SmartMesh®

MeshBox®

Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINE

SmartMesh®

MeshBox®

SGIN
Space Ground Integration Network
for

SUNSHINE
SGIN UNiversal Sustainable HyperMesh
INfrastructure Ecosystem
2020.02.19© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINE

Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Motivation ................................................................................................. 3
2. Space-Ground Integration Network (SGIN) ........................................................................... 3
3. HyperMesh Infrastructure for the Underserved ................................................................... 6
4. Working for the UN SDGs Generates Wealth in the Community .......................................... 8
5. Keeping the Wealth In the Community ............................................................................... 12
6. Incentivizing Operations through Shared-ROI ..................................................................... 13
7. Space Ground Integration Network Architecture................................................................ 16
7.1 SGIN Fractal Network Architecture............................................................................ 17
7.2 SGIN Economy of Scale Benefits ................................................................................ 21
8. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 24
9. APPENDIX: Background on SmartMesh Foundation ........................................................... 26
9.1 SmartMesh Ecosystem ............................................................................................... 26
9.2 Spectrum Blockchain.................................................................................................. 26
9.3 Photon Payment Network ......................................................................................... 27
9.4 Atmosphere Cross-Chain Exchange and Wormhole Universal Channels .................. 27
10. APPENDIX: Background on MeshBox Foundation ............................................................. 29
10.1 MeshBox : Building-Block of the HyperMesh Infrastructure ................................... 29
10.2 MeshBox Mesh Wifi Nodes...................................................................................... 29
10.3 Supported Applications............................................................................................ 30
10.4 MeshBox Tesla Specification and Differentiation .................................................... 30
11. APPENDIX: HyperMesh Applications .............................................................................. 32
11.1 Financial Inclusion .................................................................................................... 32
11.2 Security and consumer protection .......................................................................... 32
11.3 Privacy ...................................................................................................................... 32
11.4 Climate Change Action ............................................................................................. 32
11.5 Transactive Energy ................................................................................................... 34
11.6 Internet of Food (IoF) ............................................................................................... 37
12. References ......................................................................................................................... 41© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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1. Introduction and Motivation
If you want peace, work for justice.
-Pope Paul VI

Si vis pacem, para bellum (If you want peace, prepare for war [latin])- Parabellum – John Wick Chapter 3 movie
This call for action brings together Ecosystem partners, led by SmartMesh and MeshBox toeffectively address the 17 UN Sustainable Develop Goals (UN SDG). Using advanced,
next-generation technology, we aim to equip the underserved with tools to educate andmake a living for themselves, with dignity and the freedom to choose their own path out of
the clutches of poverty.
Together, we choose peace, by working for justice.
Project SUNSHINE has the goal of helping to address the SDGs. To be effective, SUNSHINE
must be sustainable itself, which is achieved due to the following technology and businessmodels:Space-Ground Integration Network
HyperMesh Infrastructure for the Underserved
Working for the UN SDGs Generates Wealth in the Community
Keeping the Wealth in the Community
Incentivizing Operations through Shared-ROI

2. Space-Ground Integration Network (SGIN)
Our current Cyber-Physical Infrastructure is a technological marvel, gifting mankind withtools to innovate at an ever increasing exponential rate. We depend on such innovation if
we are to survive and thrive as a species.
However, the need for faster, higher-bandwidth, exchange of information and monetarytransactions continues to expand exponentially in scope, even bringing in everyday objects
and machines. The current infrastructure is inefficient and suboptimal, due to thecentralized nature of the business model, and by the resulting centralized networks whichhave been created.
The next generation infrastructure, for both developed and developing countries, will not be
just another iteration on the previous architectures. Rather, it will be a HyperMeshTM
architecture, a distributed, synergized blend of networking, computing, content distribution,
financial technology, and cyber-physical infrastructures.
© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINE

A vital component of the HyperMesh, for inclusive proliferation of internet access is theSpace-Ground Integration Network.

The HyperMeshTM Infrastructure is being built from the ground-up, in a distributed
fault-tolerant manner, incentivized by blockchain cryptocurrencies, powered by renewable
Transactive Enenrgy, and enabled by a world-wide Satellite Internet with local peer-to-peer(P2P) Meshed communication on the ground.
Project SUNSHINE is implementing a future-proof infrastructure for the human race with thefollowing components.
 SGIN = Space Ground Integration Network spanning many Fractal levels, from global
communications, down to IoT devices.
 UNiversal = Inclusive for all peoples, across diverse business, legal, governance, andtechnology sectors and processes.
 Sustainable = Goal to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals, to bringdignity and a sustainable livelihood for the 3.9 Billion people without internet access,2 Billion people who are unbanked, and 1.2 Billion without access to electricity [1].
 HyperMesh INfrastructure = Cyber-physical Infrastructure with Fractal structure on
which communications, blockchain payment networks, and transactive energy
routing are overlaid.
 Ecosystem Synergies = The HyperMesh will be better than the sum of its parts. For
instance, ant and bee colonies can form a highly effective society even though eachindividual has limited intelligence. Birds fly without a centralized leader, using SwarmIntelligence techniques. Neurons in the human brain can transcend animal instinctsand develop conscious, intelligent thought. Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning will make SUNSHINE adaptable and anti-fragile (becoming stronger aftersurviving each new threat).
SmartMesh Foundation, MeshBox Foundation, and ecosystem partners implement theHyperMesh Protocol Stack, as shown in the figure.

© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Supported with MeshBox,
Smartmesh technology

Interoperability Extensions
SupplyChain

MeshBox Hardware

SmartMesh Software

Application
Middleware
Smart-Contract
Blockchain

Transport
Network

Ozone
Perception Client Agent
PhotonPayment
Channels

Transactive
EnergyMeshBoxConfigurationand Stats APP

Tango SMT/MESH Wallet
and Chat

Wormhole
Universal
Channels

SocialBanking,
Remittances,
P2P
Payments

Smart Contracts
for Legal Processes

Spectrum Public andPermissioned Blockchains

Ethereum ETH, ERC-20
token Exchange with
SMT

Bitcoin BTC, LTC
token Exchangewith SMT

Low-Power
Wide-Area
Wireless
Network

2G / 3G / 4G /5G Cellular

TCP/UDPBroadband
Internet
Backhauls :
Cable
DSL

Data-Link

802.11 WiFi

Satellite Internet
TV Whitespace

PhysicalOFDMA

LoRaWAN
NB-IoT
Zig-Bee
BLE
SigFoxetc.

Macro, Pico,
Femto,
Small cells
NB-IoT

Space Ground Integration Network

Some background and history are helpful at this point.
Networking has progressed from 1st generation Circuit-Switching, to 2nd generation
packet-switching. Now, blockchain is enabling a turning point through 3 rd generation
Token-Switching. In this new paradigm the scope is greatly expanded from informationexchange to token-exchange, using crypto-currency tokens. Tokens can represent not only
monetary value (e.g. Bitcoin and Ethers), but also non-monetary entities such as a IoT data,
property titles, personal identity, medical records, a vote in an election, and even physicalobjects in a supply chain.
Blockchain technologies are also progressing from 1 st generation Bitcoin, 2nd generation
Ethereum with the addition of Smart Contracts, to the 3rd generation of Programmable
Societies. SmartMesh has added a 4th dimension, with the HyperMesh blockchain, withlayering of Mesh communication, renewable energy infrastructure, blockchain based
applications, and the ability to operate with intermittent or non-existent connection theInternet.
© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

Data
Storage,
Sharing,
Content
Delivery

Real-time
IoT Control

Atmosphere
Crosschain
Interoperability

Meshed Wifi

Govt, andDisasterNGO
RecoveryMonetary
andand InRefugees
Kind
OfflineDonations
Tracking Education

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SmartMesh Foundation has implemented Token switching with the world’s first Green(low-energy) blockchain mining protocol, the Spectrum public blockchain. Spectrum
provides a solid Fintech Blockchain foundation on top of which Smart-Contracts,
Middleware, and Applications, such as the Tango Distributed/Decentralized Application(DApp) are constructed.
SmartMesh has also developed the world’s first off-chain capable Payment Network,
Photon for P2P payments, which offloads most transactions off of Spectrum. Photon is a
Smart Contract running on Spectrum and is the first Blockchain TPS scalabiilty architecture
to work even when not connected to its blockchain, Spectrum.
MeshBox Foundation has developed indoor and outdoor Mesh appliances, with Wifi Mesh
networking, content delivery, data storage, and supports Spectrum and Photon.
MeshBoxes interface to wide area broadband networks such as Satellites, and wide area
low-power IoT networks such as LoRaWAN. MeshBoxes integrate Disk drives to store IoT
big-data, content, user data, and blockchain data-structures. MeshBox supports IoT throughvarious protocols. For instance, ecosystem partners are working with MeshBox to bridge
the Internet to LoRaWAN Access Points, NBIoT, and many IoT sensors, actuators, cameras,and AI-based biometric devices.
MeshBox, as a building block for SGIN, provides a solid Hardware foundation ofcommunications, computation, and data storage, which is leveraged by upper layers.
The HyperMesh supports Interoperability at all Protocol Layers, including: Interoperability between Blockchains solutions through Atmosphere via Spectrum.
 Interoperability between token payment networks with and Wormhole Universal
Channels and Photon
 Communications interoperability through Wifi Mesh network with Satellite,
LoRaWAN etc.
This document gives a comprehensive description of the next-generation SUNSHINE
infrastructure, which leverages the HyperMesh architecture.

3. HyperMesh Infrastructure for the Underserved
The customer base of SUNSHINE is a large proportion of the global population, including 4
billion people without Internet, 2 billion without identities and banking services, and 1
billion without electricity. If such issues are addressed and solved, this will help lift manyout of the depths of poverty.
A key differentiator of the Meshbox and Smartmesh technologies are proven innovations
which allow the HyperMesh system, corresponding blockchain-based payment network, and© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINETransactive AI agents to work in Off-Grid, and Off-Internet (and thus Off-Blockchain)scenarios, which makes the system highly robust and fault-tolerant.
The following shows the HyperMesh architecture. At the heart of the hardware aspect ofHyperMesh are MeshBoxes, which work with IoT Access Points, and renewable energy
generators, enabled by SmartMesh blockchain. Such an architecture is made possible by
the SmartMesh Spectrum blockchain, Photon Payment Network, Tango Distributed App, andvarious applications for Internet of Food, Transactive Energy, and basic communication andbanking.

Satellite
Constellations
Starlink
Onewebetc.
Highly flexible
Indoor MeshBox
HyperMesh-20 to 70 degrees C
integrates Indoor
and Outdoor Wifi
nodes coveringlarge area
(100 Hectares)
OutdoorMeshBox++Battery and Solar
IP68 and IP67

MeshBoxCommunicationand data logging
supported even
without Internet
connection

GTI IoT
GateWays

GTi-5158
LoRaWAN Access Point

Smoke, Fire,
Temperature
Detector

Gas LeakDetector

Smart
Door Ammonia gas
Ultra long standby
Locklocation terminal
NH3, hydrogensulfide HS, PM2.5 BDS/GPS+ LBS
location modalities

4 HopsHyper-Meshed Fractal
Network minimizes thenumber of Hops between
communicating devices,thus minimizing latency

One-button SOS
emergency callfor help.

Wind, PM2.5
PM10, TSP
monitoring

Such technologies can be used as a starting point, and further developed into real-world
solutions by SUNSHINE which address the UN SDGs. HyperMesh Ecosystem partners work
together, like never before, in various aspects of this overarching goal to meet the UN SDGs
by 2030.
© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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4. Working for the UN SDGs Generates Wealth in the Community
SmartMesh and MeshBox enabled HyperMesh Infrastructure architecture targets todramatically improve the lives of the underserved by addressing the 17 UN Sustainable
Goals. Through the co-optimization of cost-effective computing and communications
hardware, advanced financial technologies based on the blockchain, and Smartphone
Applications such as Social Banking, community members are able to generate wealth.
This is done by selling goods and services to their community, both locally, and globally,using tools which are designed to help people escape poverty.
The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable
future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty,
inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice. The Goals
interconnect and in order to leave no one behind, it ís important that we achieve each Goal andtarget by 2030. [UNSDG]SUNSHINE is composed of individuals and institutions from multiple disciplines who work
together to realize a peaceful and prosperous world. A comprehensive UN SDG initiative
makes use of diverse disciplines in order to effectively move the state of the human race
towards the worthy goals.
Social science workers for inclusiveness, can research policy, people’s living
conditions, and other societal issues and develop an overall strategy and tactics
based on such social conditions. Social science workers can collaborate with NGOs
to determine the social solution requirements and how promote the HyperMesh to
those in developing counties.
Engineers can design and implement HyperMesh solutions, such as Distributed
Applications running on smartphones, MeshBox hardware and SmartMesh
blockchain.
Businesses can gather marketing requirements and work with social science workers
to develop an overall strategy and functional requirements of the SUNSHINE solution.

© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Businesses will eventually market and sell the HyperMesh solution to developing
countries.
SUNSHINE partners include SmartMesh and MeshBox, and other ecosystem partners whichhave advanced technologies to address the following issues:
1. Inclusive Connectivity
2. Inclusive Banking (Finance)
3. Inclusive Energy
The following are the UN SDGs, a brief explanation, and how SUNSHINE, leveraging theHyperMesh architecture can address the issues.
UN Sustainable

Issue

SUNSHINE HyperMesh Solution

836 million people live in extreme

MeshBox Internet Communication and Data Storage provide

poverty. Economic growth must be

education to break the cycle of poverty starting withinclusive to provide sustainable jobs andchildren.

promote equality.

living for themselves.Cryptocurrency and Spectrum

Development
Goals
1.

No Poverty

Education arms people with the tools to make a

blockchain enable a sharing economy. MeshBox owners
earn tokens for offering MeshBox services.
2.

Zero Hunger

Over 1/3 of the world's food is wasted.

HyperMesh’s blockchain-based Internet-of-Food-and-Farm

The food and agriculture sector is central Supply Chain with IoT networks can be used to optimize
for hunger and poverty eradication.

farming and securely distribute food where needed. Foodcan be cooked with Renewable Transactive Energy insteadof using harmful dried-dung, firewood or kerosene.

3.

Good healthand well being

Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the Clean renewable energy, enabled by Micro-Grid-basedwell-being for all at all ages is essential to Transactive Energy systems are used to improve the healthsustainable development

and livelihood of the underserved population.

Clean,

affordable energy can be used to refrigerate and cook food.
MeshBox-enabled Internet can provide education so thatthe underserved can make a living for themselves.
4.

Qualityeducation

Educate children in the community to read Meshed Communication with Internet connectivity, andand learn. Obtaining a quality education is integrated Disk Drives in MeshBox store educational
the foundation to improving people’s lives materials which can be used even with intermittent or noand sustainable development.

Internet connection. Transactive Energy provides Electric
lighting which allows children to study after sunset.

5.

Genderequality

Gender equality is not only a fundamental Transactive Energy enables electric appliance cooking.
human right, but a necessary foundation

Women and girls spend less time gathering firewood andfor a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable making dung bricks for cooking.
world.

Education helps girls to be

more independent, able to make a living for themselves andhave a better chance to escape the cycle of poverty.

© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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6.

Clean water

Water scarcity affects more than 40% of

Purify/desalinate water with Transactive Renewable Energy.

the world's population. Clean, accessible

Better education helps the underserved take better care ofwater for all is an essential part of thetheir health, being will to accept immunization and vaccine

world we want to live in.

shots to prevent contagious disease from spreading.

Affordable and Energy is central to nearly every major

HyperMesh Transactive Energy System enables theand sanitation

7.

clean energy

challenge and opportunity.

monetization of Solar and other renewable energy sourcesin Micro-grids which generate cheap, clean electricity
locally.
Sharing of energy between Prosumers through TRAIN(Transactive Real-time AI Negotiator) mitigates renewableenergy intermittency issues.

8.

Decent work

Sustainable economic growth will require HyperMesh enables communities to leapfrog oldand economic

societies to create the conditions thattechnologies and maximize cost-effectiveness. Spectrum

growthallow people to have quality jobs.

Blockchain and MeshBox banks the unbanked, enabling
entrepreneurship. MeshBox owners become businessowners, earning token revenue from community membersby sharing their Internet connection, and data, content, andcached websites with neighbors.

9.

Industry

innovation and

Investments in infrastructure are crucial to Spectrum blockchain allows for eCommerce, and Meshachieving sustainable development.

infrastructure

networking enables education, which form the basis ofinnovation. Artificial-Intelligence based Security andSpectrum blockchain safeguards HyperMesh.

10.

ReducedInequalities

To reduce inequalities, policies should be The underserved can become entrepreneurs, changing their
universal in principle, paying attention to lives permanently, using the HyperMesh Infrastructure to
the needs of disadvantaged andgenerate income by selling/maintaining HyperMesh systems

marginalized populations.

(MeshBox-enabled Internet, Educational materials,
Renewable Energy).

11.

Sustainable

There needs to be a future in which cities HyperMesh is more energy-efficient and cost-effective thancities andprovide opportunities for all, with accessconventional infrastructure and fosters Leap-Frogging entire

communities

to basic services, energy, housing,communities towards sustainability.

transportation and more.
12.

Responsible Sustainable consumption and production Peer-to-peer trading and a sharing economy benefits

consumption &is about promoting resource and energy

production

efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and which reduces wastage, and can help mitigate
providing access to basic services, green

families and groups to live in a self-sustainable manner,climate-change issues.

and decent jobs and a better quality of life
for all.
13.

ClimateactionClimate change is a ticking time-bomb that Drawdown techniques to mitigate climate change vary fromwill result in billions of people being pulled Renewable Transactive Energy to Internet of Food, better
into the abyss of poverty, death, andland management, family planning, and educating girls.

destruction, if we do not act quickly toHighly efficiency e-commerce, energy, and communications

reverse greenhouse gas emissions.

reduces energy usage.

Everyone, but especially the poor and

now available to enable countries to leapfrog to cleaner,© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

Affordable, scalable solutions are

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underserved are at risk for suffering as

more resilient economies. SmartMesh and MeshBoxes

Climate-Change presents a major Human provide a strong incentive through a high-ROI business
Rights issue.

The wealthy nations

model which can accelerate the adoption of helpful

generate the most green-house-gases, but solutions.
will suffer the least from climate-change
impacts.

The poor countries, who do nothave the resources to cope with risingtemperatures and sea water levels will
suffer the most.
14.

Life below

Water

There is a continuous deterioration of

Cleaner renewable energy and recycling/reuse/reduce

marine life due to climate change andprograms reduce waste dumped into rivers/oceans.

pollution. Careful management of oceans Climate-Change draw-down techniques will hopefully keep

15.

Life on landand seas is a key feature of a sustainable

the ocean temperatures from rising too much in order tofuture.

reverse the decimation of the marine ecosystem.

Thirteen million hectares of forests areTransactive Energy eliminates need to raze forests forbeing lost every year while the persistent cooking fuel.

HyperMesh enabled prosperity reduces needdegradation of drylands has led to theto raise animals to sell for income.

A plant-rich diet helps

desertification of 3.6 billion hectares. In

to reduce green-house-gases. Climate-Change draw-down

addition to providing food security andtechniques will hopefully keep the ocean temperatures

shelter, forests are key to combatingfrom rising too much.

climate change.

mitigating extreme weather events and reducing the

Climate-Action is critical toseverity of rising sea levels wiping out coastal regions.
16.

Access to justice for all, and building

Access to affordable energy, communication, and offline

Justice, Strong

Peace andeffective, accountable institutions at all

e-commerce improves quality of life, reduces inequalities,

Institutions

levels are important to promote peaceful and promotes job creation.

Corruption-free supply-chains

and inclusive societies for sustainable

allow in-kind and monetary aid and donations to reach thedevelopment.

underserved, eliminating corrupt middle-men who usuallytake a cut from the donations.

17.

Partnerships A successful sustainable development

for the goals

SUNSHINE !

agenda requires partnerships between
governments, the private sector and civilsociety.

© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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5. Keeping the Wealth In the Community
The HyperMesh is a new Infrastructure architecture, which uses a grassroots deployment
model. The money which is usually paid to third party corporation services providers, such
as Internet Service Providers, Content Delivery Services, and Energy Utilities can be, in largepart, earned by the common masses participating in the HyperMesh Infrastructure.
A HyperMeshTM Infrastructure leapfrogs that found in developed countries, through asocial-economic paradigm shift.
Project SUNSHINE develops the HyperMesh, the next generation banking, and energy
infrastructure which are moving from a centralized, slow, and expensive infrastructure (Left)to the distributed, fast, and cost-effective HyperMesh architecture (Right).

Leap-Frog

 4 Billion People
in the World
Remain withoutaffordable
Internet Access 2 Billion people
without banking
services 1.3 Billion
people without
electrical power 0.7 Billion
people withoutclean water
Natural Disasters
on the Rise, wiping
outCommunications
and Electricity
Infrastructure

Distributed and Decentralized Energy
Generation and Communication

Centralized Energy Generation
Centralized Communication System

Online or Off-Line
On-Chain or Off-Chain
On-Grid or Off-Grid

Wealth taken out ofcommunity and given to
Corporations

$

$

$

Mesh
Box

$

Community Enrichment:
Keep wealth within thecommunity
$

Mesh
Box

$

$

$

$
Evolved Packet Core

Evolved Packet Core

Wealth taken out ofcommunity and given to
Corporations$$
Internet
Data Centers
Suffer from DDOS andother attacks tocentralized facilities

$

$

$
$

Mesh
Box

$

Mesh
Box

$
Secured Blockchain-based
Sharing of Data,
Communications, andEnergy between People and
IoT

$

Mesh
Box

$

In conventional infrastructure economics, consumers pay the service provider (internet,
electricity, etc) for the service. The service provider decides when and where to deploy
services (e.g. whether to install new cellular base-stations and where) and how much to
charge for such services.
A HyperMeshTM Infrastructure enables a Shared-ROI paradigm shift to enable social
well-being with grassroots Infrastructure deployment.
© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Instead of the service provider determining when and where to roll out service, theresidents of a community decide when and where to deploy infrastructure such as
MeshBox® routers.
Residents earn tokens (money) by providing services (communication, content
storage, video streaming, and Transactive Enenrgy) to their community neighbors.
This keeps the money within the community and keeps all of the autonomy for the
infrastructure deployment in the hands of the people who use the services. The
community, and residents, and guests help each other in a synergistic relationship inorder to bring prosperity to the entire community.

Smartmesh®, Meshbox®, and our ecosystem partners aim to move society in the right
direction, by providing a highly advanced Wifi Mesh Network solution with the Spectrum
blockchain to enable an Internet of Value. Such a HyperMeshTM infrastructure will soon
be extended with Transactive Energy using renewable energy and battery systems toprovide highly robust energy sources for remote areas.
The proposed solution enables blockchain based Fin-tech, high-throughput
wifi-communications, and a distributed content storage system, while operating
 with or without the Internet
 with or without a blockchain; with Photon state-channel secondary architecture, with or without an electrical grid; with renewable battery and solar technology.
Together, with partners such as Satellite operators, LoRa technology providers, andSmartmesh®, Meshbox® brings about a paradigm shift to enable Infrastructure deployment
with Shared-ROI. Instead of the service provider determining when and where to roll out
service, the residents of a community decide when and where to deploy infrastructure suchas MeshBox® routers.
The Infrastructure, enabled with Smartmesh® and Meshbox® technology can speed up therealization of an IoV Infrastructure, to bring dignity and a sustainable livelihood for the 3.9
Billion people without internet access, 2 Billion people who are unbanked, and 1.2 Billion
without access to electricity [Paygo].
The proposed SUNSHINE leverages the synergistic combination Ecosystem partners ofSmartMesh and MeshBox to effectively address the 17 UN Sustainable Develop Goals.

6. Incentivizing Operations through Shared-ROI
SmartMesh and MeshBox, with ecosystem partners have developed advanced technology
tools, specifically targeted to help the underserved by address the UN SDGs. Wheninvestors or donors (including the underserved themselves) help a community by investingin the HyperMesh Infrastructure, tokens which are earned for goods and services are
distributed to community members (keeping the wealth in the community) and shared byinvestors and the HyperMesh operators (such as SmartMesh and MeshBox). Thus, the© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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HyperMesh Infrasturcture technology developers will benefit from revenue sources fromthe wealth generated from the community.
SmartMesh has incentivized the deployment of the HyperMesh Infrastructure through a
Return-on-Investment model. MeshBox node owners are able to connect to the Internet
and receive the following revenue, in the form of SmartMesh Tokens (SMT) or MESH Tokens,for sharing various services to community members.
Running a Mining node, to earn Gas fees for signing blocks on the Spectrum
blockchainPhoton payment network Fees for transfer of tokens for P2Ppayments.



MeshBox Wifi network and Internet access.



Storage of audio/video content, websites, and community data, on the MeshBoxes’
internal Disk Storage.

© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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SmartMesh®

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINEIoT Sensor and Actuator networks using MeshBoxes as a control and data logging
node.



Targeted advertisement and location based services

To provide a user-friendly interface, SmartMesh Distributed Applications provide
connectivity, banking, energy, and IoT services to users.
The SmartMesh Tango DApp, incorporates the SmartMesh Wallet and tools to generate
Shared-ROI by monetizing Wifi, Internet, data storage, and Photon Payment related
services.
 Real-time communication: including private chat, group chat and #Everyone# chatroom.
 Near-field social networking: Users with The SmartMesh Tango application can findothers for chat in close range without Internet.
 SmartMesh Wallet: on-chain token transfer.
 Photon Network Payment: On and off-chain channel micropayment .
 Mining: Staking a certain amount of SMT tokens allows participation in the mining of
the public chain with associated rewards.

© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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7. Space Ground Integration Network ArchitectureWith the addition of Satellites and balloons to the MeshBox network on the ground,
SUNSHINE aims to build a highly efficient worldwide Space Ground Integration Network(SGIN), which is composed of: Space-Internet for world-wide coverage, even in the remotest areas such as
mountains, islands, rivers, oceans, and forests.
 Ground Network, linked with satellites, and providing edge-computing andedge-storage, to maximize the efficiency of the Satellite link.

Satellite Internet, SmartMesh and MeshBox technologies are synergized through thefollowing: Satellites provide world-wide internet coverage, which is especially useful for
non-urban, islands, rural, in-accessible, on-sea, and in-air locations.
 Satellites can use fewer, higher-speed Satellite links, connected to fewer MeshBoxeson the ground.
 MeshBox ground-based Mesh-networking to provide high-bandwidth, high-density
coverage, for both Indoor and Outdoor coverage.
 MeshBox scales the Satellite data-rate significantly through the use of Edge
computing, Edge storage (caching), leveraging time-locality and space-locality ofcontent accesses.
 Mesh network covers Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) locations, which Satellite signals do
not cover well, due to higher carrier frequencies providing higher data-rates, butmore susceptible to attenuation from physical obstacles and weather patterns.

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINETo enable SUNSHINE, SmartMesh , MeshBox, and Satellite partners work together toprovide a cost-effective SGIN implementation.
 World-wide Internet with Satellite systems, optimized with wide-area WiFi meshedcommunications spanning both indoors and outdoors.
 Economy of Scale benefits using high-bandwidth satellite links, connected to
low-cost ground-based Wifi Mesh networks for localized, last-mile deployment, evento far-flung locations and developing countries.
 Fintech applications for blockchain and payment networks to bank the unbanked,
which are layered onto SGIN.
 Transactive Energy and other applications layered onto SGIN.

7.1 SGIN Fractal Network Architecture
The following shows a Fractal architecture which is used to scale SGIN using Satellites and
MeshBox networks. Scalability spans from the lowest-level Domain of IoT devices, all theway to a Universal Domain.
The hierarchical levels are defined as follows: H(11) = Universal Domain = Domain which spans to beyond the Earth, including
networks to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

H(10) = International Domain = Span multiple countries. Initial focus is on China
and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries: Philippines,
Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, andSingapore.

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H(9) = Country Domain = Spans a Country, such as those in Southeast Asia.

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








H(8) = Region Domain = Spans Region (State or Province)
H(7) = City Domain = Spans a City or Village
H(6) = District Domain = Spans a district within a City
H(5) = Community Domain = Spans a Community, which can be a block or a group ofbuildings managed by one entity, or jointly owned by a community.
H(4) = Building Domain = Spans a building (or several inter-connected buildings)
H(3) = Single MeshBox Domain
H(2) = Smartphone Domain
H(1) = IoT/User Domain

Satellite Internet can be used at hierarchy levels H(11) down to H(4), while the
MeshBox-based Mesh networks can cover from H(7) down to H(1).
In the figure below, the Hierarchies from a Building Domain (H[4]) down to an IoT domain(H[1]) are shown.
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H[4]Building Domain
Inter Domain Link
(Satellite, Microwave,
Fiber, etc.)
Spectrum Nodes arescheduled to be
Signers according a
Proof of Capability(PoC) algorithm.
H[4] Domain
Up to 7x7
MeshBoxes

H[3] MeshBox Domain,containing one
MeshBox.
Can run Spectrum andPhoton.

H[2] Smart IoT Domain,e.g. Smartphone
Can run Spectrum andPhotonPhoton is a StateChannel architecture
on top of Spectrum
which provides
100,000 to 1M TPS

H[1] Basic IoT Device(Thermostat,
Appliance)

Each Hierarchy Domain is shown with 7 Sub-Domains.
Sub-Domains can be up to 49 (=7x7) as shown below.

However, the number of such

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On such a Fractal network architecture, various networks are overlaid, including
communication, Photon peer-to-peer payments, Wormhole Universal Channels for
multi-blockchain token exchange, Energy Internet (Enernet), etc. The exchange of various
tokens, both fungible (monetary) and non-fungible (non-monetary, cyber-physical), aresupported.

7.2 SGIN Economy of Scale Benefits
Business Synergies between Satellite Internet technology and SmartMesh /MeshBox
include: SmartMesh and MeshBox could sell bundled Internet services using MeshBox forlast-mile local network coverage in any geographic location, and Satellite Internet as
the backhaul with world-wide Internet coverage.
 SGIN allows grassroots users to become Internet Service Providers. People are highly
incentive to use SGIN, not only due to the resulting high-performance Internet
connection, but also due to a Shared ROI business model, which is implemented on
MeshBoxes. Owners (e.g. farmers, shop keepers) or Investors of MeshBoxes
receive ROI througho Revenue from other Customers/Owners/Investors accessing the MeshBox
Wifi network and Internet.
o Revenue from storage of audio/video content, websites, and community data,on the MeshBoxes’ internal Disk Storage.
o Targeted advertisement and location based services
o IoT Sensor and Actuator networks using MeshBoxes as a control and data
logging node.
o Fees for exchanging of payments and value tokens between people andmachines.
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SmartMesh partners with Application developers such as global payment firms—banks,
clearinghouses, network operators, and others which have blockchain, payment systems,
insurance, and inclusive social banking applications. Such partners need thecommunications and data storage infrastructure provided by MeshBoxes being deployed by
SmartMesh.
Especially in emerging markets, where internet is non-existent or intermittent, MeshBox
hardware works with WAN technologies to provide local-area-network connectivity andinternet access for the underserved, at a fraction of the cost of conventional cellular andwired networks.
One of the target markets of SmartMesh and MeshBox is the developing country of thePhilippines. While the following shows the economic benefits for SmartMesh/MeshBox in
the context of the Philippine Telco, PLDT, the scenario will be similar in any country due tobasic Economy-of-Scale laws.
Consider PLDT Home Fibr [8] service plans, plotted below. Note that as in most systems,
due to Economy of Scale, the Cost per Mbps declines as the Data-rate [Mbps] increases.

PLDT Home Fibr Unlimited Allowance

Cost

or Cost/Mbps

100000
10000
1000
100
10
1

3

5

20

50

200

1000

Cost [Piso]

1299

1699

1899

2899

6000

20,000

Cost/Mbps

433

340

95

58

30

20

Mbps

Thus, it is more economical to purchase a high-speed speed connection, and then share itwith the entire community, which the MeshBox network facilitates.

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MeshBox®

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINENo Mesh, No Sharing

Sharing through Mesh Network

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 Mbps

3 MbpsUsers : Each User buys 3 Mbps from Telco at 1299 Pisos per month
Total #Users = 15
Data-rate per User = 3 Mbps Maximum
Per-User cost = 1299 Pisos
Telco : Total monthly revenue = 19,485 Pisos (=1299 * 15)
Total monthly cost = 19,485 Pisos

1000 Mbps(1 Gbps) Connection
costs 20,000 Pisos,
Shared across 49
MeshBoxes, further
shared with 6 Users
per MeshBox
With SGIN, this could
be a Satellite Link

Users : Group buys 1000 Mbps from Telco at 20,000 Pisos per month
Total #Users = 294 (= 49 * 6)
Data-rate per User = 3.4 Mbps minimum (= 1000 Mbps / (49 MeshBoxes * 6 Users/MeshBox)
20.4 Mbps Max (= 1000 Mbps / 49 MeshBoxes)
Per-User cost = 68 Pisos(= 20,000 / (49 * 6) )Telco : Total monthly revenue = 382,000 Pisos = 294 Users * 1299 Pisos/User/month
Total monthly cost = 20,000 Pisos

For instance, the cost for a single 1000 Mbps connection is slightly more than the cost 15
separate 3 Gbps connections, each costing 1299 Pisos. The total paid by the 15 users is
19,485 Pisos for only 48 Gbps total.
For a 49 node MeshBox H(4) Domain, a high-speed link (such as 1000 Mbps) to the Internet
can be provisioned with the MeshBox in the middle.
Then, the 49 nodes can share the bandwidth using the Mesh Network, with each Nodereceiving about 20 Mbps of service (=1000/49) for a total cost of 20,000 Piso’s per month,plus the CAPEX cost for 49 MeshBox. This translates to 409 (=20,000 / 49) Pisos for each 20
Mbps of service at each MeshBox. If a MeshBox has 6 active users, then the cost per user
is only 68 Pisos (=409 / 6). Compare the 68 Pisos per user for the MeshBox case, to 1299
Pisos for each of the 15 individual 3 Mbps connection to see that there are significant costsavings due to Economy of Scale for the MesBox case.
Similarly, to buy 49*6 connections of 3 Mbps each, the total cost would be 382,000 Pisos (=49 * 6 * 1299) Pisos, compared to the single 1000 Mbps connection which costs only 20,000
Pisos. If the MeshBox operator charged 650 Pisos per user (half of the 1299 Pisos) for the
3 Mbps connection, the operator would earn 191,000 Pisos per month, which is USD $3,800
per month, or $45,800 per year.
The CAPEX cost for the 49 MeshBoxes must be considered, and the $45,800 earned per year
can be used to offset this CAPEX cost. Also, since the operation of MeshBoxes provides theowners with tokens, the cost of the 49 MeshBoxes is re-couperated at a time even sooner
than a year, so this CAPEX cost is returned to the owners, and MeshBox owners will begin
earning positive revenue.
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8. Summary
The human race is at a fork in the road in which existential threats loom, even while
innovation provides us with the key to avoid extinction level events and strive towards aprosperous utopia. Everything we do has the potential to move us toward either a Utopianor Dystopian world.
SmartMesh and MeshBox, being Singapore registered companies are first building the
SUNSHINE ecosystem in Singapore, with plans to expand the HyperMesh to other countries
in need of Inclusive Banking, Connectivity, and Energy.
Such a HyperMesh infrastructure will greatly enhance inclusivity, by cost-effectively
supporting Distributed Ledger Technology, Inclusive communications and connectivity,
decentralized and secure data storage, and Cyber-Physical applications, developed by
SUNSHINE.

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINEThe first basic integration is to support Inclusive Internet Connectivity through the MeshBox
Wifi network, Internet access and storage services, with the Shared-ROI model via the
SmartMesh protocols and commercial banking and payment networks.
Then, building on the baseline payment network and communications infrastructure,additional applications, such as those developed through the SUNSHINE Blockchain Living
Lab at SUSS can be integrated, including machine-to-machine (IoT) payments, supply chain,and distributed storage.
With the launch of the IMDA Blockchain Challenge – Glowing and Connecting BlockchianBusiness Networks (https://www.imda.gov.sg/programme-listing/blockchain-challenge),
SmartMesh has partnered with SUSS and MeshBox to invite potential ecosystem partners toparticipate in the Living Lab of interoperable blockchain-based technologies. We plan tofurther expand the relevant ecosystem business scenarios including: supply chain, education,and decentralized data storage, etc. The above application projects not only use Spectrum
mining incentives including SMT and MESH tokens, but also use cross-chain incentives
including Bitcoin and Ethereum via the SmartMesh’s Atmosphere Cross-Chain
Interoperability Architecture.
SmartMesh’s and MeshBox’s long term goals are to build out the HyperMesh Infrastructure,
which leapfrogs that found in developed countries, through a social-economic paradigm
shift.

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9. APPENDIX: Background on SmartMesh Foundation
9.1 SmartMesh Ecosystem
SmartMesh® Foundation promotes an ecosystem, aiming to bridge the growing Divide
between the developed and developing countries. There are currently 3.9 Billion people
without internet access, 2 Billion people who are unbanked, and 1.2 Billion without accessto electricity [Paygo].
SmartMesh® Foundation works with Meshbox® Foundation and other Ecosystem partners
to address the Divide by providing hardware and software applications to build theHyperMesh Infrastructure.
MeshBoxes have been optimized to run a Mining node of the SmartMesh Spectrum
blockchain, which is light enough to run on low-cost CPUs and disk drives, thereby
minimizing the cost of MeshBoxes. Users run Distributed Apps on their smart-devices toaccess banking features such as secured transfers over Spectrum, or making P2P payments
to each other through Photon, even with intermittent internet connectivity. Such P2PPhoton payments are executed much faster and with highly scalable Transactions per
Second (TPS) than possible on conventional blockchains.
Also, even with intermittent connection to the Internet, which is common in remote anddeveloping areas, users access the MeshBox network, to make such payments, as well as
securely access data and local websites on a reliable data storage system.

9.2 Spectrum Blockchain
SmartMesh has deployed the Spectrum Blockchain protocol, which runs on generic Minerand special Beacon nodes on the Internet, but is also optimized to run on a decentralized
Mesh network, implemented with MeshBoxes, to realize the blockchain of the Internet ofEverything.
The Spectrum public blockchain supports the SmartMesh Token and MESH tokens.
 SmartMesh Token coin, listed on Huobi.pro and Gate.io, and used for Spectrum
blockchain.
 MESH tokens, listed on FCoin.com and HitBTC, and used for the Content Delivery
Networks, supporting video streaming.
The consensus mechanism of the Spectrum chain is an innovative Proof Of Capability (POC)
algorithm. Nodes that contribute resources (staking tokens, sharing internet access, sharing
disk space, signing blocks correctly, etc) to the system can obtain higher Capability weights,
which make the blockchain more fair. The SmartMesh protocols also support mobile
devices to run Spectrum light nodes.

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9.3 Photon Payment Network
The Photon Payment network, a secondary layer Smart-Contract, built on top of Spectrum
has been deployed by SmartMesh. Since Photon supports P2P concurrent transactions,
the TPS scales with the number of Photon nodes to hundreds of thousands and evenmillions of TPS.
With MeshBox support, Photon nodes can execute offline payment transactions without a
network (such as when not connected Spectrum through the Internet). Photon thus
realizes decentralized, real-time, safe, convenient, low-fee, off-chain and off-internet
transfer of tokens. Photon is light enough to run on Android, iOS, Mac, Windows, Linuxand other platforms.

9.4 Atmosphere Cross-Chain Exchange and Wormhole Universal Channels
There are numerous blockchains in the world. If each blockchain is like a river, providing
essential resources to the people and land around it, then to achieve interoperability
between blockchains would mean re-routing all the rivers on earth to be connected to eachother. This is clearly impossible...
Or is it? Is there a way in which all rivers can be connected?
Yes! All rivers are linked through the water cycle, in which water from rivers evaporates into
the Atmosphere, forms clouds, which rain water on the ground, which flows down intorivers.
Thus, the Atmosphere is the superhighway in the sky that links all bodies of water, such as
rivers, all over the Earth. Our Atmosphere facilitates the grand water cycle on earth.
This is the rationale to name the SmartMesh Spectrum Blockchain Interoperability project“Atmosphere”.
Since Atmosphere is based on SmartMesh’s Spectrum blockchain as the main chain. The
choice of the underlying main chain of the Interoperability is crucial because all otherblockchains will be sidechains to this main chain. The main chain must satisfy importantgoals for emerging applications in order to provide a solid foundation, on which other(sidechain) blockchain will be interfaced in order for the entire Interoperability architecture
to be effective. Such goals are the inclusive goals listed in the table.
Atmosphere is built upon the SmartMesh Spectrum Public Blockchain which has been
engineered for energy-efficiency and emerging IoT applications. Spectrum’s scalability
strategy is a secondary architecture called Photon Network, which is designed forlight-speed fast peer-to-peer and machine-to-machine payments needed for transactive IoT.
In terms of interoperability, Spectrum uses the Smartmesh Token (SMT) as the underlying
coin. Spectrum also supports transfers of the MESH (owned by MeshBox Foundation).
Interoperability with other blockchains ecosystems, and associated tokens, are madepossible through Atmosphere.
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Atmosphere's cross-chain technology supports the dynamic transfer of tokens in theSpectrum public chain ecosystem with other public chain ecosystems. Cross-chaintransactions are a set of clearing mechanisms to support accurate accounting.
In order to scale the Transactions per Second (TPS), an important performance metric,
Wormhole Universal Channels provide an extension of Photon Channels, enabling thetransfer of between various types of tokens, such as SMT, MESH, ERC-20, BTC, and LTC
tokens.

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10. APPENDIX: Background on MeshBox Foundation
10.1 MeshBox : Building-Block of the HyperMesh Infrastructure
SmartMesh® Foundation and MeshBox® Foundation are bridging the growing Divide
between the developed and developing countries. Meshbox® and SmartMesh®
Foundations address the Divide by synergistic co-optimization of hardware resources andsoftware applications, to build the HyperMesh Infrastructure.
Numerous Inclusive Apps have been developed by SmartMesh and Ecosystem Partners topromote inclusivity. However, such Apps cannot function without network connectivity, a
CPU to process applications, and Disk Space to hold blockchain, IoT and user data. As such,
MeshBoxes play a vital role, providing the underlying hardware on which such applications
run.

10.2 MeshBox Mesh Wifi Nodes
MeshBox Foundation sells a family of indoor MeshBox and outdoor MeshBox++ Wifi Routers,
which interface to various broadband Internet backhauls such as Space-Ground Integration
Network with Satellite Internet, Fiber/Coax/DSL modems, TV Whitespace, and Cellular
networks.
MeshBox incorporates Disk Space to support the Spectrum blockchain and applications such
as Inter-Galactic-File-System, which uses encryption and redundancy to support reliabledata storage, content delivery, and offline-data access. MeshBoxes are used to form large,
highly-scalable Wifi Mesh Networks, over which Smartmesh’s blockchain technology islayered. Also, MeshBox is the gateway between the Internet and IoT networks such as
LoRaWAN.

Indoor MeshBox
MeshBoxes have been optimized to run a Mining node of the SmartMesh Spectrum
blockchain, which is light enough to run on low-cost CPUs and disk drives, thereby
minimizing the cost of MeshBoxes. Even with intermittent connection to the Internet,
Users connected to MeshBoxes can still make payments, and securely access data and local
websites on a reliable data storage system.
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Outdoor MeshBox++
MeshBoxes are used to form large, highly scalable Wifi Mesh Networks spanning bothindoors, and outdoors, over which SmartMesh ’s blockchain technology is layered. The
solution does not require additional wires for communications, since the Mesh network
nodes are connected wirelessly.
As long as some of the MeshBoxes are connected to the internet (via cellular network, wired,microwave, or satellite backhaul), all MeshBoxes in the network, and thus the users
connected to such MeshBoxes, are also connected to the Internet.
Also, no power cables need to be installed for the outdoor MeshBox++, which saves a great
deal of cost since the Outdoor MeshBox++ are self sufficient with battery and solar
technology.
Deployment of MeshBox is incentivized through a Return-on-Investment model in which
MeshBox Owners (e.g. home-owners, shop-keepers) or Investors of MeshBoxes receive
revenue, in the form of SmartMesh Tokens (SMT) or MESH Tokens, for sharing various
communication, disk space, and financial services with community members.

10.3 Supported Applications






Off-Internet token payment to merchants and individuals
Accessing local content served from MeshBox(++) hard-disk, even when MeshBox(++)
is not connected to the Internet.
Streaming video
Sharing of pictures, documents, and other media.
Incentived deployment, allowing individuals and entrepreneurs to become network
operators, receiving a Return on Investment by earing SMT and MESH tokens whensharing network and Disk space resources.

10.4 MeshBox Tesla Specification and Differentiation
MeshBox Tesla© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

Ordinary Mesh Routers
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CPU

Intel

ARM

RAM

4 GBytes

256 MBytes

Hard Disk

256 GBytes SSD Drive

None

Interface

4 LAN Gigabit Ethernet
1 USB3.0
1SATA3.0

3 Gigabit Ethernet

WIFI BAND

2.4GHz and 5GHz

2.4GHz and 5GHz

Wi-Fi Standards

802.11 a/b/g/n/ac

802.11 a/b/g/n/ac

Wireless Security

WPA/WPA2-PSK

WPA/WPA2-PSK

Mesh Networking

802.11s

Wi-Fi SON

Spectrum Blockchain

Supported

Not Supported

Photon Payment Network

Supported

Not Supported

Payment for Internet Access

WeChat、SMT

WeChat© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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11. APPENDIX:

HyperMesh Applications

SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundations target aim to help the underserved globally, as well
as move everyone towards a sustainable HyperMesh Infrastructure. The issues which
need to be solved are:







4 Billion People in the World Remain without Internet Access
2 Billion people without banking services
1.3 Billion people without electrical power [Paygo]
Majority of information is processed through centralized servers
Existing bandwidth and technology is not being optimally used and distributed.
Currencies are likewise centralized and border contained.

11.1 Financial Inclusion
2 billion people have no access to banking services. Financial inclusion, where digitalcurrency offers great promise, has the ability to reach people and businesses in remote andmarginalized regions.

11.2 Security and consumer protection
The second benefit of digital currency relates to security and consumer protection. Private
firms may under-invest in security to the extent they do not measure the full cost to societyof a payment failure. Resilience may also suffer—with only a few links in the payment chain,
the system may stop working if one of these links breaks. Think about a cyber-attack, a
glitch, bankruptcy, or a firm’s withdrawal from the local market.
Regulations may not be able to fully address these downsides. A digital currency could offer
advantages, as a backup means of payment. And it could boost competition by offering a
low-cost and efficient alternative.

11.3 Privacy
The third benefit of digital currency lies in the privacy domain. Token, of course, allows foranonymous payments. Tokens can be used to protect our privacy for legitimate reasons: toavoid exposure to hacking and customer profiling, for instance.

11.4 Climate Change Action
UN SDG Goal 13 is Climate Action. In line with the agreement adopted in Paris in December
2015, Singapore has made a further commitment to reduce our Emissions Intensity by 36%
from 2005 levels by 2030, and stabilise our greenhouse gas emissions with the aim ofpeaking around 2030. [SCAP]© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Due to Singapore’s heavily urban, dense population setting, and small land area, most ofGreen House Gasses (GHGs) are due to the energy sector. However, for the rest of theworld, Energy accounts for only ~25% of the total top 20 potential CO2 reduction
techniques. Since Singapore’s contribution to climate change is only 0.11% of the total
world contribution, even if Singapore succeeds in achieving its internal goal, the world as awhole may be well on its way to a climate change catastrophe.
The best approach is for Singapore to develop the architecture, design, and implementation
best practices for a global, comprehensive solution to reverse climate change. Along theselines, the Climate Action initiative focuses on the top 30 global Drawdown paradigms inorder make the most impact on CO2 emissions reduction within the next decade.

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11.5 Transactive Energy
Transactive energy combines information and energy sources to enable energy trading
which implements highly coordinated self-optimization.

Figure 1.

A use case comparison between a conventional and an eIoT transactive energy-enabled apartment building© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Space Ground Integration Network for SUNSHINEThe Smart Grid Dictionary defines Transactive Energy (TE) as follows: “A software-defined
Grid, managed via market-based incentives to ensure grid reliability and resiliency. This isdone with software applications that use economic signals and operational information tocoordinate and manage devices’ production and/or consumption of electricity in the grid.
Transactive energy describes the convergence of technologies, policies, and financial drivers
in an active prosumer market where prosumers are buildings, EVs, microgrids, VPPs or otherassets.” [Liu]Figure 2. An example eIoT-enabled smart home: DERs are connected to the grid through a cloud-based framework. [Liu]The GridWise Architecture Council defined Transactive Energy as follows: “A system of
economic and control mechanisms that allows the dynamic balance of supply and demandacross the entire electrical infrastructure using value as a key operational parameter.” [Liu]In a Transactive Energy network, price signals embedded throughout the energy systemenable a kind of electronic commerce for energy. The universal language of price bridges all
kinds of devices and institutional boundaries, making possible distributed decision-making
that optimizes use of resources. [Liu]TE is commonly viewed as a collection of techniques to manage the exchange of energy inbusiness transactions. A utility, or any other private jurisdiction can implement TE between
its various customers in industrial, commercial, and residential environments to manage
Distributed Energy Resources (DER). TE applications incorporate the new Energy Internet ofThings (eIoT)-based activities for utilities, and industrial, commercial, and residential
consumers. The result is better management of resources, successful integration ofrenewable energy, and increased efficiency in grid operations. In many ways, TE is seen as
an effective way to manage the technical and economic performance of various grid
operations at all levels of control—commercial, industrial, or residential. [Steffi]© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Figure 3 Levels of Energy Smart Grid [Steffi]

TE is expected to offer increased efficiency to the power system and help maintain muchneeded reliability and security. TE is, further, enhanced by its ability to engage both thetechnical and economic objectives of the grid in order to solve multi-objective control andoptimization challenges. DERs such as intelligent loads, storage, and distributed generation
require more sophisticated control approaches than conventionally non-networked loads.
As more DER assets and their owners participate in the operational, economical, andsemantic aspects of the grid, their activities must be optimally coordinated to align values
and incentives among all stakeholders. [Steffi]
TE frameworks provide a systematic alignment of these incentives to favorably achieve grid
objectives throughout central operations and peripheral additions. As a design rule, TE
architectures must also account for the heterogeneity in the nature of transactions byproviding the necessary definitions and guidelines. Recognizing the heterogeneous nature ofoperations provides the option to expand both the number and types of applications thatcan be added or removed from TE platforms. Consequently, heterogeneous operation
includes making economic decisions that depend on local factors such as the levels of smart
metering integration and DER penetration in the region. Future TE development will rely on
clear definitions of the transacting parties, the type of information to be exchanged, thetransaction terms, what is being transacted, and the transaction mechanisms used by thesystem. [Steffi]
Blockchain has emerged as a new internet encryption technology that enables distributed
pricing. Blockchain is a distributed cyber tool for communicating unique information publicly© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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and securely. Distributed, shared data repositories are protected from interference throughencryption so that there is no need for extraneous bodies to enforce security. At its core, ablockchain creates a “distributed ledger” as an immutable public record of transactions in acomputer network and entirely eliminates the need for a middleman. [Steffi]
Transaction rates are determined by the size of distributed data sets, or “blocks,” and thetime interval for which the chain of data sets is periodically synchronized. TE frameworks
and enabling technologies are a force of decentralization that empowers DER management
across energy customers. As a technology, blockchain shows great promise in enabling
decentralized and distributed exchanges in TE applications. At the moment, blockchain
protocols face scalability constraints that may slow transaction rates. This is addressed by
Photon Network, which supports P2P payments, which take place off-chain, but use theSpectrum blockchain to solve any disputes between the Peer to Peer parties. [Steffi]

11.6 Internet of Food (IoF)
Food security is a major issue, which will become even more urgent and critical in the next
decades due to the expected increase of the world population and the growing economic
wealth of emerging economies. In the meantime, we have already exceeded the carrying
capacity of planet Earth with the current way of agricultural production. Further
globalization, climate change, a shift from a fuel-based towards a biobased economy, andcompeting claims on land, fresh water and labor will complicate the challenge to feed theworld without further pollution or overuse. [Harald]

Figure 4 Food demand vs ecological footprint. [Herald]

Our challenge will be: more than doubling of the agri-food production while at the sametime at least halving our ecological footprint. [Herald] Increasing consumer concerns about food safety by the continuing sequence of foodcalamities, which have required massive product recalls, sometimes even on aEuropean scale. Recent examples include the horsemeat scandal and the E. coli
outbreak. [Herald] Agri-food supply chains are characterized by complex network structures where
many small and medium enterprises (farms and parts of the processing industry)
trade with huge multinationals in the input and retail sector. At this, agri-food© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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products are often considered as commodities with cost-leadership as the dominantmarketing strategy, resulting in low profit margins. [Herald]
Sustainable food chains are becoming ‘license to deliver’: roughly one third of foodproduced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally and food products
account for an important part of the emissions produced by the transportation
sector. The society does no longer accept the extremely high waste of food and the
big CO2 footprint of food products. • Growing attention for impact of food on health:consumers and society are increasingly aware that there is a strong relation between
food consumption and so-called diseases of civilization, including obesity and foodallergies. [Herald]

The Internet of Food is poised to undergo rapid advancement due the recent maturity ofseveral technologies which can be synergistically combined to produce a cost-effective,
highly optimized system which efficiently manages the production, delivery, andconsumption of food.
The following are potential solutions for the specific issues and the corresponding
technology which can help:
Challenge

Problem

Functional Solution

Food Security

Need to feeding a
growing population
while reducing
ecological impact

Automation andimproved observability
and controllability offarm operations

Climate Change
Footprint

Decrease climatechange footprint
without impacting
timely supply andquality
Making sure food isfree fromcontaminants andspoilage

Improve efficiency offood transport andrefrigeration

Food Safety

Sustainable Food
ChainsDecrease the current
one-third wastage offood

Track food sources andsupply chains in orderto pinpoint and shut
down problem areas
without having to ban
widespread sources
Real-time schedulingof food transport andbetter monitoring offood quality© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

HyperMesh
Technology Solution
IoT Sensors andActuators linked
through LoRaWAN to
MeshBoxes, which run
Edge-computing
applications for farmmanagement
Supply-Chain
scheduling with hardand soft deadlines

IoT 8-Factor tracking to
pinpoint areas oftrouble and filter out
only food coming fromsuch areas.
IoT 8-Factor tracking
and real-timescheduling of Foodfrom Farm to home(refrigerator)
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Food Nutrition andConsumer HealthSocial Impact on
Farmers and Rural
Communities

Correlation between
food condition andhealthWelfare of farmers andthe rural community

Figure 5 The various smart agri-food domains are increasingly integrated by the IoT and Future Internet technologies.
[Herald]

Figure 6 The cyber-physical management cycle of smart farming enhanced by cloud-based event and data management.
[Herald]© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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Figure 7 Conceptual architecture for the internet of food and farm as developed in the SmartAgriFood project. [Herald]© 2017 – 2020 SmartMesh and MeshBox Foundation Pte. Ltd, MeshPlusPlus Confidential

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12. References[UNSDG] https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/[SCAP] Singapore’s Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, For a Carbon-Efficient Singapore
Published By: National Climate Change Secretariat Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore
www.nccs.gov.sg[ELE] Gerardo Ceballos, Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering thesixth mass extinction. June, 2015.
[Harald] Sundmaeker, Harald, et al. “Internet of Food and Farm 2020 - IoF2020.” Internet ofFood and Farm 2020, IoF2020, www.iof2020.eu/.
[Liu] Z. Liu, Q. Wu, S. Huang and H. Zhao, "Transactive energy: A review of state of the art
and implementation," 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, Manchester, 2017, pp. 1-6.doi:
10.1109/PTC.2017.7980892, URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7980892&isnumber=7979746[Naam] Ramez Naam, The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet, April,2013[Grameen] Mohammad Yunus, A World of Three Zeros: The New Economics of Zero Poverty,
Zero Unemployment, and Zero Net Carbon Emissions, September 2017.
[Seba] James Arbib and Tony Seba, Rethinking Transportation 2020-2030, The Disruption ofTransportation and the Collapse of the Internal-Combustion Vehicle and Oil Industries. May
2017[Steffi] Muhanji, Steffi O., et al. EIoT: the Development of the Energy Internet of Things in
Energy Infrastructure. Springer, 2019.
[Paygo] UN Climate Change Newsroom, Using Pay-As-You-Go Solar Home Systems in
Sub-Saharan Africa, March, 2017

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