別紙様式２
学位論文要旨ヤンホン イン氏

名 Yanhong Yin

論文題名
An Evaluation Method of Compact City based on Individual Energy Consumption
Behavior（効用水準とエネルギー消費の視点から見た都市のコンパクト性評価手法）

要旨Different

builtenvironments

may inducetodiversesocial,ecological,andenvironmental consequences. Many studies discuss the urban forms that may give rise
to sustainable urban development, such as the compact city. Reducing pollution andminimizing the loss of open countryside are believed as two main benefits of compaction.
How to analyze the effect of compact city and give suggestions to policy making,
implications of these discussions are important in the task of urban sustainable
development. The amount of energy consumption is a very important and effective
index to assess compact city policy from sustainability viewpoint. Growing concerns
about surging oil prices and the greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuelsrequire that urban development not only minimize the use of resources and the spatial
displacement of environments, and also improve energy efficiency.
This thesis mainly aims to establish a methodology framework to analyze the compact
city from veracity, feasibility aspects and give suggestions for compact city policy basedon energy consumption analysis. The dissertation addresses the concern by assessing
the compact level of cities by energy consumption efficiency and undertaking acollection of analysis on issues surrounding the energy consumption estimation
allowing for complexity and heterogeneity in individual consumption behaviors. Several
endeavors are taken: 1) the development of a method to estimate the individual energy
consumption on present level of quality of life; 2) the construction of a model to estimate
the minimum energy consumption for the present utility; 3) effect analysis of transportpricing policy and density policy; 4) relationship between built environment
characteristics of compact city and energy consumption.
Our study firstly show a microeconomic based quantitative analysis scheme to estimate
the energy consumption by considering 1) a consistency relationship between the levelof quality of life and utility; 2) the utility theory based on personal consumption
behavior; 3) the conflict between traffic congestion and energy consumption. The qualityof life is represented by utility in purely economic term, which can be quantified bygoods consumption. As resident is assumed to consume two kinds of goods: composite
goods and mobility goods, utility is explained by a two order CES (Constant Elasticity ofSubstitution) function. People are assumed to maximize their utility by consumption ofcomposite goods and mobility goods constrained by income. The individual energy
consumption can be estimated based on his consumption behaviors explained by thedemand of each kind of goods on the maximum utility. Consider the influence of thetraffic congestion, trip time is introduced into the estimation function. Energy
consumption efficiency, ratio of utility to energy consumption, is developed as an index
to evaluate the compact level. Estimated actual and optimal energy consumption wascalculated in this thesis based on different applications.
We applied the methodology to Kumamoto region to test the veracity of compact city.
The relationship between built environmental characteristics of zone and energy
consumption efficiency was analyzed by a regression model. We chose the estimatedactual energy consumption efficiency as the dependent variable. Nine independent
variables represent built environment characteristics of zone from density, diversity
and accessibility aspects. The model shows strong explanatory power. Population
density, ratio of retail jobs to population (land use diversity) and transit fare are foundinfluence energy consumption efficiency strongly.
Based on the result of veracity test, we proceed with the second application of feasibility.
Effect of policy on energy consumption is checked by simulating policy scenarios. Twokinds of policies are assumed to introduce in the Kumamoto region: transport pricing
policy and density policy. Eight policy scenarios are simulated based on four transport
pricing strategies: adding gasoline tax by 20 yen/liter or 40 yen/liter and reducing masstransit fare by 20% or 40%. Results show gasoline tax adding is effective to reduce car
trips thus less energy consumption. Mass transit fare reduction does increase masstransit trips, but the effect is offset by unchanged car trips. Scenarios with mass transit

fare reduction alone show little decrease of energy consumption. Three density policy
scenarios are set, unchanged population (100% of population), reduced population (90%of population), 90% population and all concentrated in Kumamoto city. Similar resultsof energy consumption efficiency are shown in the scenarios of 100% population and90% population. The highest energy consumption efficiency is shown in the result ofscenario that 90% population and all concentrated in the Kumamoto city. In order toreduce energy consumption, increasing the population density of the Kumamoto city ismuch more effective than improving the population density of the Kumamoto region.
We discuss the most suitable compact level by the optimal energy consumption
efficiency, which is the ratio of present utility and minimum energy consumption. Amodel is developed to estimate the minimum energy consumption on the present utility.
We applied the model into Kumamoto and Nagasaki region. High population density isin Nagasaki, which is assumed to be more compact. Nagasaki shows higher estimatedactual energy consumption efficiency, which means high compact level in this region. Itis same as expected. However, bigger estimated optimal energy consumption efficiency
is found in Kumamoto. The difference between the estimated actual and optimal energy
consumption efficiency is larger in Kumamoto region. It means there is more
improvement room in Kumamoto. Compared the estimated actual energy consumption,less car trips but more mass transit trips and composite goods consumption is found forthe minimum energy consumption in both regions. Zones with higher energy
consumption efficiency are mainly located in the city center and along mass transit lines
in both regions. Result suggests that reducing the energy for car trips instead of moremass transit usage and composite goods consumption leads to less energy consumption.
However, more money is also needed. Averaged 401 yen of additional cost is needed for
one person to change his consumption behaviors to the ideal one for the minimum
energy consumption in the Kumamoto region.
In conclusion, this study developed a methodology framework to analyze the compact
city from veracity, feasibility and most suitable compact level by energy consumption
analysis. The methodology of this paper is very important since it estimates theindividual energy consumption through personal consumption behaviors from a
microeconomic perspective. It verified that energy consumption efficiency is effective toevaluate the compactness of cities. Our model for minimum energy consumption onpresent utility is very suggestive for compact level policy making. Policy simulation andrelationship analysis give us more implications for compact city planning. The findings

in this paper suggest six implications for compact city policy: 1) More suitable compact
level leads to higher energy consumption efficiency; 2). The consumption pattern is
recommended for fewer car trips, greater mass transit usage and more composite goods
consumption; 3) Gasoline tax is effective to reduce energy consumption; 4)Concentrating the population in center city is an effective strategy to less energy
consumption; 5) High population density, high land use diversity is recommended forcompact city development.