ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ǵ2003 ॷ 11 ೐̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ
຾ǵᩃǵǵǵ౜*A Consideration of Poverty Reduction Policy in Tanzania
IKENO Jun*
The poverty reduction regime is replacing the structural adjustment regime in the worldof development, and Tanzania, one of the poorest countries, has not escaped this trend. Here, I
examine three constraints of Tanzania’s present poverty reduction policy. The first constraint
is lack of “ownership” of the national policy by Tanzanian government. Like the structuraladjustment program, the poverty reduction policy was imposed by donors as a conditionality
for external debt reduction under the HIPC initiative. Tanzanian bureaucrats are able toprepare policy papers which the donors require, but they lack the enthusiasm and dynamism
to achieve the externally imposed policy objectives. The second constraint is that the targetof the policy is vague. Since independence, Tanzanian government has produced a series ofnational development programs with over optimistic objectives and unrealistic target figures;and this attitude toward planning is maintained in the poverty reduction policy. In this case,however, the government must demonstrate that the policy is achieving progress to donors.
To give the appearance of performing this assignment well, the government tried to lower the
hurdle by extending the period for halving of poverty and by underestimating the poverty
rate. The third constraint is that the rural people who are the main target group of thispolicy are only half-heartedly committed to the policy. Rural people have fresh and unhappy
memories of government policies on education and decentralization. These were componentsof government-led development during the heyday of the Ujamaa policy in the 1970s. Rural
people suspect that the present poverty reduction policy is a revival of the Ujamaa policy.
They are likely to silently resist the current policy as they did the earlier macro policies. I
will demonstrate that the rural people view the poverty reduction policy as another policy
imposed “from above,” and the government views it as another imposed “from outside.” The
policy emphasizing “ownership” and “participatory approach” has inconsistency between its
ideal and reality. How the rural Tanzanians and their government survive as the real tough“customers” in the international forum of development is one of the attractive themes in thefield of the area studies.

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University224຾ᩃ⏧̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ

͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵ1960 ॷБ՟ೝɴႶጓˁ᧒ଁɌɛ޽ȼɹˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɻ⏋য়ಁɹᬖᇍᐁཕ࡝ɹ࿈༑ˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɴᐁཕଁᬏˁᩂែɐʳ‫ࢃܕ‬ᬖᇍ଍ᅭˁ஛ᅎɌɛ⏏1970 ॷБɴԂʳɭ⏋ᬖᇍ଍ᅭɻ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ӱ᣸ (Basic Human Needs) ˏ̺ͦͻ̍ʍɭ߂ȷȼ౅ᩍ᥊ழɇʶ⏋ॶፈςᒶᇕɲᬖᇍȵʠɊɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋1970 ॷБೢɴ᥇ιʛᐁཕ‫׶‬ลɴ᭒ɤɛˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɻ⏋1980ॷБ՟ೝȴʰ IMF ɭγᅠ᪃᝔ȵ஠ᦽɐʳ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑ (Structural Adjustment Programme) ˁࢷԂɌ⏋కঌɹ৲ւˁᑘࢸɐʳ॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕ‫⏋׋‬ᐁཕᕶᅓ‫׋‬ˁ஠ᦽɌɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᐁཕ‫׶‬ลˁᔵɐʳɛʠɴɻ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɹࢷԂɻέ‫᧫خ‬ɫȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ɗɹࡸే౅໬ɴ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡʳ
ɭ UNICEF⏋ILO⏋ECA⏃ˏ̶͠ˡᐁཕࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц⏆ፈɹ‫ᦹܕ‬ลᬠȴʰʢଫՠȵ۰ՏɌɛɛʠ⏋1990
ॷБГᭇɴ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɻ᥄᧑ѹ๭ɇʶʳ⏏
ȋϺᬚɹᰑˁɌɛᠭ఩ȍ(adjustment with a humanface) ȡʳȦɻȋᐁཕᬖᇍȴʰ኏ЦᬖᇍʍȍɭȦȩ˽ͦͻˤͲɹʢɭɴ⏋ᬖᇍకፑɻᐁཕᇕ͹኏Цᇕ৑ᓔɴʢᨗૅɌɛʢɹʍɭ᥊ழȵʠɊɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʢɤɭʢ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ౅ᩍ᥊ழ
ȵࡸᣒᇕɴᬖᇍకፑɴ‫ؙ‬౱ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʳɹɻ 1990 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰɫȡʱ⏋ჼ‫޽ܧ‬ȼɹ‫ܕ‬ɫᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝȵᬖᇍకፑɹμਕᠩᰍɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵΫ៨ɹʭȩɲˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ʁȦɩɻᬖᇍ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ԃᖔɹᬖᇍ଍ᅭɹ޴᧦ɭ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᬖᇍ
଍ᅭɹ޴᧦ɻʓʖ᥄ˁΥɴɌɩȦʳ␩຾ᩃ 2001␭⏏‫ܕؾ‬కঌɻ 2000 ॷ 10 ೐ɴᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹ
μ൒ᇕɲకፑయೆɭɲʳȏᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ଍ᅭೆȑ(Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper)␩Tanzania 2000a␭ˁᇍᝠɌ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻɄɹయೆɴ໤ɤɩ‫ع‬ᐁཕ͹኏Цᨆᬐຘɴԍкᇕɲࡸే៟ᅙˁсଁ͹ࡸేɌɦ1)ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝɻ߹য়ɲ‫ࢃܕ‬ᬖᇍᇿฌɫȡʳȵ⏋ᬏॷ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ቉ድɴਃϟɌɩȷɛ‫ݚ‬ፆɦȡʳ⏏

ᓔȴʰʛɩ⏋Ё‫܌‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹᇿฌ᧒ଁɻȴɲʱ‫׶‬ȩȦ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹୃȭʳ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɲ‫ک‬ᰍဣɹȩɠ 3 ဣˁ‫؜‬ʱΫɁ⏋఩ჿɌரኍɌɩʛɛȦ⏏

1ȅဓ࠯̱͈࣭͂̀‫ٳز‬อଽॐǵፀ 1 ɴ୲Ɂʳʏȷ‫ک‬ᰍဣɻ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹμ൒ᇕɲсଁ͹ࡸేςкɫȡʳʏȷ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ
కঌɹςкਸ⏃initiative ȡʳȦɻ ownership⏆ɹ๕ᘺɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ؅‫܍‬ɻ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑȵ‫ؾ‬‫ܕ‬కঌɴʭɤɩᕶᇍᇕɴృɛɲ‫ࢃܕ‬ᬖᇍకፑɭɌɩ᧧ʃ‫؜‬ʰʶɛకፑɭȦȩʭʱʢ⏋‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᬖᇍஹ֖ɹ࿈༑ɹɲȴɫ޺ᨆȴʰໆࡴɇʶɩȷɛɭȦȩਸൔȵ࿣؄ɲɄɭɴȡʳ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝక1) 1990 ॷБೢȴʰ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝɴᬠɐʳకঌయೆȵሂ๖Ȧɫԇ՘ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ςឹɲయೆɻ⏋1998 ॷɹȏ‫ܐᢩࢃܕ‬ձཝ଍ᅭȑ
␩Tanzania 1998␭
⏋1999 ॷȏ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ 2025 ॷᬖᇍᇿฌȑ
␩Tanzania 1999␭
⏋1999 ॷ 11 ೐ȏᢩ‫ܐ‬͹ክኔ៿ѝ୭ฌȑ(Poverty and Welfare Monitoring Indicators)⏋2000 ॷ 5 ೐ȏ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴȲȿʳᢩ‫Ͳ˓͞˽ͻ̾ܐ‬ɹ෯፷ȑ(Developing a Poverty Baseline in Tanzania)⏋2000 ॷ 7 ೐ȏ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴȲȿʳᢩ‫Ͳ˓͞˽ͻ̾ܐ‬ɹఒ៝ȑ
␩Tanzania
2000b␭
⏋2001 ॷ 12 ೐ȏᢩ‫˫Ͳ͠ͻ̢̊͐ܐ‬͹͇˽̊ͻ̺͞Ͳȑ(Poverty Monitoring Master Plan)⏋2002 ॷ 7 ೐
ȏ2000/01 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑ
␩Tanzania 2002a␭ɫȡʳ⏏

225ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ፑȵ߹য়ɲకፑɫȡɤɛɭɌɩʢ⏋޺ᨆȴʰେɌɦȿʰʶɛɭয়᠍కঌȵઢɍɩȦʳ‫⏋غݭ‬కፑɴ‫؜‬ʱᏼʞઝ๙ɻȴɲʱཝᦡɐʳ⏏
ǵȋɻɍʠɴȍɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ࢪ޺ஹ֖ɴᰉɤɩȦʳ޽ȼɹˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɻ⏋Ⴖጓয়՟ȴʰ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᬖᇍஹ֖ɹ࿈༑ɭံᑉɫɻȡʱȭɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɫʢ⏋1970 ॷБೢʚɫɻ‫ܕع‬ɹႶᕶᖬȵ৔ȴɤɛɭȦȩ‫׵‬ᢒˁ‫؝‬ȿʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏȵ 1967 ॷɹ኏Цςᒶ‫ࡺ׋‬ៜ⏃ȋˏ͡ͻ˹͑ࡺៜȍ⏆Гᭇɴᦅ೴ˁ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɌɛ኏Цςᒶ‫ࢃܕ‬2) ɹল៯ˁʠɊɌɩᦅ೴ᨆɴࢸ࡝ോ⏋៵ᆹଘ⏋ອ᧑ే៯ˁரњɌʭȩɭɌɛɄɭɻ⏋1970 ॷБɹ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᬖᇍ଍ᅭɫȡʳ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ӱ᣸ˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁʞɌʸӴ‫؜‬ʱɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲႶᕶਸɻ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɹࢷ
Ԃˁʢɤɩᏺူɐʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴ⏋1980 ॷБɹˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ʍɹ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɹࢷԂɴӴɞɤɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹয়ಁɹᐁཕᇕɲҪྡྷɹ؅‫܍‬ȵ‫ک‬ʼʶ⏋ȋႶጓ৿ɹᬖᇍకፑɹ߉ఞȍˁς‫܍‬ɭɐʳஹ֖үɭȋඨ຦‫᧨ܩ‬ըȍˁς৓ɐʳˏ̶͠ˡүȵࢪጓɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏೎ᏺᇕɴմ
ᓔɹς৓ȵᦲʱ⏋ᐁཕԃᖔɴ‫ؖ‬ʉ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑȵࢷԂɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ᥊ழɻ⏋1970
ॷБɴΥγˁᰟᯅɌɛжᬖᇍᠶ⏋ਃࣚᠶ⏋ɐɲʼɠᬖᇍ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ɹᐁཕҪྡྷɹ؅‫܍‬ˁμਕᡉ‫ܕ‬ɴʭʳٞᦇᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕɲ‫ߥؚ‬ᬠѥɴິʠʳჿᠶᇕ࿈༑ɴࢪɐʳӴᦽ‫ܕ‬үɹॎȷᦐɌɭʢៗᨾɌȩʳ⏏
ǵɇɩ⏋1980 ॷБȴʰɹ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏˁɻɍʠɭɐʳ޽ధɹˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫⏋ܕ‬μ‫׫‬Ꭶᡉ‫⏋ܕ‬ɗɌɩˏ˻ˏᡉ‫ܕ‬ɴȲȦɩ⏋ฌྈᇕɲకፑങᏼʛˁʓʖ޴ೃɐʳɄɭɲȼᅙΥᇕɴࡸేɇʶɛ⏏
ȋɗʶəʶɹ‫ܕ‬ɴ႕๾೼Иȵȡʸȩȵɲȴʸȩȵ⏋਎ߴɲѹ๭ˁ֓ȭɇȭɐʶɽ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩̮̒˭ͻ˻ɻɐʏɩɹ‫ܕ‬ɴࢪɐʳᮾԠሎɭɌɩ᧟ᅎɫȷʳ⏋ɭ৳ʰ⏃ৄᅎᓔ໶⏧γ᪃˽̶̊̒⏆ɻ઎ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ჼ‫ܩ‬ɴɦȦɩɹ᠎Ᏻɲሾᡫɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼਖឹɭɇʶɩȦɲȦȍ␩˻͚ͻ˻͹˵̾̒͠ 1996: 145␭⏏3) ʚɛ⏋γ᪃ɹΫᏩտᐵ᝽ԏ̍ͻ̶͹˛˱̨͊˽̜ɫȡɤɛᐁཕ࡝ᓔ˽̘ˑ˫̒̓͠ɻ⏋ȋIMF ɻ˪͞˓ˏͲ̜‫ܕ‬ˁ៮‫ک‬ɐʳմɹฌྈᇕɲଝᐚȷɭɌɩ⏋ʚɑ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɹᗳዣˁсଁɐʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɹ៮‫ک‬ɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆʦரៜɹ౩ʰȴɲᠡʱˁឿɦȿ⏋ѹ๭ˁ֓ȭʳɛʠɫɌȴɲȦ⏏ᗳዣɻࡸᣒᇕɴࡴ݀యೆɫ⏋ȡʳ‫ܕ‬ɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆȴʰҏʱɩȷɛయ
ጟȵաɹ‫ܕ‬ɹ‫ݬ‬ٚೆɴɦȴȦʚʼɇʶɩȦʳȍ␩˽̘ˑ˫̒̓͠ 2002: 79␭ɭ⏋៨ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᕶ‫ܕ‬ɹϟ੻ˁਖɑɌʢᓒૅɓɑ⏋ᅙΥᇕɲᐁཕఒᯊ൜ɭɌɩେɌɦȿʰʶɛ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑˁ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏˁɻɍʠɭɐʳˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ȵ୕‫و‬ɐʳɄɭɻࢅ౫ɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏γ2) ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ኏Цςᒶɻ⏋͇͡˪˽͹ͤͻ̢ͲςᒶɫɻɲȦ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ܩع‬ɹ຦౏Ⴖጓ᧊֪ɹ୭ࢷᓔȵர‫ڟ‬Ɍɛ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹШᐏˁᩂ˃ɍʭȩɭɐʳˏ̶͠ˡ኏ЦςᒶɹΥዛɫȡʱ⏋˗˻͇͑ͻ኏Цςᒶ (Ujamaa
Socialism) ɭዌɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
3) ɄɹయጟɴɦɧȦɩ⏋˻͚ͻ˻ʰɻ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹȡʳకঌᲞࡲɹγ᪃ɹҾિɇɴᬠɐʳᦚ૭ˁৄᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏
γ᪃ɹȋࢭᬐࢃȍɻ৳ɹ‫ؾ‬ӎɴ⏋ȋʼʶʼʶɻ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫлˁɐʏȷȴ⏋ኽɴɻʼȴɤɩȦʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃Ʉʶʚɫ៮‫ک‬ɌɛɄɭɻΥ঎ʢɲȦ⏏ᦏȼ៮‫ک‬ɹϜࡴɞȵ⏋ሾʳਖឹɹȡʳɄɭɐʏɩˁ࡝ʉɹɴ‫מ‬Օɲೝᬚྡྷ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɦʢʱɫȡʳ⏏ȲɗʰȼϠᦼᬚʢȡʶɽ‫מ‬Օɞʸȩȍɭ᠝ɤɛɭȦȩ␩˻͚ͻ˻͹˵̾̒͠ 1996: 145␭⏏

226຾ᩃ⏧̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ

᪃͹IMF ɭɹ៬աɻ⏋Јɹ‫ܕ‬᭬ลᬠȴʰɹஹ֖ʦϠ‫ܕ‬ᬚஹ֖ˁʢࡸᣒᇕɴుਥɐʳɄɭˁઝ٢
ɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴȲȦɩɻᏟоು଼ˁᐁɲȵʰ 10 ॷГΫɴʼɛɤɩ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑȵࡸేɇʶɩ
ȷɛȵǸɗɹଁഗɻਖɑɌʢᖾɌȼɻɲȦ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᐁཕɴᦶ᠄ɹཉȦ̲̒˫˽̘Ͳɭ̢̋˛̅͡Ͳɻ⏋୭ฌɭɌɩ 1 Ϻȡɛʱɹଘ਄ଁᬏრɹᬏೝ̜ͤͲ̝ˁᅎȦ⏋1961 ॷɹႶጓ4) ȴʰ 1967 ॷɹ኏Цςᒶࡺៜʚɫɻॷრ 2.0⎾⏋1968 ॷȴʰ 1978 ॷʚɫɹ‫׶‬ลГմɹಁೝɻ 0.7⎾⏋
1979 ॷȴʰ 1985 ॷʚɫɹ‫׶‬ลɹಁೝɻ ⏎1.5⎾⏋1986 ॷГᭇɹఒᯊೝɻ 1999 ॷʚɫɫ 0.6⎾ɭ፤ՏɌ⏋ȋ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ 1 Ϻȡɛʱଘ਄ɹЭʃɻᯃ।ɴᑃિɫȡʳɭᐄᠶɓɊʳˁȭɲȦȍ⏋ȋჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ 1 Ϻȡɛʱଘ਄ɻ⏋30 ॷմɹˏ͡ͻ˹͑ࡺៜಁʭʱʼɑȴɴ 6⎾ʓɰᲞȦɴɐȹɲȦȍ
␩Bigsten and Danielson 2001: 22␭ɭ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩ೝˁᐁɛ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᐁཕɹҪྡྷʉʱˁᏚৗɌɩ
Ȧʳ⏏ɗʢɗʢ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɹᔘಕɴȡɤɛᐁཕ࡝ɹȋృ‫إ‬Ԏ༐ˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɻΥ౅ɫɻȏకঌɹ߉ఞȑᠶˁࣙᬖɌɲȵʰ⏋Ј౅ɫɻ‫ؾ‬ɍకঌɴ೑ᔨȴɦ‫غ‬ჿᇕɴఒᯊˁࡸేɐʳకঌˁ઎ࡴɐʳɭȦȩᕶैሺሄɴ᭒ɤɛȍ␩ᐒଘ 1997: 224␭ɹɫȡʱ⏋᝵ஹ֖‫ܕ‬కঌɴకঌลᔨɹᑘࢸ
ɭȦȩᕶैఒᯊˁ֟რᇕɴࡸేɐʳɄɭˁ৔‫ܦ‬ᇕɴᦗʳɄɭɫ⏋য়᠍‫ܕ‬కঌɹςкਸˁᘿɌȼ
‫߉ۅ‬ɇɓɩɌʚɤɛɹɫɻɲȴʸȩȴ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɻ⏋޺ᨆɴʭɤɩ౅ᩍȵໆࡴɇʶɛᬖᇍ଍ᅭɭȦȩဣɫ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑ
ˁᤑ឴ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹ‫⏋غݭ‬Гάɹʭȩɴ౅‫ك‬ɧȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏γᅠ᪃᝔ȵ1990 ॷɹȏγᅠᬖᇍ‫ݬ‬ٚȑɫᢩ‫کܐ‬ᰍˁ̴̜̒˪ɭɌɩ‫؜‬ʱΫɁ⏋‫ᦹܕ‬ᬖᇍ៟ᅙ (UNDP) ȵ‫ؾ‬ॷʭʱϺᬚᬖᇍ୭ฌɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼ‫ݬ‬ٚೆˁ՘᝔Ɍɻɍʠɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋1996 ॷɴɻ OECD ᬖᇍஹ֖ࠇ‫ڊ‬Ц (DAC) ȵȏ21 γᏛɴ‫ك‬ȿɩŅᬖᇍ‫֐ת‬ˁᦲɍɛᢨ჉ȑɹɲȴɫȋ2015 ॷʚɫɴෑጩɲ
ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɹʢɭɫᅊ༎ɌɩȦʳϺǾɹւ‫غ‬ˁ‫ץ‬ՕɴձཝɐʳɄɭȍˁ೎ᩂឹɲ୭ฌɭɌɩர൜␩ᐒ
ଘ 1998: 3␭Ɍ⏋ᢩ‫کܐ‬ᰍɴࢪɐʳΥᦹɹ‫ܯܩ‬Ɍȵɲɇʶɩȷɛ⏏‫ॷؾ‬ɴ⏋͜͠Ͳ͹˵̜͊̒ɫ
ᢩɌȦ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ʍɹᦠ֓ᇕɲӁ֭ձཝ஢ᒞȵ‫غ‬ઝɇʶ⏋γᅠ᪃᝔͹IMF ɹॷ๖‫ת‬ᡴɫᩂӁ֭ᢩ‫ܐ‬‫⏃ܕ‬Heavily Indebted Poor Country⏏ᅭዌ HIPC⏆ɹӁ֭ఛཕ஢ᒞɫȡʳ HIPC ˓̢˹ˏ̘ˑʹȵମ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ‫ک‬ᰍɭࢪ޺Ӂ֭ఛཕ‫ک‬ᰍȵᐄ‫غ‬ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏1999 ॷɹ˭͡Ͳ͹˵̜͊̒ɫɻӁ֭ఛཕፑɹୟ߂ɭԍк‫׋‬ȵ‫غ‬ઝɇʶ⏋Ʉɹୟ߂ HIPC ˓̢˹ˏ̘ˑʹɴʭʳࢪ޺Ӂ֭ఛཕɹ᧟ൔ‫ܕ‬ɴɲʳɛʠɴɻয়᠍‫ܕ‬ȵȏᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ଍ᅭೆȑˁፑࡴɐʳɄɭȵ‫ॷؾ‬ɹγ᪃͹
IMF ɹ‫ؾغ‬ᬖᇍࠇ‫ڊ‬Цɫᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɛ␩ߡ೴ 2000: 335, 357; ‫ܕ‬᭬‫֐ת‬ϟ෌܎‫ܕ‬᭬‫֐ת‬ᐵ‫غ‬቉ѹଘ 2001: 1-2␭⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋Ӂ֭ఛཕɇʰɴɻృɛɲࢪ޺ஹ֖ˁ਄ʳɛʠɴɻ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ᬖᇍɹμਕᠩᰍˁᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝɴࡴʠ⏋ɗɹμ൒ᇕɲకፑయೆȏᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ଍ᅭೆȑˁፑࡴɌɩγ᪃͹IMF ɴ4) ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᦹ‫غ‬Ԋ‫ܕٮ‬ɻ⏋1961 ॷɴᗔѵ៧ᐏ໠᯿ȴʰႶጓɌɛ̊Ͳˤ̢ͻˡ⏃ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜Ԓɴȡʳೣ‫ܤ‬ᨆՕ⏆ɭ 1963 ॷɴᗔѳᡸ᯿ȴʰႶጓɌɛ˸Ͳ˻̫͡⏃˓Ͳ̝໽ΫɴȡʳऄऴᨆՕ⏆ȵ 1964 ॷɴ‫᧷غ‬ɌɩଁጓɌɛ⏏ೣయɫៜ‫ؖ‬Ɍɛ 1961 ॷɹႶጓɭɻ⏋̊Ͳˤ̢ͻˡɹႶጓˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏

227ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ମ᠗ɇʶʳɄɭȵմர೼ИɭɲɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏5) ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ‫ܕ‬᭬኏Цɹᇺែάɫᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁࢷԂɌɩȦʳ೎Ӵᦽɹ‫ܕ‬ɹ 1 ɦɫȡʳ⏏‫ࢃܕ‬Ϝ፤ɹȩɠᬖᇍϜ፤ɹʛɲʰɑᐁ।Ϝ፤ɹΥᨆʚɫࢪ޺ஹ֖ɴћࡔɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦʳ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ6) ɴɭɤɩ⏋HIPC ɴ୭ࡴɇʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩౙഀɹᢦӁȵᥐཝɇʶ⏋ʚɛృɛɲஹ֖ᣂᩆˁ਄ʰʶʳȴ‫و‬ȴɻ⏋๷༎‫ک‬ᰍɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɲႥ໥άɫ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏࡲӎࣝɴɭɤɩɹ೎‫ڵ‬ɹ᧧ିɻ⏋ஹ֖ᡉ‫ܕ‬͹ᡉลᬠȵ‫غ‬ઝɌʦɐȦዛǾɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑయೆˁсଁɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ࢪ޺ԇᇕӁ֭ఛཕɭୃȷ
‫غ‬ʼɓɴɇʶɛᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴȲȦɩ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏȵႶᕶᖬˁଠɠՏɐςкਸˁᇍஸɫȷʳо‫ܩ‬ɻȴɲʱႷȦ⏏ȋჼకณȵсଁɌɛȏ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ 2025 ॷᬖᇍᇿฌȑɴȲȦɩ⏋కፑፑࡴɭࡸ
ేɴȲȿʳᕶѵɻ⏋ςкਸɹ೎ʢᩂឹɲឹᏬɫȡʳɭ৔ᠭɇʶɩȦʳȍɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ȋ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹஹ֖ћࡔɻȡʚʱɴʢ޽߂ɫ⏋ᕶ֐ೃᅊʦ୫ᐚᇕᬖᇍɭȦȩᇿฌɭθጓɌȭɲȦȍ␩Wangwe and van Arkadie 2000: 107␭ɭ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏϺᐁཕ࡝ᓔͩͲ˫˗˙ɭႶጓГഀ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᐁཕˁឿᐚȿɩȷɛʹˎͲ͹ˏˡ̚ˑͻɻჼ᝔ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹሺሄˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏

2.ȁଽॐ࿒ດ̴͉̞̭ͅ
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽʳፀ 2 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɻ⏋ߏߴɲɄɭɹʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶʳɫȡʸȩȵ⏋ᇿฌᕶкɹಸ౴ɇɫȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɻႶጓয়՟ɹȏ3 Ͷॷ኏Цᐁཕᬖᇍ៟ᅙȑГഀ⏋ɭȩɩȦ᧒ଁȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ៟ᅙᇿฌˁ៯ࡴɌɦɧȿɩȷɛ⏏‫ܕ‬຦ɴ߀ˁ୫ɛɓʳɭȦȩઝ‫ܒ‬ɻჿៗɫȷʳȵ⏋៟ᅙፑࡴಁɴԳᯁɴՠుɐʶɽ᧒ଁ‫ܐ‬ᮑɫȡʳɄɭɻకঌয়࣌ᓔʢ‫מ‬ՕମሾɌɩȦɛʢɹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲ߀઎ᇕɲధғᇿฌɫȡʳɛʠɴ⏋៟ᅙᏺϛಁɴᇿฌȵ᧒ଁɇʶɲȴɤɛ؅‫܍‬ˁ؏ࢌɴᏄീɐʳɄɭʢɲȼ⏋ృɛɲ኏Цᐁཕᬖᇍ៟ᅙɴመଝɐʳɄɭȵᑵʱᦐɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹсଁɴȡɛɤɩʢ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹсଁ౅ᩍȵ൓ೣᇕɴఒʠʰʶɛɭȦȩ‫׵‬ᢒɻ‫؝‬ȿɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ధғᇿฌȵ᧒ଁɇʶɦɦȡʳɄɭˁኍɓɲȦȴȹʱ⏋HIPC ˓̢˹ˏ̘ˑʹɹ᧟ൔ‫ܕ‬ȴʰɻɑɇʶȴɷɲȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ᧒ଁ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲᇿฌғɴ‫ك‬ȿɩ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɴʭʳధࡓȡʼ5) HIPC ˓̢˹ˏ̘ˑʹɴʭʳӁ֭ఛཕ⏃HIPC ˽˥ͻ͌⏆ɹ᧟ᅎˁ‫؝‬ȿɛ‫ܕ‬ɴᠩɓʰʶɛకፑങᏼʛȵᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ଍ᅭೆɫȡʳȵ⏋ȋɄʶɻ HIPC ˽˥ͻ͌᧟ᅎ‫ܕ‬ɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ፀϠγᅠ᪃᝔⏃‫ܕ‬᭬ᬖᇍ‫ת‬Ц⏆ȴʰᜨᣂˁ‫؝‬ȿʭȩɭɐʳɐʏɩɹ‫ܕ‬ɴឹິɇʶʳȍɭȦȩ␩ॶᩃ 2002: 108␭⏏ॶᩃɻ HIPC ˽˥ͻ͌ɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳᏲዩӁ֭‫ک‬ᰍɹೣᣒɻ⏋Ŕ⏃μᅭ⏆Ŕᦐཕᐓࢪᰎɴȡʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ᦐཕᔨ֐ɹቂࢸɇɴȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩˏ̶͠ˡ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋HIPC ˽˥ͻ͌ɴʭɤɩɻៗໆɇʶɲȦ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡᐁཕȵଁᬏɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȍ␩ॶᩃ
2002: 109␭ɭ⏋‫ࡴو‬ᇕɲឿៗˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
6) 2000/01 ॷ঎ໆ፤ɫʛʳɭ⏋๳Ԃᐵᰎɻ TShs. 929,625 ᇑΨ⏃TShs.⏮̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ͹˹͠Ͳ˫⏆ɫȡʱ⏋Υ౅๳Տᐵᰎɻ TShs. 1,307,214 ᇑΨ⏃ȩɠᐁ।ఌՏ TShs. 1,020,961 ᇑΨ⏋ᬖᇍఌՏ TShs. 286,253 ᇑΨ⏆ɫȡʱ⏋TShs.
377,589 ᇑΨɹᣧࡓɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹជ‫ݿ‬ɻ⏋ࢪ޺ᠭ᧒ᰎ TShs. 380,575 ᇑΨɭ‫ܕ‬Ԓᠭ᧒ᰎ TShs. 20,426 ᇑΨɫɲɇʶɛ⏃ᠭ᧒ᰎɻ TShs. 23,412 ᇑΨ᧌րɫȡɤɛ⏆⏏ࢪ޺ᠭ᧒ᰎɹԒ៱ɻ⏋ᣝήᰎ TShs. 293,436 ᇑΨ⏋ҏ๟ᰎ
TShs. 167,487 ᇑΨ⏋Ӥ᧰ᰎ TShs. 80,348 ᇑΨɫȡɤɛ␩Tanzania 2002b: 66␭⏏ࢪ޺ᣝήᰎɞȿɫʢ⏋ᬖᇍఌՏᰎˁ
Ϋ‫܌‬ɤɩȦʳႥ઴ɫȡʳ⏏

228຾ᩃ⏧̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ

ɓȵɲɇʶɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭᆄʼɓʳဣȵȡʳ⏏ᢩ‫کܐ‬ᰍɹɲȴɫʢμ൒ɲ‫ک‬ᰍɭʛɲɇ
ʶɩȦʳଘ਄ᢩ‫( ܐ‬income poverty)7) ɹձཝɴᬠʼʳ 2 ɦɹϟёˁ᏷ЂɌɛȦ⏏ɲȲ⏋‫ܕؾ‬ɹଘ਄ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɻయೆɴʭɤɩᰩȦ᧓Ȧȵȡʳʢɹɹ 2 ຍ᭥ɫࡴᒶɇʶɩȦʳ⏏೎жᭉɹെ᰸ˁௌʳɛʠɴਖឹɲᰩᏒˁԂଝɫȷʳଘ਄͹ఌՏອྈ⏃ᰩᏒᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻ⏆ˁά‫܌‬ʳϺ‫ؤ‬ȵȋᰩᏒᢩ‫ܐ‬ȍ⏃food
poverty⏏ȡʳȦɻȋෑᢩȍabject poverty ɭʢᝠ៨ɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏆ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹᰎɴ೎жᭉɹᅊ༎ˁ‫ۊ‬ʞɛʠɴਖឹɲᢧ͹˵ͻ̲˽ʍɹఌՏᰎˁ֓ȭɛଘ਄͹ఌՏອྈ⏃‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ᢩ
‫ܐ‬ᐻ⏆ˁά‫܌‬ʳϺ‫ؤ‬ȵȋ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ӱ᣸ອྈೡྃɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ȍ⏃basic needs poverty⏏Гά⏋ȋ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕ
ᅊ༎ᢩ‫ܐ‬ȍɭ៨ɐ⏆ɫȡʳ␩Tanzania 1998: 4-5; Tanzania 2002a: 78␭⏏
ǵɇɩፀ 1 ɹϟёɻ⏋ᢩ‫ץܐ‬ཝˁ᧒ଁɐʳಁೝɹᑵʱάɁɫȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɻ⏋1995ॷɴ˱̿Ͳ̩ͻ˰ͲɫᬖҼɇʶɛ‫ᦹܕ‬ςҼɹγᅠ኏Цᬖᇍ˵̜͊̒ɴؒ֓Ɍ⏋ɗɄɫȋ‫ܕع‬ɹϟ੻ɴਝɍɩᐓࢪᇕᢩ‫ܐ‬ˁ௥ྙɐʳᇿฌೝᭉˁ៯ࡴɐʳȍ␩United Nations 2000: Ch.2␭ʭȩິʠʰʶɛɄɭˁȩȿ⏋2010 ॷʚɫɴȋෑᢩࣝȍˁ‫ץ‬ཝɌ⏋2025 ॷʚɫɴ௥ྙɐʳɄɭˁ⏋1998ॷɹకঌయೆȏ‫ܐᢩࢃܕ‬௥ྙ଍ᅭȑɴధғᇿฌɭɌɩ౩៨Ɍɛ␩Tanzania 1998: vi␭⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋2000 ॷ 7 ೐ɹȏ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴȲȿʳᢩ‫Ͳ˓͞˽ͻ̾ܐ‬ɹఒ៝ȑɴȲȦɩ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏక
ঌᐏ៟࣌ɻ⏋1991/92 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീɭ 1990 ॷБɴ᝔ʼʶɛ‫ع‬ዛɹᠭീᐄഗɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȷ⏋ȋ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ᢩ‫ܐ‬ȍϺ‫ؤ‬ɻ 1991/92 ॷɹ 48.4⎾ȴʰ 2000 ॷɴɻ 56.0⎾ɴ‫߂ވ‬ɌɩȲʱ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ˁ‫ץ‬ཝɇɓʳɛʠɴɻȋЁ৿ 15 ॷᬚॷრ 9.7⎾ɹᐁཕଁᬏȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ᧒ଁɇʶɗȩɴɲȦ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝɹᇿฌ᧒ଁɹɛʠɴɻ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹଘ਄ԗᨗՕɹ౅ፑȵਖឹɫȡʸȩȍ
␩Tanzania
2000b: 42␭ɭՕഓɌɩȦʳ⏏‫ؾ‬ೆɫៜ‫ؖ‬ɇʶɛȋЁ৿ 15 ॷᬚȍɭɻ 2015 ॷʚɫˁ୭ɌɩȲʱ⏋ᢩ‫ץܐ‬ཝɹೝᭉȵȦɦɹʚɴȴ 2010 ॷȴʰ 2015 ॷɴᑵʱάɁʰʶɩȦʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏2015 ॷʚɫɴᢩ‫ܐ‬ˁ‫ץ‬ཝɐʳɭȦȩᇿฌɻ⏋մᦚɹʭȩɴ OECD ɴʭɤɩ 1996 ॷɴᝠ౩ɇʶɩȦɛధғɫȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɻɗʶʭʱʢઝ๙ᇕɫȡɤɛ 2010 ॷɭȦȩ᧒ଁಁೝˁ 2015 ॷʚɫᑵʱάɁɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ႶጓГഀ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɻॷრ 10⎾ᦏȦᐁཕଁᬏრˁ᧒ଁɌɛ
ɄɭȵɲȦɄɭȴʰ⏋ᢩ‫ࣝܐ‬ˁ‫ץ‬ཝɇɓʳɛʠɴɻೝᭉযᬏɞȿɫɻέ‫מ‬Օɫ⏋Პଘ਄ࣝȵ࠶ȩଘ਄ԗᨗՕʢʦʞɲɌɭՠుɓɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵፀ 2 ɹϟёɻ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬Ϻ‫ؤ‬͹ປრɹ‫ܦ‬ᑘɫȡʳ⏏‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ˥̶͑̒̍ͤͻ̀ɫȡʳȋ1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ȍɭȦȩ‫ݜ‬ྈˁ᧟ᅎɐʶɽ⏋2000 ॷɴ 1 Ϻȡɛʱ GDP ȵ 222 Ꭶ̝͡␩Bank of7) ٞሾɹʭȩɴ⏋1970 ॷБɴர‫ڟ‬ɇʶɛᐓࢪᇕᢩ‫⏋ܐ‬ሂࢪᇕᢩ‫ܐ‬ȵଘ਄⏃ȡʳȦɻ༥ᢹ⏆ɭȦȩᐁཕᇕүᯆˁᩂែɌɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋1990 ॷБГᭇɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ɹࡴᒶɻ⏋ˏ͇̘͡ˑˏ͹́ͲɹΥᦹɹ෌ᑡɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿɩ⏋క໠ᇕ⏋኏Цᇕ⏋య‫׋‬ᇕឹ‫܍‬ˁʢ‫˃ي‬ɫȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɹࡴᒶɹୟ߂ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢࡸ֭ᇕɲ௭с‫خ‬ᔨਸˁЫɤɩɻȦɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ‫ᦹܕ‬ᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹϺᬚᬖᇍ୭ฌɻ⏋௭с‫خ‬ᔨਸˁᲞʠʳ֗֐ˁɌɛᐄഗɭɌɩ́
Ͳɹᢩ‫ࡴܐ‬ᒶˁቂࢸ‫׋‬ɌɛɭᯃᮑɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹకፑయೆɴȲȦɩʢ⏋༥ᢹອྈГ޺ɫɻఠᔒ⏋ѳҫ⏋ᐌອፈɹࡴᩄᇕ៿ѝ୭ฌˁ៯ࡴɌʦɐȦՕᩃɴᭉࡴɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛࡸ᭬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ɹཀྵࡴɴȲȦɩɻςɭɌɩଘ਄ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɹʛȵࢪᢒɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏

229

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬Tanzania 2001: 96␭ɫȡɤɛ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹ‫ܕ‬຦ȵࢹɲȼɭʢᐁཕᯆɫʛɩᢩ‫ܐ‬ࣝɴՕᰖɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏8) ɌȴɌ⏋‫ܕؾ‬ɹଘ਄ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɴ᠍য়ɐʳϺ‫ؤ‬ɻ⏋ɻʳȴɴࢹɲȼឿ
ዩʢʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵȏ2000/01 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑɫ஛ᅎɌɛଘ਄ᢩ‫ࣝܐ‬ɹ‫ݜ‬ྈɻГάɹʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋‫ࢃؾ‬៟ᠭീɹࢪᢒɭɲɤɛ 22,178 γय़ɹȩɠଁϺᅖࡎழ፤ȡɛʱɫ༥ᢹఌՏອྈȵжȦάе 50⎾ɹγय़ɹௌ‫؜‬ᰩ‫ڃ‬෯ଁˁᮃ៟Ɍɛ⏏ɦȦɫ⏋ɗɹᰩ‫ڃ‬෯ଁປˁᐣ୫Ɍɲȵʰଁॷᅖࡎȵ 1 ౗೎жᭉਖឹɲௌ‫؜‬ᩄ 2,200 ˡͦ͠ͻ9) ˁྃɛɐɛʠɴឹɐʳᰩᏒˁᣘԂɐʳ‫غݭ‬ɹఌՏᰎˁ⏋᱔এᨊ॑̋͡˛˽˵͞ͻ͌॑⏋Јᨊ॑ᨆ⏋ᦅ೴ᨆɹ 3 ‫ݖܩ‬ɗʶəʶɫ፤ՏɌɩ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᰩᏒᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɭɌɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋3 ‫ך‬Օɇʶɛ‫ݖܩ‬ɗʶəʶɫᰩᢹɴ೎жᭉɹਖᮛ‫ڃ‬ఌՏᰎˁ֓ȭɩ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɭࡴʠɛ⏏ԃ‫ܯॶܕ‬ɐʶɽ⏋ᰩᏒᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɻ೐ᰎ⏃28 ౗ழ፤⏆TShs. 5,295⏃೐ᰎ TShs. 5,295 ɻ⏋2001 ॷ 6 ೐ͤͻ̜ɫழ፤ɐʶɽ 1 ౗ȡɛʱ 0.213 Ꭶ̝͡ɭɲʳ⏆ɫȡʱ⏋‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɻ೐ᰎ TShs. 7,253⏃‫ ؾ‬0.292 Ꭶ̝͡⏆ɫȡɤɛ␩Tanzania 2002a: 78␭⏏10) ‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲ‫ݜ‬ྈɫȡʳȋ1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ȍɭɻա᦭ɴ‫ܕع‬ȵႶᕶɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻˁ៯ࡴɐʳɄɭȵ઎ࡴɇʶɩɻȦʳȵ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɻȴɲʱжȦɭៜʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏11)ǵɇʰɴ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬Ϻ‫ؤ‬͹ປრɹ‫ܦ‬ᑘȵ‫ܒ‬ʰʶʳ⏏2000 ॷ 10 ೐ɴᇍᝠɇʶɛȏᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝ଍ᅭೆȑɫɻ⏋ዛǾɹ஠៟ȴʰՠుɐʶɽ 2000 ॷɴɻᢩ‫ܐ‬Ϻ‫ؤ‬ɻӦɴ 50⎾ˁᣳȭɩȦʳɭɌɲȵʰʢ⏋ȏ1991/92 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑɹ 48⎾ɹγय़ȵ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ᢩ‫⏋ࣝܐ‬ʚɛ 27⎾ɹγय़ɻᰩᏒᢩ
‫ࣝܐ‬ɫȡʳɭȦȩధғˁ஛ᅎɌɩ⏋ɗʶɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝɹᇿฌˁ៯ࡴɌɩȦʳ␩Tanzania
2000a: 5-6␭⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋2002 ॷɴ՘᝔ɇʶɛȏ2000/01 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑɫɻ⏋‫ࢃؾ‬៟ᠭീ8) ೣయɫɻ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ 2000 ॷɹ 1 Ϻȡɛʱ GDP ɭȋ1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ȍɭȦȩ˥̶͑̒̍ͤͻ̀ˁᢒਐᇕɴປᥒɌ
ɛȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻ‫׬‬ᏤɴປᥒɻɫȷɲȦ⏏
ȏγᅠᬖᇍ‫ݬ‬ٚ 2000/2001ȑɴɻȋ1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ʚɛɻ 2 ̝͡ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ɻ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲᦽ๰ɹ୭ฌɭɌɩɹʛ೑֟ɫȡʱ⏋‫̾ͤ͡ܕ‬ɹᦽ๰ˁ៿ѝ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫ܕ‬ፑʦ‫ܕ‬ɹ̺ͦ˫͌͞៟ᅙɹ
୭ᩍɭɲʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏‫ܕ‬ɗʶəʶɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɻ‫ܕع‬ɹႥ໥ɹμɫɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ˁઝ٢ɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋‫ܕ‬᭬ᇕɲ႒ѝɹປᥒɴृ‫ز‬ɇʶɑ⏋‫̾ͤ͡ܕ‬ɹՕഓɫьᅎɇʶʳʢɹɫȡʳȍ␩γᅠ᪃᝔ 2002: 32␭ɭ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋
ȋ1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ȍɭȦȩధғɻ⏋γᅠ᪃᝔ȵ 1999 ॷ 10 ೐ɴ೎ృɹฌೣ̚ͻ̊ɭѝൔ੻‫ݬ‬ˁьȦ⏋1993 ॷ঎ɹγᅠ᪃᝔ᣘᢷ֐ॶѝ (PPP) ɴழ፤Ɍɛжଘ਄‫ ܕ‬10 Ͷ‫ܕ‬ɹμ߈ғɫȡʱ⏋๭ተɴɻ 1993 ॷ঎ PPP ɴழ፤Ɍɩ 1 ౗ 1.08
̝͡ɫȡʳ␩γᅠ᪃᝔ 2002: 31-32␭
⏏Ʉɹ៟፤౅໬ɴਃȭɽ⏋1999 ॷɴ‫ؿ‬ᇿѝൔᝠኍɫ 1 Ϻȡɛʱ GNP ȵ 240
Ꭶ̝͡ɫȡɤɛ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹధғɻ⏋1993 ॷ঎ PPP ᝠኍɫ 478 Ꭶ̝͡ɫȡʱ⏋ᠭീɇʶɛ 206 Ͷ‫ܕ‬μ 205 еɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ȋ1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ГάɹϺ‫ؤ‬ȍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ 19.9⎾⏃1993 ॷᠭീ⏆ɭȦȩధғɻ⏋˭̢ˏ⏃1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ГάɹϺ‫ ؤ‬26.5⎾̆1994 ॷᠭീ⏏PPP ᝠኍ 1 Ϻȡɛʱ GNP 975 Ꭶ̝͡⏏Гά‫ؾ‬ɍ⏆⏋˗ˤͲ̋⏃36.7⎾̆1992 ॷᠭീ⏏1,136 Ꭶ̝͡⏆⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏ⏃70.2⎾̆1997 ॷᠭീ⏏744 Ꭶ̝͡⏆ፈ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹɲȴɫɻੲȦధғɫɻɲȦ␩γᅠ᪃᝔ 2002: 471-473, 483-485␭⏏
9) ‫׬‬еɻ˥ͦ͹ˡͦ͠ͻȵ๭ɌȦɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋؅Ԏ␩Tanzania 2002a: 78␭ɴɻˡͦ͠ͻɭ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᅎ໬ʢȡʱȩʳɭ⏋‫׌‬ᅪሁయఠஐ⏃ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ᦅ࡝቉ድዀᰩ‫ڃ‬ᅊ႒ዀ࡝ࢭఓ⏆ɴɅఠኍȦɛɞȦɛ⏏
10) Ʉɹ៟፤ɹࢪᢒɭɲɤɛᰩ‫ڃ‬ɻ 108 ‫ڃ‬ᇿɫ⏋‫׬‬Ꮴɴᐵ៟ɐʳɭ 5,512 ˡͦ͠ͻ⏃໶ 9) ˁؒ၇⏏Гά⏋‫ؾ‬ɍ⏆⏋ఌՏᰎ TShs. 13,226 ɭɲʳ⏏ɄʶɻᰩϟԒࢅɴ‫ेݖܩ‬ȵȡʳɛʠɫȡʱ⏋2,200 ˡͦ͠ͻௌ‫؜‬ɴਖឹɲᰩᏒᢩ‫ܐ‬ᐻɻ⏋TShs. 13,226Ì
⏃2,200/5,512⏆ɫ፤ՏɇʶɩȦʳ␩Tanzania 2002a: 138-140␭
⏏
11) ໶ 8) ɫ᏷ЂɌɛ 1993 ॷ঎ PPP ழ፤Ɍɩʢ⏋1 ౗ 1 ̝͡ɴ᧒ɌɲȦɭ஠ࡴɇʶʳ⏏

230຾ᩃ⏧̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ

ɹଝ໬ɫԗ៟፤ɐʳɭ⏋ȏ1991/92 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ປრɻɗʶəʶ 38.6⎾ɭ 21.6⎾ɴɲʳɭɌɩ⏋1990 ॷБ՟ೝɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ປრȵ߂ȷȼά౅ѹ๭ɇʶɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋2000/01 ॷɹ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ᢩ‫ࣝܐ‬ɻԃϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ 35.7⎾⏋ᰩᏒᢩ‫ࣝܐ‬ɻ 18.7⎾ɫȡʱ⏋1991/92 ॷɭປʏɩᢩ‫ܐ‬ɻɓȦɕȦดɽȦɫ‫߂ވ‬ɻɌɩȦɲȦɭ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɻᇍᝠɌɛ␩Tanzania 2002a: 78-81␭⏏ȏ1991/92 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑɴȲȦɩʢȏ2000/01 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑɭʓʖ‫ؾ‬Υɹ‫ݜ‬ྈˁᅎȦɩȦʳɻɑɫȡʳȵ⏋ɲɕԗ៟፤ɐʶɽᢩ‫ܐ‬ປრȵжȼɲʳɹȴɻ⏋౩ʰȴɫɻɲȦ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ປრɹ‫ܦ‬ᑘɹᐄഗɭɌɩ⏋ӴɴৄᅎɌɛ 2000 ॷ 7 ೐ɹȏ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴȲȿʳᢩ‫Ͳ˓͞˽ͻ̾ܐ‬ɹఒ៝ȑɫɻଘ਄ɹԗᨗՕȵਖឹɫȡʳɭɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ȏ2000/01 ॷԃ‫ࢃܕ‬៟ᠭീȑȴʰɻ⏋ଘ਄ԗᨗՕɻਖឹ
ɲȼ⏋ਸ਼ଁᬏɌɛ᱔এᨊ॑̋͡˛˽˵͞ͻ͌॑ɭປʏଁᬏɹᩞȴɤɛᦅ೴ᨆɹଁᬏˁѦᦽɐʳɄɭɫࢪਝȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɄɭȵኍ‫ڗ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲధғɹᠧʛ್ȭɴʭɤɩ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬Ϻ‫ؤ‬ɻ‫ܦ‬ᑘɇʶ⏋ଘ਄ԗᨗՕˁ᝔ʼ
ɲȼɭʢ⏋ᦅ೴ᬖᇍɹɛʠɹࢪ޺ஹ֖ˁ‫߂ވ‬Ɍɩʢʰȭʶɽ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫کܐ‬ᰍɻᥐཝɐ
ʳɭȦȩధࡓ‫غ‬ʼɓȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦɫȡʸȩȴ⏏Ʉʶˁ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɹɌɛɛ
ȴɇɭៗᨾɐʳɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏

3.ȁ႖̥̈́͞͞෠ఆ২ٛ
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴᬠɐʳፀ 3 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɻ⏋ςឹɲឋᇰᓔɫȡʱᩂឹɲգࢀᬠѥᓔ(stakeholder) ɫȡʳʏȷᦅ೴ɹԳཁɲ‫ؙ‬ਝɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋ɐɫɴᦚʏɛ‫̾ͤ͡ࢃܕ‬ɫɹ
2 ɦɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɭʢ၇ਝɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵЁ‫܌‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɹࡴᒶȵᐁཕᇕүᯆɞȿɫɲȼక໠͹኏Ц͹య‫׋‬ᇕүᯆʚɫ‫ي‬ʞʭȩɴୟ߂ɇʶɛɄɭɭȡȦʚɤɩ⏋కፑɹࢪᢒɭɌɩ႕ࡴɹᮃ܎͹‫ݖܩ‬ȵ஢ࡴɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋‫౅ܩ‬᝔కɹμ൒ˁ୊ȩላ᝔కঌȵჼ‫ܩ‬ɴ᧟Ֆɲᢩ‫ࢪܐ‬ፑˁɗʶəʶᓒ
൜Ɍ⏋೴ᘺȵ೎ೢጩɫɗɹࡸేˁ୊ȩɄɭȵ෯઎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ɐɫɴμ߈కঌɻ՟
ፈఠᔒࣃ࡝რˁᲞʠʳɛʠɴఠᔒᢹˁံӤɭɌ⏋‫ع‬ላɫࢸ࡝ോɹఠࡻɹ‫៯ވ‬ˁߣ֜ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ʚɛ⏋‫౅ܩ‬Օณ‫׋‬కፑɹΥᄩɭɌɩ⏋೴ᘺɻႶᕶɹᢧకࠇ‫ڊ‬Цɭ໠࡫ࠇ‫ڊ‬Цˁօʳʭȩɴላয়࣌ɴິʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲΥᦹɹ֪ȷɻ⏋ᦅ೴з຦ɴɭɤɩʚɇɴ 1970 ॷБɹȋᬖᇍɹ៨ૡȍˁৱ৴ɇɓ
ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴȲȦɩᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝȵ‫ࢃܕ‬ᬖᇍకፑɹμਕᠩᰍɭɇʶʳɹɻ⏋ႶጓГഀ 2 ঎ᇿɫȡʳ⏏೎՟ɻ⏋1967 ॷɹȋˏ͡ͻ˹͑ࡺៜȍГᭇɴᦅ೴ˁ
‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɌɛႶᕶɹ኏ЦςᒶᤉᐻɴᤑʛɞɌɛ 1970 ॷБɫȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹಁೝɴɻ⏋࡝ോ⏋ອ᧑ే៯⏋‫כ‬ᆹే៯ɹரњɭʁȷȴȭɴ⏋ᦅ෌ᮃ܎‫׋‬ˁʠɊɐ˗˻͇͑ͻ೴ (Kijiji cha Ujamaa) ল៯ȵ⏋য়՟ɻᦅ೴з຦ɹᕶᇍਸˁࢴᩂɌ⏋ɗɌɩ๖ፀɴ৔ըᇕɴ஠Ɍᦽʠʰʶɛ⏏೴ᘺɹᕶ໠
ˁᲞʠʳɛʠ⏋໠࡫͹ᬿ᝚⏋ᅊᅋ͹༑ᦲ⏋៟ᅙ͹ᢧక⏋ఠᔒ͹య‫׋‬ፈɹ।៯ࠇ‫ڊ‬Цˁ៯ᒞɐʳ231ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬Ʉɭȵ೴ᘺɴິʠʰʶɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋1970 ॷБɴ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ॑‫كݭ‬ȿᦅ෌ᅊᅋɻᰩᏒс႒⏋ழᩆс႒ɭʢɴ߂ȷȼάᘺɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏
ǵ1970 ॷБɹ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᬖᇍకፑ⏋ʚɛᬖᇍకፑɭᦅ෌ᅊᅋ֪‫ك‬ɹᬠᦹɴɦȦɩɻዛǾɹឿៗȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳȵ⏋‫ݚ‬ፆᓔɻ⏋‫౅ܩ‬Օณ‫׋‬ˁѦᦽɐʳʭȩɴʛȭɩࡸɻμ߈కঌɹᐏըˁೢ
ጩʚɫȦȷʼɛʰɓʳ౅ፑɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲΫȴʰɹᦅ೴ఒ޴ɴᦅ೴з຦ɻԇᇕᦅᅋ႒༑
ᦲ͡ͻ̜ʍɹᦅᅋ႒ெՏᩄˁᑘࢸɐʳɄɭɫံៜɹୄ଻ˁኍɌɛɭȦȩឿ౅ɴጓɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲឿ౅ɻ‫ݚ‬ፆᓔɹᇍ൜ɫɻɲȼ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴᬠɌɩӦʶɛ̨͐˫̶͞ˁధ޽ȼᅊʛɞ
ɌɩȦʳ‫׌‬๘቉ድᓔɴʭɤɩ⏋ᠶဣˁ޴ȭɲȵʰʢ‫ؾ‬ዛɹឿៗȵɐɫɴኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̩ʹ̦ʹˑ˪␩Havnevik 1993␭ɻ˗˻͇͑ͻకፑೝɹȋΫȴʰɹఒᯊȍɴࢪɌɩ⏋μആᨆ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ
ɹ̶͡ˑ˻ላɹᦅ຦ȵᅊ઴Ꮩɹ޽෵ਸɴਝɍɩᅊ෌ˁ޽෵‫׋‬Ɍɩࢪ଻ɌɛɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦʳ⏏́̿ͤ␩Seppälä 1998␭ɻ⏋‫׫‬ആᨆ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᦅ೴ɴȲȦɩᦅ຦ɻᣂ྇ˁᐁཕՕᩃɹ
ʛɲʰɑక໠Օᩃ⏋య‫׋‬ՕᩃɴʢԗହᣂɐʳɄɭˁࡸ៷ᇕɴ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ᐁཕՕᩃɴᭉɤɛᣂ
ೣᙢዩɭȦȩᇍ઎ɹ᥊ழˁິʠɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋‫ܕ‬᭬ᣂೣςᒶȴʰɹᦡᤉˁተѳɌɩȦʳȋ஁୼ɇʶɩȦɲȦࢸᦅࣝȍ(uncaptured peasantry) ɭȦȩ̯̚ͻͲ␩Hyden 1980␭ɹ᠗ᡫɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫʢ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹʛɲʰɑˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ೴቉ድɫৄᅎɇʶʳឿៗɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɹឿៗˁᦏॷɹ༑
᝔ɴ໤ɤɩழៜɐʶɽ⏋ȋភ‫غ‬ᇕɲ኏Цᬠѥᣂೣ (social capital) ˁ෯፷ȡʳȦɻ༎ᅎɌɩ⏋ઝɴདʼɲȦΫȴʰɹᬖᇍɴࢪ଻ɌɛȍɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʸȩ⏏
ǵ1970 ॷБɻ‫ࢃܕ‬ᐏըᐁཕάɫɹᐁཕᬖᇍɫȡʱ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɻ॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕ‫׋‬ᤉᐻɹʢɭɫɹ኏ЦᬖᇍɫȡʳɭȦȩሂ᧓ɻ⏋ᦅ೴з຦ɴɭɤɩࡸઢɫȷʳʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋৳ʰɻჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁ 1970 ॷБɹԗഀɭ᠗ᡫɐʳɫȡʸȩɄɭɻࢅ౫ɴ઎Ӊɫȷʳ⏏ᦅ೴з຦ɻ๭ᯆˁՖɤɩ‫ؙ‬ᇍɐʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋ȲɗʰȼɻᯆਃᕊᔘɭȦȩ଍ᅭɴՏʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᲞȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˻˙Ͳ̋ͻɹ៎ဣȴʰߨਸɹᇍៜณˁᩂែɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɄɭ⏋຦ςᇕȴɦςкᇕɲᬖᇍɹɛʠɴз຦ؒ֓݀ɫᬖᇍ᝔ဤȵ᝔ʼʶɷɽɲʰɲȦፈɹᓒȭ౅ɻȴɲʱಔ‫ؖ‬ɌɩȦʳʭȩɴʢឿ‫؝‬ȿʰʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲᇍ઎ɻԒᯆ‫׋‬ɇʶɩȦʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɑ⏋҅ա̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹ៟ᅙೝᬚᏺϛˁʢɤɩ⏋ᮖత᮫༥ɌȴɷɲȦ⏏12)ȋΫȴʰȍɹ⏋ɗɌɩȋ޺ᨆȴʰȍɹ৔ըɴࢪ
Ɍɩ⏋ᦅ೴з຦ɻɌɛɛȴɴࢪਝɌɩȦʳʭȩɴਲ਼ȭʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲୄ଻ɻ⏋೴ᘺకঌɴࢪɌɩʢ‫ك‬ȿʰʶȩʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋೴ᘺɻ᝔క‫׬‬еɭȦȩГΫɹ኏ЦᐁཕᇕลᔨˁȦʚɞ୫ɠ਄ɩȦɲȦɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ೴ᘺɻ⏋1970 ॷБɹ˗˻͇͑ͻ೴కፑೝɴ⏋250 γय़ГΫɫ෯ଁɐʳʭȩకঌȴʰ୭ኍɇʶɩ⏋ɗʶʚɫɹధ೴ȵ‫غ‬кɌɩృɛɴօ៯ɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ʢɠʸ˃ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝʦႶጓ՟ೝɹ೴ᘺʢᕶး೴ɭɻ

12)ȋؒ֓݀ᬖᇍɭɻ⏋Ȧȴɴࢪᢒᓔˁؒ֓ɇɓʳȴȵᡴᠶɹμਕɴȡʳʏȷɫɲȼ⏋Ȧȴɴ޺ᨆᓔȵЈᓔɹ኏ЦɴᬠήɐʳɹȴȵᡴᠶɹμਕɴȡʳʏȷȍɭȦȩиᚹɹឿៗ␩иᚹ 2003: 30␭ɻӃᓵɴғɐʳ⏏

232

຾ᩃ⏧̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ

ȦȦȵɛȦȵ⏋1970 ॷБɴօ៯ɇʶɛ೴ᘺɻՀᑘਸɴϋɌȦ⏏೴຦ɻ⏋೴ᘺకঌˁ೎ೢጩɹ
᝔కᏼᑩ13) ɭ᠗ᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹઝឿБᝠɫȡʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫɻᚚȦ⏏
ǵ೴ᘺɹՀᑘਸȵ๕߭ɌɩȦʳϟёɭɌɩ⏋2 ɦɹࢸៀฐဌྰɹ˭ͻ˽͹˽̊̚ˑͻˁ୲ɁɩȲȷɛȦ⏏Ȧɑʶʢ⏋‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɴγय़ȵ౗।ᇕɲᐁཕ༎֪ɹ‫׬‬еɭɲɤɩȦʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɫȡʳȵ⏋γय़ˁᣳȭɛᮃ܎ᇕ‫ۊ‬ဤˁਖឹɭɐʳဌྰᦅ෌ʢࣙᬖɌɩȲʱ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲᅊᅋ༎֪
ɴȲȦɩ೴ᘺɹ৯ɻᚚȦ⏏̝˓̓ɹஹ֖ลᬠɫȡʳ GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technishe
Zusammenarbeit) ȵ‫׌‬ᨆ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ˗˵Ͳ̫͞࣢‫ݳ‬ɫ 20 ॷɴʼɛɤɩࡸేɌɛඨകˁμਕɭɐʳᦅ೴ᬖᇍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹϟёɫɻ⏋೴ᘺకঌɭȦȩ᝔కᏼᑩˁ༎ᅎɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɑ⏋ᐄ࣌ɹɭɄʸ‫ؾ‬ΥɹࢸອᏙɴဌྰ͹ᅊ༎ᅎອˁћࡔɌɩȦʳᮃ܎ˁ‫׬‬еɭɌɛ༎֪ȵ൓ЊȦɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᮃ܎ɻ೴ᘺԒɴȦȼɦʢȡʱ⏋೴ᘺకঌɫɻɲȼ⏋Ʉɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᏼᑩȵ౗।ᇕɲ༎֪ɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɲɤɩȦɛ␩Johansson 2001: 75-79␭⏏‫ݚ‬ፆᓔȵᠭീࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ‫׌‬ᨆ̊Ͳ˸̢
ˏ⏋‫࣢̮ͤ׌‬ᵴɹϗ࡚ဌྰсɹອգᏼᑩɹϟёɫʢ⏋ဌྰ‫خ‬ᔨɲ‫ݭܘ‬ɹȡʳ‫ךܩ‬ɹз຦ȵႶᕶɴ࣢ᬚᨆɹ᭰೴ɹ‫ؾ‬ዛɹອգᏼᑩɭᦹொɌɲȵʰ⏋θ೴ɹ೴ᘺ᝔కɹЂԂɲɌɴອգી᝔ˁࡸ
14)ᤋɌɩȦɛ␩຾ᩃ 1999; 2000␭⏏

ǵՀᑘਸȵϋɌȦ೴ᘺకঌɹᇍ൜ɴɲʳᬖᇍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴࢪɌɩ⏋೴຦ɻᕶՕɛɠɹ៟ᅙɫ
ȡʳɭȦȩઝᡫȵᚚȼ⏋ȡȼʚɫʢȋΫȴʰȍɹᬖᇍɫȡʳɭ᠗ᡫɌȴɷɲȦ⏏ɗɄɴɻ⏋ሎɹз຦ؒ֓ʢ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹςкਸʢឿȦɞɌɴȼȦ⏏Ʉʶʚɫࡲࢴ຦‫ק‬ɹᰟ࿈ȵ৔ȴɤɛ̊Ͳ˸̢
ˏɴȲȦɩ⏋᝔క͹з຦‫౅ؘ‬ɹઝᡫఒᯊɻȡʚʱɲɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋з຦ؒ֓݀ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑʢΫઝά᧒িɴࣙᬖɇʶʭȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏏‫౅ܩ‬Օณ‫׋‬కፑɹʢɭɫ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏμ߈కঌɻላ
᝔కঌɴ⏋ɗɌɩላ᝔కঌɻ೴ᘺɴ⏋೴ᘺɻᦅ೴ᨆɹ‫ݖܩ‬኏Цɴ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴȋςкᇕɴ‫؜‬ʱᏼʞʭȩ৔ըɐʳȍɭȦȩకፑɹೣഀɹઝ‫ܒ‬ɭɻᦥ᝔ɐʳʭȩɲ‫؜‬ᏼʛȵɲɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɭȦȩ‫ࢃܕ‬ɴ‫ܕ‬᭬኏Цȴʰᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑȵዺȷЊȿʰʶɩȦʳɹɭ‫ؾ‬ɍ෯‫ܒ‬ɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓɹμ߈ɭ‫౅ܩ‬ɫԗჼɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵႶጓಁɴకঌȵᏝ೺Ɍɛɻɑɹᢌȴɇɻ 40 ॷɛɤɩʢࡸჼɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋ɇʰɴɻ෯ᦶᠭ
఩కፑɹʢɭɫ‫כ‬ᆹᢹ͹ఠᔒᢹɹ‫؝‬ᇰᓔᢦ୊ɹ؅հɴʭɤɩᅊ༎ᮑɻ‫֓ވ‬Ɍɛ⏏Ё‫܌‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴɌɩʢ⏋ࢪᢒ‫ݖܩ‬͹ᮃ܎ȵ஢ࡴɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋కፑɹࡸ֟ਸȵȡɤɛɭɌɩʢᚚȼঃ
ȼ੔ਜ਼ȵ‫ؖ‬ʉɴɐȹɲȦ⏏Ȳɗʰȼɻᦅ೴з຦ɻకঌɴࢪɌɩέѵઢˁୃȦɩȲʱ⏋కঌȵጺˁِȦɩʢᤐʰɲȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦅ೴з຦ɻ⏋ଘ਄྇ɹ޽෵‫׋‬ʦ኏Цᣂೣɹ༎ᅎˁᦲɍɩ⏋ࢌ13) ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ‫౅ܩ‬᝔కɴȲȦɩɻ⏋೴ᘺɴάе᝔క‫׬‬еɭɌɩȋ೴‫ך‬ȍ(kitongoji) ȵ៯ᒞɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ዛǾɹໆࡴɻ೴ᘺͤ̾͡ɫ᝔ʼʶɩȲʱ⏋೴‫ך‬ȵႶᕶɴлʰȴɹໆࡴ͹༎֪ˁ᝔ȩɄɭɻࢹɲȦ⏏
14)␩຾ᩃ 1999; 2000␭ɫɻ⏋ອգી᝔ˁࡸᤋɌɩȦʳອգᏼᑩʢ⏋μ൒ᇕɲ͍Ͳ̫ͻˁ᭑Ȧɩ⏋ᑃʦȴɲᏼᑩᑂଁ؅ჿɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩᐄଁɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᑃʦȴɲᑂଁ؅ჿɴɦȦɩ⏋
␩ँ 2003:193-195␭ɻውзɌȩʳ̶ͦͲ̘ˑˏɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭԊ‫ؾ‬кɹᬖఔਸɭᝠჼɌɩȦʳ⏏

233

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ȴɴᕶʰɹᅊࡔ଍ᅭˁஜɤɩȦʳ⏏ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑȵᅙೝᇕɲଁഗˁՏɇɲȦȴȹʱ⏋৳ʰɻςкᇕɴؒᅙɌʭȩɭɻɌɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɻ⏋৳ʰɹςкᇕɲؒᅙˁకፑȵଁഗˁՏɐɛʠɹմரɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɹࡸᤋΫɹሺሄȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏

ࠫࢊ̢̥̀ͅ
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫࡸేɇʶɦɦȡʳᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴɦȦɩɻ⏋኏Ц͹ᐁཕᨆᬐաɹᬖᇍ៟ᅙˁʠ
Ƚʳஹ֖үԒᨆɫɹ̼˰̢͐ͻϝȦ⏋ᨆᬐաᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹΥӯᇕɲᣂᩆ፬ჿɹ‫ک‬ᰍ⏋‫౅ܩ‬Օณ‫׋‬ˁ୊ȩʏȷላ᝔కঌɹ᝔కᔨ֐ፈǾ⏋ೣዣɫ៘ʶʰʶɲȴɤɛ‫ک‬ᰍʢ޽ధࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏ೣዣɫ៘ʶɛᗐॵɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔȵ‫̾ͤ͡ࢃܕ‬ɹᬖᇍకፑˁʛɩȦȼȩȭɫᬠਕˁଡȩʏȷɫȡʳɭǸ‫ݚ‬ፆᓔȵᓒȭɩȦʳʢɹɹёኍɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɴɭɤɩʢ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᦅ೴ɹз຦ɴɭɤɩʢ⏋ᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɻ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑ
ɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ޺ᨆȴʰେɌɦȿʰʶɛకፑɫȡʳ⏏෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑ஠ᦽ༐ɻ⏋ȋᐁཕଁᬏɄɗȵ⏋ɗɹ໳‫֟ؖ‬ഗˁᦲɍɩᢩ‫ܐ‬ˁ᭑ؑɫȷʳɭȦȩጓ‫ݭ‬ȍˁɭɤɩȲʱ⏋1970 ॷБɹ‫ݜ‬ೣᇕᅊ༎ӱ᣸ˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴʭʳᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋᢩᓔఛཕɹɛʠɹకঌఌՏɹᔋ߂‫׋‬ȵᔈਕɹᐁཕଁᬏ֐ˁཝຏɌɩɌʚɤɩ⏋ᦥɴᢩ‫ܐ‬ˁ֓ᦵɐʳȍɭଫՠɌɩȦɛ␩ೣ࣢ 1995: 7␭ɻɑɫȡʱ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɹಁБˁᐁɩԗʃᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝˁᬖᇍɹᠩᰍɭɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭɐʶɽ⏋෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑɴ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡɤɛɭȦȩʓȴɲȦ⏏ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌʢ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᦅ೴з຦ʢ⏋‫ܕ‬᭬ᩆᜨลᬠɴςࢷɇʶʳʭȩɲᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑɴೝ৺ɐʏȷɫȡʳɹȴ⏏
Ȳɗʰȼɻɗɹʭȩɲᆄ‫ک‬ˁ٘ɐʳɄɭʢɫȷɑ⏋ήИɭɌɩரኍɇʶɛకፑɴࢪɌɩ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌɗɌɩᦅ೴з຦ɻয়ϟᓔɭɌɩᬠʼɤɩȦȼɹɫȡʸȩ⏏৳ʰȵȦȴɴᬠʼɤɩ
ȦȼɹȴˁឿࡴʠɩȦȼɄɭȵ⏋‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔɹ቉ድᠩᰍɭɲʱȩʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗɄɫ৔ᠭɐʏ
ȷɻ⏋৳ʰɹɌɛɛȴɇɫȡʳ⏏μ߈కঌȵధࡓ‫غ‬ʼɓˁ᝔ɤɩᇿฌғɹ᧒ଁˁខȲȩɭɐʳɹʢ⏋᝔కᏼᑩɭɻᮐʶɛɭɄʸɫᬖᇍ᝔ဤȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦɗȩɲɄɭʢ⏋৳ʰɹɌɛɛȴɇɹჼʶȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏๿ਥɲȵʰ⏋కፑᧅ᝔ɴȲȦɩʭʱɻ⏋ୄ଻ɴȲȦɩςкਸȵᇍஸɇʶɩ
Ȧʳʭȩɴઢɍʰʶʳ⏏ʚɇɴ⏋కፑȵԒᨆȴʰᇍɌɛʢɹɫɲȦɄɭɹ๱˃ɞᝠჼ০ɫȡʸȩ⏏
ǵɰɄɴࡴဣ៎ཀྵɹеᒞ‫؜‬ʱˁ᝔ȩȴɻ቉ድᓔɴʭɤɩɇʚɊʚɫȡʸȩȵ⏋‫ݚ‬ፆᓔɻ‫׌‬ᨆ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹழᩆс႒ˁʓɭ˃ɰ୫ɛɲȦᦅ೴ɴɗɹ‫ܩ‬ဣˁࡴʠɛ⏏‫҉ܦ‬ᇕɲ޺‫ܦ‬ɴେɌɦʉɇʶʳᦅ຦⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡‫׋‬ɇʶʳᦅ຦ɭȦȩឿ౅ʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲឿ౅ȴʰஹ֖үɭɌɩጓɠჼʶʳӴᦽू෌‫ܕ‬ˁٚᇍɐʳɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʸȩȵ⏋኏Цᐁཕᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹ޴‫׋‬ɴɌɛɛȴɴࢪਝɌɩȦʳᦅ೴͹ᦅ຦ӉˁஜɌິʠʳʓȩȵ⏋‫ݚ‬ፆᓔɴɻɻʳȴɴ᳄֐ᇕɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɴᢩɌɇˁឿȦɞɐɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ᢌȴɇˁឿȦɞɐែ៓ɭៜȦȴȭɩʢʭȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ᨊ॑ው234຾ᩃ⏧̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝకፑˁʠȽɤɩ

֪֝ӈˁʢᏼʛᦉ˃ɫଘ਄྇ɹ޽෵‫׋‬ˁ‫ܒ‬ʱɲȵʰ⏋Ȧȴɴ৳ʰȵɌɛɛȴɴᅊȷାȦɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɗɹȋᅊ෌ȍˁ౩ʰȴɴɌʭȩɭɐʳែဣɻ⏋Ԓᇍᇕᇍࣙ⏋୫ᐚᇕɲᬖᇍɴ‫ك‬ȿɩɹ৳ʰɹςкᇕɲ‫؜‬ᏼʛˁɭʰȭȩʳࢮዐˁ೑ɌɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȴʸȩȴ⏏Ʉʶȵ⏋ȡʚʱɴʢ̠
˓ͻ̸ɲ቉ድែ៓ɫɲȦɄɭˁᰔɤɩʦʚɲȦ⏏
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ᐒଘኼᏛ⏏1997⏏ȏᬖᇍɹక໠ᐁཕ࡝ȑ౗ೣ៿ᠶ኏⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏1998⏏ȋᬖᇍᐁཕ࡝ɭᢩ‫کܐ‬ᰍȍᐒଘኼᏛ͹࣢ऊॺ໠ᑂȏᬖᇍɭᢩ‫ܐᢩ⏧ܐ‬ɹᐁཕՕഓɴ‫ك‬ȿɩȑˏ˻ˏᐁཕ቉ድଘ, 3-38⏏
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ॶᩃӷै⏏2002⏏ȏ‫ܒ‬ᠦˏ̶͠ˡᐁཕȑ౗ೣ៿ᠶ኏⏏
຾ᩃǵ౜⏏1999⏏ȋ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ⏋‫ܩॶ̮ͤ׌‬೴ɹອգᏼᑩ⏧ആˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳᦅ೴Ԋ‫ؾ‬кˁʠȽʳΥ᠅ᠶȍ຾ᩃǵ౜ᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡᦅ೴Ӊɹԗද២ȑˏ˻ˏᐁཕ቉ድଘ⏋59-115⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏2000⏏ȋ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ⏋‫࣢̮ͤ׌‬ᵴɴȲȿʳϗ࡚ဌྰс⏧‫ݖܩ‬኏Цᏼᑩɹࡔ‫ܧ‬০઴ˁʠȽʳΥᓒ࢘ȍऄᅒٞॶᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡࢸᦅȲʭʃᦅ೴኏Цɹᔫ৑ਸ‫߂ވ‬ɴᬠɐʳ቉ድȑॶଁ 9-11 ॷ঎యᨆዀ࡝ህ
ዀ࡝቉ድᢹជ֖ᩆ␩‫ݜ‬ᇻ቉ድ (A) (2)␭⏃ᠩᰍᅱ‫ ش‬09041050⏆቉ድଁഗ‫ݬ‬ٚೆ⏋138-191⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏2001⏏ȋႶጓ৿̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᐁཕɭ෯ᦶᠭ఩కፑȍ኿ӯᗔΥᑂȏ˫ͦͻ̫̄͠ͻ˹͚Ͳɭ‫ܕ‬຦ᐁཕɹ᧧ିȑആϴ߂࡝ՏႆЦ⏋245-276⏏
˻͚ͻ˻⏋˽ͻ˸Ͳ⏋̶ˎ̸̒̍͠͹˵̾̒͠⏏1996⏏ȏγᅠ᪃᝔ɻ‫ܩ‬ჽˁఛȭʳȴ⏧ᬖᇍज़‫ ܕ‬50 ॷɹ֒ᒜȑພգᖪΥ៱⏋೛౗ృᓬ኏⏏(George, Susan and Fabrizio Sabelli. 1994. Faith and Credit: The WorldBank’s Secular Empire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books).
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‫ܕ‬᭬‫֐ת‬ϟ෌܎‫ܕ‬᭬‫֐ת‬ᐵ‫غ‬቉ѹଘᑂ⏏2001⏏ȏᢩ‫ܐ‬ձཝɴᬠɐʳ‫ݜ‬ኄᇕ቉ድȑ⏏
ँǵ᭞Υ⏏2003⏏ȋˏ̶͠ˡᐁཕɭԊ‫ؾ‬к⏧ᣧᒽჿᠶɹԗද២ȍॶᩃӷैᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡᐁཕ࡝ࡺៜȑˏ˻ˏᐁཕ቉ድଘ⏋187-228⏏
ೣ࣢ᒭ১⏏1995⏏ȋᢩ‫ܐ‬ɭɻɲɴȴȍೣ࣢ᒭ১ᑂȏᬖᇍᠶɹ̶ͦͲ̘ˑˏȑ‫ؾ‬యᖌ⏏
ߡ೴െΥ⏏2000⏏ȋˏ̶͠ˡɹᬖᇍȍ‫ܤ‬ᅊᬏዥᑂȏᬖᇍɭ˫ͦͻ̫̄͠ͻ˹͚Ͳȑബೆଗ⏋321-340⏏
иᚹǵ࢕⏏2003⏏ȋؒ֓݀ᬖᇍɹȏԗද២ȑȍиᚹǵ࢕ᑂȏؒ֓݀ᬖᇍɹԗද២ȑˏ˻ˏᐁཕ቉ድଘ⏋3-36⏏
γᅠ᪃᝔⏏2002⏏ȏγᅠᬖᇍ‫ݬ‬ٚ2000/2001⏧ᢩ‫ܐ‬ɭɹ᬴Ȧȑីाǵ࿅ᇺ៱⏋Ϥ‫מ‬ज‫Ͳ̺͖͠˹⏋៱ࡎؗ‬ˤͻ͹̶˙ˏ͞ͻ˪ആϴ⏏(The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
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