Promotion of Research and Technology in Water Supply Field
水道分野における科学技術の振興

Mari Asami, National Institute of Public Health, MHLW, Japan
国立保健医療科学院‑ 127 ‑

浅見真理

Promotion of Research and Technology in Water Supply Field
Mari ASAMI, Dr.Eng.
Senior Researcher for Environmental Health and Hygiene Engineering R&D
Department of Water Supply Engineering,
National Institute of Public Health
4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8638 JAPANasami@niph.go.jp

Abstract
Japanese Government is strongly promoting Science and Technology.

The Council for Science andTechnology Policy (CSTP) of the Cabinet Office is playing a great role in promotion of science andtechnology in especially in health science field.
of very important issue.

Promotion of research in water in environment is one

Trend of research projects especially in water supply field are described.

Inaddition, effective way of promotion of water supply engineering is discussed.

1. Promotion of Science and Technologies in JapanThe Japanese government has set out seven priority areas on the basis that advances in these areas
should help the nation prosper in the 21st century:
1.

Provide solutions to environmental problems

2.

Provide solutions to the problem of there being fewer children and an aging society

3.

Revitalize the regions

4.

Restructure the cities

5.

Advance Science and Technology (S&T)

6.

Nurture human resources and promote education and culture

7.

Bring into realization a nation that is led by the world's most advanced IT

As is seen from the above, S&T is included in the list of priority areas that Japan intends to focus on,
because it is widely recognized that the nation cannot survive without a heavy reliance on theadvancement of S&T. The most recently published White Paper (2001) bears the title: "Creativity ofJapan's Science and Technology" and this report characterize the key objectives of Japan's S&T agenda.
The Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) of the Cabinet Office (April 1, 2001),
implemented the second phase of the S&T Basic Plan to work towards that goal. To accomplish theseobjectives the CSTP has set the goal for the country to spend 24 trillion yen on S&T for the coming 5

1‑ 128 ‑

years, commencing April, 2001 (FY'01). This amount is 7 trillion yen more (over 40% higher) thanthat allocated for the first 5-year phase of the S&T Basic Plan. The total draft budget request this year
for S&T- related items is 3.6 trillion yen in FY'04, reflecting an increase of 2.0% over the previous
Fiscal Year, even though there was an overall decrease of 17% in the General Account. This level offunding is the clearest possible indication that the Government of Japan has placed strong emphasis on
its perceived importance of the promotion of S&T, even though the Japanese economy now is in a very
serious situation.
! Reform of the S&T system to generate excellent outcomes! Strategic approach to areas and fields expected to grow in the future! Internationalization of S&T activities in Japan

Prime Minister and Other Relevant Ministers
Monthly Meeting

CSTP: Council for Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet Office-Annual Guideline for Resource Prioritization-Inter-ministry Coordination

MEXT: Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Culture
MHLW: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
MOE: Ministry of Environment
METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry．．
．．

Fig. 1 Scheme of Promotion of Science and Technology in Japanese Government

Following the administrative reform begun in January 2001, 59 national research laboratories out of 89
underwent reform and were transformed into Independent Administrative Institutions (IAIs). As well,
the Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) of the Cabinet Office was formed by thereorganization of the old Council for Science & Technology (CST), which had belonged to the oldPrime Minister's Office.

Another reform, all 98 of the national universities have been now an"agency" status.
The CSTP is the central advisory body of the Japanese government tasked with the formulation of
S&T policy; it must guide the direction which the country takes in research. One significant change

2‑ 129 ‑

occurring as a result of the reform is that a general CSTP meeting is now held once per month so as todiscuss, in the presence of the Prime Minister, a wide range of S&T issues. CSTP guides the future
direction of Japan's S&T agenda and budget.
On behalf of the Japanese Government, CSTP promotes research and technology with key-focus on
these subjects.
!

Life Science!

Nano-technology!

Information Technology!

Environment!

Social Infrastructure!

Materials

M ETI

M LIT

MOE

D iet

SC AO N PA
JD A M P H P T
CAO

M A FFM O FAMOJ
MOF

M H LW

M EXT

Fig.2 S&T-related budget request for FY '04 by Ministry/Agency
Abbreviations:
SCAO: Secretariat of Cabinet Office
CAO: Cabinet Office
JDA: Japan Defense Agency
NPA: National Police Agency
MPHPT: Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications
MOJ: Ministry of Justice
MFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
MHLW: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
MOE: Ministry of Environment

Trend of governmental budget relating on Science and Technology is shown in Fig.3.
researches relating to Life Science and Environment are improving in amount.

3‑ 130 ‑

Budget forLife Science IT Env Nano Energy

Infra Frontier

FY2004
FY2003
FY2002
FY2001
To MHLW

Atomic Energy

Engineering

Fig.3 Trend of governmental budget relating to S&T in Japan

Other trials are being made in many organizations.

Establishment of TLO (Technology Licensing

Organization) and supporting organization is being encouraged to promote practical application ofresearch.

A dopted projects

m illion yen

1,500

45,00040,000B udgetT hem es

35,00030,0001,000

25,00020,00015,000500

10,000
5,000
0

0
1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

R esearch grants and num ber of projects

Fig.4 Trends in research budget and projects, Health and Labour Research Grants

4‑ 131 ‑

The increase of competitive research fund is also an indicator of promotion of science and technology.
Fig.4 shows the increase of Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants by the Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare.
Health and Labour Science Research Grants is offered to researchers who conduct researches that may
be considered to contribute to the enhancement of health sciences to answer people's needs in health,welfare and life sanitation fields.

Applicants are publicly gathered through the Web pages, and they

are selected based on evaluations made by the review committee.
Research budget for water supply promoted by Water Supply Division, Bureau of Health Services,
MHLW, is included in this research budget.
CSTP especially takes initiative on research with key focus on the theme below in environmental
studies;!

Global warming!

Gavages-to-zero Project and Resource Cycle!

Environmentally Sound Water-Cycle in Watershed and City Revitalization!

Total Management of Chemical Risk!

Water Cycle in Global Scale

2. Researches in Water Cycle Management
MHLW is promoting the Environmentally Sound Water-Cycle Project, under the supervision by CSTP.
The Project is aiming at 1) Sustainability in Watershed to improve efficiency of water, and 2) Decreaseof water discharge and contamination to realize harmonious coexistence of human and other creatures
to meet the aim of the Initiative of CSTP.
The Environmentally Sound Water-Cycle Project consists of 6 Study Objectives (projects) and eachpromoting organization;" Sound Water Cycle in watershed ->e-water project, JWRC
" Sound Water Cycle in town ->epoch project, JWRC
" Sound Water Cycle in house-> Japan Water Pluming Engineering Promotion Foundation, JWRC
" Control of infectious disease via water-> Setsunan Univ.

" Dissolved Organic Substances in Source Water-> National Institute of Environmental Studies" GIS assisted water source control->NIPH5‑ 132 ‑

Environmentally Sound Water Cycle
Water Cycle in Watershed（
Research Objective)
Water Cycle in Town
SupplySupplySupplySupplyReuse

Drainage

Discharge
Reuse

Reuse
Reuse

Treatment
Devices

Kitchen

Reuse

SupplyDischarge
Reuse

Discharge
SupplySupplyGardening

Discharge

Water
Purification
Plant

Absorption

Reuse

Treatment
Devices

Discharge

Adjustment of Absorption and Drainage

Use of Energy in
Discharge

Water Source Conservation

HousesWater Cyclein House

Reuse

Small Water Cycle in House

Decrease of Burden in DrainageRiver

Fig.5 Environmentally Sound Water Cycle (Research Objective)

3.

Investment in Water Supply

Water Supply is facing a big challenge in reforming water facilities and composition waterworks
engineers in water works are rapidly changing.

Fig. 6 shows Annual Investment to Water Supply andWater Supply Prevalence in Japan which clearly presents the change or decrease of annual investment
to water supply in whole country.
Fig.7 shows the trend of annual investment and retirement costs and stock for water supply in wholecountry.

The retirement cost is estimated to exceed the investment cost after 2025, and the total stockof the facilities is estimated to decay after the year by the estimation by every five years.
This change is going to affect on the key research objective in water supply field.

6‑ 133 ‑

1,600,000

90.0

1,400,000

80.0

1,200,000
投資
額 1,000,000

70.0

百
万
円

800,000

50.0

600,000

40.0

400,000

30.0

200,000

20.0

0

10.0
S 28 S 31 1960
S 34 S 371965
S 40 S 43
S 46 S1975
49 S 52 1980
S 55 S 581985
S 61 H 11990
H 4 H1995
7 H 10 2000
H 13
1954
1970
FY

Annual Investment (million yen)

100.0

60.0

Prevalence of Water Supply (%)

1,800,000

水
道
普
及
率
％

年FY
度

Annual Investment
to額WaterSupply水道
普 及 率 (1954-2001)
投資

Fig. 6 Annual Investment to Water Supply and its Prevalence in Japan

2.5

70
Stock in Total
Investment

50 ス
Retirement cost

ト
ッ
40
ク
額

30

兆 1.0
円

(trillion yen)

投
資 1.5
額

60
Stock

Annual Investment andRetirement cost(trillion yen)

2.0

兆

20 円

0.5

10

0.0

0

H7
H1
2
H1
7
H2
2
H2
7
H3
2
H3
7
H4
2
H4
7
H5
2
H5
7
H6
2

0
H2

5

S6

0

S5

5

S5

S4

S4

0

1965 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
FY
年度

Fig.7 Annual Investment, Retirement
Cost
and Stockinク額
Total in Water Supply
投資額
除却額
ストッ
Facilities

7‑ 134 ‑

Cost for research investment and its proportion to total sales in all industries is shown in Fig.8. The
proportion has gradually increased in these 10 years and changed from 2.5% in 1991 to 3.3% in 2000.
The proportion of research investment varies between industries.
industries relating to water supply field.
proportion of research investment.

Fig. 9 shows its difference among

Electric devices and chemical industries have highHigh proportion of research investment seems to encourage

Proportion of Research (%)

Research Cost in total (million yen)industrial development.

Research
Cost
Proportion of
Research

1991

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

FY

Fig.8 Research Investment and its Proportion to Total Sales in all Industries
7.0

40000

6.0

Sales
%

5.0

25000

4.0

20000

3.0

15000

2.0

5000

1.0

0

0.0

Ci
vil
E

Ot
he
rs

10000

ng
in e
er
in g
Ch
em
ist
ry
Bi
gs
te
el
No
n
st
ee
l
Me
ch
an
El
ic s
ec
tri
c
de
vic
Tr
es
an
sp
or
ta
tio
n

Sales (Billion yen)

30000

Proportion of research (%)

35000

Fig. 9 Sales and Proportion of Research Investment in Fields of Relevant Industries
to Water Supply (upper 45 companies)
8‑ 135 ‑

Trend of research topic and key issues can be caught by looking into the number of presentations in
Annual Research Meeting of Japan Water Works Association.

Fig. 10 shows the trend of topics

presented at the Annual Research Meeting of Japan Water Works Association.
presentations is increased and doubled in these 20 years.

The number ofPresentations on ‘Purification’ and ‘Water

Quality’ are especially increasing.
Fig.11 shows changes in research theme followed by MHLW, especially on water quality.

Target ofresearch has been gradually changed; however, it is clear we are always facing emerging contaminants.

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
19791983

TOPICS

EnglishR isk,D isaster
W ater Q uality
M echanics
D evices
D istribution
P urification
W ater R esource
P lanning
A dm inistration

19841988

19891993

19941998

19992003

Fig.10 Trend of presentations in Annual Research Meeting ofJapan Water Works Association

4. The 'e-water' Project and the 'Epoch' Project
Two big projects are being conducted by Japan Water Research Center, JWRC, by the Health andLabour Research Grant described before.

Both started from 2002 FY under the ‘Environmentally

Sound Water-Cycle’ project.
E-water!

Establishment of energy-saving water purification systems.

!

Reduction in the amount of sludge in water purification systems.

!

Observation of water sources for safe water supplies.

!

Efficient use of water in water purification systems.

!

Reduction in project costs.

9‑ 136 ‑

Fig.11 Researches in Water Supply Field promoted by MHLW since 1996

M inistry ofEnvironm ent

1996

1997

1998

A griculturalchem cals in →w ater resources

1999

2000

S urfactants in w ater resources
A lgae C ontrol

2001
→

→

Treatm ent of
Infectious →D esease via
W ater
A lum ,
N onionSurfactant

H ealth S ciences R esearch G rants

U rgent
D isasterH ealthSpecialH ealth S ciences R esearch G rants

H ighly Effective
W ater Treatm ent
M ethod

Infection
C ontrol‑ 137 ‑

P rospection and Estim ationof W ater S upply D am age by →Earthquake

Endcrine
D isrupting
C hem icals→

on andD evel P rospecti
Estim ation of

W ater Supply →D am age by
Earthquake

M TB E,D ioxane,B rom ate,A crylam ide
m onom er→→

D evelopm ent of A ssistant S ystem of→ Enviro
nm entD am age R ecovery
ally
→

sound
w atercycle

C ontrolof Infectious D esease →P rasite C ontrol →via W ater

2006

P harm aceuticals→

R olling R evision of D rinking
W ater Q uality Standards

G IS assisted W ater
S ource P rotection

Envir
→ onm

ental
ly
soun
d
w ate
r
W aterborne Infectious → cycle

D esease C ontrol

D etection of
M icroorganism s in
B io terrorism

Toxic C hem icals in
W aterP rasite C ontrolin W ater S ource and W ater

→

2005

C oncentration of D iEthylhexyl-P htalate in W ater →Treatm ent

R evision of D rinking W ater Q uality
S tandards

nt of
A dvanD evelopm ent of H ighly Effective W ater Treatm ent→ ced
W ater M ethod
Treat
m ent
→

2004

D ioxin in D rinking W ater

Endcrine D isrupting C hem icals in
W aterP rospection and Estim ation of
W ater S upply D am age by
Earthquake→ opm e2003

C ontrolof M usty O dor→

D ioxin C ontrol →C ryptosporidium inw ater2002

R isk A ssessm ent and controlof
P arasites

10

R isk A ssessm ent and controlof P arasites

Epoch project!

Research on the technology for water quality management inside of pipeline!

Counter measures for maintaining safe tasteful water, increasing the effective water ratio andfulfill effective use of energy

5.

Promotion of research

Final goal of research is to improve quality and stability of water supply.
and practice is very important.

Promotion of research

To overcome the so-called ‘death-valley’, MHLW is going todevelop method of promoting research into practice. That may include; Prioritization of Research
Policies, Promotion and Introduction of New Technology, Allocation of Subsidy to Small Water
Supply based on Water Supply, Accumulation of Case Study that may contribute speed-up
examination by MHLW and External Review.
Prioritization of
Policies

PLAN

Research

Case Study by Model Plan

Practice

Competitive Grant

SEE

DO

Evidence
External Review

Promotion ofIntroduction of
New Technology
Allocation of Subsidy
to Small Water Supply
Based on Study Result

Accumulation ofCase Study

Fig. 11 Promotion and Introduction of Research for Water Supply

References
1. Report of the Council for Science and Technology Policy, the Cabinet Office (2001-2004)(http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/)
2. Outline of Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant, Division of Health Sciences, Minister's
Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2004
3. Nagata, R., Asami, M., Takagai, E. and Nakatani, H., Scientific communication in science andtechnology, Health and Labour Research Grants (HLSRG): Reports of Researches Supported
by HLSRG., Information Science and Technology, Vol.54, No.6, pp.289-293 (2004)
4. Report of 'Water Vision', Division of Water Supply, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/kenkou/suido/vision.html)

11‑ 138 ‑

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