High Energy
Astrophysics
Kunihito Ioka
(Center for Gravitational Physics,YITP, Kyoto U.)

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

Main Conclusion

Multi-messenger+Time-domain+
Numerical simulation2

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g/cm3
1020
1010

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

Our Universe
Neutron star
Quark
NucleonWhite dwarf
Atom10-10

Dx Dp ≥ ћ

General relativity
RBH=2GM/c2

Quantum “ћ”⇒ Particle
Solar system
Gravity “G”
GalaxyCluster ⇒ Universe

Humanit

10-30

4/cLlim itr=ћ
in t yer t a
U nc

10-20

Quantum mechanicslimo le
ck h 2B la 2 / 2 G L
r=c

Sun

10010-103Universe1001010

10201030 cm

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

4Gravity
Black Hole

Expanding Universe

2GMR~ 2c

Final fate of stellar evolution

Big Bang

Astrophysics

Cosmology

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

5Evolution to Black Holes
Gravity
Quantum

Physics

W. A. Fowler

Star
Chandrasekhar
Bethe

Cosmology

Supernova Supernova
Remnant
GRB
Davis
Koshiba
Weiss, Barish& Thorne

AGN

CosmicCompact RayStar

Penzias, Wilson
Active galactic nuclei
Mather,
SmootHoleComputer Perlmutter, Riess, Massive black hole Black
Neutron Starat the center of galaxy White Dwarf
Schmidt
PeeblesPenrose, Genzel, Ghez
Giacconi
HewishHulse,Taylor

High Energy Universe

HessAnderson
YukawaPowellKajita

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

6Particle Acceleration
Fermi acceleration
UpDownMagnetic
FieldParticle

Nonthermal
Also g, nGaisser 06

1020eV

Unipolar induction
Reconnection, …

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

7Jet
Blandford-Znajek 77

v>0.99c
EHT 21

Junor+ 99

Outflow (ordered/turbulent B)
s-problem, Feedback, …
multi-scale problems

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

8Extreme Universe
Strong Gravity
Black Hole~10-1010M¤

Strong B Field

Kiuchi+ 14

High Density
rNS~
1015 g/cc>rnuclear

High Luminosity

Magnetar
51erg/s
L~10
NeutronGamma-Ray~
J-PARC
star merger
Burst
38x10
B~1014-17G

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

9Science Goal
Particle
acceleration

Jet
Outflow

Test theory
Stars to BHs
Tools for cosmology
Unknown
Star formation
unknownLifemaking new problems

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

10Multi-Wavelength
AKARI, ISAS/JAXA

NRO45m, NAOJ

InfraredRadio
WMAP, NASA

20th century
observations:
In particular,
X-g-VHE g

Microwave

Subaru Telescpe, NAOJ

OpticalX-ray
Fermi, NASA

GeV g

TeV g
TeV=
1012eV
GeV=
109eV

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

PeVatron11

PeV=1015eV
Cao+ Nat. 21©LHAASO
Cao+ Sci. 21

J2032+4102:
Emax=1.42 PeV
Cygnus OB2?

◯: known VHE sources

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

12

Multi-Messenger Era
PhotonCosmicRaynGravitational
WaveKAGRA

21th Century: Multi-Messenger Era

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

Multi-Messengers+keVFermi,AGILE
~3000

GeV

TeVU>100HEC

RnGW
13

MultiwavelengthµeV radio-µwaveInfrared-OpticalX-GeV g-TeV g-rays# of sources
are increasing
exponentially2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

Weiss, Barish, Thorne
2017 Nobel prize142021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

15

GW170817
1st GW from NS2

NS2 = Short GRB?
~40yr-old hypothesis
LIGO~100 sec chirp ⇒ NS-NSPacynski 86, Goodman 86
Eichler, Livio, Piran & Schramm 89

R-process elements

Equation of state
Relativity,
Cosmology,…

Lattimer & Schramm 74

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

16GW170817 & GRB 170817A
LVC-GBM-INTEGRAL 17

3 (of 12) GBM NaI detectors
T0=1.74±0.05 sec (68%)
T90=2.0±0.5 sec

Detected but Weak
LVC-EM 17
Goldstein+ 17
Savchenko+ 17

Eiso = 5×1046 erg

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

17Superluminal Motion
VLBI
sky position

vapp~4.1±0.5 c!
Unresolved

230

R//<0.2pc(1mas),R⊥<2pc(10mas)

Not consistent
with a sphericalsource75

3s-12sBeamshape

G~4 at t~tpeak

Mooley+ 18, Ghirlanda+ 19

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

KI & Nakamura 18
see also
weeks X/Radio
Meszaros+ 98,~months
Abbott+ 17, Granot+ 17,
afterglow
Lamb & Kobayashi 18,
Kasilwal+ 17 Jet-ISM shock
G-1

Ejecta-ISM
shock

G-1
Jet
G~100

Cocoonv~0.2-0.4c

Dqqv

Mergerejectav~0.03-0.2c(dynamical/shock/wind)

Disk18~sec

Off-axissGRB>years

X/Radioflare~1day opt.
macronova~10day IR
macronova

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

19

GW170817
1st GW from NS2

NS2 = Short GRB?
~40yr-old hypothesis
LIGO~100 sec chirp ⇒ NS-NS

Pacynski 86, Goodman 86
Eichler, Livio, Piran & Schramm 89

R-process elements

Equation of state
Relativity,Cosmology,…

Lattimer & Schramm 74

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

20

Macronova/Kilonova
Blue macronova
v~0.3cM~0.02M¤
k~0.3 cm2/g(XLan~10-4)
Red macronova
v~0.1-0.2c
M~0.03M¤k~3 cm2/g(XLan~10-2)
J-GEM 17, Tanaka+ 17, Utsumi+ 17, Tominaga+ 17, Arcavi+ 17, Drout+ 17,Cowperthwaite+ 17, Villar+ 17, Kasliwal+ 17, Kasen+ 17, Smartt+ 17,
Kilpatrick+ 17, Pian+ 17, Chornock+ 17, Coulter+ 17, Evans+ 17, …

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

21

Origin of Elements
R-process: Neutron-capture >> b-decay©Wikipedia

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

22

TheoryBRGtyntiiaF op ac→thgeijsHix-a s s →ff
O ocerpr2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

Merger of 1.3-1.4 Msun NS:
EOS=APR4; stiff but relatively soft23

r (g/cm3)

Relatively wider view

Orbital plane©Shibata, Hotokezaka

X-Z plane2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

24

Approachl Observation– Multi-wavelength: radio to PeV g-ray– Multi-messenger: g, CR, n, GW

l Theory– Analytic– Numerical* NAOJ / JAXA / ICRR
vertically segmented?

Best example: GW170817

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

25

Numerical Development©Hayashi, Shibata

B connected to horizon

Hayashi+ 21

GR+B+n & Long-term(ATERUI II is not enough)2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

26

Moore’s Law

3×107 times
since 1970 !!

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

Multi-Messenger Era
20th century:
keVFermi,AGILE
~3000

GeV

TeVU>100

H

EC

RnGW
27

MultiwavelengthµeV radio-µwaveInfrared-OpticalX-GeV g-TeV g-rays# of sources
are increasing
exponentially2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

28

Livingston Plot
LinearCollider

Acceleratorsare saturating
probably
due to budget~$7 billion ~1兆円 for LCcf. ~$9.7 billion for JWST

© Jordan Nash,
Imperial College London

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

29

Budget Limit
O n ly0
7
91ecinsse
mit
4 .3
is saturated
mainly because
population isdeclining

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

30

Age Limit

Bigger projects last longer
but our lifetime is finite
LC since ~2004 (~17 yr old)
JWST since ~1996 (~25 yr old)

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

31

Saturation? keV-PeV

ALPACA
LHAASO
CGRO, NASA

↓SMILE? ↓×

CTAFermi, NASA

Chandra, NASA

Takahashi+ 12↓Athena?

LHAASO↓×↓×?

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

32

Saturation? GHz-keV-16

JWST-18

TMTTMTALMA

SKA
LOFAR

Nandra+ 09↓×?

↓ALMA2?

ATHENA ©ESA/IRAP/CNRS/UT3/CNES/Fab&Fab↓×?

↓×

erg s-1 cm-2

-14

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

33

Saturation? CR, n, GW
l Cosmic ray– EeV-ZeV: Auger, TA, TALE, EUSO?
– GeV-TeV: AMS-02, CALET, DAMPEl Neutrino

Sensitivity issaturating– MeV: Super-Kamiokande, Hyper-Kamiokande– PeV: IceCube, KM3NeT, Baikal, IceCube-Gen2

l Gravitational wave
– LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, Einstein telescope?, Cosmic
explorer?
n & GW still have
– LISA, Taiji + TianQin, DECIGO?

space to grow
* A similar project will not be approved (Sustaining problem)

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

34

Time-Domain
Sensitivity

Short Dt
Wavelength
Variability timescale
Time resolutionCadence
Survey speed
Transient2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

35

g-Ray Transients

Time-domainfrom the beginninghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BATSE_2704.jpg

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

36

Fast Radio Bursts (FRB)
Thornton+ 13

Lorimer+ 07

Most luminousradio transients
discovered in 2007

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

37

FRB Events are Growing
CHIMEcatalog

Petroff+ 21

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Galactic FRB fromMagnetar Bursts
High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

38

A smoking gun! Magnetar: One of the origins
Mereghetti+ 20, Bochenek+ 20, CHIME/FRB+ 20, Li+ 20, Ridnaia+ 20, Tavani+ 20

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

39

FRB Science will Grow
CHORD (CHIME upgrade)
Vanderlinde+ 19

DSA-2000
Image: C. Carter

1000s FRBs/yr
Dq~3.5 arcsec→ FRB cosmology* NAOJ: concentration & diversity2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

40

Radio Transients (>days)
Mooley+ 16

So faralmostupperlimitsOr
phanngVLAATPo 201
p I 8cII G owRB?

afterglow

Bo
wer+07ofGR
B

excludingAGNs

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

41

Tip of Radio Transients
Dawn of radio transient science
VLA Sky Survey
VT J121001+495647

Eradio~7e49 erg,
v~6e-3 c (ee=eB=0.1)
LX~4e46 erg/s, ~20 s~10-80 Gpc-3 yr-1
~ 10-4 RSupernova

Merger-triggered
CC supernova?
Dong+ 21

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

42

IR-Optical Transients?
Kasliwal 11

Type Ia
Type II, Ib,cSupernova
Hypernova
SLSN
Stripped-env.
TDEkilonova
Ca-richLRN
AT2018cow…

Some areengine-driven

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka43

Deep-Wide-Fast Survey
cadence~daysRoman©Subaru Telescope, NAOJ

Dark-energy-driven
supernova survey:

Transient factory©HSC

ASAS-SN, Tomo-e, Seimei, ZTF (r~21)

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

GW Localization is Bad
LIGO+Virgo ~100 deg2
LIGO+Virgo+KAGRA ~10 deg2

Multi-messenger + Time-Domain

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

45

GW Event Inflation

GW event number

1st GW
BH-BH
mergerNS-NSmergerNextgeneration

Next 5 years

Space GWtelescope©Tanaka

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

46

IceCube-170922A~0.2-1PeV
IceCube+ 18

Multi-messenger source
Blazar TXS 0506+056~3s coincidence
More data are needed2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

47

UV Transients
NS-NS
BH-NS
Supernova(shock breakout)

PETRE

L

TDE
Stellar flare
AT2018cow?
AIC of WD?
(accretion induced collapse)…
©ULTRASAT

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

X-ray Transients
Einstein probe, SVOM, Cubesat,
HiZ-Gundam, THESEUS

NS-NS
BH-NS
AT2018cow
AIC of WD…

48

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

49

Millimeter Transients
Expected
event #CMB+Transient
Big project

LiteBIRD
Eftekhari+ 21

HE astro

Cosmology

NAOJ/ JAXA/ ICRR
vertically segmented?

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

50

The Other Domains
Spectral resolution
Angular resolution
Polarization
Coronagraph…

Sensitivity
Short Dt
Wavelength
X-ray: XRISM, FORCE, IXPE, XL-Calibur
IR-Opt: JASMINE, HabEx, LUVOIRRadio:VERA, LST
Astro2020

Details: Maniac? ↔

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

M87 Black HoleM~6×109M☉ @16Mpc
Future: Satellite?

51

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

52

Galactic BHs
7~10 BHs~30 Gpc-3 yr-1

0.01 galaxy Mpc-3

1010 yr~ 30000 Merged BHs/galaxy

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

53

Galactic BHs
7~10 BHs~30 Gpc-3 yr-1

0.01 galaxy Mpc-3

1010 yr~ 30000 Merged BHs/galaxy

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

54

High-Energy Astrophysics
l Gravity: Stars to black holes– particle acceleration, jet, unknown2, …

l Multi-Wavelength & Multi-Messenger– EM sensitivity is saturating

NAOJ / JAXA / ICRR
vertically segmented?

l Numerical simulations & Theory– Upgrade super-computers & human resourcel Time-domain (radio, IR-opt, UV?, X?, CMB?)– Gravitational wave, Fast radio burst, n, …

Vast frontiersConcentration & Diversity
Maniac & General2021/11/10

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

56

FRB Cosmology
90% ofDMcosmic

Macquart+ 20

Takahashi,KI+ 20
KI 03, Inoue 04

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De Angelis+ 16

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

57

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

58

Population
2.1 times since 1970

has saturated

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High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

59

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New Era ofMulti-Messenger

High Energy Astrophysics by K. Ioka

60

Follow-up observations>3000 people
g-ray: ~1.734±0.054 sec⇒ Short GRB 170817A
UV-Opt-IR: 10.86 hr⇒ Macronova/Kilonova
X, radio: ~10 day⇒ Afterglow
LVC-EM 17
Band: GCN circ., Circles ∝ brightness