別紙様式２
学位論文要旨

所属専攻 環境共生科学専攻
氏 名 Emri Juli Harnis (エムリ ジュリ ハルニス)
論文題目

A Comparative Study on Regulatory Reformand Service Contracts in Public Transport
公共交通機関の規制改革と運行契約のあり方に関する都市間比較研究

要旨
Public transit, as an integral and important component of local transportation systems, plays

a crucial role in meeting the need for transport to community. However, the availability of local
public transport service as necessary is still being a problem in many countries. Among other things
are the inefficiency of service operation, and poor service quality and quantity. The reform of their
public transport sectors is one of significant measures to solve such problems.
Seeing that the regulatory reform is a process of change, it will bring about the institutionalchanges or rule of the game, even in public transport sector. The new institutional setting creates
new roles for all actors. Consequently the functions of each stakeholder would probably bechanged, including the structure of the public transport organization itself. In turn it will imply andinfluence to the way of providing of the public transport services. Thus, it becomes important toorganize it within an efficient manner, in order to provide better service to users.
This paper intends to study the regulatory reform in the provision of local public bus
transport. The discussion is constrained and more focused on the hybrid model, especially service
contracts system, as one of growing trends recently. The experiences of some cities in conducting
their public transport reform are examined as illustration. There are some research approaches
which are conducted to collect data including the statutory system and the current operation of
public bus transport in the cities. They are: the literature reviews concerning regulatory reform in
the provision of public bus transport; some interviews with relevant stakeholders; and paper basedquestionnaire surveys to bus authorities. In addition, the relevant theory of the study is explained inchapter 2.
In the next chapter, the organizing of public bus transport under service contracts system ispresented. This study aims to compare the regulatory reform in the provision of local public bus
transport to withdraw lesson from them. The cases of London and Seoul are examined asillustration in this matter. It is preceded by the explanation of the backgrounds and processes of thereforms which took effect in those cities. This is followed by explaining the new arrangement oforganizational forms of their public bus transport, as a result of the reforms. Then, they arecompared from viewpoints of planning, operation and management system including procurement
and contract systems, and monitoring the service, as some important aspects under service
contracts system. Some merits and demerits of the usage of the service contracts system as they
have been implemented in those cities are presented then.
The processes of changes toward the service contracts system both in London and Seoul
were highly concerned with the underlying acts or regulations. Moreover, the role of competentauthority and the involvement of interested parties become significant in achieving mutual
consensus for the reforms.
After the reform, both London and Seoul control their public bus transport services. Publicauthority or its agency takes active responsibility for planning and leaves the bus service delivery
to some operators under service contract system. In London case, notwithstanding publicly owned
company had been privatization, however the authority still maintains coordinated structure of its
public transport services by managing entire routes network. Meanwhile the change of bus
operation system in Seoul is actually intended to restore public responsibility in controlling theprovision of its public bus services which was weak previously. The Seoul Metropolitan
Government (SMG) as authority retains all routes as well thereafter, although their public bus
services are still operated by private operators. By managing entire routes network, just like inLondon and Seoul, it permits authority to outline service specifications and performance targets.
Thereby it allows for authorities to plan and achieve the goals of the provision of their public bus
transport services easier.
In London, all routes have been put out for competitive tendering system. This is held by its
public functional body, London Bus (LB), which is not only responsible for procuring but alsoplanning and monitoring the service. The while in Seoul, the implementation of competitive
tendering system still limited for trunk lines only, carried out by the team of SMG, and for feeder
lines the bus services are still operated by private companies under permanent contract. Moreover,for the latter, the SMG coordinates routes planning, and bargains cost and transfer with Seoul Bus
Association which represents bus operators. Contracts are awarded under negotiation procurement
and automatically renewed. Operators are paid under standard cost model on the basis of theirrealized cost. It is institutionalizing non competitive supply system. In addition, as the service isleft to the operators, it is important to monitor their performance to ensure the service is delivered
as defined target. There are various monitoring methods which are applying for in London recently
and most manually, whereas in Seoul, the SMG has introduced innovative monitoring system.
Under service contracts system, the availability of an appropriate and systematicorganizational form becomes important. Thereby authority should consider a clear role andfunction of contracting parties in determining planning, operating and management activities, andmonitoring the service. Indeed in applying service contracts system, the solution adopted by one
city cannot be directly transferred to another one. However, it is important to recognize that local
circumstance of an area is different individually. Therefore it should be seen and put in particularsituation of an area in question, including by linking it with policy objectives of the service
provision, as is the case in London and Seoul. The information on service contracts system of theirbest practices should be developed and fitted with real situation by making the best use of theadvantages, things like competitive tendering system, the utilizing of appropriate technology forplanning, managing, and monitoring the service. It is coupled by considering obstacles to efficient
implementation, like institutional capacity, and the availability of reasonably operators as well.
In the fourth chapter, some issues and challenges after privatization of public bus transport inArao City, are presented. This is undertaken by evaluating the current state of the provision of its
public bus transport service, including some challenges under new arrangement of its
organizational form. This is then followed by proposing some strategies to increase the efficiency
of its local public bus transport service.
It is acknowledged that the provision of public bus transport service in Arao city had shown
the increasing of efficiency when privatization took effect. However, its public bus service is still
confronting some challenges, likes the decreasing trend of passenger number still, increasing ofoperating subsidy over the years, and non competitive procurement and contract systems of its
public bus operation. Thus it needs further efforts accordingly.
Several actions and strategies could be implemented to overcome such problems. The
monopoly operating right to provide public bus transport service in Arao city recently which isgranted to the only private company, should be amended by involving some operators. Thus theintroducing of competitive tendering is necessary in the long term. Moreover, the availability of an
appropriate contract, and the regulatory rules of the contracting parties both operator and authority
in the provision of the services, is important as well. Contracts should be designed in such a waythat they effectively put pressure on service suppliers to achieve the required levels of service, andshould be main instrument used to ensure the continuity and stability of services. For better result,it needs to conduct monitoring effectively.
However, the implementation of competitive tendering needs policy support, the availabilityof legal framework prescribed by the rule, institutional capacity, and expected bidders to take partor enter the market. In case of it still faces problems to be realized immediately, as the short termsolution, the current subsidy scheme should be rearranged in order to reduce losses. Thus, theintroducing of a clearer transfer standard becomes of great importance. It could be subject toappropriate benchmark. Key performance indicators in the event of inadequate performance, which
could be in combination with penalties, assist the maintenance of efficient performance. It could
reduce amount of subsidy in the end.