Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction: Issues in and Analytical Frameworks for Tuition andStudent Financial Aid Policies:
Lessons for Japanese Higher Education............................................................. 5
Masayuki Kobayashi
1. Issues.................................................................................................................... 6

2. Cost-sharing in higher education......................................................................... 6
3. Access to higher education in Japan.................................................................... 13
4. Who should pay?.................................................................................................. 15
5. Student loan schemes and debt problems............................................................ 17
6. Access, the information gap and financial literacy.............................................. 17
7. The Current Situation in Some Countries............................................................ 18
Chapter 2 Financing Higher Education:
Theory, International Evidence and UK Experience........................................ 23
Nicholas Barr
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 24
2. Lessons from economic theory............................................................................ 25
3. Evidence on the determinants of participation..................................................... 27
4. The 2006 reforms in England.............................................................................. 28
5. The 2012 reforms in England.............................................................................. 30
6. Some implications for Japan................................................................................ 32
Chapter 3 The Use of Loans to Pay College Costs:
Insights from the U.S............................................................................................ 39
Laura W. Perna and Roman Ruiz
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 41
2. Why do students in the United States use loans to pay college costs?................ 42
3. What are the primary concerns about the use of student loans in the U.S.?........ 45
4. U.S. Government policies for addressing concerns about student loans............. 49
5. What are relevant insights for future Japanese policymaking?........................... 57

3Chapter 4 Local Student Financial Aid in China:
Backgrounds, Institution, and Information....................................................... 63
Jianguo Wei
1. Basic facts of China’s higher education............................................................... 64
2. Historical development ofstudent financial aid system in China........................ 67
3. Student loan schemes: HEI-based v. Home-based.............................................. 69
4. Information regarding college costs and student financial aid............................ 70
5. Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 71
Chapter 5 Japan’s Scholarship Programs Including Scholarship Loans:
Overview and issues.............................................................................................. 73
Masayuki Shibata
1. Overview of Japan’s scholarship programs........................................................ 74
2.Overview of scholarships including loans in Japan............................................. 76
3.JASSO’s scholarship loans.................................................................................. 77
4. Issues in JASSO’s scholarship loans programs.................................................. 79
Chapter 6 Comments:
Issues on Student Financial Assistance Policies in Japan from an International
Perspective............................................................................................................. 81
Yoshitaka Hamanaka
1. Characteristics of Japan’s scholarship policies................................................... 82
2. What is the current issue?................................................................................... 83
3. Issues................................................................................................................... 84
Chapter 7 Conclusion:
Lessons forthe reform of student financial assistance policy in Japan........... 91
Masayuki Kobayashi
1. Cost sharing in higher education......................................................................... 92
2. Access and affordability...................................................................................... 93
3. The reform of student loan programs.................................................................. 93
4. The new income contingent repayment plan...................................................... 94
5. The information gap and the early management of financial literacy................. 95
6. Grants or scholarships for undergraduate students............................................. 96
7.Perspectives.......................................................................................................... 96BIO......................................................................................................................... 994