Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect to Boost
Reciprocal Investment in RMB Securities
Eiichi Sekine
Chief Representative, Beijing Representative OfficeNomura Institute of Capital Markets Research

I.

Plans for Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect announced

In a speech on 10 April 2014 at the Boao Forum for Asia held on Hainan island,
China’s State Council (equivalent to a ministerial cabinet) and Premier Li Keqiang
unveiled plans to manage the economy based on three main drivers: reforms,
structural adjustments, and public welfare improvements.1
Speaking on reforms, Mr. Li noted that “opening-up is a kind of reform, andopening-up can boost reform,” and outlined plans for opening as follows. First, hesaid that China would carry out a new round of opening-up at a high level. Second, he
noted that a key element of opening is to extend it to the services sector, including
capital markets. And third, he cited the example of proactively creating conditions toenable the establishment of a mechanism to link the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock
exchanges so as to further promote the mutual opening and sound development of
capital markets on the mainland and in Hong Kong. Fourth, he said China would
continue to raise the quality and level of this opening-up process through deeper
integration with international markets.
An example he cited as one of China’s opening-up policies, the Shanghai-Hong
Kong Stock Connect, is attracting interest among both domestic and nonresident
market participants as a new driving force for opening up China’s capital markets.

II. Overview of Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect
1. Basic design of the mechanism is announced
On 10 April, the same day that Premier Li Keqiang announced the Shanghai-Hong
Kong Stock Connect, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) and theHong Kong Securities & Futures Commission (SFC) jointly issued a public noticeclarifying the new mechanism’s basic design (Figure 1).2

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http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2014-04/11/content_2656979.htm (in Chinese)
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/newsite/zjhxwfb/xwdd/201404/t20140410_246762.html (inChinese)Nomura Journal of Capital Markets Autumn 2014 Vol.6 No.2

Figure 1: Flowchart for Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect (Hugangtong)Shanghai Stock Exchange(1) SSE 180 index stocks(2) SSE 380 index stocks(3) A shares dual-listed as both A sharesand H shares

Hong Kong Stock Exchange(1) HSI LargeCap Index stocks(2) HSI MidCap index stocks(3) H shares dual listed as both A sharesand H shares

HKSE order execution
providersNotes:
Source:CNY300bn
Max CNY13bn/day

Hugutong

Ganggutong

CNY250bn
Max CNY10.5bn/day

SSE order execution
providersHong Kong brokers

Mainland brokers

Investors(Hong Kong and global)

Mainland China investors(1) Institutional investors(2) Individual investors (with accountbalance of at least CNY500,000)

Announced jointly with the Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission on 10
April 2014.
Nomura Institute of Capital Markets Research, based on materials from the China
Securities Regulatory Commission.

Then on 29 April, the Shanghai Stock Exchange announced a consultation draft of
implementing rules for its Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Pilot Scheme andasked for public comments (with a deadline of 16 May),3 and on 9 May the CRSC
announced its draft set of rules on the Pilot Scheme asking for public comments by 23
May.4
These notices can be summarized with an outline of the pilot scheme, as follows.

2. Trading entities
1) General rules
The Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange will allow
investors in both mainland China and Hong Kong to use securities brokers in theirrespective territories to trade stocks listed on the other exchange within certain
parameters. The joint public notice in the Chinese language uses three Chinesecharacters pronounced hugangtong as the name of the mechanism, with the firstcharacter representing Shanghai, the second Hong Kong, and the third recent
reciprocal stock market trading route.

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http://www.sse.com.cn/disclosure/announcement/general/c/c_20140429_3803206.shtml(in Chinese)
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/newsite/zjhxwfb/xwdd/201405/t20140509_248743.html (inChinese)Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect to Boost Reciprocal Investment in RMB Securities22) Trading Shanghai stocks (hugutong)
The joint public notice uses the Chinese word hugutong to denote the process of
trading Shanghai stocks on the Hong Kong side, as follows.
First, a stock trading services company is established under the Hong Kong Stock
Exchange (HKSE).
Second, investors on the Hong Kong side rely on a Hong Kong broker to place a
trading order on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) via the orders execution
company in order to trade SSE-listed stocks within certain parameters.

3) Trading Hong Kong stocks (ganggutong)
The joint public notice uses the Chinese word ganggutong to denote the process of
trading Hong Kong stocks on the Shanghai side, as follows.
First, a stock trading services company is established under the SSE.
Second, investors on the Shanghai side rely on a mainland China broker to place a
trading order on the HKSE via the orders execution company in order to trade HKSElisted stocks within certain parameters.

3. Trading method
1) Rules that are applicable for trades, settlement, and listing criteriaFirst, for trades and settlement, the applicable rules are those for the market where
the trade/settlement occurs. Accordingly, when trading Shanghai stocks from theHong Kong side, Shanghai market rules apply, and when trading Hong Kong stocks
from the Shanghai side, Hong Kong market rules apply.
Second, listed companies are subject to regulatory oversight based on the listing
criteria and other regulations of the market on which they are listed. Thus ShanghaiHong Kong Stock Connect will not necessitate any change in listing criteria.
Third, reciprocal trading can begin when both the SSE and HKSE are open forbusiness and clearing/settlement arrangements are in place.
Although there is no time zone difference between Shanghai and Hong Kong,
trading hours and market holidays are different, and it will be a challenge to work
these differences out. Taking trading hours, for example, the SSE’s are 09:15–09:25
for the pre-opening session, 09:30–11:30 for the morning session and 13:00–15:00 for
the afternoon session, while HKSE trading hours are 09:00–09:30 for the pre-opening
session, 09:30–12:00 for the morning session and 13:00–16:00 for the afternoon
session.

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2) Clearing/settlement method
The clearing/settlement of reciprocal trades will be of the direct, cross-border type
between China Securities Depository and Clearing (CSDC) on the Shanghai side andHong Kong Securities Clearing (HKSCC) on the Hong Kong side. Each side willserve as the other’s counterparty and provide clearing/settlement services forreciprocal trades.
Because Shanghai’s settlement date is T+1 and Hong Kong’s is T+2, futureadjustments will be an issue.

4. Eligible investments and trading quotas
1) Eligible investments
Trading will be limited to blue-chip stocks listed on the SSE or HKSE, with plans torevise eligibility after watching how the test progresses.

(1) Hugutong (Shanghai stocks)
The Shanghai stocks eligible for investment from the Hong Kong side are (1) the
constituents of the SSE 180 and SSE 380 indices and (2) the A shares that are duallisted on the SSE as A shares and H shares. The term “A shares” refers to RMBdenominated stock listed on a mainland China market and H shares refers to Chinese
stocks listed in Hong Kong.
The detailed proposal includes prohibitions against margin trading (Article 24),short-selling (Article 25), and insider trading (Article 26) through the Connect
mechanism.

(2) Ganggutong (Hong Kong stocks)
The Hong Kong stocks eligible for investment from the Shanghai side are (1) the
constituents of the HSI LargeCap and HSI MidCap indices and (2) the H shares that are
dual-listed on the HKSE as A shares and H shares.
The detailed proposal also includes the same prohibitions against margin trading,short-selling, and insider trading of Hong Kong stocks as with Shanghai stocks.

2) Trading quotas
Reciprocal trading is to be denominated in RMB, and in the initial stage of the test,
an aggregate trading balance quota is established. There is also a daily trading quota,
and trades will be monitored in real time.

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect to Boost Reciprocal Investment in RMB Securities

4(1) Hugutong (Shanghai stocks)
The aggregate quota for trading in Shanghai stocks from the Hong Kong side is
CNY300 billion, and the daily quota is CNY13 billion. Total trading value for the SSE
in April 2014 was RMB1.699 trillion, which converts to a daily volume of CNY80.9
billion (based on the 21 trading days in April), and thus the daily quota on Shanghai
stocks is about 16.1% of market volume. Clearing and settlement will be denominatedin RMB and handled between the HKSCC and the CSDC, while that between the
CSDC and mainland Chinese clearing participants will also be denominated in RMB.5
Additionally, according to Articles 30–33 in the proposed detailed rules, theaggregate quota on trading in Shanghai stocks from the Hong Kong side will be
managed as follows.

① Management of overall trading quotaFirst, aggregate trading quotas will be managed on a trades outstanding basis. The
aggregate quota balance is equal to the aggregate quota less committed purchase orders
plus committed sales orders.
Second, if the aggregate quota balance drops below this daily trading quota, theorder execution provider on the Hong Kong side must suspend purchase orders the next
trading day, but it can accept sales orders.
Third, once the aggregate quota balance reaches the daily quota, the order execution
provider can resume accepting purchase orders the next trading day.

② Managing the daily quotaFirst, daily trading quotas will be managed on a trades outstanding basis. Specifically,
the daily trades outstanding equals the daily trading quota minus the amount of buy
orders + the amount of sales transactions + buy order cancellations + (the difference
between the transacted price and the buy order price).
Second, if the daily trades outstanding is maxed out at the auction stage, the order
execution provider on the Hong Kong side must suspend subsequent purchase ordersthat trading day,6 but it can accept sales orders.

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http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/hkstock/hkstocknews/20140429/204518964613.shtml (inChinese)
Article 21 of the detailed rules proposal states that trading in Shanghai stocks must be
based on the auction method, and large-lot trades are not allowed for the time being.
Article 22 states that only limit orders can be used to trade Shanghai stocks, and market
orders are not allowed for the time being.

Nomura Journal of Capital Markets Autumn 2014 Vol.6 No.2

(2) Ganggutong (Hong Kong stocks)
The overall quota for trading Hong Kong stocks from the Shanghai side is CNY250
billion, and the daily quota is CNY10.5 billion. Total trading value for the HKSE in
April 2014 (including the venture market) was RMB1.3087 trillion, which converts to adaily volume of CNY65.4 billion (based on the 20 trading days in April), and thus thelimit on Shanghai stocks is about 16.1% of market activity. Clearance between
mainland China investors and the CSDC is denominated in RMB and clearance
between the CSDC and the HKSCC is denominated in HKD.
The approach to managing overall and daily quotas for trading Hong Kong stocks is
the same as that for Shanghai stocks.

5. Investors
The mainland Chinese investors allowed to invest in Hong Kong stocks from theShanghai side are limited to (1) institutional investors and (2) individual investors witha total of at least CNY500,000 in brokerage or deposit accounts, per the SFC’s request.
Article 74-2 of the subsequently published detailed rules proposal stipulates that
individual investors must have a basic awareness of trading Hong Kong stocks andmanaging forex risk, and must pass the HKSE’s membership test.
In contrast, there is no mention of any qualifications for investors who want to invest
in Shanghai stocks from the Hong Kong side, which suggests that investors from any
global market, including Hong Kong , are able to do so as long as they open an accountwith a Hong Kong broker.

6. Launch date
The joint public notice issued by mainland China and Hong Kong on 10 April 2014
stated that six months of preparation time would be necessary. Accordingly, reciprocal
trading is expected to begin around October 2014.

III. Differences with existing cross-border securities tradingmechanisms
1. Existing cross-border securities trading mechanisms
China already has mechanisms for inbound and outbound securities investment, andthe relationship between these existing systems and the newly proposed reciprocal
trading mechanism is an issue to be dealt with. Before explaining the differences
between the new and existing mechanisms, it makes sense to begin with an outline of
the existing cross-border systems for trading securities on the open market.

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect to Boost Reciprocal Investment in RMB Securities

61) Inbound securities investment(1) Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII)In November 2002, China introduced its Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors(QFII) program to allow nonresident investors to invest in mainland China’s securities
markets. Under the QFII, foreign asset management companies, insurance companies,
securities companies, commercial banks, pension funds, and other institutions approvedby the CRSC are able to invest in Chinese domestic securities (including listed stocks,
listed bonds, and investment trusts) within limits set by the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange (SAFE).
China’s overall investment quota under QFII was expanded from the initial quota of
US$10 billion to US$30 billion as a result of the Second US-China Strategic &Economic Dialogue of May 2007, and in April 2012 the CRSC added another US$50
billion to bring the quota up to US$80 billion. The CRSC further increased the quota
from US$80 billion to US$150 billion in July 2013. As of 30 May 2014, 249 companies
have been approved for investments totaling US$55.718 billion.

(2) RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (RQFII)
Cumulative yuan-denominated trade settlement since begun by mainland China inJuly 2009 had totaled CNY10.1599 trillion by end-2013, at which point yuan depositsin Hong Kong, a key trade partner with the mainland, totaled CNY860.5 billion. The
RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (RQFII) program was implemented in
December 2011 to provide a mechanism for yuan deposits accumulated in Hong Kongas a result of yuan-denominated trade to be invested in the mainland.
The RQFII investment quota was initially set at CNY20 billion, but was increased by
CNY50 billion in April 2012 and then by another CNY200 billion yuan in November
2012, bringing the total quota to CNY270 billion. In March 2013, restrictions on
obtaining the RQFII qualification were relaxed (it was initially limited to mainland
Chinese securities companies and asset management companies with a Hong Kongbranch or subsidiary) to allow the qualification for (1) mainland Chinese commercial
banks and insurance companies with a Hong Kong branch or subsidiary and (2) foreign
financial institutions registered and doing business in Hong Kong, while restrictions on
eligible investments were eliminated.
Then in October 2013, it established new RQFII quotas outside of Hong Kong,
CNY80 billion in London and CNY50 billion in Singapore. As of 30 May 2014, 66
companies have been approved for investments totaling CNY238.2 billion.

2) Outbound securities investment: Qualified Domestic Institutional Investors(QDII)The prohibition against outbound securities investment by China’s domestic
financial institutions was lifted in April 2006 with implementation of the Qualified

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Domestic Institutional Investors (QDII) program. Under QDII, each financial institution
must first obtain a license from regulators and then be granted an actual investment
quota from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), after which it canmake outbound security investments within that quota.
As of 30 May 2014 , 120 companies have been approved for investments totaling US
CNY76.793 billion.

2. Differences between the current and new systems
At a regularly scheduled press conference on 11 April 2014, the CRSC explained
how Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect differs from the existing cross-bordersecurities investment programs in five respects (Figure 2).7 Initially, the two systems
are expected to complement each other as they operate in parallel.

Figure 2: Differences between Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect andexisting programs
Item
Brokers

Investment routeTransaction
currency
Fundmanagement

Investor
discretion

Note:
Source:Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect
・ SSE and HKSE・ The two exchanges reciprocally connect their markets toopen an investment route to orders and allow
investments to transcend markets
・ Two-way
・ Mainland investors invest in Hong Kong stocks in the
Hong Kong market (ganggutong )・ Hong Kong investors invest in Shanghai stocks on theSSE (hugutong )・ Yuan is the only currency used for transactions

QFII, QDII, RQFII・ Asset management companies
・ Structure and sell financial products to investors, using
the proceeds to invest
・ One-way
・ QFII and RQFII are one-way investments into mainland
China from outside the mainland
・ QDII is a one-way investment from mainland China tooutside the mainland
Under QFII, investments were made in US dollars and・ other foreign currencies
・ Under QFII, proceeds from selling securities can be left
in the invested market

・ Managed in a closed loop
・ Any proceeds from selling securities must always be
returned through the same route, and cannot be left inthe market where they were invested
・ By establishing an investment route to the other market ・ Under QFII, the asset management companies request
for both mainland and Hong Kong investors, thosethe investment quota, set investment policy, anddisclose information, and investors invest indirectly in theinvestors can freely select from among stocks eligible forthe test and invest in them directly.
other market, without any way to freely choose fromamong eligible investments.

From the regularly scheduled press conference held on 11 April 2014.
Nomura Institute of Capital Markets Research, based on materials from the China
Securities Regulatory Commission.

1) Brokers
Under the new system, the brokerage of transactions with investors will be handled
by the SSE and HKSE (and their affiliated order execution providers).
Under existing programs, institutional investors (asset management companies)
structure and sell financial products to investors and use the proceeds to makeinvestments.

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http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/newsite/zjhxwfb/xwfbh/201404/t20140411_246800.html (inChinese)Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect to Boost Reciprocal Investment in RMB Securities

82) Investment route
Under the new program, the investment route is designed to operate in both
directions.
Under the existing programs, there are two one-way investment routes, inboundsecurities investment into mainland China under QFII and RQFII and outboundsecurities investment from mainland China under QDII. SAFE did propose its“through-train” program in 2007 as a way to allow mainland Chinese individual
investors to invest directly in Hong Kong stocks (the relevant rules expired at end2009 without the program ever being implemented), but this was also designed as aone-way route.

3) Transaction currency
Under the new program, trades are denominated in yuan.
Under the existing programs, with QFII, funds denominated in US dollars andother foreign currencies are initially sent to mainland China, where they are converted
into yuan and used to purchase securities.

4) Fund management
Under the new program, any proceeds from selling securities must always be
returned through the same route, and cannot be left in the market where they were
initially invested.
This contrasts with the existing programs (QFII and RQFII), where the proceedsfrom selling securities can be left in mainland Chinese markets.

5) Investor discretion
Although eligible investments will be restricted in the initial stages of testing thenew program, the direct purchase of individual stocks will be allowed.
Under the existing programs, however, it is an asset management company, i.e.,
institutional investor, that must make the investment, and the end investor cannot
invest directly in individual stocks.

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IV. Keys to future development
1. Preparations and the potential for international development
At the above-noted press conference held on 11 April 2014, the CRSC outlined
three areas requiring work to prepare for Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect andexplained that this preparation would take six months.
First, it needs to further refine the program’s design, optimize the workflow, andpublish the operational rules and related measures, all in parallel with working on thetechnical issues.
Second, it must have a discussion with the SFC on problems with regulatory
oversight and the implementation of cross-border laws and further flesh out thecurrent memorandum of understanding on regulatory oversight cooperation. At thesame time, adjustments must be made to enable the signing of a memorandum of
understanding on cooperation between the two stock exchanges.
Third, it must write detailed regulations, including on trading methods, trading
hours, and disclosures, and draw up an emergency backup plan.
Once these preparations are complete, the new program is launched, and a trackrecord is established, it is possible that the same approach can be used by Shanghai todevelop relationships with overseas bourses other than Hong Kong’s. If it does so, themost likely candidates would be Singapore and London, both of which have offshore
markets and have already begun investing in mainland securities under the RQFII
program. Other possible candidates for alliances include overseas exchanges where
Chinese companies are listed. This makes it necessary to keep a close eye on the
preparation process if China starts looking at extending Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock
Connect globally.

2. Next move on the Hong Kong side
Although Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect has yet to be launched, HKSE CEOCharles Li has already announced (1) plans to list a larger number of offshore RMB
products, including bonds and futures, on the HKSE over the next 3 to 5 years, (2)plans to request a broadening of investments eligible for Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock
Connect beyond stocks to include bonds and other products, and (3) the possibility ofeliminating the program’s investment quotas (from the Securities Times dated 23 May
2014).8
There is also an initiative to create a program of reciprocal sales based on mutualfund recognition between mainland China and Hong Kong. This is already included in
the No. 10 supplemental memorandum (signed August 2013) of the Mainland/HongKong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA). CRSC Chairman Xiao
Gang also attended the April 2014 Boao Forum for Asia noted at the start of this8

http://epaper.stcn.com/paper/zqsb/html/2014-05/23/content_577997.htm (in Chinese)

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect to Boost Reciprocal Investment in RMB Securities

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report, and spoke on the significance of allowing the sale in mainland China of mutual
funds structured in Hong Kong as well as the sale in Hong Kong and other global
markets by way of Hong Kong of mutual funds structured in mainland China througha program allowing reciprocal fund sales between mainland China and Hong Kong.
This could also be referred to as the “mainland/Hong Kong funds passport concept.”

3. Also a good opportunity for brokerage firms
Although Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect is still in the preparatory stages andthe mainland/Hong Kong reciprocal fund sales program is still at the conceptual stage,
expanding access to investors in the mainland and Hong Kong (and global markets) isa practical and urgent issue for brokerage firms. Outside of their access to investors,
the brokers’ ability to execute orders and conduct research will also be challenged.
Regards the latter, there have been reports that some leading mainland brokeragefirms, including Shenyin Wanguo Securities, Guosen Securities, and Guoxin
Securities, have been expanding their research departments and strengthening theircoverage (from the Securities Times dated 14 April 2014).9 As of end-March 2014, 23
brokerage firms, 22 fund management companies, and six futures companies based in
the mainland had established a subsidiary in Hong Kong. 10 Deregulation aimed at
establishing investment routes outside of QFII, RQFII, and QDII should also create
good opportunities for Chinese brokerage firms.

4. Conclusion
The 10 April 2014 joint public notice from the CRSC and the SFC emphasized
three ways in which Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect is significant: it will (1)strengthen capital markets in China (including Hong Kong) overall while expanding
investment routes for both mainland and Hong Kong investors, (2) reinforce thefinancial center status of both Shanghai and Hong Kong, and (3) promoteinternationalization of the yuan. The mainland China side sees this as an opportunity
to raise the Shanghai market to global standards while using the Hong Kong market’s
trading infrastructure.
Although the fact remains that nonresident investors own less than 2% of theshares in mainland Chinese markets through the QFII and RQFII programs, it will beinteresting to see how Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect is deployed toward
China’s goal of achieving a two-way opening up of capital markets, as outlined in thereform program11 approved at the CCP Central Committee’s 18th Third Plenum in
November 2013.
9
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http://epaper.stcn.com/paper/zqsb/html/epaper/index/content_563347.htm (in Chinese)
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/newsite/zjhxwfb/xwdd/201404/t20140425_247779.html (inChinese)See Eiichi Sekine, “Shoukenshijou kara mita Chuugoku Shinseiken no Dai Juuhachiki San
Chuuzenkai” (A securities market perspective on the new Chinese administration’s 18th
Third Plenum), Chinese Capital Markets Research, Winter 2014 (in Japanese).

11 Nomura Journal of Capital Markets Autumn 2014 Vol.6 No.2