International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology
Volume 8, Issue 1, 2020, PP 23-29
ISSN 2349-4395 (Print) & ISSN 2349-4409 (Online)

Some Physical Properties of Okra Fruits and Seeds
Davies, Rotimi Moses*
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Niger Delta University, P.M.B. 071,
Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria*Corresponding Author: Davies, Rotimi Moses, Department of Agricultural and Environmental
Engineering, Niger Delta University, P.M.B. 071, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Email:rotimidavies@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Some of the engineering properties of okra seeds and fruit studied were: geometric dimension such aslength, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, volume, 1000 unit mass, square mean
diameters, surface area, sphericity and equivalent mean diameter. that are relevant to design andmanufacturing of equipment for processing and preservation of the fruits and seeds. The mean values ofaspect ratio and sphericity of okra seeds and fruit indicated that the shape tends towards being sphericaland expected to roll than slide. The results obtained will form a database that will be valuable in the designof systems for handling and processing of okra seeds and fruit.. Stainless steel as construction material had
the lowest dynamic and static coefficient of friction. Hence, suitable as construction material for the
production of food processing machines
Keywords: axial dimensions, sphericity, crop, bulk density, angle of repose.

INTRODUCTION
Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench) is
ranked as the second main fruit and vegetableproduced is the world Adejumo, 2015). It is anannual herb. The crop in commonly called ladies
finger, okra, bhindi, or gumbo (Carney andRichard, 2009, Dhaliwal, 2010 and Kumar etal., 2013). Okra is rated as one the importantvegetable and is a native to Africa. This crop is
mainly grown in tropical, subtropical, and warm
temperate climates in different countries fromAfrica to Asia, Southern Europe, and America(Ndunguru and Rajabu, 2004, Naveed et al.,2009 and Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009). In
Nigeria, Okra is sold in virtually all the markets.
It is ranked second best vegetable in order ofimportance in Nigeria while in Ghana the cropis rated fourth most popular vegetable (Adejumo
et al., 2013).
Many researchers have described okra as
multipurpose crop owing to the varied use of its
leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems, and seeds.
(BeMilleret al., 1993 and Sengkhamparn et al.,2010) This crop is very rich in nutrients that are
critical to human health like vitamins,
carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, dietary fiber,
and unsaturated fatty acids polyphenolic
compounds, carotene, folic acid, thiamine,riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, oxalic acid, andamino acids and also of bioactive chemicals.
The database on the medicinal potential related
to okra have been reported by many scientists
such as cardioprotective, renal protective, neuro
protective, anticancer, analgesic, antiulcer,
antibacterial, and anti fatigue.
Singh et al., (2017) reported that okra haspotential to reduce hemorrhoid effects, pains,and curing peptic ulcer.
The processing operations of okra are still
predominantly achieved through manual methods.
Dadali et al. (2005) reported the economic, healthand nutritional benefits of okra. The traditional
methods of processing okra is laborious, time
consuming and huge losses, the various
processing operations are characterized withhigh degree of unhygienic conditions such as
contamination with dust, ash, soil, sand particles
and insects infestation and is weather dependent(Dadali et al., 2005). According to Doymaz(2005) and Wankhale et al., (2012) reported
three drying techniques such as open sun drying,solar drying and hot air drying.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Preparation and Moisture Content
Determination
The freshly harvested okra fruit and transverse
section of sliced okra pod (Fig. 1 and 2) wereInternational Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology V8 ● I1 ● 202023

Some Physical Properties of Okra Fruits and Seeds

cleaned manually to remove all foreign materials
such as dust, dirt, broken and immature ones.
The sample was packed inside polythene bags
and air sealed.
Geometric Properties
To determine mean of okra fruits and seeds
dimension, 100 okra fruits and seeds wererandomly selected and their three namely, length(L), width (W) and thickness (T) were measured
using digital vernier caliper with an accuracy of
0.01 mm. The mean length of okra fruits andseeds were determined using the three axial
dimensions. The arithmetic mean diameter (Da),geometric mean diameter (Dg), sphericity(Φ),
surface area S, aspect ratio Ra of okra fruits andseeds were calculated by using the following
relationships (Galedar et al., 2008 andMohsenin, 1986, Koocheki et al., 2007 and
Milani, 2007, Mc Cabe et al., 1986 andLorestani et al., 2012).

The volume (V) of okra fruits and seeds were
evaluated using the toluene displacement
method (Demir et al., 2002).The 1000 unit massof okra fruits and seeds determined using
precision electronic balance to an accuracy of
0.01g. To evaluate the 1000 unit mass for fruits
and nut, 50 randomly selected samples were
weighed and multiplied by 20 to give the massof 1000 fruit and nut. The experiment was
replicated ten times.
Gravimetric of Okra Fruit and Seeds
The bulk density (ρb) of okra fruits and seeds
were evaluated using the technique adopted by
Garnayak et al. 2008.
ρb =Mass of bulk seeds
Volume of bulk seeds

The true density of okra fruits and seeds wasevaluated using the water displacement method(Kabas et al. 2007). Water displacement method
was used for okra fruits and seeds because of its
low water absorption characteristic. The
porosity of the bulk okra fruits and seeds were
evaluated from the values of the bulk density
and true density based on the relationship given
by Mohsenin (1986).
ε (%) = 1 −Figure1. Transverse section of sliced Okra pod
L +W +T(1)

3

Dg = LWT 1/3
Dsm =

3

3

LWT 
L

Ra =
As =
V=

3

Da+Dg + Dsm

De =
Φ=

𝑙𝑊+𝑊𝑇+𝐿𝑇 0.5

W
L

100

BL 2
(2L−B)
B 2 L 26(2L−3)

B = LW 0.5
24

ρb
ρt

100

(12)

The static coefficient of friction was determinedwith respect to five structural materials namely:
galvanized iron sheet, rubber sheet, plywood
sheet, iron sheet in accordance with Davies andMohammed (2011).The angle of repose wasdetermined based on the method used by Davies
and El-Okene (2009).

Figure1. Picture of freshly harvested Okra

Da =

(11)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The geometrical characteristics of okra seeds
and fruit such as length, width, thickness, 1000
unit mass, arithmetic and geometric mean
diameter, sphericity, volume and surface area
for okra seeds and fruits were investigated andpresented in Table 1. The mean length, width
and thickness of okra fruit were 8.08 cm, 2.66
cm and 2.50 cm with coefficient of variation of
11.2, 7.5 and 6.1% respectively. The average
length, width and thickness of okra seeds were0.57 cm, 0.55 cm and 0.50 cm with coefficient ofvariation of 9.74, 8.62 and 7.95% respectively.
Davies and Mohammed (2004) reported theaverage length, width and thickness of soursop
seeds were 13.25±0.65 mm, 8.97±0.87 mm and5.63±0.12 mm respectively. The average length,
width and thickness of simarouba fruit were
21.26 mm, 13.81 mm and 11.03 mm (Dash etal., 2008).

International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology V8 ● I1 ● 2020

Some Physical Properties of Okra Fruits and Seeds

Information on dimensional characteristics ofany biomaterial like seed and fruit shapes ispertinent due to their horticultural research
purposes. It involves species descriptions forplant variety rights or species registers (Beyer etal., 2002 and Jannatizadek et al., 2008). These
parameters are significant in the determinationof consumer preference and evaluation ofheritability of fruit shape traits (White et al.,2002). The arithmetic and geometric mean
diameter of okra seeds and fruits were 0.54 cm and4.29 cm with correlation variation of 8.7% and8.2%. Koocheki et al. (2007). The arithmetic
and geometric mean diameter of okra seeds andfruits were 0.52 cm and 4.21 cm with correlation
variation of 7.23% and 6.83%. Evaluation ofarithmetic and geometric mean diameters for
Kolaleh, Ghemez and Ghemez (three species ofwatermelon seeds) ranged between 6.89 and8.24 mm, 8.37 and 10.79 mm and 7.61 and 9.28
mm. Davies (2012) reported geometric andarithmetic mean diameters of palm fruit that
ranged between 21.36 to 29.23 mm and 20.80 to27.80 mm.
The average surface area of okra fruits and seeds
was 44.74 cm2 and 0.91 cm2 with correlation
variation of 13.7%. Davies and Mohammed(2014) reported that the surface area of Soursop
seeds differed from 195.10±7.73 mm² to385.05±4.75 mm². The mean surface area ofokra fruits was 339.31 mm2 with correlation
variation of 14.37%. The mean surface area ofgbafilo fruits varied between 1584.80 to
2455.90 mm² (Davies and Zibokere, 2011). The
parameter is used in the assessment of spraycoverage, residues removal, respiration rate,
light reflectance, and colour. It has effect on therate of reaction during biochemical processes.
The volume of okra seeds and fruits were 61.22
cm3 and 339.31 cm3 with correlation variation of
15.3% and 15.61%. The average sphericity ofokra seeds and fruits were 47.0% and 95.06%.
The sphericity of three species of melon seeds
was obtained for C. lunatus, 53%, C. edulis,
47% and C. vulgaris, 45% (Davies, 2009). Bal
and Mishra 1988 and Garnyak 2008
recommended any grain, fruit and seed withsphericity value more than 70% is assumed to
be spherical. Therefore, it can be concluded thatokra seeds and fruits are spherical. The average
aspect ratio of okra fruit and seed were 32.92%
and 96.49% with their respective correlation
variation of 10.8 and 9.15%. The obtained result
is an indication that the okra seeds will roll but
fruit will rather slide than roll.

Table1. Geometrical properties of okra fruit and seed
Properties

Sampleno

Mean

Length (cm)Width (cm)Thickness (cm)Arithmetic mean Diameter (cm)Geometric mean Diameter (cm)
Equivalent diameter (cm)Sphericity (%)
Aspect ratio (%)
Surface area (cm2)
Volume (cm3)

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

8.08
2.66
2.50
4.41
3.77
4.04
47.52
32.92
44.74
61.22

Fruit
Coefficient Standard
variation (%) deviation
11.2
0.47
7.5
0.63
6.1
0.55
8.7
0.82
8.2
0.85
9.65
0.28
7.9
0.84
10.8
0.53
13.7
0.65
15.3
1.64

Seed
CoefficientMeanvariation (%)
0.57
9.74
0.55
8.62
0.50
7.95
0.54
7.23
0.51
6.83
0.52
9.61
54,6
5.56
96.49
9.15
0.91
14.37
417.07
15.61

Table2. Gravimetric properties of okra fruit and seed
Properties
1000 -Unit mass (g)Bulk density kg/m3
True density kg/m3
Porosity (%)

Mean
93.54
463.84739.41
37.27

Seeds
Coefficient of variation (%)
Mean
4.75
11352.78
10.52
146..58
8.27
289.31
2.33
49.33

Fruit
Coefficient of variation (%)
12.63
9.38
3.81
5.85

Table3. Frictional properties of okra fruit and seeds
Properties
Angle of repose (o)Average
28.93

Aluminum steel

0.376

FruitsStandard deviation
Mean
0.345
25.76
Coefficient of static friction
0.242
0.347

Seeds
Standard deviation
0.237

International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology V8 ● I1 ● 2020

3.67
25

Some Physical Properties of Okra Fruits and Seeds
Stainless steel
Galvanised iron sheet
Plastic sheet
Plywood sheet

0.334
0.439
0.457
0.451

0.340
0.236
0.315
0.345

This is useful information in the design ofhoppers. The mean 1000 unit mass of okra seeds
and fruits were 95.54 g and 11352.78 g with
their respective correlation variation of 17.1 and15.02%. The average 1000 unit mass of bitterkola nut varied from between 3087.02 and4200.35 g (Davies and Mohammed, 2013).
Many researchers reported 1000 unit mass ofdifferent seeds and fruits such as japtropha seed
and kernel, arigo seed, simarouba fruit andkernel, maize, red gram, wheat, green gram,chickpea, faba bean, pigeon pea were 1322.41 g,
688 g, 1124.7 g, 1120 g, 330.26 g, 268.30 g, 102
g, 346 g, 30.15 g, 120 g and 75 g (Shephered
and Bhardwaj, 1986, Dulta et al., 1998,
Tabatabaeefar, 2003 and Dash et al., 2008).
True and bulk densities and porosity okra seeds
and fruits Table 2. The porosity of okra seeds
and fruits were 37.27 and 49.33%. The air
circulation through the products will be more
prominent in okra fruits compared to its seeds.
The bulk densities of okra fruit and seed were146.58 kg/m3 and 289.31 kg/m3. The true
densities of okra fruit and seed were 463.84 and739.41 kg/m3 The corresponded average valuesof true and bulk densities for hog plum fruits
and nuts were 1023.51, 652.90, 431.48 and837.70 kgm-3 (Davies, 2015). Information on thecoefficient of static friction of biomaterial isimportant in the design of pneumatic conveying
systems, screw conveyors as well as hoppers.

CONCLUSION The mean length, width and thickness of okra
fruit were 8.08 cm, 2.66 cm and 2.50 cm.
 The average length, width and thickness of okra
seed were 0.57 mm, 0.55 mm and 0.50 mm.
 The average surface area of okra seeds was
88.72 mm2 with correlation variation of
13.7%.
 The mean sphericity and aspect ratio of okra
seeds and fruits were 47.0%, 9506%, 32.92%
and 96.49%
 The mean 1000 unit mass of okra seeds andfruits were 95.54 g and 11352.78 g with theirrespective correlation variation of 17.1 and15.02%.
 The bulk and true densities of okra fruit andseed were 146.58 kg/m3. 289.31 kg/m3,
463.84 and 739.41 kg/m3.
26

0.332
0.411
0.421
0.423

7.43
4.52
5.41
5.36

 The porosity of okra seeds and fruits were
37.27 and 49.33%.

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Citation: Davies, Rotimi Moses, “Some Physical Properties of Okra Fruits and Seeds”, International
Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology, 8(1), 2020, pp. 23-29.

Copyright: © 2020 Davies, Rotimi Moses. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction inany medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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