;fwgfsf] dfu{

k|yd cWofo

ljz''4L dfu{!
lrQ z''4L!= dflg;x¿df ;f+;fl/s /fu x'G5 , h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ df]x /b'Mvdf k'¥ofpF5 . ;f+;fl/s /fusf] aGwgaf6 d'Qm x'g] pgLx¿sf;dIf kfFr pkfox¿ 5g\ .
klxnf], pgLx¿df j:t'x¿k|lt ;Dos\ ljrf/ x'g'kb{5 . tL
ljrf/x¿sf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s cjnf]sg u/L x]t' / kmnx¿ tyf
ltgsf] dxTjsf] ;To af]w x'g'kb{5 . b'Mvsf] sf/0f, dgsf] t[i0ff /cfzlStdf h/};Dd ufl8Psf] x'G5 , t[i0ff / cfzlStsf] ;DaGw
cfTdfsf] e|de"0f{ cjnf]sg Pj+ x]t' / kmnsf] lgodsf] dxTjsf]
pk]Iff;Fu x'G5 clg oL ldYof cjnf]sgx¿ g} logsf sf/0f x'g]
x'Fbf oL ;f+;fl/s /fusf] dgn] kl/Tofu ug{ ;Sof] eg] dfq zflGt
x'g ;Sb5 .
bf];|f], dflg;x¿n] ;fjwfgL tyf w}o{k"j{s lrQ lgoGq0fu/]/ oL ldYof cjnf]sg tyf ;f+;fl/s /fuaf6 d'lQm kfpg
;Sb5g\ . s'zn lrQ lgoGq0fåf/f pgLx¿n] cfFvf, gfs, sfg,
lha|f], 5fnf / cg'jtL{ dgsf] pQ]hgfåf/f pTkGg x'g] dfgl;st[i0ffx¿sf] kl/Tofu ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;f] ugf{n] ;a} ;f+;fl/s/funfO{ h/}af6 lgd"{n kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .
- 116 -

ljz'4L dfu{t];|f], ;a} j:t'x¿sf] plrt k|of]u ;DaGwL ;xL ljrf/
pgLx¿df x'g'kb{5 . h:t}, cGg / j:qnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;'v /cfgGb;Fu ;DalGwt g7fgL z/L/sf] cfjZostf;Fu dfq ;DalGwt
7fGg' kb{5 . hf8f] / udL{sf] cToflwstfaf6 z/L/nfO{ arfpg /z/L/sf] nfh 9fSg j:qsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . 1fg / a'4Tjsf]
lgldQ cEof; ubf{, cGg z/L/sf] kf]if0fsf] lgldQ cfjZos x'G5 .
o:tf] ;Dos\ ljrf/ /fVof] eg] ;f+;fl/s /fusf] pTklQ x'g ;Sb}g .
rf}yf], dg'ion] ;lxi0f'tf /fVg l;Sg' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] udL{
/ hf8f]af6 clg ef]s / Kof;af6 pTkGg x'g] c;'ljwfx¿ ;xgl;Sg' kb{5 Ù s;}n] lgGbf ubf{ cyjf lt/isf/ ubf{ w}o{;fy ;xgl;Sg'kb{5 . ;lxi0f'tfsf] cEof;n] g} pgLx¿sf] z/L/nfO{
hnfO{/fVg] ;f+;fl/s /fusf] clUgnfO{ eid ub{5 .
kfFrf}F, dg'iox¿n] ;a} ;+s6 b]Vg / ltgsf] kl/Tofu ug{l;Sg'kb{5 . h;/L a'l4dfg dflg;n] cfk"mnfO{ h+unL 3f]8f tyf
ax'nf s's'/ eGbf 6f9f /fVb5 , To;}u/L s'g} klg dg'ion]b'i6x¿sf] ;+ut ug'{x'Fb}g, g t To:tf] 7fpFdf hfg'x'G5 h;sf]
kl/Tofu a'l4dfg dflg;x¿n] ub{5g\ . olb s;}n] ;fjwfgL /ljj]ssf] cEof; ub{5g\ eg] pgsf] k|f0f hnfO/fVg] ;f+;fl/s/fusf] clUg To;} ;]nfP/ hfG5 .
@=;+;f/df t[i0ffsf kfFr ;d"x 5g\ .
- 117 -

ljz4L dfu{

cfFvfn] ¿kdf b]v]/ pTkGg x'g] Ù sfgn] ;'Gg] :j/af6
pTkGg x'g] Ù gfsn] ;'F£g] ;'uGwaf6 pTkGg x'g] Ù lha|f]nfO{ nfUg]
dL7f] :jfbaf6 pTkGg x'g] Ù :kz{ af]waf6 /fd|f] nfUg] j:t'af6
pTkGg x'g] t[i0ff . t[i0ffsf oL kfFr åf/af6 z/L/df cfgGbk|ltsf]k|]dsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿ cfgGbk|lt z/L/sf] k|]dåf/f k|efljt x'g]
x'Fbf, o:tf] cfgGb kl5 kl5 cfpg] b'la{sf/ b]Vb}gg\ / pgLx¿,
h+undf lzsf/Lsf] hfndf k/]sf] xl/0f h:t} z}tfgsf] kf;f]dfkb{5g\ . jf:tjdf, OlGb|ox¿af6 pTkGg x'g] t[i0ffsf oL kfFr
åf/x¿ ;aeGbf eofjx hfnx¿ x'g\ . o;df k/]kl5 dg'iox¿;f+;fl/s /fun] h]lnG5g\ / b'Mv kfpF5g\ . oL hfnx¿af6 s;/L
d'lQm kfpg] xf] Tof] pgLx¿n] yfxf kfpg' kb{5 .
#= ;f+;fl/s /fusf] hfnaf6 d'lQm kfpg] s'g} Ps dfu{ 5}g .
sNkgf u/f}F tkfO{n] w]/} km/s :jefj ePsf 5 k|f0fLx¿ Ù ;k{,uf]xL, r/f, s's/, ˆofp/f] / afFb/ ;dfTg' eof] / tL 5 j6}nfO{
Pp6f alnof] 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ 5fl8lbg'eof] . oL 5j6} k|f0fL k|To]sn]
cf–cfˆgf] jf;:yfgdf cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] hfg] k|oTg ug]{5 . ;k{
3fF;leq k:g vf]Hg] 5 , uf]xLn] kfgL vf]Hg]5 , r/fn] cfsfzdf
p8\g] OR5f ug]{5 , s's'/n] s'g} ufpF vf]Hg]5 , ˆofp/f]n] PsfGt
cf]t vf]Hg] 5 / afFb/n] h+unsf] ?v vf]Hg] 5 . k|To]sn] cfcfˆgf]
af6f] vf]Hbf ;+3if{ x'g]5 t/ ;a} Pp6} 8f]/Ln] afFlwPsf] x'Fbf, tL
dWo] ;aeGbf alnof]n] c?nfO{ tfg]/ nUg]5 .
- 118 -

ljz'4L dfu{pk/f]Qm b[i6fGtdf ePsf k|f0fLx¿ h:t} dflg; p;sf 5
OlGb|ox¿ cfFvf, sfg, gfs, lha|f], :kz{ / dgsf] t[i0ffn] ljleGg
lbzftk{m cfslif{t x'G5 / k|an t[i0ffåf/f lgolGqt x'G5 .
olb tL 5j6} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ Pp6} vDafdf afFlwP/ /flvof]eg]pgLx¿ gyfs'Gh]n;Dd :jtGq x'g] k|oTg ub{5g\ / To;kl5ltgLx¿ vDafd'gL yfs]/ ;'Tg]5g\ . o:t} k|sf/n] olb dflg;x¿n]dgnfO{ tflnd lbP/ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;Sof] eg] cGo kfFr
OlGb|ox¿åf/f c? si6 pTkGg x'g ;sb}g . olb dg lgoGq0fdf 5eg] dflg;x¿n] jt{dfg / eljio b'j}df ;'v kfpg] 5g\ .
$= dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] cx+sf/k"0f{ ;'v;'ljwfnfO{ k|]d ub{5g\hf] s'/f Voflt / k|z+;fk|ltsf] k|]d xf] . t/ Voflt / k|z+;f eg]sf]
t Tof] w'k h:tf] xf] h;n] :jod\nfO{ hnfpF5 / l56}
;lsP/ hfG5 . olb dflg;x¿ ;Ddfg / hgk|z+;fsf] kl5 kl5dfq nfUb5g\ Pj+ ;To dfu{ 5f8\b5g\ eg] pgLx¿ u+eL/ ;+s6df
kb{5g\ / l56} g} kZrfQfk ug]{ sf/0fdf k'Ug] 5g\ .
hf] dflg; ;Ddfg / ;Dklt Pj+ k|]d dfldnfsf] kl5 kl5bu'b{5 Tof] To:tf] afns h:t} xf] hf] rSs'sf] wf/df dx rf6\b5 .
ha;Dd p;n] dxsf] ld7f; :jfb lnO/x]sf] x'G5 ta;Dd cfˆgf]
lha|f]df rf]6sf] hf]lvd x'g]5 . pm To:tf] dflg; h:t} xf] hf] tLa|
xfjfsf] ljk/Ltdf d;fn afn]/ af]Sb5 Ù d;fnsf] Hjfnfn] tp;sf] xft / cg'xf/ lgZro g} hnfpg] 5 .
- 119 -

ljz4L dfu{s;}n] klg nf]e, å]if / df]xn] el/Psf] cfˆgf] dgdfly
ljZjf; ug'{ x'Fb}g . s;}n] klg cfˆgf] dgnfO{ clgolGqt ¿kn]
ljr/0f ug{ lbg x'Fb}g t/ To;dfly b[9 lgoGq0f /fVg' kb{5 .
%= dgdfly k"0f{ lgoGq0f k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] Pp6f cToGt sl7g
sfo{ xf] . hf] 1fg k|fKt ug{ rfxG5g\ pgn] ;j{k|yd ;a}t[i0ffx¿sf] clUg kl/Tofu ug'{kb{5 . t[i0ff eg]sf] clUgsf] tLj|
Hjfnf h:t} xf] / 1fgsf] k|flKt ug{ vf]Hg] JolQm ;'s]sf] k/fnsf]
ef/L af]Sg] dflg;n] cfuf]sf] lemNsfaf6 cfk"mnfO{ 6f9f /fv]e}Fmt[i0ffsf] clUgaf6 Tolts} 6f9f a:g' kb{5 .
t/ s'g} dflg;n] ;'Gb/ ¿kk|lt cfslif{t x'g] 8/n] dfq
cfFvf lrDng' d"v{tf xf] . dg eg]sf] :jfdL xf] / olb dg
lgoGq0fdf /flvof] eg] cGo t'R5 t[i0ffx¿ x/fP/ hfG5g\ .
1fgsf] dfu{ cg';/0f ug]{ sfo{ sl7g xf], t/ olb
dflg;x¿df To:tf] dfu{ k|fKt ug]{ s'g} dg 5}g eg] Tof] a9L
sl7g sfo{ xf] . 1fgljgf hGd / d[To'sf] o; ;+;f/df cgGt b'Mv
x'G5 .
1fgsf] dfu{ vf]hL ug'{ eg]sf] Pp6f ux|f}F ef/L af]s]sf]
uf]?n] lxnf]sf] v]tdf lxF8\g' h:tf] xf] . t/ olb uf]?n] c? s'/fsf]
jf:tf g/fvL ;s];Dd w]/} k|oTg ub{5 eg] p;n] lxnf]dfly ljho
k|fKt u/L cf/fd ug{ ;Sb5 . o;}u/L olb dg lgoGq0fdf 5 /;xL dfu{df /flvPsf] 5 eg] nf]esf] s'g} lxnf]n] p;sf] af6f] 5]Sg]5}g / o;df ;a} b'Mv x/fP/ hfg] 5g\ .
- 120 -

ljz'4L dfu{^= h;n] 1fgsf] dfu{ vf]Hg] k|oTg ub{5g\ ltgn] ;aeGbfklxn] ;Dk"0f{ cx+sf/nfO{ x6fpg' kb{5 / ljgd|tfk"j{s a'4sf]pkb]zsf] Hof]lt u|x0f ug{ tTk/ /xg' kb{5 . ;+;f/sf] ;a} ;Dklt,o;sf] ;a} ;'g, rfFbL / ;Ddfgsf] t'ngf k|1f / ;b\u'0f;Fu ug{x'Fb}g .
/fd|f] :jf:Yo, cfˆgf] kl/jf/df ;Rrf cfgGb Nofpg,;a}nfO{ zflGt k|bfg ug{eGbf cl3 dg'ion] cfˆgf] dgnfO{
cg'zf;g tyf lgoGq0fdf Nofpg' kb{5 . olb s'g} dg'ion] cfˆgf]
dgdfly lgoGq0f Nofpg ;Sof] eg] p;n] 1fgsf] dfu{ k|fKt ug{;S5 Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ k|1f / ;b\u'0f :jefljs ¿kn] p;sxfF cfOk'Ug]
5g\ .
h;/L k[YjLd'lgaf6 wg/flz lemSg ;lsG5 ,To;}u/L;Tsfo{af6 ;b\u'0f k|s6 x'G5 ,tyf kljq / zfGt dgaf6 k|1f
k|s6 x'G5 . dfgj hLjgsf] e'ne'n}ofaf6 ;'/Iffk"j{s lxF8\g, s'g}
klg JolQmnfO{ k|1fsf] Hof]lt / ;b\u'0fsf] dfu{bz{g rflxG5 .
a'4sf] pkb]zn] dflg;nfO{ nf]e, å]if / c1fgnfO{ lgd"{n kfg]{
pkfosf] lzIff lbG5 , of] Ps c;n pkb]z xf] / h;n] o;sf]
kfngf ub{5g\ pgn] c;n hLjgdf x'g] ;'v k|fKt ub{5g\ .
&= dflg;x¿ cf–cfˆgf] ljrf/sf] lbzftk{m cu|;/ x'g] k|j[lQ/fVb5g\ . olb pgLx¿n] nf]ek"0f{ ljrf/ /fVb5g\ eg] pgLx¿ cem
a9L nf]eL x'G5g\ . olb pgLx¿ qmf]wk"0f{ ljrf/ /fVb5g\ eg] cem
a9L qmf]wL x'G5g\ . olb pgLx¿ d"v{tfk"0f{ ljrf/ /fVb5g\ eg]pgLx¿ To;} lbzftk{m a9\b5g\ .
- 121 -

ljz4L dfu{

afnLgfnLsf] ;dodf ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf hgfj/x¿nfO{y'g]/ /fVb5g\ , cGoyf pgLx¿n] af/x¿ eTsfP/ afnL ePsfv]tdf k:g ;Sb5g\ , h'g s'/f cleof]u cyjf dfl/g] sf/0f x'g;Sb5g\ . To;}n] dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ sk6tf tyf
b'ef{Uoaf6 lg/Gt/ /Iff ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿n] nf]e, å]if / c1fgnfO{pQ]lht ug]{ ljrf/x¿ lgd"{n ug}{ kb{5 t/ pbf/tf / bofnfO{k|]/0ff lbg] ljrf/x¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 .
ha j;Gtsf] cfudg x'G5 clg r/gx¿ xl/of 3fF;n]el/G5g\ . ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf hgfj/x¿nfO{ r/gdf k7fpF5g\ t/To;a]nf klg pgLx¿n] cfˆgf hgfj/x¿dfly lg/Gt/ lgu|f0fL/flv 5f8\5g\ . of] s'/f dgdfly klg plQs} k|o'Qm x'G5 Ù cToGt
c;n kl/l:yltx¿df klg dgdfly b[li6 k'¥ofO{ /fVg' kb{5 .
*= Ps ;do eujfg a'4 sf}zfDaL gu/df a:g' ePsf] lyof] .
o; gu/df Ps o:tf] JolQm lyof] h;df zfSod'lg a'4k|lt
s'efjgf lyof] / c;To syfx¿ k}mnfpg b'i6 JolQmx¿nfO{ To;dflg;n] 3"; lbPsf] lyof] . oL kl/l:yltx¿df pxfFsf lziox¿nfO{
leIff6gdf kof{Kt leIff dfu]/ Nofpg sl7g x'GYof] / Tof] gu/dfw]/} unt k|rngx¿ lyP .
cfgGbn] zfSod'lg a'4nfO{ eg], æxfdLx¿ o:tf] gu/df
ga:g' /fd|f] xf] . o;eGbf cGo / c;n gu/x¿ 5g\ hxfF hfg;lsG5 . xfdLx¿n] of] gu/ 5f8]sf] pQd x'g]5 .Æ
eujfg a'4n] pQ/ lbg' eof], ædfgf}F, csf]{ gu/ klg o:t}eof] eg], xfdLn] clg s] ug]{ <Æ- 122 -

ljz'4L dfu{

æTo;kl5 xfdL csf]{ gu/df hfg]5f}F .Æ
eujfg a'4n] eGg' eof] M æx]/ cfgGb, o:tf] ugf{n] o;sf]s'g} cGTo x'g] 5}g . xfdL a? oxL a;L w}o{k"j{s ckzAbx¿ ;xL/fvf}F ha;Dd oL ckzAbx¿ aGb x'Fb}gg\ / To;kl5 dfq xfdLcsf]{ 7fpFdf hfg' kb{5 .Æ
æo; ;+;f/df nfe / xflg x'G5 , ;Ddfg / lgGbf x'G5 ,k|z+;f / b'Jo{jxf/ x'G5 , ;'v / b'Mv x'G5 . a'4dfly oL afXo
j:t'x¿sf] lgoGq0f x'Fb}g Ù ltgLx¿ cfPsf] ljlQs} zL3| cGTox'G5 .Æ

@;bfrf/sf] c;n dfu{!= h;n] 1fgsf] dfu{ vf]Hb5g\ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] z/L/, jf0fL /dgnfO{ lg/Gt/ kljq /fVg'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ dgdf lnO{ /fVg'
kb{5 . z/L/nfO{ kljq /fVg s;}n] klg hLljt k|f0fLsf] xTof ug'{x'Fb}g, s;}n] klg rf]/L ug'{ x'Fb}g tyf cg}lts of}g ;DaGw /fVg'x'Fb}g . jf0fLnfO{ kljq /fVg s;}n] klg c;To af]Ng' x'Fb}g, b'Jo{jxf/ug'{ x'Fb}g, 7Ug' x'Fb}g, Joy{sf] k|nfk ug'{ x'Fb}g . dgnfO{ kljq /fVgnf]e, å]if / c;To lg0f{onfO{ cjZo alxisf/ ug'{kb{5 .
olb dg ckljq eof] eg] lgZro g}, s;}n] ug]{ sfo{x¿klg ckljq x'g] 5g\ Ù olb sfo{x¿ ckljq eP eg] b'Mv pTkGg
x'g hfG5 . t;y{ dg / z/L/nfO{ kljq /fVg' cToGt dxTjk"0f{
s'/f xf] .
- 123 -

ljz4L dfu{@= s'g} ;do Ps wgL ljw'jf lyOg\ , h;sf] bof, gd|tf /lzi6frf/sf] k|l;l4 lkFmlhPsf] lyof] . pgsf] 3/df Ps a'l4dfgL /nugzLn ;]ljsf klg lyOg\ .
Ps lbg ;]ljsfn] ljrf/ ul/g\ M æd]/L dflnSgLsf] Vofltlgs} k}mlnPsf] 5 , t/ pgL :jefj}n] c;n x'g cyjf jl/kl/sf]
jftfj/0fn] c;n ePsL x'g\ , d of] s'/f kQf nufpg] 5' .Æ
csf]{ laxfg ;]ljsf em08} lbp;f] gx'Gh]n dflnSgL ;dIfb]vf kl/gg\ . dflnSgL l/;fOg / cw}o{k"j{s pgnfO{ ufnL ul/g\ .
;]ljsfn] pQ/ lbOg\ M æolb d Ps jf b'O{ lbgsf nflu cN5L ePFeg], tkfO{df o;/L cw}o{ cfpg' x'Fb}g .Æ Tof] ;'g]/ dflnSgL
l/;fOg\ .
csf]{ lbg ;]ljsf k]m/L cj]/ pl7g\ . o;n] ubf{ dflnSgL
cToGt} l/;fOg / ;]ljsfnfO{ nf}/f]n] lkl6g\ . of] 36gfsf] Jofks
rrf{ eof] / tL wgL ljwjfsf] /fd|f] Voflt x/fP/ uof] .
#= w]/} dflg;x¿ log} gf/L h:t} x'G5g\ . ha pgLx¿sf]
kl/l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs x'G5 , pgLx¿ bofn' , ljgd| / zfGt x'G5g\/ ha kl/l:yltdf kl/jt{g cfP/ Tof] c;Gtf]ifhgs x'G5 ta klg
pgLx¿ klxn]sf] h:t} x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f k|Zg lrGx p7\5 .
s'g} klg dg'ion] p;sf sfgdf clk|o zAbx¿ ;'Gbfp;k|lt c?n] zq'tf b]vfpFbf cyjf p;n] kof{Kt cGg, a:q /cf>o gkfPsf] a]nf klg kljq / zfGt dg /fvL lg/Gt/ c;nsfo{ ub{5 eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ xfdL c;n eGg ;Sb5f}F .
- 124 -

ljz'4L dfu{t;y{, h;n] cfˆgf] jl/kl/sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs
x'Fbf dfq zfGt dg /fvL c;n sfo{ ub{5g\ , To:tfx¿ jf:tjdf
c;n JolQm xf]Ogg\ . h;n] a'4sf] pkb]z u|x0f u/]/ To; pkb]z
cg's"n cfˆgf] z/L/ / dgsf] ;fwgf ul/;s]sf x'G5g\ tL
JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq jf:tjdf c;n, ljgd| / zfGt eGg ;lsG5 .
$= zAbx¿sf] k|of]usf] pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df kfFr hf]8L
ljk/Ltfy{s zAbx¿ x'G5g\ M cfˆgf] cj;/sf nflu pko'Qm
zAbx¿ / cj;/sf nflu cg'ko'Qm zAbx¿ Ù tYo cg's"nsf
zAbx¿ / tYosf cg's"n gePsf zAbx¿ Ù lk|o zAbx¿ /clzi6 zAbx¿ Ù lxtsf/L zAbx¿ / clxtsf/L zAbx¿ Ù;xfg'e"lt
Nofpg] zAbx¿ / 3[l0ft zAbx¿ .
xfdLn] h'g;'s} zAb k|of]u ubf{ klg ;fjwfgLk"j{s ltgsf]
5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 , lsgeg] dflg;x¿n] ltgnfO{ ;'Gb5g\ clg c;n
jf v/fak|lt tLåf/f k|efljt x'G5g\ . olb xfd|f] dg ;xfg'e"lt /s?0ffn] el/Psf] 5 eg], xfdLn] ckzAb ;'Gbf klg To;k|lt ltgdf
k|ltsf/ pTkGg x'Fb}g . xfdLn] pR5[+vn zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ug'{x'Fb}glsgeg] ltgn] å]if / 3[0ffsf] efjgf dfq j[l4 ub{5g\ . xfdL h'g
zAb k|of]u ub{5f}F , tL ;b}j ;xfg'e"lt tyf k|1fsf zAbx¿
x'g'kb{5 .
sNkgf u/f}F To:tf] JolQmsf] h;n] hdLgaf6 ;a} w"nf]x6fpg vf]Hb5 . p;n] Pp6f sf]bfnf] tyf s'rf]sf] k|of]u ub{5tyf nugzLntfsf ;fy k|of; ubf{ klg w"nf] rf/}lt/ lkmlhG5 /- 125 -

ljz4L dfu{of] Ps c;+ej sfo{ x'g hfG5 . To; d"v{ dg'io h:t} xfdLn] ;a}zAbx¿ x6fpg ;Sb}gf}F . xfdLn] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ jzdf /fVg' kb{5clg x[bo ;xfg'e"ltn] eg'{ kb{5, h;n] ubf{ c?x¿n] af]n]sf
zAbx¿n] xfdLx¿nfO{ ljrlnt kfg]{ 5}g .
s;}n] gLnf] cfsfzdf kfgL /Ë k|of]u u/]/ lrq agfpg]
k|oTg u¥of] eg] Tof] c;Dej s'/f x'g]5 . To:t} ;'s]sf] 3fF;sf]/fFsf]sf] tfkn] 7"nf] gbL ;'sfpg c;+ej x'G5 cyjf b'O{ /fd|/L;'sfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5fnfsf 6'qmfx¿ k/:k/df 3;]/ s6s6
cfjfh lgsfNg ;lsFb}g . oL pbfx/0fx¿ h:t} dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ jzdf /fVg' kb{5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k h:tf];'s} k|sf/sf
zAbx¿ ;'g] tfklg pgLx¿ ljrlnt x'g] 5}gg\ .
pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ jzdf /fVg'kb{5 / ltgnfO{
k[YjLh:t} lj:t[t, cfsfzh:t} c;Lldt, 7"nf] gbLh:t} ulx/f], clg/fd|/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5fnfh:t} g/d /fVg'kb{5 .
ltd|f] zq'n] ltdLnfO{ ;dft]/ zf/Ll/s oftgf lbFbf, olb
ltdLdf l/;sf] efjgf pTkGg eof] eg] ltdLn] a'4sf] pkb]zsf]
kfngf u/sf] x'g] 5}g . k|To]s kl/l:yltdf ltdLn] of] ljrf/ ug{l;Sg' kb{5 æd]/f] dg ljrlnt x'g ;Sb}g . 3[0ff / å]ifsf zAbx¿d]/f] d'vaf6 lg:sg] 5}gg\ . d}n] ;a} r]tgzLn k|f0fLk|lt s?0ffn]
el/Psf] dgaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;xfg'e"lt tyf bofsf] ljrf/n] d]/fzq'x¿nfO{ kl/j]li7t ul/lbg] 5' .Æ

- 126 -

ljz'4L dfu{%= Pp6f dflg;sf] syf 5 h;n] lbpF;f] aNg] clg /ftL w'jfF
lg:sg] Ps sldnfsf] kxf8 e]§fof] . pm Pshgf a'l4dfg
dflg;sxfF uof] clg p;n] o; ljifodf s] ug]{ egL ;Nnfx
dfUof] . a'l4dfg dflg;n] To;nfO{ t/af/n] vGg egL ;Nnfx
lbP . To; dflg;n] eg] adf]lhd u¥of] . ;aeGbf klxn] p;n]9f]sfsf] 5]saf/ e]6\of], To;kl5 kfgLsf s]xL kmf]sfx¿, clg nfdf]
laF8 ePsf] bfFt] cf}hf/, Pp6f afs;, Pp6f s5'jf, Pp6fs;fO{sf] rSs" , Ps 6'qmf df;' / cGTodf Pp6f p8\g] dxf;k{, hf]
ToxfFaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] . To; dflg;n] oL kfOPsf s'/fx¿sf;DaGwdf a'l4dfg dflg;nfO{ atfof] . a'l4dfg dflg;n] o;sf]
dxTj JofVof ub}{ eg], æp8\g] dxf;k{ afx]s ;a} j:t'x¿ ˆofsLb]pm of] p8\g] dxf;k{nfO{ grnfO{ PSn} 5f8L b]pm .Æ
o; syfdf æsldnfsf] kxf8Æ dfgj z/L/sf] k|tLs xf] .
ælbp;f] aNg]Æ eg]sf] cufl8sf] /ftdf ljrf/ u/]sf] s'/f lbgdf
dflg;x¿n] sfo{ ¿kdf kl/0ft u/]sf] tYo xf] . æ/fqLdf w'jfF
lg:sg]Æ eg]sf] dflg;x¿n] lbgdf u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ /fqLdf cfgGb
cyjf v]bsf ;fy :d/0f ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t xf] .
o;} syfdf æPs dflg;Æ eg]sf] 1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{ dflg;xf] . æPs a'l4dfg dflg;Æ eg]sf] a'4 xf] . æPs t/af/Æ eg]sf]
ljz'4 k|1f xf] . æTo;nfO{ vGg'Æ eg]sf] 1fg k|flKtsf lgldQ p;n]ug}{ kg]{ k|oTg xf] .

- 127 -

ljz4L dfu{o;} syfdf æ9f]sfsf] 5]saf/Æ eg]sf] c1fg xf] Ù ækfgLsf]kmf]sfÆ eg]sf] b'Mv / å]ifsf kmf]sf x'g\ Ù ænfdf] laF8 ePsf] bfFt]cf}hf/Æ eg]sf] ;ª\sf]r / c;/ntf xf] Ù æafs;Æ eg]sf] nf]e, å]if,
cfn:o, cwL/tf, kZrftfk / e|d xf] Ù æs5'jfÆ eg]sf] z/L/ / dgxf] Ù æs;fO{sf] rSs'Æ sf] cy{ kfFr OlGb|ox¿sf] t[i0ffsf] ;dGjoxf] / ædf;'sf] 6'qmfÆ eg]sf] To:tf] t[i0ff xf] h;n] dflg;nfO{;Gt'li6k|lt cfslif{t ub{5 . oL ;a} j:t'x¿ dg'iosf lgldQ
xflgsf/s x'g\ To;}n] æltgLx¿ ;a} ˆofFSgÆ a'4n] eg]sf x'g\ .
syfdf cem cl3, æp8\g] dxf;k{Æ eg]sf] To:tf] dg xf]h;n] ;a} ;f+;fl/s /funfO{ cGTo ul/;s]sf] x'G5 . olb s'g}
dg'ion] cfˆgf] jl/kl/sf j:t'nfO{ k|1fsf] t/af/n] vGb5 eg] pm
cGttf]uTjf o;} p8\g] dxf;k{lg/ cfO{k'Ub5 . æof] p8\g]
dxf;k{nfO{ PSn} /xg b]pm, o;nfO{ gvnaNofpmÆ sf] cy{;f+;fl/s t[i0ffeGbf :jtGq dgsf] vf]hL ug'{ xf] .
^= a'4sf Ps lzio, lk08f]nfn] 1fg k|fKt u/]kl5 pgsf]
hGd:yn sf}zfDaLsf lgjf;Lx¿n] pgLk|Lt b]vfPsf] bofk|lt
s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ ToxfF kms]{ . o;f] u/]/ pgn] a'4–aLh /f]Kg v]t
tof/ kf/] .
sf}zfDaL gu/sf] 5]pdf u+uf gbLsf] tL/df Pp6f ;fgf]au}Frf 5 , h;df gl/jnsf k+lQmsf k+lQm ?vx¿n] 5xf/L lbPsf
5g\ / hxfF zLtn xfjf lg/Gt/ aUb5 .
- 128 -

ljz'4L dfu{

udL{ df};ddf Ps lbg ha lk08f]nf Ps a[Ifsf] 5xf/Ldf
Wofg u/]/ a;L/fv]sf lyP , To;}a]nf /fhf pb]g cfˆgf /fgLx¿sf;fy dgf]/~hgsf lgldQ To; au}Frfdf cfP Pj+ ;+uLt tyf
cfgGb kZrft\ , pgL Ps csf]{ ?vsf] 5xf/Ldf Psl5g lgbfP .
ha pgLx¿sf /fhf ;'lt/fv]sf lyP , pgsL /fgLx¿ cfˆgf;]ljsfx¿sf ;fy au}Frfdf 3'Dg yfn] / 3'Dbf3'Db} cs:dft\
WofgdUg eO{ a;]sf lk08f]nfnfO{ b]Vg k'u] . pgLx¿n] pgnfO{ Ps
Clifsf ¿kdf lrg] / pgLaf6 pkb]zsf] ofrgf u/] . pgLx¿n]pgsf] pkb]z ;'g] .
ha /fhf cfˆgf] lgb|faf6 lapFe]m, pgL cfˆgf /fgLx¿sf]vf]hLdf lxF8] / pgn] pgLx¿nfO{ To; JolQmsf] rf/}lt/ a;]/pgsf] pkb]z ;'gL /x]sf] kfP . /fhfsf] dg O{iof{n' / sfd's
ePsf] x'Fbf, /fhf l/;fP clg lk08f]nfk|lt ckzAbx¿ af]Nb} eg] MæltdL Clif h:tf] dflg; dlxnfx¿sf] aLrdf a;L pgLx¿;Fu
Joy{sf s'/f ul//xg' cIfDo xf] .Æ lk08f]nf lj:tf/} cfFvf aGb u/L
zfGt al;/fv] .
l/;fPsf] /fhfn] cfˆgf] t/af/ lems] clg lk08f]nfnfO{r]tfjgL lbP , t/ Clif zfGt eO{ r§fg h:t} b[9 al;/x] . o;n]ubf{ /fhf cem a9L l/;fP clg Pp6f sldnfsf] l9:sf] kmf]/]/sldn}sldnf el/Psf] df6f] pgLlt/ kmfn], t}klg lk08f]nf Wofg
dUg al;/fv] Pj+ of] cgfb/ tyf oftgf r'krfk ;xL /fv] .
- 129 -

ljz4L dfu{

To;kl5, /fhf cfˆgf] hfOnfUg] Jojxf/k|lt nlHht eP
tyf lk08f]nf;Fu Ifdfofrgf u/] . o; 36gfsf] kmn:j¿k, a'4sf]pkb]z /fhfsf] b/af/df k|j]z uof] / ToxfFaf6 ;Dk"0f{ b]zdfk}mlnof] .
&= To;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 /fhf pb]g lk08f]nfsf] h+unl:yt
PsfGtjf;df uP / pgnfO{ k|Zg ub}{ eg], æ>4]o u'?, dnfO{ of]s'/f atfpg'xf];\ s;/L a'4sf lziox¿ w]/} h;f] o'js eP tfklg,
cfˆgf] z/L/ / dgnfO{ kljq /fVg ;Sb5g\ / sfdjf;gfåf/fk|nf]let x'Fb}gg\ <Æ
lk08f]nfn] pQ/ lbP, æx] dxfk|tfkL /fhf, a'4n] ;a}gf/Lx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{ xfdLnfO{ pkb]z lbg' ePsf] 5 . ;a} a'9L
gf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] cfdfsf] ¿kdf x]g{, cfˆgf pd]/sfx¿nfO{
alxgLsf ¿kdf x]g{ tyf cfk"meGbf ;fgfnfO{ cfˆgf k'qLsf ?kdfx]g{ pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] 5 . o;} pkb]zsf] kmn:j¿ka'4sf lziox¿ o'js eP tfklg cfˆgf] z/L/ / dgnfO{ kljq
/fVg ;Sb5g\ Pj+ sfdjf;gfåf/f k|nf]let x'Fb}gg\ .Æ
æt/ >4]o u'?, s'g} JolQmn] cfdfsf] pd]/, alxgLsf] pd]/
cyjf k'qLsf] pd]/sf cGo gf/Lx¿k|lt ckljq ljrf/ /fVg
;Sb5 . a'4sf lziox¿n] cfˆgf] t[i0ffdfly s;/L lgoGq0f/fVb5g\ <Ææx] dxfk|tfkL /fhf, eujfg a'4n] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ ;a}k|sf/n] ckljq h:tf] /ut, kLk, k;LGff / t]n lgsfNg] z/L/sf]¿kdf lng pkb]z lbg' ePsf] 5 / o;/L ljrf/ u/]/ xfdL o'jf
- 130 -

ljz'4L dfu{

eP tfklg, cfˆgf] dgnfO{ kljq /fVg ;Sb5f}F .Æ
æ>4]o u'?Æ, /fhfn] k'gM k|Zg u/] . ætkfO{sf lgldQ o:tf]
ug'{ ;/n s'/f x'G5 , sf/0f tkfO{n] cfˆgf] z/L/ / dgnfO{;fwgfdf NofO;Sg' ePsf] 5 / cfˆgf] k|1fnfO{ kl/is[t u/L ;Sg'ePsf] 5 , t/ of] s'/f ltgLx¿sf lgldQ sl7g x'G5 h;n] o:tf];fwgf ce}m ul/;s]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿n] ckljq s'/f ;Demg]
k|oTg u/] tfklg pgLx¿sf cfFvf ;'Gb/ ¿kx¿sf kl5 kl5 nfUg
;Sb5g\ . pgLx¿n] s'¿ktf x]g]{ k|oTg u/] tfklg ;'Gb/¿kx¿af6 k|nf]let x'g ;Sb5g\ . a'4sf o'jf lziox¿n] cfˆgf
sfo{x¿ kljq /fVg ;Sg] cGo sf/0fx¿ x'g} kb{5 .Æ
lk08nfn] pQ/ lbP æx] dxfk|tfkL /fhf, tyfutn] xfdLnfO{
kfFr OlGb|o åf/x¿sf] /Iff ug{ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] 5 . ha xfdLn]
cfˆgf] cfFvfn] ;'Gb/ ¿k tyf /Ë b]Vb5f}F, ha xfdLn] cfˆgf]sfgn] ;'dw'/ jf0fL ;'Gb5f}, ha xfdLn] cfˆgf] gfsaf6 ;'uGwsf]
jf;gf lnG5f}F, ha xfdL xfd|f] lha|f]n] dL7f] s'/fsf] :jfb lnG5f}F
cyjf ha xfdL xfd|f] xftn] g/d j:t' :kz{ ub{5f}F, xfdL oL
cfsif{s j:t'x¿k|lt cfzQm x'g' x'Fb}g, g t xfdLn] cgfsif{sj:t'x¿nfO{ b]Vbf 3[0ff dfGg' x'G5 . xfdLn] oL kfFr OlGb|osf
åf/x¿sf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s /Iff ug{'{kb{5 egL xfdLnfO{ lzIff lbOPsf]
x'G5 . eujfg a'4sf] o;} pkb]zsf kmn:j¿k o'jf lziox¿ klg
cfˆgf] dg / z/L/ kljq /fVg ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
æeujfg a'4sf] pkb]z jf:tjdf cb\e"t 5 . d]/f] :jod\sf]
cg'ejaf6 dnfO{ yfxf 5 , olb d ;hu g/x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g};'Gb/ cyjf lk|o j:t'sf ;dIf k'u]+ eg] OlGb|odfly k/]sf] To;- 131 -

ljz4L dfu{

j:t'sf] k|efjaf6 d ljrlnt x'G5' . OlGb|ox¿sf] åf/df;b}j ;hu /xL xfd|f] st{Jo kljq /fVg' cToGt dxTjk"0f{ s'/fxf] .Æ
*= hlxn] klg dg'ion] cfˆgf] dgsf] ljrf/nfO{ lqmofdf kl/0ft
ub{5 , To;sf] k|ltlqmof ;b}j To; kl5 kl5 cfpF5 . olb s;}n]ltdLk|lt ckzAb af]Nof] eg], To:t} k|sf/n] pQ/ lbg] cyjf abnflng] efjgf hfUb5 . k|To]s JolQmn] o:tf] :jefljs k|ltlqmofk|lt;hu /xg' kb{5 . of] t xfjfsf] ljk/Lt y'Sg' h:t} xf], o;n]cfk"mnfO{ afx]s c? s;}sf] xflg ub}{g . of] s'/f xfjfsf] ljk/Ltw"nf] a9fg'{ h:t} xf], o;n] w"nf] t a9fl/b}g, s]jn cfk"mnfO{ b"liftkfb{5 . k|ltsf/sf] efjgflt/ hf] nfUb5 To;nfO{ kfOnf kfOnfdf
b'ef{Uon] nv]6\b5 .
(= nf]esf] kl/Tofu u/L bfgzLn dgsf] kf]if0f ug'{ cToGt
c;n sfo{ xf] . cfo{ dfu{sf] ;Ddfgk|lt cfˆgf] dg nufO{ /fVg'
emg c;n s'/f xf] .
s;}n] klg :jfyL{ dgsf] kl/Tofu u/L To;sf] ;§f To:tf]
dg /fVg' kb{5 hf] c?sf] ;xfotf ug{ pT;'s /xf];\ . c?nfO{ ;'vL
kfg]{ sfo{n] emg c?nfO{ ;'vL kfg{ p;nfO{ k|]l/t ub{5 / o;/L
o:tf] sfo{n] ;'vsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
Pp6} aQLaf6 xhf/f}F aQL afNg ;lsG5 , o;n] ubf{ ;f]aQLsf] hLjg 5f]l§g hfg] xf]Og . c?;Fu ;xefuL ePsf] ;'v
slxNo} 36\b}g .
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ljz'4L dfu{h;n] 1fgsf] vf]hL ub{5g\ ltgLx¿ cfˆgf] k|To]s kfOnfd};fjwfg x'g'kb{5 . s;}sf] hlQs} pRr cfsf+Iff eP klg To;sf]
k|flKt Ps Ps kfOnf ;f/]/ ug'{kb{5 . 1fgsf dfu{sf kfOnfx¿
xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf lnOPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
!)= 1fgsf] dfu{df xfd|f o; ;+;f/df aL; sl7gfOx¿ x'G5g\ /oL x'g\ M != Ps u/La dflg;nfO{ pbf/ x'g' sl7g s'/f xf] . @=3d08L JolQmsf lgldQ 1fg l;Sg' sl7g s'/f xf] . #= cfTd
alnbfg u/]/ 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' sl7g s'/f xf] . $= a'4 o;;+;f/df x'g' ePsf] a]nf hGdg ;Sg' b'n{e s'/f xf] . %= a'4sf]pkb]z ;'Gg kfpg' sl7g s'/f xf] . ^= sfdjf;gfsf] lj?4 dg
ljz'4 /fVg' sl7g s'/f xf] . &= ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s j:t'sf] t[i0ff gx'g'
sl7g s'/f xf] . *= anjfg dflg;n] cfˆgf] t[i0ff t[KtLsf] nflu
cfˆgf] ansf] k|of]u gug'{ sl7g s'/f xf] . (= s'g} dflg;n] cfˆgf]
cgfb/ x'Fbf klg gl/;fpg' sl7g s'/f xf] . !)= cs:dft\sf]
kl/l:yltn] k|nf]let ubf{ lgbf]{if /xg' sl7g s'/f xf] . !!= Jofks /lj:t[t cWoogdf cfk"mnfO{ nufO{ /fVg' sl7g s'/f xf] . !@=l;sf?nfO{ pk]Iff gug'{ sl7g s'/f xf] . !#= cfk"mnfO{ ljgd|/fvL5f8\g' sl7g s'/f xf] . !$= c;n ldqx¿ kfpg' sl7g s'/fxf] . !%= 1fg k|flKttk{m nfUg] cfrf/k|lt w}o{ x'g' sl7g s'/f xf] .
!^= afXo cj:yf / kl/l:yltaf6 ljrlnt gx'g' sl7g s'/f xf] .
!&= c?sf] Ifdtf a'e]m/ pkb]z lbg ;Sg' sl7g s'/f xf] . !*=zflGtk"0f{ dg /fVg ;Sg' sl7g s'/f xf] .
- 133 -

ljz4L dfu{!(= Gofo / cGofosf ljifodf ts{ljts{ gug'{ sl7g s'/f xf] .
@)= c;n k4lt vf]Hg' / l;Sg' sl7g s'/f xf] .
!!= c;n dflg; / v/fa dflg;x¿ k/:k/df pgLx¿sf]:jefjdf km/s x'G5g\ . v/fa dflg;x¿ kfk sfo{nfO{ kfk egLdfGb}gg\ , olb pgLx¿sf] Wofg kfk sd{lt/ nluof] eg] pgLx¿n];f] ug{ 5f8\b}gg\ clg cfˆgf kfk sfo{k|lt s;}n] ;r]t u/fPsf]
klg dg k/fpFb}gg\ . a'l4dfg dflg;x¿ Gofo / cGofok|lt ;r]t/xG5g\ , pgLx¿ s'g} klg sfo{ v/fa xf] eGg] yfxf kfpg;fy ug{
5f8\b5g\ , pgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ v/fa sfo{ xf] egL ;r]tu/fpg]x¿k|lt s[t1 x'G5g\ .
o;/L, c;n dflg;x¿ / v/fa dflg;x¿df df}lns cGt/
x'G5 . v/fa dflg;x¿ pgLx¿k|lt b]vfOPsf] bofsf] slxNo} klg
k|z+;f ub}{gg\ t/ a'l4dfg dflg;x¿ k|z+;f ub{5g\ / s[t1x'G5g\ . a'l4dfg dflg;x¿ cfk"mnfO{ pksf/ ug]{x¿nfO{ dfq geO{
cGo ;a} JolQmx¿nfO{ klg abnfdf cfˆgf] bofk"0f{ sfo{åf/f;/fxgf / s[t1tf JoQm ub{5g\ .

#k|frLg syfx¿df ePsf pkb]z!= s'g} ;do cfˆgf a'9fa'9L dflg;x¿nfO{ 6f9f b'u{d kj{tdfnu]/ kl/Tofu ul/ lbg] ljlrqsf] rng ePsf] b]z lyof] .
To; /fHosf] Pp6f dGqLnfO{ ToxfFsf] rngcg';f/ cfˆgf]
a[4 lktfnfO{ kj{tdf nuL kl/Tofu ug{ cToGt sl7g eof], t;y{- 134 -

ljz'4L dfu{pgn] hldgd'lg Pp6f uf]Ko u'kmf agfP/ cfˆgf afa'nfO{ ToxLn'sfO{ x]/ljrf/ ug{yfn] .
Ps lbg To; b]zsf] /fhf ;dIf Ps b]jtf k|s6 eO{/fhfnfO{ csdSs kfg]{ k|Zg lbP/ eg], olb pgn] o; k|Zgsf];Gtf]ifhgs pQ/ lbg ;s]gg\ eg] pgsf] b]z gfz eP/ hfg]5 .
k|Zg o;k|sf/ lyof] M æoxfF b'O{ ;k{x¿ 5g\ , logdf s'g efn] s'g
kf]yL x'g\ dnfO{ atfpm .Æ
g /fhf g t b/af/sf cGo s'g} JolQmn] To; k|Zgsf];dfwfg vf]Hg ;s] , To;}n] /fhfn] /fHodf ePsf] s;}n] klg
o;sf] ;dfwfg u/]df 7"nf] k'/:sf/ lbg] 3f]if0ff u/] .
dGqL cfˆgf] afa' n'sL/x]sf] 7fpFdf uP/ To; k|Zgsf];dfwfg ;f]w] . a"9fn] pQ/ lbP , æo;sf] ;lhnf] ;dfwfg 5 . tLb'j} ;k{nfO{ Ps g/d un}rfdf /fv Ù To;dWo] h'g lxF8\5 Tof]efn] xf] / h'g zfGt al;/fVb5 Tof] kf]yL xf] .Æ dGqLn] of] pQ//fhfsxfF k'¥ofP clg ;d:ofsf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;dfwfg eof] .
To;kl5 b]jtfn] cGo sl7g k|Zgx¿ u/] h;sf] pQ/ /fhf
tyf pgsf cg'r/x¿n] lbg ;s]gg\ t/ dGqLn] eg] cfˆgf] a"9f]
lktf;Fu ;Nnfx u/]/ tL k|Zgx¿sf] ;b}j ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sby] .

- 135 -

ljz4L dfu{

oxfF To:tf s]xL k|Zg / ltgsf pQ/ 5g\ . æTof] JolQm sf]xf] h;nfO{ ;'t]sf] cj:yfdf hfu|t JolQm tyf hfu|t cj:yfdf;'t]s]f JolQm elgG5 <Æ o;sf] pQ/ xf] M of] Tof] JolQm xf] hf]
1fgsf] ;fwgf ul//fv]sf] 5 . tL JolQm 1fg k|fKt ug{ OR5's
gePsf JolQmsf] t'ngfdf hfu|t x'G5 , 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]sf
JolQmsf] t'ngfdf tL JolQm ;'t]sf] x'G5 .
æltdLn] Ps 7"nf] xfQL s;/L tf}ng ;S5f} <Æ æxfQLnfO{
Pp6f 8'+ufdf /fv / 8'+uf kfgLdf hlt tn 8'A5 Tolt tn kfgL
jl/kl/ lrGx nufpm To;kl5 xfQL aflx/ lgsfn]/ To; 8'+ufdf
To;a]nf;Dd 9'+uf e/ ha;Dd 8'+uf klxn] nufPsf] lrGx;Dd8'Ab}g clg 9'+ufnfO{ tf}n .Æ
o; egfO{sf] tfTko{ s] xf] æPp6f dxf;fu/sf] kfgLeGbf
Ps sk kfgL a9L x'G5 < Æ o;sf] pQ/ o;k|sf/ 5, æz'4s?0ffn] el/Psf] efjgfn] cfˆgf] afa' cfdf cyjf s'g} la/fdL
JolQmnfO{ Ps sk kfgL lbof] eg] cgGt k'0o x'G5 , t/dxf;fu/sf] kfgL eg] s'g} lbg ;'s]/ hfG5 .Æ
To;kl5 b]jtfn] xf8 / 5fnf eO;s]sf Ps ef]sfPsf
dflg; pTklQ u/fO{ ;f] JolQmnfO{ eGg nufP, æs] d eGbf c?
sf]xL JolQm o; ;+;f/df ef]sf] 5 <Æ Tof] JolQm hf] :jfyL{ / nf]eL
5 clg a'4, wd{ / ;+3sf] lq/Tgdf ljZjf; /fVb}g / hf] cfˆgf]
dftflktf Pj+ u'?x¿nfO{ s]xL ck{0f ub}{g . pm a9L ef]sf] dfq- 136 -

ljz'4L dfu{

geO{ pm ef]sf /fIf;x¿sf] ;+;f/df v:g uO{ ;b}j ef]sn] lkl8t
x'g]5 .ÆæoxfF rGbg sf7sf] Ps kmNofs 5 , o;sf] s'g rfxLF 5]pm
?vsf] tNnf] efu xf] <Æ To; kmNofsnfO{ kfgLdf aufpm Ù h'g5]pm kfgLdf clns a9L 8'A5 Tof] 5]pm ?vsf] tNnf] efusf]
ghLs xf] .Æ
æoxfF Ps} gfk / ?ksf b'O{ 3f]8f 5g\ , ltdLn] oL dWo]s'g cfdf s'g 5f]/f egL s;/L 5'6\ofpg ;Sb5f} <Æ æpgLx¿nfO{s]xL k/fn vfg b]pm, cfdfn] 5f]/flt/ kf/L ;f/L lbg]5 .Æ
oL sl7g k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/n] b]jtfnfO{ dfq geO{ /fhfnfO{
klg k|;Gg kf¥of] . /fhfn] u'kmfdf n'sfO/fv]sf] a"9f] JolQmaf6 oL
pQ/x¿ k|fKt ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 s[t1 eO{ a"9fa"9LnfO{ kj{tdfnu]/ kl/Tofu ug]{ lgod lkmtf{ lnP / pgLx¿k|lt bofk"0f{ Jojxf/
ul/of];\ egL cfb]z lbP .
@= ef/tdf ljb]x /fHosL /fgLn] PskN6 5 bGt ePs]f Z]jt
xfQL ;kgfdf b]lvg\ . /fgLn] tL bGtsf] tLa| OR5f ul/g\ //fhfnfO{ tL bGt pgsf lgldQ NofOlbg cfu|x ul/g\ . oBlk of]sfo{ c;+ej h:t} lyof], t/ /fhfn] /fgLnfO{ c;fWo} k|]d ug]{ x'Fbf,
h'g lzsf/Ln] 5 bGt] xfQL b]v]sf] ;"rgf NofpF5 To;nfO{ k'/:sf/lbg] s'/f eg] .
- 137 -

ljz4L dfu{

lxdfnosf] kj{tdf 5 bGt] xfQL a'4Tj k|flKtsf lgldQ;fwgf ul//fv]sf] lyof] . Pp6f lzsf/L kj{tsf] sGb/fdf ;+s6df
k/]sf] a]nf To; xfQLn] p;sf] k|f0f arfOlbPsf] lyof] / lzsf/L;'/lIft cfˆgf] b]z kms]{sf] lyof] . t/ lzsf/Ln] xfQLå/f p;k|ltb]vfOPsf] bof la;]{/ Pj+ 7"nf] k'/:sf/ kfpg] cfzfdf cGwf] eP/
xfQLnfO{ dfg{ kj{ttk{m kmSof]{ .
xfQLn] a'4Tj k|flKtsf lgldQ ;fwgf ul//fv]sf] 5 eGg]
yfxf kfP/ lzsf/Ln] leIf'sf] rLj/ nufO{ cfˆgf] sk6 ¿k wf/0f
u¥of] / xfQLn] yfxf gkfpg] u/L laiffn' jf0fn] k|xf/ u¥of] .
xfQLn] cfˆgf] clGtd 38L cfOk'u]sf] clg lzsf/L k'/:sf/kfpg] ;f+;fl/s t[i0ffn] JofKt ePsf] yfxf kfP/ p;df lzsf/Lk|lt
s/0ff hfu]/ cfof] . c? xfQLx¿sf] cfqmd0faf6 arfpg p;nfO{
cfˆgf] z/L/df z/0f lbO{ /Iff u¥of] . To;kl5 xfQLn] lzsf/LnfO{
lsg o:tf] d"v{tfk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf] egL k|Zg u¥of] . lzsf/Ln]k'/:sf/sf] sf/0fn] 5 bGt kfpg] nf]e hfu]sf] atfP . xfQLn]t'?Gt} Pp6f ?vdf a];/L lxsf{P/ xl:t bGt k'msfNof] /lzsf/LnfO{ lbFb} eGof] M æof] pkxf/ lbP/ d}n] a'4Tj k|flKtsf];fwgf k'/f u/]+ / ca d]/f] k'gh{Gd ;'vfjtLdf x'g]5 . ha d a'4x'g]5' Ù To;a]nf d ltdLnfO{ nf]e, å]if / df]xsf tLg ljiffn'
jf0fx¿ kl/Tofu ug{ ;xfotf ug]{5' .Æ

- 138 -

ljz'4L dfu{#= s'g} ;do lxdfno kj{tsf] k]mbdf ePsf] h+undf Pp6f;'uf cGo w]/} hgfj/ tyf k+IfLx¿sf ;fy a:bYof] . Ps lbg 7"nf]
cfFwL cfPsf] a]nf afF;x¿sf] 3if{0fn] ubf{ h+undf cfuf] nfUof] /kz'k+IfLx¿ eon] Jofs'n eP . pgLx¿sf] qf; / b'Mv b]v]/ ;'ufdf
s?0ff el/P/ cfof] . afF;sf] emfªdf cfk"m a:bf pgLx¿af6
kfPsf] bofsf] k|To'Q/ lbg, pgLx¿nfO{ arfpg x/;+ej k|oTgu¥of] . p;n] Pp6f tnfpdf 8'a'NsL df/]/ cfuf]dfly p8]/ cfˆgf]
z/L/df ePsf] kfgLsf] yf]kfx¿ emf/L cfuf] lgefpg] k|of; u¥of] .
p;n] of] sfo{, h+unk|lt p;df ePsf] s[t1tfn] ubf{ s?0ffk"j{sa8f] kl/>dsf ;fy bf]x¥ofO/fVof] .
p;sf] bof / cfTd alnbfgsf] efjgf :ju{sf Ps b]jtfn]b]v] clg cfsfzaf6 tn cf]nL{ ;'ufnfO{ eg] M æltd|f] dg Psz"/jL/sf] h:tf] 5 , t/ oqf] 7"nf] cfuf] lgefpg ltd|f] Ps b'O{
yf]kf kfgLn] s] ug{ ;S5' eG7fG5f} <Æ ;'ufn] pQ/ lbof] M æs[t1tf/ cfTd alnbfgsf] efjgfaf6 pknAw ug{ g;lsg] s'g} s'/f5}g . d af/Daf/ k|oTg ug]{5' / csf]{ hGddf klg ul/ g} /xg]5' .Æ
b]jtf ;'ufsf] pT;fx b]v]/ k|efljt eP clg b'a}n] ldn]/ cfuf]
lgefP .
$= s'g} ;do lxdfnodf Ps z/L/ tyf b'O{ 6fpsf] ePsf] r/f
a:bYof] . PskN6 Pp6f 6fpsf]n] csf]{ 6fpsf]nfO{ dL7f] kmn
vfO/x]sf] b]Vof] / a8f] 8fxf u/]/ dgdg} eGof] M æTo;f] eP dljiffn' kmn vfg]5' .Æ o;/L p;n] ljif vfof] / ;Dk"0f{ r/f d¥of] .
- 139 -

ljz4L dfu{%= PskN6 Pp6f ;k{sf] lz/ / k'R5/df s'g rfxLF cl3Nnf]
efu xf] eGg] s'/fdf emu8f eof] . k'R5/n] lz/nfO{ eGof] M æltdL
;b}j cl3cl3 lxF8\5f}, of] s'/f plrt xf]Og, slxn]sfxL dnfO{ klgltdLn] cl3cl3 lxF8\g lbg'kb{5 .Æ lz/n] pQ/ lbof] M æd lz/
ePsf] s'/f xfd|f] k|s[ltsf] lgod xf], d ltdL;Fu cfˆgf] 7fpF ;f6\g;lSbg .Æt/ emu8f rfn' /Xof] / Pslbg k'R5/ Pp6f ?vdf a];/L
a]l/of] / lz/nfO{ cufl8 a9\g lbPg . ha lz/, k'R5/sf] lh2Ln]ubf{ o; ;+3if{df yfSg uof] . kmn:j¿k ;k{ clUgsf] Pp6f
vfN8f]df kg{ uO{ ljgi6 eof] .
k|s[ltsf] ;+;f/df ;b}j Ps ;d'lrt Joj:yf /xG5 /k|To]s j:t'sf] cf–cfˆg} sfo{ If]q x'G5 . ha of] lgod
vnalnG5 , of] sfo{ If]qdf lj£g pkl:yt x'G5 tyf ;Dk"0f{/rgfqmd ljgi6 x'G5 .
^= s'g} ;do Ps hgf l56f] l/;fpg] dflg; lyP . Ps lbgb'O{ JolQmx¿ p;sf] 3/ cufl8 To; JolQmsf ;DaGwdf s'/f
ul//fv]sf lyP . Psn] csf]{nfO{ eg] M æpm Ps c;n dflg; xf]t/ pm Hofb} cw}o{ 5 Ù pm l/;fx 5 clg l56} l/;fpg] p;sf]afgL 5 .Æ To; dflg;n] oL ;a} ;'gL t'?Gt} 3/ aflx/ lg:sL b'a}
JolQmx¿dfly xftv'§fn] lxsf{O{ cfqmd0f u/]/ rf]6 k'¥ofof] .
- 140 -

ljz'4L dfu{

ha s'g} a'l4dfg dflg;nfO{ p;sf uNtLx¿sf ;DaGwdf;Nnfx lbOG5 , p;n] ltgdfly ljrf/ ub{5 / cfˆgf] rfnrng;kfb{5 . ha s'g} d"v{ JolQmnfO{ p;sf] unt Jojxf/sf;DaGwdf atfOG5 , p;n] To; s'/fsf] a]jf:tf ug]{ dfq xf]Og,;f]xL uNtL k]ml/ bf]x¥ofpF5 .
&= s'g} ;do Ps wgL t/ d"v{ JolQm lyof] . ha p;n] csf]{
JolQmsf] /fd|f] tLgtn] 3/ b]Vof] p;n] To;sf] 8fxf u¥of] . clg
cfk"mnfO{ klg pm hlts} wgL 7fg]/ cfˆgf] klg Toq} 3/ agfpg]
lg0f{o u¥of] . p;n] Pp6f l;sdL{ af]nfof] / 3/ agfpg eGof] .
l;sdL{n] p;sf] k|:tfj :jLsf/ u/L tTsfn} hu, klxnf] tNnf,bf];|f] tNnf clg t];|f] tNnf agfpg z'? u¥of] . wgL dflg;n] of]b]v]/ l/;fpFb} eGof] M æd 3/sf] hu cyjf klxnf] tNnf cyjfbf];|f] tNnf rfxGg Ù dnfO{ t s]an ;'Gb/ t];|f] tNnf rflxPsf]
5 . o;nfO{ l56f] agfpm .Æ
d"v{ dflg; hlxn] klg kmnnfO{ ljrf/ ub{5 , t/ kmn
k|flKtsf nflu h] k|oTg cfjZos x'G5 To;tk{m eg] pm cw}o{x'G5 . plrt k|oTg ljgf s'g} klg c;n kmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsGb}g,h:tf] sL hu tyf klxnf] / bf];|f] tNnf gagLsg t];|f] tNnf aGg;Sb}g .
*= Pp6f d"v{ dflg; PskN6 dx pdfNb} lyof] . p;sf] ;fyL
cs:dft\ cfOk'Uof] / d"v{ JolQmn] p;nfO{ s]xL dx lbg rfXof],t/ dx Hofb} tftf] lyof], t;y{ To;nfO{ cfuf]af6 glems]/ g}p;n] k+vf xDs]/ To;nfO{ ;]nfpg vf]Hof] . o:t} k|sf/n];f+;fl/s /fusf] cfuf] gx6fpGh]n;Dd k|1fsf] zLtn dx- 141 -

ljz4L dfu{

kfpg c;Dej x'G5 .
(= PskN6 b'O{ /fIf;x¿ Pp6f afs;, Pp6f a]tsf] 58L /Ps hf]8f h'QfnfO{ lnP/ ;Dk"0f{ lbg jfbljjfb tyf emu8f u/L/fv]sf lyP . To;} af6f]af6 uO/x]sf] Pp6f dflg;n] ;f]Wof],æltdLx¿ oL j:t'x¿nfO{ lnP/ lsg jfbljjfb u/L /fv]sf 5f}F <oL j:t'x¿df s] To:tf] hfb" el/Psf] tTj 5 h;sf nflu
ltdLx¿ emu8f u/L /fv]sf 5f}FÆ </fIf;x¿n] JofVof ub}{ eg], afs;af6 pgLx¿n] cGg, j:q/ ;DklQ h] OR5f u¥of] kfpg ;Sb5g\ Ù j]tsf] 58Låf/fpgLx¿n] cfˆgf ;a} zq'x¿nfO{ jzdf /fVg ;Sb5g\ Ù / h'Qfsf]hf]8f nufP/ xfjfdf p8]/ ofqf ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
of] ;'g]/ pQm dflg;n] eGof] M ælsg emu8f u5f}F < olb
ltdLx¿ s]xL l5gsf nflu oxfFaf6 uof}F eg], oL j:t'x¿ s;/L
afF8\g] eGg] af/]df d ;f]Rg]5' .Æ To;kl5 tL b'O{ /fIf;x¿ToxfFaf6 uP , h;} pgLx¿ ToxfFaf6 uPsf lyP , pQm dflg;n]h'Qf nufof] clg jfs; / 58L lnP/ xfjfdf p8]/ uof] .
oL æ/fIf;x¿Æ ljwdL{ cf:yfsf dg'iox¿sf k|tLssf?kdf b]lvG5g\ . æPp6f afs;Æ eg]sf] bfgdf lbOg] pkxf/sf]
k|tLs xf] Ù dflg;x¿ bfgaf6 klg ljleGg k|sf/sf] wg ;DklQk|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f a'‰b}gg\ . æj]tsf] 58LÆ eg]sf] dgsf]
Psfu|tfsf] ;fwgf xf] . dflg;x¿n] dgsf] cfWoflTds Psfu|tfsf]- 142 -

ljz'4L dfu{

;fwgfn] ;a} ;f+;fl/s t[i0ffnfO{ jzdf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fa'‰b}gg\ . æPs hf]8f h'QfÆ eg]sf] ljrf/ / Jojxf/sf] Tof] kljq
lzi6frf/ xf], h;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf t[i0ff tyf
jfbljjfbx¿eGbf 6f9f nUb5 . oL s'/f yfxf gkfP/ pgLx¿
Pp6f afs;, Pp6f a]tsf] 58L / Ps hf]8f h'Qfsf nflu emu8fub{5g\ .
!)= PskN6 Pp6f dflg; PSn} ofqf ul//x]sf] lyof] . ;fFemkv
pm Pp6f vfnL 3/sf] glhs cfOk'Uof] / p;n] To; /fqL ToxLaf; a:g] lgwf] uof]{ . dWo /ftlt/ Pp6f /fIf;n] Pp6f nfz
NofO{ e'OFdf /fVof] . To;sf] 7Lskl5 csf]{ /fIf; cfO{ Tof] nfz
p;sf] xf] egL bfjL u¥of] / o; ljifodf pgLx¿sf] emu8f eof] .
To;kl5 klxnf] /fIf;n] o; ljifodf c? jfbljjfb ug'{Joy{ xf] eGb} s;sf] clwsf/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] lg0f{o ug{ lg0ff{os;dIf of] ljifo k]z ug]{ k|:tfj u¥of] . csf]{ /fIf;n] of] k|:tfj:jLsf/ u¥of] . s'gfdf t;]{/ al;/x]sf] dflg; b]v]/ p;nfO{ o;ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ cg'/f]w u¥of] . t/ dflg; lgs} 8/fPsf] lyof],
lsgeg] p;n] h:tf];'s} lg0f{o lbP tfklg xfg]{ /fIf; pm;Ful/;fpg] 5 / k|ltzf]w lnO{ p;nfO{ dfg]{5 . t}klg p;n] h] b]v]sf]
lyof], ;fFrf] eGg] lg0f{o u¥of] .
p;n] cg'dfg u/]h:t} p;sf] lg0f{on] bf];|f] /fIf; pm;Ful/;fof] / /fIf;n] dflg;sf] Pp6f xft ;dft]/ r'F8fOlbof], t/klxnf] /fIf;n] nfzsf] xft r'F8fP/ abnfdf hf]8L lbof] . l/;fPsf]/fIf;n] To; dflg;sf] csf]{ xft klg r'F8fOlbof], t/ klxnf]- 143 -

ljz4L dfu{

/fIf;n] tTsfn} nfzsf] csf]{ xft lems]/ To; dflg;sf] xftsf];§f hf]8L lbof] . of] qmd ;f] dflg;sf b'j} xft, b'j} v'§f, lz/ /z/L/ r'F8fP/ ltgsf ;§f qmd}n] nfzsf tL c+ux¿ ghf]l8P;Dd
rln/Xof] . To;kl5 tL b'O{ /fIf;x¿n] To; dflg;sf c+ux¿
e'FOdf 5l/Psf] b]v]kl5 Tof] l6k]/ vfOlbP / xfF:b} v'zL dgfpFb}
ToxfFaf6 uP .
Tof] ljr/f dflg; hf] To; ;'g;fg 3/df af; a;]sf]lyof], cfˆgf] b'ef{Uok|lt Hofb} b'Mlvt eof] . p;sf] z/L/sf h'g
c+u /fIf;x¿n] vfPsf lyP tL c+u cfˆgf afa'cfdfaf6 kfPsf]lyof] tyf h'g c+ux¿ ca pm;Fu lyof] tL nfzaf6 cfPsf lyP .
o; sf/0f pm sf] lyof] t < ;a} s'/f ;De]m/ s]xL a'‰g g;sL
ax'nf h:tf] eof], 3/ aflx/ lgSn]/ ef}tfl/g yfNof] . Pp6f
dlGb/df k'u]kl5 leq uO{ leIf'x¿sf ;dIf cfˆgf kL/sf s'/f;'gfof] . o; syfdf dflg;x¿n] cfk"m eGg] s'g} s'/f gePsf] ;Tocy{ yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g\ .
!!= PskN6 /fd|f] n'uf nufPsL Ps ;'Gb/L Pp6f 3/df uOg\ .
3/sf] dflnsn] pgL sf] x'g\ egL ;f]Wof] Ù pgn] elgg\ , pgL;DkGgtfsL b]jL x'g\ . 3/sf] dflns k|;Gg eO{ pgsf] :jfut/fd|/L u¥of] .

- 144 -

ljz'4L dfu{

To;sf] Ps}l5g kl5 g/fd|f] n'uf nufPsL Ps s'¿k gf/Lb]vf kl/g\ . 3/sf] dflnsn] pgL sf] x'g\ egL ;f]Wof] / tL gf/Ln]
pgL ljkGgtfsL b]jL x'g\ egL atfof] . 3/sf] dflns 8/fof] /pgnfO{ 3/af6 wkfpg vf]Hof], t/ gf/L hfg c:jLsf/ ub}{ elgg\
M æwgsL b]jL d]/L alxgL x'g\ . slxNo} klg xfdL 5'l§P/ ga:g]
egL xfd|faLr ;Demf}tf 5 Ù olb ltdLn] dnfO{ wkfof} eg] pgL
klg d]/f;fy hfg]l5g\ .Æ eg]sf] h:t}, h;} g/fd|L gf/L lgl:sg\ ,csL{ gf/L klg nf]k eOg\ .
hGd ePkl5 d[To' x'G5 . ;f}efUokl5 b'ef{Uo cfpF5 . c;ns'/fkl5 v/fa s'/f cfpF5 . dflg;n] o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 .
d"v{ dflg;x¿ b'ef{Uo;Fu 8/fpF5g\ / ;f}efUo kfpg] k|oTg ub{5g\t/ h;n] 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hb5g\ , pgLx¿ oL b'a} s'/feGbf
dfly p7\b5g\ / ;f+;fl/s cfzlStaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ .
!@= s'g} ;do Pp6f ul/a lrqsf/ lyof], h;n] wg sdfpg
cfˆgf] 3/ / kTgL 5f8]/ lxF8\of] . tLg jif{sf] s7f]/ ;+3if{kl5p;n] tLg ;o ;'gsf 6'qmf jrt ug{ ;Sof] / 3/ kms{g] lg0f{ou¥of] . af6f]df bfgsf] dxfg\ pT;j dgfO/x]sf] Pp6f 7"nf]dlGb/df k'Uof] . pm o;af6 Hofb} k|efljt eof] clg dgdg} ljrf/u¥of] M æclxn];Dd d}n] jt{dfgsf ;DaGwdf dfq ljrf/ u/L /fv]Ù
d}n] cfˆgf] eljiosf] ;'vsf ;DaGwdf slxNo} klg ljrf/ ul/g .
d}n] o:tf] 7fpFdf cfOk'Ug' d]/f] ;f}efUo xf] Ù d}n] o;sf nfe
p7fO{ wd{ sfo{sf] aLh /f]Kg' kb{5 .Æ o;/L ljrf/ ub}{, p;n]- 145 -

ljz4L dfu{s[t1tf k"j{s cfˆgf] ;a} ;+lrt wg dlGb/nfO{ bfgdf lbof] /vfnL xft 3/ kmSof]{ .
ha pm 3/df k'Uof], p;sL kTgLn] hLljsfsf nflu s]xLk};f klg gNofPsf]df lgGbf ul/g\ . u/La snfsf/n] cfk"mn] s]xL
wg cfh{g u/]sf] t/ ;f] wg s'g} ;'/lIft 7fFpdf /fv]sf] s'/f
atfof] . wg n'sfPsf] 7fpFsf] af/]df eGg kTgLn] lh4L u/]kl5 ,p;n] ;f] wg s'g} Ps dlGb/sf leIf'x¿nfO{ lbPsf] s'/f :jLsf/u¥of] .
of] ;'g]/ kTgL l/;fO{ / cfˆgf] kltnfO{ ufnL ul/g\ . cGtdfof] ljifonfO{ :yfgLo GofoflwzsxfF nuL . ha Gofoflwzn]
kltnfO{ cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg cfb]z lbP, lrqsf/n] eGof], p;n]d"v{tfk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf] xf]Og, lsgeg] p;n] w]/} nfdf] / sl7g;+3if{kl5 dfq Tof] wg sdfpg ;s]sf] lyof] / eljiodf ;f}efUosf]
aLhsf ¿kdf To;sf] pkof]u ug{ rfxGYof] . ha pm dlGb/df
k'Uof] ToxfF p;nfO{ cfˆgf] ;f}efUosf] aLhsf ¿kdf cfk"m;Fu
ePsf] ;'g /f]Kg] plrt :yfg nfUof] . p;n] yKb} eGof] M æha d}n]leIf'x¿nfO{ ;'g lbPF , dnfO{ cfˆgf ;a} nf]e / nfnr Tofu u/]+h:tf] nfUof] / d}n] ;fFrf] wg ;'g geO{ dg xf] eGg] cg'ej u/] .Æ
Gofolwzn] lrqsf/sf] efjgfsf] k|z+;f u¥of] Pj+ h;h;n]of] s'/f ;'g] pgLx¿n] p;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] ;xfotf u/]/p;sf] sfo{sf] ;dy{g u/] . o;/L lrqsf/ / p;sL kTgLn] :yfoL;f}efUo k|fKt u/] .
- 146 -

ljz'4L dfu{!#= Pp6f ;dflw If]q glhs} a:g] dflg;n] Ps /ft s'g}
lrxfgaf6 s'g} cfjfh cfPsf] ;'Gof] . pm w]/} sfFt/ ePsf] x'Fbf Tof]s'/f cfk}m a'‰g gvf]hL ef]lnkN6 Ps z"/f] ;fyLnfO{ Tof] s'/f
atfof] . ;fyLn] ;f] /ftL s'g lrxfgaf6 cfjfh cfPsf] /x]5 egL
kQf nufpg] lgZro u¥of] .
sfFt/ dflg; 8/n] sfFlk/x]sf] lyof] . p;sf] ;fyL
;dflwIf]qdf uof] clg eg]sf] h:t} lrxfgaf6 cfjfh cfO/x]sf]
kfof] . ;fyLn] k|Zg u¥of], pm sf] xf] / p;n] s] rfxG5 . To;
cfjfhn] lrxfgd'lgaf6 pQ/ lbof] M æd n's]sf] ;DklQ x'F /cfk"mnfO{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;'DkLlbg rfxG5' . d}n] lxhf] /ftL Ps
JolQmnfO{ of] lbg rfx]F t/ pm w]/} sfFt/ ePsf]n] cfpg ;s]gt;y{ d ltdLnfO{ lbg]5' lsgeg] ltdL of] kfpg of]Uo 5f}F . ef]ln
laxfg d cfˆgf ;ft cg'ofoLx¿;Fu ltd|f] 3/ cfpg] 5' .Æ
Tof] ;fyLn] eGof] M æd ltd|f] k|tLIffdf /xg]5' ,t/ ltd|f]:jfut s'g k|sf/n] ug]{ xf], s[kof dnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ .Æ Tof]
cfjfhn] pQ/ lbof] M æxfdLx¿ leIf'sf] rLj/ nufP/ cfpg] 5f}F .
xfd|f nflu kfgL ePsf] Pp6f sf]7f tof/ kfl//fVg' Ù :gfg u/Lsf]7f ;kmf ug'{ / ToxfF xfd|f] nflu a:g] cf;g tyf cf7 srf}/f
vL/ klg tof/ kf/L /fVg' . ef]hgkl5 , ltdLn] xfdLnfO{ Ps Ps
u/L Pp6f aGb sf]7fdf n}Hffg' , hxfF xfdL ;'gsf] efF8f]sf ¿kdf
kl/0ft x'g]5f}F .Æ
csf]{ lbg laxfg To; dflg;n] p;nfO{ elgP cg';f/ :gfg
u/L sf]7f ;kmf kf/]/ cf7 leIf'x¿sf] cfudgsf] k|tLIffdf a:of] .
- 147 -

ljz4L dfu{

plrt ;dodf pgLx? cfP clg p;n] pgLx¿nfO{ a8f] lagd|sf;fy :jfut u¥of] . pgLx¿n] ef]hg u/L ;s]kl5 pgLx¿nfO{
Ps Ps u/L aGb sf]7fdf nUof] hxfF k|To]s leIf' ;'gn] el/Psf]
efF8f]sf ¿kdf kl/0ft eP .
To;} ufpFdf Pp6f w]/} nf]eL dflg; a:bYof] . ;f] 36gfaf/];'g]kl5 p;n] klg ;'gsf efF8f k|fKt ug]{ OR5f u¥of] . p;n] cf7
leIf'x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/df cfdlGqt u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ef]hgkl5
Pp6f aGb sf]7fdf nUof], t/ pgLx¿ ;'gsf] efF8f]df kl/0ft x'g'sf];§f pgLx¿ l/;fP/ s7f]/ eP clg nf]eL dflg;sf ;DaGwdf
k'ln;nfO{ pmh"/ u/] . k'ln;n] p;nfO{ kqmfp u¥of] .
sfFt/ k'?if cfk"mn] ;'g]sf] lrxfgsf] cfjfhn] z"/f] JolQmsf]
3/df ;DklQ NofOlbPsf] yfxf kfP/ z"/f] JolQmsf] 3/df uof] .
p;n] Tof] cfjfhn] ;aeGbf klxnf p;nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf]n] Tof];'g p;sf] ePsf] s'/f eGof] . h;} sfFt/ JolQmn] efF8f nUg
vf]Hof], ltgdf 6fpsf] 7f8f] kf/]/ p;dfly cfqmd0f ug{ tTk/ w]/};k{x¿ kfP .
/fhfn] ha of] s'/f ;'g], pgn] tL ;'gsf efF8fx¿ z"/f]
JolQmsf x'g\ eGg] cfb]z lbFb} eg] M æ;+;f/sf] rng g} o:t}k|sf/sf] 5 . d"v{ JolQmx¿ c;n kmnk|lt nf]eL x'G5g\ t/ Hofb}
sfFt/ x'g] x'gfn] To;sf kl5 nfUg ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ lg/Gt/
c;kmn x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ dgsf cfGtl/s ;+3if{sf] ;fdgf ug]{;fx; /fVb}gg\ . h;sf] dfWodåf/f dfq ;fFrf] zflGt / PslrQtf- 148 -

ljz'4L dfu{

k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ

- 149 -

låtLo cWofo

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{!
;Tosf] cGj]if0f!= ;Tosf] cGj]if0fdf s]xL o:tf k|Zgx¿ 5g\ , hf] dxTjk"0f{x'Fb}gg\ . a|Xdf08sf] lgdf{0f s'g a:t'af6 ePsf] 5 < s] a|Xdf08
cgGt 5 < a|Xdf08sf] s'g} ;Ldf 5 cyjf 5}g < dfgj
;dfhsf] ;+u7g s'g k|sf/n] x'G5 < dfgj ;dfhsf] ;+u7gsf]
cfbz{ ¿k s] xf] < olb oL k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg gkfpGh]n;Dds'g} JolQmn] 1fg k|flKtsf] cGj]if0f / cEof; :ylut ub{5 eg]
dfu{ k|fKt ug'{ cufl8 g} p;sf] d[To' x'g]5 .
sNkgf u/f}F, s'g} dflg;nfO{ ljiffn' jf0fn] 5]8]sf] 5 /p;sf gftfuf]tf tyf ldqx¿n] Tof] jf0f lemSg / 3fp lgsf] kfg{
Ps zNo lrlsT;s 8fSg e]nf ePsf 5g\ .
olb Tof] 3fOt] JolQmn] æPs lbg kv{g';\ . tkfO{n] of] jf0f
lgsfNg' cl3, of] jf0f lxsf{pg] sf] xf] egL d yfxf kfpg rfxG5' .
s] Tof] k'?if lyof] cyjf :qL < s] Tof] s'n3/fgsf] lyof] cyjfs'g} ls;fg < wg'if s]n] agfOPsf] lyof] < of] jf0f 7"nf] wg'if
cyjf ;fgf] w'gifaf6 5fl8Psf] lyof] < of] sf7n] cyjf afF;n]ag]sf] lyof] < wg'ifsf] tfFbf] s]n] ag]sf] lyof] < of] /]zfn] ag]sf]- 150 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

lyof] ls cfGb|fn] < jf0f j]tn] ag]sf] lyof] cyjf g/s6n] ag]sf]
lyof] < s:tf] KjfFv hl8Psf] lyof] < d oL ;a} s'/f yfxf kfpg
rfxG5' .Æ eGof] eg], To;kl5 s] x'g] 5 <oL ;a} hfgsf/L k|fKt u?Gh]n;Dddf, lgM;Gb]x ljif z/L/
e/L k}mlng] 5 clg ;f] JolQmsf] d[To' x'g ;Sg]5 . klxnf] st{Jo tjf0f lemsL o;sf] ljif k}mlngaf6 /f]Sg' xf] .
ha /fusf] clUgn] ;+;f/nfO{ ;+s6df k'¥ofO/fv]sf] x'G5 ,To;a]nf a|Xdf08sf] lgdf{0f s'g s'g j:t'n] ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fJoy{ xf] , dfgj ;d'bfosf nflu s'g cfbz{ ¿k xf] eGg] s'/f klg
Tolt dxTjk"0f{ xf]Og .
a|Xdf08 ;Lldt 5 cyjf cgGt 5 eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ Ù
hGd, h/f, Joflw / d/0fsf] clUg lgefpg] s]xL pkfogvf]h'Gh]n;Ddsf nflu :ylut /xg ;Sb5 Ù ljnfk, zf]s, b'Mv /j]bgfsf ;dIf s'g} klg JolQmn] ;j{k|yd tL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgug]{ af6f] vf]Hg'kb{5 clg To; dfu{sf] pkf;gfdf cfk"mnfO{
nufpg' kb{5 .
a'4sf] pkb]zn] s'g s'/f dxTjxLg xf] eGg] xf]Og, s'g s'/f
yfxf kfpg' dxTjk"0f{ xf] eGg] lzIff lbG5 . o;sf] tfTko{ s] xf]- 151 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{eg], o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ToxL s'/f l;Sg] lzIff lbG5 h'g
pgLx¿nfO{ l;Sg cfjZos x'G5 Ù ToxL s'/f kl/Tofu ug'{ k5{h'g kl/Tofu ug{ cfjZos x'G5 Ù ;xL s'/fsf] ;fwgf ug'{kb{5 ,h;sf] ;fwgfn] 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
t;y{, dflg;x¿n] k|fylds dxTjsf] j:t' s] xf] eGg] s'/f
cfˆgf] ljj]sn] ;j{k|yd 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . s'g ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg;aeGbf klxn] ul/g' kb{5 / tTsfn} ;dfwfg ul/g' kg]{ ;d:of
5'6\ofpg'eGbf klxn] dgnfO{ ;fwgfdf Nofpg' kb{5 cyf{t\pgLx¿n] ;j{k|yd dgsf] lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .
@= dfgf}, s'g} dflg; ?vsf] dfemdf a9\g] u'bL lemSg h+un
hfG5 t/ xfFuf / kftx¿sf] Ps ef/L af]s]/ cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] s'/f
k|fKt u/] eG7fGb} kms{G5 Ù p;n] ?vsf] u'bL lng uPsf] ;§faf]qmf, h/f cyjf sf7 dfq} NofP/ pm ;Gt'i6 x'G5 eg] s] Tof]p;sf] d"v{tf x'Fb}g < t/ s}og\ dg'iox¿ o;} k|sf/n] sfo{ u/L/fv]sf x'G5g\ .
s'g} klg dflg; cfk"mnfO{ hGd, h/f, Joflw / d/0faf6
cyjf ljnfk, zf]s, b'Mv / j]bgfaf6 6f9f /fVg] dfu{ vf]Hb5 Ù t/p;n] To; dfu{sf] s]xL cg'z/0f u/]kl5 cfˆgf] s]xL pGgtL ePsf]b]Vgf;fy pm af6f] la/fP/, tTsfn} cx+sf/L, :jfledfgL tyf
cledfgL x'G5 . pm ToxL JolQm h:t} xf] h;n] ?vsf] u'bL vf]Hguof] t/ xfFuf tyf kftx¿sf] Ps ef/L kfpgf;fy ;Gt'i6 eof] .
- 152 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{csf]{ JolQm hf] clns k|oTg u/]/ s]xL k|ult u/]sf] sf/0fn];Gt'i6 eO{ cfˆgf] k|oTgdf lzlyntf NofpF5 / cx+sf/L Pj+
cledfgL x'G5 , pm vf]Hg uPsf] u'bLsf] ;§f xfFufx¿sf] ef/Laf]s]/ Nofpg] h:t} x'g k'Ub5 .
emg\ csf]{ JolQm h;n] cfˆgf] dg c? zfGt ePsf] tyf
ljrf/ c? :ki6 ePsf] kfpF5 , p;n] klg, cfˆgf k|oTgdf
lzlyntf NofP/ cx+sf/ tyf cledfg ub{5 eg], p;n] vf]Hg
uPsf] ?vsf] u'bLsf] ;§f afsnsf] ef/L af]s]sf] h:tf] x'G5 .
To;kl5 , s'g} csf]{ JolQm hf] s]xL dfqfdf cGt1f{gsf]kl/1fg k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] 7fgL cx+sf/ tyf cledfgn] el/G5eg] , To:tf] JolQmn] u'bLsf] ;§f ?vsf] sf7sf] s];|f]sf] ef/Laf]s]sf] x'G5 . 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] oL ;a} JolQmx¿, hf] cfˆgf
ck"0f{ k|oTgx¿af6 l56} ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ clg cx+sf/n] el/P/ p4[teO{ cfˆgf k|oTgx¿df lzlyntf NofpF5g\ tL ;a} cfn:odfkb{5g\ . o:tf JolQmx¿ ckl/xfo{ ¿kn] k'gM b'Mv kfpF5g\ .
tL JolQmx¿ h;n] 1fgsf] ;To dfu{ vf]Hb5g\ ltgLx¿n];Ddfg, k|lti7f tyf pkf;gfsf] s'g} klg k|:tfj cfzf ug{ x'Fb}g .
o;sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿n] ;fwf/0f k|oTg dfq ug]{ p2]Zo /fVgx'Fb}g, g t lglj{sf/tf, 1fg / kl/1fgsf] yf]/} k|ultnfO{ g} p2]Zo/fVg' x'G5 .
;j{k|yd, s;}n] klg hGd / d/0fsf] o; ;+;f/sf] df}lns /tflTjs k|s[lt :ki6 ¿kn] a'‰g' kb{5 .
- 153 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{#= ;+;f/sf] cfˆg} ;f/tTj 5}g . of] t s]jn x]t' /kl/l:yltx?sf] lj:t[t d]n xf] h;sf] pTklQ, s]jn Psdfq dgsf]
lqmofsnfkåf/f x'G5 / hf] c1fg, c;To sNkgf, t[i0ff / df]xåf/fpQ]lht x'G5 . of] s'g} jfXo j:t' xf]Og h;k|lt dgdf c;To
wf/0ff xf];\ , o;sf] s'g} ;f/tTj 5}g . of] dgsf] k|lqmofn] dfq
k|s6 ePsf] x'G5 / o;n] cfˆg} df]xsf] k|s6Ls/0f ub{5 . o;sf]
hu / lgdf{0f dgsf] t[i0ffdfly x'G5 hf] :jod\sf] nf]e, å]if /df]xåf/f pTkGg j]bgfsf] b'Mv / ;+3if{sf] sf/0fn] pTkGg x'G5 . hf]
JolQm 1fg k|flKtsf] nIo /fVb5g\ pgLx¿n] of] nIo k|flKtsf
lgldQ o:tf] dg;Fu ;+3if{ ug{ tTk/ /xg' kb{5 .
$= æx] d]/f] dg Û ltdL lsg hLjgsf] clgTo kl/l:yltx¿dflyo;/L r+rn eO{ kl/e|d0f u/L /fv]sf 5f} < ltdLn] dnfO{ lsgo:tf] Jofs'n / r+rn kf/L /fv]sf 5f} < oltsf j:t'x¿sf] ;+u|xug{ ltdLn] dnfO{ lsg k|]l/t u/L /fv]sf 5f}F < ltdL Tof] xnf]h:t}5f} hf] hf]Tg cf/De ug{ cufl8 6'qmf 6'qmf x'G5 Ù ltdL Tof]hxfhsf] ktjf/ h:t} 5f} hf] hLjg / d[To'sf] ;d'Gb|df k|j]z ug]{
k|oTg ugf{;fy k'mSnG5 . s}og\ k'gh{Gdsf] s] cy{ x'G5 olb
xfdLn] jt{dfg hLjgsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]gf} eg] <Ææx] d]/f] dg Û PskN6 ltdLn] dnfO{ Ps /fhfsf ¿kdf
hGdfof} / To;kl5 dnfO{ klttsf ¿kdf hGdfP/ ef]hgsf] leIff
dfUg nufof} . slxn]sfxL ltdLn] dnfO{ b]jtfx¿sf] :juL{ob/af/df hGdfpF5f} clg dnfO{ lanf; / xiff]{Gdfbdf hLjg
latfpg lbG5f} / To;kl5 dnfO{ g/ssf] Hjfnfdf v;fnL
lbG5f} .Æ
- 154 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

æx] d]/f] d"v{, d"v{ dg Û ltdLn] o;/L dnfO{ ljleGg dfu{dfnu]sf 5f} / d ltd|f] cf1fsf/L /x]sf] 5' / ltd|f] jzdf 5' . cad}n] a'4sf] pkb]z ;'g]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{ c? ljrlnt gu/ g t c?
b'Mvdf kf/, a? xfdL b'a} ldn]/, ljgozLn Pj+ w}o{jfg eP/ 1fg
k|flKt ug]{ k|oTg u/f}F .Æ
æx] d]/f] dg Û olb ltdLn] ;a} s'/f ck|ofKt Pj+ If0fe+u'/xf] egL a'‰g ;Sof} eg] Ù olb ltdLn] j:t'x¿ k|fKt ug{ dfq kl5
kl5 nfUg' x'Fb}g Ù nf]e ug'{ x'Fb}g Ù nf]e, å]if / d"v{tfsf ;dIf bAg'x'Fb}g eGg] a'‰g ;Sof} eg] dfq klg Ù xfdL zflGtk"j{s ofqf ug{;Sg] 5f} . To;kl5 , k|1fsf] t/af/n] t[i0ffsf] aGwg sf6]/
nfebfos cyjf xflgsf/s, c;n cyjf v/fa, nfe cyjf xflg
k|z+;f cyjf lgGbf ;DaGwL kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltaf6 ljrlnt
geP/, xfdL zflGtk"j{s a9\g ;Sg] 5f}F .Æ
æx] d]/f] lk|o dg Û ltdL g} xf} h;n] ;j{k|yd xfdLdf
ljZjf; hufPsf lyof} Ù ltdLn] g} xfdLnfO{ 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Nnfx
lbPsf lyof} . ca ltdL s] sf/0fn] nf]e, cf/fdsfk|lt k|]d tyf
cfgGbbfos pQ]hgfsf ;dIf olt ;/ntf;Fu bAg uPsf xf} .Æ
æx] d]/f] dg Û ltdLn] lsg ljgf s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo lnP/
otfplt xQfl/P/ lxF8]sf] < nf} xfdL df]xsf] of] ;fu/ kf/ u/f}F .
clxn];Dd d}n] ltdLn] OR5f u/]cg';f/ u/]sf] 5' , t/ ca ltdLn]d}n] OR5f u/]cg';f/ ug'{kg]{5 clg xfdL b'a}n] ;Fu;Fu} a'4sf]- 155 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{pkb]z kfngf ug]{5f}F .Æ
æx] d]/f] lk|o dg Û oL kj{tx¿, gbLx¿ tyf ;d'Gb|x¿
kl/jt{gzLn 5g\ / j]bgfsf] pTklQ ub{5g\ . o; df]xsf] ;+;f/df
xfdLn] zflGt sxfF vf]Hg] xf] < t;y{ xfdL a'4sf] pkb]z kfng u/f}F
Pj+ 1fgsf] csf]{ lsgf/ k'Ug kf/L t/]/ hfpFm . Æ%= h;n] 1fgsf] dfu{ jf:tjdf vf]Hb5g\ ltgn] dgåf/ful/g'kg]{ s'/fsf] cfb]z lbG5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ b[9 lgZrosf;fy cl3 a9\b5g\ . oBlk pgLx¿n] s;} s;}af6 ckzAb ;'Gg'k/] klg cyjf cGo s;}af6 lt/:sf/ ul/P klg pgLx¿n] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ ljrlnt gkf/L cufl8 a9L/fVb5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ s;}n]d'8\sLn] lxsf{P klg, kTy/n] lxsf{P klg cyjf t/af/n] 7"nf] 3fp
kf/] klg l/;fpFb}gg\ .
olb zq'x¿n] z/L/af6 lz/nfO{ sf6]/ 5'6\ofO{ lbP klg dg
ljrlnt x'g' x'Fb}g . olb pgLx¿n] b'Mv kfO/fv]sf] s'/faf6 cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ cGwsf/do kfb{5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] a'4sf] pkb]z kfngf
u/L /fv]sf x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf k|lt h];'s} eP tfklg, pgLx¿;b}j s?0ff / ;lbR5fsf] ljrf/n] b]bLKodfg eO{ b[9 Pj+
cljrlnt /xg'kb{5 . c?af6 lgGbf ul/P klg, b'ef{Uo cfP klg
dgnfO{ cljrlnt tyf zfGt /fVg dflg;n] b[9 lgZro ug'{kb{5/ a'4sf] pkb]zn] el/g' kb{5 .
1fg k|fKt ug{sf nflu, c;+ej s'/f k'/f ug{ k|of;ug'{kb{5 clg c;xgLo s'/f ;xg' kg]{5 . p;Fu ePsf] s'/f clGtd- 156 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{z]if;Dd lbg'kg]{5 . 1fg k|fKt ug{ p;n] lbgdf Ps u]8f dfq
rfdn vfg'k5{ egL p;nfO{ elgof] eg], p;n] Tolt dfq
vfg'kb{5 . olb 1fgsf] dfu{df k'Ug cfuf]sf] dfu{ eP/ hfg' kb{5eg] klg pm cufl8 a9\g] 5 .
t/ ck|ToIf p2]Zosf nflu oL s'/fx¿ ul/g' x'Fb}g . oL
sfo{x¿ a'l4dQfk"0f{ tyf ;xL s'/fx¿ x'g\ egL sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .
s;}n] klg oL sfo{x¿ s?0ffsf] efjgfn] k|]l/t eP/ ug'{kb{5 ,h;/L s'g} cfdfn] cfˆgf] ;fgf] afnssf lgldQ, cfˆgf] la/fdL
afnssf lgldQ ul5{g\ . o;f] ubf{ pgn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cyjf
cf/fdsf] s'g} jf:tf ulb{gg\ .
^= s'g} ;do Pp6f /fhf lyP hf] cfˆgf] k|hf / b]znfO{ k|]dub{y] tyf pgLx¿dfly a'l4 Pj+ bofk"j{s zf;g ub{y] . o;}
sf/0fn] ubf{ pgsf] b]z ;d[4 tyf zflGtk"0f{ lyof] . pgL ;b}jemg\ a9L k|1f clg 1fgsf] vf]hL ub{y] Ù pgn] To:tf] JolQmnfO{
k'/:sf/ klg lbGy] h;n] of]Uo pkb]zsx¿sxfF k'¥ofpFYof] .
pgsf] pkf;gf tyf k|1fk|lt cGttf]uTjf b]jtfx¿sf] Wofguof] , t/ pgLx¿n] pgsf] hfFr ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . Pp6f b]jtf/fIf;sf] e]if lnP/ /fhfsf] b/af/sf] 9f]sfdf k'u] . pgn] Ps kljq
pkb]z lbg' 5 egL /fhf ;dIf pgnfO{ nluof]; egL cfu|x u/] .
- 157 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{of] ;'g]/ /fhf cToGt} k|;Gg eO{ ljgd|tfk"j{s :jfut u/]
clg pkb]z lbg egL cfu|x u/] . /fIf;n] eo+s/ ¿k wf/0f u¥of]clg cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf] vfgf gvfpGh]n;Dd pkb]z lbg g;Sg]s'/f atfof] . /fIf;sf ;dIf ld7f ld7f ef]hg /flvof] t/ p;n]dg'iosf] tfhf df;' / /ut vfg] x7 u¥of] . o'j/fhn] cfˆgf] z/L/
/fIf;nfO{ lbP / /fgLn] klg cfˆgf] z/L/ lbOg, t}klg /fIf; t[KtePg, p;n] /fhfsf] z/L/ dfu u¥of] .
/fhfn] cfˆgf] z/L/ lbg tof/ ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm u/] t/
cfˆgf] z/L/ lbgeGbf cufl8 pkb]z ;'gfpg cfu|x u¥of] .
tTsfn} b]jtfn] of] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkb]z lbP M æljnfksf]
pTklQ nfn;faf6 x'G5 / qfzsf] pTklQ nfn;faf6 x'G5 . h;n]cfˆgf] nfn;fsf] kl/Tofu ub{5g\ , pgLx¿n] g t ljnfk ug'{kb{5g t qfzdf g} kg'{kb{5 .Æ tTsfn} b]jtfn] cfˆgf] ¿k wf/0f u/]
tyf /fhs'df/ / /fgL klg pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] ¿kdf k|s6 eP .
&= s'g} ;do ;Todfu{sf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf Ps tk:jL
lxdfnodf a:by] . pgL k[YjLsf] ;a} ;DklQ tyf :ju{sf] ;a}cfgGbsf] ;d]t jf:tf ub}{gy] t/ pgL ;a} dfgfl;s df]xx¿
x6fpg ;Sg] pkb]zsf] vf]hLdf lyP .
tL tk:jLsf] Psfu|tf tyf lgisk6tf b]v]/ b]jtfx¿ a8f]
k|efljt eP tyf pgsf] dg hfFRg] lg0f{o u/] . t;y{, b]jtfdWo]
Ps b]jtfn] /fIf;sf] e]if wf/0f u/]/ lxdfnodf o;/L ufpFb} k|s6
- 158 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

eP M æk|To]s j:t'sf] kl/jt{g x'G5 , k|To]s j:t' k|s6 x'G5 /k|To]s j:t's]f nf]k x'G5 .Æ
1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{]n] of] uLt ;'g] h;n] pgnfO{ lgs}
cfglGbt kf¥of] . pgL Kof; d]6fpg zLtn hnsf] ;|f]t kfpFbf
cfglGbt ePe}Fm cyjf Pp6f sdf/f] cfˆgf] aGwgaf6 cs:dft\d'Qm x'Fbf cfglGbt ePe}Fm ;f/} cfglGbt eP . pgn] cfk}m;Fu eg],æcGTodf d}n] Tof] pkb]z kfPF ,h;sf] vf]hLdf d oltsf] ;dob]lv
nflu/fv]sf] lyPF .Æ pgL To; cfjfhsf] kl5 kl5 nfu] / cGTodfTof] 8/nfUbf] /fIf;lg/ cfOk'u] . lrGtfs"n dgn] pgL /fIf;lt/
uP/ eg] M æs] d}n] ev{/} ;'g]sf] kljq uLt ltdLn] g} ufPsf xf} <olb ltdLn] g} xf] eg] c? a9L ufpm .Æ
/fIfn] pQ/ lbof] M æxf], Tof] uLt d}n] g} ufPsf] x'F , t/ dHofb} ef]sfPsf] x'Fbf s]xL vfg gkfO{ c? ufpg ;lSbg .Æ
tL tk:jLn] p;nfO{ c? ufpg a8f] pT;'stfk"j{s cfu|xub}{ eg] M æTof] uLtsf] d]/f lgldQ a8f] kljq cy{ 5 / d}n] o;sf]pkb]z w]/} sfnb]lv vf]lh/fv]sf] lyPF . d}n] o;sf] c+zdfq ;'Gg
kfPF , s[kf u/L o;sf] c? c+z klg dnfO{ ;'gfOlbg'xf];\ .Æ
/fIf;n] k]ml/ eGof] M æd Hofb} ef]sfPsf] 5' t/ olb d}n]s'g} dflg;sf] tftf] df;' / /ut vfg kfPF eg] k"/f uLt ;'gfpg]
5' .Æ
tL tk:jLn] pkb]z ;'Gg] pT;'stfdf pkb]z ;'gL ;s]kl5
pgsf] z/L/ vfP x'G5 egL jrg lbP . To;kl5 /fIf;n] k"/f uLt
ufof] .
- 159 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{k|To]s j:t'sf] kl/jt{g x'G5 ,k|To]s j:t' k|s6 x'G5 / nf]k x'G5 ,ToxfF k"0f{ zflGt x'G5
hxfF dflg; hLjg / lgjf{0feGbf dfly p7\b5 .
of] ;'g]/ To; tk:jLn] ;f] uLt jl/kl/sf r§fg tyf?vx¿df n]v]/, lj:tf/} Pp6f ?vdfly r9\of] clg ToxfFaf6 tn/fIf;sf] v'§fdf emf]lDdof], t/ /fIf; ToxfFaf6 lanfO;s]sf] lyof] .
p;sf] 7fpFdf Pp6f b]bLKodfg b]jtfn] pgnfO{ s'g} xflg x'g glbO{
cfˆgf] xftdf yfk] .
*= s'g} ;do ;bfk|?lbt gfd u/]sf ;Todfu{sf] vf]hLdfnfu]sf Ps Jou| ;fws lyP . pm cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ ;+s6df kf/]/
klg nfe / ;Ddfgsf] k|nf]egnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L ;Todfu{ k|fKt ug{vf]HbYof] . Ps lbg :ju{af6 Ps cfjfhn] p;nfO{ eGof] M
æ;bfk|?lbt Û ltdL ;f]e}m k"j{lt/ hfpm . udL{ / hf8f]sf] af/]df
ljrf/ gu/, ;f+;fl/s k|z+:ff tyf eT;{gfk|lt s'g} Wofg gb]pm,
c;n cyjf v/fasf] lje]bdf gkm;, s]jn k"j{sf] af6f] nflu
/fv . ;'b"/ k"j{df ltdLn] Ps ;Rrf pkb]zs e]6\g] 5f} clg 1fg
k|fKt ug]{ 5f} .Æ
of] lglZrt lgb]{zg kfP/ ;bfk|?lbt Hofb} k|;Gg eP clg
tTsfn} k"j{tk{msf] ofqf cf/De u/] . slxn] sfxLF ha /ft kb{Yof]pgL s'g} lgh{g rf}/ cyjf cgs06f/ kj{tdf af; a:by] .
- 160 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

lj/fgf] e"lddf ljb]zL ePsf] x'Fbf pgn] w]/} ckdfg ;xg'k¥of], PskN6 pgn] cfk"mnfO{ sdf/fsf ¿kdf ljqmL u/] tyf
ef]sn] ubf{ cfˆg} df;';Dd a]r] t/ cGTodf pgn] ;Rrfpkb]zs e]§fP clg pkb]zsf] nflu cfu|x u/] .
Pp6f egfO 5, æc;n j:t'x¿ dx+uf x'G5g\Æ, /;bfk|?lbtn] cfˆgf] ;DaGwdf of] s'/f ;To kfP , lsgeg] pgn]
;Tdfu{sf] vf]hLdf w]/} sl7gfO ef]Ug'k¥of] . pgL;Fu pkb]zsnfO{
r9fpg] k"mn cyjf w"k lsGg s'g} k};f lyPg . pgn] c?sf] sfdug]{ k|oTg u/] t/ pgnfO{ sfddf nufpg] sf]xL kfPgg\ . s'g}
b'i6fTdfn] htflt/ kms]{ klg afwf k'¥ofO/x] h:tf] lyof] . 1fg
k|flKtsf] dfu{ Hofb} sl7g 5 , o;sf lgldQ dflg;sf] k"/} hLjg
vr{ x'g ;Sb5 .
cGttf]uTjf, ;bfk|?lbt pkb]zssf ;dIf :jod\ k'u] t}klg
pgsf ;fd' Ps gofF ;+s6 cfOk¥of] . pkb]zssf] pkb]z l6Kg
pgL;Fu sfuh lyPg, g t n]Vg] a|; g t d;L g} lyof] . clg
pgn] cfˆgf] gf8Ldf Kjfn kf/] tyf cfˆgf] /utn] pkb]z l6k] .
o;/L pgn] ax'd"No ;To k|fKt u/] .
(= s'g} ;do ;'wg gfd u/]sf] Pp6f s]6f lyof] h;n] 1fg
k|fKt ug]{ OR5f u¥of] clg Psfu|tfk"j{s ;Tdfu{sf] vf]hL u¥of] .
dfemLaf6 p;n] ;d'Gb| ;DaGwL ljwf l;Sof] . lrlsT;saf6 la/fdL
dflg;x¿sf] b'Mvk|lt s?0ff x'g'kg]{ s'/f l;Sof] . wgLdflg;af6
PsPs k};f arfpg' g} p;sf] efUosf] /x:o ePsf] s'/f l;Sof] .
- 161 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

clg p;n] 1fgsf] dfu{df k|To]s ;fgfltgf pknlAwx¿sf] ;+/If0f
ug'{ slt cfjZos xf] eGg] s'/f ljrf/ u¥of] .
WofgdUg Pp6f leIf'af6 p;n] ljz'4 / zflGtk"0f{ dgn]
cGo dgx¿nfO{ z'4 / zfGt ug{ ;Sg] cnf}lss zlSt ePsf] s'/f
yfxf kfof] . PskN6 p;n] c;fwf/0f JolQmTj ePsL dlxnfe]6\of] . pgsf] bfgzLn efjgfaf6 k|efljt eof] clg pgLaf6 bfgg} k|1fsf] kmn xf] eGg] s'/f l;Sof] . PskN6 p;n] 3'dGt] a"9f]e]6\of] h;n] p;nfO{ s'g} 7fpFdf k'Ug t/af/x¿sf] kj{t r9\g kg]{
Pj+ clUgsf] pkTosfaf6 lx8\g'kg]{ s'/f atfof] . o;/L ;'wgn]
cfˆgf] cg'ejaf6 s;}n] klg b]Vg] cyjf ;'Gg] s'/fdf ;To pkb]z
x'G5 eGg] tYo yfxf kfP .
Ps zf/Ll/s ¿kaf6 ck"0f{ tyf ul/a gf/Laf6 p;n]w}o{sf] lzIff kfof], ;8sdf v]ln/fv]sf s]6fs]6Lx¿ b]v]/ p;n];/n cfgGbsf] s'/f l;Sof] . c?n] rfxgf ug]{ s'/f klg rfxgf
g/fVg] s]xL eb| tyf ljgd| dflg;x¿af6 ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/;Fu s;/L
zflGt;Fu a:g] eGg] /x:o l;Sof] .
w"ksf] tTjx¿sf] ld>0f x]/]/ p;n] Pstfsf] kf7 l;Sof]
clg k"mnx¿sf] /rgfaf6 s[t1tf bz{gsf] kf7 l;Sof] . Pslbg
h+unsf] af6f] hfFbf Pp6f 7"nf] ?vd'gL ysfO dfg{ a:of] / glhs}
Pp6f ;8]sf] ?vdf aLh k'gM pd|L /fv]sf] b]Vbf p;n] hLjgsf]
clglZrttfsf] kf7 l;Sof] .
- 162 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

lbgdf ;"o{sf] Hof]lt clg /ftdf rDsg] tf/fx¿ p;sf]
efjgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ tfhf agfO{ /fVby] . To;/L ;'wgn] cfˆgf] nfdf]
ofqfsf] cg'ejaf6 nfe p7fof] .
jf:tjdf, hf] 1fg k|fKt ug{ rfxG5g\ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ lsNnfsf ¿kdf ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 / ltgnfO{ ;';lHht
ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿n] lsNnf¿kL cfˆgf] dgsf] 9f]sf a'4sf lgldQ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] v'nf /fVg'kb{5 , Pj+ pgnfO{ ;Ddfg tyf
ljgd|tfk"j{s leq;Dd cfpg cfdlGqt ug'{kb{5 . ToxfF pgnfO{
ljZjf;sf] ;'ulGwt w"k tyf s[t1tf Pj+ xif{sf] k'ik r9fpg'
kb{5 .

@
cEof;sf dfu{x¿!= tL JolQmx¿ hf] 1fgsf] vf]hL ul//fv]sf 5g\ ltgsf lgldQa'‰g} kg]{ clg kfng ug}{kg]{ cEof;sf tLg dfu{x¿ 5g\ M klxnf],
Jofjxfl/s cfrf/sf] zLn Ù bf];|f], ;Dos\ ;dflw / t];|f], k|1f .
zLnx¿ s] x'g\ < k|To]s JolQm, rfx] Tof] ;fwf/0f dg'ioxf];\ cyjf dfu{sf] vf]hL ug]{ JolQm xf];\ , p;n] ;bfrf/sf
lgodx¿ kfng ug'{kb{5 . cfˆgf] dg / z/L/ b'j}nfO{ lgoGq0fdf/fVg'kb{5 / cfˆgf kfFr} OlGb|osf 9f]sfx¿sf] /Iff ug'{kb{5 . p;n];fgf]ltgf] kfk;Fu klg 8/fpg' kb{5 / k|To]s If0f p;n] c;nsfo{x¿ dfq cEof; ug]{ k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .
- 163 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

;dflw eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] cy{ nf]eL / b'i6 t[i0ffx¿
p7\gf;fy ltgaf6 oyfzL3| 6f9f x'g' Pj+ dgnfO{ kljq / zfGt
/fVg' xf] .
k|1f s] xf] < rf/ cfo{ ;Tox¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] a'‰g' tyfw}o{k"j{s :jLsf/ ug'{ k|1f xf] . b'Mvsf] ;To / To;sf] k|s[lta'‰g' , b'Mvsf] sf/0f yfxf kfpg' , b'Mv lg/f]wsf] ;To yfxf kfpg'/ b'Mv lg/f]wsf] dfu{ b]vfpg] cfo{ dfu{sf] ;To yfxf kfpg' .
h'g JolQmx¿ oL tLg ;bfrf/ dfu{ Psfu|lrQn] kfng
ub{5g\ ltgnfO{ a'4sf lzio eGg ;lsG5 .
dfgf}F Pp6f uwf, h;sf] ufO{sf] h:tf] g t /fd|f] ¿k 5, g
cfjfh 5 , g t l;ª g} 5 , pm ufO{sf] ayfg kl5kl5 lxF8\b}] 7"nf
:j/df of] eGb} u/]sf] xf];\ æx]/, d klg ufO{ x'F .Æs] s;}n] p;nfO{
ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb5 < 7Ls To:t} k|sf/n] s'g} klg JolQm h;n]cEof;sf oL tLg dfu{x¿ kfng ub}{g, To;n] d ;Tdfu{sf] vf]hLug]{ x'F cyjf d a'4sf] lzio x'F egL uj{ ug'{ d"v{tfk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
s'g} klg ls;fgn] x]dGt Ct'df afnL ;+u|x ug'{ eGbf cl3p;n] ;aeGbf klxn] v]t vGg' kb{5 ,lapm 5g'{kb{5 ,kfgL k6fpg'
kb{5 / j;Gtdf v]tdf pd|]sf emf/kft l6k]/ kmfNg' kb{5 . 7Ls
To;} k|sf/n] 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] JolQmn] cEof;sf tLg ;bfrf/
kfng ug}{ kb{5 . s'g} klg ls;fg cfh sf]lknf, ef]ln lj?jf, k;L{
- 164 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

afnL ;+u|x ug]{ s'/fsf cfzf ug{ ;Sb}g . To:t} k|sf/n] 1fg k|fKt
ug{ vf]Hg]n] cfh ;f+;fl/s t[i0ff kl/Tofu u/]/, ef]ln cfzlSt tyf
kfkk"0f{ t[i0ffx¿ kl/Tofu u/]/ Pj+ k;L{kN6 1fg k|fKt ug]{ cfzf
ug{ ;Sb}g .
h;/L ls;fgn] lap 5/]kl5 pd|]sf] lj?jfsf] df};dkl/jt{gsf] ;dodf / kmn nfUg] ;dodf lj?jfnfO{ w}o{k"j{s:ofxf/ ug'{kb{5 , To;}u/L 1fg k|flKt ug{ vf]Hg] JolQmn]
cEof;sf tLg dfu{ kfng u/]/ 1fgsf] af6f]nfO{ w}o{k"j{s Pj+
cgj/t k|of; u/]/ hf]Tg' kb{5 .
@= 1fgsf] dfu{df cl3 a9\g To;a]nf;Dd sl7g x'G5
ha;Dd s'g} klg JolQm cfgGb tyf ljnf;sf k|lt nf]n'k /xG5
Pj+ p;sf] dgnfO{ OlGb|ox¿sf t[i0ffx¿n] ljrlnt kfl//fVb5g\ .
hLjgsf] cfgGb / ;Tdfu{sf] cfgGbdf Ps 7"nf] cGt/ 5 .
h:tf] JofVof ul/;lsPsf] 5 , dg g} ;a} s'/fsf] ;|f]t xf] .
olb dgn] ;f+:ffl/s ljifox¿df cfgGb dgfpF5 eg] df]x / b'Mv
cjZo+efjL ¿kn] kl5kl5 cfpF5g\ t/ olb dgn] ;Tdfu{sf] cfgGb
dgfof] eg] ;'v, ;Gtf]if / 1fg lgZro klg kl5 kl5 cfpF5 .
t;y{, h;n] 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hb5g\ , pgLx¿n] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ ljz'4 /fVg'kb{5 Pj+ tLg dfu{x¿sf] cEof; w}o{k"js{- 165 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

u/L /fVg' kb{5 . olb pgLx¿n] oL lgodx¿ kfng u/] eg]
pgLx¿n] dgsf] Psfu|tf :jfefljs ¿kn] kfpg ;Sb5g\ / olb
pgLx¿n] dgsf] Psfu|tf k|fKt u/] eg] k|1f k|fKt ug'{ Tolts}:jfefljs x'G5 tyf k|1fn] pgLx¿nfO{ 1fgsf] dfu{tk{m nUg] 5 .
jf:tjdf, oL tLg dfu{x¿ -zLn kfng ug]{, dgsf]
Psfu|tfsf] ;fwgf ug]{ / ;b}j k|1fk"j{s sfo{ ug]{_ 1fg k|flKtsf
lgldQ ;Rrf dfu{ x'g\ .
oL tLg dfu{x¿sf] kfng gu/]/ g} dflg;x¿n] w]/}
sfnb]lv dfgl;s df]xsf] ;+u|x ul//fv]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n];f+;fl/s JolQmx¿;Fu jfbljjfb ug{ x'Fb}g t/ 1fg k|fKt ug{sflgldQ ljz'4 dgsf] cfGtl/s x[bodf w}o{k"j{s Wofg ug'{kb{5 .
#= olb cEof;sf tLg dfu{sf] ljZn]if0f ul/of] eg], ltgn]
cfo{–ci6fª\lus dfu{, ljrf/ ul/g'kg]{ rf/ b[li6sf]0f, rf/ ;Tosfo{k4lt, k|of]u ul/g'kg]{ kfFr cfWoflTds zlStx¿sf Ifdtf /5 cEof;x¿sf] cfbz{ k|s6 ug]{5g\ .
cfo{–ci6fª\lus dfu{ eGgfn] ;Dos\ b[li6, ;Dos\ ;+sNk,;Dos\ jrg, ;Dos\ sd{, ;Dos\ hLljsf, ;Dos\ k|oTg, ;Dos\:d[lt / ;Dos\ ;dflw x'g\ .
;Dos\ b[li6 eGgfn] rf/ cfo{ ;TonfO{ :ki6 ¿kn] a'‰g'xf], x]t' / kmnsf] lgoddf ljZjf; ub}{ ¿k Pj+ t[i0ffsf] wf]sfdf
gkg'{ xf] .
- 166 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

;Dos\ ;+sNk eg]sf] t[i0ffsf] cfsf+Iff g/fVg], nf]eL gx'g],
gl/;fpg] tyf s'g} xflgsf/s sfo{ gug]{ c7f]6 xf] .
;Dos\ jrg eg]sf] e'm6 zAbx¿sf], Joy{sf zAbx¿sf],
ckdfghgs zAbx¿sf] Pj+ b'O{ lha|] zAbx¿sf] kl/Tofu ug'{xf] .
;Dos\ sd{ eg]sf] s'g} hLj xTof gug'{, rf]/L gug'{ /Jolerf/ gug'{ xf] .
;Dos\ hLljsf eg]sf] hLjgdf sn+lst x'g] sfo{sf]kl/Tofu ug'{ xf] .
;Dos\ k|oTg eg]sf] ;xL lbzftk{m cToGt kl/>dk"j{sk|oTg ug'{ xf] .
;Dos\ :d[lt eg]sf] ljz'4 / ljj]sL dg sfod ug'{ xf] .
;Dos\ ;dflw eg]sf] dgnfO{ Psfu|tfsf lgldQ ljz'4 /zfGt /fvL dgsf] ;f/tTj k|fKt ug'{ xf] .
$= ljrf/ ul/g' kg]{ rf/ b[li6sf]0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M klxnf],
z/L/nfO{ ckljq eGg] ljrf/ u/L o;sf k|lt ePsf ;a}cfzlStx¿sf] kl/Tofu ug'{ . bf];|f], OlGb|ox¿df h:tf];'s} j]bgf /- 167 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eP tfklg ltgLx¿ b'Mvsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g egL
dfGg' . t];|f], dgnfO{ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] eG7fGg' .
rf}yf], ;+;f/df ;a} s'/f x]t' / kl/l:yltx¿sf kl/0ffd x'g\ Pj+ s'g}
klg s'/f kl/jt{g geO{ /xg ;Sb}g eGg] 7fGg' .
%= rf/ ;To sfo{k4ltx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M klxnf], kfksf]
k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 o;nfO{ /f]Sg' . bf];|f], ;a} kfksf] k|f/De
x'gf;fy To;sf] kl/Tofu ug'{ . t];|f], c;n sfo{ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{ .
rf}yf], k|f/De eO;s]sf] c;n sfo{sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ Pj+ rfn' /fVg]s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ . k|To]s JolQmn] oL rf/ sfo{k4ltsf] k|oTg
ug'{kb{5 .
^= kfFr cfWoflTds zlStx¿sf Ifdtf eg]sf oL x'g\ M klxnf],
ljZjf;df cf:yf Ùbf];|f], k|oTg ug]{ ;+sNk Ùt];|f], ljZj;gLo :d/0f
zlStsf] Ifdtf Ù rf}yf], dgsf] Psfu|tfsf] ;fdYo{ / kfFrf}F, :ki6
k|1f /fVg] Ifdtf . 1fg k|flKtsf lgldQ oL kfFr} Ifdtf cfjZos
zlSt x'g\ .
&= 1fgsf] csf]{ lsgf/fdf k'¥ofpg] 5 cEof;sf cfbz{x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M bfgsf] dfu{, zLnsf] dfu{, ;xgzLntfsf] dfu{,
k|oTgsf] dfu{, ;dflwsf] dfu{ tyf k|1fsf] dfu{ . oL dfu{sf]- 168 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

cg';/0f u/]/ s'g} klg JolQmn] lgZro g} df]xsf] lsgf/ kf/L t/L
1fgsf] lsgf/fdf k'Ug ;Sb5 .
bfgsf] cfrf/n] :jfy{af6 d'St u/fpF5 Ù zLnsf] cfrf/n]
JolQmnfO{ c? JolQmsf] clwsf/ tyf ;'v ;'ljwfk|lt Wofg lbg]
agfpF5 Ù ;xgzLntfsf] cfrf/n] q:t / qmf]lwt dgnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ d2t u5{ Ù k|oTgsf] cfrf/n] s;}nfO{ kl/>dL / ljZjf;L x'g
d2t u5{ Ù k|1fsf] cfrf/n] cGwsf/do tyf e|ldt dgnfO{ :ki6
tyf kl/1fgsf] dd{ a'‰g]df kl/0ft ul/lbG5 .
bfg / zLn eg]sf] Ps 7"nf] lsNnf agfpg cfjZos huh:t} x'g\ . ;xgzLntf / k|oTg eg]sf] To; lsNnfsf kvf{nh:t} x'g\ h;n] afXo zq'x¿af6 /Iff ub{5g\ . ;dflw tyf k|1feg]sf tL JolQmut sjr x'g\ h;n] hLjg / d/0fsf] cfqmd0faf6/Iff ub{5g\ .
olb s;}n] ;'ljwf ePsf] a]nfdf dfq bfg lbG5 , cyjf
bfg glbg'eGbf bfg lbg' ;lhnf] xf] egL bfg lbG5 eg], Tof] bfg
t xf] t/ ;Rrf bfg eg] xf]Og . ;Rrf bfg eg]sf] Tof] bfg xf] hf]s'g} ofrgf x'g'eGbf klxnf g} ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ x[boåf/f v'nf ?kn]
lbOG5 , Pj+ ;Rrf bfg slxn] sfxLF dfq geO{ lg/Gt/ lbOG5 .
Tof] klg ;To bfg xf]Og hf] bfg lbOPkl5 kZrftfk cyjf
cfTd–k|z+;fsf] efjgf hfUb5 , ;Rrf bfg t cfgGb;fy lbOG5 Ù- 169 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{h;df bftfn] bfg ug]{ cfk}mnfO{ dfq geO{ bfg kfpg] JolQm Pj+
bfg ;d]tnfO{ lal;{G5 .
;Rrf bfg s?0ffk"0f{ kljq x[boaf6 :j]R5fk"j{s pTkGg
x'G5 / o;n] s'g} k|ltkmnsf] cfzf ub}{g, s]jn 1fgsf] hLjgdf;Fu;Fu} k|j]z u?F eGg] OR5f /fVb5 .
wgL gePsf dflg;x¿n] klg ug{ ;lsg] ;ft k|sf/sf
bfgx¿ 5g\ . klxnf] z/L/åf/f ul/g] bfg xf] . of] s;}sf] >dåf/ful/g] bfg xf] . tnsf] syfdf h:t} o; bfgsf] ;jf]{s[i6 bfgeg]sf] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] bfg lbg' xf] . bf];|f] cfWoflTds bfg xf] .
o;df c?nfO{ s?0ffdo x[bo bfg ul/G5 . t];|f] eg]sf] cfFvf bfg
ug'{ xf] . of] bfgdf c?nfO{ Gofgf] gh/n] x]l/g] 5 h;n]pgLx¿nfO{ zflGt k|bfg ub{5 . rf}yf] eg]sf] cg'xf/sf] bfg xf] .
o;df c?nfO{ d':sfg ;lxtsf] sf]dn cg'xf/ bfg ul/G5 . kfFrf}eg]sf] jf0fLsf] bfg xf] . o;df c?nfO{ bofn' / Gofgf] zAbx¿
bfg ul/G5 . 5}6f} eg]sf] cf;gsf] bfg xf] . o;df cfˆgf] cf;gc?nfO{ bfg ul/G5 . ;ftf}F eg]sf] cf>osf] bfg xf] . o;dfc?nfO{ 3/df af; a:g lbOg] 5 . o:tf k|sf/sf bfgx¿ hf]s;}n] klg b}lgs hLjgdf ug{ ;lsG5 .

- 170 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{*= s'g} ;do ;Tj gfd u/]sf Ps /fhs'df/ lyP . Ps lbg
pgL / pgsf b'O{ bfh'x¿ h+undf v]Ng uP . ToxfF pgLx¿n]
Pp6f cToGt} ef]sfPsf] al3gL b]v], hf] cfˆgf] ef]s d]6\g ev{/}hGd]sf cfˆg} ;ft 8d?x¿ lgNg rfxGyL .
bfh'x¿ 8/n] ToxfFaf6 efu] t/ ;Tjn] ;fgf 8d?x¿sf]
k|f0f arfpg Ps r§fgdf r9L ToxfFaf6 cfk"mnfO{ al3gLtk{mˆofFs] .
/fhs'df/ ;Tjn] of] bfgzLn sfo{ :j]R5fk"j{s u/] t/
pgsf] dgdf pgL ljrf/ u/L /fv]sf lyP M æof] z/L/ kl/jt{gzLn/ If0feª\u'/ 5 Ù d}n] of] z/L/nfO{ ˆofFSg] ljrf/n] dfof u/]sf]xf]Og, t/ d}n] clxn] al3gLsf ;dIf ug{ nfu]sf] bfg d}n] 1fg
k|fKt u?F eg]/ xf] .Æ /fhs'df/ ;Tjsf] dgdf p7]sf] of] ljrf/
1fg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ul/Psf] ;Rrf c7f]6nfO{ b]vfpF5 .
(= 1fg k|flKt ug{ vf]Hg]n] rf/ c;Lldt dgl:yltsf] pkf;gfug'{ kb{5 . tL x'g\ s?0ff, sf]dntf, ;+tf]if / ;defj . s;}n]klg s?0ffsf] pkf;gf u/]/ nf]esf] kl/Tofu ug{ ;Sb5 Ùsf]dntfn] qmf]w x6fpg ;Sb5 Ù ;Gtf]ifn] b'Mv x6fpg ;Sb5 Ù;defjn] dgsf] pkf;gf u/]/ zq' / ldqdf e]b ug]{ :jefj
x6fpg ;Sb5 .
7"nf] s?0ffn] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 agfpFb5 Ùdflg;x¿nfO{ ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 g/fVg] k|To]s s'/fx¿ 7"nf] sf]dntf- 171 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{n] x6fpFb5 Ù ;a}nfO{ cfgGbsf] dgn] ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 b]Vg' 7"nf];Gtf]ifsf] s'/f xf] Ù ;a} JolQm ha ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 x'G5 To;a]nf
7"nf] zflGt x'G5 / To;a]nf ;a}df k|To]s JolQmsfk|lt ;defjgf
x'G5 .
s'g} klg JolQmn] ;fjwfgLk"j{s oL rf/ c;Lldt
dgl:yltx¿sf] pkf;gf ug{ ;Sb5 / nf]e, qmf]w, b'Mv tyf k|]d3[0ffsf] dgl:ylt kl/Tofu ug{ ;Sb5 , t/ of] ug{ ;lhnf] 5}g .
b'i6 dgnfO{ x6fpg' kfn] s's'/nfO{ x6fpg' h:t} sl7g x'G5 ,clg ;Rrf dg h+undf xl/0f x/fPh:t} ;lhn} x/fpFb5 Ù cyjf
b'i6 dg x6fpg' eg]sf] kTy/df s'FlbPsf] cIf/ d]6fpg' h:t}
sl7g xf] clg ;Rrf dg kfgLdf n]lvPsf cIf/ h:t} ;lhn}
x/fpF5 . jf:tjdf, 1fgsf] ;fwgfdf cfk"mnfO{ nufpg' , hLjgdf
Ps cToGt sl7g s'/f xf] .
!)= ;|f]g gfd u/]sf Ps o'js lyP , pgsf] hGd Ps ;DkGg
kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof], t/ pgL /f]uL lyP . 1fg k|fKt ug{sflgldQ pgL a8f] pT;'s lyP / pgL eujfg a'4sf lzio eP .
1fg k|fKt ug]{ qmddf pgn] lgs} s8f kl/>d u/] h;n] ubf{
pgsf] v'§faf6 /ut aUof] .
eujfg a'4n] pgLdfly cg'sDk u/L eGg'eof] M æ;|f]g d]/f]
gfgL, s] ltdLn] slxNo} 3/df jL0ff ahfpg l;s]sf 5f} <ltdLnfO{ yfxf xf]nf olb jL0ffsf] tf/ Hofb} s:of] cyjf Hofb}
v's'nf] kf¥of] eg] jL0ffaf6 ;+uLt lg:sb}g . tf/x¿ l7Ss tfGof]eg] dfq o;af6 ;+uLt lg:sG5 .Æ
- 172 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

æ1fg k|flKtsf] ;fwgf klg jL0ffsf] tf/ ldnfpg' h:t} xf] .
ltdLn] cfˆgf] dgsf] tf/nfO{ Hofb} v's'nf] u/L cyjf Hofb} s8f
u/L tfGof} eg] ltdLn] 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf} . ltdL ljj]sL
x''g'kb{5 / a'l4dQfk"j{s sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .Æ
;|f]gn] oL zAbx¿ Hofb} nfek|b kfP tyf cGTodf pgn] h]vf]hL u/]sf lyP ;f] k|fKt u/] .
!!= s'g} ;do Ps /fhs'df/ lyP hf] kfFr c:qsf] k|of]u ug{dflgk'0f lyP . Ps lbg pgL cfˆgf] cEof;kl5 3/ kms{FGb} lyP /af6f]df ce]b\o 5fnf ePsf] Ps /fIf; e]6] .
/fIf;n] pgnfO{ em:sfof] t/ pgL clnslt klg 8/fPgg\ .
pgn] p;dfly Pp6f jf0f 5f]8] t/ To;n] s'g} xflg ug{ ;s]g .
clg cfˆgf] efnfn] /f]Kg vf]h] t/ To;n] afSnf] 5fnf 5]8\g;s]g . To;kl5 pgn] nf7L / a5L{n] xfg] t/ To;n] klg/fIf;nfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg ;s]g . clg pgn] t/af/n] lxsf{P t/t/af/ 6'lqmof] . /fhs'df/n] /fIf;nfO{ cfˆgf] xft / v'§fn] lxsf{Pt/ To;nfO{ s]xL klg ePg a? pN6f] /fIf;n] cfˆgf] 7"nf] xftn]/fhs'df/nfO{ d'7\7Ldf a];/L s:of] . To;kl5 /fhs'df/n] cfˆgf]
lz/nfO{ g} c:qsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ k|oTg u/] t/ Tof] klg Joy{eof] .
/fIf;n] eGof] M æltdLn] k|lt/f]w ug'{ Joy{ xf], ca dltdLnfO{ lgNg]5' .Æ t/ /fhs'df/n] pQ/ lbP , æd}n] ;a} c:qk|of]u ul/;s]F / ca d lgM;xfo 5' eGg] ;f]R5f} xf]nf, t/ d;Fuce}m Pp6f c:q afFsL 5 . olb ltdLn] dnfO{ lgNof} eg], d ltd|f]k]6leqaf6 ltdLnfO{ gi6 kfg]{5' .Æ
- 173 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

/fhs'df/sf] ;fx;n] /fIf;nfO{ ljrlnt kf¥of] / pgnfO{
k|Zg u¥of] M æltdLn] of] s;/L ug{ ;Sg]5f}F <Æ /fhs'df/n] pQ/
lbP, æ;Tosf] zlStn] .Æ
To;kl5 /fIf;n] pgnfO{ d'St ul/lbof] / ;Tosf] lzIffsf
nflu pgL;Fu cg'/f]w u¥of] .
lziox¿NfO{ s}og\ cfkt\ ljkb\df klg lgle{s eO{ cfˆgf]
k|oTgnfO{ cgj/t ub}{ hfg k|f]T;flxt ug'{ o; syfsf] pkb]z xf]!@= s'lT;t cfTd–jrg Pj+ lgn{Hhtf b'a}n] dfgj ;dfhdfj}dgio pTkGg ub{5 ,t/ ckdfg / nHhfn] dfgjsf] /Iff ub{5 .
dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf dftflktf tyf dfGohgsf] ;Ddfg ub{5g\ ,cfˆgf bfh' / lbbLx¿sf] ;Ddfg ub{5g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿ ckdfg
tyf nHhfk|lt ;r]t x'G5g\ . cfTd bf]iff/f]k0fkl5 cfˆgf] ;Ddfgcfk}mdf vf]Hg' tyf c?nfO{ b]Vbf nfh dfGg' k|z+;gLo s'/f xf] .
olb s'g} dflg;df kZrftfk ug]{ efjgf 5 eg] p;sf
kfkx¿ lanfP/ hfG5g\ t/ olb ckZrftfkL efjgfsf] JolQm 5eg] p;sf kfkx¿ sfod} /xG5g\ / p;nfO{ ;bf sfnsf nflubf]ifL 7x/fOG5 .
To; JolQmn] dfq h;n] ;To pkb]znfO{ 7Ls 7Ls ;'g]sf]
x'G5 clg h;n] o;sf] cy{ / To;sf] cfk"m;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{a'e]msf] x'G5 , p;n] dfq o;nfO{ u|x0f u/L o;af6 nfe p7fpg;Sb5 .
olb s'g} dflg;n] ;To pkb]z ;'Gb5 dfq, t/ To;nfO{
u|x0f ub}{g eg], p;n] 1fg k|flKtsf] cGj]if0fdf ;kmntf xfl;nug]{ 5}g .
- 174 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

ljZjf;, ljgd|tf, ljgozLntf, k|oTg / k|1f To; JolQmsf
nflu zlStsf dxfg\ ;|f]t x'g\ , h;n] 1fg k|flKtsf] vf]hL ub{5 .
oLdWo], k|hf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xf] / c? ;a} k|1fsf kIfx¿ dfq x'g\ .
cEof;sf] dfu{df /x]sf] JolQmn] olb ;f+;fl/s ljifo dg k/fpF5eg], Joy{sf s'/f ug{ cfgGb dgfpF5 eg] cyjf lgbfpFb5 eg], pm
1fgsf] dfu{af6 al~rt ul/g] 5 .
!#= 1fg k|flKtsf] ;fwgfdf s;} s;}n] c?eGbf l56f] ;kmntf
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . t;y{, c?n] cfk"meGbf cl3 1fg k|fKt u/]sf]b]Vbf lg?T;flxt x'g'x'Fb}g .
ha s;}n] wg'ljBfsf] cEof; ub{5 p;n] l56} ;kmntfsf]
cfzf /fVg ;Sb}g t/ olb p;n] w}o{k"j{s cEof; ub}{ /Xof] eg],pm lbgk|ltlbg lg;fgfdf cr's x'Fb} hfg] 5 . s'g} klg gbL klxn]
Pp6f ;fgf] vf]nfaf6 k|f/De x'G5 / ljzfn dxf;fu/df ldl;g
cl3;Dd lg/Gt/ 7"nf] x'Fb} hfG5 .
oL pbfx/0fx¿ h:t}, olb s;}n] w}o{k"j{s / cgj/t;fwgf ub{5 eg], p;n] lgZro klg 1fg k|fKt ug]{ 5 .
h:tf] :ki6 ul/;lsPsf] 5 , olb s;}n] cfˆgf] b[li6 v'nf
/fVof] eg], p;n] htftt} pkb]z b]Vg] 5 / o;/L p;sf] 1fg
k|flKtsf cj;/x¿ c;Lldt x'g]5g\ .
s'g} ;do Pp6f dflg; w"k afnL /fv]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{
af]w eof] ls jf;gf g t cfO/fv]sf] lyof] g t uO/fv]sf] lyof] Ùg t k|s6 eO/fv]sf] lyof] g lanfO{ /fv]sf] lyof] . of] ;fwf/0f
36gfaf6 p;n] 1fg k|fKt u¥of] .
- 175 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{s'g} ;do Pp6f dflg;sf] v'§fdf sfF8f la‰of] . p;nfO{;fx|} b'Vof] / p;sf] dgdf ljrf/ cfof], j]bgf eg]sf] t dgsf]
k|ltlqmof dfq xf] . To; 36gfaf6 p;df emg\ ulx/f] ljrf/
cfof] . olb s;}n] dgsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]g eg] Tof] clgolGqtx'g] 5 , t/ s;}n] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;kmn eof] eg] of] ljz'4
eP/ cfpg] 5 . oL ljrf/x¿af6 s]xL sfnkl5 , p;n] 1fg k|fKtu¥of] .
Pp6f csf]{ JolQm lyof] hf] ;fx|} nfnrL lyof] . Ps lbgp;n] cfˆgf] nf]eL dgsf ;DaGwdf ;f]Rbf ;f]Rb} p;df Ps o:tf]
s'/f af]w eof]—nf]eL ljrf/x¿ eg]sf] sf7sf TofGb|f / ;nfO{sfsfF6L x'g\ h;nfO{ k|1fn] hnfP/ eid ug{ ;Sb5 . of] ljrf/p;sf] 1fgsf] k|f/De lyof] .
Pp6f k'/fgf] egfO 5 M æltd|f] dgnfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fv . olb
dg ;Gt'ngdf 5 eg], ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ ;Gt'lnt x'g]5 .Æ oL
zAbx¿dfly ljrf/ u/ . ;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ e]befjx¿ dgsfe]befjk"0f{ ljrf/n] pTkGg x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f cg'ej u/ . tL
zAbx¿df g} 1fgsf] dfu{ 5 . jf:tjdf 1fgsf dfu{x¿ c;Lldt
5g\ .

#>4fsf] dfu{!= h;n] a'4 , wd{ / ;+3sf] lq/Tgdf z/0f lnG5g\ , ltgLx¿nfO{
a'4sf lzio elgG5g\ . a'4sf lziox¿ dgsf]- 176 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

lgoGq0fsf rf/ lgodx¿ kfng ub{5g\ . tL x'g\ M zLn , >4f ,bfg / k|1f .
a'4sf lziox¿ kfFr zLnx¿ kfng ub{5g\ M s'g} hLjsf]
xTof gug'{ , rf]/L gug'{ , Jolerf/ gug'{ , c;To gaf]Ng' / s'g}
k|sf/sf] nfu" kbfy{sf] ;]jg gug'{ .
a'4sf lziox¿nfO{ a'4sf] kl/k"0f{ k|1fdf >4f 5 . pgLx¿nf]e / :jfy{af6 6f9f /x]/ bfgsf] cEof; ug{ k|oTg ub{5g\ .
pgLx¿ x]t' / kmnsf] lgodnfO{ a'‰b5g\ Pj+ hLjgsf]
If0fe+u'/tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ k|1fsf] lgod kfng ub{5g\ .
k"j{lt/ lgx'/]sf] j[If :jefljs ¿kn] k"j}{lt/ 9Nb5 / h;n]a'4sf] pkb]z >j0f ub{5g\ / o;df >4f /fVb5g\, ltgLx¿sf]
hGd cjZo klg a'4sf] ;'vfjtLdf x'G5 .
@= of] plrt g} elgPsf] 5 , hf] a'4, wd{ / ;+3 oL lq/Tgdf
ljZjf; ub{5g\ ltgnfO{ a'4sf lzio elgG5 .
a'4n] kl/k"0f{ 1fg k|fKt u/] tyf cfˆgf] o; pknlAwnfO{;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;dfhnfO{ d'St ug{ / cflzjf{b lbg k|of]udf NofP .
wd{ ;To xf], 1fgsf] r]tgf / pkb]zn] o;sf] JofVof ub{5 . a'4 /wd{df k"0f{¿kn] ljZjf; ug]x{ ¿sf] ;d"x ;+3 xf] .

- 177 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

xfdL a'4Tj, wd{ / ;+3 tLg a]Unfa]Un} s'/f x'g\ eg] h:tf]
u/L s'/f u5f}{ , t/ ltgLx¿ jf:tjdf Ps x'g\ . a'4 pgsf] wd{dfcleJoQm x'G5g\, Pj+ ;+3åf/f pgsf] l;l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{,wd{df ljZjf; ug'{ / ;+3sf] pkf;gf ug'{, a'4df >4f /fVg' xf] /a'4df >4f x'g'sf] cy{ wd{df ljZjf; ug'{ tyf ;+3sf] pkf;gfug'{ xf] .
t;y{, dflg;x¿n] a'4df >4f /fv]/ df]If / 1fg k|fKt ug{;Sb5g\ . a'4n] kl/k"0f{ 1fg k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ / pgn] k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] Ps dfq ;GtfgnfO{ :g]x u/]h:t} :g]x ub{5g\ .
To;}n] olb s;}n] a'4nfO{ dftflktf ;/x dfGb5 eg] p;n] a'4;Fu
tfbfTDo :yflkt u/L 1fg k|fKt ub{5 .
h;n] a'4nfO{ o;/L >4f ug]{5g\ . pgLx¿n] pgsf]
k|1faf6 ;dy{g kfpg] 5g\ / pgsf] cg'u|xn] ;'ulGwt x'g]5g\ .
#= o; ;+;f/df a'4dfly ljZjf; ug'{eGbf a9L nfe cGo s]xL
s'/fn] NofpFb}g . a'4sf] gfd ;'Ggfn] dfq, Ps If0fsf lgldQ
pgdf ljZjf; u/]/ To; s'/fn] k|;Gg eP klg, s[tfy{ xf]OG5 .
t;y{ ;+;f/ e/L k}mlnPsf] cfunfuLsf] leqaf6 klg k|To]s
JolQmn] a'4n] lbg'ePsf] pkb]zsf] vf]hL u/L k|;Gg x'g'kb{5 .

- 178 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

wd{sf] JofVof ug{ ;Sg] pkb]zs kfpg sl7g s'/f xf],
a'4nfO{ e]6\g' emg sl7g s'/f xf] Ù t/ pgsf] pkb]zdf ljZjf;
ug'{ ;aeGbf sl7g s'/f xf] .
t/ ca ltdLn] e]6\g sl7g a'4 e]6L ;s]sf] x'Fbf, of] ;'Gg
sl7g ljifo ltd|f ;dIf JofVof u/L ;lsPsf] x'Fbf, ltdLn]
ljZjf;sf ;fy a'4sf] >4f u/]/ cfglGbt x'g'kb{5 .
$= dg'io hLjgsf] nfdf] ofqfdf >4f g} ;aeGbf pQd ;fyLxf], >4f g} ofqfsf] ;aeGbf pQd vfglkg xf] / of] g} ;aeGbf
7"nf] ;DklQ xf] .
>4f Tof] xft xf] h;n] wd{nfO{ u|x0f ub{5 , of] Tof] ljz'4
xft xf] h;n] ;a} ;b\u'0fx¿nfO{ u|x0f ub{5 . >4f Tof] clUg xf]h;n] ;a} ;f+:ffl/s t[i0ffsf ckljqtfnfO{ eid ub{5 , o;n]af]emnfO{ x6fOlbG5 , o;n] s;}nfO{ klg dfu{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 .
>4fn] nf]e, qfz / 3d08nfO{ x6fpF5 Ù o;n] lzi6frf/
clg c?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpF5 Ù o;n] dg'ionfO{ kl/l:yltsf]
aGwgaf6 d'St ub{5 Ù o;n] sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;fx; k|bfg
ub{5 Ù o;n] s;}nfO{ klg k|nf]egdfly ljho k|fKt ug]{ zlSt
k|bfg ub{5 Ù >4fn] dg'iosf] sfo{nfO{ pHhjn / ljz'4 /fVg
;Ifd t'NofpF5 Ù / o;n] k|1fåf/f dgnfO{ ;d[4 kfb{5 .

- 179 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

>4f Ps k|f]T;fxg xf] , ha s;}sf] af6f] nfdf] / lbSs
nfUbf] x'G5 / o;n] dflg;nfO{ 1fgtk{m 8f]¥ofpF5 .
>4fn] xfdLnfO{ a'4sf ;dIf k'¥ofPsf] cg'ej u/fpF5 /o;n] xfdLnfO{ To; 7fpFdf k'¥ofpF5 hxfF a'4sf] xftn] xfdLnfO{
c8]; lbO/fv]sf] x'G5 . >4fn] xfd|f] s7f]/ Pj+ :jfyL{ dgnfO{ g/dkfb{5 / xfdLnfO{ Ps d}qLk"0f{ efjgf Pj+ ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ dg k|bfg
ub{5 .
%= h;df >4f 5 pgLx¿n] h:tf];'s} ;'g] klg pgLx¿df
a'4sf] pkb]z ;'Gg] k|1f x'G5 . h;df >4f x'G5 pgLx¿df k|To]s
j:t'nfO{ x]t' / kl/l:yltx¿sf] lgodn] g} k|s6 x'g] xf] egL a'‰g]
k|1f x'G5 / >4fn] pgLx¿nfO{ kl/l:yltsf cg';f/ zflGtk"j{ssfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf k|bfg ub{5 / To;nfO{ w}o{k"j{s :jLsf/ ug]{ u'0f
k|bfg ub{5 .
>4fn] pgLx¿nfO{ hLjgsf] clgTotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ k|1f
k|bfg ub{5 tyf h:tf];'s} cfOk/] klg clg hLjgsf] cGTo
cfOk'u] klg To;df crDd gdfGg] Pj+ b'lvt gx'g] u'0f k|bfg
ub{5 , kl/l:ylt / ¿k kl/jt{g eP tfklg hLjgsf] ;Totf ;b}j
ckl/jlt{t /xG5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿n] yfxf kfpF5g\ .
>4fsf tLg dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿ 5g\ M kZrftfk , c?sf];b\u'0fk|lt xlif{t Pjd\ lgisk6 ;Ddfg / a'4sf] k|s6Ls/0fk|lt
s[t1 :jLsf/f]lQm .
- 180 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

dflg;x¿n] >4fsf oL kIfnfO{ cg'zLng ug'{kb{5 Ù
pgLx¿ cfˆgf] q'l6 tyf ckljqtfk|lt ;r]t x'g'kb{5 Ù pgLx¿
ltgsf k|lt nlHht x'gkb{5 tyf ltgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 Ù
pgLx¿n] kl/>dk"j{s c?x¿sf] c;n u'0f tyf sfo{x¿ :jLsf/
u/L ltgsf] k|z+;f ug]{ cEof; ug'{kb{5 Pj+ pgLx¿n] a'4;Fusfo{ ug]{ tyf a'4nfO{ k|]d ug]{ lgoldt OR5f ug'{kb{5 .
>4fsf] dg lgisk6tfsf] dg xf], of] ulx/f] dg xf], of] Tof]
dg xf] hf] a'4sf] zlStåf/f a'4sf] kljq e"ldtk{m lgb]{lzt ul/g
lgisk6 ¿kn] xlif{t x'G5 .
t;y{, a'4n] >4fnfO{ Tof] zlSt k|bfg ub{5g\ h;n]dflg;x¿nfO{ kljq e"lddf lgb]{lzt ub{5 , Tof] zlSt h;n]pgLx¿nfO{ kljq ub{5 , Tof] zlSt h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ :jod\sf]df]xaf6 /Iff ub{5 . olb pgLx¿ Ps If0fsf] nflu eP klg >4f/fVb5g\ eg], ha pgLx¿n] a'4sf] gfd ljZje/L k|z+l;t ePsf];'Gb5g\ , To;n] pgLx¿nfO{ a'4sf] kljq e"lddf nUg] 5 .
^= >4f eg]sf] ;f+;fl/s dgdf ylkg] s'/f h:tf] xf]Og, of] t
dgsf] a'4–k|s[ltsf] k|s6Ls/0f xf] lsgeg] h;n] a'4nfO{ a'‰b5
pm :jod\ a'4 x'G5 Ù h;n] a'4df ljZjf; /fVb5 pm :jod\ a'4
x'G5 .
t/ s;}sf] nflu klg a'4–k|s[ltsf] cgfj/0f ug'{ Pj+ k'gM
k|fKt ug'{ sl7g s'/f] xf] Ù nf]e, qmf]w / ;f+;fl/s /fusf] lg/Gt/
pTyfg / ktgsf] l:yltdf dgnfO{ kljq /fVg' sl7g s'/f xf] Ù t/s;}nfO{ klg ljZjf;n] of] sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 .
- 181 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

ljiffn' P/08sf ?vx¿sf] h+undf P/08sf] ?v dfq}
pd|G5 / ToxfF ;'ulGwt rGbgsf] ?v pd|b}g . olb P/08sf]
h+undf rGbgsf] ?v pDof]{ eg] Tof] s'/f rdTsf/ x'g hfG5 .
To;}u/L dg'iox¿sf] x[bodf a'4k|lt ljZjf; pTkGg x'g' Ps
rdTsf/ xf] .
t;y{, a'4df ul/g] ljZjf;nfO{ Ps æd"n/lxtÆ ljZjf;
elgG5 . cyf{t\ , dfgj dgdf pd|g] o;sf] h/f] x'Fb}g, t/ a'4sf]
s?0ffdo dgdf pd|g] o;sf] h/f x'G5 .
&= o;/L >4f kmnk|b / kljq x'G5 . t/ cN5L dgdf >4f
hufpg' sl7g s'/f xf] . ljz]if u/L dfgj dgsf] 5fofdf kfFr
;Gb]xx¿ n's]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ , h;n] >4fnfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg]{
k|oTg ub{5 .
klxnf], a'4sf] k|1fdfly ;Gb]x x'G5 Ùbf];|f], a'4sf] pkb]zdfly;Gb]x x'G5 Ù t];|f], a'4sf] pkb]z JofVof ug]{ JolQmdfly ;Gb]x
x'G5 Ù rf}yf], cfo{ dfu{ cg';/0f ug{ atfOPsf] dfu{ tyf k|0ffnL
ljZj;gLo xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/fdfly ;Gb]x x'G5 Ù / kfFrf}, To:tf]
JolQmx¿af6, hf] 3d08L / cwL/ dgn] ubf{, a'4sf] pkb]z a'e]m/To;sf] cg';/0f ug{ nfu]sf dflg;x¿sf] lgisk6tf dfly klg;Gb]x x'G5 .

- 182 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

jf:tjdf, ;Gb]x eGbf 8/nfUbf] c? s]xL x'Fb}g . ;Gb]xn]
dflg;x¿nfO{ k/:k/df 6f9f kfb{5 . of] To:tf] ljif xf], h;n]ldqtfnfO{ v08v08 kfl/lbG5 / ;'vb ;DaGwdf ljR5]b
NofOlbG5 . of] kL8f / 3fp kfg]{ sfF8f xf] Ù xTof ug]{ Ps t/af/xf] .
>4fsf] k|f/De w]/} sfncl3 a'4sf] s?0ffåf/f ePsf] lyof] .
ha dflg;df >4f hfUb5 p;n] o; s'/fsf] cg'ej u/]/ a'4sf]
pbf/tfk|lt cToGt s[t1 x'g'kb{5 .
s;}n] klg of] s'/f sbflk la;{g' x'Fb}g, pgLx¿df >4f
hfu|t ePsf] sf/0f pgLx¿df ePsf] s?0ffn] geO{ a'4sf] s?0ffn]
xf] , h;n] w]/} sfn cl3 dfgj dgdf >4fsf] kljq Hof]lt
lkmFhfP/ pgLx¿sf] c1fgsf] cGwsf/nfO{ x6fOlbof] . h;;Fu
jt{dfg >4f 5 , pm pgLx¿sf] ToxL k/Dk/fdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] .
olb s;}n] a'4sf] bL3{sfnLg lg/Gt/sf] s?0ffåf/f >4f
hfu|t ub{5 eg] Ps ;fwf/0f hLjg JotLt ubf{ klg s'g} JolQm
a'4sf] kljq e"lddf hGd lng ;Sb5 .
jf:tjdf, of] ;+:ff/df hGd lng' sl7g s'/f xf] . wd{ >j0fug'{ sl7g s'/f xf] Ù >4f hfu|t ug'{ emg\ sl7g s'/f xf] Ù t;y{,k|To]s JolQmn] a'4sf] pkb]z >j0f ug{ ;se/ a9L k|oTg
ug'{kb{5 .

- 183 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{$
kljq ;"qx¿!= æp;n] d]/f] lgGbf u¥of], p;n] d]/f] xfF;f] p8fof], p;n] dnfO{
lk6\of] .Æ o;/L sf]xL ljrf/ ub{5 / ha;Dd p;n] o:tf
ljrf/x¿ dgdf lnO{ /fVb5 , p;sf] qmf]w sfod} /xG5 .
dgdf qmf]wsf] ljrf/ cfpGh]n /f]if slxNo} klg ;dfKt
eP/ hfb}g . /f]if To;} a]nf ;dfKt eP/ hfG5 ha qmf]wsf] ljrf/
lal;{G5 .
olb 3/sf] 5t /fd|/L agfOPsf] 5}g cyjf dd{t ul/Psf]5}g eg], jiff{sf] kfgL 3/leq k:g] 5 Ù To;}u/L /fd|f] u/L ;fwgf
gul/Psf] cyjf lgoGq0f aflx/ /x]sf] dgdf nf]e k|j]z ub{5 .
cN5L x'g' eg]sf] d[To'sf] 5f]6f] dfu{ xf] clg kl/>dL x'g'eg]sf] hLjgsf] dfu{ xf], d"v{ JolQmx¿ cN5L x'G5g\ clg a'l4dfg
JolQmx¿ kl/>dL x'G5g\ .
jf0f agfpg] JolQmn] cfˆgf] jf0f ;f]emf] agfpg] k|oTg
ub{5 Ù To;}u/L a'l4dfg dflg;n] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ ;f]emf] /fVg]
k|oTg ub{5 .
ljrlnt dg lg/Gt/ ;lqmo /xG5 , otf ptL pk|mL /fVb5,/ o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ Hofb} sl7g x'G5 Ù t/ lgZrn dg zfGt
x'G5 t;y,{ dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg' a'l4dQfk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
zq' cyjf k|ltåGåLn] geO{ dflg;sf] cfˆgf] dgn] g}s'lT;t dfu{lt/ hfg p;nfO{ k|nf]let ub{5 .
- 184 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{h;n] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ nf]e, qmf]w / df]xaf6 /Iff ub{5 ,p;n] g} jf:tljs :yfoL zflGtsf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sb5 .
@= dL7f dL7f zAbx¿ ltgsf] cEof; gu/L af]Ng' eg]sf];'uGw gePsf] Ps /fd|f] k"mn h:t} xf] .
k"mnsf] ;'uGw jfo'sf] ljk/Lt aUg ;Sb}g, t/ c;ndflg;sf] k|lti7f jfo'sf] ljk/Lt klg ;+;f/df k}mlnG5 .
lgb|f gk/]sf] dflg;sf lgldQ /ft nfdf] nfUb5 / yfs]sf]
ofqLsf] lgldQ ofqf nfdf] nfUb5 Ù To;} u/L ;xL pkb]z yfxf
gkfPsf] JolQmnfO{ df]x / b'Mvsf] ;do nfdf] nfUb5 .
s'g} klg dflg;n] ofqf ubf{ cfk"m h:t} dg ePsf] cyjf
cfk"meGbf c;n dg ePsf] JolQm;Fu ofqf ug'{kb{5 , Pp6f d"v{
dflg;;Fu ofqf ug'{eGbf PSn} ofqf ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
sk6L / b'i6 ldq;Fu h+unL hgfj/;Fu eGbf a9L 8/fpg'
kb{5 Ù h+unL hgfj/n] ltd|f] z/L/df 3fp kfg{ ;Sb5, t/ sk6L
ldqn] ltd|f] dgdf 3fp kfb{5 .
ha;Dd s'g} dflg;n] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg
;Sb}g, p;n] æof] d]/f] 5f]/f] xf]Æ cyjf æof] d]/f] ;DklQ xf]Æ eGg]s'/f ljrf/ u/]/ s;/L ;Gt'li6 kfpg ;Sb5 . Ps d"v{ dflg;n]o:tf ljrf/x¿af6 b'Mv kfpF5 .
- 185 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

d"v{ x'g' / d"v{ ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{ eg]sf] d"v{ eP/
cfk"mnfO{ a'l4dfg 7fGg'eGbf c;n xf] .
Pp6f rDrfdf ePsf] ef]hgsf] :jfb Tof] rDrfn] lng;Sb}g . 7Ls To;} u/L d"v{ dflg;n] of]uL;Fu ;+ut u¥of] eg]
tfklg a'l4dfg dflg;sf] k|1f a'‰g ;Sb}g .
tfhf b"w k|foM l56f] hDb}g, To;}u/L kfkk"0f{ sfo{x¿n]tTsfn} k|ltkmn NofpFb}g . kfkk"0f{ sfo{x¿ eg]sf] v/fgLleq
n'ls/fv]sf] sf]Onfsf] Tof] cfuf] xf], hf] v/fgLdf e'ª\u|L /x]sf] x'G5
h'g cGtdf 7"nf] cfuf]sf] sf/0f aGb5 .
s'g} klg JolQmn] ;'ljwf, kbf]Gglt, nfe / ;Ddfgsf] t[i0ffug'{ d"v{tf xf], lsgeg] To:tf] t[i0ffn] slxNo} klg ;'v NofpFb}g,a? b'Mv NofpF5 .
c;n ldq h;n] cfˆgf] bf]if / ck"0f{tfx¿ atfOlbG5 clg
b'isd{ af/]df eT;{gf ub{5 eg] p;nfO{ n's]sf] ;DklQsf]uf]kgLotf atfOlbP ;/x 7fgL ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
#= s'g} klg dflg; ha c;n lzIff k|fKt u/]kl5 xlif{t x'G5 ,pm zflGtk"j{s ;'Tg ;Sb5 lsgeg] p;sf] dg kljq eO;s]sf]
x'G5 .
l;sdL{n] cfˆgf] blng l;wf agfpg rfxG5Ù jf0f agfpg]n];Gt'lnt jf0f agfpg rfxG5 , l;+rfOsf] vfN8f] vGg]n] To;df- 186 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

kfgL ;nn auf];\ eGg] rfxG5 , To;}u/L a'l4dfg\ dflg;n] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|oTg ub{5 h;df pm lglj{£gtfk"j{s Pj+;Totfk"j{s sfo{ ug{ ;sf];\ .
7"nf] r§fgnfO{ xfjfn] vnanfpg ;Sb}g, a'l4dfg dg'iosf]
dgnfO{ klg k|lti7f cyjf lgGbfn] vnanfpg ;Sb}g .
o'4df xhf/f}F JolQmdfly ljho kfpg'eGbf cfk}mnfO{ lhTg'
a9L 7"nf] ljho xf] .
c;n pkb]z ;'g]/ Ps lbg afFRg' , c1fgdf ;o jif{
afFRg'eGbf pQd xf] .
h;n] cfk}mnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{5g\ pgLx¿ s'lT;t t[i0ffdf
gk?g\ eg]/ lg/Gt/ ;fjwfg /xg' kb{5 . hLjgdf sd;]sd
PskN6, rfx] p;sf] o'jfj:yfdf cyjf k|f}9fj:yfdf cyjf
j[4fj:yfdf pgLx¿n] >4f hfu|t ug'{kb{5 .
of] ;+;f/ ;b}j aln/fv]sf] 5 Ù nf]e, qmf]w / d"v{tfsf]
clUgn] aln/fv]sf] 5 , s'g} klg JolQm o:tf cfkt\af6 oyf;Dej
zL3| pDsg' kb{5 .
of] ;+;f/ kfgLsf] kmf]sf h:t} 5 , of] dfs'/f]sf] hfnf]h:t}
5 , of] kmf]xf]/ ufu|Lsf] b"lift kfgL h:t} xf], s'g} klg JolQmn]
cfˆgf] dgsf] kljqtfnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;'/lIft /fVg' kb{5 .
- 187 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{$= kfknfO{ kl/Tofu ug'{ , c;n s'/fsf] vf]hL ug'{ / dgnfO{
kljq /fVg' Ù oxL g} a'4sf] pkb]zsf] ;f/tTj xf] .
;xgzLntf ;a}eGbf sl7g ljgo xf], t/ hf] ;xgzLn
x'G5 p;}n] clGtd ljho k|fKt ub{5 .
/L; p7]/ cfpFbf /L;nfO{ x6fpg' kb{5 Ù b'Mv w]/} x'Fbf
b'Mvsf] kl/Tofu ug'{kb{5 Ù nf]esf] k|j[lQ xF'bf nf]esf] kl/Tofu
ug'{ kb{5 . ljz'4 lgM:jfyL{ hLjg JotLt ug{, k|z:t x'Fbf klgs'g} s'/f cfˆgf] xf] eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g .
:j:y x'g' pTs[i6 cj:yf xf] Ù cfk"m;Fu ePsf] s'/fdf;Gt'i6 /xg' eg]sf] w]/} ;DklQdflysf] :jfldTjeGbf klg 7"nf] xf]ÙljZj;gLo x'g' ldqtfsf] pQd u'0f xf] Ù 1fg k|fKt ug'{ ;aeGbf
7"nf] cfgGb xf] .
ha s;}df kfkk|lt 3[0ffsf] efjgf 5 ,ha s;}n] zflGtsf]
cg'ej ub{5 , ha s;}n] c;n pkb]zx¿ ;'g]/ cfgGb k|fKt
ub{5 , ha s;}df oL efjgfx¿ x'G5g\ clg lognfO{ a'‰b5 eg],
Tof] JolQm qfzaf6 d'Qm x'G5 .
ltdLn] dg k/fPsf j:t'x¿k|lt cfzQm gxf]pm, ltdLn]
dg gk/fPsf j:t'x¿k|lt 3[0ff gu/ . s;}sf] ?lr / c?lraf6}b'Mv, qfz / aGwgsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
- 188 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{%= kmnfdaf6 pTkGg ePsf] lvofaf6 kmnfd gi6 x'G5 ,To:t} dflg;sf] dgdf pTkGg x'g] kfkn] dflg;nfO{ gi6 ub{5 .
s'g} klg wd{u|GynfO{ xflb{stfk"j{s kl9Pg eg] Tof] l56} g}w"nf]n] 9flsG5 , s'g} klg dd{t ug'{kg]{ 3/ ;dod} dd{t ul/Pgeg] Tof] kmf]xf]/ eP/ cfpF5 , To;/L g} cN5L dflg; l56} ckljq
eP/ hfG5 .
ckljq sfo{n] JolQmnfO{ ckljq kfb{5 , j:t'k|ltsf] df]xn]
bfgnfO{ ckljq kfb{5 , To;}u/L kfk sd{n] o; hLjgnfO{ dfqgeO{ efjL hLjgnfO{ klg ckljq kfb{5 .
t/ ;aeGbf 8/nfUbf] Sn]z c1fgsf] Sn]z xf] . ha;Dd
c1fgsf] kl/Tofu ug{ ;lsGg ta;Dd s;}n] klg cfˆgf] z/L/ /dgnfO{ kljq kfg]{ cfzf /fVg ;Sb}g .
lgn{Hhtfdf uNtL ug'{ ;lhnf] 5 , sfuh:t} c6]/L /lxDdtL x'g' ;lhnf] 5 , cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfo{sf] s'g} k5'tf] gu/Lc?sf] dgdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg' ;lhnf] 5 .
jf:tjdf ljgd| x'g' , ;Ddfg / k|lti7f ug{ hfGg' , ;a}cfzlStaf6 d'St x'g' , ljrf/ Pj+ sfo{df kljq /xg' / a'l4dfg
x'g' sl7g s'/f xf] .
c?sf] uNtL b]vfpg' ;lhnf] 5 t/ :jod\sf] uNtL :jLsfg'{
sl7g x'G5 . dg'iox¿ c?sf] kfk ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpFb} lxF8\5 t/
cfk"mn] u/]sf] kfk rflxF h'jf8]n] kmfN6f] kfzf n'sfPF e}Fm n'sfpF5 .
- 189 -

Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

cfsfzdf r/f, w'jf tyf cfFwLsf] s'g} cjz]if afFsL /xFb}gÙ
s'lT;t pkb]zdf 1fg x'Fb}g Ù o; ;+;f/df s'g} s'/fsf] :yfloTjx'Fb}g Ù t/ 1fg k|fKt u/]sf] dg ljrlnt x'Fb}g .
^= h;/L s'g} /Ifsn] cfˆgf] u9sf] 9f]sfsf] /Iff ub{5 ,To;}u/L s;}n] klg afXo / cfGtl/s ;+s6af6 dgsf] /Iff ug'{kb{5 , p;n] Ps If0f klg o;sf] pk]Iff ug'{ x'Fb}g .
cfk"m g} cfˆgf] :jfdL xf], e/ kg{ ;lsg] eg]sf] cfk}mdf xf],t;y{, s;}n] klg ;j{k|yd :jod\sf] lgoGq0f ug'{ kb{5 .
;f+;fl/s aGwg / cj/f]waf6 cfWoflTds :jtGqtf k|fKtug]{ klxnf] v'8\lsnf] eg]sf] dgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] , cgfaZoss'/f gug'{ xf] clg uDeL/ x'g' xf] .
;"o{n] lbgnfO{ pHofnf] kfb{5 , rGb|dfn] /ftnfO{ ;'Gb/
kfb{5 ,cg'zf;gn] of]4fnfO{ dof{bf yKb5 ÙTo;}u/L zfGt Wofgsf]
cEof;n] 1fg k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] JolQmnfO{ ljlzi6tf k|bfg ub{5 .
hf] JolQm cfˆgf kfFr OlGb|ox¿ cfFvf, sfg, gfs, lha|f] /z/L/sf] lgoGq0f ug{ c;dy{ 5 clg cfˆgf jl/kl/sf
l:yltx¿k|lt k|nf]let x'G5 , p;n] cfk"mnfO{ 1fgsf] ;fwgfdf
nufpg;Sb}g . h;n] cfˆgf kfFr} OlGb|ox¿sf 9f]sfx¿nfO{
b[9tfk"j{s lgoGq0f ub{5 clg dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;Sb5p;n] 1fg k|flKtsf] lgldQ ;kmntfk"j{s ;fwgf ug{ ;Sb5 .
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Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{&= hf] JolQm cfˆgf] ?lr tyf c?lrsf] k|efjdf kb{5 p;n]kl/l:yltx¿sf] dxTjnfO{ ;xL ¿kn] a'‰g ;Sb}g clg To;nfO{
lht] h:tf] nfUb5 Ù hf] cfzlStaf6 :jtGq 5 , p;n]kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ ;xL ¿kdf a'‰b5 Pj+ p;sf lgldQ ;a} j:t'
gofF / dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5g\ .
b'Mv kl5kl5 ;'v cfpF5 clg ;'v kl5kl5 b'Mv cfpF5 t/
ha s;}n] ;'v / b'Mvsf aLr, c;n sfo{ / v/fa sfo{sf aLrlje]b ug{ 5f8\b5 ,To; JolQmn] :jtGqtfnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
cg'dfgsf] e/df eljiosf] lrGtf ug'{ cyjf ljt]sf] s'/fs]fkZrftfk ub}{ /xg' eg]sf] tL g/s6 h:t} x'g\ h'g sfl6P kl5;'s]/ hfG5g\ .
dg / z/L/ b'a}sf] :jf:Yosf] /x:o eg]sf] ljt]sf
s'/fx¿k|lt ljnfk gug'{ , eljiosf] lgldQ lrGtf gug'{ , cyjf
eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] sl7gfOx¿sf] c8\sn gu/L jt{dfgsf nflu
a'l4dfgLk"j{s Pj+ pT;fxLk"j{s afFRg' xf] .
e"tsfndf ljr/0f gu/, eljiosf] ;kgfdf gk/, jt{dfg
If0fdfly dgnfO{ Psfu| u/ .
jt{dfg st{JonfO{ /fd|f];Fu ug'{ clg To;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg'
pQd s'/f xf], o;nfO{ 6fg'{ cyjf ef]ln;Ddsf] nflu :ylut ug'{x'Fb}g . clxn] ug'{kg]{ sfd t'?Gt} u/]df, p;n] Tof] lbg /fd|/L
ljtfpg ;Sb5 .
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Jofjxfl/s k|flKtsf] dfu{

k|1f ;j{>]i7 dfu{bz{s xf] clg ljZjf; ;j{>]i7 ldq xf] .
s;}n] klg c1fg / b'Mvsf] cGwsf/af6 pDsg] k|oTg ug'{ kb{5 .
1fgsf] Hof]ltsf] vf]hL ug'{kb{5 .
olb s;}sf] dg / z/L/ lgoGq0fdf 5 eg] o;sf] k|df0fp;n] g}lts u'0f ePsf] sfo{af6 ug'{kb{5 . of] Pp6f kljq st{Joxf] . >4f g} clg p;sf] ;DklQ x'g]5 , lgisk6tfn] p;sf]
hLjgnfO{ dL7f] ljlzi6 :jfb k|bfg ug]{5 , clg ;b\u'0f ;+u|xug'{ p;sf] kljq sfo{ x'g]5 .
hLjgsf] ofqfdf >4f g} kf}li6s cfxf/ xf], ;b\u'0fn]
el/Psf] sfo{ g} cf>o xf], k|1f lbgdf Hof]lth:t} xf] clg ;xL
lrGtgzLntf /fqLsf] /Ifs xf] . olb s'g} JolQmn] ljz'4 hLjg
latfpF5 eg] p;nfO{ s'g} s'/fn] klg p;sf] :jtGqtf ;Lldt ug{;Sb}g .
s;}n] klg cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf lgldQ cfk"mnfO{ la;{g' kb{5 Ùcfˆgf] ufpFsf] lgldQ cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{ la;{g' kb{5 Ù cfˆgf]/fi6«sf lgldQ cfˆgf] ufpFnfO{ la;{g' kb{5 / s;}n] klg 1fgsf
lgldQ ;a} s'/fnfO{ la;{g' kb{5 .
k|To]s j:t' kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 , k|To]s j:t' k|s6 Pj+ nf]kx'G5 Ù cfgGbdo zflGt To; a]nf;Dd k|fKt x'Fb}g ha;Dd s'g}
JolQm hLjg / d[To'sf] j]bgfeGbf dfly p7\b}g .
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