Ⅸ SYMPOSIUM PAPERS

Ⅸ-1

Program

The 16th International Symposium
on National Land Development and Civil Engineering in Asia
“Integrated Water Resource Management
Adapting to the Global Climate Change in Asia”
Monday December 3, 2007
13:00-17:10
Hotel Shiragiku
National Institute of Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(MLIT)[Contents]
13:00-13:15

13:15- 14:15

Opening Address

Mr. Shin TSUBOKA
Director General, NILIM

Address

Mr. Hiroaki TANIGUCHI
Vice Minister for Engineering Affairs, Ministry ofLand, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)

Address

Representative of Overseas Participants

Lecture“Integrated Water Management under the Global Warming Scenario–Case Study of Northern Kyusyu with Scarce Water Resources– ”
Dr. Kenji JINNO
Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
Global warming is believed to be the one of the major causes of theabnormal climate at present. Beside the regulation of the emission of warminggas, the countermeasures against the threat of flood and drought need to betaken simultaneously. The role of central and local governments which areresponsible for the infrastructure management is increasing than before. It is
expected for them to take practical and appropriate counteractions.
On the other hand, the water environment in megacities where a half of theworld people live is also another concern. Frequent flooding, inappropriate waste
water management, and insufficient water resources are mostly related to thenegative impact of rapid urbanization. In order to conquer the above subjects
caused by both abnormal climate and urbanization, the concrete measures need
to be initiated in a river basin or regional scale integrating various water users
and residents living there.
In the present speech, the state of art for the relationship between thepotential threat of global warming and the impact of rapid urbanization will be
discussed.
14:15-17:00

Presentation and Discussion（Chair : Mr. Kazunori ODAIRA, Director, River Dept., NILIM）

14:15-15:45

Presentation of Case Study(14:15-14:25)

Mr. Shin TSUBOKA
Director General, NILIM(14:25-14:35)

Mr. Yoshinori ASHIDA
Director, Planning Dept., Kyusyu Regional Bureau, MLIT

(14:35-14:45)

Mr. Dhinadhayalan MURUGESAN
Assiatant Adviser of Public Health and Environmental
Engineering, Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development
India(14:45-14:55)

Dr. Seok-Young YOON
Director, Policy research Division , Korea
Construction Technology, Republic of Korea

Institute(14:55-15:05)

Mr. Wan Abd Rahim Bin WAN ABDULLAH
Director, Sewerage Services Dept.,
Ministry of Energy, Water & Communication, Malaysia(15:05-15:15)

Dr. Judy Famoso SESE
Director ＩＩＩ, Bureau of Research & Standards,
Dept. of Public Works and Highways,
Republic of the Philippines(15:15-15:25)

Ms. Paniyanduwage Nalanie Sriyalatha YAPA
Deputy General Manager,
National Water Supply & Drainage Board
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka(15:25-15:35)

Ms. DANG Anh Thu
Expert (environmental management and urban planning),
Department of Urban Technical Infrastructure,
Ministry of Construction, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

15:35-15:50

Break

15:50-17:00

Question and Answer Session / Panel Discussion(PANELISTS)
1. Dr. Kenji JINNO, Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
2. Mr. Shin TSUBOKA, Director General, NILIM
3. Mr. Yoshinori ASHIDA, Director, Planning Dept.,
Kyusyu Regional Bureau, MLITof

4. Mr. Dhinadhayalan MURUGESAN, India
5. Dr. Seok-Young YOON, Republic of Korea
6. Mr. Wan Abd Rahim Bin WAN ABDULLAH, Malaysia
7. Dr. Judy Famoso SESE , Republic of the Philippines
8. Ms. Paniyanduwage Nalanie Sriyalatha YAPA,
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
9. Ms. DANG Anh Thu, Socialist Republic of Vietnam
17:00-17:10

Closing Address
Mr. Katsumune SUZUKI
Director General, Kyusyu Regional Bureau, MLIT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17:30-19:00

Reception(Venue : Banquet room, Hotel Shiragiku)
Host
GuestsVice Minister for Engineering Affairs, MLIT
Director General, Kyusyu Regional Bureau, MLIT

Accommodations: Hotel Shiragiku
16-36, Kamitanoyu-machi, Beppu, Oita 874-0908, Japan
TEL. +81-97-721-2111, FAX: 81-97-721-5633

Integrated Water Management under the Global Warming Scenario- Case Study of Northern Kyushu with Scarce Water Resources Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Kenji Jinno

1. Introduction
2. Global warming scenario and required tasks
3. Effect of urbanization on water
4. Integrated water management at a basin scale
5. Cooperation of government and residents
6. Evaluation
7. Conclusion

keywords ; flood, water resources, environment, IPCC, monthly precipitation, drought,
surface water, groundwater, land subsidence, multiple water resources, spring, change ofwater source, roles of government, participation of expertise and local people, competition
amongst municipalities,･････
1

１．Introduction

Climate change ! , ?

Normal Probability Level :Strategic planning
Expectable outcomes
Investable cost, etc.

There are many text books to learn
from the experienced regions.

Flood
Floodprevention,
prevention, Stable
Stablewater
waterresources
resourcesdevelopment,
Safe
water
supply,development, Safe water supply,Environment
Environment
Bewilderingconservationconservationand
and Restoration
Restoration
situation?

Are there any experiences
to overcome ?

Is the global warming “Out of theNormal Probability Level ?“:Attackable planning ?
How long will it take time ?
Are there any text books, etc. ?

2

Where are we now?
Direction A?
Direction B?

Accumulated disaster damage
1985
1980

Annual loss by disaster
1970

1975

Annual investment

1965

Tolerable level!

Effort to overcome

1960

Accumulated investment
3

Flooded water in the
subway, Fukuoka City

¾Northern Kyushu, Japan
July 20, 2003, 99mm/hr¾Subway stopped all day long
It is written in this article:¾Changes to the subtropicalclimatic regime caused by
global warming
Very frequent news
from the world!
4Remarks ;1-1.

It is necessary to identify where we are now in water
problems under the scenario of global warming, in orderto shift to the new stage of water issues.

5

2. Global warming scenario and required tasks
Introduction to the AR4
The Working Group III contribution to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)focuses on new literature on the scientific, technological, environmental, economic andsocial aspects of mitigation of climate change, published since the IPCC Third Assessment
Report (TAR) and other various reports.
OHP presentation by Dr. R. K. Pachauri, Chairman, IPCC
26th Session of the SBSTA, Bonn, Germany, 12th May 2007
How does IPCC predict theeffect of global warming onwater?

Fresh water resources and their management;
Drought-affected areas are likely to increase in extent.
Heavy precipitation events, which are very likely to increase infrequency, will augment flood risk.
Will
Will these
these changes
changestaketake place
place inin youryour
regions?
regions?
6

7

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers
Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf
Table SPM-2. Recent trends, assessment of human influence on the trend, and projections for extreme weather events forwhich there is an observed late 20th century trend.{Tables 3.7, 3.8, 9.4, Sections 3.8, 5.5, 9.7, 11.2-11.9}

Phenomenon a anddirection of trend

Likelihood that trend
occurred in late 20th
century(typically post
1960)

Likelihood of humancontribution to observed
trend b

Likelihood of future
trends based on
projections for 21st
century using SRES
scenarios

Warmer and fewer cold days andnights over most land areas

Very likely cVery likely dVirtually certain dVery likely eLikely (nights) d

Virtually certain dLikelyMore likely than not f

Very likely

LikelyMore likely than not f

Very likely

Areas affected by droughts
increases

Likely in many
regions since 1970s

More likely than not

LikelyIntense tropical cyclone activity
increases

Likely in someregions since 1970s

More likely than not f

LikelyIntense incidence of extreme highsea level (excludes tsunamis) g

LikelyMore likely than not f, hLikely i

Warmer and more frequent hotdays and nights over most land
areas
Warm spells/heat waves.
Frequency increases over mostland areas
Heavy precipitation events.
Frequency (or proportion of total
rainfalls) increase over most areas8

When should we take actions?
Do we need the complete and accurate evidence?
Or, should we take the actions now?
Believing
Believingglobal
globalwarming!
warming!

Suspecting
Suspectingglobal
globalwarming!
warming!
Table SPM E.1:

Qualitative definition of uncertainty*)

High agreement,
High agreement,
limited evidence
medium evidencehighMedium agreement,
Medium agreement,↑
limited evidence
medium evidence
Level of agreement
Low agreement,
Low agreement,(on a particular
limited evidence
medium evidence
finding)Amount of evidence50(number and quality of independent sources)

High agreement,much evidence
Medium agreement,much evidence
Low agreement,much evidence→ much

50 “Evidence” in this report is defined as: Information or signs indicating whether a belief or propositionis true or valid. See Glossary.
*) Source: INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, Working Group III
contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment
Report, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change; Summary for Policymakers.
p.36

9

I found several significant opinions;
WG 1

10

11

WG-2

12

Schematic diagram for the political decision:
Where are we now and which scenarios are going to take?

Because of less investment
for adaptation andinsufficient mitigation,then large impact of global
warming will come!?

Sufficient investment
for adaptation and small
mitigation, then less
impact of global
warming will come!?

13

I think we have similar
subjects like the effect ofurbanization.

Also, I think local
people and government
should initiate.

Yes, common information and understanding based on thescientific analyses need to be shared both at a local and global scale.

14

We need the people who know
their region sufficiently and wellorganized working teams.

Yes, it is significant to participate in thiskind forum it order to exchange ideas.
15

Yes, find the appropriate
direction, based on the
integrated expertise.

Again, share the common
understandings.

This
Thisstatement
statementsuggests
suggests that
thatoneoneofofthe
theindispensable
indispensableadaptations
adaptationsand
andmitigations
mitigationsisisthe
thecounteraction
counteractionfor
forurbanization.
urbanization.

16

Remarks ;2-1.

It seems that policymakers are urged to take necessary
countermeasures although the alarm provided by IPCC is notcompletely finalized(for us, or to me).

2-2.

More careful observation of water related indices seems tobe necessary in order to take concrete measures at a different
scale.

17

Examination of the indices of the global climate change which may
affect Fukuoka, northern Kyushu, Japan102 year record of Precipitation andTemperature measured at Fukuoka
meteorological station

Monthly data of
NPI(North Pacific Index); P
PDOI(Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index); T
SOI(Southern Oscillation Index); P
DMI(Dipole Mode Index); T

NPI;P
PDOI;T
DMI;T

SOI;P

Teleconnection of global scale indices to local climate
18

Correlation between the global climatic indices and Fukuoka’s climate;
We need to be confident on the possibility of the climatic change caused by global warming.
Indices of global climatic variation( Scaled 0 to 1.0 from their original values)
Index( Jan. 1900 - Dec. 1999)

High/
Low

Climatic means

NPI :P(North Pacific Index)

High

Weak Aleutian low pressure

Low

Strong Aleutian low pressure

PDOI: T
(Pacific Decadal
Oscillation Index)

High

Low sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the central North
Pacific Ocean, and high in the equatorial Pacific Ocean andCalifornia coast of USA

Low

High SST anomaly in the central North Pacific Ocean, and low inthe equatorial Pacific Ocean and California coast of USA

SOI: P(Southern Oscillation
Index)High

Strong trade wind=La ñinaLow

Weak trade wind=El ñinoHigh

High SST anomaly in the equatorial West Indian Ocean, low SST
anormaly in the equatorial South Eastern Indian Ocean

Low

Low SST anomalies in the equatorial West Indian Ocean, and high
SST anomaly in the equatorial South Eastern Indian Ocean

DMI: T(Dipole Mode Index)

19

year i+1 j+1
input 1= ( SOI1901 , PDOI1901 , NPI1901, DMI1901 )Precipitation and temperature in Fukuoka

Global scale indices of climate variation

Statistical analysis by SOM to see whether or notthere are any significant influences:
Self Organizing Map

input 2 = ( SOI1902 , PDOI1902 , NPI1902 , DMI1902 )Minput n = ( SOI1900 + n , PDOI1900 + n , NPI1900 + n ,DMI1900 + n )Myear ij

input 102 = ( SOI 2002 , PDOI 2002 , NPI 2002 , DMI 2002 )20

About the Self Organizing Map (SOM)
SOM (Self-Organizing Map) is able to plot the multi-dimensional
vector onto the 2-dimensional map called SOM-map depending on
the vector properties.
Input layer
Input vector : 1, 2, 3, ･･･, jDifferent

X1 = x1(1), x1(2), ・・・, x1(n)Similar

X2 = x2(1), x2(2), ・・・, x2(n)Xj = xj(1), xj(2), ・・・, xj(n)Competition layern-dimensional
vector

Ｍ6= m6(1), m6(2), ・・・, m6(n)Reference vector
Ｍ1= m1(1), m1(2), ・・・, m1(n)21Variation of annual precipitation in Japan

Annual precipitation (mm)2,000Five year moving average

Distinct heavy rainfall and drought

1,800
1,600
1967

Trend

1,400

1973
1978

1,200
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1986

1900

1994

2000

Figure Variation of annual precipitation in Japan. In recent 40 years, heavy rainfall
and drought is becoming distinct.
22

SOM-map; blue numbers indicate the SOM-grid
Number of years→
SOM grid number→
A year of low
temperature
regime inFukuoka

1

2
6

11

7
12

16
Recentclimateregime

21

3
8
13
17

22

4
9
14
18

23

5
10
15
19

24

20
25

Figure The map obtained by applying SOM for the 102 inputs(years).
The number written in each node indicates the number of dataclassified in the node. Red color bar indicates a low square ofdeviation(Very similar pattern).
23

Recent tendency;

Figure Radar chart of reference vector for
1. Figure Radar chart of reference vector for
the SOM node 5 (red) and for the SOM nodethe
6 (green). Each of the 4 axes shows nonSOM node 21:
exceedance probabilities of SOI (top), PDOI
Low: SOI (El ñino),(right), NPI (bottom) and DMI (left)
DMI(Low SST anomaly in the equatorial
Western Indian Ocean),
NPI(Strong Aleutian low pressure),
High: PDOI(High SST anomaly in theequatorial Pacific Ocean and24
California coast)SOM-map; blue numbers indicate the SOM-grid
Number of years?
SOM grid number?
A year of low
temperature
regime inFukuoka

1

2

3

6
11

7
12

21

8

17

14
18

22

5
9

13

16
Recentclimateregime

4

23

10
15

19
24

20
25

Annual precipitation (mm)2,000Five year moving average

Distinct heavy rainfall and drought

1,800
1,600
1967

Trend

1,400

1973
1978

1,200
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1986

1900

1994

2000 25

Summary of SOM analysis:
1) The classification of climate indices by SOM identified the distinct changeof the climate patterns which have been observed since 1960s.
2)

Fukuoka’s temperature from April to September is likely to be low
when,
SOI is high when La Niña occurs,
PDOI is high,
NPI is high((Aleutian pressure is weak), and
DMI is low.

3) High and low precipitation tend to fluctuate alternately.

How about is your region?
Won’t you check your data whether theyshow clear correlation or not?
26

Remarks ;2-3.

The fluctuation of the annual precipitation in Fukuoka
seems to be correlated with the employed four indices.

2-4.

More direct signals may be necessary in Fukuoka region toclearly state the effect of global warming on the scientificlevel.

27

3. Effect of urbanization on water

Kijigao : undeveloped* Ohnojyo City(2000)

Fukuoka city

Tsutsujigaoka: developed28

Difference in river discharge
urbanization
Tsutsujigaoka
つつじヶ丘［宅地］

C.A = 0.07km 2

0

1.8
1.6

20

1.6
流量
時間雨量

時 間 雨 量 (㎜ )

40

1.2

River discharge

1

60

0.8

1.2

40

River discharge

1
0.8

60

0.6

0.6

0.4

80

0.4

80

0.2

0.2

0
10/8

10/7

10/6

10/5

10/4

10/3

10/2

10/1

9/30

9/29

9/28

9/27

9/26

9/25

9/24

1 0/8

1 0/7

1 0/6

1 0/5

1 0/4

1 0/3

1 0/2

1 0/1

9 /30

9 /29

9 /28

9 /27

9 /26

9 /25

9 /24

9 /23

100
9/23

100

0

雉子ヶ尾配水池横［山林］

つつじヶ丘［宅地］

66.70

0

0

62.50

10

66.50

20

62.30

時間雨量

20

時間雨量

40

61.90

50
60

66.30

40

66.10

60

Groundwater level

65.90

61.70

時間雨量(㎜)

Groundwater level

時 間 雨 量 (㎜ )

30

62.10

地下水位(EL.m)

地下水位

地下水位
地 下 水 位 (EL.m)

20

流量
時間雨量

1.4
比流量(m3/s/Km2)

1.4

時間雨量(㎜)1.8

比 流 量 (m3/ s/Km2)

Kijigao

雉子ヶ尾配水池横［山林］

C.A. = 0.20km 2
2

0

2

80

70
65.70
10/8

10/7

10/6

10/5

10/4

10/3

10/2

10/1

9/30

9/29

9/28

9/27

9/26

9/25

9/24

10 /8

10 /7

10 /6

10 /5

10 /4

10 /3

10 /2

10 /1

9/ 30

9/ 29

9/ 28

9/ 27

9/ 26

9/ 25

9/ 24

9/ 23

100
9/23

80

61.50

29

Will urbanization bring a same effect as global warming?
Forest and farm land
Flood plain
Short cut
Urbanized area
rainfallExtension of impervious surface↓
Decrease in rainwater infiltration＝Increase in surface runoff↓
Decrease in river base flow

These effects are same asintensified rainfall

Before urbanization：
・Gentle rise ofdischarge
Difference in peak discharge ・Basin had a storage
function・Mild decrease・Sufficient baseflowhydrograph
After urbanization：
・Sudden rise ofdischarge
・Large peak discharge
・Rapid decrease
・Less base flow

Difference in base flow
Difference in arrival time

hour
30

Original picture by H. Niida (MLIT, 2005, PhD)

Urbanization and change of water cycle* Please try to link every element!
Urbanization

Population increase, Expansion of economical
activity and improvement of productivity

Expansion of urban area

Change of living level, pursuing of
conveniences, conformability, efficiency

Improve of life style

Effective use ofunderground

Shortage of land
and high price

Loss of mind for
effective water use

Change ofland use

Development ofland for houses

Debouch toflood plain

Interference
groundwater flowby undergroundstructure

Reclamationand compaction

Decrease ofnatural area
and increase of
paved roadand roof

Change ofgroundwater
flow

Land
subsidence
and saltwater
intrusion
Regulation ofgroundwater
exploitation

Increase ofimpervious
ground surface
Decrease of
rainwater
infiltration
Decrease ofgroundwater
recharge

Drawdown ofgroundwaterlevel anddecrease ofspring rate

Increase of
surface runoff
Constructionof seweragesystemIncrease of
total surface
runoffIntense population

Increase ofwater demandInter-basin
water
conveyance

Concretedriver bankand bottom

Increase offlow velocity
and shortened
runoff time

Emission of
exhaust gas
and waste

Increase ofwaste anddrainage
Point source
pollution

Limitation ofwater resources
development

Increase ofdrought impact

Expansion of
intensified
urban areas

Pollution bypesticides andfertilizer

Increase ofdomestic andindustrial
water use

Conflict withwater basin
regionStrengthenof drainage
system

Accelerationof movementof resident

Groundwaterpollution

Increase of peakdischarge andintangible water

Vulnerable urban
facility in drought

Dump ofwaste

Decrease of windvelocity in urbanized area

Decrease ofheat capacityof concrete
structures

Increase of waste
heat fromurbanized area

Increase ofpollutant load

Decrease ofwater surface(marsh, wetland,
river, etc)

Pollution ofclosed waterarea

Pollutionof riverDecrease ofanimal andvegetation
habitatChange of
ecological system

Increase ofemission of
exhaustengine gas

Loss of fondness
for river

Deterioration of
habitatenvironment

Reduction of self-restoration
capability of river

Decrease of baseflow andriver bed water

Air conditioning

Tallbuildings

Unidentifiable
pollution

Non-pointsourcepollution

Frequentdrought

Efficient land use

Decrease ofgreen area
Increase of
paved surface
Decrease of land
surface water content

Increase of sensitive heatand decrease of latent heat

Aridification

Deterioration of surface waterand groundwater quality

Temperature rise
Change ofurban climate
31

Mechanism of global warming : Emission of warming gas.
↓
Similar impact both global warming and urbanization.
Reduction of emission of warming gas andmitigation of urbanization needs to be
simultaneously discussed
Urbanization without considerationof water cycle

Global warming

Deforestation, extension of impervious area

Distinct flood and drought(Intensified rainfall and longer drought period)

Impact of global warming
could be attenuated if
urban environment is
improved.

Essential effect of global warming and urbanization:
・Increase of surface discharge
・Decrease of river base flow・Decrease of rainwater infiltration

Risk of flood and worsened water resources management

32

Remarks ;3-1.

Urbanization without having proper measures for water
management will result in worsened environment.

3-2.

If global warming is likely to induce the distinct rainfall
pattern, similar water problems which we observe in theurbanized areas at present, will occur.

3-3.

Perhaps, both effects are already evident in manyurbanized areas of the world.

33

Example of effect of urbanization of water environment
History of land use alteration of Fukuoka city (by Fukuoka city office)Urbanized area

Paddy filed
Forest area

Year 1955

Year 1998

34

Decrease of forest and paddy field, while increase of urbanized area.
100
100

Action plan of aesthetic water
cycle of Fukuoka city:

2.7
2.7
1.0
1.0

7.2
7.2

80
80
土地利用占有率(%)
土地利用占有率(%)[purpose]
Rapid urbanization of Fukuoka
metropolitan area has brought thedecrease of river base flow andincrease of flood peak resulting in
deterioration of water quality during
drought and heavy rainfall event.

90
90

33.6
33.6

70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40

0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.7
2.7

30
30

10
10
00

1.3
1.3
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
3.7
3.7

37.3
37.3

1.9
1.9

2.2
2.2
昭和30年頃
昭和30年頃1955

250,000
250,000

市街地
市街地
空港
空港
宅地
宅地
水田
水田
畑
畑
果樹園
果樹園
ゴルフ場
ゴルフ場
荒地
荒地
森林
森林
水域
水域

平成10年
平成10年

1998

40% reduction of rainwater
infiltration！

200,000
200,0003
浸透量(千m3 /年）/年）
浸透量(千mIn order to improve such subjects,
Fukuoka City declares to take thenecessary actions based on theaesthetic water cycle. This means all
the water related administrations
will cooperate each other.

0.9
0.9

37.9
37.9

8.1
8.1

49.9
49.9

20
20

7.4
7.4

150,000
150,000

宅地
宅地

paddy
field

水田
水田
100,000
100,000

畑,果樹園,ゴ畑,果樹園,ゴルフ場,荒地
ルフ場,荒地50,00050,000

森林
森林

forest昭和30年頃
昭和30年頃

1955

平成10年
1998
平成10年

35

Remarks ;3-3.

A concept of “Aesthetic water cycle” is not yet
sufficiently known.

3-4.

The people expect that rainwater infiltrates into ground andcreate tasty groundwater.

3-5.

To achieve the “Aesthetic water cycle”,
1) Estimate the amount and movement of surface andgroundwater, and2) Estimate the quality of surface and groundwater, in yourregion.

36

4. Integrated water management at a basin scaleInter-basin subjects, especially when drought happens- Case of Fukuoka metropolitan area and Chikugo River Basin -a) Fukuokab) Chikugo River Basinc) Saga Plain

Beppud) Ariake Sea

Northern Kyushu Island

37a) Fukuoka metropolitan areas→Water resources, aesthetic water cycle→Department shop of water development

Small watersheds, highly populated area.
Long history of tackling water resources.

Desalinization
plantInter-basin water transport

Approximately, 2.41 million population;
Fukuoka City, with 1.40 million population,an economical and new cultural centerof Kyushu Island.

Waterworks facilities, water sources and conveyance system of Fukuoka City

38b) Chikugo River Basin→Water resources, extension of sewerage system, andland subsidence
Irrigation, drinking water, river and sea fishery, river environment, flood control are all interrelated in
Chikugo River Basin which covers the prefectures from the upstream to the downstream sea. Landsubsidence, vulnerable for drought.
Fukuoka regional watersupply agency

Fukuoka city
Egawa dam
Terauchi dam

Eastern Saga watersupply agency
Ao waterintakeChkikugo
weir

Ryochiku plain

Local municipalities
Local municipality

Ryochiku plain Local
Local municipalities
for irrigation municipality
Tokoshima water supply
to local municipalities

Ariake sea

Senoshita river
Ao waterdischarge base
Ohishi water supply tointakepoint
local municipalities
Chikugo riverSouther Fukuoka water
downstream irrigation
supply agency
Minoh moutaifootpprojectwater supplyto local municipalities

Ao: local word meaningof fresh water

Yamada watersupplyYoake damGhosho dam

Long history of water use of Chikugo River Basin

39c) Saga-Chikugo Plain→Land subsidence, replace of groundwaterby surface water
Saga City
Saga-Chikugo Plain

Shiroishi Town
Ariake Sea
Land level observation
stationAccumulated land
subsidence for the period1972 to 1999

Figure * Total land subsidence for Feb.1942 – Feb. 1999. Lines are the contours of land
subsidence, dots are the monitoring stations of groundwater level and ground level (BySaga Prefectural Office, 1999)40d) Ariake Sea→Recovery of the sea environment and basin“Rich sea environment
and fishery, mountains,rivers, and the people”

There are 8 major rivers which are directly managed by the central government(MLIT) in the Ariake Sea
region. The catchment has been used in many ways more than 2,000 years. Recently, remarkable
deterioration of sea environment are observed and fishery industries are getting worse. An integrated
regional water management in the entire Ariake Sea region is becoming indispensable to improve the41
situation.

Drought
Drought ofof 1994!
1994!
vulnerable of the water resourcesin this region;
Annual precipitation (mm)2,000Five year moving average

Distinct heavy rainfall and drought

1,800
1,600
1967

Trend

1,400

1973
1978

1,200
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1986

1900

1994

2000

Figure: Variation of annual precipitation in Japan. In recent 40 years, heavy rainfall
and drought is becoming distinct.
42a) Influence of the 1994 drought in Fukuoka area

Preparation of drinking water at home,(photo by Yomiuri News)

Street stall of Chinese noodles, “We haveto close when no water”,(photo by Asahi News)
43b) Influence of the drought in 1994 to the agricultural area
in Chikugo-Saga plains

Dried up Terauchi dam,
(photo by Nishinihon News)

Wilted rice in Saga prefecture,(photo by Mainichi News)
44

Emergency release of the water stored
in the weir reservoir for irrigation in downstream↑
Dried up rice field with cracks← Farmers pump up the river water to irrigate 45(by Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transportation)c) Influence of the drought in 1994 to the area of land subsidence,
Shiroishi Plain, Saga
Weren't there any otherscenarios?

Groundwater extraction (106m3/month)876Agriculture (106m3/month)
Domestic water (106m3/month)

5
4
3
2
1
0
1994/4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12 1995/1 2

3

Year/Month
Figure Monthly groundwater extractions in Shiroishi Town
(By Saga Prefecture Office5)).
46

Groundwater elevation (m)Land elevation (cm)

0.0

45.0

-4.0

40.0
35.0

-8.0

30.0
Groundwater elevation

-12.0

25.0
-16.0

Land elevation

20.0

1994/101994/4

1993/10

1993/4

1992/10

1992/4

1991/1010.0

1991/4-24.0

1990/1015.0

1990/4-20.0

Year/Month
Figure Land subsidence and the variation of groundwater level.
(By Saga Prefecture Office, 19996)).

47d) Fishery industry in Ariake Sea, its causes are often controversial.
Seaweed farm land

Seawater quality monitoring tower

Seaweed process factory

Tasty seaweed

48
http://contents.kids.yahoo.co.jp/shokuiku/zukan/seaweed/400.html

Remarks ;4-1.

Three regions belong to the different river basins. However,“water” has been their common subject.

4-2.

Today, they are not independent.

4-3.

Controversies arise with drought, low fishery product, anddeteriorated sea environment .

49

5. Cooperation of governments and residents
RegionFukuoka
metropolitan

Subject
Drought, flood, aesthetic water cycle*),+ global warming problem as urbanized regions

Land subsidence, drought, flood, sewerage system,
Saga-Chikugo
population decrease in rural areas, forest management,
Plains+ global warming as water source areas
Ariake Sea

Recovery of fishery products industry, drought,
land subsidence, sewerage system, + global warming as
fishery
How? Are there any
rational strategies?

A
A viewview point
point forfor anan integrated
integrated water
water management
management isis indispensable
indispensable inin orderorder tototacklenegative
effectofurbanization
andglobalwarming.
tackle negative effect of urbanization and global warming.
*) Theoretically, an aesthetic water cycle needs to be considered over the water-dependent

region, estimating water balance and quality behaviors.

50

Are
Are there
there any
any good
good examples
examples inin thisthis region
region which
which cancan bebe good
good lessons?
lessons?
→→ Not
Not yetyet sufficiently,
sufficiently, but
but anan integrated
integrated view
view point
point isis likely
likely to
to bebecreatedcreated inin thisthis regions,regions, because
because they
they can
can neither
neither be
be independent
independent onon
water
water nor
nor human
human activities.
activities.
Inter-basin subjects, especially when drought happens- Case of Fukuoka metropolitan area and Chikugo River Basin-a) Fukuokab) Chikugo River Basinc) Chikugo-Saga Plain

Beppud) Ariake Sea

Northern Kyushu Island
51

Water resources development in Chikugo-Saga Plain
Jyobarugawa Dam(under investigation)

Saga water conveyance(under construction)

Ryochiku plain irrigationwater supply::
Egawa dan and
Terauchi dam

To Fukuoka area
Fukuoka water
conveyanceReservoir of
Chikugo river
weir gate

Southern Fukuoka regional
drinking water supply
Chikugo river
weir gate

Kasegawa Dam(underconstruction)
Eastern Saga
regional drinking
water supply project(under construction)
Western Saga
regional drinking
water supply project(under construction)

Irrigation water supply projectin Chikugo river downstream

Irrigation water supply projectin Chikugo River downstream

Land improvement project in
Chikugo river downstream area

Land improvement project in
Chikugo River downstream area

Land improvement project in
Chikugo river downstream Shiroishi area
Land improvement project in
Chikugo river downstream Shiroishi plain
Saga prefectural project for
irrigation and drainage

Yahazu Dam
Nakakoba Dam

Monitoring area in Saga
Prefecture for land
subsidence

Chikugo River

To Ariake Sea

Saga prefectural project forfarm land consolidation

Monitoring area inFukuoka prefecture forland subsidence
By MLIT52

Recovered spring; “Nui-no-ike” in Shiroishi Town, Saga.
When it was dried up.

Western Saga regional drinking
water supply project replaced
groundwater by surface water.

http://shinwa-techno.co.jp/wakimizu/pdf/wakimizu1.pdf

53

Various
Variousview
viewpoints
pointsCentral government:・policies
・technologies
・fund

Various opinions
flood

GlobalGlobalwarming
warming

Urbanization
Urbanization

Water management for・surface water・groundwater・waste water・downstream water areas

environment

Evaluation
methoddrought
Local government
・policies
・technologies
・fund
54

Impact of global warming
Difference in investment for disasters↓
Difference in damages
Gap between urban
and rural area in termsof economy and living conditions.
Rural areas
Population increase
Economical development

Difficulty to maintain communities.
High risk for flood and land slide.

Urbanized areas
Insufficient sanitation services.
Negative impact of urbanization.

55

Remarks ;5-1.

The present areas needs to cooperate in the field of water,
because the areas can not be free from the water subjects.

5-2.

Movement of people and economical activity can not be
stopped; They should cooperate so that both can get benefits
from each.

56

6. Evaluation
To have a competitive spirit→A driving force to improve situations
Regional campaign : Moderate scale which lead the residents to have acompetitive spirit with other regions.
To
To whichwhich cluster
cluster isis
youryour town
townclassified?
classified?

Too
Too danger
danger totolive
live inin mymy town!
town!

SOM-map

Group B:

Group A:
Our town A is safeand beautiful.

Group E:MyMy town
town isis inin thisthiscluster!
cluster!
Always
Always drought.
drought.
II am
am very
very anxious.
anxious.

Town B isdangerous toflood.

Town E is vulnerable
to both drought andflood. Inhabitants arealways busy forbusiness.

Group C:
Town C is often
attacked by water
shortage.

Group D:
Water environmentof town D is worst
to live.
57

Competitive spirit amongst municipalities■■

Do our residents have high awareness for water environment?
Residents are often motivated by external stimulation!

16 questionnaires;
1. Does your municipality plan any water related projects?
2. Occurrences of inundation, debris flow
These
These questionnaires
questionnaires were
were distributed
distributed toto
3. Water use(sufficient or drought?)
approximately
approximately 300
300 municipalities
municipalities inin Kyushu
Kyushu4. Water environment+
Basic statistics of municipality
1. Population density
2. Forest area size per capita
3. Farm land area size per capita
4. Rate of water supply propagation
5. Rate of sewerage system propagation
6. Elevation of municipality
7. Available water resources
8. Annual precipitation

Island.
Island.
Self
Self Organizing
Organizing Map-method
Map-method waswas applied
applied ininorder
order toto classify
classify into
into several
several clusters
clusters ofof theirtheiraesthetic
aesthetic water
water environment.
environment.

48

1. Water related subjects of your municipality① Rapid urbanization: 1. Continuing at present 2. Before but not now 3. No urbanization② Reduction of forest and farmland: 1. Rapidly decreasing at present 2. Before but not now 3. No③ Water related problems: 1. Continuing still now 2. Before but not now 3. No④ Measures for water problems: 1. We take actions at present 2. Before but not now 3. Nothing particular⑤ Important subject for water issues (multiples replies)
1. Stable drinking supply 2. Flood control 3. Improve of drinking water quality 4. Creation of water amenity front 5. Conservation of eco-system
6. Others⑥Activities for aesthetic water cycles: 1. We take action at present 2. Not yet started although it is important 3. Concept of aesthetic water cycle is not
clear⑦ Group or organization for water problems: 1. There are many 2. Some groups and organizations 3. Nothing 4. We do not get any information⑧ Symposium for water: 1. Frequently held 2. Sometimes 3. Not held
2. Flood, debris flows① Frequency of river flooding
1. Every year 2. Once in five years 3 . Once in 10 years 4. Once in 30 years 5. No flood for the last 30 years② Frequency of inundation
1. Every year 2. Once in five years 3. Once in 10 years 4. Once in 30 years 5. No inundation for the last 30 years③ Frequency of debris flow
1. Every year 2. Once in five years 3. Once in 10 years 4. Once in 30 years 5. No inundation for the last 30 years
3. Water use①Frequency of water cut
1. Every year 2. Once in five years 3. Once in 10 years 4. Once in 30 years 5. No inundation for the last 30 years② Ratio of water use in your municipality
1. Domestic water>Industrial water>Agricultural water 2. Domestic water>Agricultural water>Industrial water
3. Industrial water>Domestic water>Agricultural water 4. Industrial water>Agricultural water>Domestic water
5. Agricultural water>Domestic water>Industrial water 6. Agricultural water>Industrial water>Domestic water③ Ration of self supply capability: 1. More than 80% 2. 60%-80% 3. 40%-60% 4. 20%-40% 5. Less than 20%④ Ratio of self water supply between surface water and groundwater
1. River water more 80% 2. River water 60%-80% 3. River water 40%-60 4.River water 20%-40% 5. River water less than 20%
4. Environmental problems of river water in your municipality① River discharge
1. Always plenty except for the drought year 2. Sometimes insufficient discharge
3. Always less during irrigation period of rice 4. Only sufficient except for the flood period② River and lake water quality 1. Always good 2. Favorable 3. Normal 4. Unfavorable 5. Wrong③ Accident of water pollution 1. Frequently happens 2. Sometime 3. Never happened④ Animals and plants in river, waterways, and lake 1. Many species 2. Normal numbers 3. Seldom observed⑤ Land subsidence 1. Observed still now 2. In the past 3. Never happened⑥ Salt water intrusion 1. Observed still now 2. Observed in the past 3. No evidences
5. Water amenity conservation, cultures related to the local water① Quality of the water amenity front 1. Good 2. So far, good 3. Normal 4. Unfavorable 5. Wrong② Are there good water amenity fronts? 1. Many 2. So far, we have 3. Normal 4. A bit less 5. No places
59③ Cultures related to water 1. Well known water cultures in Japan 2. Locally known cultures 3. Nothing

Questionnaires

Result of questionnaires plotted on SOM-map;
Characteristics of group
My town belongs to this group. Very unhappy, because we are in thesame group to which very well known dark town belongs.
133
121

134

122

109
97

110

85

49

50

D

25

51

13

27
14

2

52

28
15

3

53

29
16

4

54

30
17

5

55

31
18

A

6

56

32
19

7

34
21

9

10

Almost in good condition for flood
control, water resources, andenvironment. Prevention of landslide needs to be enhanced.

E

Self water supply is very poor andno cooperative water supplying
system amongst local
municipalities is established.
Because of this, water shortage
often happens. Both flood control
and water amenity are insufficient.

F

Flood control, water resources,and environment are in goodcondition. However, activity toconserve water culture is low.

60
48
36
23

11

D
72

47

35
22

C

Flood control is good, but water
resources and environment arevery worse. Specifically, ratio ofself water supply is extremely low.

96

71

B

Sufficient water resources but poor
for flood control and water
amenity

84

59
46

B

120

108

83

58

33

C

95

70

45

20
8

82

57

132

107

Flood control, water resources,and environment are favorably
maintained in good condition

144

119

94

69

44

131

106

81

143

118

93

68

43

130

105

80

142

117

92

67

42

129

104

79

141

116

91

66

41

128

E
103

78

140

115

90

65

40

127

102

77

139

114

89

64

39

126

101

76

138

113

88

63

38
26

112

100

75

137

125

F

87

62

37

124

99

74

136

111

86

61

1

123

98

73

135

A

24
12

My town belongs to this group. Very happy, because we are in the samegroup to which a famous beautiful town belongs.

60

Remarks ;6-1. A competitive spirit could be a driving force
leads thepeople to be more concerned.
6-2.

which

The people’s participation will bring a good result for boththe people and governments.

61

7. Conclusion

Reduce the impacts of global warming and urbanization by integrating
surface water and subsurface water systems at a basin scale.

Restoration of urban environment is
at least one of the solutions for the
global warming impact on water.

Index for water environment(flood, drought, ecology)

Favorable
Negative impactof urbanization

Appropriate countermeasurefor global warming＋
improvement ofurban environment

Negative impact of urbanization
on water environment
Analogous effectAdmissible levelurbanization

Unfavorable
Where are we now?

present?

Urbanization+
global warmingyear

but its scale isunpredictable

Impact of global warming
on water environment

62

high
↑
Level of agreement(on a particularfinding)

Table SPM E.1: Qualitative definition of uncertainty*)
High agreement,
High agreement,
High agreement,much evidence
limited evidence
medium evidence
Medium agreement,
Medium agreement,
Medium agreement,
limited evidence
medium evidence
much evidence
Low agreement,
Low agreement,
Low agreement,
limited evidence
medium evidence
much evidence
Amount of evidence50(number and quality of independent sources)→ muchBecause of lessinvestment for adaptationand insufficient
mitigation, then large
impact of global warming

Sufficient investment
for adaptation and small
mitigation, then less
impact of global
warming

What strategy
will you take?

63

Summary of the presentation

Urbanization

Global warming
high?
Level of agreement(on a particularfinding)

Urbanization and change of water cycle

Table SPM E.1: Qualitative definition of uncertainty*)
High agreement,
High agreement,
High agreement,
limited evidence
medium evidence
much evidence
Medium agreement,
Medium agreement,
Medium agreement,
limited evidence
medium evidence
much evidence
Low agreement,
Low agreement,
Low agreement,
limited evidence
medium evidence
much evidence
Amount of evidence50(number and quality of independent sources)?
much

Because of lessinvestment for adaptationand insufficient
mitigation, then large
impact of global warming

Sufficient investment
for adaptation and small
mitigation, then less
impact of global
warming

Urbanization
Population increase, Expansion of economical
activity and improvement of productivity

Expansion of urban area+

Shortage of land
and high price

Loss of mind for
effective water use

Change ofland use

Development ofland for houses

Debouch toflood plain

Interference
groundwater flowby undergroundstructure

Reclamationand compaction

Decrease ofnatural area
and increase of
paved roadand roof

What strategy
will you take?

Increase ofimpervious
ground surface
Decrease of
rainwater
infiltration

Diverse opinions

To which cluster
is your town
classified?

flood
Municipalities? direct communications with local

Urbanized
areas
Urbanization

Rural areas

residents and stakeholders
Water management for・surface water・groundwater・waste water・released water areas

environment

Increase ofdomestic andindustrial
water use

Conflict withwater basin
regionIncrease ofwaste anddrainage

Strengthenof drainage
systemPoint source
pollution

Group B:
Group E:My town is in thiscluster!
Always drought.
I am very anxious.

Town B isdangerous toflood.

Town E is vulnerable
to both drought andflood. Inhabitants arealways busy forbusiness.

Group C:

Various view points

Too danger tolive in my town!

SOM-map
Group A:
Our town A is safeand beautiful.

Evaluation
methoddrought
Local government
・policies
・technologies
・fund

Increase of
surface runoff

Increase ofwater demandInter-basin
water
conveyance

Evaluation

Central government:・policies
・technologies
・fund

Globalwarming

Improve of life style

Effective use ofundergroundTown C is often
attacked by water
shortage.

Group D:
Water environmentof town64
D is worst
to live.

The following remarks can be shared by us;
1)
We need to pay attention on what is discussed amongst the scientists,
specifically the discussions on the impact of the regional scale water environment,
2)
At least, negative impact of urbanization on our living condition needs tobe improved,
3)
Facilities which are owned at present need to be effectively utilized withan integrated manner,
4)
Combined water use of surface water, groundwater, rainwater, andrecycled water needs to be taken into consideration, and5)
Forums of water environment joined by politicians, engineers, residents,and scientists are necessary at a regional level.

65

Finally, an appropriate length needs to be designed.
The wall does not need to be constructed using high quality material,
but idea of design needs to be optimal for the region.
Sheet wall

Groundwatertable

Too short

Sheet wall

Sheet wall

Sheet wall

Groundwatertable
Insufficient

Too long

Sufficient×Base rockBase rockBase rockBase rockThank you for your attention!

66

Adaptation to Flood
Change Due toWarming in Japan
Shin TSUBOKA
Director General
National Institute for Land andInfrastructure Management

Flood Vulnerability
Tokyo and Edo river, Ara river and Sumida river
Elevation

KeihinTohoku
line

Ayase
river

Sumidariver Ara river

Kita
Ward Arakawa
Ward

Naka river

Adachi
Ward

Oba
river

MusashinoLine
Shin
Route 6saka
Edo Saka
Joban
river
river riverLine

Katsushika Misato
City
Ward

MatsudoCity

London and the Thames
The Thames

Information provided by MLIT

The relation of grounds and rivers level in Tokyo and London
12－(1)－1e

Precipitation change
Number of downpour occurrences with 50mm rainfall per hour or larger
Total number of occurrences per year (Based on data from about 1,300 locations of AMeDAS stations nationwide)
Number ofoccurrences/Year

1976-1985
209 timeson average

1996-2005
288 timeson average

1986-1995
234 timeson average

1976-1985

1996-2005

1986-1995

Number of downpour occurrences with 100 mm rainfall per hour or larger
Total number of occurrences per year (Based on data from about 1,300 locations of AMeDAS stations nationwide)
Number ofoccurrences /Year

1976-1985
2.2 times on
average

1976-1985

1996-2005
4.7 times on
average

1986-1995
2.2 times on
average

1996-2005

1986-1995

Prepared by MLIT based on data by Japan Meteorological Agency

Recent changes in heavy rain frequency based on AMeDAS data
by Japan Meteorological Agency
2

Changes in Sea Surface Leveland their influences
Tokyo Bay

Water level change

Yokohama City-Chiba City

1.76 million
people

2.7 million people(Currently)(After sea level rise)Year

Change in the under sea surface
area in Tokyo Bay in the case ofrise of 0.59m

Changes in sea surface inJapan’s coastal areas3

2－(1)－2eStorm Surge Information System
Japan Meteorological
AgencyTyphoon Prediction

Wave Model for Shallow Water

Storm Surge Model(prediction：1-24 hours later)(revision: every 6 hours)(prediction：1-33 hours later)(revision: every 6 hours)

Predicted Tide Level
and Wave

Wave Runup
Forecast System

Beach
ProfileWave Runup
Model
Forecasted
Wave Runup

Editing Output Screen
web

Flood Fighting
Warning

Regional Bureaus andPrefectures

4

Safety Inspection of River Embankment for Infiltration
Understanding of soil mechanics of embankment body by boring
Boring Machine【Riverside】【Landside】

Water level of the river
Embankment
body

Fine soil layer
Sand layer
Sampling

Inspection of infiltration safety
Seepage flow analysis, Circular arc method【Riverside】

Rainfall

Water level of the river
H.W.L

Evaluation of safety【Landside】

Water Level in Body
Embankment
body

Slip Surface

Water Level Rise

Foundation Ground
Inspection section 10,117km (Finished, 6,476km, As of the end of 2006)

2－(1)－3e5Monitoring and Reliability Evaluation of River Embankment
Monitoring of river embankment
Understanding of deformation ofembankment by visual inspection

Observation by measuring equipment
Water level measurement in embankment body
【Riverside】

Crack of crown【Landside】▽

groundwater levelmeasurement▽

Embankment bodyFine soil layer▽

Sand layer

Crack of slope

Result ofmonitoring

Reliability evaluation of river embankment
Accuracy
improvement of thesafety evaluation
method such as
Seepage flow analysis/ Circular arc method

Dike break mechanism by
the piping【Landside】【Riverside】

Build the analysis model that can
reproduce cavitation / flowage ofthe sandy embankment body by
the piping

Embankment
body
Water flow

Dike break from leakage

Foundation GroundEstablishment of reliability evaluation technique based on thedike break mechanism
6

Support system for drawing up flood hazard map

Input Data
Rainfall data・ text data
・ observational data

Sub-basin boundary
・GIS data （shp-file）

Topographical data
・Digital Map (elevation)

Support system for drawing up flood hazard map
Runoff analysis

Inundation analysis

Water level analysis

Drawing-up hazard map

River cross section
・Coordinate of river crosssection from ALS* data

・In this system, it is able to import various
data, and to make or correct subset of input
data using the interface of this system.
* ALS data: Airborne Laser Scanning data7

2－(1)－4e

Conclusion
1) Japan has many cities over alluvial plains and vulnerable
structure to flooding.
2) Because of climate change, the difference of the heavy rainfall
area and the light rainfall area spreads greatly.
3) As adaptation measures, the followings are necessary.
・To improve disaster prevention facilities based on
vulnerability assessment of the facilities against external
forces.
・To improve residents’ power for disaster mitigation by
providing and sharing disaster information such as hazard
maps.
4) National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management has
the preparation which confronts the threatening of the climatechange in promoting the researches for various technical tasks
and proceeding with the technology sharing to build a cooperation
system with each participating nation.
8

2－(1)－5e

The 16th Conference on Public Works
Research and Development in Asia
(International symposium)
December 3, 2007

Water Managementofthe Chikugo River

Yoshinori Ashida,
Director of Planning Department
Kyushu Regional Development Bureau
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Brief overview of Kyushu●Kyushu can be called the window to Asia as it is relatively close to
the Korean Peninsula, Shanghai etc.
●Geographically, it is surrounded by sea and has many remoteislands and peninsulas. It is also divided east and west by the
Kyushu Mountains, which form a large volcanic zone of Aso andKirishima.

Japankyushu●The natural environment in Kyushu is rich, varied and beautiful. But
the region frequently suffers from frequent typhoons and natural
disasters such as concentrated heavy rain, earthquakes and volcanic
disasters.
●In recent years, as a background of well-developed traffic networks,rich nature and a warm climate, it has been designed to develop theregion, and IC, automobile and some other industries have beenshifting production to Kyushu. Especially, the North Kyushu centeredaround the Fukuoka Metropolitan Area has become the central hubof the economy in Kyushu.

kyushuFukuoka

Mt.AsoMt.kirishima
Sakurajima island

Fukuoka Metropolitan Area with a population over 2.4 million.

Recently, Kyushu has frequently experienced abnormal weather.
The mean annual rainfall in Japan is approx. 1800mm, twice as much as the world
average. In Kyushu, the mean annual rainfall is over 2000mm, even higher than
the national average. However, the rivers in the region are fairly small and thewater volume is not stable because of concentrated heavy rain in the rainy season
and the typhoon season. Moreover, the complex and precipitous topography andthe conditions of the rivers make the region most prone to flooding and landslidedisasters in Japan. Especially in recent years, large-scale disasters have occurred
due to localized torrential rains.

Locations of large-scale disasters thathave occurred in the last 10 years③⑤ ⑤■8 large-scale disasters have occurred in thelast 10 years! (1997-2006)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

②
⑦

④

Mudflow in Harihara, Izumi city, July 1997
Typhoon No. 19 (Kita River, Gokase River System), July 1997
Fukuoka flooding (Mikasa River), June 1999
Typhoon No. 18 (high tide), September 1999
Fukuoka flooding (Mikasa River & Onga River), July 2003
Mudflow in Minamata, July 2003
Typhoon No. 14 (Gokase River & Ooyodo River), September 2005
Sendai River flooding, July 2006

⑥
①

⑦
⑧

Numberofoflandscapedisasters
N umberlandslide disasters■Most of landslide disasters in Japan occur in Kyushu.
5,000■Kyushu is constantly
hit by a typhoon!

Landslide disasters occurring in Japan (by year)

Number of typhoon landing (1955-2005)

Japan
Kyushu

4,500
4,000

Kyushu

3,500
3,000

Shikoku

2,500

chugoku

2,000
1,500

Kii

1,000
500

930hp or below
930-959960-989
Over 990hp

Tokai

0

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

(year)

2003 2004 2005 2006 平均

Kanto
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Kyushu has been frequently hit by a disaster.
July 2003, Fukuoka flooding (Mikasa River)July 2003, mudflow in the city of Minamata

Dead persons: 15
Seriously injured persons: 3
Lightly injured persons: 3
Damaged houses: 16
In 1999, floods spread to the Hakata Station
vicinities and underground malls. The city functions
were severely damaged and became paralyzed.
Hourly amount of rainfall

120
100
80

99

H11.6.29
June 29, 1999
H15.7.19
July 19, 2003

81

24 hours cumulative
isohyetal map

Map of 24 hours
cumulative amount of
rainfall from 16:00 July 19
to 15:00 July 20, 2003

77
61

60

20
0

44

37

40
0

太宰府
7月19日
Dazaifu
City, July
19

34

4

5

2:00

3:00

5
4:00

5:00

5 hours cumulative amount of rainfall
1999: 147mm, 2003: 312mm

6:00

Approx. 400mm rainfall
poured in 24 hours!

Kyushu has been frequently hit by a disaster.
July 2007, Sendai River flooding (Kagoshima Pref.)Isohyetal map

Rainfall radar

Sendai River flooding

Aoki Observatory■Over 1000mm rain fell in 4 days!

(Satsuma-cho, Kagoshima Pref.)Approx. half of the annual precipitation!

80 Hourly precipitation
70
60 graph
50
40
30
20
10
0
13:00 1:00 13:00 1:00
Jul 19Jul 20

1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
13:00

1:00

Jul 21

13:00(Cumulative
precipitation)(Hourly
precipitation)【Aoki Observatory (Sendai River)】
Ookuchi-shi,
Kagoshima
Ookuchi City,Kagaoshima

Sendai River flooding(Satsuma-cho, Kagoshima Pref.)1:00

Jul 22

Jul 23

In Kyushu, due to frequent concentrated downpours and expansion of the urban district, the risk offlood disasters is increasing. Therefore, river improvements and other physical improvements are notenough to prevent natural disasters, and, in order to reduce disasters damage, it is necessary to set up
non-structured measures such as provision of river information to the residents and establishment ofevacuation procedures.

North Kyushu is prone to droughts.
Japan

KyushuHokkaido

The annual rainfall in the Kyushu Region isover 2000mm. However, the rainfall per
head of the population in the North Kyushu
falls much below the national average,
which makes the area prone to droughts.

North Kyushu
TohokuHokuriku
kanto
Kinki
Chugoku
Tokai
Shikoku

KyushuSouth Kyushu

Okinawa

Annual rainfall in each region

Rainfall per head of the population

National average

1,163
1,666
1,542

National average

2,032
1,804
1,787
2,148
1,922
2,444
1,714
2,000

1,395
5,310
9,872
2,396
7,357
9,621
3,991

1,000

0

(mm/year)Approx. 1700mm

Water resources
are scarce inNorth Kyushu!

12,252South Kyushu
Okinawa
Whole country

2,139

17,086

9,314

Tokai
Hokuriku
Kinki
Chugoku
Shikoku
North Kyushu

2,488

3,000

Hokkaido
Tohoku
Kanto

3,698
5,031
0

5,000

10,00015,00020,000(m3/year/person)

Current status of water use in Fukuoka Metropolitan Area
Regarding the water sources for the Fukuoka Metropolitan Area whose ■Breakdown of water sources for the city of Fukuoka(current water rights)
population is approx. 2.4 million, about 60% is secured from its own
Egawa Dam
Water transmission from Terauchi Dam
sources including existing dams, and about 10% is secured from the
Yamagami Dam
Chikugo River
Gosho Damgroundwater. However, the rest has to be obtained from the Chikugo
29.4%
Chikugo Weir3/day］
［287,400m
River, which is located outside the area. About 30% is transmitted from Underground water
10.0%
Total3the Chikugo River through the Egawa Dam, the Terauchi Dam, the3976,990m/day［97,190m /day］
Chikugo Weir, the Gousho Dam, the Fukuoka Water Transmission etc.
Dam & river water
60.6%［592,400m3/day］

Tsuri River■Water resource developmentin Fukuoka Metropolitan Area

Sa
igo
u
Oo
ne
R

Yoshida Dam

Ooi DamRiv
er

Fukuoka Pref.

Hisasue Damiver

Fukuoka Metropolitan Area

Kiyotaki Dam

Koga Dam

Sea Desalination Centar

Fukuoka Metropolitan Area with apopulation over 2.4 million

Tare Dam

Ino Dam

Ta
ta

ra

M

Riv
Ta er
tar
aR

Egawa Dam

Kubara Dam

Nagatani Dam

Narufuchi Dam

Yamagami Dam

ika

ive
r

r
ve
Ri

ve
Ri
ka
Na

sa

r

Matsukawa Dam

Sue Dam

Saga Pref.

Kitatani Dam

i River

er
Riv

Murom

aiji
Zuib

Terauchi Dam
er
o Riv
g
u
ik
Ch
Gousho Dam
Chikugo Weir
Matsubara Dam

Zuibaiji Dam

Oita Pref.

Ushikugi water
treatment Plant

LegendDirectly controlled dam

Minamihata Dam
n Riv
er

Seburi Dam
Gokayama Dam

Shimouke Dam

Yamaguchi reservoir

Magaribuchi Dam

Yamagami Dam

Japan Water Agency dam

Homa(Under Construction)

Ariake Sea

Kumamoto Pref.

Fukuoka Prefectural Gov. dam

Brief overview of Chikugo River basin
The Chikugo River is the biggest firstclass river in Kyushu, whose channel is
143km long and basin area is 2,860km2.

Fukuoka Pref.

Saga Pref.
R
go
iku
Ch

r
ive

Ooita Pref.

AriakeSea

Kumamoto Pref.
River basin

Hot-spring resort in Suikyo Hita

Waterside open space

The basin area extends across 4
prefectures (Kumamoto, Ooita, Fukuoka
and Saga), and there is a rich naturalenvironment along the river. The
Chikugo River and the surrounding
mountains, blending with each other,create a beautiful green landscape, andthe downriver basin presents a uniquebrackish environment. The special beautyof the river landscape also plays a role
as a tourism resource.
Moreover, the Chikugo River is an
important water source for the economic
growth in North Kyushu.

Rich natural environment

Use of water in the Chikugo River( irrigation and city water )【Irrigation】【City Water】

Water in the Chikugo River is used for irrigation
about 53,000ha in area, for the largest-scale
agricultural production in Kyushu.

Water in the Chikugo River is currently supplied asdaily life water in a large area, for a total of about
3.4million people living in the river basin and the
Fukuoka Metropolitan Area.

■ Irrigation area around the Chikugo River■Water supply areas

Fukuoka Metropolitan Area:
approx. 2.4M people

In the river basin:
approx. 1M people

Chikugo River
AriakeSea
Ariake
Sea

中流域
筑後
川流
域
Chikugo
River
basin

Irrigation
area of the Chikugo River
筑後川の灌漑区域

Water
supply area from
筑後川の給水区域
Chikugo River

下流域

River mouth

Midstream area

Chikugo WeirUse of water in the Chikugo River (fisheries )The Chikugo River has a rich natural environment and fisheries is a major industry in the area.
Ayu (sweetfish) fishing is done in the upper- and mid-stream area and etsu (anchovy) fishing is actively
done in the downstream brackish area after the Chikugo Weir. The Sea of Ariake, with the biggest tidal
variation in Japan, is famous for various fishery products and laver cultivation. Especially, the laverproduction in the area accounts for as much as 30% of all the production volume in Japan.
■Etsu fishing■ Laver cultivation in
the Sea of Ariake

Etsu

Small fishing boats pulling in a net on the river is a common
sight of the Chikugo River from May to July.

In winter ,the Sea of Ariake becomes a vast laver farm with laver supports regularly installed.

■Various creatures in the Sea of Ariake■Ayu fishing■ 鮎釣り

Every year many people visit the Chikugo Riverin June when the ayu season opens.

Goggle-eyed goby
Tridentiger obscurus
Calling crab (shell: 3.5cm)(overall length: 14cm)(overall length: 10cm)
Living in a hole dug into a mud
Specialty of the Sea of Ariake. Called “tobihaze (jumping flat where the salt content is
Crawls around the tideland and goby)” because it “jumps” rather low. One of the two pairs
eats Bacillariophyceaes on the on the water when the tide of forceps of male calling crabs
mud surface, shaking its head comes in. Often crawls up is much larger than the other.
from side to side. Tasty when to the surface at full tide.
“Ganizuke”, a specialty of Saga,
broiled or dried.
is made of fermented callingcrabs.

Red tongue sole(overall length: 30cm)
Also called “kutsuzoko(shoe sole)” as it looks
like a shoe sole. Tasty
for meuniere or when
deep fried.

Razor-shell(overall length: 9cm)
Living in a hole vertically
dug into a tideland. Can bepicked with a curved end ofwire. Tasty when sauteedwith butter or for soup.

Barnea (Umitakea) dilatata(overall length: 8cm)
Living in soft mud. Can becaught from a boat byentangling its aqueduct with across-shaped end of a longstick. Dried or pickled in sake
lees.

Odontamblyopus
lacepedii (overall length:
30cm)
Specialty of the Sea of
Ariake. With rudimentaryeyes, living in a hole dug
into a tideland. Tasty
when used for miso soupor dried.

Green lingual(overall length: 4cm)
Called “mekaja” in theregion. Living in sandy
mud at the bottom of sea.
Also called a living fossil.
Used for miso soup andother cooked dishes.

Chronic water shortage (drought status)
There is chronic water shortage around the Chikugo River as the flow
condition becomes worse due to the recent dry weathers. Water intake
from the river for city water and irrigation is restricted roughly every two
years. Especially in summer, water shortage frequently occurs
because of river flow depletion. The flow condition needs to be
improved.
Number of days when water intake from Chikugo River was restricted (1989-2006)
W
ater
City
Water works
Irrigation
Agriculture

300

Depletion of the Terauchi dam reservoir (1994)

250

200

150

100

50

20
06

20
04

20
05

20
02

20
03

20
00

20
01

19
99

19
97

19
98

19
95

19
96

19
93

19
94

19
91

19
92

19
90

0

19
89

um
berof daysofw
aterintakerestriction
Number of N
days
of waterintake restriction

350(year)【The Mainichi Newspapers June 28, 2005】
June 28, 2005(at the Ooishi Weir)

River water volume becomes low in summer.
● Recently, there has often been little rain in the irrigation season when river water for agriculture istaken. In such years, the flow volume became extremely low.
Flowvolume
流量80■ Locations of observation points■ Monthly minimum flow volume at Arase

Koishiwara
River

3

（m /s）

70

Low flow volume in summer

H4
1992
H9
1997
H17
2005

H6
1996
H14
2002

Homan
River

Sata
River

60

Arase
Chikugo Weir

50

Yoake Dam

Senoshita

40
30

ug
ik
Ch

20
10

Eri
Weir

er
iv
oR

At Arase

YamadaWeir
Ooishi
Weir

Kusu River

ChikugoMatsubara Dam
River
Yabe River
TsuetateRiver
Shimouke Dam

0
1月 Feb
2月 Mar
3月 Apr
4月 May
5月 6月
8月 9月
Jun
Jun 7月Jul Aug
Sep 10月
Oct 11月
Nov 12月
Dec

Flowvolume流量80（m3 /s）

Flow
volume
流量80■ Monthly minimum flow volume at Senoshita
H4
1992
H9
1997
2005
H17

70

H6
1996
H14
2002

60

（m3/s）

H4
1992
H9
1997
H17
2005

70

H6
1996
H14
2002

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20
10

■ Monthly minimum flow volume right after the
Chikugo Weir

At Senoshita

20

Right after
Chikugo Weir

100
1月 Feb
2月 Mar
3月 Apr
4月 May5月 Jun
6月 Jul
7月 Aug
8月 Sep
9月 Oct10月 Nov
11月 Dec
12月
Jun

0

Jun
Jun 7月Jul 8月Aug 9月
Sep10月Oct11月Nov
Dec
1月 Feb
2月 Mar
3月 Apr
4月 May
5月 6月
12月

To ensure stable water supply■Recent major actions for water utilization
Year

Plan and Projects

In order to resolve chronic water shortage problem andensure stable water supply, we are taking systematic
actions to improve water use facilities including the Egawa
Dam and the Terauchi Dam so that water supply for
irrigation, city water, power generation etc. will be morestable.

1996

Establishment of the1st water resource development base plan

1975

Completion of Egawa Dam (Ryochiku Plain water supply project)

1978

Completion of Terauchi Dam

1985

Completion of Chikugo Weir (irrigation area: 34,800ha)

1986

Completion of redevelopment of Matsubara Dam andShimouke Dam●Fukuoka●福岡市City

1993

Completion of Gousho Dam (Mt. Minou water supply project)(irrigation area: 4,600ha)

Saga pref.

Chikugo River
Downstream

Hom
an R

筑後川流域

農業用水

Koishiwaragawa Dam
小石原川ダム（建設中）（During Construction)Am
Su agi C
pp
Terauchi Dam
ly ity寺内ダム
W
Au （水機構）
tho aterrity

Cooperate Business in
Dam Development（During investigation）

Ooita pref.

Senoshita

Chikugo
筑後大堰
Weir
（水機構）

上水道

合所ダム
Gousho（農水） DamriveiR

有 明 Sea海
Ariakeik

ダム（完成）

ish

Ch

r
ive
oR
ug

例

a
Ak

aga uthority
ern S
West Supply Ar
Wate

Chikugo River
Downstream

Riv
er

ga
rity
utho
rn Sa
Easte Supply Ar
Wate

Southern
Fu
Area Wate kuoka Larger Supply
Authority

Ka
se

iver

Yamagami
Dam

江川ダム
Egawa Dam
（水機構）

hiw
ar
aR
Sa
ta
ive
Ri
r
ve
r

fukuoka pref.

Ko
is

r
at e
tW y
ric rit
ist thoa D Au
ok ly
ku pp
Fu Su

Fu
ku
Su okapp Cily
Au ty Wt ho a t erity r凡

Oyama Dam
大山ダム（建設中）（During Construction)
松原ダム
Matsubara Dam
（国交省）
下筌ダム
（国交省）

Shimouke Dam

熊 本 県

Kumamoto pref.

Water management in the future
We will give priority to healthy water circulation and take actions to improve theenvironment along the Chikugo River. We will also conduct proper water
management by paying attention not to affect vested water rights in thedownstream side or fisheries and by maintaining the appropriate river flow throughuse of the existing dams, etc. Thus we will make efforts to contribute to theconservation of the environment in the Sea of Ariake.

River administrator
Local authorities【Water management in the future】● Improve water facilities in a planned way
and effectively utilize the existing dams.
Administrative
bodies● Effectively utilize water resources byconcerned

keeping track of such data as river
flow and intake volume and by proper
dam management.
● Coordinate water use in cooperation withbodies concerned and create
opportunities for discussion amongwater users and other partied concerned
including fishermen and farmers.
Agricultural water users● Coordinate water intake restrictions at
the time of a drought, conduct overall
Discussion of actions
management of water resources
against water shortage
development facilities and make otherarrangements.

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCEMANAGEMENT ADAPTING TO THE GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDIA

Presented by

M. DHINADHAYALANASSISTANT ADVISER (PHE)
Central Public Health & Environmental
Engineering Organization (CPHEEO),
Ministry of Urban Development
Government of India
New Delhi

1INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCEMANAGEMENT ADAPTING TO THE GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDIA
Population and Urbanization in India
The total population of India was 1027 million
as per 2001 census
The urban population was about 285 million (27.8%),
living in 5161 towns
Population growth rate is about 3.1% per year
The total land area is 3.29 Million sq. km
India Accounts for about 4.5% of the World’World’sfresh water resources and 16% of the World’World’s Population.

Massive growth in urban population as India
enters its “urban transition”
Urban population growth
1600

Population (in millions)

1400
1200
1000

Urban population
Rural population

800
600
400
200
0
1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2025

Years

2

Literacy rate
Life expectancy
Average per capita
income-64.84%
64.35
US $ 3,300

ClimateIndia experiences 3 main seasons
Winter – December to March
Summer – April to May
Monsoon – June to November

Rainfall
Most of the rainfall is from June to September
Levels of precipitation vary from 100 mm a year
mm a year ( northnorth-eastern state of Meghalaya).

to

9,000

The average rainfall over the plain areas is about 1000 mm
Water Availability and Demand in India
India receive an average annual rainfall equivalent of about
4,000 billion cubic metres (BCM).
With 3,000 BCM of rainfall concentrated over the four monsoon
months, India’
India’s rivers carry 90 percent of water during theperiod from JuneJune-November.
Thus, only 10 per cent of the river flow is available during theother eight months.

3

The total water requirement of
the country:
694 BCM in the year 2010,
973 BCM in the year 2050.
Wide regional disparities
water availability exist.

inIndia has enough utilizable water resources to meet thisdemand, but much of this is not effectively available
While total utilizable water covers growing demand, additional
storage capacity is required to turn this into an effectively
available source
Water Resources, Utilizable Water and Water Demand2500

CubicKmper year

2000

1500

Total Available Resources
Utilizable Resources
Water Demand

1000

500

0
1997

2010

2025

2050

Year

4

Provision of Water
Sanitation Facilities

Supply&Urban Areas
Water supply coverage -93%
Sanitation Coverage- 63%
Rural – 72% population take theirdrinking water from protected areas.
The water supply is by and large
intermittent (supply hours ranging
from 3 hours to 10 hours)

National Water Policy, 2002
The policy accords top priority to drinking
water supply, followed by irrigation,hydropower, navigation and industrial andother uses.
The policy also addresses issues such asplanning of water resource development
projects, maximizing water availability,
water pricing, water quality, water zoning
for proper management of resources andother issues.

5

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
WATER RESOURCES
The most significant impact of climate change is expected
in respect of availability of water. There areseveral regions that are already afflicted by water stress.
Situation could worsen substantially due to changes inprecipitation patterns, increasing salinity of groundgroundwater due to increase in sea level and melting of glaciers.
The IPCC estimates that in South Asia alone perhaps 500
million people would be affected by reduced river flows in
the northern part of the subcontinent and about 250
million to China.

IMPACT IN INDIA
Availability of water in the river is expected to decrease
A rise in water level could inundate and erode coastal
areas, increase flooding and salt water intrusion
Increase in temperature and seasonal variation inprecipitation
result rapid recession of Himalayan
Glaciars
The Gangotri Glacier is already retreating at a rate of
30m per year

6

Flood Management
Floods are the result of the peculiar
rainfall pattern.
The Ganga - Brahmaputra basin,
which carries 60 percent of the total
river flow in India, is mostsusceptible to floods.
Every year, an average of 19 million
hectares of land becomes flooded.

Flood Management
The yearly average loss of life is reported to be 2590
In order to mitigate the damage from flood, Structuralschemes viz., reservoir construction, canal improvement,
embankment construction etc are undertaken
173 flood forecasting & warning stations have been
established in the different parts of the country.

7

INDIA’INDIA’S INITIATIVES ON CLIMATECHANGE
India has undertaken response measures thatare contributing to the objective of the united
nations frame work convention on climatechangeIndia signed the UNFCCC on 10 June 1992
and ratified it on 1 November 1993.

INDIA’INDIA’S INITIATIVES
Under the UNFCCC, India do not have binding GHG mitigationcommitments in recognition of their small contribution to thegreenhouse problem as well as low financial and technicalcapacities.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests is the nodal agency
for climate change issues in India.
It has constituted working groups on the UNFCC and kyoto
protocol.

8

CONCLUSION
There is going to be a very serious pressure on
resources
andproblemofenvironmental
degradationastheconsequent
largelarge-scaletransformation of the hydrological cycle.
Reliable, timely and adequate water supply has tobe provided for drinking andmodernizing the
agricultural activities.
Rapid advances in all spheres have to take place,management of water being a prominent one.
In India the planning process is guided by theprinciples of sustainable management

916th Conference on Public Works Research and Development in Asia

Water Resources Management
As a Response to Climate Change

Korea Institute of Construction Technology
Director of Policy Research
SeokSeok-yeong Yoon

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1. 1 Causes of Climate Changeth

16 conference on PWRD

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes Natural cause: Changes in solar energy, changes in earth’s
orbit of revolution, volcanic activities,
topographic activities and natural volatility of
the climate system Artificial cause: Greenhouse gas, aerosol, weakened ozone,
destruction of forests and changes inenvironment

3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

1

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1. 1 Causes of Climate Changeth

16 conference on PWRD

정상상태Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

이상상태

2

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1. 1 Causes of Climate Changeth

16 conference on PWRD

 Boiled frog syndrome

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes

Change does not occur overnight. It is rather gradual.
The future of humanity can change according to the depth ofunderstanding climate change and how fast the change is responded.

3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

3

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1. 2 Abnormal Climate Caused by Climate Changes

Temperature rise throughout the earthth

16 conference on PWRD

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea

Number of rainfalls over 100mm
70

4. Response to Climate
Changes

66
58

60

48

50
44

5. Conclusion

43
40

40
31

30
30

33

31

29

29

27

32

31

23

23
20

20

20 16

17 16
13

17

16

14

13
9

10

0
1971

38

37

1974

8

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

4

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1.2 Climate Change – A Global Issueth

16 conference on PWRD

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

r on
Wa

Co 2

Lower carbon dioxide emission rates throughdevelopment of new technologies

VS
Cut carbon dioxide 20% by 2020

5

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1.2 Climate Change – A Global Issueth

16 conference on PWRD

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

6

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

1.3 Climate Change in South Koreath

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● Global climate change is happening as proven by the indicators such as global warming
and el nino.
● Climate change is not a controversial issue in South Korea anymore.

Contents
1. Introduction● Countries that are part of Kyoto Protocol must reduce greenhouse gas by 5.2% from thatof 1990 in 4 years between 2008 and 2012.

● South Korea was recognized as a developing country in 1992 when UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change was established therefore is not required to reducegreenhouse gas. However, South Korea is being strongly pressured for greenhousegas reduction as it has joined OECD in 1996 and is ranked 9th in global carbon dioxide
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
emission and 10th in global energy consumption.
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes

4. Response to Climate ● Climate change is increasing uncertainties associated with water resources plan for stable
Changeswater supply and also imposing difficulties for preparing appropriate measure for5. Conclusion

severe natural disasters such as flood and drought.
● With small land and overpopulation, intensity of land and water resources in South Korea
is much greater than other countries. Small changes in climate have potential topresent significant water resources problem.
● Effect of climate change should no longer be ignored as it has been until now for the lackof scientific basis. It is an urgent subject that must be dealt with by establishingnational water resources plan and water resources practice.

7

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 1 Impacts of Climate Changes
Impacts of Climate Changesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

8

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 1 Impacts of Climate Changes
Impacts of Climate Changes on Hydrological Circulationth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

 Rainfall composition Effluent composition
 PMP
 Amount of snowmelt
 Amount of evapotranspiration
 Flood and drought composition

9

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 1 Impacts of Climate Changes
Impacts of Climate Changes on Water Resourcesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

10

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 2 Damages Caused by Abnormal Floods in South Koreath

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes

Flood in Gangwondo - 2006

5. Conclusion

11

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 2 Damages Caused by Abnormal Floods in South Koreath

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

Drought distribution in 2001

12

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 3 Abnormal Weather in Korean Peninsula Caused by Climate Changes(Heavy Rainfall) - Summerth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

13

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

2. 3 Abnormal Weather in Korean Peninsula Caused by Climate Changes

Hot-dayth

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Contents

Win
봄
가을
여름
t
e
r

1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

14

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

3. 1 Studies on Climate Changes in South Korea



Studies on and impact evaluation of climate changes on water resources
severely lack in quantitative terms compared to studies on hydrological factors.

th

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

Symposium on Impacts of Climate Changes on Korean Peninsula (Korea
Institute of Science and Technology, 1994)
Study I, II, III on Impact Evaluation of Climate Changes and Digital Image
Processing Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology, 1993, 1994b,
1995b)
Study on Asian Summer Monsoon between El Nino in 1987 and La Nina in
1988 using METRI / YONU GCM (Yonsei University,1999)
Forecasting on Changes in Drought and Flood Frequency in Korean
Peninsula Caused by Global Environmental Changes (1998 IHP Report,
Korea University)
Impact Evaluation of Water Resources Plan following Climate Changes(Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2000)
Analysis Technique for Volatility of Water Circulation Structure Caused by
Climate Changes (Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2004)
Evaluation System for Impacts of Climate Changes on Water Resources(Ministry of Science and Technology, in progress)

Unfortunately, there are no water resources plansor policies that reflect climate changes until today!
15

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

Analysis Technique for Volatility of Water Circulation
Structure Caused by Climate Changes (2004)th

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Contents용담

1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

16

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

Analysis Technique for Volatility of Water
Circulation Structure Caused by Climate Changes (2004)

Analysis on Volatility of Water Circulation Structure
Caused by Climate Changesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

17

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

Analysis Technique for Volatility of Water Circulation
Structure Caused by Climate Changes (2004)

Distributional Change of Effluent Amounts in Basinsth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion
1996

2050

18

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

Analysis Technique for Volatility of Water Circulation
Structure Caused by Climate Changes (2004)
Water Balance(Base)

Water Balance(2CO2)
Evaporation

Evaporation

Transpiration

Transpiration

Runoffth

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Runoff
Evaporation

Evaporation

Contents

8%

8%
Runoff51%

RunoffTranspiration

1. Introduction

55%

41%

Transpiration
37%

2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea

25
BASE
No Climate change
Climate change
20

4. Response to Climate
Changes유량(CMS)

15

5. Conclusion

10

5

0
풍수량 (Q95)

평수량(Q185)

저수량(Q275)

갈수량(Q355)

유황

19

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

3.2 International Water Resources Policies for Climate Changes

International Water Resources Reports that Reflect Climate Changesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

20

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

4.1 Response to Climate Changesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

21

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

4.2 Importance of Response to Impacts of Climate Changes on Water Resourcesth

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Due to small land and overpopulation, intensity of land and water
resources use in South Korea is much higher than that of othercountries. Even a small climate change such as global warming
can impose a serious problem to the water resources..

Statistical characteristics of climate are constantly change due toclimate change. Frequency analysis using past data is not a validmean for establishing water resources plan today.

Past records of climate and hydrological phenomena are no longer
a valid guideline for the future. Both structural and non-structuraldesign of water resources system must consider potential impactsof climate changes (1991, World Climate Conference).



We strongly advise persons involved with water resourcesmanagement to reform water demand management and system toeffectively respond to uncertainties of climate changes and tosystematically review the following aspects of water resources
system: Design scope, operation rule, emergency plan and water
distribution policy (1996, IPCC).

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

22

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

4.3 Response to Climatic Impacts on Water Resources

Study on Design Standard Enhancement for Abnormal Climate (2005-2010)th

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

23

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

4.3 Response to Climatic Impacts on Water Resources

Study on National Water Resources Security for Climate Changes (2007-2009)th

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

24

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

Study on National Water Resources Security for Climate Changes (2007-2009)
Climatic Impacts on Flood (Flood Control)th

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes
3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea
4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

25

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

Study on National Water Resources Security for Climate Changes (2007-2009)
Climatic Impacts on Flood (Irrigation)

100000BASE

th

No Climate change

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Climate change

10000mean lowfow(cms.day)

Contents
1. Introduction

1000

100

2. Impacts of Climate
Changes

10360days

330days300days270days240days210days180days150days120days

90days60days30days20days10days

7days

5days

3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea

Duration(days)

4. Response to Climate
Changes
5. Conclusion

26

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

5. Conclusion(1)

Nationwide flood control plan based on national capacity evaluation of flood defense
in regard to abnormal flood caused by climate changesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes• Evaluate flood defense capacity of existing facilities related to levees, dams, rivers andfloods(2) Selective flood control and IWRM designed for each individual basin• Establish flood defense strategy and comprehensive basin irrigation plan that considers
natural features; retention in upper stream, restraint in middle stream and drainage inlower stream

3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea(3) Improvement of current flood forecasting system (flood forecasting system of a newparadigm)
4. Response to Climate
Changes• System that includes flood forecasting for tributaries• Forecasting system for unexpected floods
5. Conclusion• Flood forecasting system for abnormal rainfall using precipitation radar(4) Utilization of meteorological techniques for basin control• Establish three-dimensional weather monitoring system and real-time forecasting system ofprecipitations in basins that integrates IT

27

Water Resources Management As a Response to Climate Change

5. Conclusion(5) Suggestions for reforming water management system suitable for climate changesth

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Climate
Changes• Consider flexible dam operation that accounts uncertainties of weather conditions caused byclimate changes• Review variable restricted water level of dam during flood seasons and overall flood control
system• Consider changing the system into the one that can secure water storage throughout the year
and can effectively distribute the stored water when necessary

3. Studies on Climate
Changes in South Korea(6) Establishment of evaluation system for climatic impacts on water resources

4. Response to Climate
Changes• Establish system where climate change scenarios written from water resources perspective
can be used in creating and analyzing runoff scenarios

5. Conclusion

28“It is not the strongest of thespecies that survive, nor themost intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change!”- Charles Darwin -Q&ADirections for Water Resources Management for Coping with Climate
ChangeSeok Young, Yoon1 / Byung Sik, Kim2
1

Senior Research fellow, Water Resources Research Dept., Korea Institute of Construction(Tel: 82-31-9100-511, Fax: 82-31-9100-251, e-mail : syyoon@kict.re.kr)
2
Senior Researcher, Water Resources Research Dept., Korea Institute of Construction
Technology, 2311, Daehwa-Dong, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea

1. Introduction
Lab researchers in an American university put a frog into a beaker. The beaker was then heated by analcohol lamp. The goal of the experiment was to observe the frog’s reaction. Because the upper part of the
beaker was open, the frog had ample opportunity to escape. The frog, however, was boiled. It was too latewhen the frog realized the situation. This is so-called “Boiled frog syndrome.” Changes are gradual; they
do not suddenly arrive at a gigantic scale. Most changes are imperceptible and gradual. “Boiled frog
syndrome” occurs when progression of change is not perceived. Responding to climate change
necessitates enhanced ability to perceive change. Prompt understanding and responses to climate change
are necessary to prevent victimization of human race.
The existence of climate change is no longer disputed. In particular, the field of water resources has been
directly affected by climate change. Since the 1990s, frequent floods and droughts in succession havejeopardized water resources management. In particular, Korea’s small land area and excessive populationnecessitate intensive use of land and resources to a greater extent than other countries. As a result, water
resources management in Korea is potentially vulnerable to slight climate change caused by global
warming. Therefore, lack of sufficient scientific evidence about climate change can be no longer an
excuse to ignore or delay revision of national water resources policies, which is urgently need. It isbecause it may take more than 20 years, which is long enough to aggravate climate situation, from theestablishment to actual implementation of water resources policies.
In the 20th century, fossil fuels such as oil were the most important resources. International organizations
warn that water may cause international disputes in the 20th century. In particular, Korea, which isclassified as a “water stress country,” water issue is a crucial problem that has to be solved for enhancing
quality of life and maintaining international competitiveness in the 20th century. Threats involving water
include drought or localized water shortage, flood, and water pollution. In addition, research on social andeconomic impact of water issues and provision of legal and institutional framework are necessary for
effective management of water. Recently, climate change began to greatly affect hydrological phenomena
and made it more difficult for hydraulics engineers to accurately grasp processes of water circulation.
Furthermore, climate change has increased uncertainty in the establishment of water resources plans forstable provision of water and extreme natural disasters such as floods and floods have caused greaterdifficulties in preparing for countermeasures. To cope with climate change, quantitative assessment ofchanges in water resources should be carried out and apply the findings to national water resources
policies.
This paper has carried out comprehensive a review of climate change and its impacts on water resourcesmanagement. Then, strategies for coping with climate change are proposed. Finally, analyses anddiscussions for sustainable development are made.

2. Impacts of climate change on hydrological circulation and water resources
Impacts of climate change on water resources and water resources management are direct and1fundamental. Development and management of water resources tended to take precedence over efforts tofind solutions to climate change. Furthermore, hydrology has developed by focusing on precipitation andseasonal and annual changes in the quantity of flow. Responding to issues involving floods and droughts
is the most important responsibility of world’s organizations in charge of water. The capacity to deal withclimate change and its unpredictability is the decisive factor that determines effective use of water.
It is important to note that even minute climate change can lead to large-scale changes as it undergoes
hydrological circulation. This observation is very important for managers of water resources. Table 1
below shows trends in water drought in West Africa in the 1970s and 1980s (Servat et al., 1999). As canbe seen in the table, about 25% decrease in precipitation during the period caused about 50% decrease inannual quantity of flow. This means that small temporary changes in precipitation can lead to large-scalechanges in water resources.
Table 1 Decreased precipitation in West and Central African countries and reduction of water quantity inrivers (Servat et al., 1998).

Table 2. Climate change (a summary) and its impacts on water resources (IPCC, 2001)2

Natural disasters caused by climate change are drastically increasing every year. Globally, increased
intensity and frequency of floods and droughts and seasonal drying up of rivers caused by global warming
have emerged as serious issues. Climate change affects the process of hydrological circulation and thiscauses changes in water resources. According to a study, average annual precipitation increased by about
7% in a drainage area in Korea under the influence of climate change. Because of decreased duration of
dry and wet days, precipitation and frequency of extreme precipitation events have increased.
Furthermore, it was found that quantity of water flow increased in winter and autumn although the annual
average decreased (Kim Byeong-sik et al., 2004).
Temperature and precipitation are the most important hydrological elements that affect quantity of water
flow. The factors can cause vulnerabilities in some aspects of water resources: change in the ecologicalsystem of drainage area, changes in capacity to produce electricity, water supply, water quality, flood, anddrought. The following figure shows changes in hydrological circulation caused by climate change in adrainage area and their impacts on water resources. It should be noted that date may be different
depending upon drainage area because hydrological circulation in specific drainage area reflects local
characteristics.
Korea, which is characterized by wide variability in precipitation and high population density, isextremely vulnerable to floods and droughts that are expected to increase under climate change. Increased
precipitation under climate change greatly affects large scale facilities such as dams. Because collapse ofdams can cause tremendous damage to drainage area, Probable Maximum Precipitation is taken into
consideration when dams are designed. Probable Maximum Precipitation is determined by the amount ofmoisture in the atmosphere and the dew point. In general, 1℃ increase in temperature leads to about 10%
increase on Probable Maximum Precipitation. If climate change causes 1-2℃ increase in temperature,
more than 10% increase in Probable Maximum Precipitation is very likely.

3

Figure 3. Changes in hydrological cycles caused by climate change and their impacts on water resources

Climate change not only affects quantities of elements of hydrological circulation but also temporal andspatial characteristics of each hydrological element. For instance, the increase of the minimum
temperature in winter alters snowfall and snow melting period and may cause drought in spring.
Furthermore, many studies predict that the amount and timing of water flow will be changed under the
impact of climate change. This will maker planning and management of water resources difficult as they
are greatly influenced by temporal and spatial changes in the amount of water flow. Climate change can
induce great spill-over effects on the demand for public and industrial water. Changes in the amount ofprecipitation and evapotranspiration will affect amount of irrigation water and return flow. For stablesupply of water resources, efficient long-term planning of water resources is necessary. However, severechanges in water reserves and demands caused by climate change will increase uncertainty in securing
water resources.

2.1 Impacts on droughts
Climate change greatly affects human activities. Increased occurrence of droughts is a form of climatechange that emerged as a serious threat. Although the danger of droughts cannot be easily recognized, it istrue that damage from droughts is occurring. In the case Korea, people are becoming more aware of thecrisis caused by droughts and diverse researches on droughts are being carried out. Until now, researches
on climate change in Korea have been carried out in diverse fields including water resources, weather,ecology, and environmental aspects. In particular, water utilization studies have been carried out in thefield of water resources.
Since the 1960s, droughts in Korea have occurred in five to seven-year cycles. Major droughts in Korea
during the period include a nationwide drought in 1968 that centered on Jeolla and Gyeongsang
provinces; droughts in 1977, 1982, and 1988; and a drought in 1994 in the central and southern regions.
Since the 1990s, small and large-scale droughts depending on the region are occurring every year. In the4spring drought of 2001, from March 1 to June 16, lowest level of precipitation was observed in 58
observatories, which is more than 80% of 72 observatories operated by the Meteorological
Administration. In some observing points, spring drought was so extreme that frequency of precipitation
during the three months from March to May amounted to 50-60 years. Considering that average
precipitation at multipurpose dams in 2001 was 919mm, the level was similar to drought condition in
1994. During the period, shortage of water made it necessary to designate emergency water supply areasin 381 eup and myeon administrative units affecting about 300 thousand people. Farmland areas damagedby the drought totaled about 19,000 ha. It is difficult to say that climate change is solely responsible forthe decrease in the amount of precipitation and rainfall days. However, the portion of climate change incausing drought is viewed as considerable. It is important to recognize that concentration of population
caused by urbanization and industrialization and increase in the amount of direct runoff are also importantfactors that contribute to the occurrence of droughts.

Figure 4. Distribution of drought events in Korea (2001)

2.2 Impacts on torrential rains and floods
Recently, damages from typhoons, hurricanes, and heavy rains are rapidly increasing throughout theworld. Since the late 1990s, serious casualties and property damage occurred in Korea: grand floods in1998 and 1999, typhoon Rusa in 2002, typhoon Maemi in 2003, and torrential rains in 2006. In particular,
property damage and restoration expenditures caused by typhoon Rusa and Maemi amounted to about
KRW 26 trillion (Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, 2003). In addition,
astronomical amount of property damage and restoration expenditure were incurred by the largest rainfall
in history that lasted for 46 days in June and July of 2006. A newspaper reported that the amount ofdamage was KRW 1.8 trillion and that restoration expenditure would reach KRW 3 trillion (Donga Ilbo,
July 29, 2006). From sources, we are informed about frequent occurrence of abnormal flood in diverse
parts of the world in this century. Such torrential rains and floods are probably not caused by climatechange alone. However, it is true that climate change is causing changes in the characteristics of
extreme precipitation events in the Korean Peninsula.

5

(a). Frequency of 100 mm precipitation events(b) Flood damage in Gangwon Province in photos (2006)

Figure 5. Flood Impacts on torrential rains and floods

Figure 6 shows the results of an analysis of characteristics of extreme precipitation events recorded by 66
observatories run by Korea’s Meteorological Administration. “+” represents an indicator’s increasing
trend from the past to the present. Larger size the sign means that the corresponding tendency iscomparatively more pronounced. Sign “-” represents a decreasing trend. Increasing trends in summer
rather than autumn included: (a) critical point of torrential rain, (b) maximum amount of precipitation
during five-day period, (c) precipitation intensity in wet days, (e) percentage of torrential rains above thecritical point, and (f) the number of occurrence days. It was found that (d) maximum duration of dry days
were concentrated in autumn. In the past, precipitation was concentrated during summer because of
monsoon, the seasonal rain front. However, from 1998 to 2004 excluding 2001, rainfall increased after
the rainy season (Cha Eun-jeong, 2006). As a result, rainfalls occur without interruption in July andAugust. In the case of (a) the critical point of of torrential rains, the tendency increased in autumn(Sept.-Nov.) rather than in summer (June-August). This phenomenon was observed in Masan, Wando,
Jeju-do, Seogwipo, and Taebaek. The administrative units are located in coastal areas rather than theinterior. This phenomenon is caused by the size and path of typhoons that moves from Jeju-do to southerncoast. In contrast, summer increase of critical point of torrential rain occurred in 55 locations (80%) in thecentral region of the interior including Cheolwon, Incheon, Seoul, Hongcheon, and Andong. In particular,
the tendency in these locations either gradually decreased or were marked with “-” sign. (b) refers
maximum amount of precipitation during five-day duration. The value of the indicator clearly increased
in locations such as Cheolwon and Hongcheon where the critical point of torrential rains was high as wellas in Bonghwa, Yeongju, and Mungyeong. In the case of (e) the rate of occurrence above the critical pointof torrential rains, the rate of torrential rainfall occurrence increased in summer rather than autumn.
Similar result was found for (f) number of days above the critical point of torrential rains. This means thatas in the past rainfall is concentrated in summer in Korea. However, extreme precipitation events are
occurring earlier. A long-term trend is that the amount of precipitation is increasing. At the same time,
frequency of extreme precipitation events is increasing.
In general, it is in summer that Korea is influenced by precipitation. An analysis that focuses on extreme
precipitation events reveals that unlike in the past when precipitation events during rainy season tended tobe continuous and regular, today’s rainfall tends to be localized, temporary, irregular, and more intensive.
Such finding can support other researches: Im Gi-seok et al. (2002) found that torrential rainfall in Korea
are characterized by localization and extreme spatial and temporal irregularity whereas Kim Byeong-sik
et al. (2003) found that global climate change will cause more frequent torrential rainfall because
precipitation intensity will increase in the Korean Peninsula and duration of wet and dry days will be
shortened.

6

Summer (June-August)Autumn (Sept.-Nov.)(a) Critical point of torrential rains

Summer (June-August)Autumn (Sept.-Nov.)(b) Maximum precipitation of five-day duration

Summer (June-August)Autumn (Sept.-Nov.)(c) Precipitation intensity in wet and dry days

Summer (June-August)Autumn(Sept.-Nov.)(d) Maximum duration of dryness

Summer (June-August)Autumn(Sept.-Nov.)(e) Rate of occurrence above the critical pointof torrential rains

Summer (June-August)Autumn(Sept.-Nov.)(f) Occurrence days above the critical point of
torrential rains

Figure 6. A comparison of spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation

4. Responding to impacts of climate change on water resources
Because climate change has caused statistical characteristics of climate, use of past data to interprete
frequency is not a rational choice for establishing water resources plans. In 1991, World Climate
Conference stated, “Past record of climate or hydrological phenomena are no longer reliable
guidelines for the future and design and management of water resources system have to consider
potential impacts of climate change.” To water resources managers, IPCC (1996) strongly

7recommended systematic review of the design scope of water resources system, operation rules,
emergency plans, and water distribution policy and improvements in water demand management andinstitutional improvement to cope with uncertainties of climate change. For proactive water resourcesmanagement and planning under the impact of climate change, the Ministry of Construction andTransportation has carried out following measures.

4.1 Research on design criteria for hydrological constructs that can cope withabnormal climate
As mentioned above, water resources planning and designing methods based on past records have to berevised. Methods that consider impacts of past and future climate change must be developed and applied.
In particular, optimum design method that maximizes net profit has to be replaced by a design methodthat can cope with extreme weather conditions. To that end, the Ministry of Construction andTransportation has formed a “research group for strengthening facilities criteria to cope with abnormal
climate” inside Korea Institute of Construction and Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planningin September 2005 to carry out diverse related researches.

Figure 7. Researches on strengthening of construction criteria for hydrological facilities to prepare forabnormal weather

4.2 Research on water security strategies to cope with climate change
In Korea as well as in other countries, frequent abnormal occurrence of droughts and floods has
negatively affected the society and the economy. Researches to cope with abnormal weather have been
actively carried out in advanced industrialized countries. In preparation of floods, droughts, andecological changes caused by future climate change, Water Resources Planning Office of the Ministry ofConstruction and Transportation has launched in 2007 “National Water Security Planning Against
Climate Change” to develop long-term water resources policies and to secure national water security.
Currently, the ministry is planning a joint research project with “Tyndall Centre for climate change,” aworld-class climate change research organization in the United Kingdom.

8

Figure 8. Flow of researches on national water security in preparation for climate change

5. Proposals for overcoming negative impacts of climate change on water resources
5.1 Water resources planning and improvement of its designing method
Since 1965, Korea has established and carried out ten-year comprehensive water resources plans. In 2006,
Korea established “Long-term Comprehensive Water Resources Plan (2001-2020). Until recently,
however, impacts of climate change were not considered. In establishing and implementing the long-termwater resources plan, supply and demand of water resources will be estimated and flood vulnerability of
the whole national territory will be analyzed. The findings will be applied to comprehensive dam
development plans and drainage area plans. However, statistical analyses are based on past data.
Considering that statistical characteristics of the climate have changed by climate change, such approachis not rational. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a design method for water resources planning that canconsider climate change.

5.2 Improvement of existing method of system operation
Climate change will create extreme hydrological conditions that will obliterate assumptions behind
existing water resources systems and operations. Complexity and difficulty of water resourcesmanagement will increase. However, countermeasures for climate change consist in finding effective
operational method for existing system. Whether existing system can cope with impacts of climatechange is reviewed and economic costs are considered. In other words, the best option for systemmanagers is to verify sensibility of a system with expanded scope and develop methods and technologies
that can improve operational efficiency.

9Figure 9. Improvement of water resources planning and system operation methods in consideration ofclimate change

5.3 Use of weather technology for drainage area management
Recently, climate change has caused abnormal localized torrential rains. As a result, unanticipated floods
are occurring frequently and management of drainage area has become more difficult. To cope with thedifficulty, it is necessary to secure reliability of precipitation forecast that uses radar precipitation andnumerical forecast data. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish a system that can forecast and broadcast
precipitation condition in drainage areas.

5.4 Comprehensive review of management of flood in drainage area controlled bydams
Because of changes in the precipitation pattern in the Korean Peninsula, torrential rains can occur earlier
or later than in the past. Because of the uncertainty, water level limits in dams must be revised for a more
flexible management of dams. The current system, which consists in containing water during summer for
use in water shortage season, should be replaced by a more complex water management system for
efficient water containment and distribution throughout the year.

5.5 National-level evaluation of the readiness to counter flood situation anddrainage area-level countermeasures against flood
Because climate change is causing abnormal floods, capacity of existing flood-related
infrastructure—levees, dams, bridges, etc.—have to be re-evaluated. Furthermore, comprehensive flood
management by Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) of drainage areas is necessary. To
minimize damage in drainage area, flow function in the upper stream, containing function in the middle
stream, drainage function in the lower stream have to be enhanced.

5.6 Establishment of a system for assessing the impacts of climate change on water10

resources
To establish long-term water resources plans that can proactively cope with climate change, drainage
area-level climate change scenarios have to be produced. The scenarios must be used to establish a systemthat can produce outflow scenarios. Furthermore, to enhance forecast and understanding of climatechange and to enhance Korea’s international status, it is necessary to forge an international system ofcooperation in East Asia.

6. Conclusion
Recently, frequent occurrence of abnormal weather events such as droughts and floods in foreigncountries has seriously affected the society and the economy. In Korea, water resources problems
associated with climate change have appeared in the 1990s. Since the 1980s, advanced industrializedcountries have actively carried out researches on climate change and the researches include evaluation of
impacts of climate change on water resources. The most representative project in the field of water
resources is GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Experiment), which selected five major rivers of theworld to monitor and study changes in hydrological phenomena caused by climate change. Furthermore,
NWS (National Weather Service) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) haveheavily invested in the field of water resources. In particular, the state of California in the United States
has established a long-term water resources plan in July 2006. In the case of the United Kingdom, barriers
will be reconstructed in the lower stream of the Thames in 2100 to fight floods. In the case of water
resources management in Korea, no specific measures were taken to impacts of climate change. However,
Korea is frequently experiencing extreme flood events that surpass original flood design. Therefore, more
active and new approaches and technology development have to be pursued. By carrying out more
systematic and in-depth researches for the development of water resources evaluation technology that cancounter impacts of climate change, it will be possible to contribute to establish plans and develop policies
that can upgrade residents’ security and quality of life.

11

Presenter

WAN ABD RAHIM WAN ABDULLAH

Objective• To present the current status of
Sewerage Management in Malaysia• To conduct sewerage adoption to
Integrated Water Resources
Management and Global Climate Change

1

WHY DO WE NEED TO TREAT SEWAGE ?
Water is a major route by which bacteria,
Viruses and parasites are transmitted. Engineeringof water supplies and waste water management
have prevented waterborne diseases.
Need sewage treatment to control: Harmful pathogens (Public Health) Improve water quality (Water Resource) Enhance environmental values (Environment)

EVOLUTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT METHODSOVER THE CENTURIES AROUND THE WORLD

Egypt
AlaskaStone Age
(Sewage not an issue)

Middle-Ages in Europe(Collect and throw)

Nomadic Age
The Growing Sanitation Needs in Early Civilisation(Leave as they move)(Need for Sanitation arises)

Early 19th Century(Pour Flush & Sewers to Rivers)

Mid 19th Century(Existence of Sewage Farms)

2

EVOLUTION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS IN
MALAYSIA
Prior to 1950-s Technology

Septic Tank
Pour Flush

Early Days in
Malaya1950-sOP/AL
Imhoff Tank

1960-sPrimitive / Primary Treatment(Address Public Health)1970-sActivated Sludge/ Fully Mechanised
Biological Filters
Plant

1980-s1990-sPartial / Full Secondary Treatment(Address River Pollution)

2000

Year

Future Tertiary
Treatment(Address Environment)

BACKGROUND OF SEWERAGE
DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Indah waterprovidessewerage
services in 88
Sewerageout of the 144
Services
Local
Sewerage
A new
Department
Authorities in
Services
sewerage(SSD) wasMalaysia
Indah Water
were
Act 1993
formed as(however nottook overmanaged by (Act 518)
regulator
on holistic
Urban byseweragethe 144
was passed Agency for
Municipals,
management manner) Rest
Individual
by theSewerage
Rural byin most states of the areas is
Localparliament under the
MostlyMinistry ofin Peninsular still managed
Authorities
Managednew
Act
on Ad-Hoc
HealthMalaysia
by local
basic
Sanitary
Board

AFTER BEFORE PRE-1994
INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE

June 1993

Dec 1993

April 1994
ONWARDS

CURRENTLY

3

CHANGES TO THE SEWERAGE SECTOR AFTERINTRODUCTION OF NEW SEWERAGE SERVICES
ACT 1993 (ACT 518)
DEPARTMENT OF SEWERAGE SERVICES• Regulator Sewerage Services Act, 1993
• Industry / Operational regulator• Regulates service provider• Sets industry standards & guidelines• Oversees Sewerage Developments

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT• Regulates Environmental Quality Act, 1974
• Sets standards for environment and Pollution
Control• Enforcement of discharge standards• Monitoring existing Final Effluent Standard A,
where plant is in Water intake Areas andStandard B in other areas• Drives National Environmental Policies

CONTROL OF SEWAGE POLLUTIONON RIVER BASINS
Upstream Of Water Intake(Standard A)

Reservoir

Downstream Of Water Intake(Standard B)

Water Treatment
Plant

Discharge of TreatedSewageWater Supply
Distribution

Collection
Of Sewage
Water Intake /Extraction
Point

4

Coverage Area
4,403 no995,049 PE (7%)

3,762 no.
10’075’741 PE (62%)¾TYPE OF SERVICE AND POPULATION SERVED

16,496km¾Type of

¾IWK
serviceareas¾NonNon-IWK service¾Connected¾14,799,710¾Septic Tank

¾4,533,858¾Pour Flush¾Unidentified

ServiceCommunal Septic Tanks& Imhoff Tanks

443 no.
1’811’211 PE (11%)

Oxidation Pond

Mechanical plants

151 no.
2’665’541 PE (17%)

Aerated Lagoon

Pipe Network

625 no.
3’332’822

Pump Stations¾TOTAL¾Total¾%¾1,371,311¾16,171,021¾60.6¾355,890¾4,889,748¾18.3¾2,958,485¾512,790¾3,471,275

¾13.0

¾Nil

¾2,163,253¾2,163,253¾8.1¾22,292,053¾4,403,244¾26,695,297¾100.0areas

991,671 no.
Close to 5 mill PE

As at JUNE 2007
Individual Septic Tanks

POPULATION EQUIVALENT CATERED BY
TREATMENT PLANTS

TYPES OF TREATMENT PLANTS
JUNE 2007
Marine Outfall, 1,
1 nos, (0%)
Mechanical
Plants,3762 nos( 44%)

Oxidation Pond,
451 nos( 5%)

Aerated Lagoon,
151nos, (2%)

Aerated Lagoon,
2.66mil PE,
Communal Septic(17%)
Tank, 3639 nos(42%)
Marine Outfall,
0.50mil PE,(3%)

Imhoff Tank,
774 nos( 9%)

Communal Septic
Tank, 0.43mil PE,(3%)

Imhoff Tank,
0.56mil PE,(4%)
Oxidation Pond,
1.81mil PE,(11%)

MechanicalPlant,
10.07mil PE,(62%)

SEWERAGE CUSTOMER CATEGORIES

Domesticeg Houses
Apartments
Govt Qtrs…etc.
Once Every 6 Months
From RM 2 - RM 8/Month

Commercial
eg.
eg. Shopping Complexes
HotelsRestaurants…etc.
Monthly
21 Bands Basedon Annual Values
Excess Water Charge > 100 m3

Government

Industry

Eg.
Eg. Factorieseg.
eg. Offices...etc.
Hospitals
Monthly
Schools
Based
on Head Count…etc.
RM 2 - RM 2.50 per
Basic Charge
Head/Month
RM 25 - RM 40 /Month
Excess Water Charge > 100 m3

5

INTEGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF LANDUSEMANAGEMENT
Integrated
Water Resources
Management

Sewerage Catchment
Strategies
and Sewerage
Development Plans

L
A
N

Integrated
River BasinManagement

D
U

Integrated
Sewerage
Management

S
E

MANAGEMENTIWRM Vs IRBM
An Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) sets goals andobjectives for the management of water resources at a wider scale
scale andincludes policies for regions, catchments, shared or transboundary water
resources, and interinter-basin transfers, all within a single framework. It
addresses both the quantity and quality aspects of both surface andgroundwater resources and also deals with delivery of water services.
services. It is a
dynamic approach often set within a catchment (watershed) framework.
Therefore, the process of policy making for IWRM requires extensive
extensive
consultation as well as raising the awareness of the importance ofintegration among policy makers, stakeholders, and the general public.
public. The
sustainability of resources and policies should be a central goal.
goal.
However, water flows according to natural characteristics and does
does notrespect administrative boundaries – therefore, from pure water resources
point of view there might be much logic in managing water according
according to river
basin boundaries. An Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) describes
describes
the framework for management of the water and related land resources
resources in theriver basin. The IRBM is a tool that outlines how the concept of integrated
water resources management is going to be implemented at the river
river basin
level.

6

WHAT IWRM AND IRBM ADDRESSES?
They typically address such aspects as :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Physical description of the basin
Land use inventories
Current water availability and demands
Pollution sources inventories
Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem needs
Vulnerability to floods or extreme meteorological events
Identification of stakeholders
Implications of changing land use
Identifications of priority issues (impact issues or user
requirement issues)
Short and Long term goals for the river basin
Water related development scenarios, future water demands
Water allocation and water quality objectives
Strategy, measures and action plan achievement of goals
Financing of water use and management
Responsibility and schedule for implementation
Mechanisms for monitoring and updating

Organisations with water supply, sewerage, treatment
and reuse functions are increasingly driven by the needto make efficiency gains : to do more with less water, toeliminate subsidies, incorporate externalities andminimise impacts, to recover costs of operation,
maintenance and replacement of water and wastewater
systems, and to transfer the cost of supply and treatment
from the provider (usually Government) to the consumer
within the IWRM and or IRBM frameworks

7

WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS FROM SEWERAGE ACTIVITIES ?
EFFLUENT FROM TREATMENT PLANTS& OVERFLOW DISCHARGESSLUDGE DISPOSALHEALTH AND SAFETYNOISE FROM PLANTS

VISUAL AND AESTHETICSBUFFERODOURClimate Change - Global Warming
OVERVIEW
Varyingsources ofGreenhouse
Gases (GHGs)
i.e. emmisions
from power
sector,industries,
transportation,
waste
treatment &landfills

Global Warming
Rising Temperature
Extreme weather
Rising sea level
Changing Ecology,
emerging diseases

8Climate Change - Malaysia
For Malaysia theestimated (in 1994)
GHG emissions is 144
million Tonne of CO2
equivalent (or 3.7 per
capita) about 2% of
total world CO2
equivalent.

Global Warming
Local Context

Disproportionately, theimpacts will be felt locally e.g.:

Wastewater sector
accounts for 0.05%
i.e. 73.5kiloTonne ofnational emissions,relatively insignificant
compared to othercountries.

• Water resources (increasein frequency and extent of
extreme droughts).
• Extreme flooding and risk
to infrastructure.

Adaptation &Mitigation
Initiatives
required

Malaysia• Increase energy cost for
operating treatment
systems.
• Increase need for treatment
improvements to protect
threaten water resources.

Sewage Treatment and Climate Change
Identify local sources
Sources of GHGs from Sewage andSludge Treatment Process

Indirect Sources

Energy Consumption of nonnon-renewableenergy that releases CO2.
Activities that relies on power from thenational grid will contribute indirectly toreleases CO2 i.e :• Pumping and aeration of sewage• Vehicular movements for desludging
works sludge disposal and network
services etc.

Direct Sources• Fugitive Methane from anaerobic
process.
• Nitrous Oxides (N2O) from nitrificationand denitrification processes.
• Methane from onon-site septic systems(ISTs/CSTs)
ISTs/CSTs)• Flaring of methane gas or methane
combustion will also generate Co2 andcontribute to overall GHGs in theatmosphere• Methane from sewage sludge disposal
sites

9

Sewage Treatment and Climate Change
Indirect Sources
TNB, the main energy utility in Malaysia relies on alargely fossil based power plants.
Activities that relies on power from the national grid
will contribute indirectly to releases CO2 i.e.:
1)Pumping
1)Pumping and aeration of sewage.
2)Vehicular2)Vehicular movements for desludging works
sludge disposal and network services etc.

Summary & Conclusion) Sewerage in Malaysia had progressed well overthe decade) Sewerage planning in now looked together inthe context of Integrated Water Resources
Management for maximum benefits) Global Climate Change has minimal impacts on
sewerage management for now and next era

10Water Cycle Should End Here….

Thank You

11

COUNTRY REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINES

Integrated Water Resource Management
Adapting to the Global Climate Change
JICA EXECUTIVES’ SEMINAR ON PUBLIC
WORKS AND MANAGEMENTJFY 2007
Dr. JUDY F. SESE
Director III
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

The Department of Public Works and Highways(DPWH), being the country’s engineering andconstruction arm, is responsible for the planning, design,
construction and maintenance of infrastructure such as:
roads and bridges, flood
controlsystems,water
resource development projects and otherpublicworks structure.
The DPWH is likewise responsible in themonitoring of National Water Data Collection Program
and recognizes the importance of Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) to ensure and securesustainable water for all. This mechanism is also
accepted as a way of adapting to the effects of global
climate unpredictability.

1

DPWH
DPWH ORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONAL CHARTCHART

BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDSORGANIZATIONAL CHARTANTONIO V. MOLANO, JR.
Director IV

JUDYF.F.SESE
SESE
JUDY
Director III

Administrative Staff( 16Personnel)

Systems & Standards
Division(17 Personnel)

Research &Development Division(30 Personnel)

Materials Testing
Division(28 Personnel)

Quality Control
Division(19 Personnel)

Technical Services &Evaluation Division(16 Personnel)

Technical Training &Scholarship Division(13 Personnel)

Systems &Methods Section

Technical Studies,
Research &Development
SectionPhysicalTesting Section

Inspectorate
SectionEvaluation
SectionSpecialized
Training &Publication
SectionStandards
Development
SectionGeotechnicalEngineering
SectionChemicalTesting Section

Materials
Production
Management
SectionTechnical
Services Section

Standards
Methods Section

Data
Management
SectionHydrology
Section.

Water Analysis
Section.

2

Philippines Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)

The Philippines has participated in the following IWRM
activities:• January 2006, UNEP assisted IWRM 2005 South
East Asia Project• Formation of Project Steering Committee
composed of UP-NHRC and NWRB
• A Multi-Sectoral Task Force (MSTF) undertakes
plan preparation represented by key government
agencies• IWRM Southeast Asian Project Meeting in Thailand• Other workshops and meetings conducted

Series of Key Activities relative to IWRM Plan Framework• Multi-Sectoral Task Force (MSTF) workshops andconferences• Consultation-Workshop with Non-Government
Organizations and Civil Society Organizations• Multi-Sectoral Consultation-Workshops on the
proposed National IWRM and Water Efficiency
Improvement Plans in Visayas and Mindanao

3

PURPOSE OF PHILIPPINE IWRM PLAN FRAMEWORK• The IWRM Plan Framework is adirectional plan to guide thestakeholders in preparing theirrespective IWRM plans.
• Take-off in the preparation ofregional and local IWRM Operationaland Action Plans

PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES

a.

Land and Water Systems• Philippines consists of 7,100 islands• Land Area of 300,000 square kilometers• 421 Principal River Basins, 20 major river
basin (at least 900 sq.km.)• 15 major lakes (400 hectares and above)• Total coastline is about 36, 289 kms.
• Average rainfall is about 2,400 mm.

4PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES

b. Availability of Water Resources: Increasing
Water Stress and Potential Scarcity• Abundant water resources but facing possible water crisis
due to rapid population growth, urbanization,industrialization and economic growth• 1,907 cu.m. availability per capita is second lowest inSoutheast Asia
• As of December 2006, about 19, 247 water rights grantees• Irrigation facilities is about 1,515,347 hectares where
48.4% total irrigable area
• Total water resources production is 5,792,857 liters/sec.

PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES

c. Water Quality• Water quality standards are regulated by theEnvironment Management Bureau, DENR
• Drinking standards are set by the Department of
Health (DOH)• 36% of rivers are potential source of water for
drinking

5

PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES

d. Water Supply: Equity and Sustainability Issues• Water supplies are provided by Local
Government Units and Community-Based
Organization• Types of Facilities:
Level I – Point Source System
Level II – Communal Faucet System
Level III – Individual Household
Connection

Philippine Water Resources Situationse.

Water Supply: Equity and Sustainability Issues• Water supplies are provided by Local
Government Units and Community-Based
Organization• Access to safe drinking water, 81.4% in 1999
to 80% in 2002
• Decline due to increasing population

6

Philippine Water Resources Situationsf.

Inadequate Sanitation and Sewerage Services• In 2000, access to adequate sanitation was
estimated to be 74.2%• Sewerage coverage is less 8% in Metro Manila
and urban sewerage is 4% (six cities)

Philippine Water Resources Situationsg.

Degradation of Major Ecosystems• Philippine coral reefs, only 4.0-5.0 % inexcellent condition• More than 70% of mangroves converted toaquaculture, logged or reclaimed• Beaches and foreshores have problems on
erosions, sedimentation and water quality

7

Philippine Water Resources Situations

h. Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
climate events and variability• Increase of floods, droughts, forest fires andtropical cyclones• 5 La Niña and 7 El Niño episodes from 1970 to 2000
from only 3 La Niña and 2 El Niño in 1950-1970• Tropical cyclones increased, strongest and very
destructive

Philippine Water Resources Situationsi.

Water Governance and Regulation: Sectoral
Approach• Water Resources governance is a
responsibility of multiple government
agencies (30 government agencies)8Current Researches and Studies of the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH)a.

Study on the Nationwide Flood Risk Assessment
and Flood Mitigation Plan for the Selected Areasin the Republic of the Philippines• Study covers 954 flood prone areas

Current Researches and Studies of the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH)b.

The Project for Enhancement of Capabilities
in Flood Control and Sabo Engineering
The Project is a JICA-Assisted TechnicalCooperation Project that enhance thecapability of the DPWH in the planning anddesign of flood control and sabo structure toaddress the water-induced disaster in the
country.
This Project is directly under thesupervision of Director David of PMO-FCSEC.

9

POLICIES AND PRACTICESa.

1.

Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Framework
The National IWRM Plan Framework is not just a waterplan. There are key differences between this plan and the
traditional water plan. The IWRM Plan Framework has
the following distinctive features:
Broader Focus:
It looks at water in relation to other dimension needed toachieve larger development goals and meet strategic water
related challenges.

Policies and Practices
2.

3.

It is Dynamic and Adaptive
It provides framework for a continuing andadaptive process of strategic, integrated andcoordinated action in all levels.
It is Integrated and Holistic
all the different uses of water are considered
together. Water allocation and management
decisions consider the interrelationships andeffects of these various uses. They are notviewed purely from a sectoral or project focus.

10

SUSTAINABLE OUTCOMES
Four (4) sustainable outcomes were identified.
These are the medium to long-term goals
that we aspire for our water resourcesmanagement system. These outcomes
reflect our development aspirations for
IWRM, and would ensure sustainability for
our water resources. These include thefollowing:

Sustainable Outcomes
1.
2.
3.

4.

Effective Protection and Regulation for Water
Security and Ecosystem Health
Sustainable Water Resources and Responsive
Services for Present and Future Needs
Improved Effectiveness, Accountability andsynergy among water-related Institutions andstakeholders
Adaptive and Proactive Response ro Emerging
Future Challenges.

11

STRATEGIC THEMESEach of these sustainable outcomes is supported bynine (9) strategic themes:
1. Ensuring rational, efficient and ecologicallysustainable allocation of water
2. Enhancing effectiveness in groundwater
management and acquifer protection
3. Achieving clean and healthy water
4. Managing and mitigating risks from climatechange events and water related disasters

Strategic Themes
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Promoting water conservation and improving water use
efficiency
Expanding access and ensuring availability of affordable
and responsive water supply and sanitation services
Promoting participatory water governance andsupportive enabling environment
Strengthening knowledge management and building
capacity for IMRM
Exploring new pathways to water resourcesmanagement: Water Sensitive Design and Water Rights
Trading.

12

“MARAMING SALAMAT PO”(THANK YOU)

13

AYUBOWAN… ...KONNICHI
WA

Symposium PresentationonIntegrated Water Resource Management
Adapting to the Global Climate Change in Sri
Lanka

Presented byEng. (Mrs.) P.N.S Yapa
Deputy General Manager
National Water Supply & Drainage Board
Sri Lanka.

1Sri Lanka

Location

Lat: 5 55’ – 9 51’ N
Lon: 79 41’ – 81 33’ E
In Indian Ocean

Geography

Tropical island withcentral hill country

National Water Balance, Seepage
Characteristics and Main Usage
Pattern2

National Water Balance of Sri Lanka
Rain (100 %)(127-130 million cu.m)
Runoff (41 %)Evaporation (55%)

Infiltration (59 %)Groundwater (4 %)Annual Renewable Water (45 %)Use (14 %)

Sea (31 %)Main Usage & Demand Pattern
Main Usage
Agricultural usage (in series with hydropower)
Domestic & Industrial usage

: 96%
: 04%

Access for Domestic Usage
Pipe borne water

Urban

: 70%

(of 30% National Coverage)

Rural

: 15%

Dug wells: 27%

Tube wells: 08%

Streams & Lakes

: 35%

3

Impacts of Climate Change

Vulnerability of
Natural & Human Systems
to Climate Change
in Sri Lanka

4

Vulnerability on Human Settlements and Health due
to Change in Flood, Drought and Cyclonic Pattern
Affects directly & indirectly on• Natural environment of settlements• Economic activities• Building and infrastructure• Health of resident and commuting population• Exacerbating existing air pollution, poor waste
management and inadequacy of water and sanitation
facilities

Vulnerability on Human Settlements… Contd.
Unexpected Extreme Events beyond Natural Expectation in recent past
Year

Event

Extent of Damage

1992

Drought

Tea production reduced by 26%
Increased production cost by 19%

1993

Flood

43,000 houses destroyed
219,870 persons displaced

1993

Flood

Submerged whole Colombo city (Capital of Sri Lanka)

1994

Flood

52,900 houses destroyed
353,000 persons displaced

1997

Drought

Food insecurity & loss of income rose to 90-99% in
Hambantota district

2001/2002

Drought

Shut down hydro-power generation
Forced fossil-fuel power generation

2002

Cyclone77,000 houses destroyed
146,190 families affected

2003

Flood / Landslide

236 deaths
9,294 houses completely destroyed
30,360 houses partially destroyed
138,973 families severely affected

2006

Persistent rain/landslide

Forced to shift an entire city called ‘Peradeniya’ toa safer location

2006

TornadoHit twice over a week and destroyed 1,500 houses inColombo city

2006

Abrupt Heat Wave

Wave reached 400 C in Colombo city5

Vulnerability on Human Health… Contd.
• Urban squatters in unauthorized make-shifts were exposed to helminthic andprotozoal parasites due to floods and dengue epidemic (aedes aegeypgy and aeds
albopictus) due to heavy rains (Wanasinghe 1995)• Increased Malaria, Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis due to changed climate
factors in North-western and increase of anopheline mosquitoes in dry Northcentral due to heavy rainfall and prolonged droughts (De Alwis et al 2004)• Expansion of Malaria transmission from dry zone to areas that are hitherto
free and change of its seasonal pattern [current mid year peak would beenhanced while the traditional high transmission season during North – East
monsoon (Nov – Feb) extended] (Dhanapala 1998)• Increase and spread of water washed and water borne diseases by floods,
landslides and droughts• Collapse of health infrastructure and displacement of affected persons would
bring illnesses, injuries, deaths and physical and physiological trauma as well

6

Vulnerability of the Coastal Zone due to Sea Level Rise
(Sea level rise of 0.3m in Southwest coast leads to land loss of 06
sq.km and 1.0 m rise would cause 11.5 sq.km)– 24% of total land area and 32% of population– 65% of urbanized area
– 80% of tourism related infrastructure– 65% of industrial output– 100% commercial ports and fishery harbours and anchorage– 80% of fish production– Major highways and infrastructure– Richest area with biodiversity; coral reefs, lagoons, mangroves, etc.
covering 160,000 hectares– Increased coastal erosion which is 0.3 – 0.35m per year at present

7Siltation of Reservoirs

Polgolla Reservoir: 44% storage with 2.8% siltation rate per year

Rantembe Reservoir : 54% storage with 4.3% siltation rate per year
Victoria Reservoir: 0.08 siltation per year

Minor Tanks: 2.4% siltation per year

Importance of Adaptation
In Sri Lanka, poor communities are heavily dependant,
directly or indirectly, on natural systems and their behavioral
pattern…
…..Thus the poor in the country will be the mostly affected andwill find it difficult to recuperate !

8Policy Adapted to Minimize the
ImpactPolicies• Ratification of 36 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
which include the development of National Environment Policy, National
Forestry Policy, National Policy on Wildlife Conservation and National Air
Quality Management Policy,• Development and adoption of National Environmental Action Plans (ie:Biodiversity Action Plan, National Climate Action Plan, Coastal 2000
Action Plan, Clean Air 2000 Action Plan and National Forestry Sector
Master Plan.)• Preparation of National Strategy for Clean Development Mechanism toimplement the Kyoto Protocol• Establishment of Climate Change Secretariat, Bio Diversity Secretariat andOzone Secretariat to strengthen the capacity of implementing agencies

9Practices
The environmentally friendly practices that have alreadybenefited the country are;• Introduction and popularization of fuel efficient stoves that reduce
fuel woods• Introduction of cleaner production technologies among polluting
industries• Installation of mini-hydro power plants as stand-alone and gridconnecting system• Facilitation of rain water harvesting in the dry zones. National
Rainwater Harvesting Policy is to be adopted, making rainwater
harvesting mandatory• Identification of cost-effective utility scale wind power development(Young and Vihaure 2003)

Mitigatory and Adaptative Physical Measures•

Recent flood control, water resource development andmanagement projects•

Construction of Salinity Barrier and Dams to prevent salinity
intrusion•

Step-land agriculture in Hill country•

Advanced capacity building programme on integrated water
resource management under ‘Pavithra Ganga’ (Clean Rivers)pogramme•

Promotion of Rain Water Harvesting in Dry Zone

10

Research & Survey
Year

By

Concern

2004

Nugawela, Rodrigo& Munasinghe

Increased carbon fixing capacity of
Rubber

2004

Sirisena et al

Methane emission from paddy fields

2004

Abeywardana

Paddy with high responsiveness toelevated carbon for future breeding

2004

Emmanual

Urban heat island effect2004

Senanayake

Greenhouse gas emission from
Desiccated coconut industry

2004

Pannilage

Effect on water yield by land use
practice in catchments areas

2004

Ariyananda

Type of tanks for rain water harvesting

Mitigatory Actions in Legislation / Water
Reforms
The following is a summary of the water 'reform' process in Sri Lanka during the lastquarter century
Date

Instrument

1980

water
Bill

resources

1983

Irrigation
Ordinance(amendment)

Authority

Provisions

Ministry of Irrigation, Bulk
water
allocationtovariousPowerand
Mahaweli sectoral
agencies(andfurtherDevelopment
allocation by those agencies) and forthe establishment of a National Water
Resources
Council(this
legislation,
however,was
neversubmitted
toParliament
due
to
lack
of
cabinetsupport).
Enable farmers to be prosecuted
non-payment of water taxes.

1984

Commencementfrom farmers

1988

Policy of"Participatory
Management of
Irrigation
Systems"

1988

Irrigation
Management
PolicySupportActivity (IMPSA)

ofcharging

water

for

taxes

Substantial devolution of authority andresponsibility to farmer organizations

International
Irrigation
Management
Institute (IIMI)

11

Mitigatory Actions in Legislation / Water Reforms….Contd.
Date
1992

Instrument
Summary
IMPSA

ReportAuthority

Provisions

International
Irrigation
Management
Institute (IIMI)

Recommendations on land, watershed andwater resource management, and that the
government should establish a high-leveladvisory National Water Resource Council
and Secretariat.

1992

Proposal to carry out a water resources
master plan was presented to external
support agencies.

1993

Institutional
Assessment
for
Comprehensive
Water
Resources
Management(IACWRM) Project.

Assess the institutional capacity forwater resources management. The action
plan of the project focused mainly on
the need to develop a National Water
Resources
Policy,toestablishapermanent institutional arrangement forwater sector coordination and to prepare
and enact" National Water Act'

1994

Irrigation
Ordinancewasamended by Act
No. 13 of 1994

Enablefarmerorganization
tolevychargesfromthemembersoftheorganization
fortheoperationanddistribution of water through canalsystems.

1995

1996

IACWRM project

CabinetThe implementation of the Strategic
FrameworkandActionPlan
forthe“Institutional
StrengtheningforComprehensive Water Resources Management(ISCWRM) Project.

Government

Establishment
of
a
Water
Council (WRC) and a Water
Secretariat (WRS).

Resources
Resources

Mitigatory Actions in Legislation / Water Reforms….Contd.
Date1996 toearly
2000

Instrument

Authority

ISCWRM project

28th
March
2000
Septembe
r 2000

Provisions
Productionofthe"National
water
Resources
PolicyandInstitutional
Arrangements" and the " National Water
Resources Authority (NWRA) Bill"

Cabinet of Ministers

Approval of the National Water resources
Policy.

Legaldraftsmen's
department

Release of the Draft National Water
Resources Authority Bill. (Government,
however, failed to push the Act throughthe parliament and to establish NWRA).

2001

National Policy on Rural Waterand Sanitation was approved.

2001

The
'100
programme

2002

PRSP

2002

Regaining
Lanka

day'

Sri

SupplyMinistry of Irrigationand Water Management

Settinguptask
forcesfortheimplementation of its water management
policy at 4 levels; Village Irrigation
Committee.
Divisional
Secretariat
Irrigation
Committee,
District
Irrigation
CommitteeandNational
Irrigation Committee.

GOSL

Published the Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper (PRSP) including proposed reforms
on water sector.

GOSL

PRSP was incorporated into the policy
document " future: Regaining Sri Lanka".
Water reform policy was not taken for
public discussions.

12Mitigatory Actions in Legislation / Water Reforms….Contd.
Date

Instrument

22 ndOctober
2003

Water
Services
Reform Bill

GOSL

Presented the " Water Service Reform: A
Bill: to privatize pipe borne watersupplies in the country in both ruraland urban areas and public sewerage
services. The Bill refers to drinking
water and other sources of water'.

2003 to2004

Civil action

Supreme Court

Civil Society Organizations and citizens
challenged the bill before Supreme Court
and a decision against the introductionof the bill was given

August2004

Basic
PoliciesofUsage,
Conservation andDevelopment
of
Local
Water
resources(Draft)Agriculture Livestock,Land
andIrrigation
Ministry

Septembe
r 2004

water
Resources
Policy (Draft)

Water
Resources
Secretariat under the
MahaweliandRiver
Basin Development andRajarata
Development
Ministry

22nd
November2004
24 thNovember
2004

Authority

Provisions

The cabinet

National
Resources(Draft)

Water
PolicyThe
Presidential
Force

Decidedtoamalgamate
these
two
documents and come up with a common one.
specialTask

The "common" policy document

Mitigatory Actions in Legislation / Water Reforms….Contd.
Date

Instrument

Authority

Provisions

21st
December
2004

The cabinet

The document was discussed, with the versions inSinhala and English being significantly different fromeach other.

January
2005

The cabinet

A four-member Cabinet sub committee was formed tocome up with new proposals for a water policy.

January2005

National Rainwater
Policy And Strategies

MinistryofDevelopment andSupply.

8th
September
2005

Draft National Water
Resources
Management Policy

Presidential Secretariat

Urban
Water

17th
November2005
2-12
December2005

In the light of increasing operational and maintenancecosts to, rationalize investments, both by Government
and non Government sectors, in the field of pipe borne
water supply, drainage, flood control, soil conversation
etc.and promote the practice on a Regional Communityand family basis, in order to ensure that the 'City of
tomorrow' applies Rain water harvesting broadly, by
the control of water near its source, in its pursuance of
becoming a 'Green city' in the future.
Attempt to reconcile the "Basic Policies of Usage,
Conservation and Development of Local Water
Resources (Draft)" and National Water Resources
Policy (Draft)"Presidential election. At the opening of the new
Parliamentary sessions, the President declares the needfor National Water Policy.

Aid-memoir on the
proposed
National
Water Management
Improvement(NAWAM) Project.

Agreement between the
Cabinet and the World bank.

US$ 70 M loan from the IDA

13

THANK YOU !

14

16th International symposium on national
land development and engineering in Asia

Vietnamand it’sIntegrated water resource management
adapting to climate change
Case study
by Dang Anh Thu

1Introduction
Vietnam

The rapid economic growth rate following the economic reform
policy from 1986 onwards.
2

1

Geography background
Socialist Republic of Vietnam• Forms an “S”, located in centre of South East
Asia
• Population: 83 million, 26.8% are urban habitant• Capital City: Hanoi• Area: 330,000km2, eight special zones• Coastline of 3,300km• Bordered by China in North and Laos andCambodia in West
• Major industries: rice, rubber, food processing,sugar, textiles, chemicals, bags
3

Vietnam’s water resources
Ground Water

Urban Water Supply

42

Vietnam has water resources at medium scalein the world and has unsustainable elements.
Vietnam’s water resources at medium scale in the world• Total surface water: 830 billion m3 in whichhave only 310 billion m3 creating by rainfall• Sum exploitability of reserves
groundwater: 60 billion m3/year.
• Water reserves in preliminary survey stage:
8 billion m3/ year (about 13% Sum reserves)• Surface water and groundwater: 4400
m3/person in average, (in the world is7400 m3/capita, year).
5.

Vietnam’s water resources has degradation tendency by impact of
global climate change.
Vietnam is effected by global climate change with two impacts:• Global climate change will lead to reduce water resources.
FactorAt present

2015

2025

2100

Total of water surface(billion m3)

830

660

627

592

96%

91%

86%

• Sea level to increase considerably. The WB’s research shown that sea- level may be increase more than expected before and Vietnam is oneof the countries may be effected impacts strongly. Prediction with each
1 meter of sea- level increase, about 10.8% population of Vietnam 'll be
remove them living place.
63

Unsustainable elements of Vietnamese’s water resources• The water capacity from outside of Vietnam has occupied
approximately 2/3 of total achieved water volume,• Allocation of both surface water and groundwater are snatchy.
• Disadvantage of water resource in use and exploitation• Exhaustion of natural water more and more increase

7

Case study
Management and development of water resource adapting
to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue city

84Case study: Management and development of water resource adapting
to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue city
Hue is a central province of VN• Area: 5.009, 2 km2,
• Coastline of 126 km• Average precipitation: 2500 mm

The Huong River is most big
river, there is 300 km2
catchment area
9

Case study: Management and development of water resource
adapting to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue city
Exploitation and utilization of water source at Huong’s valley

Water utilization
Total demand of water utilization
for all sectors: 444.4 million
m3/year in which:- Piped water: 13.4 million
m3/year,- Industry: 2.0 million m3/year,-Agriculture: 390 million m3/year,- Breeding: 3 million m3/year and- Aquaculture: 36 million m3/year.
105Case study: Management and development of water resource
adapting to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue
Difficulty and Problems
Currently the exploitation system and using of water source atHuong’s river were mainly irrigation works• Irrigation: not enough in 8 months of dry season. Reservoir,
irrigation works were limited that did not satisfy irrigation purposes
and unstable.
• Water supply: Source of water supply was not stable and watersupply system for urban areas, industry and living purposes were notappropriate.
• Drainage: Drainage works were not adequate• Anti-flood: Anti-flood was only carried out in floods and Tieumanat low and evarage intensity

11

Case study: Management and development of water resource
adapting to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue
Impacts of climate change for water resources of Huong’s river
Scenario of climate change in northern central
FactorRegion

2010

2050

2070

Increase
temperature (0C)

Northern central

0.3

1.1

1.5

Sea level (cm)Coastal

933

45• For river flow
In 2070: annual flow will reduce mainly in central region 23 - 40,5%and increase 49% at south central region. Annual flow in Ta Trach river(main branch of Huong river) is only 1.350 mm, reduce 42,9%
compared with existing figure of 2.362 mm.
• For potential evaporation level in Hue City is correspondent with thescenario of temperature increase of 10C at 3,2% and 2,50C at 8,1%
respectively.
126Case study: Management and development of water resource
adapting to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue
Climate change will impact directly tosource of water at Huong basin andcaused the following effects:• Flow at rivers will reduce. Increased
temperature and evaporation volume will
reduce capacity and water quality at valley.
• Irregular fluctuation of rain intensity, floodand drought for the plant crops will happen
regularly.
• Changing of climate with increased
temperature, variation of rainfall and sea
water will impact to the coastal region andlagoon.
• Sea water encroached on the land will
impact to ecosystem of some aquaculture
species....

13

Case study: Management and development of water resource
adapting to impacts of climate change at Huong river in Hue
Proposed methods to ensure water demand for long term:• Reasonable, economic and effective utilization of existing water source• Renovation policy and improvement of institutional management forwater source• Environmental and ecosystem protection at valley and riverside• Construction of reservoir works by multi mode and scale• Development of human resources for management and exploitation ofwater source• Propaganda and Community education

14

7

Case study of Tien Giang• Tiền Giang Province is aprovince in the Mekong Delta
region of southern Vietnam.
– Capital: Mỹ Tho– Population: 1,635,700– Area: 2,367 km²

15Case study of Tien Giang
Difficulty and Problems• Half of the land area is exposed to annual floods and the other half
to saline intrusion.
• Traditional sources of domestic water are naturally polluted by
alluvium acidity and salinity• Water related diseases have been very serious• Only about half the urban residents had regular access to pipedwater• Rural residents developed their own water sources by drilling ofwells, but without any resources planning.
• The first real impact was disastrous. The water quality from theshallow wells was so bad that the water was undrinkable.
• Abandoned wells were not closed properly, resulting in aquifer
deterioration that affected a widespread area.
• The limited national and provincial budgets prevented rehabilitationand support to these areas.

168Case study of Tien Giang• The formulation of the National RWSS Strategy (in 1998) provided
a good opportunity for the Province to effect changes. After three
years, TienGiang Province manages both surface and groundwater
resources, ensuring water supply for 50% of rural population. The
Province and the communities worked through self-help.
• Key components of the strategy included:- A participatory approach, throughout project planning andimplementation- Technical support from the provincial government- Appropriate financial policies for poor and difficult areas- Establishment of water user groups, with the legal entity to hold,manages and operates facilities.
- Training and educating for water user groups so that they haveenough ability to make plans choose technology, manage the water
resources and the environment. M
17Case study of Tien Giang• Lessons learned- RWSS is considered as a useful point of departure for poverty
elimination and rural development, and achievements from RWSS
help to motivate other social efforts.
- Information, education and communication (IEC) activities arevery important to all levels including communities, local authorities,
technical and credit agencies.
- Water resources for RWSS are of small quantity and dispersed innature, and mainly related to groundwater, the monitoring of whichis still very weak. Therefore this development must be integrated
within integrated regional and basin planning, thus avoiding
negative impacts to water resources and the environment.

18

9Case study of Tien Giang• Importance of case for IWRM
- The case shows how goodplanning leads to efficient use ofwater resources, and the integrated
approach has led to a harmonious
and equitable share of economic
and social benefits amongcommunities: all people have cleanwater for use and improved theirlife quality by their own
contribution.
- The management of sanitation,
domestic waste and rural waste
production has contributed to goodwater quality and preservation of
eco-systems.

These ideas are embodied in theconcept of integrated water resourcesmanagement (IWRM).
19

Conclusion
Degradation of water resource due to climate change and socioeconomic development is clear and remarkable. Overcoming or
diminishing measures are only effective when they are comprehensive
implementation, unification in action from lower to upper levels, fromraising awareness to specific activities, deeds

2010