image: Nautilus Institute 2002 photo Khasan Border town looking south along Tuman River, DPRK ison other side of river in distance, China is middle-ground and to right (white observation post in middle
is in China), Russia is foreground and to left/south and right/north)

POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE SITUATION IN UKRAINE FORRUSSIA’S NUCLEAR DEPLOYMENT IN NORTHEAST ASIA
Anastasia Barannikova
November 7, 2022
This report is published under a 4.0 International Creative Commons License the terms ofwhich are found here.
This report is simultaneously published by the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network, Nautilus Institute,and the Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA).
The views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of theAsia-Pacific Leadership Network, RECNA-Nagasaki University, and Nautilus Institute, nor theirstaff or boards.

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Acknowledgements
This is a special report prepared for the project "Reducing the Risk of Nuclear Weapon Use in
Northeast Asia." The research described in this paper was co-sponsored by the Research Center
for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), the Nautilus Institute for Securityand Sustainability, and the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network for Nuclear Non Proliferation andDisarmament (APLN), with collaboration from the Panel on Peace and Security of Northeast Asia
(PSNA). Additional funding was provided by the MacArthur Foundation.

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About the Author
Anastasia Barannikova is a research fellow at ADM Nevelskoy Maritime State University(Vladivostok, Russia) and non-resident senior fellow of Mongolian Institute of Northeast Asian
Security and Strategy (Mongolia).

Abstract
In this essay, Anastasia Barannikova argues that although the situation in Ukraine does not affectRussia's nuclear posture/strategy in Northeast Asia directly, indirect impacts of the situation inUkraine on Russia’s nuclear policies in this region cannot be ruled out. Examples of such indirect
impacts include changes in nuclear weapons planning and deployment by the United States andChina under the pretext or because of the Ukraine situation, a change in the nuclear weapons statusof one or more of the non-nuclear states in the region, or the breaking out of a military conflictover Taiwan or on the Korean peninsula.
Anastasia Barannikova is a research fellow at ADM Nevelskoy Maritime State University(Vladivostok, Russia) and non-resident senior fellow of Mongolian Institute of Northeast Asian
Security and Strategy (Mongolia).
This essay is a contribution to the “Reducing the Risk of Nuclear Weapons Use in Northeast Asia”(NU-NEA) project, a collaboration between the Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition,
Nagasaki University, Nautilus Institute, and the Asia Pacific Leadership Network for Nuclear nonproliferation and Disarmament, is to reduce and minimize the risk that nuclear weapons will beused in the region by developing better understandings of the processes that could lead to the firstuse of nuclear weapons and the potential outcomes of such nuclear weapons use. In the first yearof this three-year project, the NU-NEA project team identified over 25 plausible nuclear weapons“use cases” that could start in Northeast Asia, sometimes leading to broader conflict beyond theregion. These nuclear use cases are described in the report Possible Nuclear Use Cases in3

Northeast Asia: Implications for Reducing Nuclear Risk. 1 The project has commissioned fivecontributions to update the cases in light of the Ukraine conflict, of which this essay is the fourth.
Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons, Northeast Asia

Available at: https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/possible-nuclear-use-cases-in-northeast-asiaimplications-for-reducing-nuclear-risk/
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Impact of the Ukraine Situation on Russia’s Nuclear Deployment, Posture, andAlert Status
Russia’s nuclear deployment, posture, and/or alert status in Northeast Asia (NEA) can be affected
only by an imminent threat to the balance of power in the region. Russia is not an active player inNEA with regard to regional security and will take steps to change its position only if it is required
to do so by partnership commitments with China or if the Russian nuclear and conventional
deterrents in the region are challenged.
Thus, only events such as redeployment of US tactical nuclear weapons on the Korean peninsula,the emergence of new nuclear powers, a full-fledged conflict involving the United States and theDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) or preparations for a conflict between the UnitedStates and China over Taiwan may push Russia to revise its nuclear deployment and alert status.
Russia’s nuclear posture is unlikely to change. Priority task for Russian nuclear strategy in NEA
and the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) in general is deterring the United States and its nuclear
capabilities. The Chinese nuclear deterrent, despite its modernization, will not be perceived as athreat by Russia in the near future.
Comparing Russia’s western versus eastern security theatres, the European theater is more
important for Russia than the Asian theatre. Although Russia has a huge nuclear weapons arsenal,
sufficient for several theatres of operation, NEA is less important to Russia from a politicalviewpoint. Russia has not yet worked out distinct strategic interests in NEA to be defended andadvanced through its nuclear weapons posture in the region. NEA is viewed by Russia as being
mostly China’s sphere of influence, and it is China, which currently bears responsibility for thebalance of power in NEA, whose positions and plans could be disrupted by the scenarios of nuclear
weapons use in NEA that have been previously identified. But as nuclear weapons use (orthreatened nuclear weapons use) in NEA would also threaten Russia’s security--particularly if
nuclear proliferation and/or an invasion of the DPRK by the United States and/or its allies wereinvolved–Russia would be forced to take an active role in the conflict.
It should be noted that the withdrawal of the United States from Northeast Asia would also cause
security problems for Russia. Although the United States is the primary target of Russia's nuclear
deterrence, the United States is also a sine qua non of the current balance of nuclear power in NEA
in that the United States exercises control over the potential nuclear weapons programs of its Asianallies. If the United States fails to maintain its nuclear umbrella in NEA, new nuclear powers willalmost certainly emerge in the region. If Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK) or Taiwan develop
nuclear weapons, Russia will be forced to revise its plans for the deployment of its own nuclear
weapons as well as its deterrence goals.
When studying possible nuclear deployment and use it is important to analyze Russia's official
nuclear doctrine rather than statements in the media and of often uninformed or incompetent
officials from all of the countries involved in the Ukraine situation, even if those statements come5

from high-level officials. The Basic Principles of the State Policy of the Russian Federation on
Nuclear Deterrence of June 2020 – a document reflecting the most up to date nuclear doctrine of
the Russian Federation – lists the following factors that may affect Russian policy in the field of
nuclear deterrence (and deployment):•Build-ups of forces by potential adversaries, including nuclear weapons delivery systems,in territories adjacent to Russia;•Deployment in NEA of anti-missile defense systems, cruise and ballistic missiles of

medium and shorter range, or high-precision non-nuclear and hypersonic weapons; uncontrolled
proliferation of nuclear weapons; and•

Deployment of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery on the territories of non-nuclear states. 2
It is clear that, given the current situation, many of these factors are already present or are likely
to be implemented in NEA, particularly on the Korean Peninsula.
Of course, the incompetence and poorly informed statements of individual officials and media
that result in inflating the threat of the use of nuclear weapons by Russia (currently with respect tothe western theater) also poses a serious threat, as such statements may affect postures anddeployment of nuclear weapons. Indeed, if one country deploys additional offensive weapon
systems to protect itself from a non-existent and overblown threat, its opponent will perceive such
deployment as already a real threat. As a result, both countries will have their security threatened.

Potential Impacts of the Ukraine Situation on Nuclear Weapons Use in NEA
As noted above, the priority goal of Russia's nuclear strategy in Asia is to deter the United States.
Despite the current tensions, however, the likelihood of a military conflict between Russia and theUnited States remains extremely low. Both parties are interested in preventing such a conflict,primarily because the risk of such a conflict escalating into a nuclear war is high. Nevertheless, anumber of scenarios are possible that could lead to the nuclear weapons use.
The First of these would be an outbreak of a military conflict on the Korean Peninsula, initiatedby or with the gradual involvement of the United States. Such a conflict implies not only themilitary intervention of US troops on the territory of the DPRK but also missile strikes on thenuclear facilities of the DPRK. Once launched, American ICBMs would fly over the territories orthrough the airspace of Russia. Due to current tensions these ICBMs would be regarded as a threat

2See http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45562 (in Russian) for a description of Russian policy on this topic.

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by Russia and, at best, would be shot down, and at worst, would provoke a retaliatory nuclear
strike. There will be no time to figure out whether an ICBM detected in Russian airspace is in fact
equipped with a nuclear or conventional warhead. The same would happen if the DPRK were thefirst to launch an ICBM attack against the United States. In this case North Korean ICBMs would
fly above the territory of Russia, and the same be the case for American ground-based
interceptors. 3 Due to the current poor state of United States-Russia cooperation and possible
miscalculation the launch of multiple interceptors from the United States may be mistaken for
attack by Russia and trigger a retaliatory strike.
The second scenario is an armed conflict around Taiwan. Due to the fact that NEA is consideredby Russia to be China’s sphere of responsibility, Russia is unlikely to make a unilateral decision
on nuclear weapon use in the region. Russia could conceivably use nuclear weapons in the eventof a full-scale conflict between China and the United States, but would do so only if China
requested that kind of support from Russia, and as a last resort.
The third scenario is the aggravation of territorial disputes, for example, the dispute with Japanover the Kuril Islands, accompanied by Japan’s remilitarization/nuclear weapons
development/deployment and US involvement in the dispute.
Russia’s “Basic Principles…” provide for the use of nuclear weapons in response to an attack on
Russia or its allies using nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction, or in the event ofaggression using conventional weapons, if “the very existence of the state is endangered.” At thesame time an updated document contains Article 4, which provides for Russia using nuclear
deterrence “for prevention of an escalation of military actions and their termination on conditions
that are acceptable for the Russian Federation and/or its allies”. Indeed, a United States invasionof the DPRK may not threaten the existence of Russia, but it would lead to deployment of the US
military and US nuclear weapons on the Russian border, which Russia would find an unacceptableoutcome. Existence of the state is closely connected with sovereignty and territorial integrity, so it
can be suggested that nuclear weapons can be used to defend a territory considered Russian fromseizure by a potential adversary.

Conclusion
To conclude, the intentional use of nuclear weapons by Russia is only possible in the case of athreat to its security and territorial integrity. Unintentional nuclear weapons use by Russia may,
however, be caused by a miscalculation of the military threats from the United States, as in theJoshua Pollack (2017), “Nuclear Deterrence and the Revenge of Geography”, Arms Control Wonk, dated
September 24, 2017, and available as https://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1204122/nuclear-deterrencethe-revenge-of-geography/
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case of dual-capable ICBMs flying over Russian territory. Russia has dual-capable systems as well,including missiles using “Iskander” tactical systems that are capable of reaching the territory ofJapan. Such missiles can either be equipped with nuclear and conventional warheads. Their use
in conventional equipment in the event of a conflict could in turn be misinterpreted by the UnitedStates and trigger an asymmetric nuclear response.
Although the situation in Ukraine does not affect Russia's nuclear ་posture/strategy in NEA
directly, indirect impacts of the situation in Ukraine on Russia’s nuclear policies in NEA cannot
be ruled out. Examples of such indirect impacts include changes in nuclear weapons planning anddeployment by the United States and China under the pretext or because of the Ukraine situation.
In any nuclear use case or military conflict in general, the countries that have a well-defined
strategy in Asia will be the initiators of conflict. After the collapse of the USSR, Asia has been
considered neither a sphere of interest nor a threat by Russia. Russia’s Asian strategy has not yet
been fully determined, and thus may be influenced by a number of outside factors. This uncertainty
cannot help but affect Russia’s nuclear strategy. Another consideration is that the Ukrainiansituation is unlikely to be repeated in NEA. Unlike Europe, Asia prefers talks to war. In the distantfuture threats in NEA may appear (due to China’s growth and its influence and pressure on Russia)
that could require revision of Russia’s nuclear strategy and deployment in the region. In the nearterm, however, Russia’s posture in the region will likely be limited to supporting China andreacting to the military activity of the United States.

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