SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

SmartMesh®
HyperMeshTM Ecosystem
Whitepaper
Version 3.0
2019.07.07© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
1SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

Table of Contents

1.

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 3

2.

SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Introduction ................................................................... 63.

HyperMeshTM versus Traditional Communications ...................................................... 8
3.1

HyperMeshTM Infrastructure and 5G Cellular Interworking ................................ 10

4.

Smart Grid Transactive Energy .................................................................................. 13

5.

Cyber-Physical Infrastructure Services Monetization ................................................. 16
5.1 SmartMesh® Adds a New Dimension to Blockchain Technology........................ 17
5.2 Shared-ROI ......................................................................................................... 17
5.3 MeshBox® Requirements for Integrated Blockchain Technology ........................ 17
5.4 Spectrum and Photon Architecture...................................................................... 19
5.5 Spectrum and Photon Meets and Exceeds Blockchain Requirements ................ 20

6.

Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 22

7.

References................................................................................................................. 24© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential2SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

1. Executive Summary
Our current Cyber-Physical Infrastructure is a technological marvel, gifting mankind with tools toinnovate at an ever-increasing exponential rate. We depend on such innovation if we are to
survive and thrive as a species.
However, the need for faster, ubiquitous, exchange of information and value continues to expandin scope, even bringing in everyday objects and machines. The current infrastructure, which wasbuilt by corporations focusing on maximizing share-holder profits, is flawed, due to the centralized
nature of the business model, and by the resulting centralized networks which have been created.
In March, 2018, the world-wide-web turned 29 years old. In an open letter to mark the 29th
anniversary of his invention, Berners-Lee made some sharp criticisms on how the technology has
been deployed:
In recent years, we’ve seen conspiracy theories trend on social media platforms, fake
Twitter and Facebook accounts stoke social tensions, external actors interfere in elections, andcriminals steal troves of personal data.
These problems have proliferated because of the concentration of power in the hands of afew platforms – including Facebook, Google, and Twitter – which control which ideas andopinions are seen and shared.
Furthermore, centralized data in the hands of a few corporations constitute single-points-offailure and are susceptible to a myriad of internet attacks such as DDOS, malware, etc.
While many in the developed countries enjoy advanced technology, there is a growing divide withthe rest of the world. There are currently 3.9 Billion people without internet access, 2 Billion
people who are unbanked, and 1.2 Billion without access to electricity [Paygo]. The current
system cannot effectively address such needs. A new paradigm is needed.
The next generation infrastructure will not be just another iteration on the previous architectures.
Rather, it will be a HyperMeshTM architecture, a distributed, synergized blend of networking,computing, content distribution, financial technology, and cyber-physical infrastructures.
The HyperMeshTM Infrastructure is being built from the ground-up, in a distributed fault-tolerant
manner, incentivized by blockchain cryptocurrencies, powered by renewable transactive energy,
and enabled by a world-wide Satellite Internet with local peer-to-peer (P2P) Meshedcommunication on the ground.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
3SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

SmartMesh®, along with and ecosystem partners such as Meshbox ®, are in a unique position to
speed up the realization of such a HyperMeshTM Infrastructure architecture. Rather than focus
on maximizing share-holder profits and supporting the costly requirements associated withbleeding-edge applications, SmartMesh® strategy aims to achieve:Inclusivity: Provide basic cyber-physical infrastructure for all peoples, including those
without access. Provide adequate performance for the most common applications:Support of Wifi communication (which is more prevalent than cellular connectivity);
secured, fault-tolerant content and data storage; and low-latency, high-throughput
payment network; and renewable energy resources.



Social Entrepreneurship: Provide a means to bring dignity and a sustainable livelihood tothe masses. Enables common people to earn a living by selling Internet of Value (IoV)
services to neighbors and keeping the ROI within the community. People become service
providers and have the freedom to deploy infrastructure as they wish.

The key value-propositions being offered are.


SmartMesh® has deployed a Public Blockchain and Applicationso Spectrum Blockchain solution running with SmartMesh® Token (SMT) coin.
o High throughput, low latency Photon Payment Network with secured backing on
Spectrum.
o SmartMesh® Wallet and Distributed-Applications for monetized Wifi, Internet,
Storage, and Payments.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
4SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM EcosystemMeshbox® has built MeshBox® Wifi Routerso Indoor and Outdoor MeshBox®es, communicating through Mesh networking toseamlessly cover any application area.
o Global connectivity with interfaces to various Wide-Area-Networks (WAN)o Disk Space for data storage, content delivery, and offline-data access.



SmartMesh® and Meshbox® are optimized to delivero First Blockchain-enabled Communication Infrastructureo Offline payments and Content Delivery, via Wifi Mesh Network, with or without
Internet connection.
o Low-cost MeshBox® hardware, plug-and-play operation, unlicensed spectrum, anda blockchain-based monetization mechanism.

The MeshBox® product is an implementation of the above key value-propositions and is an
essential building block of the HyperMesh TM Infrastructure.
In the following, key attributes of SmartMesh® and differentiation from other technologies aredescribed, with the following interpretation of the various font colors.
•••

Expensive, Heavy Technologies
Traditional (outdated) Technologies
Cost-Effective, Lightweight Technologies (using SmartMesh®)Hyper-MeshTM Ecosystem:

SmartMesh®

Content and Data Storage
PC Hard-Disk
SAN
Network-File-System
Content Delivery Networks

Inter-Galactic-File-SystemTM

Cyber-Physical Infrastructure Services Monetization
Customers paying Service Providers : Internet, Cloud, Storage
Fiat Currency Transfers with high fees: SWIFT ACH
RemittanceBanking Infrastructure with high fees: Credit/Debit/Gift Cards

Customers paying Utilities

Social Entrepreneurship
Spectrum Blockchain
PhotonTM Payment Network
SMT / MESH Token Transfers
Wormhole Universal ChannelsTM
Token-SwitchingTM
AtmosphereTM
Peer-to-Peer Transactive Energy

The terms above are described in this whitepaper in more detail.
© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
5SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

2. SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Introduction
Meshbox® Foundation has been partnering with SmartMesh® Foundation from the beginning torealize the HyperMeshTM Infrastructure. SmartMesh® blockchain technology has been optimized
to run on MeshBox®es.
SmartMesh® has deployed the Spectrum public blockchain, which supports the following coins
and tokens.
 SmartMesh® Token coin, listed on Huobi.pro and Gate.io, and used for Spectrum
blockchain.
 MESH tokens, listed on FCoin.com and HitBTC, and used for the Content Delivery
Networks, supporting video streaming.
Meshbox® and SmartMesh® bring about a paradigm shift to enable Infrastructure deployment
which is highly robust, yet flexible, due to the ability to operate With or without the Internet (or Intermittent Internet)
 With or without a blockchain; with Photon high-throughput Payment Network, With or without an electrical grid; with renewable battery and solar technology.
MeshBox®es are used to form large, highly-scalable Wifi Mesh Networks spanning both indoors,and outdoors, over which SmartMesh®’s blockchain technology is layered.

Indoor MeshBox®

Outdoor MeshBox++TM [MB++]

Hereafter, “MeshBox®” refers to both the Indoor MeshBox® and outdoor MeshBox++TM versions,“Indoor MeshBox®” refers to the indoor version, and “MeshBox++TM” refers to the outdoor
version.
MeshBox®, as a key component of the HyperMeshTM architecture, works well with several key
market trends:© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
6SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem















Wireless communications. MeshBox® provides dense (many users per area), high datarate coverage, much like Small Cells in 5G Cellular Networks.
Meshed-Networking uses distributed, ad-hoc networking to provide fault tolerance tofailures, and can be deployed automatically without complicated network configuration
tools
Edge-computing, Edge Storage. MeshBox® supports distributed Data storage throughInter-Galactic-File-System (IGFS). Keeping computations and data local reduces traffic,
latency, and energy.
Peer-to-peer communications (e.g Device-to-Device) through Mesh networking
Transactive-IoT with Energy efficient computing and communication. Multi-Core CPUs
are used to process both data-routing, data-storage, content delivery, and blockchainbased payment networks. MeshBox® provides a control point for Transactive IoT
networks (interfacing to LoRa technology).
Transactive Energy. The outdoor MeshBox++TM integrates solar panels and batteries for
self-sufficient operation. MeshBox® acts as a control point for managing the flow andpayment of electricity between Distributed-Energy-Resources.
Monetization of Infrastructure services with Blockchain and Crypto-currency: Spectrum
blockchain and Photon secondary architecture supports peer-to-peer payments.
Wormhole Universal ChannelsTM enable interoperability between various third-party
blockchains, using the AtmosphereTM architecture.
AI and Big Data Services: Applications and services built on MeshBox® support SharedROI and double-auction buying and selling of products and services, on behalf of the user.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
7SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

3. HyperMeshTM versus Traditional Communications
MeshBox®es are used to build a HyperMesh TMed Infrastructure, which incorporates a newly
emerging networking paradigm.
In First-generation Circuit-Switching, each connection between communicating parties receives
dedicated (reserved) Bandwidth, even when not being used. Examples include Plain-OldTelephone System (POTS), SONET/SDH, and DWDM for fiber communications.
Second-generation Packet Switching is comprised of storing-and-forwarding of message-segments(packets) in routers, which dynamically arbitrate/schedule which packets are transmitted onshared transmission lines. This sharing provides better resource sharing of shared resources andmakes use of buffers (memory) to temporarily store packets, thus greatly improving the utilizationand efficiency of networking resources. Examples are Switched Ethernet, Internet Routers, andVoice-over-IP.
The newly emerging Third-generation is called Token-SwitchingTM and is enabled by Blockchain.
In this new paradigm the scope is greatly expanded from information exchange to a selfsustainable Internet of Value (IoV), represented by the exchange of tokens. Tokens can represent
not only monetary value (e.g. Ethers, SMT, MESH), but also non-monetary entities such as a car orhouse title, personal identity, medical records, a vote in an election, and can even be linked tophysical objects in a supply chain.
The following shows the progression of networking and computer architecture from themainframe era to today’s HyperMeshTM infrastructure, which supports the Internet of Value.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
8SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

Mainframe Computers and Voice-Communications
Centralized
Circuit-Switched
Mainframe
Cellular 1G 1980s ; 2G 1990s

Terminal

Terminal

Terminal

Shared Bus
Communication

Internet : Personal-Computers, Data-Communications
Centralized
Content
Cellular 3G 2000s
DeliveryWeb
Circuit-Switched Voice
Servers
Packet-Switched Data
Content
Delivery
RouterWeb
Servers

RouterRouter
PC

PC
PC
PC

Cloud : Software defined Networking/Computing/Storage
De-Centralized
Cloud
Cloud
Cellular 4G 2010s
Servers
Servers
Packet-Switched Voice
Internet
Packet-Switched Data
Network of Networks

Evolved Packet Core
Modem

Wifi
RouterLaptop
CellPhone

CellPhone

CellPhone

Wearables

$

MB

$

MB

MB

Hyper-Mesh : Internet of Value with Mesh Networking
Distributed
Cellular 5G 2020s Interoperability
Packet-SwitchingPeer-to-Peer Communications
Token-Switching and Blockchain
Transactive IoTTransactive Energy

$

$

$
MB

$

MB

$

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
9SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

3.1

HyperMeshTM Infrastructure and 5G Cellular Interworking

In a traditional networks with 4G cellular communications, all traffic goes to Data Center
Cloud Servers for Economy-of-Scale of compute and storage resources. However, thisrequires many hops (at least 13) between terminals, even those which are physically close
to each other, and thus suffers from high energy and latency requirements. In Cellular
5G’s Cloud RAN architecture, traffic from Wifi networks only needs to go to the Cloud
RAN, which is located close to Base-Stations. Value-add for Over-the-Top applications
are moved to the Cloud RAN in an effort to support Edge-Intelligence. This results in
fewer hops, (at least 8), but is still expensive. In both 4G and 5G scenarios, while Wifi isan essential part of the architecture, a Wifi Mesh is not desirable since such mesh traffic
cannot be seen, and thus cannot be monetized or analyzed for value-add to Over-the-Top
Applications (Facebook, Baidu, etc).
Data-Center
Cloud Servers

Data-Center
Cloud Servers

Internet
Network of Networks
Evolved Packet Core

eNodeB

4G
Basesations
5G CloudRAN
5G Small Cells
Wifi

Wifi
Wifi
Wifi

Wifi

Wifi
Router

Wifi
Wifi

Wifi

Wifi

Wifi

> 13 Hops

8 HopsSmartMesh and Meshbox are differentiated from the convention 4G/5G networkarchitecture by supporting billing, analytics, and value-added services within the Mesh
network. Thus, network operators can deploy Wifi equipment for the Access network,and support many of the functions which were previously supported only in the Cloud RAN© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
10SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystemor Data-Center Cloud servers.
This allows the operator to dramatically reduce costs foraccess networks, reduce the number of hops (3 or 4) and still retain the capability tomonetize value-added services.
For inclusiveness, members of a community are not dependent on Operators, and cansetup and run their own HyperMesh Infrastructure.
Thus, wealth is re-circulated within
the community through Peer-to-Peer payments for Wifi, Content delivery, Banking, and ECommerce.

Cyber-Physical Hyper-Mesh Infrastructure:
Transactive Energy and IoT
SmartMesh
Protocols enable
Monetization of
Wifi Mesh Traffic

$

MB

MB

$

$

$
MB

3 Hops

$

MB

$

MB

$

IoT
GateWays

4 HopsHyper-Meshed
Fractal
Network

Deployment of MeshBox is incentivized through a Return-on-Investment model in which
MeshBox Owners (e.g. home-owners, shop-keepers) or Investors of MeshBoxes receive
the following revenue, in the form of SmartMesh Tokens (SMT) or MESH Tokens, forsharing various services to community members.
© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
11SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem








MeshBox Wifi network and Internet.
Photon payment network Fees for exchanging of payments and tokens between people
and machines.
Storage of audio/video content, websites, and community data, on the MeshBoxes’
internal Disk Storage.
IoT Sensor and Actuator networks using MeshBoxes as a control and data logging node.
Gas fees for signing blocks on the Spectrum blockchain
Targeted advertisement and location based services© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
12SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

4. Smart Grid Transactive Energy
Consider the traditional Electric Power System (EPS) which is composed of centralized Utility
Plants (coal, gas, nuclear) and a transmission and distribution network to the end customers.
Such a system is designed for the peak energy needed and is thus over-engineered for the worstcase. The energy transmission is one-way and is delivered just-in-time with no storage of energy
along the path (no buffering) from utility to consumers. Due to this Just-in-time nature, all theenergy produced must match the energy consumed, on microsecond timescales.
The EPS is one massive machine such that small variations in frequency and voltage can easily
occur, causing the entire system to crash, leading to black-outs.
Traditional Electric Power System :Centralized, one-way, just-in-time Energy delivery

Recently, the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) such as solar, batteries, and wind
is intensifying due to an exponential decrease in cost; while the cost of traditional energy sources
continues to rise. Rooftop solar will soon become cheaper than the transmission of electricity
from Centralized Utilities. So, even if the generation of energy is free at the centralized utility,
just the cost of transmitting that energy to customers will be more than the cost of solar panel
systems at each customer’s house [Seba].
Thus, consumers of electricity will also be producers of energy, and are treated as Prosumers.
This in turn enables the future Smart Grid, which supports peer-to-peer exchange of Energy
between Prosumers, which is cheaper, fault-tolerant, and can be controlled by the people (versus
a centralized authority, the Utility).

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
13SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

Transactive Energy Electric Power System : Distributed, Peer-to-Peer Energy
Auction with SmartMesh/MESH Tokens as payment system

Mesh
Box

Mesh
Box

Mesh
Box

SmartMeshToken-based
Auction for
EnergyPackets

Mesh
Box

The US Department of Energy (DOE) Gridwise Alliance proposes a Transactive Energy architecture
for such a future Smart Grid [Gridwise]. Such systems have been implemented at several testsites [Powermatcher] [TeMix]. Transactive-Energy enables the next generation EPS revolution to
an Energy Internet (Enernet).
A Transactive Energy system requires optimizing an Ultra-Large-Scale System-of-Systems, themost complex machine in the world (the Electric Grid)
Transactive Energy is composed of
1.
2.
3.
4.

Electric Power System (EPS)
Distributed, Meshed Communications Network
Realtime Control
Blockchain

The Electrical Network (IEEE 1547, 2030) must evolve from supporting Centralized one-way flows
to that of Decentralized and Distributed two-way flows. This network enables efficient energy
sharing between DERs, traditional generators, and prosumers. This architecture is likely to be a
Mesh architecture due to its distributed, fault tolerant nature.
As such, a Distributed, Meshed Communications Network is needed for Prosumers (IoT devices
and DERs) to communicate to each other to determine when and how to exchange Energy. A
MeshBox® network, using P2P communication is leveraged for communication between
Prosumers.
© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
14

SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

Real-time control is needed in order to schedule Energy transfers between Prosumers. Such an
exchange of Energy can leverage Double-Auction Applications, with the help of AI, andimplemented in MeshBox®es, in order to support a distributed online or offline auction between
prosumers.
Blockchain is needed to support trusted peer-to-peer payment system between prosumers withhigh Transactions-per-Second (TPS) throughput needed for such machine-to-machine typecommunications and micro-payments. Only Blockchain provides the low-latency, high throughput,and low-cost transaction fee performance which is required by Transactive-Energy. Traditional
fintech technologies are not suitable.
In a SmartMesh® and Meshbox® enabled Transactive Energy system, both Critical (hospitals) andFlexible (Household appliances) Loads represent Application Tasks, each with Energy ServiceLevel-Agreements (SLAs: deadline, max power, energy, etc). Each Prosumer can thus run an
optimization algorithm based on an utility function such as Benefits minus Cost (primal-dual
optimization). Benefits include meeting Energy requirements, such as charging an Electric
Vehicle by 7am deadline; and Cost is measured as LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy).
The Fractals Realtime Autonomic Control Transactive Anti-fragile Layered System (FRACTALSTM)[FRACTALS] is proposed for Transactive Energy, with the following benefits.
During natural disasters, there is often a lack of both power and communications.
makes sense to address both of these issues with a single, optimized solution.



SmartMesh® and Meshbox® enables off-internet communication between P2P User
Equipment, much like FRACTALS enables off-grid energy exchange between P2P
Distributed Energy Resources and Prosumers. That is, SmartMesh® and Meshbox® canwork without the Internet and FRACTALS constructs an Islanded Microgrid which can workwithout the EPS Grid.



SmartMesh®/Meshbox® needs the energy provided by FRACTALS in order to operate,
while FRACTALS needs the communication and real-time control provided by
SmartMesh®/Meshbox® in order to implement the P2P auction between the energy
prosumers.

It© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
15

SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

5. Cyber-Physical Infrastructure Services Monetization
Together, SmartMesh® and Meshbox® support an Shared-ROI architecture, which is asophisticated monetization architecture, implemented on MeshBox®es.
The figure below illustrates the key differences between a Traditional Infrastructure and theHyperMeshTM Infrastructure in terms of technology and monetization.
Technology Comparison
Traditional Infrastructure

Hyper-Mesh Infrastructure

WAN Technologies
Wired and Wireless technologies

WAN Technologies (optimized with MeshBox)
 Satellite Internet
 TV Whitespace

5G Cellular ($$$$)
Macro Basestations for Wide Area (10's km) coverage
Small Cells (Pico and Femto Basestations) ~300 meters
coverage
Data-rates 1 to 10 Gbps
Millimeter wave (up to 60 GHz) licensed Spectrum
Beamforming and Massive MIMO (100s of Antennas)

Wifi Mesh Network ($)
 Meshed Wifi networks with ~200 meters
coverage Data-rates ~100s Mbps to 1 Gbps
 Wifi 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Unlicensed Spectrum
 4 Omni-directional or Directional Antennas (upto 4x4 MIMO)Internet of Things
NB-IoTInternet of Things
 Wifi and Bluetooth LoRa Technologyy

Cost and Monetization (ROI) Comparison
Traditional Infrastructure
Users pay Centralized Entities Network Operators monetize Data-usage (Verizon,
China Mobile Cloud services monetize Data Storage (Google,
Amazon, Baidu)
 Content Delivery Networks monetize streaming ofcontent (Netflix, Youku)
 Payment networks monetize Payments (Paypal,
Wechat Pay)
Requires internet connectivity to work

Sophisticated QoS and Ultra-Low-Latency Reliable
Communications (ULLRC): Virtual Reality, Remote
Robotic Surgery, Automous vehicle control are very
expensive to implement and are targeted for high-end,
bleeding edge applications.

Hyper-Mesh Infrastructure
Share-ROI Blockchain Based Billing System
 MeshBox supports multiple services with built inMonetization using Smartmesh Blockchain
 MeshBox owners, advertisers, investors earn tokens
for providing services.

Can work even with intermittent Internet connectivity
 Wifi network and Internet Access Data-Storage via IPFS and Content Delivery
 Payment network via Smartmesh Blockchain
 Transactive IoT payments and Transactive Energy
Adequate QoS and high data-rates suitable for Web
access, Streaming-Media, Transactive Energy, andblockchain fintech.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
16

SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

5.1 SmartMesh® Adds a New Dimension to Blockchain Technology
Similar to the progression of networking technology to the Internet of Value, Blockchain
technologies are also progressing from 1st generation Bitcoin; 2nd generation Ethereum with theaddition of Smart Contracts; to the 3rd generation of Programmable Societies.
SmartMesh® has added a 4th dimension, with a HyperMeshTM Blockchain, layering blockchainbased applications onto the MeshBox® Mesh network, and the ability to operate withintermittent connection the Internet.

5.2 Shared-ROI
Owners (e.g. farmers, shop keepers) or Investors of MeshBox®es receive ROI through

Revenue from other Customers/Owners/Investors accessing the MeshBox® Wifi network
and Internet.



Revenue from storage of audio/video content, websites, and community data, on the
MeshBox®es’ internal SSD Storage.



Targeted advertisement and location based services



IoT Sensor and Actuator networks using MeshBox®es as a control and data logging node.

Fees for exchanging of payments and value tokens between people and machines.

Gas fees for signing block on the Spectrum blockchainDirect rewards from SmartMesh® and Meshbox®, which are distributed to each MeshBox®
owner whenever the total number of MeshBox®es sold reaches certain milestones.

The time-frame for ROI is expected to be 3 to 12 months depending on the volume of the abovetransactions using the deployed MeshBox®es.

5.3 MeshBox® Requirements for Integrated Blockchain Technology
The ROI is paid in terms of SMT and MESH tokens, which are exchanged on the SmartMesh®
public blockchain, Spectrum. SmartMesh® blockchain technology has been co-optimized with
the MeshBox® architecture.
© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
17SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

The following illustrates the hardware (MeshBox®) and software (SmartMesh®) protocol stack.

Smartmesh and Meshbox Protocol Stack

Smartmesh Software

Application

Internet
Online andOfflineApps

Fintech(Remittances,
P2P Payments)

Directly Supported in
MeshBox, powered by
Smartmesh technology

Supported through
MeshBox interface toExternal Hardware or App

KYC / AML
DoubleAuctions

5G eMBB
M-to-M
ULLRC

Shared-ROI
Monetization

Inter-Galactic File
System (IGFS) Data
Storage Services,
Content Delivery

Middleware
Ozone, Dapp Development tools

Smart-Contract

PhotonPayment
ChannelsLightening
Payment
Channels

Blockchain
Spectrum

Real-time IoT
and Transactive
Energy Control

Perception

Atmosphere
Crosschain
Interoperability

Wormhole
Universal
Channels

Ethereum ETH
Exchange with
SMT

Bitcoin BTC
Exchange with
SMT

Transport

MeshBox Hardware

TCP/UDP

Network
Data-Link
PhysicalMeshed Wifi

802.11 WiFi

Satellite
Internet
TV
Whitespace

LowPower
Wireless
Network
LoRaWAN
NB-IoT
Zig-Bee

4G / 5G
Cellular
Macro,
Pico,
Femto,
Small
cells

IP

Ethernet

OFDMA

The following shows the protocol stack’s relationship with a Smartphone, which runs the
SmartMesh application. The network on the left is a network formed from Smartphones. The
network on the right is the public Spectrum Blockchain, with peer-to-peer nodes. Perception
allows for a Smartphone to run a light client to access and control full nodes such as Spectrum
blockchain node and IGFS.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
18SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

In order to minimize the cost of MeshBox®, the requirements on the blockchain technology to be
integrated into MeshBox® are very stringent.
 Light-footprint CPU and Storage: The blockchain must be very light, able to run on a lowcost embedded CPU, and requiring very low Disk space requirements.
 High TPS: The blockchain and associated Smart-Contracts must be able to support
100,000s and millions of Transactions-per-Second to scale to a world-wide payment
system between people, as well as between IoT devices.
 Scalable TPS: As the number of MeshBox®es grows, the TPS must scale well. Some
consensus protocols, such as voting protocols require more consensus time as the numberof nodes increases, which is the opposite of what is needed.
 Multi-blockchain and tokens : Support multiple blockchain ecosystems and associatedToken-switchingTM between such blockchains, since different applications may make useof different blockchains and tokens.

5.4 Spectrum and Photon Architecture
The following illustrates how Spectrum and Photon work.
Ethereum blockchain, and is now a public blockchain.

Spectrum was forked from the

Ethereum Raiden
Before discussing Photon, a basic State-Channel architecture, such as Ethereum Raiden is firstdescribed. The following shows an arbitrary Raiden network (which SmartMesh® has also
© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
19SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

implemented as “Smart-Raiden”), composed of an interconnection of State-Channels (Channels)
between Raiden nodes, which are required to be connected to the Internet.

Mediated Transfer through Raiden Nodes A, B, C, M, Z

M
This route would
have succeeded

Step 1:
A wants to send 10 tokens to Z

A

Step 2:A-B Channel has AvailableBalance = 15, so 10 tokens canbe transferred from A to B.
10

Step 3:B-C Channel has AvailableBalance = 16, so 10 tokens canbe transferred from B to C. 10

B

C

Step 4:C-Z Channel has
Available-Balance = 6,
so FAILURE to transfer
10 tokens from C to Z

Z

A transfer is successful when a Route can be found from Initiator (A, the payer) to Target (Z, thepayee). Raiden payment (Transfers) can be either Direct-Transfers, which take place directly
between two Photon nodes, or Mediated-Transfers, which are routed through intermediate
Raiden nodes.
One issue is that, since Channels are setup by users, the associated Deposits (tokens which users
must lock into the system) will be minimal, and sometimes, routes cannot be found between
Initiator and Target. Also, the Raiden network cannot work without continuous connection to
the Internet.
SmartMesh® Photon
To solve the above limitations with Raiden, SmartMesh® has developed Photon, which is similar to
Raiden, but which is optimized to work on MeshBox®es, which, in-turn, do not require continuousInternet connectivity. Also, using statistical multiplexing techniques and economy of scale
principles, high-deposit Core Channels are established between MeshBox® Photon nodes, which
ensures that routes are quickly found between payer and payee.

5.5 Spectrum and Photon Meets and Exceeds Blockchain Requirements
From the beginning of the partnership SmartMesh® blockchain technology, consisting of theSpectrum blockchain, and Photon Payment Network (Secondary layer, Smart-Contract) has been
carefully crafted in order to meet the above requirements.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
20

SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

Light-footprint CPU and Storage
Spectrum is very light-weight, running on low-cost mobile CPUs in MeshBox®. This is due toSpectrum’s Proof-of-Capability consensus algorithm which securely, and fairly gives all Spectrum
nodes an opportunity to Sign blocks. Since Spectrum is deployed with Photon from the
beginning, most transactions take place on Photon, which minimizes the transactions which needto go on the Spectrum blockchain, therefore minimizing the disk-space storage requirements ofSpectrum.
Thus, Spectrum is much lighter than other blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, which
require hundreds of GBytes of storage in order to run the corresponding blockchains. With sucha low storage foot-print, MeshBox® Disk Space can be primarily used to store Data and Content,
rather than being used to support the Spectrum blockchain.
The Photon network offloads most of the transactions from Spectrum by establishing StateChannels between Photon nodes and allowing for an unlimited number of peer-to-peertransactions to take place between two Photon nodes, without needing to be recorded on theSpectrum blockchain.
High TPS
Spectrum blockchain takes care of securely Allocating and Settling State-Channels, and thenallows Photon to manage all transactions between Photon nodes. Since only the allocation andsettling of Channels requires Spectrum consensus, and an unlimited number of transactions canflow between the Photon nodes which use the State-Chanels, much of the burden is removed
from Spectrum and results in the entire Spectrum + Photon architecture being able support
millions of TPS.
Scalable TPS
As the number of MeshBox®es grows, the Spectrum+Photon TPS scales very well. This isbecause the peer-to-peer transactions between Photon nodes can all take place concurrently, andare thus highly parallelizable. Thus, the more Photon nodes there are, the higher the TPS scales.
Multi-blockchain and tokens
Not only does the SmartMesh® blockchain support the SMT (SmartMesh® Token) coin and MESH
token, but other blockchain tokens are supported as well, including ERC-20 tokens from Ethereumand BTC from Bitcoin. This is done with Wormhole Universal Channel technology and theAtmosphere architecture being developed by SmartMesh®.

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
21

SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

6. Conclusion
The human race is at a fork in the road in which existential threats loom, even while innovation
provides us with the key to avoid extinction level events and strive towards a prosperous utopia.
Everything we do has the potential to move us toward either a Utopian or Dystopian world.
A HyperMeshTM Infrastructure leapfrogs that found in developed countries, through a socialeconomic paradigm shift.

Leap-Frog

 4 Billion People
in the World
Remain withoutaffordable
Internet Access 2 Billion people
without banking
services 1.3 Billion
people without
electrical power 0.7 Billion
people withoutclean water
Natural Disasters
on the Rise, wiping
outCommunications
and Electricity
Infrastructure

Distributed and Decentralized Energy
Generation and Communication

Centralized Energy Generation
Centralized Communication System

Online or Off-Line
On-Chain or Off-Chain
On-Grid or Off-Grid

Wealth taken out ofcommunity and given to
Corporations

$

$

$

Community Enrichment:
Keep wealth within thecommunity
$

Mesh
Box

$

Mesh
Box

$

$

$

$
Evolved Packet Core

Evolved Packet Core

Wealth taken out ofcommunity and given to
Corporations$$
Internet
Data Centers
Suffer from DDOS andother attacks tocentralized facilities

$

$

$
$

Mesh
Box

$

Mesh
Box

$
Secured Blockchain-based
Sharing of Data,
Communications, andEnergy between People and
IoT

$

Mesh
Box

$

In conventional infrastructure economics, consumers pay the service provider (internet,
electricity, etc) for the service. The service provider decides when and where to deploy services(e.g. whether to install new cellular base-stations and where) and how much to charge for suchservices.
A HyperMeshTM Infrastructure enables a Shared-ROI paradigm shift to enable social well-being
with grassroots Infrastructure deployment.
 Instead of the service provider determining when and where to roll out service, theresidents of a community decide when and where to deploy infrastructure such as
MeshBox® routers.
© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
22SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM EcosystemResidents earn tokens (money) by providing services (communication, content storage,
video streaming, and transactive energy) to their community neighbors.
This keeps the money within the community and keeps all of the autonomy for the
infrastructure deployment in the hands of the people who use the services. The
community, and residents, and guests help each other in a synergistic relationship in orderto bring prosperity to the entire community.

SmartMesh®, Meshbox®, and our ecosystem partners aim to move society in the right direction,by providing a highly advanced Wifi Mesh Network solution with the Spectrum blockchain toenable an Internet of Value. Such a HyperMeshTM infrastructure will soon be extended withTransactive Energy using renewable energy and battery systems to provide highly robust energy
sources for remote areas.
The proposed solution enables blockchain based Fin-tech, high-throughput wifi-communications,and a distributed content storage system, while operatingwith or without the Internetwith or without a blockchain; with Photon state-channel secondary architecture,with or without an electrical grid; with renewable battery and solar technology.

Together, with partners such as Satellite operators, LoRa technology providers, and SmartMesh®,
Meshbox® brings about a paradigm shift to enable Infrastructure deployment with Shared-ROI.
Instead of the service provider determining when and where to roll out service, the residents of acommunity decide when and where to deploy infrastructure such as MeshBox® routers.
This whitepaper highlights how a HyperMeshTM Infrastructure, enabled with SmartMesh® andMeshbox® technology can speed up the realization of an IoV Infrastructure, to bring dignity and asustainable livelihood for the 3.9 Billion people without internet access, 2 Billion people who areunbanked, and 1.2 Billion without access to electricity [Paygo].

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
23SmartMesh® : HyperMeshTM Ecosystem

7. References[Paygo] UN Climate Change Newsroom, Using Pay-As-You-Go Solar Home Systems in Sub-SaharanAfrica, March, 2017
[MB++] MeshBox++TM is designed by Mesh++ Inc., a close partner to SmartMesh® and Meshbox®
[PLDT] 3. PLDT Wired Internet Costs

https://www.imoney.ph/broadband[WSJ] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gi_0KR80TQ&t=197s. John Hodulik, UBS Media andTelecom Analyst.
[EEN] Jonathan Koomey, MIT Technology Review The Computing Trend that Will Change
Everything, April 9, 2012. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/427444/the-computing-trendthat-will-change-everything/[Seba] James Arbib and Tony Seba, Rethinking Transportation 2020-2030, The Disruption ofTransportation and the Collapse of the Internal-Combustion Vehicle and Oil Industries. May 2017
[GridWise] GridWise Architecture Council, US Department of Energy, GridWise Transactive
Energy Framework Version 1.0, January, 2015
[PowerMatcher] Koen Kok, The PowerMatcher: Smart Coordination for the Smart Electricity Grid,
Dissertation at Dutch Research School for Information and Knowledge Systems, sponsored by the
Netherlands Organisation for applied scientific research TNO, May 13, 2013
[TeMix] Edward G. Cazalet (CEO, TeMix Inc), Business and Regulatory Models for Transactive
Energy, GWAC Transactive Energy Conference, www.tea-web.org, December 10, 2014
[FRACTALS] Peter Yan, FRACTALS Realtime Autonomic Control Anti-fragile Layered System
Architecture -- SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Ecosystem, September, 2018

© 2017-2019 SmartMesh® and Meshbox® Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlusTM Confidential
24