⎇ⓥ⺰ᢥ⃻ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ㨬ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭ߩ․⾰ߣ⇐ᗧὐ
̆㆑ᴺࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠߩᕆჇߥߤ㨬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭㕙ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ̆
The Characteristics and Challenges of Labor-Management Relations inModern Vietnam: From the Viewpoints of Collective Labor-Management
Relationship Issues such as a Sharp Increase in Illegal Strikesฎᴛ ᣽ਯ
FURUSAWA, Masayukiᄢ㒋໡ᬺᄢቇ (Osaka University of Commerce)ⷐᣦ࠼ࠗࡕࠗᓟߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߢߪᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻߦහߒߚᡷ㕟߇ㅴዷߔࠆ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ␠ળਥ⟵⸘↹⚻ᷣᤨઍߩഭ௛⚵ว೙ᐲ߇᷷ሽߐ
ࠇߡ߈ߚ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫਅ‫⃻ޔ‬ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߩⷙቯ߆ࠄㅺ⣕ߒߚ㆑ᴺࠬ࠻߇㗫⊒ߔࠆߥߤ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇㨬ᯏ⢻ਇో㨭ߦ㒱ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ㄭᐕߩ㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭ߩჇടߪ‫ޔ‬ㆩᴺ♖␹߇㜞޿ߣߐࠇࠆᣣ♽ડᬺߦߣߞߡ߽ࠬ࠻߇ή✼ߢߥ޿ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪᢥ₂㨯ഭ௛㑐ଥᴺⷙߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍㅢߒߡࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߢߩ․⾰ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬࿷ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓᣣ♽ㅴ಴ડᬺߦኻߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ㨯ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈‫ޔ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߩ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߩታᘒࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ‫ޟޔ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥ▤ℂߦ߅ߌࠆᶖἫ߆ࠄ㒐ἴ߳ߩࡑࠗࡦ࠼࠮࠶࠻ߩォ឵‫ޟޠ‬ഭ௛⚵วߩ⥄Ꮖᄌ㕟ߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻‫ޟޠ‬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߣ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߩㅪേ‫ࠍޠ‬ℂ⺰⊛㨯ታ〣⊛ⷞὐ߆ࠄឭ⸒
ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬


Abstract
Since the introduction of the Doi Moi policy, the individual labor-management

191relations in Vietnam has been transformed into the system in alignment with market
economy whereas the socialistic trade unions have been maintained in their collective
labor-management relationship.
Under these conditions, Vietnam has been having frequent illegal strikes inconsistent
with their Labour Code, which means their collective labor-management relations are
falling into malfunction. Moreover, the increase in interest-based disputes implies thatJapanese-affiliated companies, which have been enjoying a high reputation for theircompliance with laws and ordinances, are liable to suffer from strikes.
This paper explores the reality of collective labor-management relationship in theJapanese-affiliated companies in Vietnam based on our questionnaire and interview
survey as well as discussing the characteristics of labor-management relations in
Vietnam through the review of relevant literature and labor related laws. Then we
present the theoretical and practical implications for Japanese-affiliates such as “thechange of mindset from fire-fighting to the prevention of labor disputes inlabor-management relations”, “the support for self-transformation of trade unions in
Vietnam”, and “the combination of individual and collective labor-management
relationship”.
ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼
࠼ࠗࡕࠗ‫ޔࠠࠗ࡜࠻ࠬޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ᴺ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵ว‫ޔ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺKeywords
the Doi Moi, Strikes, Collective Labor-Management Relations, Labour Code, Trade
Unions (Labor unions), Japanese-affiliated Companies㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ
㨬ࡐࠬ࠻ BRICs㨭㨬࠴ࡖࠗ࠽㨯ࡊ࡜ࠬ㨯ࡢࡦ㨭ߣߒߡߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ߇ᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬੐ᬺ᜚ὐߣߒߡߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ㝯ജߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ૐᑇ㨯⼾ን߆ߟఝ⑲ߥഭ௛ജ㨭㨬Ყセ⊛⦟ᅢߥኻᣣᗵ
ᖱ㨭‫ޟߪߦࠄߐޔ‬ᶖ⾌Ꮢ႐ߣߒߡߩ዁᧪ᕈ‫߇ߤߥޠ‬᜼ߍࠄࠇࠃ߁‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ

20
2᭴㧔2012㧕ߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣ‫ޔ‬࿷ࡎ࡯࠴ࡒࡦᣣ♽ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆࡢ࡯ࠞ࡯࡟ࡌ࡞ߩᐔဋ᦬㗵⾓㊄
ߪ 149 ࠼࡞ߢ‫ޔ‬਄ᶏ 449 ࠼࡞ ߩ⚂ 1/3 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔߚ߹ޕ‬㜞޿⼂ሼ₸ ⚂ 95% ࠍ⹶ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫⧯ޔ‬ᐕഭ௛ജ߇⼾ን ✚ੱญߩ⚂ 54%߇ 30 ᱦᧂḩ ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߽ᒝߺߣ⸒߃ࠆ
ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ 2008ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴ 2011 ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ᄖോ⋭ 2008 ߩࠕࡦࠤ࡯
࠻⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ߪࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬㨬╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߪߡߞߥߣ੹ޔ‬᳇ߦߒߡ޿
ߥ޿㨭ߣߩ࿁╵߇ ASEAN ਥⷐ 6 ࡩ࿖ߢᦨᄙ‫ޔ‬㨬ᣣᧄડᬺߩㅴ಴㨯ᛩ⾗ࠍ᱑ㄫߔࠆ㨭߽หߓߊᦨᄙߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬዁᧪ᕈߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙දജ㌁ⴕ 2013 ߇ታᣉߒߚࠊ߇࿖⵾ㅧ
ડᬺ߳ߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠇ߫‫ߪࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ਛᦼ⊛ ੹ᓟ 3 ᐕ⒟ᐲ 㨯㐳ᦼ⊛ ੹ᓟ 10 ᐕ⒟ᐲ ߦ㨬᦭ᦸߥ੐ᬺዷ㐿వ࿖㨯࿾ၞ㨭ߣߒߡฦ‫ޘ‬5 ૏ߣ 6 ૏ߦ࡜ࡦࠢࠗࡦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ਛ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩኻ⿧ᛩ⾗ઙᢙߪ‫ޔ‬2 ᐕㅪ⛯ 2011 ᐕ㨯2012 ᐕ ߢㆊ෰ᦨᄙࠍᦝᣂߒߚ ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴2013 ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬࿷ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓᣣ♽ㅴ಴ડᬺᢙߪᣢߦ 1,000 ␠ࠍ⿥߃ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ1‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ߘߩ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᤓ੹ߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅޿ߡߪ㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ߩჇടߣߘߩᣣ♽ડᬺ߳ߩવ᠞߇ⷰኤ
ߐࠇࠆߥߤ‫⃻ޔ‬࿾⚻༡਄ߩ⇐ᗧὐ߽ዋߥߊߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߆ࠃ߁ߥ໧㗴ᗧ⼂ߩ߽ߣ‫⺰ᧄޔ‬ᢥߩ⋡⊛ߪ‫ޔ‬ᢥ₂㨯ഭ௛㑐ଥᴺⷙߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߣ╩⠪߇ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓㅴ಴ᣣ♽ડᬺߦኻߒߡታᣉߒߚࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ෸߮ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈‫⃻ޔ‬ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩഭ૶㑐ଥߩ․⾰ߣ⇐ᗧὐߦߟ޿ߡℂ⺰⊛㨯ታ⸽⊛ߦ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ‫ ߕ߹ޔ‬1986 ᐕߦᆎ߹ߞߚ㨬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ㨭2ߦࠃࠆഭ૶㑐ଥߩᄌኈߦ㑐ߒߡㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕߩࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠߩ⊒↢⁁ᴫߣߘߩ․ᓽࠍขࠅ਄ߍ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ㨬ᯏ⢻ਇో㨭ߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߦኻߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ㨯ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏࠍㅢߒߡ‫ߘޔ‬ߩ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⻉஥㕙ߩታᘒࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߩ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬1╩⠪ߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⃻࿾⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ 2012 ᐕ 10 ᦬ ‫ߦࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޕ‬ᚲ࿷ߔࠆ 3 ߟߩᣣᧄ໡Ꮏળߩળຬᢙߪ‫ࡂޔ‬
ࡁࠗ=529 ␠ 2013 ᐕ 9 ᦬ᤨὐ: http://jbav.vn/ ‫=ࡦࡒ࠴࡯ࡎޔ‬560 ␠ 2012 ᐕ 4 ᦬ᤨὐ:http://www.jbah.info.vn/jp/history.php ‫=ࡦ࠽࠳ޔ‬47 ␠ 2011 ᐕ 9 ᦬ᤨὐ:http://hello-vn.net/information/jba_indanang/ ߢ޽ࠆ ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬᣣߪ޿ߕࠇ߽ 2014 ᐕ 3 ᦬ 11 ᣣ ‫ޔ߅ߥޕ‬ᄙ࿖☋ડᬺߦࠃࠆࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ߳ߩ⋥ធᛩ⾗ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߩኻ⿧⚻ᷣ೙ⵙ⸃㒰 1994 ᐕ ࠍᄾᯏߦ╙ 1 ᰴࡉ࡯ࡓ߇⃻಴ߒ‫ ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬WTO ട⋖ 2007 ᐕ એ㒠‫ ╙ޔ‬2 ᰴࡉ࡯ࡓ߇ᆎ߹ߞߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ2011 ‫ޕ‬2࠼ࠗࡕࠗߪ 1986 ᐕߩ╙ 6 ࿁ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ౒↥ౄᄢળߢណᛯߐࠇߚ⃻ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩၮᧄ᡽╷ߢ‫ޔ‬㨬ડᬺߩᚲ᦭
ᒻᘒߩᄙ᭽ൻ㨭㨬Ꮢ႐ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߩ㊀ⷞ㨭㨬࿖㓙ಽᬺ߳ߩⓍᭂ⊛ෳട㨭ߥߤࠍਥߥౝኈߣߒߡ޿ࠆ ኹᧄ2011 ‫⚻ߩߘޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᷣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬2001 ᐕߩ╙ 9 ࿁ౄᄢળߢ㨬␠ળਥ⟵ᜰะᏒ႐⚻ᷣ㨭
socialist-oriented market economy ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨ߇ឭ⿠ߐࠇ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄ৻ౄ⁛ⵙਅߢߩᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻߦኻߔࠆ
ᕁᗐ⊛㨯ℂ⺰⊛ᩮ᜚߇ઃਈߐࠇߚ ࠻࡜ࡦ2010 ‫┻ޕ‬ౝ 2001 ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬㨬␠ળਥ⟵ᜰะᏒ႐⚻ᷣ㨭ߣਛ࿖ߩ㨬␠ળਥ⟵Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣ㨭 socialist market economy ߩᏅ⇣ߪ‫ޔ‬࿖༡㨯㓸࿅ડᬺ߇ᡰ㈩⊛ߣߥߞߚᤨὐࠍ␠ળ
ਥ⟵ߣ๭߱߆ ਛ࿖ ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ട߃ߡ৻ቯ⒟ᐲߩᎿᬺൻ߇ㅴዷߒߚᤨὐࠍ␠ળਥ⟵ߣ๭߱߆ ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ ߦ޽ࠆ߇‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄ৻ౄ⁛ⵙߩਅߢᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻࠍផㅴߔࠆ೙ᐲߣ޿߁ὐߢోߊห৻ߢ޽ࠆ‫⺰ᧄޔ߅ߥޕ‬ᢥߢߪ‫ޔ‬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ߇ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ⚻ᷣ␠ળߦਈ߃ߚࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߩᄢ߈ߐߦ㐓ߺ‫ࠗࡕࠗ࠼ޔ‬એ㒠ߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓࠍ㨬⃻ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㨭ߣ๭߱ߎߣߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬

21
3㧞㧚㨬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ㨭ߦࠃࠆഭ૶㑐ଥߩᄌኈ㧝 㨬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ㨭એ೨ߩ⁁ᴫ㨬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ㨭એ೨ ␠ળਥ⟵⸘↹⚻ᷣᤨઍ ߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩഭ૶㑐ଥߪ‫ ߡߟ߆ޔ‬Kerr et al.
1960 ߇㨬㕟๮⊛⍮⼂ጀᜰዉਅ㨭ߩഭ૶㑐ଥߣ㘃ဳൻߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ3‫ޕ‬ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩഭ૶㑐ଥߩ․ᓽߪએਅߩ 3 ὐߦ޽ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬1 ߩ․⾰ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬࿖ኅߩᚲ᦭‛ߣߒߡߩഭ௛⠪㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬㓹↪㑐ଥߪ㨬࿖ኅߣഭ௛⠪㨭ߩ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ߇ഭ௛⠪ߩណ↪
߆ࠄㅌ⡯߹ߢߩੱ੐ࠨࠗࠢ࡞ࠍోߡⴕ᡽⊛ߦ▤ℂߒߡ޿ߚ Oudin, 2004; ⮮ୖ, 2011;
Pringle & Clarke, 2011 ‫ޕ‬೎⸒ߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪୘ੱߦߪ⚳り㓹↪߇଻⸽ߐࠇࠆઍࠊࠅߦ⡯ᬺㆬᛯߩ⥄↱ߪߥߊ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬୘೎ડᬺߪ⥄↱ណ↪ᮭ߿⸃㓹ᮭࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎ
ߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬2 ߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪࿅૕ߩ㨬౒↥ౄ߳ߩᓥዻᕈ㨭ߢ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߦߪౄߣഭ௛⠪ࠍ⚿߱㨬વዉࡌ࡞࠻㨭 Edwards & Phan, 2008 ᚗ޿ߪ㨬౒↥ਥ⟵ߩቇᩞ㨭 ํ1987 ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅߩ⺖㗴⸃᳿ߦะߌߚ㨬ᄢⴐേຬᯏ⢻㨭߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿ߚ ᅏᨋ2005 ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ߳ߩ㨬දജ⠪㨭ߣߒߡߩഭ௛⚵วߩߺ߇ᛚ⹺ࠍฃߌࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߦࠃࠆ㨬ഭ௛⠪ߩᮭ⋉଻⼔ᯏ⢻㨭ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㑐ଥᴺⷙߩ╷ቯߣ޿ߞߚ᡽ᴦࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߳ߩෳടࠍㅢߒߡታ⃻߇࿑ࠄࠇࠆߣ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ Clarke, Lee, & Do, 2007 ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫਅ‫ޔ‬⡯႐࡟ࡌ࡞ߩഭ⚵ߩᯏ⢻ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬⚻༡⠪ߩ᜔᧤㨭(Kerr et al., 1960)ߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬㨬࡟ࠢ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㨯⑔೑ෘ↢㨭߇ਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚ Clarke, Lee, & Do, 2007 ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠛ࡝ࠢ࡟ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᵴേ߿⑔೑ෘ↢ᣉ╷ࠍㅢߒߡ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߩ჻᳇ะ਄ࠍ࿑ࠅ‫ޔ‬એߞߡ↢↥⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߦ⾗ߔࠆߎߣ߇ડᬺౝഭ⚵ߦ⺖ߐࠇߚ㊀ⷐછോߛߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ߩ․ᓽߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⠪ߦࠃࠆ౏ὼߚࠆ᛫⼏ᵴേߩਇሽ࿷ᕈ㨭ฎᴛ, 1999 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛੎⼏ߪ㓏⚖⊛ኻ┙ࠍᱛ឴ߒߚ␠ળਥ⟵࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᮭߦኻߔࠆ┵✜⊛෻ੂߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ⋡ᮡ߳ߩ㓚ኂ‛ߣ⷗ߥߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᛥ࿶ߐࠇࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬஧⊒⊛ߦቅ┙ߒߚ႐วߦߩߺ↢ߓࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ߪᤨߚߒ↢⊒৻ਁޔ‬㨬⥄Ꮖᛕ್ߩේℂߩᄬᢌ㨭ߣߒߡኻᔕߔࠆ
Kerr et al., 1960 ‫ޔߪ࡯ࠡࡠࠝ࠺ࠗߚߒ߁ߎޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ഭ૶㑆ߩ៺ᡂߩᩮᧄේ࿃ࠍ␠ળ
૕೙ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᒰ⹥⚻༡⠪ߩ▤ℂ⢻ജߩਇ⿷ߦ᳞߼ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬㧞 ࠼ࠗࡕࠗᓟߩ㨬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭ߣ㨬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ߩᅤ߈ഭ૶㑐ଥ߇ 1986 ᐕߦࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒߚ࠼ࠗࡕࠗߦࠃߞߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌൻߒ

3

Kerr et al. 1960 ߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮏᬺൻㆊ⒟ࠍᜰዉߔࠆࠛ࡝࡯࠻ࠍ㨬਎ⷅ⊛ࠛ࡝࡯࠻㨭㨬ਛ↥㓏⚖㨭㨬㕟๮⊛⍮⼂ጀ㨭㨬ᬀ᳃࿾ⴕ᡽⠪㨭㨬᳃ᣖਥ⟵ᜰዉ⠪㨭ߦ㘃ဳൻߒߚ‫ޕ‬

22
4ߚ߆ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߎ߁‫ޔߪߢߎߎޕ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥࠍੑర⊛ߦᝒ߃ߚ⮮ᨋ 1963 ߿⊕੗ 1996 ߩᚲ⺑ߦᓥ޿‫ޔ‬㨬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭 ડᬺኻഭ௛⠪ߩ㑐ଥ ߣ㨬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭 ડᬺኻഭ௛⚵วߩ㑐ଥ ߩਔ㕙߆ࠄ⼏⺰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߕ‫ޔ‬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߢߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣൻߦහߒߚᡷ㕟߇ߥߐࠇߚ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬1ߦ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛ᄾ⚂೙㨭ߩዉ౉߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛ᄾ⚂ߣߪ㨬ഭ௛᧦ઙ㨯ഭ૶㑐ଥߦ߅ߌࠆᮭ೑㨯⟵ോࠍ⸥タߒߚ૶↪⠪ߣഭ௛⠪ߩᄾ⚂㨭 㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭╙ 26 ᧦4 ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߪ‫߆ޔ‬ߟߡߩ㨬࿖ኅߩഭ௛⠪㨭߆ࠄ㨬ડᬺߩഭ௛⠪㨭߳‫ޔ‬㓹↪㑐ଥߪ㨬࿖ኅߣഭ௛⠪ߩ㑐ଥ㨭߆ࠄ㨬ડᬺߣഭ௛⠪ߩ㑐ଥ㨭߳ߣᄌൻߒߚ‫ ╙ޕ‬2 ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬᦭ᦼߩഭ௛ᄾ⚂㨭ߩ᥉෸ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭 ╙ 27
᧦ ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ᄾ⚂ߩ⒳㘃ߣߒߡ㨬ᦼ㑆ߦቯ߼ߩߥ޿ᄾ⚂㨭㨬ᦼ㑆ߦቯ߼ߩ޽ࠆᄾ⚂㨭㨬ቄ▵⊛ᬺോ߹ߚߪ․ቯᬺോߦ㑐ࠊࠆᄾ⚂㨭߇ឭ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ࠗࡕࠗ࠼ޔ‬ᓟߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ‫ࡢࡎޔ‬ࠗ࠻ࠞ࡜࡯㨯ࡉ࡞࡯ࠞ࡜࡯ࠍ໧ࠊߕ‫ߩᦼ᦭ޔ‬ᄾ⚂߇ਥᵹߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ᦼ᦭ޕ‬ᄾ⚂ߪ㨬ᄾ⚂ᦼ㑆ߩḩੌ㨭ߦࠃࠅ⚳ੌߒ ╙ 36 ᧦ ‫ᦝߩߘޔ‬ᣂߦߪᒰ੐⠪෺ᣇߩวᗧࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ജᵹേൻߩଦㅴⷐ࿃ߣߥࠆ5‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬⢻ജਥ⟵㨯ᚑᨐਥ⟵㨭ੱ੐ߩផㅴߢ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߦ⾓㊄ߩ᳓Ḱ߿૕♽‫⸃ߪߦࠄߐޔ‬㓹╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆᐢ▸ߥ⥄ਥᮭ߇ઃਈߐࠇߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬ฦડᬺߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ߇ቯ߼ࠆ㨬ᦨૐ⾓㊄㨭߿㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߦᛶ⸅ߒߥ޿㒢ࠅߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߩ⢻ജ߿ᚑᨐߦᔕ
ߓߚ⁛⥄ߩಣㆄ೙ᐲࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥߞߚ‫ࠄࠇߎޔߡߒߘޕ‬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߢߩᄌ㕟߇ੱߣ⚵❱ߩᵴᕈൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߒߚ߽ߩߣ⠨߃
ࠄࠇࠃ߁6‫ޕ‬৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߢߪ‫ࠗࡕࠗ࠼ޔ‬ᓟ߽␠ળਥ⟵⸘↹⚻ᷣᤨઍߩഭ௛⚵ว೙ᐲ߇᷷
ሽߐࠇߚ‫ ╙ߩߘޕ‬1 ߩⷐ⺼ߪ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߪ੹ᣣߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ౒↥ౄᜰዉਅߩഭ௛⠪࿅૕㨭ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ౄߩ⚵วߦኻߔࠆᜰዉᕈߪ㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭 ╙ 1
᧦ ෸߮㨬ഭ௛⚵วⷙ⚂㨭 ೨ᢥ ߢ᣿␜ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᗧ๧ߢ⃻ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩഭ⚵ߪ‫ޔ‬ଐὼߣߒߡ૕೙஥ߩ⚵❱ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬࿖ኅ㨯࿾ၞ㨯ડᬺߩฦ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ⚵วᐙㇱߩᄙߊߪ౒↥ౄຬߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ Edwards & Phan, 2008 ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬Do 2007 ߦࠃࠆߣ‫౒ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬↥ౄߪㄭᐕ㨬␠ౝ౒↥ౄᆔຬળ㨭ߩ⸳⟎ߦᵈജߒߡ޿ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬2 ߦ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߩ㨬໑৻4ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߪ 1995 ᐕߦᣉⴕߐࠇߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬หᴺߪ 2003 ᐕ‫ޔ‬2007 ᐕ‫ޔ‬2013 ᐕߦᡷᱜߐࠇߚ

߇‫⺰ᧄޔ‬ᢥߢߪ᧦ᢥᒁ↪਄ߩᷙੂࠍ㒐ᱛߔߴߊ‫ޔ‬2007 ᐕᡷᱜᴺࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦ⼏⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߒ‫ᦨޔ‬ᣂߩ 2013 ᐕ
ᡷᱜᴺߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬4 ▵ߢਥߚࠆᡷᱜὐࠍㅀߴࠆߎߣߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
5㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭 ╙ 27 ᧦ ߪ‫ᦼ᦭ޔ‬ᄾ⚂ߦ㑐ߒߡ‫ᦼߩߘޔ‬㑆ࠍ 12 ࡩ᦬㨪36 ࡩ᦬ߣߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬2 ࿁⋡ߩᦝᣂએ㒠ߪߘࠇ߇㨬ᦼ㑆ߦቯ߼ߩߥ޿ᄾ⚂㨭ߣߥࠆߎߣࠍⷙቯߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
61988 ᐕએ㒠‫ ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬GDP ᚑ㐳₸ߪ‫ޔ‬1999 ᐕ 4.4% ࠍ㒰߈‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ 5%એ਄ࠍࠠ࡯ࡊߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߆ߒޕ‬ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬೽૞↪ߣߒߡᩰᏅ໧㗴߇㗼࿷ൻߒߡ߈ߚߣ޿߁஥㕙߽޽ࠆ ਤ㊁2010 ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬೎ㅜ⼏⺰ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬

23
5ઍ⴫ᕈ㨭 ᢧ⮮ 2007 ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬໑৻ߩ࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߢ޽ࠆࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ
ഭ௛✚ห⋖ Vietnam General Confederation of Labour: VGCL ஺ਅᄖߩഭ௛⚵วߩ⸳┙
ߪᴺ⊛ߦਇนߢ޽ࠆ ⮮ୖ 2011 7‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޕ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭 ╙ 4 ᧦ ෸߮㨬ഭ௛⚵วⷙ⚂㨭
╙ 8 ᧦㨯╙ 16 ᧦ ߢߪ‫ޔ‬VGCL ࠍ㗂ὐߣߒߚ⚵❱૕♽ 㨬VGCL࿾ၞ೎㨯↥ᬺ೎ഭ⚵ડᬺౝഭ⚵㨭ߩࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࠠ࡯ ߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬ડᬺౝഭ௛⚵วߩ⸳┙ߦߪ਄⚖ഭ⚵ߩᛚ⹺ࠍⷐߔࠆᣦ߇
᣿⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ߩ․ᓽߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ࡊࡠ࡟࠲࡝ࠕ࡯࠻⁛ⵙߩࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ࠍ෻ᤋߒߚࡔࡦࡃ
࡯᭴ᚑߣ⚵❱ㆇ༡㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭 ╙ 5 ᧦ ߢⷙቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⚵วຬߩ▸࿐ߪ‫࠻ࡌޔ‬࠽ࡓੱഭ௛⠪ోຬߢ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬⡯೙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾૏߿ᮭ㒢ߦࠃࠆ೙㒢ߪ⷗ᒰߚࠄߥ޿ ૉߒ‫ޔ‬ᴺ⊛ߦߪ࡙࠾ࠝࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࡊ೙ߢߪߥ޿ ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ഭ௛⚵วߦኻߔࠆ⚻⾌េഥߪᣣᧄߢߪਇᒰഭ
௛ⴕὑߣߥࠆ߇‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭 ╙ 26 ᧦ ߢߪળ␠஥߇ᒰ⹥ડᬺߩ⾓㊄✚㗵ߩ 2%ࠍഭ௛⚵ว⾌ߣߒߡ᜚಴ߔࠆߎߣ߇⟵ോઃߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ8‫ߪߢࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ᓥᬺຬߩ⚵วട౉₸ߩᄙኦߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᒰ⹥ડᬺౝഭ⚵߇ోᓥᬺຬࠍઍ⴫ߔࠆ㨬৻⥸⊛ઍ⴫ᕈ㨭 ᢧ⮮
2007 ߇ᴺ⊛ߦ⏕┙ߒߡ޿ࠆ 㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭╙ 10 ᧦ ‫ޕ‬㧟㧚ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ࠍᎼࠆ⁁ᴫ೨▵ߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߥᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻߦහߒߚੱ੐㨯㓹↪ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣ␠ળਥ⟵⊛ഭ௛⚵ว೙ᐲ
ߩਗሽࠍ․ᓽߣߔࠆ࠼ࠗࡕࠗᓟߩഭ૶㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ࡐࠬ࠻␠ળਥ⟵㨭ߩഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣ๭
߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ‫ޔ‬㨬␠ળਥ⟵Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣ㨭ࠍᮡ᭙ߔࠆਛ࿖ߩߘࠇߣၮᧄ᭴ㅧߪห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ Clarke,
Lee, & Do, 2007⮮ୖ 2011 9‫৻ߩߘޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣇߢ‫⃻ޔ‬ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖߇ో࿖࡟
ࡌ࡞ߩᴺⷙߦ߅޿ߡᧂߛ〯ߺㄟ߼ߡ޿ߥ޿㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠᮭߩᛚ⹺㨭ߣ޿߁ᄢ⢙ߥ᡽╷߽ᛂߜ಴ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ10‫ࠆߌ߅ߦࡓ࠽࠻ࡌߪߢ▵ᧄޔߢߎߘޕ‬㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ࠍᎼࠆ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬

7ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߪ ILO ߩ㨬⚿␠ߩ⥄↱෸߮࿅⚿ᮭߩ଻⼔ߦ㑐ߔࠆ᧦⚂㨭 ╙ 87 ภ᧦⚂ ࠍᛕಎߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫࠻ࡌޕ‬࠽ࡓ߇੹ᣣߦ߅޿ߡ߽╙ੑ⚵วࠍឃ㒰ߒߡ޿ࠆ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ਥഭ⚵ߩኈ⹺߇␠ળਥ⟵૕೙ߩ፣უߦ߹ߢ❬ߞߚᣥ᧲᰷ߩᢎ⸠߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ ⮮ୖ2011 ‫ޔ߅ߥޕ‬ਤ㊁ 2010 ߢߪ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ධㇱߦ VGCL஺ਅᄖߩዊⷙᮨഭ௛⚵❱߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣ߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬8ߎߩ߶߆‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭 ╙ 26 ᧦ ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߩ⽷Ḯߣߒߡ⚵วຬᧄੱ߆ࠄߩળ⾌߿࿖ኅߦࠃࠆ᜚಴
㊄㨯⵬ഥ㊄╬߽␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߇ੱᧄޔߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬ᡰᛄ߁ߴ߈㗵ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵วⷙ⚂㨭 ╙ 39 ᧦ ߩਛߦ㨬⾓㊄ߩ 1%⋧ᒰ㨭ߣߩ⸥ㅀ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬9ਛ࿖ߩഭ૶㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬቟ቶ߶߆ 1999 ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬10ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ߇ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠᮭࠍᛚ⹺ߒߚ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣൻߩផㅴߦ㓙ߒߡഭ૶㑆ߩ៺ᡂࠍᒰὼߩ೨ឭߣ
ߒߡ޿ߚߎߣ‫ޔ‬1992 ᐕߦౣട⋖ߒߚ ILO ߆ࠄ␜ໂࠍฃߌߡ޿ߚߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ 㚅Ꮉ2008 ‫ޕ‬24
6㧝 㨬ഭ௛੎⼏㨭ߩ᭎ᔨቯ⟵ߣ⸃᳿ᚻ⛯߈ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߦࠃࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛੎⼏ߪ㨬୘೎⊛੎⼏㨭 ഭ௛⠪୘ੱߣડᬺ㑆ߩ੎⼏ ߣ㨬㓸࿅⊛੎⼏㨭 ഭ௛⠪㓸࿅ߣડᬺ㑆ߩ੎⼏ ߦᄢ೎ߐࠇ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬㓸࿅⊛੎⼏ߪ㨬ᮭ೑੎⼏㨭ߣ㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭ߦ⚦ಽൻߐࠇࠆ ╙ 157 ᧦ ‫ޕ‬ᮭ೑੎⼏ߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᴺᓞ߿ഭ௛ද⚂╬ߩጁⴕߦ㑐ࠊࠆ੎⼏ߢ‫ޔ‬೑⋉੎⼏ߪߘࠇએᄖ એ਄ ߩഭ௛᧦ઙߩ⏕┙ࠍ᳞߼ߡ੎ࠊࠇࠆ੎⼏ࠍᜰߔ‫ޕ‬㓸࿅⊛੎⼏ߩ⸃᳿ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߩਛߢ㨬⺞஗㨭㨬ഭ௛ખⵙ㨭㨬࿾ၞߩੱ᳃ᆔຬ㐳ߦࠃࠆಣℂ㨭ߣ޿ߞߚ⻉ᚻ⛯߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ ╙ 168 ᧦㨯╙ 169 ᧦ ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ᮭ೑੎⼏ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬⺞஗ࠍ⚻ߡੱ᳃ᆔຬ㐳࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ߽⸃᳿ߒߥ޿႐ว‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߪ㨬ⵙ್㨭߹ߚߪ㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭 㓸࿅⊛੎⼏ߩ⸃᳿ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡഭ௛⠪㓸࿅߇৻ᤨ⊛㨯⥄ਥ⊛㨯⚵❱⊛ߦⴕ߁ഭ௛ߩ஗ᱛ╙ 172᧦ ߦ⸷߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬೑⋉੎⼏ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫⺞ޔ‬஗෸߮ഭ௛ખⵙ߇ਇ⺞ߣߥߞߚࠤ࡯ࠬߦ߅޿ߡ㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭߳ߩ㆏߇㐿߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ ╙ 170a ᧦㨯╙ 171 ᧦ ‫ޕ‬㧞 㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ߦ㑐ߔࠆⷙቯ
㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭 ╙ 172a ᧦ ߦࠃࠆߣ‫❱⚵ߩࠠࠗ࡜࠻ࠬޔ‬㨯ᜰዉߪડᬺౝߩഭ௛⚵วၫⴕᆔຬળ‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵ᧂ⸳⟎ߩ႐วߪ਄⚖ഭ⚵ߦㅢ⍮ߐࠇߚഭ௛⠪ઍ⴫߇ⴕ߁‫ߩ࠻ࠬޕ‬᳿ቯߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬᢙ 300ੱᧂḩߩડᬺߢߪ✚ੱຬߩㆊඨᢙ‫ޔ‬300 ੱએ਄ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⚵วߩၫⴕᆔຬߣಽળ㐳‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧ࠴࡯ࡓߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߩ 75%⿥ߩ⾥ᚑߢߥߐࠇࠆ ╙ 174b ᧦ 11‫ߦ࠻ࠬޔ߅ߥޕ‬ෳടߔࠆഭ௛⠪ߦኻߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰ੐⠪㑆ߢߩ೎ㅜวᗧ߇ߥ޿㒢ࠅ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄ߪᡰ⛎ߐࠇߥ޿ ╙ 174d ᧦ ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߢߪ‫⚖⋭ޔ‬෸߮ᦨ㜞ੱ᳃ⵙ್ᚲߦࠃࠆࠬ࠻ߩ㨬วᴺᕈክᩏ㨭߇೙ᐲൻߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ክᩏߪ‫ᦼ࠻ࠬޔ‬㑆ਛ߹ߚߪ⚳⚿ᓟ3 ࡩ᦬એౝߦഭ૶෺ᣇߩᒰ੐⠪߇ⷐ᳞ߢ߈ࠆ ╙ 176a
᧦ ‫ޕ‬ᒰ⹥ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ߇㆑ᴺߣ⹺ቯߐࠇߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߪ⋥ߜߦࠬ࠻ࠍਛᱛߒ‫ޔ‬⡯႐ᓳᏫߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ ╙ 178 ᧦ ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬㆑ᴺࠬ࠻ߦኻߔࠆ៊ኂ⾩ఘ߿ⴕ᡽ಣಽ㨯ೃ੐⽿છߩㅊ෸ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ቯ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ ╙ 179 ᧦ 12‫ޕ‬㧟 㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ߩ⊒↢⁁ᴫߣ․ᓽ
ㄭᐕߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ‫࠻ࠬޔ‬ઙᢙ߇ᕆჇߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ⴫ޕ‬1 ߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1995 ᐕ㨪2002ᐕ߹ߢߪᐕ㑆 100 ઙᧂḩߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬⠉ᐕ߆ࠄߪ 3 ᩴ߇⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߪ‫⊒✚ޔ‬↢ઙᢙߩ 3/4 એ਄߇ 2006 ᐕએ㒠ߩ⋥ㄭ 6 ᐕ㑆ߦ㓸ਛߒߡ޿ࠆὐߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬2011 ᐕߪㆊ෰ᦨ
11ᓥᬺຬ 300 ੱએ਄ߢഭ⚵ᧂ⸳⟎ߩ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬⵾ㅧ࠴࡯ࡓߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯㨯೽࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣද⼏ߔࠆ ╙ 174a ᧦ ‫ޕ‬
12ߎߩ߶߆‫ޔ‬ᴦ቟㨯࿖㒐㨯ஜᐽ╬ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ੐ᬺ૕ߢߩࠬ࠻⑌ᱛ߽ⷙቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ 㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭╙ 220 ᧦㨯╙ 221᧦ ‫ޕ‬

257

ᄙߩ 978 ઙߦ㆐ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⴫  㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠઙᢙ㨭ߩផ⒖
ᐕ
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003

ઙᢙ
60
59
59
62
67
70
90
99
142

ᐕ
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

ઙᢙ
124
152
390
551
720
218
424
978

 ಴ᚲ ᢧ⮮ 2013b ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠߩ․ᓽߣߒߡߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ߦᄖ⾗♽ડᬺ߳ߩ㓸ਛ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢧ⮮
2013b ߦࠃࠆߣ‫ ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬8 ഀᒙ߇ᄖ⾗♽ߢ⊒↢ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬2 ߩ․ᓽߪ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬ᱴߤోߡ߇㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߩⷙቯ߆ࠄㅺ⣕ߒߚ㨬㆑ᴺࠬ࠻㨭 ഭ⚵⸳⟎ડᬺߢߪ⚵ว߇⚵❱㨯ᜰዉߒߥ޿㨬ጊ₀ࠬ࠻㨭 ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐߢ޽ࠆ Do, 2007⮮ୖ2011 ‫ޕ‬ખⵙߪో࿖ߢᐕ㑆ߦ௖߆ 1 ઙ⒟ᐲ Clarke, 2006 ‫ޔ‬วᴺᕈክᩏߩⵙ್੐଀߽ߥ޿ ᢧ⮮ 2013b ‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ߪ‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾
ၞ⊛㨯ᬺ⒳⊛᜛ᢔߢ޽ࠆ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬࿾ၞߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ߪ࠻ࠬߡߟ߆ޔ‬ධㇱߦ㒢ቯ⊛ߥ੐⽎ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߢߪർㇱ߿ਛㇱߦ߽ᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ Do, 2008 ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᬺ⒳ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ࡕࠗ࠼ޔ‬ࠗೋᦼ߆ࠄᄙ⊒ߒߡ޿ߚ❫⛽㨯㕦⵾ㅧߦട߃‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߢߪࠛ࡟ࠢ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬ߿ࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࠕ࡝ࡦ
ࠣߥߤᄙ᭽ߥᬺ⒳ߢࠬ࠻߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ Do, 2007 ‫ ╙ޕ‬4 ߪ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬㐳ᦼൻ㨯ㆊỗൻߢ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߪㅢᏱ 1 ᣣߢ෼᧤ߒߡ޿ߚ߽ߩ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߢߪ 3㨪5 ᣣ㑆ߦࠊߚࠅᎿ႐ߩ࡜ࠗ
ࡦ߇ࠬ࠻࠶ࡊߔࠆߎߣ߽ᄙߊߥߞߡ߈ߚ Do, 2008 ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬⎕უⴕὑ߿⢿ㄼߩ੐଀߽ႎ
๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ Clarke, 2006 ‫ ╙ޔߡߒߘޕ‬5 ߩ․ᓽߪ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬㨬⾰⊛ᄌኈ㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬3 ߟߩ஥㕙߆ࠄᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬1 ߟߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩࠬ࠻ߪ㨬ή⸘↹㨭ߥ᛫⼏ᵴേ߇ਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᦨㄭߢߪ␠ౝߩࠗࡦࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߦࠃࠆ⛔೙߿ᄖㇱߩㆇേኅߩᜰዉ㨯ᚸേࠍ․ᓽ
ߣߔࠆ㨬⸘↹⊛㨯⚵❱⊛㨭ߥࠬ࠻߽Ⴧ߃ߡ߈ߚ Do, 2007 ‫ޕ‬2 ߟ⋡ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ⚵⸳⟎ડᬺ㨭ߢߩࠬ࠻⊒↢ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒰೋߩࠬ࠻ߪ⚵วߩߥ޿ડᬺߢߩ⊒↢߇ਥߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼ ᢧ⮮ 2013a ‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵ߩ⸳⟎߇ᴺ⊛ߦᒝൻߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߇‫⚵߇ࠇߘޔ‬ว⸳⟎₸ߩ਄᣹ߣ޿߁ὐߢ߽‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵⸳⟎ߦࠃࠆ㆑ᴺࠬ࠻ߩᛥᱛߣ޿߁㕙ߢ߽ᄼഞߒߡ޿ߥ޿13‫ޕ‬ഭ⚵⸳⟎₸ߪ‫ߦ⟎⸳ᧂޔ‬ኻߔࠆ⟏ೣ߇

13

1995 ᐕߩഭ௛ᴺߦ߅޿ߡߪ㨬ᣢሽડᬺߪᣉⴕᣣ߆ࠄ 6 ࡩ᦬એౝ‫ޔ‬ᣂ⸳ડᬺߢߪ༡ᬺ㐿ᆎᣣ߆ࠄ 6 ࡩ᦬એౝߦ਄⚖ഭ⚵߇ડᬺౝᥳቯഭ௛⚵วࠍ⸳┙ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㨭ߣߩᢥ⸒ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬2003 ᐕᡷᱜᴺߢߪ

26
8

ߥ޿ߎߣ߽޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᄖ⾗♽ߦ߅޿ߡߪ 35%⒟ᐲ㨮⑳༡ડᬺߢߪ 15%⒟ᐲߦ⇐߹ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ ᢧ⮮ 2011 ‫ޕ‬3 ߟ⋡ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ᮭ೑੎⼏㨭߆ࠄ㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭߳ߩࠪࡈ࠻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ೋᦼߩࠬ࠻ේ
࿃ߪ㨬ᦨ⾓㆑෻߿ᱷᬺઍߩᧂᛄ޿╬㨭߇ਥᵹߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᴺߩၮḰࠍ⿧߃ߚ㨬⾓਄ߍ㨯㘩੐ߩᡷༀ㨯ᤨ⍴ߩⷐ᳞╬㨭߇⋡┙ߜᆎ߼ߡ߈ߚ Do, 2007 ‫ޕ‬2004 ᐕߪ 20%ߢ޽ߞߚ㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭ߩᲧ₸ߪ‫ޔ‬07 ᐕߦߪ 79%‫ޔ‬11 ᐕߦߪ 83%߳ߣ਄᣹ߒߡ޿ࠆ Do, 2008;ᢧ⮮, 2013b ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡ‫ޔ‬೑⋉੎⼏ߩჇടߪ㨬ᴺ઎ㆩ቞㨭߇⦟߈ഭ૶㑐ଥ᭴▽ߦะߌߚචಽ᧦ઙߚࠅᓧߥ޿ߎ
ߣࠍ␜ໂߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ ╙ߪࠇߘޔ‬6 ߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ㨬ࠬ࠻ߩᣣ♽ડᬺ߳ߩવ᠞㨭߳ߣ❬߇ߞߡ޿ߊ Do, 2007 ‫ޕ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ࠍ࠻ࠬޔ‬㨬บḧ♽㨯㖧࿖♽㨭ߦ࿕᦭ߩ߽ߩߣ૏⟎ઃߌ‫ߩߘޔ‬ේ࿃ࠍߘࠇࠄડᬺߩㆩᴺ♖␹ߩૐߐ߿㕖ੱ㆏⊛ߥ⚻༡ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߦᏫߔࠆਥᒛ߇ᡰ㈩⊛ߢ‫ޔ‬ᴺᓞߦᔘታߥᣣ♽ડᬺߪࠬ࠻ߣߪή✼ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ ਤ㊁㨯ේ↰, 2005;㚅Ꮉ2006 ‫߁ߎޕ‬ߒߚ⁁ᴫਅ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ૶㑐ଥߩ቟ቯᕈ㨭߇ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ㝯ജߢ޽ࠅ ਤ㊁㨯ේ↰ ‫ᦨޔ‬ૐ⾓㊄߽
2000 ᐕ㨪2005 ᐕ߹ߢ 6 ᐕ㑆ಓ⚿ߐࠇ‫ߪࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߦߣߞߡ㨬⚻༡⠪ᄤ࿖㨭ߢ޽ࠆߣߐ߃๭߫ࠇߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ14‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬2006 ᐕ㗃ࠃࠅᣣ♽ߢ߽ഭ૶㑆ߩ៺ᡂ߇㗼࿷ൻߒ‫ޔ‬ᦨㄭߢߪ 2012 ᐕ 6 ᦬ߦࡂࡁࠗᏒߩࠠࡗࡁࡦߢ⚂ 1 ਁੱߦࠃࠆᄢⷙᮨࠬ࠻߇⊒↢ߒߚߎߣߥ
ߤ߇વ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ15‫ޕ‬㧠㧚㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ㨬ᯏ⢻ਇో㨭ߣࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ᡽ᐭ෸߮ᣣ♽ડᬺߩኻᔕ
╙ 3 ▵ߢ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߢ᣿ᢥൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㓸࿅⊛੎⼏ߦ㑐ߔࠆᚻ⛯߈߇ㆩ቞ߐࠇߕ‫ޔ‬㨬㆑ᴺࠬ࠻㨭߇㗫⊒ߔࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇޿ࠊ߫
㨬ᯏ⢻ਇో㨭 ᢧ⮮, 2007 ߦ㒱ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޔߪߢ▵ᧄޔߢߎߘޕ‬⢛ᓟߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ⻉ⷐ࿃ߣࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ᡽ᐭ෸߮ᣣ♽ડᬺߩኻᔕᣇ╷ߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝 㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ㨬ᯏ⢻ਇో㨭ߩ⢛᥊
╙ 1 ߩⷐ࿃ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ࠬ࠻㐿ᆎᚻ⛯߈߇ᾘ㔀㨭ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߟ߆ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⠪㨯ഭ௛⚵วߩᴺᓞ⍮⼂߇ਇ⿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ㨭ߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ Clarke, Lee, & Do, 2007;ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ, 2008 ‫ ╙ޕ‬2 ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬૕㨬 ਄⸥ᦼ㑆ౝߦ ਄⚖ഭ⚵ߪડᬺౝഭ⚵ࠍ⸳┙ߔࠆ⽿છࠍ᦭ߔࠆ‫ᦼߩ⟎⸳ᧂޕ‬㑆ਛߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬਄⚖ഭ⚵߇ᥳቯၫⴕᆔຬળࠍᜰฬߔࠆ㨭ߣ〯ߺㄟࠎߛ⸥ㅀߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
14╩⠪ߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⃻࿾⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ 2010 ᐕ 10 ᦬㨯2011 ᐕ 10 ᦬ ‫ޕ‬
15http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NBD/20120807/235401/?ST=omsmart ࠍෳᾖ 2013 ᐕ 10 ᦬ 3ᣣࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ ‫ޕ‬
27
9೙஥⚵❱ߣߒߡߩഭ⚵ߩࠫ࡟ࡦࡑ㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫␠࠻ࠬࡐޟޕ‬ળਥ⟵‫ߩޠ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅ߌ
ࠆഭ௛⚵วߪ㨬ੑ㊀ߩછോ㨭ࠍ⽶޿‫ޔ‬ᄙ⟵⊛ߢ޽ࠆ ජ᎑, 2003; Nørlund, 2004 ‫ࡌޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬࠻࠽ࡓߩ㨬ഭ௛⚵วᴺ㨭ߢߪ‫⚵ޔ‬วߩᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⠪ߩᮭ⋉ߩઍ⴫㨭 ╙ 10 ᧦ ߢ޽ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬㨬⚻༡⠪╬ߣදജߒߡ⺞๺⊛㨯቟ቯ⊛ߥഭ૶㑐ଥࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣ㨭 ╙ 20 ᧦ ߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ഭ⚵ߪഭ૶㑐ଥߩ⺞ᢛߦ߽⽿છࠍ⽶߁ߴ߈ሽ࿷ߢ޽ࠅ‫⚵ޔ‬ว߇ࠬ࠻ࠍਥዉߔࠆߎߣߪ‫⺞ߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᢛ⢻ജࠍุቯߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߆ߨߥ޿ 㚅Ꮉ, 2008; ਤ㊁,2010 ‫⥄ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬Ꮖ⍦⋫߇⚵วߩࠬ࠻ߦኻߔࠆᶖᭂᕈࠍ㉯ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ 㚅Ꮉ,2006 ‫ޕ‬ᯏ⢻ਇోߩ╙ 3 ߩⷐ࿃ߪ‫⚵ޔ‬วߦኻߔࠆഭ௛⠪ߩਇାᗵߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޕ‬ડᬺߢߪ‫⚵ޔ‬วᓎຬߩㆬ಴ߦ⚻༡⠪߿਄⚖ഭ⚵߇ᓇ㗀ജࠍⴕ૶ߔࠆߎߣ߇⃟ߒߊߥߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬Ꮻ⚿ߣߒߡ▤ℂ⡯‫ੱߦ․ޔ‬੐ᜂᒰߩᐙㇱ߇ഭ⚵ᆔຬ㐳ߦዞછߔࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ߇ᄙ޿ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ
Clarke, Lee, & Do, 2007; Do, 2008 ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ਛ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪߇⚵วࠍ⥄ࠄߩ㨬ᮭ⋉ઍ⴫㨭ߣ⷗ߥߐߥ޿ߣ޿ߞߚᔃℂ⊛⁁ᴫ߇↢ߓࠆ Edwards & Phan, 2008 ‫ ╙ޕ‬4 ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬਄߆ࠄߩഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭 ฎᴛ, 2006 ߦࠃࠆᑷኂߢ޽ࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦ⸒߃߫‫ޔ‬਄⚖ഭ⚵ߪ‫ࡦ࠮࡞࠽࡚ࠪ࠽ޔ‬࠲࡯ߢ޽ࠆࡌ࠻࠽ࡓഭ௛✚ห⋖ VGCL ߆ࠄᜰ␜ߐࠇߚ㨬ഭ௛⚵วᢙ㨭㨬ഭ௛ද⚂ᢙ㨭ߩჇട╬ߩᢙ୯⋡ᮡߦߩߺ㑐ᔃࠍ␜ߒ‫ޔ‬ડᬺౝ⚵ว࡝࡯࠳࡯ߩ㨬⢻ജ㐿⊒㨭߿㨬ഭ௛ද⚂㨭ߩਛりߣ
޿ߞߚ⾰⊛஥㕙߳ߩᵈജ߇⇹߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ Clarke, Lee, & Do ,2007; Clarke & Pringle,
2009 ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ഭ௛ද⚂ߩ✦⚿ᚻ⛯߈ߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㑐ଥᒰዪ߿ VGCL ߇Ḱ஻ߒߚᦠᑼߦᔅⷐ
੐㗄ࠍ⸥౉ߔࠆߛߌߩᒻᑼ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ‫ߩߘޔ‬ౝኈ߽ഭ௛ᴺߩⷙቯߦ⧯ᐓߩ౰ᇕ⫋⑂᧦㗄ࠍㅊടߒߚ⒟ᐲߢ‫ߩ᧪ᧄޔ‬ද⚂ߩ⿰ᣦ ഭ௛᧦ઙߩᐩ਄ߍ16 ߦߪ೔ᐩ෸߫ߥ޿߽ߩߦ⇐߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߣߩᜰ៰߽޽ࠆ Clarke, Lee, & Do, 2007; Do, 2008 ‫ ╙ޕ‬5 ߩⷐ࿃ߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㑐ଥᒰዪߩᆫ൓߇ഭ௛⠪ነࠅߢ޽ࠆਛ‫ޔ‬㨬㛍޿ߛ⠪ൎߜ㨭ߩ೨଀߇⏕┙ߒߡߒ߹ߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫࠻ࠬޕ‬⊒↢ߦ㓙ߔࠆᒰዪߩࡊ࡜ࠗࠝ࡝࠹ࠖߪ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬᜛ᢔ㒐ᱛߣ␠ળ⒎ᐨߩ⛽ᜬߦ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ડᬺ஥ߦኻߒߡ㆑ᴺࠬ࠻ෳട⠪ߩⷐ᳞ฃ⻌ߣࠬ࠻ᦼ㑆ਛߩ⾓㊄ᡰ⛎ࠍⷐ⺧ߔࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ߇ߒ߫
ߒ߫⷗ࠄࠇࠆ Clarke, Lee, & Do, 2007; Pringle & Clarke, 2011 ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬㆑ᴺࠬ࠻ߦหᖱ⊛ߥᄢⴐߣࡑࠬࠦࡒ߇ߘ߁ߒߚᒰዪߩᆫ൓ࠍᓟ᛼ߒߔࠆ Lee, 2006; Do, 2008 ‫ߒ߁ߎޕ‬ߚ⁁ᴫਅ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߚߜߪ‫৻ޔ‬ㅪߩ㆑ᴺࠬ࠻ࠍㅢߒߡ‫ⷐޔ‬᳞⽾ᔀߦߪጊ₀ࠬ࠻߇ᦨ߽ല₸⊛߆ߟലᨐ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⚻㛎⊛ߦቇ⠌ߒߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ Pringle & Clarke, 2011 ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬16㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ᄾ⚂ߩౝኈ߇㨬ഭ௛ද⚂㨭ߦቯ߼ࠄࠇߚၮḰએਅߢ޽ࠆ႐ว‫ޔ‬ᄾ⚂ߩᒰ⹥ㇱಽߪୃᱜ߹ߚߪ⵬ቢߐࠇߨ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ὐߦᵈᗧࠍଦߔߣߣ߽ߦ ╙ 29 ᧦ ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛᧦ઙߩᐩ਄ߍߣ޿߁⿰ᣦߦ㐓ߺ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ߇ߘߩ✦⚿ࠍᅑബߔࠆᣦ߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ ╙ 44 ᧦ ‫ޕ‬

28
10௖߆ᢙᣣ㑆ߩ㑵੎ߢ‫⾓ޔ‬਄ߍ╬ഭ௛᧦ઙߩะ਄ࠍൎߜขࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫߽߆ߒޔ‬ᒰዪ߆ࠄߩ
߅๼߼߽ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬੐ታ‫ޔ‬Clarke 2006 ߇⺞ᩏߒߚ 71 ߩࠤ࡯ࠬߢߪ‫ߜ߁ޔ‬
68 ߢഭ௛⠪஥ߩਥߚࠆⷐ᳞߇ల⿷ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞 ഭ૶㑐ଥ቟ቯൻߦะߌߚᦨㄭߩᡷ㕟਄ߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߥ੐ᘒߦኻߒߡ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬᡽ᐭᒰዪ߿ᣣ♽ડᬺ߇ߚߛᚻࠍߎ߹ߨ޿ߡ
޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ߪߢߎߎޔߢߎߘޕ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥ቟ቯߦะߌߚᦨㄭߩᡷ㕟ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬Ԙഭ௛
ᴺ೙㕙‫ޔ‬ԙഭ௛ⴕ᡽㕙‫ߡߒߘޔ‬Ԛᣣ♽ડᬺߩഭ૶㑐ଥᣉ╷㕙߆ࠄ⸅ࠇߡ߅߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬߹ߕ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ᴺ೙㕙ߢߪ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭߇ౣᡷᱜߐࠇ‫ޔ‬2013 ᐕ 5 ᦬ࠃࠅᣉⴕߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ਥߚࠆᄌᦝὐߣߒߡߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ߦࠬ࠻ࠍ㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭ߦ㒢ቯߒߚߎߣ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ ╙ 209 ᧦ 17‫ ╙ޕ‬2ߪ‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߒߚ㨬ࠬ࠻㐿ᆎᚻ⛯߈ߩᾘ㔀ߐ㨭ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್ࠍฃߌߡ‫ⷐޔ‬ઙߩ✭๺㨯◲⚛ൻ߇ߥߐࠇߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬᢙߦ㑐ଥߥߊ‫⚵ޔ‬วၫⴕᆔຬߣ⵾ㅧ࠴࡯ࡓߩ࡝࡯࠳
࡯ߩㆊඨᢙߩ⾥ᚑߢࠬ࠻ߩ᳿ቯ߇น⢻ߣߥߞߚ ╙ 213 ᧦ 18‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ߪ‫⚵ޔ‬วߩᯏ⢻ᒝൻߦ㑐ࠊࠆ߽ߩߢ‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵ᧂ⸳⟎ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆࠬ࠻ߩ⚵❱㨯ᜰዉࠍ੹ᓟߪ਄⚖ഭ⚵߇ⴕ߁ᣦ߇᣿ᢥൻߐࠇߚ ╙ 192 ᧦㨯╙ 210 ᧦ ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ ╙ޔ‬4 ߣߒߡ‫⚻ޔ‬༡஥ߦ㨬ࡠ࠶ࠢࠕ࠙࠻ᮭ㨭ࠍઃਈߒߡ቟
ᤃߥࠬ࠻ߩᛥᱛࠍડ࿑ߒߡ޿ࠆὐ߽ᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠃ߁ ╙ 214 ᧦ ‫ ╙ޔߡߒߘޕ‬5 ߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ૶㑆 ડᬺߣഭ௛⚵ว߹ߚߪᓥᬺຬ ߩᖱႎ౒᦭ߣ⋧੕ℂ⸃ߩଦㅴࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ㨬⡯႐ኻ⹤㨭߇⟵ോઃߌࠄࠇߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻ⹤ߪ 3 ࡩ᦬ߦ 1 ࿁߹ߚߪ৻ᣇߩᒰ੐⠪ߩⷐ᳞ߦၮߠ޿ߡታᣉߐ
ࠇ‫ޔ‬ᒰ⹥ડᬺߩഭ௛᧦ઙ߿ഭ૶෺ᣇߩⷐ᳞੐㗄╬ߦ㑐ߒߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇࿑ࠄࠇࠆ
ߎߣߦߥߞߚ ╙ 63 ᧦㨪╙ 65 ᧦ ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ⴕ᡽㕙ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ࿾ߦ㨬ࠬ࠻⸃᳿࠲ࠬࠢࡈࠜ࡯ࠬ㨭߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ‫࠻ࠬޔߪࠇߎޕ‬⊒↢ડᬺ߇࿾ၞߩ࠲ࠬࠢࡈࠜ࡯ࠬ੐ോዪߦㅪ⛊ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㑐ଥᒰዪ㨯਄⚖ഭ⚵╬߆ࠄߥࠆ⸃᳿࠴࡯ࡓ߇⋥ߜߦ㚟ߌߟߌࠆߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪࠬ࡯ࠜࡈࠢࠬ࠲ޕ‬ഭ௛⠪ߩⷐ᳞ࠍ⡬ข㨯࡝ࠬ࠻ൻߒ‫⚻ޔ‬༡⠪ߣ੤ᷤߔࠆ Clarke, 2006; Do, 2007 ‫ߩࡓ࠹ࠬࠪᧄޕ‬ዉ౉ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪࠬ࠻⸃᳿ߦⷐߔࠆᤨ㑆߇⍴❗ൻߐࠇࠆߣ޿ߞߚലᨐ߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ ዊୖ, 2012a ‫ޕ‬ട߃ߡ‫ޔ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺౝߦ߅ߌࠆ㨬ഭ૶㑐ଥᡷ㕟㨭ߦะߌߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߽ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߢ޽

17㨬ᮭ೑੎⼏㨭ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬⺞஗ψ⋵⚖ੱ᳃ᆔຬ㐳ψⵙ್ᚲ㨭ߣ޿߁⸃᳿ࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߦᆔߨࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬18 ഭ⚵ᧂ⸳⟎ડᬺߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬਄⚖ഭ⚵ߩᜰዉߩ߽ߣ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧ࠴࡯ࡓߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯߹ߚߪᓥᬺຬߩᗧ⷗ࠍ⡬ขߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ㆊඨᢙߩ⾥ᚑߢࠬ࠻ߩ᳿ቯࠍਅߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ ╙ 212 ᧦㨯╙ 213 ᧦ ‫ޕ‬29
11ࠆ‫⚵ߪဳౖߩߘޕ‬วၫⴕㇱੱ੐ߦ㑐ࠊࠆᡷ㕟ߢ‫ޔ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߪડᬺ஥߇ᜰฬ߹ߚߪផ⮈ߒߚ
▤ℂ⡯ਛᔃߩၫⴕㇱᒻᚑߩᑷኂࠍ⹺⼂ߒ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪߇ㆬ಴ߒߚ⃻႐࡝࡯࠳࡯ߦࠃࠆഭ௛⚵ว߳ߩౣ✬ࠍ࿑ߞߡ޿ࠆߣߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ ᶏᄖ⡯ᬺ⸠✵දળ2010 ‫ޕ‬㧡㧚ᣣ♽ㅴ಴ડᬺߦኻߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐႎ๔ ╙ 5 ▵ߢߪ‫╩ޔ߃߹〯ࠍ⺰⼏ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬⠪߇࿷ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓᣣ♽ㅴ಴ડᬺߩ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߦ㑐ߔࠆᦨᣂߩ⁁ᴫߣ⺖㗴ࠍតࠆߴߊ‫ޔ‬2013 ᐕ 6 ᦬ߦታᣉߒߚࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐࠍႎ๔ߔࠆ ߹ߚ‫⺞࠻࡯ࠤࡦࠕޔ‬ᩏߩḰ஻ߣࡈࠜࡠ࡯ߩߚ߼ߦⴕߞߚᣣ♽ડᬺ߳ߩ⃻࿾ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏ19ߩᚑᨐ߽ㆡቱ❱ࠅ੤ߗߥ߇ࠄ⼏⺰ࠍㅴ߼ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⺞ᩏ ⺞ᩏฬ㧦ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ㨬ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ ߪ‫ࡦࡒ࠴࡯ࡎޔ‬Ꮢㄭ㇠ߩࡆࡦ࠭ࠝࡦ⋭㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㨯ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡯࡞Ꮏᬺ࿅࿾㨭 VSIP ߦ౉ዬߒߡ޿ࠆᣣ♽ડᬺ97 ␠ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޕ‬ධㇱࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬࿷⿧ᣣ♽ડᬺߩ⚂ඨᢙ߇ᚲ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦട߃‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍਛ⋚ߩ╙ 1 ᰴࡉ࡯ࡓߩ㗃ࠃࠅᄙߊߩડᬺ߇᜚ὐࠍ
᭴߃ࠆߥߤㅴ಴ߩᱧผ߇ർㇱߦᲧߴߡ㐳ߊ‫ޔ‬ડᬺⷙᮨ߽ਛዊડᬺࠍ฽߼ߡᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ
߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄડᬺߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ੐ᬺዷ㐿ࠍᎼࠆታ⋧ࠍୄ⍑ߔࠆߦ㓙ߒߡㆡಾߣ⠨߃ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ 㑐㨯ᳰㇱ2006 ‫ߩߘޔߚ߹ޕ‬ਛߢ VSIP ࠍㆬࠎߛߩߪ‫ޔ‬ఝࠇߚࠗࡦࡈ࡜ߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦቯ
⹏ߩ޽ࠆࡌ࠻࠽ࡓࠍઍ⴫ߔࠆᎿᬺ࿅࿾ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ධㇱߦ߅ߌࠆᣣ♽ડᬺߩ㓸Ⓧ࿾ߩ 1ߟߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ℂ↱ߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ ౉ዬડᬺ✚ᢙߪ 310 ␠‫ߜ߁ޔ‬ᣣ♽߇ 97 ␠ߢ࿖೎㨯࿾ၞ೎ߩᦨᄙ ‫ޕ‬ਥߥ⺞ᩏ㗄⋡ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵ว㨭㨬ഭ૶㑆ߩද⼏㨯ᖱႎ੤឵㨭㨬ഭ௛ද⚂㨭㨬␠ౝ౒↥ౄᆔຬળ㨭㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⁁ᴫ╬ߢ‫ޔ‬ฦડᬺߩઍ⴫⠪ ᣣᧄੱ㚢࿷ຬ ተߦࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻␿
ࠍㅍઃߒߚ ㅍઃ㨯࿁෼ߪ e ࡔ࡯࡞ߦࠃࠆ ‫᦭ޕ‬ല࿁╵ᢙߪ 40 ␠‫ޔ‬࿁෼₸ߪ 41.2%ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬࿁╵ડᬺߩᬺ⒳ߪోߡ⵾ㅧᬺ‫ޔ‬ᐔဋᠲᬺᐕᢙߪ 8.1 ᐕ‫ޔ‬಴⾗ᒻᘒߪᣣᧄ஥ቢోᚲ᦭߇ 95.0%ࠍභ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬㧝 ഭ௛⚵วߩ㨬⸳⟎₸㨭ߣഭ௛⠪ߩ㨬ട౉⁁ᴫ㨭߹ߕ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߪో␠ߢ㨬⸳⟎ᷣߺ㨭ߢ‫ޔ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߢ␜ߐࠇߚᄖ⾗ߩᐔဋ⸳⟎₸ ೨ឝ35%⒟ᐲ ࠍᄢ߈ߊ਄࿁ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߦߟ޿ߡ࿁╵ડᬺߦኻߒߡࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚߣߎࠈ‫ޔ‬
19⃻࿾ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏߪ‫ޔ‬2010 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2011 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2012 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2013 ᐕ 11 ᦬ߦታᣉߒߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߩ⢛ᓟߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ⻉ⷐ࿃ߦߟ޿ߡ⠨ኤߔߴߊ‫ޔ‬2013 ᐕ 6 ᦬㨪7 ᦬ߦ࿁╵ડᬺߦኻߔࠆ
ࡔ࡯࡞㨯㔚⹤ߢߩࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏ߽㓐ᤨⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬30
12࿾ၞߩ਄⚖ഭ⚵ߦࠃࠆᜰዉ߇޽ߞߚߣߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬೨ㅀߩߣ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᴺ⊛ߦߪ㨬࡙࠾ࠝࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࡊ㨭ߢߪߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬࿁╵ડᬺߢߪ⚻༡ᐙㇱ㨯▤ℂ⡯߽฽߼ߚࡌ࠻࠽ࡓੱᓥᬺຬߩ㨬⚵วട౉₸㨭߇ᐔဋ 98.3%ߦ㆐ߒ‫ޔ‬㨬100%ട౉㨭ߩડᬺ߽ 7 ഀᒝߦ෸ࠎߛ‫ޕ‬㧞 ഭ௛⚵วߩ㨬ᆔຬ㐳㨭෸߮㨬ၫⴕᆔຬ㨭ࠍᎼࠆ⁁ᴫ⚵วᆔຬ㐳ߪ 95.0%߇㕖ኾᓥߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬㕖ኾᓥᆔຬ㐳ߩ⡯೙ߢߩ㨬⡯૏㨯ᚲዻ㨭ࠍ዆ߨߡߺߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬⡯૏ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㨬⺖㐳ઍℂએਅ㨭߇ 66.7%ࠍභ߼ߚ ⴫ 2 ‫ޕ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄዉ಴ߐࠇࠆ੍ᗐߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬㕖▤ℂ⡯ߩᆔຬ㐳߇ᄙ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᚲዻㇱ⟑ߪ⵾ㅧ♽߇ᄢඨߢ‫ੱޔ‬੐ᜂᒰߪ 1 ␠ߛߌߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬⴫ 2 㕖ኾᓥᆔຬ㐳ߩ㨬⡯૏㨯ᚲዻ㨭⡯૏ㇱ㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬ
೽ㇱ㐳࡮ㇱ㐳ઍℂࠢ࡜ࠬ⺖㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬ
⺖㐳ઍℂ㨯ଥ㐳㨯ਥછ㨯ࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࡃࠗࠩ࡯ࠢ࡜ࠬ
ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ㨯ኾ㐷⡯

%
2.8%
5.6%
25.0%
33.3%

ᚲዻㇱ⟑೎ౝ⸶̪   ౝߪੱᢙ⵾ㅧ 㧕⵾ㅧ  ⵾ㅧ  ⵾ㅧ  ‫ޔ‬ᬌᩏ㨯ຠ⾰଻⸽  ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ  㨮⸳஻㧔㧕


30.6%

ࡢ࡯ࠞ࡯
ว⸘

2.8%
100.0%

ᬌᩏ㨯ຠ⾰଻⸽  㨮ୖᐶ  㨮⵾ㅧ  ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ  㨮⎇ⓥ㐿⊒  㨮ડ↹  㨮✚ോ  㨮ੱ੐  
৻⥸ࡢ࡯ࠞ࡯  ၫⴕᆔຬߩ㨬ㆬ಴ᣇᴺ㨭ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬␠ౝߩ⚵วຬ㨭ߦࠃࠆㆬ᜼߇ 85.0%ߦ㆐ߒ‫ޔ‬㨬⚻༡⠪㨭ߦࠃࠆᜰฬ‫ޔ‬㨬਄⚖ഭ⚵㨭ߩផ⮈ߪฦ‫ޘ‬1 ␠ߩߺ‫ޔ‬㨬␠ౝ౒↥ౄᆔຬળ㨭㨬ഭ௛㑐ଥᒰዪ㨭ߩផ⮈ߪ⊝ήߢ޽ߞߚ ᱷࠅߩ࿁╵ߪ‫ޟ‬ಽ߆ࠄߥ޿‫ⶄޕޠ‬ᢙ࿁╵น ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ⚻༡⠪ࠨࠗ࠼߿␠ᄖᯏ㑐ߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ജߪᱴߤⷰኤߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫⚵ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬วᆔຬ㐳ߩ⡯૏㨯ᚲዻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⁁ᴫ߿ၫⴕᆔຬㆬ಴ㆊ⒟ߩ㨬᳃ਥൻ㨭ߩㅴዷߪ‫ޔ‬೨▵ߢ⸒෸ߒߚ
ᣣ♽ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ㨬ഭ૶㑐ଥᡷ㕟㨭ࠍⵣઃߌࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬㧟 ഭ௛⚵วߣળ␠஥ߩ㨬ද⼏㨯ᖱႎ੤឵㨭ߣ㨬ഭ௛ද⚂㨭ߩ✦⚿⁁ᴫᣢㅀߩߣ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬2013 ᐕߩ㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ᡷᱜߢߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ૶㑆ߩ㨬⡯႐ኻ⹤㨭߇⟵ോઃߌࠄࠇߚ‫߹ޕ‬ߚ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬᡽ᐭߪഭ௛᧦ઙߩᐩ਄ߍࠍડ࿑ߒߚ㨬ഭ௛ද⚂㨭ߩ✦⚿ࠍᅑബߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߁ߎޕ‬ߒߚਛ‫੹ޔ‬࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߣળ␠஥ߩ㨬ቯᦼ⊛ߥද⼏㨯ᖱႎ੤឵ߩ႐߇޽ࠆ㨭ߣ޿߁࿁╵߇ 47.5%‫ޔ‬㨬ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡ⹤ߒว߁㨭߇ 45.0%ߢ‫ޔ‬㨬ᱴߤ⹤ߒวࠊߥ޿㨭ߪ 7.5%ߦ⇐߹ߞ3113ߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ද⚂ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㨬✦⚿ᷣߺ㨭߇⚂ 7 ഀࠍභ߼‫ޔ‬㨬✦⚿੍ቯ㨭ࠍวࠊߖࠆߣ 8 ഀᒙߦ㆐ߒߚ ⴫ 3 ‫⁁⚿✦ޔ߅ߥޕ‬ᴫߣ㕖ኾᓥ⚵วᆔຬ㐳ߩᓎ⡯ ⡯૏ ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ⷗ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㨬⺖㐳ઍℂએਅ㨭ߩ✦⚿₸߇㨬⺖㐳એ਄㨭ߩߘࠇࠍ 30 ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ᒙ਄࿁ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߩಽᨆߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫♖ޔ‬ᩏࠍⷐߔࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁߇‫ޔ‬1 ߟߩផ⺰ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᆔຬ㐳߇▤ℂ⡯ߢߥ޿⚵วߩᣇ߇ഭ૶㑐ଥߩ㨬৻ᣇߩᒰ੐⠪㨭ߣߒߡߩᗧ⼂߇ᒝߊ‫⚿ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ᨐ߇ዉ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ
ߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬⴫ 3 㨬ഭ௛ද⚂㨭ߩ✦⚿⁁ᴫ
㗄⋡

ో૕
69.2%
10.3%
20.5%
100.0%

Ԙ✦⚿ᷣߺ
ԙㄭߊ✦⚿੍ቯ
Ԛ✦⚿੍ቯߥߒ
ว⸘

ᆔຬ㐳
ᆔຬ㐳
ᆔຬ㐳
‫ޟ‬ኾᓥ‫⺖ޟ ޠ‬㐳એ਄‫⺖ޟ ޠ‬㐳ઍℂએਅ‫ޠ‬
50.0%
50.0%
79.2%
0.0%
16.7%
8.3%
50.0%
33.3%
12.5%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%㧠 ഭ௛⚵วߩਥߥᵴേ
ߎߎߢߪ‫ߩ␠⥄ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵ว߇㊀ὐࠍ⟎޿ߡ޿ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㗅ߦ 3 㗄⋡ࠍ᜼ߍߡ߽ࠄ޿‫ޔ‬1૏ߩ㗄⋡ߦ 3 ὐ‫ޔ‬2 ૏=2 ὐ‫ޔ‬3 ૏=1 ὐߩ࠙ࠛࠗ࠻ࠍઃߌߡࡐࠗࡦ࠻ൻߒߚ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐߪ‫ ⴫ޔ‬4ߩߣ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬㨬࡟ࠢ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㨯ᘮᒀᵴേ㨭ߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠪࠚࠕ߇ᦨᄢ 46.0% ߢߪ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵ߩ㨬ᮭ⋉଻⼔ᯏ⢻㨭㑐ㅪߩࠬࠦࠕ ԙ㨪Ԝߩว⸘ ߽ߘࠇߦᜟ᛫ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߣ
ߥߞߚ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬㨬ࡐࠬ࠻␠ળਥ⟵㨭ߩഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩਛߢ‫␠ޔ‬ળਥ⟵ᤨઍߩഭ௛⚵ว೙ᐲࠍ⛽ᜬߒߟߟ߽‫⚵ޔ‬วᵴേߣ޿߁ὐߢߪᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻߦහߒߚኻᔕ߇ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ
ࠍᜰߒ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬⴫ 4 ഭ௛⚵วߩ㨬ਥߥᵴേ㨭Ԙ ో૕㓸⸘ 㗄⋡1૏Ԙ࡟ࠢ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㨯ᘮᒀᵴേ
69
ԙ⾓㊄㨯⾨ਈ㨯ᚻᒰ㨯૞ᬺⅣႺߥߤഭ௛᧦ઙߩ
30ᡷༀⷐ᳞Ԛ㘩੐㨯⑔೑ෘ↢ߩᡷༀⷐ᳞
6ԛᓥᬺຬ߆ࠄߩ⋧⺣߳ߩኻᔕ㨯⡯႐ߩ໧㗴ὐ 9ᛠីԜഭ௛ᴺߩㆩ቞⁁ᴫߩ⋙〈0ԝഭ௛ᴺ߿౒↥ౄᣇ㊎ߩᢎ⢒
0Ԟ↢↥ᕈะ਄߳ߩදജ
0ԟᓥᬺຬ߳ߩ⚻༡⁁ᴫ⺑᣿
0Ԡࡏ࡜ࡦ࠹ࠖࠕ㨯൐㊄ᵴേ0ԡ਄⚖ഭ⚵ߩળว߳ߩෳട
0
ว⸘
114



32
14

2૏
18
22

3 ૏ 㩘㩩㨼㩧㩎ว⸘ 㩘㩩㨼㩧㩎㩆㨴㨻
5
92
46.0㧑
5
57
28.5㧑

12
2

0
2

18
13

9.0㧑
6.5㧑

2
0
2
2
2
2
64

3
4
1
1
1
0
22

5
4
3
3
3
2
200

2.5㧑
2.0㧑
1.5㧑
1.5㧑
1.5㧑
1.0㧑
100.0%

߹ߚ‫⚵ޔ‬วᵴേߣవߦ⷗ߚ㨬⚻༡஥ߣߩቯᦼද⼏㨯ᖱႎ੤឵ߩ᦭ή㨭ߩ㑐ଥࠍಽᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬ቯᦼ⊛ߥ⹤ߒว޿ߩ႐ࠍ᦭ߔࠆഭ௛⚵วߩᣇ߇⋧ኻ⊛ߦ㨬ᮭ⋉଻⼔ᯏ⢻㨭㊀ⷞߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇
ಽ߆ߞߚ ⴫ 5 ‫↪૶ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬⠪ߣߩᕡᏱ⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࿑ߞߡ޿ࠆഭ⚵ߪ㨬ഭ௛⠪ߩᮭ⋉ઍ⴫㨭ߣߒߡߩᗧ⼂߽㜞޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
⴫ 5 ഭ௛⚵วߩ㨬ਥߥᵴേ㨭ԙ ഭ૶㑆ߩቯᦼද⼏㨯ᖱႎ੤឵ߩ᦭ή೎ ࡟ࠢ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦਛᔃ

ᮭ⋉଻⼔ᯏ⢻ਛᔃԘഭ૶㑆ߩቯᦼද⼏޽ࠅ

44.4%

55.6%

ԙቯᦼද⼏ߥߒ ᱴߤߥߒ ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡ 

75.0%

25.0%

ᵈ㧦⴫ 4 ߩ 1 ૏㗄⋡ߦၮߠ߈ᵴേࠍಽ㘃 ࡟ࠢ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦਛᔃԘ‫ޔ‬ᮭ⋉଻⼔ᯏ⢻ਛᔃԙ㨪Ԝߣߒߡࠣ࡞࡯ࡊൻ ‫ޕ‬ǿ2 ਸ਼ᬌቯߢߪ 10%᳓Ḱߢ᦭ᗧ‫ޕ‬㧡 㨬␠ౝ౒↥ౄᆔຬળ㨭ࠍᎼࠆ⁁ᴫ␠ౝ౒↥ౄᆔຬળࠍ㨬⸳⟎ᷣߺ㨭ߩડᬺߪ 1 ␠ߩߺ‫⚵ޔ‬วᆔຬ㐳߇㨬౒↥ౄຬ㨭ߣߩ࿁╵߽ 2␠ߦ⇐߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߩਥᒛߣߪ᭽⋧߇⇣ߥࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬න⚐ߥᲧセߪߢ߈ߥ޿߆
߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ห᭽ߩ㨬ࡐࠬ࠻␠ળਥ⟵㨭ߩഭ૶㑐ଥਅߦ޽ࠆਛ࿖ߩᣣ♽ડᬺߦኻߔࠆ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ 51.0%ߩડᬺߢౄᆔຬળ⸳⟎ᷣߺ㧦ฎᴛ2006 ߣߪᏅ⇣߇⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩὐߦ㑐ߒߡ‫⃻ޔ‬࿾⺞ᩏ 2013 ᐕ 11 ᦬ ߢᣣ♽ડᬺᐙㇱߦࡈࠜࡠ࡯ߒߚߣߎࠈ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞߩౄ⚵❱߆ࠄߩធ⸅ߪᱴߤߥ޿ߣߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޔߪࠇߘޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᄖ⾗⺃⥌ࠍ࿑ࠅߚ޿ࡌ࠻
࠽ࡓ᡽ᐭ߇౒↥ౄ⚵❱ߦኻߒߡ⼊ᚓᔃࠍᛴߊᄙߊߩᣣ♽ડᬺߩᔃᖱߦ㈩ᘦߒߚ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆߣߩ⸒⾰߽ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩὐࠍ✚วߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ශ⽎⺰ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߣᲧߴࠆߣ‫␠ޔ‬ౝߩഭ૶㑐ଥߦኻߔࠆ
౒↥ౄߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ജߪᔅߕߒ߽ᄢ߈ߊߥ޿᭽ሶ߇┍߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧢 㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭ߩ⊒↢⁁ᴫߎࠇ߹ߢߦࠬ࠻ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚડᬺߪ 27.5%ߦ෸ࠎߢ޿ࠆ ᬺ⒳೎ౝ⸶㧦㔚ᯏ4 ␠㨮㊄ዻ3 ␠㨮ൻቇ2 ␠㨮♖ኒᯏེ1 ␠㨮ߘߩઁ⵾ㅧ1 ␠ ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޕ‬ᕈ⾰ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ోޔ‬ઙ߇㨬ጊ₀ࠬ࠻㨭ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޕ‬ේ࿃ߪ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޔ‬㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭ߢ㨬⾓㊄㨯⾨ਈ㨯ᚻᒰߩᡷༀⷐ᳞㨭߇ 81.8%ߣ࿶
ୟ⊛ߦᄙߊ‫ޔ‬㨬㘩੐ߩᡷༀⷐ᳞㨭 18.2% ‫ޔ‬㨬࠹࠻ભᥜߩჇടⷐ᳞㨭㨬↢↥ᕈะ਄ᣉ╷߳ߩ෻⊒㨭
ߣ߽ߦ 9.1% ߇⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆ ⶄᢙ࿁╵น ‫ޔߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬‫ޟ‬㘩੐‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߒߡߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿾⺞ᩏ 201133
15

ᐕ 10 ᦬㨯2012 ᐕ 10 ᦬㨯2013 ᐕ 11 ᦬ ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓੱഭ௛⠪ߦߣߞߡߪൕോ
వߢᡰ⛎ߐࠇࠆᤤ㘩߇ 1 ᣣߢᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥ㘩੐ߢ޽ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߪᤤ㘩ߩ⾰ߣ㊂ߦ᳇ࠍ㈩ࠄߨ
߫ߥࠄߥ޿ᣦ߇ⶄᢙߩᣣᧄੱ㚢࿷ຬ߆ࠄ⺆ࠄࠇߚ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔߚ߹ޕ‬㚂⻎⠪ߪ㨬ᒰ␠ߩᓥᬺຬߩ
ߺ㨭߇ᄢඨ 81.8% ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬㨬ᄖㇱߩㆇേኅ㨭߽ 2 ␠޽ߞߚ‫⸃ߩ࠻ࠬޔߡߒߘޕ‬᳿ᣇᴺߦ
ߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ળ␠஥ߣ㚂⻎⠪ߩ⹤ߒว޿㨭߇ᦨᄙ 54.5% ߢ‫ޔ‬㨬ᒰ␠ߩ⚵วߩખ੺㨭 36.4% ߇╙ 2 ૏‫ޔ‬એਅ㨬࿾ၞߩഭ௛㑐ଥᒰዪߩખ੺㨭 27.3% ‫ޔ‬㨬࿾ၞߩ਄⚖ഭ⚵ߩખ੺㨭 18.2% ߩ㗅ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ ⶄᢙ࿁╵น ‫ޕ‬㧢㧚✚᜝㧦ᣣ♽ડᬺߩ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ‫ࠆߌ߅ߦࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬㨬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ㨭ᓟߩഭ૶㑐ଥߩᄌኈߦߟ޿ߡ⠨ኤߔࠆߣߣ߽
ߦ‫⃻ޔ‬ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ㨬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ㨭㕙ߢߩ⇐ᗧὐ㨯࡝ࠬࠢߦ㑐ߒߡ⼏⺰ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠ㨭߇ᕆჇߒ‫ߩߘ߽߆ߒޔ‬ᱴߤ߇㨬ഭ௛ᴺ㨭ߩⷙቯ߆ࠄㅺ
⣕ߒߚ㨬㆑ᴺࠬ࠻㨭ߢ޽ࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ᯏ⢻ਇోߦ㒱ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߁ߎޕ‬ߚ㆑ᴺⴕὑߩᏱᘒൻߪ‫ޔ‬ᴺߩᮭᆭࠍᄬ჈ߐߖ‫⚻ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ᷣ␠ળߩ቟ቯࠍ៊ߥ߁ᕟࠇ߇
޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ ᢧ⮮ 2013a ‫ᦨޔߡߒߘޕ‬ㄭߩ㨬೑⋉੎⼏㨭ߩჇടߪ‫ޔ‬ㆩᴺ♖␹߇㜞޿ߣߐࠇࠆᣣ♽ડᬺߦߣߞߡ߽ࠬ࠻߇ή✼ߢߪߥ޿ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬੐ታ‫੹ޔ‬࿁ߩࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ߢ␠ోޔ‬ഭ௛⚵ว߇⸳⟎ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ද⚂ߩ✦⚿ડᬺ߽⚂ 7 ഀߦ㆐ߒߡ޿ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫⚻࠻ࠬޔ‬㛎ડᬺ߇ 4 ␠ߦ 1 ␠એ਄ߦ਄ࠅ‫߇ߡోߩߘ߽߆ߒޔ‬㨬ጊ₀ࠬ࠻㨭ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߩਛߦߪਇ቟ቯߥഭ૶㑐ଥ߳ߩ ᔨ߆ࠄࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ੐ᬺࠍ❗
ዊߒ‫ޔ‬ㄭ㓞ߩࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕ㨯ࡒࡖࡦࡑ࡯㨯࡜ࠝࠬ╬߳↢↥ࠍ⒖▤ߔࠆേ߈߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ20‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬ᧄ⺰ᢥߩ✚᜝ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬એਅߩߣ߅ࠅᣣ♽ડᬺߩ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ࠍឭ␜ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬╙ 1 ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥ▤ℂߦ߅ߌࠆᶖἫ߆ࠄ㒐ἴ߳ߩࡑࠗࡦ࠼࠮࠶࠻ߩォ឵‫ ࠆ޽ߢޠ‬Clarke,
Lee, & Do, 2007; Do, 2007 ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪ‫߇ࠠࠗ࡜࠻ࠬޔ‬Ⴧടߔࠆਛ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㑐ଥᒰዪ߿਄⚖ഭ⚵╬ߦࠃࠆ㨬ࠬ࠻⸃᳿࠲ࠬࠢࡈࠜ࡯ࠬ㨭߇⸳⟎ߐࠇࠆߥߤ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬෼᧤ߣ޿߁㨬ᶖἫ㨭㕙ߢߪ৻ቯߩᚑᨐࠍ᜼ߍߟߟ޽ࠆ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㆑ᴺࠬ࠻ߩ᡼⟎ߣഭ௛⠪ነࠅߩ੎⼏ಣℂߪ㨬㛍޿ߛ⠪ൎߜ㨭ߩ㘑ầࠍቯ⌕ߐߖ‫ߩ࠻ࠬޔ‬Ⴧടߦᜉゞࠍ߆ߌߡ޿ࠆߩ߽੐ታߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅߣޕ‬ࠊߌ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄙߊ߇ャ಴ᜰะဳߢࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ߥࠨࡊ࡜ࠗ࠴ࠚ࡯ࡦߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆᣣ♽ડᬺߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ࠫࡖࠬ࠻ࠗࡦ࠲ࠗࡓଏ⛎㨭ߩ࿶ജߦࠃࠅࠬ࠻੤ᷤߦ߅޿ߡᅷදࠍᒝ޿ࠄࠇ
20╩⠪ߩᣣ♽ㅴ಴ડᬺߦኻߔࠆࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ 2012 ᐕ 10 ᦬㨯2013 ᐕ 11 ᦬ ‫ޕ‬34
16ࠆࠤ࡯߽ࠬᢔ⷗ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ ਅ↰ 2011 ‫ޔ‬㨬ณߌ߫᛬ࠇࠆ㨭ߣ޿߁ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇ᶐㅘߒߡ޿
ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ21‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ਛ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟᣣᧄડᬺ߇‫ߢࠬ࡯ࡌ࡞ࡃ࡯ࡠࠣߪߦࠄߐޔߢࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬቟ቯ⊛ߥ੐ᬺዷ㐿ࠍ࿑ࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥ㕙ߢ㨬㒐ἴ㨭ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ࠍ㜞߼‫ߩࠠࠗ࡜࠻ࠬޔ‬Ἣ⒳ࠍડᬺౝߢᧂὼߦ㒐ᱛߔࠆߚ߼ߩ઀⚵ߺࠍ᭴▽ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠃ߁‫ޕ‬╙ 2 ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬ഭ௛⚵วߩ⥄Ꮖᄌ㕟ߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ࠆߌ߅ߦࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᯏ⢻ਇోߩⷐ࿃ߩ 1 ߟߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วߦኻߔࠆ৻⥸ഭ௛⠪ߩ㨬ା㗬ᗵ㨭ߩᰳᅤ‫ޔ‬೎⸒ߔࠇ߫⚵วߩ㨬ઍ⴫ᯏ⢻㨭ߩ⣀ᒙᕈߦ޽ࠆ Do, 2008; Edwards & Phan, 2008 ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ㨬⚵วᓎຬㆬ಴ߦ㓙ߔࠆ૶↪⠪㨯਄⚖ഭ⚵ߩᓇ㗀ജⴕ૶㨭߿㨬⚻༡ᐙㇱ㨯
▤ℂ⠪ߩᆔຬ㐳ዞછ㨭ߣ޿ߞߚ⁁ᴫ߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߦኻߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻ߢߪ‫⚵ޔ‬วߩၫⴕᆔຬ߇᳃ਥ⊛ߦㆬ಴ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦട߃‫ޔ‬㕖ኾᓥᆔຬ㐳ߩ⡯೙ߢߩ࿾૏ߪ㕖▤ℂ⡯߇⚂ 2/3 ࠍභ߼‫ޔ‬ᚲዻㇱ⟑߽⃻႐ ⵾ㅧ♽ ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ
߇ಽ߆ߞߚ‫⚵ޔߚ߹ޕ‬วߩ㊀ὐᵴേߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬߩ㨬ᮭ⋉଻⼔㨭㑐ㅪߩࠬࠦࠕ߇㨬࡟ࠢ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㨯ᘮᒀᵴേ㨭ߣ߶߷ᜟ᛫ߔࠆߥߤ‫ߩߡߟ߆ޔ‬㨬㕟๮⊛⍮⼂ጀᜰዉਅ㨭ߩഭ௛⚵ว߆ࠄ⣕⊹ߒߟߟ޽ࠆ᭽ሶ߇┍߃ߚ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߩ⍮⷗ߣߩࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬4 ▵ߢ␜ߒߚᣣ♽ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᦨㄭߩഭ૶㑐ଥᡷ㕟ߩᚑᨐࠍ␜ໂߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᗧ๧ߢഭ௛⚵วߩ㨬ઍ⴫ᯏ⢻㨭ߩ⏕┙ߦะߌߚ㨬ᒻ㨭ߩㇱಽߪᢛ஻ߐࠇߟߟ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㨬ࡐࠬ࠻␠ળਥ⟵㨭ߣ޿߁ Kerr et al. 1960 ࠄ߇੍⷗ߒ߃ߥ߆ߞߚᣂߚߥഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩഭ௛⚵ว߇Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣਅߩഭ௛⠪࿅૕ߣߒߡߩ⚻㛎߿ࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙ߩ⫾Ⓧࠍᰳ޿ߡ޿
ࠆߎߣߪุቯߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ഭ௛ᴺߩⷙቯ ഭ⚵ߦࠃࠆࠬ࠻ߩ⚵❱㨯ᜰዉ ߦᓥࠊߥ޿㨬ጊ₀ࠬ࠻㨭ߩ⛯⊒߇ߘߩ⸽Ꮐߢ޽ࠅ‫੹ޔ‬ᣣߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߢߪഭ௛⚵วߣߩ⦟ᅢߥ㑐ଥ᭴▽߇ഭ૶㑐ଥߩ቟ቯࠍᗧ๧ߒߥ޿ߣߎࠈߦ໧㗴ߩᧄ⾰߇޽ࠆ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫਅ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟᣣ♽ડᬺߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄᧄ␠ࠨࠗ࠼ߩഭ૶ߩදജ߽ᓧߥ߇ࠄ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߩഭ૶߇ၭߞߡ߈ߚ㨬੐೨ද⼏ߩᔀᐩ㨭㨬↢↥ᕈะ਄ᚑᨐߩ౏ᱜߥ㈩ಽ㨭߿‫ޟ‬ഭ௛⚵วߦࠃࠆഭ௛⠪ߩਇḩߩๆ޿਄ߍ㨯⋧⺣ᵴേ‫ ޠ‬ട⼔㊁㨯㑐
⷏↢↥ᕈᧄㇱ1984 ߩࠃ߁ߥࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙㨯ᣉ╷ࠍ⒖ォߒ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ഭ௛⚵วࠍ‫ޟ‬⢒ߡࠆ‫ޠ‬ߣ޿ߞߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߽᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ࠈ߁߆‫ߩߎޔ߅ߥޕ‬ὐߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫࠻࡯ࠤࡦࠕޔ‬⺞ᩏ㨯ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐ߇‛⺆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬࿷ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓᣣ♽ડᬺߩഭ૶㑐ଥߦኻߔࠆ౒↥ౄߩᓇ㗀ജ߇ᔅߕߒ߽ᄢ߈ߊߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁⁁ᴫࠍ⠨߃วࠊߖࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ડᬺౝഭ૶߇ᡷ㕟ߦะߌߚࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉࠍ⊒ើߢ߈ࠆ૛࿾߇චಽߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆߎߣࠍઃ⸒ߒߡ߅߈
ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
21╩⠪ߩᣣ♽ㅴ಴ડᬺߦኻߔࠆࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ 2011 ᐕ 10 ᦬㨯2012 ᐕ 10 ᦬ ‫ޕ‬35
17ߘߒߡ‫ ╙ޔ‬3 ߪ㨬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߣ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߩㅪേ㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫⊕ޕ‬੗ 1992㨯1996 ߇⺰ߓߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߩ㑆ߦߪ୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥ߇㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߩਛߢᒻᚑߐࠇߚ࡞࡯࡞㨯ᘠⴕߩਛߢ༡߹ࠇⷙ೙ߐࠇࠆ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߪ୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߦ㑐ߔࠆ૶↪⠪ߩᕁᗐ㨯᡽╷㨯ᣇ㊎ߩᓇ㗀ജࠍฃߌࠆߣ޿ߞߚ⋧੕૞↪߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬੐ᬺዷ㐿ߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߣ㓸࿅⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥߪゞߩਔベߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠆ߹޿‫⺰ᧄޕ‬ᢥߩ౨㗡ߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬੐ᬺ᜚ὐߣߒߡߩ㝯ജߩ৻ߟߦ㨬ૐᑇߥഭ௛ജ㨭߇᜼ߍࠄࠇ
ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ૐ⾓㊄ߩ⢛ᓟߦߪ৻⥸ഭ௛⠪ߩ↢ᵴ⧰ߣ޿߁໧㗴߇ᮮߚࠊߞߡ޿ࠆ Do, 2007;࠻࡜
ࡦ, 2010 ‫ޕ‬੐ታ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㨯்∛౓㨯␠ળ⋭ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ᦨߩࠗࡁࡂޔ‬ૐ⾓㊄ߪᦨૐ↢ᵴ⾌ߩ 65%ߒ߆ࠞࡃ࡯ߒߡ޿ߥ޿ ዊୖ 2012b ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫࠍฃߌߡ‫↥౒ߪߢࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ౄਛᄩᆔຬળ߇㨬2015 ᐕ߹ߢߦᦨૐ↢ᵴ⾌ߣᦨૐ⾓㊄ࠍ৻⥌ߐߖࠆ㨭ߣ޿߁ᣇ㊎ࠍᛂߜ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆߎ
ߣ߆ࠄ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߩੱઙ⾌ࠕ࠶ࡊߪㆱߌࠄࠇߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ22‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬ᣣ♽ડᬺߦߪᄖㇱⅣ
Ⴚࠍ⊛⏕ߦ〯߹߃ߚ୘೎⊛ഭ૶㑐ଥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭴▽߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠃ߁‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޕ‬ධㇱߩᎿᬺ࿅࿾ߢߪ‫ ߩ࡯ࠞ࡯ࡢޔ‬80㨪90%߇಴Ⓙ߉ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄙߊߪ޿ࠊࠁࠆ㨬಴Ⓙ߉᧛㨭ߦડᬺᮮᢿ⊛ߦ㓸૑ߒ‫ޔ‬ฦડᬺߩੱ੐೙ᐲ߿⾓㊄೙ᐲߦ㑐ߔࠆ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡᣣ‫ޘ‬ᖱႎ੤឵ࠍ
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄੱ㚢࿷ຬࠃࠅ߽಴Ⓙ߉ߩᣇ߇ઁ␠ߩ⁁ᴫࠍᐢ▸ߦᛠីߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ߘ߁ߒߚᣣᧄੱ㚢࿷ຬߣߩᖱႎߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈ߇ጊ₀࠼ࡒࡁߩ৻࿃ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ
Lee, 2006; Do, 2008 ‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃ߆ޕ‬ᴫਅ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟᣣ♽ડᬺߦߪ㨬ഭ௛⚵ว㨭ߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯
࡚ࠪࡦࠍㅢߒߡ⃻࿾ੱഭ௛⠪ߩ࠾࡯࠭߿ਇḩࠍࠠࡖ࠶࠴ߒ‫⚵ࠍࠇߘޔ‬วߣߩද⼏ࠍ⚻ߡੱ੐㨯⾓㊄೙ᐲߦ⊛⏕߆ߟ࠲ࠗࡓ࡝࡯ߦ෻ᤋߐߖࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ߩߘޔ‬ℂᔨ߿ㆇ↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺑᣿⽿છࠍᨐߚߒ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬߩ⚊ᓧᕈࠍ㜞߼ߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᦨᓟߦ‫⎇ᧄޔ‬ⓥߩ㒢⇇ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ‫╩ޕ‬⠪߇ታᣉߒߚࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏߪ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ‬ධㇱߩ৻Ꮏᬺ࿅࿾ߦ౉ዬߔࠆᣣ♽ડᬺࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡታᣉߒߚ߽ߩߢ‫ࠣࡦ࡝ࡊࡦࠨޔ‬ᣇᴺ㨯࿁╵ડᬺᢙߥߤߩὐߢ৻⥸ൻߦะߌߚ㒢⇇ࠍ᦭ߔࠆߎߣ߽੐ታߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪࡌ࠻࠽ࡓർㇱ㨯ਛㇱߩ⁁ᴫߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ߿ઁߩᄖ⾗♽ડᬺߣߩᲧセ⎇ⓥߩⷞὐ߽ᔅⷐߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫╩ޕ‬⠪ߩ⎇ⓥ
⺖㗴ߣߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬22ࡂࡁࠗ߿ࡎ࡯࠴ࡒࡦ╬‫ࡦ࡯࠱ޔ‬Σߦዻߔࠆ࿾ၞߩᦨૐ⾓㊄ߪ‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕ 1 ᦬ߦߪ 87 ਁ࠼ࡦߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ߘߩᓟߪ 08 ᐕ 1 ᦬=120 ਁ࠼ࡦ‫ޔ‬10 ᐕ 1 ᦬=134 ਁ࠼ࡦ‫ޔ‬11 ᐕ 1 ᦬=155 ਁ࠼ࡦ‫ޔ‬11 ᐕ 10 ᦬=200 ਁ࠼ࡦ‫ޔ‬
13 ᐕ 1 ᦬=235 ਁ࠼ࡦ‫ޔ‬14 ᐕ 1 ᦬=270 ਁ࠼ࡦߣ਄᣹ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߢߪࠗࡦࡈ࡟߇ᴉ㕒ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߦ߽
㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬㜞₸ߩᦨૐ⾓㊄ࠕ࠶ࡊ߇⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߩ෼౉Ⴧ㨯↢ᵴᡷༀࠍડ࿑ߔࠆ᡽╷⊛ᗧ࿑߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߣផኤߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

36
18

⻢ㄉ
ᧄ⺰ᢥߪ‫ޔ‬ᄙ࿖☋ડᬺቇળ╙ 6 ࿁ో࿖ᄢળ 2013 ᐕ 7 ᦬㐿௅ ߦ߅ߌࠆ╩⠪ߩ⛔৻⺰㗴ႎ๔ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߣߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥႎ๔෸߮ᧄ⺰ᢥၫ╩ߦ㓙ߒߡ⾆㊀ߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻㨯ߏഥ⸒ࠍ㗂ᚬߒߚᄙ࿖☋ડᬺቇળળຬߩవ↢ᣇ‫߅ࠍ࡯࡝ࠚࡈ࡟ޔ‬ോ߼޿ߚߛ޿ߚవ↢ᣇߦኻߒߡᔃ
ࠃࠅᓮ␞↳ߒ਄ߍࠆᰴ╙ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
Clarke, S. (2006) “The Changing Character of Strikes in Vietnam”, Post-Communist

Economies, Vol. 18(3): 345-361.
Clarke, S., Lee, C.-H., & Do, C.Q. (2007) “From Rights to Interests: The Challenge ofIndustrial Relations in Vietnam”, Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.49(4): 545-568.
Clarke, S., & Pringle, T. (2009) “Can Party-led Trade Unions Represent their
Members?”, Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 21(1): 85-101.
Do, Q.C. (2007) “Evolution of a New Pattern of Strike in Vietnam”, NGPA Project

Research Report.
Do, Q.C. (2008) “The Challenge from Below: Wildcat Strikes and the Pressure for Union
Reform in Vietnam”, Paper presented to Vietnam Update 2008 Conference.
Edwards, V., & Phan, A. (2008) “Trade Unions in Vietnam: From Socialism to Market
Socialism”, in J. Benson & Y. Zhu (eds.) Trade Unions in Asia: An Economic andSociological Analysis, Routledge, pp.199-215.
Kerr, C., Dunlop, J. T., Harbison, F. H., & Myers, C. A. (1960) Industrialism andIndustrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth,
Harvard University Press.
Lee, C.-H. (2006) “Recent Industrial Relations Developments in China and Viet Nam:
The Transformation of Industrial Relations in East Asian Transition Economies”,

Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 48(3): 415-429.
Nørlund, I. (2004) “Trade Unions in Vietnam in Historical Perspective: The
Transformation of Concepts”, in R. Elmhirst & R. Saptari (eds.) Labour in Southeast

Asia: Local Processes in a Globalised World, RoutledgeCurzon, pp.107-128.
Oudin, X. (2004) “Labour Restructuring in Vietnam since the Economic Reform”, in R.

37
19

Elmhirst & R. Saptari (eds.) Labour in Southeast Asia: Local Processes in a

Globalised World, RoutledgeCurzon, pp.311-327.
Pringle, T., & Clarke, S. (2011) The Challenges of Transition: Trade Unions in Russia,

China and Vietnam, Palgrave Macmillan.
ዊୖ᡽ೣ 2012a 㨬ഭ௛ᖱ൓ਇᴺࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠߣᣂഭ௛ᴺ㨭ᶏᄖᛩⲢ⾗ᖱႎ⽷࿅‫ޡ‬ᶏᄖᛩⲢ⾗‫ ޢ‬2012 ᐕ 7 ᦬ภ ‫ޔ‬36-37 㗁‫ޕ‬ዊୖ᡽ೣ 2012b 㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⚻ᷣߩⴕᣇߣᦨૐ⾓㊄㨭ᶏᄖᛩⲢ⾗ᖱႎ⽷࿅‫ޡ‬ᶏᄖᛩⲢ⾗‫ޢ‬
2012 ᐕ 9 ᦬ภ ‫ޔ‬30-31 㗁‫ޕ‬ᅏᨋᐽม(2005)‫ޡ‬ᣥ࠰ㅪ㇌ߩഭ௛‫ޢ‬ਛᄩ⚻ᷣ␠‫ޕ‬ᶏ ᄖ ⡯ ᬺ ⸠ ✵ ද ળ2010㨬 ਛ ࿖ ߣ ࡌ ࠻ ࠽ ࡓ ߩ ഭ ௛ ⚵ ว ⚵ ❱ 㨭

http://www.ovta.or.jp/info/asia/vietnam/vnm_1008_4.html: 2013 ᐕ 9 ᦬ 8 ᣣࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ ‫ޕ‬ᄖ ോ ⋭ ✬ 2008 ‫ ޟ‬ASEAN ਥ ⷐ 㧢 ߆ ࿖ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ኻ ᣣ ਎ ⺰ ⺞ ᩏ ᐔ ᚑ 20 ᐕ ‫ޠ‬
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/asean/yoron08.html: 2013 ᐕ 9 ᦬ 8 ᣣࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ ‫ޕ‬㚅Ꮉቁਃ 2006 ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޡ‬ഭ௛㨯ᴺߣᢥൻ‫ޢ‬ାጊ␠಴‫ޕ‬㚅Ꮉቁਃ 2008 㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩࠬ࠻࡜ࠗࠠߣ੎⼏⺞ᢛ㨭ഭ௛᡽╷⎇ⓥ㨯⎇ୃᯏ᭴‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄഭ௛⎇ⓥ㔀⹹‫ ╙ ޢ‬572 ภ ‫ޔ‬129-130 㗁‫ޕ‬ട⼔㊁ᔘ↵㨯㑐⷏↢↥ᕈᧄㇱ✬ 1984 ‫ߚ޿ᦠ߇࡞࠼ࡒޡ‬ᣣᧄߩ⚻༡‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣᣂ⡞␠‫ޕ‬࿖㓙දജ㌁ⴕ✬ 2013 ‫߇ࠊޡ‬࿖⵾ㅧડᬺߩᶏᄖ੐ᬺዷ㐿ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏႎ๔̆2012 ᐕᐲᶏᄖ⋥ធᛩ⾗ࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ ╙ 25 ࿁ ̆‫ޢ‬࿖㓙දജ㌁ⴕ‫ޕ‬ᢧ⮮ༀਭ 2007 ‫ߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޡ‬ഭ௛ᴺߣഭ௛⚵ว‫ޢ‬᣿⍹ᦠᐫ‫ޕ‬ᢧ⮮ༀਭ 2011 㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓഭ௛ᴺߦ߅ߌࠆഭ௛⠪ઍ⴫ਥ૕ߩขࠅᛒ޿㨭␠ળ૕೙ߣᴺ⎇ⓥળ
‫␠ޡ‬ળ૕೙ߣᴺ‫ ╙ ޢ‬12 ภ ‫ޔ‬43-55 㗁‫ޕ‬ᢧ⮮ༀਭ 2013a 㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓഭ௛⚵วᴺ 2012 ᐕᴺ 㨭ഭ௛㐿⊒⎇ⓥળ‫ޡ‬ቄೀഭ௛ᴺ‫ ╙ ޢ‬240ภ ‫ޔ‬137-148 㗁‫ޕ‬ᢧ⮮ༀਭ 2013b 㨬ࠕࠫࠕߦㅴ಴ߒߚᣣ♽ડᬺߩഭ૶⚗੎ಣℂ ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㨭 ࠕࠫࠕᴺቇળᤐ
ቄ⎇ⓥᄢળႎ๔⾗ᢱ ‫ޕ‬ਅ↰ஜੱ 2011 㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩഭ௛⁁ᴫߣᣣ♽ડᬺߩੱߩ▤ℂ㨭ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ‫᦬ޡ‬ೀࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞⚻༡‫ ╙ ޢ‬349 ภ ‫ޔ‬4-9 㗁‫ޕ‬3820

⊕੗ᵏ྾㇢ 1992 ‫⃻ޡ‬ઍᣣᧄߩഭോ▤ℂ ╙ ‫᧲ޢ‬ᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠‫ޕ‬⊕੗ᵏ྾㇢ 1996 ‫ޡ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥ⺰‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄഭ௛⎇ⓥᯏ᭴‫ޕ‬㑐ḩඳ㨯ᳰㇱ੫✬ 2006 ‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޡ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣൻߣᣣᧄડᬺ Ⴧ⵬‫ޢ‬ᣂ⹏⺰‫ޕ‬┻ౝ㇚㓶 2011 㨬ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⚻ᷣߩ⃻⁁ߣዷᦸ㨭ᤨ੐ㅢା␠‫ޡ‬਎⇇ㅳႎ‫ ╙ ޢ‬82 Ꮞ╙ 21 ภ ‫ޔ‬30-33 㗁‫ޕ‬
ਤ㊁ൟ 2010 ‫ࠕࠖ࠹ࡦࡠࡈࠕࠫࠕޡ‬࿾ၞߩ೙ᐲߣ࿖㓙⚻༡̆CLMVT ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕ㨯࡜ࠝࠬ㨯ࡒࡖࡦࡑ࡯㨯ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㨯࠲ࠗ ߣਛ࿖ߩ೙ᐲߣ⚻༡ⅣႺ̆‫ޢ‬ᢥ⋿ၴ‫ޕ‬
ਤ㊁ൟ㨯ේ↰ੳᢥ 2005 ‫⃻ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޡ‬࿾ൻߩ࿖㓙⚻༡Ყセ̆ᣣ♽㨯᰷☨♽㨯⃻࿾ડᬺߩੱ⊛⾗Ḯ▤ℂ‫ޔ‬ᚢ⇛ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ̆‫ޢ‬ᢥ⋿ၴ‫ޕ‬
ජ᎑᣿ 2003 ‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖ߩഭ௛࿅૕ߣഭ૶㑐ଥ̆Ꮏળߩ⚵❱ߣᯏ⢻̆‫↥↢ޢ‬ᕈഭ௛ᖱႎ࠮ࡦ࠲
࡯㨫ኹᧄታ✬⪺ 2011 ‫⃻ޡ‬ઍࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ࿖ኅߣ␠ળ̆ੱ‫ߣޘ‬࿖ߩ㑐ଥᕈ߇↢ߺ಴ߔ࠼ࠗࡕࠗߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓ̆‫ޢ‬᣿⍹ᦠᐫ‫ޕ‬࠻࡜ࡦ㨯ࡧࠔࡦ㨯࠻࠘ 2010 ‫⚻ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޡ‬ᷣ⊒ዷ⺰̆ਛᚲᓧ࿖ߩ⟂ߣᣂߚߥ࠼ࠗࡕࠗ̆‫ޢ‬ഹ⨲ᦠᚱ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ✬ 2008 ‫ޢࠢ࠶ࡉ࠼ࡦࡂࠢࠬ࡝ࠬࡀࠫࡆࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޡ‬ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ✬ 2011 ‫ޡ‬ᶏᄖᵷ㆜⠪ࡂࡦ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢ̆ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ✬̆‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ࿷ᄖડᬺදળ‫ޕ‬
ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴✬ 2011 ‫ޡ‬BOPࡆࠫࡀࠬẜ࿷࠾࡯࠭⺞ᩏႎ๔ᦠ̆ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㧦ᢎ⢒㨯⡯ᬺ⸠✵ಽ㊁̆‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴‫ޕ‬
ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴✬ 2012 ‫ޡ‬࿷ࠕࠫࠕ㨯ࠝ࠮ࠕ࠾ࠕᣣ♽ડᬺᵴേታᘒ⺞ᩏ‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴✬ 2013 ‫ࡠ࠻ࠚࠫޡ‬਎⇇⾏ᤃᛩ⾗ႎ๔(2013 ᐕ‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴‫ޕ‬⮮ୖື㇢ 2011 㨬࠼ࠗࡕࠗ᡽╷ਅࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆഭ૶㑐ଥߩ৻ዪ㕙̆1994 ᐕഭ௛ᴺ೙ቯ
ߦኻߔࠆࡌ࠻࠽ࡓഭ௛✚ㅪวߩ⺰ℂߣⴕേ̆㨭᧲੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮✚วᢥൻ⎇ⓥ⑼‫⋧ޡ‬㑐␠ળ⑼ቇ‫ ╙ ޢ‬21 ภ ‫ޔ‬21-37 㗁‫ޕ‬⮮ᨋᢘਃ 1963 ‫ޡ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥߣഭ૶ද⼏೙‫ޕ␠࠼ࡦࡕࡗࠗ࠳ޢ‬ฎᴛ᣽ਯ 1999 㨬⃻ઍਛ࿖ߩഭ૶㑐ଥ̆ߘߩ․ᕈߩᬌ⸽ߣ⃻࿾⚻༡਄ߩ⺖㗴̆㨭㑐⷏ቇ㒮ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮໡ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ୃ჻⺰ᢥ ‫ޕ‬ฎᴛ᣽ਯ 2006 㨬ਛ࿖ߩ‫ޡ‬ഭ૶㑐ଥ‫ߦޢ‬㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤ̆ᣣ♽ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޡ‬Ꮏળ‫ߣ⁁⃻ߩޢ‬⺖㗴̆㨭ᄢ㒋໡ᬺᄢቇᲧセ࿾ၞ⎇ⓥᚲ‫ޡ‬࿾ၞߣ␠ળ‫ ╙ ޢ‬9 ภ ‫ޔ‬47-69 㗁‫ޕ‬

39
21቟ቶᙗ৻㨯 ⽷ 㑐⷏↢↥ᕈᧄㇱ㨯ᣣਛ⚻ᷣ⾏ᤃ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㨯ㅪวᄢ㒋✬ 1999 ‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖ߩഭ૶㑐ଥߣ⃻࿾⚻༡̆౒↢ߩੱ੐ഭോᣉ╷ࠍ᳞߼ߡ̆‫⊕ޢ‬᩶ᦠᚱ‫ޕ‬
ํཅ᳃ 1987 ‫ޡ‬೉ካᎿળቇ⺑ผ‫ޢ‬ㆯካੱ᳃಴

␠࿯⢈᳃㓶⸶ 2000 ‫ߣࡦ࠾࡯࡟ޡ‬ഭ௛⚵ว̆࡟࡯࠾ࡦߩഭ௛⚵วቇ⺑ผ̆‫ޢ‬ഭ௛ㅢା✬㓸ᆔຬળ‫ޕ‬

40
22