                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ㸱 ᑠᬽᬛ୍㸦ඖி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧:LOOLDP+XJJLQV ̽ ᫍࡣșSer (3.7 ➼) ࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌ᫂ࡿࡉ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦๓ྕ࠿ࡽࡢ⥆ࡁ㸧࡜ࡢ㐃⤡ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋHuggins ࡣ᪩㏿ࠊ16 – 19 ኳయศගࡢⓎᒎ᪥ࡢ 4 ᬌࠊ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡇࡢᫍ࡟ᮃ㐲㙾ࢆྥࡅࡓࠋ

1863 ᖺ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓศගほࡣኳᩥྎෆࡢ

ࡍ࡛࡟ 4. 3 – 4.5 ➼࡟ῶගࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊึ᪥

ศගᐇ㦂࡜ඹ࡟ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ Huggins ࡢ⏕ᾭࡢࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ Miller ࡜୍⥴࡟᳨ウࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ

௙஦࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ 1864 ᖺ௨㝆ࡇࡢᫍࡢ␗ᖖࡉ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡁ⩣᪥࡟ࡣ⋤❧༠఍࡟ࡢศගほࡢヰ㢟ࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࡼ࠺ࠋ

ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[43]ࠋᙼࡽࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓࡢࡣࡑࡢ1870 ᖺ࡟ࡣ⋤❧ኳᩥ༠఍࠿ࡽ 15 ࢖ࣥࢳ」ྜᛶ࡛ࠊprincipal spectrum ࡜ࡼࡪ྾཰⥺(38cm) ᒅᢡ㙾࡜ 18 ࢖ࣥࢳ (46cm) ཯ᑕ㙾ࡀࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡜ bright lines ࡜ࡼࡪ㍤⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎ࡟㈚୚ࡉࢀࠊࢻ࣮࣒ࡶ 3.6 mࢺࣝ࡜ࡢྜᡂ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣኴ㝧࡟ఝࡓග⌫࠿ࡽ 5.5 m ࡟ᣑᙇࡉࢀࡓࠋ㸰ࡘࡢᮃ㐲㙾ࡣ࡜኱ẼࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧ࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࡣᕼⷧ࡞㧗୍ࡘࡢ㉥㐨൤࡟஺᥮⿦ഛ࡛ࡁࡿࠋඹ࡟ศගჾ

ࢫయࢆ㉳※࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㍤⥺ࡣ 5 ᮏ࡛ࡑࡢ࠺

ࢆ⿦╔ࡋ࡚ࠊࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎࡣศගほ࡟ࡕ 3 ᮏࡣ HȘ HșHȚ⥺࡜ぢࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ

ᑓᛕࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ 18 ࢖ࣥࢳ㙾ࡑࢀࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ 17 ᪥ࡢኪࠊㄏᑟࢫࣃ

࡟ྲྀࡾ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ⣸እ⏝ศගჾࡣගᏛ⣔࡟ࢡ࣮ࢡ࡛⏕ᡂࡋࡓỈ⣲㍤⥺ࢆᫍ࡜ྠ᫬࡟࣮࢜ࢶ࡞࡝⣸እ㏱㐣ᮦࢆࡶࡕ࠸ࠊἼ㛗ᇦࢆ࡚☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㍤⥺ࡢᙉᗘࡀ྾཰⥺3200 ύࡲ࡛ᗈࡆࡓ⏬ᮇⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡟ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ᙉ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ

ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙜ᫬௚࡟౛ࡢ࡞࠸⣸እศගࢆྍ

㍤⥺ࢆᨺᑕࡍࡿ࢞ࢫࡢ⬟࡟ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ෗┿ᢏ⾡ࡢᨵⰋࠊࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜᥎

࡜ࡃ࡟ Margaret ࡜⤖፧ࡋ࡚࠿ࡽࡣ Margaretࡢ྾཰⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣ㉥ⰍࡢȘOriࠊșPeg࡜ࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚෗┿ほࡢែໃࡀᩚ࠺ࠋࡇ

࡜ఝ࡚࠾ࡾࠊỈ⣲ࡢ྾཰⥺ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

࠺ࡋࡓศගᢏ⾡ࠊ෗┿ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ

Huggins ࡣᫍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚໬Ꮫ⤌ᡂࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜ࡲ

ࡓ Huggins ࡢኳయศගࡢ௙஦ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣ᪂ࡔ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᪂ᫍࡀྜᡂࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ♧ᫍࡢほࡍࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᫍࡢᵓ㐀ࡸ᪂ᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝኚࠊࢻࢵࣉ࣮ࣛຠᯝ᳨ฟࡢヨࡳࠊWRᫍࡢศග࡞࡝ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᗘ࢞ᐃࡋᗘࡀᫍᮏయࡼࡾ㧗࠸ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࡇࡢᫍ໬࡟Ỉ⣲ࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࡶ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHuggins ࡢࢫࢣࢵࢳ(a) ᪂ᫍࡢศගほࡋࡓࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆᅗ 9 ࡟♧ࡑ࠺ࠋᫍࡢග⌫ࢫ

1866 ᖺࠊHuggins ࡣྐୖึࡢ᪂ᫍศගほ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡜㔜࡞ࡗ࡚ᙉ࠸㍤⥺ࡢᏑᅾࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠋࡇࡢᖺࡢ 5 ᭶ 16 ᪥ࠊ࢔࢖ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࣛࣥࢻす㒊ࡢ Tuam ࡟ఫࡴ J. Birmingham

ࡲࡓࠊ17 ᪥࡟ࡣࢢࣜࢽࢪኳᩥྎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇ

Ặ࠿ࡽ 1 ㏻ࡢ㏿ሗࡀᒆ࠸ࡓࠋ5 ᭶ 12 ᪥࡟࠿ࡢᫍࡢ⢭ᐦ࡞఩⨨ࡀࢇࡴࡾᗙȠCrB ᫍࡢ㏆ࡃ࡟ 2 ➼⣭࡛㍤ࡃ᪂ࡋࡀ᪂ᫍࡢ⇿Ⓨ๓ࡢ࡛ᫍ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྠᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ࠸ᫍࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ሗࡏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠࡌ᪥࡟ࡇࡢᫍࡀ⇿Ⓨⓗ࡟ 7 ➼⛬ᗘቑගࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Mr. Baxendell ࡜࠸࠺ே࠿ࡽࡶ 15 ᪥࡟ࡣ᪂ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ T CrB ࡣ᭱ึ࡟ศගほኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧ᐃࡉࢀࠊT CrB (9.5 ➼)ࡉࢀࡓ᪂

̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃 ㍕ ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬ᫍ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢᫍࡣᅇᖐ᪂ᫍࡢ㸯ࡘ࡛࡜࠿ࡽᫍ㞼⥺࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡢ⤖ㄽࡣ␃ಖࡋ

1946 ᖺ࡟ࡶ⇿Ⓨࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⫼ᬒࡢ྾཰⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣ C⥺࠿ࡽ 3200ύࡲ࡛᧜ᙳࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⣸እᇦࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣⓑⰍᫍࡢ྾཰⥺ࢆకࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊⓑⰍᫍ࡟ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ H, K (CaII) ⥺ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ」ྜᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢ᪂ᫍࡣ 1892 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1894 ᖺึࡵ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᩘከࡃࡢ║ど࠾ࡼࡧ෗┿ほࡀ⾜ࢃᅗ  ᪂ᫍ 7&U% ࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢࢫࢣࢵࢳ>@ࠋ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣜࢵࢡࠊࣉࣝࢥࣂኳᩥྎ࠿ࡽ 1892
㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺ࡣ୰ኸᕥ࠿ࡽ>2,,,@Ȣύࠊ
ᖺ 9 ᭶࡟᪂ᫍࡢ࿘ࡾ࡟ᫍ㞼ࡀ᳨ฟࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸
+șྑ➃࡟ +Țࠊࡲࡓࠊᕥ➃࡟ +Ș⥺ࡀᙅ࠸㍤⥺࡜ࡋ࡚ぢ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠺ሗ࿌ࡀఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㈶ྰ
୧ㄽࡀ࡛ࡓࠋࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪኳᩥྎࡢNewall(1892)࡜ Roberts(1893)ࡣⅬ※ࢆᨭᣢࡑࡢᚋࠊ1892 ᖺ 2 ᭶࡟࠾࠺ࡋᗙ࡟᪂ᫍ (TAur) ࡀ⌧ࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࡣ Huggins ࡢ࡯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[45][46]ࠋNewall ࡣ║どほ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࠕ᪂ᫍ࡟↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᫍࡀ࠿࡟ࣁ࢖ࢹࣝ࣋ࣝࢢࡢ M. Wolfࠊ࣏ࢶࢲ࣒ࡢ

ࡤࡸࡅࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᫍ࡟↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜᪂ᫍࡀ

H. C. Vogelࠊࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࢻࡢ E. Pickeringࠊ࢟ࡰࡸࡅࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂ᫍࡢ

࣮ࣝ኱Ꮫࡢ R. Schumacher ࡽࡀྠ᫬࡟ほሗ࿌ ࢆ Astronomische Nachrichten, 129, p.
107 - 116 ࡟ᥞࡗ࡚ᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣኊほ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋM. Wolf ࡜ Schumacher ࡣගほࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊVogel ࡜ Pickering ࡣඹ࡟ศගほࡢሗ࿌࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ᪂ᫍ࡟ᑐࡋ

Huggins ኵጔࡣ 2 ᭶ 2 ᪥࡟෗┿ศගࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺࡜⣸ഃ࡟ఙࡧࡿ྾཰⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[44]ࠋኵጔࡢほගࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝᫂ࡿ࠸㍤⥺࡟⏤᮶ࡋࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᫍࡢ㐃⥆ග࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᒅᢡ
ᮃ㐲㙾ࡢⰍ཰ᕪࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
Vogel(1894)ࡣ Fraunhofer ὶⰍᾘࡋࣞࣥࢬࡢ15 ࢖ࣥࢳ (38cm) 㙾࡛ほࡋࡓࡢ࡛ᫍࡢ࿘ࡾࡢᫍ㞼ീࡣᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ཰ᕪ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
࡜ᫍ㞼ㄝࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[47]ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄽத
࡟⥆࠸࡚ Huggins ኵጔࡣ 1894 ᖺ 1 ᭶࡟࠶ࡽࡓ࡟෗┿᧜ᙳࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᫍീࢆ࿘㎶ࡢᫍ࡜ẚ㍑

࡛࡜ࡃ࡟┠❧ࡗࡓࡢࡣỈ⣲㍤⥺

ࡋࠊ᪂ᫍࡢⅬ※ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[48]ࠋࡇࡢ᫬

C(HȘ)F(Hș)G(HȚ)ࡀᙉࡃࠊࡲࡓࠊ⣸௦ࡣⰍ཰ᕪ࡜෗┿ឤᗘࡢၥ㢟ࡀධࡾΰࡌࡗ࡚ഃ࡟྾཰⥺ࢆక࠺ࡇ࡜㸦࠸ࡲ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤ P Cyg
ᆺ㍯㒌㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⥺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊኵጔ
ࡣ㍤⥺Ἴ㛗ࢆᐇ㦂ᐊࡢἼ㛗࡟ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ㍤⥺㒊ศࡣ㉥ഃ࡟ࡎࢀ࡚ᆅ⌫࠿ࡽࡢᚋ㏥ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ྾཰⥺㒊ศࡣ⣸ഃ࡟ࡎࢀ࡚ᆅ⌫࡬ࡢ᥋㏆㐠ືࢆ♧ࡍ࡜㏙࡭࡚኱Ẽ㐠ືࡢ⌮ゎ࡟୍Ṍ㏕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊHș⥺ࡢ㉥ഃ࡟ 2 ᮏࡢ㍤⥺ࢆぢฟࡋࠊᫍ㞼⥺㸦[OIII]Ȣ5007, 4959ύ㸧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࢜ࣜ࢜ࣥᫍ㞼࡟㢧ⴭ࡞⣸እᫍ㞼⥺㸦[OII]Ȣ3772ύ㸧ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ

ᫍീࡢ⢭ᗘࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ㄽⅬࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(b) Doppler ຠᯝ࡜࣭ᫍᫍ㞼ࡢど⥺㏿ᗘࡢᐃ㐠ືࡍࡿග※࠿ࡽᨺᑕࡉࢀࡿගࡢἼ㛗ࡣほ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿど⥺㏿ᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㉥ࡲࡓࡣ㟷ഃ࡟ኚ⛣ࡍࡿ Doppler ຠᯝࡣ 1842 ᖺ ChristianDoppler (1803 – 1853) ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢳ࢙ࢥ⋤❧࣑࣎࣊࢔⛉Ꮫ༠఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿ࠕConcerning the coloured light of doubleჾࢆᨵⰋࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸦 ࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣ 1920

stars and of some other heavenly bodiesࠖ࡜ᖺ௦࡟ Hubble ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚෗┿ศග࡟᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊ㢟ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓㅮ₇ࡀࡑࡢⓎ➃࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿

⣔እ㖟Ἑࡢど⥺㏿ᗘࡢࡋࠊDoppler ࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣග㏿ᗘࡀࡲࡔ▱ࡽࢀࡓࠋ㸧ᐃ࡟ጾຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ Doppler ࡣኚ⛣㔞ࢆ㐣኱ホࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ Huggins(1868)ࡣࢩࣜ࢘ࢫࡢ F౯ࡋࠊ㐃ᫍ⣔ࡢ㌶㐨㐠ືࡀኚ⛣ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚Ⰽ(Hș) ⥺ࡢ఩⨨ࢆẚ㍑ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ

ࢆኚ࠼ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋගࡢ㏿ᗘࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊ

ࡑࢀࡀ 1.09ύࡔࡅ㛗Ἴ㛗ഃ࡟ኚ⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ

Armand H. Fizeau (1849) ࡜ Jean B. L.

࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡓ[41]ࠋࡇࢀࡣᆅ⌫ࡢබ㌿㐠ືࢆ⿵ᐃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃ⣙ṇࡍࡿ࡜᪥ᚰど⥺㏿ᗘ+47.3 km s-1 ࡟┦ᙜࡍ30 ୓࣓࣮࢟ࣟࢺࣝ/⛊࡜࠸࠺⌧௦್࡟㏆࠸್ࡿࠋࡇࡢ್ࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ8 km s-1 ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ㄗᕪࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡀᙜ᫬ࡢ║どほFoucault (1862)ࡢ

࡟ࡼࡿ

ᐃ⢭ᗘ࡛

Huggins ࡀᫍࡢど⥺㐠ື࡟㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺

ࡣࡸࡴࢆ࠼࡞࠸⠊ᅖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋHuggins ࡣ⤖࡟࡞ࡗࡓ⏤᮶࡟ࡣ Belkora ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ḟࡢ࢚ࣆᯝ࡟‶㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀㄽᩥࡢᮎᑿ

ࢯ࣮ࢻࡀ࠶ࡿ[33]ࠋ18 ୡ⣖࡟ Edmond Halley

࡟ࡣ Maxwell ࡟ᑐࡍࡿㅰ㎡ࡀ௜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡀᫍࡢᅛ᭷㐠ືࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊHuggins

Huggins ࡣど⥺㏿ᗘࡣᫍࡀኳ⌫ୖࢆᶓ࡟ືࡃ࡞ࡽど⥺᪉ྥ࡟ࡶ㐠኱ࡁࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊHuggins ࢆᘬࡁ⥅ືࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡣᫍࡢࢫ

࠸ࡔࡢࡣᚋ࡟㏙࡭ࡿ Vogel ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦➨ 5 ⠇ཧ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ▱ࡾࡓ↷㸧ࠋᐃࡢࣃ࢖࢜ࢽ࢔࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡜ ᛮ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ࡓ ࡲ ࡓ ࡲ ཭ ே ࡢ William
Miller ࡢ໅ົࡍࡿࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢ King’s College(c) WR ᫍࡢศගほ࡟ࡣᙼࡢྠ൉࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㟁☢ẼᏛ࡛▱ࡽࢀࡓ

Huggins (1890) ࡣᙜ᫬ヰ㢟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ

James Clerk Maxwell ࡢ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡾࠊWR ᫍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶศගほࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋWRMiller ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ Maxwell ࡜▱ࡾྜ࠸࡟࡞ࡗ

ᫍ࡜ࡣࣃࣜኳᩥྎࡢ Wolf ࡜ Rayet (1866) ࡟ࡓࠋ1867 ᖺ㡭࡛࠶ࡿࠋMaxwell ࡣ Huggins

ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓወጁ࡞㍤⥺࡛ᫍ࠶ࡿ[49]ࠋ

ࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋࠊDoppler ຠᯝࡢᐃἲࢆ୎ᑀ

Wolf ࡽ 2 ேࡣࣃࣜኳᩥྎࡢ 40cm ཯ᑕ㙾ࢽࣗ࡟ᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡓࠋHuggins ࡣ᪩㏿ᆅ⌫ࡢබ㌿࣮ࢺࣥ↔Ⅼ࡟ྲྀࡾ௜ࡅࡓࣉࣜࢬ࣒ศගჾ࡛ࡣ㐠ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ⥺ࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘኚ⛣ࡍࡃࡕࡻ࠺ᗙࢆほࡿ࠿ィ⟬ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᙼࡢศගჾ࡟࡜࠿ࡅ࡚ᖜᗈ࠸㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺ࣂࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡍ 3 ಶࡢࡗ࡚ᐃᅔ㞴࡞ᚤᑡ㔞࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑᫍࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ BD ᫍ⾲࡛࠶ࡽࢃࡉࢀ

ࢀ࡛ࡶ Huggins ࡣ࠶ࡁࡽࡵ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᫍࡢ୰ࡓḟࡢ 3 ࡛ᫍ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊHD ␒ྕࠊV ➼⣭ࠊ࡟ࡣ Bessel ࡢ㧗㏿ᗘᫍࡢᵝ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᅛ᭷㐠ື⌧⾜ࡢศගᆺࡶཧ⪃ࡲ࡛࡟ῧ࠼࡚࠾ࡇ࠺㸸

୰࡟ࠊྍどᇦ࠿ࡽ⣸እᇦ࡟ࢆ♧ࡍᫍࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊど⥺㏿ᗘࡢ኱ࡁ࠸ᫍࡶ

1. BD+35o4001 HD191765

V = 8.8m

WN6࠶ࡿ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚ࠊศග࡟஌ࡾฟࡍࡇ

2. BD+35o4013 HD191203

8.5m

WC8

࡜࡟ࡋࡓࠋࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝศᩓࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣉ

3. BD+36o3956 HD192641

8.2m

WC7ࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ㸯ಶቑࡸࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ᫂ࡿ࠸ᫍࡣ㏆ഐWolf ࡽࡢグ㏙࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ᭱ࡶ⨾ࡋ࠸ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺᫍࡔ࠿ࡽど⥺㏿ᗘࡶ኱ࡁ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜⪃࠼࡚ࣝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣᫍ 2 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᫍࡣ 4 ᮏࡢࢩࣜ࢘ࢫࢆ≺࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᙼࡢᖜᗈ࠸㢧ⴭ࡞㍤⥺ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ1㸪3 ᫍࡶ㢮ఝࡢ㍤࡜ࡗࡓ᪉ἲࡣᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ୧ഃ࡟ẚ㍑ࢫ

⥺ࢆ♧ࡍࡀᫍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㍤⥺ࡢ఩⨨ࡸ᫂ࡿࡉ࡟

࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡀ┤᥋↔Ⅼ㠃࡟⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ศග

㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋWolf ࡜ Rayet ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃 ㍕ ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືᶵ࡛ࡣࡃࡕࡻ࠺ᗙ

ࢀࡿ࡟ࡣ Beals (1929)ࡲ࡛ᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ

ࡢᚤගᫍ࡟ᮃ㐲㙾ࢆྥࡅࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ

࡞࠿ࡗࡓ[51]ࠋ

࡞࠸ࡀ Wolf ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1868 ᖺ 8 ᭶ࡢⓙ᪤᪥㣗ࡢ㝿ࠊศගほWR ᫍࡣ኱㉁㔞ᫍࡢ㐍໬ᚋᮇ࡟࠶ࡿᫍ࡜ࡋ

ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺グ㘓ࡀ࠶࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ 1950ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ Rayet ࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊࣃࣜࢆ㞳ࢀ࡚࣐ᖺ௦௨ᚋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋWolf ࡜ Rayet ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ 3ࣝࢭ࢖ࣘࡸ࣎ࣝࢻ࣮ࡢኳᩥྎ࡟⛣ࡗࡓ࡜࠸ࢃ

ᫍࡀࡣࡃࡕࡻ࠺ᗙࡢ⊃࠸ኳᇦ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2 ே࡜ࡶ WR ᫍ࡜࠸࠺ྡ๓ࢆṧࡋ࠿ࡽ඲ኳ࡛ࡣከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎࡞ࡀࡽṔྐࡢ⯙ྎ࠿ࡽ㞃ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓே࡛࠶

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㖟Ἑ⣔ෆࡢ WR ᫍࡣ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶࡿࠋ

300 ᫍ࡯࡝ࡋ࠿᳨ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ2 ேࡢⓎࡇࢀࡽࡢᫍࡣⓎぢ௨᮶ࠊほ⪅ࡢ⯆࿡ࢆᘬぢࡣ㈗㔜࡞ほ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡁ ࠊ Vogel(1874) ࡟ ⥆ ࠸ ࡚ Huggins ኵ ጔ(1890) ࡶศගほࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVogel ࡟ࡼ 0DUJDUHW࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸࡜ኳయ෗┿ศග࡬ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚Ἴ㛗ࡀᐃࡉࢀࠊᫍ 1 ࡜ 2, 3 ࡜ࡢ1875 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 8 ᪥ࠊHuggins ࡣ࢔࢖ࣝࣛࣥ

㐪࠸ࡶࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ[50]ࠋ㍤⥺࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࢻࡢࢲࣈࣜࣥ࡟㏆࠸⏣⯋⏫ Monkstown ࡢᩍࡶᖜࡀᗈ࠸ࡓࡵᙼࡽࡣ㍤⥺ࡢ㉥➃ࠊ⣸➃࡞࡝

఍࡛ Margaret Lindsey Murray ࡜ࡢ⤖፧ᘧࢆࢆᣲࡆࡓࠋ࡜ࡁ࡟ Huggins ࡣ 51 ṓࠊMargaretᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVogel, Huggins ࡽࡢࢫࢣࢵ

ࢳ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ᫍ 1 ࡣ 469 nm ௜㏆࡟⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ࣆ
࣮ࢡࢆࡶࡗ࡚ 466 ̽ 471 nm ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡿ㍤⥺

㸦1848 – 1912㸧ࡣ 27 ṓ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
Margaret ࡣᑡዪ᫬௦ࠊ♽∗ࡢ⸅㝡࡛ᫍᗙࢆ♧ࡋࠊ ᫍ 2㸪3 ࡣ 465 nm ௜㏆࡟ࣆ࣮ࢡࠊ࡟ぶࡋࡳࠊᮃ㐲㙾࡛ኴ㝧㯮Ⅼࢆほ464 ̽ 466.5 nm ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡿ㍤⥺ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᫍ 2ศගჾࢆ⮬సࡋ࡚ࣇ࣮ࣛ࢘ࣥ࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝ⥺ࢆほࡣᫍ 1 ࡜ྠࡌἼ㛗ᇦ࡟ᙅ࠸㍤⥺ࡶ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐹࡋࡓࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ᪂⯆ࡢ෗┿᧜ᙳ࡟⯆࿡ࢆᣢ୧⪅࡜ࡶࢫࢣࢵࢳࡢἼ㛗ᖜࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣࡗࡗࡓࡾࠊᙜ᫬࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ⌋ࡋ࠸⛉Ꮫᑡዪ࡛࠶ࡗ

ࡁࡾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᫍ 1 ࡢ㍤⥺ࡣࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᙼዪࡣ᪥᭙Ꮫᰯࡢᩍᖌࢆࡋ࡞ࡀ

HeII 468.6 nm, ᫍ 2㸪3 ࡢ㍤⥺ࡣ CIII, CIVࡽࠊ≀⌮ࠊ໬Ꮫࡢᐇ㦂ࢆ㔜ࡡࠊ࡞࠿࡛ࡶࠊ෗

ࡢࣈࣞࣥࢻ㸦465 nm㸧࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋHuggins┿ᢏ⾡ࡢᨵⰋ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

ኵጔࡣᖜᗈ࠸㍤⥺ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢศᏊ࡟ࡼࡿࡢ࡛

ࡲࡓࠊኳᩥ࢔࣐ࢳࣗ࢔࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ࡟ఫ

ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࠊⅣ໬Ỉ⣲ศᏊ࡞࡝ࡢྍ

ࡴ William Huggins ࡣᙼዪࡢ៿ࢀࡢⓗ࡛࠶ࡗ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ࡝ࢀࡶ࠺ࡲࡃ⾜࠿࡞࠸ࡓࠋMargaret ࡀ Huggins ࡜᭱ึ࡟ฟ఍ࡗࡓ࡜Ⴣ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᒁࠊࡇࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣ Huggins

ࡢࡣࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥ㛤࠿ࢀࡓ㡢ᴦࢧࣟࣥࡢ఍ሙࡔኵጔࢆྵࡵ࡚ㄡࡶཎᏊࠊศᏊࡢ⤌ᡂྠᐃ࡟ᡂ

ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㡢ᴦࡣ 2 ேࡢඹ㏻ࡢ㊃࿡࡜࡞ࡗຌࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡓࠋᚋᖺࠊ2 ேࡣࢱࣝࢫࣄ࡛ࣝࣂ࢖࢜ࣜࣥࡢ

ࡋࡓࡾࠊWR ᫍࡣ HD ࢝ࢱࣟࢢ࡛ࡣ Oa (CII 465 nm),ྜዌ࡞࡝ࠊ㡢ᴦࢆᴦࡋࢇࡔࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ

Ob( HeII 468.6 nm), Oc (NII 4631-41)࡞࡝᫂

Huggins ࡶᙼዪࡢᆅඖ࡛࠶ࡿ࢔࢖ࣝࣛࣥࢻࡢࡿ࠸㍤⥺࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡢ

ࢲࣈࣜࣥ࡟ࡣࡼࡃฟ࠿ࡅࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣᮃ㐲㙾㍤⥺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮍྠᐃࡢࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ

࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ Howard Grubb ࡢᕤᡣࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ⋤ࡽࡢ㍤⥺ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ⣸ഃ࡟྾཰ᡂศࢆࡶࡘ P❧ኳᩥ༠఍ࡀࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᮃ㐲Cyg ᆺ㍯㒌ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᖜᗈ࠸㍤⥺ࡣ㙾ࡢ㈚୚ࢆỴࡵࡓ㝿ࠊᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ〇సࡣ Grubbᣑࡀࡗࡓ⭾ᙇ኱Ẽ࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⌮ゎࡉ࡟௵ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࠊHuggins ࡣㄪ⠇ࡸ᳨ᰝ࡞࡝

ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿࡛ࡼࡃࢲࣈࣜࣥ࡟⁫ᅾࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
Margaret ࡜ Huggins ࡢ࡞࠿ࢆྲྀࡾᣢࡗࡓࡢࡣ Howard Grubb ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛⤖፧ᘧࡣ࢔࢖ࣝࣛࣥࢻ࡛࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋ
Margaret ࡣ ࢱ ࣝ ࢫ ࣄ ࣝ ࡟ ⛣ ࡾ ఫ ࡴ ࡀ ࠊ
Huggins 㑰ࡣ⊃࠸๓ᗞ࡜ᗈ࠸⿬ᗞࢆᣢࡘࣞࣥ
࢞✚ࡳࡢẅ㢼ᬒ࡞ᐙ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋMargaret ࡣᣢࡕ๓ࡢ⤮⏬ࡸ᙮้ࠊᅬⱁ࡞࡝ࡢᡯ⬟࡛ᐙࡢෆእࢆࡍࡗ࠿ࡾᛌ㐺࡞ఫᏯ࡟ኚ࠼࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟⿬ᗞࡢ࣮࢞ࢹࢽࣥࢢ࡟จࡗ࡚ࠊ཭ே࡟
ࠕ࢚ࢹࣥࡢᗞࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᚰᆅࡼ࠸ᗞᅬ࡟ኚ࠼࡚
ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠖ࡞࡝࡜᭩ࡁ㏦ࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝ࡟ⴠࡕ╔ࡃ࡜ Margaret ࡣ᪩㏿ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆά࠿ࡋ࡚෗┿ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠋᐇࡣ Huggins ࡶ෗┿ほࡢ㔜せᛶࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊึᮇࡢ 1863 ᖺ࡟ࡶࢩࣜ࢘ᅗ  0DUJDUHW+XJJLQV ࡢ⫝̸ീ>@ࠋࢱࣝࢫࢫ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢥࣟࢹ࢕࢜ࣥ஝ᯈ࡟ࡼࡿศගほࣄࣝኳᩥྎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ:LOOLDP+XJJLQV ᧜ᙳࠋࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࡣឤᗘࡀపࡃࠊᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ㥑ືࠊ኱Ẽࡺࡽࡂࡢຠᯝࡢࡓࡵࢻࢆ᳨ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ⥺ࡣ᳨ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋMargaret

Huggins ࡢㄽᩥࡣ⤖፧ᚋࡶ༢⊂ྡ࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡉ࡟ㄢࡏࡽࢀࡓ኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡣࢮࣛࢳࣥ஝ᘧ஝ᯈࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ከ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ 1890 ᖺ 㡭 ࠿ ࡽࡢᑟධ࡜ᫍࡢศග෗┿⏝࣓࢝ࣛࡢᑠᆺ໬࡜࡛William and Lady Huggins ࡢ㐃ྡࡀከࡃ࡞

࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ኳయࡢ㛗᫬㛫ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ Margaret ࡢᴗ⦼ࡶ኱ࡁࡃホ౯㟢ฟࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋMargaret ࡣ᭷⬟࡞ほࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ[52]ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊMargaretຓᡭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⊂⮬ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗࡢぶࡋ࠸཭ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊ19 ୡ⣖ኳᩥᏛࡢ⤂௓࡟ぢゎࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊኵጔࡣ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣᢏ⾡኱ࡁࡃᐤ୚ࡋࡓ Agnes Mary Clarke (➨ 1 ⠇ୖࡢၥ㢟࡛ពぢࡢᑐ❧ࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊཧ↷) ࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚ゝゐࢀ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

Margaret ࡜ࡢඹྠసᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢱࣝࢫࣄ࡛ࣝࡢศග෗┿ほࡣ㡰ㄪ࡟㐍ࡳࠊᜏᫍࡸࢥ࣓

ࢵࢺࡢศග㈨ᩱࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ
ኵጔࡢศගほࡣ┦ኚࢃࡽࡎᜏᫍࡀ୺య࡛

Clarke (1842 – 1907) ࡣ Edward Holden(Lick ኳᩥྎ)ࠊNorman Lockyer (⚾❧ኳᩥྎࠊNature ๰ห)ࠊEdward Pickering (Harvard኱Ꮫኳᩥྎ)ࠊDavid Gill (Cape ኳᩥྎ) ࠊ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࡶኴ㝧ࢥࣟࢼࠊᝨᫍ㸦ⅆMargaretᫍࠊᮌᫍࠊᅵᫍࠊኳ⋤ᫍ㸧࡞࡝ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸

Edinburgh Review ㄅ࡬ࡢኳᩥ㏿ሗࡢ㐃㍕グࡿࠋ≉࡟ 1881 ᖺ࡟ 20 ᖺࡪࡾ࡟⌧ࢃࢀࡓ᫂ࡿ

ࠕ19 ୡ஦ࢆ᭩ࡁ⥆ࡅࠊࠕᜏᫍࡢୡ⏺ࠖ(1890)ࠊ

࠸ᙟᫍ (1881b, Tebbutt’s comet) ࡟ᑐࡋࠊኵ⣖ࡢ୍⯡ኳᩥᏛྐࠖ(1902)ࠊ
ࠕኳయ≀⌮Ꮫࡢㅖጔࡣศග෗┿ほࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊࣇࣛ࢘ࣥ࣍ၥ㢟ࠖ(1903)࡞࡝ࡢ኱ⴭࢆබหࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[53]ࠋ

࣮ࣇ࢙ࣝ⥺ࢆక࠺㐃⥆ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢୖ࡟ CaIIࡇ࠺ࡋࡓຌ⦼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ Clarke ࡣ MargaretH ⥺ࡼࡾ⣸ഃ࡟Ⅳ⣲㉳※ࡢ᫂ࡿ࠸ 3 ᮏࡢࣂࣥHuggins ࡜୪ࢇ࡛ 1903 ᖺ࡟⋤❧ኳᩥ༠఍ࡢ

Hugginsኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧ࡽ ࡢ ༠ ຊ ࡢ ୗ ࡟̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃 ㍕ ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬ྡ㄃఍ဨ࡟᥎⸀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊዪᛶࡀ఍ဨ࡟

ࢢ࣒ࣛ࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛほ࡞ࡿࡢࡣ Caroline Herschel ௨᮶ࡢ౛እⓗᚅ࠿࡟⮬๓ࡢほ㐝࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ⋤❧ኳᩥ༠఍ࡢ఍ဨࡣ⏨❧ኳᩥ༠఍࡟ሗ࿌ࢆ㏦ࡿᶒ฼ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑓ㛛ᛶ࡛༨ࡵࡽࢀࠊዪᛶࡣㄡ࡛ࡶබ㛤ㅮ₇఍࡟ฟ⫋࡜ࡋ࡚ᜨࡲࢀࡓ⎔ቃࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡓࡀࠊ⮫ᖍ࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋClarke ࡀᇳ➹ά᫬⫋ဨ࡛࠶ࡾࠊప㈤㔠࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㌟ศୖࡢ

ືࡢࡓࡵ࡟ㅮ₇఍࡟ฟᖍ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ୙‶ࡣᢚ࠼ษࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋAlice Everett ࡣࡢࡣኳᩥ༠఍ࡢ≉ูࡢィࡽ࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1895 ᖺ 10 ᭶࡟ ࣏ࢶࢲ࣒ኳᩥྎ࡟ึࡢዪᛶࡢ࡯ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⋤19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢዪᛶࡢ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࡣࡣ࡞ࡣࡔࢫ ࢱ ࢵ ࣇ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ㉱ ௵ ࡋ ࠊ ྠ ࡌ ᭶ ࡟ Annieప࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢢࣜࢽࢪኳᩥྎ

Russell ࡣ Maunder ࡜⤖፧ࡋ࡚ࢢࣜࢽࢪ࡟࡛ᐃࠊィ⟬సᴗ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿ⫋ဨࡣ␃ࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖፧ࡣ 2 ே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ᡂຌcomputer ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ୰Ꮫ༞ᴗ⛬ᗘࡢప㈤㔠

ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡀࠊኵጔ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ➨ 8 ⠇㸦G.

࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ⏨ᛶ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1880 ᖺ௦Airy㸧࡛ゐࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡢ୍᫬ᮇࠊClarke ࡣዪᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣጞࡵ࡚ࢢࣜࢽࢪ࡟໅ࡵࡿࡼ࠺່ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ཱྀᚄ 60 cm ࡢ Lassell ᮃ㐲㙾ࢆ⮬⏤࡟౑ࡗ࡚ ᜏᫍศග࢔ࢺࣛࢫࡢฟ∧࡜ +XJJLQVࡢᬌᖺࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺㨩ຊⓗ࡞㠃ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ

Huggins ࡜ Margaret ࡢࠊ18 ࢖ࣥࢳ㸦46cm㸧

ᐇ᝟ࡣዪᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ⮫᫬⫋ဨ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡾࠊ㙾タ⨨௨᮶ࡢᜏᫍศගࡢᡂᯝࡣ 1899 ᖺ ࡟ᚅ㐝ࡣ computer ୪࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ“An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra

Clarke ࡣ⏦ࡋฟࢆ᩿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋClarke ࡣ⏕from Ȣ4670 to Ȣ3300 ύ”ࡢฟ∧࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ᾭࢆⴭస࡟ࡉࡉࡆࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡣ୍⯡ྥࡅ࡜࡞⤖ᐇࡋࡓ[54]ࠋࡇࢀࡣྂ඾ⓗ⿦୎ࡢ⨾ࡋ࠸ A3ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⢭ᐦ࠿ࡘ᩾᪂࡞グ㏙ࡣኳᩥ◊✲ุࡢ࢔ࢺࣛࢫ࡛ࠊࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ෗┿ࡶ㩭࡛᫂࠶⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞᝟ሗ※࡛࠶ࡾࠊ◊✲⪅ᚲ

ࡿࠋMargaret ࡣ⤮ࡢᡯ⬟ࢆά࠿ࡋࠊྛ❶ࡢㄞࡢ᭩࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢṚࢆ᝚ࢇ࡛ึࡵࢆ⨾ࡋ࠸ᤄ⤮࡛㣭ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ஑

Margaret Huggins ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ

ᕞ኱Ꮫᅗ᭩㤋࡟᱓ᮌᩥᗜࡢ㈗㔜᭩࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡉ[32]ࠋ

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࢔ࢺࣛࢫࡣᮏᩥ 8 ❶࡜ 12 ⴥほࠕᙼዪࡣኳᩥᏛࡢ㐍Ṍ࡟኱ࡁࡃ㈉⊩ࡋࡓࡤࡢᅗ∧࡜࠿ࡽ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵࡢ 2 ❶࡟ࡣ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ཭ឡ࡜༠ຊࢆࡦࢁࡃ᥎㐍ࡋࡓࠋࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎ㛤タ௨᮶ࡢヲࡋ࠸Ṕྐ࡜ほᙼዪࡢ⏕ᾭࡣ㔠Ⰽ࡟㍤ࡃࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࡢᩥ⊩ࡀࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟
ࡣ Huggins ኵጔࡢ㛗ᖺ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ◊✲࡬ࡢᛮ࠸(golden, indeed !)ࠋࠖࡇࡇ࡛ࡦ࡜ࡇ࡜ࠊlady computer ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡀࡇࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚➨ 3 ❶ࡣศග෗┿㏙࡭࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ1890 ᖺ௦๓༙࡟ࢢࣜࢽࢪኳᩥࡢ᪉ἲࠊ➨ 4 ❶ࡣࢱࣝࢫࣄ࡛ࣝ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓศ

ྎ࡛ࡣ 2 ேࡢ lady computer ࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋගჾࡢㄝ᫂࡟ᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

࡝ࡕࡽࡶⱝ࠸࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࣮࣐࡛࢘ࣥ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍

➨ 5 ❶࡛ࡣᅗ∧࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓᜏᫍࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ

ேࡣ Alice Everett ࡛ࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣟࢢࣛࣇ㒊㛛ࡢ≉ᛶ࡜⣔ิ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋኵጔ

࡛ࢫ࢝࢖࣐ࢵࣆࣥࢢ (Carte du Ciel) ࣉࣟࢢࡣࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ୺࡜ࡋ࡚Ỉ⣲ࡢࣂ࣐࣮ࣝ⥺࡜ࣛ ࣒ ࡟ ཧ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ ࡶ ࠺ ୍ ே ࡣ Annie

CaII K ⥺ࡢᙉᗘኚ໬࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚㓄ิࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋRussell ࡛ࠊ࣊ࣜ࢜ࢢࣛࣇ㒊㛛࡟ᒓࡋ E.W.

ⓑⰍᫍ࠿ࡽ㉥Ⰽᫍ࡬࡜㐍ࡴ࡜ࣂ࣐࣮ࣝ⥺ࡢ྾

Maunder ࢆᨭ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ෗┿࣊ࣜ࢜ࢢࣛࣇࣉࣟ཰⥺ᙉᗘࡣḟ➨࡟ᙅࡃ࡞ࡿࡀࠊCaII K ⥺ࡣ཯ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿ᑐ࡟ḟ➨࡟ᙉᗘࢆቑࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟㔠ᒓ⥺ࡶጼࢆ⌧ࡋ࡚㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡲࡓࠊࣂ࣐࣮ࣝ྾
཰⥺ࡀᫍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⥺ᖜࡀ⊃ࡃ㧗‽఩⥺ࡲ࡛㆑ู࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢࠊ୰㛫ࡢࡶࡢࠊᖜࡀᗈࡃᩘᮏ
࡛㔜࡞ࡾྜࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡶࡢࡢ 3 ẁ㝵࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ⣸እศග࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ึࡵ࡚ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓศග≉ᛶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚋᖺࡢගᗘ㝵⣭ࡢุูࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ➨ 6 ❶࡛ࡣ๓❶ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚⣙ 50 ᫍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿศගศ㢮ࠊ໬Ꮫ⤌ᡂ࠾ࡼࡧᫍࡢ㐍໬ࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHuggins ࡽࡣᙜึࡣ໬Ꮫ⤌ᡂࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ㐍໬ࢆ♧ࡍ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢ࢔ࢺࣛࢫ࡛ࡣ㐍໬ࡣ Lane ࡢἲ๎࡟ᚑࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[55]ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜‽ᐃᖖⓗ࡟㔜ຊ཰⦰ࢆ⥆ࡅࡿ࢞ࢫ⌫ࡣ཰⦰࡜ඹ࡟⾲㠃ᗘࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢቑຍࡣᨺᑕ࡟ࡼࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᦆኻࡀ༟㉺ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ࠊᚲ↛ⓗ࡟ᗘపୗ࡟⛣⾜ࡍࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᫍࡣⓑⰍᫍ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄌ⏕ࡋࠊኴ㝧ᆺࢆ⤒࡚࢜ࣞࣥࢪ࠿ࡽ㉥Ⰽᫍ࡬࡜㐍ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᙜ᫬ࡢ୺ὶ
࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ Helmholtz ࡢ཰⦰ㄽࡢ❧ሙ࡟❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᫍ⾲㠃ࡢ໬Ꮫ⤌ᡂࡶኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡦ࡜ࡇ࡜௜ࡅຍ࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊṔྐⓗ࡟ぢ࡚ Helmholtz ࡢ཰⦰ㄽ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣ Helmholtz ࡢᥦၐ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᭱ึ࡟ᥦၐࡋࡓࡢࡣࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻࡢ
≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ J. J. Waterston (1811 – 1883) ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡣ 1845 ᖺ࡟ኴ㝧ࡢ཰⦰㐍໬ㄝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ Royal Society of London ࡟ᢞ✏ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣ㛗࠸㛫༳ๅࡉࢀࡎࠊᚋ࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚ྠ༠఍ࡢ࢔࣮࢝࢖ࣈ㈨ᩱࡢ୰࠿ࡽⓎぢࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺⤒⦋ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊWaterstonࡣᮾ࢖ࣥࢻ఍♫ࡢ⯟ᾏᢏᖌ࡜ࡋ࡚࢖ࣥࢻ࡟㉱௵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1853 ᖺ࡟ࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥ㛤࠿ࢀࡓබ㛤ㅮᗙ࡛⮬ศࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆ⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Herman L. F. von Helmnoltz(1821 – 1894)ࡣࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛⏕⌮Ꮫࡸゎ๗Ꮫࡢᩍᤵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ⏕⌮Ꮫࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽ 1847 ᖺ࡟࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ಖᏑᅗ  ศග࢔ࢺࣛࢫࡢ⾲⣬>@ࡢἲ๎ࢆᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡲࡓࡲ Waterston
ࡢㅮ₇ࢆ⫈࠸ࡓᙼࡣ 1854 ᖺ࡟ูࡢ୍⯡ㅮ₇࡛ኴ㝧ࡢ཰⦰㐍໬ㄝࢆ⤂௓ࡋࠊኴ㝧ࡀᆅ⌫㌶
㐨ࢧ࢖ࢬ࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾࡢࢧ࢖ࢬࡲ࡛཰⦰ࡍࡿࡢ࡟
2500 ୓ᖺせࡋࡓ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢㄝࡀ
Helmholtz ࡢ཰⦰ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ὶᕸࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ヰࡣᑡࡋ⬺⥺ࡋࡓࡀࠊ࢔ࢺࣛࢫࡢ➨ 7 ❶ࡣࢱࣝࢫࣄ࡛ࣝ᧜ᙳࡉࢀࡓྂ࠸ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ஝ᯈ࡟グ㘓࡟ᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࠊ➨ 8 ❶ࡣ≉Ṧ࡞ᫍࠊࢺࣛ
࣌ࢪ࣒ࣗ࢘ᫍࠊ P Cyg, șLyr, Nova ࡞࡝ࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ࢜ࣜ࢜ࣥᫍ㞼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶヲࡋ࠸ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢㄝ᫂ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ࢔ࢺࣛࢫࡣ
Huggins ኵጔࡢ⏕ᾭࡢάືࢆ⾲ࡍグᛕⓗⴭసࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢱࣝࢫࣄࣝኳᩥྎࡢほάືࡣ Margaretࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ1880 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ೵⁫Ẽ࿡࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡢ୍ࡘࡣࣟࣥࢻࣥ࡟ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃 ㍕ ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬ᅗ  ศග࢔ࢺࣛࢫࡢ౛>@࠾ࡅࡿẼೃࡢኚື࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋHuggins ࡀࢱࣝ㛗ሗ࿌ࢆᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡣᑠࡉ࡞

ࢫࣄࣝ࡟ఫࡳጞࡵࡓ 1850 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1870 ᖺ௦グ஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛⯆࿡ࢆᘬࡃࡢࡣ 1903ࡢࣟࣥࢻࣥࡣࠊ༟㉺㢼ࡀ༡すࡢ㢼࡛ࣟࣥࢻࣥ

࠿ࡽ 1907 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࣛࢪ࣒ࣗ࢘ࡢࢫᕷෆࡢ኱Ẽሻࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃࠊほ᮲௳ࡶⰋ࣌ࢡࢺࣝゎᯒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ1898 ᖺࡢ࢟ዲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ1880 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ༟㉺㢼࣮ࣗࣜኵጔ࡟ࡼࡿࣛࢪ࣒ࣗ࢘Ⓨぢ࡜ኵጔࡢࣟࡀḟ➨࡟໭す࠿ࡽ໭ྥࡁ࡟ኚࢃࡾࠊ኱Ẽሻࡢࣥࢻࣥゼၥ (1903)ࡀࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶

ᙳ㡪ࢆ┤᥋ཷࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠊ࡜ኵጔࡣ࢔

ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ▷࠸ྎ㛗ሗ࿌࡛ࡣࣛࢪ࣒࢘ゎࢺࣛࢫࡢ୰࡛㏙᠜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᯒࡢෆᐜࡲ࡛ࡣゐࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋἐᖺࡢᖺ࡟᭩1899 ᖺ࡟࢔ࢺࣛࢫࢆฟ∧ࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊࢱࣝࢫ

࠿ࢀࡓ᭱ᚋࡢྎ㛗ሗ࿌ (1910) ࡛ࡣࢱࣝࢫࣄࣄ࡛ࣝࡣኳᩥྎෆࡢᐇ㦂ᐊ࡛ࡢཎᏊࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝኳᩥྎࡢᮃ㐲㙾࡜ほࣝ⥺ࡢྠᐃࡸࠊ┦ᑐᙉᗘࡢᐃ࡞࡝ᐊෆ࡛ࡢ

ࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪ኱Ꮫኳᩥྎ࡟ᐤ㉗ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓ

௙஦ࡀ୺య࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ1900 ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡵ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ࢻ࣮࣒ࡀᘓタࡉࢀࡓ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡶ Huggins ࡣẖᖺࡢࡼ࠺࡟ MNRAS ㄅ࡟ྎ[56]ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ≀⌮ᐇ㦂᪋タࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲࢱࣝኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧タഛࡣࡍ࡭࡚๓ᖺ࡟                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿ࢫࣄࣝ࡟ṧࡉࢀࡓ࡜グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ

[44] Huggins, W. & Mrs. Huggins 1892, AN,Margaret ࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞

129, 107, Über den neuen Stern in Auriga;

࠸ࠋHuggins, W. 1892, AN, 132, 143, Note onࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓㅖタഛࡣࣁࢠࣥࢫ

the spectrum of Nova Aurigae.

ࢻ࣮࣒࡜ࡋ࡚㛗ࡃಖᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1950[45] Newall, H. F. 1892, Nature, 46, 489,

ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ᩜᆅࡀᡭ⊃࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡢ⌮⏤࡛

The Nova Aurigae.

ゎయࡉࢀࠊࢫࢡࣛࢵࣉ࡟ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑ

[46] Roberts, I. 1893, MN, 53, 123 – 124,ࡢ࠺ࡕศගჾ࡞࡝ࡣࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪ኱Ꮫ௜ᒓࡢNova Aurigae.

࣍࢖ࢵࣉࣝ༤≀㤋࡟ಖᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪺࠸ࡓ[47] Vogel , H. C. 1894, AN 134, 93 – 96,ࡢ࡛ࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ࡟᪑⾜ࡋࡓᢡ࡟༤≀㤋࡟ၥ࠸Ueberྜࢃࡏ࡚ぢࡓࡀࠊHuggins 㛵ಀࡢᶵჾࡣ⌧ᅾBelopolsky in Nr. 3184 der AN, betreffend࡞࡟ࡶಖᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㏉஦࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

den neuen Stern in Fuhrmann.

[48] Huggins, W. 1894, AN, 134, 309, On>ḟᅇࡣࠊSecchi(1818-1878)ࡢ࠾ヰ࠿ࡽጞࡲthe visual appearance of Nova (T) Aurigae.

ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࠾ᴦࡋࡳ࡟㸟@[49] Wolf, C. & Rayet, G. 1866, Comptes

dieBemerkungendesHerrnRendus, 65, 292 – 296, Spectroscopie stellaire.
ᩥ ⊩[50] Vogel , H. C. 1874, AN 84, 113 – 124,[32](෌ᥖ) McKenner-Lawlor, Susan M. P.

Spectralanalische Mitteilungen. (WR ᫍศග)

2003,

Be

[51] Beals, C. S. 1929, MNRAS, 90, 202 –Publisher,

212, On the nature of Wolf-Rayet emission.

Chapter 5. Margaret Lindsay Huggins[52] Whiting, Sara F. 1915, ApJ, 42, 1 – 3,(1848 – 1915), Pioneering Astrophysicist.

Lady Huggins (᝚㎡)㸦ࣁࢠࣥࢫኵேࡢఏグ㸧

[53] Clarke, Agnes M. 1902, A Popular[33](෌ᥖ) Belkora, Leila 2003, Minding theHistory of Astronomy during the Ninteenth

Heavens – The Story of our Discovery ofCentury, Sattre Press; ྠ 1903, Problems

thein Astrophysics, Adam and C. Black.

WhateverObserved,

Milky

KluverWay,

ShinesShouldAcademicInstituteofPhysics

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Pioneer of the New Astronomy, p. 165 - 205

An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra,㸦࢘࢖ࣜ࢔࣒࣭ࣁࢠࣥࢫࡢఏグ㸧from Ȣ 4870 to Ȣ 3300, William Wesley[41] (෌ᥖ) Huggins, W. 1868, Phil. Trans. R.

and Son.

S. London, 158, 529 – 564, Further[55] Lane, J. H., 1869, Amer. J. Sci, 2 nd Ser.

observations on the spectra of some of the50, 57 – 74.㸦཰⦰࡟ࡼࡿᜏᫍ㐍໬㸧

stars and nebulae, with an attempt to[56] Huggins, W. 1910, MNRAS, 70, 331,

determine there from whether these bodiesReport of his Observatory.

are moving towards or from the Earth. (ᩥ⊩[2], p.402 ཧ↷)[43] Huggins, W. 1866, MNRAS, 26, 275

ᑠᬽᬛ୍㸦ඖி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧 –277, On a New Star. 㸦ึࡢ᪂ᫍศගࡢሗ࿌ࠊ

tkogure@pa2.so-net.ne.jp

ᅗ 9 ࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣྠㄅ p.297㸧
ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧