2019 年(第 28回)

ブループラネット賞受賞者記念講演会

2019 Blue Planet Prize
Commemorative Lectures

エリック・ランバン教授
講演スライド集

持続可能な土地利用の効果的解決法

Prof. Eric Lambin
Slides for the Lecture

Scaling up solutions forsustainable land use

Scaling up solutions
for sustainable land use
Eric Lambin
University of Louvain
Stanford UniversityPremises• A sustainability transition is required• Most solutions are already known• These solutions are already successfully
implemented in pilot projects• Up-scaling is the problem1

Tropical deforestation• 8 million hectares per year
• CO2, biodiversity, water cycle, soils• Indigenous communities• Palm oil, soy, beef, timber• International policies

1. Payments for ecosystem services
120 villages

Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin et al., Science, 20172

Tree cutting, Uganda
Before and afterEndline

Baseline

Red: forest Cyan: crop fields

Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin et al., Science, 2017

Regressions:- Subcounty fixed effects- Village-level baseline variables- (2) (3) control for forest area•

32% enrollment in treatment villages;•Tree cover declined by 4.2% in treatment vs 9.1% in control villages;•PES caused 5.5 ha relative increase in tree cover per village;•No evidence of leakage to nearby villages;•

Value of delayed CO2 emissions: 2.4 times as large as program costs.

Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin et al., Science, 20173

2. Eco-certification

Forest cover change, Colombia
Landsat 2003-2009

Rueda & Lambin, World Dev., 2014

4474 farms

Reforestation on eco-certified farms
in Colombia
Tree-cover change for paired sample of certified and non
certified farms n = 474
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
Certified farms

5.00

Non-certified farms

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
% Tree-cover loss

% Tree-cover gain* % Net tree-cover gain*

Rueda & Lambin, World Dev., 2014

Chile: natural forest conversion to plantations
1986-2001

2001-2011

4175 properties
112 companies

Persistent forests

Forest conversion to other uses

Forest expansion

Persistent plantations

Forest conversion to plantations

Other plantation expansion

Properties owned by JSP corporations

Non-forest uses

Heilmayr & Lambin, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 20165

3. Company code of conduct“Farming for the future”, South Africa
228 farms, 953 audits

Thorlakson, Hainmuller & Lambin, GEC, 2018

Vietnam’s forest cover

4. National-scaleforest transitions

Costa Rica’s forest cover6

Spillovers, leakage

Off-shoring of deforestation, Vietnam

Volume of imported timber

Meyfroidt & Lambin, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 2009
From EIA / Telapak7

Off-shoring of wood extraction, Bhutan

40% of the wood consumed
in Bhutan is from India(1996-2011)
Imports

Exports

Jadin, Meyfroidt, Lambin, 2015

6.000

Other
Selected crops
PastureForestCosta Rica

4.000

Reforestation on old pastures

3.000

2.000

1.000

2011

2008

2005

2002

1999

1996

350

1993

1990

1987

1981

1984

1978

1975

1972

1969

1966

400

1963

01960

300

Pineapples

Expansion of fruit cropsThousands hectares

Oil Palms

250

BananasSoybeans

200

Maize

• Stagnation of staple crops

150

Sugarcane
Rice

100

Coffee
50

160
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
20
1120
13

Thousands hectares

5.000

8

7.000.000

Number of pallets

6.000.000
5.000.000
4.000.000

OthersPlantains
MangoesCassava
Oil palm
MelonsPineapples
BananasNumber of pallets used

3.000.000
2.000.000

01985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
19951996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

1.000.000

Wood pallets to export fruits
are a threat to new forests

Jadin, Meyfroidt, Lambin, Land, 2016

• Small solutions tend to stay small
 550 PES programs (2018): 36-42 $ billion in annualtransactions = < 0.1% of value of international trade Market shares of eco-certified products: 2-22%
 300 progressive multinational companies among 80,000
 5 to 7 forest transition countries• “Small is beautiful, but big is necessary”
Attributed to BRAC

9Up-scaling
The challenge is not so much the speedof transformation, but rather its scale.

Multiple stakeholders
Public sector

Privatesector

Civilsociety

10Sustainability standards
Amplification mechanisms to create tipping points of adoption:
1.

Public policies that support or endorse sustainability
standards or practices, or make them mandatory,

1.

Adoption by private companies as part of their internal codesof conduct and their sustainable sourcing commitments.

Lambin et al. (2019) In: Green Growth That Works, Island Press

1a. Role of governments in producing countries
Integrate sustainability standards in public policy:• Bolivia: forest code in 1990s inspired by Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) standards• Mozambique: government embedded Better Cotton principles
and criteria in national regulations• Minas Gerais’ State government developed “Certifica MinasCafé” standards based on the Utz’s standards for coffee• Peru: forest concession holders reduce yearly lease payment by70% if they adopt FSC standards• Guatemala: FSC certified producers obtain 25-year land-use
concessions

11

1b. Role of governments in consuming countries
Increase demand for eco-certified commodities:• Public procurement policies• EU’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT)
action plan accepts FSC and PEFC certifications for legality
assurance and licensing• US Lacey Act recognizes private timber certification schemes asproviding evidence of “due care”• EU’s Renewable Energy Directive accepts International
Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISSC), Roundtable on
Sustainable Biofuels (RSB), RSPO for market entry.
• France: duty of vigilance law (2017)

2. Role of private companies
Integration of voluntary sustainability standards in internal codesof conduct and sourcing practices:• >85% of companies with a Zero Deforestation Commitment
relied on 3rd party certification to identify commitmentcompliant commodity supply (2015)• 87% of companies with a palm oil ZDC relied on RSPO (2018)• Starbucks: largest US buyer of Fair Trade coffee• IKEA’s sustainability commitments rely on FSC and Better
Cotton Initiative (BCI)

12

Sustainable sourcing practices by companies
450 food, wood & textile companies

Adoption predicted by:- high brand value,- large revenues,- serving European markets,- not serving Asian markets,- consumer-facing companies,- headquarter in country with high NGO density

Thorlakson, de Zegher and Lambin, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 2018

Market differentiation
Most sustainable
practices

Laggards

Most progressive
actors13

System-wide transformation

Most sustainable
practices

Laggards

Most progressive
actorsComplementarity between public & private policies
Absorption

Carrott and stick
Incentives for front-runners
by market

Government

Pioneersustainability
standardorsustainability
standard

private company

Threat of sanctions
for laggards from government

Support & enable

Division of tasks

sustainability
standard

Agenda setting,
Evaluation

sustainabilitystandard

Policy design,implementation,monitoring

Government supports, endorses,
creates enabling conditions

Lambin et al., Glob. Environ. Ch., 201414

Take-home messages• Need for “small” solutions + up-scalingmechanisms to create system-wide changes• Develop synergies between voluntary standards,
public policies, and supply chain commitments• Promote public-private partnerships, multistakeholder initiatives, hybrid governance• Account for heterogeneity between actors

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