Electronics
Removing noise from low-level signals: page 80

July 8, 1968

Higher power from avalanche diodes: page 96

A McGraw-Hill Publication

Low-cost video recording: page 110

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Electronics

July 8, 1968

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Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Electronics

July 8, 1968
Volume 41
Number 14

News Features

Technical Articles

Probing the News
123
129

135

Computers: Federal libraries cast along shadow
Integrated electronics: Semiconductor
firms' captive lines capture defense
contractors' fancy
Manpower: Recruiters flock to Negro
campuses

I. Design
Design theory

80

52
54

56
58
60
60
62
64
66

Advanced tecnology: Putting GaAs on
sapphire
Companies: Fairchild shakeup
Consumer electronics: Pushing tubes
for color tv;while others go
solid state; Broader use of IC's
Manufacturing: R-f removes

error problems
Richard Brower, Brower Laboratories Inc.

Circuit design

90

221

222
222
223
224
224

photoresist
Commercial electronics: IBM collects
the fare
Military electronics: Plastic-packaged
circuits
Government: For less competition;
It pays to shop aroundManagement: Belt-tightening at
Sperry Gyroscope
Communications: Role of the military
satellites
For the Recordand logic gates•Diodes in a multivibrator lessen
frequency variations•Transistor and zener protect series regulator

Solid state

96

147
159
159
162
165
165
168
173
173
176
180
185
185
188
191
191
195
195

TTL makers expand product lines
Components review
SCR device replaces thyratron
IC holds voltage within .005%
Instruments review
The averager uses analog approach
Altimeter is all-electric
Subassemblies Review
Magnetic-tape reader-writer
costs $1,200
Memory stack stores 64,000 bits
I-I-P sells counter parts
Semiconductors review
Comparator's fanout is 10
IC triggers triacs, SCR's
Microwave review
Klystron is tuned in seconds
Consumer electronics review
Low-cost color tv camera
has broadcast quality

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

Fabrication advances boost potentialof avalanche diodes

Improved methods of heat-sinking and newtechniques for creating abrupt junctions

Japan: IC replaces 35-mm camera
meterGreat Britain: Scanning electron
microscope checks IC's; Computer
quizzes pupils
The Netherlands: Philips' computers
rival IBM 360's
Canada: Low-cost gear guides
vessels
West Germany: Siemens moves up
on IBM
France: CSF trims down
Around the world

New Products

Designer's casebook•Voltage comparator is made with op amps

Electronics Abroad
221

Taking noise out of weak signals
Synchronous method of cleaning up microvolt
or nanovolt transmissions with alock-in
voltmeter is free of zero-drift and zero

Electronics Review
51

Title R registered U.S. Patent Office; © copyright1968 by McGraw-Hill Inc. All rights reserved,
including the right to reproduce the contentsof this publication, in whole or in part.

make the devices strong contenders for
microwave power sources
Harry L. Stover, Texas Instruments

II. Application
Advanced
technology

104

Storing light and current in crystals

Ability to absorb energy and release it
when tapped makes some lithium- and sodiumdoped semiconductors potentially useful as
infrared detectors, optical memories, andother optoelectronic devices
Cole W. Litton and Yoon Soo Park
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Departments
4
8
23
31
33

Readers Comment
Who's who in this issue
Meetings
Editorial Comment
Electronics Newsletter

69

Washington Newsletter

200
203
206
211

New Books
Technical Abstracts
New literature
Newsletter from Abroad3

Electronics

Readers Comment

Editor-in-Chief: Donald Christiansen
Associate managing editors

Senior staff editor

Technical: Stephen E. Scrupski

Samuel Weber

Reverberations

News: Robert Henkel
Copy: Sally Powell
Senior associate editors
Joseph Mittleman, Harry R. Karp
Department editors

Section editors

Avionics & Space: Alfred Rosenblatt

Electronics abroad: Arthur Erikson

Computers: Wallace B. Riley
Communications: William Bucci

Electronics review: Stanley Zarowin

Components: George Watson

New Products: H. Thomas Maguire,
William P. O'Brien

Consumer electronics: John D. Drummond

Probing the news: Eric Aiken

Design theory: Joseph Mittleman
Industrial electronics: Harry R. Karp
Military electronics: Richard Gundlach

Assistant editors
Stephen Wm. Fields, Peter Schuyten,
James Kirby, Owen Doyle

Domestic bureaus
Boston: James Brinton, manager
Chicago: Frederick Corey, manager
Los Angeles: Lawrence Curran, manager; Burton BellNew York: Howard Wolff, manager
San Francisco: Walter Barney, manager; Peter Vogel
Washington: Robert Skole, manager; Paul Dickson, William F. Arnold
Foreign bureaus
Bonn: John Gosch
London: Michael Payne
Tokyo: Charles Cohen
Copy editors
James Chang, Larry Miller
Graphic design
Art director: Saul Sussman
Assistant art directors: Ann Mella, Valerie Betz, Susan Hurlburt
Production editor: Arthur C. Miller
Editorial research: Kay Fontana
Editorial secretaries: Lorraine Longo, Claire Benell, Lynn Emery,
Patricia Gardner, Barbara Razulis, Frances Vacca
McGraw-Hill News Service
Director: Arthur L. Moore; Atlanta: Fran Ridgway; Chicago: Robert E. Lee
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Detroit: James Wargo; Los Angeles: Michael Murphy
Pittsburgh: Louis Gomolak
San Francisco: Margaret Drossel
Seattle: Ray Bloomberg; Washington: Charles Gardner, Daniel B. Moskowitz,
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McGraw-Hill World News Service
Bonn: Robert Dorang; Brussels: George Williamson; Hong Kong: Wes Perry;
London: John Shinn; Mexico City: Gerald Parkinson; Milan: Ronald Taggiasco, Jack Star;
Moscow: Howard Rausch; Paris: Robert E. Farrell, Peter Kilborn;
Rio de Janeiro: Leslie Warren; Tokyo: Marvin Petal
Reprints: Susan Nugent
Circulation: Isaaca Siegel

Publisher: Gordon Jones
Electronics: July 8, 1968, Vol. 41, No. 14
Published every other Monday by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Founder: James H. McGraw 1860-1948.
Publication
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office:Brookfield,

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P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520

4

To the Editor:
In my 40 years of work in the scientific field there has never beensuch a vitriolic denunciation of
our work as in the article "Signal
gains for electronic music," [April29, p. 95].
I talked to Professor Milton
Babbitt of Princeton University
with regard to the paragraph in
the article that concerns the RCA
Electronic Music Synthesizer. He
was very much distressed. Professor Babbitt has given many publicconcerts of his work produced on
the RCA synthesizer. Iknow of atleast two instances where he received very fine reviews in the New
York Times. In addition, Professor
Babbitt was honored with the New
York Music Critics Circle Citationin 1964. Others have also received
acclaim for their work on this instrument.
On May 14, Professor VladimirUssachevsky, chairman of the committee on direction of the Columbia
Princeton Electronic Music Center,wrote me: "Your RCA synthesizer
remains our constantly used tooland center of attraction at the Electronic Music Center. We havespent hundreds of hours demonstrating it to students from all over
the United States, as well as countless persons from abroad, and I
am sure that our visitors havecarried away the correct impressionof the RCA synthesizer." In view ofthis I am at a loss to know why
you call this development a whiteelephant.
It was around 1955, during theperiod that Professors Babbitt andUssachevsky were producing electronic music, that RCA invited them
to work on the RCA synthesizer.
They were so intrigued that the
Columbia
Princeton
Electronic
Music Center was started in New
York City, and the synthesizer
moved there.
As for the statement in the article
that the synthesizer is on permanent loan, that too is incorrect. The
lease is on a yearly renewablebasis.
Since RCA is engaged in the reproduction of sound, we carry out
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

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AN N
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

é t v.

this undisciplined attack.
both pure and applied research
Harry F. Olsonin the field of sound reproduction.
The reason we developed the syn- Vice president
RCA Laboratories
thesizer was to learn more about
Princeton, N.J.
the sound that we reproduced.
After we developed the synthe•James Seawright, technical adsizer, Mr. Belar and Idecided totest the fidelity of performance of visor to the Columbia Princeton
the instrument. To do this we an- Electronic Music Laboratories, told
Electronics that the RCA Elecalyzed excerpts from disk records
tronic Music Synthesizer was origof two piano selections, namely,
inally built as acommercial propo"Polonaise" and "Clair de Lune"sition. Electronics did not intend
and a violin selection, "Old Reto indicate that it had not been
frain." The piano selections wereplayed by Iturbi, Rubenstein and tosed successfully to compose contemporary music. When Seawright
Horowitz. The violin selection was
said the sound was "too tinny,"
played by Kreisler. We synthesized
the analysis. We then assembled he was referring to a harpsichord
selection on the machine.
on tape seven original and sevensynthesized selections. We playedthese for musicians, scientists, andColor them wrong
laymen. They could not tell which
was the real and synthesized. ThisTo the Editor:
demonstration showed that theIn our article, "Isolation probsynthesizer was inherently capablelems get an airing," [April 29,of producing great music.
p. 751 the two drawings at the botWe demonstrated the RCA syntom of page 77 are in error.
thesizer to numerous scientific soThe drawing on the left, of acieties including the National Acadchip and wire structure, is comemy of Sciences, of which I am
pl('tely irrelevant. The drawing on
amember. We received nothing but
the lower right should look exactly
compliments on the development.
like the photograph at the top of
The scientific fraternity has recpage 77. The one shown in theognized the RCA Electronic Music
article is of an earlier mask set that
Synthesizer as an outstanding
is no longer being used.
pioneering development in the
Hal Clausenfield of electronic music.
Roger B. Rusert
In the entire article Ifind that
Fairchild Semiconductor
the snide, derogatory and irreMountain View, Calif.
sponsible remarks, wholly lacking
in accuracy and sensationallyphrased, are all directed towards
the RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer. Nowhere else in the article Readers' letters should be addressed:
is there any denunciation—only To the Editor,
in the section devoted to RCA. I Electronics,
330 West 42nd Street, New York,am at a loss to know why you
N.Y. 10036
singled out our development for

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Electronics

July 8, 1968

address

Make

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Need acustom fork
oscillator
1(in an II-gram package)fast?
For process control? Or for testor ground support equipment?
Or for asignaling system?

call Varo.

Who's who in this issue
The problems of separating lowlevel signals from a noise voltage
isn't anew one for Richard Brower.
He has been living with it for morethan 15 years. He received an MSEE
degree from Northeastern University in 1955, and in 1961 founded
Brower Laboratories Inc., a company producing instruments forthe electro-optical field.
One of the firm's new products
is similar to the instrument described in the article on page 80.
Richard Brower is a strong proponent of the synchronous methodof picking out a low-level signal.
He notes, though, that most engineers aren't familiar with thetechnique, and that those that areoften don't know how to use it to
the fullest advantage. He has developed many practical guidelines to follow.

BrowerTo our subscribers
This lead-mounted, 11-gram
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If your copy of Electronics arrived late, we apologize.
Pressmen at the upstate New York plant that prints Electronics magazine—as well as Business Week, Time, Aviation
Week and other major publications—walked out last week
and we had to scurry to find another printing plant, withfree press time, large enough to handle this 230-page issue
on an emergency basis.
The index of activity, which customarily appears in thefirst issue of each month, was a victim of the strike. It will
run in the issue of July 22.
Despite this—and a host of other tribulations—we consider ourselves lucky to have kept reasonably close to ourissue date. Many subscribers will get their copies on time
thanks to ahandful of editors who rushed off to aWisconsin
printing plant to put the book together.
Gordon Jones
Publisher

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8

Circle 8on reader service card

What started out as a small inhouse study of cadmium-sulfide
and zinc-sulfide single crystals at
the Air Force's aerospace researchlaboratories has grown into alarge
program financed partially by outside contracts. Cole W. Litton wasin the program when researchers
discovered tap effects in these crystals and he has since spent most of

his time studying the electrical andoptical properties of CdS. Litton,coauthor of the article on tap crystals on page 104, began working
in optics as a research assistantat the University of Tennessee's
physical optics laboratory. He took
his B.S. and M.S. at the university,and is now on a leave of absence
in England working on his Ph.D.
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

at the University of Reading.
Yoon Soo Park joined the program about the time that work
began on ZnO tap crystals. Before
coming to the lab he was aphysicist at the D.H. Baldwin Co., where
he worked on cadmium-selenide
film type photoconductors. A native of Korea, he holds aB.S. fromSeoul National University, an M.S.
from the University of Alberta in
Canada, and aPh.D. from the University of Cincinnati. Park is now
investigating the mechanism thattriggers tap luminescence.
Park

Here's a
new directreading
broad range
capacitancemeter

MODEL 2W1
$1197• 00_

This new instrument covers the range from300 pF to 10,000
Litton 111i

F. An easy-to-read scale

on a large 4" meter gives you readings to
1-_.13% accuracy.

Since getting a Ph.D. in plasma
physics, Hai 1) L. Stover has been
concerned with the interactions
between electron microwaves andsemiconductors. The author of thepiece on avalanche diodes on page
96 was trained in physics, mathematics, and German at Southern
Methodist University, where he received his B.A. and B.S. He also
holds an M.S. and doctorate from
Stanford University.
Stover has been a physicist at
the Bell Telephone Laboratories,
where his work included the injection locking of such high-frequency devices as tunnel diodes,
avalanche diodes
and lasers.
Since 1966, hehas been section
manager of the
exploratory
microwave
deviceand applicationsgroup at Texas'Instruments.
StoverImpressed voltage is only 1 volt a-c, thus
low voltage electrolytic capacitors may besafely measured.
Solid-state circuitry provides drift-free measurements

without

warm-up,

makes

the

2W1 small and lightweight. Only 6" high x
81
2 " wide x 5" deep, it fits neatly into in/spection stations!
Put thisversatile

capacitance

meter

to

work at incoming inspection, on the production line, in the lab, or out in the field.

For complete technical data, write forEngineering Bulletin 90,020 to theTechnical Literature Service, Sprague
Electric Co.,
35 Marshall Street,
North Adams, Mass. 01247.

SPRAGUE®
THE MARK OF RELIABILITY

Circle 9 on reader service card

9

-...

Fairchild has introduced 40
new products in the last 40 weeks.

1 .r

-e
-

obtain the Reader Service number for any product announcement
ad, simply add 100 to the new product number. For example, New
Product No. 3 is Reader Service No. 103.

el

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opt.

August 26, 1968

September 2, 1968More about

Up/down decoded decade counter.
Combine New Products #1 and 4, and you have thebasis of an up/down counter with decoded outputs forprocess control. If only the decoded outputs are used,
you don't need a weighted up/down counter. A shiftcounter will do the job.
The 9300 universal register can be used to form adecade
shift counter counting through a sequence of 10 stablestates. A logic "1" or "0" is injected into the first stageof the register at each clock pulse and the previous contents shift one place. After 10 clock pulses, the shiftcounter has passed through all 10 stable states in aloop. On the next clock pulse, it arrives back at thestarting state. A shift register can be made to count inthis sequence by decoding the states through which it
passes and by using the decoder outputs as a minterm
generator to effectively force a logic "1" at the inputof the shift register when the state sequence demands.
The following block diagram shows acircuit of this typewhich requires only four devices.
COUNT
UP DOWN

CLOG

A Ai

Parts ist:
1— 9300 Universal Register
2 — 9301 One-of-Ten Decoders
1— 9004 Dual 4-input Gate

At

A3

Ao

Ai

A,

3

9301 I 10 DECODER

9301 I 10 DECODER

0 I2 3456789

01 234 56 789

I
4 678 9
DECODED OUTPUTS

Consider the up count sequence below with the desired
input for the next state included:
In states 0000, 1000, 1100 and 0011 a logic "1" must beforced into the first stage of the shift register on thenext clock pulse. This may be accomplished by using
two 9301 one-of-ten decoders to decode all the sixteen
possible minterms from four variables, then sum theappropriate minterms by a 4-input active low input OR

gate and let the OR gate drive the JK inputs connected
together on the 9300 shift register. Each 9301 decoder
acts as a 1/
1
3decoder with the most significant A3 input
acting as an enable input. The first three outputs of theshift register go to the first three inputs of the decoders
and the first decoder has 03 from the shift register as
the A, input and the other decoder the 03 thereby producing a one-of-sixteen decoder. The outputs of thetwo decoders are so arranged as to give the decoded
outputs in sequence which can then be used to selector drive external circuitry.
COUNT SEQUENCE
DOWN

UP
Q.

Q,

Q,

Q3

INPUT

Q.

Q,

Q

Q3

INPUT

0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1

1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0

0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0

1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1

The synchronous parallel enable facility can be employed to make the shift register effectively shift to theleft rather than the right by connecting the three mostsignificant shift register outputs to the corresponding
lower stage parallel inputs and operating the 9300 in
the parallel enable mode. The same shift count sequence
can now be used. Appropriate minterms are summed byan additional active low input OR gate which drives theshift left counter, making it pass through the same 10
stable states as before, but in the opposite direction. By
this means, the shift counter performs as an up/dcwn
decoded decade counter with the parallel enable/shift
input as a count up/count down control. Since only
the desired minterms are summed and logic "Os" areinserted into the first stage of the register rather thanat specific states, no lock-up sequence can occur.
To obtain specifications and other applications information, simply circle Reader Service numbers 101 and104. If you have an immediate requirement, call yourlocal Fairchild distributor now.

FAIRCI-11LCISEMICONDUCTOR

Fairchild Semiconductor A Division
cgoFeaoiricahiild;o 3FraairCillIfilcIl ntrtivuement
Mountain View, California 94040
1415) 962-5011 TWX: 910-379-6435

new ideas for moving electrical energy

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

Television. Show Business. To Bel

n it's alla world of wire. Belden plays a leading role inmany complex systems of sight and sound communication.
By delving into design, processing, packaging and a host offactors, Belden's team of wire specialists have helped many
people wring out hidden costs. Success takes a supplier thatis really perceptive — one who makes all kinds of wire forall kinds of systems. Want to join us in wringing out values
and costs? Just call us in...Belden Corporation
P.O. Box 5070-A, Chicago, Illinois 60680.

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Circle 13 on reader service card13

Who's who in Electronics
VSWR
Measurement
VSWR (Reflection Coefficient) can be measured
over bandwidths as wide
as 2500:1 with Texscan
Reflection
BridgeCoefficient

Kits.

Speed

of

measurement

and

ac-

curacy

these

in-

make

struments important tools
for both the production
line and the laboratory.

It's no accident that
the Amperex Electronic Corp. built its
newelectro-opticalfacility next door toitssemiconductor
plant in Slatersville,
R.I. Norman Neumann, newly appointed vice president and general manager of the Semiconductor and Microcircuit division, says
he will be working
very closely with theElectro-Optical division. Kenneth Spitzer,
the new general manager of that division,
says they'll work toward using photodiodes to replace thephotoconductive layer
in atelevision pickup
tube. Spitzer, 38 years
old, who helped organize the Electro-Optical division in 1959, says
500,000 to 1,000,000 discrete silicon
diodes would be needed for eachtube.
The Electro-Optical division, hesays, also plans to diversify its

Bridge Kits
contain:

1 Reflection

Coefficient Bridge, 2Standard

Loads

Standardand3

Mismatches

KRCB-3.5 MHz to 1 GHz
KRCB-4...
.5 MHz to 2.5 GHz

Spitzer

product line from pickup devices
and X-ray image intensifiers into
low-light-level amplifiers, infrared
detectors, channel multipliers, andvarious hybrids of the Plumbicon
tube.
The division expects to double its
work force to 300 by 1970. A key
afin of these expansion plans is theapplication of solid state devices toelectro-optical technology, and thisis where Neumann and the Semiconductor division come in. Neumann, 42, a former vice president
and general manager of the General
Instrument Corp.'s Semiconductor
and Components division, says oneof his reasons for coming to Amperex was the chance to apply his
knowledge of solid state technology
to electro-optics.
Neumann says his division willenter new areas of the semiconductor business. He won't say which,but strongly hints at the possibilityof metal oxide semiconductor development.

TEXSCANCORPORATION
2446 N. Shade/and Avenue
Indianapolis, Indiana 46219
Telephone (317) 357-8781
TWX: 810 -341 -3184

Neumann
14

Circle 14 on reader service card

For more than adecade the Phillips
Petroleum Corp. has been developing its own process control
techniques and building its own
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

New Machlett
tetrode...
for single tube
design athigh power levels

Ml.• 8785

elLDE
),

IN

Vapor-cooled ML-8785 (or ML-8786,

V SA

water-cooled) is particularly suitable
for these applications:High Power Communications
Class C Telegraphy...to350 kW

inuir zillibikâilii
AI
rim laitoefirc
Ill I Die finingliiini
III!
•irnallemeriij
j liai nierin

ianiumulove

Linear RF Power Amplification
Class AB—Suppressed Carrier Service
to 260 kW PEP
Pulse Modulation or Amplification
40 kV
DC Plate Voltage
50 kv
Peak Plate Voltage
500 a
Pulse Cathode Current
1000 p.s
Pulse Duration.01
Duty
Pulse Power to 15 Mw

tig
i immaiiiiiii
quillijuniiiiiimMiliii •quieniutainaiiil
toujiiiimainaiiiiiii
11111111111

RAYTHEONElectronics

July 8, 1968

THE
A

MACHLETTSUBSIDIARY

OF

Write today for details on these
versatile "single-tube-design" tetrodes.
The Machlett Laboratories, Inc.,
1063 Hope Street,
Stamford, Conn. 06907.

LABORATORIES,RAYTHEON

INC.

COMPANY

Circle 15 on reader service card

15

The company thatdeveloped the industry's
first precision
R 84 D lab etcher

Who's who in Electronics

electronic instrumentation. Now,
Phillips has formed a subsidiary,
Applied Automation Inc., to sell its
process control-systems—even to its
competitors. The man who helped
convince Phillips to take this plungeis Thomas C. Wherry, who formerly
directed the parent company's development efforts in process andcomputer control. Not unexpectedly, he has been named manager
of research and development forthe subsidiary, which is in Bartlesville, Okla.
Wherry believes that Applied
Automation's strength lies in systems development and applications—talent which large and small process control firms find scarce. The
company's over-all strategy, hesays, is to study acustomer's control problems and then specify,
build, and install the appropriate
system.

Based on his experience with several computer-control projects for

now gives you a choice.
Until recently, you couldn't buy a precision etcher designed specially forexperimental and laboratory etching of small PC boards, ceramic chips, andthick film masks.
Then Western Technology introduced the Dynamil VRP 50. Compact, portable and only $995, yet containing all the design features of our well-known
Dynamil VRP production series. Rugged all-PVC and Titanium construction— automatic resetting timer — 500-watt Titanium heater — dual spray manifolds — and our exclusive VRP etching mechanism that ensures consistent
1 mil line/1 mil space etching.
Now we've added the Dynamil VRP 70. Same size as the 50, but fully instrumented for closely controlled etching. Included are a Baumé monitor andhydrometer for constant Baumé readings — solid-state proportional temperature controller and Titanium cooling coil for regulating etchant temperature
to -_t1 F— and a control valve for variable nozzle pressure. Price — $2,995.
When it comes to lab etchers — or large capacity precision production
models — Western Technology's Dynamil VRP Series is the logical place toturn.
For all the facts, write for a brochure.

WESTERN TECHNOLOGY INC.
220 WEST CENTRAL AVLNUE "SANTA ANA. CALIF. 92707(714, 5411.6186 (21:fi 625.1065

16

Circle 16 on reader service card

Phillips, Wherry anticipates somemajor changes from current practices in the control field. For example, he suggests there may be
more emphasis on hardware andless on software.
On the chip. "Present-day computers are too hard to program, so
we may be taking a different approach by designing integrated circuits that have the control equations (algorithms) built onto
printed-circuit cards. Soon, we
may be doing the same thing withlarge-scale integrated circuits," heexplains.
This means that when Applied
Automation starts writing systems
specifications and builds or buys
computers to these specs, many of
the functions now done in the main
frame may be accomplished in the
input-output equipment.
VVherry's not stretching the technology when he talks about suchnew computer systems. The grouphe headed at Phillips has alreadyinstalled one—a direct-digital-control system for Phillips' Sweeny,
Texas, refinery. Its output cards,
designed and made by Phillips, include digital-to-analog conversion
and the control algorithm.

Circle 17 on reader service card—>-Charlie Straightarrow was dazzled digitally.
Don't let it happen to you!
Charlie Straightarrow is a good engineer.
He's been at it for about ten years now.
Like a lot of us. Charlie's bought his shareof scopes. counters, voltmeters and otherassorted test and measurement equipment
during that time.
And also like a lot of us. Charlie has
been impressed with the digital instrumentation he's seen on the market lately. (Soare we. especially since we make the only
true RMS digital voltmeters. But back to
our story.) In fact, for awhile this winterCharlie was dazzled digitally. Everything
he bought had to be digital. Recently.
Charlie was looking for a digital
scope when, quite by accident, hestumbled across our little pamphlet
Differential or digital, the unvarnisLed
truth about precision voltmeters.
Charlie got perspective after that Charlie found out that the most accurme digital voltmeter on the market toda:- costs
upwards of $4.000. He also found several
Fluke differential voltmeters will- twice
the accuracy of the best
digital and ten times theresolution for far lessmoney. Lowest priceunits are less than $1.000.
Highest, only $1.535 andthat includes AC capability as well. Or, put anotherway. Is analog dead?
So as Charlie reasonably decided, the problem of choosing L.
voltmeter cornes down to application.
A Fluke differential such as ot r 895A
should be your choice in laborato:-yapplications where the ultimate in rrecision

measurement without ambiguity is required. Accuracy of the Model 895A is
25 parts per million. The hest digital isalways limited by fts parts per million accuracy and plus or minus 1digit Resolution of the Model 895A is 1ppm compared
to 10 ppm foi the best digital.
It's in systems applications that the digital voltmeter offers the most promise. If
your problem involves making a great
number of measurements using relatively
untrained personnel and if accuracy demands are modest, then the digital voltmeter is usually the best answer. But if
you leed a2curicies better then z'en10( ppm, ther the dollar--perfot nice bias :s in favor of tie
differential voltmeter.

If you would like to stop "digital dazzle' too, write for the same pamphlet
Charlie read. We'll even send one to digital
design engineers. Please address Frank
Peep for yourfree copy.
tP.S. ourreadout isdigital. too!)
The Fluke
Model 895A
solid state
differential
voltmeter isbut
one of more than 150 precision
voltmeters, calibrators, power
supplies, and frequency and time inuments. Components for Fluke instrurents are tetted and checked out in one of
the best standards labs anywhere (the only lab more
complete is operated by
the NBS). Fluke instruments are guaranteed towork in your environment. Or put anotherway, if the Fluke instrument doesn't work
there, you can't live there.

FLUKE

Fluke, Box 7428. Seattle, Washington 98133. Phone: t2(16) 774-2211. TWX: (91(i) 449-2850. In Europe. address
Fluke International Corporation, P.O. Box 5053 Ledeboerstraat 27. Tilburg, Holland. Telex: 844-50237
In U.K. address Fluke International Corporation. P.O. Box 102. Watford Herts, England.
See us at WESCON Booths

2301, 2302, 2303

MAGNETICS"turn on"moving forces
Oldest electronic force—and the newest medium forgenerating it. Hard ferrite permanent magnets are the
hot thing in DC motors for hot cars. There are 15 to 18
such motors now, from necessities like windshield wipers
to luxuries like power antennas. And there's more coming.
Forward-looking manufacturers are now experimenting withhard ferrite starters and alternators. And, of course, forwardlooking manufacturers look at Arnold for high-quality magnetic
materials, design, technology, components. Magnetic cores. Powdercores. Laminations. Permanent magnets. You ask. We'll supply.
The best in magnetic materials.

18

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

ARNOLDARNOLD
SPECIALISTS IN MAGNETIC MATERIALSThe Arnold Engineering Company, Main Office: Marengo, III.
Branch Offices and Representatives in Principal Cities

In the average family car you'll find hard ferrite permanent
magnets in windshield wiper motors • power windows •heater • defroster • rear window defogger • power seats•power antenna •air conditioner. Arnox Imagnets collectmetal chips in the transmission and differential. An Arnold
Alnico magnet for loudspeakers helps the radio sound off.
Write for your free guide to the only complete line of magnetic materials.

Electronics lJuly 8, 1968

Circle 19 on reader service card

19

PASSIVE &ACTIVE

TOTAL
Leadless Inverted Devices—
Soldered Construction —Plastic Pack

Miniature Discrete Devices — Planar Soldered Construction — Conformal Coat1

CEPMF_T PROVIDES GREATER STABILITY

under all operating conditions, particularly hightemperatures. CTS cermet is a patented resistive
material available only from CTS.

2

EMELLENT TC. Exclusive CTS cermet provides
excellent temperature coefficient at high sheet
resistance (ohms per square).

3

ATTACHMENT TECHNIQUES.

Six

methods ofattaching active devices are available: chip andwire; flip chip; LID attachment; beam lead; weldedor soldered planar construction and hole through.
These techniques allow unrestricted use of all semiconductor device types.
20

Uncased Monolithic Chips —Thermal Bond Construction —Hermetic Flat Pack

4

PACKAGING. Packaging includes hermetic sealusing 105; T08; and flat packs up to 11
2 "square.
/

Conformal coat, plastic shell and transfer molding
are also available.

5

PASSIVE CIRCUITS. CTS can also provide youwith passive modules for applications where

active devices are mounted externally or where you
may prefer to attach the active devices to the passive
module.

6

Manufactured by
CTS MICROELECTRONICS, INC.
BOX 1278, LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47902
Electronics

July 8, 1968

CIRCUITSCAPAI3 lillY
Uncased Chips — Thermal
Bond Construction — Plastic
PackStandard Discrete Devices — HoleThrough Soldered Construction — Conformal Coat

Uncased Chips — Thermal Bond
Construction — Hermetic TO8
Pack

Note exceptionally high stability and excellent TC

Chip (die) attach 380°C for 15 min.

0.5% A R

Short term temp stability 500°C for 60 min. 1.0% A R
Max hot spot temp (without solder)

200°C

Load life 10,000 hrs. @125°C

1% A RTC —55°C to 125°C (10g to 1meg)± 100ppm/°C

TC —55°C to 125°C (1 meg to 10 meg)

±250ppm/°C

Moisture resistance

0.5% A R

Full load temp

125°C

Soldar din (a 2nor. for 15 See_

0.55, A R

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Founded 1896CTS

CORPORATIONCIRCUITS TOSPECIFICATIONS
Circle 21 on reader service card21

yoü mEAN I,
clui.t,su•/ GENERAL ELECTRIC

PANEL METERS AND METER RELAYSNOT JUST SECAUSE T4EY'RE

GENERAL ELECTRIC-.

NOT JUST BECAUSE T;-1EY'RE TE FULLEsT LINET)-1E NpU5 -rg);

SUT BECAUSE

T4EY'RE SACEP BY A

SALES AND SERVICE ARMY REA2Y TO

o

2

-Li

-(1
3

8

\\\\

D-C MILLIAMPERES

General Electric's Sales and Service Army—the largest
in the industry—offers you the fullest line of quality
panel meters. And that same Sales and Service Army isat your command, ready to bring you the finest, most comprehensive back-up available— whenever you need it.
Remember, quality instruments and the in-depth ability
to back them up are yours every time you specify andbuy panel meters from General Electric. Contact your GE
Electronic Components Sales Office or your dependable
General Electric panel meter distributor.
592-33

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

IN

14EL P ME_YOU CAN BUYGENERAL
ELECTRICPANEL METERSAT:

Meetings
e_D

Wescon agenda covers awide range
The 32 technical sessions directly
associated with this year's WesternElectronic Show and Convention(Wescon) encompass topics ranging
from law enforcement to patternrecognition, but those that crop up
most often are integrated circuits
and communications. Surprisingly,
however, large-scale integration
isn't included in any of the three
sessions devoted to integrated electronics.
Wescon will be held Aug. 20 to
23 in Los Angeles. Two special
symposiums are also planned—theusual one on circuit packaging,
Aug. 19 and 20, and an applications oriented program on designingwith hybrid circuits, Aug. 21 and22. The latter will include papers
on both thin- and thick -film hybrids
and asession on microwave microelectronics.
New directions. Microwave technology will also receive attention
at two sessions during the technical program. There will be four
papers on microwave ic's and fouron microwave solid state receivers.
In the former, Arthur Solomon of
Sylvania Electric Products Inc. will
discuss integrated microwave components and subsystems using
beam-lead devices, and a paper by
Meyer Gilden of Microwave Associates Inc. will treat avalanche andGunn oscillators. The other lc ses -sions will cover new directions inlinear devices and include four papers on lc testing as seen by the lc
manufacturer, tester manufacturer,
industrial user, and military user.
Three sessions are devoted exclusively to communications, andone is the program's only panel discussion. The panel will explore theimpact of new technology on data
communications. A session entitled"New developments in digital communications" features four papers—
two each by representatives of theHughes Aircraft Co. and of theAutonetics division of the North
American Rockwell Corp. A paper
by D. M. Motley and G. K. McAuliffe of Autonetics will cover the
firm's new adaptive data equalized
modem. P. N. Winters of Hughes
will explain quadrature signal
processing techniques, and is alsoteamed with J. E. Toffler for a paper on a Hughes data modem. Another Motley and McAuliffe paper
is devoted to equalization for datatransmissions.
The final session on communications is entitled "The applicationof state variable and optimal control techniques to communication
systems."For
more
information
write
Robert
Ashby,
Autonetics division, North American Rockwell
Corp., 3370 E. Miraloma Ave., Anaheim, Calif.
92803

ALABAMA
Birmingham
Electronic Supplies, Inc.
Forbes Distributing Co.
Nu nnnn ille
Cramer Huntsville
Edgerly Instrument Labs. Inc.
Electio.Tech. Inc.
ARIZONA
Phoenix
Hamilton Electro Al Arimna
Metercralt. Inc.
ARKANSAS
Little Reek
Carlton Bates Co.
CALIFORNIA
Culver City
Hamilton Electro Sale,
EmerMlfle
General Electric Supp yCO.
Glendale
15D Engineering
Los Angeles
General Electric SuplPy Co.
Metrymaster. Inc.
ML View
Hamilton Electro Sales
Palo Alto
Heroin Electronics
Redwood City
Fortune Electronics
Sacramento
Sacramento (Inc. Supply Co.
San Diego
Pierullt Electronics
Hamilton Elea. of San Chego
COLORADO
Omwer
Electronic Parts Co
L. B. Walker Nacho Co.
CONNECTICUT
HamdenCramer Electronics, Inc.
Hartford
General Electric Supoly Co.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington
Grainer, Washington
Seberne Radio & Electronics

T
I

NEBRASKA
Lincoln
Scott Electronic Supply Corp.
Omaha
Schneider Elec. & Equipment Co.
NEW JERSEY
Roselle(.1 Instruments & Controls. Inc.
Scotch Plains
IRF Electronics
NEW MEXICO
AlbuquerqueElectronic Parts Co., Inc.
Sterling Electronics. Inc.
NEW YORK
Elmhurst
Cramer ESCOElmsford
Melville Radio C.P.
Glens Falls
Glens Falls Electric Smutty Co
Great Nosh
MM Instrument
Lathan,Latham Electric SuPPIY Corn
Limper»
WEI. Inc.
New York CityET Instruments & Controls. Inc.
Hudson Electric Sales Co.
Power Instrument Control Sop.
Syracuse
Mather. Evans and Diehl, Inc.
NORTH CAROLINACharlotte
Dime Radio Supply Co., Inc.
Greensboro
General Electric Supply Co.
Southeastern Radio Supply
O040
Southeastern Radio Supply Co.
OHIO
Akron
Sun Radro
Cincinnati
General Electric Supply Co.
United Radio, Inc.

FLORIDAFt Lauderdale
Ciainer Florida Electron,.
lac nnnnn illo
General Electric Supply Co.
OrlandoElectio.Tech. Inc.
West Palm Beach
Mountain Electronics
GEORGIA
AtlanteElectronic Supply Co.
General Electric SuaPtY Co.
Jackson Electronic Supply CoAuguela
Genera , Electric Supply Co.
Hapeville
Electm-Iech, Inc.
ILLINOIS
ChicagoAllied Radio
J. G Bowman & Co
PleOfil
Hendricks (Inc. Co
Schiller Pads
Pace Electronics SuPPlies
Springfield
Bruce Electronics. Inc.

Christie Laboratories, Inc.
General Electric Supply CO.
Pioneer Standard Electronics, Inc.
Columbus
Buckeye Electronic Distri, Inc.
Dot.,
Pioneer Standard, Srepco
ToledoHdleband Electric Supply
Warren Radio Co.
Warren
REM Electronics Supply Co.
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma City
John H. Cole Co.
PENNSYLVANIA
Allentown
A. A Peters. Inc.
Harrisburg
Radio 0.stributing Co.
MO( eeeee rt
Barn: Radio Co.
Philadelphia
Almo Industrial, Electronics, Inc.
General Electric Supply Co.
Sunshine Scientific Inst.
Pittsburgh
Edgerly Insirume -it Labs. Inc.
General Electric Supply Co.

INDIANA
ille
Ohio Valley Sound Inc.
Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne Electronic Supply Co.
Indianapolis
General Electric Supply Co.
Graham Electronics
Peerless Elec. Supply Co.
IOWA
Cellar Rapids'IMP Electric Molors, Inc.
Iowa City
Hupp Electric Mao's. Inc.
KANSAS
Wichita
Radm Supply Co
KENTUCKY
Louisville
P. I. Burks Co.
General Electric Supply Co.
LOUISIANA
Baton Rouge
Sterling Electrorics
Lafayette
Ralphs ut Lafayette
Now Orleans
Argo Marine Suety
New Orleans Electric
Supply. Inc
Sterling °min:mice Inc.

CalendarNuclear and Spice Radiation Effects,
IEEE; Missoula, Mont., July 15-18.
Design Automation Workshop, IEEE;
Washington, July 15-18.
Reliability and Maintainability
Conference, American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics; Jack Tar
Hotel, San Francisco, July 15-18.
International Federation for Medical andBiological Engineering Conference,
IEEE; Palmer House, Chicago,
July 22-25.
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE; Benjamin Franklin
Hotel, Seattle, July 23-25.
-<- Circle 22 on reader service card

Conference on Pattern Recognition,•Institute of Electrical Engineers,
National Physical Laboratory;
Teddington, Middlesex, England,
July 29-31.
Research Conference on Instrumentation Science, Instrument Society ofAmerica; Quinnipiac College, Hamden,
Conn., July 29-Aug. 2.
Conference on Electron Microprobe
Analysis and Meeting of the Electron
Probe Analysis Society of America,
Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago,
July 31-Aug. 2.
(Continued on p. 24)

Rosen Electronics
RHODE'SUMO
Providence
W. H. Edwards Co.
SOUTH CAROLINACharleston
Wholesale Radio Supply
g.f..qi.
Dvne Radio Supply Co.. Inc.
GreenvilleDime Radio Supply Co., Inc.
TENNESSEE
Chattaneop
Electric Motor Sales andSupplies
Home Electronic Distributors
Knoxville
Chemcity Electronics
Cendal Electric Solely CO.
MemphisElec. & Mech. Comp. Devices
Lamnder Radio 8. IT
WA W Distributing Co.
Nashville
Electra Distributing Co.
TEXAS
Arlington
Arco Bela Electronics
DeriumoM
Sterling Electronics. Inc.
Corpus Chrisli
Electronic EriuTi. & Endrg.

MARYLAND
Ballonere
Cramer/ Baltimore.
Edgerly Instrument Laboratories

Contact Electronics
Graybar Electric Co.
El Paso,,,,,,,,,p, Inc.

MASSACHUSETTS
BostonGeneral Electric Supply Co.
Gerber Podio Supply Co.
Cambridge
E.1" Instruments & Controls, Inc.

HoustonBumcker Electronic Equip. CO.
General Electric Supply Co.
UTAHSalt Lake City
S. R. Ross, Inc.

Law
Alco Electronics
Needham
Instruments. Inc.
NewtonCramer Electronics. Inc.
Springfield
I. F. Cushing, 'no.
MICHIGAN
Detroit
General (leaf.< Supply Co.

VIRGINIA
Norfolk
Caen Electronics, Inc.
Richmond
Meridian Electronics, Inc.
RoanokePeoples Radio di
TV Supply Co., no.
WASHINGTON
Aberdeenc ., t ,ucupp ,ca
Ram Meter, Inc.
KalamazooWarren Racho Co.
MuskegonCO.
Fitmatrick Electric Stringy t-oSouthfield
S. Sterling Co

SeattleHamilton Electro Corp.
Instrument Laboratory, Inc.
llierinfl EleaPnics
okane
Ind Instrument Supply CO.
WEST VIRGINIA
Bluefield

MINNESOTA
Mi
lisElectronic Center, Inc.
lew.Bonn Co.

Meyers Elect-onics, Inc.
Charleston
Chenicily Electronics
Mountain Electronics Co.

MISSISSIPPt
JacksonEllington Electronic Supply. Inc.
MISSOURI
JoplinNorman El« Supply Co. inc.
Kansas City
Geneial ElecHm Supply CO.
Radio Labs, Inc.
University City
Olive Industrial Electronics, Inc.

Mountain National Corp.
Huntington
Electronic Supply Co.
Mountain Electronics Co.
WISCONSINAppleton
General Electric Supply CO.
Cm. , Roy
Beernster Electric Co.
West Allis
Marsh Radio Supply Co.

23

Meetings

99% Fewer Cavities
With Cinch-Graphik(Continued from p. 23)

International Computer Exhibition,
International Federation for Information
Processing; Edinburgh, Scotland,Aug. 5-10.
Joint Automatic Control Conference,
IEEE; University of Colorado, Boulder,Aug. 6-8.
Guidance, Control and Flight Dynamics
Conference, American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Huntington Sheraton Hotel,
Pasadena, Calif., Aug. 12-14.
lntersociety Energy Conversion
Engineering Conference, IEEE;
University of Colorado, Boulder,Aug. 14-16.
International Electronic Circuit
Packaging Symposium, IEEE; Statler
Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, Aug. 19-20.

10x M.CROEHOTOS OF MULTILAYFR THEW HOLE CROSS•SECTJONS

Symposium for Service to the Nation
Through Photo-Optical Instrumentation,
Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers;
Washington, Aug. 19-23.
Western Electronic Show andConvention, IEEE; Biltmore Hotel andSports Arena, Los Angeles, Aug. 20-23.
National Electronics Convention,
Institute of Electronic and RadioEngineers and the New ZealandElectronics Institute, Auckland,
New Zealand, Aug. 20-23.
Conference on Systems Dynamics andAutomatic Control in Basic Industries,
Institution of Engineers; Science House,
Sydney, Australia, Aug. 26-30.

Cinch-Graphik's advanced multilayer production techniques eliminate voids in thru-hole plating and intra-layer
lamination. This is why Cinch-Graphik circuits havegreater electrical reliability (complete interface bond
between plated thru-hole and individual circuit layers),
better final assembly quality (good component contact)and increased physical integrity (no delamination underwave soldering ). For abrighter smile, use Cinch-Graphik
multilayer circuitry. Write for our illustrated brochure.

CINCH-GRAPHIKDIVISIONOF

UNITED-CARR

MIEMBLA200 South Turnbull Canyon Road, City of Industry (Los Angeles), Calif. 91744 • Phone (213) ED 3.120). Sales
offices in 33 principal cities throughout the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia and West Germany.

CONSISTING OF CINCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, CINCH•GRAPHIK, CINCH-MONADNOCK, CINCHMULINE. UCINITE (FLECTRONIC,S) AND PLUME CABLE DEPT.

24

Astrodynamics Specialist Conference,
American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics; Jackson Lake Lodge,
Jackson, Wyo., Sept. 3-5.
Conference on Solid State Devices,
Institute of Physics and the PhysicalSociety, Institution of ElectricalEngineers, IEEE; Institution ofElectronic and Radio Engineers;
University of Manchester, England,
Sept. 3-6.
Symposium on Automatic Control
in Space, International Federation ofAutomatic Control; Vienna, Austria,
Sept. 4-8.
Electrical Insulation Conference, IEEE;
Sherator Boston Hotel and War
Memorial Auditorium, Boston,
Sept. 8-12.
Antennas & Propagation Symposium,
IEEE; Northeastern University, Boston,
Sept. 9-11.
International Broadcasting Convention,
IEEE, Institution of Electrical Engineers,(Continued on p. 26)

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

DANGERHIGH
VOLTAGE

C,43CONE4E-C1 PC)wER
WORE RiEROVINGEWA' ACCU5 COVER

OA MOE COvEeS

RH ILC 0

C.
4

WATTS

CAk

MA
aR1D

CATEIOD.,

6-1/4A Se

RI, OUT
41%

Just by looking at
Sierra's new 50-200 MHz
High-Power Signal Generator
On the front panel above, or example, a two -ange wattmeterthat keeps you posted on r-f power output. Right next to it, ameter that monitors grid ard cathode current. Above right, see
where Sierra has placed the final output tube. You can change it
in 30 seconds. In some other high-power signal generators, thattube's out-of-sight and takes hours to change.
Sierra's new Model 470A-200 delivers 50 mw to more than
50 W in a continuously tunable 50-200 MHz range, more thanenough power to comply with field-strength requ+rements of currently effective EMI specifications. It inco -porates automatic noload, underload circuitry. It scapable of CW, scuare wave (internal or external), or pulse-riodulated outputs. A monitor output
jack provides power samples 35 dB down from the main output,
corresponding to frequency counter input requ rements. Allsolid-state (save for the final output tube), it measures only 10"
x63/ "x 18 1
4/ ", weighs but 45 lbs.
2
Model 470A-200's the rewest in Sierra's five-instrument lineof r-f signal generators, spanning a spectrum of 50 to 2500
MHz. Now, train your eyes on the product b-ochure, available
from Sierra/Philco-Ford, 3885 Bohannon Drive, Menlo Park,
California 94025.

50-60 CPS...you can see
the advantages!

PI-11LCO
PHILCO-FORD CORPRATION
Sierra Electronic Operation
Menlo Park, California • 94025

Circle 25 on reader service card

Meetings.... How's Your Memory?
If you're not getting what you paid for,give us a call next time you have toorder one. Chances are, you won't pay
as much and you won't have to makeany adjustments to get it to turn on.

(Continued from p. 24)

Institution of Electronics & RadioEngineers, Royal Television Society,and the Society of Motion Picture &Television Engineers, London,
Sept. 9-13.
Congress of the International Councilof the Aeronautical Sciences,
American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics; Munich, West Germany,
Sept. 9-13.
Electronic and Aerospace Systems
Conference, IEEE; Sheraton Park Hotel,
Washington, Sept. 9-11.

..._.„
DC 20\

Petroleum and Chemical Industry
Technical Conference, IEEE; Marriott
Motor Hotel, Dallas, Sept. 9-11.

»if
.

.,

r.

Electrical and Aerospace Systems
Convention, IEEE; Sheraton Park Hotel,
Washington, Sept. 9-11.

.,„

..

Short Courses
Modern theory of communications,
Ohio University's Department ofElectrical Engineering, Columbus,
July 15-26; $275 fee.

DC-51

Semiconductors in protective relaying
circuits, Texas A&M University's
Department of Electrical Engineering,
College Station, July 22-Aug. 2; $75
for members of the Electric Power
Institute and $150 for others.

DATACRAFT MEMORY PRODUCTS
MAX. CAPACITY

MODEL

SPEED (FULL CYCLE)

DC-20

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DC-30

1 MICROSECOND

DC-31

900 NANOSECONDS

512 X 16,

DC-32

1.5 MICROSECONDS

8K X 26

DC-33

1 MICROSECOND

1K X 8DC-51

4 MICROSECONDS

256 X 18, 512 X 9

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8K X 25
1K X 32, 2K X 24,

4K X 18

1K X 8OUR MOST IMPORTANT PRODUCT IS YOUR SATISFACTION.
CALL OR WRITE US TODAY ABOUT YOUR REQUIREMENT.

1

ji DATACRAFT
x
7' 411 CORPORA TION

776 N E 40th Court

26•

P 0 Box 23550•

Circle 26 on reader service card

Automation in electronic test
equipment, New York University's
School of Engineering and Science,
N.Y., Aug. 26-30; $245 fee.

Fl. Lauderdale, Fla 33307•

Phone (305) 565-9441

Call for papers
Relay Conference, National Associationof Relay Manufacturers and the Schoolof Electrical Engineering; Oklahoma
State University, April 22-23, 1969.
Aug. 15 is deadline for submission of
abstracts to D.D. Lingelbach, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater 74074
Spring Joint Computer Conference,
American Federation of Information
Processing Society; War Memorial, Boston, May 14-16, 1969. Oct. 7 is deadline for submission of papers and abstracts to T.H. Bonn, Honeywell EDP,
200 Smith St., Waltham, Mass. 02154
Power Industry Computer Application
Conference, IEEE; Brown Palace Hotel,
Denver, May 18-21, 1969. Nov. 15 isdeadline for submission of abstracts to
W.D. Trudgen, General Electric Co.,
2255 W. Desert Cove Rd., P.O. Box
2918, Phoenix, Ariz. 85002
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

New, more versatile scribing .. .identical operation
Changes have been made in the new Model "C." Tempress
Automatic Scribing Machine, but only where they matter...to increase operating flexibility and to incorporate improved components where they will contribute to the efficiency, dependability, or longevity of the machine. Falow
the same set-up procedures: press "actuate, - and you are
scribing any rectangular or triangular pattern from .001"
to .399", with incremental fesolution to .001". How
versatile? Choose a model to scribe either 11
2 " or/price. The only option for which you pay extra is a binocular
optical system. Third generation of the machine thatbrought low-cost, automatic scribing to the semiconductor
industry, the new Model "C" meets the Tempress Standard
of Excellence, your assurance of precision when you purchase any member of the growing family of Tempress
nin ature assembly tools and production machines.

2" wafers, decimal or metric indexing, extended

TEMPI:MSS

range, 50 or 60 cycle operation, without affecting

Ti ,moress Research Co.,566 San Xavier Ave., Sunnyvale. Calif. 94086'Circle 27 on reader service cardDesign engineers' favorite
Series A. Fully sealed highreliability connector. Machined pins and sockets,reliable gold over nickel
plate. Precision crimped.
Available in 50 and 100
contact versions with.100"
center spacing.

Series DD. Shell takes two Series D inserts, providing up to 156 contact positions. Cavity identification front and rear.
Quick center fastener. Same contacts andoperating characteristics as Series D connectors. Optional accessories
includestraight or
90° shields
and cable
clamps.

Series M.
Least complicated of all, thesepin and socket connectors consist of a phenolic or
diallyl phthalate block and snap-in contacts. They accept a number of contact
types, including subminiature COAXICON*
coax contacts. Available with pin hoods,
cable clamps, polarizing pins. From 14 to
104 positions per connector. Meets MILC-8384.

Series WW. Shells incorporate two Series W
inserts back-to-back, provide up to 90 contact positions. Center fastener. Three polarizing posts prevent mismating. Sameinsert materials and contacts as usedin Series W connectors. Accepts coaxial
contacts.

TERMI-BLOK* terminal
junction modules. Revolutionary sealed
modular commoning system for flexible wiring in, airframe, aerospace, and ground support equipment.
Vibration-proof modules. Triple-sealed. Positive contact
retention. Three module sizes accept wire sizes 24 thru
12 AVVG. Up to 400°F continuous operating temperature.
Any module removable without electrically or mechanically
disturbing other modules. High density, weight-saying feed-toand feed-thru bussing and splicing.
*Trademark of AMP Incorporated

28

Electronics 1July 8, 1968connectors
ARI NC type. Fully environmental rack andpanel connector with crimp, snap-in, frontextractible contacts. lntermateable withpresent ARINC connectors. Dual-spring
socket contact assures consistently reliable
performance under vibration and overload con
ditions. Silicone sealed front and rear. Hard dielectric clip and contact retainer. Contacts crimped, inserted
and extracted with MS tooling. Automated tooling available.
For any plane that flies.

Series G.
Versatilemodularconnector. Various module styles accept several types andsizes of pins and sockets.
Snap one, two, or three module inserts into the die-castaluminum housing. Snap in dependable crimp type contacts. High.peed assembly tooling assures lowest
installed costs. Mix power contacts andcoaxial circuits. For 32 thru 8 AWG
wire sizes.

Series D. Rectangular pin-andsocket connector
with glass-filled
diallyl phthalate
inserts in aluminum shells. Accepts
five types of soiderlesssnap-in contacts in various sizes
from 10 thru 20, including subminiature coax contacts. Gold over nickel plating on contacts. Raisedcavity identification. All parts made of non-magnetic
materials. Maximum operating temperature +150°C,
minimum -65°C. Meets MIL-C-21617 specifications.
Available with up to 78 contact positions

Series W. High reliability aircraft and militaryconnector. Polarized shell of die-cast aluminum.
Diallyl phthalate inserts provide excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Crimped pin
and socket contacts of various types and sizes
20 thru 16 snap into housings from rear, are easily
removed. Cantilever contact in each socket provides constant contact pressure. AM P's automatic crimping machines
permit application rates of more than 2,000 contacts per hour.
One of afamilyof automatic andsemi-automatic
machines forhigh-speed
applicationof contacts.

Pin and socket/coax mix. All A-MP
pin and socket connectors withsize 16 pins and sockets will accept
the subminiature COAXICON coax
contact. The Series M, G, aid W
connectors also accept larger coax andtwin coax contacts. COAXICON contacts areapplied with asingle stroke, fit most types ofminiature RG/U and shielded cable. As many as
156 coaxial and pin or socket contacts may bemixed in any pattern. For more information, write
AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, Pa. 17105.

...all from ALIN' I:2
Electronics

July 8, 1968

Circle 29 on reader service card29

WhichIC Test Systemdoes allthese things?
DIAGNOSTIC COMPUTERPROGRAMS automatically checkout system operation.
DATALOG A FORCING FUNCTION,
such as the input thresholdlevel of aflip-flop needed to
produce aspecified output.

TYPED SUMMARY SHEETS.
Whenever desired. No interruptionin testing. Give total units tested
per test station, test yields andbin yields.

FAST TESTING. 1.5 msec per test.
If crosspoint is changed, 5 msec.
10 msec on the lowest current scales.

AUTOMATIC SELF-CHECKING
assures accurate data transfer
between operator, teletypewriter,
computer and test instrument.

VERY COMPLEX TESTSEQUENCES can be
programmed, yet
preparation of simple
tests can be learnedin two hours.

GROWING LIBRARY
of improved software
packages to insure
against obsolescence.

NO ADJUSTMENT OR CALIBRATIONPOINTS. (Eternal vigilance is the priceyou pay for asingle adjustment.)

OPEN AND SHORTED CONNECTIONS
and OSCILLATIONS are automaticallydetected. System stops when aselected consecutive number ofthese occur.

DIRECT ENGLISH data logging
type-out, showing job name, serial
number, test number, decimal
point and units.

ABSOLUTE SOURCE CONTROL.
Sources can be turned ON or OFF andchanged in value in any sequencewith variable delays from 100 µsec. to
as long as you please.

COMPLETE FRONT PANEL DISPLAY
at any desired step, simultaneously
indicating all crosspoint connections,forced values, measured limits,binning decisions—everything
about each test.

DATALOG at any test station —withoutslowing down classification tests
at any other station.

MULTIPLEXING. Several jobs
simultaneously. Any assigned, at
any time, to any test station.

TEN-YEAR GUARANTEE for
all instrument plug-in circuitry(it's almost all plug-in).

MINIMIZED REPETITIVE INSTRUCTIONS
for the operator through data libraries,
variable word length programming,and autopinning.

This one.

PROGRAMMABLE CURRENT LIMITS
for each source at each test.

(complete for only $65,000)

This is our J259 computer-operated
Automatic Circuit Test System. It
includes a general-purpose digitalcomputer, teletypewriter, test instrument (comprising modular elements:
24 x8crosspoint matrix, four volt-

30

Circle 30 on reader service cardage sources, measurement system,and test deck), complete software
package, and courses in IC testing,system operation, and maintenance.
TERADYNE, 183 Essex St., Boston,
Mass. 02111 Phone (617) 426-6560.

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Editorial comment

Getting your money's worth
A dollar's va lue for each dollar spent is the goal
The Defense Department includes these eleof the conscientious designer. In the case of thements as part of value engineering:
designer for the military and for most industrial•Select the product (not all are worth apmarkets, that value is measured in functional
plying value engineering)
performance in preference to esteem or trade-in•Define the function
value. The latter can be important for the con•Develop alternate ways of implementing thesumer market.
function
More than 20 years ago the General Electric•Analyze the costs of the alternatives
Co. developed the technique of value analysis—•Verify that the alternative chosen will not
te a specific set of techniques, abody of knowldegrade performanceedge, and a group of learned skills"—aimed
It is the Defense Department's intention to
toward eliminating costs which do not contribshare with its contractors any savings that acute to performance, quality, life, or appearance.
crue from using value engineering. Sometimes
The military helped value analysis gain acceptthe incentives are no more than a carrot on aance, particularly over the past 10 years, bystick and occasionally the contractor makes
writing its requirements into procurement coneven less than he would have without value entracts.
gineering. To forestall this unwanted result, inValue analysis, by common definition, is apstructions have been written to augment basic
plied after the fact; that is, one takes alook at
DOD procurement documents.
an existing product to see if parts can be elimDesigners who have been indoctrinated in theinated or combined, or whether it can be modiconcepts of value engineering may be tempted
fied to use standard parts, or whether it can beto apply it too soon. Herzog warns that to maxichanged to take advantage of automation. It's a mize savings, value engineering ought to be aprare product that cannot be improved throughplied as early as possible in the life cycle of aredesign; yet fewer redesigns might be necesproduct, yet premature use could mean effort
sary if value analysis were applied earlier in thewasted on aproduct that does not meet even
original design cycle. When this is done, thepreliminary design goals. Furthermore, it istechnique is called value engineering. Some deoften easier to evaluate aproduct for value ensigners put down value engineering. They say
gineering if sit exists in physical form. The up"this is what should have been done in the first
shot is that value engineering is usually best applace."
plied somewhere between preliminary design
Donald Herzog, formerly an engineer andand production.
product planner in the aerospace and electronics
The benefits of value engineering can beindustry and now aconsultant, emphasizes thathandsome. For the Government or other customer it can mean lower cost. For the contracthe objective of value engineering is to look at
the function, then design and manufacture thetor it can mean higher profits, and his successful
product to perform its function at the lowest
application of value engineering weighs in his
possible cost.
favor in getting follow-on or new business.

'M

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

31

Diamond Bracelet by J. E. Caldwell Co., Philadelphia—$17,000

Silverline Synchros by CLIFTONThe Top of the Line—that's Silverline
There simply are no production line synchros as good
available.
O 5' accuracy; 3' units available. Guaranteed, in quantity, through design rather than on a "pick andchoose" or yield basis.
O Outstanding repeatability. Once the error curve has
been obtained it holds that original pattern.
• Temperature stability and extend32

Circle 32 on reader service card

ed range. EZ shifts are limited to 3' over a standard
temperature range of —55°C to 150°C (instead of
125°C). Units available for ambients up to 232°C.
0 Lower Null Voltages. On Silverline 26 volt CX's,
CT's and CD's max total nulls are 20mv.
You expect Clifton to be a little bit better. When you
specify Silverline, you're getting the best.

CLIFTON

DIVISION OF LITTON INDUSTRIES

1
71

Call your Local Clifton Sales Office,or telephone 215 622-1000 for
prompt service.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Electronics Newsletter
July 8, 1968

Amelco to change
marketing stance

Honeywell readies
industrial computer

Long known as a specialty house, Teledyne's Amelco Semiconductor
division is changing its marketing practices and will try to get someof the big production orders that have been the bread and butter ofTeledyne's Continental Device Corp. Instead of concentrating on the
introduction of proprietary devices, Amelco will second-source large
IC makers.
The change in direction reflects the influence of James P. Hynes, aformer Continental vice president who succeeded Joseph S. O'Flaherty,
vice president of both Continental and Amelco, when O'Flaherty retired
early this year. Continental specializes in fast production of diodes andtransistors.
Amelco will continue to supply Teledyne with circuits for the Integrated Helicopter Avionics System and will try to maintain its strong
position in field effect transistors. But it has sharply cut back those marketing efforts that stressed the advanced nature of its products. Amelco
has its own brand of 'TTL, but it is also making the Texas Instruments
low-power series 54/74, and it will second-source Fairchild on the 9040
line of low-power TTL's for military and space markets.

Honeywell is developing anew computer for the industrial market, but
officials at the company's Computer Control division in Framingham,
Mass., won't confirm this. Dubbed the X-9 in its present experimental
version, the computer will be called the DDP-316 when it's released for
production. The 316 will be structurally similar to Honeywell's 516, butwill have alonger cycle time: 5microseconds. A prospective user of the316, an applications engineer, says he has been promised the computernext month" since February, but it probably won't be on the market
until next year.
The target price for the 316, with 4,000 words of core memory, is$10,000. Similar computers sell for less. However, the applications engineer—who uses and likes the 516 but doesn't need its speed—expects tooffset any higher price by being able to use his $70,000 516 software
package on the 316 without modification.

Lower cost PDP-8

By eliminating "frills" from its economy computer, the PDP-8I, Digital
Equipment has designed an even lower-priced model, the PDP-8L. At$8,500, the PDP-8L will be the least expensive 12-bit general-purpose
computer available. The L model is slightly slower, offers less inputoutput flexibility, and has fewer computing functions in the hard-wired
form than the Imodel, which sells for about $12,800. Deliveries of the
L model are due to begin in October.

Discretionary LSI

For the first time, afull-slice LSI circuit using discretionary wiring has
been delivered and put to work. Ten of these 700-bit transistor-transistorlogic shift registers are being used by Texas Instruments in the signalprocessing section of amoving-target indicator. Flight tests of the system
are under way now; TI is competing with several firms for a militarycontract for the system.
The arrays, developed by TI, have about 3,000 transistors on a 11
/4gets ajob

Electronics

July 8, 1968

33

Electronics Newsletterinch-diameter wafer and can operate from d-c to 10 megahertz. Competitive MOS designs, say TI officials, can operate over part of that range,
but not over all of it.
The TI arrays are the same as those used in the general-purpose airborne computer it's developing for the Air Force [Electronics, June 24,
p. 47]. An even faster array—operating up to 15 Mhz—is being developed
at TI. It includes three kinds of TTL circuits—clocks, registers, and output buffering devices.

FCC to regulate
phone companies'
CATV leasebacks

Fairchild starts
selling silicon

CATV operators see avictory in the FCC's decision last month requiring
phone companies to obtain commission approval before getting involvedin cable-tv leasebacks. In a leaseback, the phone company sets up thesystem and leases it to the operator. Operators have told of facing
protracted delays or unsatisfactory offers in talks with phone firms, andthe FCC in effect bought these complaints by stating that phone companies have been able to "preclude or substantially delay" CATV.
The operators feel that bringing the telephone CATV efforts under
FCC control—which also implies price regulation—will mean they'll
be able to appeal to the agency if aphone company proves too difficult
to deal with.

Fairchild Semiconductor has started to supply silicon ingots and wafers—thus nearly doubling in one stroke the silicon available to semiconductor makers. A doubling of silicon inventories during a switchoverto 2-inch wafers, plus the company's virtual departure from the powertransistor business (which accounted for most of its epitaxial wafer
production), has left its huge wafer-making, slicing, and polishingfacility perking along at amere third of capacity for the past six months.
But William H. Welling, headquarters marketing manager, says Fairchild isn't merely selling its excess capacity; it's in the business for good.

8,800-watt laser

Raytheon continues to lead the field with high-powered carbon-dioxide
lasers. Scientists at its Research division in Waltham, Mass., have generated 8,800 watts, continuous wave, with a 40-foot design. The laser,
made up of 15 plasma tubes, has an effective lasing length of 600 feet.
Efficiency of the system is 15%.

Award due for giant

1. $2.5 million contract to develop the world's most powerful pulsedpower generator for the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DSA) willsoon be announced by Physics International Inc. of San Leandro, Calif.
The contract follows a one-year feasibility study by the company of
DASA's Aurora simulation facility, which will be built in Washington.
Physics International will supply equipment to generate 3 to 4 megajoules in less than 1 microsecond. The pulses must be reproducible
40,000 to 50,000 times, and the pulsed power will be the equivalent ofabillion watts.
The project's manager, Frank Ford, explains that the earlier designs
were used to simulate temperatures and pressures generated by nuclear
explosions, producing power an order of magnitude greater than the
output of any previous machine. The contract is nonclassified; many ofthe earlier pulsepower machines were made for classified projects.

pulse-power machine

34

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

111

:lie, um Ill

11141imi 11111

Linking soldier to satellite ...
that's the job for these seventeen
low-power TTL integrated circuits
from Texas Instruments. They help
form the "intelligence center" foran Alert Receiver Terminal — partof an advanced new communications system being developed by
Collins Radio Company for the
Tri -Service TacSatCom (Tactical
Satellite Communications) program. Prototype receiver terminals
are being built for the U. S. Armyunder aTri -Service contract
administered by the U. S.
Air Force's Electronic Systems
Division. Collins engineers use 54L
circuits in achieving aportable andlightweight receiver capable ofunscrambling messages from asatellite 22,000 miles away.
Weighing only 12.8 pounds (withbattery) and just 8" by 11" by 2"
in size, the Alert Terminal isdesigned for battlefield use. It is
made to go where the soldier goes
— detecting, decoding and verifying satellite-relayed digital
messages — to get the"word" out ...fast!

Low-power TTL
unscrambles satellite
messagesObjective: Demonstrate that a
man-carried satellite receiver caneffectively get the "word" out—towidely dispersed soldiers—fast!
Approach: Book-size digital receivers are being developed to detect and display coded messages
dispatched from distant groundstations and relayed by satellite.
Prototype models are now being
built by Collins for the Tri-Service
system. Each receiver uses 17
Series 54L low-power TTL integrated circuits from Texas Instruments. Included are: Six SN54L71
R-S master-slave flip-flops, four
SN54L00 quadruple 2-input NAND
gates, six SN54L20 dual 4-input NAND gates, and one
SN54L30 8-input
NAND gate.

Keeping the equipment small
and portable, while still meeting
the rigid performance and reliability levels specified, presented
extremely tough design problems.
A high performance level is essential in decoding and displaying
messages weakened by 44,000 milesof space travel. Series 54L circuits
provide positive triggering withlow-signal currents under severe
conditions of humidity, dust, shockand vibration—at temperatures as
low as minus 40°C.

Another requirement is to makethe receiver— plus batteries—
small enough to be carried by one
man. The low power drain of Series
54L, only one-tenth that of standard TTL, helps keep down battery requirements while small sizeand low package count helps holdoverall receiver size to only 8" x
11" x 2". With battery, the equipment weighs only 12.8 pounds.
While the Alert Terminal can be
carried and set up by one man, it
can also be incorporated into anyof three larger and more versatilesystems Collins is building for TacSatCom. These units can transmit
and receive voice and teletype aswell as coded messages. All systems operate in the UHF band of
225 to 400 MHz and are engineered
to meet the same critical performance and reliability standards.
Based on acceptance by the Department of Defense, TacSatCom—including the Alert Receiver
Terminal and other sophisticatedsystem components—can be operational by the early '70's. The complete system will make possible
voice and teletype communication
to hundreds of mobile receivers
without the formal procedures, interference and waiting periods
confronting present satellite communication users.
The task of helping link soldier
to satellite is a tough, new job for
integrated circuits. It's the sort ofjob that requires outstanding reliability.., along with an optimum
balance of signal power and .ow
temperature operating capability.
In short, it's the kind of job madeto order for Series 54L/74L TTL
integrated circuits from Texas
Instruments.

New plastic package, two
new complex-function circuits,
expand low-power TTL line
TI now offers its Series 54L/74L
low-power TTL integrated circuits
in dual-in-line plastic packages...
with bonus results. The line's low
drive requirements and low power
dissipation are now coupled withthe low first cost and reduced handling costs of the plastic package.
This is in addition to the popularlong-lead hermetic flat pack (available in either the Mech-Pak" orBarnes carrier) as shown above.
TI's low-power series is also moreversatile than ever, thanks to two
new complex-function circuits.
These include a dual J-K masterslave flip-flop (SN54L78/74L78) andan eight-bit shift register (SN54L91/74 L91). Together they now bringthe extra reliability and lower
cost-per-function of complex-function ICs to military and industrial
low-power application's.
For data sheets on the entire
family of low-power TTL, write on
your company letterhead to Texas Instruments Incorporated,
P. O. Box 5621, M5980,
Dallas, Texas 75222.

TEXAS INSTRUM ENTS
INCORPORAI E I)

Dual 50-bit
static shift register highlights
eight new MOS ICs
J-

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111S- e -"i

ejitii1 4;. I

This is a photomicrograph of the longest static shift register available in aproduction
device today. It's TI's new dual 50-bit MOS IC...one of eight new computer-designed
circuits. Companions include three other dual SRs (32, 25 and 16 bit), asix-channel
analog switch, an audio amplifier, a dual full adder, and a dual 3-input NOR gate.

For your moderate speed digitalapplications, TI's new MOS integrated circuits can offer significant
savings. For example, cost-per-bit
for these MOS static shift registers
is only about one-fourth that ofbipolar registers.
All four new MOS static regis-

ters operate over the full d-e to 1
MHz spectrum (3 MHz under moderate loading). Unlike dynamic registers with a minimum clock rate,
these static MOS circuits can store
information for relatively long periods. They also possess high noise
immunity, because of high input

impedance, typically 10 megohms.
The dual 50-bit static registerfeatures very low power drain of
only 1.6 mW per bit. Furthermore,
longer static MOS registers andspecially tailored units can be readily provided...thanks to TI's computer-aided design which makes
custom derivitives possible ineconomical and timely quantities.
Six-channel analog switch
To permit switching of lower-levelsignals without excessive attenuation, the TMS lA 6009 AA features
low "on" resistance (150 ohms).
It is recommended for analog
and time-division multiplexing,
and chopping circuits.
Audio amplifier
Small size and modest cost makethe TMS 7A 7000 LA ideal for manyindustrial and consumer applications. It is an R-C coupled audio
amplifier with again of 45 dB overthe frequency range of 10 Hz to 50
kHz. Output voltage swing (8 voltspeak-to-peak) is obtainable with asingle -20 to -30 volt power supply.
Dual full adder anddual NOR gate
High input impedance, buffered
outputs and high noise immunity
are characteristics of the TMS lA
1700 AA dual full adder and TMS
LA 1702 dual 3-input NOR gate.
For data sheets on any or allthese new MOS ICs, write on yourletterhead to Texas Instruments Incorporated, P. O. Box 5621,
MS 980, Dallas, Texas75222.

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
INCORPORATEDTORRINGTON

We've painted these Torrington blowers to ilbstrate some points.
Torrington makes about as many different types of blowers as there
are colors in the spectrum. Backward and forward curved, single ordual centrifugal units, tube axials, vane axials, single or multi-staged
turbine-driven units, Crossflo's" and you-name-it-we'll-make-it units.
We'll not only produce any type you require (-nany standard in ourline), but we'll make them in an almost endless range of sizes to meetyour application needs. Between Torrington' 3 vast productive
capabilities at home and abroad and the technological know-low
of its engineers, no prcble -n's too big or too small.
Like a more detai ed account of what modern blowers can do for you?
Send for our 24-page raprint from a major industrial publication.
Profusely illustrated with charts, drawings and photographs, it shows
and describes every type of blower made.
Write today, to The Torrington Manufacturing Company,
Torrington, Connecticut.

TORRINGTON MANU'111CTURING COMPANY
United States: Torrirgton.Connecticut VanNuys,C:alifornia Rochester.Indiana Canada: Oakville,Ortario England: Swindon.Wilts Belgium: Nivelles Australia: Sydney
25 F. 8.6

Ï Allen-Bradley
hot-molded
trimmers
TYPE RH

RH502U›-

5000 .
-OHM *

I6,E-240

Circle 39 on reader service card

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

M

TYPE YH

TYPE YSTYPE YRTYPE YCTYPE YN

best in bet ability... best in"hold"ability
This family of Allen-Bradley trimmers features asolid resistance track made by A-B's exclusive hotmolding technique. This solid resistance element
assures smooth adjustment at all times. It approaches infinite resolution—there are never anyof the abrupt changes in resistance which introduce transients as is characteristic of wirewoundcontrols.
When Allen-Bradley hot-molded trimmers areonce set, they will remain stable during severe

mechanical shock and vibration. In addition, A-B
trimmers have low distributed capacitance andare essentially noninductive, permitting their use
at high frequencies where wirewound Units aretotally useless.
For complete specifications on these high performance trimmers, please write: Allen-Bradley Co.,
110 W. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. 53204.
In Canada: Allen-Bradley Canada Ltd. Export
Office: 630 Third Ave., N.Y., N.Y., U.S.A. 10017.

RS10411
0.1—MEG•Type R trimmers are ruggedly built
to maintain their settings under
severe shock and vibration. Continuous resistance change is provided over 25 turns of the adjustment screw. Enclosures are dust-tight and watertight. Long
operational life—accelerated tests produce less than 5% resistance change after 500 complete cycles 1:25,000 turns of theactuator). Rated 1/ watt at 70°C, and can be applied in tempera4
tures from —55°C to +125°C. Available in resistance values frcm
100 ohms to 2.5 megohms. Write for Technical Bulletin B52C5.

Type Ftrimmers are single turn controls built
to withstand severe environmental condition.
They are V2" in diamete- and are rated 1/
4
watt at 70°C. Can be used from —55°C to+120°C. Enclosure is nonmagnetic, corrosion.
resistant, and watertight. Available in resistance values from 100 ohms to 5.0 megohms.
Various tapers can be furnished. Send forTechnical Bulletin B5201.

Type N trimmers are similar to theType R units, and provide substantial economies where environmental conditions are not excessively severe. The 25-turn adjustment
screw permits precise settings. The operational life is the sameas the Type R. The enclosure is dust-tight and immersion-proof.
The rating is 1/
3 watt at 50°C and can operate in ambient ternperatures from —55°C to +100°C. Available in resistance values
from 100 ohms to 2.5 megohms. Please write for Technizal
Bulletin B5206.

Type Y trimmers are economical single-turnunits designed for use where environmental
conditions are not particularly severe. The
low profile construction allows them to fit easily within the commonly used 3f3"stacking. Options for the Type Y include thumbwheel and mount for horizontal installation. Type Y is also madewith snap-in mount for panel mounting, as shown in drawing.
Rated 1/4 watt at 70°C. Resistances from 100 ohms to 5.0 megohms. Please write for technical literature.

-B
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

ALT EN -BRADLEYQUALITY ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Circle 41 on reader service card

41

l

Pushbuttons?
Why not go where
you have the whole
spectrum to choose from!
With panel design continually increasing in sophistication, pushbutton specifications are becoming more andmore exacting. Whatever the case—whether your needs
call for the simple or the complex—your best bet is tocall MICRO SWITCH. The reason is plain. No one canmatch our pushbutton line in breadth of selection.
What's more, your MICRO SWITCH Distributor
can offer you literally thousands of pushbutton varieties
right off the shelf. For example, he stocks hundreds ofinterchangeable operator and switch modules that combine into thousands of different assemblies—allowing

1. Unlighted Pushbutton Switches. Bushing or bracket mounted. Available in 1-,2-, 3- or 4-pole double-throw circuitry,
momentary or alternate action. Black, redand green buttons in various diameters.
Sealed designs available. Wide range ofelectrical power-handling capabilities.
2. Series 2C200 Modular Lighted Pushbutton Switches. Rectangular display
lighted by projected or transmitted 4lamp color. Can be relamped without
tools. 1, 2, 3and 4section split-display
screens. Maintained, momentary ormagnetic hold-in operation. Switch
modules with silver or gold contacts,
multiple circuits and broad choice ofcontact arrangements and electrical
capacities. Also reed switch module.
3. PT Heavy-duty and CMC Pilot-duty
Industrial Manual Controls. Oiltightpushbuttons, selectors and indicatorswith the modern square look. Lighted or
unlighted. Large easy-reading legends.
Multi-circuit control with up to 32 circuits per unit.

you to economically customize your panel with unlimited design freedom.
Special problems? MICRO SWITCH also puts thebroadest field engineering service at your beck and call.
These pushbutton specialists, backed up by the largest
manufacturing and design facilities in the industry, cancome up with the right solutions fast.
Just asampling from our spectrum of pushbuttons isshown at left and described below. For more details,
call a Branch Office or an Authorized Distributor(Yellow Pages, "Switches, Electric"). Ask for Catalog 51.

tire KB matrix can be bench assembled. Switches can be pre-wired andplugged in like a radio tube. Milliamprated "encoding" switch produces acoded output for data entry, exclusiveof separate circuit packages. "Power"switch with 5 amp. 115 vac rating has
lighted display option.
5. 50PB Bushing Mounted Pushbutton
Switches. One-lamp indication. Choiceof button sizes, shape and colors. Longand short-stroke and turn-to-hold momentary action; one- and two-level alternate-action. 1-4 pole double-throw andtwo-circuit double-break contact
arrangement.
6. DM Pushbutton Switches: Attractive,
rugged snap-in panel mount. SPDT or

DPDT circuitry. Three snap-on button
styles, 1/
2"to 1" diameter, red or black.
Also 11 32 "diameter integral momentaryaction and push-pull alternate action
buttons. Rating: 10 amps, 125 or 250
vac; I/3 hp, 125 or 250 vac.
7.302PB Miniature Pushbutton Switches.
One- or two-section two-lamp display.
Momentary and alternate-action operation of two SPDT switches. Spacing
barriers and panel seals available.
8. Series 2N Modular Lighted Pushbutton Switches. Relampable without
tools, these switches feature spring-lockmounting. Molded color housings, ingray, white or black, can be suppliedwith terminals for two or four lamps.
Modularity provides a number of circuit, operation and display possibilities
paralleling the 2C200 options. Spacing
barriers and hold-in coil modules areavailable.
9. Series 2M Round Display Modular
Lighted Pushbutton Switches. Colored
guard rings encircle display screen, prevent accidental operation, code control
function. Broad choice of circuitry
through switch modules used with Series
2N. Many choices of transmitted andprojected display colors. Panel mount in
1
46" to 7
46" thick panels.

4. KB Switch/Display Matrix. New keyboard building block concept consistingof pushbuttons and pushbars (lighted
and unlighted), switches, indicators, mechanical interlock units, and modular
hardware for mounting and wiring. En-

MICRO SWITCHFREEPORT, ILLINOIS 61032

A DIVISION OF HONEYWELL
HONEYWELL

INTERNATIONAL • s,,p,s and nernice offices in all Principal Cities of the world. Mandfactorino in United States, United Kingdom. Canada. Netherlands. Germany. Japan.

Circle 43 on reader service card

TR IVIIVIERS

1.
•450. Infinite resolution.
RJ-12 size. 50f2 thru 1 meg. 1/2 watt
@ 70 °C. ±10% tolerance. ±20%
available for low-cost needs. Choiceof two PC pin arrangements.
2. SERIES 400. Wirewound RT-12 C2L
or RT-12 C2P size. Also with staggered AT -il pins for direct replacement whle saving space. 1 watt @70 °C. ± 5% tolerance. TOOQ. to 100K.

1. SERIES 255. RJ-22 styles with
infinite resolution. ±5, 10, 20%
tolerances to meet all your needs.
/ watt @ 70°C. 1002 to 1 meg.
43
2. SERIES 205. Four RT-22 styles
for MIL or high-grade industrial
needs. 1 watt @ 70 °C, 5°/.:, tolerance. Iva to 50K.

3. SERIES 650. Infinite resolution in
RJ-11 size. ±5% tolerance. ±250ppmrC over range of 1002 to 20K.
1 watt @ 70 °C.
• 4. SERIES 600. Wirewound RT-11 has
MIL quality at industrial prices. MoistureiSealad construction. 1 watt @,70 °C. ±5% tolerance. 10.12 to 100K.

All styles available from IRC'Qualified industrial Distributors.

1. SERIES 150. Infinite resolution
companions to wirewound types.
Many configurations. 3
4/watt @
70°C. ±5, 10, 20% tolerances.
1002 to 1 meg.
2. SERIES 100. Largest 1/
2 " roundselection. Well sealed for MIL or
industrial use. Positive stops.
Longer winding for better resolution and closer settings. 1 watt
@ 50°C. ±5% toi. 102 to 50K.
3. NEW LOW-COST SERIES 550
and 500. Most economical 1/2 watt
trimmers for commercial and industrial use. Infinite resolution
Series 550 has excellent high-frequency characteristics. ±30% tolerance. 100S2 to 1 meg. Wirewound
Series 500 has best resolution at
lowest cost. ±10% tolerance. 10.(.2to 50K. Vertical mounts available.

Panel mcunting versions available for all styles. 1RC also offers hundreds of terminations, mounting variations and adjustments.

only IRC offers all
popular styles
NOW...

NEW

3
/8 "

MIL TRIMMERS

Infinite resolu1ioi or wirewound -.ypes

The simplified desigr of tt-ese new IRC 3
4 " MIL units provides/
prec sion, stability, and economy in a small, board-hugging
package.
A proven clutch assembly assures positive drive of the wiper
at ali times. These trimmers have molded-in pins, and are sealed
to resist moisture. Dielectric strength is a fLI 1,000V A.C.
METAL GLAZE TYPE 7E0 offers essentially infinite resolution
over the full resistance range from 100Q to 1megohm. The glasshard, thick-film resistance eement defies catastrophic failure.
MIL-R-22097 performanze. Rugged epoxy case.
WIREWOUND SERIES 700 in RT-24 size exceeds all MILR-27208 requirements. Silver brazed terminations guarartee
0.25% minimum reliTanoe setting and freedom from catastrophic termination failures Precious metal wiper. Heat-resistant diallyl phthalate case.
CAPSULE SPECIFICATIONSMETAL GLAZE
TYPE 750
1. % 6" CUBETRIMe Miniature units provide significant space savings for all
PC board applications. Infinite resolution Series 350:
0.3 watt @ 70•C. ±10 and
20% tolerances. 5012 thru
500K. Wirewound Series
300: 0.6 watt @ 60°C. ±5%
tolerance. 501 to 20K. Bothseries available with top orside adjust.

WIREWOUNDTYPE 700

POWER:

1
1
2watt @ 70°C

TOLERANCES:±10, 20%

1watt @ 70°C
±5%

RESISTANCE:'00A to 1meg.

lOR to 50K

TEM D. COEF.:±250ppm/DC max.
t+25 °C to +125°C)±5Oppm/°C nax.

TEMP. RANGE:—65°C to +125°C—65°C to +175°C

Both types are immediately available and at prices that are lower
than you would expect. Write for data on these new 343" trimmers.
Or ask for our new potentiometer catalog.

DIVISION OF TRW INC.
401 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19108
C rcla 45 on reader service card

There are probably athousand different ways to set up
areliable patching system

which way is the best?

The answer lies between you and Trompeter, the company that specializes in patching and switching. Trompeter has a new colorful 28 page catalog that covers everything frompanels, standard and miniature, to hundreds of coaxial, twinaxial, and triaxial---

patching components. What's more, it has a unique technical discussion on

131:41"Noise Pickup in Cable Systems" that will help you design the system best foryou. If then, you still have a problem, ask the people at Trompeter, they'vebeen involved with the design of just about every patching system made.

—

»MI

mda

,

=MI I Cere»Nam •mildme

A TROMPETER ELECTRONICS, INC.
New T-7 Catalog

8936 Comanche Avenue. III Chatsworth, California 91311
46

Circle 46 on reader service card

D

Telephone (213) 882-1020
Circle 47 on reader service card—).-Is your carbon compresistor supplierho-hum about
your business?

I te>

14 4

141

You'll like the way we document ourinterest. We're one of the few manufacturers
who will furnish you with written data to prove
how our resistors meet the requirements of MIL-R-39008.
We've also insured that our documentation is fallibility-free,by developing the world's only on-line computerized
resistor quality control system. Is the reliability ofyour present military, aerospace, or industrial resistors
something you have to take on faith?
Get in touch with us. We can prove what we say,and we also have bright flexible ideas that willkeep pace with your requirements. So....

Call the passive innovators
at Airco Speer.

e
d
e
ieeir
.
.
.,
i
A

RCO

Sneer Electronic Components_ include Speer resistors, Jeffers JO precision resistors, Jeffers JXP precisionresistors and networks, Jeffers inductors and capacitors and PEC variable resistors and trimmer potentiometers.
St. Marys, Pa. 15857. Bradford, Pa. 16701 •DuBois, Pa. 15801. Toronto 15, Ontario.

Specify TI 709 op amps
in low-cost plastic packages
now...from Kierulff
It's easy to see why our big stocks
of TI 709 IC operational amplifiers
are your best choice to fill the booming demand. Why? Because only TI
gives you complete package versatility, economy and performance.
TI features a dual in-line plastic
package priced lower than everbefore... along with standard flatpack and TO-5 type configurations.
This opens up hundreds of new applications in both industrial andmilitary equipment markets.

Want performance? Our TI 709s
provide high gain, high common
mode rejection, high output voltage swing, and low offset. You'll
find these devices perfect for instrumentation, process control,
computation, and communications.
Want variety? Then consider our
TI 702s (high-gain, wide band), 710s
(differential inputs and low output
impedance) or 711s. Op amps, youknow, are the closest thing yet totruly universal circuits.

Check the convenient Linear IC
Interchangeability Chart below.
You'll find TI circuits are spec-forspec and pin-for-pin replacementsof competitive types. And ... wehave exclusive low-cost package
advantages in many areas!
Make it easy on yourself. Include TI 709 op amps on the requisition you use to order TTL ICs.

Starting with TI's leadershipline of TTL integrated circuits,weoffer prompt shipment from complete stocks to fill all your IC needs.
So call today... or circle Reader
Service Number 290 and we'll send
you a data sheet for the device
type you're interested in. This will
help you fill the empty spaces inyour procurement schedules—fast.

LINEAR IC INTERCHANGEABILITY CHARTOPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Texas Instruments

PackageTemp. Range

FSC f

SN52 702AL
SN52 702AF
SN52 702AN
SN52 702L
SN52 702F
SN52 702N
SN52 702BL
SN52 702BF
SN52 702BN
SN72 702L
SN72 702F
SN72 702N

TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip"
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip—55 C to 125 -C—55'C to 125 C

USB770231X
U3H770231X

TO-99
Flat Pack

Plastic Dip
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip

SN52 709 AL
SN52 709AF
SN52 709AN
SN52 709L
SN52 709F
SN52 709N
SN52 709BL
SN52 709BF
SN52 709BN
SN72 709L
SN72 709F
SN72 709N

TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip

SN52 710L
SN52 710F
SN52 710N
SN52 710BL
SN52 710BF
SN52 710BN
SN72 710L
SN72 710F
SN72 710N

TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip
TO-99
Flat Pack
Plastic Dip/
0 C to 70 -C+—55 C to 125 C

RM 702

MC1712CG
MC1712CFMC1712CP

RC 709MC1709G
MC1709F

RM 709

U5B770939X
U37770939X
U6E7709393

MC1709CG
MC1709CF
MC1709CPRC 709

U5B771031X
U3H771031X

MC1710G
MC1710FAM 710MC1710CG
MC1710CF
MC1710CP

RC 710MC1711G

RM 711

U3H7702313
U5B771239X
U3H771239X
U5B7709311
U377709311

U3T7709313+
COMPARATORS—55 -C to 125 C

Raytheon l

MC1712G
MC1712FU5B770931X
U3T770931X/
0-C to 70 C

Motorola I

U3H7710313/
0°C to 70'C
I

U5B771039X
U3H771039X
U6E7710393

DUAL COMPARATORS
SN52 711L
SN52 711F
SN52 711N
SN72 711L
SN72 711F
SN72 711N

TO-100Flat Pack
Plastic Dip
TO-100Flat Pack
Plastic Dip—55 C to 125C+
OEC to 70-C

U5F771131X
U3T771131X
U5F771139X
U3T771139X+•Dual-In-Line

Based on latest available public information

ALBUQUERQUEKIERULFF

ELECTRONICS

A SUBSIDIARY OF DUCOMMUN INCORPORATED

486405 Acoma Road, S.E.
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
PHOENIX
2633 E. Buckeye Road
Phoenix, Arizona 85034
PALO ALTO
3969 East Bayshore Road
Palo Alto. California 94303
Circle 49 on reader service card--)--

The sudden surge of voltage:
How to keep electronic equipmentfrom being damaged or destroyed.
Make no mistake.AU solid state circuitry, for example, ishighly vulnerable to excessive voltages.
Transients from lightning strikes, static charges, internal
switching, short circuits, etc., are aconstant danger
to the reliaby and life expectancy of your equipment.
The least you can do is use Siemens Gas-filled
Surge Voltage protectors. Least in terms of size, weightand price. But most in performance.
Siemens SVP's are the smallest and lightest you can buy.
Yet they deliver more protection by providing ahigher
current carrying capability (up to 5,000 Amps.) thanany other proven arc-suppressor in their price range.
And they have avirtually instantaneous reaction speed—extending to the nanosecond range.
So why run the risk of damage to unguarded circuits?
When Siemens gas-filled protectors cost less thanadollar in quantity and provide long-life protection.
Siemens Surge Voltage Protectors come in many
standard models, with anominal DC striking voltage
ranging from 90V to 1000V. Or we can custom-design SVP'sfor your special applications.
Delivery? Immediate, from our stock in N.Y. Better get
more details now. Write:
SIEMENS AMERICA INCORPORATED
350 Fifth Avenue. New York, N.Y. 1000 1
Product shown apProx.11/2 times actual size.

- DiG1T A

MULTIPLEXER A

Trju

32

16

8

4

AU10
WERT

(LEAF?

STE P

It's the fastest.
It's the most accurate.

The MD51 is ahigh-level 64 channel
multiplexer, asample and hold amplifier and a15-bit A to D converter, allin asingle chassis. It has atotal sample
and conversion time of 10 microsecCircle 50 on reader service card'sDS

onds max. and an accuracy of 0.01%.
And it sells for under$10,000. If that doesn't
say it all, write for the
rest.
Systems,
Santa
Scientific
Monica,Data California

July 8, 1968

Electronics Review
ductor materials—such as GaAs —on both semiconductor substrates
and the single-crystal spine] andberyllium-oxide insulating subGaAs on sapphire
strates.
Even though silicon-on-sapphire
So far, no semiconductor devices
devices are still too new to be have been produced on spinel or
widely used, the Autonetics team beryllium oxide substrates, but thethat pioneered sOs is developing Schottky-barrier mixer diode is exmicrowave devices using gallium
pected to operate at 10 gigahertz
arsenide as the semiconductor ma- and have areverse breakdown voltterial on such insulating substrates
age of about 6 volts at 10 microas sapphire, spinel (magnesium
amperes. Marcian Roth, who isaluminate), and beryllium oxide.
heading the mixer-diode developThe group, headed by Ralph
ment, says the device has been
Ruth, has produced Schottky-barcharacterized only for its d-c fearier mixer diodes and tunnel diodes tures so far, although microwave
using GaAs on sapphire. Ruth is evaluation is under way. He thinks
group scientist in the physical the
microwave
measurementssciences department of Autonetics' should confirm the d-c characterresearch and engineering division.
istics.
He's also one of the prime movers,"We'll have a Schottky-barrier
along with Harold Manasevit, a mixer diode with an operating fremember of the technical staff, be- quency of 10 Ghz," Roth mainhind anew chemical vapor-deposi- tains, "and we don't know of anytion process that's fundamental one else who has done this withto the diode work. This process GaAs on sapphire. The fact thatis designed for large-area epitaxial we've made good devices withgrowth of single-crystal semicon- these materials is significant in itAdvanced technology

Volume 41
Numbr 14

self." Roth believes the most significant facet of the development isthat the mixer diode arrays aremonolithic and compatible withmonolithic microwave IC's.
In a hybrid approach, Roth explains, a microstrip would Fe put
down first, then the active devices
would be put down on it. Fabrication of the monolithic mixer diodearray is compatible with evaporation and photo-lithographic techniques used in the planar process.
Basically, aGaAs island is formedby etching to the substrate. A metal
semiconductor Schottky barrier isformed, along with an ohmic contact. The next step is to evaporate
the appropriate metal micrpstrip
lines onto the sapphire substrate
and over the mixer diodes' ohmic
and barrier contacts.
Electron mobility. Manasevit
says there are variations in thetemperatures at which GaAs is deposited on all three insulator substrates, but these are proprietary.
Roth notes that GaAs has greater
electron mobility than silicon andAu
MICROSTRIPLINEOHMIC CONTACT

2n+GaAsON SAPPHIRE
nGaAs
ON n+ GaAsOHMIC CONTACT (Zn)
(UNDER STRIPLINE)BARRIER CONTACTOHMIC CONTACTSINTERER THROUGH
nGoAs INTO
n+ GaAsBARRIERCONTACTA

SULPHUR -DOPED TIN
ALLOYED REGION(UNDER STRIPLI NE )MICROSTRIPLINES

DEGENERATEGALLIUM
ARSENIDE

n+GaAsSAPPHIRE SUBSTRATEGROUND PLANE

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968METAL
GROUND —PLANE

SUBSTRATE: SAPPHIP.E

51

Electronics Review

that this points to mixer-diode cutoff frequencies in GaAs greaterthan in SOS devices (100 Ghz
against about 50 Ghz).
The tunnel-diode effort is headed
by Richard Palmquist, who says
the main advantage over the usual
hybrid fabrication techniques issimilar to that of the mixer diode—the devices can be made inmonolithic microwave stripline arrays. In addition, peak-to-valley
current ratios as great as 20:1 andtypically 10:1 are possible for the
first time in GaAs on sapphire.
Also, the process produces verticaljunctions instead of the more fragile horizontal junctions associated with hybrid microstripline
tunnel diodes.
Vertical junctions are formed
when the metal "dot" alloys sulphur-doped tin through to the
GaAs-sapphire interface in acylindrical fashion. As a result tunneling takes place around the circumference of this cylindrical junction,
not just at the base as in horizontaljunction tunnel diodes.
In both the mixer-diode and tunnel-diode work, Autonetics officials
say, the monolithic approach leads

to better reproducibility. Higher trolled zones for established methods; the atmosphere is probably
packing density should also be possible because of the electrical isola- free of etchants, minimizing outdoping and other kinds of substratetion of individual devices on an
contamination; the technique caninsulating substrate, which should
be used for simultaneous epitaxial
minimize stray capacitances.
growth on both semiconductor andNew materials. Ruth believes
that the GaAs-on-sapphire work at insulator substrates; doped or unAutonetics—a division of the North doped growth is accomplished at
American Rockwell Corp.—is more lower temperatures (600° to 825°C)
advanced than the firm's Sos effort than those used in other kinds of
was after the same amount of de- reactions, and the process is simple, flexible, and compatible withvelopment work, and that the somethods now used to grow epiphistication is attributable to thetaxial layers of elemental semiconnew vapor-deposition process. The
process involves the reaction in a ductors.
Autonetics chose sapphire subhydrogen atmosphere between astrates initially, mainly because of
C oup III organometalic comthe division's SOS experience, but
pound (trimethylgallium or triethylgallium) and ahydride from Group officials in the physical sciences deV—arsine, phosphine, or arsine- partment believe beryllium oxide
phosphine mixtures, depending on has even greater potential. Its therthe semiconductor compound de- mal conductivity at room temperature is seven times that of sapsired. Roth says that the companysponsored work represents the first phire, promising devices with morepractical use of this new class of power than those with sapphire
substrates.
reaction ,.
Spinel's chief attraction is that
Its advantages over other chemits cubic crystal structure is better
ical
vapor-deposition
epitaxial
GaAs growth processes are that it matched to the structure of GaAs
requires only one temperature zone, and silicon semiconductor materials
compared with two carefully con- than are sapphire or beryllium oxide. Ruth says this should contribute to alower defect density in thesemiconductor layer.

Companies
Parent and child

Ring up acomputer. Engineers at Bell Telephone Laboratories in an
in-house experiment, linked an unmodified commercial computer to thisPicturephone so their device could be used as adesk terminal to display
data on such things as inventories and news, stock, and weather. Bellplans additional tests; no marketing plans have been made.
52

A man who had dinner with Robert
N. Noyce a couple of months ago
came away from that meeting, herecalls, with the distinct impression "that Noyce was making up
his mind whether or not to grab
for the big brass ring." The big
brass ring is the presidency of the
Fairchild Camera 8r Instrument
Corp. Noyce was then sharing theduties of that office with Sherman
N. Fairchild and two of his financial advisers after Fairchild hadousted two previous chief executives in five months.
Almost everyone who knew
Noyce said that he wouldn't want
the top job because he was too
nice; he wouldn't want to be theElectronics

July 8, 1968

Electronics Review
kind of head-knocker that acorporation president has to be. On theother hand, they felt that he mighttake the job anyway, to influence
further the growth of Fairchild
Semiconductor, whose chief founder he was and whose fortunes
had been so bound up in his own.
Problem solved. Noyce apparently decided that the corporate
position wasn't worth the sacrifice,and in any case the corporation
was skeptical of his business experience; Fairchild was making informal feelers for a new chief executive, and in June reportedly
made at least one formal offer,
which was declined.
If Noyce was not to be president, his role in the corporationand in the division was cloudy. At
a directors' meeting late lastmonth, Noyce solved his problem
by resigning from both operations—thus leaving the parent company
without any operating executive
for the moment. Simultaneously,
Gordon E. Moore, a cofounder ofFairchild Semiconductor and now
its research and development
chief, announced that he, too, wasleaving. Moore had decided to quit
two weeks previously, but colleagues at Semiconductor had
been trying to persuade him tochange his mind with the argument that Noyce, as heir presumptive to the presidency, would protect Moore from the attentions ofcorporate headquarters.
Double challenge. Whoever the
new president of Fairchild is, hewill have to shape anew position
for Fairchild Semiconductor bothwithin the parent corporation andin the semiconductor industry.
Fairchild Semiconductor was
founded by eight scientists, andhas maintained a reputation as atechnological leader. The technology has produced profits—to suchan extent that the logistics of production and activities at the New
York Stock Exchange are now
more important to the division than
the future of gallium arsenide. The
departure of Noyce spotlights
what has been a reality for sometime:technology,
Fairchild's
strength, is a tool of the corporation, not agoal in itself.
Except for the fact that its role
Electronics

July 8, 1968

Shock cart.
Stanford University's
School of Medicine
has developed amobile console thatmonitors persons inshock. The system,
being built by
Honeywell's Test
Instruments division,
Denver, simultaneously takes electrocardiograms andmeasures blood flow,
intravascular bloodpressure, and otherparameters associated with shock. The
cart also has aretractable mounting
arm for positioning
the transducers near
the patient, amultichannel oscillographfor immediate andpermanent recordingof the physiologicalinformation.

,44,14• 1j_.2.
;9; ••;‘,/ II .2., •• •• •
•

..0

•

•

has been entirely benevolent, theSemiconductor division has been
like the camel in the tent for Fairchild
Camera& Instrument.
Founded in 1957 by Noyce, Moore,and six other refugees from Shockley Laboratories Inc., the semiconductor division has been profitable
almost from the start. And lastyear its sales accounted for wellover half of Fairchild's total revenue of $209 million. (Insiders saythat "well over half" is acorporate
euphemism for about two-thirds.)
Moreover, only three of Fairchild's eight divisions were profitable last year, and the pressure on
the Semiconductor division to produce profits for the rest of the corporation has been asource of continuing tension between the unit's
Mountain View, Calif., headquarters and the corporate offices in
Syosset, N.Y. Fairchild Semiconductor's target is pretax earnings
totaling 20% of sales.
Resistance. But with prices oflinear integrated circuits falling
rapidly, fierce competition in digital circuits, and a buyers' market
in discrete components, the division tends to resist corporate pressure. This pressure manifests itself as astream of questions from

•

e

e•

the corporate level about day-today operations, such as why acertain R&D program is being carriedout, or why a given section has aparticular number of employees.
The corporation has never tried toeut down on research and development, but it has tried to get outsiders to pay for it. The division
has traditionally shied away from
Government-sponsored
R&D,
though, and has successfully resisted the pressure from above.
Richard Hodgson, who took overas president of Fairchild last November when it was already apparent that the corporation washeading for a bad year, did what
he could to relieve the pressure bydealing off themoney-losing
Davidson division and the memory
products and oscilloscope operations, and writing off tremendous
amounts of inventory and obsolete
equipment. But Hodgson apparently moved too fast for board
members Walter Burke, Sherman
Fairchild's financial adviser, andJoseph B. Wharton, an investment
counselor, who were worried by
Fairchild's erratic performance on
the stock market. Hodgson waselevated to vice chairman of theboard in April.
53

Electronics Review
In contrast to Hodgson's performance, Noyce's two-month stint
as a director (with Fairchild,
Burke, and Wharton looking over
his shoulder), has been aquiet one.
There are still reports that
Fairchild will sell off the unprofitable Space and Defense Systems
division, but no steps have beentaken yet. One other possibility isthat Fairchild will recognize theimportance of the Semiconductor
division by splitting the corporation into two separate entities, one
comprising the Semiconductor andInstrumentation divisions and theother the rest of the firm.
Too big. That would give whatmany consider the proper importance to the Semiconductor division. But with Noyce gone, Syosset
is clearly in control.
Of the eight Semiconductor
founders, only one, Julius Blank,
is now active in the corporation(though another, Victor Grinich, ison leave of absence). All are
wealthy, but, in a way, the founders have been engulfed bysuccess. They have become involved in big business without
realizing it. Moore now wants tostart afresh with his own company,
though at present his plans aren't
far advanced. Noyce, too, said on
resigning that he would like toestablish an association with asmall company trying to develop
some new product or technology.
It seems that no one wanted to
become really big. "As recently asa couple of years ago," said one
friend after the resignation wasannounced,
"you
might
call
Noyce's home and they'd tell you,'Bob's gone over to the lab,' because that's how they felt about
Fairchild Semiconductor."trois. The tube is amember of the
new 6JQ6 family.
Model set. GE's tube division in
Owensboro, Ky., has gone farther
by designing a color tv set. It'sbeing shown to tv set makers as
an example of how to build a 10inch color set to sell for under$150. The GE design, called 8+1(for eight multifunction Compactron tubes plus one Compactron
high-voltage rectifier tube) uses
the nine tubes at atotal tube costof under $8. The 8+1 is afollowon to last year's highly touted,
though markedly unsuccessful,
Consumer electronics
4+1, which was intended forblack-and-white sets.
In the 8+1 design the signal
Some push tubes...
channel uses a double pentode
Despite the trend to replace all Compactron that provides two
television tubes with semiconducstages of i-f amplification and ators, at least two electronics com- pentode video amplifier that shares
panies are bucking the tide. The
its envelope with the chroma amtube divisions of RCA and Gen- plifier. The i-f circuit is of the coneral Electric are trying to stave ventional variety and includes
off the day of tubeless tv by detraps for the 41.25- and 47.25veloping better and better tubes
megahertz signals.
and novel ways to use them.
The audio and sync are picked
RCA, for example, is offering a off from the second i-f stage, thenfamily of nine-pin miniature tubes
amplified in one of two triode secthat can be used in a vertical detions of the Compactron, which
flection circuit to enable adjustprovides automatic gain control
ment of the picture height control
keying and horizontal feedback.
with little or no interaction beThis signal amplifier feeds the age
tween the height and linearity con- keyer, audio detector, and sync
clipper circuits. The color burst
is gated to the 3.58-Mhz color subcarrier by the horizontal retrace
pulse. The color signal is demodulated by alow-level diode demodulator and matrixed in the color
difference amplifiers.
However, the deflection circuits
represent the most important development of the 8+1 color set.
For example, the horizontal deflection circuit, which develops the
18,000 volts for the picture tube.
is of the self-oscillating type, andis synchronized by the incoming
horizontal sync pulses. Therefore,
no afc circuit is provided. This isessentially the same circuit that CE
had used in the abandoned 4+1.
Yoke driver. The vertical deflection circuit is being used for the
first time. Its principal advantage
is that it can drive the deflection
yoke directly without the use ofa matching transformer. To simTube tv. General Electric is trying to convince television makers to design color
receivers with its Compactron tubes.
plify convergence, the 8+1 uses
54

Circle 55 on reader service card—)-Polaroid'

RIMIGUTS lEUME
OSIER TO RERM
WITH
POLARCI1

EIREULRR

POLARIZERS

Look what happened to the readab I
ity when we
took the filter away from the top half of our readout.
A25%transmission neutral densityfilterwould
improve the readability by about 4times.
But the Polaroid Circular Polarizer at the bottom of our readout improves unfiltered readability
by about 110 times. Because it polarizes the lightthat others only filter.
If you're designing adisplay, and you'd Ike asample for testing, write Polaroid' Corp., Pola-izer
Sales, Dept. 76, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
Then you can prove that no matter how brightroom lighting conditions may be, your readout
will stand out.
And, after all, isn't that the whole idea?

Electronics Review

apicture tube that has in-line guns.
Some corners had to be cut tokeep the price of the 8+1 down.
One concession was the use of hot
chassis construction with a 600milliampere heater string, a design generally found in low-pricesets.

IC's in tv's
Despite all the ballyhoo, integrated
circuits have made very little headway in television sets. IC's are being used only in the audio section
and automatic fine-tuning circuitsof some top-of-the-line color sets.
The only reason set makers advance for this slow pace is that
IC's still cost more than discrete... others go solid
Meanwhile, component producers
are still pushing for tubeless tv
sets.
First Amperex introduced its
A705 high-voltage horizontal output transistor [Electronics, Oct.
16, 1967, p. 46]; then Varo entered
the race with the first solid statehigh-voltage rectifier [Electronics,
March 4, p. 42], just when Amperex' solid state rectifier project
ran into difficulties and had to be
shelved, at least temporarily. Now
Delco Radio is ready to take on
Amperex with its new DTS-0713E
transistor for the horizontal-deflection circuit for color sets, and the
DRS-112 damper diode.
Across the ocean, ITT's European
subsidiary, Standard Elektrik Lorenz AC of Germany, is trying to
hop aboard with a line of highvoltage selenium rectifiers that include a miniature cartridge typethat can be used in a multiplierarrangement to achieve the required high-voltage rating forcolor sets.
Motorola is already using the
Varo device in its 1969 color line.
However, the sales leader in thecolor tv market, RCA, is holding
back. Its latest designs are allsolid state except for the high-voltage rectifier. Explains Wayne W.
Evans of RCA's color-tv engineering staff: "We have sampled anumber of devices, but we've foundtubes to be more reliable than thedevices that we have experimented
with so far."Varo's Jan Collmer counters
with: "It's more a matter of economics than reliability—tubes arestill cheaper. We have devices thatare rated at 45,000 volts, peak inverse voltage, and that is clearly
better than any kind of tube cantake."
56

Solid state. ITT's selenium highvoltage rectifier...

components. But with IC prices
generally going down as volume
picks up, most set makers at lastmonth's IEEE Spring Conferenceon Broadcast and Television Receivers in Chicago conceded thatthey will be using IC's extensively... stacked to provide wide variety ofvoltages.

—and soon.
At least four microcircuit producers—Sprague Electric, Motorola,
General Instrument, and Fairchild Semiconductor—have developed IC chroma demodulators forcolor sets. And General Instrument
says it will soon be offering monolithic circuits for all the colorprocessing functions: chroma burst
separation, color killing, color
matrix, and color sync.
Recover color. Sprague's devices,
ULX-2114K, uses two balanced
quadrature detectors that operate
simultaneously to recover the blue
and red information from the 3.58megahertz chroma subcarrier.
Motorola's circuit, the XC1325P,
uses differential amplifiers instead.
The reference signal is applied differentially between base terminalsof the two amplifier pairs, while
the signal to be demodulated isapplied through current amplifiers.
The Fairchild circuit, A737E,
uses a quadrature amplifier arrangement somewhat similar to theMotorola circuit. In this setup, theB—Y and R—Y color-difference
voltages are developed across collector loads and added to the collector currents to produce the G—Y
signal.

Manufacturing
Cool stripper
At least one semiconductor manufacturer, the Signetics Corp., isusingradio-frequency-induced
plasmas instead of acids to remove
photoresist from silicon wafers.
And the technique can also be
used in the laying down of silicondioxide and silicon-nitride passivation layers, doing the job at relatively
lowtemperatures
andthereby greatly simplifying theprocess.
Steve Irving, a materials scientist at Signetics, is credited withthe first application of electrodeless, r-f-induced atomic oxygen
plasma—low-temperature ashing—to the semiconductor field. Asked
to find some way of removing
Electronics

July 8, 1968

No other
100W silicon
power transistor
in the industry
can match thisperformance point
10

Typical Series Voltage
Regulator Circuit Using 2N5240

CASE TEMPERATURE (T)25°C

,

6
-t

ric MAX z5A\\t

4

TYPE — I
55240

\
I

I

TYPE
2N5240+OUT

Vref

0 —120 V
0 —0.6 AO+ SENSING

TYPE
2N3053TYPE
2N3053

COLLECTOR CURRENT-A

2/

DISSIPATION
LIMITED(SLOPEr-I )64

Ism LIMITED -4\(SLOPE -3)

2

\
105—
[25 V

DIFF. AMP
Voo t

2N5239225 V)

4

2N5240(300 V)

ADJUST.

— SENSING

O

0.02
10

2

4

6

8 100

COLLECTOR-TO-EMITTER VOLTS

o

—OUT

1000,

VcE)

Maximum Safe Area Operating Curve for Type 2N5239
and 2N5240

Now, full second breakdown protection up to 100 W dissipation and 150 volts,
plus safe area rated up to 300 volts! That's a brand new level of power
performance and reliability for high-voltage silicon transistors.
We made this capability possible by creating a unique pellet construction
technique—multiple diffusion combined with the multiple emitter concept
made famous by RCA "overlay." To you, this means better performing, morereliable circuits for high-voltage regulators, series regulators, high-speed
inverters for off-the-line operation, switching bridge amplifiers for servo motor
controls, and ultrasonic power amplifiers.
Depending on your circuit requirements, you can choose between the 2N5240
with aV„,. (sus) of 350 volts or the 2N5239 with a250 volt rating. Both transistors
have an lc (max.) of 5A and Pt of 100 W.
For more information consult your RCA Representative or your RCA Distributor.
For technical data, write: Commercial Engineering, RCA Electronic
Components and Devices, Section IN7-1, Harrison, N.J. 07029.

RCA
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 57 on reader service card

57

Electronics Review
ing to Bersin, for under $10,000,
contain only four plug-in circuitboards and 12 test terminals; acommon voltmeter set to the 10volt range can be used to test all
voltages. Bersin notes that repairs
can be made simply by correlating
an incorrect voltage with a defective circuit and then replacing thatcircuit.

Commercial electronics
Etch it. R-f-induced plasma, rather than acids, removes photoresist from siliconwafers in new Signetics operation.

photoresist, the highly toxic chromic and sulphuric acid mixtures
sometimes left on wafers ; Irving
found that he could do away withthe acids entirely.
College memories. "Photoresist
material, - he explains, "is nothing
but organic material, and I had
remembered from college thatwhen we were looking at trace elements in diseased human tissue,
we had had the same problem of
removing the organics without
volatilizingtheelements
wewanted to look at." If low-temperature, r-f-induced oxygen plasmas
could handle this job, he reasoned,
why couldn't they volatilize organic materials without altering
the crystal structure of nonpolymers on awafer?
Experiments performed by Signetics ayear ago showed that lowtemperature ashing could completely strip photoresist material
without degrading the wafer in any
way. Although the company won't
say what percentage of its production volume this technique is now
being applied to, spokesmen haveindicated that the use of strong oxidizing agents is on the way out.
Supplier. And according to Richard L. Bersin, president of the
newly formed International Plasma
Corp. in Hayward, Calif., the same
technology can be used in theprocess of laying down the five to
six passivating layers required forcomplex semiconductor wafers.
58

Fare price

The simplest system of all was ahands-down winner of the automatic fare-collection contract let by
the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid
Equipment being built by International Plasma will strip 100 wa- Transit District (BART) late lastfers covered by 5,000 angstroms of month. IBM, a surprise entry, wasso far under the competition withpolymer photoresist in less than
five minutes. In the process, a 5- its bid of $4.9 million that there
was really no contest at all.
torr plasma is initiated in one or
The IBM system, which willmore chambers by applying an r-f
voltage to externally mounted elecautomatically deduct fares froma magnetically coded card, uses
trodes. Highly reactive atomic andionic oxygen created in the plasma no external computer, only amemory and logic system inside thedecomposes and removes the photoresist compound by forming vola- ticket reader.
Three types of systems weretile reaction products that are immediately pumped away. The tested by BART. The FMC Corp.
operation is generally performed and Control Data, which jointly
at around 100°C in an atmosphere developed a system using a huge
central computer, didn't evenof 20% atomic oxygen.
With the same equipment, but bother to bid. The Advanced Data
at 500°C, aplasma of either atomic Systems division of Litton Indusoxygen or atomic nitrogen will lay tries, whose system used a comdown a passivating layer, the puter in each BART station, thoughthickness of which is a function not in each gate, entered abid of
about $20 million. General Electric,of time of exposure, pressure, gas
whose system is also simple, wasflow rate, and r-f power.
Independent steps. Because it's
still far above IBM at about $9 milperformed at a temperature about lion.
Open-door policy. The district
half that needed for conventional
thermal oxidation, this operation had expected to spend $6.8 million
doesn't generate the diffusion of to $9.8 million for the system. It
silicon dopants typical of oxida- was so delighted at the IBM pricetion. And because there's no need that it picked the most expensive
to make allowances for these dop- option, one calling for a normallyopen gate (instead of one that
ants, each layer of passivation canbe applied independently of the closes after each passenger goesothers.
through), plus two years of maintenance. The open gates, which
The equipment, due to be marketed by International Plasma next will close if any passenger doesn'tmonth, will operate at 13.5 mega- pay his fare, permit greater traffic
hertz at up to 1,000 watts. The loads in peak hours.
machines, which will sell, accordThe system, developed in IBM's
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

POWER WITHOUT PERIL
for Analog Equipment
New Philbrick/Nexus current booster and voltage regulator
modules fully protect op amp circuits against overloading
Whether your analog circuits require high load power, highstability ora high degree of regulation, Philbrick/Nexus power
products have exactly what you need. Philbrick/Nexus helps
you shrink op amp c;rcuits by supplying compact, fully
encapsulated, completely overload protected booster amplifiers and voltage regulators.
Model 2001 Current Booster provides ±- 500 mA at ±-10 volts
with wide frequeng, response. A slewing rate of 10 volts/Psec.
offers full output response to 80 KHz. Voltage gain approaches
unity with current gain greater than 40,000 times. Phase shift
is less than 10° at 10 mHz.
Model 2101 Dual Voltage Regulator delivers ±- 100 mA at±-15 volts. Accepts input range from 19 to 40 volts. Unit offers
high regulation (.01%). Low ripple and noise. Operates over arange of —55°C to +85°C at 50 ppm.
A dual output regulated power supply, Model NPS-300 is alsoavailable from Philbrick/Nexus. It features separate positive
and negative outputs with individual adjustments to any output
between 12 and 18 volts at any load between zero and 300 mA
each. Model NP5-300 is short circuit proof. Price: $135.
Call your Philbrick/Nexus sales representative for complete
specifications, prices and applications assistance. Or write,
Philbrick/Nexus Rewarch,22 Allied Drive at Route 128,
Dedham, Massacht setts 02026.
Philbrick/Nexus invites technical employment inquiries

0

PHILBRICK/NEXUS RESEARCHA TELEDYNE COMPANY

BOOTH NUMBER AT WESCON IS*1723

Circle 59 on reader service card

Electronics Review

Los Gatos, Calif., advanced development facility, will be made by
the Federal Systems division in
the same Huntsville, Ala., plant
where Apollo-Saturn launch vehicle
instrumentation is built. IBM will
deliver 236 gates, 96 ticket-reading machines, 47 add-fare machines—for persons whose magnetic cards don't have enough left
on them for the full fare-119
money changers, and 44 special
ticket readers for station agents,
to detect faults in magnetic coding.
Like the other systems, IBM's
requires a passenger to insert his
ticket into a reader on entering
the station and again on reaching
his destination. The second reader
automatically deducts the fare, andprints out a notification of theamount remaining on the card.
IBM's way of doing this, which reportedly capitalizes on existing
components in IBM computers, has
implications for airline quickticketing systems.
The district also awarded a $1629,000 contract to the WDL division of Philco-Ford Corp. foryard control and communications

systems. Philco beat out six otherbidders, including Western Electric, contractor for the main train
control and communications system.
Philco will build acommand andcontrol system that will take careof the trains when they aren't inservice. Sensors will read serial
numbers as cars enter the yard,
and the central console will direct
them to repair shops, storage areas,
and washing facilities. The bid wasanother bargain; the district had
estimated the cost at $2.9 million.

Late last month representativesof the Army, Air Force, Navy, andNASA met in Washington andestablished three groups that will
make or break the devices for
Government service. They are aworking group for test methods
and procedures, aunit on researchand development, and a management policy group.
Sticky problems. The test methods group will examine the mostcritical aspects of the acceptanceproblem. It plans to tackle such
issues as perfecting test and evaluation procedures; determining
differences between plastic andhermetically sealed devices; setting up standards for temperatureand humidity tests; and considerMilitary electronics
ing changes to be made in publishedstandards
andtesting
publications (such as military
Plastic's progressstandard 750 and 883) and the costs
Plastic-encapsulated integrated cirand tradeoffs involved in screening
cuits have been around for several plastic devices.
years but have yet to receive the
The group will be struggling
blessings of the Pentagon or NASA.
with two sticky problems that came
Now the Government has indicated up at aMay triservice-NASA meetits willingness to give plastics a ing on plastic IC's [Electronics,
hard look and has set up an organiMay 27, p. 25]. It was determinedzation to test them.
at that meeting that there is no consensus among users, potential
users, and manufacturers on thereliability of plastic semiconductor devices.
It was also agreed that there
has been no good determination of
the costs of screening. Some delegates even brought up the possibility that plastics might costmore than metal cans because of
the extensive screening that may
be necessary before they can go
into military and space systems.

Government
That's aswitch
On display. The A.B. Dick Co. has long been known for its duplicating
and copying machines. But now, as aresult of spin-off from its
electrostatic high-speed label-printing equipment, the firm has entered
the electronic data-display field with this unit, the Videograph Series
900. It can present up to 512 characters in 16 rows directly from akeyboard or acomputer. This installation is at Penn Central Stationin Washington.

60

An economist testifying before the
Senate antitrust subcommittee has
challenged the very premise of thepanel's investigation of defense
contracting practices. The Senators, exploring charges that thePentagon wastes public funds by
Circle 61 on reader service card—›-E-H 128 $980 Model 128 i: has a
Don't tell our new

low price tag. Actually, the E-H 128 thinks, acts andtalks like amuch higher-priced box —gives you features never offered in ageneral purpose pulser atthis price.
For instanze? Risetime of < 35ns and < 4ns falltime; rep rate to 50 MHz; dual outputs (posit ve andnegative), 5v amplitude; independently ccntrolled
and contiruously variable, attenuation ranges of 1,H2, 4, 8, 16; single :ind double pulses; sincle cycle
pulses;external driving and external gatin3. All thisand cciti -ludus'y iariable trigger width (-Ons to50ns), plus pulse va dth and Oise delay cortinuously variab e frcm 1t)ns to 10 milliseconds. What it
adds UD to, Pf cou -se, is a pulser which gives you
more discrete measurements and wider breadth ofmeasurement Ittar many pulsers costing -Lndredsof dollars more. Worth looking into.

E-H RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC.
163 Ade me Street• Oakland, California 94607 • :415) 83L-3C30 • liNX 910-366-7258

In Europe: E H Research Laboratories (Ned) N.V., Bo: 101E, Eindicrier
In Japar: lwatsu Electric Co.,The Netherlands, Telex 511_E,No. 710, 2 Chome Kurayama Euginaimi-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Electronics Review
often ignoring competitive bidding, heard Frederic M. Schererof the University of Michigan assert that there's already too muchrivalry for orders and that the situation is squandering both moneyand engineering talent.
Scherer, a specialist in militaryspending, stressed that price cannot be the sole criterion in defense
contracting. "What often counts
more—and properly so—is technicalperformance, operational reliability, and speed of delivery," hedeclared.
Short list. About half the $40
billion spent each year on the military procurement is awarded noncompetitively. And almost half thePentagon's prime contracts go tojust 25 companies.
But Scherer would like to see thecompetition further limited. He
told the subcommittee that whether the emphasis is on technicalcompetence or price, contractors
now enter "one competition after
another until enough successes
have been scored to ensure a fullorder book." This activity, he continued, "is a voracious consumerof the contractors' creative talent.
The best scientists and engineers
in industry ...spend alarge partof their time working on proposals
and relatively little on the actual
implementation of contracts won."Scherer noted that the Government has a difficult time choosing
among technical proposals because of the uncertainties that blurthe figure of any advanced weaponand because contractors tend toview any task through "rosecolored glasses." Consequently, it
has moved away from making
judgments solely on the basis of
specific designs and is putting increasing emphasis on companies'
total technical and managerial capabilities, widening the competition.
This trend has led, according toScherer, to a "hoarding of talentand facilities by defense contractors that probably represents a
waste of billions of dollars annually." The Government, he contended, "gains little, and in allprobability encourages the wasteof valuable resources, when it invites more than three to five care62

fully chosen companies to submit
technical proposals for anew program."
Confrontation.
The Senators
were further told that "implicit
and explicit pressure from Congress to present at least the appearance of vigorous and impartial competition contributes to excessively widespread dissemination of invitations to bid." ThePentagon has to indulge in this"window dressing" and wadethrough a great deal of "talentwasting brochuremanship" by contractors for the sake of appearances, Scherer said.
The economist suggested that
the Pentagon put more emphasison past performance in choosing
contractors. He said the Defense
Department is moving in this direction, "although not very vigorously."
Scherer proved to be less sanguine than the Pentagon about thebenefits of incentive contracts. He
conceded that they spur some
added efficiency, "but profits under incentive contracts depend not
only upon skill in cost reduction,
but also upon skill in bargaining
for the initial cost targets and formaking changes in the targets as
design modifications are authorized in midstream."
Scherer concluded his testimony
on a note of irony. He suggested
to the panel that waste and inefficiency in the awarding of military and space contracts might not
be so bad after all. About the only
"unambiguous braking force" on
the rising economic burden of armaments, he said, is the high costof weapons; higher efficiency andlower costs in weapons development could thus lead to bigger
arms inventories and a heavier
over-all financial burden in thelong run.

On the other handAt just about the same time that
Senate hearings opened on militaryprocurement policies, the Pentagon
was making an award that showed
how competition can cut prices.
The contract went to the Elec-

trospace Corp. of Glen Cove, N.Y.,
and covered a $2,260,476 first increment of a$19,261,841 four-year
purchase of AN/PRC 77 manpackradio transceivers and RT-841
transmitters. Electrospace, which
was identified in the brief Pentagon contract announcement as "asmall business firm," submitted
the lowest of 21 bids for the orders.
Quick whistle. The radios weredeveloped by RCA in 1966 at acostto the Defense Department of$694,000. The Army then awarded
RCA two production contracts. The
first, in 1966, stipulated aunit priceon the sets of $1,222. In the second contract, let last year, theprice was
$937.
Sen.
Peter
Dominick (R., Colo.) got wind of
the affair and blew the whistle in
May [Electronics, May 27, p. 73].
He noted that though the initial
contract included $54,834 to pay
for manufacturing drawings, theArmy had justified the award of
the second order to RCA on thebasis of "urgency of delivery andlack of manufacturing drawings."
As a result of Dominick's investigating, the Army did an aboutface and put the radios up for
bidding. Electrospace's proposal
came to about $480 per unit; RCA'sbid, at about $610 a unit, wasabout the tenth lowest even though
the company has had previous production experience.
Dominick estimates that the Pentagon will save as much as $15
million because it went to competitive bidding instead of continuing to award the contract noncompetitively to RCA.

Management

Life or death
A year ago, when Charles S. Rockwell took over as vice president andgeneral manager of ailing Sperry
Gyroscope, his orders were simple:
cure it or kill it. Now Rockwell,after laying off 450 production
workers, believes the prognosis isencouraging.
Rockwell has used two kinds ofElectronics

July 8, 1968

Looking for Fast, High Volume
AC and DC Calibration Capability?
Whenever and wherever you needprecision, high volume calibration
capability for your calibration laboratory, production line, maintenancetesting shop — Hewlett-Packard has
an instrument that specifically meets
your requirements.
Two of these instruments—designed specifically to meet high accuracy
and high volume calibration needs—
are the hp 740B for DC and the hp
745A for AC. With either instrument,
you press abutton, turn adial and you
have an instant voltage reference!
High Resolution DC Calibration.
The hp 740B DC Standard/Differential Voltmeter delivers output voltage
to 1000 V with six digit resolution indiscrete steps of 1ppm of range. Accuracy of(0.002% of setting+0.0004% of range) extends over 30
days.

As a differential voltmeter, the740B measures voltage to 1000 Vdc
with an input resistance of >10 10 ,(A,independent of null condii.ion. Accuracy is(0.005% of reading+0.0004% of range +10/).
The 740B is also a precisior dc
amplifier and high impedance voltmeter, and can be used to drive a
recorder.
Fast, Accurate AC Calibration—Cut
your ac calibration time in half withthe state-of-the-art hp 745A AC Calibrator—an excellent choice for pro-duction line calibration and mainenance testing.
The 745A has a calibrated output
voltage with i= 0.02% accuracy. It aIso
has a six-digit readout, pushbutton
ranging and a continuously adjustablefrequencyfrom 10 Hz to 110 kHz.
Eliminate tedious error calculations with the exclusive 745A direct
reading percent error scale.
Get full specifications on these andother calibration instruments fromyour hp field engineer. Or, write toHewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304. Europe: 54 Route desAcacias, Geneva. Price, 740B, $2350;
745A, $4500.

098/18HEWLETTh e PACKARD
WORK

NG

STANDARDS

Circle 63 on reader service card

Electronics Review"Bulldog"
Marshall spends
another
disappointing daywith Super-Mercury.

Marshall? He's the crankiest of the
Twelve Cranks on Pleasant Avenue. Oneof the extra-picky grumps at Trygon
Power Supplies who feels good all over
only when he can pick something off our
production line and shriek, "Hey! This
is no %#&e# good!"
So far, he's had problems with our
Super-Mercury series. Because there
haven't been any problems.
The Super-Mercury is abrand new competitively priced series, the new generation of the industry-accepted, field-proven
Trygon Mercury Series: fully programmable wide-range power supplies, power
and value packed, offering precision Constant Voltage! Constant Current operation.
Precision performance (with up to 2000
watts output), in ranges up to 160 voltsand up to 100 amps. .005% regulationand 0.015% stability are standard(.005% stability optional) as is MIL Spec,
Rfi-free performance. Total ripple andnoise less than Imv rms and 10MV P-P (to10N1Hz). Master-slave tracking, auto-loadshzre paralleling and remote sensing andprogramming are also standard with
Trygon's patented tracking overvoltage
protection available.
Marshall and his friends check thedozens of Super-Mercury features thatmake this series a Super-buy for you.
Now it's your turn to check on them.
Order aSuper-Mercury as astarter.
Asse,eTrygon Power Supplies

Ill Pleasant Avenue, Roosevelt, L.I., N.Y. 11575
Trygon GmbH 8Munchen 60, Haidelweg 20, Germany

64

Circle 64 on reader service card

radical surgery. First, he has shiedaway from risky contracts, reducing business but increasing profit
margins. Second, he has "consolidated facilities" by the layoffs andby closing sections of the huge
plant at Lake Success on Long Island, N.Y. The latest layoff, forexample, will leave only half of thebuilding's 2.4 million square feetin use.
Still breathing. All this has led topersistent reports that the plant isbeing phased out. Sperry spokesmen are equally persistent in theirdenials. "That," says one, "is justwhat we're trying to avoid."Work is going on at Lake Success on five projects—modernizationof the Terrier missile's fire-control
system, the prototype of an advanced destroyer sonar system, theguidance unit for the Spartan missile (part of the Sentinel antimissile
system), inertial navigators for attack submarines and aircraft carriers, and electronically scanned
phased-array radars.

chronous orbit about 21,000 milesOut.
One design? The Defense Communications Agency (DCA), sponsor of the DSCS program, is alreadyplanning for a third-phase systemthat would be operational around1975. Bound to be more technologically advanced than its predecessors, the DSCS-3 might wellcombine tactical and strategic roles
in one large satellite.
Phase one of the program wascompleted June 13, when eight of
the 100-pound DSCS-1 craft, built
by Philco-Ford, were successfullylaunched. There are now 25 operational satellites in the system.
DCA expects to issue a request
for phase-two proposals sometime
this summer, with launches expected to begin in late 1970 or
1971. Comparable in size to thegiant Intelsat 4craft to be built for
Comsat [Electronics, June 24, p.
139], the higher-powered satellites
will be launched two at atime byTitan 3C vehicles. Four satellites
will make up the operational system—one over the Atlantic, one
over the Indian Ocean, and two
over the Pacific.
Communications
Each will be able to relay theequivalent of more than athousand
voice channels. In contrast, theBridging the gap
smaller phase-one satellites have
The second phase of the Defense
acapacity of 12 tactical voice channels working with the 40-foot AN/
Satellite Communications Systemtransportableground(DSCS-2), which has just gotten a MsC-46
terminals and eight teletype chanformal Pentagon go-ahead, will
blur the boundary between the nels with the 18-foot-diameterlong-haul strategic relay craft the AN/TSC-54 terminals.
program will produce and the exBoosters have already been purperimental tactical communications
chased for the phase-two effort,
satellite being built by Hughes
and the fiscal 1969 budget is said to
Aircraft for the three services.
include an estimated $60 million
to get DSCS-2 rolling. Besides relayThe missions differ, of course,
ing voice broadcasts for the worldand the Tacsat will transmit at ulwide Military Command and Contrahigh as well as super-high frequencies, but otherwise the craft trol System, the National Emergency Airborne Command Post,
will be markedly similar. Both will
employ narrow-beam steerable anand for ship-to-shore communicators, the system will provide atennas. The DSCS-2 will also havethe earth-coverage antennas car- 500-kilobit-per-second digital data
ried by satellites in the first-phase channel. Employing multiple fresystem, but it will work with quency-shift keying modems from
Philco-Ford, a similar data chansmaller ground terminals—stations
similar in size to those specified nel is now being used by DCA totransmit high-quality photographs
for Tacsat. Like Tacsat, the stationkeeping DSCS-2's will be placed from Saigon to Washington via thein stationary orbit; the first-phase initial DSCS system.
Groundwork. A big chunk ofsatellites drift in a near-synElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

DESIGNERS SAY
THE NEW SURMETIC 40
ZENER MODE
HANDLES 175 W SURGES'
AND 5W DC.

P.A.'s Say It's Cheap.
Better-than-metal cheap! In fact, the ri..gged, reliable and reasonablypriced 1N5333-88 plastic Surmetic* 40 series replaces more than 300
twice-as-costly, metal stud zener diodes and does everything these units
will do for only $1.85, 100-up.yet its surge capability is up to fourtimes greater than the Mil spec for metal 10-watt units!
With leads clipped to 3/e-inch and held to 75°C, it will easily handle
5 watts PD 40% greater than other lead mount units under similar
conditions and is the only device of its kind to conform to the proposed
JEDEC method of rating adiode according to lead length/temperature.
Unique oxide-passivated junctions, 3.3- to 200-volt application capability, low leakage and complete mounting freedom (you don't have tocompromise on special clips or terminals for heat sinking) complete thepicture.
Send for complete data to P.O. Box 20912, Phoenix, Arizona 85036,
or contact your franchised Motorola distributor.
'Trademark of Motorola Inc.
113.3

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ms, square wave

MOTOROLA
Semiconductor Products Inc_

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 65 cn reader service card

65

Electronics Review

This
refrigerator
heals
to 1000
degrees.
It also cools to—300 degrees. It does
both with remarkableaccuracy, 0.1°.
Send for our latest
catalog.

Delta Design, Inc.

8000 Fletcher Parkway
La Mesa, California 92042
Telephone (714)66

465-4141

Circle 66 on reader service card

the phase-two money will go tobuild second-generation groundterminals and to upgrade existingstations. The new system will use
more than twice as many groundstations than are currently operational. The work will proceed inthree stages, the first of which will
involve some modifications ofexisting terminals for 1971 operation. In the second stage beginningin late 1971, these terminals will beoverhauled to increase bandwidthand channel capacity. The final
stage is expected to start in 1973
and include a change in basic
modulation and multiple-accesstechniques from frequency division
to time division.
New fixed earth terminals also
will be added during the first twostages to replace the transportableterminals now being used in theU.S.
Hughes is now designing several
second-phase ground terminals,
including a 40-foot fixed-site unit.
The company, which had trouble
in the early stages of the initial
phase with its msC-46 terminal's
antenna feed horn, has now developed a horn that combines different signals in amultimode patternto achieve better over-all aperture
efficiency. Hughes has already built
a 10-foot dish with the multimodefeed horn and expects to get an
efficiency of 70%, compared withthe 45% to 50% initial aperture
efficiency of the msC-46. This levelhas since been raised to about 60%
with the addition of Radiation
Inc.'s Dialguide feed. Hughes' 3foot-diameter shipboard antenna,
the AN/ SSC-3, also has an efficiency of about 60%.
Companies expected to bid forground terminals may include Collins Radio and RCA, as well as
Philco-Ford, Hughes, and Radiation.
The Navy has been having reliability problems with the shipboard SSC-3. "Most of our troubles
have been mechanical," a Hughes
engineer says, involving suchthings as air conditioning. The
shipboard environment, he comments, hasn't always been what the
Navy specifications stated.
The SSC-3 is only apassenger on
the ship at present, being housed

in ahut. But Hughes is now working to integrate the satellite antenna right into the design of theship. The Navy will include thisintegration feature in its request
for proposals for an upgraded
SSC-3 to be used with the phasetwo DSCS program.

For the record
Back to school. Two workshops
will be held this summer to acquaint college and university
teachers with recent advances in
d-c measurement. One will be
July 22 to 26 at the Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, andthe other Aug. 5 to 9 at the University of California, Irvine. Bothwill concentrate on modern ratio
devices.
Dial abook. The days when one
can browse through library bookstacks may be numbered. An automated book-retrieval system that
could double libraries' storage
capacity has been developed by
the library bureau of the Sperry
Rand Corp. Called the ABC-801,
the prototype uses optical and mechanical identification systems. A
borrower selects a book from thelibrary's card catalog and gives
the volume's number to an operator. The book is delivered by anautomatic "picker."
Down the drain. Now that theVictor Comptometer Corp. andPhilco-Ford's Microelectronics division have confirmed that they've
dropped their joint calculator venture, the calculator itself seems
headed for oblivion. Philco says it
has absolutely no plans for the Victor 3900, the mos machine it built
for Victor. And Victor will be marketing the Wanderer line of electronic calculators built by the Heinz
Nixdorf Laboratory for Electronics in Germany. Victor owns
the rights to the 3900, but it hasn't
announced any plans to exercise
them.
Circle 67 on reader service card-*

You'll get identical twins.

Despite temperature excursions, or any other environmental
extremes, every single CORNING

Glass Capacitor will give

you the same exact capacitance behavior as every other one.
So every single one of the capacitors in the timing,
tuning, oscillator or multivibrator circuits you build this year
will be performing identically five years from now.
You get this operating retraceability and this part-to-part
repeatability, only in CORNING CYFM, CYFR, and
TYO Glass Capacitors.
Get the figures on this long-term uniform stability.
Write: Corning Glass Works, Electronic Products Division,Corning, N.Y. 14830

CORNING

ELECTRONICS

COMPONENT CAPSULES
GE's 1-amp 0280
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this one for low-cost
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Fused Quartz,
Fused Silica meetthe unusual inapplication problems

Here's reliableindication, monitoring
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New reduced-cost
thermistors
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GE cooling fan
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Including:audio output circuits,solenoidandsmall
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Highest purity General
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Many new and varied
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General Electric Type

Proved design of GE
meter relays is better
three ways:• New contactless
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switch means exceptional control simplicity, reliability.
• "Piggyback" control
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New Economy Package
1H-Series units are ideal
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These new GE thermistors cover a specific resistance range from 18K
ohms to 56K ohms. They
operate at temperatures
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Dimensions are 0.150"

GE cooling fan assemblies offer many years
continuous duty, withoutmaintenance.
The fans feature allangle operation and efficient air flow.
Two sizes are available.
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\ACTUAL SIZE
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Price? In the 30-centrange. And, it's NPN,
planar, epitaxial, passivated in the proved lowcost GE C106 power tab
packageGE's D28D is capableof 4wats power dissipation at 70C case; 1-amp
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It features excellent
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Number 231.

assuresssures time-saving in- long,
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1.125" gold-plated Dumet• Choice of styles —leads may be welded oreasy-reading BIG LOOK® soldered . . . ideal for0,0,0
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coo
Variety of GE meter1
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energizing an alarm;close differential relayTransmittance Curve-151
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Applications are virical optical jobs, is aschlieren grade material tually unlimited — frommonitoring
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It's the newest and units to deep-well drilling control.
highest quality optical
GE meter relays costmaterial within GE's nuless than any other commerous grades.
Type 151 is ideal for parable instruments ...
use in laser optics, ab- makes GE your best
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New publication has
photometer optical elements
andschlieren ratings, dimensions, ordering and pricing data
photography.
For technical data and on all GE meter relays
application
assistance, and other panel instruments. For free copy,
Circle Number 232.
Circle Number 233.
„so
Pn,

All

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* Excluding
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100 CFMunit

Application flexibility
combines withlow cost in this
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Want versatility?
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General Electric's time - Small. Durable. Precise.
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These
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The CR'..15JA is rated
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and other uses.
C106 price is low: in SPDT. Size is only 1"
the 35-cent range. And, high x %" wide x 1 2"
Terminals
areit's always a reliable long.

How about this)r reed switch
contact stability!

Introducing the smallest
il -pole latching relay on
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This new sealed relay
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Excellent contact resistDon't let the smallance stability is just one ness fool you. This refeature of the new GE
ay's big on performance.
DR138 Form C (single - Its contact rating is 2
NC CC•Ic•C

NO C‘MY•CY

screw type or push on.
A variety of operators isavailable.
Applications
includeelectricalinterlocks,
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The CR115JB is GE's
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only / high x 1 2 wide
X P42" lcng.
It's rated to 600 volts
a-c; 3 amperes break.
Contact form is SPDT.
Terminals are screw or
combination
push-onsolder. A variety of operators is available.
Applications
includeelectrical circuit interlocking,small
appliances,businessmachines,
process
andpackagingmachinery.
Circle Number 237 fo•
details.
5 8"pole, double-throw) reedswitch.
Contact rating is 5
watts (50V at 100 mA)
d-c resistive. Expected
life: 20 million ope -ations (tested at full load,
50 volts d-c, 0.1 amp, 20
opns/sec). Initial contact resistance limit: 100
milliohms.
The new DR138 reedswitch is suited for reedrelay and communication jobs in commerc al,industrial,or
military
markets.
For allthefacts, Circle Number238.

General Electric offers acomplete line of digital
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It's the new DigiNet
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bits per second.
Twenty-two
separatemodelsareavailable.

ACTUAL SIZE

Desk-top Cabinet

amps. And, it meets orexceeds MIL SPEC environmental and electrical requirements.
Radiation
harden,ng
and all-welded construction enhance reliabilityof the Type 3SBM.
Like other GE 150-grid
relays, the 4-pole latching form may be selectedwith avariety of °eons.
You have a choice of
coil ratings for a wide
range of system voltages,
plus popular mounting
forms and header types.
For the fullstory,
Circle Number 239.

You can specify them inEIA
stardardrack
mounts, stylish desk-top
cabinets or even CCITTStandard"sha I
lowdepth" tacs.
DigiNet units featurehigh MTBF and exceptionally wide environmental specifications.
GE DigiNet modems
andstandardplug-inmodules can be easily
integra:ed
into
your
equipment and systems.
Find out how. Circle
Number 240.

C106

performer.
Now the RMS rating
has been extended to 4
amps; peak current increased to 75 amps andsurge current to 20 amps
—at no increase in cost!
It takes only 200 /2A/0.8V
max signal to control 4
amperes or a current
gain of 20,000.
Several lead configurations allow mounting
versatility. Voltage ratings are available to300V ...soon to 400 V.
Circle Number 236.

New data ir odems
let you meetalmost aril' digitalcommunications need

New 4-polelatching model
joins 150-gridsealed-relay family

FOR THE NEW IDEAS IN ELECTRONICS, look to General Electric—your best single source for electronic components.

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS SALES OPERATIONGENERAL

ELECTRIC

5things you should
3. Applications:
Fairchild MOS FETs are excellent amplifiers.
They're also the closest thing to an ideal switch.
They've got high input impedance, zero offset voltage, wide dynamic range, low cross modulation, andgood noise figure. They're perfect for analog asid
digital switches, high speed solid-state choppers andamplifiers from DC through UHF frequencies.

70

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

1.Gate protection ••2. Stability ••MOS FETs used to be so sensitive, they'd bun
out in your hand. Fairchild has solved the problem
with Gate Protection. It's provided by our uniqueintegrated diffused resistor Zener diode. The resistor,
in series with the gate capacitance, provides an RC
time constant. Any transient static charge applied to
the gate is delayed until Zener breakdown. The
charge is then shunted through the Zener to ground.

Some MOS devices have unstable thresholds. That
usually means there are many free positive ions in
the oxide. Fairchild's patented Planar II* process
reduces the number of ions and keeps them undercontrol. Under worst case bias conditions, the average Fairchild MOS FET will experience less than asix percent threshold change over 1000 hours ofoperation. That's better stability than any bipolar
device made. Even ours.

Planar is a patented Fairchild process.

know about mos fets:
4.The price ••5.The kit:

When MOS FETs first came out, they cost about
five times as much as bipolars. Now, they don't. In
fact, you can't afford not to use them.

To prove our specs are in the right place, we've
prepared a sample kit to help you get involved withMOS FETs. It's worth $160.10. You can buy it fromany Fairchild distributor for $39.95. You can also getabundle of applications information. Free. Just circle
the Reader Service Number below.
Fairchild Semiconductor A Division of Fairchild Camera andInstrument Corporation, 313 Fairchild
Drive, Mountain View, California 94040 Fic Ul=t0 I-111- 1
D(415) 962-5011 TWX: 910-379-6435 sErviu:cir,
JDucToR

QUANTITY

DEVICEAPPLICATIONDOLLAR
VALUE

2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2

FT701
3N147
3N148
FT703
3N149
3N150
FT704
3N145
3N146

Dual Diferential Amplifier
Series/Shunt Chopper
Dual Analog Switch
High Gain Amplifier
Low On-Impedance Switcr
Large Signal Switch
Small Signal Amplifier
Low Capacity Switch
Small S gnal Switch$ 20.00
18.00
30.00
18.00
12.00
24.00
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8.10
12.00
$160.10

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle71

on reader service card71

8" dia:rneter flexible H ELIAX ® coaxial cablehigherpower

8" Air dielectric HELIAX coax extends the advantages offlexible cable to very low attenuation or very high power
applications that formerly required rigid transmission line.
Corrugated inner and outer copper conductors accommodate
thermal expansion without the need for sliding contacts. Endconnectors mate with 6%" EIA flanges and lock inner and outerconduct:Rs together to eliminate differential expansion.
The continuous, connector free cable assures freedom fromthe VSWR "spikes" associated with the periodic inner connectorsof rigid line in along feeder. Cable assemblies can easily be electrically tested on the reel to assure your exact system performance.
For complete details write Andrew Corpora tion,10500 West 153rd
Street, Orland Park, Illinois 60462.
HJ 10-50 HELIAX COAXIAL CABLE

72

Circle 72 on reader service card

At 30 MHzAt 600 MHz

Attenuation.027 dB/100 ft.15 dB/100 ft

Average Power

300 kW

58 kW

Other Power
Ratings

For SSB, 200 kW PEP withantenna VSWR of 3:1
2 Megawatts PeakTV transmitter power ratings,
223 kW at Channel 4 and 70 kW
at Channel 35

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Washington Newsletter
July 8, 1968

Some at NASA rap
apathetic attitude
to parts failure ...

... but the agency
sets crash program
to improve bearings

New law bugs firms
making snoop gear

Phone firms to stallforeign attachments
despite FCC rulingElectronics

July 8, 1968

Some NASA officials are openly critical of both industry and the agency
itself for not moving to solve the many parts reliability problems thathave been plaguing the space program. What's bothering them are suchthings as solders that crack, electrical connectors that don't connect, andtape recorders that conk out.
A number of concerned officials are calling for immediate action. But
one experienced NASA manager says "it's pretty obvious that the agency's
Office of Advanced Research and Technology is the one that should becarrying the ball." This official cites the apathy with which connector
problems are met. 'We've been struggling with faulty and unreliable
connectors for years. NASA knows it and the manufacturers know it, butneither will do adamn thing to correct the problem."
One example of the present attitude: a memo out of NASA headquarters in March stated that ameeting with industry on parts reliability
was to be held as soon as possible [Electronics, April 1, p. 45]. The meeting has yet to take place.

There is one parts reliability problem, though, that will get some attention at NASA. A crash program to improve bearings will be conductedby Marshall Space Flight Center.
Problems with ball bearings have become increasingly severe in the
Apollo program's gyros and accelerometers. Unless something is done,
the guidance and control system may present ahazard in future manned
space flights. "I hate to admit it," says one official involved in testing thegear, "but the performance of some instruments has been downrightlousy and all because of ball bearings."

The Justice Department is getting worried inquiries from manufacturersof "bugging" equipment concerning the section of the recently enacted"safe streets" bill that forbids the sale of eavesdropping devices to any
but government agencies. Businessmen are wondering, among otherthings, how they can sell or advertise such devices, and whether therule applies to transactions already in progress when the law was signed
June 19. These questions will probably have to be settled in court—orby an amendment—since the law provided for no grace period.
All Justice Department spokesmen will say is that this section of thelaw is "open to interpretation." They advise inquiring businessmen tofind agood lawyer.
The law may eventually benefit the manufacturers. It's sure to open
alarger "official" market since local law-enforcement agencies are being
given broader eavesdropping rights than they had before.
Although the FCC has ruled that "foreign attachments" can be tied
directly into telephone-company equipment, there remains the questionof when the first such tie-ins will be made. The commission's decision
on an application by the Carter Electronics Corp. of Dallas on behalfof its Carterphone device was not entirely unexpected [Electronics, June
10, p. 80], though it does overturn the traditional telephone-company
73Washington Newsletterban on such attachments.
Since the FCC did not establish any performance standards to insurethat the attachments won't degrade phone systems' technical quality—
leaving this to the phone companies themselves—there is no telling when
the attachments will make their bow. The phone companies are expected
to seek court injunctions against the attachments until standards are
established, or to appeal the FCC ruling itself. Either move will delay
any implementing of the decision.

Lack of funds may
slow Navy missile

North Electricborrows from past
to win Army award

Addenda74

The advanced surface missile system (ASMS) that's slated to replace
the Talos and Standard missiles aboard 100 Navy ships during the 1970's
is still proceeding on schedule. It made it through the Senate and is now
awaiting House approval. But there's agood chance that the Pentagon's
financial problems will force a stretchout of the program. "Right now,
no one can say what will happen to the program," says one Defense
official. "It's too early in the fiscal ballgame."
The multipurpose phased-array radar system has been modified somewhat to take advantage of technology developed for the Army's Sam-D,
which is also facing astretchout. The Navy expects to receive contract
definition proposals in August from North American Rockwell, RCA,
General Dynamics, Westinghouse, Boeing, and Sperry Rand. It wants
to award definition-phase contracts by October and hopes to begin
development early next year.
The North Electric Co. of Galion, Ohio, has gained apreeminent position in the electronic-switching portion of the military communications
market by winning acontract for the Army's tactical automatic switchingsystem. Chosen for the first operational test of the system is the Seventh
Army in West Germany. North won with abid of $4,115,000.
The Army's new equipment will be similar to the Air Force's 407L tactical air control system, which uses electronic switching centers madeby North [Electronics, May 27, p. 74]. The company was, until two years
ago, asubsidiary of the Swedish telecommunications firm, LM Ericsson;
its system is based on early Swedish developments in the field.

Rumors are flying around Washington as the August deadline approaches
for the report of the President's task force on telecommunications. One
rumor making the rounds has the task force urging that all ultrahighfrequency television stations be taken off the air and put on cable. Thisaction would clear the valuable 470-to-890-megahertz band, which could
then be used, so the story goes, primarily for land mobile radio. But
even if such achange was urged, insiders say it's unlikely it would be
accepted ...If cutbacks in nonessential military spending postpone
follow-on orders for the Combat Service Support System (CS3) that IBM
is building for the Army [Electronics, June 24, p. 145], the company
could lose as much as $100 million worth of business. This summer, IBMwill deliver the last of the five CS3's specified in the initial order. Each
$2 million system with its 360/40 computer enables field commanders
to keep tabs on troops, equipment, and spare parts. The Army holds
options on 44 additional systems. After indications that the Defense Department wouldn't permit the service to exercise them, the Army rounded
up top officials last month for ademonstration of the CS3.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

4
:0.005%REGULATIONThe QRC solves thesize / power
regulation problem by combining all silicon, low-voltage
series regulator circuitry withhigh-speed transistor switching
techniques.

Sorensen High Performance WIC Series:
The QRC Series covers a wide target area without performa ice
trade offs. Standard features include excellent regulation forvoltage and current, fast response time f.
5.25,usec.), and :airprisingly small size for power outputs to 1200 watts at amb ent
temperatures to 71"C.

Some laboratory power sources offer high power levels, but
are bulky and, by today's standards, are unregulated. Others
offer excellent regJlation specifications, but are inefficient aid,
if high-power leves are desired, become large heat sirks.
Sorensen QRC's are high efficiency, compact power sources
which have excellent performance characteristics with prices

starting at $325. Seven models are available from stock, covering the range of 0-40Vdc at currents to 30 amperes.
Additional features resulting from the utilization of sophisticated regulation techniques include low ripple (.1m V r.m.s.);
output voltage and current resolutions of 0.01% and 0.05%,
respectively; remote programming in bcth the voltage and current modes; remote-sensing and a solid state automaticcrossover indicator.
Contact your local Sorensen representative or: Raytheon Company, Sorensen
Operation, Richards Avenue, Norwalk,Connecticu: 06855, TWX 710-468-294C.

RAYTHEON

Cull Sorensen: 203-838-6571

for mere data on this versatile instrument ..•Circle 75 on reader service card75

Todayone company is being
called the"production houseof the industry"byengineers who specify
integrated circuits.

76

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

The nameis getting around.

MOTOROLA SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS INC.
Electronics

July 8, 1968

77

New complementary
negative output series lets
Helipot fill all your dc voltage
regulator requirements
positive and negative.
12 Outstanding features on the negative:
0.05% regulation
shDrt circuit proof models
small size-0.5 sa. in.
low profile-0.170"
up to 5amps load current
luny sealed—3 to —21 volts output range
fixed and adjustablehybrid cermet construction—58°C to +125°C
up to 60 db ripple attenuation
mil spec tested
self-contained models, require
no external components

The price (1 to 9 quantity):$30.00 —f:xed output models$35.00 —adjustable output models(delivery (for:7 'Ectory stock)

Positive

Negative

Voltage
Fixed
OutputAdjustable

Fixed

Adjustable

OutputOutputOutputSeries 805

Model 806

Series 855

Model 856

9to 21 volts

Series 801

Model 802

Series 851

Model 852

21 to 32 volts

Series 803

Model 804

Range

3to 9volts

Reader Service No. 505

Reader Service No. 506

Positive or negative, Helipot
fills your complete voltage
regulator requirements.
Shown here is Model 851 Negative output DC Voltage Regulator— one ofHelipot's four negative, hybrid cermet
thick film units with outputs from —3
to —21 volts. Also available are 6 positive models with outputs from +3 to+32 volts.

For complete information on our
unique Negative and Positive regulators, simply circle the appropriate number on the reader
service card—or contact
your local Helipot Sales
Representative.

Beckman.
INSTRUMENTS,

INC.

HELIPOT DIVISIONFULLERTON, CALIFORNIA •92634
INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: GENEVA; MUNICH; GLENROTHES,SCOTLAND; TOKYO; PARIS; CAPETOWN; LONDON; MEXICO CITY

78

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

July 8, 1968 'Highlights of this issue

Technical Articles

Lock-in voltmeters
remove noise
page 80

A synchronous technique using a lock-in voltmeter removes
noise from a low-level signal. The voltmeter locks on to asynchronous signal and rejects the noise, which is nonsynchronous. This method is free from the zero-drift and zeroerror problems that plague a-c and d-c techniques.

Avalanche-diodeoutputs go up
page 96

Techniques for improving heat dissipation and fabricating
abrupt junctions have made avalanche diodes strong contenders for aplace as microwave power sources. One recent
development is an ultrasonic scrubbing method that makes
it easier to flip-chip the diode. Another is amethod of growing double epitaxial layers on a substrate to sharpen thedemarcation at the junction and thus increase efficiency
at low currents.

Crystals store
light and current
page 104

Though away of exciting luminescence in
certain crystals by mechanical tapping was
discovered back in 1960, the causes andphysical models have been explained only
recently. It's now been shown that whenclass II-VI compound semiconductors are
doped with sodium and stimulated optically, their conductivity rises sharply andremains high. If they're then tapped, theygive off light. Doped with lithium and stimulated thermally,
the crystals also emit light when tapped. Applications for thelarge single crystals now being built include use as infrared
detectors, image intensifiers, computer memories, and diodelasers.

ComingElectronics

Micro-Minac
A navigational computer that uses digital techniques to takeover analog functions is an exact size, pin-for-pin replacement
for analog units.

Electronics

July 8, 1968

79

Design theory

Taking noise out of weak signals
The synchronous method of cleaning up microvolt or nanovolt transmissions
with a lock-in voltmeter is free of zero-drift and zero-error problems

By Richard Brower
Brower Laboratories Inc., Westboro, Mass.

Noise voltages are present in all kinds of electronics
systems and since they are in millivolts, they overpower weak microvolt or nanovolt signals. Thatmeans the engineer trying to pick alow signal outof the noise runs into trouble.
For example, the designer of a microwave antenna may measure false loads produced by interfering signals. The biomedic may miss the faintwiggle of an electrocardiogram and misinterpret aheart condition, and aphoto-optic engineer mightsee light when he shouldn't.
A technique, still too new to be widely used, combined with alock-in voltmeter that is itself only ayear old, eliminates the problem. Unwanted noiseis rejected and only the weak signal remains.
Such asynchronous system locks in on the repetitive signal, rejecting noise and interfering frequencies. The lock-in voltmeter is equivalent to anarrowband tuned a-c voltmeter, but it has avery
high Q that conventional tuning methods can't get.
Moreover, tuning and frequency-instability problems that plague conventional high-Q tuned circuits
cease to exist. The sync method is also free fromproblems of zero drift and zero error, which areamong the major drawbacks of a-c and d-c methods[see "Comparing previous methods," p. 82].
Outlining the problem
In any application, one type of noise usually dominates the others. This primary source of noise may
be any one of the following: random fluctuations ofenergy in the true signal; the signal detector; faulty
connections (particularly the leads from detector toamplifier) or ground loops; the amplifier; mechanical vibration; magnetic or electrostatic pickup fromthe power line, nearby radio transmitters or oscillators; or switching transients from relays, motors,
and other components in the system.
Before an engineer can understand how alock-in
voltmeter is able to extract alow-level signal from80such noise voltages, it is helpful for him to understand how noise is produced and what its effects
are on an electrical system. As an example, consider
aphotometric system—comprising asource, detector, amplifier and recorder—used to measure aspectrum produced by the radiation source. To obtainthe maximum resolving power of the system, theoptical spectroscopist would often like to narrow
his slits, but narrower slits mean fewer photons andless signal. Reduction of noise levels in this casemay give an improvement in the quality of spectroscopic data.
Thus, aside from the optical and physical problems, the experimenter must also be able to solve
difficult electrical problems if his measurements areto be meaningful. Each type of radiation detector
will have adifferent impedance, intrinsic noise, andoperating environment, and for optimum results
each detector requires matched-impedance input
circuitry. Also, the electrical signal is so weak that
great care must be taken in designing the link between detector and amplifier.
The basic requirements for accurate measurements can be summarized as:•Reduce zero drift and gain errors to anegligible
point.
•Minimize system noise to that of the detector
and the source.
Check the performance of the whole systemfrequently.
ig

The basic approach
In a synchronous system, a lock-in voltmeter issubstituted for the amplifier and achopper blade isinserted between the source and thermocouple detector.
When the chopper blade is rotated at aconstant
speed, the thermocouple detector produces afluctuating voltage at the signal input. This is becauselight gets through the chopper blade only during
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

LOCK-IN VOLTMETER (SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM)

SOURCECHOPPER
BLADE

CHART
RECORDERTC

CAM AND
BREAKER
POINTS

Synchronous system. Lock-in voltmeter, in color, replaces amplifier in basic sync system; chopper blade isrotated at a constant speed between the source and detector. At input A, detector produces a square-wave voltage,
with amplitiude proportional to radiant energy, superimposed on d-c and noise voltages.

every half-rotation; the system is automatically rezeroed once per cycle. The signal consists of asquare wave—whose amplitude is proportional to
the radiant energy—superimposed on acontinuous
background of d-c and noise.
In the lock-in voltmeter, the d-c part of the signal
is rejected, while the noise and square-wave component are amplified and fed into a transformer
that supplies push-pull signals to the relay contacts.
The breaker points and cam are adjusted to synchronize the relay drive voltage with the push-pull
signals from the transformer. The positive halfcycles of the push-pull signals are mixed by the relay to produce afull-wave rectified output, with thenoise superimposed on it. Random noise fluctuations, however, average out over successive halfcycles of the relay and thus don't produce ad-c output. To get rid of any remaining noise, the d-c
signal is filtered by an RC network before being applied to the output terminals of the voltmeter.
Thus, when the synchronous system is used tomake the output measurement the results are significantly better. For example, in an ideal case, there
is complete freedom from zero error and greatly
improved measurement accuracy. This is because
the system measures only the instantaneous difference in the signal level between the light and darkcycles of the chopper blade. Thus, the system is
automatically rezeroed once per cycle.

ONE CHOPPER REVOLUTION— DARK LEVEL PLUS
RADIATION SIGNAL
TRUE SIGNAL- DARK LEVEL

PUSH-PULL
SIGNALSUP

REFERENCERELAY DRIVE

+10v
DOWN

Designing the system
One of the main considerations in building thesystem is designing the voltmeter so it doesn't generate its own noise. This requires designing the detector in such a way that its characteristics will
match those of the voltmeter.
Any detector may be represented by a signal
generator with an internal series resistance, R. In athermocouple, R may be as low as 2ohms or as highas 1,000 ohms. In aphotomultiplier tube, the series
resistance R is theoretically infinite, because thephotomultiplier is aconstant-current device, and a
RADIANTSOURCE

M

Electronics

WEAK
SIGNAL

July 8, 1968

RAW D-C

AVERAGE
0-C OUTPUTo

Waveforms. Analysis of signals as they travel throughthe system. Color in waveforms indicates desired signal.

Photometric system. Four basic components
in any photometric system are a source,
detector, amplifier, and recorder. Noise isintroduced by the detector because thesignal level at its input is much smaller than
the noise voltage.

81

Comparing previous methods

NO NOISENOISY INPUT

100

THERMOCOUPLE VOLTAGE (MICROVOLTS)

Before the advent of synchronous technique, anengineer faced with the task of removing alow-levelsignal from one mixed with noise had only a d-c
or a-c system to choose from—both have limitations.
The d-c system has zero error and zero drift; thea-c system cannot be built with high Q's, and even
if it could, would not be frequency-stable.
In astraight d-c measurement of the energy radiated by a source, an engineer might use a thermocouple or thermopile as adetector, because these
exhibit a constant sensitivity regardless of wavelength. The thermocouple is connected to a highquality d-c microvoltmeter, and all necessary precautions are taken to prevent zero drift and errors
due to contact potentials. An output-chart recording
for such asystem would indicate the thermocouple
voltage when the source is switched on and off.
Even with the source off, a varying d-c error is
produced due to the ambient temperature of thethermocouple junction. The true signal measurement is the difference between the ambient signal
level and the total signal, and thus a d-c offset
voltage must be subtracted from the signal voltage
to correct for the zero error. As the engineer attempts to measure weaker signals, he finds thatthey are eventually lost in the fluctuating d-c zerolevel. The same conditions exist for photomultipliertubes that produce an output current under dark
conditions.
Since there is no correlation between the ambient
temperature and the zero offset voltage used to buckout the error, most measurements with d-c systems
are plagued with zero drift problems.
A-c system. If a conventional a-c voltmeter isused in place of the d-c voltmeter to detect the
chopped detector signal, it will also reject the d-c

SOURCE ON

I«•-• SOURCE OFF

80

60

40

20

_

D-C SYSTEM OUTPUT

Dcoutput. Even though the source is off, plot of thed-c output indicates an error voltage due to theambient temperature of the thermocouple junction.

background signal. However, it will not give similar
rejection of fluctuating noise components even if it
is tuned to the chopper frequency with the sameequivalent bandwidth as the lock-in voltmeter. Thisis because the a-c voltmeter produces ad-c output
as the input noise level is increased, whereas thelock-in voltmeter does not produce a d-c output as
the result of noise. It produces increased noise on
the output; the average level remains the same.
The tuned a-c voltmeter, however, will rectify
aportion of the noise to cause ashift of its output
d-c level. This results in aserious measurement error.
NO NOISENOISY INPUTERROROUTPUTZEROLEVELOUTPUT
ZERO
LEVEL

L
A-C VOLT'E"

LOCK -IN VOLTMETEREFFECT OF NOISE
Shiftless. With the lock-in voltmeter in the system, no shift in output d-c level occurs.

shunt load resistor then establishes the source impedance. To determine the amplifier requirements
for these radically different devices, it is helpful to
examine the characteristics of atypical amplifier—avacuum-tube amplifier stage or a field-effect transistor with its input shorted to ground.
For this circuit, E.ut fluctuates around an averagezero level. If the noise voltage E„„t is measured with
an a-c voltmeter and divided by the gain of the amplifier, the equivalent input noise voltage is obtained
under short-circuit conditions.
Because this noise voltage varies as a functionof both frequency and bandwidth, it's customary totune the a-c voltmeter to a 1-hertz bandwidth and82

plot the amplifier noise as afunction of frequency.
The noise amplitude increases at low frequencies
because of flicker noise; such increases are characteristic of virtually all amplifier stages.
A pure resistance produces aJohnson noise voltage that can be calculated from the relationship:
Noise voltage =X temperature X bandwidth X resistance\/K

where K is related to the Boltzmann constant.
Because both temperature and bandwidth are usually constant, the noise voltage can be converted
into equivalent noise resistance. This resistance,
RN,is plotted at the bottom of page 83.

Electronics

July 8, 1968Mé .e.

.11

This value of RN appears as a resistor in series
with the amplifier input, and should be as low as
possible to hold down noise.

15 'The matching formula
The big advantage in expressing an amplifier's
performance in terms of its equivalent noise resistance is that this allows rapid evaluation of thesystem's performance. Mating the equivalent diagrams of the detector and the amplifier shows that
if RN equals the detector impedance, Rs,half thenoise is due to the amplifier and half to the detector.
The noise is defined as the square root of the sumof the squares. In this case, the noise is 1.4 times
worse than that obtained with the best amplifier. If
RN is athird of the source resistance, the total noiseproduced by the amplifier is only 1/9 that of thedetector.
In any application, therefore, the proper matchingconditions can be quickly determined by simply
comparing the detector resistance with RN.For best
results, the detector should have at least three times
the noise resistance of the amplifier.
Many detectors, including thermocouples, produce only Johnson noise, and the amplitude of thenoise is proportional to the resistance of the detector. Lead sulphide cells and most other semiconductors generate additional noise because of thebias current that passes through them. Photomultiplier tubes are usually operated with enough anodevoltage to produce ahigh current gain in the tube.
Thus, the output shot noise of the photomultiplieris much larger than the Johnson noise of the load
resistor.
Nevertheless, the most dependable and easily
checked matching condition is achieved when the
input amplifier design is limited only by the Johnson
noise of the detector.
For every application, achart showing equivalentnoise resistance versus frequency should be obtained for the input amplifier. If this isn't available,
the equivalent noise resistance should be measured.
If the detector impedance is in the megohm range,
however, another problem arises. Many amplifiers
produce aminute leakage current in the detector's
resistance. When this resistance is made very large,
the current can produce anoise voltage across the
input that exceeds the Johnson noise—and the system then isn't detector-noise-limited as it should be.
The only remedy is to substitute an input amplifierthat has exceptionally low leakage current. Whenan amplifier with both low voltage noise and low
current noise is used, minimum noise is obtainedwith the greatest range of detector impedances.
Transforming the situation

SOURCE OFF•--•

SOURCEON

10SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM OUTPUT
Synchronous output. With the source off, no error
voltage occurs.

Equivalent circuit. Detector can be represented
by a signal
source and a series
resistance, R.

DETECToPB+

Measuring noise voltage. With the grid shorted to ground,E.,,t fluctuates around a zero level. If the value of Eout
measured with an a-c voltmeter is divided by the gain of
the amplifier, an equivalent input noise voltage is obtained for short-circuit conditions.

w 40
—
<3;2

CC)

é- o 30
o. o
z z
'
ec20
Z
ww
-I
a cr 10
w

o

O

1
1
0

100

lk

•Ok

FREQUENCY (hz I

Flicker noise. Plotting the equivalent noise voltage atseveral frequencies reveals that the noise amplitude increases at low frequercies because of licker noise.

lOr

10
If:I101k
10k
When the detector impedance is lower than RN,
FREQUENCY (hzan input impedance transformer is required. If thistransformer is properly selected, it can result in a Johnson noise. Noise that enters the amplifier is due tosystem that is detector-noise-limited even with im- the Johnson noise. In the equivalent circuit this can be
represented as a voltage developed across the amplifier's
pedances as low as 1ohm.
equivalent noise resistance, RN. If RN is plotted against
The following are important points:
frequency, the designer can see that small values of resis•Step-up turns ratio of the transformer should be tance are necessary to match the detector and amplifier.

1:1

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

83

The transformer should be tuned to the frequency of operation. This is done by connecting an
audio oscillator to the primary through a series
resistance 50 times larger than the detector impedance. Then tune for peak amplitude while monitoring the secondary with ascope.
Semiconductors limit noise-=Mating circuits. If RNand Rs are equal, half the noise
will be due to the detector and half to the amplifier.
However, the detector resistance should be three times
the value of RNto make the detector noise-limited.

NE3E0
N pra

2\1Equivalent noise R

Detector Z•Primary input impedance must be large enoughto prevent loading of the detector at the lowest operating frequency. Because this input impedance isdetermined by the inductive reactance rather thanthe d-c resistance, the following rule applies:
Primary inductance (henrys)
Detector impedance (ohms)
Frequency (hz)

Lead sulphide cells and many of the other semiconductor devices used in the system operate byvarying their resistance in proportion to the levelof incident radiant energy. Therefore, they are biased with ad-c current so an a-c signal voltage is
produced when the radiant energy is chopped. Because the d-c voltage is connected through aresistor and capacitor directly to the high-gain amplifier
input, an extremely quiet power supply must be
used. Because noise levels as low as 1etv to 10 or
can't be achieved with conventional solid state sup-SWITCH

o

BIAS
RLOAD
—BATTERY•D-c resistance of the windings should be kept
as low as possible, because it appears as aresistCOUPLING
ance in series with the amplifier or detector. ThisAMPLIFIERCAPACITOR
INPUT
will cause increased Johnson noise and must be
DETECTOR
minimized by choice of the proper transformer. In
any case, the resistance of the transformer primarywinding should be less than athird of the detector
Z. The secondary resistance should be less than athird of RN.
•Secondary stray capacitance must be low
enough to prevent loading of the detector at the Semiconductor bias. Battery enables an engineer tohighest operating frequency. This usually isn't spec- vary the resistance of asemiconductor in proportion
to the level of incident radiant energy. The battery
ified, and it's hard to measure. This loading condi- also makes it possible to produce an a-c signal voltage
tion can be avoided by operating the transformer when the radiant energy is chopped.
only up to its self-resonant frequency.
•Multiple magnetic-alloy shielding on the transformer should be used to prevent power-line hum plies and because little current is required, batteries
pickup. If possible, the transformer should also have are preferred. They should be relatively new tohum-bucking construction.
guarantee alow noise level.
•Core material and size must be chosen to preTo help prevent stray noise pickup and groundvent saturation and nonlinearity on the largest sig- loop errors, the leads must be kept short, and thenal level expected.
battery must be grounded to the same point as the•The entire transformer should be vacuum-im- detector and amplifier. The load resistor should be
pregnated with epoxy and potted to prevent micro- a high-quality metal-film type for low noise, andphonics.
the coupling capacitor should be a low-leakage
type, hermetically sealed in a metal can for low
microphonics.
EQUIVALENTNOISE R
DETECTOR Z
Photomultiplier precautions

Impedance matching. If the detector impedance is lower
than the amplifier noise resistance, atransformer isrequired to increase the detector impedance.
84

Photomultiplier detectors are current amplifiers
whose gain is controlled by the high voltage acrossthe dynode network. (A dynode is an electrode
whose function is secondary emission of electrons.)
Because the photomultiplier's output current remains constant regardless of the load resistor used,
the signal voltage increases in direct proportion to
the load resistance.
However, the Johnson noise voltage of the load
Electronics

July 8, 1968

la

.
•11

INPUT
CABLE

I INPUT A

1-µv
SIGNAL
SOURCEINPUT BD-C

OUTPUT
N- BALANCECONTROLERROR VOLTAGE_JCIRCULATING CURRENTIN GROUND WIRES

41—

Differential amplifier. Multiple grounds between the source and amplifier chassis provide agood path forcirculating ground-loop currents. The currents introduce an error voltage.

resistor increases only in proportion to the squareroot of the load resistance. Therefore, for a small
signal current, the signal-to-noise ratio will be improved 10 times if the load resistance is increased
100 times.
The expensive 10- to 15-dynode tubes, however,
have very high current gain, and amplify theircathode shot noise to the point where it's muchlarger than the Johnson noise of the load resistor.
With these tubes, any value of load resistance 10times larger than RN will result in asystem that is
ideal—or limited by photomultiplier shot noise.
In the more inexpensive photomultiplier tubes, orin tubes with certain cathode surfaces, the highvoltages on the dynode network must be kept relatively low to prevent additional noise due to ion
bombardment of the structure. This limits the cur-

REMOTE PREAMPLIFIER

ht

rent gain ahead of the load resistor. The largest
possible load resistance-10 to 100 megohms—must
be used with these tubes.
With very large load resistors, the input amplifiermust have extremely low current noise. It must also
have very low input capacity to prevent shunting of
the load resistor at higher frequencies. Usually, acable with adriven shield or abuffer amplifier must
be used so the system's gain will be determined by
the precision load resistor rather than stray input
capacity. For example, at a chopping frequencyof 30 hz with a50-megohm load resistor, only 10picofarad shunt capacity is permissible for a 10%
loss of gain.
Eliminating ground-loop errors
In almost any low-level detection system, exces-

LOCK -IN AMPLIFIERDIFFERENTIALLOW GAIN
D-C AMP100-µv
SIGNALINPUTC-C
OUTPUT

SIGNAL
SOURCESYNC

MONITORSHIELDSHIELDED
ISOLATION
TRANSFORMERCHASSIS INSULATEDFROM GROUND

D-C DATAOUTPUT TO
RECORDER

SEPERATE GROUND BUSSSYSTEMGROUND

CIRCULATING CURRENT_C
IN GROUND WIRES

-o

SYNC
INPUT

SCOPE
OUTPUT

POWER
LINE

Isolation. By grounding and shielding all the inputs and isolating the rnam chassis output circuit, ground-loop
currents are prevented.

leiElectronics

July 8, 1968

85

=

1.27
2.83

- 0.45v rms

Waveform comparison. Fundamental sine-wave component of a square wave is larger than the square wave.

sive noise and errors are most likely to be introduced at the detector or preamplifier. Differential
input amplifiers have been used extensively in aneffort to eliminate these problems, but they are only
partially successful.
In one scheme, a1-,,tv signal source is grounded
and connected to the differential input amplifierby means of ashielded pair cable. The chassis of
the amplifier is also grounded, and any potential
difference between the two grounds causes a current flow in the shielded cable between detector andpreamplifier. This produces an error voltage, which
is usually in the millivolt range.
If only 1mv is assumed for the error voltage, theamplifier must have at least 1000:1 common-mode
rejection to give less than full-scale error on the1-etv range. It must have 100,000:1 or 100-db rejection to guarantee 1% measurement accuracy. Thisis virtually impossible to maintain with adifferential balance control. Furthermore, the system now
has the noise level increased because two identical
input amplifiers are required instead of one.
Stray capacity problems
If the signal source is disconnected from groundto eliminate these ground-loop problems, stray capacities result that introduce unbalanced error volt-__OPTICAL BEAM
AREA

SIGNAL OUTPUTCHOPPER
BLADE
Signal changer. Inserting a thermocouple in a system
whose optical beam is larger than the chopper aperture
results in a trapezoidal signal.

ONE CYCLE

Charging signal. Shunting a high resistance signal bystray capacitance produces an exponential waveform.

86

ages into the two amplifier inputs. Therefore, thecommon-mode rejection is afunction of frequency,
and only very low-frequency error voltages can be
minimized with this technique.
If the circulating ground loop is broken by disconnecting the amplifier from ground, the results
are even less successful, since the main power transformer has alarge interwiring capacity to the power
line—and the power line is always grounded. Furthermore, connection of an external data recorder,
oscilloscope, or trigger in-out cables again causes
ground-loop currents to flow.
Common-mode problems can be circumvented bygrounding and isolating the main chassis output
circuits. Differential input amplifiers can't maintainadequate common-mode rejection with nanovolt
signals. In addition, ahigh-gain single-ended input
amplifier is needed at the signal source to amplify
the weak signal.
The circulating ground currents in this type ofscheme flow through aseparate ground bus rather
than the signal-ground wires. This arrangement
gives three main advantages:•The differential preamplifier is no longer necessary, enabling areduction of the input noise level.
•Common-mode error signals in the ground bus
can be rejected by afactor of more than 1,000,000
times—without requiring abalance adjustment.
•All leads of the oscilloscope and data recorder
are referred to the system ground rather than the
output ground of the lock-in voltmeter. Thus, any
connection can be made without affecting measurement of the signal.
Calibrating the system
When making measurements of low microvolt or
nanovolt signals with a lock-in voltmeter, manysources of error are possible, such as an adjacentsynchronous magnetic field, improper grounding
techniques, and strong r-f interference. Unfortunately, these errors are often difficult to detect, since
the signal levels are well below the range of mostlaboratory oscilloscopes or other test equipment.
The best method of evaluating system performance and accuracy is to substitute aknown signal
at the input terminals for the true signal. Because
errors become increasingly pronounced in the moresensitive ranges, the calibration signal must be
applied on all ranges of the instrument.
If the calibration square-wave source is grounded
to the main chassis of the instrument, the calibration procedure isn't likely to be reliable at very low
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968la•signal levels. This is because the synchronous voltage difference between the signal input and mainchassis grounds is an appreciable part of the calibrator voltage. For example, it is easily possible toobtain an error of 10 ¿Ay or more across the face ofan instrument from one connector to another.
The error can't be detected by connecting thepreamplifier input to the calibrator output and thenswitching the calibrator off, because the calibrator
may produce the ground-error current. This shows
up as apercentage error, not azero drift. If an instrument must be calibrated under these conditions,the preamplifier should be disconnected from thesignal source and all grounds, then connected
through ashort cable to the calibration source.
If aremote preamplifier is used, the problem iseven more severe. In such a case one must use aseparate calibration source that isn't grounded anywhere except at the preamplifier input terminals.

HIGH FREQUENCY CYCLE
,mMIr

1111,

LOW FREQUENCY CYCLE
Recovery. A lock-in voltmeter can recover either ahigh or low frequency, but indicates only half of thetrue energy.

This arrangement avoids errors by preventing thecalibration ground currents from flowing in the signal ground leads.
The synchronous rectifier-output filter combination of the lock-in voltmeter recovers only the fundamental component of the signal and, to alesser
extent, the odd harmonics. This is true regardless ofthe signal waveform, especially because a tuned
signal amplifier is usually put in the instrument tohelp reduce the system bandwidth.
The energy of the fundamental component isn't
the same for different waveforms even if they havethe same peak-to-peak amplitude. Therefore, it isnecessary to take this factor into consideration incalibrating asystem's sensitivity. The least error is
obtained when the calibration and signal waveforms are similar.

Averaging. The instrument averages the energyof the signal regardless of its shape.

Because the fundamental sine-wave componentof asquare wave is larger than the square wave itself, the signal waveform is very important in casesof absolute energy measurement with a calibrated
thermocouple. The thermocouple is illuminated withradiant energy that's cut off and turned on sharply,
and its output is calibrated against an accurate
square-wave voltage. If the thermocouple is usedin asystem whose optical beam is bigger than the
chopper aperture, atrapezoidal signal waveform results. It has adifferent fundamental component thana square wave with the same peak-to-peak amplitude, and this difference causes aserious measurement error, on the low side.
When asignal detector is used to recover afrequency higher than its response time permits, orwhen ahigh resistance signal source is shunted bystray or cable capacity, the signal waveform at thebottom of page 86 results. A loss of energy again
occurs, and the detector sensitivity has beenchanged. Thus, it must be calibrated under these
conditions if it's to be used to measure radiantenergy in absolute units.
The on-off duty cycle of the signal also determines its energy content at the fundamental frequency to which the instrument is tuned. A squarewave provides maximum signal strength for agiven
amplitude, but the instrument averages the energy
in any repetitive signal.
As the square-wave duty cycle to the area becomes unsymmetrical, the signal energy declines in
direct proportion. It's important, therefore, to provide a stable duty cycle in the generator that produces the signal waveform, or otherwise the jitter in

100
cr,

10

Choosing awaveform
Signal waveforms from photodetectors are frequently square or trapezoidal waves, because it'seasier to turn the radiant energy source completely
off and on than to provide linear modulation. To
calibrate a photometric instrument, therefore, apeak-to-peak square wave is much better than anrms sine wave.
BM

Electronics

July 8, 1968

10

100
1
10
100
DETECTOR IMPEDANCE (KILOHMS )1M

Noise threshold. Typical value of Johnson noise isplotted for agiven detector as afunction of detector
impedance. The choice of operating frequency is arbitrary, as long as the system has a 1-hertz bandwidth.

87

Calculating the effects of random noise
The following four-step procedurecan be used to analyze the effectsof random noise on asynchronous
system:Step 1. Connect a square-wave
oscillator with exactly 1-volt peakto-peak amplitude to both the signal and sync inputs of alock-in voltmeter. The controls for frequency,
phase, and gain must be adjusted
on the lock-in voltmeter so thecenter-zero meter deflects full-scalein the positive direction—with themeter calibrated to indicate 1volt.
Examination of the Fourier series
for the 1-volt peak-to-peak squarewave input shows that the fundamental sine-wave component is
1.27 volts peak-to-peak. Therefore:
1.27-volt peak-to-peak sine-wave
input —1-volt output.
Step 2. Disconnect the sync input and switch the lock-in voltmeter reference channel to its own
internal oscillator. The meter now
swings back and forth slowly frompositive to negative full-scale. Thisis because of loss of synchronization and a resultant beating between the internal and external oscillators. Under this condition, theinternal oscillator of the voltmeterestablishes the signal frequency,
and the external oscillator becomes a steady-state noise generator—since any frequency not synchronous with the signal isconsidered to be noise. Therefore:
1.27-volt peak-to-peak steadystate noise = ±1-volt or 2-voltpeak-to-peak output. This artificial
steady-state noise doesn't produce
asteady meter reading on alock-in
voltmeter.
Step 3. Since true noise has
random variations, it produces additional fluctuations of the meterover aperiod of time. The amplitude distribution of Gaussian noise
is such that for 99% of the time,
the true rms value is 1/5 of the
maximum
peak-to-peakvalue.
Therefore, if the steady-state noiseis replaced by arandom-noise generator, then 1.27v p-p
5=0.26v rms random noise=2v maximum p-p output

Step 4. Therefore, for a systemcalibrated in terms of a squarewave peak-to-peak, the true rms
input noise is 1/8 of the measured
peak-to-peak output noise level.
If the instrument is calibrated
in rms values instead, an additional correction factor of 0.45
rms, sine-wave, to 1-volt peak-topeak square wave, must be applied. Therefore, for asystem calibrated in terms of a sine-wave
rms, the true nus input noise is
2/7 of the measured peak-to-peak
output noise level.
Bandwidth. With the voltmeterslowly drifting from full-scale positive to full-scale negative as instep 2, the engineer selects asingle
section output filter with a 1second RC time constant. Changing the frequency of the external
oscillator very slightly in either
direction causes the meter beating
to become more rapid and the amplitude to decline. The effect may
be plotted for a 10-hertz center
frequency as shown on page 89.
The conventional curve of atuned
amplifier is produced; the system
bandwidth may be measured as
the frequency difference between
70.7% points. In this case, thedifference is ±0.16 hz or 0.32
total bandwidth.
The half-power bandwidth that

pulse width produces noise and error in the output.
Choosing apreamp
When the background noise becomes 100 times
or more greater than the signal, apreamplifier withextreme linearity and overload capability must be
used so the highly amplified noise peaks can beaveraged without introducing errors caused by driving the amplifier into its nonlinear region.
For other applications, the signal may be amillivolt or more obscured by noise. Here, the high-gain
preamplifier is advantageous because the tuned
main signal amplifiers can now accept the noisy
signal directly—with the least noise overload.
88

was just derived, however, isn't
the same as the true noise bandwidth, which is represented by the
total area under the curve. Thisis, by definition, 1.57 times the
bandwidth of the conventional
curve. A 1-second, single-section,
RC time constant produces anequivalent noise bandwidth of 0.5hz, so:1
Equivalent noise bandwidth =2RC

Risetime. Reconnect the square-wave oscillator to the sync inputof the voltmeter, and adjust thecontrols for full-scale meter deflection, as in step 1. Alternately
short-circuit the signal input andthen reconnect it to the oscillator.
The d-c output may now be plotted during the signal off-on conditions, see bottom right-handdrawing on page 89.
A single 1-second RC filter,
curve A, gives a10% to 90% risetime of two seconds. Substituting
a double 0.7-second RC filter,
curve B, gives the same 10% to
90% rise time, but has the advantage of reaching the 99% point
faster than the single filter. A second advantage of the double filter
is its improved reduction of highfrequency noise in the output.
From these values, the following approximations may be made:Single-section filter
10 to 90% rise time =2.2RC
Noise bandwidth

1=2RC

Double-section filter
10 to 90% rise time.3.4RC
Noise bandwidth

"-'

1

- 4RC

Usually, the preamplifier has amuch wider bandwidth than the tuned signal amplifiers in the main
instrument. It is possible, therefore, to overload thepreamplifier on thumps or high-frequency spikes.
This can drive it into anonlinear region without any
visual indication from the meter, oscilloscope monitor jacks, or overload light of the main instrument,
because these all monitor the signal waveform only
after it has passed through the tuned amplifiers, andthe distortion is no longer obvious. To prevent thiserror, the preamplifier bandwidth must be restricted
as much as possible around the signal frequency,
and the preamplifier output level should always bemonitored on an oscilloscope.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

RI

0.7%

SINGLE FILTER

DOUB.LE-ILTEROUTPUT NOISE

1.0

0.707EQUAL AREAS

D-C OUTPUT

System bandwidth. Bandwidth for output response isfound by measuring the width of the curve at the 70.7%
values; for this curve, the bandwidth is 0.32 hz.

I
3'TRUE NOISE BW.0.5 hz
MEASURED SYSTEM
BW 0.32 hz

Equivalent noise bandwidth. By definition, true noise
bandwidth is 1.57 times the measured bandwidth. In
this case, the measured bandwidth is 0.32 hz, so thenoise is 0.5 hz.

Equivalent noise bandwidth(u)'--`-e1
10 to 90% rise time (.,, )Regardless of the output filter
used,
Tuned amp. The voltmeter usually has a tuned signal amplifier,and this provides an additional reduction in the bandwidth of theElectronics 1July 8, 1968

I
5

I
6

7

TIME (SECONDS)

Rise-time measurement. Rise time of the d-c output
response is the time it takes the curve to go from
10% to 90% of its maximum value. Rise time is the samefor both filters, but the double-filter section reaches
the 99% point faster than the single-filter section.

instrument and increases the risetime. Therefore, the measured
values of rise time and bandwidth
won't agree with the theoreticalvalues derived from the filter RC
time constants unless the tuned
amplifier has a relatively low Q
or the filter time constant islonger than the frequency of oper-

The dominant noise source can usually be identified by examining the output of the relatively wideband preamplifier on an oscilloscope. To make surethat the lock-in voltmeter works properly, one
should block the radiation of the detector and checkfor an accurate zero level. In particular, the phasing
controls should be rotated to verify that they don't
affect the output level without an input signal.
The number of on-off signal cycles that may beaveraged over aperiod of time has adirect effecton noise reduction. As aresult, acompromise must
always be reached between the amount of noise thatcan be tolerated and the time available to make themeasurement. For certain applications, ahigh-speedMI4

ation. For a typical system inwhich signal amplifier Q
15
Rise time()

20
Frequency (hz)The over-all system bandwidth
can always be determined bymeasuring the actual rise time andapplying the rise-time formula.

response is the main requirement, and this limitation established the minimum signal-to-noise ratio.
In either case:
Output noise

Rise timeThus, the response time must be increased 100
times to improve the signal-to-noise ratio 10 times.
A quick check
Because the minimum noise level can never beless than the Johnson noise of the detector, system
performance can be checked quickly by measuring
the actual input noise level and comparing this with89

and ameasurement of the noise level in terms of its
peak-to-peak rather than rms value. This procedure
is described on page 88.
The equivalent noise bandwidth may be measured in any system regardless of the type of tuned
signal amplifiers or output RC filter used. This isdone by keying afull scale signal on and off to determine the time required for 10% to 90% rise timeto occur.

100

80

o
40

Determining noise bandwidth
20

NOISE VOLTAGE
6Onv p—p

OUTPUT CHART RECORDING

1,000 z

100

C/7

w

z
,
z
— 0.7
Lu
0.3 —
v)
a
z
0.2-

oi

1 111
11111

10 2030 90

100

1 11111111

I 11II1111

1 IIII1111

1 1111.

1,000
10,00010 5EQUIVALENT NOISE RESISTANCE

Example. Designer plots a 3-kilohm noise resistance andreads the value of noise voltage obtained where this line
intersects 1 hertz. In this example, the value is 60 nano-

volts. Then he checks the peak-to-peak value of the output chart to be sure that the value doesn't exceed 60
nanovolts.

the theoretical value for the detector Johnson noise.
The plot of Johnson noise, in nanovolts, that may
be expected from agiven detector at room temperature appears at the bottom of page 87. It doesn't
matter what operating frequency is chosen, provided that the system always has a 1-hertz bandwidth. Thus, a 100-ohm detector, for example, will
give approximately 1.3 ny rms noise in an ideal
system.
However, measurement of the actual system noiselevel is more difficult than it appears, because most
instruments aren't calibrated in noise bandwidth.
This parameter must usually be determined for thesystem to be tested, and the input noise will appear
as random fluctuations of the output. These fluctuations can be related to the Johnson-noise plot only if
the correct conversion factor is known.
If the effects of random noise on alock-in system
are analyzed, however, asimple technique may bedevised for determining both the system bandwidth
90

Once achart is developed for the system bandwidth in terms of peak-to-peak values, the following
four-step procedure can be used to determine theminimum noise voltage:
Step 1. Switch the system gain to low sensitivity
to reduce the noise level. Alternately remove andreapply astrong signal to measure the over-all system 10% to 90% rise time. If possible, select an RC
time constant to give aone-second rise time, since
this results in aone-cycle bandwidth—the standard
specification for most detectors, amplifiers, or components.
Step 2. Block the signal to the detector and increase the system gain until the peak-to-peak noiselevel can be measured over aperiod of about one
minute. Use progressively longer measurement
times with rise times of less than asecond.
Step 3. Check the system sensitivity to calibrate
the output noise level in terms of noise voltage(peak-to-peak) at the detector.
Step 4. Plot the insertion of the measured noisevoltage and bandwidth on the appropriate chart toobtain the value of equivalent noise resistance at
the input for comparison with the actual detector
impedance.
Illustrating the point
The ease of this procedure can be demonstrated
by the following example: the instrument is considered to be noise-free and the input load is a 3kilohm resistor. Using the peak-to-peak voltage
curve, the designer enters the load and reads thenoise voltage where the load line intersects the
1-hz line; in this case, the reading is 60 nanovolts.
Then he checks the output plot to make sure thatthe peak-to-peak voltage doesn't exceed 60 ny.
If the detector is cooler than room temperature,
it will have considerably less Johnson noise for agiven impedance. The correction factor is:
equivalent noise resistancedetector temperature (°K)
detector impedance X
297°K
Thus, if the detector were 3,000 ohms at atemperature of 4°K, its equivalent noise resistance would
decline to:(3,000)4°K
297°K= 40 ohms

The measured noise voltage, therefore, should be
reduced from the original 60 ny to about 8ny peakto-peak.
Electronics lJuly 8, 1968

le/

•

le

Circuit design

Designer's casebook
Voltage comparator is madewith op amps and logic gates
By Walter Ellermeyer
U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego

A comparator for a voltmeter's automatic ranging
circuits can be made with readily available logic
circuits and operational amplifiers instead of theusual transistors and diodes. Using gates and op
amps makes the comparator much easier to wire
together. A feedback circuit to make the op amp aswitch is also simple to assemble.
The two voltage limits of such a "high-go-low"comparator are independently adjustable. When an
input voltage is applied to the circuit, one output
will indicate whether the input is above the upper
limit, another will indicate whether the input is
between the limits, and a third will indicate
whether it is below the lower limit.
The limits may be both positive, both negative,
or one positive and the other negative. Because

the outputs are unipolar, high-speed relays andlogic circuitry can be used.
If the input is 5.1 volts and the wiper of potentiometer R1 is set at the middle of its range,
a positive 0.05 volt will appear at the negative
input of op amp 01.Because the op amp is in an inverting configuration, its output is a negative
voltage. This negative voltage must attain a magnitude of 10 to cause avalanche in the zener, thus
holding the negative input at zero volts. The —10
volts are also coupled out to arelay to turn on thehigh-voltage meter. Another inversion takes placein inverter I
I,
and azero voltage is presented to the
AND gate.
The same process takes place in the lower halfof the circuit. The zero voltage from the outputof the inverter keeps the relay in the low-voltage
meter circuit inactive, and the AND gate's zerovoltage output keeps the relay in the intermediatevoltage meter inoperative.
When the input falls below 5volts, the wiper of
R1 has a negative voltage that makes 01 generate
a positive output voltage. However, this output
never gets above 0.8 volt, because zener D1 becomes forward-biased at this point, and current isimmummir—5v d-c

D,

1N758

HIGH VOLTAGE
METER SCALE
GDI1

ANALOGDEVICES106

INPUT
VOLTAGEGDI 2

AND GATE)

INTERMEDIATEVOLTAGEMETER SCALE

100
IN758

LOW VOLTAGE
METER SCALE

R250k
ANALOGDEVICES106
R4

1M+5 vd-cComparison and assignmmt. Operational amplifiers control the selection of meter scales ir an automatic
voltmeter. Zener diodes are used as the op amps' feedback loops thus they operate as switchi s. The potentiometers R, and R. deter -nine what input level causes the op amps to switch

M

Electronics

July 8, 196891

drawn through it. This holds the negative inputof the op amp down to a voltage close to zero—the desired condition when an op amp is used forswitching. Obviously, the 0.8 volt at the output
of 01 can't energize the relay in the high-voltage
meter circuit.
The 0.8 volt is inverted in the AND/OR gate
I
I,and so —10 volts are presented to an input of
the AND gate. The output of 02 has placed —10
volts at the gate's other input. These two inputs
make the output of the AND gate —10 volts, andthe relay in the intermediate-voltage meter systemis energized. After inversion by I., the —10 voltsat the output of 02 becomes zero volts, thus preventing the relay in the low-voltage meter systemfrom being energized.

There is a —10 volts at the output of 02,because a positive voltage at the input is inverted
in the op amp.
An input voltage that's more negative than the—5 volt supply makes the output of both op amps
zero. This keeps the high-voltage meter circuit outof operation, places two different voltages — —10
volts and zero volts — at the input of the AND gate,
and makes inverter
generate azero output voltage. The two different inputs to the AND gate
result in azero output voltage and an inoperativeintermediate-voltage meter circuit.
Resistors 11 3 and R4 provide hysteresis to theop amp to prevent any noise from triggering thecircuit when the input voltage is close to either
the supply voltages.

Transistor and zener
protect series regulator

tection circuit to the regulator. Not only will thiscircuit prevent destruction of the regulator, but
it will automatically return the regulator and thepower supply to normal operation when the shortis removed.
A short circuit in the output causes all the
supply voltage to appear across zener DI,thedecibel R., and the emitter-base junction of Q2.
Since the input supply voltage is greater than thezener breakdown voltage of D1,the diode draws
reverse current and supplies base drive to Q2. As
Q. approaches saturation, it robs Qi of base driveand cuts that series pass transistor off.

By Bob Phillips
Motorola Semiconductor Products, Phoenix, Ariz.

Before it blows the fuse in apower supply, ashortin the load circuit usually has enough time todestroy the supply's regulating transistor. This can
be avoided, though, by adding a responsive pro-21 TO 28 VOLTS INPUTOUTPUT620

17.25 TO
18.75 VOLTS

2k

1111r-

Sidetracked. When output load resistance drops from nominal 360 ohms to a short, zener D: starts
conducting. This causes Q. to conduct and shorts out Q's base-emitter junction. The zener's high roveresistance and R, limit the load current until the short is removed.

92

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

è..1.0111.

Capacitor C 1,which was charged up to the output voltage before the short appeared then aids inturning Qo on by discharging through the transistor's base. Although Ci discharges to avery low
voltage when the regulator is in a short-circuitedmode, Q2 remains in saturation because of Di's
zener current.
The series pass portion of the circuit is conventional in operation and is designed so that its presents an output impedance of 200 milliohms to theload when supplying 50 milliamperes.
When the short is removed, the voltage acrossthe output begins to rise due to the current thatflows through Ri and the saturated Q2. Since thebase of Q2 is held to alow voltage by Ci and theemitter voltage is rising, the \TEE of Q2 drops,
causing this transistor to begin to turn off. Since
the current through Ri is essentially constant andthe current through transistor Q2 has decreased,some current is shunted into the base of Qi,caus-

Diodes in a multivibrator
lesson frequency variations
By James Teixeira
Sylvania Electronic Systems, Waltham, Mass.

The astable multivibrator is an excellent source ofsquare waves—it's inexpensive to build and can beeasily designed for operation over awide frequency
range. Unfortunately, because its frequency is sensitive to changes in temperature, it can't be used inapplications where marked environmental changes
are encountered. Compensating diodes added to themultivibrator, however, will nullify those transistor
changes that cause frequency shifts. These diodes
costs much less than the LC oscillators and clipping
circuits usually used as frequency sources where
marked temperature changes are encountered.
Half of the multivibrator's period—the width of
one of the square waves—is related to the transistor
and supply voltages by
t= RC In [Vc

VB

VE

Vb.

Vee eatVbe

where t= half the multivibrator's period of oscillation

Electronics

July 8, 1968

ing this transistor to begin to turn on.
As transistor Qi supplies current to the load,
the voltage across the output increases even more.
This action eventually causes the reverse biasingof Q0, turning it off completely.
With Qo off, normal control current is supplied
to the base of Qi and the circuit resumes normal
op 'ration. Diode D2 prevents the emitter-base junction of Qo from breaking over when the short acrossthe output is removed.
Capacitor Co enhances the a-c stability of Q2
but may not be necessary in all circuits.
The response of the protection circuit is limitedby the storage and fall time of Q. For the devices
and load conditions shown, it operates in approximately 1microsecond.
When the power supply is operating into its
nominal load-36 ohms—the protection circuit isbiased off and in no way affects the regulation. The
zener Di is ahigh resistance and Qo is cut-off.

R = 30.9-kilohm base resistor
C = 0.01-microfarad coupling capacitor
Vc = transistor collector voltage
VE = transistor base voltage
Vbe = base-to-emitter voltage across the transistor
Vee(sat) = collector-to-emitter saturation voltage ofthe transistor
This equation is valid only if the transistors havehigh gain and low reverse leakage current. Because
the transistors aren't operated at their upper limit
of gain, temperature changes won't affect the gain.
And because the leakage current is so low, anychanges induced in it by temperature will be infinitesimal. These two temperature-sensitive parameters can therefore be disregarded when the multivibrator is subjected to temperature variations. The
use of metal-film resistors and mica capacitors—
components whose values don't change with temperature—keeps the values of R and C constant.
Differentiating the equation with respect to temperature and then writing it in differential form results in the following[dt = R C

VB — Vbe
VC+ VB— Vbe —Vee(sat)1[(VII — Vb0(dVc
dVB — dVbe — dVeesst)— (Vc
VB — V5, — Veo(sat))(dVB — dVb.)]
A squared term in the denominator has been re-93

moved; because the numerator is eventually set
equal to zero.
Because the difference between VB and Vc is thenegligible forward drop of the diodes D1 and D2
and because Vbe andare smaller than Vc,
the first bracket in the above equationVee(eat)

VB
Vc

VB

Vce(sat)can be rewritten as
VB
2VB

1
=

dt =

RI].
C
dVc — dVB
2

—2
—

dVB —

By eliminating all the Vbe and Vee(sat) terms andmaking all Vc terms equal to VB,the second bracket
in the equation becomes[V B(dV c

dV B — dVbe — dVœ(ast.))— 2V B(dV B — dVb.)]

After multiplication and transposition, it takes theform[V BdVc

dVbe — dVee(eat)Replacing dt with zero mathematically expresses
what happens when the multivibrator's frequency
doesn't change. All the terms that indicate thechange in supply voltages are moved to the left ofthe equals sign, and those that indicate transistor
voltage changes are kept on the right. This equation

Vbe
Vbe

the bracket is then recombined with the first, thedifferential equation becomes

VadV B — VBdVbe — VBdVce(sat)—

2VelVB

2VBdVbei

When like terms in this bracket are subtracted and

10k

dVe —

dVbe

dVee(eet)shows which voltages compensate for temperaturechanges in the multivibrator.
In a transistor, dVbe is usually —2mv/°C anddVee(sat) 0.2 mv. This total change of —2.2mv/°C in
the voltages on the right-hand side of the equation
doesn't affect circuit operation because there is a
3mv/ °C change in the supply voltages on the left
side. Because of the way the diodes are placed in
the circuit, dVB is lmv/ °C and dVc is 2mv/ °C,
giving the total of 3mv/ °C. Over the temperature
range from —10° to 90°C, a 1-megahertz multivibrator will have afrequency shift of only 10 hertz.
Of course a highly stable power supply should
be used with the compensated multivibrator.

2.7k

1N914
1N914

30.9k

1.3k

1.3 k

30.9k

)( 0.01p.f)1 0.01,hf

2N4124

2N4124

Straight and narrow. Those changes in transistor characteristics that cause the multivibrator frequency
circuit to shift are nullified by diodes Di and D,. The changes in the forward drops of the diodes arenearly the changes in the base-emitter and collector-emitter voltages in the transistors.

94

Electronics lJuly 8, 1968fa

If all the Information contained in cur
Silicone Package Qualification Report werePrinted In type this site. it would more thantill this page. We have enough reliability datato convince anyone that our silicone-pack IC'squalify for full military use. If you write to us,
we'll send you ell the facts in nice, readable
type. Signetics Corporation, 811 E. Argues Ave.,
Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086. A subsidiary of Corn.
Ind Class WOrkf.

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 95 on reader service card95

Solid state

Fabrication advances boost
potential of avalanche diodes
Improved methods of heat sinking and new techniques for creating
abrupt junctions make the devices strong contenders for applications
as power sources in the microwave range and broadband noise generators

By Harry L. Stover
Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas

Design techniques that allow avalanche diodes todissipate heat faster are boosting the devices'
power levels and suiting them to some new microwave applications. However, the technology has along way to go and only few companies have successfully applied these methods.
Avalanche diodes are operating at power densities of 106 watts per square centimeter, a figure
unprecedented in semiconductor device history. A
typical diode must dissipate tens of watts of heat toperform well at such levels.
It's not surprising then that the most important
advance in the field has been the flip chip, adesignin which the junction side of the diode is bonded
to ametal heat sink. This configuration permits heatgenerated at the junction to flow directly to thesink instead of through the thick semiconductor
substrate.
With the employment of this and other techniques, including several for the paralleling ofdiodes and the control of diffusion profiles, avalanche devices can now generate up to 4.7 wattsof continuous-wave power at 13 gigahertz with
6% to 8% efficiency. Noise performance has also
improved because as current increases, avalanchenoise decreases.
To date, germanium diodes have delivered thebest noise performance-28 decibels at 6 Ghz, forexample, when used in a reflection amplifier. Silicon diodes are about 10 db noisier, though this disadvantage is offset by the fact that silicon is abetter
heat conductor and is easier to reproduce. The
noise performance of gallium-arsenide diodes is
expected to be at least as good as that of germanium, but experimental data is too sparse as yet
96

for meaningful comparisons to be made.
The linewidth of avalanche-diode oscillators has
been narrowed and noise sidebands close to thecarrier have been suppressed by injection locking
the devices to aquiet source, such as acrystal-controlled oscillator-multiplier chain. Flip chipping
also improves linewidth because it lowers thediode's thermal resistance, cutting down on low-frequency noise. This kind of noise causes the mosttrouble in amplifiers and oscillators because it
modulates the negative resistance and susceptance,
introducing frequency-modulated noise into themicrowave output signal.
Potential low-noise applications for avalanche
diodes include use in linear negative-resistancereflection amplifiers, as local oscillators, and—when
injection locked—in frequency- and phase-modulation amplifiers. On the other side of the coin, these
diodes should also find widespread use as secondary noise standards. Not only are they smaller andmore reliable than gas discharge tubes, but when
operated at low currents they put out more noiseover a broader band of microwave frequencies.
Although avalanche diodes are designed to perform at a particular frequency, they can be operated over very wide ranges. A diode designed for
X band, for instance, can operate from C to Ku
band.
Vital region
Very little improvement has been made in theoriginal avalanche diode, afour-layer device called
the Read diode. Potentially the best of the breed,
it unfortunately is also the most difficult to fabricate. Most of the progress has been made with aElectronics lJuly 8, 1968

lal

DIODE METAL SYSTEMGOLD TO GOLD BOND

NCKEL FLASHED COPPER SLUG

Flip chip. Bonding the junction side of avalanche ciode to heat sink has given biggest boost to performance.

three-layer mesa design, the p n- n+ diode.
The operation of both these structures is similarin that they develop anegative resistance caused by
a 90° phase lag between the electric field and theavalanche-generated current and a 90" phase shift
between the voltage and external current. The transit time of carriers across the drift region causes
the latter phase shift [see "Time to start an avalanche", P. 98].
Primary design parameters for a three-layer
diode are thickness and doping of the n- regionand size of the cross-sectional area of the junction.
The n- region's thickness determines the midband oscillation frequency. Thickness should besuch that carriers travel across it in half a cycle.
The region's doping is the major factor in the device's efficiency and should be of a level sufficient
to cause full depletion near avalanche breakdown.
Diode power, thermal capacity, and impedance
depend on the size of the junction area. The larger
the area, the greater the power and the lower the
impedance. However, the ability to dissipate heat
doesn't increase with the junction area but rather
with the junction diameter, provided the diode isdesigned for minimal thermal spreading resistance.
That is, heat must be dissipated radially as well
as straight down. It's therefore preferable to mountseveral small diodes far apart rather than placing
a single large diode on aheat sink.
These rule-of-thumb considerations in regard to
doping and thickness hinge on having abrupt p+n and nn interfaces and auniform n- region, conElectronics lJuly 8, 1968

(litions rarely found in actual diodes because of thenature ()if the fabrication processes used.
Most i.
-..ommon is the diffusion approach in which
the n- epitaxial layer is doped with boron to form
the p .
region. During the time the diode is held at
the required high temperature for the boron diffusion, impurities in the n+ substrate can diffuse into
the epitaxial n- layer. This moves the n- n+ interface away from the physical substrate-epitaxial interface, thereby shortening the n- region and creating a nonuniform distribution of impurities in thisregion.
The resulting uneven or incomplete depletion
hurts dicde efficiency. Also, the distribution of theelectric field in this kind of n- region puts ahigher
voltage across the diode than would the field distribution in aregion with an abrupt demarcation.
Specialized diffusion techniques have been developed to reduce these effects, but silicon diffused
diodes nevertheless rarely approach the ideal. However, they've been around longer than other types
and still offer the highest powers and efficiencies.
Sowing and growing
In attempting to solve the out-diffusion problem,
B.S. Ying and &W. Bowers, researchers at the
Hughes Aircraft Corp., have abandoned the conventional fabrication process and have instead formed
p'n- n-; silicon diodes by implanting boron ions in
an n- epitaxial layer. This method, along with annealing, creates an abrupt p+n - junction because
the temperatures required aren't high enough to97

Met—.
•
CC

>—

o

(r)
•o
oz

Lu

1.0

CURRENT(mA)

Regular curves. Ti's double epitaxial diode (right) shows the uniformity of breakdown of guard ring diode.

cause impurities to diffuse out of the substrate.
Provided high-temperature fabrication steps— oxidation, for example—aren't taken afterwards, thenn interface should be asharp one. Because ion
implantation is still arelatively new technique, theperformance of diodes fabricated in this mannercomes close to—but still hasn't reached—that of thebest diffused avalanche devices.
The latest fabrication method, developed by H.M.
Leady, the author, and E.A. Trantham of Texas
Instruments, avoids the out-diffusion problem bygrowing n— and p+ epitaxial layers separately on ahighly polished n+ substrate at lower temperatures
over amuch shorter period of time. The ability to

precisely control epitaxial doping and thickness is
an important advantage; doping profile measurements indicate very abrupt doping interfaces.
Diodes fabricated by this double epitaxial process thus consist of physically separate n and p layers, and this raised the possibility of crystal imperfections introduced during deposition. It was alsofeared that the pand nlayers might etch differently
during the fabrication of the mesa structure. Any
defective area would break down before the restof the junction, producing anonuniform avalanche.
To determine whether this was so, researchers
compared the noise-versus-current performance of adouble epitaxial diode to that of a low-frequency

Time to start an avalanche
Basic to the performance of avalanche diodes is the negative resistance developed by phase shifts
introduced by the avalanche• process and by carrier transit time.
These diodes are reversed biased with a d-c voltage into junction breakdown. Once oscillations
begin, the resonant circuit superimposes an a-c voltage across thediode. The electric field at the p-njunction is nominally in phase withthe voltage across the diode except
at very high currents.
When the field exceeds athreshold value, valence electrons areknocked into the conduction band,producing hole-electron pairs. Electrons and pairs then collide withsurrounding
atoms,
generating
more electron pairs by impact ionization. The d-c component of theelectric field causes electrons andholes to drift in opposite directions, resulting in a net avalanche
current.
Time lag. As the a-c componentof the field changes, the avalanche-

98

generated current lags behind because it takes time for the ionization rate to increase and decrease.
It's been shown in the case ofsmall signals that the rate ofchange of the avalanche-generated
current is proportional to the a-c
field, that is, di/dt is proportional
to E.,. Thus, the buildup of avalanche-generated current resembles the buildup of current throughan inductor under an a-c voltage;
the current lags the voltage 90°.
While the avalanche-generated
carriers travel across the drift region, current flows in the resonant
circuit. This external current peaks
at the same time the peak numberof carriers are halfway across thedrift region. The length of the drift
region is chosen so that the total
carrier transit across it takes halfa cycle. The peak external current then occurs a quarter of acycle, or 90', after the peak injected current.
Half circle. The net phase shift
between applied voltage and ex-

ternal current is thus 180°, thesum of the 90° phase lags caused
by avalanche buildup and transit
time.
In the four-layer Read diode,avalanche is confined to a thinregion, whereas it may occur acrossa large part of the n-region in athree-layer structure. Doping of
the n-region in either type of diode should be light enough so thatfull depletion occurs before avalanche breakdown. Otherwise, efficiency suffers because:• Over part of acycle, the electric field in the undepleted region
drops below the value required forthe carriers' saturation-limited velocity. This can cause a decreasein carrier phase coherence.
• The undepleted region acts asa nonlinear parasitic series resistance.
• The diode capacitances willvary with voltage and can cause
a-c power to be wasted in parametrically generated sidebands andharmonics.

Electronics

July 8, 1968in

Beating the heat

It was engineers at Bell Labs who first successfully tackled the heat problem during diode operation by applying the flip-chip design. Their method-thermocompression bonding-involves joining thejunction side of the diode under heat and high pressure to agold-plated copper slug. Many other companies haven't had success with this technique because bonding at too high atemperature causes thesilicon and gold to alloy together. And lowering thebonding temperature necessitates raising the pressure, thereby risking physical damage to the diode.
Texas Instruments has taken adifferent approach
to flip chipping. Their modified form of thermocompression bonding can be done at somewhat lower
temperatures and considerably lower pressures. The
TI technique involves the use of ultrasonic scrubbing; the gold contact on the silicon and the gold
plated heat sink are rubbed together so that theirsurfaces "wet - each other-that is, make close
molecular contact.
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

CW P out IN mW

noise diode developed previously by a Texas Instruments physicist, R.H. Haitz. Using aguard ring-an auxiliary electrode that shapes the electric field
across the junction to guarantee uniform breakdown--Haitz achieved auniform decrease of noise as current drops. The tests indicate that the double epitaxial diode has a very uniform avalanche breakdown.
Just as rugged mechanically and thermally as the
diffused devices, double-epitaxial diodes aren't significantly affected by the ultrasonic bonding employed in TI's flip-chip process or by any otherfabrication and mounting step. Prototype doubleepitaxial diodes have delivered up to 700 milliwattsof c-w power at X band with 7% efficiency-figuresthat compare favorably with the performance values
for diffused diodes of similar dimensions. And
powers should increase with enlarged junctions andfabrication refinements.
A further advantage of these diodes is that theyturn on with high efficiency-about 5% when run
50 mw or so above the oscillation threshold. As
more d-c current is applied, efficiency climbs slowly
to 7%. Diffused diodes, on the other hand, are generally very inefficient when run at low powers.
This behavior of the double epitaxial device at
low power apparently reflects the full depletion of
the n- region at low currents because of the abrupt
n- n+ interface. Conversely, diffused diodes probably don't fully deplete at low input-power levels
because doping isn't uniform near their n- n+ interface; their undepleted region becomes smaller
at higher powers, though, and efficiency therefore
improves.
It should be noted that out-diffusion is aproblem
with silicon diodes because even the slowest dopant
used with this material, antimony, moves rapidly
out of the substrate at the high fabrication temperatures required. The gallium used as a dopant ingermanium diodes, on the other hand, hardly diffuses out of the substrate at all during fabrication.

6

8

P¡ n IN WATTS
Ins and outs. Dots show efficiencies of about 9 Ghz for
TI diodes while lines show projected effic enojes.

Flip-chip silicon diodes dissipate about threetimes as much heat as do noninverted diodes. On
the other hand, germanium and gallium-arsenide
diodes dissipate up to 10 times as much heat when
inverted because they're both relatively poor conductors to begin with. Therefore, flip chipping tends
to remove silicon's heat advantage. While this is
yet another plus for germanium, silicon continues
to dominate the avalanche-diode field because its
technology is more advanced.
Other methods of improving heat dissipation include bonding to diamond or silicon-carbide heatsinks and the paralleling of several diodes. The
problem with paralleling is that it's difficult to get
identical bonds and to match electrical characteristics. The general practice now is to bond anumber of diodes to asink, draw current through each,and then scratch off the ones that don't perform.
Deciding which of the diodes to retain is itself amajor problem. Until recently, measuring adiode's
thermal resistance was acomplicated procedure andusually meant burning out the device. But TI has
developed an accurate and simple technique that's
based on the fact that thermal resistance just about
disappears at high frequencies because of the avalanche mechanism.
At low frequencies, the diode's net series resistance consists of the thermal resistance and suchother terms as the contact and space charge resistance. Therefore, subtracting the high-frequency
99

series resistance from the low-frequency series resistance gives the thermal resistance in ohms. The
big advantage here is that this method can be usedt:) measure the resistance of diodes in circuits without destroying them.
As new techniques continue to be developed,
knowledge of the avalanche transit-time mechanism is increasing. A recent study showed that thetemperature-dependent current-density distribution
in avalanche diodes becomes time dependent during pulsed operation. The pulses can become distorted because the oscillation frequency depends oncurrent density. And since thermal time constants
are typically tenths of microseconds, they can cause
an appreciable delay between the bias pulse andthe output r-f pulse.
Some experimenters have even reported an initialand a delayed mode during pulsed operation. At
first, an annular region near the diode's edge conducts most of the current. But the rise in temperature due to conduction causes less current to flow inthis region and more current to flow in the cooler
center area. And this shift affects r-f output, frequency, efficiency, and noise behavior.

and low efficiency. As far as the state of this art
goes, S.G. Liu of RCA has achieved 1to 2watts peakpulse power in Ku band with an efficiency of about
5%.
D.R. Melia( of Cornell has reported 0.38 watts ofpulsed power at 6.8 Ghz and an efficiency of 7.8%
with GaAs diodes, and 1.3 watts with 3.6% efficiency.
The integration of avalanche-diode oscillators inmicrostrip circuits at TI has produced 0.7 watts ofpeak pulse power at 9Ghz. But efficiencies to datehave been only about 1% because of the difficultyof tuning these experimental circuits for maximum
power.
Other TI experiments on c-w Gunn diodes integrated on ferrite substrates show that impedances
can be matched for maximum output by magnetic
tuning. And efforts are under way to develop beryllia IC substrates for improved heat sinking.
Another road to avalanche

Several researchers have postulated a negative
resistance from avalanche diodes at frequencies well
below those required for the avalanche transit-timemode of operation. In an analysis of large-signal
Score card
oscillations, Bernd Hoefflinger of Siemens suggested
afeedback mechanism in which the space charge
Today's avalanche diodes offer microwave power
distorts the electric field at high current densities.
in arange from milliwatts to watts, efficiencies as
The net result, he said, would be alow-frequency
high as 15%, and very large power-impedance prodnegative resistance. J.B. Gunn had advanced asimiucts.
TI has obtained 5to 10 watts of peak pulse powerlar theory back in 1956. And others, such as BellLabs' Misawa predicted the same effects.
at frequencies from 6 Ghz to 15 Ghz from silicon
Hoefflinger reported oscillations from p-Fnn — n+p+n — n+ diodes with diameters of 4to 5mils. Efficiencies are generally less than 6%, however. C.A.
silicon diodes at frequencies where the transit angle,
Burrus and L.S. Bowman of Bell Labs have re- (07, is much narrower than e. At frequencies from
100 megahertz to 2Ghz, power and efficiencies wereported the pulsed operation of silicon diodes overthe millimeter range up to 340 Ghz; typical figuresvery low. Hoefflinger's theory is consistent with
were 15 mw at 100 Ghz and 1mw at 300 Ghz.
Ti's report of low-transit-angle oscillations from
Others have claimed higher power levels, but p+n — n+ diodes; power levels ranged from 1 to 6
from diodes much larger in area and having, there- watts at from 2to 6Ghz, and efficiencies were nearfore, very low power-impedance products. More1%. And TI recently got c-w powers of 150 to 150
over, their results indicate that large areas of their inw in a low-transit-angle mode at ultrahigh frediodes acted as parasitic shunt capacitances and re- quencies; efficiency was about 7%.
sistances and didn't contribute to the r-f power
However, the theory doesn't account for the specoutput.
tacular results reported by H.J. Prager, K.K. Chang,
The highest c-w powers so far have been reported and S. Weisbrod of RCA, who claimed low-transitby T. Misawa and C.B. Swan of Bell Labs, who angle oscillations of several hundred watts at freused a4-mil silicon p+n — n+ diode to produce 1.5 quencies below 1Ghz with efficiencies from 25%
watts at 12 to 14 Ghz with efficiencies of 6% to 7%. to 60% from silicon p+n — n+ diodes. No one to date
Cooling this diode and circuit in liquid nitrogen has duplicated these results.
boosted power output to 2.7 watts and efficiency
When efficiency is that high it becomes aparameto 10.2%.
ter itself, ruling out many otherwise feasible exSwan recently mounted asilicon diode on agold- planations of these results. A 60% level implies
coated diamond chip to achieve 2.7 watts c-w power Class C operation, a condition in which external
at 13 Ghz at room temperature. He has also paral- current flows over only asmall portion of the cycle.
leled five diodes to obtain 2.8 watts c-w at from 13 But this, in turn, implies that the time delay causing
to 14 Ghz, and has gotten 4.7 watts c-w at 13 Ghz the negative resistance cannot be due to the transit
from two paralleled diodes on adiamond chip.
time of carriers travelling at saturation velocity
Because of gallium arsenide's higher carrier mo- across the depletion region, because external curbility, the material is potentially more efficient than rent flows continuously during such travel. Any exeither silicon or germanium. But material and fabri- planation of these results would have to allow forcation problems have generally resulted in uneven efficiencies even higher than 60% because circuitand noisy breakdown, poor thermal conductivity, and contact losses would have to be accounted for.
100

Circle 242 on reader service card-+-a

PROGRESS REPORTL
ri1J0I1JS®
COMPOSITE
SUBSTRATESAlSiBase Composite Substrates have demonstrated their

AlSiBaseability to pack so much dependability and performancestack electrically conductive patterns by planes

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obtainec

On most designs, AlSiMag 772 alumina ceramic with surface finish of 8 microinches (CLA) or better, can be used-hey

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Ground and voltage planes can be placed at any level

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under

integrity.

trical resis ance. Congested pattern areas may otter bedifferent circuits off the same basic composite structure.

means

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array of via holes can be designed to allow a number ofbythe electrical.3ince the interconnections are encased in the ceramic

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CERAMICLEADERSHIPCePeetor prole

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Product application problems? General Electric has experienced capacitor application en-

ELECTRI C

GENERAL

Aluminum Miniature Tubular Capacitors
151 standard ratings. 3 to 150 volts, 1 to790 ¡if, —40 to 85C ambient temperature1

ndititiegî
tremanarwag
Aluminum Industrial Tubular Capacitors
102 standard ratings. 3 to 450 volts, 2 to3500 ,af, —20 to 850 ambient temperature

Tantalum Sub-miniature Wet-slug Capacitors
59 standard ratings 6 to 60 volts.
0.01 to 450 „.f. —40 to 85C ambient temperature
Aluminum High-performance
Computer-grade Capacitors
236 standard ratings. 5 to 450 volts,
75 to 480.000 itf, —40
to 85C ambient temperature

102

Electronics

July 8, 1968

1)

MetaHired Film Flattenei Oval Capacitors
102 sandard ratings. 130 and 200 voltsd-c, 0.01 to 10.0 ¿if, —55 to 85C
OF

Metallized Polycarbonate Tubular Capacitors
57 standard ratings. 203 volts d-c, 0.010
to 10.0 µf, —5E to 125C

Aluminum Can-style Capacitors
e3 case siz-a and termin al corn>nations—tiousands of ratings.
5 tc 450 vo Is, 5 to 50C 4, 1, 2,
3, or 4 sections

Micr-J- IPoiyes:er
78 standard ratrgs. 50 voltsd-c, 0.0C10 to 1.50 Af, —55 to 85C

Polyester Tubular
Capacitors (left)
296 standa -d ratings. 100
and 200 vclts d-c, 0.0010
to 2.00 At, —55 to 85C
Black Hawk Capacitors
483 standard ratings. 50
to 600 volts, 0.0010 to
1.00 ti at 85C

Aluminan A-c Viotor Start Capacitors
123 standard ratings. 110 to
330 vcIts a-c, 21 to sa)—20 to 6EC ambient temperature

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Circ1-3 21-3 on reader service card

103

Advanced technology

Storing light and current in crystals
Ability to absorb energy and release it when tapped makessome lithium- and sodium-doped semiconductors potentially useful
as infrared detectors, optical memories, and other optoelectronic devices

By Yoon S. Park and Cole W. Litton
Aerospace Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Other potential applications of tap crystals inHeating or illuminating certain types of crystals
clude
lasers that theoretically could cover the entire
gives startling results and may, as atechnique, provide the basis for anew family of devices. Certain range from infrared to ultraviolet, computer memgroup II-VI semiconductor compounds doped with ories, tuned oscillators, negative-resistance amplilithium store energy when heated, releasing it as a fiers, and optical exposure meters.
The range of applications depends in part on thelight pulse when they're mechanically tapped. Thesesame materials doped with sodium and stimulated number of different group II-VI compounds, doped
optically not only flash when tapped but also when with group I impurities, that can be successfully
exposed to infrared light. Further, their electrical grown. There's good reason to believe that any
conductivity jumps appreciably after stimulation, crystal in these classes will show tap effects. To
and when they're electroded, they show negative date, though, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide,
resistance related directly to the intensity and dura- zinc sulfide, and zinc oxide, doped either withsodium or lithium, are the only tap crystals thattion of stimulation.
havebeen grown.
Although these so-called "tap effects" were first
They'reproduced by a vapor-phase technique;observed several years ago by Donald C. Reynolds
and Douglas M. Warshauer of the aerospace re- the compound and dopant are mixed together in asearch laboratories at Wright-Patterson Air Force sintered powder, sublimed, and then condensed inBase, it's only recently that the causes have been an oxygen-free atmosphere at temperatures ranging
pinpointed. It's been established that the sodium from 900° to 1,500°C. CdS powder containing 0.1
and lithium impurities are responsible for the light- to 0.01% lithium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide
storage capability, high conductivity, and control- produces crystals that are 100 to 500 parts per millable negative resistance. And it's now possible to lion lithium or sodium.
grow large single crystals of sufficient quality to beFlashing lights
used in experimental devices.
For maximum effectiveness, tap crystals must
Of immediate interest is adesign for an infrared
detector that promises much higher efficiencies than be cooled to atemperature of at least 77°K. Experican be achieved with conventional photoconducting ments show that sodium-doped CdS crystals flasheddevices. As the tap-crystal device is envisioned, a green and the ZnO crystal blue-green when exmosaic of sodium-doped crystals would first be posed to infrared radiation or tapped in adirection
stimulated by ultraviolet or blue light. Then, in its parellel to the c axis, the crystal's hexagonal axis
storage state, the mosaic would "look" at the re- of symmetry. But when tapped perpendicular toflected infrared signal from a target and typically this axis, the crystals flashed weakly or not at all.
give off avisible photon for every 104 infrared pho- The sodium-doped crystals flashed up to several
tons. Because each visible photon potentially can hundred times—once for each tap—before theirgenerate 106 electrons in alight-amplifying system, stored energy was depleted.
The emitted light radiates in streamers from thegains of 102 from infrared to the visible are anticipated. The amplified image could then be seen point of impact along the direction of the c axis.
As with ultraviolet emission in photo luminescenton atelevision screen.
104

Electronics

July 8, 1968

M

Infrared trigger. Lithium-doped ZnS crystal flashes blue as hot soldering gun bathes it with infrared light.

materials, the light's electric vector is polarized perpendicular to the caxis. Both types of luminescenceare often called "edge emission" because light isemitted in the wavelength region corresponding to
the forbidden gap energy (the absorption edge)of the crystal.
Lithium-doped crystals behave somewhat differently. Exposure to optical radiation doesn't cause
them to store energy. But they do store energy ifthey're heated to about 200°K and then cooled to
77°K. Tapping must be done in the dark because
ambient light quenches emission. The gentlest tapping, sometimes only the rattling due to heating the
crystal, is enough to induce emission. Lithiumdoped crystals flash very uniformly in all directions
but afew taps exhaust their stored energy.
Because lithium-doped CdS crystals are also
photoluminescent, it's possible to compare thespectra resulting from ultraviolet and tap excitation.
Photographs that were taken with 10,000 ASA
speed film through afast spectrograph with a dispersion of 11 A per millimeter pointed up similarities and differences.
As the chart on the next page shows, both spectra
peak at the same wavelengths beginning at 5,129 A.
Side effect
In discharging energy, the excited electron drops
to the ground state, and gives off a photon. As it
drops, it interacts with the crystal lattice (which isalways in vibration) and gives up some of its energy
to it, energy that is then released by the crystal in
the form of phonons (quanta of thermal energy).
The peaks thus correspond to optical transitions
where no phonons are emitted, and to transitionsat progressively higher frequencies when increasing numbers of phonons are released.
Tapping causes optical transitions to take placethroughout the bulk of the crystal, whereas ultraviolet radiation involves only the crystal's surface.
RI

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Apparently, the tap bulk effect accounts for thestrong and very narrow (about 40 A wide) peak at
4,900 A; the ultraviolet spectra shows almost noenergy at that wavelength. The intensity and sharpness of this peak has raised hopes that aCdS diodelaser may eventually be developed to operate at
4,900 A.
The pulse from a lithium-doped tap crystal has
along tail and sharp peak with arise time of 10 -8
seconds, a characteristic that could be useful inapplication involving high-speed impact photography.
Normal CdS or ZnO crystals grown from purematerials have resistivitics of a few ohm-centimeters. Doping with lithium or sodium raises theresistivity to about 10 4 ohm-centimeters, and the
crystals become photoconducting. Electrical conductivity drops still further when the sodium- orlithium-doped crystals are cooled in the dark toabout 10 - " mhos per centimeter. However, stimulating the sodium-doped crystals with light increases their conductivity to levels as high as 10 - "mhos per centimeter.
What is particularly useful is that the raised conductivity in the sodium-doped crystal remains highwhen the stimulating light is removed-as if electrons were stored in the conduction band. Therefore, these tap crystals are also called "storage
crystals." Their high conductivity isn't affected bytapping because as soon as they emit light, theyreabsorb part of it. Lithium-doped crystals, on theother hand, don't show the storage property.
Cold storage
The stronger the light stimulation, the faster thetap crystal reaches maximum conductivity. These
crystals carry the highest currents-and emit thestrongest light pulses-at 77°K. The current in CdS
crystals slowly decays as temperature rises, anddrops rapidly at 200°K. In ZnO, the sudden drop105

5211 A

1.0

4900 X
n.0
5129 AC8

it 0.640 X
HALF-WIDTH

04

nr 3 o5382 A

0.2 y_

o4800

0.11 ev

4900

5000

5100

5200

5300

5400

5500

Tap colors. Spectra from mechanically-excited CdS tap crystal (color) and ultraviolet-excited crystal are similar.
Most striking difference is the sharp peak at 4,900 angstroms in the mechanically-excited spectrum.

INTENSITY -0.

starts at 167°K although current jumps momentarily
at four discrete temperatures-126°, 185°, 206°, and
235°K.
The amount of optical stimulation, as noted before, also determines the negative resistance characteristic of the sodium-doped crystals. Even thoughnegative resistance has been found in some normal
CdS crystals, this direct dependence of thresholdvoltage (17,) and minimum voltage (V„,) on stimula-

TIME (20 nsec/div)
Quick flash. Pulse emitted by lithium-doped CdS
crystal has sharp rise time and can be used in suchapplications as high-speed ballistics photography.

106

is unique to these semiconductor compounds.
When the sodium-doped crystal is electroded withan indium cathode and silver anode, the voltage
increases with current until a point is reached atwhich the indium electrode injects electrons andthe silver electrode injects holes, thereby causing
the voltage to drop very sharply into the negativeresistance region as current increases. The absorption of the stimulating radiation by hole traps apparently increases their lifetime, thereby widening
the negative-resistance region of the crystal. Whenatap crystal was connected to atank circuit, stimulated, and biased near the threshold voltage, forinstance, it was possible to get stable oscillation
at frequencies ranging from 60 hertz to afew kilohertz by tuning the tank circuit.
Although not enough work has been done with
tap-crystal oscillators to compare them with, say,gallium arsenide bulk-effect devices, the ability tochange oscillating frequencies by varying the levelof alkali-metal doping is promising.
tion

Holes and traps
Explaining the light-storage effect requires thepostulation of electron and hole traps—discrete en-

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

CS

10 -2CURRENT (AMPERES)

ergy levels within the "forbidden" region of thecrystal. Stimulating a CdS crystal with a wavelength of the bandgap light produces hole-electron
pairs; electrons in the valence band are sent up toa trap 0.14 electron-volts below the conduction
band, leaving behind holes in atrap 0.75 ev above
the valence band. Stimulating the same crystal withlight of 6900 A excites electrons in the hole trap
(which is also an electron trap in the dark) leaving
behind trapped holes.
Energy remains stored until tapping or infrared
excitation frees a trapped hole, allowing it to recombine with atrapped electron. Thus, the trappedholes act as the storage medium in the crystal.
In lithium-doped crystals there might be traps
near enough above the storage level to pick up electrons stimulated out of storage as the crystal is being
cooled. Mechanical excitation frees the trappedholes, which then combine with the electrons.
This explanation may be abit oversimplified but
it does describe experimental observations.
Since the optical bandgap in CdS is 2.50 ev(5000 À) and the threshold for optical stimulationin CdS is 6,900 À, the hole trap level is therefore
about 0.75 ev above the valence band. And 0.75 ev
corresponds to infrared light of 1.65 microns, explaining why CdS crystals emit when exposed tothis wavelength.
The optical stimulation threshold in ZnO occurs
at 3,680 A. The hold trap is thus about 0.065 ev
above the valence band, corresponding to infrared
light of 19 microns wavelength. Detectors can bebuilt, therefore, to respond to infrared radiation ofvarious wavelengths.

RI

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

10 -8

10' )

10 -2
3.2

I

I

3.8 4.4

5.0

I

5.6 6.2 6.8 74
1
3—X10 °K

8.0 8.6

9.2 9.8

Threshold. Plot of electrical conductivity in sodium doped CdS tap crystal against reciprocal temperatureshows agradual decay of current as temperaturerises until asudden drop point is reached.
Temperature range covers 115° to 300°.

95°K
500

167 ° K400

Mechanics of release
The details of hole release in tap crystals stillaren't clearly understood. It seems, though, that the
pyroelectric nature of lithium-doped CdS crystals
plays an important part. Cooling the crystal generates an electric polarization; the cadmium side
becomes positively charged and the sulfide side
negatively, producing an electric field of about 105
volts per centimeter. Moving a conductor slowly
toward one of the faces causes the crystal to spark,
demonstrating the existence of the field. Tapping
the crystal affects the field, which in turn frees thetrapped holes.
The trapped holes in the sodium-doped crystals
are released either by the strain wave set up by thetap or a short-lived piezoelectric potential generated by the strain wave moving through the crystal
as a dipole field. Experiments are now being conducted to clarify these theories.
Relating the release mechanism to the current
storage property of sodium-doped crystals also requires further study. B.A. Kulp, K.A. Gale, andR.G. Schulze of the aerospace labs at WrightPatterson recently completed a detailed study ofthe high conductivity in stimulated tap crystals.
Their experiments showed that carrier mobility inthese crystals is anisotropic and is on the orderof 1to 10 cm 2/volt-second parallel to the caxis at

10 -6

w
o
X

300

2

1.1

ci:
cc

C.)

200

LL
-1
CC

100

O

6
17- X

7

E

9

10

10 3 (° Kr iCurrent curve. In sodium-doped ZnO tap crystals thathave been thermally stimulated electrical conductivity
increases, remaining high at low temperatures. But
current drops sharply at about 167°K and picks up
briefly at 176°, 185°, 206° and 2,350°K. Curvestarts at 77°K and extends to room temperature.

107

— LIQUID NITROGENCOPPER BLOCK:UPPORT-CRYSTALTAP PE --VACUUM-GLASS DEWAR

PHOTOMULTIPLIER
DETECTORUV-LAMP

E

Storage device. This simple arrangement could formbasis of memories, image intensifiers, or light meters.

BAND /•••••• e

,
e

0I4eV

--ELECTRON
TRAPPING
LEVEL-I.75eV
3mA

75V

V(20 VOLTS/DIV)

Negative resistance. Oscillograph of the current
voltage characteristic of asodium-doped CdS crystal
at 4.2'K shows negative resistance. Values of Vt andV„, are, respectively, 145 y(I=7ma and 75 NI (I=29ma).
Tap crystals are unique because their negative
resistance depends on the intensity and duration of
stimulation.

--HOLE
TRAPPING
LEVEL

O. 5eVr/,,` ,;;5';'5,U,'Ye ///,
1

Energy model. Wavy arrows represent radiativetransitions, solid arrows those of stimulating energy
in this representation of tap storage mechanism.

thermally either by direct heating or by subjecting
them to infrared energy of avery long wavelength.
Besides serving as an infrared detector, amosaic
of CdS tap crystals could also act as a frequency
multiplier, taking in light at 6,900 A, for instance,and converting to light of 5,200 A. To vary the frequency of the emitted light, one would change
dopants or select different crystals from the group
On to the drawing board
II-VI family.
The potentially wide range of available colors
To investigate the practical applications of tap
effects, engineers have built a simple energy stor- has, of course, heightened interest in lasing diodes.
age device consisting of asodium-doped crystal in But no one has been able to get these crystals ina container cooled by liquid nitrogen. After stim- the form of diodes to generate coherent light. The
ulation by ultraviolet light, the crystal is tapped on major task now is to develop electrical contacts
its side by ametal lever moved either mechanically that can pass large amounts of current.
In yet another application, the sharp rise timeor electromagnetically. As the crystal flashes, aof the crystals' emitted pulse could trigger acam.
photomultiplier senses the emission.
An electromechanical transducer—a piezoelectric era that might, say, photograph abullet on impact.
crystal, for example—might also be used to tap the Shock waves generated by the speeding projectile
crystal. Lithium-doped crystals could be stimulated would provide the necessary tap.

low temperatures and from 10 to 30 times thatperpendicular to the axis.
Carrier mobility in undoped CdS crystals doesn'tvary in relation to direction and is very low at low
temperatures. The findings indicate that electrons
taking part in luminescence and conduction are in
an impurity band rather than the conduction band.

108

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

III

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Circle 244 on reader service card

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0-20, 0-40, 0-120, 0-250 VDC
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Regulation: 0.0005% plus 100 pV
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With Remote Programing:
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Price 2

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285

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ICurrent rating applies over entire voltage range. Ratings based on 55-65 Hz operation.
2

Prices are for metered models. I.R Series models are not available without meters.

Model

Adj. Volt.
Range

Price

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3-47 V$35

OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
For Use With
LR-612-FM(0-20VDC)

LI40V-4

LR-613-FM(0-40VDC)

LH-OV-5

Rack
Adapter
LRA-1

51
4 " Height/
x16V2" Depth(For use withchassis slides)
Price $60.00

Rack Adapter
LRA-2

Blank
Front Panels

51
4 " Height.
/$35.00Model LBP- 10(V. rack size)
Price $5.00
Model LBP-20
Oh rack size)

Price

Price $10.00

CHASSIS SLIDES: To order LRA-1 with chassis slides order LRA-1-CS, and add $50.00 to price.

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LPD

LH

LP

LP-LPD Series

LH, LK

LK 51
2 "(7" model also)/

LH-LK Series

AC Input:

Regulation: (line or load) 0.015% or 1mV
Ripple: LH models -250 it V rms,
1mV p. to p.

A-C Input: 105-132 VAC, 47-440 Hz
Regulation: (line or load) 0.01% 1mV
Ripple: 500 Of rms, 1.5mV p. to p.

LH models - 105-135 VAC, 47-480 Hz
LK models-105-132 VAC, 47-63 Hz(LK7" package available in
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LK models - 500 fi V rms

Size

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4 "
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1
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Per output/
Outputs inseries• LPD SeriesSize 51
4 "/Ptice ,3.
US and'CCanada
00
50 C
60 C

Model. i

UDC

30 -C

1,13.421.0.1

O.:L-20/0.4p

1.76/3.411

1.50,1.01I

1.30/2.611

09A 1.11A$325

LP0422.FM

0,±40/04110

1.011/2.06

osse. 1.7A

0.7A/1.4A

0550/ 1.1à260

1.170-423.FM

B±60/0-tari

0.76/1.4à

06A 1.2A

0.5A1.0A

0Oa 0.110.

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LPD-424-FM

0. ±-12010.240 0.38A 0.166

032k0.6411

0.26A 0.52a

0200,0.466

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0.±-250/0.100 0.13A/0.26A

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010010.20A

350mod.,,

V4 Rack •LP Series.
CURRENT RANGE AT AMBIENT OF:.

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LP-410

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0-1.4A$129

LP-411'0.20

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111.0A0.0.8A

119

LP-4120.40

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00 50*

114

LP-4130.60

VDC

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LP-4140.120 VDC

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GO 18A

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149

LP-4150250 VDC

0-80mA0.72mA0.65mA0-60mA

164

Size'o 4$'/.." o 15 1
4 "/ModellVoltage
Range

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/
1

Rack •LH Series

CURRENT RANGE AT AMBIENT OF: ,
30'C

50 -C

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volts«.

Model ,IMAX AMPS AT AMBIENT OF
Per output Ou puts In parallel

Size 54`.."x 4$".' o 10"

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71'C

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Full Rack • LK Series
CURRENT RANGE AT AMBIENT OF,.

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71`C

LK-3500-20VDC

0-35A

0-31A

0-26A

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LK-3510- 36VDC

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0-23A

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640

LK-3520-60VDC

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0-10A

650

Size 7" x 19'

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voltage

Range

Full Rack •LK Series
CURRENT RANGE AT AMBIENT OF: .
40.0

50°C

60°C

71"C

pri..3

LK-360-FM

0-20VDC

0-66A

0-59A

0-10*

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$995.

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0-48A

0-43A

0-36A

0-30A

950

18-362-FM

0-60VDC

0-25A

0-24A

0- 22A

0-19A

995

Overvoltage Protection
Overvoltage protection up to 70VDC is available
as aplug-in accessory wi hall LR, LP and LPD models
and for LH and LK models with Suffix "A".
For models with Specify thisOV Accessory
this VDC

Adj. Volt
Range

Price

0-10, 0-20

LH-OV-4

3-24V

$35

0-36, 0-40
0-60

LH-OV-5
LH-OV-6

3-47VDC
3-70VDC

35
35

Overvoltage protection up to 70 VDC as abuilt-in
option for ull rack LK models. To order, add suffix(-0V) and add $90.00 to price of models LK-350-352;
add $120.00 for models LK-360-FM-362-FM.

$180

LU -1884

0-10vDC

0-4.0A

0-3.5A

0-2 9A0-2.3A

LU -121-A

0-20VDC

0-2.4A0-2.2A

0-1.8A

0-1.5A870

LK-124A

0-40VDC

0-1.3A

0-1.IA

0-0.9A

0-0.7A170

NOTES:

LU -1274

0-60VDC

0-0.9A

0-0.7A

0-0.6A

0-0.5A185

LU -1304

0-120VDC

0-0.50A

0-0.40A

0-0.35A

0-0.25A

240

1 Current rating applies over entire range. Ratings
based on 57-63 Hz operation.

Size WA.' o81
4 " x 15 1/
4 "/storm,

Volta
ogs
ge

ih Rack •LH Series

CURRENT RANGE AT AMBIENT OF: .
50`C

60'C

71°C

Price ,

LN -119A

0-10VDC

0- 8.0A

0- 69A

0-5 8A

111-1224

0-20vDC

0- 5.7A

0- 4.7A

0- 4 OA

0-3 3A$289 ,260

LU -1254

0-40VDC0- 3.0A

0- 2.7A

0- 2 3A

0-1 9A

269

2 Prices are for non-metered models. For meteredmodels, add suffix "-FM" and add $10 to pricefor LP, $30 for LH and LK.
3 Available metered only.
4 For chassis slides for full-rack models, add suffix"-CS" and add $60 to price for 51/" LK models,
4$100 for 7" LK models.
5 All subrack models in this ad fit rack adapters
described on previous page.

LU -128A

0-60VDC0- 2.4A

0- 2.IA0- 1.8A

0-1.5A315

LU -1314

0-120vDC

0- I.2A

0- 09A0- 08A0-0 6A320

All specifications and prices subject to change without notice.

Price ,

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Ran g.

lh Rack • LK Series

CURRENT RANGE AT AMBIENT OF: i
40°C

50' C

60' C

71 'C

1.K-340A

0-20VDC

0- 8.0A

0- 7.0A

0- 6.1A

0-4.9A$330

LK-341111

0-20VDC0- I3 5A

0-11.0A

0-10.0A

0-7.7A385

LK-3424

0-36VDC

0- 5.2A

0- 5.0A

0- 4.5A

0-3.7A335

LK-343A

0-36VDC

0- 9.0A

0- 8.5A

0- 7.6A

0-6 1*

395

LK-344A

0-60VDC

0- 4 OA

0- 3.5A

0- 3.0A

0-2.5A340

LK-34511

0-60VDC

0- 6.0A

0- 5.2A

0- 4.5A

0-4.0A

395

LAMBDA
Circle 301 on reader service card

What's
Hewlett-Packard
doing in thevolume components
business?
Lowering the price of
Hot Carrier Diodes to...
Because we found a new way to build
them: combining the superior performance of ahot carrier diode with the best
features of PN junction diodes, eliminating the cat whisker of earlier designs, and using low-cost assembly
techniques. The result is the HP 2800
Hot Carrier Diode with silicon temperature capabilities and turn-on equal togermanium. You get 100 picosecond
switching speeds, 70 volt breakdown,
low turn-on voltage at 410 mV at 1 mA,
and operating/storage temperature of—65°C to 200°C. Ideal for RF anddigital applications, or for mixing,
detecting and sampling. Prices: 10004999, 55e; 100-999, 75e; 1-99, 99e. Get
the specs from your local HP field engineer, or write Hewlett-Packard, Palo
Alto, Calif. 94304; Europe: 54 Route desAcacias, Geneva.
HEWLETT à
SOLID

STATE

PACKARDDEVICES
Circle 302 on reader service card

Our drum
beaterStatic Memory of 32 Words-8 bits each/
32-BIT REGISTER

NPUT CONTROL

32-BIT REGISTER

8-BIT
DATA
INPUT

32-BIT REGISTER
32-BIT REGISTER
32-BIT REGISTER

8-BIT
DATA
OUTPUT

4

32-BIT REGISTER
32-BIT REGISTER
32-BIT REGISTER

LOAD/RECIRCULATECOMMAND

MM 505
MM 582SINGLE PHASE CLOCK

DUAL 32-bit static register

4pieces at $30.00 .each$120.00

DUAL digital multiplex switch

4pieces at $ 8.00 .each$ 32.00

8pieces$152.00

TOTAL

100 to 999 price

A drum memory as reliable as this would cost atleast $563.91. Our kit delivers now for $152.00.
For more on this, write National Semiconductor
Corporation, 2975 San Ysidro Way, Santa Clara,
California 95051. Or call (408) 245-4320.

National Semiconductor
Circle 245 on reader service card

113

General Electric
introduces
the smallest
50mw, 2-amp
relay on themarketTiny, powerful
and turned on with the touch of afeather
This extra-small, 2-pole, 2-amp relay needs only the slightest tickle to operate-50 milliwatts. With this impulse, it
performs standard high-level output switching from low-level,
microelectronic input.

rimmt
30 CE130431

OIL ems iu

Sizewise, it's only 0.32" high, 0.31" wide, and 0.61" long.
And, it meets or exceeds all MIL-Spec environmental andelectrical requirements of relays many times larger.
Because of its low operate power and size, this relay isideally suited for microelectronic applications. Its low profile
lets you stack many more circuit boards in the same space.
Like all General Electric 150-grid relays, this new 50mw
type is available with a number of options to suit your individual application. You have a choice of coil ratings for a wide
range of system voltages, a choice of popular mounting
forms and header types.
If this new relay tickles your fancy, contact your General
Electric Electronic Components Sales Engineer. Or, writefor Bulletin GEA-8589, Section 792-43, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12305.

GENERAL

ELECTRICSPECIALTY CONTROL DEPARTMENT, WAYNESBORO, VIRGINIA

Circle 246 on reader service card

CUT ALONG DOTTED LINE

CUT ALONG DOTTED LINE
64
2M
DI
IN3821
3.3V

01263740• • •Vo,< —15V

TAB
A

R4
25
2W

•• •

62
241K
18.

..

• •

• • •

TAB

TAB

TAB

• ••

...

• • •

200mA
'SOLID TANTALUM

SHUNT

V.

.125 TURNS •22 ON ARNOLDENGINEERING *262125-2
MOLYBDENUM PERMALLOY CORE

SWITCHING

CUT AI.ONG DOTI'ED LINE

CUT ALONG DOTTED LINERO
Vo, =15V
200,15
RI
16 7K
1%

• •

01
2N3740

TAB
A
V

I

C2
1,F

• ••

TAB
R2
2.36
1%

» 113V

51

o

• • •

TAB
A

TAB

...

• • •

LINEAR

CURRENT,I.BACK CL.PRENT 1MITI,zIACHOOSE YOUR FAVORITE APPLICATION — CUT OUT AND INSERT HERESLOTThe IM-105

SLOT(Shunt) (Sm itching) (Linear) (Current)

Regulator

Our new 1,111-105 is not only aswitching regulator, linear
series regulator, shunt regulator, or current regulator, but you
can even use it as atemperature controller. It plugs into the
LM-100 socket for powering afew IC's at low current levels,
or current can be boosted up to 10 amps with external powertransistors.
The 105 features 0.1% regulation, which is 10 times better
than the LM-100, as well as 1% temperature stability. Input
voltage has been increased to 50V, and output voltage isadjustable from 4.5V to 40V.
We've got awealth of voltage regulator application information on the full temp LM-105 (and its —25°C to +85°C
companion, the LM-205) as well as the LM-100. 100-999
prices are $40 for the LM-105, $24 for the L111-205, and $30
for the LM-100. For your free wealth of information, write
National Semiconductor Corporation, 2975 San Ysidro Way,
Santa Clara, California 95051. (408) 245-4320.

National Semiconductor
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 247 on reader service card115

for versatile research, development, and training

NEW HEATH MODULAR

delivery begins in September for any requirement—
Heath "805" Series Digital Instruments begin at $940
The First Truly Universal Digital Instruments,
The 805 Series Perform All These Functions:• Frequency Meter, 12.5 MHz guaranteed• Events Counter• Integrating Digital Voltmeter (optional feature:
EU -805A includes all functions; EU -805D does
not have DVM function)• Ratio Meter• Time Interval Meter• Period Meter• Voltage Integrator
The 805 Features:• 6 digit readout plus over-range• 0.05% Accuracy As DVM• Accuracy of ±1 Count in all frequency, timeinterval, and period modes• Count mode has electronic start & stop as wellas manual• Time Base Stability better than one part in 10'(15° to 55 °C.)
• TTL Integrated Circuitry• Compatibility with Heath 801 Digital System Modules for education and instrument development• Versatile circuit cards can be used to make many
instruments
Input Comparator Features:• Two Independent Input Comparators• Automatic Mode Triggering• Rear Panel Comparator Outputs• Switch Selection for AC or DC Coupling or
Signal Disconnect• Four Levels of Input Attenuation• Includes Provisions for Independent use of Input
Comparator B• Input Comparator B may be controlled at rear
panel to provide Main Time Base Input
Readout Features:• Front Panel Display Memory Switch• Front Panel Accumulate Switch• Extended-Range Variable Display Time• Rear Panel Input for External Time Standard• Rear Panel Access to Clock/Scaler provides
Standard Time Intervals in Decades from 1
microsecond to 10 Seconds, or Continuous 1
microsecond• Voltage to Frequency Output available at Rear
Panel when operating in any mode
Events Counter Features:• Either Manual or Electronic Gating for Start & Stop
• Events may be scaled in Decade Steps to 10 7... 6 digit display permits count to 10 0 without
over ranging• Input Pulse Resolution better than 50 Nanoseconds.
Frequency Meter Features:• Frequency Measuring Capability better than 12.5
MHz
• Two-Channel Input for Frequency Comparison or
A /B Ratio Measurements• Resolution at Max. Gate Time 0.1 Hz ±1 Count• Time Bases, 1, 10, 100 microseconds; 1, 10, 100
milliseconds; 1 & 10 seconds

HEATH COMPANY, Dept. 580-04
Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022

FREE SPECIFICATION SHEETSEl Please Send Free EU -805 series Spec. SheetCI Please Send Free EU -801 System Modules Spec. Sheet

EU -1105A/1) U01 Spec.
Sheet contains complete
details, photos, prices andexplanations of all functions
and controls.

Please Send Free Circuit Card Spec. Sheet
Name
Company
Address
City

116

State
Zip
(prices & szcifications subject to dame without notice)

Digital Voltmeter Features:• High Accuracy Integrating Type• 5gigohms (5 x 10') Input Impedance on separate
1 v. Range (10 microvolt resolution)• 1, 10, 100 & 1000 Volt Ranges — 10 megohm
input impedance• Selectable Gating /Integrating Times ... 0.1, 1,
10 Seconds• Automatic Polarity Indication• 10% Over Range Capability
Time Interval Meter• Either Manual or Electronic Gating for Start
and Stop• Switch Selection for minimum. Time Resolution;
1, 10. 100 microseconds; 1, 10, 100 milliseconds;
1 & 10 seconds• Resolution +1 Count
Period Meter Features:• Either Manual or Electronic Gating for Start &Stop• Switch Selection for minimum Period Resolution:
1, 10, 100 microseconds; 1, 10, 100 milliseconds;
1&10 seconds• Resolution ±1 Count• Two-Channel Input for Period Comparisons or
A /8 Ratio Measurements
Ready For September Delivery:
Assembled EU -805D, as above less DVM function, (EU -805-12 may be added later if desired at
$340)
$940
Assembled EU -805A, Universal Digital Instrument with DVM
81250

EU -801A AIDS Spec. Sheetcontains complete detailsof each module, explanations of all circuit cards andprices.

Circuit Card Spec. Sheetcontains complete details
and specs. on each circuit
plus card prices.

EK-250Electronics 1July 8, 1968

another Heath /Malmstadt-Enke design

DIGITAL &ANALOG SYSTEMS

Systems, Instruments, Modules, or Circuit Cards
Heath "801" Series Digital Analog System Modules at $435
A Unicue Design-It-Yourself Approach T.
Digital 'Analog Instrumentation, The 301 Has
Everything You Need To Investigate Digital
Circuitmy, Design Your Own New Circuits.
Or "Customize" For Specific Functions As
A Discrete Digital Instrument
General Features:• Factory Assembled Digital Power Moduli. Binari
Information Module. Digital riming Module. andPlug-In Circuit Cards -- each available separate's,
if desired• Unique System of Circuit "Breadboarding" forexperimentation . . fast, ersy solderless connections• Integrated Circuits• TTL Integrated Circuit Logic• Integral Time Base
• Birary Readout (optional digital readout available later)• Integral Power Supplies• Accepts Circuit Cards Iront Heath 805 Universal
Digital Instrument
Now You Can Investigate :• Counter Circuits• Scaline Circuits• Gating Circuits• DVM Circuits• Adders & Subtracters• Integrators• Digital-Analog Interface• Special Circuits of your own design
Custom-Design Your Own:
• Counters• Frequency Meters• Digital Volt Meters• Precision Timer.:• Frequency Standards• Operational Amplifier Systems• Digital-Analog Interfaces• And Hundreds of other Digital & Analog Instruments
Recommended System
trated) Includes:(EU -801A

as

illAs-

EU -801-11 Digital Power Module
Supplies all voltages necessary to operate tne system, distributed by 6-pin connector. (-f-5 ±15.
+170 v.) Power also available on front poser atoctal socket, at top of circuit cards. and at banana
plugs. $75.
EU -801-12 Binary Information Module
10 neon lamps and driver circuits; lamps light withapplication of log 'c 1. 8 SPDT switches and 2
SPDT spring return switches for binary intormat on
inputs. Connections for switches and lamps available at top of circuit cards. $50.

EU -801-13 Digital Timing Module
Contains function generttor and three controls foruse with monostable and eomparator circuits. Generator range, 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz, variable in 5 decade
steps. External capacitcr position for other frequencies to 100 kHz. Outputs: complementarysquare wave, complementary pulse, and ramp. 560.
EU -801A Circuit Cards
IncludEd are four Nand gtte cards, two dual J-K
flip flops. one dual morostable multivibrator. Dne
relay card (contains 7 relays), one comparator/
voltage to frequency condErter card, one dual inline
IC patch card, two multiple connector/blank PC
cards, one operational amplifier card with 1200
megohm input. Individual cards available, prices
range from $10 to $40. (Ncte: many cards from theEU -805A U.D.I. can be used.
EU-800-RC Three-Module Cabinet
Holds any three modules: has elevating support toallow unit to be tilted back for access to frort
panel controls or forward when "patching" circuit
cards. $-20.
Ready For September Delivery:
Assembled EU -801A Eystem (as describedabove)$435(prices of individual modules total $468 if purcnased separately).

Unique, flexible, extendable This new Heath!Malmstadt-Enke Modular Systemprovider; th?, first instrumentation package with the means to achieve virtuaily everything
you wish in digital & analog circuitry. To investigate existing digital circuitry, just plugin the components required ...to design your own special digital circuitry just plug inthe components required ...if you wish to design your own digital or analog-digital
instrument, again it's just a matter of plugging in the components ... it's ail here in thisnew system. Factory assembled circuit cards p ug into the chassis. Each card has a special
connector board on top which features solderless connectors to accept ordinary hookup
wire and component leads for fast assembly of special circuits (several hundred patch
wires are included). Integrated circuits using TTL logic provide slate-of-the-at electronics.
This system is also open-ended ... other modules and circuit cards will be available astechnology changes so the system can be expanded to more and more applications.
Information — Application Manual is included

Electrolics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 248 on reader service card

117

Recording transducer output with the new, ultra-sensitive Honeywell 560. Fully portable, it converts to rack mounting with ease.

This new Honeywell 560 is recording
atlOpv/inch--10 times the sensitivityof any other X-Y recorder!
Our design philosophy on X-Y recorders boils down to this:first, you make one that doesn't break down. Then you give it
state of the art electronics.
So, we borrowed the best mechanical concepts we developed awhile back in our 550 recorder and incorporated them in the new560. We used the same rugged, die-cast aluminum bezel and base,as well as the tough molded back cover that seals out dust anddirt, even when the recorder is rack-mounted. For smooth, quiet
operation, we used the same precision-ground stainless steel carriage axis rods, ravel-free braided stainless steel drive cable, andsnap-fit pen with non-clogging polished sapphire tip.
We topped off the mechanics with asealed follow-up system,
amaintenance-free fan vacuum system, and astandby position foreasy paper loading. The result is an instrument built to last along,
long time. We know this because we subjected the 550 to morethan 4.8 million cycles of constant operation before we designed
the new 560. Its reliability exceeded our wildest expectations!

118

Circle 249 on reader service card

Now for the electronic sophistication: the 560 has ranges
from 10µv to 50v per inch, permitting you to record just about any
parameter you'll encounter without the need for additional signal
conditioning equipment. It features accuracy of
0.15%, and its
time base is accurate to
1% of full scale. Frequency response is
DC to 5Hz: input impedance is two megohms on all ranges, with
provision for potentiometric operation of the nine most sensitive
ranges. A solid-state chopper and all silicon solid-state circuitry
mean high performance over awide ambient temperature range.
The years-ahead 560 X-Y recorder is another example of how
Honeywell's broad line, backed by local sales and service, canprovide the precise solution to your instrumentation problems.
For full details on the new 560, call your local Honeywell Sales
Engineer, or write: Honeywell, Test Instruments Division, P. O.
Box 5227, Denver, Colo. 80217.

Honeywell

Honeywell engineers sell solutions
Circle 250 on reader service card

What is small,has stripes,
and shrinks boards?
New CORNING'
C3 Resistor.

16 transistors
8 capacitors
52 C3 resistors
Actual size

16 transistors
8 capacitors
52 RLO7 resistors
Actual size

Now you can get 1/8 watt in a clean lead length of .150" anddiameter of .066" maximum. That means a 35% reduction
in board size for these eight Schmitt trigger circuits. Plus
the proven stability of glass tin oxide film construction.
Put more circuit in the same space.
Or put the same circuit on a smaller board.
For specs and samples, write to Corning Glass Works,
Electronic Products Division, Corning, N. Y. 14830.

CORNING

ELECTRONICS

NEW EG&G PICOAMMETERS
A full line of low-level current measurement instruments
All EG&G Picoammeters include featuresothers only talk about. Like the unique
combination of precise accuracy and rapid, accurate calibration capability without
resorting to calibration charts or resistor
measurement. And, the all solid-state design, including alow level MOS FET input
stage. What's more ...you'll find an

EG&G Picoammeter to meet your needs
and your budget. That's because EG&G
offers the most complete line of low level
current measurement instruments available. From high precision units or automatic ranging units, both complete withdigital readout, to general purpose, manually-operated bench top models.

HERE ARE THE SPECIFICS ON FOUR
OF THE MOST POPULAR
EG&G PICOAMMETERS.
Model ME-1035, Precision Picoammeter — for Standards or Calibration labs. Current measuring range of
10 -5 amps to 10 -'2 amps with 10 -'5 amps resolution.
All solid state design with MOS FET input, temperature controlled feedback resistors for added stability,
pushbutton range control, adjustable summing point
voltage and current offset monitor, pushbutton controls for rapid internal calibration requiring no external
standards or sources. Digital readout. Price: $3,945.00
Model ME-930, Digital Picoammeter — for general lab
work and automatic digital systems. Current measuring range of 10 -" amps through 10 -2 amps full scalein 10 decade steps. A full digital picoammeter with
automatic range changing capability and automaticpolarity selection. All solid-state design with MOS FET
input, remote function control and optional printerdrive, digital readout of level and range. Price: $3,575.00
Model ME-920, Automatic Range Changing Picoammeter — for general laboratory use and production line
testing. Current measuring range of 10 -" amps through10 -2 amps in 10 decade steps. An automatic ranging
picoammeter with remote function capabilities. All
solid-state design, with MOS FET input and automaticpolarity indication. Price: $2,435.00
Model ME-705, General Purpose Picoammeter — forgeneral laboratory use. Current measuring range of
3x10 -'
3 amps through 10 -2 amps in 22 steps (11 decades with X3 meter multiplier). A general purpose,manually operated bench-top picoammeter. All solidstate design, with MOS FET input stage. Price: $560.00
For more complete details on the more complete lineof EG&G Picoammeters, contact your local EG&G
Products Division representative. Or, write EG&G Inc.,
Laboratory Products Division, P.O. Box 755, Goleta,
California 93017.

EGEG

LABORATORY PRODUCTS DIVISION

120

Circle 251 on reader service card

Electronics

July 8, 1968

"Daddy told me,'Order all of yourpower supplies from
Acopian, my boy.
They'll ship any of
62,000different kinds
in just3 days!""On my own initiative
Idecided to orderfrom someone else."

Circle 252 on reade -service card

"Six weeks later
the power supplies
had still not arrived.""I now have the milk
run from Roxbury
to Hoag Corners."

Next time you need power supplies in a hurry, contact Acopian
and request a copy of our latest catalog. It lists 62,000
different AC to DC plug-in power supplies, any of which will
be shipped to you in just three days! Choose the exact DC
output you need. Singies or duaIs. Regulated or unregulated.
Whether you need one power st.pply or several, your order will
be shipped in just three days' That's our promise. For particulars, contact your local Acopian
rep, call us at (215) 258-540, or wri:e toAcopian Corp., Easton, Penna. :8042.

New
Sony/Tektronix.
portable oscilloscope
makes the going.... easier!

SO-)•tis‘141',,

20/

10

z
a
0.

5 11
10
N,•••••1
j ea c ••„/

e

•
'

.•
,››••-••••The new Sony/Tektronix Type 323
Portable Oscilloscope weighs 7 lbs,
is 4 1/4 inches high, 8 1/2 inches
wide and 10 5/8 inches deep. It operates from self-contained batteries for
up to 8 hours. With this compact,
lightweight instrument, a user may
move from one remote application toanother without concern for power
connections. The Type 323 is especially attractive for maintenanceof remote communications equipment, mobile communications equipment, aircraft instrumentation, marine
instrumentation, production control
equipment, etc.
Batteries are rechargeable overnight (16 hours) by
simply plugging the instrument into
an AC outlet. The built-in charger
will provide a fresh power source
for use the next day. The Type 323
may also be powered from DC, 6 V
to 16 V, up to 4.5 watts, and 90 to
136 VAC or 180 to 272 VAC, 48 to440 Hz, up to 14 watts.
Thissolid-state
portable
oscilloscope also provides performance!
122

Circle 253 on reader service cardr

TRIGGERPOSITION •TYPE 323 OSCILLOSCOPE

CalirTE,- .Q

SOW NagTOKYO J..

1%
Bandwidth is 4 MHz at 10 mV/div deflection factor. For low signal levelapplications, 1mV/div at 2.75 MHz
is provided. Sweep rates are 1s/div
to 5 p.s/div, extending to 0.5 it s/div
with the X10 magnifier. A single control knob permits automatic or manual level sweep triggering, positiveor negative slope. With no input the
automatic trigger mode provides abrightbaseline
referenceatallsweep rates. A 6 X 10 (1/4-inch div)
internal
non-illuminatedgraticulepermits parallax free measurements.
The Type 323 is designed for severe
environments. Performance specifi-

cations are maintained within an operating temperature range of —15° C
to !55° C. It also passes shock, vibration and humidity tests which
simulate environments "portable" instruments are likely to encounter.
Your Tektronix Field Engineer will
demonstrate the performance of theType 323 in your application at yourconvenience.
Please call him or
write: Tektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 500,
Beaverton, Oregon 97005.
Type 323 Portable Oscilloscope(including batteries)$850

U.S. Sales Price FOB Beaverton, Oregon

Tektronix, Inc.
committed to progress in waveform measurement

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Probing the News
Computers

Federal libraries cast along shadow
Electronic systems being pioneered by Government institutions to copewith an information flood may lead to nationwide communications networks
By Paul A. Dickson
Washington regional editor

Washington
wags
have
long
claimed that the principal productof the nation's capital is paper.
Only those civil servants alreadyburied under mountains of reports,
periodicals, and publications of allsorts would deny that this is anoverstatement, but the fact remainsthat Federal agencies do place atremendous importance on printed
material.
Keeping track of all this paper
has always been difficult, but now,in an age when information is proliferating at an alarming rate, thejob has become monumental. And
the institutions charged with thetask—the Library of Congress, theNational Library of Medicine, theNational Archives, the National
Agricultural
Library,
andtheSmithsonian Institution—are turning to electronics to cope with theflow and to provide access to stored
information.
The trend to electronics is recent, but, as with the generationof printed matter, the pace is stepping up. New projects and systems
are being announced regularly. Andchanges in the practices of thenational repositories are causing
corresponding shifts in the generalfield of the library arts. Local libraries are beginning to do parallelwork on their OW11.
New role. Paul R. Reimers, director of the information services
office of the Library of Congress,
predicts that over the next few
years there will be massive development in the field of automatedlibraries, meaning a sizable new
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

market for computers and otherelectronic hardware. He notes thatlibrarians are already adding terms
like "network," "regional center,"and "automated data relay - to theirworking vocabularies. "A basic
change is taking place," Reimers
declares. "Automation is transforming the library from a storehouse to acommunications center."
Reimers believes that the majoradvances being made by the Fed-

eral libraries will be followed on
the local level, and that the Washington programs should therefore
be viewed as harbingers of awidespread changeover. He cites ameeting held last year by the Libraryof Congress for computer manufacturers. Library officials told theindustry what they were planningin the \vay of services, and manufacturers are now working on software to implement such services

Versatile. The Library of Congress' machine readable catalog format
can be used to produce such items as the book catalog seen at left,
catalog cards, and worksheets with searching slips seen at the right.
123throughout the country.
Medical pioneers
A single pair of wires, or aleased telephone line, cancarry the audio signals foro complete control system.

REMOTECONTROLSWITCHING WITH
AUDIO SIGNALS

For inaccessible areas ormobile installations, aradio transmitter and receiver system can carry thesignals.

(actualsize)

MODEL RF20 [1 101
contactiess resonant
reed encoder/decoder.395 x.620 x1.100
An audio tone can be generated by anelectronic oscillator or resonant reed encoder circuit, then transmitted by wireor radio. The tone activates a resonant
reed relay to perform acontrol function.
Bramco reeds permit over 100 selective
control frequencies within the 67 to 3000
Hz. spectrum. This is assured by: (1) the
narrow response band-width of about
1% for decoders and (2) the high accuracy of Bramco reed encoders (1 /10
of 1% of design frequency).
A big advantage of reeds in control
switching is that they are ideally suited

The National Library of Medicine, a unit of the National Institutes of Health, has pioneered library-based
information-retrieval.systems. In 1964, the library began operating a computer-based
system called Medlars (for medical literature analysis retrieval system). Medlars has had a strong
impact on the library sciences—andon electronics as well—for it's thefirst system to employ ahigh-speed
electronic phototypesetter.
The library is continually expanding Medlars. Earlier this year,
for example, the main library in
Bethesda, Md., was electronicallylinked through IBM 1050 equipment
to two remote information centersat the University of Colorado in
Boulder and Harvard University in
Cambridge, Mass. And last month,
the library announced the award
of a $2 million contract to theComputer Sciences Corp. of Los
Angeles for a three-year program
to upgrade and expand the system.
In addition, the library plans to tie
an IBM 360/50 computer into the
new version of the system.
In handling its basic task of providing fast access to the medical
and biological literature of theworld, Medlars currently performs
three major functions:•It compiles and prints the Index Medicus, a monthly listing of
medical references from journals
throughout the world. An average
issue contains references to about
14,000 new articles.
•It draws up bibliographies for
doctors upon demand. In otherwords, when presented with acomplex medical question, the system
will produce a list of citations regarding the subject from theworld's literature.
•It turns out recurrent bibliographies for medical specialists. A
monthly is produced on rheumatism, for instance, and a quarterlyindex is prepared on artificial kidneys.
In addition, Medlars is cranking
out an increasing number of card
lists and catalogs of medical literature from its base of some 750,000
references.
The expanded system, to becalled Medlars 2, will be, claims
Computer Sciences, "the most sophisticated total management system yet developed for third-generation computers." Officials at thelibrary are a bit more modest in
their assessment, maintaining onlythat Medlars 2will be the most advanced library-based computer sys-

for simultaneous and sequential coded
tone systems. The actual number of control functions possible in such a system
is virtually unlimited. For example, over
3300 individual control functions are possible with only 16 frequencies coded sequentially in groups of three.
Compared to other types of tone filters,
resonant reeds are small and inexpensive. They give more control functions
per spectrum, per size, per dollar.
If you work with controls that select,command, regulate, or indicate, you
should know how it can be done withaudio signals. We custom design andstock a broad line of encoder/decoder
components and modules. Bramco also
custom designs LC filters from 0 to 200
KHz.
For literature write Bramco Controls
Division, Ledex Inc., College and South
Streets, Piqua, Ohio, or call 513-773-8271.

BRAMCO CONTROLS DIVISION
LEDEX INC.
College and South Streets, Piqua, Ohio 45356

124

Circle 254 on reader service card

Congressional records. Tape drives are integral part of computer center at
Library of Congress, which is working on machine readable catalog format.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Getting the word. The National Library of Medicine, which pioneered
library-based data retrieval systems built around computers was also
the first to use phototypesetting equipment like that shown above.

tern in actual operation.
On-line library. The library's
project officer for Medlars 2, Barbara Sternick, explains that the new
system will be implemented in two
steps. By the middle of next year,
the system's special medical subject headings vocabularly will be
expanded to include new terms andsome "dictionary" words; this last
will permit addressing in terms
close to conversational English. Another first-level project will be toadapt the system to print out 150word abstracts of medical articles.
In the second stage, which will
be completed in 1970, the system
will go to on-line operation. Remote cathode-ray-tube displays will
be used for reviewing material, andon-line indexing, cataloging, andcorrections will be done by keyboard operators. Searches for material will be conducted on-line,
and the system will "remember"all queries to speed retrieval thesecond time around.
Modules containing data on the
rapidly expanding fields of drugs
and chemicals, and the system will
get the capability to produce
graphic images—chemical structure
diagrams, for example.
The complete Medlars 2will control the flow from the moment awork is ordered, through the norElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

mal library functions of indexing
and cataloging, to its appearance
as areference in alibrary publication or as the object of a special
search. The system will be busy;
library officials predict that Medlars 2 will contain more than 2
million items of information by
1972, and will process more than
26,000 bibliographies ayear.
Offspring. In assessing the effectof Medlars an electronic libraries
generally, Scott Adams, deputy director of the National Library ofMedicine, observes that "Medlars
computer tapes are already being
used in medical libraries in Sweden
and Britain," and that Japan, Canada, Australia, France, and Germany have expressed an interestin acquiring the tapes. Also, the\Vorld Health Organization of theUnited Nations is having two of its
technicians trained in Medlars
techniques. Adams further statesthat Medlars development hashelped foster such computer-based
systems as the National Parkinson's Disease Information Centerat Columbia University, the Brain
Research Information Center at the
University of California at Los
Angeles, the Sensory Perception
Information Center at Johns Hopkins University and the Visual
Perception Information System at

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... the National Library of Medicine••

is studying networking concepts...

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Adams notes that the researchand development arm of the National Library of Medicine is studying networking concepts with aneye to establishing a national network of computer-based operations.
The staff, he says, is looking into
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Of the several automation projects now being conducted by the
Library of Congress, the one thatwill have the most immediate impact on libraries throughout the
U.S. is called Marc, for machinereadable catalog. The program waslaunched in 1966 when 16 libraries
around the country were sent magnetic tapes of the English -language
monographs received by the Library of Congress. After making
some format changes, the library
recently announced that Marc
tapes will be available to any library that wants them starting thisfall. Reimers expects about 100 libraries to subscribe initially.
The modified tapes, produced byan IBM 360/30 computer, will besent each week to participating libraries. During the pilot operation,
Marc tapes, together with othersimple software, were used to
produce such items as catalog
cards, specialized listings and bibliographies, labels for book cards,
card pockets and spines, and new
catalogs. The Washington Statelibrary produced catalogs
forsmaller public library systems inthe state and Yale University's library used the tapes to alert faculty members to new titles intheir fields.
Reimers notes that Marc cataloging is now being applied not
only to books and such, but also tomaps in the library's collection,and similar handling is slated forthe library's comprehensive collections of recorded folk music
and photographs, as well as the624,000 periodicals in the library's
collection. The Smithsonian will
use Marc for similar applications.
And Reimers says the British andCanadians arc considering the
Marc format for comparable programs. Eventually, he says, Marc
will be used by computer-equipped
regional libraries to serve smaller
local branches.
United front. Last month, theNational Library of Medicine andthe National Agriculture Library,
along with the Library of Congress, announced the adoption of
the standardized Marc communications format.
Under another Library of Congress
program,the
HamiltonStandard division of the United
Aircraft Corp. has just completed
a study of ways to automate thelibrary's central bibliographic facility. After the study has been
evaluated, system specifications
may be drawn up and arequest for
hardware proposals issued. The
library, though short of funds,
hopes to have the system installed
and debugged by 1970. Reimers
contends that massive automation
schemes such as this one are now
feasible because of new terminal
devices and the large memory
capacity of third-generation data

Anarchy in the archives
Because of the trend to the whole-use of computers, serious information retrieval problems arecropping up at the National Archis es and other record-keeping
institutions. The fact that more
and more data on matters of scientific and historical importance iskept on magnetic tape is at theroot of such difficulties.
Tape, says one specialist, is nota stable archival medium. It
must constantly be rewound andcleaned, and it doesn't last as longas paper. An even more serious
drawback involves tape compatibility. The National Archives, forexample, is getting tapes from all
kinds of computers in avariety offormats. -What happens in 1985
when a researcher wants data on
the 1960 census, and the only
available 113NI 1401 is in the Smithsonian's computer collection, - asks
an official. Because of such problems, a new Federal task force ischecking tape-conversion schemes.
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... the Library of Congress keeps tabs
on automation programs in its field...
processing equipment.
Among other projects at the Library of Congress is a study ofthe use of punched cards as "callslips" in the library's manuscript
division. The cards would aid inlocating manuscripts, keep trackof them by computer, and compile
statistics on the relative use ofdifferent sources.
Also, the library has just selected
RCA from among seven bidders tobuild asystem that will automatically produce the almost universallyused Library of Congress catalog
cards (some 75 million are sold by
the library each year). The contract
will probably call for a spectra
70/45 computer and aVideocomp
crt-driven phototypesetter.
Finally, optical scanning andsorting equipment, supplied by
Radiation Equipment Inc., will be
installed at the library this summer
to read, sort, and record orders forcatalog cards.
Paper chase
The National Archives and Re-

cords Service is another library ofsorts that's looking to electronics
for help. Well it might; the service
has the formidable task of keeping track of the records of the
U.S. Government. Besides the National Archives, with its 900,000
cubic feet of historical records in
the Capitol, the organization is
responsible for 14 regional record
centers plus the various Presidential libraries containing the papers
of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S.
Truman, and Dwight D. Eisenhower.
At present, the National Archives
is working with nine institutions
that collect personal papers or
maintain archives. The venture,
dubbed Spindex (for selective permuting index), centers on a computer program for indexing manuscripts and papers. Frank G. Burkean information-retrieval specialistat the National Archives, explainsthat Spindex will permit information to be examined in every conceivable manner, as the program
lists all the key words in the de-

Departed past. Automation's nothing new for the Library of Congress.
When it opened for business in 1897, there were anumber of ingenious
systems to get books around the building in jig time. The apparatus
shown above was called the "Capitol Carrier." Until earlier this year,
it served faithfully, shuttling books between the library proper andCongress. But the Capitol Carrier—one of the first setups to which
the term automation was applied—is finally making way for progress.

128

scription of a document.
If all the institutions that store
historical documents use Spindex—and the indication is that mostwill—they will have access, throughthe computers, to each other's collections. The Smithsonian will use
Spindex to catalog its scientificmanuscripts and the Library ofCongress is planning to go alongwith all its manuscripts, as arevarious historical societies, museums, and universities.
Burke, like others in this field, istalking about anetwork: "Our regional record centers are tied inwith 10 General Services Administration data centers, centers that
could be used to question a central data bank about the location ofacertain document." He envisions
a time when a professor in California will interrogate aWashington data bank through aGSA center
about a historical document thatwill be located for him in Arizona.
And he sees no reason why sucha central bank could not be hooked
up with university computer systems to provide a nationwide research facility.
Keeping tabs. The Library ofCongress maintains afile on automation programs in the libraryfield. This file, which answers to
the acronym Locate (for Libraryof Congress automation techniques
exchange), is used to keep libraries
abreast of developments and tokeep those working on new systems
informed about what their colleagues have tried, are working on,
or are planning.
Locate now contains reports,
manuals, flow charts, and otherdocuments on several hundred systems around the world, but Reimers warns that the file may not be
an accurate barometer of activity
since many current projects may
not have yet been reported. However, he believes Locate will growrapidly over the next few years
because the library is now seeking
out information on new systems
instead of waiting for it to comein over the transom. Also, ofcourse, there should be many morelaunched in the near future.
Reimers isn't planning to let
documentation fall behind, either.
He plans to convert Locate's citations, index terms, and abstracts toa machine-readable form for fastaccess.
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

Integrated electronics

Semiconductor firms' captive lines
capture defense contractors' fancy
Increasingly stiff reliability requirements induce military systems suppliers
to establish their own production enclaves on the premises of components makers

By Peter Vogel
San Francisco regional editor
For the past two months, in sequestered areas at the Semiconductor
division of the Fairchild Camera &Instrument Corp. and at Texas Instruments Incorporated, two transistor assembly lines have been operating under the direct supervisionof the Sandia Corp. Sandia owns
the equipment, and the semiconductor makers supply the labor.
This sort of arrangement is becoming less and less uncommon in
the freewheeling semiconductor industry. However, the relationshipof such operations to such touchy
subjects as radiation hardening
and missile reliability makes buyer
and seller alike somewhat leery ofdetailed discussion.
The function of the two newlines, says a Sandia source, willbe the application of new or improved assembly techniques to prevent repetition of circuit failures.
He adds that these efforts will besupported by separate research anddevelopment work in assembly
techniques.
Division of labor. Although all
R&D will be done at Sandia's Albuquerque, N.M., headquarters, theassembly work will be done on either the Fairchild or TI line. These
companies will also supply thedice. The cost of the Fairchild line,
says a Fairchild official, is a onetime item that includes the work
space and bonding and packaging
equipment plus all required testing gear. Beyond the initial investment, Sandia is charged on atimeplus-materials basis; Fairchild getsa guaranteed minimum fee.
Under a contract of finite duration, Fairchild is responsible formaintenance costs on equipment,
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

and it pays the wages of the assembly personnel. Sandia stipulates
that employees on its facility work
there exclusively and that they beof high caliber and "highly motivated."
Six transistor chips, especiallydesigned by Sandia for radiation
resistance, are being manufactured
and assembled under close controls
by Fairchild and TI on the Sandia
lines. The devices are to be usedin Atomic Energy Commission
projects and on other high-reliability programs underwritten by theGovernment.
The lines give Sandia exceed.
ingly accurate wafer-to-package

quality control. Sandia keeps comprehensive records on each chip
throughout assembly to allow evaluation of procedures and correlation with circuit reliability.
Sandia calls such operations"captive assembly lines." The products from them are exclusively thecompany's and any process developments and patents also belong
to Sandia. Fairchild and TI may notsell Sandia circuits to other buyers—as the Autonetics division of theNorth American Rockwell Corp.
could when it set up earlier "controlled lines" in its own plant andelsewhere for production of highreliability components for the Min-

Women's work. Captive, or controlled, semiconductor assembly lines
like this one operated by Texas Instruments for Autonetics needsin Minuteman program are increasingly common in the field.
129

... radiation tolerance is still tied
to tight controls on assembly line...
liability specs. But circuits that will
operate in space in the Van AllenNew Directions
radiation belts, in an environment
Sandia's reasons for setting up contaminated by a nuclear explothe two lines have implications for sion, or near a nuclear reactor or
the entire semiconductor field and source of isotope radiation, must
may herald significant changes in also be hardened. David Myers,
the industry's response to demands radiation effects program manager
for high-reliability devices. The at Fairchild, says that only recently
Navy, for example, may soon re- did state-of-the-art work in semiquest captive lines for hardware for conductors permit exact specificathe fleet ballistic missile program. tions to be written for reliability
And the Space and Information in the little-known area of fast-neuSystems division of the Raytheon tron irradiation. Post-irradiation
Co., which is building the guidance specs, he says, have, until recently,
computer for the Navy's Poseidon been subject to negotiation andmissiles, will use captive lines to were done on a"best-effort" basis.
assemble a special NAND gate, a Currently, he adds, Government
policy has hardened to the point
J-K flip-flop, and dual four-input
line receiver. Other captive lines ‘'here radiation tolerance isn't conto be purchased by Raytheon will sidered open to negotiation.
Circuit-design advances in theturn out more than 20 kinds of integrated circuits and transistors. past nine-months, says Myers, have
The Lockheed Missiles and Space shown that certain variables canCorp., the prime contractor for be controlled at the wafer stage
Poseidon, is reliably reported to be to enhance radiation tolerance.
soliciting bids from four companies Items: voltage requirements muston captive lines for dielectrically be minimized; dielectric isolationmust be used to control spontaneisolated circuits.
In an effort to get in on Ray- ous generation of photocurrents;
theon's business for bipolar dielec- and supply currents must be limtrically isolated devices, Fairchild, ited by using thin-film resistors in
TI, the Philco-Ford Corp.'s Micro- collector legs. But even when theelectronics division, Motorola, Inc., circuit designer has done his best,and Radiation Inc. are competing radiation tolerance and reliability
to set up one or more captive lines. are still closely tied to tight conFairchild is supplying one of the trols on the assembly line.
circuits from a regular line.
Buyers and sellers
Big time. Chaz Haba, Fairchild's
The captive assembly line idea,
director of aerospace and defense
marketing, says the company may which stresses these strict controls,
set up as many as six to 10 lines in is thus becoming widely accepted
the next year or so. Fairchild has a among both buyers and sellers ofwhole room, now empty except for semiconductors. The user gets asthe Sandia line, set aside for such surance of high reliability; theoperations. Haba predicts that vendor gets aguaranteed customer
some hybrid work will also be done for devices with high unit costs.
RCA hasn't done any captive-line
on captive lines, adding that anyone who wants high-reliability de- work, but Frank Rohr, manager ofmarketing administration at thevices will go to captive lines fromhere on out. He points to the ever- Electronic Components division,increasing proportion of the mili- says, "If someone came to us about
setting up a captive line wetary budget going into missiles,
where a "reliability and damn the wouldn't necessarily say no. You
cost" attitude prevails, as an indi- get acertain amount of guaranteedbusiness without any of the responcation of captive lines' potential.
Missile components, with their sibility for reliability." In Dallas,
one-shot nature, are prime targets TI is running the line for Sandia
for captive lines, especially with along with operations that supply
the tightening in Government re- "bits and pieces" of Lockheed's

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130

Circle 258 on reader service card

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

semiconductor requirements for
Poseidon and Autonetics' Minuteman needs. The TI lines differ fromothers in being strictly assemblyareas. The front-end work and diffusions are done in alaminar-flowclean room that serves as asort ofcentral clearinghouse for all circuits
produced by the company. Proposals for captive lines from anyone
working on high-reliability programs, says aTI official, would be
welcome.
In southern California, Jack Hirshon, division manager of Hughes
Semiconductor, says his company
would be interested in selling captive lines if the volumes were highenough. Hughes has apparently
had several attractive offers; it'sconsidering at least two proposals
to set up captive lines. Hirshon
warns that the customer must be
willing to pay the "substantial"
costs involved in setting up aline.
Radiation Inc. is also negotiating
to build a captive line for missile
components, but won't comment,
because, according to a company
spokesman, "the question is too
loaded politically."
Costs plus. That spokesman wasprobably thinking of costs and profits. The costs for a customer who
wants highly reliable devices from
acaptive line are, on the evidence,
astronomical. But circuits intended
for extremely critical functions havealways come high. One Fairchildofficial estimates that of every 10,000 circuits purchased by the AEC
and comparable agencies, only 500
ever pass final acceptance testingand specification. An official in the

Fan. Raytheon's C. N. Dewey iiKes
the concept of captive assembly lines.
Electronics

July 8, 1968

Navy's Special Projects Office,which administers the Polaris andPoseidon programs, says: "Costs
will probably be only marginallygreater because of the greater control and checking in the captiveline process."
But cost estimates by IC manufacturers aren't quite so comforting. Glenn Penisten, manager ofbusiness development at TI's Components group, says it's axiomaticthat aspecial line can't operate as
efficiently as aconventional production setup. He adds, however, thatthe additional costs may be worthwhile because of the reliability
gains built into systems with devices made on captive lines.
What's more, programs for which
captive-line production will be used
are generally not cost-conscious
propositions. Reliability is the single best consideration. Probably
because of the costs, the profits,
and the "politics" involved, no supplier or contractor is willing to comment in depth on agreements forsetting up lines. The semiconductor
houses bidding on the Raytheon
captive lines even refuse to spellout such details as whether theyplan to lease or sell assembly
equipment to the contractor. However, Chauncey N. Dewey, manager of fleet ballistic missile programs at Raytheon, has given someindication of what he expects from
captive-line vendors soliciting workon Raytheon's Poseidon requirements.
Stressing that Sandia captivelines usually build products of
Sandia design, Dewey says, "Raytheon tends to think of the captive
line more in terms of workmanshipand/or quality assurance than as adevice for creating our brainchildGet together. Raytheon, he says,
called in vendors last December,told them what was wanted, andasked for proposals and comments.
The key to the captive-line idea,
Dewey told the vendors, is theneed for large numbers of parts
over long periods of time. These
factors, he said, make it possible toset up equipment, train personnel,
and maintain the skill levels
needed. In addition, Dewey wants
a separate plant area where Raytheon will receive electronicallyand visually presorted dice, and beable to assemble, test, and sort

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131

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PLASTICS/CERAMICS
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Circle 517 on reader service card

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again. But Dewey hasn't closed thedoor on starting with the unscribedwafer; nor has he decided whether
burn-in, sealing, and testing should
be done on the captive line.
The way it looks now, he says,
the semiconductor manufacturer
will supply equipment, space, andpeople, and write off overhead in
the usual way. There could also be
abuy-back clause in case avendor
had acquired an expensive piece ofequipment for the contractor's line
and couldn't use it because of program cancellation.
From its experience on the
Apollo guidance and navigation
computer, says Dewey, Raytheon
found that most failures were related to assembly defects: poorbonds between chip and case, poor
wire-chip bonds, poor wire-postbonds, scratches, and related difficulties. Components for the Apollocomputer, which were made on a
Philco-Ford captive line, also
showed that tight material specifications and stringent visual inspection on the production line
were necessary to achieve high reliability. Because of this experienceand a check of Sandia's programwith Fairchild and TI, Raytheon
decided to go with the captive-line
idea for Poseidon components.
The success of the captive-line
approach to high-reliability assembly, says Dewey, will be proven by
the narrow distribution of electricalcharacteristics in devices from thelines. There may be, he concludes,a dramatic increase in system reliability because of the captive line
concept.
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132

What does this all mean for thesemiconductor industry? Althoughmost captive-line managers aretalking about 100% reliability or
failure rates in fractions of 1%, it
seems perfectly obvious that there
will always be a small number ofcircuit failures. But, as methods of
reducing failure rates become more
effective, says Fairchild's Myers, it
can be reasonably expected thatthe general level of reliability in all
circuit applications will be pushed
upward. And where only criticalmissile components are now getting the captive-line treatment, it
may soon be that important groundand avionics systems will be candidates for the kid-glove approach.

Myers believes that if the captivelines prove their worth in reliability enhancement, more and morecircuits will be produced in thisway.
Raytheon's emphasis on captivelines will have certain otherindustrywide implications. Says
Dewey: "Under the old rules,
vendors might have supplied one
or two out of perhaps 25 to 30
semiconductors for aspecific project. Now, one firm will tend to supply most or all of the IC's or discrete components." But, Dewey isquick to stress, captive-line production of Poseidon computer circuits won't mean the end of secondsourcing either as amethod of ensuring circuit delivery or as ameans of cutting cost through competition.
Captive lines, he thinks, will beconcentrated in houses with thebroadest product lines. He mentions Fairchild, TI, and Motorola—but doesn't include Raytheon's
own semiconductor operation—in
the list of houses that could get ashare of the captive-line business.
Raytheon
Semiconductor'sline
doesn't include the chips thatwould be put into such aline. SaysaRaytheon Semiconductor official:"We would have had to buy thechips to put into the captive line
for Radiation Inc.; we would havelost money."In the cold. Raytheon Semiconductor's virtual exclusion from thecaptive-line business could indicate
what small- and medium-sized
firms will experience under the"new rules" established by Raytheon's Space and Information
Systems division. Not only will thesmaller companies lose the opportunity to participate in the captiveline contracts, but they'll also bedenied the experience that thelarger companies will get from thisform of subsidized research on assembly techniques.
An official with the PolarisPoseidon office says: "Where there
is sufficient advantage for us to callfor a captive line, we will." Thatadvantage, naturally, will be obtained most easily from companies
that have had experience working
with strict assembly techniques
and that have had access to knowhow derived from radiation-hardening research sponsored on captive lines.
Circle 260 on reader service card-÷-Recording staron theway up.

417-the lightweight recorder that fits under the seatIf you have to fly to where the datais, take the 417: the one recorder
you carry aboard and keep withyou, right under the seat. No time
lost in packing, shipping, and unpacking. No chance of damage
from mishandling.

Phaselock servo for precise speed
control, with accuracy matchinglarge rack machines. Recoras on 7
channels, IRIG compatible. Runs
on 110/220v AC/DC or internal
battery. Power consumption as law
as 10w. Frequency response: 100
kc direct, 10 kc FM.

Only 6" x 14" x 15", the rugged
417 weighs just 28 pounds— 50
pounds less than any comparable
recorder. Works in any position,
under roughest vibration conditions, for dependable data gathering in plants, labs, on and under
the seas, or out in the wilds.
Maintenance-free mechanism has
exclusive low-mass differential capstan drive for precision operation.

Priced as low as $7,000.
Send for our catalog containing fulldetails on the 417, one of afamilyof precision data recorders for land,
ocean, air and space applications.
Write: Boyd McKnight, Dept.
ED-7-A, Lockheed Electronics Company, Edison, New Jersey 08817.

LOCKHEED

Have questions on data recording?
Call us at (201) 757-1600.

Lockheed Electrnics Company. A Division of Lockheed Auc - ,Ift CorporafionReport fromBELL
LABORATORIESMicrobridges
for electrons

Part of an experimental test pattern. This pattern, with 13,700 microbridge crossovers on a silicon substrate, has been fabricated without a short circuit. Each of thecrossovers is less than 1/16 in. long. The combination of air and solid insulation can
withstand 200 volts.

GOLD
CROSSOVER

Cutaway view showing formation of the new microstructure: First, layers of titanium
and platinum are deposited over the substrate to form both the conductors to be
crossed and the bottom contacts. A layer of zirconium is then put down. Next copper,

As integrated circuits become more
complex, designers arefaced with something akin to the old puzzle: "withoutcrossing any lines or lifting your pencil
from the paper, connect so-and-so-many
points." In a puzzle, it's just for fun,but with circuits it has been a design
requirement.
Until now, most conductors have beencrossed in vi dual lythe same plane, separated only by extremely thin insulators.
Such crossovers are undesirable because of the danger of leakage throughpinhole imperfections in the insulator.
As integration technology evolves, hundreds of crossovers may be needed on asingle substrate. A short in any one
means rejection of the entire substrate.
For such integrated circuits to compete
economically, the integrity and manufacturing yield of crossovers must approach perfection.
Obviously, the designer would like to"lift his pencil". ..make the crossing
conductor rise above the one beneath it.
Recently, Martin P. Lepselter of Bell
Telephone Laboratories has done justthat. He has invented aprocess for making "microbridges"... integrated-circuit
leads which cross others through theair, without touching (photo, left).
This new technique solves the insulation problem; because of the air gap,
pinholes in the insulator do not cause
leakage. It also reduces capacitance
between the conductors. Finally, by
separating the various materials, it eliminates stresses due to unequal thermal
expansion.
The key to the technique (drawing, left)
is alayer of amaterial like copper thatcan be selectively etched away, leaving
an air gap between the conductors. Thus
the combination of air gap and insulating layer provides adegree of insulation
protection not previously available. Insulated circuits with microbridge crossovers will be used in awide variety ofcommunications equipment in the Bell
System,a spacer for formation of the crossover, is evaporated overall. Windows are etchedthrough the copper so the crossover can reach the lower-level contact. The crossover isthen applied in position by gold-plating the copper spacer; the spacer is then etched
away. The zirconium layer is oxidized to act as protective insulation. Any pinholes present do not become short circuits.

Bell Telephone Laboratories
Research and Development Unit of the Bell System

134

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Manpower

Recruiters flock to Negro collegesBlack schools produce relatively few EE's, and many problems remain,
but tokenism seems to be on the way out as grads are hired on merit

By Robert Skole
Washingtor bureau manager

we had five times as many engiFive years ago, recruiters seeking dozen schools offering such degrees—there will be abig increase neers graduating this year, - says
the engineering graduates of preW.I. Morris, placement director of
in future years, making these
dominantly Negro universities were
A&T College, Greensboro, N.C.
schoolsfar
more
attractive
fromabout as numerous as black faces"In the last six years we've cerat an IEEE meeting. Today, the a quantity standpoint. Meanwhile,tainly had a 1,000% improvement
moves are being made to upgrade
status quo still prevails at techin the number of recruiters comcurriculum quality.
nical get-togethers, but the caming
here."•
Some
recruitersandpersonnel
puses were overrun this spring.
A&T
had a dozen EE grads in a
managers
are
so
far
out
of
touch
The rush to hire black engineersenior class of 425 this year; overwith Negro students that they will
ing graduates is, in most cases,
all, only 60 were science majors.
prompted by Federal equal-em- find it tough to catch up with efforts"For
so many years, opportunities
made
by
more
understanding
ployment
regulations
covering
inengineering
were not open to
officials.
Government contracting.
us,"
says
Morris.
"But prospects
Roundup
But some companies began toarebrighter
today.
Eachof our enElectronics
firms
are
increasinghire blacks years ago and gave
gineering graduates had three totheir efforts to recruit at Negro
them real opportunities for advancement. Many others waited universities at a rate far greater six job offers."
The dramatic growth in theand made only token efforts. And than most other industries. "I wish
even today, some firms only go
through the motions of recruiting
black engineers or take on a few
New start
as showpieces.
Because so many recruiters are
Most engineering graduates of Negro universities head for the Northbesieging the Negro universities,
east or West Coast, but one in Howard University's class of '68 precompeting hard for engineering
ferred going south—to his hometown, Atlanta.
Thomas Jones had five job offers from top electronics and aerospace
graduates, the placement directors
firms. "But Iaccepted an offer from Lockheed-Georgia," he says. "I'veat these institutions are saying:worked two summers as adraftsman there. Iknow the company and I"We'll bc keeping out those cornthink Atlanta is the only place to go. It's fast-growing and has an affluent
panics ttat haven't been sincere
Negro community. Most of the attitudes are pretty liberal."and working harder with those that
Jones says he tried to encourage a classmate from Virginia to take ahave given our graduates the best
job in Atlanta. "He told me, `I'm from Virginia and Atlanta's too far
opportunities."
south,'
Jones says. "I couldn't convince him it might be better to live
Bench marks. The situation isthere than in sonic northern cities."
still fluid, not only because of theMore than money. Jones is frank in discussing the problems a Negro
dynamics of the civil-rights moveengineer faces. "It's always a big problem to figure out if a company
ment but also as a result of amwants you because you're you or because you're black," he says. "Butbivalent attitudes on the part ofif you watch to see who the companies are after on campus, you can tell.
Ioften wonder what it would be like to get a job if Iweren't a Negro.
both blacks and whites. However,But this makes you determined to do the job better."certain patterns are clearly disJones says that he'll be working in aircraft stress analysis to startcernible:with. Eventually, he wants to work his way into control systems and•Smaller companies without excomputer controls. Jones notes that alot of his classmates were attracted
tensive recruiting programs faceby the "glamour" of IBM and its work with computers, and he says they
tough going even when they sinknow IBM is sincere.
cerely want Negro engineers.
As for money, Jones was offered from $730 to $800 a month—about•Although Negro universities areaverage for new EE's. Jones says, however that job opportunity andturning out relatively few electrihousing are even more vital to black graduates than salary.
cal engineers— about 100 from theElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

135

E miniature

OC-18 OK motorized
programmableslepatienualors
0-129 dB

New ei Miniature Motorized Programmable Stepattenuators comewith values as high as 129 dB in
1 and 10 dB steps. These 50 ohm
ed series 96, 97 and 98 Stepattenuators come in a choice of 8
standard RF connector options(coaxial or waveguide); 5standard
frequency ranges; 17 standard insertion loss ranges; and single,
double or triple drum assemblies
internally connected in series withlow reflection adapters to minimize
mismatch errors.
They feature o switching life exceeding 1,000,000 steps o excellent repeatability o high stability
under wide range of environmental
conditions o low leakage o low
VSWR o and low minimum insertion loss. In addition, they are motorized and easily programmable.
Switching time is typically 2 seconds. Repeatability exceeds
dB/drum up to 10 GHz. Maximum
VSWR for all
series 96 units isheld to less than 1.50 and to 18
GHz and to below 1.15 for lower
frequencies.
The ease with which these models
are programmable makes themespecially useful in systems
employing automatically controlledlevels. These stepattenuators canbe switched more than one million
times without deterioration andwithout in-between maintenance.
.Designers andManufacturers of Precision

WEINSCHEL
ENGINEERING
Gaithersburg, Md. 20760
Tel: (301) 948-3434
TWX: 710-828-9705
136

Circle 261 on reader service cadnumber of recruiters seeking black
graduates is apparent in data fromSouthern University, Baton Rouge,
La. In 1960, 15 recruiters went tothe school; 12 were after teachers
and three were from Federal
agencies. This year, there were 556
recruiters on campus only 55 ofwhom were seeking teachers.
"About 50% of the recruiters
were looking for engineers, and alarge part of these were after
EE's," says James McKay, placement director for Southern U. The
school graduated 24 EE's this year,
and each averaged eight job offers.
Bigger rosters. This is now moreor less typical of Negro universities.
Also typical is an increase in engineering enrollment. In 1967, Southern's
engineering department—
which graduated 40 this year—had
atotal enrollment of 450; the 1968
figure was 570. Thus, in a few
years, the number of graduates will
double.
Because of the intense competition for the relatively few graduates, many companies don't feelthe effort is worth it. And somecompanies will say—privately, ofcourse—that they don't think thescholastic standards at Negro institutions are high enough for themto go to the trouble of recruiting
there.
In general, the approach to recruiting at Negro universities is
the same as at white schools. However, few firms have tried to tailor
their programs. For example, when
they were new to this whole thing,some companies thought it would
be a good idea to send Negro
recruiters to Negro schools. Thisdidn't work well, especially when
the recruiter was obviously not a
professional. Students resented thecompanies' patronizing attitudes.
However, some firms today send
an integrated team to Negro universities—a white professional personnel man accompanied by a
Negro engineer or scientist. The
white recruiter will talk to theprospect about the job and thecompany, and then leave the Negro
alone with the student "to tell it
like it is." Most Negro college
placement directors have serious
doubts about the effectiveness of
this approach.
"One of the biggest problems
facing companies that want to hire
our students," says Southern U's

McKay, "is the quality of the recruiter—they often can't identify
with the students."
Placement directors agree thatstudents can easily identify an "insincere" recruiter, and they're getting ready to lower the boom. "It'sgoing to be very necessary to
screen the companies and recruiters in the future," says McKay.
"We know the recruiters who comejust for show."
Shortcomings
A major problem facing most
Negro universities is the lack offacilities for recruiters and adequate job-counseling and placement services. And even though it
is understandable that no Negro
college administration afew years
ago would have believed there
would be an urgent need for such
facilities, there are still recruiters
who can't figure it out. A personnel director with a large West
Coast aerospace firm, who insists
on remaining anonymous, grumbles: "Interviewing rooms areabout as big as my desk and thefurniture must have been left overfrom the Civil War."
Because of a lack of facilities,
most Negro schools have goodreason to screen companies andconcentrate only on those with ahistory of "sincerity." Officials say
Negro universities will no longer
be "used" by companies that
simply go through the motions.
"I'm convinced some companies
are not sincere," says Walter G.
Hawkins, placement director at
Howard University, Washington,
D.C. "This is particularly true of
insurance and banking. But there
are some in engineering, and they
can least afford the luxury of prejudice."
Paeans. IBM receives high praiseon Negro campuses. Hawkins saysthat although he and his staff try
to be impartial, the track recordof IBM and some other companies
is so good that they naturally do
all they can to help these firms.
IBM, for example, interviewed more
Howard students than any othercompany this year: 60 graduating
seniors. It made 15 job offers, andeight students accepted. On theother hand, some lesser-known
companies that don't have areputation on Negro college campuses
have trouble even getting students
to interview.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968é a .0

For example, Ampex got only
two applicants from Howard thisyear, the first time it recruited at
the school. "We were terribly disappointed," says Arthur O. Stoefen, the c.-impany's recruiting chief.
Figuring the averages, however,Ampex did very well. Howard had
100 engineering graduates thisyear, 30 of them EE's. But 400 cornpanics were after engineering talentat the school.
Some companies know very

little about desires of Negro
graduates. While most engineering graduates want to work in the
Northeast or on the West Coast,
where housing is generally lessof aproblem, Stoefen, for one, says
he feels that the students at
Howard didn't want to move tothe coast. And Richard G. Hennemuth, vice president for industrial
relations at the Raytheon Co.,
Lexington, Mass., says: "We haveconsidered recruiting at Tuskegee

General Electric
Fused Quartz
Meets TheElectronics
Industry's
Challenge
With:
il HIGH TEMPE RATURE STRENGTH• PURITY• THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE

Ben Berry's way
One Negro electronics engineer who has "made it" as a respected professional in his specialty says the goal of others like him is entry into
corporate policy-making positions in the nation's aerospace industry.
Ben Berry, a graduate of the University of Southern California whocarne fr.« the ghettoes of Los Angeles to become a department staff
engineer with the Electronic Systems division of TRW Systems in
Redondo Beach, Calif., says Negroes are now being promoted to a certain poi it—but no higher. "When Ifirst came to work in the industry
a decade ago people used to stop and stare at us," Berry says. "Now
we're accepted, but not as completely as we might like. Initially, Negro
engineers were very close to each other—it was like a club—because thewhites were ostracizing us. \Ve banded together almost for protection."
Negroes are now readily accepted at nearly all levels within theindustry. "But at upper-echelon positions, the competition for advancement is stiff, and it's difficult for Negroes to move into top management,"
Berry says. "Certainly it's harder for a black scientist or engineer tomove beyond acertain level," he continues. "You can count the numberof black managers in Los Angeles on your fingers. Iknow them all, andthere aren't many."
Hope. But Berry is far from being disillusioned about the fate oftalented Negroes in industry. "Things have definitely moved ahead forthe black professional," he says. — The situation is really improved in
respect to the smaller electronic outfits. They used to be the ones who
positively wouldn't hire Negro engineers. It got to a point that blacks
wouldn't even bother responding to their ads. Because of contracturalrequirements set up by the Government, these firms are dying to getsome blacks on the pay-roll, but the black man isn't interested. These
companies have developed bad reputations among Negro professionals
and it's going to take alot to prove they've had achange of heart."
Limits. At present, Berry says he and other Negroes don't feel they
are com:?letely accepted by some of their white colleagues. "For
example, we find that at meetings what we say is often not regarded
with mua concern," he notes. "We'd like to think it's acase of our not
being forceful enough in presenting our views, but deep down we know
differently.""The Negro professional walks in two different worlds. At work it's
the white man's world. At home, it's the world of the ghetto," Berrysays.
The T:1W engineer has formed an organization called Society of
Scientists and Engineers of America. Composed mainly of black prof essionals, it works with ghetto youngsters to show them there is away outof the slums. "This summer we're conducting aseries of workshops andlectures at Negro high schools in the Los Angeles area to try and getthese kids to realize the opportunities open to them," Berry says. "Wetell them the same cross-section of intelligence exists in the ghetto as
in other areas of the city. But high school is really too late. For kids tobe motivated, you have to reach them early, before they become so disgusted with society they feel there's nothing in it for them."—Burton Bell
Los Angeles regional editor

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Here's an example of General Electric's fusedquartz at work for the Computer Control
Division of Honeywell Inc., Framingham,
Mass. This diffusion tube manufactured from
GE Type 204 quartz tubing contains a"carrier sled" loaded with photographicallyprocessed silicon discs, allowing them to bechemically treated inside ahigh temperature(1200°C) furnace. Ultimately, the discs become monolithic integrated circuits for computers, with each pinhead-size circuit theequivalent of 20 to 60 discrete components.
Why does Honeywell use GE fused quartz
tubing? Because of its noncontaminating
purity, high temperature strength and excellent thermal shock resistance. And as
Honeywell continues to benefit from the exceptional properties of GE quartz, researchers
everywhere are discovering more and more
excitingly new and purposeful applications
for this extraordinary quartz. Are you?
WORLDWIDE SERVICE. For sales and application
assistance, contact you- nearest regional office:
CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles

213 723-2541

ILLINOIS, Chicago
MASSACHUSETTS, Boston

312 282-7905
617 332-6200

NEW JERSEY, Newark

201 824.5200

OHIO. Cleveland
CANADA. Toronto

216 266.4001
416 537-4481.

.

Write lot illustrated technical literature today.
LAP

GLASS

GENERAL

DEPARTMENT

ELECTRIC

24400 Highland Road
Richmond Heights, Ohio 44143
Manufacturers of LucalosS CeramicElectronic Glassware—Fused Quartz Products
Circle 262 on reader service card

137

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Wire, strip and solder preforms all sizes
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Wire, strip and solder preforms all sizes
95% Gold 5% Nickel
Wire, strip and solder preforms all sizes
Gold and up to .5% Arsenic
Strip and solder preforms all sizes
Silver with .1 to 1.2% Antimony
Wire, strip and solder preforms all sizes
Silver —.1% Min. Phosphorous
Wire, strip and solder preforms all sizes
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Silver and up to.5% Arsenic
Strip and solder preforms all sizes
Special alloys produced on request at
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HIGH PURITY METALSUSED ON ALL ALLOYS
WRITE FOR COMPLETE PRECIOUS METALS CATALOGANO SPECIFICATION SHEETS. PHONE 716-834-7204
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Division of Williams Gold Refining Co., Inc.

138

Circle 263 on reader service card

Institute in Alabama, but our experience has been that neither
blacks nor whites like to comethis far north. Generally, we findabout 50% of our new engineers in
the New England area, though we
recruit throughout the country."
Pro and con
Companies arc taking different
approaches in working with Negro
universities and students. Some,like Hewlett-Packard, donate laboratory equipment to colleges.
Others with years of experience
working with Negro educators andplacement directors—for example,
IBM—arrange luncheon meetings to
get faculties to pass the word thatthe company is seriously looking
for a broad range of graduates.
But some companies appear tohave taken a hard-nosed attitude
and researched themselves rightout of this market. TRW Systems,
Redondo Beach, Calif., formed ateam of scientists, engineers, andpersonnel specialists to visit Negro
universities to get a "feel" for theschools. "We intended to add themto our campus recruiting schedule,"
explains James Lacy of the placement staff. "But we rejected theidea because their graduates werenot, in our view, equipped to handle the technical tasks required ofthem here." Many companies say
the same thing, but don't want
to be identified, even though most
Negro administrators agree that
their schools are indeed deficientin curriculum and equipment.
Disadvantaged. The Negro graduate of a predominantly white
school is as capable as a white
graduate, stresses Robert Thomson,
director of manpower planning at
the Bendix Corp. "But at the predominantly Negro school," he says,"the student is at more of a disadvantage. Here the engineering
program may have been in existence only five years. MIT probably
wasn't all that good after only five
years. Where the engineering curriculum is very new it takes longer
to get top-quality grads. In thepast three years, however, we haveseen a narrowing of the gap."
Some companies have set up
programs to compensate for educational shortcomings of graduatesof Negro schools. The Western Development Laboratories division of
the Philco-Ford Corp., for example,
will sometimes bring agraduate ofa Negro university who doesn't
measure up to the average grad
and give him supplemental job
training and support to continue
his education.
Other companies, for example
the one whose recruiter complained
about the Civil War furniture, flatly
write off the scholastic competence of most Negro universities.
"The graduates can read and write
and that's about all," says thecompany's top employment officer.
"Spending money to recruit Negro
engineering graduates from predominantly Negro colleges in thesouth is like throwing money downa rat hole."
Old story. This kind of attitudeis familiar to Negro educators andstudents. "I have a feeling thatcompany representatives are often
laboring under a stereotype," says
Fred Scott, placement director of
Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va.

Most educators, administrators,
and students realize that many
companies will hire a few blacks
for show. "But I don't think theelectronics industry is as guilty inthis regard as others," says Scott.
Uneasy dialogue. One of the
major problems remains communications between the recruiters andprospects. Most recruiters say thatstudents at Negro universities
aren't as well prepared for interviews as their white counterparts.
Officials and faculty members at
Negro schools respond that thisconies of companies' precipitaterush to hire blacks; the move is so
new that the schools haven't had achance to organize for it.
Phillip M. Oliver, industrial relations director for Philco-Ford'sWestern Development Lab, says:"At any college, where we find a
black engineer, we hire him. I
regularly visit a half-dozen Negro
colleges. Their real problem is getting men to appear for an interview and to condition them forcompetition in the white world.
They want this competition—but
they aren't trained to accept it.
"They are almost like foreigners
in their own country in that respect. Take, say, an engineer fromIndonesia; he might want verymuch to win ajob and get ahead,but lie wouldn't know exactly how
to go about it. Some of the Negro
graduates are in the same position,
like fish out of water."Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

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Circle 264 on reader service card139

Do you want
to go LS! now?
If you really want LSI now, grab
the next plane to Mountain View.
(It lands in San Francisco.) It's thequickest, least expensive way to get
LSI into your system.
Plan to bring along your blueprints.
And be ready to answer alot ofquestions. We'll need to know what
you have in mind for sub-systems,
functions and specs. And, don't be
surprised when we ask "why" acouple of times. It's all part ofFairchild's systems approach tocomplex circuitry.
We'll take your requirements andmatch them against our family offundamental building blocks. We've
got LSIs (and MSIs) that work inany digital logic system. The mostadvanced circuitry on the market.
Offspring of computer-aided designand double-layer metal technology.
And, they're all so versatile, we canprobably give you acounter thathas adozen other applications inyour system.
140•...•.,•••,..••••••',,••••--,••• •-'

ri

i
j
to
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But, you'll only be able to build half
asystem with standard building
blocks. To finish the job, you'll
need interface devices to tie the wholething together. And, here's where
Fairchild can really save you timeand money. We don't have to custom
design each LSI interface circuit.
We use MicromatrixT"—a uniquecellular array that's completed when
we add your specific interconnection
pattern. Your specs customize theentire array for your system.
Of course, there's alot more to thestory. But, you ought to hear it inperson. Just call your Fairchildsalesman. He knows the flightschedule to San Francisco.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968Or do you wantto think about it?
We've got an LSI design kit. It's
based on our new 4500 Bipolar
Micromatrix Array—the first device
in ahighly versatile LSI family.
The 4500 is an eight-cell array thatcan be customized for virtually any
function. All it needs is your interconnection pattern. You candetermine the pattern by designing
your own Micromatrix arraywith our kit. You can buy a
kit from your Fairchild
distributor for
about $100. And, in acouple of months, we'll see you
in Mountain View.
FAIRCHILIZISEMICONDUCTORFAIRCHILD SEMIl'ONDUCTORA Division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation

Electronics lJuly 8, 1968

313 Fairchild Drive. Mountain View, California 94040, (415) 962-5011

TWX: 91C-379-6435

Circle 141 on reader service card

141

Our story starts
with avery
superior
polyester film.

To which we
add exceptional
dimensional
stability.

The best dimensional stability of any
polyester film. An independent testing lab,
DeBell &Richardson, Inc., tested calibrated
lengths of Celanar and other polyester
films at temperatures from 73F to 120F
for over 24 hours. When measured, otherfilms showed up to 77% greater thermal
expansion than Celanar film.

142

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

And greater
strength.
Celanar is the strongest balanced biaxiallyoriented plastic film commercially available.

To bring you
Celanar Filmwith acombinationof properties
unsurpassed forelectrical uses.
And insulation
resistance.
An outstanding property of Celanar

film is its high insulation resistance overawide range of temperatures. Celanar
has superior electrical properties,
including excellent dielectric strength,
dielectric constant and dissipation
factor. Good reasons why Celanar is
widely used as an insulating material
in electrical insulation applications.

Celanar polyester film °Hers abalance ofelectrical, mechanical, thermal and chemical
properties that make it your best choice forapplications from flexible circuits to wirewrap.Want proof? Just mail the coupon.
Celanese Plastics Company
Dept. 133-G, P.O. Box 629
Linden, N.J. 07036
Yes, I
want all the facts about Celanar
film for electrical applicat ons. And
send me a FREE set of gratings printed
on Celanar. (Laying one on top of theother produces Moiré patterns that
confound the eye.)
Name

Title

Company
Address
City

State

Zip

CELANESE
PLASTICS COMPANY

Celanesee
CelanareLCelanese Plastics Company is adivision of Celanese Corporation.
Circle 143 on reader service card

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Wire

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If you need magnet wire
to meet almost any
application requirement, here's
the first place to look.
It's the GCC Guide to Magnet Wire.
It indicates which insulation to use if you needmagnet wire to withstand heat or abrasion; with special
winding characteristics, electrical properties, high moisture resistance, or immunity to solvents, oils, or freon
refrigerants.
This Guide also tells you that you can get themfrom GCC.We'll be happy to send you a copy.Write toGeneral Cable Corporation, Section 700-04,730 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017. For detailed information
on specific applications, call your local GCC salesman.

GCCIs it possible to get areally goodcomputer for less than $10K?
How about $9,950 and some
odd change?
That's what the new Hewlett-Packard
2114A will be pegged at. But it'll heave tojust like its big brothers. Throwing
around big 16-bit words. Storing 4000
(or 8000) of them at atime in memory. Fetching them outof memory in two microseconds. It'll tie in I/O devices withstandard plug-ins and use the same set of programming
languages — FORTRAN, ALGOL and Conversational BASIC. It may
be the littlest computer in the HP family... but even at that it morethan holds its own against its big brothers.

That's right. The HP 2114A offers the most desirable
price/performance ratio of any computer on themarket. And it won't take up much room, either, noteven on your desk. One compact package 12 1/
4 " tallhouses both processor and power supply.
Yet the economy model is fully compatible with all
the 2115/2116 software and I/O interfaces. The main
frame accepts either 4K or 8K memory, has eightI/O plug-in slots and operates within a wide temperature range. Low-cost options include parity error
check and power-fail protection.
If you think this powerful little computer is right foryou, get more information from your local HP fieldengineer. Or write Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif.
94304; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva.

HEWLETT àl
DIGITAL

PACKARDCOMPUTERS

OCSIO

146

Circle 146 on reader service card

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

July 8, 1968

New Products
Integrated electronics

TTL. makers switch their sales pitch
Texas Instruments, Sylvania, and their followers contend on pin configurat ons
and encapsulation techniques, but every semiconductor house emphasizes complexity
By Eric Aiken
Probing the news editor"Transisto r-transistor
logic hasreached a real flowering stage,"says Walt Weyler, marketing manager for TTL at Texas Instruments.
"What's more, its success is basedon economic as well as technicalconsiderations." Toward the endof last month, TI put through pricecuts of 40% on low-power TTL
lines in plastic packages. At thesame time, prices of comparable
devices in flatpacks were reduced
by 25%.
The company was not simply
indulging itself in a self-fulfilling
prophecy. Friends and foes in thesemiconductor field share Weyler's
optimism so a marketing struggle
seems inm, itable.
Twosome. At this point, theprincipals .:n the contest are Sylvania with its two lines of SUHL
(for Sylvania Universal High-Level
Logic) and TI with its 54/74 seriesof circuits. Lesser lights are aligning themselves with one or bothof the top two as second sources,
while concerns like Motorola, Signetics, and Fairchild Semiconductor push emprietary entries.
The already large dollar salesof TTL are expanding at a headypace. For example, first-quartervolume was around $17 million.
"With aflat projection for the restof the year, this would suggest anannual volume of around $70 million," says Ti's Weyler. "But we'reElectronics lJuly 8, 1968

not dealing with a flat pattern.
Growth is going to be strong anddramatic from here on out."
Quickstep
Joseph Nola, product planningspecialist at Sylvania's Semiconductor division, agrees: "We werepredicting that TTL would overtake diode-transistor logic sometime in 1970 or 1971. But it now
appears the crossover will occur
next year.""From June to December in
1967, TTL grew from 15% to 26%of the market. And who was shipping SUHL then?" asks Bill Berg,
marketing manager at Signetics, inarhetorical reference to Sylvania'sdelivery problems. "What gives
SUHL more thrust this year is that
Motorola has it."Flushed with success, integrated-circuit makers have evenbegun to change their sales pitch.
Where once they talked lightningfast switching speeds, noise immunity, high fanout, and low
power requirements, marketingmen now extol the widespread
availability and complexity of theirdevices—perhaps because they can
now produce acceptable assemblies in commercial quantities.

fusions—all of which can lead to
production woes. With experience,
however, IC makers have overcome most, if not all, of their difficulties. "Our yields are as much as
four times greater than a year
ago," reports Sylvania's Nola.
"We're climbing right up thelearning curve with output."
At Raytheon
Semiconductor,
which has invested $500,000 in a
separate TTL facility with a rated

Gaining experience
TTL circuits require small geom-etries, thin lines, and shallow dif-

Big ante. Raytheon regards TTL outlook
rosy enough to have invested $500,000
in afacility to second-source SUHL.
147

•With alittle square hole at one end and around one at the other, our HW Series
Wire Wrap* connectors are positioned quickly
and perfectly. Every time. The result is ahigher
rate of Wire-Wrap production. Especially with
our new AccurFrame Packaging.
•But the hole is only apart. Winchester
Wire-Wrap connectors have aconfiguration
designed for automatic equipment, high strip
force retention, bifurcated spring contacts
for superior interfacing. They're available insizes ranging from 22 to 50 contact positions.
Standard contact spacing in two sizes:.125 center to center with .250 between rows;
and .100 center to center with .200 between rows.
Contacts are easily removed. Retained by a
90° twist. Molding is diallyl phthalate SDG-F.
Contacts plated to MIL-G-45204 Type II.
•HW connectors are the heart of AccurFrame,
asimple and reliable packaging techniquethat capitalizes on Winchester's long experiencein precision molded connectors. No new
fabrication methods are required. Frame
positioning is simplified with no tolerance
buildup. All at alow average cost per contact.
That, pardon the pun, is the hole thing.
Except that HW connectors
are available from your distributor.
Or Winchester Electronics, Main St.
&Hillside Avenue, Oakville,
Connecticut 06779.

theh le thing.

WINCHESTER ELECTRONICS
LITTON INDUSTIESoiI F tFt IFI I
‘à

I

I

I IIIl\i4.\1I\*Trademark—Gardner Denver Company

II

I

Il•

...you go the hard way or not at allwith TTL, says Raytheon Semiconductor ...

Alignment holes in HW Series connectors are polarized for fast, strealignment.

With the co.meciors in position, awiring frame is added.

Connectors are attached with machine screws and the frame sready for car.omatic wire-wrapping.

Circle 148 on reader service card

capacity of 1.5 million dice amonth, Paul Sullivan, the marketing director recalls that his company learned the hard way. "Whenwe set out to make SUHL circuits,
we decided to make it as easy on
ourselves as possible," he says.
"We relaxed photoengraving tolerances and the like, but found wewere getting rotten yields and marginal performance. We finally cameto the conclusion that the low road
was a dead end. Sylvania's right:
You go the hard way or not at all."Raytheon now reports having
achieved wafer yields as high as
37% on production runs.
End of an era

est line on the market as fast as
possible. But Thomas Thorkelson,
aproduct planning manager at National
Semiconductor and analumnus of TI, disputes the contention that tolerances for the 54/
74 series are looser than for SUHL.
"Tolerances are not the issue anyway," he says. "And speed is by
no means the principal selling
point for TTL. The industrial market wants noise immunity and low
cost. The totem-pole output (lowimpedance) is TTL's most important feature."
Pinned down
There's also a good bit of contention within the semiconductor
field over the best pin-connection
arrangement. "Where DTL was apretty standardized proposition
with regard to pin configurations,the present situation is somethingof a mish-mash," says a knowledgeable observer. At the moment, TI is promoting the old DTL
930 pinout for dual in-line packages in its 54/74 series; Sylvania
is sticking with its original SUHL
configuration.
Both have their adherents. A
marketing man at RCA, which isgoing the TI route puts matters
this way: "Customers like the pinout arrangement better because

Don Winstead, product marketing manager at Signetics, feels that
TTL delivery is no longer a significant problem. He notes thatcompanies are redesigning theircircuits to increase yields rather
than resorting to tighter processcontrols. By way of example, hesays, the input threshold of aTTL
gate depends on the values of thephase-splitter resistors. These resistor tolerances have been adjusted to raise the threshold to afford higher noise immunity. The
relation to yield is that the device
will no longer trigger on a marginal pulse.
A savvy West Coast source, familiar with the ins and outs of TTL
manufacturing and marketing, says
Sylvania solved its early photoresist and diffusion problems by
going to very fine tolerances. "Second sources have a tougher timemaking TTL," he says. "And plastics still present some sticky reliability problems that TI seems tohave solved. In the main, suchdifficulties are caused by wire deformation during transfer molding. The temperatures required inthis process can cause thermal
wire bond strains, ripping themaway from the pads."
Some observers, including asource at RCA, which is about tointroduce sonne versions of the
54/74 series, say that TI picked up
a reputation for inferior work at
Jobs in industry. Texas Instruments isthe outset of the TTL rivalry bepromoting TTL for such industrial
cause of its desire to get the broadapplications as food sorters.

149

Ti's pinning method

We do all the work...
you get high yield,
low cost, guaranteedperformance.

minimizes wiring ...

7
1
1

d

i

MINIATURE CABLE ASSEMBLIESAs producers of an in-depth line of miniature connectors and semi-rigid miniature
coaxial cable, we can make a pretty
strong case for ourselves as a source forminiature coaxial assemblies shippedcomplete with mounted connectors.
Specify any flexible, braided cable or,request our own semi-rigid coax, in sizes
from .070 to .350 inches in impedances of
50 and 75 ohms. Specify crimp-type miniature connectors or patented Emlocke
compression metal-to-metal fit, inmatched impedances. We will cut cableto precise mechanical and electricallengths, bend semi-rigid cable to individual requirements, mount selected connectors, test to your established parameters and guarantee performance. All
this, at a price lower than your cost if
you were to buy your own coax and connectors and do the job yourself. How?
Our assembly speed is faster, our yield isgreater.
Can we tell you more? Write for fulldetails today: Phelps Dodge Electronic
Products Corporation, 60 Dodge Avenue,
North Haven, Connecticut 06473

PHELPS 1:10DG

150

Circle 150 on reader service card

ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS el
CORPORATIONICY

the power supply and ground areon the corners of the flatpack instead of in the middle as with
SUHL. Sylvania's method does provide a safety factor since there's
no danger of burn-out should thedevice be installed backwards. But
the TI method offers another advantage—similar input and output
functions on both sides of the
package, thereby minimizing and,in some cases, eliminating crossover wiring."
The TI pinout configuration permitted the company to go after
sockets once occupied by DTL devices. But while conceding thatthe pinning on such TTL assemblies is indeed compatible, Sylvania's Nola says it's impossible
in some cases to drop in devices
on aone-for-one basis as TI claims.
He cites applications where outputs are tied together as an example because, unlike TTL, DTL
has no active pull-up network. But
such criticism doesn't worry TI unduly. "From the standpoint ofboard layout, our pinning configuration offers logic designers thehighest degree of access," says
\Veyler.
Because of its experience inmolded transistors and sizableproduction capacity, TI was able
to flood the market with plasticencapsulated devices in its 54/74
series, opening up a number ofhitherto untapped markets in theindustrial sector. For example, itsold a Midwest manufacturer ofdollar-bill acceptors on the meritsof replacing a transistorized amplifier, with drift problems, with adecade counter. And Ampex's
Mandrel subsidiary which makes
food-sorting machinery that must
operate in extremely hostile environments is now using adependable shift register in place of acapacitive brush-charge arrangement with cathode-ray tube thatwas breakdown prone. TI is inventorying large quantities of assemblies to be able to assure deliveries direct or through distributors within a couple of weeks.
Reaction. Sylvania, Transitron,
and a number of others, areracing to make up for lost time.
"Sylvania and Transitron devices
Electronics lJuly 8, 1968

-41111,

Packaging Sales, The Dow Chemical Co -n,Dany, Midland, M.chigan 48640.

Try this on your fragile parts.
Pelaspan-Pac® loose fill packing. It weighs 3 totimes lessthan most other dunnage. It won't absorb water. It cuts shipping losses. Because it's highly shock-resistant, and it interlocks to prevent settling. It cuts cleanup, too. Because it's
clean, nondustng and noncorrosive. \Airte for details.
Circle 1E1 on reader servic:e card

NO
vvi L
L
S
W
WEERR

OI
B
F
Aeser ENTS

LOWER THERMAL RATES•in Bell & Howell's Expanding Lineof Advanced Hybrid OP AMPS!
Compact, low silhouette(0.6" x0.6" x0.25")

No matter which of these high quality
units you select from Bell & Howell's
growing line of precision linear circuits,
you'll get performance you'd expect
only from larger, high price devices ...
and a combination of specifications
no other op amps can offer.

(ACTUAL SIZE)
Type 20-008
Type 20-007(FET input Op Amp)
(general purpose Op Amp.
Same size)

seem to be winning the battle ofhermetically sealed ceramic-encapsulated IC's, says R. Edward
Shaut, marketing manager for digital IC's at Transitron. "But TI was
first out with aplastic package andthat shaped the market. We hope
to be in the market with plasticpackaged SUHL by autumn." Sylvania's plastic offerings are due in
two months. But, for the record,
Nola professes to be unconvinced
about reliability. "We may restrict
plastics to certain applications tokeep our customers out of trouble,"he says. Working both sides of thestreet, Sylvania is trying to cut
prices of its SUHL in ceramic packages. This way, the company's
marketing men reason, they could
offer equal performance at low costin what is probably amore reliable
package, effectively blunting thethrust of Ti's plastics.
Off the beaten track

You don't have to worry about:• Offset Trimming• Compensation• Short Circuits• Wrong Connections
with either the Bipolar or the FET Amplifier.
TYPE
20-007-A

BIPOLAR

TYPE
20-007-B

TYPE
20-007-C

voltage offset (max.)

200 µV

500 µV

1 mV

voltage offset vs. temp. (max.)

5 AtV/°C

5 1V/°C

10 µVrC
100 dB

common mode rejection

100 dB

100 dB

open loop gain (at 10 kHz)

2,000

2,000

2,000

output current (min.)

5 mA

5 mA

5 mA

PRICE (in quantities of 10-99, any mix)

$25

$20

$15

TYPE
20-008-A

FET-INPUT
voltage offset (max.)
voltage offset vs. temp. (max.)

TYPE
20-008-B

1 mV

2 mV

25 ,V/°C

75 AW°C

input bias current (max.)

10 pA

25 pA

common mode rejection

76 dB

76 dB

open loop gain (at 10 kHz)

2,000

2,000

output current (min.)

5 mA

5 mA

PRICE (in quantities of 10-99, any mix)

$33

$28

Write or phone for complete technical information on Bell & Howell op amps. Ask fora Bell & Howell sales engineer to call on you to discuss your particular application,and get advance information on how we employ new and proved concepts in hybrid
microcircuit technology to bring you agrowing family of precision linear circuits.

COI1TROL PRODUCTS Diviston

BELLE HOWELL
Control Products Division, Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation,a Bell & Howell Company, 706 Bostwick Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. 06605.
Telephone: (203) 368-6751. Ask for Mr. Ian Isdale.

152

Circle 152 on reader service card

Not all houses are pushing"pure" TTL in the Sylvania-TI
mold. Signetics, for example, offers an 8000 series it calls Designer's Choice Logic, a TTL line
that's can- and pin-compatible with
DTL. At Fairchild Semiconductor,
Ben Anixter, IC marketing manager, says the company is notreally pushing TTL. "We're interested in something else—mediumscale integration—because we figure that's the way the wind isblowing in systems work. We figure TM and DTL will be incidental."
Cost plus. Anixter believes 60%
to 80% of a system can now bebuilt with MK. "This is where thereal cost advantage will be," hesays. "If you design with DTL or
ITL, you're using last year's methods, and you won't be competitiveon cost, size, maintainability, or
repairability." So the rallying cry
at Fairchild is "Systems not sockets." But Anixter concedes Fairchild's 9000 TTL series is on shaky
ground. "There'll be a gap in our
penetration of the TTL market, but
not digital outlets," he says.
Jack Jordan, manager of digital
IC marketing at Motorola's Semiconductor Products division, says
his company is planning to add anumber of complex new functions
to its own TTL line. The company,a notable advocate of volume, already second-sources SUHL, andElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

Throw away your insulation handbook.
All you need is Nomex:
Nomex nylon paper is the one insulaion you can use for lust about
every application. It won't melt or support combustion—it's UL-rated at
220`C. and it complies with MIL-I24204. Durable "Nomex" paper won't
crack when creased or bent and does
not flake. It can be easily slit or
punched for close tolerance and canbe used in automated operations.

"Nomex" is compatible with all major
resins, varnishes and enamels. It isrelatively unaffected by moisture, andthere are no shelf-life problems.
"Nomex" is available in awide variety of fabricated forms designed tofit any application. So look lo cne material —'Nomex"—for all ycur insulation needs.
To get more informaton write:

Du Pont Company, Nomex Marketing,
F:oom J-6, Wilmington, Delaware
19898. In Canada, write Du Pont of
Canada Ltd. In Europe, Du Pont deNemours Int., S. A., 81, Route de ''Aire,
Geneva, Switzerland.

tuPUN! NOMPS•Du Port registered trademark

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Circle 153 on

Eader service

card

153

...TTL makers are anxious
to exploit complexity.. .

This is our new
CD-95 Series
Regulated
DC-DC Converter.

consider:• 84 fully isolated models —2.8 to 1000 VDC, up to 270 watts;• Efficiency —60 to 80%;
• Wide input range —21 to 30 VDC (15 to 21 VDC possible withderating);• 2:1 adjustable output voltage;• Regulation: Line ±(0.05% + 5 mV), Load ±(0.10% + 10 mV);
• Peak to peak ripple less than 0.5% + 50 mV;• Designed to meet MIL environments with EMI provisions per
MIL-I-6181-D, operating range —55°C to +95°C.
Best of all .. .the price range is $125 to $495, and a sizeable
discount schedule reduces this further in quantity!
Write or phone for full information. Incidentally, there is an AC-DC
companion line we also want to tell you about.

TECHT1IPOWER
A BErIRUS Subsidiary

Benrus Center, Route 7, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
Telephone 203-438-0333
154

Circle 154 on reader service card

is looking into the possibilities ofmaking devices in the 54/74 series.
Its own MTTL 3offerings have pin
configurations "that permit customers the privilege of interchangeability with 930 DTL." Active pulldown is a distinguishingfeature of Motorola's line which
also uses input diodes to short out
the ringing that plagued earlier
versions of TTL.
On the drawing boards
Just about everyone in the business is anxious to cash in on thecomplexity ploy. Jordan of Motorola notes that while TTL was once
sold largely on the basis of speed,
the availability of more complex
functions like binary counters,
shift registers, decoders, 16-bit
scratchpad memories, and 8-bit
parity trees is now the most important element in the field's
growth. "TI emphasized complexity early in the game," he says.
"And this probably accounts forthe gain it's made on Sylvania."
Meanwhile Motorola plans to
pad its line with an 8-bit parity
tree, adual 4-bit parity tree, adual2-input 4-output gated decoder, aquad flip-flop shift register, andquad flip-flop counters.
Penny wise. TI's Weyler believes
that complexity affords economies
of production as well as greater
reliability. "By replacing six toeight IC packages, you save six
times 14 soldered pin connections,"
he says. "Any time you can do thatyou're ahead of the game on assembly costs and built-in reliability." Upcoming from TI are coders
that accept 4-line to 10-line inputs, and decode them into decimal formats. In addition, the company is working on more complex
counters.
National also is moving toward
more complex circuits and is about
to introduce an NISI circuit, theDm7520/Dm8520, a Modulo-N divider with more than 50 gates.
This device will divide by any
number from 2through 15. By cascading the circuits, it is possible
to divide by very large numbers.
Signetics is beginning to develop
more complex TTL devices. In 60
days, it will announce the 8260
Circle 155 on reader service card—›-Why MIL-C-81511A
is the best
subminiature
you can buy.

Amphenol Astro/348 to this spec provides:•One-piece molded contact retention system—a designof revolutionary simplicity. •Ease of handling. If theprke of miniaturization is smaller and smaller contacts,
the MIL-C-81511A design makes it as easy as possible
for the user to handle them. Insertion/removal
procedures are easier than with standard sizes. •Contacts
with atrue #22 gauge wire fit to accommodate awire
sealing range of .030- to .054-in. •Contact dielectric
separation of .021 inches on .085-in centers, equivalent
to existilg miniatures with .130-in centers. •Damageproof mating. Pins are recessed beyond reach of shells.
Closed entry hard socket inserts, probe-proof socket
contacts. •"Grounding springs that mate prior toelectrica: engagement. Shielding for EMI protection.
The NI IL-C-81511A family is growing; additional
contact sizes and insert arrangements are on the way.
Ask au Amphenol sales engineer or distributor to show
you the complete Astro /348 family. Or write Amphenol
Connector Div., 2801 S. 25th Ave.', Broadview, Ill. 60153.

(.
ÂZ AMPHENOLSpecify Amphenol electronic components..produced in Canada,
England. France, Japan, Mexico, United States, West Germany.

Dependable Hermetic Seals
For Highly Critical Specs...
MAXimu., „To TH E R
ESI S
IO& Cy CLIN
AN CE
G(E-1 produces for aero-space!)„-

EXTREMELY
HIGH DIELECTRIC
STRENGTH-Must Have Continuous Quality
Control Procedures Like This...
(E-I has the strictest!)

four-bit adder, which will have 57
gates on an 80-by-100-mil chip.
This circuit will come in a 24-pin
silicone DIP as well as a flatpack;
and it will use much of the gating
to achieve full anticipation carry.
Most adders, Winstead says, mustripple through the whole chain ata cost of X times the propagation
delay of any given segment (about
10 nanoseconds each) to carry. The
8260 senses a carry as it appears,
and gates it ahead to the next bitin parallel with the add output.
Each bit thus becomes more complex. It's possible to cascade as
many of these adders as needed tomake up aword; thus 16 packages
would be needed for a64-bit word.
In such acase, 64-bit words could
be added in 56 nanoseconds.
Transitron is working on a 64bit monolithic memory chip due
early in 1969. The device bears afamily resemblence to the 16-bit
scratchpad memory developed for
Honeywell's big computers but
will come in two models—one withinternal decoding and one with external decoding. This assembly
will probably be marketed in a22pin flatpack of DIP.
Also in development are adders
to second-source Sylvania lines.
There is also agated full adder on
tap at Transitron which would becompatible with TI's 7400 line.
Both sorts of devices, says thecompany, would be at least twice
as fast as their Sylvania or TI
counterparts.

Specify E-1 Glass-to-Metal Seals
for Sophisticated Applications:
Quality Control at E-I begins with the raw material and follows throughto the finished product. The picture above depicts one phase of this program — X-Ray Spectrographic Analysis. The Spectrograph provides aquantitative chemical analysis of the metals, alloys and glasses which
are utilized in the manufacture of Electrical Industries' glass-to-metal
seals. Continued surveillance of the chemical constituents of materials
is just the beginning of the E-I quality control program that assures ourcustomers of the highest quality hermetic seals each and every time.
If you require standard or custom seals or sealing of your own components, check with E-I. Our engineers will gladly make recommendations. Illustrated technical literature is available — call or write today.
•Sealed Terminals and Multiple Headers •Transistor and Diode Bases •Compression•type Threaded End seals•Plug-in connectors •Vibrator Plug-in Connectors •High Voltage Class-bonded Ceramic Seals•Hermetically-sealed Relay Headers •Special Application Custom Seals •Custom Sealing to Specifications

E

Electrical Industries

A Division of Philips Electronics and Pharmaceutical Industries Corp.

Mu rray Hill, N.J. 07974 — Tel. (201) 464-3200
Patented in U.S.A., No. 3,035,372; in Canada, No. 523,390; in United Kingdom, 734,583; other patents pending.

156

Circle 156 on reader service card

Before year's end, Sylvania plansto add to both SUHL 1 and 2lines.
One of the new IC's will be adual1)-type flip-flop which Nola says
is auseful building block for machines organized along the linesof data transfer registers. This IC
is expected during the third quarter of 1968.
There will be many additions to
Sylvania's line of functional arrays—comparator IC's, an 8-bit parity
generator, a4-bit fast shift register,binary and decade counters, programable dividers, and the like.
Late this year or early next Sylvania will bring out an up-down
counter IC.
"Our philosophy was to roundout SUHL and afterward to emphasize complex functions," Nolasays. "But during 1969, we'll belooking toward improvements in
the TTL format itself."
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

A NEW FUNCTIONALAPPROACH TO
MACHINE AND PROCESSCONTROL!
Struthers-Dunn has analyzed control opera-

We match cards to your control needs ...

tions by function ...and reduced them to aand package them in this compact enclosure

family of versatile, solid-state plug-in printed

with optional

circuit cards like this.

Your control costs and headaches are over!

magnetic tapeprogramming.

This is the new Struthers-Dunn simplified, money

YOU GET THESE ADVANTAGES

saving approach to the design and use of solid-

Simplified design technique. No need to be acomputer expert. No need to send engineers to special
schools. No complicated control circuits.
Easy programming. Magnetic tape with infinitely
expandable capacity. Cartridge load. If programchanges, just change cartridge.
Easy hook-up. Simple screwdriver connection
from TP-1000 to your equipment.
Money-saving maintenance. All solid-state circuitry. Long life. Plug-in cards for fast replacement. Troubleshooter indicator lights quickly identify load circuit faults due to coil failures, etc. Allload circuit cards have "fail-safe" feature.
A sales plus. A competitive edge for equipment
manufacturers.
Total design service, too. We can provide complete, unbiased service in design and manufactureof control systems for many machines or processes. We offer solid state, reed, plug-in andconventional machine tool relay controls according to needs of the application rather than asingle
approach or catalog.

state control circuitry ...for both new equipment
and machines already in use.
Just tell us your control problems. We will supply
a combination of functional cards to meet any
need ...control of timing, counting, comparing,load handling, storage and handling of information,and others.
Cards can be combined three ways.

One, withmagnetic tape cartridges in a card-file enclosure,
such as our TP-1000, for changeable program cycles.

Two, in a card-file enclosure without mag-netic tape control with a fixed program for singlecycle or repetitive operations. Three, as building
block sub-assemblies, ready for installation in yourown enclosure.

Full details in Bulletin 10010. Send for it today! See how far ahead you can be with the Control People!

STRUTH ERS4DUNN,SYSTEMS DIVISION
1114
Electronics

State

July 8, 1968

Street,Bettendorf,

Iowa

52722 / Telephone:319-359-0318

Circle 157 on reader service card

157

i
sm..

THE QUIET ONE
I
itroducing ie ser es 383. 2watt
potentiometer that is four times
us noise free, twice as linear,has many times the cycle life ofhe Allen-Bradley series Jand is
still priced competitively.
The Quiet One is Temp-Maturedlm.a breakthrough process of
precisely timed, heat maturing
created by Clarostat. It makes the.ntire assembled potentiometerhomogeneous and strainfree
throughout. It exceeds
the requirements of• MIL-R-94C style RV4.
Write Dept. 101.
Dover, N.H. 03820.
cuietly revolutionary.

CLAROS IATNew Components Review

Subminiature case style C reed
relay is designed for high speed
switching applications. It features axial leads and is available
as an unshielded model in Form
A and C. Reed package is hermetically sealed, gas filled. Contact rating of Form A is 500
ma and Form C withstands currents up to 100 ma. Aztec Electronics Inc., 163 Liberty Ave.,
Anaheim, Calif. 92801. [341]Flexi...ieflat caule conn.ctors
called AMP-UNYT use an insulation-piercing
crimp
to
make
physical and electrical contact
with the cable. Designed for use
withcablesmeeting
NAS729(0.063 in. wide conductors on
0.100 in. centers), these connectors are available in cable -tocable, cable-to-wire, and cableto-board
configurations.
AMP
Inc., Harrisburg, Pa. [342]iVllntaLule reeo relay RA 3013
was designed to have max. coilresistanceprovidingminimum
contact
thermalelectromotive
force andminimum operating
power. Contacts can switch dry
circuit loads to 10 watts and 0.5
amp; withstand 2,000 hz vibration and 150 g shock.
Temperature range is 55 ° to 85 °C.
Elec-Trol Inc., Box 304, Northridge, Calif. [343]

Quick-connect terminals for use
in high-volume assembly operations are now available on thetype HL wirewound incustriai resistors. The terminals can be obtained on round core resistors
with core diameters from 5/16
in. through 11/ in. They are also4
available on flat core styles. Dale
Electronics Inc., a subsidiary of
The Lionel Corp., P.O. Box 488,
Columbus, Neb. 68601. [344]esCopper-cladlaminate
M icarta
65M27
eliminates"measling"(shown at right in photo) in thenormal manufacture of printed
circuits. It meets requirements cf
Mil-P-13949. It is translucent
light green and ranges in thicknesses from 1/32 to 1/
4 in. Thelaminate is available in standard
sheet sizes with copper on 1 orboth sides. Westinghouse Electric
Corp., Hampton, S.C. [345]Printed-circuit toroids that aretransfer molded of high temperature epoxy resin allow operation at ambient temperaturesof —55 ° to +130 °C. They havenickel-alloy
leads
spacedtomatch 0.1 in. circuit board grids.
Leads may be mounted by soldering or welding. More than 100
values are available, from 0.05
mh to 3 h. Collins Radio Co.,
Newport Beach, Calif. [346]

Miniature, hybrid, cermet thickfilm ladder switch model 841 is
designed for use in digital to analog conversion systems. It offers
4 switching sections, each using
2 bipolar transistors. Rise andfall time is typically 200 nsec,
and load range is 0 to 5 nia.
Operating temperature range is—55 ° to +125 °C. Beckman Instruments
Inc.,
2500
Harbor
Blvd., Fullerton, Calif. [347]Dual-in-line IC sockets are available in the W series for hard wiring and the S series for solder
type terminations. All types accept any dip with round, square,
rectangular, hollow or solid leads
with a cross section of 0.008
in. to 0.023 in. and 0.090 in.
minimum lead length. Body mater'al meets MIL-M-14F. Robinson -Nugent Inc., New Albany, Ind.
47150. [348]New components

Solid state thyratron challenges tubes

fibBilled as a pin-for-pin replacement for mercury devices,it lasts 50 times longer and draws only 100 ma
Until a suitable triggering circuit
for silicon controlled rectifiers wasdeveloped, mercury vacuum-tube
thyratrons resisted replacement bysolid state devices. Now, however,engineers at Radiatronics Inc. say
they've licked the triggering problem and built asolid state thyratron‹—Circle 158 on reader service cardthat plugs right into the old mercury-tube sockets.
Fredrick Hanby, the project manager, says the device uses an arrangement of SCR's and diodes
mounted on aprinted-circuit board
with the unique triggering circuit,for which apatent is being sought.

Rookie and vet. Solid state thyratron,
top, is designed to duplicate mercury
tube physically and electrically.
159

4.5V, 20 MIL LAMPSGIVE TUNG-SOL READOUTSLOW POWER DRAIN,MINIMUM HEAT,MAXIMUM RELIABILITY

The new T-3/4 lamps used in Tung-Sol readouts, both
digital and alphanumeric, provide important performance advantages without loss of effective
brilliance. The low-power factor is especially advantageous where energy-source weight must be minimized—such as in aircraft and space vehicles.
Tung-Sol digital and alphanumeric readouts haveexcellent off-on contrast and a 150° viewing angle.
They are designed to be intermixed. Write for brochure T-431, which contains 12 pages of detailed
information. Tung-Sol Division, Wagner Electric Corporation, One Summer Avenue, Newark, N.J. 07104.

TUNG-SOL
OPTIMUM CONTRAST
DIGITAL AND ALPHANUMERICREADOUTS
160

Circle 160 on reader service card... there's no r-f emission
from solid state unit...
According to Hanby, the trouble
designers faced in building an SCR
pin-for-pin replacement was taking
the thyratron grid voltage and converting it to a signal that would
trigger SCR's.
The Radiatronics unit is mounted
in the same kind of plastic base as
mercury thyratrons and it is encased in a tube made of blue anodized-aluminum.
Thyratrons have found theirgreatest use as sources of variable
output voltages in power supplies.
Hanby says the two principal advantages of the solid state design
are increased reliability and ruggedness. "We guarantee aminimumof 10,000 hours mean-time between
failures, whereas you would belucky to get 200 hours from mercury
thyratrons. Also, our unit is shockproof and can withstand all types
of hostile environments." Hanby
also says the solid state unit doesn't
produce radio-frequency emissions.
Radar role. Over a range fromd-c to 500 hertz, the thyratron has
amaximum peak inverse voltage of
2,400 volts and amaximum forward
surge current of 50 amps.
The device draws 100 milliamperes, compared with about 7 amperes for conventional thyratrons,
and it generates little heat. Afterusing more than 40 of the units in
power supplies for its AN/MPQ T2
bomb-scoring central radars in tests
this year, the Air Force is ordering
1,000 more at $39 each for use inradar power supplies (including
the AN/TSQ 81 and AN/MSQ-35).
Civilian prices haven't been established yet.
"Mercury thyratrons go for about$13," says Hanby. "However, withaguaranteed lifetime 30 to 50 times
longer than that of these devices,plus increases in operating efficiency, the service felt the added
costs were not out of line."
Five thyratron types can be replaced by Radiatronics devices. Radiatronics SS 2207 replaces the393A, 6901, 7410, and 395; the ss
2212 replaces the 3C23, VE 967,
714 and 7021; the SS 2213 replaces
the 394; the ss 2214 replaces the627, and the SS 2215 replaces the629 and RCA 885.
Radiatronics Inc., 18842 Teller Ave,
Irvine, Calif. 92664 [349]Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Two new tachometerswith hardly aripple

By adding aprinted armature tachometer to aprinted
armature servo motor, PMI has created two uniquedesigns that provide low ripple velocity feedback.
7 7' '•••••PRINTED

•

/

4,/
-

MOTOR

\

PRINTEDTACHOMETER
ARMATURE

PRINTED

PRINTED/

TAC11041E1ER

MOTOR

AFMATLIFE

ARMATURE7=_/

INTEGRAL TACHOMETER -Adds asuperior tachometer to standard printed motors with no increasein motor size. Tach features include low ripple (5%peak-to-peak at 100 rpm; below 2% over 1000 rpm),
excellent linearity and elimination of mechanicalcoupling and torsional resonance problems. The
printed tachometer armature typically has the equivalent of over 100 commutator bars raising the fre-quency of output ripple far beyond that attainablewith conventional tachometers. Ideal for wide
speed range velocity servos.

Mail this coupon — for
information and litera-

LOW INERTIA TACHOMETER- Designed for highperformance incrementing servos where low ripple,
low inertia and minimum torsional resonance arenecessary. Built as an integral part of the rear shaft
extension of any standard PMI motor, this tachometer has alower ripple output than any comparable
tach available today .... 1.5% peak-to-peak at 50rpm. Inertia added by the tachometer is only .0006
oz.-in.-sec.'. Couplings and mounting hardware are
eliminated by this design and accidental damage tothe tach is minimized by housing it in arugged 1/
4"aluminum casting.
-1

PRINTED MOTORS, INC.

ture on these exciting
new tachometer devel-

33 Sea Cliff Avenue, Glen Cove, N. Y. 11542

opments.

Dear Sirs: Please send me information on your new printed armature tachometers.

Li Integral Tachometer
NAME
PRINTEDE Low Inertia Tachometer

TITLE

COMPANY

MOTORS, INC.
GLEN COVE, NEW YORK 11542
Engineering, Manufacturing
and Sales by:
PHOTOCIRCUITS CORPORATIONGLEN COVE, NEW YORKElectronics

July 8, 1968

ADDRESSCITY

STATE/ZIP

Ci -cle 161 on reader service card

161

New components

Regulator has.005% control
Thick-film hybrid IC
delivers up to 10 watts,
has 80-db ripple rejection

4
4

b
pa
ragn
ed
sn
or
helpfulVoltage-regulator makers are in fortough competition from Varadyne
Inc. This small California firm hasdeveloped aregulator that holds a
voltage to within 0.005% of a desired level, a figure the company
calls 10 times better than that offered by competitive units.
Each of these Varadyne devices,
given the family name of Series J,
is athick-film hybrid integrated circuit mounted on an inch-long alumina substrate. The ripple rejection

punching.
Information•Six basic punching concepts•Turret punch presses•Stylus operated turret
punch presses•OBI punch presses•Single station punch presses•New horn punch presses•Adjustable punch and die sets
•All shapes and sizes ofpunches and dies
•Template layout machines

Complete information! Illustrations, descriptions, specifications
and prices. Ask your distributor forthe new 44-page Di-Acro punchingcatalog or write us.

division of
437

EIGHTH AVENUELAKE CITY, MINNESOTA 55041

162

Circle 162 on reader service cardis 80 decibels at 10 kilohertz, andthe device can be used from 10
hertz to 600 khz. Peak deliverable
power is 10 watts normally, and 24
watts if the regulator is coupled toa 36°C heat sink. The active element in the deviçe is aMotorola operational amplifier.
Three models, covering ranges of
3to 8volts, 9to 21 volts, and 21 to
32 volts, are available with either
afixed or variable output.
Charles Tobias, Varadyne president, lists ripple rejection, percent
regulation, and deliverable power
as the factors to consider whenevaluating regulators. "We beat thecompetitors on all three counts," hesays. "And we're just as competitivein price." In quantities from one tonine the regulator costs $32.50.
Varadyne Inc., 1805 Colorado Blvd.,
Santa Monica, Calif. 90404 [350]Electronics

July 8, 1968

THE PANEL INSTRUMENT WITH BUILT-IN FLEXIBILITY

New Triplett G-Series Panel Instrumen s offer amodern design

TWO NEW SIZES!

that features agreater degree of flexibility and interchangeability.

11 Two types of mounting are available—conventional flush

51
2 "and 11/
2 "(Miniature)/

type or behind-the-panel with abezel for modern picture window
appearance.

2 The insert shield on the front of the metercan be custom painted or printed to meet customer's requirements.

3 Triplett's famous self-shielded Bar-Ring magnet, with

one-piece die-cast frame, in all DC and DC suspension type
instruments.
In five popular sizes: 51
2 "DC and AC; 4/2 "DC and AC; 311/
1
2°
DC and AC; 21
2 'DC and AC; 1/2 '(conventional flush/
1
mounting only) DC and AC rectifier type.
Crcle 163 on reader service card

NOW IN FIVE POPULAR SIZES:
11/" (Miniature); 21
22 "; 31/2 ";/41/"; & 51
2
/".
2

NI

C. VOLTSTRIPLETT ELEC:leICAI INSTRUMENT COMTMITIMFTON, 0-94I0

enfieeir

11111M111131111MBP!!!crizemiumi
IIIMMO.

40

1200
15

10

5

J

UMfa;DIZ,

20

IIIMIZI11111111111111111111111111111111111111112
13 ral111111111111M11111MMIM 900
II11111111111111111MIMIIIIIIMEMNIMIll
600

Nammozamumummummum
memmiummmunmummi

7
8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

120

VOLTAGE (VOLTS

OUTPUT

17

TUNINGOUTPUT

POWER (MILLIWATTS

50

300

FREQUENCY (GHz)New Sperry X band BVVO offers
dramatic size/weight savings
Now you can specify the advantages of metal-

and it typically delivers 22 to 80 mW of output.

ceramic BWO's into your own system or equipment;

Sperry's minimum output spec is 15 mW. This BWO

the size and weight penalties connected with glassis fully qualified to airborne environmental specs.

tubes need no longer be paid.
Sperry's newest BWO is designated SBX-2980.

SBX 2980 is now in volume production. Becauseof that you can expect fastest delivery and unusually

It comes in a1.5 x1.6 x6inch package, and it weighs

attractive prices. For more details or quotation, con-

only 1.7 lbs., including its focusing magnet. The tube

tact your Cain & Co. representative or write Sperry

is voltage tunable across the 8.0 to 12.0 GHz range,

Electronic Tube Division, Gainesville, Florida, today.

sp Er7,`.ri

ELECTRONIC TUBE DIVISIONGAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
164

Circle 164 on reader service card

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

New Instruments Review

Variable delay pulse generators
series 2306 feature bipolar outputs to 50 v, and less than 1
nsec rise and fall time. Repetition
rates for all models are variable
by front panel control from 1 hz
to 1 Mhz, or may be externallytriggered to 1 Mhz. Overshootand undershoot is less than 5%
for amplitudes over 2 v. Gralex
Industries Inc., 28 Di Tomas Ct.,
Copiague, N.Y. [361]•41CHigh level d-c output (±1.5 v)linear accelerometer model 100
has an output accurately proportional to the sensed acceleration
vector with ranges of ---t1 g to±259 g. Power input is 6 ffv d-c.
The
self-containedtransducer
measures 1 in. square by 11/
8 in.
high, and weighs approximately 3
oz. PricE. is $345. Setra Inc., 12
Huron
Drive,
Natick,Mass.
01760. [362]

Go/no-go noise limit tester 602300 can be used to inspect precision or trimmer, wirewound orfilm
potentiometers.
The
unit
contains
a constantcurrent
source to energize the wiper anda high input impedance adjustable limit detector to monitcr
wiper voitage. A panel light indicates when a preset limit is exceeded.
SolatronEnterprises,
Venice, Calif. [363]1Lightweightvibration
monitormodel VM-10M can be used withany piezoelectric accelerometerwith sensitivities from 1 mv/g to
100 my/9. Features include highinput impedance of 1,000 megohms, 6 full-scale acceleration
ranges of 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 and
300 g, and a constant 10 mv/g
output. Price is $395. Agac-Derritron Inc., P.O. Box 358, Alexandria, Va. 22313. [365]Dual-range pressure transducers
series 200M feature a linearity ofbetter than 1% of full scale. The
primary range is the highest pressure range to be measured (0.05
to ±-5 psi); the secondary range
is obtained by an internal amplifier and can be as much as 10times lower, or typically 0.005
psi full scale. Lion Research Corp.,
60 Bridge St., Newton, Mass.
[366]

L
411111111111111111
y-,1

Generalpurposeoscilloscopemodel 101 is suited for applications on CATV sites, remote cornmunicatiors sites, flight lines,
ship-board and field use. It combines 50 :my cm sensitivity andd-c to 20 MI 2 bandwidth. The
unit measures 9 x 81,2 x 15 in.
and weighs 17 lbs. Price is $665;
delivery,fromstock.
TexscanTechnical Products Corp., Indianapolis. [367]

New instruments

From Britain, alow-cost averager
Analog system uses 350-picosecond gating circuit to extract
repetitive signals from noise, 1,000 times more intense.
Finding a signal buried in noise
isn't adifficult task. When the noise
is random and the signal repetitous,
the noise will drop out when thecomplete input is integrated for aperiod that's several hundred times
longer than the signal's width. Thisaveraging technique is so successElectronics 1July 8, 1968

Modulation meter model 409 provides wide carrier ranges—a-m:
3 to 1,200 Mhz; f-m: 3 to 1,500
Mhz—and measures percentagesof amplitude modulation in 3
ranges, and f-m deviation up to±-600 khz in 6 ranges. A-m measurement accuracy is better than
±3% to 5 khz; f-m, better than±
- 5% to 50 khz. Winslow TeleTronics Inc
1005 First Ave.,
Asbury Park, N.J. 07712. [364]ful that engineers are no longer intimidated by high noise-to-signal
ratios.
The popular signal averagers,
like Nuclear Data's Enhancetron,
are digital. But their prices start at
about $5,000. Now a British firm,
Aim Electronics Ltd., has built an

Sine/scuare wave, true rms differential wattmeter mode: 4201
offers high resolution and stability designed to continuously
monitor and record gyro power.
Power range is 0 to 12 w, direct
digital reading with 100 w resolution. Accuracy (2.5 to 12 w) is
2% of reading for 1 to 0.5 pf
loads. Price is $1,995. NH Research Inc., 1510 S. Lyon St.,
Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 [368]analog averager that will sell in the
U.S. for $3,075.
Called the System 7.3, Aim's averager can dig out a signal that's
buried in noise 1,000 times its amplitude, as long as the signal repeats and its width is less than 1
second. The 7.3's response is linear
for inputs from d-c to 1gigahertz,
after which it gradually drops. At 3
Chz, the response is off by no morethan 3 decibels.
The 7.3 has a gating circuit that
opens for 350 picoseconds eachtime asignal is received. A trigger,
which can be either internal or external, alerts the 7.3 each time asignal is transmitted. The gating
165

Computer Performance;
Calculator Price.

Average performer. The 7.3, shown atleft, continually integrates repetitive
signal to eliminate random noise.

WANG 380
640 Program Steps
24 Storage Registers
LOG eX,

ex, X2, Vx,

7;,

-F,

—, X,

Performs Subroutines, Loops,
Branches, Makes Decisions.

$3795.
No special programming language needed. The
Wang 380 learns programs directly from keyboard
operations and stores them on plug-in magnetic tapecartridges.
You can tailor system capability to your exact needs
with compatible accessories including:
Output Writer, CRT Display, additional Data Storage,
Teletype, Trig Pack, and On-line Interface.
There is nothing comparable, anywhere.

lâcWANGLABORATORIES, INC.

Dept. 7H, 836 North St., Tewksbury, Massachusetts 01876 • Tel. 617

Call today for immediate trial:(201) 241-0250(203) 223-7588(205) 595-0694(206) 622-2466(212) 682-5921(213) 278-3232(214) 361-4351(215) 642-4321

166(216) 333-6611(301) 588-3711(301) 821-8212(303) 364-7361(304) 344-9431(305) 564-3785(305) 841-3691(312) 889-2254(313) 278-4744(314) 727-0256(317) 631-0909(403) 266.1804(404) 457-6441(405) 842-7882(412) 366-1906(415) 454-4140

Circle 166 on reader service card(416) 364-0327(504) 729-6858(505) 255-9042(512) 454-4324(513) 531-2729(514) 482-0737(518) 463-8877(602) 265-8747(604) 685-2835(612) 881.5324(613) 224-4554(614) 488-9753(615) 588-5731(617) 851-7311(702) 322-4692(703) 877-5535

851-7311(703) 931-7878(713) 668-0275(714) 234-5651(716) 381-5440(717) 397-3212(805) 962-6112(901) 272-7488(916) 489-7326(919) 288-1695

circuit examines a 350-psec segment of the input and the amplitudeof this gated portion is stored in acapacitive memory. Each time asignal is received, the opening of
the 350-psee window comes alittle
bit later than it did on the previous
cycle. Eventually, the window
moves down the entire waveform
and then the process repeats. The
amplitudes are averaged in either
an internal integrator that has a
0.023-hertz bandwidth or an external integrator. The averager's output can be fed to an oscilloscope,a voltmeter, a storage scope, or an
x-y recorder. Aim recommends
using a recorder in order to takeadvantage of the 7.3's linearity.
Aim offers, as an option, an analog-to-digital converter for users
requiring a digital output. But thisadds $1,200 to the price of the basic
system.
Research tool. Aim's first customers will most likely be medical researchers. Their attempts to measure specific physiological signals
are always hindered by the presence of high-level signals fromother parts of the body. The 7.3,
like other averagers, is already being used in neurological studies on
animals.
In a typical experiment, an electrode is placed in aspecific spot in
the brain and another is placed
elsewhere in the nervous system. A
stimulating pulse is applied throughthe first electrode and the second
electrode detects the response andfeeds it to the averager. The stimulus also acts as the trigger, and iscontinually applied until the noise
is averaged out.
The 7.3 can also be used to detect chemical and nuclear reaction
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

in 1-1000 MHz work

Voltage tells only half the story

The HP Vector Voltmeter tells all.
degree phase range with 0.1° resolution.

"All" means phase, the key to every RF
measurement. Especially the tough ones
like open-loop gain of feedback amplifiers, electrical lengths, resorance characteristics, or filter pass and re,ection
bands. And this 2-channel millivoltmeterphasemeter makes them directly, accurately and conveniently.

The 8405A also serves as a "frequency
translator." How? By :ransforming the RF
inputs to 20 kHz outputs whose wave
shapes, amplitudes and phase relationship remain identical to the original RF
signals. You can use these outputs for further analysis with low frequency scopes.

The Vector Voltmeter covers the frequency range from 1 to 1000 MHz andautomatically locks onto the signal anywhere within an octave—no fine tuning
required. It's extremely sensitive—fullscale 100 11V. With its 90 dB dynamic
range, you can easily measure high gain
and high loss networks. It ras a 360-

You needn't waste time making a toughRF measurement any longer. The HP
8405A does it faster and more completely
than ever before. Application Note 91 tells
you now. Just call ycur HP field engineer
for details, or write Hew'ett-Packard,
Palo Alto, California 94304; Europe: 54
Route des Acacias, Geneva.

HEWLETT hpi PACKARD
04806

R F

TEST

EQUIPMENT

MAJOR SPECIFICATIONS,
HP 8405A VECTCR VOLTMETER=REQUENCY RANGE is 1 to 1000
MHz in 21 over-lapping octave
Pands; automatic tuning withineach band.
VOLTAGE RANGE FOR CHANNEL
A (synchronizing channel), 300 µV
io 1V rms (10-500 MHz), 500 µV to
IV rms (500-1octo MHz) 1.5 mV toV rms (1-10 MHzI.
VOLTAGE RANGE FOR CHANNEL
B (input to Chanrei A required)
100 µV to 1 V rms, full-scale. Fullscale meter ranges from 100 µV to'V in 10 dB steps. Both channels
can be extended to 10 V rms with
11576A 10:1 Divider.
PHASE RANGE of 36C ° indicated on
zero-center meter with end-scale
ranges of ±180 °,±60 °,± 18°,±6°.
Phase meter OFFSET of ± 180 ° in
10 ° steps permits use of ±6° range
for 0.1 ° phase resolution at any
phase angle.
PRICE: $2750.

Circle 167 on reader service card

GCC makes every type of
Teflon coated wire you needtoday. And some you may
need tomorrow.
Everyone agrees Teton" insulated policy goes one step further; tell us
wire is more than a match for outer your needs and we'll be sure to stock
space. But, can you depend on get- your most popular items, so you'll
tng it to your plant on time to meet always have areadily available source
ycur production schedule?
close by.
For specific data on the scope of
GCC is ready to meet your needs,
wherever your plant happens to be. our Teflon insulated product capabil51 GCC distributing centers and a ities, drop us a line.
nationwide network of manufacturing General Cable Corporation,
facilities are ready, willing and able 730 Third Avenue,h tack up every order. GCC's delivery New York, New York 10017.

products with short lifetimes, andto clean up signals received in telemetry systems. When not averaging, the 7.3 can act as a sampler,allowing alow-speed scope to display high-speed signals—up to 1
Ghz.
Ling Electronics, which sells thesystem in the U.S., says the 7.3 isavailable now and delivery time is
10 to 12 weeks.
Ling Electronics Div., LTV Altec Inc.,
1515 S. Manchester Ave., Anaheim,
Calif. 92802 [369]

New instruments

Airplane altimetergoes all-electric
Servoed device has
analog/digital display;
may threaten pneumatics•

The way the engineers see it, an
all-electric airplane altimeter is superior to the pneumatic units now
commonly used. It can deliver more
power to the displays, its analog
needle movement is less delicate,and it has longer mean time between failures.
All this adds up to high hopes at
Sunbeam Electronics Inc. for its
new all-electric servoed digital altimeter. The subsidiary of the Sunbeam Corp. developed the unit,
which is acounter and pointer, for
the Boeing 747 and such advanced
aircraft as the McDonnell Douglas
DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 airbuses. Trans World Airlines is the_—11111.11weepelkw

168

1
,
,a DuPun -:t: aeemark

Circle 168 on reader service card

WE'RE IN THE TEFLONINSULATED WIRE BUSINESS.
AND WE'RE IN IT BIG.
Twice told. Unit indicates altitude withboth apointer and adigital display.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Hi-G provides the most complete line ofswitching applications. Their trouble freeminiature coaxial relays that meet or exceed

performance characteristics are a result of

the applicable portions of MIL-R-5757/D ...
and at competitive prices. These hermeti-

Hi-G's long experience in the design andcally sealed coaxial relays have been specifically designed for high frequency RF

manufacture of sophisticated switching devices. All Hi-G relays are built to withstandextremely tough environmental conditions.

SOLVE YOUR HIGH FREQUENCY RF SWITCHING PROBLEMSWITH THESE QUALITY COAXIAL RELAYS
The following configurations are available:

Half Size
Crystal Can
Relay TypeRFC

Relay Type

RFK

Size
Rated Contact Current
Maximum Weight

0.5-Inch Cube
1Ampere RF
0.3 Ounce (without
terminations)

Size
Rated Contact Current
Maximum Weight.4 x .8 x .4 inch
1.5 Amperes RF
0.37 Ounce (without
terminations)

CrystalCanHigh
Sensitivity

Relay TypeRFB

Relay TypeSize
Rated Contact Current
Maximum Weight.875 x .800 x .400
1.5 Amperes RF
0.95 Ounce (without
terminations)

Size
Rated Contact Current
Maximum Weightr

RFBC
1.275 x .800 x .400
1.5 Amperes RF
1.0 Ounce (without
terminations)

RADIO FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency Range

0-500 MHz•

Standard

input

and

outputconnections from

Voltage Standing
Wave Radio (VSWR)<1.1:1 typical

axial cable, 6" in length, unterminated. Other

Insertion Loss

0.16DB typicallengths, types of cable, or coaxial connector

Characteristic Impedance
Crosstalk

R.F. contacts are RG-196/U Teflon insulated co-

50 Ohmst

terminations available on special order.

—50DB typical•Usable to 1000 MHz with reduced R.F. Characteristics

tOther impedances available on special orderCall, write, or check the reader service card for your copy of Hi-G Product
Bulletin 155. Hi-G radio frequency relays are available through Hi-G distributors and, if you need applications engineering assistance, an experienced Hi-G representative awaits your call. Telephone: 203-623-2481.

SPRING STREET & ROUTE 75 / WINDSOR LOCKS, CONNECTICUT 06096

INCORPORATEDElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 169 on reader service card169

.altimeter is fed byplane's computer...
•{•••

NOW—
greatercapability...
with CEI's

SIGNALMONITORnew model
8421

For CEI's VLF/LF/MF Receivers

CEI's new type SM-8421 Signal Monitor extends the capability of any CEI VLF/LF/MF Receiver, operating from a 2MHz IF output to provide a visual display of signals in a bandaround the received signal.
With a maximum sweep width of 50 kHz, the SM-8421 has
been designed as an operating accessory for CEI Receivers
covering the VLF, LF and HF frequency ranges. Typical are
CEI's 354, 355, 356 and 357 Receivers.
All active elements in the Signal Monitor are solid state
except for the cathode ray tube, providing high reliability andlow power requirements. Crystal filters are used to restrict
the input bandwidth for the two narrow sweep widths. The
SM-8421 features ease of operation, a high-light output CRT
and a built-in crystal marker to indicate the center of theunit's passband.
Supplied in a panel 3.5 inches high by 19 inches wide, theunit provides three selective sweep widths of 50, 15 and 3
kHz, with associated resolutions of 2500, 1200 and 250 Hz.
This provides sufficient definition to view low modulation rates.

Call or Write for Specifications
r/

/

/M

AIM

SUBSIDIARY OF WATKINSLi JOHNSONCOMMUNICATIONELECTRONICS

6006 Executive Blvd., Rockville, Md. 20852

301 881-3300

170

Circle 170 on reader service card•

• TWX 710-824-9603

first carrier to specify Sunbeam's
version for its 747's, making it thefirst airline to switch to an all-electric servoed altimeter. Conventional
airplanes have the venerable pneumatic units or servopneumatic
models with pneumatic as thestandby mode.
Plugs in. The Sunbeam altimeter,
type 9802-07, operates off theplane's central air-data computer.
Its pointer is the conventional continuous-moving analog type. In theface of the unit is the five-digit
electromechanical counter, moving
in ±-20-foot increments, snappingin in less than 100 milliseconds.
Digits are % inch for 1,000's and10,000's, 1/4 inch for units, 10's and100's. The altimeter accepts analog
synchro information and is compatible with Arinc specs 545 and565 for air-data computers. The
face presentation can be changed
to provide acontinuous digital display, or ±-50-foot increments, orwhatever special features the cus- •tomer wants.
When altitude is negative, aflag
covers the digital display.
There are, however, several problems. Sunbeam still must convince
airlines that the all-electric unit ismore reliable operating from thecentral computer than the pneumatic models operating from staticpressure ports. Also, the new altimeter could cost several thousand
dollars more than airlines are used
to paying for altimeters.
But in the words of Sunbeam
marketing manager Andrew Barbaccia, the clincher is the way the
new device licks one of the peskier
problems encountered with pointerunits now in use—human error.
"Pilots now misread the figures100 feet instead of 1,000, or 10 instead of 100. Digital readout eliminates this," he says.
The unit is accurate to within:ES feet over arange from —1,000
to +50,000 feet, and has 25,000feet-per-minute slew rate.
A 26-volt, 400-hertz signal and a
5-volt, a-c or d-c, signal are neededto drive it. The weight is 4.5 pounds
and the maximum length is 7
inches.
Sunbeam Electronics Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33304 [370]Electronics !July 8, 1968

Let us throw you acurve
If you've problems with
LC circuits, Magnetics'
new lso-Q contour curves
speed ferrite pot coreselection.

requirements. They're all containeddelivery from our large inventoryin our new Ferrite Cores Catalog,

tilitt includes both gapped and un-

first of its kind in the industry.

gapped cores in your most asked-for

Magnetics' high purity ferrites
cover frequencies up to 2megahertz.

one-piece clamping hardware forLinear temperature coefficientson 750, 1400 and 2000 permeability
materials are guaranteed from

No more squinting at tangles of—30° to +70°C. Flat temperature

curves on log paper to find thecoefficient on 2300 perm material is

ferrite pot core size you need.

guaranteed from +20° to +70°C.

Magnetics' new Iso-Q contour
curves let you zero in on your target

comprises eight international stand-size in seconds. We've plotted overard sizes and five additional sizes-

Magnetics' wide selection of ferrites

100 of these time-savers to handle

175 part numbers for design

more than 90% of normal design

freedom. V.'c can give you quick

sizes. Of course, we provide
most sizes. Finally, we offer you acomplete choice of tuning assemblies, bobbins and shapes—toroid,
E, U and I.
Get your set of our new
lso-Q Curves. You'll liketheir curvilinearity.
Write on your letterhead to Magnetics Inc.,
Dept. EL-101, Butler,
Pa. 16001. Please include your title and/or
job function.

MROPETICS inc.
Tape, Powder, Bobbin, Ferrite Cores •Laminations •Photo-etched Parts •Specialty Metals •Engineered Cortrol Systems_MAE eElectronics 1July 8, 1968

171

An Important Announcement
to Users of Ku-Band 1N78 Diodes

Microwave Associates has developed,
is manufacturing, and stocking
coaxial Schottky-barrier mixer diodes
electrically and mechanicallysuperior to, and interchangeable
with, standard 1N78 diodes.
Broadband. 12.5 to 17.5 GHz.
10 ergs burnout.
6.5 dB noise figure.
Batch photoetching and deposition
techniques guarantee reproduceability and reliability.
IN Equivalent
None
1N78G
1N78F
1N78E
1N78D
1N78C

MA
Model Number

Max.
Noise Figure(dB)

Burnout(ergs)

MA-4861H
MA-4861G
MA-4861F
MA-4861E
MA-4861D
MA-4861C

6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.8
9.5

10
10
10
10
10
10

R MICROWAVE ASSOCIATES
Burlington, Massachusetts

Offices: Northwest Industrial Park, Burlington, Mass.
3605 Long Beach Blvd., Long Beach, Cal.
Subsidiaries: Microwave Associates (West) Inc., Sunnyvale. Cal.
Microwave Associates, Ltd.. Luton, Beds, England.

New Subassemblies Review

Four a-c to cl -c plug-in power
supplies have a current ratingof 3 amps at output voltages
ranging from 6 to 10 v. Lineregulation is ±0.05% and load
regulation is either J--0.5% or±- 0.25% depending on the model.
Designed for use in an ambient
temperature range from 0 to
55 °C, the units require no additionalheatsinking.
AcopianCorp., Easton, Pa. 18042. [381]Differential operational amplifier
KM25 is internally compensatedand has a full power output of
15 khz at +10 ma and 100 V.
Stability is 10 uy/°C. Gain is
200,000 at rated load (106 db).
The unit is designed for instrumentation, control and computation applications. Price (1 to 9)
is $50; availability, from stock.
K&M Electronics Corp., 102 Hobart St., Hackensack, N.J. [382]Magnetic core memory model DC32 is a medium speed 3D unit
with 4,096 and 8,192 word basic
modules available from 4 to 26
bits in 2-bit increments.
Fullcycle time of typical 4096 x 8
unit is 1.5 Asec and will vary
up to 40% in larger configurations. Access time is 600 nesc.
Prices start at $3,350. Datacraft
Corp.,
P.O.
Bcx
23550,
Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33307. [383]

Miniature power supplies havebeen developed for use with integrated and discrete component
operational
amplifiers.
Model
2.15.50 has dual output currentof 50 ma and costs $35 (1 to 9).
Model 2.15.100, with dual output of 100 ma, sells for $48(1 to 9). Both measure 3 in.
wide x 4.5 in. long x 1.5 in.
high. Semiconductor Circuits Inc.,
Woburn, Mass. [384]

Variable voltage bench supply
model BP-118 has an output of
0 to 34 y at 1.5 amps. Regulation is my or 0.01% with ripple
a low 250 Av. Voltage and current
outputarecontinuously
monitoredbytwotaut-band
meters. The unit meets MIL
Specs and is completely shortcircuit proof. Price is $118. Power/Mate Corp., 163 Clay St.,
Hackensack, N.J. 07601. [385]Dual output power supply NPS300 features separate positive andnegative power outputs.
Eachoutput is adjustable to between
12 and 18 y d-c at any load
between 0 and 30 ma each. Low
ripple and noise with fast response time allows unrestricted
use in sensitive circuitry. Regulation is to ±-0.05 0/0 for load andline.
Philbrick/Nexus Research,
Dedham, Mass. [386]Solid sate dev:ce model 678 converts 3-wire synchro input tolinear d-c voltage at high speed.
It provides an output from —10
to + 10 y linear to angles f•om
0° to 360 °. It samples as maryas 100 synchros 25 times per
sec each in multiplexed systems.
Unit costs $1,125 (1-9), is available on a stock to 10 days basis.
Transmagnetics
Inc.,
Flushing,
N.Y.[387]

Pulse amplifier model 1002A isdesigned for MOS driver applications. With a +2 to 5v pulse
into its 50 ohm imput, from aword or pulse generator, and a—22 y d-c supply voltage, it
supplies a pulse with a m'nimumof —15 y into a 200 ohm loadwith 50 pf across its output.
Unit measures 1 x 21/z x 5 in.
Price is $150. Multi-Phase Electronics, Van Nuys, Calif. [388]New subassemblies

Budget-price magnetic-tape transport
Unit is intended to replace paper tape in small computers;
frequency-independent detection method is used
With abasic computer and memory
costing as little as $6,000, even asmall engineering company can afford to buy its own. But because
high-speed input and output subassemblies arc costly, most usersof low-cost systems rely on ateleprinter and its slow integral paper-E—Circle 172 on reader service card

tape punch and reader.
A Texas firm, however, has developed a magnetic-tape unit thatspeeds input and output withoutstraining the user's budget. The
company: International Computer
Products. The unit: Model 200.
With read and write speeds of

4,000 bits per second, the Model
200 is 50 times faster than teleprinter punching and reading. This
4,000-bit speed is about the sameas that of a typical paper-tapereader, but considerably fasterthan atypical paper-tape puncher.
The Model 200 is priced at $1,300.
There are, of course, other rela173

... system operates withexisting software ...

We mechanizedthin-film coatingwhen we perfected our Fast-Cycle Coater
Even unskilled operators can produce consistently uniform,high-quality products at high production rates with automatedAirco Temescal Fast-Cycle Coaters. This is because every stepin the cycle is preset, every step is automatically controlled, andthe cycle can continue only after each programmed step is completed. Rejects are practically eliminated. Check these features:▪ The automated cycle is reproducible.

• The rotating substrate holder assures piece-to-piece uniformity.

• The coating chamber, sources, andfeed material are under continuous
vacuum at all times.
• Elimination of repeated pumpdowns results in fewer contaminants, purer coatings.
• Evaporant may be replenished without interrupting operation.

• Substrates may be heated to exact
specified temperatures for more
effective coating.
• Coated substrates can be cooled in
vacuum and/or in inert gas.
• Thoroughly proved electron-beam• Efficient rate-monitoring system

heat sources can evaporate ele -can be used for precise control
over film thickness.

ments, alloys, refractory metals anddielectrics.

The Airco Temescal Fast-Cycle Coater, Model FC-1100, replaces eight

ARCO Temescal

bell jars and seven operators. Why settle for less? Write for details.

A DIVISION OF AIR REDUCTION COMPANY, INCORPORATED
2850 Seventh Street, Berkeley, California 94710 Telephone 415 841-5720

174

Circle 174 on reader service cardtiyely low-priced magnetic-tapetransports. The Digital Equipment Corp., for example, introduced its TU -5-5 more than two‘.ears ago for small computer systems that lack disk, drum, or conventional magnetic-tape subsystems. With a data-transfer rate ofabout 100,000 bits/second, the TU 55 costs $2,300.
Substitute. But W.A. Roessl, International Computer president,
points out that his firm isn't aiming at the magnetic-tape transport
market. The company is offering
the Model 200 as a replacement
for paper-tape units. It can be
driven from existing paper-tape
software.
Connectors and interface circuits to match the 200 to mostcomputers are optional. The tapetransport measures 17 by 14 by
31
2/
inches, and weighs just 18
pounds.
The unit employs a frequencyindependent method of sensing recorded l's and O's. Two tracks arc
recorded on the tape: aclock track
and a data track. To detect data
bits, the output from one track isbeat against the other, the phasedifference indicates a 1or a 0. Inexpensive oscillators are used—frequency stability and accuracy
aren't critical; low-cost tape-drive
motors are used too because large
variations in tape speed are tolerable. Roessl says that tapes recorded from a 50-hertz power line
have been successfully playedback at 60 11%.
Tape is contained in standard
cassettes, each holding as muchas 360,0(X) eight-bit characters180,000 on each side. Rewind timeis less than 30 seconds. The transport has two tape decks so thattapes can be duplicated or modified, or reading and writing can beclone at the same time.
The input levels are +2 to +5.5
volts for a one, and —1.5 to +0.8
volts for zero. At the output thelevels are +2.4 to +5.5 Vfor aone
and 0to +0.45 vfor azero.
Elco varicon connectors are
standard on the unit but othertypes are available.
International Computer Products,
las, Texas 75229 [389]Dal-Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

•

e

I

If the world's biggest
snap-switch buyer wanted
a single source...

there are only two companies he could call

CHERRY IS ONE OF THEM. That's right ... Cherry. Because Cherry's line of snap
action switches is one of the most complete in the industry.
In addition, Cherry can provide thousands of switch variations at little or no extra cost (in some cases,
at less cost than that of astandard type).
In the past 15 years, Cherry has supplied well over 100 million switches in avariety of sizes, shapes andoperating characteristics for O.E.M. product applications.
It's agood bet that the Cherry switch you will be specifying has already undergone the rigorous field testing
you demand.
If you want further proof, write for asample switch today.

Owe

„Ole

S30-50W OPEN TYPE

E61-10FI LEVER

03-00K ROLLER

E51-00E LOW TORQUE[34-001 PUSH-BUTTON

E19-00R DOUBLE

E13-00F1 SINGLE

S36-40E DOUBLEMINIATURESUBMINIATUREMINIATURE

ROTARY ACTUATIONMINIATURE

POLE RESET TYPE

POLE LEVER TYPE

POLE MOMENTARY TYPE

CHERFLY
CHERRYELECTRICALElectronics July 8, 1968

PRODUCTS

CORP.

1656

Old Deerfield Road, Highland Park, Illinois 60035
Circle 175 on reader service card

175

New subassemblies

WE SPECIALIZE INCUSTOM
THIN FILM
MICROCIRCUITS

Memory stacks up
as a rugged item
Read-write unit has
a1,280-word capacity,
can take 30-G shocks

Here Are A few Specialties ...

MI

MI

BAND PASS AMPLIFIER • FILTERAMPLIFIER •FULL WAVE DEMODULATOR •SEQUENTIAL LEVEL DETECTOR •SPDT SWITCH •SEQUENTIAL
LOG COMPARATOR• HIGHVOLTAGE SWITCH •HIGH VOLTAGE
RESISTOR DIODE NETWORK •HIGH
RESOLUTION A/D CONVERTER •FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER •HIGH SPEEDCOMPUTER CIRCUITS • SENSEAMPLIFIER •DUAL POWER DRIVER.
MIR

nil

MI

We have been producing custom hybrid thin film circuits
since 1960, pioneering in a number of techniques and processes that enable us to offer a range of digital and analog
circuits with short lead time and low, initial set-up cost.
Whenever you require special circuit functions, flexible
interconnection, high frequency, precise resistor tolerances

Makers of conventional computer
memories concede that the adventof large-scale integration could
make solid state units a competitive threat to their own products.
However, as long as volatility is
a problem with active memories,
the conventional varieties willcommand a healthy portion of themarket. So the Librascope groupof General Precision Systems Inc.
had no qualms about going ahead
with its 64,000-bit, woven platedwire stack.
The Librascope 64K WPW is a
10-plane stack; each plane has 128
50-bit words, for a total of 1,280
words. At 21/
2 pounds, it weighs
about as much as a comparable
core memory but offers several advantages, according to Librascopeengineers.
The big difference, says Ralph
Koerner, engineering head of theplated-wire-memory
department,is that the Librascope unit is a
nondestructive readout memory.
"It would take a pretty complex
core to duplicate this," he declares,"and the core memory would still
be slower. The read cycle for ourmemory is 150 nanoseconds, andthe write is about 200." The typicalcycle time of an equivalent core
memory would be between 1 and2microseconds, Koerner estimates.
James Cade, a Librascope pro-and close temperature tracking characteristics, consider ourcustom thin films and functional modules. Contact Joe Cristat (213) 346-6000 today or write to:
MICROELECTRONICS OPERATION

THE BUNKER — RAMO CORPORATIONDEFENSESYSTEMSDIVISION

8433 FALLBROOK AVENUE • CANOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA 91304

Tough customer. Memory was designed
to withstand vibration and severe shock.
176

Circle 176 on reader service card

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

squeeze powder!
Fansteel's "FD" capacitor grade tantalum powder
cuts anode size... capacitor cost. Yet improves electricalparameters.
How's that for putting on the squeeze! Compare standard
with FD powder. You'll see how FD reduces material
cost 35-45% per anode ... how high purity achieves
maximum capacitance without sacrificing electrical

grade ofTa PowderStandard

Fansteel FDweight4.4 gm

2.3 gmdensity

10.5 gm per cc

8.5 max. gm per cc

CV ratiig

7000

7000

properties ... how low density FD anodes reduce
impregnation problems!
As aresult of new powder making techniques, you canhave smaller, more economical medium and high voltage
capacitors. Fansteel FD powder is available in finishedanodes or bulk powder form.
Your Fansteel Sales Engineer hEs detailed technical data.
Ask himTMor write us or your copy.

FANSTEELNUMBERNORTH

Electronics

July 8, 1968

INC.

ONE

TANTALUM

CHICAGO. ILLINOIS

PLACE
60064

Circle 177 on reader service card

177

ello

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4. t..

AT 1_, ANTI*• • • •••

introducing
anew versatilephase angle voltmeterfor production test
North Atlantic now brings you a new group of solid-state Phase Angle Voltmeters
for precision phase-sensitive nulling applications in production test and groundsupport equipment.
Designed for versatility, they feature measurement of the vector components (including phase) of complex AC signals at 4 discrete frequencies from 30Hz to
20KHz. Operating frequencies can be rapidly changed without calibration by directplug-in replacement of frequency modules and harmonic rejection filters. Fulloperating performance is maintained over a bandwidth of ±--5% and with 10X
signal input overload.
The unit illustrated is the Model 214A. Also available are the Model 214B withreference isolation, and Model 214C with both signal and reference isolation.
North Atlantic's sales representative in your area (see EEM) can tell you all about
these units as well as other Phase Angle Voltmeters and Phase
Sensitive Converters.

NOR,T1-1

ATI.JA.NTIC

industries, inc.

TERMINAL DRIVE, PLAINVIEW, NEW YORK 11803 •516-681-8600

178

Circle 178 on reader service card... nondestructive memory
draws only 12 watts...
ject engineer, notes that the stack
is suitable for the aerospace environment. It was built to take theshock and vibration encounteredby missiles, Cade says, and it
meets many of the requirementsof mil specs E-5400 and E-8189,
and military standard 810.
Put to the test. The memory has
undergone acceleration tests up to
30 G's for five minutes in each direction of orthogonal axes. It has
also withstood three half-sine
shock pulses of 30-G amplitude for
8 milliseconds along its orthogonal axes while operating, and ahalf-sine shock pulse of 530 G's
while off. In addition, random vibration loads of 17 G's rms havebeen applied for five minutes
along each axis while the unit was
operating. Operating temperature
ranges from —40° to 85° C. Librascope had these tests performed byan independent laboratory.
As for power consumption, theWM draws only 12 watts whenused in a 200-kilohertz system.
Koerner says an equivalent core
memory would consume three to
10 times that amount of power,
and adds that, "the low level ofpower consumption derives fromthe short operating cycle, and thefact that the memory doesn't haveto rewrite."
Operating currents for the device are 650 milliamps -±-10% for
word write, 65 milliamps -±-10%
for digit write, and 230 milliamps±.5% for word read.
The stack is 4.6 by 5.7 by 2.3
inches and has word-selecting diodes to minimize external connections. Each of the 10 planes is 5.3
by 3.7 by 015 inches. Like allother T,ibrascope plated-wire memories, the \VPW is woven on a
specially tt unfilled, automated textile loom.
The company says the memory's
price will depend on the characteristics and volume requested bycustomers. The company feels thatno core can duplicate the stack's
features, so engineers will pay more
per bit for astack than for acore
memory.
Librascope Group, General Precision
Systems Inc., 1100 Frances Court,
Glendale, Calif. 91201. [390]Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

0...1 speed
5

Tam
«went

25

123

*rent

gen•ilov•ty

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»

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»»»(»

CLEVITE

1119111111111p1M11111111•11111rnerilln

i. ,.n.n111.111.1i111. 11s:i
1111111 11 irliel11111.11i1111
olnIg11 ail. 1111111m1111 11.
1111 eel 1111,1111110111. 1
thWO/........,$4500 is alot of money for aportable multi-channel recorder.
Or is it?
It depends on what portable recorder you're talking

good deal better than anything else on the market)

about. Take that new Mark 260 up there. It costs. . . frequency response out to 150 Hz at usable$4500. But it's a bargain. It has six analog channels,

amplitudes. Measurement range of 1 millivolt

and four event channels. (That's more than you get

to 500 volts

with recorders twice as big ...and a lot more ex-handle).• At $4500 the new Mark 260 by Brushpensive). It has the famous Brush patented pressur-

is the recorder bargain of the year.

(covers anything you're likely toized ink -writing system. (No spatter, no puddles ...

A full -color brochure is yours for thecrisp clear smudge-proof traces at any writing speed)

asking. Write: Clevite Corporation,...rugged, reliable solid state electronics. (Bounce it

Brush Instruments Division, 3773

around a bit. We don't mind, and it doesn't either)

Perkins, Cleveland, Ohio 44114.

. . . 8 pushbutton chart speeds (easy as changing
stations on your radio) ...99% accuracy (whichis as good as our best, the Mark 200. And that's a
Circle 179 on reader service card

ct-Ev'TE BR Ul SH

New subassemblies

A little
light...

It's what's insidethat really counts
Engineers find acounter's

NORTON
Magnetic Tape
Heads

circuit board blossoms

7528

1" Tapeas aseparate counteronsubminiature
lamp
prices!

Like a chick that's emerged fromits shell, a "baby" counter haspopped out of Hewlett-Packard's
new 5221A counter and is now
being marketed on its own. Called
the K01-5221A, the baby cameabout quite by accident.
At the IEEE show earlier thisyear in New York, the company's
engineers took the 5221A apart to
explain its operation. They took
the circuit board that forms theheart of the counter, Nixie tubes
and all, and set it to counting inside a big plastic sphere at
Hewlett-Packard's booth. Much totheir surprise, several systems people stopped by to ask if they could
buy the board itself. The company
got so many inquiries that it decided to market the board as a
stripped-down counter. Unlike the5221A, the offspring has no power
supply, no input amplifier, no case,and no front-panel controls—it getsthese from the system it's designed
into.

Place alittle IEE light on your lamp
needs. You'll make lots of cents!

[IEE:
Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc.
7720 Lemona Avenue, Van Nuys, California 91405
180

Circle 180 on reader service card

7507

1
4"

2 "Tape/
1

Tape

SERIES 7500
Crosstalk-40 DB+75°C Temperature Operation
Send now for complete technical literature.

10 Di Tomas Court, Copiague, N.Y. 11726
Phone: 516 598-1600

Circle 266 on reader service card

aeàD

GET THIS

die cast

They're low, as low as 29 centseach. Yes, IEE really shines when it
comes to providing quality subminiature lamps at 1
/ the price of2competition.
The big features are inherent ...
hand placed filaments, seamless andtipless envelopes, and each lamp isaged and selected. All this adds up to
uniform brightness for over 100,000
hours.

7514

ZINC ALLOYSAMPLE KITGRC TINY
PLASTICMOLDINGS

moldedPLASTICS
On its own. The counter, with no powersource, amplifier or controls, isintended for design into new systems.

With suitable transducers, thecounter board can sense and display weight, length, angle, pressure, flow rate, or any other parameter that can be converted toeither pulse rate or time interval.
Primary applications are in corn-

Odes' special methods andValue Engineering combine togive you the highest functional
value. We take the most imaginative engineering ideas andturn them into precise, uniform
tiny parts. You save every stepof the way . . . basic part
thru final assembly.

NO SIZE TOO SMALL!
MAXIMUM SIZE FOR PLASTIC
MOLDINGS: 13/ ," .05 oz.
4Coil Bobbins

Write today on company letterhead for your kit.

Gears & Pinions

CRIES REPRODUCER CO.

IIi ision ofWorld's Foremost Producer
C"ats
Clark Inc.
of
Small
Die
Castings
151 Boechwood Ave. New Rochelle, N.Y.
(914) 633-8600

Circle 267 on reader service card
Electronics

July 8, 1968

•

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.

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applications now being
accepted for graduate
engineers at all levels of
experience in electrical,
and mech4nicalengineering, programMingand other technicalfields for design anddevelopment openings
at the 200 billion ele4troni volt accelerator to be

X
e
ee ▪.
1

•

located in the far western
suburban area of Chicago,(Batavia) Illinois.
Applicants should write to
Mr. Charles Maraske, Personnel Manager,at the address below, enclosing a
biographical summary. ALL REPLIESWILL BE KEPT CONFIDENTIAL.

•4••••••••• Mlle%.17%.

1006,00.

t

0•

NATIONAL
ACCELERATORLABORATORY

I

s.

1301

WEST 22ND STREETOAK BROOK, ILLINOIS

60521

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYERElectroiics

July 8, 1968

Circle 181 on reader service card181

Very, very
Varo.

... afour-digit unit
costs $300...

(Very good. Very inexpensive.)
Each of these Varo epoxy bridge
rectifiers has full-wave bridge, controlled avalanche, and 200V, 400V,
and 600V ratings.

1 amp EBR. For
board mounting.

printedcircuitONLY 91ein 200V
1,000.

2 amp

rating

EBR.

and

For

quantity

circuitofboard

mounting.

ONLY 95ein 200V
1,000.

ratingandquantityof

6 amp EBR. For chassis mounting.

ONLY $1.59

in 200V rating and quantity of
1,000.

Write for complete information on
Varo rectifier products.

o
VARO

SEMICONDUCTOR DIVISION
2203 WALNUT STREET, GARLAND, TEXAS 75040(214) 272-3561

182

Circle 182 on reader service card

puters, data systems, and measuring instruments, according to Hewlett-Packard.
Rise and fall. The board counts
at rates up to 10 megahertz anddisplays the result on Nixie tubes
as a total or, when the count isgated, as a frequency. It can alsomeasure time interval. It requires
an input pulse amplitude between+3 and +5 volts, with aminimum
pulse width of 40 nanoseconds andamaximum rise or fall time of 10
nsec. Accuracy is -±-1 count, ± theaccuracy of the power-line frequency, which is usually better
than 0.1%.
When measuring time interval,
the counter displays the number ofclock pulses, derived from either apower line or an external oscillator,
occurring during an event.
The sample display time can bevaried from 50 milliseconds up toalmost any period. Readout storage provides a continuous displayof the most recent measurement.
In the readout-storage mode, thedisplay changes only when the
new count differs. To simplify
the readout, Hewlett-Packard uses
a blanking circuit to suppress unwanted zeros to the left of themost significant digit.
For operation, the board requires a circuit power supply of
5.1 volts d-c, 750 milliamperes; a-display power supply of 170 voltsd-e, 1.5 ma for each Nixie tube,
and atime reference of 9volts rms
at 60 hz. These inputs reach theboard via a single circuit-board
connector.
The counter board costs $300
with afour-digit display; fifth andsixth digits are optional at $50
each.
Hewlett-Packard is also offering
another offspring of the 5221A. The
K04-5221A is an input amplifierboard that can be used with thestripped-down counter. It permits
operation of the counter without
any preshaping of the input.
Priced at $30, this amplifier accepts signals from 5hz to 10 megahertz and has an input impedanceof 1megohm.
Hewlett-Packard Co.,

1501

Page

Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94304 [391]Mill

When your system requirements need
continuous monitoring of multiple
functions, include a BINARY ELECTRONICS X Y Monitor, Oscilloscope.
Each Monitor is an independant functional unit with modular construction,
allowing versatile packaging.
The 5" flat-faced CRT has good deflection accuracy and DC to 1MHz
frequency response.
Standard Bezel on a 7" front panel
is compatible with most camera
mounts and viewing hoods.
Circuits are time proven designs
adopted to this Model from BINARY
ELECTRONICS
5Mc-2P
Dual
Gun
Oscilloscope.
Write for complete specifications.
We Are Authorized to Up Dateor Repair Your
PACKARD BELL
Model 5Mc-2P Scope(k

BINARY ELECTRONICS

of California
1429 STATE COLLEGE BLVD.
ANAHEIM, CALIF. 92806
714-772-3070
a division of

Avionic Structures, Inc.
Circle 268 on reader service card

MITSUMIUHF TV TUNER
Far outrating the FCC and VDE specifications, which are widely
prevailing in the World as telecommunication standards, theMITSUMI UHF tuner only radiates spurious signals less than
64 dB below the reference field strength.
Material. plating.
soldering, as well as the proprietorial circuit design are the technical achievements by MITSUMI based on a longterm fundamental research
ModelSpecifications

UHF TV tuner UlCiak32—10 min.

Gain (dB)
Nome figure (dB)

14 max.

Image ratio (dB)

30 min.
60 min.

IF rejection (dB)

Temperature Stability:
Frequency stability

Outer dimensions linml

r7.•'ItHr at 25 - 85'C
— 700
Voltage stability:±100 kHz at 11Vi1.1V
61 ti 62.6x 24.5

MITSUMIMITSUMI ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED1056 Koadachi, Komae mach,. Kitatama.gun, Tokyo. Tel: 489-5333
Marienstrasse 12, Dusseldorf, W. Germany. Tel:352701

MITSUMI ELECTRONICS CORPORATIONII Broadway, New York 4, N Y. 10004 Tel HA-5.3085

Circle 269 on reader service card

Kodak's ESTAR Base Films
with new, tougher surface
take more erasures.
As a matter of fact, your draftsmen can erase anddraw in the same spot as many as 10 times ...still haveplenty of "tooth" for sharp pencil or ink lines. Because
these films won't be "rubbed-out" before their usefulness is—you'll have fewer remakes. What's more, they
process easier and faster than ever.

KODAGRAPH Wash-Off Films have been improved
too. New drafting surface allows twice as many erasures
as before.
Your Kodak Technical Sales Representative will behappy to show you how KODAGRAPH Products can help
you to serve your draftsmen and engineering c-ustomers better and faster. And save you
time, money—and monotony.
Write: Eastman Kodak Company,
Business Systems Markets
Kodak
Division, Rochester, N.Y.
14650.

DRAWING REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS BY KODAKElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 183 on reader service card

183

Centralab"Little Giant" Microglass
Zener Regulators•-.00
Centralab's Little Giant zeners thrive in tightspots.

Their performance and competitive

pricing have opened new product miniaturization
possibilities in entertainment, industrial and highreliability military and aerospace applications.
Our 400 mW regulator has a zener voltage
breakdown of 6.8 through 200 volts; the 1 wattfrom 6.8 through 200 volts; and the 1.5 wattfrom 6.2 through 200 volts.

So the Little Giants

do a big job in crammed quarters.
They're tough.

What else?

PIT
IN
ANY
CROWD

So tough that gruelling tests ofacceleration, mechanical and thermal shock,vibration, lead and body strength, temperature,humidity, salt spray and altitude leave them
unscathed.

Centralab's Little Giant zeners.
Real crowd pleasers.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON DIODES,SOLAR CELLS AND READOUT DEVICES,WRITE CENTRALAB TODAY. THESE
CENTRALAB PRODUCTS ARE MARKETED
DIRECT TO MANUFACTURERS AND THROUGH
CENTRALAB SEMICONDUCTOR DISTRIBUTORS;INTERNATIONALLY THROUGH GLOBE-UNION
INC. — INTERNATIONAL DIVISION.

j
/
/

A &
m

ki I_m_fi
11•
CENTRALAB
Electronics Meson
GLOBE-UNION INC
5757 NORTH GREEN BAY AVENUEMILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN 53201

M-6822

184

Circle 184 on reader service card

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

New Semiconductors Review

man inWOrpoWN
11WAL ilimi
Me%R-fil -f amplifier LM171 is a versatile circuit that can be usedin the emitter-coupled or cascadeconfiguration from d-c to 250
Mhz. In the cascade configuration
it provides 100 Mhz tuned power
gain of 27.5 db. In the emittercoupled configuration it provides
100 Mhz tuned power gain of
24.6 db. National Semiconductor
Corp., 2950 San Ysidro Way,
Santa Clara, Calif. [436]Measuring only 0.005 in. in diameter, the Micro-Bead thermistor
is designed for measurement andcontrol of temperature and of
liquid or gas flow in any application where the mass of a larger
element can not be tolerated.
Response time is 0.12 sec in still
air at 25'C. Dissipation constantis 0.04 rnw , C. Victory Engineering
Corp.,
Springfield
Ave.,
Springfield, N.J. [437]Monolithic MOSFET quad device
HRM8052D is packaged in a
5/4 x là in. flatpack. Each of the
FET's in the chip is a P-channel,
enhancement mode, diode orotected,
insulatedgatedeviceoptimized for multichannel commutation applications. Each device has a typical channel resistance of 300 ohms with a —10 v
bias. Hughes Aircraft Co., Newport Beach, Calif. [438]Single -phase -bridge, siliccn rectifiers model B172 offer reduced
space requirements by handlingmaximum power per unit size.
Unitsinclude double ciffused,passivated junctions in a coldcase design for high reliability.
Current rating is 2 amps withfree air mounting. Voltage ratings
range from 50 to 1,200 v ply.
Edal Industries Inc., East Haven,Conn. [439]el>Epitaxiai silicon tuning varactoriseries MA-45000 are 75 and 110
units designed for large capacitance variation with bias. Typicalperformance is shown by theMA-45011, which has a typicalr-f input power of 5.0 w, minimum breakdown voltage of 75v, and a power dissipation of 350
mw. Units have wide applications
for vhf-uhf. Microwave Associates
Inc., Burlington, Mass. [440]Three families of dual MOS transistors are offered with and without diode gate protection. Minimum
source-drain
breakdown
voltage for the SD5014/15 is 120
V; for the SD5012/13, 65 v; for
the SD5010/11, 30 v. Thresholdvoltages are typically 4 v; transconductance ratios, 0.8 to 1.0.
Solid State Scientific Corp., Commerce Drive, Montgomery, Pa.
18936. [441]Microminiature forward regulator
diodes, with from 1 to 6 individual junctions offer low voltage
and low dynamic impedance. Fourdiscrete voltage ranges are offered from 0.470 to 3.0 v, withor
without
controlled
storedcharge. Units may be operated
with forward current from 0.1 to
10.0 ma. Reverse voltage at 10
ga is 10 v. Computer Diode Corp.,
Fair Lawn, N.J. [442]New semiconductors

Three-stage comparator challenges 710
Engineer who designed both linear IC's says he's added
current sink to older design to increase versatility
Ever since switching to the National Semiconductor Corp. ayear
ago, Robert J. Widlar has been
trying to improve on the linear integrated circuits he designed at
Fairchild Semiconductor, IC's thathave become industry standards.
National's Lm101, for example,
Electronics July 8, 1968

was a modification—and direct
market competitor—of Fairchild's
709 operational amplifier. In thesame way, the latest from National,
the Lm106, is a three-stage, current-sinking version of the 710 voltage comparator.
"The biggest drawback of theHigh-speed TTL one-shot circuit,or monostable multivibrator type
TTgL9601 features a retriggerable design. It provides a stable
and accurate output pulse adjustable from 50 nsec to any width
within the range of practical capacitor values. Input circuitry has
a max. repetition rate greaterthan 10 Mhz. Fairchild Semiconductor, 313 Fairchild Dr., Mtn.
View, Calif. [443]710 is that its output-current
source supplies two milliamperes,"
Widlar says. "You have to sink aminimum of 1.6 mils even with
only one transistor-transistor-logic
output. The LM106's current-sinking output has aguaranteed worstcase fan-out of 10."When the two-stage 710 was
designed, Widlar explains, the objective was to make a simple circuit. Designing a current-sinking
output would have required an extra stage and slowed the device.
Explanation. The Lm106 has thatthird stage. By analyzing response
times, Widlar found out what was
slowing down the 710. First, hesays, the input gain had to be
185

Mi

STROBE

elodel 79
Linear IC
Tester
300

150

INPUT
OUTPUTNew
automatic
Linear IC Tester
offers simple,
preprogrammed
operation
The simple operation of the newautomatic Model 79 Linear Integrated Circuit (LIC) Tester
from Test Equipment Corporation virtually eliminates costly
operator training. This savings,
combined with its low initial cost,makes the Model 79 an excellent
buy for production, engineeringand quality control applications.
TEC's Model 79 "LIC" Tester
is completely automatic with thes exception of test
p limits and range
selections and is111

preprogrammed
on performanceboards (inset)
for up to 15 different test measurements. It provides five dc andeight dynamic tests. In addition,
two auxiliary positions are available for customer-specified tests.
The Model 79 features low current measurements to 99.9 pa fullscale, low voltage measurements
to 99.9 or full scale, and highspeed typically 100 ms or less per
test. It accepts all IC package
configurations.
Write today for full technicaland pricing information on the
new TEC Model 79 "LIC" Tester.

Test Equipment
CORPORATION
P.O. BOX 20215, DALLAS, TEXAS 75220 •214/357-6271

186

Circle 186 on reader service card

600

CC

Second thoughts. Circuitry in the shaded areas has been added by
Widlar to his original design for an IC voltage comparator.

large to get high over-all gain, andsecond, there was so much overdrive on the second stage that it
saturated easily.
"On the 106, I knocked down
the input-stage gain, clamped thesecond stage so it wouldn't saturate, and added the current-sinking
output stage," he explains. "Thereis enough base drive to sink 2mils
or 100 mils or whatever is needed."
The circuit can sink currents up
to 20 ma with asaturation voltageof less than 0.4 volt, providing a
10-output fanout with TTL or
diode-transistor logic. A 5-kilohm
pullup resistor gives the device an
output of about 5 volts. However,a blocking diode disconnects thisresistor so that the output candrive loads connected to as muchas 18 volts. Since the circuit cansink currents up to 100 ma, it candrive indicator lamps and relays
directly.
Morechanges. Widlar has
touched up his old design in otherways. The 710, for instance, has
two blank pins; in the 106, which
is a pin-for-pin replacement forthe 710, the blanks are used forRobertstrobing. If either input is heldat the threshold voltage of alogic
device, the other input can provide
the l's and O's. When the input of
the 106 is at logical 0, the output
is high; when the input is at logical 1, saturating the input transistor, output is low. Thus the circuit is equivalent to a 710 with a
two-input NAND gate added.
Widlar also claims more flexibility in regard to supply voltages
for the 106. The 710, he says, islimited to —6 and +12 volts; if
the supply becomes more negative,
there is excessive power dissipation, and if it becomes less negative,
gain declines. The 106 is designed
so that the negative supply canvary from —3 to —12 volts without significantly affecting performance. The 106 does require slightly
more operating power than the 710,
but Widlar asserts that this is offset by the greater output drive.
Typical voltage gain for the 106
is 25,000, compared to 1,500 for
the 710.
National's new entry won't comecheaply, nor will it go unchallenged. The LM106 will cost $27
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

V Hi- Relv Beta ratio as low as 3%
V Voltages up to 120Vv Leakages less than 20pA
V Gain @1p..A typically 100

In addition to offering one of the industry's widest mes of small
signal transistors, Solitron will provide low cost differential
amplifiers to meet your specific design requirements. Contact
your local Solitron sales representative to obtain information
for your circuit.
Or ...
Dial 1-800-327-3243 for a "No Charge" telephone call and further information.

1177 BLUE HERON BLVD. /RIVIERA BEACH, FLORIDA /(305/ 848-4311

Electronics 'July 8, 1968

TWX: (510) 952-6676

Circle 187 on reader service card

1E7

in lots up to 24 units, $21.60 up to

She 11
Resolvertate-of-

99 units, and $18 for over a 100.
And from Fairchild comes wordthat it will have an improved version of the 710 on the market in
the first quarter of next year.
National Semiconductor Corp.,
San Ysidro Way, Santa Clara,
95051 [444]2950
Calif.

he shelat AEINew semiconductors

TYPICAL SPECIFICATION
Computing Applicat ons• Functional accuracy ±3.1%• Perpendicularity of axis .±5'
• Transformat on ratio balance
t.0.1%• Total null voltage 1MVPV
Data Transmission Applications••
Angular accuracy ±3'• Total null voltage 1MWV
Complete literature is available
by writing Instruments Group,
American Electronics, Inc.. 1600
East Valencia Drive, Fullerton,
Calif. 92634, 914: 871-3020,
TWX 910-592-1256

Instruments GroupAEI%

AMERICAN ELECTRONICS INC.
!

Please rush checked item(s)22-Page Resolver Design Manti31
I D New 4-Page Resolver Technical Catalog

NAME¡ TITLECOMPANYADDRESS
CITY

188

STATE

ZIP

Circle 188 on reader service card

VIF CONVERSION

FROM

c-»:m•t •6

MODEL 7400
V/F

IC triggers
high-power devices

Series 11RP Ècáiniessiat puting Resolvers are designed
for a variety of Aerospace, Military and Aircraft application
where size, weight and accura
are critical parameers. Excetional output accuracy has beenachieved by unique design ofcompensator coils to nu!l out
effects of temperature and otheroperating variables.

ULTRA-LINEAR
NUS-he-Artis off

NOW...

Circuit that handles triac
or SCR motor controllers
is compact and inexpensive

CONVERTER

6a;

Preserve your data integrity by converting quasi-static DC Signals to frequency
analogs prior to transmission with the
New Rack Mounted version of the UltraLinear NUS "EFcon" Voltage to Frequency Converter Model 7400 ...withpractically NO DEGRADATION OF DATA.
• Linearity .003% • Stability .002% / •C
• Available in single unit bench mountor seven channel rack mount.
For further information
tions, please contact:

Triacs and SCR's are great for controlling a-c induction motors, butthey, in turn, are controlled bytrigger circuits that are often complicated. A phase-control trigger
circuit might incorporate a reference-voltage source, ramp generator, pedestal-level source, anddifferential comparator, for example. But a monolithic integrated
circuit that handles all these functions and comes in a dual in-line
package is now available from theGeneral Electric Co. This IC, thePA436, along with the few external
components it requires, can bemounted right on the motor housing. It's inexpensive, too—$3.45 inquantities of 100 or more.
The PA436 converts an analog
input signal into a phase-control
pulse for triggering thyristors. The
signal is compared with a reference and the proper trigger is obtained by the ramp-and-pedestal
technique. In the case of a-c induction-motor speed control, theinput signal comes from atachometer on the motor. The device canbe used to control temperature or
light levels, too, in which case thecontrol signal would come from athermistor or a photocell.
The IC contains a zener diodefor voltage regulation and acircuit
for temperature compensation.
Semiconductor Products Dept., General
Electric Co., Syracuse, N.Y. [445]andspecifica-

NUS COPPOrail011

Electronic Systems Division

9 Keystone Place Paramus, N. J. 07652
Phone- (201) 265 2400

Circle 270 on reader service card
1

MODERN
BUILDINGSFOR OFFICES,LIGHT INDUSTRY
NEAR CAPE KENNEDY,FLORIDA
Prime 2-story bldgs. on Merritt
Island, ideal for space-oriented
firms. 4,653 sq. ft. Mila Office
Bldg. available in 423 sq. ft.
units. 56,400 sq. ft. Corps ofEngineers Bldg. for industry andoffice use. 25,000 sq. ft. eachfloor. Minimum leasable area,
6,000 sq. ft. Alter to suit. Attractive rentals.

MMCC,

Eastern Shopping Centers. Inc.

O. Box 3095G,Orlando, Fla. 3280

Circle 271 on reader service card

When your IC bugs out, chances are the heat's on!

Devices packaged in Dow Corning® silicone molding compound are physically and electrically stable—even after long term exposure to both high heatand humidity. Derating, a practice common withorganic packaging, is not necessary. In fact, you
can design for high device and component density
by using silicone molding compound. One manufacturer of glass package power diodes reduced
the part to 1/30th of its former volume. Sizes from
1/5th to 1/3rd smaller can be obtained by using
silicone molding compound in place of otherplastics.
Little moisture absorption. Silicone molding
compounds when exposed for 1000 hours to 93%
RH at 70 C showed an average weight increase of
0.32% with the greatest increase being 0.5% andthe least being 0.17%. Five organic plastics had
average weight increases ranging from 1.0 to 2.1%
—an average of nearly five times greater than silicone molding compounds under the same test
conditions.
No cracking. Unlike other thermal setting plastics,
Dow Corning silicone molding compounds are
virtually unaffected by thermal shock. For example,
a power resistor molded in Dow Corning
307
compound was cycled repeatedly from —65 to
350 C without damaging the packaging materialor the component.
Will not burn. Silicone molding compounds are

inherently nonburning. Thus, components and devices packaged in silicone molding compound do
not constitute afire hazard. No flame snuffers areused—a source of ionic contamination for devices
packaged in organic materials.
Corrosion free. These silicone molding compounds are free of ionic contaminants which may
contribute to metallic corrosion when operatingin high humidity and influenced by voltage bias.
Competitive price. Costing only a fraction of acent per device, Dow Corning silicone molding
compounds enjoy a substantial price advantage
over metal cans ... glass packages.
Manufacturing economies. Transfer molding
enables manufacturers to package devices andcomponents with a minimum of manual labor andsupervision. Good mold release and minimum
flash assure high production rates ...reduced
deflashing costs. These manufacturing advantages
make silicone molding compounds totally competitive with organic plastics.
So why be bugged by device failures because ofa cheap plastic package? Specify Dow Corning®
brand silicone molding compound, and get thebest package protection in your electronic equipment ...lets you keep your cool. For technicaldata, write: Dept. A-8472, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan 48640.

DOW CORNING
Electronics

July 8, 1968

11,1%1(MN IN

Circle 189 on reader service card

189

di/di capability lo times industry's best
EVEN WITH LOW POWER GATE DRIVE

NATIONAL® INVENTS THE
REGENERATIVE GATESCRNATIONAL ELECTRONICS, INC. regenerativegate SCR is the only SCR that will give
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three times the peak on-state current and1/
2 the switchingloss of any SCR now on

the market. No sacrifice is required in gate
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a varian subsidiary
PHONE

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Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

New Microwave Review

000

11111111b4:b—I- I-iltoKu-band tunnel diode amplifiermodel NC-12001 operates at 12
to 12.3 Ghz, with a noise figureof 6 db max. and intermodulation
distortion in the third order not
greater than —35 db relative toeither of two signals at —50 db
max. input. Input vswr is 1.20
and supply voltage is 18 y d-c.
Micro State Electronics Operation,
Raytheon Co., 152 Floral Ave.,
New Providence, N.J. [401]Transistor amplifiers ranging Worn
1 Ghz to 1.8 Ghz deliver ot.tput
powers of 1 to 3 w depending on
center frequentand bandwidth.
Typical model 1600-40-1.5-25D
has a center frequency of 1.6
Ghz and a minimum 1 db bandwidth of 40 Mhz at a power output of 1.5 w with 25 db gain.
Dimensions are 2 x 15/
8 x 9 in.
Microwave Power Devices Inc.,
Lynbrook, N.Y. [402]Calibrated
spectrum
analyzermodel 2600 covers 10 Mhz to 90
Ghz. Using plug-in backward-wave
oscillators, a sensitivity of —95
dbm can be maintained up to 10
Ghz by fundamental mixing andthe instrument's standard 2 Ghz
dispersion can be increased to an
image-free 4 Ghz. Price is $9,850.
Polarad Electronic Instruments,
34-02 Queens Blvd., LIC., N.Y.
11101. [403]

Airborne
antennaarray
type
56360 may be mounted on missiles wi:h diameters of less than
18 in. It consists of 3 low-silhouette monopole antennas and a
3-way power divider. It provides
an omnidirectional pattern in thefrequency band 1.435 to 1.540
Ghz, and operates at altitudes to
100,000 ft, and at air speed ot
Mach 2. Andrew Corp., 10500 W.
153rd St., Orland Park, Ill. [404]

Master oscillator-power amplifiercascade subsystem 10078 is fordrone control use. It consists ofa pulsed master oscillator tetrodecavity, driving a Class C power
amplifier tetrode cavity rated at
14 kw output. Operating range is
410 to 460 Mhz. Duty cycle is
0.00015; output impedance, 50
ohms. Microwave Cavity Laboratories Inc., 10 N. Beach Ave., LaGrange, III. [405]Five kilowatts of r-f power are
dissipated in miniature Termalineload resistor model 8720. Designed for 15/
8 in.
E1A flanged
line systems, the loads have a low
vswr of 1.10 max. from d-c to 1
Ghz and 1.20 max. to 2 Ghz.
Units are 8 in. long and weigh 2
lbs. Price is $325 and delivery is
60 days. Bird Electronic Corp.,
30303 Aurora Road, Cleveland44139. [406]The 1,750-1,850 Mhz and 2,201)2,300 Mhz telemetry bands are
efficiently
diplexed
using
theF173A. Consisting of 2 bandpass
filters, the unit is suited to bothtransmit-receive
diplexing
andsignal separating or combing. Insertion loss in each band is under
0.35 db; isolation between bands,
over 60 db. Peninsula Microwave
Laboratories, 855 Maude Ave.,
Mtn. View, Calif. [407]

Amplifier-multipliersubsystem,
packaged as a single unit features a bandwidth of 750 Mhz
and operates over a temperature
range from 0° to 70 °C. It has amultiplication ratio of 36 to 1,
requires no tuning, and operates
with an output frequency of 8.375
to 9.125 Ghz from an inpt.t of
233.6 to 253.4 Mhz. Applied Research Inc., 76 S. Bayles Ave.,Port Washington, N.Y. [408]New microwave

Klystron is tunable automatically
Sliding contact in cavity permits precise tuning
in seconds: 1,000 channel changes guaranteed
The trouble with klystrons is tuning. The usual inductive- and capacitive-tuning systems are subject
to wear, arcing, and loss of vacuum. But Varian Associates haschanged all this with a new version of their VA-884 klystron—the
VA-884D.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Varian guarantees all operational
life of 1,000 channel changes for
its tunable klystron, but typicallife expectancy is at least twice
that. The tube is tuned by a sliding contact around a post in eachcavity, rather than by the conventional bellows or diaphragm.
191

... channel changing is

DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

fast and repeatable...

For
Extra Meter
Precisionand Consistency
Specify
Hitachi Magnets
To create these extremely stable magnets Hitachi developed its own processes
for the compounding and heat-treatmentof fine alloys. The result is a range ofcastmagnetsformetering

that

are

precisely finished to unusually close tolerances, aremorecompact,

andyetretain magnetic stability and uniformity.
You can get a fast supply of Hitachimeter magnets with properties to suit
your particular application.

Each

one

has guaranteed characteristics. Full information on types for your application
can be quickly mailed.
Products:
Meter Magnets:
For Speedometer, Tachometer,
Amperemeter
Motor Magnets:
For Micro Motor, Hysteresis Motor,
Wiper Motor, Blower Motor
Generator Magnets:
For A.C. Generator, Flywheel

HITACHIHitachi Metals, Ltd.
Head Office
Chiyoda Bldg., Marunoucht, Tokyo, Japan

Hitachi Metals America, Ltd.

Magnet Materials Sect.
437, Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022,
U.S.A. Tel. 212-758-5255

192

Circle 192 on reader service card

For measurement and control use

The klystron also contains amechanism for automatically selecting any of 10 channels in thefrequency range between 5.925 to
6.425 gigahertz. When the tube isretuned to a particular channel,
the difference in bandpass characteristics isn't discernible, according to Varian. The output
characteristic of each channel isflat, and the 1-decibel bandwidthat each preselected center frequency is between 60 and 70 megahertz.
Contact control. The channelchanging mechanism is an indexing head that positions a set ofplungers, which, in turn, control
the position of the sliding contact
in each cavity. There are 10 positions for the indexing head, one
for each channel. The mechanism
can be operated remotely; the tube
can be mounted in an antenna, forexample, and operated from acontrol room.
The plunger system replaces theconventional screw adjustments
and is much faster; typically, achannel change takes 4 seconds.
The center frequency of each channel is set at the factory, but it canbe changed simply by adjusting
set screws in the indexing head.
Varian says the new klystronhas the edge in applications inwhich relatively noisy travelingwave tubes have been used foreasy tuning.
The connectors at the klystron's
input and output mate with UG344/U waveguide flanges, and both
liquid and forced air are used tocool the device. A 175-pound electromagnet is needed to focus, andthe tube itself weighs 30 pounds.
The klystron's voltage standing
wave ratio is typically 1.05, andthe maximum is 1.5.
The 884D has acontinuous-wave
output of 5.3 to 17 kilowatts, depending on the beam voltage (12to 19 kilovolts) and the r-f input(typically 80 milliwatts). Gain is
at least 50 db, so alarge r-f input
isn't required. Efficiency is typically greater than 35%. The device is priced at $10,000, with delivery in 30 to 60 days.
Varian Associates, 611
Palo Alto, Calif. [409]

HansenWay,

Capable of obtaning output voltages

exactly proportional to any kind of
mechanical variation.
Measuring value: 1/100.000"•100MM
More than SOO types ore available.

aFeatures:
LIMN! 1111111111M*Outstanding
interchangeability*Quite free fromouter magnetic
field*Insensitive toordinary shock
water and heatmum» mumMN Ill »Ma
WIRKNIMIIBM
5 4 3 2 1 0

2 3 4 5 6m.

Manufacturers of Differential Transformers

NIPPON COIL CO., LTD.
Amakawa Bldg.1,1-chome, Hommachi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Circle 272 on reader service card
Cartoon by Whitney Darrow, Jr.

Be abuddy!
One gift works many wonders

THE UNITED WAY
Electronics jJuly 8, 1968

The
miniature relay
with built-in
arc suppression

TO-5

Relay
_

J

Every time we add to the already enormousor double • diodes (for polarity reversal protec-

capabilities of Teledyne TO-5 Relays we surprisea lot of "relay skeptical" engineers.

tion), added to our many other performance
assets, insures our undisputed leadership in the

Now all standard Teledyne Relays are available with internal diode chips for arc suppres-miniature relay field.
(We have also suppressed the price of thesion. It is no longer necessary for you to add

diodes!!! — $1.00 or less).

external diodes on your circuit board. Single

Send for complete data:

TELEDYNE RELAYSA TELEDYNE COMPANY
3155 \.\i ,,t El Segundo Boulevard• I
lawthorne, California

90250 Telephone (213) 679-2205 •772-4357

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

Circle 193 on reader service card

193

at

you haveno choice ofcolor...
black

.11

I

also black

MODEL
2305P

MODEL
3305W

... but they're Stocked In Depth by BOURNS Distributors!
the specs are better than "those other makes" that cost more!
The Model 3305 TRIMPOT® potentiometer has been designed
from the ground up as a commercial.
Here are the facts on the 3305 ... besides the price, that is!

Check into our one color— basic black — Model 3305 or
the best ... at a low-low price For complete technical datacontact your nearest Bourns office, representative, or stocking
distributor.

The unit is sealed to prevent contamination from fluxing,
soldering, and cleaning ... in addition our pins can beused on boards using 0.1" grid spacing. This small 5/
16 " dia.
unit has a resistance range of 502 to 251< 2, with standard
resistance tolerance +5%. Being a wit-mound unit, it provides plus features such as low temperature coefficient ...
better resistance tolerance ... and superior noise characteristics. Operating range is —55°C to +125°C ... temperature
coefficient is only -±-70 PPM/°C ...power rating 1/
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Precision

Circle 194 on reader service card

Potentiometers- Miniature Relays

Electronic Modules

BOURNSINC.

M crocomponents.

New Consumer Electronics Review

Stereo tape recorder has threeheads for sound-on-sound andspecial-effects
recording.
Sony355 operates at three speeds
(7 1/
2, 3
3
/
4, 1
3
/
a ips), and has a
7-in.-reel capacity. Features include noise suppressor, tape-source
monitor,scrape-flutter
filter.
The unit retails for less than$229.50. Superscope Inc., 8150
Vineland Ave., Sun Valley, Calif.
91352. [421]Two-way, transistorized f-m base station radio for the 450-Mhz
band has IC-oscillator module toprovide 0.0002% stability. Line
includes mobile
units. Silicontransistors are used throughout
both base stations and mobiles,
including power output stages.
Multichannel capability is available. General Electric Communication Products Dept., P.O. Box
4197, Lynchburg, Va. [422]R-f modulator with separate audio
and video attenuation permits
variation of inpLt levels. Two r-f
carriers transmit picture andsound on the same tv channel toone or more receivers in closedcircuit system. Model MPS-15(channels 2 through 6), $150.
Model
MPS-16(channels
7
through 13), $160. Packard Bell,Box 337, Newbury Park, Calif.
[423]

R-f programing switch has six
normally-open contacts that canbe arranged in any combination of
fan-in and fan-out groups. Maximum crosstalk is 80 db; insertion
loss, 0.4 db. Up to 270 Mhz minimum isolation is 60 db and maximum vswr is 1.09; up to 500
Mhz, minimum isolation is 45 db
and maximum vswr is 1.30. Sealectro Corp., 225 Hoyt St., Mamaroneck, N.Y. 10543 [424]Battery-operated, 50,000 ohmsper-volt
multitester
measuresresistance in four ranges up to 10
megohms.
Meter has 51/4 in.
face, spring-backed jewels andself-shielded movement. It's useable at frequencies up to 100 khz,
has built-in overload protection.
Price is $19.95. Lafayette RadioElectronics Corp., 111 JerichoTurnpike, Syossett, N.Y. 11791[425]

Paging terminal with automatic
memory bank uses only groups of
100-number assignments. Capacity
range varies from 50 to 2,500
calls in blocks of 50-code groups.
Output interconnections can beline-per-terminal, level, or leased
line. The system operates with
all-PBX boards. Prices are quoted
per application. Richmond Radiotelephone, P.O. Box 565, Richmond, Ind. 47374 [426]Portable a-m/f-m radio and cassette recorder operates on batteries or standard a-c. Output is
0.8 watt; signal-to-noise ratio, 43
db; frequency response, 100-9,C00
hz, -b6
db. Recorder has two
tracks. Speed is Wu ips. Dimensions are 10 x 71/
2 x 2
1
/
2 in.
Price is $99.95. Bell & Howell,
Photo Products Group, 7100 McCormick Rd., Chicago, III. 60645[427]

Ten-watt portable single-sideband
radiotelephone and radiotelegraphunit operates up to two Independent and two dependent channels
in the 1.6 to 15 Mhz range. It
can be powered by "D" batteries,
alkaline cells, or nickel-cadmium
batteries which may be recharged
from a 12-volt auto electricalsystem. Kaar Electronics Corp.,
1203 W. St. Georges Ave., Linden,
N.J. 07036 [428]New consumer electronics

Color tv camera focuses on low cost
Broadcast-quality unit costs $18,500; setup time is shortsince mirrors, three vidicons are permanently positioned
The success of the International
Video Corp.'s low-priced (under$13,000) color television camera[Electronics, Nov. 13, 1967, P. 238]
will be dwarfed by that of its
Model 100, priced at $18,500, says
Louis Pourciau, the company's engineering manager. Thus far, heElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

says, IVC has delivered more thanahundred of the new cameras andhas "large quantities" backlogged
to the Bell & Howell Co., which
agreed to purchase $10 million
worth of cameras and related
equipment in April.
When the newly formed corn-pany introduced its first camera
it emphasized that though the picture quality was good, the camera
did not meet broadcast-quality
standards. Nonetheless, the lowcost—one-seventh that of comparable cameras—and picture quality
made the camera a success inclosed-circuit tv operations.
The new model is aimed at another market—television stations.
It produces astandard NTSC color
signal and fulfills the FCC requirements for color broadcasting.
The price includes the external
color encoder, cable, studio junction box, remote control and 6:1
zoom lens. For most stations thatare already in the color broadcast
195

We're Jung The

pot Industry
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NO11,810-Turo, Precision Rewound"PIXIEPOT".
FOR AS LOW AS

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and only $5.95 each for 1-24 units. Match
the following "PIXIEPOT" features withany other similar pot on the market.
•Length: ONLY 3/4 "•Diameter: ONLY 7/8 •Linearity:- 0.25%•Resistance Range: 100 ohms to 100K ohms
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A Duncan "PIXIEPOT" can save you dollars on
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DUNCAN electronics, inc.
A DIVISION OF SYSTRON-DONNER CORPORATION

2865 FAIRVIEW ROAD, COSTA MESA, CALIFORNIA 92626
Phone: (714) 545-8261

196

Circle 196 on reader service cardbusiness, no additional equipment
is necessary. For stations just getting into color work, a $1,600 EIA
color sync generator is required.
But even with the cost of the sync
generator included, the Model 100
makes color tv available to manystations that have been forced tosqueeze black-and-white commercials between network color shows.
The camera will also make color
shows of local origin available inareas where revenues could notsupport an $80,000 investment forcolor equipment.
Simplicity. The camera's success, says Pourciau, can be attributed to its extremely accurate colorimetry, even though the camera
uses vidicon rather than the more
expensive Plumbicon tubes. Mostof the credit, he says, goes to thesimplified system of plate beamsplitters. From relay lenses thatshorten the back-plane focal lengthof the taking lens, light passes
through a series of computer designed dichroic (semitransparent,
selectively transmissive) mirrors
which split the light into the three
primary colors and direct them tothe vidicon tubes. The optics are
so good, says Pourciau, that highquality pictures can be obtainedwith illumination levels as low as
300 foot-candles.
Also, says Pourciau, most of theusual mechanical adjustments havebeen eliminated through use of anelaborate tool-and-jig system employed during manufacture. All
mirror positions and vidicon lateraland vertical positions are fixed andneed never be changed. The IVC
100 has amaximum of 28 internal
setup adjustments, far fewer thanany professional-quality color television camera. Operation, setup,
and maintenance are simplified
and approach that of a monochrome camera, Pourciau adds.
International Video Corp., 67 East Evelyn
Avenue,Mountain
View,
Calif.

[429]
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

business trips
rule out
evening classes?

here's a practical way
to update your knowledge of electronics
Are irregu ar'lours, travel and family
obligations keeping yot. from
attending classes—even though you
worry about oecoming technicallyobsolescent ?Check into the Special
Programs in Electronics forEngineers developed by CREl, theHome Study Division ol the
McGraw-Hill Book Company.
These are not simply courses,
but comprehensive programs inadvanced electronics offering major
electives in such fields asy4tCommunications Engineering,
Aeronautical and Navigational,
Television Engineering.
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Radar and Sonar Engineering,
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Industry-recognized CR El
Prograns make ,tpossible for you
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complete information and details oftechnical material covered. For yourcopy, mail coupon below or write:
CREI, Home Sti..dy Division,
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Dept. 1828G, 3224 Sixteenth St.,N.W ,Washington, D.C. 20010.
ounded 1321

Arrrediiel Menthe ol the Necrel je

CREI, Home Study Division, McGraw-Hill BoDk Company
Dept. 1828-G, 3224 Sixteenth St., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20010
Send me free brochure describing CREI Programs in Electroiics for Engineers.
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY

STATE

ZIP CODECOMPANYTITLFCircle 197 on reader service card

197

LMI
Shieldedrooms won't
let
obsolescencebox you in

Design •Changes in Government and Industry RF shielding specifications canquickly obsolete costly shielded rooms.
That's why LMI RF shielded rooms are designed with built-in capability for upgrading. Any of the seven standard rooms designed and manufactured by LMI can be
upgraded with appreciable savings over thecost of a new room. LMI designs utilize
solid membrane, clamp-together or allMIG-welded seams and provide maximum
shielding over the widest frequency range.
Upgrade •For example, Class D Rooms canbe upgraded by MIG welding all seams
and/or adding an additional shield.
All-welded Class C and higher rooms canbe upgraded by the addition of an innershield, acoustic and microwave anechoic
material at any future date.
Class AA and AAA are all-welded dual
wall, solid shielded rooms for the highest
performance from low audio to highest microwave frequencies.
Cost •The initial low cost and final costs
are one and the same with LMI all-seamswelded rooms. There is no seam leakage nor
any maintenance requirements over the lifeof the shielded room.
Technical Bulletin • For a complete
description on all classes of LMI shieldedrooms, write for your complimentary copyof Technical Bulletin (TB-101) "Technical
Discussion and Specifications for Electromagnetic Shielded Rooms."
Quick Reaction •For fast personal service
on your shielding problems telephone orwrite direct to Fred J. Nichols, Carl T. Luceor james C. Senn.

LectroShield DivisionlectroMagnetics,

6056 West Jefferson Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90016
Area Code 213 870-9383
198
Circle 198 on reader service card

New Books
Betwixt and betweenedge on the effects of neutrons,
gammas,and charged particles on
Radiation Effects in Semiconductor
Devices
semiconductor devices. The text
Frank Larin
could be avery good candidate forJohn Wiley & Sons Inc.
use in courses on the state of the287 pp., $11.95
art.
All writers direct their product at a
Larin is obviously quite expert,
certain audience, and all must de- and his discussion is relatively
cide fairly early in the creative thorough from the analytical point
process just what kind of group of view. This is not to say that thethey want to address. For writers book is free from minor problemsof books aimed at engineers, the of exactitude; for example, the audecision can be especially difficult. thor's assertion in the preface that
How much material in abook on a the equations allow "precise" calspecialized field of interest should culations of the effects of radiations
be devoted to educating nonspecial- is not necessarily true, even if one
ists? Too much background infor- knows the "hard-to-find" physicalmation will try the patience of the parameters for each and every
specialist; too little will strain the semiconductor device in the circuit.
understanding of the outsider.
But even though these equations do
Larin, like many others, hasn't lack some precision, they can probeen able to resolve the dilemma. vide meaningful relative predicApparently assuming that the tions.
reader needs a good refresher
Joseph T. Finnell Jr.
course in semiconductors, he pro- Avco Corp.
vides a detailed coverage of them Wilmington, Mass.
in chapters 2 through 7. This
abundance of tutorial informationmeans that the subject of radiation Thoroughly modern
and its effects isn't discussed as Elements of Control Systems Analysis
fully as it might be; for example, Chih-fan Chen and I. John Haas
there are aspects of radiation hard- Prentice-Hall Inc.
471 pp., $13.50
ening, such as testing, that the author hasn't explained in detail. On Traditionally, control engineers
the other hand, however, an engi- have tackled design problems byneer with little or no familiarity taking an electrically oriented apwith semiconductors will probably proach based on the complex funcneed even more instruction than tion theory of mathematics. They
the book offers to attain the neces- measure variables, convert data forsary level of understanding.
analysis, describe asystem analytiThe book has very little to offer cally or from amodel, determine reto an engineer already working in sponse, perform qualitative analthe field of radiation hardening. ysis, and finally modify an existing
However, the radiation-effects engi- system or develop anew one. Reneer will probably find chapter 12 cently, an alternate, mechanicallyof great interest, because it is here oriented technique, based on statethat Larin discusses the process of variable theory and called the modobtaining data on the physical ern approach, has been developed.
semiconductor parameters required
This text clearly and comprehenfor analysis of the effects of radia- sively covers this newer approach,tion. This has been one of the most and, fortunately, pays equal attenfrustrating aspects of such analysis, tion to the older conventional apand the lack of this kind of infor- proach. The authors know thatmation has led many investigators effective engineering demands verto develop empirical relations in- satility and thus believe that two
volving only electrical parameters. approaches to any complex problem
As an introduction to the tech- are better than one.
niques of hardening semiconductor
They're to be commended forcircuits, however, the book should their liberal use of design examfind awidespread welcome. It pro- ples to illustrate complex points.
vides agood foundation of knowl- And just as welcome is the translaElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

Instant photometric measurement...
of cw and pulsed light with the direct-reading EG&G LuneI t_der
The new EG&G Model 565 turienMeter
lets you measure both cw and pulsed
light events (as fast as 10 nsec.) directlw.
It otters absolute accuracy of -± 6%;
repeatability of ir 1%. An easy-to-see,
direct-reading meter provides a dynamic
measurement range of 0.1 to 1000 lumen/
ft.' for average power or 0.1 to 1000
lumen-sec./ft.' for integrated energy.
System response cf the Model 565 closely
conforms to the CIE luminosity curve.
To assure accuracy, the Model 565
LumenMeter is calibrated against both
atungsten standard
2870°K.) and a

Xenon lamp standard
6000°K.) withtraceability to the N.B.S. In addition the
565 features: four decade range selection
with ascale expander for low scale readings•compensation circuit to balance out
spurious bacl ground Ight •flat, well defined
8° solid angle field •provision for synchronous triggering of pulsed light sources.
The new, EG&G LumenMeter is acompletely self-contained, lightweight,
portable instrument selling for only $1375.
It's suitable for both laboratory and fieldwork. It is small enough to be hand-held,or it can be tripod mounted.
••

The Model 565 is battery-powered using
standard "D" cells. An optional leather
carrying case with neck strap is available toprotect your LumenMeter when not in use.
If you'd like more information on the first,
really new photometric measuring
instrument, EG&G's LumenMeter, or forthat matter on any of our products such as
photodiodes, light instrumentation,
flashtubes, thyratrons, krytrons, spark gaps,
transformers, or picoammeters, write:
EG&G, Inc., 166 Brookline Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
Tel.: 617-267-9700. TWX: 617-262-9317.

n EbEG

ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS C.IVISIONElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 199 on reader service card

199

New Books

NEW THERMOCOUPLE REFERENCES
WITH 25 CHANNELS ONLY $259.!

Now — ACROMAG Series 330 Thermocouple References with 25
channels of 0°C ice-point compensation for only $259.00, including
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Series 340 References (150°F oven-type) with 25 channels for$289.00! Series 320 Single-Channel 0°C References, AC powered,for only $75.00! Stocked in ISA Types, J, K, T, R & S. Others to order!

Request Technical Data 32 ....
AA

G

INCORPORATED
30765 Wixom Road

• Wixom, Michigan 48096

Phone (313) 624-1541

Makers of Precision Instrumentation and Controlsof several systems analysis
problems into computer language.
In their discussion of the conventional approach, the authors concentrate on high-order differential
equations to describe a system,
poles-zeros to analyze it, frequency
measurements to identify it, trial
and error to design it, and indirect
approaches to optimize it. They rely
mainly on the Laplace transformand on the analog computer. The
first few chapters cover in detailseveral points usually ignored inmodern texts, such as Lagrange's
formula.
The second half of the book, describing the modern approach, confines itself to analysis. It covers theset of first-order differential equations used to describe systems,
linear transformations for analysis,
Liapunov theory for studying system stability, time-domain analysis
for identification, and the direct approach for optimizing. Here, themain mathematical tool is matrix
theory, the main physical one thedigital computer.
tionacromag

Circle 273 on reader service card

Not much light
Optical Lasers in Electronics
Earl L. Steele
John Wiley & Sons
267 pp., $11.95

All readouts
look the same

Whether it's the well-known tube, one of several rear projection systems, EL,or even Dialight's in-plane seven-segment readout, you can't tell the difference when it's off. There's one way you can really see the difference. Send us
the coupon on the adjacent page and borrow a Dialight demonstrator unit.

DIA LIGHT
200

Circle 200 on reader service card

DT-122

Don't be misled by the title—thescope of this book isn't as broadas all that. Optically pumped andsemiconductor lasers are discussed
as they're used in industry, but not
gas lasers. The book should interest those looking for agood review
of such laser devices as oscillators
and amplifiers, but it will disappoint those expecting a sophisticated and complete account oflaser physics.
There's no reason to insist on
equal time for gas lasers, but thesingle sentence in the preface, "Thegas laser is not treated," is shortshrift indeed. And something important is lost by avoiding quantum
mechanics in the chapter on laser
radiation physics.
Unfortunately, some of the terms
used are confusing. For example,
the pump chamber (the container
used to concentrate pump light into
the laser rod) is defined as the laser
Electronics 'July 8, 1968

cavity—a technical malapropism
started by pioneers in optically
pumped lasers. The term "laser
cavity" ought to be reserved forthe resonant cavity formed by mirrors at the ends of the amplifying
medium.
Even the term "optical lasers" isconfusing—primarily because it isredundant. The author would havedone better to call the devices optical masers or just lasers.
Another error is acommon one:
E.I. Gordon is incorrectly listed inareference to an article called "TheLaser"; the author is actually J.P.
Cordon. Both are active in the field.
On the positive side, the author
does acreditable job in his discussion of semiconductor lasers. The
language, for the most part, isstraightforward, and many diagrams, illustrations, and graphs
complement the text. The glossary
defines all the symbols that appear.
chapter by chapter.
Charles B. Zarowin
International Business Machines
Corp.
Yorktown Heights, N.Y.

Recently published

Our little black book has
over100,000 phone numbers.
You never had ablack book like it. Over 1,500 pages. And those phone numbers!
More than 100,000 telling you who to call/where to go, for the over 4,000
different product categories listed and advertised in the yellow
pages of the Electronics Buyers' Guide.
It's the industry's one-stop shopping
center that lets you find the products
and services you need quickly.
•
You can depend on EBG.

Electronics Buyers' Guide

A McGraw-Hill Market Directed Publication,
330 West 42nd Street, New York, NY. 10036

immill111\

DIALIGHT CORPORATION
60 Stewart Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11237
Yes, I'd like to borrow ademonstrator unit. Have your representative
call. No obligation.
My readout application is
Name

Title

Dept.

Phone

Company
Address
City

State

Zip

DIALIGHT

Sophisticated Signals and the Uncertainty
Principle in Radar, D.E. Vakman, SpringerVerlag New York Inc., 253 pp., $14.80.
Translated from Russian, this book discusses
the theory of signals whose time-spectrum
product substantially exceeds unity and how
they make it possible to improve the resolution of targets, simultaneously measure range
and range rate, and electrically scan overfinite angular dimensions.
Electro-Optical Photography at Low Illumination Levels, Harold V. Soule, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 392 pp., $15.95.
Tells the reader how to handle problems withlow light level systems. Details the physicalcharacteristics of both vacuum tube and solidstateimage intensifiers,
image-intensifiercamera and high-speed television line-scanrecording techniques, neutron and X radiation
conversion
techniquesandapplications
through near infrared, and natural night
radiation sources.
Applied Optics: A Guide to Modern Optical
System Design, Leo Levi, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 620 pp., $18.95.
Covers analysis and design of optical components and systems. Includes sections on
incandescent, discharge, luminescent, laser
light sources, and light modifiers—including
mirrors, prisms, and lenses. Emphasizes optics for communications.
Earth's Particles and Fields, Billy M. McCormac, Reinhold Book Corp., 464 pp., $27.50
Edited proceedings of a 1967 NATO Advanced
Study Institute meeting covers both high- andlow-energy charged particles, diffusion, acceleration and loss of charged particles, electric and magnetic fields and wave-particle
interactions, and solar wind-magnetosphereinteractions. A reference source for suchapplications as satellite measurement andspace environment, communications, and detection of nuclear tests in space.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968__we' they reiurned on.

What a difference! Try walking back 10 feet, 20 feet ...even 30 feet. No
trouble with the sharp, bright, 1-inch high numerals of Dialight readouts evenfrom extreme angles. Modules as low as $3.99 less lamps in 1000 lot quantities.
Send coupon to borrow demonstrator unit shown here and see for yourself.

13IALIGH
Circle 201 on render service card

DT-I23201

The Complete Line of Signal-Indicating
Alarm-Activating Fuses

The Complete line of fuseholders For
All Applications
Panel mounted, in-the-line, lamp indication, signal-activating, visual indicat-

For use on computers, microwave units, communication equipment,
all electronic circuitry.

ing ...with solder terminals, quickconnect terminals. Also holders
to meet Military Specifications

BUSS GLD- 1
/ x11
4
/ in.
4
Visual-Indicating,
Alarm-Activating.

under MIL-F-19207B.

BUSS Grasshopp
Fuse,Visual-Indicating,
Alarm-Activating.

BUSS GBA- 1
/ x11
4
/ in.
4
Visual-Indicating.

HMR
RF shielded holder
for /
4 x1
1
4 in. fuses.
/
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BUSS MIC-13/32 x1/
21
in. Visual-Indicating,
Alarm-Activating.

BUSS AC
Aircraft Limiter,
Visual-Indicating.

BUSS MIN-13/32 xP1
2/in. Visual-Indicating.

HPC Panel mounted
holder for 13/32 x11
2 in.
/fuses. Rated 30 amperes
for any voltage up to 600.
HKP panel mounted holder
for 1
4 x1
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/
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FNA FUSETRON Fuse
13/32 x 11
2 in. slow/
blowing ,Visual-Indicating, Alarm-Activating.
(Also useful for small
motors, solenoids,transformers in machine tool industry.)

HKA lamp-indicating, signal
activating holder.

BUSS GMT and HLT
holder, Visual-Indicating, Alarm-Activating.

Write for BIM Form SFR
INS ST ON

BtSs QIIALITYI

FUSES
BUSSMANN MFG. DIVISION, McGraw-Edison Co. St. Louis, Mo. 63107

BUSSMANN MFG. DIVISION, McGraw-Edison Co. St. Louis, Mo. 63107

Circle 202 on reader service card

Circle 202 on reader service card

BUSS: The Complete Line of Fuses and...

SPECIAL COSMICAR'FOR YOUR SPECIALCCTV CAMERASLENSESFor example, COSMICARCOSMICAR lenses
have improved inquality as CCTV cameras have improved.

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For further details, write to:your every CCTV purpose.

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Circle 274 on reader service card

Cable Address:"MOVIEKINO TOKYO"

Electronics

July 8, 1968

Technical Abstracts
5o'clock shadow
Migration and whisker growth of tin
and solders induced on thin metal
films by direct current and heat
G.M. Bouton and W.G. Bader
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Murray Hill, N.J.

Too much current can make athinfilm tantalum-nitride resistor lookold—and perhaps cause circuit failures. The device grows whiskers.
In one case, 100 milliamperes flowing through a50-ohm resistor on analumina substrate generated whiskers in afew clays that started at thejuncture of the tantalum nitride andthe soldered positive-polarity termination.
Other current magnitudes create
different types of growths. On a
50-ohm-per-square resistor, 20 ma
produced spheres, 180 ma pro(bleed ribbons and fine whiskers aswell as spheres, and 160 ma created masses of fast-growing finevli iskers.

Solderable areas at the terminals
are formed when successive layersof nickel chromium, copper, andpalladium are evaporated over thetantalum nitride. Growths occur
most rapidly on circuits in which
the heat from the soldering operation causes the thin copper layer todissolve into the solder. This exposes the nickel-chromium layer tothe solder.
Tests show nickel-chromium alloys are susceptible to whisker
growths, while nickel, chromium,titanium, tantalum, and tantalumnitride films aren't. Usually, anickel-chromiumn alloy is very difficult to wet with solder. However,a freshly cut piece of tin (a major
constituent of solder) will reactwith nickel-chromium when heated
above the tin's melting point of
232°C for four hours.
The tin diffuses through the alloy and needles and whiskers
start to form and grow. The growth. Fuseholders of Unquestioned
THE COMPLETE LINE OF Small Dimension FUSESFor The Protection of All Types of Electronic
and Electrical Circuits and Devices ...
...includes dual-element"slow-blowing", single-element "quick-acting" andsignal or visual indicating
types ... in sizes from 1/500
amp. up.
For special fuses, clips,
blocks or holders, our staff
of fuse engineers is at yourservice to help in selecting
or designing the fuse or fuse
mounting best suited to yourrequirements.

rate, which depends on current,
time, and temperature, can be as
fast as 1 millimeter a minute.
A thick copper layer may prevent
whiskers.
Presented at the IEEE-EIA 1968 Electronics
Components Conference, Washington,
May 8-10

Light altimeter
Low-altitude laser measurement system
James E. Hopson
Raytheon Co., Lexington, Mass.
William D. Isaac
USAF Institute of Technology,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Rudy C. Beavin and Paul Polishuk
Flight Dynamics Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson AFB

An experimental laser system formeasuring an aircraft's altitude as
it comes in for a landing has beentested aboard a Convair 440. The
results indicate that a small, lightweight laser altimeter applying
current solid state technology canHigh

Quality

SUB-MINIATURE FUSES

Ideal for space tight applications, light weight,vibration and shock
resistant. For use as part of miniaturized integrated circuit, large
multi-circuit electronic systems, computers, printed circuit boards,
all electronic circuitry.

IRON Sub-miniature Pigtail
Fuses _ Body size only .145 X.300 inches. Glass tube construction
permits visual inspection of element.
Hermatically sealed. Twenty-threeampere sizes from 1/100 thru 15.

BUSS Sub-miniature GMW

Fuse and FIWA Fuseholder

Fuse size only .270 X .250 inches.
Fuse has window for visual inspection of element. Fuse may be usedwith or without holder. 1/200 to 5
amp. Fuses and holders meet Military Specifications.

Write for BUS'S Form SFR

BUSSMANN MFG. DIVISION, McGraw-Edison Co. St. Louis, Mo. 63 07
Circle 203 on reader service card

BUSSMANN MFG. DIVISION, McGraw-Edison Co. St. Louis, Mo. 63107
Circle 203 on reader service card

Technical Abstracts

11111011
4

riay itSAFE!
check microwave
radiation hazards

withInternational's Microlite-287
This handy test light provides
an instrument for safety checks
in the laboratory or otherareas where microwave radiation
may be a hazard. The
Microlite-287 was designed
for testing radiation frommicrowave ovens at 2450 MHz.
In this service it indicates
fields of 10 MW/CM 2 or more.
It may be used for testing otherranges of radiation and can becalibrated to indicate glowlevel. Connect to nearest 115
vac outlet and it's ready touse. Store in drawer or tool box.
Unit shipped complete with
instructions. $26.00 f.o.b. Okla. City.
Write for our complete catalog.

INTERNATIONAL
CRYSTAL MFG. CO., INC.
10 NO

204

LEE

Circle 204 on reader service card•

OKLA. CITY. OKLA. 73102

provide precise and accurate altitude measurements.
The system, called Lalms for
low-altitude laser measurement
system, uses as asignal source an
RCA TA2930 gallium-arsenide diodeoperating in apulsed mode. Light
from the laser is reflected from theground into aphotodetector on theaircraft. The measured altitude depends on the time it takes the lightto make the round trip.
Transmitted laser light-20-nanosecond pulses have given 100 watts
peak with arise time of less than
5 nanoseconds—is sampled by asmall mirror in the beam and isused to illuminate asilicon photodiode. This reference signal is fed
to atunnel-diode discriminator thatprocesses it and provides astandard start signal for triggering theexternal time-interval counter.
Laser light, triggered at a1,000hertz rate and reflected from thetarget, is received by an opticalsystem, spatially filtered by anaperture plate, and passed througha narrow-bandwidth optical filter
onto the surface of a10-stage photomultiplier tube. The output of the
tube is amplified and processed byanother tunnel-diode discriminator,
which generates the stop signal
for the counter. The system is designed so that accuracy is independent of target range or of pulseto-pulse variation in laser power ortarget reflectivity.
Different kinds of target materials were used in lab tests, including white and gray poster board
and brown wrapping paper. Distances to the targets were 100, 49,
and 28.5 feet. Standard deviationsof measurements ranged from 0.06
to 0.12 foot.
Flight tests were conducted overan airport runway and the grassy
strip alongside, at altitudes from29.51 to 163.89 feet. Maximum
standard deviation was 0.7 foot over
the runway and 0.31 foot over thegrass.
Several runs were also made overa set of bleachers at the end of
the runway. The readings clearly
showed the stepwise configurationof the bleacher seats.
Presented at NAECON, Dayton, Ohio
May 6-8

Electronics

July 8, 1968

DOWN
THE
HATCH!
imum•-•New 5 KVA
audio power amplifier
Designed to go down the hatchof submarines, the model S5K isaworkhorse audio source for shipor shore. The unit delivers 5 KVA
CW and 15 KVA instantaneous
peak power from 100 to 10,000 cps.
Full power is available into reactive loads ...no power factor
correction needed.

1_

Quickly snap
PC boards
on or offachassisI

Another CML exclusive: selectable
output taps for wide range load
matching.
Other power sources from 70 VA
to 200 KVA.
Call or write today.

CML, Inc.

A subschary of Tenney En)ineering. Inc.

350 Leland Avenue •Plainfield, New Jersey(201) 754-5502 • TWO: 710-997-9529

RT \Circle 275 on reader sen,ice card

Copper-Clad Laminates Ready
For Immediate Shipment

Our new and greatly increased warehouse facilities
make it possible for us to produce and store a arge
quantity of copper-clad sheet laminates. All firstquality Synthane. Clad on one or both sides. Range ofthicknesses and sizes. Thin copper-clad laminates. Alsoa very large inventory of B-stage pre-preg, ready tolaminate on short notice. Call our district representative nearest you (see Yellow Pages) or phone us direct(215) 666-5011. Synthane Corporation, 36 River Road,
Oaks, Pa. 19456.

sym-HANe
CORP ouRnot.

0.« S PR 19456

tan.inatpd Plast,c Sheets. Rods.Tubes and Fabricated Parts
Circle 276 on reader service cardwith Johnson spacer/bushings
Now you can mount and insulate PC boards topanels or metal chassis without the use of nuts,
bolts, and hollow spacers. When the grommet end
of aJohnson polyamide spacer/bushing is snappedin pre-drilled or punched holes on the chassis or
panel, it is in place to stay! The PC board, on theother hand, can be easily snapped on or off the
opposite end of the spacer/bushings to facilitate
service or modifications.
Machined from polyamide, Johnson spacer/bushings are designed for use on any 1/16" thick PC
board, chassis or panel. By providing amechanicallysecure, non-conductive, convenient mounting method, Johnson spacer/bushings can cut production
time and costs substantially.
FREE CATALOG includes specs and prices on theseand other high quality E. F. Johnson components.
See your E. F. Johnson representative or write foryour copy today.

E.F.JOHNSON COMPANY
3064 Tenth Ave. S.W., Waseca, Minnesota 56093
Providing nearly ahalf-century of communications leadership

Circle 205 on reader service card

205

New Literature

Oscillators. Allen Electronics Division,
Allen Organ Co., Macungie, Pa. 18062.
Detailed specifications of the type C
audio oscillator and type P plug-insine-wave oscillator are featured in a
catalog sheet.
Circle 446 on reader service card.
Tape readers. General Electric Co.,. 511
North Broad St., Philadelphia 19123.
Eight-pagebrochure
GEA-8492
describes a line of photoelectric tapereaders, reelers, and reader-reeler combinations. [447]

RE TE
TAPE
E VIVIFY
with Pfizer
magnetic iron oxides
Whenever there's aneed for amore versatile magnetic tape with ahigh output, chances are Pfizer has themagnetic oxide for you to produce it.
Significant ad rances in magnetic
tape technology have coincided with
Pfizer's continuing development ofhigh quality oxides. Available are
IRNe magnetic oxides of high density
which facilitate more magnetic action
in agiven volume, providing greater
sensitivity in awide variety of uses:
Audio, video, computer andinstrumentation tapes;
Memory drums and discs;
Cinema film stripings;
Magnetic inks;
Transfer tapes;
Ribbons.

FYI*
Pfizer is also pleased to announce theavailability of Ultralap—a new emulsion-coated, bonded abrasive on apolyester back—available with manydifferent materials and grit sizes—
providing amazing effectiveness anddurability. For complete technicaldata, please write.
•For Your Information
Pioneering in Physical Chemicals

MINERALSPIGMENTS& METALSDIVISION

Dept, 75,
235 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017

206

Circle 206 on reader service card

Fluids dispenser. Headway ResearchInc., 3713 Forest Lane, Garland, Texas
75040,
offersa brochureon theEC102-NRD dispenser, which was designed to work in conjunction with theEC100 photoresist spinner. [448]Digital automation technique. Theta Instrument Corp., 22 Spielman Rd., Fairfield, N.J. 07006. A method for automating machinery, processes, and instruments with encoders and encoding
systems is described in a four-pagebulletin. [449]
Thermocouple system calibrator. General Resistance Inc., 430 Southern
Blvd., Bronx, N.Y. 10455. Bulletin 804
illustrates and describes the model
DAS46CJC thermocouple system calibrator. [450]Temperature controllers. Burling Instrument Co., 16 River Rd. Chatham,
N.J. 07928. Six-page condensed catalog G-33 describes a line of temperature controllers. [451]
Miniaturer-f connectors.
Sealectro
Corp., 225 Hoyt St., Mamaroneck, N.Y.
10543, has available a catalog on the
SRM series of miniature r-f connectors,
which meet or exceed requirements of
MIL-C-39012. [452]Strip-chart recorder. West Instrument
Corp., 3860 North River Rd., Schiller
Park, Ill. 60176, has released bulletin
FS describing a strip-chart recordercapable of recording up to six variables
simultaneously. [453]Avalanche diode sources. Frequency
Sources Inc., P.O. Box 159, North
Chelmsford, Mass. 01863. A four-pagebrochure describes in detail the FS-40
series avalanche diode sources. [454]IC core memories. Computer Control
Division, Honeywell Inc., Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, Mass. 01701,
offers a brochure summarizing key operating specifications for its line of IC
core memories. [455]Directional coupler. Sage LaboratoriesInc.,
3 HuronDr.,
Natick,Mass.
01760, has issued a 20-page applica-

tions guide, "The Microwave
tional Coupler." [456]Direc-

Microwave tubes. S-F-D Laboratories
Inc., 800 Rahway Ave., Union, N.J.
07083, has available a six-page catalog
on microwave tubes for advanced systems. [457]Data communication products. M ilgo
Electronic Corp., 7620 N.W. 36th Ave.,
Miami, Fla. 33147. An illustrated folder
describes a line of data communication
products. [458]Photoresist. Shipley Co., 2300 Washington St., Newton, Mass. 02162. Bulletin S-1350 describes AZ-1350H, apositive-working
photo resist
engineered for IC applications. [459]Recording oscillograph. Consolidated
Electrodynamics
Corp.,
360
SierraMadre Villa, Pasadena, Calif. 91109.
Type 5-119 Datagraph recording oscillograph is described in an eight-pagebrochure. [460]
Silicon rectifiers. Edal Industries Inc.,
4 Short Beach Rd., East Haven, Conn.
06512. Bulletin 115 offers full specifications on a line of silicon rectifier
miniature single-phase bridges. [461]Coaxial adapters. Weinschel Engineering, Gaithersburg, Md. 20760. Model
1513 precision coaxial adapters thatcover the frequency range from d-c to
18 Ghz are described in a catalog data
sheet. [462]
Photomultiplier tube housings. PacificPhotometric Instruments, 3024 Ashby
Ave., Berkeley, Calif. 94705. A 16-pagecatalog contains specifications and dimensions for 10 types of photomultiplier tube housings. [463]Plug-in power supplies. Acopian Corp.,
Easton, Pa. 18042, offers literaturethat describes 21 new a-c to d-c plugin power supplies. [464]Data set. Sangamo Electric Co., Box359, Springfield, III. 62705. A fourpage bulletin highlights the functions
and features of the Transidata T401E
data set. [465]Relays and coils. Solid State Electronics Corp., 15321 Rayen St., Sepulveda,
Calif. 91343, offers a 48-page catalog
describing its line of miniaturized, ruggedized relays and coils. [466]Computerized testing. Arma Division,
Ambac Industries Inc., Roosevelt Field,
Garden City, N.Y. A four-page publication describes an automatic computerized testing system, detailing its
application to a variety of electronicandelectromechanicalequipment.
[467]
Electronics 1July 8, 1968

New
Dumet..
•
FormedNEW.
Low• Frequency
Ceramic
Band Pass
Filter.

General Electric's new dipformed Dumet F offers 15%
better electrical and thermal conductivity — assured weldability andsealability — unbrazed, metallurgically bonded core and sheath — increased copper purity — longer continuous lengths without welds. Available forms: spools, cut straights, welded lead wires. Also
available in gold, nickel and other platings. Used in electronics, semiconductors or lamps. For details on Dumet F,
write or call: General Electric Company, Lamp Metals &Components Department, 21800 Tungsten Road, Cleveland,
Ohio 44117. Tel: (216) 266-3472.

GENERAL

50-

45

TSR-1113
TYPICAL RESPONSE
CURVE
-

40

-

35

o
U.
) 30

cn
o
—/

ELECTRIC

2
0

25
20 \OE

880 cps

LLI 20Circle 277 on reader service card

cr
w

15

o

lotellux has flipped
and none

Q.

10

5

o

3 D8

—

:
9

io

95 cps

I
12

13

14

FREQUENCY KCI
15Big performance in aquarter ounce package.
Our 1st ...is a 100 mA hex driver for lamps
or relays with diode suppression, driven directlyfrom DTL or TTL.
Flip chip semiconductors are mounted on thinfilm multilayer substrates ...all in a 16 pindual-in-line package.
We can ship the hex driver to you tomorrow, or
this technique can be applied to your special.

Looking for something better in alow frequency filter? Look no
more. Clevite's new generation of fixed-tuned ceramic band passfilters combine narrow bandwidths and high performance withsurprisingly small size and low weight.
Check the specs and see for yourself:
Center Frequency — from 9kc to 50kc
Bandwidth (% fo) — és, 3db-1%; g 20db-13%
Stability — Within 0.2% for 5 years
Within 0.2% from —40°C to +85°C
Dimensions— HC-6/U case %"x %x .34" (hermetically sealed)
Shock — 20g any axis 20-2000 cps per mil std. 202B.

Try us.

As we said, look no more for ahigh performance, low frequency
filter. This new one from Clevite is the perfect choice. Write forfree Technical Bulletin 94023. Clevite Corporation, Piezoelectric
Division, 232 Forbes Road, Bedford, Ohio 44014.

late /Aux;;UriSIDAF,- HARVEY

RADIO

CO

,NC.

26 COROMAR DRIVE III GOLETA, CALIFORNIA 93017

Circle 278 on reader service card

CLEVITE
Circle 207 on reader service card

207

The day Albert Jones conceived anew I
Rtest technique
Technically, it was the day after he andFrank Porter, AGE major domo, agreed
there was a problem. No combination ofavailable components could field-test theaircraft IR sensor practically. "Well," said
Al, "looks like we start from scratch."
Which understated the problem, since
they'd only 6 months to develop a working prototype. Al left Frank with a "Don't
worry". But he'd already started worrying.
At home, Al popped the family off to
bed after an evening's TV ... and pondered. Everything seemed to hinge on theweight. Even latheways cast in magnesium or aluminum clocked in at 1500 lbs.;
available sensor-holding units hit thescales at 300+. What was needed would
have to weigh far less. So, he gave it
considerable thought.
With considerable success. Resulting
in the basic parameters for a portable,
air-transportable, autocollimated, lab
quality optical bench. Capable of ultranarrowband spectral analysis; sensitivity
checkout; testing resolution and total
field of view, with micrometer sensor
positioning and a built-in substitute cryosource. Total weight: 300 lbs!

Funny thing about Al. He doesn't consider what he did especially unusual. It's
typical of the all-of-a-sudden problems
that crop up in developing multi-function
AGE systems whose frequencies run fromDC to light. And, he's gotten used topioneering ideas like automated test
equipment using a time-shared centralcomputer. He likes it. All of it.
If there are any more of you out there
like Al, why not investigate what our AGE
laboratory can offer you. Even if you'dprefer to pit your intellect against a provocative study or development programin another advanced area, we'd like tohear from you: we'll tell you about ongoing programs in our radio communications, navigation aids, data equipment,
countermeasures and tracking systems
labs.
Direct your resume, in confidence, to
Mr. J. P. O'Reilly, Dept. 186.

GENERAL DYNAMICS
Electronicr D;vision
1400 N. Goodman Etreet, Rochester. New 1ork 14601
We are an equal opportuity employer in ceed,
not only an equal Dpportu -iity amp oyer in word3.

208

Circle 208 on reader service card

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

SEARCHLIGHT SECTION
AUTOTRACK ANTENNA MOUNTSONAR SYSTEMS IN STOCK
AN/FOS-1.1. ANil'OS Ill. (j1111a sv inning :inlays.
Rochelle
It hydrophones 6 It. $150 ea.

MICROWAVE
360 degree azimuth. 210
degreeelevation
sweep
with better than t toil
accuracy. 211salle velocity
acceleration and Mewing
rates.
Amplidyneandwry.) control. Will handle
up to 20 rt. dish. Supplied complete with control chassis. In stockImmediate delivery. Used
world
over
by
NASA.
l'SAF.
MP-6I-R.
Type
SCR-5 84.
Nike
Alas
mounts also in stock.

PULSE

MODULATORSMIT MODEL 9 PULSER 1 MW-HARD TUBE
Output 251cv 40 amp., 30kv 40 amp. max. Ilute cy .002.
.25 to 2 mIcroseo. Also .5 to 5 microsec. and .1 to .5
microsec. Uses 6C2I. Input 115v 60 cycle AC. Mfg.
OE. Complete with driver and high voltage power
supply. lief: MIT Rad. Lab. Series, Vol. 5. p. 152
2 MEGAWATT PULSER
Output 30 kv at 70 amp. Duty cycle .0 01. Rep rates
1 mIcroseo 600 pps. I or 2 nisco 300 pos. Uses 5948
hydrogen thyratron. Input 120/208 VAC 60 cycle.
Mfr. OE. Complete with high voltage power supply
250 KW HARD TUBE PULSER
Output 16 kv 16 amp Duty cycle .0 02. Pulses Can
he coded. Uses 5112 I, 7151' or 4P1160A. Input 115
60 cy. AC $1200 e•.
18 MEGAWATT PULSER
Output 150KV at 120 amps. Rep rate: 50-500 PPS.
Pulse length: 5 mace. I5KV 120 amp. into pulse
transformer. Rise time 1.5 nuiec. Filament supply 5V
80 amp. Incl. 17.5KV 1.5 amp DC power supply.
Input: 220V 60 CY AC.
INDICATOR CONSOLES
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SCR 584 AUTOTRACK RADARS
Our 584s in like new condition, ready to go, and instock for immediate delivery Ideal for telemetry research and development, missile tracking. satellite
tracking. Fully Dem. MIT Rad. Lab. Series. Vol. I.
Dos. 201-210. 228, 284-2136. Comp. Inst. Elk avail.able $15.00 each.

200-225 mc RADAR SYSTEM
IMegawatt output. 200 muitieal mile range for Iona
range detection of medium sod high altitude let
craft as well as general search. AN/TPS-28.
SURVEILLANCE DRONE RADAR SYSTEM
X-Band tracking system with plotting boards T)Pe
AN/MPQ-29. Drone also in stock.
5 MEGAWATT C-BAND
Klystron R9' package delivering nominal 5 megawatt
pulse RF. Complete with pulser and power simply.
500 KW L BAND RADAR
500 kw 1220-1359 lose. 160 nautical mile searchrange I' P.I. and A scopes. NIT'. thyratron mod 5126
magnetron Complete systeni
SKY-SWEEP TRACKER
3 ern. automatic tracking radar system. (30mPieta package with Indicatorsystem.
Fulltarget acquisition andautomatic tracking Input 115 YOU.' 60 cycle
New. In stock for immediate delivery Entire
Systemholm
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RADIO RESEARCH INSTRUMENT CO.
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Y.

10036

EMPLOYMENTIvin OPPORTUNITIESSEND NEW ADS TO:
Classified Advertising Div.
P.O. Box 12, N.Y., N.Y. 10036

ADDRESS BOX NO. REPLIES TO: Box No.
Classified Adv. Div. of this publication.
Send to office nearest you.
NEW YORE, N. I'. 10036: P. 0. Box 12
CHICAGO, Ill. 60611: 645 N. Michigan Ave.
SAN FRANCISCO, Cal. 95111: 255 California St.

What isyourproblem?
Competent men for
yourstaff? ...employment? ...
or are you looking for-or offering-a business opportunity of special interest to
readers of this publication?
You can get their attentionthrough an advertisement in
the Employment Section ofElectronics.
Send New Ads to:
ELECTRONICSPOSITION

WANTED

Young Honours Graduate Electrical Engineer(London U.K.) Wants to broaden experience.
Will relocate and will consider any reasonable offer. PW-5030, Electronics.

$275.00•à

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92501 is santet 75.00
but 0-2.5 kva....Pw•$89.50g. 350e03..japs.M.":.

il‘%'.
20005
08.in4`1":e
Is sanie,. $9930
Sup. Electric #IE-5102 is same spec.
electronic reel.. but 21,Z hog, 0.1%...-$199.50

Sup. Elect. 1E-20060: 3 kva. Santo specs as above but
1111.-stiec built, all potted xfrturs. ere. Behind rack
panel 21" It. 14 1
/ "dp. no cabinet. Regular $960. NEW.
2
export boxed. 330= fob Utica, N.Y. (Cabinet for above $30 fob Utica.)$279.50
Sorensen R5010 all -solid-state, miler reference, 0-5
Ezra. 90% eMcient. Regular $792. With cabinet $450.00
Sup. Elect. 1E-5105: Same specs as Sorensen "S"series. 0-5 kva, regularly $655.00. Only
$349.50
Sorensen 10.000S: Same specs as all above, but 0-10
kva. Regular $1272. With spares, 670#
fob san Diego$695.00

SUP. Elect. EM-4115 its metered cabinet.
I ph 0-15 lira$295.00

Alan,- are all 95-130 v; 190-260 ySup. Elect, EM-4228. I ph, 0-27 1
2/iegular $750. New
EMT 6220Y (transistorized) 3 ph 20 lira
51200 value, only
LAN =4725 .05r,r. Wheatstone
thru K's, X.0 1101 111011$495.00$450.00

1111:P
1,1 .,. Oh.

$227.50

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CIRCLE 953 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Distortion max. 30/e. Response 0.1 sec. Regularly$570.00.
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OK

Above are electronic. Following are electromeelt. A
serio system senses output, bunts a Varlao or Powerstar. corrects to I% very fast. Life tested 59 years.
47-63 ey lilt. AND NO DISTORTION!
Gen. Radio #1570M.: 0-6 lira, regularsi99.50$530. Freall Us Only
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704

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ALL ABOVE are 1 ph 95-130 v. Two below are 1 ph
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specs. choose Sorensen 5000-2S or Sup.
1K-52051. (Picture is 1:5000-28.)$349.50500KW S BAND RADAR
250 miles search 1151, 40 ur AC. Mfg. G.Z.
RADAR

• USED OR SURPLUS EQUIPMENT:1001 renal. against load

L BAND RF PKG.
20 KW peak 990 to 1040 MC. Pulse width .7 to 1.2'Mere see. Rep rate 180 to 420 pps. Input 115 va ,¡ciel. Receiver 11200

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Phones: Area 213, office 272.5707, messages 275-5342
CIRCLE 951 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CIRCLE 952 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

209

o

LOOKINGANFORIC SUPPLY

TO MATCH THE
QUALITY OF YOURMICROCIRCUITS?

KEPCO HAS THE ANSWER!
The CPS Power Supplies with redundant
overvoltage security for delicate IC's.
Offered in two versions, fully metered and equipped withthe usual assortment of panel controls for lab-bench use,
or in modular form—with recessed (screwdriver adjusted)
controls, Kepco's CPS Power Supplies are the perfect low
voltage precision sources for critical microcircuits.
DC OUTPUT

MODEL

RANGE
VOLTS
AMPS

CPS 6-10M

0-6 _1_0-10

CPS 6-10

0-6

CPS 15-6M

0-151 0-6

CPS 15-6

0-15

0-10
0-6

STYLE

PRICE

lab-panel$350.00

OEM-modular

320.00lab-panel

350.00OEM-modular

320.00All models employ anew fully dissipative regulator operating linearly without SCR's or switching to regulate
0.005"/0 for line, 0.01°,'o or 0.2 mV for load, and operatefrom —20 C to + 71 C WITHOUT DERATING!
The quarter rack, self-cooled package is FULLY ENCLOSED and equipped with a tilting bail for bench use.
Both styles fit rack adapter RA-24 (pre-drilled for slides),which can accommodate up to four power supplies.
The Kepco CPS models (bench style or OEM modular
style) feature a fast-acting built-in overvoltage crowbar
whose trip-point is adjustable from the panel (recessedbehind the end plate in the modular version). The overvoltage protector features Kepco's redundant security circuit, with fully independent, fail-safe, reference-comparator and triggering circuit. Timing is from 5-10 microseconds with an adjustable delay to minimize the false alarmrate.
The power supply (as well as the overvoltage protector)
is equipped with remote error sensing connections forcontrol and protection directly at the load circuit card.
Units may be paralleled or connected in series for driving_---------- _.:_keipccs----------

greater loads.

We'd be glad to send you the data sheets,
simply write Dept. AH-14 or call:

KEPCO, INC. •131-38 SANFORD AVENUE •FLUSHING, N.Y. 11352(212) 461-7000 •TWX #71O582-2631
Telex: 12-6055 •Cable: KEPCOPOWER NEWYORK
210

Circle 210 on reader service card

Newsletter from Abroad
July 8, 1968
Hologram patents
disputed in U.K.

U.S. space offer
may aid Symphonie

Possible rift clouds
startup of Britain's
big computer firmElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

Battelle Development Corp. faces abattle in Britain to get its off-axis
laser holography technique patented there.
Lined up against Battelle are the Ministry of Technology, HawkerSiddeley Dynamics, and Agfa-Gevaert, a German-Belgian photo-materials maker.
Although the recording of images by means of optical interference
patterns was proposed two decades ago by Dennis Gabor of London's
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Battelle's opposition bases
its case not on that but on a British law that makes unpatentable aninvention described in public print before the patent application.
Battelle filed for aBritish patent on Feb. 21 this year. The ministry hasoffered as evidence eight articles on laser holography that appeared
before then.
Battelle acquired the rights to off-axis holography ur_der an inventiondevelopment agreement with the University of Michigan, where the firstlaser holograms were made. The Holotron Corp., a joint venture of
Du Pont and aBattelle subsidiary, has the license to Battelle's rights.

Space authorities in Western Europe are wondering what will result fromthe lift promised them in late June by the U.S.
At a Munich meeting of the European aerospace trade association,
Trevanion Nesbitt, assistant head of the State Department's space office,said Washington was now ready to help countries that want to put up
experimental communications satellites. U.S. aid thus far has been limited
mainly to research satellites.
Nesbitt said the U.S. would consider almost any proposition, fromlaunching satellites to cooperating in the development of launchers. The
offer, though, doesn't apply to projects that would compete with Intelsat's commercial communications network.
The switch in U.S. policy is aboost for the Franco-German Symphoniesatellite project. Its big problem at the moment is getting asatisfactory
launch vehicle, and a firm deal for a U.S. rocket could guarantee its
success. However, officials at the French space agency are skeptical
about the offer, largely because nothing came of earlier U.S. proposalsof aid to European development programs for missiles and nuclear
weapons.
There may be some infighting between former officials of International
Computers & Tabulators and English Electric after Britain's "national"
computer company, formed by the merger of these firms, starts operations
officially this week.
ICT and English Electric were strong rivals for business-computersales before they were prodded by the government tc join forces in International Computers Ltd. And some insiders say the competitivenessbetween the two groups will only be dropped when the new company
markets asingle line of fourth-generation computers in the mid-1970's.
Until then, International will sell both ICT's 1900 machines and English
Electric's Series 4 line.
One hint of possible factiousness within International came two
weeks ago when ICT announced that it will launch atime-shared corn211

Newsletter from Abroad
puter service next January. The utility will initially have the capacity
to serve 30 subscribers but will later be expanded to handle about 100.
The plan is potentially divisive because English Electric officials are
known to have a time-sharing scheme of their own in the works. Twotime-sharing services—both using U.S. made computers—are alreadyoperating in Britain.
International, though, is taking stops to avoid a split. Along withICT and English Electric, the Plessey Co. and the government haveholdings in the merged company. And International has named as its
head a neutral, Sir John Wall, now a ranking Post Office official andbefore that amanaging director of Electrical & Musical Industries Ltd.

Grundig and Ferranti
team up for NC sales

Honeywell to sellaNippon Electric
optical reader

German data links
may aid pill-pushing

Addenda212

Numerical-controls producers are in for some stiff new competition. Twoof the strongest European companies in the field—West Germany's
Grundig Werke GmbH and Britain's Ferranti Ltd.—plan to pool their
NC marketing effort.
The two companies still have to nail down details, but an agreement
calling for joint worldwide sales and service operations is in the works.
The pact will cover awide range of NC equipment, from simple positioning controls to multiaxis, continuous-path systems. The firms will also
market digital measuring instruments and precision test equipment as
ateam.
Japanese industry leaders point to Honeywell's agreement to market
optical character readers from Nippon Electric Co. as another sign ofJapan's advancing computer technology. Honeywell is the first U.S.
computer maker undertaking to sell Japanese peripherals to its customers.
Meanwhile, Nippon is busily denying rumors that another Honeywellagreement limits its computer sales to Asia. Nippon insists that it canexport the machines—Models 200, 300, and 400 of the Neac 2200 (Honeywell 200) series—anywhere except North America. The rumors started
in March, when a new agreement, providing for lower royalties, wassigned.
West German pharmacies may soon be ordering drugs from wholesalersthrough anationwide data transmission network. The system the druggists
want would place input keyboards at each of the country's 10,000 retail
outlets and link them over telephone lines to receivers at wholesalers.
Siemens AG and Standard Elektrik AG—a subsidiary of the International Telephone & Telegraph Corp.—are the most likely suppliers of
the network's equipment.
West Germany's drive to consolidate its aerospace industry paid off
twice in June. Late in the month, Dornier Werke GmbH picked up a
74% holding in MercIde Flugzeugwerke GmbH. Dornier also has an
option on the remaining shares in Merckle, ahelicopter producer. Earlier,Messerschmitt and Boelkow GmbH merged [Electronics, June 24, p.
204] ...The Shiba Electric Co. has developed a linear integrated
circuit that produces 1.5 watts over a range between 30 hertz and 8
megahertz. The Japanese firm plans to use the circuit in television
cameras and other broadcast equipment.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

2: e2.;

Need to satisfy a multitude of circuit demands?
Our connectors give you complete interconnection freedom.
We arranged it that way!
Chances are that aCANNON ePlug
already is available with contact
types and insert arrangements foryour circuit application.
Pick and pack from awide range of
insert arrangements to meet yoursystem requirements...arrangements
which include:
Minimum-temperature-rise power
contacts. Bussed contacts to provide
greater circuit flexibility. The ,wocouple
contacts with contact material which
prevents secondary induced voltages.

Contacts with precious metal surfaces
for low-level current and voltages...
dry circuit conditions. Shieldedcontacts to reduce RFI. RF coaxial
contacts with good impedance
matching characteristics.
Filter contacts for attenuation ofover 50 db from 100 mhz to 10 ghz.
Printed Circuit contacts designed
for consistent contact pressure on
printed circuit boards. (These include
low-force board insertion systems.)
Micronlinzature MICROPIN®

Circle 213 on reader service card

contacts with spacings of .050".
Available from ITT Cannon areconnectors meeting military and industry
specifications in solder, crimp, weld or
wire wrap contact designs... all invarious sizes, materials and platings.
For our "Contact Technology" paper,
write ITT Cannon Electric, 3208 Humboldt.
Street, Los Angeles, California 90031.
A division ofInternational
Telephone andTelegraph Corp.

CANNON'PLUGSCANNON ITTRCASolid-State
Data
for Designers

bhl

RCA-CA3020 and CA3020A
Why "Universal"? ... It's applicablefrom small-signal to power...from
DC into VHF. It's ideally suited for awide spectrum of electronic-design
functions...audio, RF, Mixer, IF,
servo systems, relay control, signallight control, frequency multipliers,
modulators... and imaginative designers are discovering "lodes" of
new ones regularly. CA3020A provides a power gain of 75 dB (typ)and delivers 1 watt (typ) of power
output. CA3020 delivers 550 mW(typ). Use them in applications to 8
MHz with resistive loads... into VHF
with tuned circuits.
Try the "UNIVERSAL" Linear IC's...RCA CA3020 and CA3020A. Circle Reader Service No. 507 for details.

"Chopper Designers' Delights"
RCA-3N153 and 3N138
MOS/FETS
If you have critical industrial chopper and multiplex applications in
mind, investigate the RCA 3N153 andthe 3N138. Both offer unique advantages over "classical" chopper components.
214

..

I

"Ideal" Criteria

MOS/FET

Infinite life

good

Infinite frequency
response
Infinite "OFF"resistanceZero "ON" resistance

good
fair

Zero drive power
consumption
Zero offset voltage
Zero feedthroughbetween driving
signal and signal
being chopped
Small sizePrice
(1,000 units)°c-;,‘v‘4p,‘pmIlmomvewl„

These two MOS/FET* units feature extremely-low feedback capacitance, low "on" resistance and high"off" resistance—plus virtually zeroinherent offset voltage. COMPARE!
Fill in the blanks below in relation
to your own application—good, fair,poor?

Have You Considered These"UNIVERSAL" Linear IC's?...

.

A-,,,,I,u.i..dauleueoe,40,0,441P44f,41,444y41.4t

TBipolarElectromechanical

good

good
good

fair
good

3N138

$2.00

3N153

.96

Circle Reader Service No. 508•Metal-Oxide Semiconductor/Field-EffectTransistor.

Critical Switching At Up To
50 V/1A in 30 ns ThroughInductive Loads? Try This!
The RCA 2N5262 is great for highspeed, high-voltage, high-current
switching transistor applications.
Hermetically sealed in a low-profile TO-39 metal package, this unit
still sells for only 98% in 1,000 unit
quantities! And look what else you
get: safe operation under forwardbias and reverse-bias conditions
without second breakdown damage(under specified maximum ratings);
30 ns maximum turn-on and 60 ns
maximum turn-off at 1A lc, and low
saturation voltages. Spec'd to meet
MIL-S-19500. Circle Reader Service
No. 509.

Look to RCA's PHPMAX VALUE Line...
for hermetically sealed transistors
capable of operating over wide temperature ranges.

ebb

These silicon n-p-n amplifiers andswitches give premium transistor
performance at plastic transistor
prices—as low as 19e for the 2N5183
in quantities of 1,000 or more.
Check your RCA Field Representative for complete information on the
RCA 2N5262 and/or RCA's PHPMAX VALUE line of transistors. Ask
your RCA Distributor for his prices
and delivery. Circle Reader Service
No.510 for the technical bulletin andapplication information on the RCA
2N5262 and Reader Service No.511
for information on PHP transistors.

40-A Triac... One of RCA's
Hottest New Products
Reaction to our announcement of a40-A Triac has been spectacular.
Sample requests were at a peak andthe reasons why are obvious. Now
available as the 2N5541 and 2N5442,
they are packaged in a press fit and
rated at 200 V and 400 V, while the2N5444 and the 2N5445 are 200-V
and 400-V stud packages. They are
the highest power handling Triacs in
our pace-setting line. Depending
upon your line voltage requirements,
you can select versions for either
4800- or 9600-watts control. RCA's
special pellet design provides surge
current protection up to 300 A. Applications include high current heating,furnace and motor controls andpower switching systems.
Our assembly lines are now geared
up for full production. So if you
haven't ordered any 40-A Triacs yet,what are you waiting for? Circle
Reader Service No. 512 for details.

How to Get Broadband RFPower Out of the TO-60
Package
One of the problems facing the highfrequency designer working with TO60 packages has been broadband
amplification. The principal factor
restricting such performance has
Electronics July 8, 1968

A. ' 4 1.4.10.4.4titleed.1140»44.11.

et•%•eleiig

Mqaby1M+
or.m .

it*ge e••,.t'ne\9\h' 1.144.1.
IA 14orawrovi,%1Jetlet‘ilet,\NY41 i•eigi
teredttle•

i4temtlfee.

tt11,411.q.tt.iiir,. ... ;.

•• ttttt• up •o.1 , •t •%.

\Wise t‘to\‘1.
•. ye •

•i)\

0% ,nee ',,•«100.11Mitt..

.•.11.q.14‘;PTI.12 4.."p0 4. ybeen the parasitic inductance of the
TO-60 package. Our Applications
Group has, however, recently developed a new circuit technique which
permits excellent broadband operation of RCA's 2N5016, a15-watt (min.)
400-MHz transistor in the TO-60
package.
CC

L2

1000
pF

wVCC=+28 V
0.01
»F
RFC

TYPE
2N5016

L4

L5

C4T

C57.

CC

L3

devices. RCA's new developmental
TA7016 family has changed all that.
Six transistors in all, this family uses
the standard TO-3 form factor withall its obvious advantages of sizeand cost. Only the leads have been
modified to handle the high currents
involved. Inside the case, we've put
a 380-mil-square Hometaxial-basepellet, one of the largest ever for
power transistors.

RFC

T

C1

This design uses a lumped-constant reactive ladder network to provide the required input impedance
matching. Basically, this circuit firsttunes out the parasitic inductancevalues by making them appear resistive. Then this "resistance" istransformed by the input L-C circuit

stages into an impedance of 50
ohms. With the inductance thus
tuned out, broadbanding becomes
possible.
This approach is shown schematically in a 225-400 MHz power amplifier which provides 16 watts plus
or minus 1 dB with an input of 6
watts. Circle Reader Service No.513.

New IR Emitter Has "Mini"
Shape but"Maxi" Performance
RCA's 40598 gallium-arsenide emitter is one of the world's smallest infrared sources, but everything about
its performance is big. This new optical device features a power output
of 0.3 mW at 50 mA operating current, making it compatible with inexpensive IC drivers. The unique lensdesign uses a miniature reflector
system to focus radiation into a 15°
half-angle cone of high radiant intensity. Its 9100 A emission can bereadily sensed by conventional silicon photodetectors. Another important highlight is room temperature
operation; it is rated for —73° to+75°C performance.
RCA's 40598 is areliable and economical substitute to perform thefunction of tungsten light bulbs in
card readers. Other operations include shaft encoders, isolated
switching circuits and intrusion orElectronics IJuly 8, 1968

POSITIVE TERKIMALTAILIC SMELL)

burglar alarms. Circle Reader Service No.514.

The "Super" TO-3 Power
Transistor-100 A and 300 W
Up to now, industrial equipment designers requiring high-power, highcurrent transistors had to rely on
expensive, space-consuming stud

The word "super" really takes onmeaning when you examine the
spec's for the TA7016. It has a peakcollector current of 100 A. Dissipation is 300 watts at 25°C with a VCEX(sus) of 70 volts. The useful beta
range is 10-30 at 60 A. And depending upon your mounting requirements, you can choose from threeterminal designs: heavy pin, soldermg lugs, or flexible leads with solderless connectors. It all adds up toa new circuit cost savings for inverters, regulators, controls, and otherlinear and switching power applications. Circle Reader Service No.515.
See your RCA Representative forfull information on all products
shown. Ask your RCA Distributor forhis price and delivery. Or write RCA
Electronic Components. Commercial Engineering, Section Q-N-7-1, Harrison, N. J. 07029 for specific data
sheets.

RCA

215

The penny-pincher.

Something new is cooking in our pots. Litton, always associated with high prices, tight tolerances, andstate of the art conformities, is broadening its line to include anew series of low-priced potentiometers.
First to be introduced is our LD09 78" diameter 10 turn.
Don't let the low price fool you. The LD09, like all our other wirewound potentiometers, is designed tomeet all the stringent requirements of Mil-R-12934 and is recommended for practically all applications,military and space included. No shortcuts or compromises in Quality Control or Reliability. All we are doingis combining aunique new design approach with our excellent manufacturing capabilities.
216

Electronics lJuly 8, 1968

3 IG

I (ccw).062 11"35—0.062 ±005.062 T M '

.250
MIN.

2 (SO

150

(ccw)

.625 R. MAX.
OVER TERMINALS

Icw)

AND CLAMP RING
EARS.

jDIA.

50000

f

•
3Tz

1 SECTION
1.500 MAX
2119 MAX.

ELECTRICAL

71'—

MOUNTING+0:1— 0005
7500
.781
DIA.
DIA.

C05
.875
DIA.

MAX

016 MAX. It 45°±5 °e

2 SECTION

Total resistance range
Total resistance tolerance
Resistance—temperature
coefficientLinearity standard
End voltage
Resolution

DIA.

SURFACEMECHANICAL

100 e to 150K
±3%Electrical travel-± 50 PPM /°C.
±0.2% independent
0.5% max.
Within linearity tolerance+10°
3600° —0°

Phasing (2 section only)
NoisePower rating
Insulation resistanceDielectric strength
Temperature range
Additional taps

CCW taps aligned ± 1°
100 ci max.
2.0 watts @ +85°C
1000 meg.Q min.
1000 VRMS, 60 CPS—55° C to + 150°C
Available as special

Mounting typeNo. of sections
Bearing type
Servo mountBushing mount
Lateral runout
Pilot surface runout
Shaft runout
Radial play
End play
Starting torque (oz, in. max.)
Servo mountBushing mount
Stop torqueMechanical travel

Servo or bushingSingle or dual
Stainless steel ball bearings
Sleeve bearings.001 max. TIR.001 max. TIR.001 max. TIR.002 max. TIR.001 to .004
1section
2section
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.8
48 oz. in. min.
+10°
3600° --O°CONSTRUCTION
Housing

Mounting
Shaft

Thermo-settinghigh density plastic
Anodized aluminum
Stainless steel passivated

To get the ball rolling, we are offering the single-section servo mount model LD09 in any of thefollowing resistances, with an independent linearity of ±0.1%: 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 20K, 50K, and100K. The price in quantities of 1-9: $19.95 each. (We'd be happy to talk about larger quantities,of course.)
If you require a non-linear function, output load compensation, tighter linearity tolerance, additional taps, or special mechanical travel—don't fret. This versatile device has been designed tomeet your special needs at only slightly higher costs. Simply let us know your special requirements, and we'll respond—at once, and competitively.
Litton Industries Potentiometer Diviion
226 East Third Street, Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 10550

P.O. Number

Please enter our order forunits of Litton Model LD09 (Single Section Servo Mount)(a $19.95 per unit. Please allow 3to 4 weeks for delivery. Iunderstand that Litton will makeits best effort to meet said delivery requirement, and that this order will be subject to Litton's
standard terms and conditions of sale.
My total resistance requirements are as follows:
20K
1K
0 2k
0 5k
010K
D I'd rather see your salesman. And ask him to bring acatalog.

D 50K

D 100K

Name
Company
Address
City
Electronics

State
July 8, 1968

7mp
Circle 217 on reader service card217

5things you should know
3.More than aswitch:
Most double-diffused power transistors can only
be used for switching applications. But, Fairchildpower transistors have extremely high power dissipation. That means they can also be used as amplifiers. (Servo-amps, power amps, class B push-pull
amps, etc.) They also make good switches.

218

Electronics lJuly 8, 1968

1.The discrete emitter ••Fairchild has improved beta linearity characteristics of power transistors. We chopped the emitter
into many small discrete emitters connected inparallel by buss bar metalization. As a result, theincreased emitter-base peripheral area raises
emitter injection efficiency.

2. Integrated feedback
resistors ••We also increased the safearea of operation. With a bullt-in safety fuse. Eachdiscrete emitter is connected to the buss bar througha deposited thin film nickel-chromium resistor. That
keeps the current flow under control and increases
the device's second breakdown capability. If any
emitter overheats, its resistor will open. Fairchildpowertransistors will perform without detectable degradation with up to 10% of the emitter sites opened.

about silicon power transistors:
4. Planar II ••5.Power source:

Several manufacturers use the Planar* process tomake power transistors. But, not the way we do.
(That's why other power transistors are limited toswitching functions.) So, if you're acircuit designer,
you don't have to put up with the low reliability andpoor frequency response of Mesa designs. Fairchildoffers reliable, 100%-tested epitaxial Planar powertransistors with high frequency response. And, withall the advantages Fairchild power transistors offer,they cost only a little more than Mesa.

You can get power transistors from your local
Fairchild distributor. He's got NPNs and PNPs.
Amplifiers and switches. Simply circle the Reader
Service Number below for complete specifications
and applications information.
Fairchild Semiconductor, A Division of Fairchild Camera andInstrument Corporation, 313 Fairchild
Drive, Mountain View, California 94040 FetIFICHILD(415) 962-5011 TWX: 910-379-6435 SEMICONDUCTOR

1

ar is aoatented Fairchild process
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Circle 219 on reader service card219

Quick reaction
It means different things. To thepilot, it may be aviolent maneuver tododge an enemy missile. To thesystems contractor, it means getting
operational gear designed and built
and delivered in ahurry.

Circle 220 on reader service card

Working with QRC contractors,
MEC has developed TWTs andsolid-state microwave acoustic delaylines for signal repeating, augmentation, microwave memory, direction
finding, communications andtarget simulation systems. And
all were built to perform in0
hostile environments.

If you're designing aquick
reaction system, contact MEC.
We have areputation for "turning iton" and reacting quickly.
You can learn more by callingthe men from MEC.
Microwave Electronics
A TELEDYNE COMPANY
3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

July 8, 1968

Electronics Abroad
Japan
Exposure by IC
So far, camera makers have stuck
to galvanometers for the indicators
in exposure meters. But achallenge
to the galvanometer's domination
may be in the offing from the integrated circuit.
The Yashica Co., one of the major
Japanese camera producers, isshowing the way. Last month, thecompany started selling in its homemarket for $60 a 35-mm camera
with IC-controlled indicator lamps
to show when the shutter speed
and aperture setting are right for
the light available and the film
speed. The camera, the Yashica
Lynx 5000E, sells for about $2
more than a similar model with aconventional meter. If the IC
camera catches on, Yashica may
find its competition sincerely flattering.
Lights out. In the 5000E, theexposure indicator is mounted inside the viewfinder. When the user
wants to check his settings, hepushes abutton that switches two
1.3-volt batteries onto the IC-lamp
circuit. If the speed and aperture
settings would cause an overexposureoranunderexposure,"Over" or "Under" lights up in the
viewfinder. When the settings areright, out goes the light.
Each lamp is controlled by apair of transistors on the IC, athick-chip hybrid made by the Nippon Electric Co. In addition to thefour transistors, the IC has six resistors and two thermistors. Off
the IC, but in the lamp circuit, isa small resistance ring throughwhich the film speed, shutter speed,
and aperture settings are fed to thecircuit.
Cell mates. The ring works witha cadmium sulfide cell, whose resistance goes down as the lightfalling upon it becomes brighter.
If there's too much light for theElectronics 'July 8, 1968

camera settings, the ring's resistance is higher than the cell's. Thiscondition turns on the first-stagetransistor in both the Under andOver sides of the circuit. These
two transistors are pnp types. So
is the second-stage transistor on
the Under side, and it is held off
when its mate is on. But the second-stage Over transistor, an npn
type, turns on and lights the overexposure lamp.
If there's too little light, theresistance of the CdS cell is higher
than that of the resistance ring,and neither first-stage transistor
can turn on. In that case, the second-stage pnp Under transistor
and its associated indicator lamp
switch on.
When all's right, the resistancering and the CdS cell balance.
In this case, the first-stage pnp
Under transistor switches on,
holding off the second-stage pnp
transistor. The first-stage pnp
Over transistor, however, cannot
switch on because its emitter resistance is higher than that of its
Under counterpart. Neither lamp,
then, can be switched on.

Volume 41
Number 14

mination of the microscope in stepwith the varying voltage applied to
the IC.
Two British researchers, Graham
Plows and William Nixon, will tellthis week how they've managed totake strobed micrographs. Plowsand Nixon, of the engineering department of Cambridge University,
will be addressing a Cambridge
scanning -microscopy
conference
sponsored by the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society.
Gated. Like a sampling oscilloscope, the scanning microscopeused in the Cambridge techniquelooks at only a small part of theapplied waveform. A 7-megahertz,
5-volt peak-to-peak distorted sine
wave is applied to the IC. At thesame time, the microscope's mainelectronic beam is pulsed at a 7Mhz repetition rate with pulses 10
nanoseconds long. The video circuit in the microscope is gated onjust before each pulse is applied.

Great Britain
Blinking at IC's\lore than a decade ago, researchers found they could get a betterlook at integrated circuits by applying small steady voltages to themand viewing them with a scanningelectron microscope. A differenceof even 1 volt between two small
areas, ordinarily look-alikes, resultsin substantial contrast on a micrograph.
Trouble is, most IC's work with
fast-changing voltages. So studying
them with asteady voltage doesn'tshow what goes on during highfrequency operation. What's needed
is a stroboscopic technique, onethat keeps the electron-beam illu-

Conspicuous. At the start of the 7-Mhz
applied voltage cycle, energized gate
(arrow at top) is at its mostnegative potential and appears asbrightest spot on MOS circuit. A
half-cycle later (below), the gate is
at its positive peak and becomes thedarkest part of the circuit. The gate
is about 25 microns wide.
221

Eiectronics Abroad
Except for the short bursts, thedevice operates the same way as
a conventional scanning microscope: The main electron beamscans the surface of the specimen
being viewed, provoking an electron emission. This emitted charge
is collected and amplified to obtaina video signal that modulates thebrightness of a cathode-ray tube
scanned in synchronization withthe main beam.
Because the collector that picks
up the specimen's emission is sensitive to voltage variations, acorrection is needed when the specimen
has avarying voltage applied to it.
Otherwise, the video signal applied
to the crt would result in a meaningless image. Plows and Nixon use
aspecial filter network to maintaina linear relationship between theapplied voltage and video signal.

Computer quiz
Cost alone dictates that it will bea long time—if ever—before computers will take over from the overworked teachers in British classrooms. And even when the price isright, there'll still be those who insist that the teachers should behuman.
Among the proponents of humanteaching, paradoxically, is the educational adviser to International
Computers Ltd., Peter Lambert. He
sees the computer as a teacher'saide, largely to test students individually after a lesson. Lambert
has devised a system to do this.
and it's scheduled to be operating
in a Sussex school toward the endof the year.
Birds and bees. The system links
keyboard units having cathode-raytube displays to a 1903 computerin the company's headquarters. At
the outset, the computer's subject
will be biology—as told to 11- and12-year-olds. Later, other subjects
and perhaps other schools will be
included in the system, which Lambert thinks is Britain's first computer-aided teaching in a school.
With Lambert's setup, the children first go through a lesson under the guidance of a teacher.
When the child thinks he knows
222

the material, he goes to akeyboard
unit and types in his name and his
file number. This connects him to a
file in the computer memory that
holds his record for the subject.
Thus, the computer knows how toquiz him.
Q. & A. A "hello" is flashed on
the screen before the first question.
The computer then analyzes the
key words in the pupil's answers todecide if they're right or wrong.
As the quiz goes on, the computer sorts out any wrong answers,
and from them figures out where
the pupil is confused. At any rate,
Lambert expects that to happen
most of the time. If the computer
can't cope with aseries of answers,
it will tell the child to go see theteacher.
The child's answers and his
progress from wrong to right ones
are stored in his computer file.
The teacher can call them back up
on the display if he wants to review
a pupil's work.

The Netherlands
Philips unveils computer
Speculation about the activities
of Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken's
computer division, established in
1962, ended abruptly last monthwhen the company announced thatit has developed atrio of third-generation computers and will start deliveries in 1969. The Dutch post office will get the first [Electronics,
June 10, p. 261].
Peers. Philips, the largest electronics company based outside theU.S., calls its line the P1000 series.
Each of the three basic models hasarough counterpart in the International Business Machines Corp.'s
360 series, the best seller among
third-generation machines.
Philips' P1100, for example, hasan add time of 21.5 microseconds,
amemory cycle time of 1microsecond, and a monthly rental startingat $5,700, characteristics that put
it in the same class as the IBM
360/30, which adds in 39 itsec,
has a memory cycle time of 1.5,usec, and rents at $2,700 or more
per month.
Next up in size is the P1200, a
competitor to the IBM 360/40. The
Dutch computer has an add timeof 7µsec and amemory cycle timeof 1 µsec. Comparable figures for
the IBM machine are 11.88 psec
and 1.75 µsec.
Largest of the Philips machines
is the P1400, which the company
describes as a counterpart of the
IBM 360/50. Its add time is 2.5 µsec
and its memory cycle 1µsec, making it slightly faster than the 360/
50. Monthly rental for the most extensive P1400 version is $57,000.
Building blocks. Philips claims areal advance for the P1000 internal core store, which ranges from
16,000 octads for the smallest machine up to 512,000 octads for thelargest. All have a 1 ,usec cycle
time.
Internal stores for the P1200 and
P1400 can be expanded considerably. Up to seven core-memory
modules can be added, each witha capacity of 2 million octads. Cycle time for these modules is .2.5
µsec.
These memories are paired with
programs that insure store protection. And, like the memories, theprograms can be built of modules
that can be handled in the working
store. As many as 16 programs canbe handled at the same time by
the central processor.
Programs, of course, are compatible among the large and small
P1000-series machines. Philips hasdeveloped its own programing language, but there are also programsfor such standard languages as Algol, Cobol, and Fortran. And toarm its maintenance people, Philips has had its computer designers
prepare trouble shooting programs.

CanadaFixed positions
Budget-watchers at Canada's Hydrographic Service are expectingsome good news soon. A new lowcost system for positioning vessels
Electronics

July 8, 1968

Electronics Abroadcorrection for winds and variations
in air temperature. The receiver iscalibrated for zero-correction readings at 20°C and no wind. As longas air temperature is measured towithin 1°C and wind gauged withan accuracy of 10 miles per hour,the corrected readings are within
17 feet of the true distance between
the mother ship and the side vessel.

West Germany
Moving up on IBM
All things considered, Siemens AC
is West Germany's top electronics
producer. But when it comes tocomputers, the company runs apoor second in its home market
to the International Business MaIn on the plot. Canadian hydrographie survey system puts loudspeaker andchines Corp.
walkie-talkie on mother ship, special receiving equipment on side vessel.
When you're Number Two,everybody knows, you try harder.
following precise parallel courses ference in speed between radio and And that's what Seimens is doingin computers. Early last year, theduring charting surveys will get sound waves, the Canadians use
company acquired amajority holda full-fledged tryout this summer, overwater sonies and the Swedes
and everyone believes it \ill be a use underwater ultrasonics. And ing in Zuse KC, a veteran German
the Canadian system has no delay manufacturer of data processing
success.
equipment. Series production of
If they're right, it will mean sub- in the radio signal.
computers has just started at astantial savings for hydrographie
NRC avoided the need for adelay
plant at Augsburg, the company's
surveys. Instead of conventional line by using the radio signal tosecond for business machines.
$15,000 position-keeping receivers, trigger the position indicator on
Sales bases are appearing all overmost survey vessels would get each side vessel. The signal releases
WesternEurope,andcapitalequipment costing about $1,000. arecording arm that sweeps acrossspending in the data processing
A mother ship carrying the expen- a 3-inch band of conductive paper
field will continue unabated at ansive receiver would guide up to a in 1 second. \\Then the slower
sound
pulse
arrives,itcausesapinannual average of $75 million for
half-dozen other vessels.
at least two more years.
The idea of taking soundings by on the rotating arm to burn amark
Outdistanced. Siemens, though,ships in parallel courses has also on the paper to indicate the disdoesn't expect to displace IBM
been tried out by the Swedes [Elec- tance from the mother ship. A fullfrom the Number One spot. IBM'stronics, Dec. 25, 1967, p. 16 ,1]. But 3-inch sweep across the paper corlead is so great that the company
their hardware is considerably responds to a distance of 200 feet;will remain unchallenged for quite
more sophisticated—and more ex- the start of the sweep, though, cansome time. In dollar value of compensive. The Swedish equipment be set to represent any distanceputers installed or on order, thecosts $60,000 and keeps nine ships from 200 to 900 feet.
.
U.S. firm has gobbled up almost
Bullhorn. Audio-tone bursts, aton station. The Canadians could
two-thirds of the German market—
handle seven vessels with hard- 2,000 hertz, are beamed to the side
six times more than Siemens canware costing about $20,000. How- vessels from the mother ship's loudever, the Canadian gear is still ex- speaker at 1.2-second intervals. The claim.
Siemens' goal is to keep its posiperimental, while the Swedes have 30-watt driver for the loudspeakergives the system a range of 1,000 tion in the world's second largest
theirs in production.
Over and under. Walter Wyslou- feet. An ordinary walkie-talkie computer market and to stay onzil, who developed the station-keep- alongside the loudspeaker transmits the inside track in the race for aing system at Canada's National the radio signal. With this arrange- larger share of the expanding \Vest
European market. By 1975, indusResearch Council (NRC) points out ment, there's no need for special cirtry observers predict, there'll be
two major differences between the cuits to synchronize the two signals.
11,500 computers installed in West
Because the sound wave travels
Swedish and Canadian versions.
overwater, the NRC system needs a Germany alone, three times theThough both are based on the difElectronics

July 8, 1968

223

Electronics Abroad
number at the beginning of this mens stands out is traffic-control
computers, for which the company
year.
Good growth. Siemens is a has just booked its 32nd order. Its
Johnny-come-lately in computers, two traffic-control machines, theVSR 16000 and VSR 3000, are best
but is now doing nicely. Since its
start in 1957, the company has been sellers in Europe. Seventeen sysgaining ground steadily, overtaking tems, all of the more powerful VSR
such computer heavyweights as the 16000 type, have already been inUnivac division of the Sperry Rand stalled in German cities, Helsinki,
Corp. and Bull-GE. With more and Vienna. Eight more are about
than 400 machines, worth $185 to be delivered.
Despite these successes, Siemens'
million, ordered or installed inWest Germany as of last month, capital spending for computer opSiemens can claim just under 11% erations is still running ahead ofof its market, twice the share it had sales and rental income. So far,three years ago. Siemens predicts Siemens has invested $150 million
its computer sales in fiscal 1968, in its computer ventures, but it
ending in September, at $100 mil- will be another two years or so belion, including exports. That's six fore the company's data processing division will start showing
times more than in fiscal '66.
Expansion like that, Siemens aprofit. By then, Siemens will haveconcedes, can't be expected to keep spent about $300 million on comon forever. Still, annual groNeth puters.
of 20% is expected for at least
another half-decade. And no significant letdown is predicted forthe following five years.
FranceMost of the push is coming fromthe company's System 4004, built
under license from RCA. The 4004,
CSF trims downlargest in the Siemens lineup ofcommercial machines, is aversion Last year, Paul Richard had littleof RCA's Spectra 70, but it's be- exposure to electronics but a repcoming more and more a home- utation in French board rooms as amade product; the proportion of wizard in straightening out tottering companies. This year, the elecRCA hardware has fallen from twothirds to ahalf. Take software into tronics knowledge is still relatively
account, and the RCA share of an slight, but the reputation is moreinstallation falls to about one- glittering than ever.
quarter. Siemens' goal is to inRichard is the vice chairman ofcrease the share of German-made Compagnie Française Thomson
hardware in the 4004 to 70%.
Houst on-Hotchkiss Brandt who
Under control. Though only moved over to CSF Compagnic
second in Germany's business-com- Générale de Télégraphie sans Fil
puter market, Siemens is far and last year almost on the day Thomaway the leader in process con- son-Brandt announced its plan totrol. Of the 120 process computers take over CSF. Richard was assuminstalled in Germany at the end ing control of acompany that hadof last year, 80 carried the Siemens lost $27 million in 1966 on sales
label.
of $293 million. He did his job
The company figures that of the quickly and well; last year CSF
900 process control computers ex- showed a profit of $17.3 million
pected to be in operation in Ger- on sales of $317 million.
many by the end of 1972, 500 will
Against itself. A big factor in thebe Siemens-made. This fast-grow- turnaround was the selling off ofing market is the target of the deficit-ridden subsidiaries. This is
still going on, and when the takefirm's System 500, introduced inlate 1966, which consists of four over becomes fully effective incompatible machines, costing an September—a year after Thomsonaverage of $200,000 each.
Brandt picked up a46% holding—
Still another area in which Sie- CSF will have lopped off many224

more losing operations than mostindustry observers expected.
First to go was the company's
only important production venturein the U.S., Warnecke Electron
Tubes Inc. CSF sold its interest
to the Northrop Corp. After thatwent a good chunk of CSF manufacturing operations in Africa—
notably Algeria, Chad, Cameroon,and the Malagasy Republic. Then
went a minority holding in BullGE and part of CSF's small sharein the Compagnie des Compteurs.
In both cases, CSF had been in
a sense competing against itself;
it has affiliates that produce computers, as does Bull-GE, and industrial control equipment, as does
Compteurs.
And most recently, the company's vast administrative operations have been consolidated at
Rocquencourt,
near Versailles.
Even the former headquarters inParis, kept as a meetings center,has now been sold.
Encore? But Richard will be
hard put to turn the trick again
this year. Like all companies withheavy military orders, CSF has
dismal short-term prospects now
that President de Gaulle's defensehardware budget may be underpressure [Electronics, June 24,
p. 203]. Thomson-Brandt, for its
part, was harder-hit by the strikes
than most. Some of its workers
stayed out until late June.
Richard, then, will face adouble
setback when the takeover becomes official and he's running
Thomson CSF, which, as a division of Thomson-Brandt, will lump
together all nonconsumer electronics operations.

Around the world
Soviet Union. A computer has
found gold in
Siberia.
Yuri
Zhuravlev of the Soviet Academyof Sciences reports that several deposits were located by using acomputer program that assesses
geological data obtained by electronic exploration.
Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

Sy vanians do as they're told.

Our living depends on it.
We turn out 50 million customfabricated parts aday. To exact specifications.
Including precision stamping of hightolerance, miniature metal shapes.
Precision molding of intricate plastics
parts.
Precision forming of wire for criticalelectronics.
Combining metals, plastics and wire
into precision-built assemblies.
We live by our accuracy. After all,if we don't do what we're told, you

may not tell us anymore.
We've been doing it for over 17
years. On transistor leads, comcuter
memory core frames, connectors, pencaps, aerosol spray tips, razor blade
dispensers, integrated circuit frarres.You
name it.
We've got nine plants, the most advanced equipment, and the best engineers and die makers around to do it.
And we'll even help you design thepart. Then we'll build the dies, prociucethe parts, and do the assembly. Exactly
as we're told.

That means you get the parts you
want, the way you want them, when you
want them—probably at less cost than
you could do it for yourself.
So the next time you need acustom
fabricated part, call aSylvarian and tell
him what to do.
Sylvania Metals & Chemicals, Parts
Division, Warren, Pa. 16365.
CUSTOM PARTS BYYLVANIAGENERAL TELEPHONE &ELECTRONICS

Circle 225 on reader service card

Electronics advertisers

July 8, 1968

• Acopian Corporation
Mort Barish Associates

Datacraft Corp.
Advertising Art Services

26

Delta Design, Inc.
Pacific Publications

66

Delta Products, Inc.
Noble De Roin & Associates

7

121

Acromag Inc.
Watkins-Rogers, Inc.

200

AEG-Telefunken
Werbungs-Makler
Airco Speer Electronic Components
Hazard Adv. Co., Inc.
Allen-Bradley Co.
Fensholt Adv. Agcy.

OAS-6
47
40, 41

188
American Electronics, Inc.
Alden Adv. of California, Inc.
American Lava Corp.,
Sub. of Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co.
101
Designers Incorporated• AMP, Inc.
28, 29Garceau, Hallahan & McCullough, Inc.
Amphenol Corp.
Marsteller Inc.

155

Andrew Corp.
72
Fensholt Adv. Agcy.
Arnold Engineering Co.
18, 19Buchen Adv., Inc.
Ates Componenti Elettronici, S. P. A. OAS-14

Di-Arco Corp., Div. of
Houdaille Industries, Inc.
Charles E. Brown Adv. Agcy.
Dialight Corp.
Michel Cather, Inc.
Dow Chemical Co., The
MacManus, John & Adams, Inc.

162
200, 201
151

Dow Corning Corp.,
Engineering Products Div.
Church & Guisewite Adv
Dow Corning Int'l., Ltd.
Marsteller Belgium, S. A.

189• Hewlett-Packard, Loveland Div.
Tallant/Yates Adv., Inc.

2, 63

• Hewlett-Packard, Microwave Div.
Lennen & Newell, Inc.

167

• Hewlett-Packard, Moseley Div.
Lennen & Newell, Inc.
• Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto Div.
Lennen & Newell, Inc.
HI-G, Inc.
Marketing Assistance, Inc.

Belden Corp.
Fensholt Adv. Agcy.

12,

Duncan Electronics, Inc.,
Sub. of Systron-Donner Corp.
He[me Associates, Inc.

196

DuPont de Nemours Co.,
Industrial Fibers Nomex
153
Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, Inc.
Dynamco, Ltd.
OAS-17
Leslie Ingham Associates, Ltd.

Eastern Shopping Centers, Inc.
Miller Adv. Agcy., Inc.

13

Eastman Kodak Co.,
Business Systems Markets Div.
J. Walter Thompson Co.

134

Binary Electronics of California

182

Bourns Inc., Trimpot Div.
Lester Co., The

194• Brush Instruments Div. of Clevite Corp.
Carr Liggett Adv., Inc.
• Bulova Watch Co., Electronics Div.
Levy Adv. Assoc.
Bunker-Ramo Co.
Diener & Dorskind, Inc.
• Bussmann Mfg. Div. of
McGraw Edison Co.
Henderson Adv. Co.

179
131

Industrial Electronic Engineers
Van Der Boom, McCarron, Inc.
Intellux, Inc.
Palmer/Larson Communications
a Intl. Crystal Mfg. Co.
Robert V. Freeland & Associates
IR C, Inc.
Gray & Rogers, Inc.

E G & G, Inc.
Culver Adv., Inc.

183

207
204
44, 45
213

Johnson Co., E. F.
Midland Associates

205

120, 199

E-H Research Laboratories, Inc.
Steedman, Cooper and Busse Adv.
• Electrical Industries
Douglas Turner, Inc.

61
156

Emerson & Cuming, Inc.
Edwin F. Hall132

202, 203• Fairchild Semiconductor,
Inc. 10, 11, 70, 71, 140, 141, 218, 219
Faust/Day, Inc.
Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.
177
Reincke, Meyer & Finn, Inc.

Cinch Graphik Div. of
United Carr Fastener Co.
Reach McClinton & Co.
Clarostat Mfg. Co.
Horton, Church & Goff, Inc.
▪ Clevite Corp., Piezoelectric Div.
Carr Liggett Adv., Inc.
• Clifton Precision Products Co.,
Div. of Litton Industries
Ivey Adv., Inc.

17

126

Celanese Plastics Co.,
Div. of Celanese Corp.
142, 143
MacManus, John & Adams, Inc.
Centralab Div. of Globe-Union, Inc.
184
Brady Co., The• Cherry Electrical Products Corp.
175
K & A, Inc.
24
158
207

32

• CML, Div. of Tenny Engineering Co.
Keyes, Martin & Co.

205

Communication Electronics, Inc.
William C. Estler-Public Relations

170

Control Products Div., Consolidated
Electrodynamics Corp.,
152

67• Kepco, Inc.
Weiss Adv.

210

LectroMagnetics, Inc.
Van Der Boom, McCarron, Inc.

198

• Ledex, Inc., Bramco Controls Div.
Yeck & Yeck, Inc.

124

Litton Industries, Inc.,
Potentiometer Div.
MacManus, John & Adams, Inc.

216, 217

Litton Industries, Inc.,
Winchester Electronics Div.
MacManus, John & Adams, Inc.

148, 149

Lockheed Electronics Co.
McCann-Erickson, Inc.
General Cable Corp.
Hicks & Greist, Inc.
• General Electric Co.,Capacitor Div.
Robert S. Cragin, Inc.

144, 145,

168

102,

103

um General Electric Co., Electronic
Components Sales Operation
Robert S. Cragin, Inc.
• General Electric Co.,
Instrument Dept.
Robert S. Cragin, Inc.
• General Electric Co.,
Lamp Glass Dept.
Dix & Eaton, Inc.
• General Electric Co., Lamp
Metals & Components Div.
Dix & Eaton, Inc.
• General Electric Co.,
Specialty Control Div.
Robert S. Cragin, Inc.
General Radio Co.
Horton, Church & Goff, Inc.
Globe-Union, Inc., Int'l. Div.
Brady Co., The
Gries Reproducer Co.
Harold Marshall Adv.

68, 6922, 23

137
207

114
2nd Cover
OAS-10180

119• Cosmicar Optical Co., Ltd.
202
Matsushita, Inc.
• Couch Ordnance Inc., Couch Co. Div.
130
Culver Adv., Inc.
CREI, Home Study Div. of the
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
197
Henry J. Kaufman & Associates• CTS Corp.
20, 21
Burton Browne Adv.

226

180

176

Cambridge Thermionic Corp.
Chirurg & Cairns, Inc.

Corning Glass Works,
Electronics Div.-Resistors
Rumrill-Hoyt Co., Inc.

118

188

Fluke Mfg. Co., John
Bonfield Associates

A Bell & Howell Co.
Porter & Mills Adv.
Corning Glass Works,
Electronics Div.-Capacitors
Rumrill-Hoyt Co., Inc.

192

OAS-9

78

Bell Telephone Laboratories
N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.

169

Hitachi Metals, Ltd.
Standard Adv., Inc.
• Honeywell, Test Instruments Div.
Campbell Mithun, Inc.

• ITT Cannon Electric
MacManus, John & Adams, Inc.
• Beckman Instruments, Inc., Helipot Div.
Hixson &Jorgensen, Inc.

1
146

• Machlett Laboratories,
Div. of Raytheon Co.
Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc.
• Magnetics, Inc.
Lando Adv. Agcy., Inc.
Marconi Co. Ltd.,Line Edition Comm.: Mars
Hampshire House, Ltd.
Marconi Radio Communication
Hampshire House, Ltd.

116,

15
171

OAS-15
OAS-8• Markel & Sons, L. Frank
125
George Moll Adv., Inc.
• Micro Switch, Div. of Honeywell42, 43
Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, Inc.
Microwave Associates, Inc.
172
Kalb & Schneider, Inc.
• Microwave Electronics Corp.,
Sub. of Teledyne
Bonfield Associates• Mitsumi Electric Co., Ltd.
Sanko Tsushinsha, Ltd.
Motorola Semiconductor
Products, Inc.
Lane & Bird Adv., Inc.
Mullard, Ltd.
Parker-Rumrill Intl., Inc.

• Heath Co., Sub of
Schlumberger, Ltd.
Advance Adv. Service
Heinemann Electric Co.
Thomas R. Sundheim, Inc.
• Hewlett-Packard,
Colorado Springs Div.
Tallant/Yates Adv., Inc.

133

220
182
65, 76, 77
228

117
6

3rd Cover

National Accelerator Laboratory
Connor-Sager Associates, Inc.

181

• National Electronics, Inc.
Connor-Sager Associates, Inc.

190

Electronics IJuly 8, 1968

National Semiconductor Corp.
Jay Chiat & Associates

113, 115

a Nippon Coil Co., Ltd.
Dai-lchi Intl., Inc.

192

• North Atlantic Industries, Inc.
Murray Heyert Associatesa Norton Associates, Inc.
J. J. Coppo Co.

178

Nus Corp., Electronic Systems Div.
Graphic Associates

Advertising Sales Staff

ABP

e
lm!

Wallis Clarke [212] 971-2187

180
188• Texscan Corp.
Burton Browne Adv.

14

Torrington Mfg. Co., Air Moving Div.
Wilson, Haight & Welch, Inc.
• Pfizer & Co., Chas., MPM Div.
Newmark, Posner & Mitchell, Inc.
Phelps Dodge Electronics
Products Corp.
Smith, Dorian & Burman, Inc.
• Philbrick/Nexus Research
Culver Adv., Inc.
Philco Ford Corp.,
Sierra Electronics Operation
Hal Lawrence, Inc.

206

150
59

OAS-1

• Photocircuits Corp.
Duncan Brooks, Inc.

161

Polaroid Corp.
Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.

39

Triplett Electrical Instrument Co.
Burton Browne Adv.
Trompeter Electronics
Jansson Adv.
• Trygon Electronics, Inc.
Kameny Associates, Inc.

163

• Tung-Sol Div., Wagner Electric Corp.
Feeley & Wheeler, Inc.

160

Ulano Graphic Arts Supplies, Inc.
Lory Roston Associates

139

46
64

25

Philips Eindhoven N. V.
T. A. G. De La Mar

2

Frank E. LeBeau [212] 971-6464
Advertising Sales Manager

55

8,• Varo, Inc.
Tracy-Locke Co., Inc.

182

Radio Corp. of America
4th Cover, 57, 214, 215
Al Paul Lefton Co.
Rotron Mfg. Co.
Lescarboura Adv., Inc.

Scientific Data Systems
Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.
Sfernice
Publicitor• Siemens America
Muller, Jordan and Herrick, Inc.

OAS-1250
OAS-16• Sorensen Operation, Raytheon Co.
Urrutia & Hayes, Inc.
.S. P. Elettronica
Publicitas SPA
Sperry Rand Corp.,
Sperry Electronic Tube Div.
Neals & Hickok, Inc.
Sprague Electric Co., The
Harry P. Bridge Co.
Struthers-Dunn, Inc.
Harry P. Bridge Co.
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,
Parts Div.
Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, Inc.

166
136
16

Williams Gold Refining Co., Inc.,
Precious Metals Div.
Stahlka, Faller & Klenk, Inc.

138

49

Signetics Corp., Sub. of
Corning Glass Works
95
Cunningham 8. Walsh, Inc.
• Siliconix, Inc.
127
Graphics West
Sloan Instruments Corp.
109
Palmer/Larson Communications
Solartron/Schlumberger Electronics Group.
Ltd. OAS-2, OAS-3, OAS-4, OAS-5, OAS-13
Southern Adv., Ltd.
Solitron Devices, Inc., Transistor Div.
Haselmire Pearson Adv., Inc.

• Wang Laboratories
Impact Adv., Inc.
• Weinschel Engineering Co.
E. G. White Adv., Inc.
Western Technology, Inc.
Jansen Associates, Inc.

187
75
OAS-18164Classified Advertising
F.J. Eberle, Manager
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

208-209

General Dynamics Electronics Div.

208

EQUIPMENT(Used or Surplus New)For Sale
A & A Electronics Corp.

209

Goodheart Co., Inc., R. E.

209

Radio Research Instrument Co.

209

5, 9
157

225

Synthane Corp.
205
Arndt, Preston, Chapin, Lamb & Keen,
Inc.

Assistant to sales manager
Donald J. Austermann [212] 971-3139
Promotion Manager

Warren H. Gardner [215] LO 86161
Eastern Advertising Sales Manager
Atlanta, Ga. 30309: Michael H. Miller, 1375
Peachtree St., N.E.
[404] 892-2868
Boston, Mass. 02116: William S. Hodgkinson
McGraw-Hill Building, Copley Square[617] CO 2-1160
Cleveland, Ohio 44113: William J. Boyle, 55
Public Square, [216] SU 1-7000
New York, N.Y. 10036
500 Fifth Avenue
Donald R. Furth [212] 971-3615
james R. Pierce [212] 971-3616
John A. Garland [212] 971-3617
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103:
Jeffrey M. Preston
Warren H. Gardner,
6 Penn Center Plaza,[215] LO 8-6161
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222: Warren H. Gardner,
4 Gateway Center, [412] 391-1314
Rochester, N.Y. 14534: William J. Boyle,
9 Greylock Ridge, Pittsford, N.Y.
[716] 586-5040

J. Bradley MacKimm [312] MO 4-5800
Midwest Advertising Sales Manager
Chicago, III. 60611: Kenneth E. Nicklas
J. Bradley MacKimm, Ralph Henning,
645 North Michigan Avenue,[312] MO 4-5800
Dallas, Texas 75201: Richard P. Poole, 1800
Republic National Bank Tower,[214] RI 7-9721
Houston, Texas 77002: Kenneth George,
2270 Humble Bldg., [713] CA 4-8381
Detroit, Michigan 48226: Ralph Hanning
856 Penobscot Building[313] 962-1793
Minneapolis, Minn. 55402: J. Bradley
MacKimm, 1104 Northstar Center[612] 332-7425
St. Louis, Mo. 63105: Robert M. Denmead
The Clayton Tower, 7751•Carondelet Ave.
[314] PA 5-7285

James T. Hauptli [415] DO 24600
Western Advertising Sales Manager
Denver, Colo. 80202: Joseph C. Page, David
M. Watson, Tower Bldg., 1700 Broadway[303] 255-5484
Los Angeles, Calif. 90017: Ian C. Hill,
John G. Zisch. 1125 W. 6th St.,
[2131 HU 2-5450
Portland, Ore, 97204: James T. Hauptli,
218 Mohawk Building, 222 S.W. Morrison
Street, Phone [503] 223-5118
San Francisco, Calif. 94111:
James T. Hauptli, 255 California Street,[415] DO 2-4600

Pierre Braude Tel: 225 85 88: Paris• For more information on complete productline see advertisement in the latest Electronics Buyer's Guide
Advertisers in Overseas Advertising Section
following Newsletter from Abroad

European Director
Paris: Ken Davey
88-90 Avenue Des Champs-Elysees, Paris 8
United Kingdom and Scandinavia

Brian Bowes Tel. Hyde Park 1451

34 Dover Street,
London W1

Milan: Robert Seidel
1 via Baracchini Phone: 86-90-656• Technipower
S & S Creative Services

154

OAS-7, OAS-11
Technique et Produits
Ste de Publicite de Films et deDocumentaires
122• Tektronix, Inc.
Hugh Dwight Adv., Inc.
Teledyne Relays Co.
S. Michelson Adv.
Temescal, Div. of Airco
Allen, Dorward & Scroggin, Inc.
Tempress Research Co., Inc.
Hal Lawrence, Inc.

193
174
27

Teradyne, Inc.
30
Quinn &Johnson Adv., Inc.
Test Equipment Corp.
186
Dean & Bain Adv., Inc.
• Texas Instruments Incorporated,
Components Group
35, 36, 37, 38, 48
Don L. Baxter, Div. of AlbertFrank-Guenther Law, Inc.

Electronics 1July 8, 1968

Electronics Buyers' Guide
George F. Werner, General Manager[212] 971-2310
Ray Smyth, Eastern Regional Manager
1212] 971-6538
Robert M. Denmead,
Midwest Regional Manager
Regina Hera, Directory Manager[212] 971-2544
Thomas M. Egan, Production Manager[212] 971-3140

Circulation Departmentlsaaca Siegel, Manager [212] 971-6057

Research Department
David Strassler, Manager [212] 971-6058
Chloe D. Glover, Research Associate[212] 971-6057

Brussels: F.I.H. Huntjens
27 Rue Ducale Tel: 136503
Frankfurt/Main: Hans Haller
Elsa-Brandstroem Str. 2
Phone: 72 01 81
Geneva: Ken Davey
1, rue du Temple Phone: 31 95 60
Tokyo: Takeji Kinoshita
Shiba, Minato-Ku [502] 0656
Osaka: Ryoji Kobayashi 163, Umegae-cho
Kita-ku [362] 8771

Business Department
Wallace C. Carmichael, Manager[212] 971-3191
Stephen R. Weiss, Production Manager[212] 971-2044
Thomas M. Egan,
Assistant Production Manager [212] 971-3140
Dorothy Carmesin, Contracts and Billings[212] 971-2908
Frances Vallone, Reader Service Manager[212] 971-2865

227

Self-contained
Gunn effectoscillator
generates 5mWfrom 7Vsupply...
... part of arange ofadvanced microwave
components
Don't waste time and effort developing
cavities for Gunn effect devices. These oscillators, for the
next generation of radar equipments, consist of aGaAs device(type ro6CXY) fitted in aresonant cavity which is mechanically tuned over the specified range. Other types will haveelectronic tuning.
Oscillators available are
CL836o for 8to 9GHz
CL837o for 9to roGHz
CL838o for ro to rIGHz CL8390 for rrto r2GHz
They only need a 7V supply to generate atypicalX-band output of 5mW—an obvious advantage over conventional low-powered klystron sources.
Other specialist microwave devices include varactor
diodes with resonant frequencies of 9 and 3oGHz and highfigures of merit. And low noise mixer diodes in small, rugged
ceramic and titanium casings with awide frequency range.
228

Circle 228 on reader service card

Every designer should have a copy of the Mullard
Quick Reference Guide giving information on semiconductor
microwave devices. Also ask to be put on the mailing list of the
Mullard Bulletin—a regular publication which gives details of
new components and applications ...the result of extensive
research and development programs in the Mullard laboratories in England. Mullard employ woo qualified scientists
and engineers and have six major plants, with over 3million
square feet of floor space.
Write for information on Mullard semiconductor
microwave devices, and for the name of your local Distributor.
Mullard Limited, Mullard House, Torrington
Place, London WCI, England.
U.S.A. enquiries to Mullard Inc., roo Finn Court,
Farmingdale, Long Island, New York 11735, U.S.A.
Telephone: (516) 694-8989 Telex: 961455.

Mullard
Electronics

July 8, 1968

hp's 140 Scope System grows to an 8 x 10-inch display

I L

BACI
take a good look!
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hp 140 Scope System
PLUG-IN CAPABILITI-.

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1. Wide Band
2. Sampling
3. High Gain Differential
4. Dual Trace
5. X-Y

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ID

•

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-.

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•
•
•

•
•

6. Delayed Sweep
7. No Drift
8. High Common *lode Rejection
9. Algebraic Addition
10. Time Domain Reflectometry
11. Wide Band TDP

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12. Swept Frequency

Get the same accuracy, the same linearity, as the hp

Call your nearest hp field engineer and ask him about

140A ... with higher resolution—the new 8" x 10" CRT

the new hp 143A. Or, write to Hewlett-Packard, Palo

hp 143A Oscilloscope. Use it when the readout is to be

Alto, California 94304. Europe: 54 Route des Acacias,

viewed from a distance or by several people at a time.

Geneva. Price: 143A Oscilloscope mainframe, $1400;

Use it anywhere you need a big picture.

plug-ins, $250 to $1600; samplers, $1000 to $3000.

In abright, easy-to-see 8 x10-inch display, the 143A
has a 20 kV electrostatic CRT. It accepts all 17 of the
140 Series vertical and horizontal plug-ins. This gives
you up to 15 MHz dual channel real-time displays, plus
exclusive hp 140 Scope System capabilities.

HEWLETT

hp PACKARD

Now get bigger performance in any direction. The
selection chart shows the broad measurement capability available.

Circle 901 on reader service card

OSCILLOSCOPESYSTEMS

and Super-versatility from DC to 120 MHz with RCA CA-3028B

CA-3028A
89e (1,000 units)
Voltage gain (typ)I diff.
@ 10.7 MHz
Icascode
AGC range (typ)@10.7 MHz
Input offset voltage (max)@ ± 12V
Input offset current (max)@± 12V
Input bias current (max)@ ± 12V
Max. p-p output
voltage swing (min)@ ± 12V (RI. ,. 1.6 kfl,
fr 1kHz)
Voltage gain (min)@12V (RI. -= 1.6 kO,
f= 1kHz)

CA-3028B$1.25 (1,000 units)

32X
98X

32X
98X

62 dB

62 dB

• Controlled input-offset voltage and current• Controlled input bias current• Unique—use as Differential OR Cascode Ampl

5mV
6µA
106 fiA• Single or dual power supply

se ,A• RF, Converter, and IF in Commercial FM receivers• Limiter• Oscillator• Mixer• TO-5 package for —55^ to -I- 125 C operation
See your RCA Representative for full details. Ask
your RCA Distributor for his price and delivery. And for

15V

40 dB

full technical information and Application Notes on
the CA-3028A and the tight spec CA-3028B, write RCA
Electronic Components, Commercial Engineering,
Section IC-N-7-1 Harrison, N. J. 07029.

It

I/

Integrated
Circuits