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KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ISLAND STUDIES

鹿児島大学国際島嶼教育研究センター
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March
No.29
March 22 00 11 85 No.26

KAGOSHIMAKAGOSHIMAUNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONALCENTER
CENTERFORFORISLANDISLANDSTUDIESSTUDIESINTERNATIONAL(formerly
RESEARCH
CENTERFOR
THE
PACIFICISLANDS)(formerly RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS)

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CONTENTS
Page
Research on Influence the Life in Pohnpei State of Federated States of Micronesia by Globalization
and Global Warming
KAWAI K.: Shell Color Polymorphism in Populations of The Intertidal Gastropod Nerita Plicata···········································································································1
TAKAMIYA H.: Prehistory and People of Pohnpei ······················································ 3
YAMAMOTO S.: Long-Term Food Consumption Survey in The Federated States of Micronesia:
A Case Study in Pingelap Island, Pohnpei State·················································· 6
OTSUKA Y.: Mosquito Habitats in Pohnpei State of Federated States of Micronesia ············· 7
PAPOUTSAKI E.: Mapping The Communicative Ecology of Amami Islands ·····························9Research Seminars ························································································ 15
Visit Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia······················································ 21
Recent Publications ····················································································· 22

Cover photo: Making kava in a meeting house of Takaieu island, Pohnpei State, Federated States ofMicronesia in August 2017 (by Kei KAWAI)

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RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE THE LIFE IN POHNPEI STATE OF FEDERATEDSTATES OF MICRONESIA BY GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL WARMING

Globalization and global warming are affecting people's life in the world. Especiallythese are affecting many small islands, because the small islands are featured by the size ofsmallest and delicateness. For example, global warming leads temperature increase which
affects sea level rise and this will affect low land very much. There are many low lands inthe pacific, ex atoll. To improve this situation, at first we should know the situation andpeople's idea. This research is aimed to study how globalization and global warming affectthe life in each island in Pohnpei state of Federated States of Micronesia, was done in 2nd –8th August, 2017. These studies were supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (16H03314) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

SHELL COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN POPULATIONS OF THE INTERTIDALGASTROPOD NERITA PLICATA

Kei KAWAIInternational Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University

Environmental fluctuations and genetic diversity can be driving forces forpolymorphisms (FALCONER and MACKAY 1996). Shell shape and color patternpolymorphisms of marine gastropods are common in the intertidal zone (LITTLE andKITCHING 1996, JOHANNESSON, 2016). The gastropod Nerita plicata is widely distributed
across the upper parts of the intertidal zone in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and is reported to
exhibit shell color polymorphism. To understand the underlying adaptive mechanisms ofintertidal gastropod and to discuss the relationship between shell color polymorphism andenvironmental and genetic factors, a field survey was carried out on the small islands ofPohnpei States, Micronesia.
I conducted a field research on the shell color polymorphism in N. plicata, using
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different habitat types on 4 small islands in Pohnpei in August 2017. One island was locatedclose to the main island and basalt rocks were mainly scattered on the island, and it was
surrounded by mangrove trees (Fig.1 a). Three other islands were also located close to themain island; however, the beach was scattered with small coral rocks (Fig.1 b). I performeda field survey on all the islands on the same day using a boat. The methods from the survey
suggested that environmental conditions, such as air and water temperature, salinity, sunlight,
etc. for the habitat areas were similar.
More than 50 N. plicata individuals were collected from each island, fixed using
70% ethyl alcohol, and transported to the laboratory for further examination of shell color
patterns. The shell surfaces were carefully observed, and the features were recorded.
The frequency of shell color distribution in N. plicata is closely related to thehabitat type, as the frequency of individuals with white shells was higher in light-colored
substrates (coral rocks) as opposed to dark-colored habitats (basalt rocks). The frequency ofshell color distribution is not related to the distance of the islands from the main land. These
results were similar to previous results obtained from Cook Island and Amami Island, Japan.
Because distances among study areas were only a few kilometers, individual snails were
included into the population that were genetically the same; suggested genetic factors may
not strongly influence the shell color polymorphism in this research.
These results support previous discussion, which states the importance of visual
selection by predators for shell color polymorphism of N. plicata. However, shell color

Fig. 1. Basalt rocks were scattered on the island (left) and coral rocks were
scattered on the beach (right).
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polymorphism in some gastropods has been shown to result from complex interactions.
These results support previous discussion, which states the importance of visual
selection by predators for shell color polymorphism of N. plicata. However, shell color
polymorphism in some gastropods has been shown to result from complex interactions
between selection forces (JONES et al. 1977). Additionally, other environmental factors, suchas the temperature (COWIE and Jones 1985, HARRIS and JONES 1995), salinity (SOKOLOVA
and BERGER 2000), insolation (HEATH 1975), wave exposure (ETTER 1988), coloration of
prey species (MANRÍQUEZ et al. 2009), and parasite tolerance (SCHEIL et al. 2014), may also
affect shell color polymorphism in N. plicata. The continued monitoring of environmental
change and shell color polymorphism in intertidal environments may provide an excellent
opportunity to understand the causal relationship between the two.

PREHISTORY AND PEOPLE OF POHNPEI

Hiroto TAKAMIYAInternational Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University

Introduction
Almost all human groups are interested in their origins: when and where did theirancestors come from? For example, Japanese are so interested on this theme, not only
scholars but also lay people paid great attention on when and where their ancestors comefrom (SHINODA 2016). However, there are often large gap on the knowledge between themost recent scientific findings on the theme and what lay people know about their origin.
Are people of Pohnpei interested in their origin? What do they know about their origin? Inorder to understand these questions, I have interviewed twelve Pohnpeian in the summer of
2017. While sample number is small, this report presents the preliminary results of thesurvey.

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Method
The sex and age categories of the informants are shown in Table 1. The interview
mainly consists of three questions.

1) Are you interested in the origin of the Pohnpei people?
2) When and how the island was created or formed?
3) Do you know when and how people came to the island?

Results
Table 2 summarizes the results of the interview. On Question #1, seven people said they
were interested in their origin and five were not. While five people were not interested intheir origin, I continued to carry out the interview. Regarding to Question #2, all of them did
not know correctly when was the island formed. On the formation of the island, elevenpeople believed in creation myth, and one person thought it was as the result of volcanic
activities. With regard to the third question, to which the author of this report had greatinterest, no one knew when people came to the island for the first time. Two people thought
their ancestors came from Kosrae. On the other hand, ten people did not have adequateanswer to this question.

Discussion and Concluding Remarks
According to HAFIZ et al. (2013), the island of Pohnpei was formed approximately
between 8 million and 1 million years ago. While people (Homo sapiens) first appeared into
Australia and New Guinea around ca. 50,000 years ago, they did not spread into theMicronesian islands for several thousand years later. Archaeological evidence indicates thatthe island of Pohnpei was first occupied by humans approximately 2000 years ago (INTOH
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1997, 2017, RAINBIRD 2004). However, paleoenvironmental studies suggest that people may
have reached the island by 2250 years ago or earlier. Both linguistic and archaeological datasuggest that the colonization took place from Solomons and/or Vanuatsu region to theCentral Micronesia, including Pohnpei (INTOH 1997, 2017, RAINBIRD 2004).
Seven people were interested in the origin of their ancestor while five were not. Twelve
people did not know when the island was formed. Eleven people believed in mythologicalstory on the formation of the island. One person answered that it was volcanic origin. Again
all people who were interviewed did not know when people colonized the island for the firsttime. Some guessed the people first appeared on the island five billion years ago.
Interestingly, while two people were not able to answer when colonization took place, theysaid their ancestors came from Kosrae. At least they understood people did not come fromfurther west, such as the Mariana islands.
Two people mentioned that they briefly learned prehistory of the island when they wereelementary school students. According to them, all young people learn briefly about theprehistory in elementary schools. The older generations may not have had such an
experience. While I was interviewing the islanders, I strongly felt the islanders should havemore opportunity to learn about their origin and prehistory of the island in school education.

References
HAFIZ, U. R., NAKAYA, H. and KAWAI, K. 2013. Geological Origin of the Volcanic Islands of
the Caroline Group in the Federated States of Micronesia, Western Pacific. South
Pacific Studies, 33:101-118.
INTOH, M. 1997. Human Dispersals into Micornesia. In Anthropological Science 105:15-28.
INTOH, M. 2017. Shima ni sumu Jinrui (People who live on islands). 276 pp., Rinsen Shoten:
Kyoto (in Japanese).
RAINBIRD, P. 2004. The Archaeology of Micronesia. 301 pp., Cambridge University Press,
New York.
SHINODA, K. 2016 DNA de kataru Nihonjin Kigen-ron (The Origins of the Japanese basedon DNA analysis). 245 pp., Iwanami shoten, Tokyo (in Japanese).

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LONG-TERM FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEY IN THE FEDERATED STATES OFMICRONESIA: A CASE STUDY IN PINGELAP ISLAND, POHNPEI STATE

Sota YAMAMOTO

International Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University

A detailed study of household food consumption for every meal over a period of
31 months was conducted to understand the dietary patterns of the inhabitants of Pingelap
Island, Pohnpei State, the Federated States of Micronesia. Questionnaires were distributedfor one household to explore the foods consumed at every meal, as follows: starch staples(e.g., rice, wheat flour, breadfruit, banana, mweiang [Cyrtosperma merkusii]), marine
resources (e.g., fresh fish, dried fish, canned fish, other sea resources), meat (fresh, canned),and miscellaneous items such as instant noodles, coconut juice, vegetables, and fruit. The
frequencies per month of each item were calculated using the following formula: frequency(%) = (total number of appearances of each item / total number of meals) × 100. Foodconsumption data were collected from February 2014 to May 2015 and from May 2016 toJuly 2017. The frequency of rice consumption was 40.1% (31-month average, the same
hereinafter). A low frequency of rice consumption in May and November 2014, March to
May 2015, August 2016, and May and July 2017 could be due to lack of imported rice on
the island. Compared to rice, wheat flour was less used (12.5%). Among the local starchstaples, the frequency of banana consumption was the highest (39.4%), followed bybreadfruit (22.1%) and mweiang (15.7%). When rice and breadfruit consumption was low,
consumption of banana and mweiang tended to increase. A primary marine resource of thehousehold was fresh fish (70.9%) and dried fish rarely consumed (0.7%). The frequencies ofcanned fish (0.9%), other sea resources (1.6%), fresh meat (2.5%), and canned meat (0.7%)
were very low. The frequency of instant noodles was 16.2%. To summarize the above, thehousehold was somewhat dependent on imported rice, but also consumed local crops andfresh fish at a high frequency. The dietary patterns on Pingelap Island are rather traditional
partly because of very limited access to the island.

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MOSQUITO HABITATS IN POHNPEI STATE OF FEDERATED STATES OFMICRONESIA

Yasushi OTSUKA

International Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University

Mosquitoes are blood sucking insects, and bite human, animals and birds. Moreover,mosquitoes transmit pathogens, filaria, dengue virus and zika virus. In Federated States ofMicronesia (FSM), lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is almost eliminated by the
Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (WHO 2006). In Yap state, outbreaks ofdengue virus and zika virus occurred in 1995 and 2007, respectively (SAVAGE et al. 1998, DUFFY
et al. 2009). But, in Pohnpei State, such an outbreak has not occurred yet. Recently, Zika virus
was reported in Marshall Islands (WHO 2016). It still needs to pay attention to mosquito-borne
diseases in Pohnpei State. To prevent such mosquito-borne diseases, the most important andeffective methods are mosquito control. In Pohnpei State, nine species of mosquito are known(Table 1), and the mosquito larvae use various type of container (NODA 2014).

Table 1. Distribution list of mosquitoes in Pohnpei state

I surveyed habitats of mosquito larva in Pohnpei island and Pingelap island August
2017. Mosquito larvae still used various containers, can, plastic, coconuts shell, etc (Fig.1). To
prevent dengue virus and zika virus, it needs to reduce occurrences of Aedes species. In Pingelap

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island, Aedes aegypti is inhabited. This species is the primary vector of dengue and zika fever. In
Pingelap island, Ae. aegypti was particularly distributed around the residential area. They usedtrash (can, glass bottle, plastic container, etc.) mainly from people's activities. This means that
residents can reduce mosquitoes by properly dispose of trash. To practice the mosquito control, it
is essential to make the residents understand such diseases. Tenacious enlightenment activities
with local governments for residents are required.

Fig. 1. Various containers for mosquito larvae, can (left) andcoconuts shell (right).
ReferencesWHO. 2006. The PacELF Way: Towards the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis from the Pacific,
1999-2005 vii+239 pp., WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila.
SAVAGE, H. M., FRITZ, C. L., RUTSTEIN, D., YOLWA, A., VORNDAM, V. and GUBLER, D. J. 1998.
Epidemic of dengue-4 virus in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, and implicationof Aedes hensilli as an epidemic vector. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, 58: 519-524.
DUFFY, M. R. et al. 2009. Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 2009: 2536-2543.
WHO. 2016. Zika Virus Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Situation Report 26
February 2016.
NODA, S. 2014. Mosquito Fauna in the Federated States of Micronesia: a Discussion of the
Vector Species of the Dengue Virus. South Pacific Studies, 34: 117-127.

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MAPPING THE COMMUNICATIVE ECOLOGY OF AMAMI ISLANDS

Evangelia PAPOUTSAKI

Visiting Associate Professor, International Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University(July 2017 to December 2017):
UNITEC, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALANDMy research fellowship took me on an unexpected journey of exploration of theAmami Islands over a period of six months, in the second half of 2017, during which not
only I collected much valuable data for my research but also encountered many wonderful
and inspiring island people from an amazing array of backgrounds. It was through theseoften informal, social and personal encounters with local people that I learned what it means
to be an Amamian and to live on this group of islands in the southern Japanese archipelago.
This would have been impossible without the support International Center for Island Studies
offered me during my fieldwork on these islands.
This support came in many ways, including the much appreciated and well used
office space and resources that also made available an apartment as my Naze base. But mostimportantly, it facilitated my collaboration with Professor Kuwahara as my research host. As
an Amamian and Amami Islands scholar, he provided valuable networks, contacts andknowledge with which I was able to better understand my subject matter. The latter proved
to be vital. Without the support of my local research colleague, I would not have been able todelve so deep into the islands society and culture in such a short time. For this only, theCentre’s role as a research facilitator was exceptional in its value.
My research in the islands was an explorative ethnographic project that started
mapping their communicative ecology.

In this research, the communicative ecology

approach refers to the various forms, resources, activities, channels and flows ofcommunication and information used by an island or group of islands. The research aimed atdeveloping an in-depth understanding of the Amami Islands communicative environment as
it forms part of existing island communities’ structures; identifying key communicative
practices that contribute to sustaining Amami islands sociocultural cohesion; exploring therole of media, in particular community radio, in localized information flows unique to the is9
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Fig 1. At Uken FM Station with the manager Hiroko, volunteering program hosts and ProfKUWAHARA.

islands; and identifying future areas of research of value to Amami Islands and the field ofIslands Studies especially through the application of the communicative ecology mapping
approach. Their unique micro-communicative ecology makeup and distinctive geographicaland cultural identity provide a rich case study for this approach.
Mapping as a methodology enables a broader comprehension of the complexity of
specific island communities and allows for the exploration of the various types ofcommunication activity island people are engaged in (locally, trans-locally, intra-island,inter-island, trans-peripheral, national etc.), the resources available and the understanding of
how these can be used in sustaining island communities.
In this research, I was interested in exploring the following questions: What is thecommunicative ecology of the Amami Islands $ how can we define it? The following
sub-questions helped narrowing the score of the research: 1) What are the characteristics,
unique to the Amami Islands, that influence their communicative ecology? 2) How dodifferent island communicative practices serve different purposes? 3) How do island
communicative practices combine in the islanders’ everyday lives? 4) What mechanisms areavailable to facilitate the expression of island/islanders ‘voice’ that enables participation inisland communities? 5) What role does island identity play in Amami’s communicative
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ecology and how is it reflected in its island media? 6) How can we theorize island
communicative ecologies?

Fig 2. With Kengo FUMOTO at Amami FM station, Naze.

During my fieldwork, I visited 4 out of the 6 main islands of the 8 that comprise
this group: Kikaijima, Amami Oshima, Tokunoshima and Yoronjima. I spent most of mytime in Amami Oshima where I established a network of local acquaintances that enabled
me to see the island life through their eyes. Whilst my time in the other 3 islands did notexceed at most a week, it was intensive and highly productive, the result of using establishednetworks through the Center and my hosting Professor.
But it was not only the Amami Islands that I had the opportunity to explore.
During my fellowship, I was also able to spend time in Iojima (Osumi Islands group), northof Amami Islands and in Okinawa. This provided a very useful comparative context for the
Amami Islands. It was especially important to visit Okinawa, the southern neighbour andcultural/historical relative of Amami Islands. This visit generated new research and local
collaborations.
Some of the early findings from this research were presented at the RETI
conference in Okinawa in November 2017 while still conducting my fieldwork. They
included the following emerging themes:
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# Communicative Ecology Layers:
Technological: the Naze based Amami Communication Systems Company is central inproviding technological support that sustains the island’s community media and otherinformation networks and infrastructure.
Social: island media tap into existing social/cultural/economic/local administrative networks
that allows a symbiosis among them and direct contribution to island life.
Discursive: communication networks and media are diverse and representative (dialect,
music, health, comedy, gender, cross-generational, diasporic, etc.), participatory, democratic& community based with elements of inclusiveness of others outside the community and theisland.

# Island culture shaping new communicative ecology layers: The Islands’ bilateralsociety that has resulted in a more egalitarian culture (KUWAHARA, 2013) informs andshapes new communicative ecology layers (community media). By mapping thecommunicative ecology of the islands, we can see which elements of the island culture are
actively engaging in shaping the communicative actions of the islanders.

# The common point/weather and typhoons: Community radio funding made available fordisaster & emergency broadcasting. Amami FM becoming popular with younger audiencethrough the 2010 heavy rain live broadcasting with listeners calling to find out if theirrelatives are safe.
# The old and the new: “The Big but Benevolent Brother” beaming into your dining room;
Kikiajima’s enduring Bosai Musen & community loudspeaker systems provides evidence
how old systems and new technologies can enhance island information flows.

# Meeting diverse audience needs: Established media cater to older & ageing population
which is used to traditional media, e.g. Setouchi Cable TV which offers real time recording& CD content dissemination. Urban community radio caters to new audiences with aninterest in contemporary island music while provincial community radio creates parallel“on-air” community spaces that include all community members.

# Community FM overlapping existing & new island communicative ecology layers
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Community radios, like the many island tunnels, have opened up the individual shimacommunities to the collective Amami Oshima community creating new perceptions andexperiencing of island identity.

# Uken FM: “keeping the pigs away from the fields”- the smallest capacity community FM
in Japan (“a communication rather than an information tool” K. Fumoto 2017); establishedin 2010 as a replacement of the bōsai musen system it involves 40 community volunteers in
its highly inclusive programming.

# Island identity & urban community FM: Amami FM’s emergence as the radio of theislanders, by the islanders and for the islanders that seeks to enable Amami people torecognize the physical and cultural value of their islands; to treasure and further strengthen
the “yui” island value (ties between people); and to pass down to the next generation theuniqueness of the island’s culture.

# Island communicative rhizomes Amami FM & Asivi (live music) House
The FM and Asivi House cohabitation of time (on air) & space (off air) enables the creationof new island cultural practices that connect the islands with the rest of the world and help
creating new, hybrid, experimental cultural expressions that demonstrate a confident island
culture that can absorb outside influences by making them their own in distinctive ways.

# The role of the island catalyst for change & cultural enablers: key individuals havebeen identified as important agents of change and leading contributors to maintaining island
communicative ecology (i.e. Kengo Fumoto: the founder of the first island radio; Kabayama
Hiroichi: Amami Communication Systems owner; Uken Village Hall leader, community &Uken FM manager.)# Active community media = holistically healthy island communities = sustainableislands
Psychological, emotional and cultural health contribute to sustainable islands. The
flourishing local media in Amami Oshima in the last 10 years has contributed to healthyisland communities by adding new communicative layers enhancing and enriching the
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island’s communicative ecology.

In conclusion, I would like to note some highlights from this wonderful research
journey illustrate the richness of my island encounters. They include meeting the Hamada
couple that offered access to their unique media and creative island work and the potential
for future collaboration in translating it into English;

sharing time in the special Café Clubof the Yamato village with its elderly clients observing how such an activity can offer
alternative ways of dealing with the ageing island population; visiting and revisiting Uken
FM, my most delightful research discovery that proved all theories about community radio;
experiencing true island hospitality offered by Toyokazu and Kumeko Oku in Kikaijima
which serendipitously brought to my attention bōsai musen and resulting in more research
into this unique island disaster and emergency information system; having a long coffee chatwith a Tokunoshima man who shared his very frank insights into the dark side of thisisland’s gambling culture; standing on Yoron castle hill looking over Okinawa to the southand experiencing physically the overlapping island boundaries; and experiencing first-handthough unique musical performances the links between Amami FM and the Asivi House andtheir unique contribution to an island music renaissance. The list of special moments is along one as these islands are unique in many ways.

Fig 3. Networking through socializing with the locals, Naze.
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I mentioned above deliberately that this fellowship provided a starting point.
Like all ethnographic research, one needs to spend considerable time on location before
claiming to have fully understood the local context which is so important for this kind ofresearch. But it was a very productive start that yielded very rich data and during which I
achieved more than I initially thought possible. It has also provided the incentive to return tothe islands in the future and continue my collaboration with the Center.

Research Seminars

No.175, 13 January 2017
“The Challenges of Crime in Papua New Guinea with Some Reference to Crime inJapan”
Sali GARRY (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]The presentation is an analytical understanding of not only crime concerns in Papua
New Guinea but also a broader context of the conditions in which crime occurs are
illuminated with some comparisons with Japanese crime and justice system. Using relevant
literature review materials and anecdotal evidences available through the various media
channels, the presentation will provide the crime concerns from Papua New Guinea throughthe lenses of white-collar crime; transnational crime; ethnic conflict; property crime; andcrime against person. It is echoed throughout the presentation that crime is not an isolated
and separate problem, but it originates from the broader social context in which Papua New
Guineans and Japanese reside and operate their daily lives. Japan has continued to have low
crime rate compared with many developed and developing countries in the world andtherefore Papua New Guinea must learn not only from its criminal justice system but
structural factors that have contributed towards such a low crime rate. It will be highlighted
that Papua New Guinea need to get away from the crisis driven approaches and see thecrime problem being shaped by mixture of structural factors that require not only committed
political will and resources but a strong, vibrant, stable, and resilient bureaucratic and law
and justice system to prevent this appalling state of crime in the country.

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No.176, 13 March 2017
“What Makes Me Study Headhunting?”
Hitoshi YAMADA (Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University)[ABSTRACT]
After a brief overview of my book, Religious Ethnology of Headhunting (Chikuma
Shobo, 2015), I will discuss the development of headhunting studies after its publication,and then talk about my own motivation for, and the significance of, this sort of studies. As
might be astonishing, the custom of headhunting was extremely rare among hunter-gatherers,
while quite common among horticulturalists in both Continental and Insular Southeast Asia.
The basic idea was to secure by this act the fertility of crops and women, success of hunting,
and warding off of diseases. In Japanese history we have apparently similar acts in times ofwars, as is shown in K. Shimizu, Japanese History of Cutting Off Ears and Noses, and K.
Muroi, Mounts of Head, Body, and Thousand People (both Yosensha, 2015). F. Larson's
Severed (Japanese translation: Kawade Shobo Shinsha, 2015) mentions the so-calledshrunken heads of the Jibaro or Shuar in South America, which share interesting featureswith headhunting in Southeast Asia. What drives me towards such studies? It’s because I
believe things very remote from our own common sense can reveal the essence of humankind ? it is almost incredible how much the notion on the value of human life has changed
and varied both over the long history and among the wide range of cultures.

No.177, 17 April 2017
“Another Story on the Opening of the Japan Sea and the Birth of the Japan Islands”
Kazuhiko KANO (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology)[ABSTRACT]The main part of the Japan Islands is a volcanic arc that has separated from thecontinent and migrated to its present position and the Japan Sea is a depression formed
behind the volcanic arc along with the process. It was soon after Alfred Wegener published
his idea on the continental drift in 1915 that Torahiko Terada and others advocated this idea.
Their primitive thought had remained minor for a long time under the prevalence of thegeosyncline orogeny theory but became widely accepted in 1980’s when a tectonic model
including clockwise rotation of SW Japan and counter-clockwise rotation of NE Japan was
proposed in support with the temporal changes of the rock magnetization vectors examinedat various places in Japan. However, the timing of the movement and the details of thegeologic processes are still controversial. This is because it was difficult to accurately dateand read the geological processes that might have been recorded in the Green Tuff
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successions. Recent research results obtained with application of volcanic facies analysis
and reliable dating methods give a new perspective on the opening of the Japan Sea and thebirth of the Japan Islands.

No.178, 29 May 2017
“The Effect and Problem of the Action of the Branding Framework of Fish: A Case
Study of “Kabosu Buri””
Takashi TORII (Faculty of Fishery, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]
Nowadays, the management of fisheries is severe, as many of them are operating underfinancial distress and troubled by price stagnation. It is under these conditions that they aretrying to establish new brands, such as “Burioh” (Azuma-town FCA), “Umi no Ohkan”(Tarumizu-city FCA), “Nanohana Kanpachi” (Yamakawa-town FCA), and so on. These
fishes are currently traded at the same price as regular cultured fish. However, branding
activities often raise production costs, with the risk of making fisheries’ management evenmore difficult.
In this presentation, I outline the important factors for the “Kabosu Buri” brand(Yellowtail, Oita prefecture), which succeeded in forming a discriminatory high price.
Among the reasons behind such a discriminatory price, are fisheries’ efforts to produce highquality cultured fish, as well as the administrative role, in coordination with production, ofthe staff of the Fisheries Cooperative Association, which sells the “Kabosu Buri” with goodresults. Finally, I also mention the challenges left for future research.

No.179, 19 June 2017
“Human History in Maritime Asia and Pacific- Migration, Island Adaptation andMarine Use”
Rintaro ONO (The School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University)[ABSTRACT]Fish and shellfish are part of the major aquatic food resources and play significant rolefor human diet and tools for a long time, while its evolutional process of exploiting such
aquatic resources by human who originally birthed in forest and terrestrial environments is
yet unclear. In this presentation, I will introduce the archaeological new findings and current
outcomes for the past human marine exploitation and maritime or coastal adaptation
particularly in Maritime Asia and Pacific regions where I have studied for long time. The
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oldest dated fish hooks and traces of pelagic fish use are found in the regions back to the late
Pleistocene around 40,000 to 20,000 years ago, while the human migrations to some remoteislands (e.g. Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand) in Polynesia show us the longest
maritime navigation by prehistoric human. By introducing the latest research outcomes andmy own field experiences related to such topics, I discuss developments of marine
exploitation and maritime adaptation from the Pleistocene to Holocene times by human,especially by modern human (Homo Sapiens).

No.180, 10 July 2017
“Mechanism of a Quercus miyagii – Castanopsis sieboldii Forest”
Shin UGAWA (Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University)[ABSTRACT]
Mature forests are needed to maintain biodiversity as habitats for wild lives. In Amami
Islands, endangered species such as Pentalagus furnessi, Garrulus lidthi, Tokudaia
osimensisand Calanthe amamiana lives in forests, indicating an importance of conserving
the forest ecosystem. Especially, mechanism for maintaining populations of tree species,
which forms the forest ecosystem as dominant species, should be understood because thedominant species constitute the external forms of forest ecosystem. In this presentation, I
introduce our research results for maintaining mechanism of a Quercus miyagii –Castanopsis sieboldii forest in Toknoshima Island. I explain the position of this type offorest in Amami Islands, and then report our insights: special distribution and population
dynamics of Quercus miyagii and Castanopsis sieboldii. Based on these insights, I would
like to discuss about the direction of conserving natural forest in Amami Islands.

No.181, 25 September 2017
“Communicating the non-communicable: developing media and communication
strategies to tackle the growing NCD epidemic in the Pacific”
EVANGELIA PAPOUTSAKI (RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, KAGOSHIMAUNIVERSITY; UNITEC INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NEW ZEALAND)[ABSTRACT]The Pacific Islands face a health crisis fuelled by the increased prevalence of
non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Today, these chronic conditions often inflict heavy
financial costs on households and over 70% of deaths in the Pacific are estimated to be due
to NCDs. Pressures imposed by globalisation and urbanisation have lead to an increase in
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NCD risk factors such as unhealthy diets (a decline in growing local food and increase in the
consumption of processed and imported food high in salt, sugar and fat), unhealthy
behaviours like alcohol and tobacco consumption and levels of physical inactivity. Theselifestyle changes amongst Pacific Island populations have led to an epidemic of NCDs suchas obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In order to reverse these trends
communities require adequate health education and awareness around these health issues
and this is currently lacking across the Pacific Islands. Furthermore, at times cultural codes
may reinforce unhealthy lifestyles. Given that many NCDs are preventable, healthpromotion activities can play a key role in reducing the burden of NCDs in the Pacific.
This presentation assesses the challenges of addressing NCDs in the Pacific from theperspective of development communication and social change. Strategic media andcommunication initiatives can target specific areas identified as the causes of the increase of
NCDs. The presentation examines examples of how different countries coordinate their
response and discusses a variety of media and communication initiatives that are currently
being undertaken in countries across the Pacific.
The presentation is based on data collected in the PACMAS State of Media andCommunication Baseline research project (2013), undertaken across 14 Pacific Island
nations and through a partnership between RMIT University (Australia), the University of
Goroka (Papua New Guinea) and UNITEC (New Zealand). The research was guided by theprinciples of Communicative Ecology and Communication for Development (C4D) that
deliberately encompasses all forms and modes of communication, including community
radio, information and communication technology (ICT) initiatives, and processes such ascommunity dialogue along with the more traditional mass media. The main researchmethods included desk-based research, stakeholder interviews (212) and a verification
survey with Pacific media and communication experts.
Respondents indicated that due to the chronic nature of NCDs, communities often
accept them as inevitable or a natural way to die. It was noted that the gap between
awareness of NCDs and behavior change is challenging to address but programs using
participatory approaches and face-to-face communication have shown some success in thesecontexts. Respondents called for a better understanding of the role of media in healthcommunication and for links between government, non-governmental organisations andjournalists to be strengthened.
This presentation highlights some of the key challenges and opportunities unique to the
Pacific region when designing media based NCD strategies. By combining analyses acrosscountries and including some best-practice examples the presentation explores potential
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avenues for NCD communication strategies in the Pacific in order to inform and assist
further planning and design of health promotion strategies.

No.182, 23 October 2017
“Archaeological study on the Gusuku period, focusing on the emergence of social
complexity in the Ryukyu archipelagos”
Akito SHINZATO (Board of Education Isen Township)[ABSTRACT]The Ryukyu kingdom, established in 1429A.D, is also known as the trade nation. As
the name implies, the kingdom established long distance exchange systems with Japan,
China, and South East Asian countries. Archaeologists have always been interested in thestate formation of the kingdom. Until recently, however, they have mainly focused on the
Okinawa archipelago because of the abundant amount data available in the region. In orderto understand the state formation of this kingdom, they have attempted to establish
chronological orders of local pottery, earthenware, Kyushu and Chinese food serving goods.
Based on the chronologies, archaeologists have successfully dated agricultural settlements
and structures of castles. Consequently, the developmental stages of the state have been
grasped in Okinawa archipelago. However, it is important to note that this developmental
stage has been centered around only in the Okinawa since great amount of data available
from the island where the center of the kingdom was located. Recently, we have slowly but
steadily accumulated data from the Amami archipelago, locating north of Okinawa and the
Sakishima islands, locating south of Okinawa. These data strongly indicate that theformation of the state cannot be adequately understood without considering these regions.
In this study, based on the chronology of the food serving goods, (which is used also
for dating features and sites,) I will examine production, circulation, and consumption offood serving goods recovered from the Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima archipelagos. In
other words, I will analyze the life cycle of food serving goods. In this category, thefollowings are included: local tableware produced in each island, the Kamuiyaki pottery
made in Tokunoshima, the soapstone cauldron manufactured in northwestern Kyushu, andChinese ceramics. The analyses of these artifacts have elucidated the regionalities in thesethree archipelagos. I would like to examine how the economic situations changed and how it
contributed to the emergence of the three kingdoms and finally to the formation of the
Ryukyu kingdom.

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No.183, 11 December 2017
“Gakko-Geino : The case of the Yaeyama Islands”
Junko GOYA (Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts Faculty of Music)[ABSTRACT]
Recently, many schools have been actively teaching folk performing arts. An analysis
of folk performing arts transmitted through school education has revealed that suchapproaches are becoming more diverse year by year. The adoption of folk performing arts inschool education varies depending on the region. For example, some communities are nolonger able to take a responsible role in passing down folk performing arts and therefore
schools partially act as their substitutes. In the case of the Yaeyama Islands analyzed in thisstudy, three local high schools are teaching folk performing arts while being involved with
their respective communities. In this process, however, none of the folk performing arts has
been separated from the communities; rather, their connections with the communities havebeen strengthened.
In this context, this presentation aims to reveal the current situation and outlook of how
to preserve and transmit Yaeyama Performing Arts through the case studies of ongoingeducation about them at three high schools in the Yaeyama Islands as well as the analysis ofhistorical, social, and cultural backgrounds of the islands. At the same time, this presentation
examines the impacts of the exchanges of people between the Yaeyama Islands andOkinawa Main island in the early-modern Ryukyu era to uncover what kind of people wereinvolved to form today's Yaeyama Performing Arts and how they have been adopted inschool education.

Visit Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia
In August 2017, the project member ofour center visited embassy of Federated
States of Micronesia. The picture is taken
at lunch meeting. The fourth from theright is Mr. Ryoichi HORIE, Japan's
ambassador to the Federated States ofMicronesia.

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Recent Publications+++ Book +++The Osumi Islands (KAWAI K., TERADA R. and KUWAHARA S. eds., 108 pp., Hokutoshobo,
March 2017)+++ Journal +++South Pacific Studies Vol.38, No1, 2017
Research Papers
HIDAYAT H. and NAGASHIMA S.: Yakushima national park and world heritage: political
ecology approach
MOTTAGHI A., SHIMOMURA M. and REIMER J. R.: Seasonal abundance of Sphaeromatidae(Crustacea: Isopoda) from sandy beaches in Okinawa-jima Island, Japan
South Pacific Studies Vol.38, No2, 2018
Research Paper
SALI G.: Concerns and Challenges of Crime in Papua New Guinea
Review
MOUSOURAKIS G.: Health Care Services for the Elderly in New Zealand: a Critical
Perspective on Current Policy and Practice+++ Occasional Papers +++Occasional Papers No.58 (March 2017)
Future Collaboration on Island Studies between Pattimura University and Kagoshima
University. (YAMAMOTO S. and LEATEMIA J. A. eds.)+++ Kagoshima University Toushoken Booklet +++No. 6 SATO H.: Living with Natural Disasters: Change of Climate and Community in
Tanegashima Island in the Early Modern Ages (March 2017)
No. 7 MORIWAKI H.: Landscape of Kagoshima — Coastal Terraces of the Islands (March
2017)

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