FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
June 10, 2020

2020 BLUE PLANET PRIZE:
ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRIZE WINNERS
This year marks the 29th anniversary of the Blue Planet Prize, the international environmental award
sponsored by the Asahi Glass Foundation, chaired by Takuya Shimamura. Every year, the Foundation selects
two winners, individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to the resolution of global
environmental problems. The Board of Directors have selected the following 2020 Blue Planet Prize recipients.
1. Prof. David Tilman (USA), Date of Birth: 22 July, 1949
Regents Professor, University of Minnesota
Distinguished Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
He has studied health and environmental impacts of agriculture and of dietary
choices and demonstrated that while plant-based foods are beneficial to humanhealth and the environment, red meats negatively affect both human health and theenvironment. Recognizing the tightly-linked diet-environment-health trilemma asa global challenge, he has advocated shifts towards diets and agricultural practices
that are better for human health and the global environment.

2. Dr. Simon Stuart (UK), Date of Birth: 14 July, 1956
Director of Strategic Conservation at Synchronicity Earth
Former Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
He led the development of the categories and quantitative criteria for the IUCNRed List of Threatened Species and contributed significantly to the expansion of
the number of species assessed. This strong scientific basis has established the Red
List as the most reliable, widely used data on species extinction risk. Also,
conceiving and leading the Global Amphibian Assessment, he warned that the
decline in the number of amphibians indicates that not only their habitats but also
the surrounding ecosystems are deteriorating.
• Each recipient is presented with a certificate of merit, a commemorative trophy, and 50 million Japanese yen
in prize money.
・We’d like to hold the Blue Planet Prize Award Ceremony and commemorative lectures, which could well be
on a smaller scale, while taking proper measures to prevent infection with the new coronavirus. The Award
Ceremony is scheduled on Wednesday, October 7, 2020 at Tokyo Kaikan. Commemorative lectures will begiven on October 8 and 10, 2020, at United Nations University (Shibuya Ward, Tokyo) and at Kyoto
University, respectively.
• This press release and the photo of each recipient will be published on Wednesday June 10 at 11 a.m. on thewebsite of the Asahi Glass Foundation (www.af-info.or.jp).

Statements from the Award Recipients upon Notification of Selection
Prof. David Tilman (USA)I am deeply honored by the Blue Planet Prize because of its unique role in emphasizing the
crucial importance of global environmental sustainability for the future of humanity. It is doubly
an honor because of my great respect for prior recipients of this award. They saw forces thatthreatened our planet, alerted us, and discovered solutions. I have but followed in their footsteps.
My path was made possible by the teachers who challenged and guided me, and by thecolleagues and students with whom I have been fortunate to collaborate. I am indebted to themall.
As we approach a population of 11 billion people, our Blue Planet has become a Full Earth. The
long-term habitability of our Full Earth, the fates of innumerable species and our health all
depend on how we live, and especially on which foods we choose to eat and how we do
agriculture. Our lives, and the lives of all who come after us, can be greatly enriched byacknowledging the interdependence of all of Earth’s life, and by continually discovering andfollowing paths to ever greater sustainability.

Dr. Simon Stuart (UK)
Receiving the 2020 Blue Planet Prize is the greatest honour of my life. I have been familiar withthe work of the Asahi Glass Foundation since 1993 and have the utmost respect for its
unwavering commitment to promoting rigorous science to help achieve a sustainable future forour precious planet. I have had the rare privilege to spend my entire working life following mypassion to promote the conservation of nature.
I started with my doctoral work on highly threatened bird communities in Tanzania, and ended
up working on the science-policy interface of biodiversity conservation. I helped to bringcutting-edge science into key information resources for conservation, especially the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species and Key Biodiversity Areas. But I could have achieved nothing
without the ongoing support of my family, mentors, collaborators and friends over many years.
We stand at a critical moment in history – will we listen to the evidence and start living within
the limits set by nature?
I plan to use the profile gained from winning the Blue Planet Prize to promote a harmonious,
sustainable future for people and nature.

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Report on the Selection Process (2020 Blue Planet Prize)
A total of 488 nominators from Japan and 795 nominators from other countries recommended a total of 127
candidates. The top three fields represented by the candidates, in order of number, were environmental
economics and policy making (33), ecology (25), atmospheric and earth sciences (18). The candidates
represented 34 countries; 21 nominations, 17 percent of the total, were from developing countries.
After individual evaluation of the 127 candidates by each Selection Committee member, the committee wasconvened to narrow down the field. The results of their deliberation were examined by the Presentation
Committee. The Board of Directors formally decided to award the Prize to Prof. Tilman, and to Dr. Stuart.
Laureates (1992-2020)
2007

Professor Joseph L. Sax (USA)Dr. Amory B. Lovins (USA)Dr. Charles D. Keeling (USA)IUCN—The World Conservation
Union (headquartered in Switzerland)

2008

Dr. Claude Lorius (France)
Professor José Goldemberg (Brazil)

1994

Professor Dr. Eugen Seibold (Germany)
Mr. Lester R. Brown (USA)2009

Professor Hirofumi Uzawa (Japan)
Lord Nicholas Stern of Brentford (UK)1995

Dr. Bert Bolin (Sweden)
Mr. Maurice F. Strong (Canada)

2010

Dr. James Hansen (USA)
Dr. Robert Watson (UK)1996

Dr. Wallace S. Broecker (USA)The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (India)

2011

Dr. Jane Lubchenco (USA)
Barefoot College (India)

1997

Dr. James E. Lovelock (UK)Conservation International (head­quarteredin the USA)
Professor Mikhail I. Budyko (Russia)
Mr. David R. Brower (USA)2012

Professor William E. Rees (Canada)
and Dr. Mathis Wackernagel (Switzerland)
Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy (USA)Dr. Taroh Matsuno (Japan)
Professor Daniel Sperling (USA)1999

Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich (USA)Professor Qu Geping (China)

2014

2000

Dr. Theo Colborn (USA)Dr. Karl-Henrik Robèrt (Sweden)

2015

2001

Lord (Robert) May of Oxford (Australia)
Dr. Norman Myers (UK)Dr. Harold A. Mooney (USA)Professor J. Gustave Speth (USA)2016

Dr. Gene E. Likens (USA) and
Dr. F. Herbert Bormann (USA)Dr. Vo Quy (Vietnam)
Dr. Susan Solomon (USA)Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norway)

2018

Prof. Brian Walker (Australia)
Prof. Malin Falkenmark (Sweden)

2019

Prof. Eric Lambin (Belgium)
Prof. Jared Diamond (USA)2005

Professor Sir Nicholas
Shackleton (UK)
Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato (USA)2020

Prof. David Tilman (USA)Dr. Simon Stuart (UK)2006

Dr. Akira Miyawaki (Japan)
Dr. Emil Salim (Indonesia)

1992

Dr. Syukuro Manabe (USA)International Institute for Environment andDevelopment (UK)

1993

1998

2002
2003

2004

2013

2017

Prof. Herman Daly (USA)Prof. Daniel H. Janzen (USA) and Instituto
Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)
Professor Sir Partha Dasgupta
FBA FRS (UK)
Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs (USA)Mr. Pavan Sukhdev (India)
Prof. Markus Borner (Switzerland)Prof. Hans J. Schellnhuber (Germany)
Prof. Gretchen C. Daily (USA)For more information, please contact: Toshihiro Tanuma, PhD
THE ASAHI GLASS FOUNDATION
2nd Floor, Science Plaza, 5-3 Yonbancho Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 102-0081 Japan URL: https://www.af-info.or.jp
Phone +81-3-5275-0620, Fax +81-3-5275-0871
e-mail: post@af-info.or.jp, URL: https://www.af-info.or.jp

3Supplementary Information
Profiles of the 2020 Blue Planet Prize RecipientsProf. David Tilman (USA)
Major research achievements and activities
Prof. Tilman has shown that greater biodiversity leads to greater ecosystem stability and productivity byanalyzing data from theoretical studies using mathematical models as well as from long-term grassland
experiments, an approach to environmental science that he began pursuing in the 1970s. His finding thatbiodiversity is important to the functioning of ecosystems was met with high acclaim around the world*1.
In light of the need to achieve agricultural production that can meet future food demand and yet hold down theimpact on the global environment, he has been making important proposals for the realization of sustainableagriculture from a scientific point of view. For instance, he has shown that it is possible to meet the growing
global demand for crops while curbing GHG emissions and reducing nitrogen fertilizers and habitat destruction
by applying and improving technologies to increase yields on the existing croplands of under-yielding nations.
As developing countries modernize and shift to high-calorie and high-meat diets, diet-related diseases will
become more prevalent, while land clearing to increase food production will result in elevated GHG emissions,habitat destruction and extinctions. This could well affect the achievability of the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)*2 and commitments under the Paris Agreement*3. Introducing the environmental perspective as a
new viewpoint in considering the food problems of today, Prof. Tilman and his collaborators conducted aquantitative examination*4 of the impact of diets on the incidences of diet-related diseases, GHG emissions, etc.
based on scientific data. Findings from this research demonstrated that diets composed of whole grain cereals,
fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, olive oil are good for human health and have a minimal impact on theenvironment, whereas foods with the highest risk of causing illness—particularly red meat such as pork, beef,
sheep and goat meat—have the greatest environmental impact. Prof. Tilman considers what he refers to as the“diet-environment-health trilemma*5” a global challenge and is advocating a dietary shift away from meat
toward plant-based healthy foods, which are produced through sustainable agriculture and have the least impact
on the environment, so that humans can continue to thrive in a favorable environment. Three papers, in which
he put forward proposals from the standpoint of providing scientific facts to enable society to make appropriate
choices, has had a significant global impact, with his papers cited many times in the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC)*6 Special Report on Climate Change and Land in 2019*7.
Prof. Tilman has been making many policy recommendations to the federal government through various formsof engagement, for instance, as an invited “Distinguished Speaker” to the U.S. Department of State and as amember of working groups convened by the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology(PCAST). More recently, he has been serving as an Advisory Committee member for Our Planet, Our Health*8,
a UK-based program that is providing financial support for environmental and health research.
Academic and Career Background1971
B.S. in zoology, University of Michigan
1976
Ph.D. in ecology, University of Michigan
1976-1980 Assistant professor, University of Minnesota
1980-1984 Associate professor, University of Minnesota
1984Professor at the University of Minnesota
2002Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
2007
Invited distinguished speaker to the U.S. Department of State Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources
2008
Awarded the International Prize for Biology
2010-2011 Member of the Carbon Offsets Working Group of the President’s Committee of Advisors on
Science and Technology (PCAST)
2012Professor, University of California Santa Barbara
2014“Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health” published in Nature
2015Member of the Advisory Committee of the UK-based Our Planet, Our Health, providing
financial support for environmental and health research4Notes*1 High acclaim around the world
According to a Web of Science survey, Prof. Tilman was the most cited environmental scientist in the 1990s
and 2000s. He has won a series of awards including the 2008 International Prize for Biology.
*2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
These are international goals to be achieved over the period 2016-2030, set forth in the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development adopted at the United Nations Summit in 2015. Comprised of 17 comprehensive
goals and 169 targets designed to achieve a sustainable world, the SDGs are characterized by a pledge ofleaving no one behind.
*3 Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement is an equitable and effective legal framework for the global action against the threat ofclimate change in the year of 2020 and beyond, in which all signatories—regardless of whether they arefrom developed or developing countries—joined. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which sets GHG
emission reduction targets only for developed economies, the Paris Agreement applies to all signatories. It
calls for holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2℃ above pre-industrial levels
and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels. Adopted at the
21st Conference by the Parties (COP21) at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
held in Paris in December 2015, the Paris Agreement took effect in November 2016 and Japan became asignatory later in the month.
*4 Quantitative examination
As shown in references 4 and 7, Prof.
Tilman and his collaborators havequantitatively assessed the impact ofvarious food groups on disease
incidences, mortality and on theenvironment by means of meta-analyses.
In the figure to the right, from reference
7, the x-axis shows the relative risk ofmortality, where a relative risk > 1
indicates that consuming an additional
serving of each food group per day is
associated with increased mortality risk,
and a relative risk < 1 indicates that thisconsumption is associated with loweredmortality risk. The y-axis is plotted on alog scale and shows the average relativeenvironmental impact of producing aserving of each food group across fiveenvironmental outcomes relative to theimpact of producing a serving ofvegetables. Other analyses in references
4 and 7 looked at diet-related healthincidences of type II diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and cancers, and at diet-related mortality rates
from coronary heart disease. Environmental impacts were measured by assessing the degree of degradationin terms of GHG emissions, land use, water use, and water pollution (acidification, and eutrophication).
*5 Trilemma
A trilemma is a situation in which it is difficult to determine which one of three options to pursue. The term
“diet-environment-health trilemma” is used in reference 4.

5*6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with theobjective of conducting comprehensive assessments of human-caused climate change and its implications aswell as adaptation and mitigation measures from scientific, technological, and socioeconomic perspectives.
*7 IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL)The official title of the report is “Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on climate change,
desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes interrestrial ecosystems.” It was published in August 2019 to assess scientific knowledge on sustainable land
management in association with GHG fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, adaptation to and mitigation ofclimate change, desertification, land degradation, and food security. Papers authored by Prof. Tilman, et al.
(references 2 through 4) are cited 18 times in the report.
*8 Our Planet, Our Health
As one of the groups under the Wellcome Trust, a UK-based charitable foundation, Our Planet, Our Healthprovides financial support to researchers working on food and climate change issues and their impacts onhuman health.

References
1. D. Tilman, et al., Science 292 (2001) 281-284,“Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change”
2. D. Tilman, et al., Science 325 (2009) 270-271,“Beneficial Biofuels －The food, energy, and environment trilemma”
3. D. Tilman, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, (2011) 20260–20264“Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture”
4. D. Tilman, et al., Nature, 515, (2014) 518–522“Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health”
5. M. Clark and D. Tilman, et al., Environ. Res. Lett., 12, (2017) 64016“Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input
efficiency, and food choice”
6. D. Renard and D. Tilman, et al., Nature, 571, (2019) 257–260“National food production stabilized by crop diversity”
7. M. A. Clark and D. Tilman, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 116, (2019) 23357-23362“Multiple health and environmental impacts of foods”

6Dr. Simon Stuart (UK)
Major research achievements and activities
Dr. Stuart, who began to engage in species conservation actions in the 1980s, was instrumental in thedevelopment of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. These were then first used in the 1996
IUCN Red List, which can be seen as the prototype for the current IUCN*1 Red List of Threatened Species*2.
The Red List is an inventory of species at risk of extinction. With more than 110,000 species assessed to date,
it is regarded as the most objective and reliable source of data on the extinction risk of species. Based on
extinction theory*3 and other observations, Dr. Stuart played a critical role in the introduction of the categories
and quantitative criteria*4 for the first time into the IUCN Red List, thereby removing much of the subjectivity
in the assessment of extinction risk. As the chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) for eight
years from 2008, Dr. Stuart led various initiatives undertaken by a network of more than 8,000 experts,
playing an important role in increasing the number of species assessed for the Red List and engaging in efforts
to expand science-based practical activities for the conservation of species. Adopted in countries across theworld and attracting various funds*5 for solving challenges faced in conserving biodiversity on Earth, theextinction risk assessment method used in the IUCN Red List has now become an indispensable tool for
implementing international environmental policies.
The 2010 meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity*6 adopted the
Aichi Biodiversity Targets*7, of which Target 12 (By 2020, the extinction of known threatened species has
been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved andsustained.) had been set with advice from Dr. Stuart. Data from the IUCN Red List is being used in assessing
progress towards achieving this target. The IUCN Red List has also been used as a major source of
information for policy decisions made under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention)*8, and Dr. Stuart has contributed to this process as well,helping develop objective criteria for listing species.
One example of his engagement in practical activities is his leadership role in the Global Amphibian
Assessment (GAA)*9, the first-ever large-scale survey of amphibian species conducted worldwide, andshowed that amphibians were heading toward extinction at a more accelerated rate than other species becauseof fungal diseases, habitat loss, and over-harvesting. It is significant that he sounded an alarm about the stateof the natural environment, noting that a rapid decrease in the population of amphibians—which typically live
in or near watery environments and hence are susceptible to changes in the environment both on land and inwater—points to the occurrence of extensive environmental destruction not only in their habitats but also insurrounding ecosystems. His paper*10 that reported the alarming findings is highly acclaimed in academic
circles as exemplified by the fact that it was selected by Science as one of the 2004 Breakthroughs of the Year.
As a result of the GAA initiative, the amphibian extinction crisis began to receive attention in scientific,
policy, and conservation circles, leading to the formulation of a conservation action plan*11 with a budget ofsome 400 million US dollars. Activities initiated by the GAA are continuing today as the GAA2.
Academic and career background
1978
Bachelor’s degree (First Class) in applied biology from the University of Cambridge
1983
Doctorate degree in conservation biology from the University of Cambridge
1983
Joins staff of the International Council for Bird Preservation (now called BirdLife
International) to co-author the African Bird Red Data Book
1986-1990 Officer of the IUCN Species Programme
1990-2000 Head of the IUCN Species Programme
2001-2005 Head of the IUCN Biodiversity Assessment Unit
2004
A paper in which he warned about the amphibian crisis is selected by Science as one of the2004 Breakthroughs of the Year
2005-2008 Senior Species Scientist at the IUCN
2008-2016 Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (playing an active role as the leader andspokesperson of the SSC, the world’s largest network for species conservation)
2010“The Barometer of Life,” an article co-authored by Dr. Stuart and others calling for increasing
the number of species assessed for the IUCN Red List, is published in Science
2016Advisor to the Steering Committee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission

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2017-

Director of Strategic Conservation at Synchronicity Earth, a UK-based conservation charityand donor, playing an active role by leveraging his expertise on species conservation andglobal network of relevant experts

Notes:*1 IUCN
Established in 1948, the IUCN is an international network for the conservation of nature, comprisingstates, government agencies, and non-government organizations (NGOs). It has approximately 1,200
member organizations and six commissions in which a total of some 15,000 scientists and experts fromover 160 countries collaborate for the conservation of biodiversity. The IUCN was one of the winners of
the 1993 Blue Planet Prize.
*2 IUCN Red List
Its official name is the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Initially published as the Red Data Book in
1966, it has now become the world’s most comprehensive source of information on the conservation statusof animals, plants, and fungi across the globe. The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of theworld’s biodiversity, providing information on species’ distribution ranges, population sizes, habitats,ecologies, use and trade, threats, and conservation actions.
*3 Extinction theory
Extinction risk assessment methods employed by the IUCN are explained in detail in ref.1 of which Dr.
Stuart is a co-author. This paper provides an overall account of the process of quantifying extinction risk
and the technical background thereto. The initial concept, based on extinction risk theory and theprinciples of population viability analysis (PVA), was presented in ref. 2. The 1996 IUCN Red List was
the first to use this approach of categories and quantitative criteria. The method makes use of information
on population size, population growth and decline, range size and fragmentation, to estimate extinction
risk, based on deterministic factors (loss of habitat, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, etc) as
well as on stochastic factors affecting small populations (demographic stochasticity and environmental
variability, catastrophes, genetic stochasticity, etc.).
*4 Categories and quantitative criteria
The following descriptors were proposed in the paper (ref. 2) by Mace et al. as categories of endangered
species, to which Dr. Stuart provided support, and were first to be adopted in the current format of the
IUCN Red List.
-Critically Endangered (CR):At least 50% probability of extinction within five years or two generations, whichever is longer-Endangered (EN):At least 20% probability of extinction within 20 years or 10 generations, whichever is longer-Vulnerable (VU):
10% probability of extinction within 100 years
Quantitative criteria were then refined so that species could be assigned to the correct categories. Moredetailed definitions are provided based on the above.
*5 Various funds for solving challenges faced in conserving biodiversity on Earth
Data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species are used by a number of donors, including the following
four funding organizations—i.e., the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Critical Ecosystem Partnership
Fund (CEPF), Save Our Species (SOS), and the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund
(MZB)—to determine priorities in providing funds.
*6 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty aimed at the conservation of biologicaldiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arisingfrom genetic resources. The CBD recognizes three levels of biological diversity, i.e., ecosystem, species,and genetic levels. Adopted in 1992, the CBD obligates signatory countries, according to their respective
capacity, to develop national strategies and take necessary actions for the conservation and sustainable useof biological diversity. Acknowledging national sovereignty over natural resources, it calls for the fair andequitable distribution of benefits arising therefrom, among natural resource producing countries and user
countries.

8*7 Aichi Biodiversity Targets
A set of targets established under the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, as officially named, are called the
Aichi Biodiversity Targets because they were adopted at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties(COP10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity held in October 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.
The Aichi Biodiversity Targets call for achieving five short-term goals and 20 specific targets by 2020,
with an eye to the medium to long-term goal of realizing a world in which people live in harmony withnature by 2050.
*8 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(Washington Convention)
Adopted in 1973 in Washington D.C. at a meeting of representatives of countries, it entered into force in
1975. Its aim is to have international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants regulated properly so
as not to threaten the survival of the species. Depending on the degree of extinction risk, wild species arelisted in one of the three appendices to the convention with their trade regulated accordingly. Specifically,
commercial trade in species listed in Appendix I is prohibited in principle, whereas commercial trade in
species listed in Appendix II requires a permit from exporting countries based on a non-detriment findingin terms of the impact of the trade on the species in question. Those listed in Appendix III are regulated byrules set by respective countries of origin.
*9 Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA)The GAA, a 2001-2004 joint initiative led by the IUCN, Conservation International (CI) and NatureServe,
was launched for the purpose of conducting a comprehensive global survey of amphibians to assess thestatus of their populations across the world. As the leader of the GAA Central Coordination Team, Dr.
Stuart ran the project by mobilizing more than 500 scientists from more than 60 countries. Activities
initiated by the GAA are currently undertaken as the GAA2, a new five-year project (2015-2020) with the
GAA3 commencing thereafter.
*10 Paper that reported the alarming findings
See reference 3.
*11 Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP)In September 2005, the Amphibian Conservation Summit was convened by the IUCN Species Survival
Commission (SSC) and the Conservation International (CI). A declaration adopted at the summit proposed
the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan, which was published in 2007 and updated in 2015. Developedfor use as a roadmap for the conservation of amphibian species at a global level, the ACAP is used byvarious conservation and funding organizations including the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group(ASG), the Amphibian Survival Alliance (ASA), and the Amphibian Ark.

References
1. G. M. Mace, et al., Consv. Biology, 22 (2008) 1424-1442,“Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species”
2. G. M. Mace and R. Lande, Consv. Biology 5 (1991) 148-157,“Assessing Extinction Threats: Toward a Reevaluation of IUCN Threatened Species Categories”
3. Simon N. Stuart et al., Science 306 (2004) 1783-1786,“Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide”

9