生存圏アジアリサーチノード活動報告
Humanosphere
Asia Research Node Activity Report⏕Ꮡᅪ䜰䝆䜰䝸䝃䞊䝏䝜䞊䝗άືሗ࿌㻌
ARN 2023⏕Ꮡᅪ䜰䝆䜰䝸䝃䞊䝏䝜䞊䝗

生存圏アジアリサーチノード
Humanosphere Asia Research Node

Table of Contents

1.

Preface ................................. 22.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node ......... 43.

8th Asia Research Node Symposium........

6

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 1

Preface

Director of RISH

Mamoru Yamamoto

The environment surrounding humans is rapidly changing
with complicated interlinkages, threatening sustainable
development and healthy living. There has been an increasing
demand for reliable future projections based on an accurate
understanding of current conditions of Humanosphere, and forthe presentation of measures for solving the problems. To
establish the Sustainable Humanosphere, international
collaboration and expansion of Humanosphere Science on a
global scale is important.

In 2016, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) launched a
program called the Humanosphere Asia Research Node (ARN) to strengthen the hub
functions of international collaborative research and fostering talented people who
expand the field of Humanosphere Sciences internationally. ARN integrates our various
facilities and human networks in ASEAN region and Japan for consolidating theinternational collaborative research on “Sustainable Humanosphere”. We have held aseries of symposia on Humanosphere Science: the 1st ARN Symposium in Penang,
Malaysia in collaboration with Universiti Sains, Malaysia (USM), the 2nd one in Uji,Japan, the 3rd one in Taichung, Taiwan in collaboration with National Chung Hsing
University (NCHU), the 4th one in Nanjing, China in collaboration with Nanjing Forestry
University (NFU), the 5th one as ONLINE event due to the unfolding coronavirus(COVID-19) outbreak and travel restrictions, and the 6th one as a joint online program of“LAPAN-Kyoto University International Symposium for Equatorial Atmosphere“. Last
year, the 7th symposium was held online with the Indonesian Research and Innovation
Agency (BRIN) with the aim of understanding the current status of both countries inscientific activities to achieve sustainable society.
ARN serves as a hub connecting the ASEAN-Japan research network through its
joint laboratory in BRIN, Indonesia, as well as an opportunity for various research
institutes of Japan to access ARN’s overseas research facilities. This year, Kyoto
University ASEAN Center, in collaboration with HAKU (the alumni association offormer international students from Southeast Asia), will co-host the 18th Southeast Asia
Network Forum (18th SEA) with the 2nd International Conference on Environment andSustainable Development (2nd ICESD) to be held at Hasanuddin University in Makassar,

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 2

Indonesia, on October 28 and 29. The 8th ARN Symposium, also jointly organized withthe 2nd ICESD, will be held on October 29 at Hasanuddin University, coinciding with the18th SEA, to further strengthen and expand the international collaborative research
network in the Southeast Asia region. This ARN Symposium will provide an opportunity
for face-to-face as well as online exchanges to promote academic exchange in the postcoronal era. The symposium will be divided into Session 1 (Atmosphere and Energy) andSession 2 (Materials and Environment) to discuss the latest science and technology inrelated scientific fields that contribute to the creation of a “Sustainable Humanosphere”
will be discussed.

October 2023

Director of RISH, Kyoto University
Mamoru Yamamoto

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 3

Humanosphere
Asia Research Node

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University

In 2016, RISH initiated a new program named Humanosphere Asia Research
Node (ARN), thereby strengthening the hub functions of international
collaborative research and fostering innovation in Humanosphere Science withthe ultimate goal of delivering solutions on a global scale. ARNs achievements
included the following: 1) an ARN joint laboratory at the Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI) was founded jointly with the Japan-ASEAN Science, Technology
and Innovation Platform (JASTIP) project; 2) a number of RISH Open Seminars
were delivered and broadcast live via web conferencing to selected foreign
research organizations; 3) a server mirroring system for the Humanosphere
Science Database was installed in Indonesia; 4) and a lecture and practicaltraining course on atmospheric science was offered. ARN also served as a coorganizer for the International Workshop on Bioresources and Biodiversity
in Uji, Kyoto (with the JASTIP), and the Humanosphere Science School inIndonesia. ARN held the 1st Asia Research Node Symposium on Humanosphere
Science in Penang, Malaysia in February 2017, and the 2nd Symposium in Uji, Kyoto in July 2017, at which more than 30
speakers from Japan and all over the world were invited. With these ARN activities, RISH is in a perfect position to pursue
the integration of different research disciplines and to promote the internationalization of Humanosphere Science.

ARN & JASTIP Joint Laboratory
ARN serves as a network hub that connects research between
ASEAN and Japan through joint laboratories in Indonesia and also
provides an opportunity for various research institutes in Japan toaccess ARNs overseas facilities. In addition, ARN highly encourages
overseas researchers to conduct collaborative research using
domestic facilities under the joint usage platform it promotes.

Capacity Building
ARN supports the career development of young researchers and engineers by offering
opportunities for collaborative research and involvement in international schools inIndonesia and other Asian countries. With ARNs support, these young scientists can grow
Practical training on atmosphericscience in Indonesia

The 1st ARN Symposium on Humanosphere Science(February 20-21, 2017/Penang, Malaysia)

The 2nd ARN Symposium on Humanosphere
Science (July 19-21, 2017/Uji, Kyoto)

Humanosphere Asia Research Node

-

-38-

Humanosphere Science School 2017, The 7th International Symposium for
Sustainable Humanosphere (November 1-2, 2017/Bogor, Indonesia)

http://www.rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp/asiaresearchnodes_e/

E-mail: webmaster@rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The 523 rd Symposium on Sustainable Humanosphere

The 8 th Asia Research Node Symposium on
Humanosphere Science — jointly with —The 2nd International Conference on
Environment and Sustainable Development
Hybrid Symposium October 29, 2023

 Opening Speech
MT/JST: 08:30-09:10/09:30-10:10

Dr. Akbar Hanif Dawam Abdullah (BRIN, Indonesia)
Prof. Mamoru Yamamoto (Director of RISH, Kyoto Univ., Japan)

 Session 1 (Atmosphere and Energy)
MT/JST: 09:15-10:00/10:15-11:00

Dr. Masayuki Ito (RISH, Kyoto Univ., Japan)
Dr. Didi Satiadi (BRIN, Indonesia)
Prof. Marzuki (Universitas Andalas, Indonesia)

 Session 2 (Materials and Environment)
MT/JST: 10:10-10:55/11:10-11:55

Prof. Wakako Ohmura (RISH, Kyoto Univ., Japan)
Prof. Musrizal Muin (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)
Dr. Sukma Surya Kusumah (BRIN, Indonesia)

 Closing Remark
Prof. Suharman Hamzah (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)
Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 6

The 523rd symposium on Sustainable Humanosphere
The 8th Asia Research Node Symposium on Humanosphere Science in conjunction with 2nd ICESD
Program
October 29, 2023
MT(Makassar Time)/JST

MT: Makassar Time; JST: Japan Standard Time

08:00-11:00/09:00-12:00

Total time

08:00-08:30/09:00-09:30

Registration and Internet connection

08:30-09:10/09:30-10:10

Greetings & Openning Speech

Time

Title

08:30-08:50/09:30-09:50

Greeting & Openning Speech 1

Research Collaboration of Biomass and Bioproducts in Indonesia

08:50-09:10/09:50-10:10

Openning Speech 2

Collaborative research on the equatorial atmosphere over Indonesia--- Achievements and future project ---09:10-09:15/10:10-10:15

Photo Sesssion

09:15-10:00/10:15-11:00

Session 1 (Atmosphere, Energy)

Time

Title
Seasonal variations and its controlling factors of dissolved
methane concentrations in lakes and ponds from tropical totemperate region<Chair> Dr. Noersomadi(Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere,
BRIN)
SpeakerDr. Akbar Hanif Dawam Abdullah(Director of Research Center for Biomass andBioproducts, BRIN)
Prof. Mamoru Yamamoto(Director of RISH, Kyoto University)<Chair> Dr. Noersomadi(Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere,
BRIN)
SpeakerDr. Masayuki Itoh
(RISH, Kyoto University)

09:15-09:30/10:15-10:30

Invited

09:30-09:45/10:30-10:45

InvitedUnderstanding Orography-MJO Interaction and Its Impact on
Rainfall Variability in West Sumatra

09:45-10:00/10:45-11:00

InvitedLand - sea contrast of diurnal cycle characteristics and rain event
Prof. Marzuki
propagations over Sumatra and the need for Equatorial Atmosphere (Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics
Radar (EAR) observations
and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas)

10:00-10:10/11:00-11:10

Break

10:10-10:55/11:10-11:55

Session 2（Materials, Environment）

Time

Dr. Didi Satiadi(Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere,
BRIN)<Chair> Dr. Khoirul Himmi Setiawan(Research Center for Applied Zoology, BRIN)
Title
Speaker
Termite test methods for soil-treatment by termiticides and related Prof. Wakako Ohmura
materials(RISH, Kyoto University)

10:10-10:25/11:10-11:25

Invited10:25-10:40/11:25-11:40

InvitedCurrent Challenges and Future Perspectives on Emerging
Wood Preservation Technology in Indonesia

Prof. Musrizal Muin
(Forest Products Utilization and Processing
Laboratory, Universitas Hasanuddin)

10:40-10:55/11:40-11:55

Invited

Exploring the Viability of Citric Acid-Molasses as a Sustainable
Adhesive

Dr. Sukma Surya Kusumah(Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts,
Research Organization for Life Sciences andEnvironment, BRIN)

10:55-11:00/11:55-12:00

Closing Remark

Prof. Suharman Hamzah(Hasanuddin University)

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 7

Research Collaboration of Biomass and Bioproducts in Indonesia
Akbar Hanif Dawam Abdullah
Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency,
Indonesia
Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts was designed to answer the challenges ofvarious national and global issues, including: less optimal utilization of abundant natural resources,
dependence on imported products, and the high level of biomass waste from the agriculture andforestry sectors. Our mission is mastery of biomass conversion technology into bioproducts, both in
the form of conventional products such as paper, pulp and furniture; or in new (advanced) products
such as bioplastics, bio-adhesives, biofuels, cellulose based, starch based, and high quality functional
bioproducts.
Our research scopes of biomass resources including wood, non-wood, natural fiber, sugar
starch, corps, herbaceous, agriculture residue, aquatic plant, and oily-plant residue; follows up thetrends and challenges in innovation of material, chemical, energy from oil-refinery to bio-refineryindustry.
Based on BRIN Regulation No. 9/2022 which was stipulated on February 25, 2022 RC
Biomass and Bioproducts performs the following tasks: a. implementation of technical tasks ofresearch, development, assessment, and application, as well as inventions and innovations in the fieldof biomass and bioproducts; b. preparation of scientific recommendations or scientific responses forgoverment in the field of biomass and bioproducts; c. providing technical guidance and supervision in
the field of biomass and bioproducts; d. implementation of cooperation in the field of biomass andbioproducts; and e. monitoring, evaluation, and reporting in the field of biomass and bioproducts.
Currently there are 18 research groups in RC. Biomass and Bioproduct, which are:Advanced Bio-composites, Bio-based and Synthetic Adhesives, Biocarbon, Bioproduct of pyrolysis,
Eco Harvesting, Forensic of Lignocellulose, Functional Wood, Structural Composite, Primary
Processing of Biomass, Polyphenol Bioproducts, Nutraceutical Bioproducts, Herbaceous Bioproducts,
Bioproduct of Essential Oils, Polysaccharide Engineering, Biocompatible materials, Functional
Cellulose, Nanocellulose, and Biopolymer. All these groups represent research topics in the center.
We have collaborated with 26 universities and 33 companies to enhance the strong
and utilization of our research. We also have Research Collaboration Centers (RCC) which
involving several campusses in one cluster. The RCC is a collaboration platform funded by
BRIN containing prominent researchers to mastery selected topics in each cluster. There are
6 RCCs which we are actively involved, namely : RCC Biomass and Biorefinery,
Bio-NanoCosmetic, Nanocellulose, Biomedical Scaffold, Bamboo Bioproduct, and Marine
Biomaterials. All these research activities become more dynamic with the involvement
postdoctoral and visiting scholar by BRIN research mobility scheme.
Keywords : biomass, bioproduct, collaboration

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 8

Collaborative research on the equatorial atmosphere over Indonesia--- Achievements and future project --Mamoru Yamamoto1
1
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, JAPANResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University (RISH) has a long history ofcollaboration with researchers in Indonesia. In April 2004, Kyoto University established RISH bymerging Wood Research Institute (WRI) and Radio Science Center for Space & Atmosphere (RASC),
both of which collaborated with Indonesia, i.e., WRI with LIPI on wood and biomaterial sciences, RISH
with BPPT and LAPAN on atmospheric and space sciences. In this presentation, I would like to focus
on research on the equatorial atmosphere and show our achievements and future plans. Our interest in
studying the equatorial atmosphere was initiated as the following research target after the MU (Middle
and Upper atmosphere). Our first research activity in Indonesia was the feasibility study 1987 for theEquatorial Radar. BPPT and LAPAN were the institutions that helped our activities. Since then, we
started observing the equatorial atmosphere by radiosondes, small radars, etc. In 2001, we installed theEquatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) at Kototabang, West Sumatra under close collaboration with
LAPAN. The EAR has conducted for more than 20 years the long-term continuous observations of theatmosphere and ionosphere. Unfortunately, the EAR suffers from the lightning hit in 2019. Because of
the COVID-19 problem, it took time to recover from the failure. The replacement radar controller is
now ready in Japan, we will install it soon after the BRIN-RISH agreement on the EAR operation is
concluded.
Our future plan is the installation of the new radar in Kototabang. Current radar, the EAR, is powerful,
but its sensitivity is limited compared to the MU radar. We now plan to install “Equatorial MU (EMU)
Radar (EMU)”. The EMU will have an active phased array antenna with the 163 m diameter and 1055
cross-element Yagis. Total output power of the EMU will be more than 500 kW. The EMU can observe
turbulent echoes from the mesosphere (60-80 km) which will the world first experiment over thegeographic equator. In the ionosphere incoherent-scatter observations of plasma density, drift, andtemperature will be possible. Multi-channel receivers will realize radar-imaging observations. We areproposing the project to the Roadmap 2023 by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology (MEXT). We hope that the EMU is soon funded, and it will be a world-class radar facility
to advance studies of the equatorial atmosphere from Indonesia.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 9

Seasonal variations and its controlling factors of dissolved methane
concentrations in lakes and ponds from tropical to temperate region
Masayuki Itoh1
1

RISH, Kyoto University, Japan

Introduction
Lakes are considered one of the important sources of methane emissions to the atmosphere, andestimates of global lake emissions (159 Tg CH4 yr–1) are highly uncertain due to their large spatiotemporal variability (Saunois et al., 2020). Most of the data used for estimation are from temperate andboreal lakes and observations from the tropical lakes, where methane production is expected to be more
activeunder high temperature conditions, are not sufficient. We present the detailed results of methane andenvironmental factors observed in a tropical volcanic lake (Philippines; Mendoza et al., 2020, JGR), a
subtropical dammed lake (Taiwan; Itoh et al., 2015) in the Southeast Asian region comparing to theresults in temperate lake and ponds (Lake Biwa and an agricultural pond in low rainfall area in Japan).
2. Materials and methods
Three volcanic lakes in the Philippines, Yambo (38 m in depth), Pandin (62 m), and Calibato (135m (14.1° N, 121.4 °E; April 2018-February 2019); a dam lake in Taiwan (Fei-Tsui Reservour: FTR; 114
m in depth; 24.5° N, 121.3° E; October 2012-March 2014) in Taiwan. Mean annual temperature andannual precipitation were 27.7°C, 1639 mm (2015-18) and 21.5°C, 4052 mm (2004-13), respectively.
Lake water samples by depth were collected using a Go-Flo bottle (General Oceanics, USA). Water
samples were collected in glass vials (20-30 ml: dissolved methane concentration) and polyethylene
bottles (for water quality analysis, etc.). Vials were sealed with rubber stoppers and aluminum seals, andmethane concentrations were measured using GC with an FID detector (headspace method). Major
dissolved ion concentrations were analyzed using ion chromatography, and vertical distribution of watertemperature and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) were observed at each site.
3. Results
The mean dissolved methane concentrations in volcanic lakes in the Philippines were Yambo (0.27± 0.07, 421 ±189 μmol L–1), Pandin (0.48 ± 0.37, 1121 ± 125 μmol L–1), and Calibato (0.34 ± 0.23, 943± 119 μmol L–1) in surface and deep bottom layers with no clear seasonal variation was observed. On
the other hand, dissolved methane concentrations in Taiwan FTR were 0.036 ± 0.026 in the surface layerand 135.6 ± 120 μmol L–1 in the deep bottom layer, both more than one order of magnitude lower thanthose in similar depth lakes in the Philippines were significantly different from those in 2012 (0.11 ±0.23 in the deep bottom layer) and 2013(84.0 ± 25.4 μmol L–1).
4. Discussion

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 10

In the Philippines, the water temperature in the deep bottom layer was 25°C even at 135 m depth inCalibato, which is a favorable environment for methanogens, and high methane accumulation wasobserved due to constant stratification in the deeper layers. Surface methane concentrations (0-5 m)
were generally below 1 μmol L–1. Dissolved methane concentrations showed a gradual increase below
the surface in shallowest lake, Yambo. Methane concentrations increased sharply at depths below 20-30
m depth, suggesting the presence of an accumulation layer of highly concentrated methane. In thesurface layers of the shallow and deep lakes, a relationship between meteorological (precipitation,
atmospheric pressure, and temperature) variations and methane concentrations was observed, suggesting
the influence of partial vertical lake mixing in the surface layers. In the Taiwan FTR, the watertemperature in the deep bottom layer (100 m) is lower than that in the tropics (about 16°C year-round),and the vertical mixing that occurs during the low-temperature season supplies DO from the surface
layer to the deeper layer. This is thought to suppress methane production in the bottom layer, which
result in lower bottom methane concentrations than in the tropics. The intensity of vertical mixing in theprevious year was also shown to determine the redox condition of the bottom layer in the following year,
which in turn affected methane production and accumulation. These results indicate that the weakeningof vertical mixing due to a warmer winter (global warming) may increase methane production andaccumulation in the deep bottom of subtropical lakes and increase the opportunity to accumulate highconcentrations of methane, as in tropical lakes.
References
Volume 12, issue 3
Saunois et al., 2020, The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017, Earth System Science Data 12, 1561–
1623
Itoh et al., 2015, Effect of inter-annual variation in winter vertical mixing on CH4 dynamics in a
subtropical reservoir, Journal of Geophysical Research- Biogeosciences 120, 1246-1261.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 11

Study of Orography-MJO Interaction and Its Impact on Rainfall
Variability in West Sumatra
Didi Satiadi, Anis Purwaningsih, Wendi Harjupa, Ibnu Fathrio, Elfira Saufina, Trismidianto
Fahmi Rahmatia, Ridho Pratama
Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
Orographic enhancement affects the formation and distribution of rainfall in mountainous regions.
Moreover, large-scale phenomena, such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), influence the rainfall
variability in mountainous areas. In this study, we investigated the interaction between those multiscaleprosecutors, orography, and MJO in modulating diurnal rainfall variability over the mountainous regionof West Sumatra. We utilized MJO indices, the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), andconvective inhibition (CINH) from ERA5 reanalysis data spanning 21 years (2001–2022) at threelocations surrounding the mountains to explore their role in rainfall variability. These three locations
vary in elevation: the windward side (L1), the mountaintop (L2), and the leeward side (L3). Our findings
indicate that elevation strongly influences rainfall, leading to varying rainfall intensities across the threelocations. Rainfall was higher over L2 than over L1 and L2, except during the night when it was higher
over L1 than L2, probably due to the effect of the sea climate on L1, which is located in the coastal area.
Furthermore, we observed that enhanced rainfall over L2 coincided with lower CINH and CAPE values,
while reduced rainfall over L3 occurred when CINH and CAPE values were higher. Moreover, theresults also showed that the effect of the MJO on rainfall depended on the phase of the MJO. During
MJO phase-3 (MJO-3), when the MJO convective center was still in the Indian Ocean, precipitation
increased over all locations. Conversely, during MJO phase-4 (MJO-4), when the MJO convective center
was in the Maritime Continent (MC), rain tended to decrease, particularly during the day. The results
supported the previous finding by Peatman (2014) that precipitation increase occurred before the main
MJO envelope arrived, called the “vanguard effects,” which signifies scale- interaction between the
MJO and local circulation. Analyzing the correlation between the MJO and the CAPE, we discoveredthat MJO-3 reduced CAPE, and this reduction was more pronounced in MJO-4, except over L3.
Similarly, investigating the correlation between the MJO and the CINH, we observed that MJO-3
reduced CINH while MJO-4 increased CINH. The reduction (increase) of CINH during MJO-3 (MJO4) might explain the increase (decrease) of rainfall. Therefore, CINH might be essential in the interaction
between MJO and topography, affecting rainfall variability. Overall, both topography and the MJO
influenced the magnitude of all variables but tended to retain the shape of their diurnal cycles. The
results could be significant in understanding the effects of MJO-topography interaction on rainfall
variability over the region.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 12

Land - sea contrast of diurnal cycle characteristics and rain event
propagations over Sumatra and the need for Equatorial Atmosphere Radar(EAR) observations
Marzuki Marzuki1, Helmi Yusnaini1, Fredolin Tangang2, Robi Muharsyah3, Mutya Vonnisa1,
Harmadi Harmadi1
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas,
Padang, Indonesia
2
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
3

Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics of Republic Indonesia, Jakarta,
Indonesia

This study explores diurnal cycle variations over Sumatra, emphasizing land-sea differences and rain
event propagation concerning changing rain duration and seasons. Using data from the Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) final-run product version 6(2015-2019) and 97 rain gauge stations, we analyze precipitation amount (PA), frequency (PF), andintensity (PI). Notable land-sea contrasts in PA, PF, and PI are evident, with PA and PF being primarycontributors to the diurnal precipitation cycle. Coastal regions exhibit early morning peaks, contrastingwith afternoon and evening peaks in the inland. Peak times of PA and PF also vary with rain duration,with short-duration rain events (< 3 hours) peaking much earlier than long-duration rains (> 6 hours).
This temporal dependence affects westward and eastward rain propagation. Long-duration rainfall
extends hundreds of kilometers from the coastline, while short-duration rain travels shorter distances.
For mainland rain events, propagation often starts at high topographic points, highlighting the role of
Sumatra's mountains. In the evening, the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) detects upward motions,
possibly due to anomalous westerlies, influencing upper tropospheric zonal wind anomalies. Rain event
propagation also depends on Sumatra's width, more pronounced in equatorial and southern regions. In
contrast, the northern region's narrower width leads to limited variation in PA and PF peak times. Spatial
patterns of PA, PF, and rain event occurrence vary seasonally due to the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) influence. However, rain event propagation characteristics, including peak times, exhibit
minimal seasonal variation. Large-scale atmospheric patterns affect daily mean precipitation and diurnal
variation amplitude but not phase. In summary, this study provides insights into diurnal cycle variations
over Sumatra, shedding light on land-sea differences, rain duration impacts, and the role of topography
and seasonality in precipitation patterns.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 13

Termite test methods for soil-treatment by termiticides
and related materials- From past to future Wakako Ohmura1, Shuji Itakura2, Yoko Takematsu3, Yuji Imamura1,4
1
2

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, JAPAN

Faculty of Agriculture Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Kindai University, JAPAN3

Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University , JAPAN
4

Architectural Research Association, JAPANAll countries around the world are striving to reduce CO2 emissions toward the goal of carbon
neutrality in 2050. Amid these trends, wood is attracting attention as a carbon stock, renewable
resource/material, and wooden or wood-hybrid structures of houses and nonresidential buildings are
increasing not only in mid-latitude regions such as Japan and Western countries, but also in low-latitude,
hot and humid regions of Southeast Asia. For these constructions to remain in use over the long term,
termite control measures are absolutely essential.
The basic method of termite control for buildings is the prevention of hazardous subterranean termites,
Coptotermes sp. from entering the building by physical and chemical techniques. The most common
way to keep termites out of buildings is through chemical treatment of the soil under the floor of thebuilding to create a chemical barrier.
Various chemicals have been used for soil treatment applications, but the types of chemicals havechanged over time to low-toxic and slow-acting ones in consideration of their environmental impact,
including human health. In addition, various types of termite prevention materials have been introduced,
such as chemical-impregnated sheets and seals for covering soil or filling around pipes. Along withthese changes in chemicals, methods for evaluating their effectiveness against termites have also beenreviewed over the years.
In this presentation, methods for evaluating the termiticidal properties of soil-treatment chemicals andrelated materials, which have been revised in line with changes of chemical types and the introductionof new termiticidal materials, will be discussed.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 14

Current Challenges and Future Perspectives on Emerging Wood
Preservation Technology in Indonesia
Musrizal Muin
Forest Products Utilization and Processing Laboratory, Universitas Hasanuddin
Makassar, Indonesia
Increasing the service life of wood in use could reduce replacement costs and allow more efficientuse of forest resources. One way to extend the service life of wood is through wood preservation. The
development of wood preservation technology from various aspects is becoming increasingly
important due to the less availability of natural resistance wood species and they are highly vulnerable
against deteriorating organisms. In Indonesia, there are some aspects that should be considered in theimplementation process of developed wood preservation technology, including technical factors suchas raw materials, preservatives, and preservation methods as well as non-technical factors such as
perceptions, human resources, and infrastructure. Basically, the developed wood preservation
technology should be able to adapt to the condition of the raw material being preserved, the type ofpreservative used, and the acceptance from society. Various research and development steps had been
performed to respond this needs. In this regard, some research topics are oriented towards theutilization of various types of naturally available preservative materials, the preservation of wood andbamboo products, as well as the development of new alternative approaches, including technical andnon-technical perspectives. The non-technical perspectives such as community optimistic attitude,
government policy support, global competition, public demand, and the availability of preserved woodon the market are believed to be the important factors in the society acceptance of any woodpreservation technology.
References
Barly, B. and S. Subarudi. 2010. Kajian Industri dan Kebijakan Pengawetan Kayu: Sebagai Upaya
Mengurangi Tekanan terhadap Hutan. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan 7(1), 63-80.
10.20886/jakk.2010.7.1.63-80.
Meena, R. K. 2022. A Review: Hazardous effect of chemical wood preservatives on environmental
conditions, ecological biodiversity and Human being and its alternatives through different
botanicals. Environment and Ecology 40 (3), 1137-1143.
Muin, M. and K. Tsunoda. 2004. Biological performance of wood-based composites treated with aformulation of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate and silafluofen using supercritical carbon
dioxide. Journal of Wood Science 50(6), 535-539.
Uslinawaty Z., M. Muin, and Suhasman. 2020. Distribution of permethrin on laminated bamboo after
the preservative treatment using SC-CO2 as a carrier solvent. IOP Conf. Ser: Mater. Sci. Eng.
935 012003.

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 15

Exploring the Viability of Citric Acid-Molasses as a Sustainable Adhesive

Sukma Surya Kusumah1, Jajang Sutiawan1, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis1, Kenji
Umemura2
1
Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, Research Organization for Life Sciences andEnvironment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Dr (HC) Ir. Soekarno,
Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16911, Indonesia, 2Laboratory of
Sustainable Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University,
Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, JapanThe utilization of a novel adhesive formulation comprising citric acid (CA) and molasses represents
a promising alternative bio-adhesive to conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives, which isimperative for the advancement of composite materials in the future. The adhesive has been specificallyengineered to possess environmentally sustainable properties while also being economically efficientand adaptable in many applications. This research investigates the synthesis methodology, adhesive
characteristics, and prospective uses of the CA-Molasses adhesive under examination. The CAMolasses adhesive exhibited robust adhesive properties, commendable biodegradability, and promising
applicability across diverse sectors such as construction, woodworking, and packaging. Moreover, theadhesive exhibits sustainable characteristics, including the utilization of renewable resources as its raw
material and the potential to mitigate environmental consequences in comparison to conventional
adhesives. The covalently bonded ester groups in the CA-Molasses adhesive give it a lot of potential asa viable and environmentally friendly way to make strong and long-lasting bonds in a wide range ofindustrial sectors.
Keywords: Bio-based adhesive, citric acid-molasses, environmentally friendly, hybrid adhesive

Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity Report ARN 2022 | 16

Edited byAcademic Exchange Committee and Asia Research Node,
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University
Wakako Ohmura (Chair)
Hubert Luce
Tatsuhiro Yokoyama
Suyako Tazuru
Rika Kusakabe
Takahito Watanabe生存圏アジアリサーチノード活動報告
Humanosphere Asia Research Node Activity
Report ARN 2023
発行日

令和5年12月10日

編集兼発行者

京都大学生存圏研究所
京都府宇治市五ヶ庄