参考資料
資料１

Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Act (Act No.55/1992)
この法律は、全 26 条からなり、アイスランド自然災害保険及びアイスランド
自然災害保険会社の役割、同社の理事会の構成・権限、自然災害保険の保証内
容、引き受け条件などについて定めている。

資料２ Regulations on Iceland Catastrophe Insurance (Regulation No.83/1993)
資料１の Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Act にかかる規則。自然災害保険でカバーされる自然災害の定義、対象物件の定義などについて定めている。

資料３ アイスランドの地理的特徴・建造物等に関する写真
アイスランドの自然災害リスクを理解するための参考として、アイスランドの地形的特長・建造物等に関する写真を解説とともに掲載した。

資料４ 日本とアイスランドの地震保険制度の概要比較
日本とアイスランドの地震保険制度を比較したものである。

45

資料１

Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Act (Act No.55/1992)

Article 1
The role of the Icelandic Catastrophe Insurance shall be to insure against losses causedby the natural catastrophes which are specified in Article 4 of this Act.
Its domicile shall be Reykjavík.
Article 2
Five persons shall sit on the Corporation's Board of Directors. Three shall be elected by
the Althing; one nominated by those insurance companies which collect premiums, cf.
Paragraph. 3. Art. 10; but the Minister of Insurance Affairs shall appoint one member
who shall be Chairman. Deputies shall be chosen in the same manner. Directors areappointed to terms of four years at a time.
Article 3
The Board of Directors of the Corporation shall supervise the safekeeping and profitable
investment of its funds or negotiate a special agreement with a party working in thefield of insurance regarding the safekeeping and investment of its funds or the handlingof its accounts. Upon investment, an endeavour shall be made to safeguard the true
value of the funds as far as possible at all times.
The Corporation's annual accounts shall be audited by two auditors. One shall be
nominated by the Minister; the other chosen by the Board of Directors. The latter shallbe a chartered accountant. The financial year shall be that of the calendar year and its
accounts shall be annually published in the Legal Gazette.
Article 4
The Icelandic Catastrophe Insurance shall insure against direct losses caused by thefollowing natural catastrophes: volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, snow
avalanches and floods. Regulations should further stipulate what is meant by the 1st
sentence.

47

Article 5
It is mandatory to insure all house-property and movables which are insured against
fire by an insurance company that is licensed to operate in this country. Mandatory
insurance also applies to movables covered under comprehensive insurance policies
which include fire, provided that such insurance policies are classified as property
insurance by the State Insurance Supervision Bureau. Should insurance against fire be
included in an all-risk insurance policy or special insurance policy, e.g. fish-farming
insurance, the movables should not be covered by the natural catastrophe insurance
unless specially approved by the Board of Directors.
It is further mandatory to insure the following even if they are not insured against fire:
1. Geothermal heating systems, waterworks and sewage systems owned bymunicipalities or the National Treasury.
2. Harbour installations owned by municipalities and the National Treasury.
3. Permanent bridges of 50 m or longer.
4. Electric installations, including distribution systems, dams and transformer facilities
publicly owned.
5. Telephone systems and communications networks publicly owned.
6. Ski lifts.
Valuables, as listed in Paragraph 2 may be insured with some party other than
Icelandic Catastrophe Insurance.
The Minister shall by issuing Regulations determine more closely what comes under
mandatory insurance according to Paragraph 2, and they should specify what categories
of valuables should be regarded as integral parts of the structures in question.
Article 6
In the event of an insurance company receiving a request to insure property or
movables which are commonly not insured against fire or the danger of them being
damaged by fire is negligible, the insurance company shall seek the permission of the
Corporation before a catastrophe insurance premium is computed for this policy. Should
this provision not be adhered to the item thus insured against fire is not covered by thecatastrophe insurance.

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Article 7
Structures which are erected in violation of a ban set by authorities or which violate theprovisions of enacted law in a manner which can be deemed to make them more
susceptible to incurring damage from natural catastrophes may not be insured against
catastrophes irrespective of whether they are insured against fire.
Article 8
The amounts insured shall be decided as follows:
1. All valuables insured against fire shall be insured for the same amount as for fire
insurance at any given time.
2. The Minister, having obtained the recommendations of the Board of Directors shallset rules for the determination of insurance amounts for other valuables, cf. Paragraph
2, Article 5.
Article 9
The own risk of the insured shall amount to 5% of each loss; but not a lower amountthan as follows:
1. Valuables insured according to Paragraph 1 Article 5 a minimum of kr. 40.000.
2. Valuables insured according to Paragraph 2 Article 5 a minimum of kr. 400.000.
The above minimum amounts shall be adjusted in accordance with the Index ofConstruction Costs in force at any given time.
Article 10
Annual premiums shall be as follows:
1. For valuables insured according to Paragraph 1 of Art 5, 0.25 ‰2. For valuables insured according to Paragraph 2, numbered sections 1-5 of Art. 5,
0.2 ‰3. For valuables insured according to Paragraph 2, numbered section 6 of Art 5, thepremium shall be decided according to rules set by the Corporation's Board of Directors.
Should net surplus assets sink below 1‰ of estimated insurance amounts at the end of ayear, the Board of Directors is permitted to collect premiums, cf. Paragraph 1 and 2 ofArticle 5, with a 100% surcharge until the 2‰ mark has been reached.

49

The insurance companies that cover fire insurance of the property which is insured with
the Corporation, cf. Paragraph 1 Article 5, shall collect the premiums for the
Corporation along with the fire insurance premiums, both premiums being payable on
the same date. Regulations should further stipulate the manner of accounting andhanding over of collected premiums. The stipulations of Article 24 shall govern theaccess of the Corporation to the insurance companies.
Premiums for other insured valuables, Cf. Paragraph 2 Article 5, shall be computed andcollected by the Corporation.
Catastrophe insurance premiums can be collected by way of an order of distraint. The
premiums are also secured by a lien upon the insured property. It is permitted torequest the public auction of the property without a prior court order, settlement
procedure or impoundment to settle the amount due.
Article 11
When a loss has occurred the insured shall immediately report it to the Corporation or
the insurance company that sold him the insurance policy.
An insurance company which receives such a report shall at once notify the Corporationof the event. When the Corporation receives a report or information about a loss which
may be considered to be covered by this insurance, they shall as quickly as possible,
take steps to obtain a decision whether the occurrence is a case for indemnity caused bya natural catastrophe, and have the damage appraised.
Article 12
A case for indemnity having taken place, the Board of Directors shall decide what
measures shall be necessary to implement in order to save insured valuables andforestall further damage to them. The measures shall, as far as possible, be carried out
in co-operation with the Civil Defense.
The stipulations of Paragraph 1 do not exempt the insured from his duty to takemeasures to avert loss according to the law of insurance contracts.

50Article 13
If the insured property is located at some other place than was stated when an
insurance policy was taken out at the time of a loss event the right to indemnity shallfollow the stipulations of Article 83 of the law of insurance contracts as is applicable.
The stipulation of Article 83 of a maximum indemnity of kr. 10.000 shall not apply.
The stipulations of Paragraph 1 apply without regard to provisions set forth in a fire
insurance policy regarding indemnity for items that are located at some other placethan stated in the policy.
Article 14
The Board of Directors shall set rules governing the handling and paying out of claims.
It is permitted to entrust the settlement of claims to other insurance companies.
Rules pertaining to assessors and the assessment of claims shall be set by Regulations.
Article 15
It is permitted to decrease or reject claims completely.
1. When a building or other construction which has suffered damage was built in alocation which was beforehand commonly known to be dangerous with regard to natural
catastrophes, e.g. if a construction in the same place has been more than once damaged
in the same manner. The same applies to movables kept in a building or otherconstruction under the same conditions as here stated.
2. When the strength and maintenance of a building or other insured item,
unacceptable or in violation of enacted law and it has become evident that damage was
all the greater or more extensive owing to these shortcomings.
Article 16
Claims should be settled as soon as possible, cf. Paragraph 1 and 2 Article 24 of law of
insurance contracts no. 20/1954.

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Article 17
The Iceland Catastrophe Insurance's liability for compensation for each event is limited
to 7.5‰ of total insurance amounts at the start of the loss event. From January 1st 1994
the liability is to be limited to 10‰ of total insurance amounts.
Should the total of payable claims exceed the amount stated in Paragraph 1 the claimsof all insured shall be proportionately reduced.
Article 18
The Board of Directors shall as quickly as possible reach a decision on any point ofdispute regarding its liability and the amount of indemnity. The Board of Directors shalldecide points of dispute that may arise and if the claimant feel dissatisfied with theBoard's ruling he may within 30 days of receiving the Board's decision refer the disputeto a special settlement committee. It is to be appointed by the Minister. Four persons
shall be seated on the committee. One is to be appointed according to the nomination of
the Supreme Court and shall he be chairman. Another shall be nominated by theMeteorological Bureau, the third shall be nominated by the University of Iceland andthe fourth without nomination. Deputies should be appointed in the same manner. The
committee is permitted to seek the advise of specialists if needed.
Article 19
The Corporation is permitted to reinsure its risk in this country as well as abroad.
If claims to be indemnified in a single year are of the amount that assets andreinsurance are not sufficient to pay them, cf. paragraph 1, Art. 17, the Board ispermitted to secure a loan in order to fulfill the Corporation's obligations. The State
Treasury shall guarantee such loans by means of surety.
Article 20
The Board of Directors of the Corporation are permitted to grant funds to subsidize
research and projects that are meant to ward off damage caused by natural
catastrophes. The Board is further empowered to grant funds for the education andtraining of national relief organizations that have entered into an agreement of52

cooperation with the Civil Defence Authority on disaster relief work. Total grants eachyear may not exceed 5% of the gross written premiums of the previous year.
Article 21
Iceland Catastrophe Insurance shall be exempt from payment of income or property
taxes as well as municipal taxes. The Corporations documents shall be exempt of stamp
duty.
Article 22
The Board of Directors shall negotiate with the insurance companies and others which
operate on behalf of the Corporation. Should a dispute arise regarding the fee of an
insurance company then it shall be settled by way of arbitration. Each party shallnominate one member of the arbitration tribunal. These members then jointly select thethird member who shall be chairman. The chairman shall be qualified to appear as a
district judge in handling individual cases. If a person is not appointed to thearbitration tribunal within 15 days from issue of the demand for arbitration or if thenominees cannot agree upon who to nominate as a third person the laws of contractual
arbitration shall apply. The provisions of those laws shall also be applied as is
applicable.
Article 23
The Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Corporation can demand from an insurancecompany any documentation or information regarding their operations on behalf of the
Corporation. The Corporation also has a right to unrestricted access during normal
office hours to the companies' accounts and other data regarding catastrophe insurance
premiums.
Article 24
If otherwise is not stipulated in these laws the law of insurance contracts shall apply as
is applicable.

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Article 25
The Minister for Insurance Affairs shall having obtained the suggestions of the Board of
Directors issue Regulations with further provisions for the execution of this law.
Article 26
This law shall come into force on January 1st 1993 and at the same time law No.
88/1982 on The Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Corporation shall cease to be in force.
Enacted by the Althing May 20th 1992 (with subsequent modifications by the Althing).

54

資料２

Regulations on Iceland Catastrophe Insurance (Regulation No.83/1993)

Article 1
The perils insured against by the catastrophe insurance, cf. Act No. 55/1992 on Iceland
Catastrophe Insurance, are the following:
1. A volcanic eruption, e.g. when lava or volcanic ash cause damages or destruction of
insured valuables.
2. An earthquake which causes damage or destruction of insured valuables.
3. A landslide, i.e. when a slide from a mountain or a hillside abruptly falls onto insured
valuables causing damage or destruction thereof.
4. A snow-avalanche means an avalanche of moving snow which abruptly falls from amountain or a hillside onto insured valuables causing damages or destruction thereof. It
is not a snow-avalanche when the roof or walls of a house are strained or broken fromaccumulated snow caused by snowfalls, drifting snow orblowing snow. The same applies
to other valuables that are damaged in a similar manner.
5. A waterflood means a flood which occurs when rivers or brooks abruptly overflood
their banks or whenfloodwaves from the sea or lakes run ashore causing damages ordestruction of insured valuables. Annual or regular floods from rivers, brooks, the sea orlakes are not to be construed as waterfloods herein. The same applies to usual
melt-water or floods caused partly or wholly by man, e.g. when watertanks, dams orother structures break due to conditions other than catastrophes. When insured
valuables are damaged in a fire which can be traced directly to some of theabove-mentioned catastrophes the Iceland Catastrophe Insurance shall recompensate
the losses.
Article 2Comprehensive insurance policies of movables which are classified as property
insurance, cf. Paragraph 1, Article 5 of the Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Act, are interalia the following: home insurance, family insurance, all-risk home insurance, baggage
insurance, cattle insurance, horse insurance (live-stock insurance), and agricultural
insurance

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Article 3
It is mandatory to insure the following house-property publicly owned, cf. Paragraph 2,
Article 5 of the Icelandic Catastrophe Insurance Act:
1. Geothermal heating systems for the distribution of hot water or steam, including
subterranean pipelines but not boreholes. Pumps, pump facilities, bridges and roads
which exclusively serve the transformer system shall also be insured as well as facilities
for geothermal heating or for other sources of energy.
2. Waterworks, including main systems, subterranean pipelines other than boreholes
and wells. Pumps, pump facilities, bridges and roads which exclusively serve thetransformer system.
3. Sewage systems including pump facilities and refinery facilities.
4. Permanent harbour installations, i.e. piers, quays, immovable harbour cranes,
immovable lightning,
electric installations, lamp-posts, junction boxes, water and drainage pipelines, bollards
and pavement on piers but not cranes on rails, wheels or belts or other movable harbour
appliances and equipment. Only quays which are boarded with steel or timber, stacked
with hewed stones or made of concrete or other comparable permanent materials, shallbe insured. Areas which are more than 30 meters from the quays are not parts ofharbour installations. Breakwaters, rubble mound breakwaters, rubble mound shore
protection or other installations for the protection of piers, quays or accompanied
movables shall not be insured.
5. Electric installations, including distribution systems, dams and transformer
facilities.
6. Telephone appliances, telephone lines and communications networks. It is also
mandatory to insure permanent bridges 50 m or longer whether they are publicly or
privately owned, cf. Subparagraph 3, Paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the Iceland
Catastrophe Insurance Act. A road leading to or from a bridge shall not be construed asa part thereof nor shall levees be construed as such.
Article 4[Suspended following modification of law]

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Article 5
Structures referred to in Articles 3 [and 4] shall not be insured while under construction.
The Board of Directors of the Corporation is nevertheless permitted to set down Rules
allowing deviations herefrom, with the consent of the Minister.
Article 6
When a loss has occurred or is imminent it is not permissible to enter into new
insurance contracts or to alter older contracts dealing with items in the endangered
location or area.
Article 7
The amounts insured shall be decided as follows:
1. The structures referred to in Paragraph 2, Article 5 of the Iceland Catastrophe
Insurance Act shall be insured against their estimated price of restoration (price ofreconstruction) as of the first date in each quarter of a year. The estimated price of
restoration shall be compared to the cost of reconstruction of comparable property andconsideration shall be given to the newest technology, work skills and cost of materials.
2. Owners of structures referred to in Subparagraph 1 shall prior to March 1 each year
submit to the Corporation a list of new structures and alterations of older structures
together with an estimate of the price of restoration compared to the price on January 1
the previous year. If there is reason to believe that the appraisal is unrealistic or thatthe owners of structures have neglected to give information about items which fallunder mandatory insurance, the Corporation can appoint two experts to appraise these
items and the outcome of their appraisal shall be binding as to the amount insured.
Article 8
The insurance companies that cover fire insurance of the property which is insured with
the Corporation under Paragraph 1, Article 5, cf. Paragraph 3, Article 10 of the Iceland
Catastrophe Insurance Act, shall submit to the Corporation a monthly report ofpremiums
collected during the previous month and disburse the catastrophe insurance premiums

57not later than on the 15th of that month.
If a premium is in default an insurance company shall collect penalty interests inaccordance with the provisions of the laws on interests.
If an insurance company fails to disburse premiums or interests in accordance with theaforementioned, it is obliged to pay penalty interests on the delinquent amount inaccordance with the provisions of the laws on interests.
Insurance companies shall annually submit to the Iceland Catastrophe Insurance anitemized report of insurance amounts, premiums and penalty interests. The
Corporation shall decide on the format of the report.
Article 9
The day of payment of the premiums which the Iceland Catastrophe Insurance collects
itself shall be April 1st each year.
If a premium is not paid within four weeks from the day of payment the debtor is
obliged to pay penalty interests from the day of payment in accordance with theprovisions of the laws of interests.
Article 10
Under special circumstances, the Board of Directors of the Corporation, with theconsent of the Minister, may decide that an insured party buy a short-term insurance on
the property referred to in Article 6 of the Iceland Catastrophe Insurance Act.
Article 11
A case of indemnity having taken place, the Corporation shall make arrangements forthe inspection and appraisal of the damage and shall designate for this purpose acompetent and impartial appraiser or appraisers.
The Board of Directors of the Corporation may, according to circumstances, request thatdamage be appraised by a Court designated appraiser or appraisers. Matters relating to
the cost of an appraisal done by Court designated appraisers shall be regulated by the58

general rules of law.
The insured party shall at all times have the opportunity to be present at inspection andbe able to present his views to the appraiser or appraisers.
The appraiser or appraisers shall submit a written appraisal and conclude their work as
speedily as possible.
Article 12
The amounts insured shall be decided in accordance with the principal rules of the lawsof insurance, cf. interalia the following rules:
1. The insurance is obliged to pay compensation solely for direct damages, cf. Article 36of law No. 20/1954 on insurance contracts.
2. The amount insured is not a proof of the value of the insured valuables. Nevertheless,
it is always the maximum of the responsibility to be measured against whencompensation is decided upon.
3. The value of insured property shall be determined with regard to the real price value
when the loss occurred. Also, consideration shall be given to depreciation due to age,use,decreased effective value and other conditions, cf. Article 37 of law No. 20/1954 on
insurance contracts.
4. Compensation for goods which the insured party has produced for sale or areotherwise intended for sale shall be determined in accordance with rules set down in
Article 38 of law No. 20/1954 on insurance contracts.
5. In case of partial loss, compensation shall be determined as computed against thecost of reparation of the damaged valuable for its restoration to the same or next to thesame condition as it was in before the loss.
Nevertheless, compensation can never exceed the disparity of the value of the item prior
to the loss and itsvalue thereafter. The damaged party shall preserve the damaged
property or item as best he can until compensation is forthcoming.
6. If the value of the insured item exceeds the amount insured compensation for the loss
shall be computed as follows:
loss amount x amount insured/ real value = compensation
The insured party's own risk shall be deducted from the amount of compensation thus
arrived at.

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Article 13
The present Regulations is set down in accordance with permission in Act No. 55/1992
on Iceland Catastrophe Insurance and shall come into force forthwith. At the same time
Regulations No. 772/1982 with amendments made thereto by Regulations No. 269/1983
and No. 358/1985 shall cease to be in force.
The Ministry for Health and Insurance Affairs, 19th February 1993.

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資料３

アイスランドの地形的特徴・建造物等に関する写真

写真１：アイスランドの地形的特徴①

写真２：アイスランドの地形的特徴②

レイキャビクの北東約 40km に位置するシン
グヴェルトル付近。大西洋海嶺の露出部分が見られる。ユーラシアプレートと北米プレー
トの裂け目であるこの露出部分は東西数キロに広がっており、この地域は、北米プレートの東端に近い部分。

写真１と同じシンクヴェルトル付近の地形の様子。細かな裂け目が至るところに存在している。遠方に見えるのは大きな裂け目部分に成立した湖。

61

写真３：レイキャビク市内中心部①

レイキャビク市中心部の様子。前方にショッピング街を臨む。後方には官公庁の建物が並ぶ地域や飲食店や雑貨店等が並ぶショッピング通りがある。10 階建て未満のコンクリート造りの建造物が並ぶ。

写真４：レイキャビク市内中心部②

写真３の地点に立ちすぐ背後にある大統領府の建物。

62

写真５：レイキャビク市内中心部③

写真３の地点の背後に延びるショッピング通りの様子。2 階建てから4 階建ての低層のコンクリート造りの建造物が並ぶ。

写真６：レイキャビク市内中心部にある住宅街①

写真３から５に見た市内中心部から徒歩 5 分程歩くとすぐに住宅街に入る。住宅地には 2 階建てから 3 階建て程度の建物が並ぶ。

63

写真７：レイキャビク市内中心部にある住宅街②

写真６の近隣の住宅地の様子。路上を常用の駐車スペースとして利用している場合が多い。

写真８：レイキャビク市内東方にあるオフィス街①

写真３から７に見た市内中心部から車で東方に 10 分程度離れた地域。
5 階建て以上のコンクリートの建造物が並びオフィス街となっている。

64

写真９：レイキャビク市内東方から郊外にかけての様子

写真８の付近から北部に数分徒歩で移動し、東方を見た様子。
レイキャビク市はレイキャネース半島の北部に位置し、北側は海岸に面している。これより東方に移動すると建物はまばらになってくる。

写真１０：レイキャビク市内東方から郊外にかけての様子

写真９の付近から西方を見た様子。中心部にかけて建物が立ち並ぶ様子が分かる。

65

資料４
項

日本とアイスランドの地震保険制度の概要比較
目

1. 制度名日本

アイスランド

地震保険

自然災害保険1964 年の新潟地震を契機に 1966 年に『地 1973 年のヘイマエイ火山の噴火を契機に震保険に関する法律』に基づき発足。
1975 年に『アイスランド自然災害保険法』に基づき自然災害保険制度が発足。

2. 運営主体（国の関与）

3. 引受方法

4. 対象物件
5. 担保リスク
6. 料率

民間保険会社が元受

アイスランド自然災害保険会社

民間会社は引受けた地震契約を日本地震再 ア イ ス ラ ン ド 自 然 災 害 保 険 会 社 は 、 政 府
保険株式会社(JERC)にすべて出再。
100%所有会社であるが、一般の保険会社とJERC は政府と民間保険会社に一部を再々 同様に独立採算で運営される。
保険する。
再保険等を用いても支払が困難になった場
合には、民間金融機関等の融資の保証を金融監督庁が行い保険金支払の義務を果たす。
火災保険に付帯(原則自動付帯)火災保険への自動付帯（建物・動産）
契約者の意思により付帯させないことも可 建物に関しては火災保険への加入が義務で能あるため、自然災害保険も義務となる。動産に関しては火災保険への加入が義務ではな
いが、火災保険に加入した場合に自動付帯となる。
公共インフラは自然災害を担保する保険を付保する義務があるが、アイスランド自然災
害保険でなく、海外の民間保険会社による保険でも良い。
住宅建物、生活用動産＜強制＞建物、公共インフラ＜任意＞動産地震、噴火またはこれらによる津波を原因と 地震、噴火、地滑り、雪崩、洪水する損壊、火災、埋没、流失等による損害
建物、動産は一律 0.25‰
0.50‰〜3.13‰
等地(4 区分)注、建物の構造(2 区分)の 8 区分 公共インフラは一律 0.20‰
耐震等級、建築年、免震建築物、耐震診断による割引制度有り
注：激変緩和のため、同一等地内で料率が異なる場合がある。

7. 引 受 限 度
額または契
約上の制
限
8.保険金支払上の制限

付 帯 さ れ る 火 災 保 険 の 保 険 金 額 の 30 〜 引受限度額はない。
50％、かつ、建物 5,000 万円、生活用動産
1,000 万円を限度

損害割合が建物 3％(動産 10％)未満は免責 下記の免責金額を差し引いて保険金が支払
１回の地震等につき総額で 5.5 兆円（5.5 兆 われる。
円以上の場合は比例的に削減可能）
原則、損害の 5%。ただし次の金額を下回らない。
建物・動産：75,000 クローナ
公共インフラ：750,000 クローナ
１回の自然災害発生につき補償総額は保険契約総額の 10‰まで（上回る場合は比例的に削除）
9.民間保険会 販売、集金、証券発行、損害査定を行い、リ 販売、集金、証券発行を行う。保険金請求のスクの一部を受再し保有窓口となることがある（アイスランド自然災社の役割
害保険会社への直接請求も可能）。

67

参考文献
＜日本語文献・ホームページ＞
・

グンナー・カールソン（岡沢憲芙監訳／小森宏美訳）「アイスランド小史」早稲田大学出版部、
2000 年

・

国立天文台 理科年表 CD-ROM（2006）

・

島村英紀「地震と火山の島国−極北アイスランドで考えたこと」（岩波ジュニア新書）岩波書店、2001 年

・文部科学省 地震調査研究推進本部 ホームページ＜外国語文献・ホームページ＞
・Guðmundsson, Rúnar, Ólöf Aðalsteinsdóttir and Sigurður Freyr Jónatansson, Icelandic

insurance market from the perspective of the Financial Supervisory Authority (NFT 2/2007)（http://www.fme.is/lisalib/getfile.aspx?itemid=4261、アクセス日：2008 年 3 月 26 日）
・

SOLNES, Julius, Ragnar SIGBJÖRNSSON and Jonas ELIASSON, Probabilistic Seismic

Hazard Mapping Of Iceland: Proposed seismic zoning and de-aggregation mapping for
EUROCODE, presented at the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering in
Vancouver, Canada on August 1-6, 2004 (Paper No.2337)
・

Sigma (2006), Swiss Re・

アイスランド環境省ホームページ（http://eng.umhverfisraduneyti.is）・

アイスランド気象庁 ホームページ（http://www.vedur.is）・

アイスランド金融庁 ホームページ（http://www.fme.is）・

アイスランド自然災害保険会社 ホームページ（http://vidlagatrygging.is）・

アイスランド統計局 ホームページ（http://www.statice.is）・

アイスランド土地登録局 ホームページ（http://fmr.is）・

米国地質調査所（USGS） ホームページ（http://www.usgs.gov）

・EM-DAT Emergency Disasters Data Base
（http://www.em-dat.net/）68

地震保険研究１４

海外地震保険制度〜アイスランド 2007 年調査〜

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