The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
TTsunamii DisasterDit
Its Impact and Lessons

Shunichi Koshimura
Graduate School of Engineering,Tohoku University
1

Next day in Sendai

2

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake

Rupture area：500km×200km
Dislocation：Max. 20〜30m
Duration of fault rupture：3min.
Japan Meteorological Agency

3Damage Summary
 Fatality
F t lit• 15,781 people were killed, and 4,086 people arestill missing (nation wide).
wide) Structural damage
Washed-away/Collapsed
away/Collapsed buildings were up to• Washed
115,151 and Major/Moderate damage were161,889.
 Tsunami debris• 23Mil. ton. 54% were already removed, but 3
years to complete
complete.
 Temporary housing• 49,124
49 124 houses were provided
provided. 94% of demand
demand,84% settled.
 Economic losses• 17,000 billion JPY, ¼ of annual budget of Japan.

4Tsunami has no borders

By Bruno Adriano@CISMID,

5

Hazard map and evacuation plan6

Some coastal cities, preparedness was not enough7

Onagawa,gMiyagiy g Pref.

www.town.onagawa.miyagi.jp：Fatality：455 Missing：739人 (Population：10010人），12%
Fatality：455，Missing：739人(Population：10010人） 12% of population were killed or missing
Destroyed houses/buildings： 4432，68％ of houses in town was severely damaged
8

Pre and Post-tsunami photos
Onagawa, Miyagi Pref.

Pre-tsunami

Post-tsunami

9

Onagawa Miyagi Pref
Onagawa,Pref.

10

Onagawa Miyagi Pref
Onagawa,Pref.

11

Onagawa Miyagi Pref
Onagawa,
Pref.

12

Survivor videos
Onagawa, Miyagi Pref.

13

Time series of tsunami inundationinterpreted from the video
Flow deppth (m), Floow velocityy (m/s)

16Flow depth

141210Velocity

7.5 (m/s)

8

6.3 (m/s)
64
20
15:18

15:21

15:24

15:27

15:30

15:33

15:36

15:38

15:41

15:44

Time (JST)!st Wave attack!st.

1st. Tsunami peak

Buildings washed-away
14

Tsunami disaster prevention
1. Building seawalls and break waters toprotect life and property against tsunami
tsunami.
2. Urban planning, Relocation.
3. Warning,g Evacuation, Public education.

15

Seawalls down

16

Tsunami break water in Kamaishi
Length : ２km, Surface height above sea level : ８m, Width : ２０m

国土交通省東北地方整備局

17

Relocation
Kamaishi city
city, Iwate Pref
Pref.

The 1933 Showa tsunami
Taken in 1933 (50 days after the event occurred)

18

Relocation to higher
ground (Taken in 1934)

But… in 2009

1920092011

20

JMA Tsunami warning issued based on
100,000 cases of database of tsunami
simulation, but …
1st. issue
3 minutes after the quake

2nd. ((revised)) issue
28 minutes after the quake

Iwate : 3m
Miyagi : 6m
Fukushima:3m

Aomori : 3m
Iwate : 6m
Miyagi : >10m
Fukushima: 6m
Ibaraki : 4m
Chiba : 4mRevised using offshore
tsunami gauge

21

If you can walk or run, driving is not a good idea

22

Progress Report
Tsunami Propagation and Impacts
Review of historical earthquakes (1513 - 1959) and risk
analysis

6cm/yrSheila Yauri, IGP
23

The 1746 earthquake tsunami
Callao, Lima
The 1746 earthquake
Ththk ttsunamii
attacking the coast of Callao, Lima

Port of Callao in 16th Century

24

The 1746 earthquake Tsunami
Simulation in Callao,
Callao Lima
Source Model (Pulido et al., 2011)

By Bruno Adriano@CISMID, Cesar Jimenez@DHN, Sheila Yauri@IGP

25

Bruno Adriano@CISMID

26

To survive and prepare for future
tsunami• K
Know wherehat riski k (N(Not onlyl iin wherehyou live).
li ) VeryV
important to know risks but sometimes nature isbeyond our science and technology.
technology• Run higher place as soon as possible.
– Strong ground shaking is the fast call to take action.
action– Where to go ? (Higher ground, RC building, verticalevacuation)– Find a safe place where you can reach within 20 min.
– How to go ? If you can walk,walk do not use a car.
car– Do not wait for official information• How do you receive tsunami warning ?
27