IN COLLABORATIONWITHSUSTAINABILITY
ESSENTIALSA SERIES OF PRACTICAL GUIDESFOR THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENTSPORTS FOR
CLIMATE ACTION

Global Climate Action

SUSTAINABILITY ESSENTIALS
sustainability across the IOC’s three spheresof responsibility:

Sustainability is one of the most pressing
challenges of our time across a wide
spectrum of social, environmental andeconomic matters. Major issues such as
climate change, economic inequality andsocial injustice are affecting people
throughout the world. These are alsopressing concerns for the sports community,
both for managing its day-to-day affairs andfor its responsibilities towards young people
and future generations. We also recognisethat sport has an unrivalled capacity tomotivate and inspire large numbers ofpeople. This is why we believe that the
Olympic Movement has both a duty and an
opportunity to contribute actively to global
sustainability in line with our vision: “Building
a better world through sport”.

• The IOC as an organisation: To embracesustainability principles and to include
sustainability in its day-to-day operations.

• The IOC as owner of the Olympic 		

Games: To take a proactive and leadershiprole on sustainability and ensure that it isincluded in all aspects of the planning andstaging of the Olympic Games.

• The IOC as leader of the Olympic 		

Movement: To engage and assist Olympic
Movement stakeholders in integrating
sustainability within their own organisations
and operations.

It is therefore logical that sustainability forms
one of the key elements of Olympic Agenda
2020, the Olympic Movement’s strategic
roadmap adopted in December 2014.
In particular, this defined our approach to

Following on from Olympic Agenda 2020,
we issued the IOC Sustainability Strategy inJanuary 2017. The Strategy is based on our
three spheres of responsibility and five
focus areas, as illustrated below.

The IOC Sustainability Strategy framework is illustrated below:
Infrastructure and natural sites
Sourcing and resource management

Mobility

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ClimateGlobal Climate Action

The Strategy sets out a number of actions
in our capacity as leader of the Olympic
Movement. Among these is a commitment
to develop common guidelines,
methodologies and tools for National
Olympic Committees (NOCs) andInternational Federations (IFs).
Further information can be found athttps://www.olympic.org/sustainability.

The “Sustainability Essentials” series of guides
is the first concrete outcome of thiscommitment. These guides aim to provide
simple, practical and essential information on
key aspects of sustainability for NOCs and IFs
to be better able to navigate the complexitiesof this subject and develop effective
sustainability programmes. Whether yourorganisation is just starting out, or is alreadyactively engaged in sustainability, we hopethese guides will provide a valuable overview
and reference point for this important topic.

FEEDBACK
We hope that our “Sustainability Essentials” guides will provide a valuable basis for understanding
sustainability. We also know that sustainability is a constantly evolving discipline, with new issues,challenges and opportunities always needing to be addressed. We therefore welcome feedback,comments and suggestions so that we can continually improve our guidance and ensure ourmaterial is as fresh, relevant and accurate as possible. If you have any comments, please contact
us in any language at: sustainability@olympic.org

PRINTING
This document is available only as a downloadable pdf file from the IOC website.
If you need to print a copy, please set your printer to double-sided copying on recycled paper.
Ideally, please also avoid colour printing and copying.
03

Global Climate Action

CONTENTS
Essentials in brief............................................... 6
1. Introduction...................................................... 8
Key terminology explained................................... 11

2. Understanding climate change............. 14
What is climate change?...................................... 16
Climate change and sport................................... 18
Examples of climate impacts on sport......... 19
3. Key steps for climate action.................... 26
Overview.................................................................... 27

4. Measuring carbon emissions.................. 30
Rationale for carbon footprinting....................... 32
Key principles for carbon footprinting.............. 32
Approaches to carbon footprinting................... 33
Defining your scope and allocating
responsibilities......................................................... 35
Data collection......................................................... 38
Calculating your emissions.................................. 39
Interpreting your carbon footprint...................... 40

5. Taking action................................................... 42
Avoiding and reducing GHG emissions........... 43
Substituting: replacing old with new................. 47
Compensating for unavoidable
GHG emissions....................................................... 47
Challenges of proving additionality .............. 49
Carbon offsets in the age of the Paris
Climate Agreement............................................ 49
The DOW climate solutions framework....... 51
Reporting your emissions.................................... 52
6. Adapting to climate impacts................... 54
Adaptation measures for sport events............. 55
Adaptation measures for sport venues
and buildings............................................................ 5604

7. Educate and inspire..................................... 58
Education.................................................................. 59
Inspiration.................................................................. 60
Reducing energy costs for grassroots
sports clubs.......................................................... 61“The most sustainable football clubin the world”......................................................... 62
ONOC Ambassador for climatechange................................................................... 63
Athletes for the Earth......................................... 63
8. Final thoughts and future issues
to consider............................................................. 64

9. Appendices....................................................... 68
Appendix 1: Sports for Climate
Action Framework.................................................. 69
1. Backgound........................................................... 69
1.1 Implications of the Paris Agreement
for the sport sector............................................ 69
1.2 Opportunity for sports sector
to become a climate leader............................. 70
2. Sports for Climate Action Principles............ 71

Principle 1: Undertake systematicefforts to promote greater
environmental responsibility................................ 71
Principle 2: Reduce overall
climate impact......................................................... 72
2.1 Measure and understand.......................... 72
2.2 Take action.................................................... 72
Principle 3: Educate for climate action............. 72
Principle 4: Promote sustainable andresponsible consumption..................................... 72

Principle 5: Advocate for climate action
through communication....................................... 73
3. Modalities of work............................................. 73
3.1 Delivery of Sports for
Climate Action...................................................... 73
4. Sports for Climate Action Declaration......... 75
5. Letter of commitment....................................... 76

Global Climate Action

CONTENTS
Appendix 2: Practical measures forclimate action........................................................... 77
Infrastructure and natural sites........................... 77

Appendix 3: Leading organisations working
in the field of climate science.............................. 90

Managing flood risk............................................ 77
Managing for drought and extreme heat.... 78
Managing coastal erosion................................ 79

Appendix 4: Recommended
further reading......................................................... 93

Minimising GHG emissions throughlandscaping and biodiversity
conservation......................................................... 79
Minimising GHG emissions through venue
siting and design................................................. 79
Green building standards................................. 81

Appendix 5: Leading international carbon
offset initiatives and incentive programmes... 94
United Nations programmes............................... 94
Clean Development
Mechanism offsets............................................. 94
Momentum for Change Initiative.................... 94
Non-State Actor Zone for
Climate Action (NAZCA).................................... 95
Voluntary sector initiatives.................................... 95
Gold Standard..................................................... 95
Verified Carbon Standard................................ 95
Climate, Community &Biodiversity Standards...................................... 96

Minimising carbon emissions throughuse of renewable energy.................................. 81

Minimising carbon emissions throughenergy efficiency................................................. 82
Sourcing and resource management............... 83
Choosing products with low
embodied carbon............................................... 83
Choosing products with low operationalemissions.............................................................. 84
Optimising end-of-life disposal....................... 84

Mobility....................................................................... 85
Low-carbon options for ground-based
travel....................................................................... 85
Options for limiting impacts of air travel....... 86
Sustainable logistics.......................................... 87
Promoting green tourism................................. 87

People.......................................................... 88
Heat stress planning.......................................... 88
Other impacts affecting wellbeingof athletes and workforce................................. 89

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Global Climate Action

ESSENTIALS IN BRIEF

ESSENTIALS IN BRIEF
Climate change is already having a huge
influence on sport across the world. The impactof higher temperatures, more frequent floods,
extended droughts and rising sea levels are
increasingly determining where sport can beplayed, when it can be played and how it canbe played. Playing surfaces are being lost,
playing seasons are changing and the timing
and management of sports events are being
affected. Extreme weather affects sporting
performance and the ability to enjoy sport,
as a player or as a spectator. The disruption
and costs involved pose one of the greatest
threats to the world of sport as we know it.
These impacts are being seen worldwide:
unplayable surfaces for cricket, golf andfootball; heat stress among tennis players;
lack of snow closing winter resorts; biologicalpathogens spreading to new areas anddamaging turfgrass; increased energy bills
for sports venues; water use restrictions
and many more.
Sport is not just a victim of climate change;
it is also a net contributor through greenhousegas (GHG) emissions linked to travel, energy
use and other forms of consumption.

This means that sports organisations have a
responsibility to limit their climate impacts, aswell as take measures to adapt to the impactsof climate change.
It is therefore only right that the sport
community plays an active part in the global
movement to take action on climate change.
This is not just symbolic; sport is uniquelyplaced to use its significant powers ofinspiration and influence to demonstrateleadership and undertake systematic efforts topromote greater environmental responsibility.
In this guide we set out how the world of sport
can reduce its overall climate impact; how it canpromote more sustainable and responsible
consumption and advocate for climate action
through education and communication.
This guide has been created in collaboration
with UN Climate Change (UNFCCC) as ameans to support the Sports for Climate
Action Framework.
The individual positive actions of NOCs, IFs andnumerous sports clubs and facilities around theworld can make a real difference.

SPORT IS NOT JUST A VICTIM OF
CLIMATE CHANGE; IT IS ALSO
A NET CONTRIBUTOR THROUGH
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSLINKED TO TRAVEL, ENERGY USE AND
OTHER FORMS OF CONSUMPTION

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ESSENTIALS IN BRIEF

Global Climate Action

SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION ESSENTIALS IN BRIEF: SUMMARY OF KEY STEPS

1. MEASURE AND UNDERSTAND: KNOW WHERE YOU STAND

Establish a reference (baseline) carbon footprint to identify yourorganisation’s current levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
and understand how you can take effective action.

2. TAKE ACTION

Avoid: choose not to do something
Prioritise opportunities to avoid carbon emissions.
Reduce: choose to do less
Optimise resource-efficiency in energy use, transport,materials and work practices in order to reduce yourcarbon footprint.
Substitute: do the same but with “cleaner”
processes/equipment
Introduce renewable energy and lower-carbon
technologies in place of older more carbon-intensive
energy sources and equipment.
Compensate: do good elsewhere to balance yourunavoidable GHG emissions
Implement measures to deal with residual or unavoidable
emissions and promote behaviour change.
Report: account for your GHG emissions and show
progress towards carbon neutrality
Publish results of your actions and share lessons learned.

3. EDUCATE AND INSPIRE

Inform your stakeholders about your climate action initiatives andencourage them to take action themselves.

07

INTRODUCTION

1INTRODUCTION

08

INTRODUCTION

Global Climate Action

INTRODUCTION
This guide to Climate Action is part of our“Sustainability Essentials” series. Our aim here
is to provide a general understanding of theissues related to climate change and managing
your carbon (or greenhouse gas/GHG)
emissions. We examine what this means, why
it is important, how it relates to sport and what
your organisation can do to address climatechange. In addition, we look at climate
adaptation measures that organisations
increasingly need to adopt in order to continue
their day-to-day activities in the face of more
extreme and variable weather patterns.
We have compiled this general overview ofclimate change and carbon management,
as we believe it is essential for all sports
organisations to have a basic understandingof how these issues are relevant to sport andhow to ensure carbon management is an
integral part of your sustainability programme.

Please note that this is a complex, technicalsubject and it is not possible in a simple guideto provide a comprehensive account of all theissues and practical measures applicable at thedifferent levels from small organisations andgrassroots facilities to major clubs, venues andevents. What we hope is that this guide will
provide you with sufficient understanding of thesubject, ideas for getting started in addressing
climate impacts, and where you will need tobring in expert support.
The structure of our approach derives from the
IOC Sustainability Strategy, in which “climate”
is a specific theme. The practical guidance
given in Appendix 1 looks at specific ways inwhich carbon management relates to each of
the focus areas highlighted in the Strategy.

“Imagine harnessing the passion, the striving for excellence and all the noble principles
of healthy fair play and competition into the challenge of climate change. I applaud theInternational Olympic Committee for taking steps to do just that, with this publication on‘Sports for Climate Action’, part of the ‘Sustainability Essentials’ series of guidebooks for
National Olympic Committees and International Federations.
UN Climate Change is so pleased to have contributed to the preparation of this publication.
By measuring their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing them as much as possible
and then looking for ways to compensate for unavoidable emissions, by funding green
projects, sports bodies can make a real contribution to the sustainability of our planet.
They can do even more, much more, if they engage athletes and sports fans in this effort.
Sport has such a strong, positive influence on our societies. Imagine all athletes, players andtheir inspired supporters demanding a healthy planet, with wellbeing a possibility for all. Thatis our dream, and I again applaud the IOC for taking practical steps to make that dream a
reality. What’s more, I offer continuing support from UN Climate Change to mobilise sport
around the world to take action for a sustainable future.”
Niclas Svenningsen
Manager Global Climate Action, UN Climate Change

09Global Climate Action

INTRODUCTION

IOC SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY FOCUS AREA ON CLIMATEThe IOC’s Sustainability Strategy, issued
in January 2017, highlights Climate as
one of five focus areas. This refers to the
management of direct and indirect greenhousegas (GHG) emissions associated with theOlympic Movement’s activities, and adaptation
to the consequences of climate change.
Within this focus area, the Strategy sets
out two strategic intents for 2030:• Effective carbon reduction strategies
are in place for operations and events,
and are aligned with the objectives of
the Paris Agreement on climate change.
• Adaptation to the consequences ofclimate change is taken into accountin the planning of sports facilities
and events.

This guide has been created as a means to support the Sports for Climate Action Framework,
as seen in Appendix 1.

SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTIONThe United Nations is a strong advocate
for the role of sport in sustainable
development. More specifically, UN
Climate Change (UNFCCC) has createda framework, “Sports for Climate Action”,
to inspire and encourage all sports
organisations to play a winning role inachieving global climate action goals.

• Principle 1: Undertake systematic efforts topromote greater environmental responsibility.
• Principle 2: Reduce overall climate impact.
• Principle 3: Educate for climate action.
• Principle 4: Promote sustainable andresponsible consumption.
• Principle 5: Advocate for climate action
through communication.

The aim is for sports organisations and theirstakeholders to work together to achieve
the net-zero emission economy of 2050 that
global leaders agreed at COP 21 in Paris in
December 2015. Sports for Climate Action
sets out a cooperative framework toenhance existing commitments and drive
new initiatives. The framework is basedaround five main principles:Sports organisations are invited to sign up
to the Sports for Climate Action principles,regardless of the current stage in theirsustainability endeavours, and to work
collaboratively to identify and highlight
climate solutions.
This IOC guide on “Sports for Climate
Action” explains how to understand andreduce your overall climate impacts, andhelp you work towards the Sports for
Climate Action principles.

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Sports_for_Climate_Action_Declaration_and_
Framework.pdf

10INTRODUCTION

KEY TERMINOLOGY EXPLAINED
There is a wealth of technical terminology
associated with climate science and carbon
management. In this guide we have used
terms such as “carbon footprint”, “carbon
management/mitigation” and “carbon offset”,
as these are the most commonly used andknown terms.

Global Climate Action

However, technically it would be moreaccurate to say GHG instead of carbon.
The following table provides simple
explanations for some of the mostcommon and relevant terms in use.
They are presented in alphabetical order.

Key terminology explained

Carbon budget

Carbon emissions

Carbon Dioxide
equivalent(CO2eq)

Carbon footprint

A carbon budget is the cumulative amount of carbon dioxide emissions permitted over a periodof time to keep within a certain temperature threshold. At a global level, the carbon budget isthe estimated amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted while still having a chance oflimiting global temperatures rises to within 2ºC above pre-industrial levels. At national,
regional, city and corporate levels, investors and policymakers are increasingly turning tocarbon budgets as a core component for analysing the potential implications of their choices
in a carbon-constrained future.
The burning of fossil fuels such as gas, coal or oil, causes carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released(emitted) into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas (GHG), (see p13) as it traps
heat in the atmosphere.
Typical sources of such carbon emissions come from energy production to provide power,
heating and cooling; using fuel in vehicles and machinery, and in the process of creating food,products and services for our consumption.
Different greenhouse gases (GHGs) have specific heat trapping properties. For example,
methane (CH4) has 20 times higher level impact of heating the atmosphere (known as global
warming potential) than carbon dioxide, so that the emission of one tonne of methane has thesame impact as the emission of 20 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Other GHGs (see p13) have evenhigher warming potentials. To avoid having to use different units for different GHGs, the termcarbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq) is used as a common unit to describe the climate impact of
any GHG. For example, 20 CO2eq is used to describe the emissions of 20 tonnes of carbon
dioxide but can also be used to describe the emission of 1 tonne of methane.
This is a quantitative measure of the amount of carbon emissions attributable to a given
organisation, activity (e.g. a sport event) or product. Carbon footprints can be measured atwidely different scales, such as for an individual (e.g. one’s personal annual carbon footprintlies typically in the range 1-20 tonnes CO2eq) all the way to a whole city, region or country,
which typically range in the millions of tonnes of CO2eq.
The term carbon footprint is common currency but strictly speaking it is a measure ofa basket of GHG emissions expressed in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2eq).
Therefore, a more accurate (but less widely understood) term would be “GHG inventory”.
Carbon footprint is in this report also synonymous with the term “climate footprint”.
11Global Climate Action

INTRODUCTION

Key terminology explained

Carbon sink

Processes that add extra carbon to the atmosphere are known as sources, and processes thattake CO2 from the atmosphere and store it are known as carbon sinks. The main naturalcarbon sinks are plants, the ocean and soil. Plants remove carbon dioxide from theatmosphere through photosynthesis and store it as glucose. Some of this carbon is transferred
to soil as plants die and decompose. It is the role of the whole forest ecosystem that acts as
a carbon sink. The oceans are also a major carbon storage system for carbon dioxide.
Deforestation and degradation of forest and other natural ecosystems through human activities
is turning some carbon sinks into net carbon sources.

Climate footprint

See carbon footprint, previous page.

Direct emissions

Emissions resulting from fuel combustion in owned machines, devices and vehicles(Referred to as ‘Scope 1’ in the GHG Protocol).

Embodied carbon

Emission factor

Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emissions (expressed as CO2e or CO2eq) emitted
through the processes of extraction, refining, production, transporting and fabrication of amaterial or product. The concept is particularly used in the construction industry. Typically,
embodied carbon makes up a significant proportion of the overall carbon emissions associatedwith a sports building, even when lifetime operational carbon emissions are included.
Thus, while in normal residential and office buildings the operational emissions can be morethan 80 per cent of the total GHG emissions, in sports stadiums this may not be the case as
embodied carbon can exceed the operational footprint due to the limited use the facilities getover their lifetime. Hence energy efficiency is less effective in stadiums than, for example,
measure that extend their useful life or that ensure the capacity is not oversized.
The use of emission (or conversion) factors allows organisations and individuals to calculate
carbon emissions from a range of activities, including energy use, water consumption, andtransport activities. For instance, a conversion factor can be used to calculate the amount ofcarbon emitted as a result of burning a particular quantity of oil in a heating boiler.
Emission factors can be found in various national databases and bespoke databases developedby technical specialists. A list of databases is available on the GHG Protocol website:
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/life-cycle-databases.

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Global Climate Action

Key terminology explained

Greenhousegases (GHGs)

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases (GHGs). They play a vitalrole in maintaining global temperatures within a range suitable for life. However, naturally
occurring GHG concentrations are being supplemented by additional gas emissions fromhuman activities, causing global warming. The main GHGs and their manmade origins are:• Carbon dioxide (CO2) – Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels(coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result ofcertain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement).
• Methane (CH4 ) – Methane is emitted during the production of coal, natural gas, and oil.
Methane emissions also result from livestock raising and other agricultural practices and by
the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
• Nitrous oxide (N20) – Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities,
as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
• Fluorinated gases – Fluorinated gases are used inside of products like refrigerators, airconditioners, foams and aerosol cans. Emissions from these products are caused by gas
leakage during the manufacturing process as well as throughout the product’s life.
Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride aresynthetic, powerful GHGs that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. These gases
are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent GHGs, they aresometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential (GWP) gases.
Although there are a number of GHGs, it is common practice to shorthand these into carbon
emissions. Carbon footprints are usually expressed as tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent(tCO2eq) to reflect the contribution of different GHGs.

Greenhouse Gas
Inventory

Greenhouse Gas(GHG) Protocol

See carbon footprint (p11)
The GHG Protocol provides accounting and reporting standards, sector guidance, calculation
tools, and training for business and government. It establishes a comprehensive, global,
standardised framework for measuring and managing emissions from private and public sector
operations, value chains, products, cities, and policies.
Good practice in measuring one’s carbon footprint is to follow GHG Protocol guidance.
For more information see: http://www.ghgprotocol.org

Indirect emissions

Emissions resulting from purchasing energy, in particular electricity, steam, heat or cooling(Referred to as ‘Scope 2’ in the GHG Protocol).
Indirect emissions also come from activities such as travel and from the provision of goods andservices that your organisation has procured (Referred to as ‘Scope 3’ in the GHG Protocol).

Science-basedtargets

Carbon reduction targets aligned with global decarbonisation goals aimed at keeping global
average temperature increases below 2ºC above pre-industrial levels.

The Paris
Agreement

The Paris Agreement is a global agreement adopted in Paris in 2015, whereby all 197 Parties
to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), committed toundertake action to keep the global average temperatures well below 2.0 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels. This is to say that the world needs to become climate neutral (zeronet emissions) by 2050 (see box on page 17 for further details).
13

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

2

UNDERSTANDING
CLIMATE CHANGE

14

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Global Climate Action

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE
There is no more pressing issue in the world
today than climate change. The Earth’s
physical and biological systems are under
unprecedented stress.

as 2030, precipitating the risk of extreme
drought, wildfires, floods and food shortages
for hundreds of millions of people.

Even before the landmark Paris Agreement of2015 has come into force (its implementation
period is from 2020), experts are now urging
global leaders to be more aggressive ontimelines and emission reduction targets. The
original 2ºC limit on global temperature rise isalready recognised to be insufficient, and theconsensus is toward the more challenging
target of 1.5ºC.

Many low-lying countries and small island states
face existential threats from rising sea levels andmajor flooding. In contrast, other countries are
suffering from increasing desertification andprolonged droughts, leading to acute shortagesof food and water for crop irrigation and drinking.
In turn these impacts exacerbate poverty, hunger
and inequalities among peoples, which canlead to displacement, migration of refugees andeven conflicts.

This urgency for stronger climate action
was highlighted in October 2018 by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), the world’s foremost collection ofclimate scientists, in its “Special Report on
Global Warming of 1.5°C” approved bygovernments. The report states that the planet
will reach the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees
Celsius above pre-industrial levels by as early

Nature does not discriminate but the impacts ofclimate change are most severely felt by poorer
countries and communities. For many, reducing
climate change impacts is a critical matter ofsurvival. However, it is a global phenomenonand even in the prosperous developed world,
there are significant impacts due to climatechange that are affecting people’s homes,
businesses and livelihoods.

THE ORIGINAL 2ºC LIMIT ON GLOBALTEMPERATURE RISE IS ALREADY
RECOGNISED TO BE INSUFFICIENT, AND
THE CONSENSUS IS TOWARD THE MORE
CHALLENGING TARGET OF 1.5ºC

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Global Climate Action

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
Climate change is a large-scale, long-term shift
in the planet's weather patterns and averagetemperatures. Throughout geological history
there have been tropical periods and ice ages,
so climate change has been a continual,
but usually gradual feature for all of timeon earth.
Since the last ice age, which ended about
11,000 years ago, Earth’s climate has been
relatively stable at about 14°C. However, withthe start of the Industrial Revolution, the global
average temperature has been steadily
increasing. Compared with climate change
patterns throughout Earth’s history, the rate of
temperature rise since the Industrial Revolution
is extremely high.
There is global scientific consensus that thesemodern temperature rises derive in large part(if not entirely) from human activities, notably
the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas),
which emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide,

methane and nitrous oxide in particular) that
accumulate in the atmosphere, where they trap
heat, thereby creating the warming effect. Thisis exacerbated by the destruction of rain forestsand other vegetation that naturally serve as
carbon reservoirs, or “sinks”.
Climate change is not simply a matter ofwarmer average temperatures. The atmosphericpollution caused by greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions is disrupting global weather patterns.
In fact a better term would be “climate chaos”,
as this would reflect the increasingly
unpredictable and extreme nature of weather
events being experienced in recent times –floods, storms, droughts, heatwaves, extended
winter freezes etc.
International protocols (see box on Paris
Agreement, p17) aim to curb GHG emissions
in order to limit the average global temperaturerise. This is why there is so much emphasis
from governments, cities and corporations
on cutting carbon emissions and developing
clean technologies.

Global Mean Surface Temperature (January-June)
2016

Temperature Anomaly (ºC)

1ºC above late 19th Century

NASA GISTEMP Baseline: 1880-1899
1880

1900

1920

1940

1960
Year

Source: NASA
16

1980

2000

2020

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Global Climate Action

PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT
Concluded in December 2015 at the COP 21
Summit1, the Paris Climate Agreement is theworld’s first comprehensive climate agreement.
It came into force on 4 November 2016. It deals
with measures to limit greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, mitigate and adapt to the impactsof climate change and establish new financing
mechanisms, starting in 2020.
The central aim of the Paris Agreement
is to hold the increase in global averagetemperature to well below 2ºC above preindustrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit
the temperature increase to 1.5ºC, as thiswould significantly reduce the risks andimpacts of climate change.
Recognising, however, that impacts of climatechange are already occurring and cannot bereversed instantly, the Paris Agreement alsoprioritises increasing the ability to adapt to theadverse impacts of climate change and foster
climate resilience, as well as reduce GHG
emissions. Emphasis is given to the need toincrease adaptation support to parties mostvulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
including Least Developed Countries and Small
Island Developing States.

As of November 2018, 180 out of the 197
parties to the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have ratified
the Agreement. Collectively, these parties
account for over 90 per cent of global
GHG emissions.
A UN Environment Report concludes that
the Nationally Determined Contributions2 thatform the foundation of the Paris Agreement
cover only approximately one third of theemissions reductions needed to be ona pathway for the goal of staying well below
2°C. The “gap” between the reductions of
GHG emissions that the world needs and thepledges made by governments in Paris isalarmingly high. If the emissions gap is not
closed by 2030, it will become unlikely thatthe goal of holding global warming to well
below 2°C can still be reached3.
This is why urgent action by everyone,
including state and non-state actors toenhance climate action is critical. To achieve
climate neutrality, we must all do our part to
reduce emissions caused as a result of ouroperations as much as possible, and thentake the additional step to offset theremaining emissions, which cannot
be reduced.

COP 21: This was the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference, literally the “Convention of Parties” to the
UNFCCC. The IOC participated at COP 21 and in particular at the Climate Summit for Local Leaders, one of a numberof complementary events taking place in parallel as part of the COP 21. At this event the IOC President, Thomas Bach,addressed an audience of over 1,000 city mayors on the theme of how the Olympic Games can be a catalyst forsustainable development of cities.

1

Nationally Determined Contribution’s (NDCs) are pledges made by countries to describe how are they going to
implement the goals of the Paris Agreement, namely transition to a zero-carbon economy by 2050.

2

3UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018. https://unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-201817

Global Climate Action

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE AND SPORTSport is being affected by climate-relatedchanges in weather patterns across the world.
The types of impacts include the following:• damage to playing surfaces due to extreme
temperatures, extended periods of drought,
flooding, and/or pest species extending theirnatural range;• damage to buildings and other infrastructure
due to violent storms;• coastal erosion and sea level rise directly
affecting sport properties in seaside areas;• warmer winters and lack of natural snow
threatening ski resorts at lower altitudes;• unseasonal rainfall forcing cancellation or
abandonment of sport matches;• heat waves forcing changes to timing ofsport events;• increased injuries to players from heatexhaustion and impact injuries from harder
playing surfaces;• more potentially harmful algal blooms limiting
direct contact outdoor water sports;• sub-standard fan experience where hightemperatures create potential health risks anddetract from the enjoyment of the event; and• climate adaption measures being required in
the design of new or refurbished sport venues.

18

All these impacts have potentially significant
financial repercussions in addition to their
physical and logistical impacts. These are notprojections; they are all real impacts that have
happened and continue to happen acrosssports and throughout the world.
The financial impacts relate to increased
maintenance costs of sports grounds (such as
through increased cost of alternative watersupplies and more frequent monitoring andreporting requirements), revenue losses throughlost playing time and associated sales of foodand beverage and merchandise, increases toinsurance premiums and additional materials
and equipment to ensure suitable levels ofcomfort and wellbeing for players, the workforce
and spectators.
With more extreme heat, changes in rainfall andmore intense storms, there are questions about
just how far to push players in elite and local
sport, and whether the way some sports areplayed, or watched, is safe or sustainable. Elite
venues are improving resilience but many local
clubs and facilities, the lifeblood of sport, arestruggling. In areas where days over 35ºC
multiply, having effective heat policies could
ultimately be a matter of life or death. Industrial
relations disputes over working conditions arealso likely to increase as a consequence. The
sport sector may need to learn from policies
evolving in other outdoor industries. Summer
daytime events will increasingly have to berescheduled to the evening. There will be more
funding demands for sports field lighting and air
conditioned indoor facilities and greater financial
stress on poorer clubs due to the cost of nighttime events.

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

This means that climate change issues are notsimply technical problems to be dealt with bypractical management measures, but that they
are central to future sport policy. Decisions onawarding events and even the sport calendar will
have to consider climate impacts and these will
have knock-on effects on broadcastingschedules, overlapping of major events, athlete
training and preparation seasons and how
people watch and participate in sport.
It is not the place of this guide to discuss orrecommend policy formulation, but it is clear
from the above and the accompanying
examples, that the sport sector needs to takeclimate change issues extremely seriously andto be an active player in this field. Given its
popularity and high profile, the sport sector
has a huge opportunity to showcase practicalmeasures to address climate impacts and to
be a leading voice in efforts to support the
UN Sustainable Development Goal number
13 (combatting climate change) and theimplementation of the Paris Climate Agreement.
The individual positive actions of NOCs, IFs
and numerous sports clubs and facilities
around the world will be both a real contribution

Global Climate Action

to combatting climate change, and evidence tosupport the global campaign. The multiple effectof numerous local, small-scale actions can add
up to a significant effort, and this is where wehope this guide will be of use.
Examples of climate impacts on sport
Even in mild temperate regions impacts
associated with climate change are having
significant impacts on sport. In the United
Kingdom (UK) this has been observed acrossthree long-standing, traditional sports: golf,
football and cricket. While the British weather
is notoriously changeable, it has always been
within limits that have enabled these sports tooriginate and develop their particular character.
The effect of climate change is in stretchingthese limits and introducing greater variability
and wider extremes of temperature and rainfall.
These impacts are particularly affecting theviability of grassroots sport, through lost revenue
and higher maintenance costs, but are also
affecting professional clubs and events. The
following examples are drawn from a 2018
report published by the Climate Coalition:“Game Changer: how climate change is
impacting sports in the UK”.

GIVEN ITS POPULARITY AND HIGH PROFILE,
THE SPORT SECTOR HAS A HUGE OPPORTUNITY
TO SHOWCASE PRACTICAL MEASURESTO ADDRESS CLIMATE IMPACTS

19

Global Climate Action

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Golf
Sea-level rise poses the greatest long-term
threat to golf in the UK. More than one in six of
Scotland’s 600 golf courses are located on the
coast and many of these are being impacted bycoastal erosion.

CricketOf all the major pitch sports, cricket will behardest hit by climate change. Traditionally,
cricket is defined almost entirely by climaticconditions. If they change, so does the essenceof the game.

Inland, the effects of climate change are resulting
in unexpected periods of course closures, evenduring summer, with disruption seen to some
professional tournaments. Other signs are
increasing prevalence and different timings ofoutbreaks of turfgrass diseases and pests,
which add cost to course maintenance andaffect playability.

Climate change will amplify these changes.
Anticipated impacts will include changes tosoil-moisture levels, while higher temperatures
will bring drier air, then drier pitches and a drieroutfield, changing all features of the game.

The disruption caused by increased rainfall andextreme weather has seen more courses closed
more often and for longer periods of time:for example, the years 2016/17 saw as muchas 20 per cent less playing time at courses
across the Greater Glasgow area than adecade previously.
Football
The most recent comprehensive survey ofgrassroots football found that, on average, clubs
lose five weeks every season due to bad
weather – with more than a third losing between
two and three months. Extreme weather events
caused the cancellation of 25 Football League
fixtures during the 2015-16 season.
In response to major floods in 2015-16, theFootball Association (FA), the Premier League
and Sport England made £750,000 (USD 1.13m)
available to support affected clubs. Longer term,
the FA plans to invest £48m (USD 63m) in
hundreds of new all-weather and specially
adapted turf pitches across the country,
including new dedicated facilities in 30 cities,
in addition to upgrading more than 200 existing
pitches nationwide.

20

The rate of rain-affected matches has more thandoubled since 2011; 5 per cent of matches duringthat time have been abandoned completely. Wet
weather has caused a significant loss of fixtures
every year in the last five at recreational level andsignificant flooding in six of the last 10 years.
Supporting clubs to get back on their feet andrestore their facilities cost the English Cricket
Board (ECB) £1m (USD 1.35m) in emergency
grants during 2016 and £1.6m (USD 2.1m) in
2017. This trend has forced the governing bodyto set aside £2.5m (USD 3.25m) a year for small
grants to help recreational clubs keep the gameon. The ECB is also conducting research toidentify flood risk, and producing guidance forclubs on climate-related risks.

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Ski and Snowboard
In Scotland, continuous decreases in snow
cover have been observed over the last 40 years
and this is having significant impact on the ski
industry there. Already the major resorts areheavily dependent on artificial snowmaking,while meteorological predictions indicate that theentire Scottish ski industry could be lost due toclimate change within 50 years.
In continental Europe there are concerns
particularly for ski resorts below 1,000 metres
altitude. As temperature increase the snowline
elevation will rise: an increase of 1ºC will lift thesnowline by 150m. As a result, less snow willaccumulate at low elevations and the ski season
may start up to a month later and finish up to
three months earlier. On current trends, nearly
half of all ski resorts in Switzerland, and evenmore in Germany, Austria and the Pyrenees, will
face difficulties in attracting tourists and wintersport enthusiasts in the future.

Global Climate ActionMore and more winter resorts have turned tousing artificial snow. However, this will increase
the climate impact because of additionalenergy consumption.
Tourism of any kind is extremely weathersensitive, and weather variability will havea significant impact on the ski tourism industry:
while warmer weather and less snow can be
expected across the whole season, the lossof guaranteed good snow at particular timesof year is just as significant. A further 2ºC
increase in temperature could severely impact
the Alpine tourism industry, with predicted lossesof up to 10.1 million overnight stays across thewinter season, due to variable weather
conditions and a lack of certainty aroundgood skiing conditions.

This is not a linear trend and some years may
still produce “good snow” at the “right time”.
However, the overall trend is towards warmer
winter temperatures and less snow, making thesituation unreliable for tourism business.

A FURTHER 2ºC INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
COULD SEVERELY IMPACT THE ALPINE TOURISM
INDUSTRY, WITH PREDICTED LOSSES OF UP
TO 10.1 MILLION OVERNIGHT STAYSACROSS THE WINTER SEASON

21

Global Climate Action

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change: the challenges for sport

SKI AND SNOWBOARD

FOOTBALL

Challenges

Challenges

Temperature increases

Extreme weather events

Decreased snow cover

Bad weather

Weather variability

Floods

Impacts• Decrease in snow cover means Scottish ski
industry could be lost within 50 years• In continental Europe, ski resorts below
1,000-metre altitude at risk; increase of 1ºC
will lift snowline by 150m.
• Less snow on low elevations will delay andshorten ski seasons• 2ºC increase could severely impact Alpine
tourism industry; predicted losses of up to
10.1 million overnight stays due to uncertain
weather conditions

22

Impacts• Grassroots football clubs in UK lose 5
weeks every season due to bad weather• Over 1/3 of clubs lose between 2-3 months• 25 Football league fixtures cancelledduring 2015-16 season due to extreme
weather events

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Global Climate Action

Climate change: the challenges for sport

GOLF

CRICKET

Challenges

Challenges

Extreme weather events

Higher temperatures

Increased rainfall
Rainfall

Rising sea levels
Flooding
Coastal erosion

Impacts• 1/6 (100) of Scotland’s golf courses are
threatened by coastal erosion• Instances of pests and disease outbreaks
lead to inland course closures• 20% less playing time at courses acrossGreater Glasgow due to excessive rainfall

Impacts• Pitch sport that is hardest hit byclimate change• Rain-affected matches in UK have doubled
since 2011, with 5% abandoned completely• Significant flooding in 6 out of the last
10 years• Additional maintenance costs• Course closures for more frequent andlonger periods of time

• Changes to soil moisture levels anddryness of air, pitches and outfield willalter all features of game23

Global Climate Action

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Cricket: Indian Premier League (IPL)
In 2016 the High Court in Mumbai orderedseveral IPL matches to be moved due to drought
conditions and restrictions on water use in thestate of Maharashtra. Parts of Maharashtra wereenduring one of the worst droughts in the region
for over 100 years and there was growing publicconcern over the lack of water in many parts ofthe state following two successive years ofdrought and crop failures. The court dismissed
arguments that treated sewage could be used toprepare pitches. The decision meant 13 matches
scheduled to be held in the cities of Mumbai,
Pune and Nagpur had to be moved. Although
the IPL attracts some of the world’s top players
and is one of the richest cricket leagues in theworld, this case shows that despite its wealthand popularity, even top-level professional sport
can be at the mercy of changing weather
patterns due to climate change.
Source:http://sport360.com/article/cricket/ipl/174819/
court-orders-ipl-to-move-matches-due-tomaharashtra-drought
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asiaindia-36038026
Sport in Australia
A report by the Australia-based Climate Institute(now disbanded) in 2015, highlighted howchange and extreme weather events threaten
the viability of much of Australian sport as it iscurrently played, either in the back yard, at local
grounds, or in professional tournaments.
Football, cricket, tennis and other sports werenoted to be struggling to adapt to, or prepare for,the impacts of climate change.

• During the 2014 Australian Tennis Open,
athletes, ball kids and spectators collapsed.
Over 1,000 fans had to be treated for heatexhaustion.
• In 2007, more than half of rural Victoria’s
community sporting leagues delayed or
shortened their season due to drought.
• Nearly two-thirds of surf lifesaving clubs arelocated on unstable shorelines.
Source:http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/sport-andclimate.html
Sport in South Africa
In 2018, Cape Province in South Africa wasexperiencing its third consecutive year of
drought. Despite several advanced water
conservation strategies, the water supplies toCape Town were reaching critical levels and thishad significant impacts on the sport sector.
Thirteen of the city’s soccer venues were forced
to close in an effort to conserve water. Cricket
was also affected, with many local matches
cancelled. The Western Province Rugby Union
made the unprecedented decision to delay thestart of its season, which normally takes place inApril, until at least June. Various fields around theCape Peninsula and beyond were in extremely
poor condition and this was badly affecting
many underprivileged community clubs on theCape Flats.
The Two Oceans Marathon, which attracts
30,000 runners, had to introduce emergency
water-saving measures, including for the firsttime ever, not providing any shower facilities at
the finish line.
Source: https://www.greenbiz.com/article/
cape-town-sports-are-hit-hard-its-water-crisis

24

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE

Global Climate Action

Impacts of climate change on sporting events around the world

Maharashtra, India

100

2

13

years sincedroughts ofequivalentmagnitude (2016)

successive years ofdrought and crop
failure (2016)

scheduled cricket
matches moved
from Mumbai, Pune
and Nagpur (2016)

1,000

50%+

2/3

fans treated for heatexhaustion during
2014 Australian
Tennis Openof rural leagues
delayed or
shortened theirseason in 2017of surf lifesavingclubs are locatedon unstable
shorelines

3rd

330,000consecutive yearof drought (2018)

football venues
closed in 2018 toconserve waterrunners without
shower facilities

Victoria, Australia

Cape Province, South Africa

25

KEY STEPS FOR CLIMATE ACTION

3

KEY STEPSFOR CLIMATEACTION26

KEY STEPS FOR CLIMATE ACTION

Global Climate Action

KEY STEPS FOR CLIMATE ACTIONOVERVIEW
No matter what size organisation or sporting
event, there is a series of key steps that
represent best practice in taking action tominimise and eventually neutralise yourclimate impacts.
1. Measure and understandThe starting point should be to gather
information on your current activities to enable
you to calculate a baseline carbon footprint.
This provides a robust, quantitative measure ofyour organisation’s (or event’s) greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions.
This measurement is necessary to evaluate
the overall climate impacts of the organisationor project, and to understand which activities
contribute most to these impacts, which
activities contribute less, and whichparameters influence the impacts of thesedifferent activities.
Understanding the most significant impacts isessential for guiding decision-makers to takeactions that will reduce your GHG emissions.

The top priority should be to focus on activities
that have the highest contribution to the carbon
footprint. The potential effectiveness of
reduction measures can also be assessed
through the same methods used to calculate
your baseline carbon footprint. This will help
you to select the most cost-effective actions
with the highest reduction potential.
2. Take Action
Actions to mitigate your climate impacts should
follow a hierarchal approach:• Avoid – actions designed to eliminate GHG
emissions occurring in the first place. Thismeans not doing something: for example notprinting hard copies of a document.
• Reduce – actions designed to lower the impactof your current activities. This is generallyachieved by doing less of something and byusing fewer resources.
• Substitute/replace – actions designed to
improve efficiency. This may be achieved byswitching to more efficient and “cleaner”
equipment, fuels, materials or processes.

WHILE ALL EFFORTS TO MITIGATE CARBON
EMISSIONS ARE GOOD, IT IS BEST TO TAKE
A MORE STRATEGIC AND HIERARCHICALAPPROACH IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE
GREATEST POSITIVE IMPACT
27

Global Climate Action

KEY STEPS FOR CLIMATE ACTION• Compensate – actions designed tocompensate for some or all of your remaining,
unavoidable impacts; this may include
conventional “offsetting” schemes, but canalso involve other initiatives that achieve
net carbon benefits and even behaviouralchange campaigns.
• Report – provide a credible account of yourcarbon footprint and the climate actions you
have undertaken in order to share knowledge
and lessons learned. A carbon footprint can beused for communicating a sustainability plan
based on solid metrics. Further, it can be used
to assess and communicate the success of anaction plan or to report the evolution of yourGHG emissions over time.

3.Educate and inspire
By communicating your efforts, both internallyand externally, you will contribute to overall
efforts to raise awareness about sustainability.
Many organisations and events already
implement actions to reduce their GHG
emissions and to compensate some or all of
the emissions due to specific activities. Usually,
however, these initiatives are ad hoc and notbased on a full understanding of which climate
actions are the most effective to undertake.
While all efforts to mitigate carbon emissions
are good, it is best to take a more strategic andhierarchical approach as outlined above inorder to achieve the greatest positive impact inthe most efficient and cost-effective manner.

BY COMMUNICATING YOUR EFFORTS,
BOTH INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY,YOU WILL CONTRIBUTE TOOVERALL EFFORTS TO RAISE
AWARENESS ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY

28

KEY STEPS FOR CLIMATE ACTION

Global Climate Action

Sports for Climate Action Essentials in brief – summary of key steps

1. MEASURE AND UNDERSTAND: KNOW WHERE YOU STAND

Establish a reference (baseline) carbon footprint to identify yourorganisation’s current levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
and understand how you can take effective action.

2. TAKE ACTION

Avoid: choose not to do something
Prioritise opportunities to avoid carbon emissions.
Reduce: choose to do less
Optimise resource efficiency in energy use, transport,materials and work practices in order to reduce yourcarbon footprint.
Substitute: do the same but with “cleaner”
processes/equipment
Introduce renewable energy and lower-carbon
technologies in place of older more carbon-intensive
energy sources and equipment.
Compensate: do good elsewhere to balance yourunavoidable GHG emissions
Implement measures to deal with residual or unavoidable
emissions and promote behaviour change.
Report: account for your GHG emissions and show
progress towards carbon neutrality
Publish results of your actions and share lessons learned.

3. EDUCATE AND INSPIRE

Inform your stakeholders about your climate action initiatives andencourage them to take action themselves.

29

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS

4MEASURINGCARBONEMISSIONS

30

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS

Global Climate Action

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONSThe starting point should be to calculate your organisation’s carbon footprint. This is useful for
providing a baseline of your current situation and will help you to identify in a more precise way
priority areas on which to focus efforts to reduce your climate impact.

GREENHOUSE GASESThe term “carbon footprint’’ can be misleading,as a proper carbon footprint includes gases
other than carbon dioxide, including somegases that do not contain any carbon atoms.
These are greenhouse gases (GHGs), so-called
because of their role in absorbing and emitting
thermal radiation in the atmosphere. A morecorrect term is “GHG inventory”, or “climate
footprint”. The list of GHGs is provided by the
IPCC Fifth assessment report.
Most GHGs are naturally present in theatmosphere but their concentrations haveincreased since the Industrial Revolution
through man-made processes, to levels
threatening the stability of climate patterns,
hence the common terms “global warming”
and “climate change”. The main source ofemissions is the combustion of fossil fuels (oil,coal and natural gas) and use of refrigerants.
Agriculture and deforestation are also
important sources.
Each GHG is characterised byits global warming potential (GWP), which isdetermined by the greenhouse effect andits lifetime in the atmosphere.

Since carbon dioxide (CO2) is by far themain contributor to global warming – about
75 per cent – the global warming potentialof GHGs are measured relative to the massof CO2, and are thus expressed as CO2
equivalent (CO2eq).
The most common anthropogenic
GHGs are:• Carbon dioxide, CO2• Methane, CH4• Nitrous oxide, N2O• Sulphur hexafluoride, SF6• Other artificial gas, CHCs, PFCs, HCFC,(typically used for cooling systems)
A carbon footprint should be calculated,when possible, based on all GHGs listed by
the IPCC. However, for the sake ofpragmatism and as carbon footprint tools
and software do not include all GHGs listedby the IPCC, one should aim to include atleast the three most common GHGs,
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) andnitrous oxide (N2O).
The results should be expressed in kg
CO2eq or t CO2eq (tonnes CO2 equivalent).

31

Global Climate Action

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONSRATIONALE FOR CARBON
FOOTPRINTING
The measurement of your global GHG
emissions provides a basis for setting sciencebased targets and joining the global efforts to
reduce GHG emissions around the world andto align with the 1.5°C global warming scenario,
as targeted in the Paris Agreement on Climate
Change and more recently reinforced by the
special report of the IPCC (October 2018).
Carbon footprints are normally used to map
the GHG emissions of an organisation,a service or a product, applying the life cycle
approach (LCA)1. Sports events have elementsof each of these and should be treated as
specific projects within a defined timescale,
which present specific characteristics asdetailed below.
Throughout each life cycle stage there isa potential to reduce impacts and improve
performance, whether applied to organisations,services or products (or entire projects).
Carbon footprinting identifies opportunities
to achieve this. The results can be used tosupport decision-making, but also enhance
the credibility of marketing and communication
efforts on sustainability, as they will be backed
by factual information.

Carbon accounting is a technical discipline andit can be easy to become lost in minute details.
It is therefore always important to remember
the real purpose of this exercise. It is aboutminimising the GHG emissions caused by yourorganisation and/or event. The carbon footprint
is intended as a tool to facilitate decisionmaking for this purpose. Given resource andtime constraints, there needs to be a pragmaticbalance between achieving technical accuracy
and the practical ability to avoid and minimise
GHG emissions.

KEY PRINCIPLES FOR CARBON
FOOTPRINTING
Measuring and reporting GHG emissions
is a similar exercise to financial accounting
and reporting that many organisations are
already familiar with. To ensure that thisexercise is a fair representation of the actual
situation, a few principles for a successful
climate strategy are indicated over the page.
Of great importance is the consideration that
this exercise should be seen as one that willcontinuously improve.
The GHG Protocol defines the following
standardised principles for GHG accounting
and reporting for businesses, which can beused in sports as well (see over page).

The LCA approach is used to evaluate the impacts associated with products, organisations and services over their life cycles,from the extraction of raw materials, through transportation, production, distribution, use and end-of-life treatment. These
different steps are called ‘life cycle stages’.

132

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS• Relevance: ensure that scope, data,assumptions and methodologies compilingthe GHG inventory reflect the organisationand can serve the needs of the internal andexternal users of the inventory.
• Completeness: account for and report all
GHG emissions and removals within thechosen scope. Specific exclusions should
be disclosed and justified.
• Consistency: use consistent methodologies
to allow meaningful comparisons in the
GHG-related information including the trendsof emissions over time. Any changes to theboundaries, information, data, assumptions
and methodologies over time should
be documented.
• Accuracy: ensure that any bias anduncertainties in quantifying GHG emissions
are minimised as far as possible.
• Transparency: disclose sufficient andappropriate information, including
assumptions and references, to allow theusers of your report to arrive at conclusions /decisions with reasonable confidence.

Global Climate Action

APPROACHES TO CARBON
FOOTPRINTING
Carbon footprinting is an internationallyrecognised practice and various standards exist
for estimation of the footprint of products ororganisations. These include the GHG Protocol,
ISO 14064 and the European Commission’s
Organisation Environmental Footprint (OEF)(see Table 1 over page). However, as thesestandards were not developed with sports
events in mind, they are not necessarily well
adapted for this purpose and a certain amountof flexibility and adaptation is required.
This is where specialist help will be
particularly valuable.
In the context of sport, there are two main
approaches to carbon footprinting dependingon whether you are considering a permanent
entity (an organisation, a venue or a regular,
recurring event), or a planned one-off
sports event.
In the case of permanent and regular situations,
it is reasonable to do annual measurements
and track progress over fixed periods of time.
Thus you can identify achievements year on
year and opportunities for further improvementin subsequent years. This approach is akin toconventional corporate sustainability reporting.
The advantage here is in having real data basedon actual performance measurements to give
you an accurate picture.

THERE NEEDS TO BE A PRAGMATIC
BALANCE BETWEEN ACHIEVING TECHNICAL
ACCURACY AND THE PRACTICAL ABILITY TO
AVOID AND MINIMISE GHG EMISSIONS

33

Global Climate Action

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONSFor events, and especially the larger scale
tournaments and championships due to beheld some years in the future, the focus has tobe on estimating potential carbon emissions
and developing plans to limit them in advance.
If you wait until the event takes place tocalculate your carbon footprint, you have noopportunity to implement any reduction
measures. The approach here needs to be
one akin to environmental impact
assessments, whereby decisions are made on
the basis of assumed impacts, rather thanactual ones.

International
standard

The challenge for event situations like this is thereliability of the assumptions. You can draw
from experience of other events and similar
projects but there will always be an element of
uncertainty. Nevertheless, by following standard
principles and methodologies, you should
achieve a reasonable picture of the likely
impacts, sufficient to formulate credible
reduction and mitigation plans. When the event
finally takes place, you can capture actual dataand compare these with the original estimates.
Knowledge gained from this will help for future
events and for perfecting methodologies.

Description

GHG Protocol
Corporate Accounting
and ReportingStandard“Requirements and guidance for companies and other organisations, such as NGOs, government
agencies and universities that are preparing a corporate-level GHG emissions inventory”.
Free to download at: https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard

ISO 14064-1:2006“Greenhouse gases – Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organisation level for quantification
and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals”.
It includes requirements for the design, development, management, reporting and verification of anorganisation’s GHG inventory.
Available to purchase at: https://www.iso.org/standard/38381.html

ISO 14064-2:2006“Greenhouse gases – Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification,
monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions or removal enhancements”.
It includes requirements for planning a GHG project, identifying and selecting GHG sources, sinks andreservoirs relevant to the project and baseline scenario, monitoring, quantifying, documenting andreporting GHG project performance and managing data quality.
Available to purchase at: https://www.iso.org/standard/38382.html

ISO 14064-3:2006“Greenhouse gases – Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification ofgreenhouse gas assertions”.
It can be applied to organisational or GHG project quantification, including GHG quantification,
monitoring and reporting carried out in accordance with ISO 14064-1 or ISO 14064-2.
Available to purchase at: https://www.iso.org/standard/38700.html

EuropeanCommission’s
Organisation
Environmental
Footprint (OEF)

The OEF is a multi-criteria measure of the environmental performance of a goods/services-providing
Organisation from a life cycle perspective.
Free to download at:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/pdf/footprint/OEF%20Guide_final_July%202012_clean%20
version.pdf

Table 1: Recognised international standards for measuring and reporting carbon footprints (GHG inventories)

34

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS

Global Climate Action

DEFINING YOUR SCOPE AND ALLOCATING RESPONSIBILITIESThe scope of your carbon footprint should comprise the GHG emissions caused by yourorganisation’s activities over a given period (e.g. a single year), or related to a specific project,such as a sports event. GHG emissions are considered either direct or indirect, as explained in
the box below.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EMISSIONS
The definition of the system boundaries
includes all direct and indirect emissions
related to your activities, corresponding to the
GHG Protocol terminology, Scope 1, 2 and 3.
• Scope 1: direct emissions from fuel 		combustion in owned machines, devices
and vehicles.
• Scope 2: indirect emissions from purchasingenergy, in particular electricity, steam, heator cooling.

• Scope 3: indirect emissions from upstream
and downstream activities, such as travel,purchased goods and services.
Direct emissions are under the full control of
the organisation, while indirect emissions arenot. However, as indirect emissions cansometimes be several times higher than directemissions and your organisation may be able
to exert some influence in these areas, acomprehensive carbon footprint must include
these emissions in the scope of the study.

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Global Climate Action

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONSAs can be seen here, there is both an activity
basis for defining the scope of the carbon
footprint, and also an element of responsibility,
or “ownership”. Put simply it is a question ofwhat you control and what you can influence.
Control is where you make the decisions, suchas procuring goods and services, choice ofvenues, size of event etc. If you choose to pay
for something, you are the controlling mind.
Influence is where there are related activities
outside your direct control (i.e. you are notpaying for them), but you may be able to exert
varying levels of influence to help reduce GHG
emissions. For example, you might encourage
partner organisations to use certain materials or
suppliers that conform with your sustainability
policies, even though you cannot oblige them.

A relevant example is the NOC houses
at the Olympic Games. These are not the
responsibility of the Organising Committee of
the Olympic Games (OCOG), or the host city,so they are not a direct part of the Games
carbon footprint. However, they are clearly only
operating because the Games are happening,
so there is an association with the Games andit is reasonable to expect the OCOG to exert
some influence on the NOCs to make thesefacilities as sustainable as possible.
From the NOC standpoint, these national
houses are definitely their responsibility, so incarbon accounting terms, the respective NOCs
should be “owning” and reporting GHG
emissions related to the installation andoperation of the facilities. The same principles
would apply for example at a national event,where the NOC might take an influencing roleover other third parties involved in the event.

ENCOURAGE PARTNER ORGANISATIONSTO USE CERTAIN MATERIALS OR
SUPPLIERS THAT CONFORM WITH YOURSUSTAINABILITY POLICIES36MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS

Global Climate Action

The following decision tree can be used to determine which emission sources should be included
in your carbon footprint:
1. Does your organisation control and/or
finance the activity?

NO

YES

2. Does your organisation
have significant influenceon the activity?

The relevant GHG emissions
must be included in yourcarbon footprint

YES

NO

The relevant GHG
emissions must be
included in yourcarbon footprint

3. Is the activity a directconsequence of your event or
your organisation’s activities?

YES

NO

The relevant GHG emissions
must be included in your carbon
footprint, but see next question

GHG emissions
should be excluded
from your carbon
footprint

4. Can the GHG emissions
actually be measured?

YES

NO

Continue to include
them in yourcarbon footprint

Exclude them from the carbon
footprint but state clearly thisomission and the reason why

Note – Shared activities: different organisations sometimes club together and share costs for an
activity (e.g. multiple NOCs occupying a single “continental house” at the Olympic Games, or IFs
sharing an office building). In these situations, the responsibility should be allocated in proportion to
the relative contribution of each party. Thus if you pay 30 per cent, the GHG emissions related tothat amount must be included in your direct, “owned” carbon footprint. The remaining 70 per centwill be part of your indirect, or “associated” carbon footprint and you have to decide whether thisfits in step 2, 3 or 4 in the illustration above.
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Global Climate Action

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONSDATA COLLECTION
Wherever possible, the use of primary data
should be favoured. Primary data derive from
activities that can be directly measured orcollected. Project documents and raw datafrom internal functions/departments, project
teams and main partners and suppliers are theprincipal sources of information. By definition,
primary data have a high level of quality and are
the most accurate and the most representative
within the specific context of your organisation
or event.
Only when primary data are not available
should secondary data sources be used. These
include estimations, statistics, data from othersimilar organisations or previous events, or
published data sets. When neither primary nor
secondary data are available, default data using
standard emission factors may be used.
Within most organisations, the starting point fordata collection is likely to be with Finance and/or Procurement departments to identify
expenditure categories. You are also likely toneed data from the Human Resources
department and those managing travel andaccommodation activities.

Obvious priority categories for which data willneed to be collected include:• materials for event staging (e.g. timber, plastic
banners, barriers, carpet, fabric);• furniture, fittings and equipment (desks,
chairs, lighting, IT equipment, vehicles, sports
equipment etc.);• food and beverage (catering operations
provided);• energy consumption (either measured on site,
or from invoices);• waste disposal (quantities of waste sent forreuse, recycling or other forms of disposal);and• travel (number of journeys, mode of transport,
class of travel and distance).
It is important to be consistent and clear
regarding units of measurement, whether
weights, volume, length, time, price or simply
the number of standardised items. Collecting
the data does not demand specialist skill
other than a good attention to detail and amethodological approach. Depending on thesize of your organisation, this may be done
by nominated people in the respective
departments, or by an individual assigned.
to collect data from across the organisation.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE CONSISTENTAND CLEAR REGARDING UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT, WHETHER WEIGHTS,
VOLUME, LENGTH, TIME, PRICE OR SIMPLY
THE NUMBER OF STANDARDISED ITEMS38

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS

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Where specialist knowledge will be required isin the interpretation of the data and calculating
the carbon footprint. There are some onlineeasy-to-use calculators (see next section),but they have a limited application and would
not allow you to calculate a full carbon footprint
for a complex situation like a sports
organisation or event.

CALCULATING YOUR EMISSIONS

Nevertheless, if you are able to measure
and collect your own data, this will saveconsiderable time and cost, instead of asking
external providers to do the whole task.
If you are going to hire specialists to do thecalculations, you should first agree with themon exactly which data and in which form theyshould be presented, as well as precisely thescope and timeframe of the footprint tobe calculated.

For larger organisations and/or events, there
are specialised organisations that can help
you complete the calculations3. Smallerorganisations and/or events can use an online
calculator that will be helpful in calculating the
GHG emissions from the information input into
the online tool. These tools are useful when you
are new to reporting and the data you wish
to convert into GHG emissions is simple. If
feasible, in these cases it is recommended thatyou add an additional 15 per cent of emissions
to your final calculations to ensure that you areon the conservative side.

To calculate the GHG emissions associatedwith each activity, you will need to convert thedata you have collected using emission
factors2 . The carbon footprint is the summationof these GHG emissions expressed in kg
CO2eq or tonne CO2eq.

Some examples of such calculators can befound at the following links:
https://offset.climateneutralnow.org/footprintcalc
http://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprintcalculator/
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx

An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere withan activity associated with the release of that pollutant. GHG emissions are expressed in kg CO2e per unit of input. These factors
are usually available in published databases.
3
ICROA: International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance2

39Global Climate Action

MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONSFor travel-related GHG emissions, theInternational Civil Aviation Organisation’s (ICAO4)
carbon emissions calculator is recommended.
It is simple to use and requires only a limited
amount of information from the user.

Successive iterations will lead to a refinement of
the calculated footprint and more detailed data
are collected for the most significant activities.
These iterations are necessary to improve theaccuracy and quality of the results.

Whether for an organisation or an event,calculating and assessing a carbon footprint
should be seen as an iterative process that canbe done several times. A first version should
result in a simplified (screening) evaluation
based on assumptions and/or roughestimations for missing data. This is useful for
identifying the main contributors to the total
carbon footprint, and in turn selecting the top
priority data to refine. This first stage is also
important for understanding where you may
have data gaps or where data quality is poor.

As more and more sports organisation andevents publish carbon footprint information, we
will have a much better sense of the main areasof impact and the likely magnitude of emissions.
In turn this will help flag up any rogue data thatmight otherwise skew the results.

Data quality can be very variable. Ideally thefootprint should be compiled from realmeasurements, but typically one may have to
make assumptions, estimates and use proxy
indicators in the absence of direct values. For
events in particular, there may be serious gaps
in information about venue designs, levels ofservices, numbers of people involved etc.

INTERPRETING YOUR CARBON
FOOTPRINT
The results will identify which activities
contribute most to the total carbon footprint.
These data should be checked carefully toconfirm accuracy and ensure any necessaryrefinement and improvement of theassessment. Once confirmed, these will be
the priority areas for actions to reduce yourGHG emissions.

DATA QUALITY CAN BE VERY VARIABLE. IDEALLY
THE FOOTPRINT SHOULD BE COMPILED FROMREAL MEASUREMENTS, BUT TYPICALLY ONE
MAY HAVE TO MAKE ASSUMPTIONS, ESTIMATES
AND USE PROXY INDICATORSICAO is a UN specialized agency, established by States in 1944 to manage the administration and governance of theConvention on International Civil Aviation

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MEASURING CARBON EMISSIONS

The results can also be used to improve thecredibility of communication and reporting
about your sustainability programme. The
scientifically based figures will support whatmight otherwise be just anecdotal or qualitative
examples of your work.
Carbon footprinting is typically based on
annual measurements and organisations reportyear-on-year changes. In the case of sports
organisations this annualised approach may
not always be appropriate. If your activities aregoverned by changing locations for particular
meetings and events, and each year you are
involved in different numbers of events ofdifferent scales, the chances are you will
have a carbon footprint that oscillates fromyear to year. In such situations it will be hardto track meaningful progress.
For example in the case of the IOC, ourcarbon footprint is largest in years with
Olympic Summer Games. It is lower in years
with Olympic Winter Games and lower still in
non-Games years. Being based in Switzerland,
we can expect to have a lower carbon footprint
if the Games are held in Europe, simply
because there would be less long-haul travelfor our staff and members.

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This means in our case we would really needa full Olympiad cycle of four years in which togain a meaningful baseline and a second
four-year period in which to measure theeffectiveness of our actions. Even then,geographical differences in locations where theGames are held would affect the comparisons.
Clearly it would be unacceptable to wait eight
years or more to get a clear picture and wetherefore have to find other ways to interpret ourdata in a smarter and meaningfully comparable
way. If you breakdown the overall carbon
footprint into its component elements, there arelikely to be some items that are similar fromyear to year irrespective of how many events
and where they are located.
One way to do this is to analyse yourprocurement categories and see where you
have consistent historical expenditure from year
to year. These relatively stable categories could
be useful markers to align with your carbon
footprint data. Then, as you introduce emission
saving measures relevant to these areas, you
should be able to monitor progress to see if you
have achieved real reductions. You might thenbe able to extrapolate to other categories andcalibrate accordingly.

FURTHER GUIDANCEThe IOC has developed a detailed methodology
for measuring the carbon footprint of the
Olympic Games. This provides a consistent
approach for Games organising committees(OCOGs) to follow and aims to shorten thelearning curve for new OCOG Sustainability
teams, thereby helping them concentrate on

developing and implementing carbon
management strategies. Although pitched
for the Games, these guidelines set out many
key principles and practical approaches that
could be applied to other major events andindividual organisations.

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5TAKING ACTION

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TAKING ACTIONAVOIDING AND REDUCING
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSYour carbon footprint calculations will provide
clear information on which aspects of youractivities have the greatest climate impact,
either directly or indirectly. The next step is todecide which measures can be implemented
to avoid or reduce these impacts.

solutions in one situation may not beappropriate in another. It is important toevaluate carefully if any proposed reduction or
substitution measures negatively impact othersustainability indicators. For example, switching
to a seemingly more sustainable product thatis easy to recycle, but which in fact has a highwater use in production and is manufactured
in a water-stressed region, could on balance
be less sustainable than another alternative.

It is important always to bear in mind when
applying these guidelines that recommended

SCIENCE-BASED TARGETS
Science-based targets provide companies
and other organisations with a clearly defined
pathway specifying how much and how
quickly they need to reduce their greenhousegas emissions. Specifically, these targets are
based on staying in line with the level ofdecarbonisation required to keep global
temperature increase below 1.5 degrees
Celsius compared to pre-industrial
temperatures.

Such targets are inevitably challenging but
basing one’s efforts in alignment with the
projections calculated by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and which form
the basis of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement,
you have a clear sense of what is needed to bedone and by when. This is a more credible
approach than simply announcing a percentage
reduction target without any underlying
scientific rationale.

For more information see: http://sciencebasedtargets.org

43Global Climate Action

TAKING ACTION

Although each organisation and sports event
has its own particular situation, experience tells
us that the principal GHG emissions are likely tofall within a limited number of categories. The
principal ones are detailed below, along withsome typical actions that can be done to avoid
or reduce emissions. More detailed practicalguidance is given in Appendix 1.

Direct energy use
The consumption of energy for power, heating
and cooling at sport venues and at the officesof sports organisations is the next greatest
source of carbon emissions. For large-scale
events we need also to consider additionalenergy requirements for broadcasting, cateringand living accommodation.

Travel and transport
Sport involves a large amount of movement ofpeople, equipment and materials, particularly
in relation to competitive events, such as
flights taken by teams and officials, groundtransportation including official cars and buses
and the shipping of freight.

Recommended actions include:

While this will vary according to the sport andthe level at which competitions are held,
people’s travel and transportation of freightmake up the greatest single source of carbon
emissions linked to sport.

• Specify energy efficiency requirements forevent venues.

Recommended actions include:

Venue design and construction
There is considerable energy used inconstruction work but one of the biggest
impacts here relates to the embodied carbon
in construction materials such as steel andconcrete. This means taking account of the
carbon emissions associated with theextraction, processing, manufacture andfreighting of the materials concerned. Of course
these are one-off items compared with the
day-to-day operation of venues, but it can takeseveral years of operation to reach the samelevel of impacts as the initial construction.

• Implement a sustainable travel policy (e.g. car
pooling, cycle to work schemes, incentivisingrail travel instead of flying or driving).
• Utilise virtual meeting technologies andreduce travel to physical meetings.
• Assess alternative means of moving goods
and equipment to lower the carbon impactof freight (e.g. shipping in advance, rather
than airfreighting).

44• Ensure existing venues and offices have an
up-to-date energy saving plan.
• Use energy-efficient appliances, lighting andIT equipment.

• Install on-site renewable energy generation
and/or switch to “green” energy supplies.

TAKING ACTION

Recommended actions include:• Ensure venue utilisation and occupancy rate
are optimised. Multi-purpose venues that arein constant use represent a more efficient useof resources than stadiums that lie empty forlong-periods.
• Venue designs and fit-out specification should
stipulate “low-carbon” materials, such as using
aggregate and concrete with recycled content
and reused timber and other materials.
Equipment and materials
Most sport events need specialist sports
equipment and a wide range of materials
for preparing and presenting the venues tomake them event-ready. This may include theinstallation of structures – usually temporary –such as spectator stands, broadcast
compounds, catering facilities, toilets and otherservices. Very often these are rented, but whereindividual, made-to-order items (e.g. timber,carpet, fabrics, plastic and cabling), arepurchased, used and disposed of afterwards,
these items will add considerably to yourcarbon footprint.

Global Climate Action

Specialist sports equipment may need to be
procured and most events provide uniforms forworkforce and officials, all of which also add toyour carbon footprint, especially if they are forsingle-use – e.g. event-specific branded clothing.
Recommended actions include:• Rent rather than buy equipment and materials,
especially if only required for a short time.
• Give preference to products that have beencertified according to sustainable production
criteria (e.g. timber products, paper andenergy-efficient appliances).
• Avoid single-use items, which are wasteful,and maximise opportunities for storing andreusing materials.
Food and beverage
The production of certain foods has a highcarbon footprint, most notably meat and meatproducts as well as greenhouse-grown crops
and those demanding large quantities of water.
Transportation and packaging also add to the“embodied” impacts.

WHERE INDIVIDUAL, MADE-TO-ORDERITEMS SUCH AS TIMBER, CARPET, FABRICS,
PLASTIC AND CABLING ARE PURCHASED,
USED AND DISPOSED OF AFTERWARDS,THESE ITEMS WILL ADD CONSIDERABLY TO
YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT

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Recommended actions include:• Introduce menus for staff and/or eventcatering that have a higher proportion of
non-meat dishes.
• Source food labelled from environmentally
responsible agriculture.
• Minimise food waste through more accurate
gauging of quantities required• Work with charities to redistributesurplus food.
Waste
Sports events in particular can produce large
quantities of waste, which if disposed of in
landfills causes additional GHG emissions.
Recommended actions include:• Adopt a waste hierarchy that limits theamount of material that is considered aswaste in the first place, then prioritise efforts
to reuse and recycle (including composting),
followed by waste to energy and biogas
production.
• Work with suppliers to limit amount of
packaging and to use more sustainabletypes of packaging.

The plan for emission avoidance and reduction
may focus on a specific area (e.g. travel or
facility management), event staging, or theentire organisation. In most cases emission
reductions are achieved through a combinationof one-time interventions (e.g. upgrading aheating system), and on-going processes(e.g. managing the heating system). It therefore
makes sense to establish emission reduction
strategies that are set up as integrated partsof the daily management of the organisation
or event.
While it might be tempting to launch into someof the actions recommended in this guide,
the best approach is to develop an action planthat allows you to prioritise actions based on
the anticipated climate benefits, and to measure
the effectiveness of what you have done or plan
to do. In this way you will gain a better
understanding of cost-benefits and be able
to keep track of progress over time.
Remember, however, that some small actions
may have relatively little impact in terms ofactual emission savings, but they can besymbolically powerful and therefore good for
raising awareness and motivating people.
For example only provide locally sourced foodand soft copies of documents for meetingsand conferences, and make sure you explain
to delegates why you are doing this.

SOME SMALL ACTIONS MAY HAVERELATIVELY LITTLE IMPACT IN TERMS
OF ACTUAL EMISSION SAVINGS,BUT THEY CAN BE SYMBOLICALLYPOWERFUL AND THEREFORE GOOD
FOR RAISING AWARENESS
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TAKING ACTION

SUBSTITUTING: REPLACING OLD
WITH NEW
This is a form of emissions reduction but
achieved through being more efficient, rather
than through doing less.
It can be a difficult balance between continuingwith existing equipment that may be energy
inefficient, and replacing with a new “greener”
model. Do the operational savings outweigh thecapital cost and the impact of disposal of theold equipment and the manufacture andtransport of the new goods? The best courseof action is likely to vary with circumstances.
It is a clearer decision when dealing withplanned upgrades, where existing equipment
has run its useful life. This is where energy
efficient appliances, lighting, heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) andvehicles can be introduced. Of course,
assumed end of useful life can be well before
actual redundancy and it is important not to bepremature in rushing to upgrade items that are
still serviceable.

Global Climate Action

In a similar vein, it is good to consider switching
to renewable energy supplies, or even seeking
opportunities for installing on-site renewableenergy generation, such as solar panels.
More specific guidance is given in the following
chapter under “infrastructure and natural sites”(see Appendix 2).

COMPENSATING FOR UNAVOIDABLE
GHG EMISSIONS
Despite best efforts to reduce your GHG
emissions, you will still have a residual balanceof unavoidable emissions. If air travel is part ofyour activities, you can be sure you will havea sizeable residual footprint.
Many organisations seek to compensate
for such unavoidable impacts by supporting
other activities that create climate benefits.
These might include using your sporting
connections to inspire others to reduce theircarbon footprints, possibly by making pledges,
or you might directly support energy efficiency
or renewable energy schemes, or replanting
projects in your local area. These are all positive
things to do and they mean that you would be
more involved in the projects, which can bringwider benefits in terms of community
engagement and goodwill. However, it canbe difficult to calculate the amount ofcompensating benefits realised throughsuch initiatives, unless they are part ofsome official programme.

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The common alternative is to buy carbon
credits through offsetting schemes. These varyin cost per unit of carbon offset, usually
because of different levels of rigour in verifying
the validity of the schemes and ensuring they
are providing genuinely additional carbon
benefits (see p49). There are many options
to choose from, both on the voluntary market
and through official schemes.

The distinction is that offsetting is not analternative to reducing your GHG emissions,but must be used as a complementarymechanism that only makes sense after
measuring and reducing emissions, andtaking your climate action to another level.
In this way, you are reducing at home
and also helping GHG emission
reductions elsewhere.

The advantages of using carbon offsets is thatthey are an easy way of mitigating the impacts
that cannot be avoided and you receive someform of certification to confirm the amount ofcarbon you have offset. Furthermore, manyoffset projects also strongly contribute to othersustainable development benefits including
poverty reduction, energy access for the poor,
health improvements, and improved accessto services5.

There are several choices to make. If you
decide to offset do you offset your entire
carbon footprint or a proportion of it, andthrough which scheme? Part of the decision
will be based on how effectively you havebeen able to minimise your footprint throughreduction efforts, and also on whether you
need to invest in climate adaptation measures,as set out later in this document.

The disadvantage comes in the sense thatyou are typically paying for projects happening
somewhere else, unconnected with youractivities, and this means there is less incentive
for you to reduce your actual impacts.
The harshest critics of offsetting liken
it to “conscience money”.

548

UNFCCC Voluntary Cancellation Platform

If you decide not to offset, do you have asufficiently credible sustainability programmeon other matters to enable you to withstandany criticisms on your stance against offsetting?
It is not currently obligatory to be “carbon
neutral” or to offset your emissions, but you
need to be confident in your overallsustainability programme.

TAKING ACTION

The marketing power of sport and its potential
to raise awareness and inspire positive actions
are huge assets. Campaigns through sport toencourage people to adopt more climatefriendly behaviours can make a significant
difference. Of course these have to beunderpinned by credible and meaningful
emission reduction actions, but the scale ofclimate benefit that could be realised throughsport promotional activities represents a hugecompensatory measure.
Challenges of proving additionality
If something was going to happen in any case,
it is not valid to claim credit for helping it tohappen. That is the essence of the argument
on “additionality”. For example, if yourorganisation invests in an offsetting schemethat supports the building of a wind farm ina developing country, the assumption is thatthe credits you have purchased were necessary
in order for the wind farm to be built. Often,
however, studies are showing that many suchprojects would have happened anyway, so incarbon emissions trading terminology, thesewould not be “additional”.

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Proving genuine additionality is extremely hard
and requires sophisticated checks and controlsthat lead to greater costs per offset unit or
credit. Cheaper schemes will be vulnerable toaccusations of lack of rigour, which in turn canreflect badly on the purchasing organisations.
A further concern is that renewable energy
installations may not necessarily be replacing
older, dirty power generation, but simply adding
capacity to allow more development. Saying,“it could have been worse”, is hardly a clarion
call to a more sustainable future.
Carbon offsets in the age of the Paris
Climate Agreement
With the adoption of the Paris Agreement,
it is widely expected that international offsets(emission reductions achieved in other countries)
will align to follow a common standard defined
under the UNFCCC. This is to ensure that theoffsets used are real, verifiable and not double
counted, which today is a risk with somevoluntary offset types. Today, and most likely also
in the future, there are a variety of offset types,
offering different benefits at different costs.

WITH THE ADOPTION OF THE PARISAGREEMENT, IT IS WIDELY EXPECTED
THAT INTERNATIONAL OFFSETS(EMISSION REDUCTIONS ACHIEVEDIN OTHER COUNTRIES) WILL ALIGNTO FOLLOW A COMMON STANDARD
DEFINED UNDER THE UNFCCC

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TAKING ACTION

Currently, UNFCCC-certified offsets from the
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) areconsidered “Grade A” offsets, as they are theonly ones that are internationally tracked andverified by the United Nations, according torules and procedures agreed at international
level. Other international offset types, as wellas domestic offsets, may also offer highintegrity alternatives.
Under the previous international agreement,
the Kyoto Protocol, onus was on countries inthe developed world to reduce their climate
impacts. Under this regime, the carbon offset
market largely involved mechanisms enabling
businesses and other organisations to buy
carbon credits via international markets,
which usually funded projects in developingworld countries.

Changes brought about through the Paris
Agreement mean that developing world
countries will want to keep the credits for theirown use, thereby making them less available foroverseas buyers. In turn this means moreemphasis on businesses and organisations to
do more to reduce their own impacts, rather
than turn to convenient offsetting solutions.
There will also be more focus – out of necessity– on domestic projects.
There will doubtless continue to be voluntaryoffsetting schemes, but as national and city
governments and international institutions suchas the European Union, develop policies that nolonger envisage using international credits after
2020, the effect on the carbon offset market will
be considerable.
Please see Appendix 5 for examples of
UN-backed offset schemes and other leading
initiatives in the voluntary sector that can beapplied to sport.

PROVING GENUINE ADDITIONALITY IS EXTREMELYHARD AND REQUIRES SOPHISTICATED CHECKSAND CONTROLS THAT LEAD TO GREATER COSTSPER OFFSET UNIT OR CREDIT

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GERMAN SPORTS CLIMATE FUND
As a result of winning the right to host the Euro 2024 Football Tournament, the German Football
Association has launched a fund to improve the environmental performance of its 25,000 member
clubs as a way of mitigating the impact of the event. The fund is being positioned as an alternative
to investing in carbon offset projects.
Through this initiative amateur clubs will be able, for example, to apply for support to replace oldboilers, invest in e-mobility facilities, or buy energy-efficient electrical appliances. Normally suchprojects would be out of reach for grassroots sports facilities. This approach is based on thepremise that the overall climate impact of the sport is much more related to the day-to-day
operations of thousands of small clubs, than the one-off impact of a mega event.
Source: https://sportsustainabilityjournal.com/news-analysis/sports-climate-fund-makesenvironmental-transformation-possible-for-thousands-of-amateur-german-football-clubs/

The DOW climate solutions framework
As the Official Chemistry Partner of the IOC,
Dow has partnered with the Organising
Committees of the Olympic Winter Games
Sochi 2014 and Olympic Games Rio 2016,
and the IOC itself, to develop tailor-madecarbon mitigation programmes that address
the technology needs of the regions in which
they are implemented. The programmes have
involved working with a wide range ofstakeholders to introduce innovative low-carbon
technologies in the sectors of Buildings &Infrastructure, Food & Packaging, andManufacturing & Energy. These mitigation
projects create high-quality, verified emission
reductions to help balance the carbon
footprint of the OCOGs mentioned above andthe IOC, while at the same time accelerating
the adoption of more sustainable technologies
across different sectors.

The carbon mitigation programmes follow
the principles outlined in Dow’s Climate
Solutions Framework. This allows event owners
and organisations, in collaboration withpartners, to implement a structured yet flexible
approach to quantify and mitigate carbon
emissions while also leaving a positive socialand economic legacy.
Through these carbon mitigation projects,
which commenced in Sochi in 2012, Dow has
already delivered 4.3 million tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), as of August 2018.
By 2026, the reductions are projected to
exceed 6 million tonnes of CO2eq.
For further information, including full details of
the Climate Solutions Framework and progress
reports please see: http://client.dow.com/
Sustainability-in-Sport-Request

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TAKING ACTIONREPORTING YOUR EMISSIONS
Although most sports bodies are not normallyrequired to report their GHG emissions, it isworth considering disclosing this information inyour advertising material, on your website andin any corporate sustainability reporting thatyou plan to do.
By communicating the results of efforts madeto reduce the carbon footprint you can help
increase staff motivation and more broadly
improve awareness and understanding of yoursustainability programme among partners,
suppliers and other stakeholders.
The golden rules for communicating about
your carbon footprint and climate actions aretransparency and honesty, in order to avoid
any risks of greenwashing or overstatement.
The best way of achieving this is throughthird-party verification, although that may
involve additional cost.
The information should be presented clearly
and you need to distinguish the main categories
of activity and who is responsible for each ofthese (e.g. your organisation or a partner orother party associated with your activities).
A clear explanation must be given for any
excluded categories or subcategories.

Your climate action footprint report should be
written in a clear and accessible style that canbe understood by non-specialists. It should
include a chapter summarising yourmethodological approach, referencing relevant
guidance for full details of the methodology used.
The contents of your climate action report
should include the following sections:
General• date the carbon footprint was calculated;• contact information of parties involved in
the calculation;• changes since previous inventory andexplanation for such changes;• review statement by external panel ofexperts (optional); and• main limitations of the study.
Scope• description of the approach: main principles,
timeframe and calculation methodology;• clear description of the organisation/project
being assessed in the carbon footprint;• clear and comprehensive description of thecategories and subcategories included in
the scope; and• comprehensive list of the activities excluded
from the scope and the reason or justificationfor exclusion.

YOUR CLIMATE ACTION FOOTPRINT REPORTSHOULD BE WRITTEN IN A CLEAR
AND ACCESSIBLE STYLE THAT CAN BE
UNDERSTOOD BY NON-SPECIALISTS52

TAKING ACTION

Data and assumptions• databases used, name and version number;• software used and version number (where
relevant);• comprehensive tables of data used for the
calculations and corresponding sources,
assumptions and limitations (in particular
data missing); and• data quality assessment (e.g. high,medium, low).
Results• carbon footprint results, displayed per
category and per subcategory; and• analysis of potential reduction measures, with:- List of proposed reduction measures- Description of the approach for selecting
the measures- Data used for the calculation of reduction
potential of each measure andcorresponding sources and assumptions- Potential GHG emissions reduction foreach measure.

Global Climate Action

Public reporting will also provide you with
opportunities to participate in voluntary
initiatives and platforms such as UN Climate
Change (UNFCCC)’s Climate Neutral Now
Initiative, Momentum for Change Awards and
Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action. These
will bring additional visibility to your organisationand showcase your progress and commitment.
The reporting should ideally include all parts ofyour organisation and activities, which you own
or control, and all the emissions you measure,
reduce and/or offset. It should also beorganised in a way that data can be comparedover time to show progress.

CLIMATE NEUTRAL NOW
The sports community can contribute to climate action, not only by addressing theirown climate footprints, but also by spreading the word by including a strong climate
action message in regular reporting and outreach to fans and partners. One way ofmaking a statement is to join UN Climate Change (UNFCCC)’s Climate Neutral Now
initiative by formally committing to move towards climate neutrality by measuring, reducing andoffsetting your carbon footprint with UNFCCC-certified emission reductions.
At its core, Climate Neutral Now helps much-needed projects in developing countries tobe implemented. This means that emissions are reduced as swiftly as possible, thereby enabling
the world to head towards climate neutrality and, in so doing, meet its Paris Agreement obligations.
If you have taken steps to measure, reduce and offset your GHG emissions, you are invited tojoin the Climate Neutral Now initiative, whereby your commitment and actions are highlighted
by UNFCCC and you have the opportunity to collaborate with UNFCCC and other sportorganisations to support climate action in sports. For further information please see:https://unfccc.int/climate-action/climate-neutral-now

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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE IMPACTS

6
ADAPTING TO
CLIMATE IMPACTS

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Global Climate Action

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE IMPACTS
The UNFCCC defines climate adaptation as
actions taken to help communities andecosystems cope with changing climate
condition. This is recognition that climate change
will impact on your activities, and therefore youneed adaptation strategies to manage these
impacts and lower the risks posed by theconsequences of climate change.
Climate-related impacts may already be affecting
your organisation and require immediate
responses, while other impacts are projected forthe future and require forward-looking strategies.
These could be applied to sport events, venues,
or your offices, and may encompass design
criteria, operational management policies andemergency protocols.

heat, where the sport is still technically possible
but potentially risks the health and wellbeing of
athletes, and impacts on performancestandards. In many places, such situations are
becoming more predictable, and therefore
organisers should be planning contingency
measures, such as alterations to schedules,
or even alterations to the rules of the sport,
in order to avoid the most serious risks.

ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR
SPORT EVENTSFor workforce and spectators potential actions
can include ensuring there is adequate provisionof drinking water, sun cream and shade at
events where hot conditions are likely, putting inplace more medical support, and providing basic
information for people about avoiding heatstress. These are normal precautions in hot
conditions, but the issue is that extreme heat is
becoming more common, including at times andplaces where it might not have been anticipated.

Event organisers need to consider potential
effects of extreme weather on playability,
athlete health and the welfare of workforce
and spectators.

For the workforce, more frequent rest breaks
and adjustment to shift patterns and/or working
hours may also be necessary (see also section
on “workforce” in Appendix 3).

Throughout their existence some sports have
had to contend with events being disrupted,
cancelled or abandoned due to weather, but inrecent years the trend for this is increasing.
More problematic is the situation of extreme

Some large events have used misting sprays tocool spectators. Although refreshing, this doesmean using potable water, which carries a costand might not be the best use of scarcewater resources.

EVENT ORGANISERS NEED TO CONSIDERPOTENTIAL EFFECTS OF EXTREME WEATHERON PLAYABILITY, ATHLETE HEALTH AND THE
WELFARE OF WORKFORCE AND SPECTATORS

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Global Climate Action

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE IMPACTS

There is of course a greater cost impact from allthese measures, ranging from one-off costs forinfrastructure improvements, to greater energy
bills and expenditure on consumables andhealth and safety measures. Ironically, such
additional safeguards may in themselves add
further GHG emissions.

ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR SPORTVENUES AND BUILDINGSThe management of outdoor sport surfaces
needs to anticipate a range of potential impacts
from changes in rainfall patterns, requiring
modifications to drainage or irrigation systems,
and impacts from new pests and diseases
infecting turfgrass, to increasing reliance on
artificial snowmaking in mountain resorts(see box over page).

Design of new venues, or refurbishing old sites,
should always factor in climate adaptation
measures, including ventilation, orientation ofbuildings, choice of materials and naturallandscaping – vegetation has an importantcooling effect, as well as aesthetic andecological benefits. Location of new venues
should also assess potential risks from flooding,forest fires, landslips and coastal erosion (seealso p77 for section on “infrastructure andnatural sites”).
Existing venues may benefit from new or
modified heating, ventilation or air-conditioning(HVAC) systems and changes to management
practices in order to save water resources. Water
storage, rainwater harvesting and sustainabledrainage systems are other importantconsiderations. Additional structures to provide
shade, or establishing areas of natural vegetation
may also be sensible.
In some extreme situations the cost of protecting
against flooding or coastal erosion may be too
great, and a policy of “managed retreat”, or eventotal relocation has to be considered.

DESIGN OF NEW VENUES, OR REFURBISHINGOLD SITES, SHOULD ALWAYS FACTOR IN CLIMATE
ADAPTATION MEASURES, INCLUDING VENTILATION,ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS, CHOICE OF
MATERIALS AND NATURAL LANDSCAPING

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Global Climate Action

ARTIFICIAL SNOW
Snowmaking is simultaneously a climate adaptation measure and a generator of carbon
emissions. In terms of adaptation, snowmaking is essential for maintaining viable ski seasons,pretty well everywhere. It overcomes natural variability, enabling resorts to provide consistentconditions for longer. This predictability is vital for the economic health of a multi-billion dollar
industry. However, there are fears that snowmaking technology may not indefinitely be able toovercome warming trends due to climate change.
Fundamentally, snowmaking requires cold air, water and power. In drought-stressed regions,water scarcity is likely to be the critical limiting factor. Elsewhere, resort managers fear conditions
will just not be cold enough to make sufficient artificial snow, even with the various additives thatenable snowmaking in warmer temperatures. On the economic side, precision snowmaking isenergy intensive, despite considerable efficiencies over the years – what once took a week toproduce, can now be done in a day. However, aside from the investment in snowmaking
machinery and water storage infrastructure, at some resorts the power cost for snowmaking canrepresent over half the annual energy budget.
Source: https://www.mnn.com/money/sustainable-business-practices/stories/snowmakers-aresaving-ski-resorts-for-now

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EDUCATE AND INSPIRE7EDUCATEAND INSPIRE

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EDUCATE AND INSPIRE
We have explained in this guide about theurgency of addressing the increase in global
temperatures, and about the severe impacts
these are already having on many sports.
The direction of travel is clear: climate change
impacts are going to affect sport more andmore in the coming years and it is vital for the
sport community worldwide to take action to
reduce emissions and to put in place climate
adaptation measures.
Fortunately, the sport sector is uniquely placed
to make a major contribution to tackling climatechange. This is not through the quantum ofpotential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
savings to be achieved, but through the multipliereffect of sport being able to communicate,
inform and inspire millions of people.
Other industries – for example aviation,
agriculture and power generation – have much
more massive global footprints and therefore
a greater responsibility in quantitative terms totake action on reducing GHG emissions.

But the power of sport as a vehicle to raiseawareness and motivate action worldwide iscompelling. This global awareness should leadto numerous actions small, medium and large,
all of which would add up to a truly significant
total of GHG emissions savings.

EDUCATION
Usually when considering education, the focus ison young people; in sport especially, we are
frequently talking about youth and future
generations. However, in the context of climatechange it is important to appreciate that sport is
not simply a vehicle for educating others. Climatechange is happening now and the policies andactions to address its impacts need to be put inplace immediately. Therefore the priority must be
for internal education within the sport sector for
decision makers and managers to understandtheir roles and responsibilities in this field.

THE SPORT SECTOR IS UNIQUELY PLACED
TO MAKE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TOTACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH THE
MULTIPLIER EFFECT OF SPORT BEING ABLE
TO COMMUNICATE, INFORM AND INSPIREMILLIONS OF PEOPLE

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EDUCATE AND INSPIREThis matters so that the sport sector as a whole
can make a meaningful contribution to lowering
global GHG emissions. By doing this, yourorganisation will increase its own resilience in theface of climate change – which is impacting
sport now – and you will also gain credibility forwhen you come to promote messages on
climate action to your stakeholders and wider
public. It is a case of leading by example.
Through our partnership with UN Climate
Change (UNFCCC), we intend for the IOC to bea source of information and guidance on this vital
issue. We will be able to access relevant training
materials and publications, as well as continue todevelop bespoke educational materials.

INSPIRATIONSport has the power to inspire, to motivate,
to excite and to attract a following. In particular,
in a world increasingly facing challenges, sport
can be a vehicle of hope and aspiration.
And it is fun.
These are the attributes that are so important tomobilise in the mission to raise awareness aboutclimate change and to inspire millions of people
to take positive action. The resources available
through sport are immense:• Broadcasting channels• Social media

At a local level we recommend sports
organisations partner with NGOs, universities
and other specialists (individuals and institutions)to draw upon existing and locally relevantmaterials, and to develop specific educational
modules, workshops and training courses foryour people. Ideally these should be relevant toall people in your organisation and those closely
associated with your activities, such as suppliers,
partners, venue owners etc. Most importantly,
however, you need to ensure that your leadershipteam and senior managers participate in yourclimate awareness education programme.

• Athletes as role models andclimate ambassadors• Showcasing sustainable actions at eventsand at club grounds• Association/federation networks• Sport clubs memberships and team fans
• Sponsors and partners• Iconic venues

The scope and content of this guide can serve
as a framework for educational courses for
professional people working in the sport sector.
Ideally it should be used alongside the first guidein the “Sustainability Essentials” series:“Introduction to Sustainability”.

60

The challenge is for sports organisations tomobilise these assets to support action on
climate change. Some current examples ofsports bodies/people taking positive climate
action are summarised over the page.

EDUCATE AND INSPIRE

Reducing energy costs for grassroots
sports clubs
The Dutch Football Association (KNVB) has
pledged to help the nation’s 3,000 grassroots
sports clubs significantly lower their energy
costs and environmental impact by brokering
renewable energy deals and facilitating financeopportunities for energy-saving equipment.
As part of De Groene Club (The Green Club)
project, the KNVB has partnered with autilities company to offer amateur clubs
energy advice, as well as favourable prices
for the installation of solar panels, new boilers
and insulation.

Global Climate Action

The KNVB and its partners KNLTB (Dutch Tennis
Association) and KNHB (Dutch Hockey
Association) plan to go through the same
five-step process (energy advice, drafting plan ofapproach, best-value common measures,financial advice, and realisation) with 300
grassroots clubs per year, starting with football,hockey and tennis.
Interested clubs are expected to make an initialinvestment of between €30,000-€50,000 topurchase equipment, such as solar panels andboilers, with a return on investment expected
after around five or six years. They can use theirown money or apply for financial assistancethrough the Stichting Waarborgfonds Sport(SWS), a social investment fund, which has been
facilitated by the KNVB.
Source: https://sportsustainabilityjournal.com/
news-analysis/dutch-fa-making-the-economiccase-for-environmental-sustainability-ingrassroots-sport/

SPORT HAS THE POWER TO INSPIRE,
TO MOTIVATE, TO EXCITE AND TO
ATTRACT A FOLLOWING. IN PARTICULAR,
IN A WORLD INCREASINGLY FACINGCHALLENGES, SPORT CAN BE
A VEHICLE OF HOPE AND ASPIRATION

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Global Climate Action

EDUCATE AND INSPIRE“The most sustainable football club in
the world”
Forest Green Rovers Football Club is a
professional club in League Two, the fourthtier of English football. The club has attracted
much media and public attention for theirambitious and overt stance on sustainability
and is an inspiring example for others toemulate in any sport. Below is an extract fromthe club’s website:“We’re bringing together football andenvironmental consciousness in a way noother football club in the world is doing rightnow. And it’s working. We see a great
opportunity to create a truly sustainablefootball club – somewhere we can demonstratesustainable thinking and technology to a newand passionate audience.”
Underpinning this inspiring call to action aresome impressive achievements:• Green energy – the entire club is powered by
100 per cent green energy supply, including
some directly generated on-site from solar
panels on the stadium roof.

62• Organic pitch – no pesticides or herbicides
are used on the turfgrass.
• Water conservation – rainwater is captured
for pitch irrigation instead of mains water.
• Electric mower – the grass is cut witha GPS-directed electric lawnmower poweredby solar energy.
• Sustainable transport – fans are encouraged
to travel to all games (home and away) bysustainable means and at the ground the clubhas installed electric vehicle charging points.
• Sustainable food – Forest Green Rovers is
100 per cent vegan: it offers freshly madevegan food to all players, staff and fans, which
is a significant way of reducing the club’s
carbon footprint.
The club has also created an eco-trail so that
visitors to their home ground can explore all
the initiatives being done to make the cluba champion of sustainability.
Source: https://www.fgr.co.uk/our-ethos

EDUCATE AND INSPIRE

Global Climate Action

ONOC Ambassador for climate changeDavid Katoatau the champion weightlifter from
Kiribati, 2014 Commonwealth Games Gold
Medallist, and three times Olympic Games
representative, has been named as an Oceania
National Olympic Committees (ONOC)
ambassador for climate change as he seeks toraise awareness of the issue.

Athletes for the Earth
Athletes for the EarthTM is a campaign by EarthDay Network6 to profile Olympic and professional
athletes as spokespeople for Earth Day and toincrease environmental awareness and activism,
with a focus on climate action. The initiative waslaunched at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in
Vancouver with the following aims:.

David has a strong personal connection with theissue of climate change, having lost his family
home to a severe tropical storm and recognising
the plight of his country, a low-lying small islandstate that is suffering from sea level rise andsevere coastal erosion. Therefore, he is able touse his profile and popularity as a leading sports
personality to convey a powerful message that
resonates because of his personal story.

• harness voices of athletes to address
climate change;• illustrate the interaction of athletes with
their environment;• connect popular athletic activities withenvironmental stewardship;• promote role models for young people;

Many athletes from across the spectrum ofsports and nations could similarly be impressive
advocates for climate action and it is importantfor sports organisations to seek candidates andnurture opportunities for them to have a voice.

• express athletes’ unique dependence on
healthy climate conditions that allow themto compete; and• promote environmental stewardship through
PSAs and public appearances.
Olympic TOP Partner Toyota is the exclusive
corporate partner of Athletes for the Earth in2018 and aims to continue this role through tothe 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.
Source: https://www.earthday.org/campaigns/
campaign-for-communities/athletes-for-theearth/Growing out of the first Earth Day in 1970, Earth Day Network is the world’s largest recruiter to the environmental movement,
working with more than 50,000 partners in nearly 192 countries to build environmental democracy.

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FINAL THOUGHTS AND FUTURE ISSUES TO CONSIDER

8FINAL THOUGHTSAND FUTURE ISSUESTO CONSIDER

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FINAL THOUGHTS AND FUTURE ISSUES TO CONSIDER

Global Climate Action

FINAL THOUGHTS AND FUTUREISSUES TO CONSIDER
All scientific projections are pointing to greater
variability and extremes in weather patterns.
Although long-term forecasting is fraught withdifficulty, analysis of trends does show
increasingly the likelihood of climate change
having an impact on the traditional timing ofseveral outdoor sports. Not only might this affecttiming of events (e.g. to hold them earlier or laterin the day when temperatures are cooler), butultimately we could also be faced with seasonal
shifts and having to reconsider calendar slots forparticular sport seasons and events.

Aside from the physical consequences of
unplayable conditions, climate impacts will havesignificant consequences for athlete training
regimes, public attendance, sponsorship andbroadcasting schedules.
Given that the largest climate impact of sport
can be attributed to greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions from travel, will this lead to rethinking
how we are able to afford big global events?
Will we need to recalibrate how events arestaged, so that spectators from further afield
are encouraged to watch from home rather thantravelling to a live event?

WILL WE NEED TO RECALIBRATE HOWEVENTS ARE STAGED, SO THAT SPECTATORSFROM FURTHER AFIELD ARE ENCOURAGED
TO WATCH FROM HOME RATHER THAN
TRAVELLING TO A LIVE EVENT?

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FINAL THOUGHTS AND FUTURE ISSUES TO CONSIDER

Each of these considerations would have major
contractual and financial implications. There areno simple solutions here, as rights packages forsponsors and broadcasters are often based on
multi-year agreements and take account ofschedules for many different events acrossa calendar period. Nevertheless, the potential
impacts of climate change are such that NOCs,
IFs and other sport governing bodies collectively
need to examine the risks posed to their sports
alongside the health and wellbeing issues for all
the people involved.
This of course assumes that sport bodies havefull control over such decisions. Increasingly,
however, we may see tighter legislative controls
on working practices and health and safety suchthat public authorities and trade unions will besignificant determinants on future planning for
sports activities.

Therefore sports bodies need to anticipate such
eventualities and become more actively engaged
with the relevant authorities and otherstakeholders, to ensure that sport has aneffective voice in the matter.
As with all such issues, credibility comes frombeing seen to take the matter seriously andtaking demonstrable steps to implement relevantmeasures. While the sport sector alone cannot
turn back the tide of climate change, it isa hugely important player in this issue, with thecapability of showcasing practical solutions toa vast audience, including business leaders anddecision makers, as well as the general public.
Therefore, the actions taken by all sport bodies,large and small, will collectively make a positive
difference that will resonate across the whole
sector and beyond.

THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ARE SUCH THAT NOCS, IFS AND OTHER SPORTGOVERNING BODIES COLLECTIVELY NEED TO
EXAMINE THE RISKS POSED TO THEIR SPORTS
ALONGSIDE THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING
ISSUES FOR ALL THE PEOPLE INVOLVED

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FINAL THOUGHTS AND FUTURE ISSUES TO CONSIDER

Global Climate Action“THE ONLY CERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE IS THAT THERE
WILL BE GREATER UNCERTAINTY.
Climate change will be accompanied by a complex range of direct and indirect impacts with many
unknown variables necessitating a range of socio-cultural/community responses. The best model
for strategic management in the face of complexity and uncertainty will be an industry framework
for climate change. The [sport] industry must work in partnership to ensure these strategies work
together and do not compete.
It is vital that urban green spaces are recognised as underpinning the very fabric of our sport,
leisure and recreational industries and that water used to maintain them is considered to benecessary. Green spaces also mitigate the impacts of climate change.
… It is essential that we demonstrate maximum water-use efficiency across all sectors anddevelop and maintain a culture of excellence and continuous improvement…”
Source: http://www.dsr.wa.gov.au/about/plan-for-the-future/climate-change

WHILE THE SPORT SECTOR ALONE CANNOTTURN BACK THE TIDE OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IT ISA HUGELY IMPORTANT PLAYER IN THIS ISSUE67

APPENDICES

9APPENDICESAPPENDIX 1: Sports for Climate Action Framework
APPENDIX 2: Practical measures for climate action
APPENDIX 3: Leading organisations working in thefield of climate science
APPENDIX 4: Recommended further reading
APPENDIX 5: Leading international carbon offset
initiatives and incentive programmes

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APPENDIX 1: SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORKGlobal Climate Action

APPENDIX 1: SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORK

1. BACKGROUND
1. Global warming is placing our planet andfuture generations at risk. Meeting the scaleof the challenge requires action by all sectors,
including the sport sector to achieve thegoals of the Paris Climate Change
Agreement. Around the world, governments,
cities and businesses are taking bold climate
action, leading the way towards a healthierand more sustainable future. By employing
solutions to global warming each of us will be
improving and contributing to public health,promoting social justice, preserving natural
resources, creating reliable sources of energy
and contributing to the society and economy
as a whole.
2. Businesses are now looking to respond tothe challenges of climate action in tangible
ways. Companies are committing to
renewable energy and energy productivity,
are setting concrete targets in line with theclimate science and cross-sectoral businessinitiatives are recognizing and addressing
the climate impacts of supply chains andresource use on agriculture, land use,transport and water. Collectively climate
action by non-state actors can provide
building blocks for 21st century businessesmodels and for delivering the scale needed totransform economies. Yet, there is a universal
recognition that more ambitious and effective
climate action from all levels of government,
the private sector and civil society is needed
now to limit the global temperature rise to 1.5
degrees Celsius, and avoid the worst effects
of climate change.

3. Sports organisations can display climate
leadership by engaging actively andcollectively in the climate neutrality journey, inturn helping to differentiate from competitors,
build brand reputation and engage theirsports personnel, employees and members
on environmental issues.
4. This can be achieved by taking responsibility
for their climate footprint, helping global
ambition step-up and incentivising action
beyond sports to take meaningful andtransformative climate action.
1.1 Implications of the Paris Agreement
for the sport sector
5. In 2015 the governments of the world came
together to determine a new direction for
global growth and development. In
September 2015, the Sustainable
Development Goals, or SDGs, were agreed.
Then, in December of the same year, theParis Climate Change Agreement was
adopted, rapidly entering into force inNovember 2016. The Paris Agreement andSustainable Development Goals are twovisionary agreements which hold great
potential to stabilize our climate, proliferate
peace and prosperity, and open opportunity
for billions of people.
6. The Paris Agreement seeks to accelerate andintensify the actions and investment needed
for a sustainable low-carbon future. Its central
aim is keeping a global temperature rise thiscentury to to 1.5 degrees Celsius above
pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts tolimit the temperature increase even further to
1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement
also aims to strengthen the ability of countries
to deal with climate change impacts.

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APPENDIX 1: SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORKCountries have put forward “nationallydetermined contributions” (NDCs), with acommitment to strengthen these efforts inthe years ahead. However, success cannot
be achieved by governments alone. All
sections of society, from individuals tocorporations, must contribute at increasinglevels of scale and acceleration.
7. Sport’s impact on our climate is complex
and can be difficult to measure dependingon the size of the organization and/or event.
However, most sports organisations andfans would now acknowledge that sport’s
contribution to climate change – throughassociated travel, energy use, construction,
catering, and so on – is considerable.
Moreover, sports’ global interest for billions
of fans, and the media coverage generated
in response, provide a strong platform forthe sport sector to play an exemplary rolein meeting the challenge of climate change,
and inspire and engage large audiences
to do the same.
8. Impacts of climate change will vary greatly
from region to region and from sport to sport.
However, some general implications for thesector can be inferred:
9. Climate change is also impacting on sport.
We see this happening in various ways:(a) Damage to playing surfaces due to extreme
temperatures, extended periods of drought,
flooding, and/or pest species extending theirnatural range(b)	Damage to buildings and other infrastructure
due to violent storms(c)	Coastal erosion and sea level rise directly
affecting sport properties in seaside areas(d)	Warmer winters and lack of natural snow
threatening ski resorts at lower altitudes(e)	Unseasonal rainfall forcing cancellation or
abandonment of sport matches(f)	Heat waves forcing changes to timingof sport events

70(g)	Increased injuries to players from heatexhaustion and impact injuries from harder
playing surfaces(h)	More potentially harmful algal blooms limiting
direct contact outdoor water sports(i)	Sub-standard fan experience where hightemperatures create potential health risks
and detract from the enjoyment of
the event(j)	Climate adaption measures being requiredin the design of new or refurbishedsport venues
10. All these impacts have potentially significant
financial repercussions in addition to their
physical and logistical impacts. These are notprojections; they are all real impacts that have
happened and continue to happen acrosssports and throughout the world.
1.2 Opportunity for sports sector
to become a climate leader
11. UN Climate Change invites sports
organizations and their stakeholders to joina new climate action for sport movement thatwill set the trajectory and provide the support
for sport to play a winning role in achieving
global climate change goals.
12. Uniting behind a set of principles,
this movement of sports organisations andtheir communities will work together to geton track for the net zero emission economy
of 2050 that global leaders agreed in Paris.
13. In particular, UN Climate Change welcomesthe leadership of the International Olympic
Committee to contribute to key areas ofaction under this movement, and invites
other governing bodies, sport federations,leagues and clubs, to join the journey tojointly develop climate action agenda insports, by leading and supporting specificworking groups and by bringing theirexpertise, tools and best practices,
into this framework.

APPENDIX 1: SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORK

14. The activities under Sports for Climate Action
have two overarching objectives:(a)	Achieving a clear trajectory for the global
sports community to combat climate change,
through commitments and partnerships incongress with verified standards, including
measuring, reducing, and reporting
greenhouse gas emissions
in line with the 1.5–2-degree scenario as
set out in the Paris Agreement;(b)	Using sports as a unifying tool to drive
climate awareness and action among
global citizens.
15. Sports for Climate Action sets out acooperative framework to both catalyse
new and enhance existing environmental
commitments. It needs to be open andinclusive initiative seeking to build on otherrelated initiatives and commitments madeby participating organisations.

2. SPORTS FOR CLIMATEACTION PRINCIPLES
16. The Sports for Climate Action Initiative aims
to provide sports organizations with a forum
where organizations can pursue climate
action in is a consistent and mutually
supportive fashion by learning from eachother, disseminating good practices, lessons
learned, developing new tools, andcollaborating on areas of mutual interest.
17. The Principles of Sports for Climate Action
Initiative will serve to mainstream climate
action and will outline actions that, at aminimum, meet fundamental responsibilities
in the areas of environmental sustainability
and combatting climate change. By
incorporating the five principles into
strategies, policies and procedures, and by
vocalising them to the sports community,organisations are upholding their basic
responsibilities to people and planet, but also
setting the stage for wider diffusion of the

Global Climate Action

message and long-term success beyond
the context of sport.
18. The participants in the Sports for Climate
Action Initiative will commit to adhere to thefollowing five principles:(a)	Principle 1: Undertake systematic efforts
to promote greater environmental
responsibility;(b)	Principle 2: Reduce overall climate
impact;(c)	Principle 3: Educate for climate action;(d)	Principle 4: Promote sustainable andresponsible consumption;(e)	Principle 5: Advocate for climate action
through communication.
19. Sports organizations are invited to sign
up to the Sports for Climate Action principles,regardless of their current stage in theirenvironmental endeavours and work
collaboratively to identify and spotlight
climate solutions. There is a requirement todemonstrate ongoing progress, over time, aftercommitment to these principles is established.
Principle 1: Undertake systematic efforts
to promote greater environmental
responsibility
20. The objective of this principle is to movebeyond ad-hoc environmental practices to
a comprehensive incorporation of climatechange and its impacts into business strategy
for operations, events, procurement,
infrastructure and communications.
21. As a minimum, sport organisations should
bring themselves up to the standards ofgood practice by; establishing responsibility
for sustainability at the board level by defining
sustainability strategies and implementing
robust approaches to reducing their climate
impact, and by considering internal andexternal issues that influence the climate
impact of the organization now and in
the future.

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Principle 2: Reduce overall climate impact
22. The objective of this principle is to encourage
sports organizations to prepare a strategy forachieving climate neutrality for theirorganizations and their events. No matter
what size of organisation or sporting event,everyone has a climate impact and everyone
can take action to reduce it. The following
series of key steps represent best practicein taking action to minimise and eventually
neutralise your climate impacts. They offera practical approach to achieve the greatest
positive impact in the most efficient and costeffective manner.
2.1 Measure and understand23. The starting point should be to gather
information on your current activities toenable you to calculate a baseline climate
footprint. This provides a robust, quantitative
measure of your organisation’s (or event’s)
GHG emissions.
24. This measurement is necessary to evaluate theoverall climate impacts of your organisation or
project, and to understand which activities
contribute most to these impacts.
25. Understanding the most significant impacts isessential for guiding decision-makers to takeactions that will reduce your GHG emissions.
The top priority should be to focus on
activities that have the highest contribution to
your climate footprint. This will help you toselect the most cost-effective actions with thehighest reduction potential.
2.2 Take action
26. Actions to mitigate your climate impacts
would normally follow a hierarchal approach:(a)	Avoid – actions designed to eliminate GHG
emissions occurring in the first place.
(b)	Reduce – actions designed to lower the
climate impact of your current activities.
This may entail using resources in a more72

efficient way and thereby reducing the overall
need, and associated costs, forsuch resources(c) Substitute/replace – actions designed
to improve efficiency. This may be achievedby switching to more efficient and “cleaner”
equipment, fuels, materials or processes.
(d) Compensate – actions designed tocompensate for some or all of yourremaining, unavoidable impacts, typicallyby investing in emission reductions in otherprojects through UNFCCC recognised
mechanisms.
(e) Report – provide a credible accountof your climate footprint and the climate
actions you have undertaken in order toshare knowledge and lessons learned.
Principle 3: Educate for climate action
27. The objective of this principle is to bring
together, diffuse and spotlight existing
guidelines, resources, tools and expertiseand collectively address potential knowledge
gaps. It aims to enable knowledge sharing
capacities to optimize the impact of collective
effort on climate action. This principle canprovide a forum for sport organisations tounderstand climate change issues in a global
and regionally relevant context andincorporate lessons into their strategy.
Principle 4: Promote sustainable andresponsible consumption
28. The objective of this principle encourages
sports organizations and sports events
organizers to adopt sustainable procurement
policies to motivate providers to develop
cleaner options. Communication campaigns
toward fans and other stakeholders could bebuilt, to promote the use of greener,
sustainable options. This also applies togiving preference to sustainable means oftransport, being one of the major sources of
GHG emissions in sports, thereby supporting
global transition to low-carbon transport.

APPENDIX 1: SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORK

Principle 5: Advocate for climate action
through communication
29. The objective of this principle refers toconsistently promote awareness aboutclimate change by mobilising resources tosupport action on climate change, such as:(a) Broadcasting channels(b) Social media(c) Athletes as role models and climate
ambassadors(d) Showcasing sustainable actions at events,
at club grounds and at iconic venues(e) Association/federation networks(f) Sport clubs memberships and team fans

3. MODALITIES OF WORK
30. The UN Climate Change is committed tofacilitate and coordinate, within its resources
and mandates, and as part of its work on
Global Climate Action, the work undertaken
by signatories to Sports for Climate Action.
31. The Sports for Climate Action Initiative does
not constitute a new formal initiative orregistered organization, but work is carriedout by the signatories with facilitation from the
UN Climate Change secretariat.
32. Signatories to the Sports for Climate Action
are committed to support the implementationof the principles contained in its Framework,
both by pursuing the principles within theirown organizations, by leading the work for a
specific principle, and by working collectively
with other signatories.

Global Climate Action

3.1 Delivery of sports for climate action
33. Delivery of the Sports for Climate Action
Initiative is through working groups, eachhaving a focus on one of the principles
in the Sports for Climate Action Framework.
34. Working groups will convene to develop
activities, processes and, if necessary, comeup with joint resources to carry out work
under each principle. This among others,means mapping existing tools and resources,developing approaches for how goodpractices can be scaled up and appliedconsistently, including by agreeing on
methodologies or minimum criteria forreporting and recognition of climate action
by sports organizations.
35. Sport Organisations who sign up to theprinciples defined in this Sports for Climate
Action Framework will be invited to leadand/or contribute to the working group of
their choice and support the developmentof associated activities falling under thatspecific working group, in collaboration with
the UN Climate Change secretariat. Sport
Organizations signing up to the Sports
for Climate Action Initiative may contributeto the work of one or several working groupsof their choice7.
36.Substantive direction of the work for eachprinciple is to be decided by consensus
among the organizations that are part of thatworking group, and reflected in a time-boundworking plan.

Signatories are required to apply the principles defined in this framework. Participation in the working groups is optional,
but very much encouraged.

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37. Working group activities requiring resources
for their implementation shall be budgeted forby the participating organizations, either
through own sources of funding or throughjoint fund raising.
38.Any products or outputs resulting from thework of participating organizations will be freeof copyright and publicly accessible.
39. No participating signatory may represent,
or make statements on behalf of the othersignatories of the Sports for Climate Action
Initiative, unless this has been agreed by
all Signatories.
40. The participation of signatories in theworking groups will be recognized by the
UN Climate Change secretariat in relevant
communications and events. Such
participation may also be reflected in thesignatories’ own communications, by statingthat they are a signatory to the Sports for
Climate Action as part of the sports sector
response to UN Climate Change global
climate action.
41. Signatories of the Sports for Climate Action
are not entitled to use the name or logo of
the UN Climate Change without the express
permission by the UN Climate Change
secretariat in writing.
42. The UN Climate Change secretariat and thesignatories of the Sports for Climate Action
Initiative may not use the name, brand or logo
of any of the other signatories without
express permission.
43. The UN Climate change will deploy its
existing Global Climate Action platforms suchas NAZCA, Climate Neutral Now, and theMomentum for Change initiative to inspire
action, track progress and/or highlight
success and provide recognition.

74

44. The UN Climate Change secretariat will
facilitate the work by:(a) Supporting the delivery of the working groups
goals as per UN Climate Change’s existing
resources and mandates;(b) Maintaining a list of signatories and their
participation in working groups;(c) Facilitating regular online calls and meetings
as may be necessary among signatories;(d) Organizing an annual face-to-face meetingwith all signatories to take stock of progress;
share lessons learned, and discuss andagree on work to be done in the next year.
Leads of the working groups will be invited
to host the meeting on a rotational basis
and attendees will bear their own costsof attendance;(e) Coordinating external communication
activities by the signatories;(f) Presenting and explaining the work of thesignatories to other entities and organizations,as needed, to facilitate delivery of work by
the signatories.
45. The International Olympic Committee will
facilitate the work by:(a) Creating and publishing joint guidelines
together with the UN Climate Change
to support and facilitate the signatories
in understanding and implementing theguiding principles;
46. In order to ensure the quality and credibilityof the work of the signatories of the Sports
for Climate Action Initiative, the UN Climate
Change secretariat, based on consultations
with signatories, may exclude an organizationfrom the list of signatories if its sincerity inparticipation or ability to participate is a
cause for concern.

APPENDIX 1: SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORK

47. The Signatories of the Sports for Climate
Action Initiative shall take into due account all
regulations applicable to them that relate toantitrust or anticompetitive behaviours andshall refrain from any such behaviours during
or in relation to their participation in the
Sports for Climate Action meetings, eventsand related activities.

4. SPORTS FOR CLIMATE ACTIONDECLARATION
Recognizing that:• the Paris Agreement represents a global
response to the scientific consensus thathuman activity is causing global averagetemperatures to rise at unprecedented
rates;• the goals agreed in the Paris Agreementtranslate to reaching climate neutrality in thesecond half of the twenty-first century.
Sports organizations need to take an active
part in contributing to the realization ofthese goals;• delivering on the climate agenda also
contributes to the broader Agenda 2030
for Sustainable Development;• all sports organisations, regardless of size
or geography, have opportunities to takeactions that will result in a measurable
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions;Global Climate Action• actions that reduce greenhouse gas
emissions are consistent have multiple
synergies and co-benefits with, among
other things, expanding economic
opportunity and securing livelihoods, using
resources more efficiently, driving economic
competitiveness and innovation,
strengthening environmental, social andeconomic resilience in the face of increasingclimate impacts;• sports have a unique power to inspirea wider societal change that embraces a
low-carbon future and keeps the planet
safe for future generations.
We, the signatories to the Sports for Climate
Action Initiative support the goals of the Paris
Agreement in limiting global temperature rise to
1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels
and affirm our commitment on behalf of ourorganizations to:
1. Undertake systematic efforts to promote
greater environmental responsibility;
2. Reduce overall climate impact;
3. Educate for climate action;
4. Promote sustainable and responsible
consumption;
5. Advocate for climate action throughcommunication.

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5. LETTER OF COMMITMENT

To the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) secretariat Bonn, Germany
Recognizing the critical need for cities, regions, companies and investors from around the globe
to help implement the Paris Agreement and accelerate the transformative change needed to reachgreenhouse gas (GHG) emission neutrality (i.e. climate neutrality) in the second half of the twentyfirst century, I am pleased to confirm that [Organization] supports the vision outlined in the Sports
for Climate Action Declaration.
With this communication, we express our intent to implement the principles enshrined in the Sports
for Climate Action Framework and commit to working collaboratively with our peers and relevant
stakeholders to develop, implement and enhance the climate action agenda in sports.
[Organisation] will communicate this commitment to our stakeholders and the general public
and will report publicly on progress.
Yours Sincerely
Signature 		Place			Date

Please send your signed letter of commitment to the UNFCCC secretariat at:climatedialogues@unfccc.int

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APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION

Global Climate Action

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION
Although it is one of five focus areas of the IOC
Sustainability Strategy, Climate is a crosscutting
theme that relates to each of the other four focus
areas. In this chapter we look at a series ofpractical ways in which climate actions can beapplied to the different focus areas. These
embrace both carbon reduction measures andadaptive measure to build resilience to theimpacts of climate change.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND
NATURAL SITES
There are many climate actions that can beapplied to the siting, design, construction andoperational management of sport venues andtheir related infrastructure. These can varyconsiderably in scale and cost and it is important
to consider relevant options as early as possible
in the planning process for new venues, or whenreviewing the management and/or upgrading ofexisting facilities.
There is a wealth of information and guidance onsustainable design and construction, including
several well-recognised “green building
standards”. Although these standards are mostly
generic, rather than sport-specific, they doprovide an essential basis that can be applied tothe development of sports venues. Please see
Appendix 4 for a selection of recommended
further reading.
Here we highlight a selection of key aspects toconsider in relation to mitigating potential
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and building
resilience to the impacts of climate change.
These points are not exhaustive and areintended to give you a feel for the scale andnature of the measures you might need to
introduce. In all cases, it would be advisable toseek local expert advice.

Managing flood risk
Increased incidence and severity of flooding is
one of the most obvious impacts of climatechange. Many sports facilities are located inareas increasingly prone to flooding and this has
severe economic and practical consequences.
Where fast-drainage of playing surfaces is criticalfor maximising playability, this can exacerbate
flooding problems downstream. Conversely
sports grounds may be victims of inappropriate
flood management practices upstream.
Solutions to minimising these impacts and risks
will normally require multi-agency initiatives
across a larger catchment area than just theimmediately affected sites. It is important,
therefore, for venue managers and sports bodies
to have an active place in such discussions.
In terms of practical measures that venue/sitemanagers can consider to lower the impacts,
or at least not contribute further to flood risk,
it is worth considering the following:• setting aside specific parts of the site as water
retention areas;• maximising vegetation cover and areas ofporous surface; and• creating natural drainage swales – these canreduce water run-off rates and thereby lessen
the risk of flash flooding downstream.
In urban areas flooding is often associated withincreasing amounts of hard, impermeablesurfacing (buildings, roads, car parks,
pavements, town squares etc.) and it isimportant to seek opportunities to allow natural
absorption of rainwater rather than letting it run-off
into drainage systems. Sports grounds, especiallyfor turf-based sports, play an important role here.

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With regard to the development of new sports
facilities, the simplest maxim is not to build inflood plains.
Managing for drought and extreme heat
At the opposite end of the scale to flooding,many parts of the world are increasingly
experiencing extended periods of drought andextreme heatwaves, which are having strong
impacts on sports venues and sports activities.
Among the most severe impacts are restrictions
on irrigation – including sometimes total bans on
irrigation – to the extent that turf-based sports
can no longer be practised. Short-term effects
may be costly and inconvenient but survivable;
if such extreme weather effects are felt overextended periods, they can be ruinous.
A number of such examples have already beenhighlighted in this guide.
Indoor sports facilities may be less directly
affected although certain water use restrictions
may still apply and the cost of water might
increase. More likely impacts would be in theform of increased energy costs for cooling andair-conditioning.
We recommend considering the following
specific adaptation measures to minimise thephysical and financial impacts of drought andextreme heat:• Capture and store rainwater for
irrigation purposes.

• Avoid, or at least minimise use of potable water
for irrigation.
• Utilise more drought-tolerant turf cultivars andthose that can tolerate poorer water quality,
i.e. from non-potable sources.
• Minimise areas requiring irrigation especiallylandscape areas and gardens.
• Plant drought-tolerant species inlandscape areas.
• Avoid extensive areas of hard, impermeablesurfaces.
• Ensure plenty of shade is provided, either bytemporary or permanent shelters and natural
shade from trees.
• Buildings should incorporate energy efficiency
measures, including passive solar design8,
natural ventilation and using materials with highthermal mass9.
• Ensure infrastructure is in place to provide
accessible drinking water sources wherever
sports events are likely to take place regularly
in hot conditions.
Water conservation is also important indoors inwashrooms, showers and kitchens, and forcleaning. Here the emphasis is on water-efficient
appliances, both for new building and for
retrofitting in existing facilities.

• Create irrigation reservoirs that canbe filled during wet seasons.

In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy inthe form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.
9
Thermal mass is a property of the mass of a building, which enables it to store heat, providing “inertia” against temperaturefluctuations. The thermal mass is warmed passively by the sun during the day and the thermal energy stored in the mass isreleased back into the interior during the night. This works in temperate and hot arid areas but is less effective in hot humid
places, where night-time temperatures remain high.
878

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTIONManaging coastal erosion
In some parts of the world rising sea levels are
already impacting on sports facilities, notably anumber of coastal golf courses. This is not aneasy situation to manage, since the impacts will
be felt along whole stretches of coastline, notindividual sites. Thus measures to reinforce sea
fronts in one particular place may cause impacts
further along the shore, or simply be ineffective.
Sports facilities that are potentially affected bycoastal erosion need to be actively engaged incoastal management strategies for their area/
region. Independent, ad hoc measures are
not recommended.
In the case of proposed new sports
developments on coastal sites, planners anddevelopers should take extreme care to avoid
impacting on natural coastal environments, suchas estuaries and dune systems. Not only is thisimportant ecologically but also to avoid
disrupting natural coastal defences that theseecosystems provide.
Minimising GHG emissions throughlandscaping and biodiversity
conservation
Areas of vegetation within the land holding ofsports venues can be precious refuges forwildlife, as well as serving to cool the air, reduceglare, improve air quality and soundscape – they
can also have an important aesthetic function.
Established natural vegetation is better adapted
to local conditions and less water-demanding
than newly planted landscaping. Likewise naturalvegetation supports more native wildlife than
non-native plants.
The following measures offer a dual benefit inconserving biodiversity and supporting efforts tomitigate and/or adapt to climate impacts:• Where there are areas of natural wildlife habitaton your venue ensure they are effectively
safeguarded and ecologically managed.

Global Climate Action• Give preference to native species
in landscaping.
• If using non-native species or varieties,
ensure they are appropriate for your local
climatic conditions.
• Use vegetation to provide green facades
on walls, on roofs, for areas of shelter andshade and to break up large expanses of
hard landscaping.
• Wherever possible allow, open natural drainage
systems and establish water retention areas on
the site.
A number of studies have shown that turfgrasshas the potential to be a carbon sink, at least
over short time spans. This depends in part on
the management regime (i.e. how much fertiliser,
pesticide and irrigation water is used) and on thecapacity of the soil to absorb carbon. Morenatural grasslands (i.e. those that are lessintensively managed than sports surfaces) haveeven greater potential to be carbon sinks andthere is some evidence they may be more
resilient to wildfires than forests.
Many sports venues have the potential fordifferent grassland structures, from regularly
low-cut field-of-play to tall, uncut vegetation inunused areas. This variety is good forbiodiversity as well as being potentially beneficial
in terms of carbon sequestration.
Minimising GHG emissions throughvenue siting and design
This section applies specifically to thedevelopment of new sports facilities andrefurbishing and upgrading of existing venues.
In many cases site location is predetermined byownership and availability of land, but where
there is a choice, new venues should be sitedaway from areas at risk of flooding or coastal
erosion, they should avoid impacting onprotected natural environments, and they should
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be close to the target population catchment
and be accessible by public transport.
There are several new stadiums and multipurpose arenas that have been built in recent
years that are held up as exemplars ofsustainable design. These include:
Amsterdam ArenA – the home of the footballclub Ajax, is powered by more than 4,200
solar panels and one wind turbine. The mainbuilding comprises an impressive energygenerating escalator and the stadium has
also installed an energy storage system
powered by second-life batteries from usedelectric vehicles.
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta – the official
home of Atlanta Falcons for the US National
Football League (NFL) & United FC and Atlanta
United FC of Major League Soccer (MLS).
In November 2017, it became the first
professional sports stadium to receive aplatinum Leadership in Energy & Environmental
Design (LEED) certificate, a global standard formeasuring the sustainability of buildings.
Levi’s Stadium, San Francisco – the home of
the San Francisco 49ers holds two LEED
certifications. In 2014, it achieved the first Gold
LEED certification to be awarded in a stadium
which hosts a professional team, and in 2016
it received a second Gold certification for
operations and maintenance.
Golden 1 Center, Sacramento – the home of
Sacramento Kings was awarded the world’s
greenest and most technologically advanced
sports and entertainment facility for 2017.
According to Green Project Management,
the Golden 1 Center is in the top 3 per centof high-performance buildings in the world.

80

Through an urban smart grid, the venue meets
100 per cent of its power needs through solar
energy. Water conservation practices are
particularly important to California, due to thewater shortages the region has been facing inrecent years. The stadium has, therefore,
managed to use 45 per cent less water thanallowed under the California code.
AAMI Park (Melbourne Rectangular Stadium)– since being completed in 2010, it has been
largely used for hosting rugby and soccer
games. Sustainability-focused measures
included the use of 50 per cent less steel forthe roof than a typical stadium. The stadium
has a rainwater collection system that can save
up to 2 million litres of water every year and it
can also provide four other venues in the
precinct with water.
Source: Climate Action 2018; Humans for a
Sustainable Future 2015
These and many others like them are high-profile
venues backed by considerable resources.
Nevertheless, the principles and applications ofclean technology applied in these cases should
provide inspiration for similar approaches on
smaller-scale projects.
Importantly, several of these high-profile cases
demonstrate how sports can not only addresssome of their direct climate impacts, but also
provide wider benefits in the context of urban
regeneration schemes and supporting local
communities to address sustainability
challenges. In addition, there is considerable
value in the leadership shown through theseprojects, which can be used to spread publicawareness and understanding of climatechange issues and what can be done tomitigate them.

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION

Green building standards
Many new sports venues have been, or are
being built to internationally recognised “Green
Building Standards”. These provide a frameworkand technical criteria for achieving specificsustainability targets, especially related to energy
supply, use of low-carbon construction materials,
energy efficiency, water resource management
and waste production. The two most widely
known and used are:
• LEED – Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental Design, operated by the US
Green Building Council• BREEAM – Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Methodology,
operated by BRE, UK

Global Climate Action

Minimising carbon emissions throughuse of renewable energy
The most direct way to contribute to a lowcarbon economy is through the installation of
on-site renewable energy, typically solar or wind
power and in some instances geothermalenergy. These installations require capital
investment, but in many countries there are
grants and subsidies to encourage uptake ofrenewable energy. Furthermore, the pay-backperiod is continually getting shorter as themarket for renewable energy has become much
more competitive, capital costs have reduced
and generation efficiency levels have improved– in fact in many places the cost of installing andoperating solar panels have dropped so sharply
that the economic benefits significantly outweighthe costs.

There are many other similar standards, often
national-level systems (such as CASBEE inJapan, HQE in France and AQUA in Brazil).
While the application of such standards usuallyadds a premium to design and construction
costs over “business as usual”, their use is
becoming more and more widely required byplanning authorities and other criticalstakeholders, especially for high-profile projects,
such as for major sports venues. These extra
costs may be offset by smoother planning
processes, better stakeholder relations andlower operational costs over the venue’s lifetime.

This is indicated by the fact that prior to 2010
only a handful of sports venues round the world
had installed solar power, whereas in the last
decade the number of “solar sports venues” hasincreased significantly. The majority of such
facilities are in North America and Europe, butthere are examples in all regions of the world.

Rank Name

Team

Sport

Size
(kWp)

Location

Year

No of
panels1

Indianapolis Motor
9,000
Speedway-

Car/motor racing Indiana, USA

2014

39,3122

TT circuit Assen-

Car/motor racing Assen, Netherlands

2016

21,0003

Lincoln Financial
field

3,000

Philadelphia Eagles

AmericanFootballPhiladelphia, USA

2010

11,0004

Pocono Raceway

3,000

-

Car/motor racing Pennsylvania, USA

2010

39,9605

Estádio Nacional
Mané Garrincha

2,500

Brasilia and Legiao
Futebol Clube

Football

2013

9,600

5,600

Brasilia, Brazil

Table 2: The world top five solar sports venues (source: Solarplaza 2018)81

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Solar is the most widespread form of on-site
renewable energy used on sports venues, which
is probably a reflection of their predominantly
urban locations, where wind power is not always
practical. However, the third venue listed in Table
2 (see previous page), Lincoln Financial Field,
also has 14 wind turbines, which along with thesolar panels supply more than four times thepower used during a season of home games.
In addition the venue introduced a variety ofconservation programmes, such as an improved
building management system and a properly
evaluated commissioning of the building, leading
to a reduction of the venue’s energy bills by
33 per cent. They also saved up to five years inelectric costs thanks in part to new occupancybased lighting controls (Source: Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy [2017]).
Geothermal energy derives from naturally
occurring heat within the earth. It typicallyinvolves drilling down to the hot rocks in places
where the heat does not naturally get to thesurface, passing water through the substrate,
which is then pumped back to the surface as
hot water. Many systems take this hot water andpass it through a heat exchanger that warms up
a second liquid. This second liquid is more
efficiently converted into steam to drive a turbine
to generate electricity.
Potentially this is a widely available resource andthere are many places around the world where
the hot rocks are at a reachable depth to makethis a viable source of energy. It is also a nearzero emission and renewable energy sourcethat can be generated for both small-scale(e.g. individual buildings) to industrial levels(e.g. to power a neighbourhood or small town).
There is a growing number of sports facilities
that use geothermal energy, spanning a rangeof size and type of venue, such as the following
three examples:82• The Palma Sport and Tennis Club in Mallorca• Beijing Olympic Stadium (The Bird’s Nest)
Minimising carbon emissions throughenergy efficiency
Energy efficiency is relevant for all sports venues
and offers potentially significant cost savings aswell as important reductions in GHG emissions.
These are not isolated measures and many of
the options listed below link closely with thepreceding sections.
• Design buildings to optimise use of natural lightand ventilation and to minimise requirement for
supplementary heating or cooling (e.g. throughinsulation of walls and roofs).
• For large buildings/venues where there aredifferent activities (e.g. administrative functions,data servers or broadcasting studios,
hospitality and sports facilities) introduce
energy plans to optimise airflow across andbetween different zones.
• Ensure energy is not being wasted heating/cooling/lighting unused areas.
• Ensure different functions are on separate circuits(e.g. if you need security lighting it does not meanother non-critical systems are always on).
• Use smart meters and other tools to monitor
energy use.
• Install, or switch to more efficient lighting, HVAC
and other systems and appliances.
• Switch off lighting and appliances when not in
use and/or install automatic occupancy-based
lighting systems.

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION• Ensure any refrigerants used have a low
Greenhouse Warming Potential – this isespecially important for ice venues and aquatic
centres, where large amounts of coolants may
be needed.
Many of these measures can be captured via
a Building Management System (BMS). This isparticularly relevant for large facilities withextensive mechanical, HVAC, and electricalsystems. For smaller venues and offices, where
the cost of automated systems would beprohibitive, it is still important to have a basic
energy plan and being diligent in its operation.

SOURCING AND RESOURCEMANAGEMENTHow you procure the goods and services youneed is one of the most fundamental ways inwhich an organisation can achieve its
sustainability goals and limit its environmental
and social impacts. Understanding the climate
impact of the products you buy, how you use
them and what you do with them at the end of
their useful life, will have a massive bearing on
your carbon footprint.
Full details on how to go about sustainablesourcing are provided in a separate guide in
the “Sustainability Essentials” series, which
focuses on what to consider in order to minimise
the climate impact of your sourcing decisions,
including what you do with goods and materials
after you have finished with them.
We can consider the climate impacts of productsin three ways:• carbon emissions arising from manufacturing
and transportation of goods and materials(known as “embodied carbon”);• carbon emissions arising from their operationaluse – e.g. fuel burnt and energy consumed by

Global Climate Action

vehicles, equipment, lighting or air-conditioning
systems; and• carbon emissions arising from disposalof goods and materials – e.g. fromlandfill waste.
Choosing products with low
embodied carbon
If you are buying something new, you are
ultimately causing it to be made in the firstplace. Thus the more new products youpurchase, the greater the amount of embodied
carbon there will be in your carbon footprint.
There are several ways you can avoid or
minimise this:• Buy less – be strict about quantities andassessing the real necessity for a purchase.
• Buy second-hand – in this way you are giving
extra life to something originally procured byanother party.
• Hire rather than buy – if you rent goods andequipment just for the period you need themand then return to the rental company, yourcarbon footprint only has to account for thefraction of the lifespan the item(s) are inyour possession.
• Specify items that contain recycled content(“secondary materials”) – by including
secondary materials you are not causing
something to be made entirely fromvirgin materials.
• Buy from local sources – in this way you can
minimise the transportation element of theembodied carbon.
• Share equipment and other goods – can you
club together with other organisations to
spread the cost of ownership of certain items
and use them as a shared resource?

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Global Climate Action

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION• Combine procurement to achieve economies
of scale – like the previous example you join
forces with other organisations so that yourcollective purchasing power can make lowcarbon choices more feasible.

• Understand how to optimise the running
efficiency of your equipment and/or vehicles.

Individually these various approaches can makesense, but sometimes one thing might
counteract another, making it difficult to know
which to choose. For example, second-hand or
rental equipment might be very inefficient tooperate, so carbon you save through sourcing
might be outweighed by additional carbon
emissions during your ownership of the items.
Or an item bought locally has a low impact fromtransportation but it might have been madeusing a carbon-intensive process, such that alonger distance import might have been better.

• Make sure equipment and vehicles are
the right size for your needs, not overor underpowered.

As always with sustainability decisions, it isimportant to look at different angles and notassume one attribute necessarily outweighs
another. Each sourcing decision needs to be
based on a well-informed choice.
Choosing products with low
operational emissions
Here we are concerned about vehicles, energyusing equipment and systems that use
refrigerants and gases that have a high“greenhouse warming potential” (GWP),
because their operational use will generate
carbon emissions.
To minimise carbon emissions consider thefollowing measures:• Choose appliances with high ratings forenergy efficiency.
• Choose vehicles with zero or low tailpipe
emissions ratings (manufacturers’ own ratings
have been heavily criticised in recent years,
so try to find corroborative sources of
information if possible).

84• Switch off or power down when equipment is
not in use.

• Maintain equipment and vehicles properly.
These measures are generally common-sense
care for equipment and vehicles and can add up
to substantial cost savings, as well as carbon
benefits. However, in any organisation
wastefulness is a continual risk and this isespecially so in high-pressured environments
such as sports events. It is therefore important tohave clear policies on efficient operation andmaintenance of equipment and vehicles, and forthese to be implemented correctly.
Optimising end-of-life disposal
Once goods and materials are surplus torequirement you have the job of disposal.
Unless this has been planned in advance –ideally at the time of purchase – often this canmean simply sending to waste disposal: i.e.
landfill or incineration.
These items may no longer be of any use foryour organisation, but they may well still be ofvalue to others. Whether it’s through donation,
onward selling or some form of repurposing forreuse, the best solutions are those that extend
the lifetime use of a product in a high-value state.
This saves carbon because you are not causing
new products to be made and you are avoiding
GHG emissions from burning or landfill.

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION

Recycling is the next best solution if no formof reuse is available. However, depending on
the processes used in recycling, there may besome GHG emissions released as a result.
Nevertheless, this is still normally preferable tohaving products made entirely of virgin materials.
The most significant cause of GHG emissions
from waste is organic materials, notably foodwaste. Here, the decomposition process
releases methane, which is a much morepotent GHG than carbon dioxide. Fortunately,
there are various forms of composting processes
can capture the methane as a biogas for use as
a fuel and thereby avoid the direct release ofhigh levels of GHG emissions.
Key steps to take to minimise carbon emissions
through end of life disposal of goods andmaterials include the following:• Ensure your sourcing processes always
consider eventual disposal options, as theseshould influence the initial choice.
• Favour items that can be reused in one formor another.
• If reuse is not an option, ensure the items canbe recycled.
• Ensure organic waste is composted or used
for biogas production.
Most problems with waste materials arise
because they were not anticipated at thesourcing stage. Such errors can be costly,
financially and in terms of carbon emissions.
Recent research indicates that scenarios
achieving zero-waste compliance are notnecessarily the most effective means of reducing
GHG emissions or energy use. The two mosteffective approaches are eliminating edible foodGlobal Climate Actionwaste and recycling. For further information see
http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/7/1236/htm.

MOBILITY
Transport-related carbon emissions probably
make up the greatest share of the sport sector’s
global carbon footprint and the same is likely to
be true for any sport organisation or major eventwith an international remit. Travel is obviously
a fundamental part of the world of sport, somany of these impacts may be regarded as
inevitable. Nevertheless, there are several
options to consider that can help reduce thesecarbon emissions. Indeed, many of thesesolutions can be applied to any sportorganisation or event, large or small.
Although much attention is given to the carbon
emissions related to flying, in total the day-to-day
travelling to and from local facilities and acrosscountry for domestic matches, training andmeetings, as well as workforce commuting, arelikely to add up to a significant proportion of the
sport sector’s carbon emissions.
All sports bodies and event organisers should
develop a travel plan to assess how much travelis required, how this can be optimised, what
alternative modes are available and how tomeasure the impacts in order to gauge a realistic
level of carbon compensation that would benecessary to meet carbon neutrality goals.
Elements to consider in developing such travelplans are given in the following two sections on
ground-based travel and air travel.
Low-carbon options for groundbased travel
This covers day-to-day commuting and local
travel to and from sports facilities, as well as
longer-distance road and rail travel for training,
attending domestic matches and meetings.
General principles to apply include:85

Global Climate Action

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION• seeking opportunities to reduce the amountof travel required;• promoting soft-mode travel – i.e. cycling
and walking;• favouring rail over road transport;• using shared rather than individual transport;

Options for limiting impacts of air travel
Aviation is one of the fastest-growing sourcesof GHG emissions and accounts for more than
2 per cent of global emissions. If global aviation
was a country, it would rank in the top 10
emitters. Someone flying from London to New
York and back generates roughly the same levelof emissions that the average person in theEuropean Union does by heating their home fora whole year10.

• using “cleaner”, low-emission vehicles;• choosing venues for meetings and events thatallow access by public transport; and• providing opportunities for virtual working(i.e. staff being able to work from home,or from local/regional office facilities rather
than travelling to a central location).
Obviously your specific geographical situation
will determine the practicality and affordabilityof which of the above measures could workfor you. What is important is that sports
organisations take a careful look at travel policies
and actively seek more efficient solutions. By
doing this you should be able to reduce yourorganisation’s carbon footprint, while some of
the measures will have other benefits too. Lessroad use and use of cleaner vehicles help tolower air pollution, and cycling and walking arehealthy options.
It is worth considering incentives to encourage
uptake of more sustainable travel options. Can
you provide secure cycle parking and shower
and changing facilities at your offices, or ata nearby sports facility? Is it possible to offer
subsidies or loans to staff for public transportseason tickets? Or create a points system toreward staff who make the most effort to reduce
their travel carbon footprint?

10

86

Clearly, therefore, aviation has a massive impact
in terms of GHG emissions; while equally there isno question that flying is a vital part of the global
sport industry. International competition is the
lifeblood of modern sport and bringing people
together from different countries and cultures
has huge positive social and economic benefits.
In large countries, or those with limited road andrail infrastructure, flying is often the only practicaltravel mode available.
Nevertheless, too many people in the sport
sector fly too often and there is definitely scopeto economise and optimise travel plans. Thismeans examining necessity for travel, number oftravellers, the timing of travel to limit need for
multiple return trips, choosing optimal routes andairlines that operate “cleaner” fleets.
• Assessing need: is there a real business casefor the intended travel? Can purpose beachieved through virtual meetings instead ofphysical meetings? Can fewer people do thejob, thereby reducing number of flights
required? Where available, can high-speed rail
be used as a viable alternative to flying?
• Optimising timing: instead of several repeat
journeys, can timings of meetings and otheractivities be adjusted to facilitate fewer journeys
that achieve multiple objectives?

Source: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation_enAPPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION

As an example, IOC Commission meetings arenowadays clustered so that members who sit
on more than one Commission can attend
their meetings on a single trip.
• Optimising travel routes: Flying direct, evenon less efficient aircraft, is environmentally
preferable than taking multiple connecting
flights on efficient aircraft. Sometimes thelower-carbon option may be prohibitively
expensive, but as a rule you or your travel
agent should first seek direct options.
• Preferring airlines: it is worth checking whichaircraft are being used. On fuel-intensive long
haul routes, aircraft models like the Boeing
787-9 or the Airbus A350-900 outperform
other aircraft types; while for short-haul routes
the A319 equipped with sharklets (a wingtip
device to reduce fuel consumption) is the mostefficient aircraft currently in operation11.
Sustainable logistics
It is not just people that travel for sport. There isalso a huge volume of materials and equipmentthat are freighted around the world to and fromcompetitions, meetings and conferences. In
addition there is freighting of goods through yoursupply chain to consider.
The method and timing of freighting materials
and equipment will have a strong bearing on theassociated GHG emissions. Some points toconsider include:

Global Climate Action• Assess logistics suppliers on their local as well
as long-haul performance. Thus consider:- sustainability credentials of theirwarehousing facilities;- types and sizes of vehicles in their fleet;- fuel types and fuel management policies;- policies on load optimisation; and- policies on reducing packaging andpackaging waste
In the case of major international sports events,
you will probably be procuring services ofa number of large event suppliers especiallythose involved in venue overlay construction
and providing heavy equipment. In these cases
it is good to specify requirements for sustainablelogistics during the tendering process, so thatyou can evaluate which suppliers have the bestpolicies for limiting GHG emissions as well as forother sustainability aspects.
Promoting green tourism
The climate impacts of travel are not limited tothe transport mode of getting to and from yourdestination. Accommodation, food and beverageand local transport are also factors to beconsidered. When selecting venues for eventsand meetings, and associated accommodation
options, there are several factors to consider that
can help limit GHG emissions and contribute to
the wider theme of “green tourism”.
Recommended actions include:• For some major projects rail or river freight may
be a viable option.

• Select hotels and venues with visible
sustainability policies and credentials(these are usually stated on their individual
or group websites).

• Use trucking companies and couriers that
operate low-emission vehicle fleets.

• Select hotels and venues easily accessible
via public transport.

• Use shipping in preference to airfreight.

11

Source: https://www.atmosfair.de/en/air_travel_and_climate/atmosfair_airline_index/
87

Global Climate Action

APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION• Use rail and/or metro systems for airport
transfers and local travel wherever practical.
• If using taxis, give preference to companies
using low/zero-emission vehicles.
• Select catering services that promote use of
local and seasonal ingredients.
These points are equally valid for those hosting
events and meetings, whereby you should seek
the most sustainable local venues and hotels
and inform participants and visitors of thesustainable transport options they can take.
These may also include information on safe
walking routes and use of local cycle-hireschemes. There may also be opportunities
in partnership with local transport and tourism
authorities to integrate event ticketing/accreditation with use of public transport
and access to local attractions.

PEOPLEIn the context of climate action, it is important toconsider all groups of people involved in sporting
activities and events, not just workforce12. Thismeans the entire workforce of employed staff,
contractors and volunteers, as well as athletes,
sports officials, media, sponsor staff, guests andthe public.
Sports organisations and event organisers
should always make the utmost effort to ensure
the safety and wellbeing of all people under theircare: i.e. everyone on site for an event, at

a training facility, at your offices, or any otherproperties under your control, including
construction sites.
Heat stress planning
The most significant and increasing effect ofclimate change on people’s wellbeing is
exposure to extreme heat. In very dry conditions,people can work outside in temperatures of up
to 40ºC. But the safety cut-off drops below 30ºC
when you have very high humidity. To calculate
the limits in which it is safe for people to workin extreme heat, scientists rely on a measureof temperature that takes into account boththe heat and the humidity, as well as otherfactors. This is known as the wet-bulb
globe temperature13.
At wet-bulb temperatures higher than 35ºC,
human skin can no longer cool itself down
through evaporation. While such conditions have
not yet been recorded naturally, some regions of
the world (e.g. South Asia) are increasingly
experiencing conditions close to this limit.
Clearly the combination of high heat andhumidity limits athlete performance and alsosignificantly the ability of workforce to carry out
their tasks safely and comfortably. For example,
the US military suspends training and physicalexercise when this temperature exceeds
32ºC. Importantly, people working for sports
organisations are not high-performance athletes
themselves and your workforce and volunteers
may include many vulnerable people who
would suffer in extreme heat and highhumidity conditions.

Workforce is one of the focus areas of the IOC Sustainability Strategy.
The WetBulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is a measure of the heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account:temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover (solar radiation). This differs from the heat index, which takes
into consideration temperature and humidity and is calculated for shady areas. If you work or exercise in direct sunlight, this is agood element to monitor. Military agencies and many nations use the WBGT as a guide to managing workload in direct sunlight(source https://www.weather.gov/tsa/wbgt).

12
13

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APPENDIX 2: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR CLIMATE ACTION

All responsible sports organisations should
therefore have in place policies to deal withextreme weather situations, notably heatwaves,both for normal office or venue operations, andfor during sports events.
Specific practical measures to consider
may include:• provision of freely available drinking water;• provision of shade and shelter from direct sun;• revision of working hours and shift patterns;• relaxation of dress codes; and• regular monitoring of conditions to assess if
adjustments to policies are necessary.
Where possible, options for staff to work fromhome could be beneficial where that enables
them to avoid difficult daily journeys to/from work
during periods of extreme weather.
In relation to sports events, if there is a significant
risk of heat exhaustion, among competitors,
workforce and spectators the following
measures should be considered:• revision of competition times and schedule forcooler times of day;• managing queuing times so spectators are notstanding in exposed areas for long periods;• providing additional areas of shade anddrinking water facilities;• provision of additional medical/first aid facilities;• Installation of additional fire-fighting equipment(for outdoor venues in fire-risk areas).

Global Climate Action

Inevitably such measures would have knock-on
impacts on event operations, notably transport
so that people can get to/from venue(s) out
of normal hours, and logistics for restocking
and moving materials and equipment at
different times.
All of the above points are common sense
measures that have been used many times
in the past. What is different now is that they
are likely to become frequent, rather thanoccasional emergency interventions. Therefore,
sports bodies and event organisers need to
anticipate such eventualities in their forward
plans and workforce training programmes,
so that when issues arise they are not a
total surprise.
Other impacts affecting wellbeingof athletes and workforce
Effects of severe weather can endure beyond
the period in question. For example where
extended periods of drought have caused
playing surfaces to harden and crack, it could
be some while before they are safe to playon, and this requires careful monitoring.
Another effect of increased temperatures isa change in water quality. Commonly this canbe seen in the form of algal blooms but there
can also be a number of water-borne pathogens
that multiply in such conditions and renderconditions dangerous for sports involving directcontact with water – both for athletes andtechnical officials in some cases.
Shifts in weather patterns are affecting the
distribution and abundance of various pest
species to the extent that areas that previously
had not been within the known range are now
being impacted. When this includes biting/stinging insects it becomes a relevant concern
for people’s wellbeing.

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APPENDIX 3: LEADING ORGANISATIONS WORKING IN THE FIELD
OF CLIMATE SCIENCEAPPENDIX 3: LEADING ORGANISATIONS WORKING IN THE FIELD
OF CLIMATE SCIENCE
A full list of organisations working in the climate change arena would make for a very long directory.
Below we have selected a small number of the leading entities in this field that have key roles in
global policies, setting standards and promoting climate action.
Organisation name

C40 Cities

Acronym

About

C40

Initiated in 2005 as a collaboration between the Mayor of London and theClinton Climate Initiative, the name C40 was adopted in 2006 to reflect the
number of initial partners in a network of the world’s megacities committed
to addressing climate change. Today the initiative connects more than 90 of
the world’s largest cities, representing over 650 million people and one
quarter of the global economy.
C40 is focused on tackling climate change and driving urban action that
reduces GHG emissions and climate risks, while increasing the health,wellbeing and economic opportunities of urban citizens.
http://www.c40.org
CDP is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) founded in
2002 and headquartered in the UK. It currently has regional offices andlocal partners spanning 50 countries.

Carbon Disclosure
Project

CDP

Its primary mission is enabling companies and cities to report publicly on
their environmental impacts, following standardised disclosure protocols.
CDP obtains data from participating organisations and transforms the data into
detailed analyses on critical environmental risks, opportunities and impacts.
https://www.cdp.net/en
Established in 2007 and headquartered in London, UK, Climate Action works
in a contractual partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme.

Climate Action

Climate Action’s role is to establish and build partnerships between
business, government and public bodies to accelerate internationalsustainable development and advance the “green economy”. This is done
via a global media and events platform across which stakeholders can shareknowledge, technologies and expertise, and identify innovative solutions
to the challenges faced by climate change and a growing population.
Climate Action’s website has a section dedicated to sport, where it highlights
sustainability initiatives within the sport sector. Climate Action also organises
the annual conference Sustainability Innovation in Sport (SIIS)
http://www.climateactionprogramme.org

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APPENDIX 3: LEADING ORGANISATIONS WORKING IN THE FIELD
OF CLIMATE SCIENCE

Organisation name

Acronym

Global Climate Action

About
Founded in 1986, the Climate Institute was the world’s first organisation
focused solely on climate change. Since its founding, the Institute has been
instrumental in moving climate change onto the international agenda,
fostering collaboration between developing countries and richer nations, andin launching and implementing pioneering studies and initiatives on subjects
such as environmental refugees, transforming the energy infrastructure ofsmall island states, and catalysing policymaker focus on the necessity oflimiting emissions of black carbon and other short-lived climate forcers.

Climate Institutehttp://climate.org
Founded in the late 1990s as a joint initiative between the World Resources
Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development,
GHGP provides an NGO-business partnership to address standardised
methods for GHG accounting.
Greenhouse Gas
ProtocolGHGP

The first edition of the Corporate Standard, published in 2001, has been
updated regularly with additional guidance that clarifies how organisations
can measure emissions from electricity and other energy purchases, andaccount for emissions from throughout their value chains. The GHG Protocol
has also developed a suite of calculation tools to assist companies inmeasuring their GHG emissions and evaluating the benefits of climatechange mitigation projects.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org
The IPCC, based in Geneva, is the international body that provides
policy-makers with regular assessments of the scientific basis ofclimate change, its impacts and future risks and options for adaptationand mitigation.

Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
ChangeIPCC

The IPCC was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organisations,
the World Meteorological Organisation and United Nations Environment
Programme, and later endorsed by the UN General Assembly throughResolution 43/53.
IPCC assessments form the basis for negotiations at the UN Climate
Conference (UNFCCC).
http://www.ipcc.ch

The Climate GroupThe Climate Group is an international non-profit, founded in 2004, with
offices in London, New Delhi and New York. Its mission is to accelerate
climate action towards a goal of a world of under 2°C of global warming
and greater prosperity for all.
The Climate Group brings together networks of business and governments,
acting as a catalyst to take innovation and solutions
to scale.
https://www.theclimategroup.org
91Global Climate Action

Organisation name

United Nations
Framework
Convention on
Climate Change(The secretariat of
the UNFCCC, which
is based in Bonn,
Germany, is known
as UN Climate
Change)Acronym

APPENDIX 3: LEADING ORGANISATIONS WORKING IN THE FIELD
OF CLIMATE SCIENCE

About
UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992
and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro that year.
It entered into force in March 1994 following ratification bya sufficient number of countries.

UNFCCCThe UNFCCC objective is: “to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in theatmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system”. The framework sets non-binding limits
on GHG emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement
mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international
treaties (called “protocols” or “agreements”) may be negotiated to specify
further action towards the objective of the UNFCCC.
The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferencesof the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change.
http://unfccc.int
WBCSD is a global, CEO-led organisation of over 200 leading businesses
working together to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world.

World BusinessCouncil for
Sustainable
Development

WBCSD

The WBCSD’s Climate and Energy Programme facilitates interaction on
critical topics between organisation members, their peers and stakeholders
to address critical industry issues and share best practices and solutions.
https://www.wbcsd.org/

World Resources
Institute

WRI

WRI is a global research organisation that spans more than 50 countries,
with offices in the United States, China, India, Brazil, Indonesia and more.
With more than 700 experts and staff, WRI works closely with leaders toturn big ideas into action to sustain natural resources – the foundation of
economic opportunity and human wellbeing. WRI focuses on six criticalissues at the intersection of environment and development: climate, energy,
food, forests, water, and cities and transport.
https://www.wri.org

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APPENDIX 4: RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING

Global Climate Action

APPENDIX 4: RECOMMENDED FURTHER READINGThe following references provide detailed
information on specific aspects of climate action
in relation to sport, or that can be applied tosport. They can all be freely accessed online.
“Game Changer: how climate change is
impacting sports in the UK” (2018). Report by
the Climate Coalition in association with thePriestley Centre for Climate Change, Universityof Leeds, UK.
“Green Building Standards and Certification
Systems” (2016). Paper by Stephanie Vierra,
published by Whole Building Design Guide,
Washington DC.

“Achieving Sustainability beyond Zero Waste:
A Case Study from a College Football Stadium”(2017). Paper by Christine Costello, Ronald G
McGarvey and Esma Birisci, University ofMissouri, Columbia MO, USA, published in
Sustainability, MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
“Dow Climate Solutions Framework” (current)
https://www.dow.com/en-us/sports/
sustainability.

“Carbon Footprint Methodology for the Olympic
Games” (2018)93

Global Climate Action

APPENDIX 5: LEADING INTERNATIONAL CARBON OFFSET INITIATIVESAND INCENTIVE PROGRAMMESAPPENDIX 5: LEADING INTERNATIONAL CARBON OFFSETINITIATIVES AND INCENTIVE PROGRAMMES
We summarise below some of the main
mechanisms available to the sports community
for participating in international climate mitigation
programmes, notably through credible offsetting
schemes. We have also included related
initiatives that incentivise further action andpromotion of what you have achieved.

UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMMESThe following initiatives are provided via UN
Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Clean Development Mechanism offsets
The purpose of the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) is to identify the most costeffective ways to reduce emissions globally,
while contributing to sustainable developmentof developing countries. It is the only mechanismthat has been approved at an international levelby the Climate Change Convention.
The CDM has stringent, multi-stage processes
in place, with third-party oversight to ensure thatemission reductions generated by projects are
real, measurable, verifiable and additional towhat would have otherwise occurred.
Participating projects must clear three levelsof approval: national level, independent
accredited entities, and the CDM Executive
Board, the intergovernmental body thatoversees the mechanism.
• By paying for avoided GHG emissions you
support worthy projects that bring sustainable
development to developing countries while
reducing GHGs.
• By purchasing offsets you can compensate
for the emissions that you generate and cannot
avoid in your daily life, in your travel or inyour organisation.

94• You indicate the purpose and you receive
a customised UN offset certificate.
• 100 per cent of your contribution goes tothe project owners. The UNFCCC takes
no commission and adds no fees.
For further information (see p53) visit the
UN carbon offset platform:
https://offset.climateneutralnow.org
Momentum for Change Initiative
Are you already taking climate action?
Are your climate activities practical, scalable
and replicable examples to tackle climatechange? You can apply for the UNFCCC
Momentum for Change Award.
Momentum for Change awards organisations
which go climate-neutral by measuring,
reporting and reducing carbon emissions.
The initiative provides a public platform tohighlight broad-ranging climate change actions
that are already achieving real results on the
ground. By shining light on the most inspiring
and transformational mitigation and adaptation
activities, called “Lighthouse Activities”,
Momentum for Change aims to strengthen
motivation, spur innovation and catalysefurther change towards a low-emission, highresilient future. The Lighthouse Activities areshowcased at the annual United Nations
climate change conferences.
Winners benefit from great public and marketing
exposure and are invited to speak at a high-level
ceremony at the biggest conference on climatechange, the Conference of the Parties.
For further information please see:https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentumchange

APPENDIX 5: LEADING INTERNATIONAL CARBON OFFSET INITIATIVESAND INCENTIVE PROGRAMMESNon-State Actor Zone for Climate
Action (NAZCA)NAZCA is a global platform that brings together
the commitments to action by companies, cities,
subnational regions, investors and civil society
organisations to address climate change.
Any entity wishing to have their data featured
on the NAZCA portal can do so by selecting
the “Register your commitment” button on
the homepage.
For further information please see:
http://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/about.html

VOLUNTARY SECTOR INITIATIVESGold Standard
Gold Standard represents the best that can beachieved in climate and development projects.
It was established in 2003 by WWF and otherinternational NGOs as a best practice standard
to ensure projects that reduced carbon
emissions under the UN’s Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) also delivered on the dual
mandate to foster sustainable development.
Gold Standard has more than 80 NGO
supporters and 1,400+ projects in over 80
countries, creating billions of dollars of sharedvalue from climate and development action
worldwide. With the 2017 launch of Gold
Standard for the Global Goals, it is now possible
to have certified a range of independently
verified UN SDG impacts, in addition to flagshipcarbon credits.

Global Climate Action

Verified Carbon Standard
The VCS Programme is the world’s most widelyused voluntary GHG programme. More than
1,300 certified VCS projects have collectively
reduced or removed more than 200 million
tonnes of carbon and other GHG emissions fromthe atmosphere.
Many organisations throughout the world find
it is too expensive or impractical to meet theirtargets or eliminate their carbon footprint entirely
with internal reductions. Therefore, they needa mechanism to achieve these aspirational goals.
By using the carbon markets, entities canneutralise, or offset, their emissions by retiring
carbon credits generated by projects that are
reducing GHG emissions elsewhere.
Of course, it is critical to ensure, or verify, thatthe emission reductions generated by theseprojects are actually occurring. This is the workof the VCS Programme – to ensure the credibilityof emission reduction projects.
Once projects have been certified against the
VCS Programme’s rigorous set of rules andrequirements, project developers can be issued
tradable GHG credits called “Verified Carbon
Units” (VCUs). Those VCUs can then be soldon the open market and retired by individuals
and companies as a means to offset their own
emissions. Over time, this flexibility channels
financing to clean, innovative businesses
and technologies.

For further information please see:https://www.goldstandard.org

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APPENDIX 5: LEADING INTERNATIONAL CARBON OFFSET INITIATIVESAND INCENTIVE PROGRAMMESThe VCS programme is managed by Verra,a not-for-profit organisation founded in 2005
by environmental and business leaders who
saw the need for greater quality assurance involuntary carbon markets. Verra now serves
as a secretariat for the various standards it
develops and programmes it manages, as wellas an incubator of new ideas that can generatemeaningful environmental and social value
at scale.

The CCB Standard focuses on land
management. When carefully designed, land
management projects can improve livelihoods,
create employment, protect traditional culturesand endangered species, help secure tenure tolands and resources, increase the resiliency of
ecosystems and help to combat climate change.
The CCB Standards can be applied to any land
management project, including projects also
certified under the VCS Program.

For further information please see:https://verra.org/project/vcs-program/

Over 100 projects have been validated to the
CCB Standards, over 40 of which have achieved
full verification. CCB projects span over 40
countries on every continent except Antarctica.
Projects validated and verified to the CCB
Standards encompass more than 10 million
hectares, an area the size of Iceland.

Climate, Community & Biodiversity
Standards
The Climate, Community & Biodiversity (CCB)
Standards identify projects that simultaneously
address climate change, support local
communities and smallholders, andconserve biodiversity.

96

For further information please see:https://verra.org/project/ccb-program/