáz bhéenihíṛii parhaár ba lap saázbhéeni.. The wound of the body heals
na bhéeni
quickly, but the wound of the heart
doesn’t heal quickly. anú míi báabu na
na,,
manáana.. He is not myxálaka xu andáa manáana
father, although that is what people say.
Usage: In many cases a marker of
evidentiality. Comp: Pashto kho.
xuaaíš [xwaajíɕ] ‫خوائِش‬. n.fem. desire.
Usage: Primarily used as a host element incomplex predicates. Comp: Urdu (Persian)khẉāhish.
 xuaaíš thíi v.tr:cjt.ninc. to want, desire.
thaánu.. He desires aso áak kúṛi xuaaíš thaánu
woman.
xudaái [xudáj, xudaáj] ‫دائی‬ْ ‫ ُخ‬. n.masc. God.

eesé waxtíi peeɣambár tas the maníi de ki
sírif áak xudaáii ibaadát tha.
tha. The prophetof that time used to say to him, “Pray only
to the one God!” baṭá túuri ṭíinčuka the bi
xudaáii rízaq dáanu
dáanu.. God gives the daily
xudaá
bread even to the scorpion under thestone. tíi
tíi,, xudaái
xudaái,, asaám paidóo thíila hína
hína..
He, God, has created us. Comp: Pashtokhudā-e.
xušaán [xuɕaán] ‫خ ْوشان‬. adj.inv. happy.
beet--í ṣuṇí bíiḍu
kaṭamúš teeṇíi méemii beethínu.. Hearing these words
xušaán bhílu hínu
from his grandmother, Katamosh becamevery happy. táa tu bíiḍi xušaán hóonsaṛ
You will be very happy there. Variant:xošán (Biori). Comp: Urdu (Persian)khẉash, khush.

yyaá [jaá] ‫یا‬. conj. (either) or. díišii yaá teeṇíi

Etym: yavyá- ‘stream (fem)’ (T: 10442).
Prdm: a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.
yáandr [jáandɾ̥, jáandɾə] ‫یاندر‬. n.masc. mill.
Variant: yandr (Biori). Etym: yantrá‘controlling device; any implement orcontrivance (neut)’ (T: 10412). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.
yaár [jaáɾ] ‫یار‬. n. friend. bíiḍu muṣṭú dúu
maní.. A long timeǰáana bíiḍa yaaraán de maníago, there were two good friends. phoó
teeṇ
pičhóola.. The boy wipedteeṇíi yaaríi rúula pičhóola
his [lady] friend’s tears. míi yaaríi ɡanáiniee.. Isn’t there any news aboutxabaár náiniee
my friend? Usage: Can modify either maleor female referents, and is assigned genderqóomii áa ɡaḍheeró máhar ɡhiní phaíi
báabii zhayí the phrayáana.
phrayáana. A village elder
or an elder of their own tribe is being sentalong with the dowry to the girl’s father.
yhóolu,, áak eé šay
šay.. Ittu yhóolu yaá ma yhóolu
doesn’t matter whether you come or I do.
típa šay phedí asaám yaá ba khóo yaá ba na
khóo.. Now this thing will come here and it
khóo
will either eat us, or it will not eat us.
Comp: Urdu (Persian) yā.
yáab [jáab] ‫یاب‬. n.fem. irrigation canal.
taníi zamín bíiḍi de xu ba yáab na heensílide. They had plenty of land but there wasno irrigation canal. Variant: yab (Biori).
161

yákdamyíiṛi

accordingly. Comp: Urdu (Persian) yār.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán.
aán
yákdam [jákdam] ‫یکدم‬. adv.mann.
suddenly, at once. yákdam púši nikhéeti
nikhéeti,,ɡíia.. Suddenly thebuṭheé múuṣa uḍheewí ɡíiacat appeared, and all the mice fled. Comp:(Persian) yak-dam.
yambaáṭ [jambaáʈ, janbaáʈ] ‫یمباٹ‬. n.masc.
millstone. Morph: yáandr
yáandr--báaṭ
báaṭ. See: yáandr
‘mill’. Variant: yambáṭ (Biori). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: yambaṭá
yambaṭá.
yára [jára] ‫یرہ‬. mood. Expressing regret or
hesitation. ma ta ɡúum heentá yára
yára.. I wish
I had gone.
yéei [jéej] ‫ییئی‬ْ . n.fem. mother. yéei uthínáinu.. Theanɡaá bhe dac̣híi ta kuṇaák náinu
mother woke up and saw that her child
was not there. tas the yéeii baát yaád bhíli
faaidá.. He remembered what his
xu ɡa faaidámother had said, but to no avail. Variant:yái (Biori). Etym: āryikā- ‘respectablewoman (fem)’ (T: 1351). Prdm: m-decl. (Obl):yéeya. Pl: -m.
yéeya
yhéeli [jhéeli] ‫یھیلی‬ْ . came (fem sg). See
main entry: yhíi
yhíi. Variant: yéeli (Biori).
yhíi [jhíi] ‫یھی‬. v.intr. to come, arrive. tu índibheš.
yhaí ba ma kéeči the nhiáaṛa bheš. Comehere and sit down next to me! so ǰhaáṭ
yháandu.. It [the creature]khaṣeelíim yháandu
comes dragging its fur. eetáai aawaáz
yháandu.. A sound is coming from there.
yháandunaɡarǰutí yhéeli tas díi khooǰóolu kanáa
bhíli.. When Nagarjuti came, he asked her,bhíli
“What happened [to you]?” ma bhíiru
yhúum.. I will comeɡhiní thíi ɡhooṣṭá the yhúum

to your house along with a he-goat. áa baṭáǰhulí dhreéɡ de ba níindram ɡíi áa buzrúɡ
yhóolu.. She stretched out on aac̣híiam yhóolu
stone, fell asleep, and had a dream about apious man. eesé deesá phaí wíia the yhéeli
híni.. On this particular day the girl had
híni
come to the water. Morph: yhéi
yhéi--.
— v.cop. to be, become, come (intoexistence). tasíi xaaneé muxtalíf muxtalíf
yháanda.. There are different kinds ofyháandashelves. aṛé dhuyáama ǰéeli pahúrta ba seyhéendi.. When itɡéeḍi čhéeli heesóoba ki yhéendi
has given birth a second time, it becomesequal in size to a grown she-goat. tasíi
yhéeli.. There was a famine inwataní qaatí yhéeli
his country. tasíi se hukumatí the ɡayhéeli.. Somehow his government
kamzoorí yhéeli
became weak. Variant: yíi (Biori). Etym: yāt́ i‘goes, approaches, comes to’ (T: 10452).
Prdm: L:minor. Prs: yháandu
yháandu. Pfv Masc Sg:
yhóolu. Pfv Fem Sg: yhéeli
yhéeli. Cv: yhaíyhaí. Imp:yhóoluyha.
yhayhóolu [jhóolo] ‫یھول ْو‬. came (masc sg). See
main entry: yhíi
yhíi. Variant: yúulu (Biori).
yhúṇḍi [jhúɳɖi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ ُیھنڈ‬. n.fem. small stick.
Prdm: m-decl. Pl: -m.
yíiṛi [jíiɽi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫یِیڑ‬. n.fem. sheep, ewe. so teeṇíi
ɡirílu.. He turnedkúṛii maxadúši wée yíiṛu ɡirílu
into a sheep in front of his own wife. yíiṛi
kuuntsáanu.. Even the ram
paší miṇḍ bi kuuntsáanu
grunts after seeing the ewe. yíiṛi památa,, tas ba ɡhaší nieeṭíli
nieeṭíli.. The
buleeḍí ɡíi ta
sheep went to search for wool, butsomeone caught it and sheared its wool off[Proverb]. Variant: íiṛi (Biori). Etym: ēḍa- ‘a
162

yúun

zariṇoókind of sheep (masc)’ (T: 2512). Prdm:
m-decl. Pl: -m.
yúun [júun] ‫ ُیون‬. n.fem. moon; month. deesá
bhíla,, hafteé yhóola
yhóola,, baát yúunam theteér bhílaɡíi.
ɡíi. Days went by, weeks went by, and thenthey became months. Etym: *yōtsnā‘moonlit night; moonlight’ (T: 5301). Prdm:
a-decl. Obl, Pl: -a.

zzaalím [zaalím] ‫ظالِم‬. n.masc. brute, cruelfarming. míi báabu áak zamindaár míiš.
míiš. My
father is a farmer [lit. a farming man].
— n.masc. farmer. Comp: Urdu (Persian)zamīndār. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
zanɡál [zaŋɡál] ‫زنگل‬. n.fem. forest. áak
maaspaxiníi so teeṇíi bakáara ɡhiní zanɡalíi
nikháatu
maní.. One
páanda de ɡiḍá dúši nikháa
tu maníafternoon he set out to Damel, through theforest along with his flock. zanɡál načhínooi,, ooḍhóol nikhíi
nikhíi.. Do not cut downčhínooi
the forest, or it will flood. ée zanɡalíi
kha.. O king of the forest,
baačaá ma típa na kha
don’t eat me now! atshatshareetá
areetá bheší anúde.. When they settled inwatán áa zanɡál de
Ashret, this area was a forest. Comp: Pashtodzanɡal. Prdm: i-decl. Obl, Pl: -í.
zariiá báandi [zaɾijá báandi] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ذرِیہ باند‬.
post. with the help of. uc̣hí ba se čútime
zariiá báandi so baṭ huṇṭeɡiráak uc̣híɡaláanu se kúuka se muṭá bhešanií the nauṛáanu.. After picking it up, he wasuṛáanuthrowing the stone upwards with the helpof his paws, not letting the crows sit downin the tree (Biori). Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) zarīˈa, zariˈa; Pashtobāndi.
zariṇoó [zaɾiɳoó] ‫زرِݨو‬. n.masc. descendantof Zarin; member of the Zarine clan (inperson. tas mheerí ɡalí zaalimaanóom.
zaalimaanóom.
Some cruel people had killed him. Comp:
Urdu (Arabic) zālim. Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á.
Pl: -aánán.
zaán [zaán] ‫زان‬. n.fem. self. kóoka teeṇíi
thíili.. How did thezaán kanáa the xalóos thíili
crow set itself free? kareé so phoó sóona
xabaár bhílu hínu ki tasíi yaár wíia ɡíi thaníhíni.. When thetíi bi teeṇíi zaán wíia ɡaíli híni
boy received the news that his friend hadgone into the water, he also threw himself
into the water. áak musaafár ɡárumde.. A travelleršukhaáu ǰaní pailaá yhíi decame along wrapped in a warm cloak.
Usage: Primarily functioning pronominallyalong with the reflexive pronoun teeṇíi inthe object position as a phrase
co-referential with the clause subject.
Variant: ǰaánǰaán. Etym: jána- ‘race, person(masc)’ (T: 5098). Prdm: i-decl. Obl: ǰaníǰaní.
zamaaná [zamaaná] ‫زمانہ‬. n.masc. age; time.
de.. It was a dark age.
c̣hiṇ zamaaná dede..
muṣtóoi zamaanáii áak baačaá heensílu deOnce a long time ago, there was a king.
Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) zamāna.
Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: zamaaneé
zamaaneé.
zamindaár [zamindaáɾ] ‫ز ِمندار‬. adj.inv.
163

zarurízinaawúr

Ashret). Prdm: ee-decl. Pl: zariṇeé.
zariṇeézarurí [zaɾuɾí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫ضرور‬. n.fem. necessity;
importance. mulóo haansainií bíiḍu zarurízarurí..
The presence of a mullah is important.
tipúka ni ba khayí hína dhiiá díi khooǰainiíbháanu.. Nowadays there are thosezarurí bháanu
for whom it is necessary to ask theirdaughter [who she wants to be marriedto]. Variant: zarurát
zarurát. Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) ẓarūrī.
zaxmát [zaxmát] ‫زخمت‬. n.fem. trouble,
curse. tu índa yhainií tuúš zaxmát thíiṛee
thíiṛee..
Would you make the trouble to comehere? Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) zaḥmat.
záxum [záxum] ‫زخم‬. n.masc. wound.
bháanu.. Thekhanɡaríie záxum lab saáz bháanu
wound of a sword heals quickly. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) zakhm.
zeerí [zeeɾí] ‫ی‬ْ ‫زیر‬. n.fem. supplication;
request. Usage: Primarily used as a hostelement in complex predicates. Comp: Urdu
(Persian) zārī.
 zeerí thíi ‫ی تھی‬ْ ‫زیر‬. v.tr:cjt.ninc. to beg,request. taním zeerí thíili ki kaseé the namaní,, asaám sanɡí šuéeli thatha.. They beggedmaní
her to be so kind as to not tell anyone else.
Restrict: Fem agr with host element in pfv.
zeṛzeṛ [zeɽ] ‫ز ْیڑ‬. adj.inv. yellow. Comp: Pashto
zi-yarr.
zhaáy [zhaáj] ‫زھائی‬ْ . n.fem. place; property.
baḍilúmii.. The placele muxaamúx zhaáy baḍilúmii
opposite to that belongs to the Badile.
bhešéeni..
čhéeli bi teeṇíi zhaáy khooṇṣí bhešéeni
Even the goat cleans out [lit. digs] its place
before sitting down. se zhaáy bíiḍi naawás

de. The place was very dangerous. niním
eetí ɣaltí thíili híni ki teeṇíi zhaáy ɡaḍí
híni.. The fault they committed was
kríinti hínisuch that they sold their property. Variant:zhái (Biori). Comp: Pashto dzāˈe. Prdm:
i-decl. Obl, Pl: zhayí
zhayí.
ziaarát [zjaaɾát] ‫زِیارت‬. n.fem. shrine, grave.
akáaš kaalá padúši tas the dúu ziaaratí
dítim.. Eleven years later he cameḍhooá dítim
upon two graves (Biori). Comp: Urdu
(Persian/Arabic) ziyārat. Prdm: i-decl. Pl: -í.
ziaát [zjaát] ‫زِیات‬. quant. much, most;plenty, a great deal of. tasíi bakáaramii
bhílu.. His flock provided plentyc̣hiír ziaát bhílu
of milk. čhéelii faaidá bi bíiḍu ɡáaḍuɡáaḍu,,
ziaát.. There are really greatkaṛaáw bi bíiḍu ziaát
benefits from having goats, but there isalso a great deal of effort. kirá ba eesé
alaaqá.. A
waxtíi ziaát díin de aní šumaalí alaaqá
great deal of snow fell during that time inthis northern area. Comp: Pashto zīˈāt.
— adv.deg. largely, much. so bíiḍu ziaát xafábhílu.. He became extremely upset. ǰabábhílu
heentá,, mašín ɡɡhiníbíiḍu ziaát baḍilu heentá
hiní
lunáanu.. If the lawn grows very much, helunáanutakes the machine and mows it.
zimawaár [zimawaáɾ] ‫ذمہ وار‬. adj.inv.
responsible. máathe míi nóo de maníitu kitu.. They called myasíi ráaǰamii zimawaár tu
name and told me to take responsibility
for their ropes. Comp: Urdu (Persian/Arabic) zimma; Urdu (Persian) wār.
zinaawúr [zinaawúɾ] ‫زِناور‬. adj.inv. wild,
uncivilized; powerful. ni bíiḍa zinaawúr
hína.. These are very wild people.
xálaka hína164

zindá

ẓhaṇẓíir

Comp: Pashto dzanāwar.
— n.masc. beast, animal. se zinaawuraán
zinaawuraán xu
khóon.. The beast will eat me. zanɡalíi
ma khóon
baačaá ki tasíi nóo amzarái manáana
asareetaá tíi ṣúuntu de ki zanɡalíi
hínu..
zinaawuróom díi insaán thaní áa šay hínu
The king of the jungle, whose name in
Ashreti is amzarái
amzarái, heard from the animalsof the forest of a creature called “man”.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.
zindá [zindá] ‫زِندہ‬. adj.inv. living. Comp:
Urdu (Persian) zinda.
 zindá thíi ‫زِندہ تھی‬. v.tr:cjt.inc. to save(metaphorically). aníi asíi nóo zindá thíilu
thíilu..
He [this person here] has saved our
reputation.
 zindaɡí ‫زِندگی‬. n.fem. life. zindaɡíi ɡaْ
eetibaár.. What guarantee is there in life?
eetibaárheentá,, insaaníi zindaɡí bi xátum
súuri na heentábhíi.. If it weren’t for the sun, the life ofbhíi
man would be over.
zir [zir] ‫زِر‬. quant. thousand. eesé baačaáii
maní.. It has
bóoš zára kuṛíina heensílim de maníbeen said that the king had twelve

thousand wives. Variant: áak zir;
zir hazáar.
hazáar
Comp: Pashto zær. Pl: zára.
zára
zoór [zoóɾ] ‫زور‬. adj.inv. strong, difficult. aṛíimaníitumaníitu ki míi rasuulíi ṣiṣ kaṭ thainií zoór
He said, “It is difficult to cut the head off
my prophet.” Comp: Urdu (Persian) zor.
— n.fem. power, force; harshness. asaám
the anú alaaqá asimeé teeṇíi zoorí báandi
bhaáu.. This area has become oursɡhíinu bhaáu
by taking it with our own strength. so tabaasoólu.. Hebíi de xu míi ba tas zooríimii baasoólu
was leaving, but I forced him to stay.
bháana..
heewandíi zoór aksár ǰandeé tróka bháana
Due to the harshness of the winter, thegoats often become weak. Prdm: i-decl.
Obl: -í.
zuaán [zwaán] ‫زوان‬. adj.inv. young. ma bade.. I was a strong youngɡáaḍu zuaán míiš deman. Comp: Pashto dzwān.
— n.masc. young man; youth. míišii putr
seentá,, tas the kúṛikareé zuaán bhílu seentátháanu.. A man arranges
dawainií bandubás tháanu
a marriage when his son becomes of age.
Prdm: aan-decl. Obl: -á. Pl: -aán
aán.

ẓẓamí [ʐamí] ‫ڙمی‬ْ . n.masc. sister’s husband.

(fem)’ (T: 5200). Prdm: aan-decl. Pl: -aán.
aánẓhaṇẓíir [ɖʐʰaɳɖʐíiɾ] ‫ڙھنڙِیر‬. n.masc. chain.
Variant: ẓ(h)aṇẓéer (Biori). Prdm: a-decl.
Obl, Pl: -a.

Etym: jāmí- ‘related as brother and sister;brother (masc); sister (fem); relative(masc); female relative esp. son’s wife

165

a

attachEnglish-Palula index

A - aa áa (2); áak.
áakabandon uṛiɡalíi.
uṛiɡalíiabduct háara.
háara
ablution audás.
audás
about ǰhulí;ǰhulí qariibán.
qariibánabove rhalá.
rhalá
above (from) húṇḍii,húṇḍii see: huṇḍhuṇḍ.
ṇḍ
accomodate baasóo.
baasóoaccompany malɡíri bhíi,
bhíi see: malɡíri.
malɡíriacross phaár;
phaár pharé.
pharé
act (to) čoolaá bhíi,
bhíi see: čoolaá.
čoolaá
action amál.
amál
actually rištaá.
rištaá
additional baaqimaandá.
baaqimaandá
address páta.
páta
admit qabúl thíi,
thíi see: qabúl.
qabúl
adult ɡáaḍu.
ɡáaḍu
aeroplane ǰahaáz.
ǰahaázaffect asár thíi,
thíi see: asár;
asár asár wháida,wháida see:alone khilaí.
khilaí
along ɡhiní;ɡhiní pharé.
pharéalso bi.
bialthough xu.
xu
among maǰí.
maǰí
amulet teewíz.
teewízan áa (2); áak.
áakand ba;ba ee2; óo3; oór;
oór ta.
taangel farištá.
farištáanimal zinaawúr.
zinaawúr
announce ilaán thíi,
thíi see: ilaán;ilaán xabaár díi,
díi
see: xabaár
xabaár.

announcement ilaán.
ilaán
another dúi.
dúi
any ɡa.
ɡaanybody kií ɡalá,
ɡalá see: ɡalá.
ɡalá
appear ḍhoó díi,
díi see: ḍhoó;ḍhoó nikhíi;
nikhíi ṣáača (3).
apple babaáy.
babaáyapply malíi.
malíi
appointed muqarár.
muqarár
approximately qariibán.
qariibánapricot aaṣaáṛ.
aaṣaáṛ
are hína1.
area alaaqá.
alaaqá
arise paidóo bhíi,
bhíi see: paidóo;
paidóo ṣáača (3).
arm múṭi.
múṭiaround čaapheér;čaapheér teér čaapheér,čaapheér see:

asár.
asár

afflicted (become) asár bhíi,
bhíi see: asár.
asár
affliction asár.
asár
after baád;
baád pahúrta;pahúrta patú.
patú
afternoon dhrumanaám.
dhrumanaám
again áa hóola;hóola dubaará;
dubaará ɡhireé.
ɡhireé
age úmur;úmur zamaaná.
zamaanáage (to) buuḍíi.
buuḍíiaged kaalúku,
kaalúku see: kaál.
kaál
agree qabúl thíi,
thíi see: qabúl;
qabúl raazí bhíi,
bhíi see:čaapheér;čaapheér teér čaapheér,čaapheér see: teér.
teér

arrange bandubás thíi,
thíi see: bandubás.
bandubásarrangement bandubás.
bandubásarrive phéda.
phéda
arrow kóoṇ.
kóoṇ
as kareé ɡalá,
ɡalá see: ɡalá;
ɡalá ki.
ki
ask dawóo;
dawóo khooǰóo.
khooǰóo
at sanɡí;sanɡí the.
theattach laɡayíi.
laɡayíi

raazí.
raazí

ahead muṣṭú ɡiraá,
ɡiraá see: muṣṭú;muṣṭú muxóok;
muxóokphará ɡiraá,
ɡiraá see: phará.
phará

alive ǰáandu.
ǰáanduall buṭheé.
buṭheé
allow uṛíi.
uṛíi
alms baxšíš.
baxšíš

166

attack

branchattack hamlá.
hamlá
attack (to) hamlá thíi,
thíi see: hamlá.
hamlá
attempt koošíš.
koošíš
aunt méeši;méeši phéepi.
phéepi

autumn šaraál.
šaraálavalanche hiimaál.
hiimaál
axe traac̣ṭhonɡí,honɡí see: traác̣; ṭhónɡi.
ṭhónɡiB - bback ḍóok.
ḍóokback (direction) patú ɡiraá,
ɡiraá see: patú.
patú
bad kháaču;kháaču xaraáp.
xaraápbag khaláaṛu;khaláaṛu khaléeṛi.
khaléeṛi
bald lhéṇḍu;lhéṇḍu lhístu.
lhístuball bhaampú.
bhaampúbank beénk.
beénk
bar (iron) ǰabál.
ǰabálbark (to) bhóoša.
bhóošabarren lhístu.
lhístubath ɣúsul;ɣúsul laambú.
laambú
bathe ɣúsul thíi,
thíi see: ɣúsul;ɣúsul laambú ǰíi,ǰíi see:below túuri;túuri ṭópa.
ṭópa
below (from) bhuníi,
bhuníi see: bhun.
bhun
beneath túuri.
túuri
benefit faaidá.
faaidá
betrothal xooṛá.
xooṛá
between méeǰi.
méeǰibig čóolu;čóolu ɡáaḍu;ɡáaḍu ɡháanu.
ɡháanubird čalúṭi.
čalúṭibite (to) čukíi
čukíi.
bitter tríṣṭu.
tríṣṭublack kriṣíṇu.
kriṣíṇu
blade phúṭi.
phúṭi
blame ṭáka.
ṭáka
blame (to) ṭáka díi,
díi see: ṭáka.
ṭáka
bleat bhóoša.
bhóošablessing umbaarák.
umbaarákblind ṣíiṛu.
ṣíiṛu
blinking ac̣hikhípi,
ikhípi see: ac̣híi.
íiblood ráat.
ráat
blow (to) phuukíi.
phuukíi
blue níilu.
níilu
body huǰút.
huǰútboil ɡhuáaṛa;ɡhuáaṛa ɡhuaṛóo.
ɡhuaṛóo
bolt kharéeṛi.
kharéeṛi
bone haáḍ.
haáḍbook kitaáb.
kitaábbore (to) bóor thíi,
thíi see: bóor.
bóor
bored bóor.
bóor
both bi ... bi,
bi see: bi;bi dhueé.
dhueé
bottle (to) ṣúuṛi díi,
díi see: ṣúuṛi.
ṣúuṛibow (to) naamíi.
naamíibowl looṛí.
looṛíboy lhoóku;
lhoóku phoó.
phoó
bracelet banɡlái.
banɡlái
braid (to) buṭíi
buṭíi.
branch šóonɡ.
šóonɡlaambú.
laambú

bathroom ɣusulxaaná,ɣusulxaaná see: ɣúsul.
ɣúsul
battle ǰanɡ.
ǰanɡbazaar baazóor.
baazóorbe hóonsa;
hóonsa yhíi.
yhíi
beam bheénš;
bheénš čauráts.
čaurátsbear iṇc̣.
bear (to) bardaáš thíi,
thíi see: bardaáš.
bardaáš
beard déeṛi.
déeṛibeast zinaawúr.
zinaawúr
beat (to) bhanǰóo;bhanǰóo ǰíi.
ǰíibeautiful šišáwušišáwu.
because keéki,
keéki see: keé.
keé
become bhíi.
bhíi
bed šíin.
šíin
bedding baastaár.
baastaár
bed-frame šeenbóo.
šeenbóo
before díi maxadúši,
maxadúši see: díi;
díi díi muṣṭú,muṣṭú see:díi;
díi muṣṭú;muṣṭú díi ... muṣṭú,muṣṭú see: muṣṭú.
muṣṭú

beg zeerí thíi,
thíi see: zeerí.
zeerí
begin široó bhíi,
bhíi see: široó.
široó
behaviour kráam.
kráam
behind padúši;
padúši patú;
patú patuíi,
patuíi see: patú.
patú
belly ḍheér.
ḍheér
167

bravecoldnessbrave hileéṛ.
hileéṛ
bread ɡúuli;ɡúuli phooṭóo;phooṭóo ṭíki.
ṭíki
break damá.
damá
break (to) phaalíi;phaalíi phúuṭa.
phúuṭabride ǰhambréeṛi.
ǰhambréeṛi
bridegroom ǰhambróoṛu.
ǰhambróoṛu
bring aṭíi;aṭíi háara;háara phedóo;
phedóo ukuaalíi;
ukuaalíi whaalíi.
whaalíi
Britain bartaaniá.
bartaaniá
British bartaanyáii,bartaanyáii see: bartaaniá
bartaaniá.
iábrook néeṛi.
néeṛi
brother bhróo;
bhróo káaku.
káaku
brotherhood bhraawéeli.
bhraawéeli
brother-in-law saaṇḍú;saaṇḍú wíiway;
wíiway ẓamí.
ẓamíbrute zaalím.
zaalímbucket baalṭí.
baalṭí
buffalo saṇḍá.
saṇḍá
build saáz thíi,
thíi see: saáz;
saáz samóo.
samóo
bull ɡúu.
ɡúu
bundle bhéṭi.
bhéṭiburden bháaru.
bháaruburn daáǰa.
daáǰa
burnt daádu.
aádu
bury ḍhanɡóo.
ḍhanɡóo
busy mušqúl.
mušqúlbut ba;ba bálki;bálki xu.
xu
buy ɡhína.
ɡhína
by báandi;báandi ṣaá.
ṣaá

C - c
calf bac̣húuṛu.
úuṛucall (to) buláaḍa;buláaḍa maníi;
maníi thaníi;
thaníi ṭaakíi.
ṭaakíicalled thaní (2).
camel ux.
ux
can (be able) bhóo.
bhóo
canal yáab.
yáabcancelled kansál.
kansálcapacity wása.
wása
capital daarulxilaafá.
daarulxilaafácard (to) buc̣húṇa.
úṇacare phóom.
phóom
care (to) phóom thíi,
thíi see: phóom;
phóom saatíi.
saatíicarpenter tarkaáṇ.
tarkaáṇ
carry ḍóo thíi,
thíi see: ḍóo;ḍóo káand díi,
díi see: káand;káand

cheap aarzaán.
aarzaán
cheek kooɡái.
kooɡáicheese čhoót.
čhoótchest kiroóṛ.
kiroóṛ
chicken oóṛ.
oóṛ
child kuṇaák
kuṇaák; lhoóku.
lhoókuchildren baalbáč.
baalbáč
chisel téec̣i.
choice xox.
xox
churn matíi.
matíi
cigarette siɡréṭ.
siɡréṭ
clan qabiilá;
qabiilá qóom.
qóom
class ǰamaát.
ǰamaátclay číčal.
číčal
clean paák.
paák
clean (to) pičhóo.
pičhóoclear up beedhríi.
beedhríi
clever makrái,
makrái see: mákara;
mákara uxiaár.
uxiaárclimb ráal bhíi,
bhíi see: ráal;
ráal ṣáača (2).
cloak šukhaáu.
šukhaáu
close (to) lišóo;
lišóo piṭíi.
piṭíi
clothes paaṇṭí.
paaṇṭí
coal čuúr.
čuúr
coat šukhaáu.
šukhaáu
cold šidáalu,šidáalu see: šid.
šid
coldness šid;šid šidalaár,šidalaár see: šid.
šid

ukuaalíi;
ukuaalíi whaalíi.
whaalíi

case taaríx.
taaríxcat púši;púši púšu.
púšu
catch ɡhašíi.
ɡhašíicattle ɡookhúr.
ɡookhúr
cause wáǰa.
wáǰa
cause (to) thawóo.
thawóocave ɣaár;
ɣaár keéṇ.
keéṇ
chain ẓhaṇẓíir.
ẓhaṇẓíir
chair kursí.
kursí
challenge (to) ṭinɡ bhíi,
bhíi see: ṭinɡ.
ṭinɡcharge (to) ṭoóp thíi,
thíi see: ṭoóp.
ṭoóp
168

collectdirectioncollect čooṭíi;čooṭíi ǰáma thíi,
thíi see: ǰáma;ǰáma samaṭíi.
samaṭíi
colour ráanɡ.
ráanɡ
come nikhíi;
nikhíi ukhíi;
ukhíi whíi;
whíi yhíi.
yhíi
companion malɡíri.
malɡíricompete muqaabilá thíi,
thíi see: muqaabilá.
muqaabilácomplete purá.
purá
complete (to) purá thíi,
thíi see: purá.
purá
completed paás.
paás
condition haál3; haalaát.
haalaát
congratulation umbaarák.
umbaarák
consider číta.
číta
consult ǰarɡá thíi,
thíi see: ǰarɡá.
arɡá
consultation mašwará.
mašwarácontest muqaabilá.
muqaabilá
contract ṭeeká.
ṭeeká
contractor ṭeekadaár,ṭeekadaár see: ṭeeká.
ṭeeká
control (to) ṭinɡ thíi,
thíi see: ṭinɡ.
ṭinɡ
cook (to) pačóo.
pačóo
cooked páaku.
páaku
coolness šidaloó,šidaloó see: šid.
šid
copy náqal.
náqal
copy (to) náqal thíi,
thíi see: náqal.
náqal
corner kúuṇ.
kúuṇ
corpse ǰinaazá.
ǰinaazácost xarčá.
xarčá
council ǰarɡá.
ǰarɡácountry watán.
watán
cow ɡhaáu.
ɡhaáu
crack kuḍiṣoóṛ,kuḍiṣoóṛ see: kuḍkuḍ.
crack (to) phúuṭa.
phúuṭacreate paidóo thíi,
thíi see: paidóo.
paidóocreature šáy.
šáy
crop fásil.
fásil
cross láanɡa.
láanɡacrow kóok.
kóok
crown taáǰ.
taáǰ
cry číɣi.
číɣi
cry (to) číɣi díi,
díi see: číɣi.
číɣi
cultivate bhayíi.
bhayíicunning mákara.
mákaracunning (be) makrái,
makrái see: mákara.
mákaracup piaalá.
piaalá
cupboard aalmaarí.
aalmaarícurrent mauǰudá,mauǰudá see: mauǰúd.
mauǰúdcurse zaxmát.
zaxmátcurse (to) háanǰa díi,
díi see: háanǰa.
háanǰacustom dasturá;
dasturá riwaayát.
riwaayátcut (to) čhína;
hína lúna;
lúna phaalíi;phaalíi ṭoḍusóo.
ṭoḍusóo

D - ddanger xatrá.
xatrá
dangerous naawás.
naawásdarkness c̣hiṇ.
iṇ
date taaríx.
taaríxdaughter dhií.
dhiídaughter-in-law bhoóy.
bhoóy
day deés.
deésdead múṛu.
múṛudeaf bhúuru.
bhúurudeath marɡmarɡ.
debt qarzá.
qarzá
decide iraadá thíi,
thíi see: iraadá.
iraadá
decision iraadá;
iraadá ǰarɡá.
ǰarɡádeed kráam.
kráam
defeat haár.
haár

defeat (to) haár díi,
díi see: haár;
haár ṭópa díi,
díi see:
ṭópa.
ṭópa

defiled ǰhuṭá.
ǰhuṭá
demon bhalaá;bhalaá ṭhaaṭáaku.
ṭhaaṭáaku
deodar loomúṭ.
loomúṭ
describe bayaán thíi,
thíi see: bayaán.
bayaándesign ḍizeén.
ḍizeéndesire rháai;
rháai xuaaíš.
xuaaíš
desire (to) xuaaíš
xuaaíš thíi,
thíi see: xuaaíš.
xuaaíš
detailed purá.
purá
die máara.
máara
different muxtalíf.
muxtalíf
difficult muškíl;muškíl naawás;
naawás zoór.
zoór
difficulty musibát.
musibát
dig karooṛíi.
karooṛíi
direction taráp.
taráp
169

dirtyevery

dirty axsaá;
axsaá ǰhuṭá.
ǰhuṭá
disappear fanaá bhíi,
bhíi see: fanaá;
fanaá phus bhíi,
bhíi

downward bhun ɡiraá,
ɡiraá see: bhun.
bhun
drag (to) khaṣaalíi.
khaṣaalíi
dragon aǰdahaá;aǰdahaá xaamaár.
xaamaár
draught kaš.
kašdraw dhrakíi.
dhrakíi
dress (to) ṣaawóo (2).
drink (to) dhruusíi;
dhruusíi píla.
píladriver oostóoz.
oostóoz
drop ṭip.
ṭipdrop (to) lháasa;lháasa šíia.
šíiadrum támbul.
támbuldry šúku.
šúkudry (to) šúša.
šúša
duck héeṛi.
héeṛi
dull búku.
búku
dumb čaaṛaá.
čaaṛaá
dung póoṣ.
póoṣ
during maǰí.
maǰí
dust (to) pičhóo.
pičhóoduty ḍipṭí.
ḍipṭí

see: phus.
phus

discuss khóṇḍa.
hóṇḍadisgrace bheezatí.
bheezatídisgrace (to) bheezatí thíi,
thíi see: bheezatí.
bheezatídispute (to) ṣáača (1).
disturb bhaaruṛóo.
bhaaruṛóo
divide (to) bhaaɡíi.
bhaaɡíi
djinn peerái.
peeráido thíi1.
doctor ḍaakṭár.
ḍaakṭár
dog kučúru;kučúru kuṇéeki;kuṇéeki kuṇóoku.
kuṇóoku
donate baxíi.
baxíi
donkey khaár;
khaár khári.
khári
door dáar;
dáar darwoozá.
darwoozá
double ḍábal.
ḍábal
doubt šak.
šak
down bhun;
bhun bhuná,
bhuná see: bhun.
bhun
downhill bhunimaá,bhunimaá see: bhun.
bhun

E - e
ear káaṇ.
káaṇ
early raɣáṣṭi.
raɣáṣṭi
earn ɡaṭíi.
aṭíiearth dharaáṇ.
dharaáṇ
earthquake ɡhuumaál.
ɡhuumaál
easily askóona ǰhulí,ǰhulí see: askóon.
askóoneasy askóon.
askóoneat khóo.
khóoedge phúṭi.
phúṭi
education taalím.
taalímeffect asár.
asár
effort kaṛaáw.
kaṛaáw
egg haṇoó.
haṇoóeight áaṣṭ.
áaṣṭeighteen aṣṭóoš.
aṣṭóoš
eighteenth aṣṭaašúma.
aṣṭaašúma
eighth aṣṭúma.
aṣṭúmaeighty čúur bhišá,
bhišá see: čúur.
čúur
elbow muuṣoó.
muuṣoó
elder ɡhaḍeeró;ɡhaḍeeró paṇardóoṛu.
paṇardóoṛu

elevated awaaɡír.
awaaɡír
eleven akóoš.
akóoš
eleventh akaašúma.
akaašúma
ember čuúr.
čuúr
embroider čooṇṭóo.
čooṇṭóo
employment nookarí.
nookaríempty xaalí.
xaalí
end (to) šúǰa.
šúǰa
endurance bardaáš.
bardaáš
endure bardaáš thíi
thíi, see: bardaáš.
bardaáš
enemy duṣmaán.
duṣmaánEnglishman anɡreéz.
anɡreéz
enmity duṣmaní,duṣmaní see: duṣmaán.
duṣmaán
enough purá.
purá
enter áača.
áača
entirely ḍanɡ.
ḍanɡ
escape bač bhíi,
bhíi see: bač;bač lháasa;lháasa uḍhíiwa.
uḍhíiwa
evening maaxaám.
maaxaám
ever ɡalá.
ɡalá
every har.
har
170

ewe

fourteen

ewe yíiṛi.
yíiṛi
exam parčá.
parčá
excuse maáf
maáf.
exist bhíi;
bhíi lhayíǰa.
lhayíǰa
expect táma thíi,
thíi see: táma.
táma
expectation táma.
táma

expel traṭáa thíi,
thíi see: traṭáa.
traṭáaexpensive ɡraán.
ɡraán
eye ac̣híi.
íieyebrow ac̣hibáaṛu,ibáaṛu see: ac̣híi.
íi
eyelashes ac̣hibéeṛi,ibéeṛi see: ac̣híi.
íi

F - f
face mux.
mux
face (to) ṣáanda;ṣáanda ṭinɡ bhíi,
bhíi see: ṭinɡ.
ṭinɡ
fail dháara.
dháarafailed naakaám.
naakaám
fairy peerái.
peeráifall (to) čhínǰa;čhínǰa díi2; lháasa;lháasa šíia;šíia wháida.
wháidafalter níiša.
níiša
family baalbáč.
baalbáč
famine qaatí.
qaatí
far dhúura.
dhúurafarmer zamindaár.
zamindaár
farming zamindaár.
zamindaár
fast táru;
táru téez;
téez téez.
téez
fasten ɡhaṇḍíi
ɡhaṇḍíi.
aṇḍíi
fat bhakúlu;
bhakúlu čaáx;čaáx thúlu.
thúlu
father báabu;báabu mháalu.
mháalufather-in-law šúur.
šúur
fatten bhakulíi.
bhakulíifear bhíili.
bhíilifear (to) bhíia.
bhíia
female súutru.
súutrufever ǰáar.
ǰáar
few úču.
úču
field c̣híitr;íitr maidóon.
maidóonfifteen panǰíiš.
panǰíišfifteenth panǰeešúma.
panǰeešúma
fifth panǰúma.
panǰúma
fig phaáɡ.
phaáɡ
fight bulooṣṭóo.
bulooṣṭóo
fill púunǰa;púunǰa puuríi.
puuríi
finally aaxér;
aaxér aaxeríi,
aaxeríi see: aaxér.
aaxér
find lháaya;lháaya milaáu bhíi,
bhíi see: milaáu.
milaáufinger anɡúṛi.
anɡúṛifinger-nail nóonɡ.
nóonɡ

finish šúǰa.
šúǰa
finished xátum.
xátum
fire anɡóor.
anɡóorfire place dhaataár.
dhaataár
firm ḍanɡ.
ḍanɡfirmly ram raám the.
thefirst aaweelíi;
aaweelíi maxadúši;
maxadúši muṣṭú.
muṣṭú
fit báaṭa.
báaṭa
five páanǰ.
páanǰ
fix muqarár thíi,
thíi see: muqarár.
muqarár
fixed muqarár.
muqarár
flee uḍhíiwa.
uḍhíiwaflight fláiṭ.
fláiṭ
flock bakáara.
bakáaraflood ooḍhóol.
ooḍhóol
flower ɡhambúri.
ɡhambúri
flutter urbhíi.
urbhíifly phútu;
phútu urbhíi.
urbhíifollow amál
amál thíi,
thíi see: amál.
amál
foot khur.
khur
foot (measure) phuṭphuṭ.
footprint rhaíi.
rhaíi
for dapáara;dapáara the.
theforbid mána thíi,
thíi see: mána.
mána
forehead tóoruṇ.
tóoruṇ
foreigner anɡreéz.
anɡreéz
forest adráx;
adráx zanɡál.
zanɡálforget aamúuṣa.
aamúuṣa
forgive baxíi;
baxíi maáf thíi,
thíi see: maáf;
maáf ubaxíi.
ubaxíifort qilaá.
qilaá
forty dúbhiša;
dúbhiša dúu bhišá,
bhišá see: dúu.
dúu
forward maxadúši;
maxadúši muṣṭú.
muṣṭúfour čúur.
čúur
fourteen čandíiš.
čandíiš171

fourteenth

hand overfourteenth čandeešúma.
čandeešúma
fourth čoráama;čoráama čoríma.
čorímafox luumái;
luumái luumóo.
luumóofreely ɡúči.
ɡúči
freeze (to) šid díi,
díi see: šid;šid šid ṣáača,ṣáača see: šid.
šid
friend doóst;
doóst malɡíri;malɡíri mitr;
mitr yaár.
yaár
friendship doostí,
doostí see: doóst.
doóst

from díi3; dušíi thíi,
thíi see: dúši;
dúši ṣaá;ṣaá thíi3.
fruit meewá.
meewá
full purá;
purá puunǰí;puunǰí púuntu.
púuntufume dhuumíi.
dhuumíi
fur ǰhaáṭ.
ǰhaáṭ
furry ǰhaṭíilu.
ǰhaṭíilu
future aaindá.
aaindá

G - ggallery maṇḍáu.
maṇḍáugarden baáɣ.
baáɣ
gather akaṭíi;akaṭíi ǰáma bhíi,
bhíi see: ǰáma;ǰáma ǰáma thíi,
thíi

goodness šuéeli.
šuéeligorge dhrúuk.
dhrúukgovernment hukumát.
hukumát
grain phalúuṛu1.
granddaughter dhiúuṛi;dhiúuṛi púutri.
púutrigrandfather dóodu.
dóodu
grandmother déedi;déedi méemi.
méemi
grape dhráac̣.
grass čáar;čáar ǰabá.
ǰabágrave ɡoór;
ɡoór qábur.
qábur
graze čáara;čáara čaaríi.
čaaríigreasy ɣoṛ.
ɣoṛgreat ɡáaḍu.
ɡáaḍu
green níilu.
níilu
greet salaám thíi,
thíi see: salaám.
salaámgreeting salaám.
salaámgrief ɣam.
ɣam
grind píiṣa.
píiṣaground dharaáṇ.
dharaáṇ
grow báaḍa;báaḍa dhraáǰa.
dhraáǰa
guard (to) óol bhíi,
bhíi see: óol.
óol
guest mehmaán;mehmaán práaču;práaču préeči.
préečigun toobaák.
toobaák

see: ǰáma;ǰáma samaṭíi.
samaṭíi

gathering mehfíl.
mehfílgenealogy šiǰrá.
šiǰráget ɡhína.
ɡhínaghee ɡhiíṛ.
ɡhiíṛ
giant deéu.
deéu
gift inaám;
inaám toofá.
toofá
girl phaí.
phaígive díi1.
glacier hiimaál.
hiimaál
glass ɡilaás.
ɡilaásgnaw čapíi.
čapíi
go bíi2.
goat abaí;
abaí bhíiru;bhíiru čhaál;čhaál čhéeli;čhéeli dhaán;dhaánǰandoó;ǰandoó waarɣaléṭi.
waarɣaléṭi

goat herding bakareelí.
bakareelí
goatherd bakaraál.
bakaraálgoats mal.
mal
God alaahtaalaá;alaahtaalaá xudaái.
xudaáigood sóoru;sóoru šóo1.

H - hhabit hamál.
hamál
hail áašuṇ.
áašuṇhair bóolu;bóolu ṣiṣ (2).
hairy ǰaláṣ;ǰaláṣ ǰhaṭílu.
ǰhaṭílu
half áaḍu.
áaḍu

halfway aḍaphaárḍaphaár;ár aḍaphará.
aḍapharáhall haál2.
hammer tsaṭák.
tsaṭákhand haát.
haát
hand over hawaalá thíi,
thíi see: hawaalá.
hawaalá172

handkerchief

informed

handkerchief rumiaál.
rumiaál
hang lamíǰa;lamíǰa lamóo.
lamóo
happen nikhíi.
nikhíihappiness xaadí;
xaadí xéer.
xéer
happy xušaán.
xušaánhard ḍanɡ;ḍanɡ kooṭáaṭu;kooṭáaṭu muškíl;muškíl saxt;
saxt téez.
téez
harm asár thíi
thíi,
íi see: asár.
asár
he aníi (2); anú (2); aṛíi;aṛíi aṛó;aṛó eenú;
eenú eeṛíi (2);him anís (2); aṛás;aṛás eeṛás (2); eetás (2); las (2);nis (2); tas (1).

hint išaará.
išaará
hint (to) išaará thíi,
thíi see: išaará.
išaará
his anisíi (2); aṛasíi;aṛasíi eeṛasíi (2); eetasíi (2);lasíi (2); nisíi (2); tasíi (1).

history taaríx.
taaríxhit ḍháaka;ḍháaka ǰíi;ǰíi khaṇíi.
khaṇíihoe khaṣíi;khaṣíi thaskúuru.
thaskúuru
hold ɡhašíi;
ɡhašíi ṭinɡ thíi
thíi,
íi see: ṭinɡ.
ṭinɡhole ṣúuṛu.
ṣúuṛuholy paák.
paák
home ɡhoóṣṭ.
ɡhoóṣṭ
honour izát.
izát
honourable izatmánd,izatmánd see: izát.
izát
hope táma.
táma
horn ṣinɡ.
ṣinɡhorse ɡhúuṛi;ɡhúuṛi ɡhúuṛu.
ɡhúuṛuhot táatu.
táatu
house ɡhoóṣṭ.
ɡhoóṣṭ
how kanáa;
kanáa kanáa bhe,bhe see: kanáa;
kanáa kanáa the,theeeṛó (2); eesó (2); eetíi (2); líi (2); lo (2); níi(2); nu (1); so (1); tíi (1).
head ṣiṣ (1).
heal saáz bhíi,
bhíi see: saáz.
saáz
healer paaṛú.
paaṛú
healthy saáz;
saáz sóoru.
sóoru
heap šóol.
šóolhear ṣúṇa.
ṣúṇa
heart híṛu1.
heat (to) taapíi.
taapíiheaven ǰanát.
ǰanátheifer béeǰi.
béeǰi
help madád.
madád
help (to) madád thíi,
thíi see: madád.
madád
her anís (3); anisíi (3); aṛás;aṛás aṛasíi;aṛasíi eeṛás (3);eeṛasíi (3); eetás (3); eetasíi (3); las (3); lasíi(3); nis (3); nisíi (3); tas (2); tasíi (2).
here aníi (1); índa;índa níi (1); oóra.
oóra
here (from) andóoi.
andóoihesitation šak.
šakhide páala;páala palóo.
palóo
high awaaɡír;
awaaɡír ráal;
ráal utháalu.
utháaluhighness dabdabá.
dabdabáhill táapaṛ.
táapaṛ
hilltop ṭéku.
ṭéku

see: kanáa.
kanáa

however ba;
ba xu.
xu
human insaán.
insaánhundred páanǰ bhišá,
bhišá see: páanǰ;páanǰ sáu.
sáu
hunger (to) buc̣haalíi.
aalíi
hunt neečíir.
neečíirhunt (to) neečíir bíi,
bíi see: neečíir.
neečíirhunter iškaarí.
iškaaríhunting iškaarí;iškaarí iṣkóor.
iṣkóorhurt šilóo.
šilóo
husband bharíiw;
bharíiw khaamaád.
khaamaádhut ḍúkur.
ḍúkur

I - i
I ma (1); míi1 (2).
if áɡar.
áɡarill bidráaɡu.
bidráaɡu
imitate náqal thíi,
thíi see: náqal.
náqal
imitation náqal.
náqal
immediately yákdam.
yákdamimpatient beedhowaá.
beedhowaá

in maǰí;maǰí šíiṭi;šíiṭi wée.
wéein (the middle of) méeǰi.
méeǰi
infidel kaafír.
kaafírinfluence rusúx.
rusúx
inform xabaár díi,
díi see: xabaár.
xabaárinformation itlaá;
itlaá maalumaát.
maalumaát
informed xabaár.
xabaár173

inject

lawfulinject butsóo.
butsóoinnocent maasúm.
maasúminsane kaantíiru.
kaantíiru
insert butsóo.
butsóoinside maǰí;maǰí šíiṭi;šíiṭi šíiṭi the,the see: šíiṭi.
šíiṭi
instead bálki.
bálki
insult ṭáka.
ṭáka
intestine aandáaru.
aandáaru
into šíiṭi;šíiṭi šíiṭi the,the see: šíiṭi;šíiṭi wée
wée.
invitation daawát.
daawátinvite daawát díi,
díi see: daawát.
daawátiron čímar.
čímaris híni1; hínu1.
Islam islaám.
islaámIslamabad islaamabaád.
islaamabaád
it aní (1); aníi (1); anís (1); anú (1); aṛás;aṛás aṛé;aṛéaṛíi;aṛíi aṛó;aṛó eení;
eení eenú;
eenú eeṛás (1); eeṛé (1); eeṛíi
(1); eeṛó (1); eesé (1); eesó (1); eetás (1);eetíi (1); las (1); le (2); líi (1); lo (1); ni (1); níi(1); nis (1); nu (2); se (2); so (2); tas (3); tíi(3).
itching xaaráx.
xaaráxits anisíi (1); aṛasíi;aṛasíi eeṛasíi (1); eetasíi (1);lasíi (1); nisíi (1); tasíi
tasíi (3).

J - jjackal ṣióolu.
ṣióolujob ḍipṭí;ḍipṭí nookarí.
nookaríjoint bráam.
bráam
judgement qiaamát.
qiaamát

jug čéeri.
čéeri
jump ṭoóp.
ṭoóp
jump (to) uṭíka.
uṭíkajustice insaáf.
insaáfK - k
Karachi karaačí.
karaačí
key kilí.
kilí
kid čhaál.
čhaálkidney bhruk.
bhruk
kill mhaaríi.
mhaaríi
kilometre kulumiṭár.
kulumiṭár
kin násal.
násal
kind qísum.
qísum
kindly mheerabeení the,the see: mheerabaán.
mheerabaán

king baačaá;
baačaá ṣóo2.
kiss búusi.
búusi
knee khúṭu1.
kneecap khúṭii ṭúupi,ṭúupi see: khúṭu1.
knife kaṭéeri.
kaṭéeriknot áaṛu;áaṛu ɡhreéṇḍ.
ɡhreéṇḍ
know ǰhóona.
ǰhóonaknowledge maalúm;
maalúm páta.
páta

L - l
Lahore laahúr
laahúr.
lake sáar.
sáar
lakh laák.
laák
lamb beeṭí.
beeṭílame khúṭu2.
language čoolaá.
čoolaá

lap múuṛ.
múuṛlarge ɡáaḍu;ɡáaḍu ɡháanu.
ɡháanulargely ziaát.
ziaát
later padúši.
padúšilaugh háansa.
háansalawful halóol.
halóol174

lawn

monsterlawn ǰabá.
ǰabá
lead (out) ṣeekóo.
ṣeekóoleaf paalaá.
paalaá
leap ṭoóp.
ṭoóp
leave bíi2; ɡalíi.
ɡalíi
left-handed khúšu.
khúšu
leg déeṇi;déeṇi khur;
khur khúṭu1.
lengthwise dhriɡóokam,dhriɡóokam see: dhríɡu.
dhríɡuleopard karáaṛu.
karáaṛu
leopardess karéeṛi.
karéeṛi
lesson sabáq.
sabáq
let uṛíi.
uṛíi
letter xat.
xat
lick tsakíi.
tsakíilie (tell lies) leewóo.
leewóolife ǰuánd;ǰuánd zindaɡí,zindaɡí see: zindá.
zindá
lift ráal thíi,
thíi see: ráal
ráal;
al uc̣híi.
íilight práal.
práal
light (to) ǰhaalíi;ǰhaalíi ṣaawóo (1).
like (to) šóo ǰhóona,ǰhóona see: šóo;šóo xox bhíi,
bhíi see:line šiǰrá.
šiǰrá
lineage násal.
násal
lion amzarái.
amzarái
listen káaṇ thíi,
thíi see: káaṇ;káaṇ ṣúṇa.
ṣúṇa
little úču.
účulive hóonsa.
hóonsaliver ǰhanɡaár.
ǰhanɡaárliving ǰáandu;ǰáandu zindá.
zindáload bháaru.
bháaruload (to) puuríi.
puuríilog khaṭúuru.
khaṭúuru
long dhríɡu.
dhríɡulook dac̣híi.
íilook (for) buláaḍa.
buláaḍa
loose ḍilá.
ḍilá
loosen ḍilá thíi,
thíi see: ḍilá.
ḍilá
Lord hazrát.
hazrátlouse ǰhií~ǰhií~.
love ašáq.
ašáq
love (to) ašáq bhíi,
bhíi see: ašáq.
ašáq
lower (to) naamíi.
naamíilung pháapu.
pháapulying dhreéɡ.
dhreéɡ

xox.
xox

liked xox.
xox
liking xox.
xox

M - m
mad kaantíiru.
kaantíiru
madman kaantíiru.
kaantíiru
magician ɡhaṇḍáaṭu,ɡhaṇḍáaṭu see: ɡhaṇḍíi;ɡhaṇḍíi paaṛú.
paaṛú
male bhiiroó.
bhiiroó
man insaán;insaán ǰáanu;ǰáanu míiš;
míiš móoṇuṣ.
móoṇuṣ
manage saatíi.
saatíimanner čal.
čal
many bíiḍu.
bíiḍumare ɡhúuṛi.
ɡhúuṛimarriage ǰhaní
ǰhaní.
anímarry ǰhaní thíi,
thíi see: ǰhaní.
ǰhanímason misrí.
misrímatch maačís.
maačísmatter baát.
baát
maybe ɡóo2.
me ma (2); máathe.
máathemeasure (to) toolíi.
toolíimeat mhaás.
mhaás
meet akaṭíi;akaṭíi milaáu bhíi,
bhíi see: milaáu.
milaáumeeting míṭinɡ.
míṭinɡ
melt bilíǰa;bilíǰa bilóo.
bilóo
message itlaá.
itlaá
messenger peeɣambár.
peeɣambár
method tariqá;
tariqá tartíb.
tartíbmight heentá.
heentá
migrate hiǰrát thíi,
thíi see: hiǰrát.
hiǰrátmigration hiǰrát.
hiǰrátmilk c̣hiír.
iír
mill yáandr.
yáandrmillstone yambaáṭ.
yambaáṭ
minister wazíir.
wazíirmix malíi.
malíi
money paisá.
paisá
monster ṭhaaṭáaku.
ṭhaaṭáaku
175

monthordermonth yúun.
yúun
moon yúun.
yúun
morning rhoošnaám;rhoošnaám rhootašíi.
rhootašíi
mosque ǰumaát.
ǰumaátmosquito phúti.
phúti
most ziaát.
ziaát
mother mhéeli;mhéeli yéei.
yéei
mother-in-law preṣpreṣ.
mountain ɣar;
ɣar kháaṇ.
kháaṇ

mouth dhut.
dhut
move (to) rawaán bhíi,
bhíi see: rawaán.
rawaánmoving rawaán.
rawaánmow lúna.
lúna
much bíiḍu;bíiḍu ziaát.
ziaát
mud číčal;číčal sum.
sum
mullah mulóo.
mulóo
music rhoó.
rhoó
my míi1 (1).

N - nname nóo.
nóo
narrow tanɡtanɡ.
navel šópu.
šópunear nhiáaṛa.
nhiáaṛa
necessary pakaár.
pakaárnecessity maǰburí;maǰburí zarurí.
zarurí
neck máaṭu.
máaṭu
nephew bhraapútr.
bhraapútr
never kareé bi...(na)bi...(na),...(na) see: kareé.
kareé
new náawu.
náawu
news xabaár.
xabaárnight raát;
raát róot.
róot
nine núu.
núu

nineteen aṇabhiíš.
aṇabhiíšnineteenth aṇabhišúma,aṇabhišúma see: aṇabhiíš.
aṇabhiíšninth nuíma.
nuíma
nipple c̣hiirɡúlum,iirɡúlum see: c̣hiír.
iír
nobody koó bi na,
na see: koó.
koó
nose náas.
náas
not na1.
nothing ɡa bi na,
na see: ɡa.
ɡanotify ilaán thíi,
thíi see: ilaán.
ilaán
now típa.
típa
nowadays aáǰkal,aáǰkal see: aáǰ;aáǰ típa.
típa
nowhere ɡóo bi na,
na see: ɡóo.
ɡóonumerous biǰóola;biǰóola khéli.
khéli

O - o
oak c̣hóoṇ.
óoṇobey amál thíi,
thíi see: amál;
amál maníi.
maníi
occasion mooqá.
mooqá
occupation kásub.
kásub
of ki.
kiof that time eetheelúku,
eetheelúku see: eetheél.
eetheél
offspring aulaád.
aulaádoften aksár.
aksár
ogre ṭhaaṭáaku.
ṭhaaṭáaku
ogress šišáki.
šišákiold búuḍu;búuḍu puróoṇu.
puróoṇu
older ɡhaḍeeró.
ɡhaḍeeró
on báandi;báandi ǰe;ǰe ǰhulí.
ǰhulí

one áa (1); áak.
áak
one another akaadúi.
akaadúi
oneself zaán.
zaán
oneself’s teeṇíi.
teeṇíionly phalúuṛu2; xaalí.
xaalí
onto ǰhulí the,the see: ǰhulí.
ǰhulí
onward pharimaá,
pharimaá see: phará.
phará
open (to) mučóo.
mučóo
opinion xiaál.
xiaál
opportunity mooqá.
mooqá
opposite muxtalíf.
muxtalíf
or ki2; yaá.
yaáorder húkum;húkum tartíb.
tartíb176

otherproject

other dúi.
dúi
our asíi.
asíi
outside balíi;balíi dharándi.
dharándi
over ǰe;ǰe ǰhulí;ǰhulí pharé.
pharé

overtake teér nikhíi,
nikhíi see: teér.
teér
own teeṇíi.
teeṇíiowner khaamaád.
khaamaádP - ppain breéx.
breéx
paint ráanɡ.
ráanɡ
paint (to) ráanɡ díi,
díi see: ráanɡ.
ráanɡ
Palula (language) paaluulaá.
paaluulaá
Palulo (person) paalúulu.
paalúulu
paper kaaɣaáz.
kaaɣaáz
paradise ǰanát.
ǰanát
Pashto (language) ɡhuaaṇaá.
ɡhuaaṇaá
Pashtun (person) ɡhueeṇíi.
ɡhueeṇíi
pass (to) paás bhíi,
bhíi see: paás;
paás teér bhíi,
bhíi see:planning mansubá.
mansubáplant (to) ḍhanɡóo.
ḍhanɡóo
plaster lheéṣ.
lheéṣplate piléṭ.
piléṭplateau ḍáab.
ḍáab
plead duaá thíi,
thíi see: duaá.
duaá
please neé.
neéplenty ziaát.
ziaát
plough haál1.
plough (to) bhootíi thíi,
thíi see: bhootíibhootíi.
otíi
ploughing bhootíi.
bhootíi
pocket ǰeép.
ǰeép
police pulús.
pulús
policeman pulús;
pulús puluswaalá,
puluswaalá see: pulús.
pulús
pomegranate dheeṛúm.
dheeṛúm
pond sáar.
sáar
ponder soóč thíi,
thíi see: soóč.
soóč
poor ɣaríb.
ɣaríb
popcorn ṇiṇoó.
ṇiṇoópot durbaáṭ;durbaáṭ manɡái.
manɡáipotato aalúɡ.
aalúɡ
pour preeṣóo;preeṣóo uṛíi.
uṛíipower kiraamát;kiraamát rusúx;
rusúx taaqát.
taaqátpower, force; harshness zoór.
zoór
powerful taaqatwár,
taaqatwár see: taaqát;
taaqát zinaawúr.
zinaawúr
pray duaá thíi,
thíi see: duaá;
duaá nimóos thíi,
thíi see:

teér.
teér

passed paás;
paás teér.
teér
pasture sóon.
sóon
path páand.
páand
patience bardaáš.
bardaáš
patient bidráaɡu.
bidráaɡu
paw pánǰa.
pánǰa
peace (on him) aleehisalaám.
aleehisalaámpeak dáand2; ɣar;
ɣar phúṭi.
phúṭi
peck ṭoḍusóo.
ṭoḍusóo
people kasaán;kasaán xálak.
xálak
perhaps ɡóo2.
period dáwur
dáwur.
wur
person ǰáanu;ǰáanu ǰéeni;ǰéeni móoṇuṣ.
móoṇuṣ
persons kasaán.
kasaánPeshawar peexaúr.
peexaúr
phone (to) fuúṇ thíi,
thíi see: fuúṇ.
fuúṇpick čooṭíi;čooṭíi uc̣híi.
íi
piece ṭukṛá.
ṭukṛápillar thúuṇi.
thúuṇipistol toopaančá.
toopaančá
place zhaáy.
zhaáy
plan iraadá;
iraadá soóč thíi,
thíi see: soóč.
soóč
plan (to) iraadá thíi,
thíi see: iraadá;
iraadá xiaál thíi,
thíi

nimóos.
nimóosprayer duaá;
duaá nimóos.
nimóospresent (be) haazír;
haazír mauǰúd;mauǰúd mauǰudá,mauǰudá see:mauǰúd;mauǰúd tipúku,
tipúku see: típa.
típa

price muúl.
muúl
pride izát.
izát
prince nawaáb;
nawaáb raaǰaá.
raaǰaá
professional kasubɡár,kasubɡár see: kásub.
kásub
programme pruuɡraám.
pruuɡraám
project ṭeeká.
ṭeeká

see: xiaál.
xiaál

plank bhit.
bhit
177

prophetrock

prophet peeɣambár.
peeɣambár
proposal dúula.
dúula
protect panaahí díi,
díi see: panaahí;panaahí saatíi.
saatíipuddle sáar.
sáarpull beeṣṭíi;beeṣṭíi dhrakíi
dhrakíi;akíi háara;háara traác̣ díi,
díi see:punish azaáb díi,
díi see: azaáb.
azaáb
punishment azaáb.
azaáb
puppy kuṇéeki;kuṇéeki kuṇóoku.
kuṇóoku
pure xaalí.
xaalípush ṭookóo.
ṭookóoput čhooríi;čhooríi díi1; laɡayíi;
laɡayíi ṣóo1.

traác̣.

Q - q
quarrel bhaaruṛóo;bhaaruṛóo ṣáača (1).
quarter paáu.
paáu

quickly lap
lap; táru;
táru téez.
téez

R - r
rain báaṣ.
báaṣrain (to) múča.
múča
raise ráal thíi,
thíi see: ráal.
ráal
ram miṇḍ
miṇḍ.
ṇḍ
raspberry áaṇc̣u.
rattle širinɡóo.
širinɡóoraw óomu.
óomureach phéda.
phéda
read maníi.
maníi
real saká.
saká
realize búǰa.
búǰa
really rištaá.
rištaá
reap lúna.
lúna
reason wáǰa.
wáǰa
receive milaáu
milaáu bhíi,
bhíi see: milaáu.
milaáurecognize ǰhóona.
ǰhóonarecord rikaáḍ.
rikaáḍ
record (to) rikaáḍ thíi,
thíi see: rikaáḍ.
rikaáḍ
recording rikaáḍ.
rikaáḍ
recover sastíi.
sastíirecuperate sastíi.
sastíired lhoílu.
lhoílurefrain inkaár thíi,
thíi see: inkaár.
inkaárrefusal inkaár.
inkaárrefuse (to) inkaár thíi,
thíi see: inkaár.
nkaár
regard (to) číta.
číta
relative axpúl.
axpúl

remain dháara;dháara hóonsa.
hóonsaremaining baaqimaandá.
baaqimaandá
repair saáz thíi,
thíi see: saáz.
saáz
request duaá;
duaá zeerí.
zeerírequest (to) zeerí thíi,
thíi see: zeerí.
zeerí
respected izatmánd,izatmánd see: izát.
izát
responsible zimawaár.
zimawaár
rest aaraám
aaraám; damá.
damá
rest (to) aaraám thíi,
thíi see: aaraám;
aaraám biṣáama;biṣáamadamá thíi,
thíi see: damá.
damá

return núuṭa.
núuṭa
reward baxšíš.
baxšíš
reward (to) baxšíš díi,
díi see: baxšíš.
baxšíš
ribs práašu.
práašurice rúǰi.
rúǰirich maaldaár.
maaldaárridge dáand2.
rifle toobaák.
toobaák
right deec̣híṇu.
íṇu
ripe páaku
páaku.
ripen páača.
páača
rise ráal bhíi,
bhíi see: ráal;
ráal ṣáača (2).
road páand.
páand
rob ḍaaká díi,
díi see: ḍaaká.
ḍaakárobber ḍaakú.
ḍaakúrobbery ḍaaká.
ḍaakárock dhiaáṛ;dhiaáṛ ɡíri;ɡíri táapaṛ.
táapaṛ
178

rock (to)sickrock (to) čulóo.
čulóo
rod kuṇḍá.
kuṇḍároll ḍuḍúra.
ḍuḍúraroof šáan.
šáan
room deerá.
deerárope raáǰ.
raáǰround piṇpiṇḍúuru.
ḍúururule baačaí;
baačaí hukumát.
hukumát
rule (to) baačaí thíi,
thíi see: baačaí.
baačaí
ruler haakím;
haakím nawaáb;
nawaáb raaǰaá.
raaǰaá
run ɡíra;ɡíra utráapa.
utráapaS - ssack booǰái;booǰái katoolái.
katooláisacrifice qurbaán.
qurbaán
saddle káti.
káti
safe bač.
bač
safety xéer.
xéer
salary tanxaá.
tanxaá
saliva thúki.
thúki
salt lhoóṇ.
lhoóṇ
salty lhúuṇu.
lhúuṇusand síɡal.
síɡalsane ac̣híiwu.
íiwu
satisfied raazí.
raazí
save bač thíi,
thíi see: bač;bač zindá thíi,
thíi see: zindá.
zindá
saw (tool) ɡiír.
ɡiír
say maníi;
maníi thaníi.
thaníischool iskuúl.
iskuúlscorpion ṭíinčuk.
ṭíinčuk
scratch karooṛíi;karooṛíi pičhóo.
pičhóoscream číɣi.
číɣi
scream (to) číɣi díi,
díi see: číɣi.
číɣi
search laṭayíi.
laṭayíi
seat (to) bhešóo.
bhešóosecond dhuíma;
dhuíma dhuyáama.
dhuyáamasee ḍhoó díi,
díi see: ḍhoó;ḍhoó páaša.
páaša
seed bíi1.
seize ɡhína.
ɡhínasell krína.
krínasend amzayíi;
amzayíi phrayíi.
phrayíi
separate ǰudaá bhíi,
bhíi see: ǰudaá.
ǰudaáseparately dhuurá.
dhuurá
separation ǰudaaí,ǰudaaí see: ǰudaá.
ǰudaáserve (to) ḍipṭí thíi,
thíi see: ḍipṭí.
ḍipṭí
set laɡayíi.
laɡayíi
settle bhéša.
bhéša

settlement díiš.
díiš
seven sáat.
sáat
seventeen satóoš.
satóoš
seventeenth sataašúma.
sataašúma
seventh satúma.
satúmaseveral biǰóola.
biǰóolasew síla.
síla
shake čulóo;čulóo matíi;
matíi širinɡóo;širinɡóo ṭhakíi.
ṭhakíishame šárum.
šárum
sharp tíiṇu.
tíiṇu
shave niaaṭíi.
niaaṭíi
she aní (3); aníi (3); aṛé;aṛé aṛíi;aṛíi eení;
eení eeṛé (3);eeṛíi (3); eesé (3); eetíi (3); le (1); líi (3); ni(2); níi (3); se (1); tíi (2).
shear niaaṭíi.
niaaṭíi
shed (to) preeṣóo.
preeṣóo
sheep miṇḍmiṇḍ;ṇḍ yíiṛi.
yíiṛi
shelf xaaná.
xaaná
shelter panaahí.
panaahíshelter (to) baasóo.
baasóoshepherd bakaraál.
bakaraál
shepherding bakareelí.
bakareelí
shiver káamba.
káambashoot ǰíi;ǰíi khaṇíi.
khaṇíishop dukaán.
dukaánshopkeeper dukaandaár,
dukaandaár see: dukaán.
dukaánshopkeeping dukaandeerí,
dukaandeerí see: dukaán.
dukaánshort khaṭáanu.
khaṭáanu
shot čhaáṭ.
čhaáṭshould seentá
seentá.
ntá
shoulder káand.
káand
show (to) pašawóo.
pašawóo
shrine ziaarát.
ziaarát
sick bidráaɡu.
bidráaɡu
179

sicklestream bed

sickle áanɡu.
áanɡuside phiaaṛmaáǰ;phiaaṛmaáǰ phióoṛ.
phióoṛ
sign išaará.
išaará
signal išaará.
išaará
signal (to) išaará thíi,
thíi see: išaará.
išaará
silent ɣáli.
ɣálisince ɡiraá;
ɡiraá keéki,
keéki see: keé;
keé niiɡiraá.
niiɡiraásing rhoó díi,
díi see: rhoó.
rhoó
sink náama.
náama
sip dhruusíi.
dhruusíi
Sir seéb.
seéb
sister bheéṇ;bheéṇ kéeki.
kéeki
sister-in-law bhraaǰái;bhraaǰái saaréeṇi.
saaréeṇi
sit bhéša.
bhéša
situation haalaát.
haalaát
six ṣo.
ṣo
sixteen ṣoṛíiš.
ṣoṛíiš
sixteenth ṣoṛeešúma.
ṣoṛeešúma
sixty tróo bhišá,
bhišá see: tróo.
tróo
skill čal;čal kásub.
kásub
skin púustu
púustu.
ustu
skinny tróku.
tróku
skull kakaríi.
kakaríi
sky aaɡhaá.
aaɡhaá
slaughter (to) halóol thíi,
thíi see: halóol.
halóolslaughtered halóol.
halóolsleep níindra.
níindrasleep (to) síi.
síi
slightly tuúš.
tuúš
slip (to) pičhíla.
pičhílaslope praš.
praš
slowly bhraáš.
bhraáš
small čúṇu;čúṇu léku;
léku lhoóku.
lhoókusmoke dhuumíi
dhuumíi; kaš thíi,
thíi see: kaš.
kašsnake ǰhanduraá;ǰhanduraá xaamaár.
xaamaár
snatch bulooṣṭóo.
bulooṣṭóo
snow kir.
kirsnow (to) kir díi,
díi see: kir.
kir
so eetí.
eetí
soft koomáalu.
koomáalusome aakatí;
aakatí baázi;
baázi eetí;
eetí khéli;
khéli tuúš.
tuúš
somebody koó1.
someone áak.
áakson putr.
putr

song rhoó.
rhoó
son-in-law ǰhaamatroó.
ǰhaamatroó
soon lap;
lap táru.
táru
sour šut;šut tríṣṭu.
tríṣṭusow bhayíi.
bhayíispade beelčá.
beelčá
sparrow čalúṭi.
čalúṭispeak khóṇḍa.
khóṇḍaspeech baát;
baát čoolaá.
čoolaá
speedily teezí,
teezí see: téez.
téez
spend baás díi,
díi see: baás;
baás laɡayíi;
laɡayíi teér thíi,
thíi
see: teér.
teér

spent teér.
teér
spill preeṣóo.
preeṣóo
spirit bhalaá
bhalaá.
alaá
spit thúki.
thúki
spleen šéemi.
šéemi
split (to) bhaaɡíi.
bhaaɡíi
spoiled xaraáp.
xaraápspread (to) malíi.
malíi
spring (of water) uts.
uts
spring (season) basaánd;
basaánd basanháaṛu,basanháaṛu see:basaánd;basaánd basanpreetsúun,
basanpreetsúun see: basaánd.
basaándsquawk c̣iinkíi.
inkíi
squeeze tsiipíi.
tsiipíi
stallion ɡhúuṛu.
ɡhúuṛustand uthíi.
uthíi
star tóoru.
tóoru
start (to) široó thíi,
thíi see: široó.
široóstay baás díi,
díi see: baás;
baás dháara;dháara hóonsa.
hóonsasteal palóo.
palóo
stem ṭómbu.
ṭómbu
step (to) póo díi,
díi see: póo.
póo
stick bútsu;bútsu c̣héeṇi;éeṇi lhaléemi;lhaléemi yhúṇḍi.
yhúṇḍisting (to) búḍa.
búḍa
stingy šum.
šumstir (to) khalíi.
halíi
stone báaṭ.
báaṭstop (to) mána thíi,
thíi see: mána.
mána
story qisá.
qisá
strange lúuɡu.
lúuɡu
stranger lúuɡu.
lúuɡustream dhrúuk.
dhrúukstream bed ɡhaawaáz.
ɡhaawaáz180

strength

thirteenth

strength taaqát;
taaqát wása.
wása
stretch dhraáǰa;dhraáǰa dhraǰóo;dhraǰóo dhreéɡ díi,
díi see:sugar činí.
činísummer béeriṣ.
béeriṣ
sun súuri.
súuri
supplication zeerí.
zeerí
support (to) ṭinɡ thíi,
thíi see: ṭinɡ.
ṭinɡ
surprised hairaán.
hairaán
surrounding teér čaapheér,čaapheér see: teér.
teér
sweep pičhóo.
pičhóosweet mhoóru.
mhoórusweets maṭaaí.
maṭaaí
swiftly laṣ čax.
čaxsword khanɡaár.
khanɡaár

dhreéɡ.
dhreéɡ

stretched dhreéɡ.
dhreéɡ
strike (to) čhínčhínǰa;ǰa díi2.
string thanaáw.
thanaáw
strong bhakúlu;
bhakúlu čaáx;čaáx takṛá;takṛá téez;
téez zoór.
zoór
strongman paalawaáṇ.
paalawaáṇ
style čoolaá.
čoolaá
such andáa;
andáa eeteeṇú;eeteeṇú eetí;
eetí kateeṇú;kateeṇú khayú.
khayú
suck čuuṣíi.
čuuṣíisuddenly naaɡhaaní;naaɡhaaní yákdam.
yákdamsuffer tanɡ bhíi,
bhíi see: tanɡ
tanɡ.

T - t
tail laméeṭi.
laméeṭi
tail-less lameeṭičhinilú,
lameeṭičhinilú see: laméeṭi.
laméeṭi
take ɡhašíi;
ɡhašíi ɡhína;ɡhína háara;háara ukuaalíi;
ukuaalíi whaalíi.
whaalíi
take (across) lanɡóo.
lanɡóotake (off) ɡaḍíi.
ɡaḍíi
take (out) ɡaḍíi.
ɡaḍíi
talk baát díi,
díi see: baát;
baát khóṇḍa.
khóṇḍatalkative dutaɡháanu,dutaɡháanu see: dhut.
dhut
tall dhríɡu;dhríɡu utháalu.
utháalutape recorder ṭeép.
ṭeép
tax qalánɡ.
qalánɡ
tea čay.
čayteacher maaṣṭér;maaṣṭér oostóoz.
oostóoztear (to) phaalíi.
phaalíi
telephone fuúṇ.
fuúṇtell baát díi,
díi see: baát;
baát bayaán thíi,
thíi see:

their aniníi;
aniníi eeṛaníi;eeṛaníi eetaníi;
eetaníi laníi;
laníi niníi;
niníi
taníi.
taníi

them aninaám
aninaám;ám aṛanaám;aṛanaám eeṛanaám;eeṛanaámeetanaám;eetanaám lanaám;
lanaám ninaám;
ninaám tanaám.
tanaámthen eetheél;
eetheél thée.
théethen, so (that); while ta.
ta
there eeṛáa;eeṛáa eeṛíi (1); eetáa;
eetáa eetíi (1); láa;
láa líi
(1); táa;
táa tíi (3).

there (down) bhunaṛáa,bhunaṛáa see: bhun.
bhun
there (from) eeṛáai;eeṛáai eetáai;eetáai láai;
láai táai.
táai
there (up) aǰá;aǰá huṇḍaṛáa,huṇḍaṛáa see: huṇḍhuṇḍ.
ṇḍthese aní (3); aninaám;aninaám aniním;
aniním ni (3).
they aní (2); aniním;
aniním aṛé;aṛé eení;
eení eeṛaním;eeṛaním eeṛé(2); eesé (2); eetaním;
eetaním laním;
laním le (3); ni (3);niním;
niním se (3); taním.
taním
thick čóolu;čóolu tríimbu.
tríimbu
thief čoór;oór ḍaakú.
ḍaakúthigh séeti.
séeti
thin čúṇu.
čúṇuthing čiíz;čiíz šáy.
šáythings saamaán.
saamaán
think číta;číta dúna;
dúna soóč thíi,
thíi see: soóč;
soóč xiaál
thíi,
thíi see: xiaál.
xiaál
thinking soóč;
soóč xiaál.
xiaál
third trayáama.
trayáama
thirteen tríiš.
tríiš
thirteenth treešúma.
treešúma

bayaán;bayaán qisá thíi,
thíi see: qisá;
qisá teér thíi,
thíi see:
teér.
teér
ten dáaš.
dáaš
tenth dašúma.
dašúmathan díi3.
thanks mheerabaánmheerabaán.
rabaánthat aṛé;aṛé aṛó;aṛó eeṛé (1); eeṛó;eeṛó eesé (1); eesó;
eesó ɡa(1); ɡa (2); ki3; le (1); lo;lo se (1); so.
sothat (down) bhunaṛó,bhunaṛó see: bhun.
bhunthat (up) huṇḍaṛó,huṇḍaṛó see: huṇḍhuṇḍ.
ṇḍ
the se (1); so.
so181thirtyuvula

thirty bhíšee dáaš,
dáaš see: bhiíš.
bhiíš
this aní (1); anú;
anú eení;
eení eenú;
eenú ni (1); nu.
nu
those aṛé;aṛé eeṛé (3); eesé (3); le (3); se (3).
thousand zir.
zir
thread súutr.
súutr
three tróo.
tróo
through pharé.
pharé
throw ɡalíi;ɡalíi ṣuɡalíi.
ṣuɡalíi
throw (out) ṣeekóo.
ṣeekóothumb anɡúṛu.
anɡúṛuthunder tándar.
tándarthunder (to) tándar díi,
díi see: tándar.
tándarthus andáa;
andáa andáa bhe,bhe see: andáa;
andáa andáa the,thetouch ḍháaka;ḍháaka haát díi,
díi see: haát.
haát
tough saxt.
saxt
toward dúši;
dúši ḍáḍi;ḍáḍi khuná the,the see: khuná;
khuná
pharé.
pharé

towards ɡiraá.
ɡiraá
trace darák.
darák
track ríiẓ.
ríiẓ
trade kásub.
kásub
tradition riwaayát
riwaayát.
ayát
tree muṭ
muṭ.
tribe qóom.
qóom
trick čal.
čal
trouble musibát;
musibát zaxmát.
zaxmáttrouble (to) tanɡ thíi,
thíi see: tanɡtanɡ.
troubled tanɡtanɡ.
trouser leg paaitsoó.
paaitsoó
trust táma.
táma
trust (to) táma thíi,
thíi see: táma.
táma
try (to) koošíš thíi,
thíi see: koošíš.
koošíš
turn (to) ɡíra;ɡíra núuṭa;núuṭa nuuṭóo.
uuṭóo
twelfth baašúma.
baašúmatwelve bóoš.
bóoš
twentieth bhišúma,bhišúma see: bhiíš.
bhiíš
twenty bhiíš.
bhiíš
twitter c̣iinkíi.
inkíi
two dúu.
dúu

see: andáa;
andáa eendáa.
eendáatie ɡhaṇḍíi.
ɡhaṇḍíi
tight ṭeéṭ.
ṭeéṭ
tightly kaš kaáš the.
thetime ṭeém;ṭeém waxt;
waxt zamaaná.
zamaanátired khíndu.
khínduto kéeči;
kéeči khuná;
khuná the.
thetoday aáǰ.
aáǰ
toe anɡúṛi;anɡúṛi anɡúṛu.
anɡúṛutomorrow rhootašíia,rhootašíia see: rhootašíi.
rhootašíi
tooth dáand1.
top phúṭi.
phúṭi
torch c̣aṇẓá.
ṇẓá

U - u
ugly beetseerá.
beetseerá
uncivilized zinaawúr.
zinaawúr
uncle ɡaaḍbáabu;ɡaaḍbáabu kaakaá;
kaakaá lhookbáabu;lhookbáabu

up (there) aǰaṛáa,aǰaṛáa see: aǰá;aǰá aǰaṛó,aǰaṛó see: aǰá.
aǰá
uppermost aǰá mooṣṭá,mooṣṭá see: aǰá.
aǰá
upset xapá.
xapá
upset (to) xapá thíi,
thíi see: xapá
xapá.
pá
upside down ulṭá.
ulṭá
upward huṇḍ ɡiraá,
ɡiraá see: huṇḍhuṇḍ.
ṇḍ
upwards aǰá ɡiraá,
ɡiraá see: aǰá;aǰá aǰimaá,aǰimaá see: aǰá.
aǰáUrdu (language) urdú.
urdú
urinate audás phooṭóo,phooṭóo see: audás;
audás muutríi.
muutríi
us asaám.
asaám
uvula ǰabúi.
ǰabúi

maamaá;maamaá máamu;máamu phóopu;phóopu pitrí.
pitrí

under túuri;túuri ṭópa.
ṭópaunderstand búǰa;búǰa ǰhóona.
ǰhóonaunnecessarily beezáaya.
beezáayaunripe óomu.
óomu
untie mučóo.
mučóo
until tií.
tií
up aǰá;aǰá huṇḍ
huṇḍ;ṇḍ ǰe;
ǰe rhalá.
rhalá

182

valley

witch

V - v
valley kúi.
kúi
value muúl.
muúl
vanish phus bhíi
bhíi, see: phus;
phus xátum bhíi,
bhíi see:veranda maṇḍáu.
maṇḍáuvery bak;bak bíiḍu;bíiḍu čáu;čáu kham;kham phaṣ
phaṣ; saxt;
saxt tak;
tak
tap.
tap

village díiš;
díiš ɡhróom.
ɡhróomxátum.
xátum

vanished phus.
phus

W - w
wait táma thíi,
thíi see: táma.
táma
wake up anɡaá bhíi,
bhíi see: anɡaá;
anɡaá bhuuǰóo;bhuuǰóo

whatever ɡa ɡalá,
ɡalá see: ɡalá;
ɡalá ɡubáa ɡalá,
ɡalá see:
ɡalá.
ɡalá

when kareé;
kareé ta.
tawhenever kareé ɡalá,
ɡalá see: ɡalá;
ɡalá kareé.
kareé
where ɡa (2); ɡóo1.
where (from) ɡóoi,ɡóoi see: ɡóo.
ɡóowhere (to) kíi.
kíiwhich ɡa;
ɡa katíma;
katíma khayú.
khayú
white paṇáaru.
paṇáaru
whither kíi.
kíi
who ɡa (2); khayú;
khayú kií;
kií koó1.
whoever kií ɡalá,
ɡalá see: ɡalá
ɡalá.
lá
whole saáz;
saáz sóoru.
sóoru
whom kaseé.
kaseé
whose kasíi.
kasíi
why keé.
keéwide čóolu.
čóoluwife kúṛi (2).
wild zinaawúr.
zinaawúr
wilderness biaabaán.
biaabaánwill seentá.
seentá
win ɡaṭíi.
ɡaṭíiwind húuši.
húuši
wind up beeṣṭíi.
beeṣṭíi
window khiṛkí.
khiṛkí
winking ac̣hikúi,
ikúi see: ac̣híi.
íiwinter heewaánd.
heewaánd
wipe pičhóo.
pičhóowise uxiaár.
uxiaárwitch ruikúṛi.
ruikúṛi

ǰhaanóo.
ǰhaanóo
walk ɡíra;ɡíra tíla.
tíla
wall kuḍ
kuḍ.
want dawóo;
dawóo xuaaíš thíi,
thíi see: xuaaíš.
xuaaíš
war ǰanɡ.
ǰanɡwarn mána thíi,
thíi see: mána.
mána
wash dhóo.
dhóo
wasp traambú.
traambúwatch (to) dac̣híi;íi óol bhíi,
bhíi see: óol.
óol
water wíi.
wíi
waterfall c̣haár.
aárwatery wíilu,wíilu see: wíi.
wíi
wave (to) čulóo.
čulóo
way qísum
qísum.
um
we asím;asím be.
beweak tróku.
tróku
wealthy maaldaár.
maaldaár
wear ṣóo1.
weather moosím.
moosímwedding ǰhaní.
ǰhaníweek haftá.
haftá
weep ríi.
ríi
weigh toolíi.
toolíiwell kuhí.
kuhí
wet síndu.
síndu
what ɡa;ɡa ɡa (1); ɡubáa;
ɡubáa ɡubáa;
ɡubáa kanáa;
kanáa
kateeṇú.
kateeṇú

183

with

youth

with ɡhiní;ɡhiní kéeči;kéeči ki;
ki sanɡí.
sanɡí
without díi ɣéer,ɣéer see: díi.
díi
wolf ɡhraást.
ɡhraástwoman ǰéeni;ǰéeni kúṛi (1).
wood ḍhínɡar;ḍhínɡar šaák.
šaákwooden šaakíilu,šaakíilu see: šaák.
šaák
word baát.
baát
work kráam.
kráam
work (to) kásub thíi,
thíi see: kásub;ásub kráam thíi,
thíi

world duniaá.
duniaá
worm ɡhroók.
ɡhroókworn tróku.
tróku
worried beedhowaá;
beedhowaá peerišaán.
peerišaán
would heentá.
heentá
wound záxum.
záxum
wrestle mháala ɡhašíi,
ɡhašíi see: mháala.
mháalawrite čooṇṭóo;čooṇṭóo niwešíi.
niwešíi

see: kráam;
kráam nookarí thíi,
thíi see: nookarí.
nookaríY - yyear kaál.
kaál
yellow zeṛzeṛ.
yes óo1.
yesterday dhoóṛ.
dhoóṛyonder phará.
phará
you (pl) tus;
tus tusaám;
tusaám tusím.
tusím
you (sg) thíi2 (2); tu (1).

young zuaán.
zuaán
young (animal) oóṛ.
oóṛyounger lhookeeró.
lhookeeró
your (pl) tusíi.
tusíi
your (sg) thíi2 (1).
youth zuaán.
zuaán

184

References
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Bashir, Elena L. 1996. “Mosaic of tongues: Quotatives and complementizers inNorthwest Indo-Aryan, Burushaski, and Balti.” Pp. 187-286 in Studies in Pakistani popular culture, edited by William Hanaway and Wilma Heston. Lahore:
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Croft, William. 2003. Typology and universals. 2nd ed. Cambridge; New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Decker, Kendall D. 1992a. “Factors affecting language maintenance and shift in
Chitral District, Pakistan.” MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
Decker, Kendall D. 1992b. Languages of Chitral. Islamabad: National Institute ofPakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Decker, Kendall D. 1996. “Some observations on language vitality in Chitral.” Pp.
159-166 in Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference,
Hindukush and Karakoram studies, edited by Elena L Bashir and Israr-ud-Din.
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Oxford Univ. Press.
Givón, Talmy. 2001. Syntax an introduction: Volume 1. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J.
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Liljegren, Henrik. 2009. “The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke : Tracing theproto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush.” Acta Orientalia 70:7-62.

185

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language of the Hindu Kush. Stockholm: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm
University.
Liljegren, Henrik. 2010. “Where have all the verbs gone? On verb stretching andsemi-words in Indo-Aryan Palula.” Himalayan Linguistics 9(1):51-79.
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186

Appendix
Noun paradigms
a-declensionc̣híitr ‘field’ masc

Nominative

Oblique

Genitive

Singular
Pluralc̣híitrc̣híitríitr-ac̣híitríitr-ac̣híitríitr-amc̣híitríitr-iic̣híitríitr-amam-ii

i-declension
declensionkuḍkuḍ ‘wall’ fem

Nominative

Oblique

Genitive

Singular
Plural

kuḍ
kuḍ
kuḍ
kuḍ-í

kuḍ
kuḍ-í
kuḍ
kuḍ-íimkuḍkuḍ-íikuḍkuḍ-íimíim-ii

m-declensionɡúuli ‘bread’ fem

Nominative

Genitive

Singular
Pluralɡúuliɡúuliɡúuli-mɡúulɡúul-iiɡúuliɡúuli-m-ii

eeee-declension
kuṇḍ
kuṇḍá
ṇḍá ‘rod’ masc

Nominative

Oblique

Genitive

Singular
Pluralkuṇḍákuṇḍkuṇḍṇḍ-eé

kuṇḍá
kuṇḍ
kuṇḍṇḍ-eémkuṇḍákuṇḍá-iikuṇḍkuṇḍṇḍ-eémeém-ii

aanaan-declension
anɡreéz ‘Englishman’ masc

Nominative

Oblique

Genitive

Singular
Pluralanɡreéz
anɡreezanɡreezɡreez-aán

anɡreezanɡreezɡreez-áanɡreezanɡreezaan-óomɡreez-aan-anɡreezanɡreezɡreez-íianɡanɡreezreez-aanaan-óomóom-ii

187Verb paradigms
ConsonantConsonant-ending LL-verbs (L:cons)
tiltil- ‘walk’ intr
Non-perfective stem
Present

MASC
FEM

Imperfective

1
2
3

Imperative
Infinitive
Converb
Obligative
Copredicative Participle
Verbal NounAgentive Verbal Noun

MASC
FEM

Perfective stem
Perfective

MASC
FEM

a-ending LL-verbs (L:a)
samásamá- ‘build’ tr
Non-perfective stem
Present

MASC
FEM

Imperfective

1
2
3

Imperative
Infinitive
Converb
Obligative
Copredicative Participle
Verbal Noun
188

Singular

Pluraltiltil-áanáan-utiltil-éenéen-i
tíltíl-um
tíltíl-aṛ
tíltíl-atíltiltil-áa(i)áa(i)
tiltil-í
tiltil-eeṇḍeéu
tiltil-íim
tiltil-ainií
tiltil-áaṭáaṭ-utiltil-éeṭéeṭ-i

tiltil-áanáan-atiltil-éenéen-im
tiltil-íia
tíltíl-at
tíltíl-antíltíl-ooi

tiltil-áaṭáaṭ-atiltil-éeṭéeṭ-im

tiltil-ílíl-u
tiltil-ílíl-i

tiltil-ílíl-atiltil-ílíl-im

Singular

Pluralsamasama-áanáan-usamasama-éenéen-i
samsam-úum
samsam-óoṛ
samsam-óo
samá
samsam-áai
samsam-aá
samsam-eeṇḍeéu
samasama-íim
samsam-ainiísamasama-áanáan-asamasama-éenéen-im
samsam-áayaáayasamsam-óotóotsamsam-óonóonsamsam-óoiAgentive Verbal Noun

MASC
FEM

Perfective stem
Perfective

MASC
FEM

e-ending LL-verbs (L:e
(L:e)
aṭéaṭé- ‘bring’ tr
Non-perfective stem
Present

MASC
FEM

Imperfective

1
2
3

Imperative
Infinitive
Converb
Obligative
Copredicative Participle
Verbal NounAgentive Verbal Noun

MASC
FEM

Perfective stem
Perfective

MASC
FEM

T-verbs (T)harhar- ‘take away’ tr
Non-perfective stem
Present

MASC
FEM

Imperfective

1
2
3

Imperative
Infinitive189

samasama-áaṭáaṭ-usamasama-éeṭéeṭ-i

samasama-áaṭ-asamasama-éeṭéeṭ-imsamsam-óolóol-usam--éelsam
éel-isamsam-óolóol-asamsam-éeléel-im

Singular

Pluralaṭaṭ-áanáan-u
aṭaṭ-éenéen-i
aṭaṭ-úum
aṭ-íiṛ
íiṛ
aṭ-íi
aṭá
aṭaṭ-áa(i)áa(i)
aṭaṭ-í
aṭaṭ-eeṇḍeéu
aṭaṭ-íim
aṭaṭ-ainiíaṭaṭ-áaṭáaṭ-u
aṭaṭ-éeṭéeṭ-i

aṭaṭ-áanáan-aaṭaṭ-éenéen-im
aṭaṭ-íia
aṭ-íitíitaṭ-íiníinaṭaṭ-óoi

aṭaṭ-ílíl-uaṭaṭ-ílíl-i

aṭaṭ-ílíl-aaṭaṭ-ílíl-im

Singular

Pluralharhar-áanáan-uharhar-éenéen-iháarháar-um
háarháar-aṛ
háarháar-aháar
harhar-áa(i)áa(i)

harhar-áanáan-aharhar-éenéen-im
harhar-íia
háarháar-at
háarháar-anháarháar-ooi

aṭaṭ-áaṭáaṭ-aaṭaṭ-éeṭéeṭ-im

Converb
Obligative
Copredicative Participle
Verbal NounAgentive Verbal Noun

MASC
FEM

Perfective stem
Perfective

MASC
FEM

harhar-í
har--eeṇḍeéu
har
harhar-íim
harhar-ainií
harhar-áaṭáaṭ-uharhar-éeṭéeṭ-i

harhar-áaṭáaṭ-aharhar-éeṭéeṭ-im

híṛ
híṛ-u
híṛhíṛ-ihíṛhíṛ-ahíṛhíṛ-im

Basic tensetense-moodmood-aspect categories
Inflectional category
FuturePast Imperfective
Present
Simple Past
Perfect
Pluperfect
Imperative

Auxiliary Example

Approximate English
equivalent

tíl
tílum
tíl
tílum detiláanutiláanutilílutilílutilílutilílu hínu
tilílutilílu detíl’I will walk’’I was walking’’I walk, I’m walking’’I walked’’I have walked’’I had walked’’Walk!’

IMPERFECTIVE
IMPERFECTIVEdePRESENTPERFECTIVEPERFECTIVEPERFECTIVE

hínu
hínu
de

IMPERATIVE

The table should be read as a broad summary. Palula has in addition to those basic
categories a number of other periphrastic categories, mostly of considerably lower
textual frequency.

190

191

The Palula - Gatekeepers of Chitral
Most people visiting the Chitral Valley in northernmost
Pakistan, have heard about the Kalasha people. They areprobably also aware that the majority of Chitralis speak alanguage called Khowar. Fewer people know that there are atleast ten other languages used by various communities in thevalley, each with its own distinct history and traditions.
The Palula are the first community one comes across whenentering Chitral from the South. They inhabit the valleys of
Ashret and Biori, and are by tradition considered thegatekeepers of Chitral at the Lowari Pass. Their language,
Palula, is the second largest in Chitral and is widely used andunderstood in most places between the Lowari and Drosh.
This book is the result of linguistic research in and with thecommunity. It contains much of the basic vocabulary used intoday’s Palula, presented along with illustrative example
sentences, grammatical information, and comments on word
origins. Henrik Liljegren is a field linguist at Stockholm
University, Sweden, and Naseem Haider, himself a native
speaker of Palula, is a local researcher with the Forum for
Language Initiatives in Islamabad.
***
Forum for Language Initiatives (FLI) - preserving for future
generations the richness of traditional stories and customs.