Taylor & Francis Journals Standard Reference Style Guide:
American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (APA-7)
This reference guide details methods for citing and formatting reference entries in accordance withprinciples established by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition(2020). For more information about APA style, visit https://apastyle.apa.org/ andhttps://apastyle.apa.org/blog
If you have access to the software, a corresponding EndNote output style can be downloaded fromhttp://endnote.com/downloads/style/tf-standard-apa by searching for the style named TF-Standard APA.

Version 3.1
Date of original release: 5 December 2014

Date of current version’s release: 28 September
2021

Updated to include new models for
1. FORCE11-compliant software reference entry (with version number)
2. FORCE11-compliant software reference entry (without version number)Table of Contents
Citations .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Journal article models ........................................................................................................................................................... 10Book models.......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Book chapter models ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Conference models ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Dissertation and thesis models ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Report models....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Newspaper models ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Magazine models .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
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Web models .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Software, app, and data set models ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Audiovisual models ............................................................................................................................................................... 31
Unpublished and informally published model ...................................................................................................................... 34
Archival material models ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
Patent, legal case, and statute models ................................................................................................................................. 35

Citations
Placement

Citations appear in narrative form or fully parenthetical form. In a narrative
citation, the author surname or surnames appear as part the sentence. The
publication year may either be set apart in parentheses after the surname(s) or be
integrated into the sentence.
This phenomenon occurs frequently in nature, according to Singh and Harris(2018).
In 2018, Singh and Harris reported on the frequency with which this phenomenon
occurs in nature.

In a parenthetical citation, the author surname(s) and the publication year appear
together in parentheses, with a comma separating the two elements. Parentheticalcitations should usually be placed at the end of a sentence, before the terminal
punctuation (e.g., period).
This phenomenon occurs frequently in nature (Singh & Harris, 2018).

If positioned elsewhere in a sentence, the citation precedes any nonterminal
punctuation (e.g., comma, semicolon).
This phenomenon occurs frequently in nature (Singh & Harris, 2018); however,other phenomena occur more frequently.

Quotedpassages andcitations

A citation with a page number accompanies a quoted passage. A parentheticalcitation is situated after a shorter quoted passage outside the quotation marks. In
the citation, a comma is inserted after the publication year, followed by “p.” andthe page number, if the passage occurs on a single page of the original text, or by“pp.” and the page numbers, if the passage or passages fall on multiple pages ofthe original text.
Few would dispute the claim that “science education can promote a valuable—
indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” (Liu et al., 2009, p. 124).

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Few would dispute the claim that “science education can promote a valuable—
indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults who are coming of age in an eraof pervasive gullibility” (Liu et al., 2009, pp. 124–125).
Few would dispute the claim that “science education can promote a valuable—
indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” or the claim that “public
investment in science education pays dividends” (Liu et al., 2009, pp. 124, 127).

With narrative citations, location information appears after the shorter quoted
passage in parentheses separate from those which enclose the publication year.
Liu et al. (2009) make the indisputable claim that “science education can promotea valuable—indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” (p. 124).
Liu et al. (2009) make the indisputable claim that “science education can promotea valuable—indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults who are coming ofage in an era of pervasive gullibility” (pp. 124–125).
Liu et al. (2009) make the indisputable claims that “science education can promotea valuable—indeed, virtuous—skepticism among young adults” and that “public
investment is science education pays dividends” (pp. 124, 127).

A quoted passage containing 40 or more words is set in indented “block” form,
without enclosing quotation marks. A parenthetical citation appears after theterminal punctuation that closes the block.
Vermin—always the negative, the “inedible” in the vermin/livestock dichotomy—
are taboo cuisine because their behavior in human domiciles, suggestive oflicentious freedom and an amoral proclivity to revel in the unclean matter their
cohabitants strive to keep secret, offends. (Outis, 2006, p. 71)

The page number of a narrative citation is, similarly, placed after the terminal
punctuation that closes the block.

Authors

One author
Citations of a reference with one credited author include the author’s surname andthe publication year. [Example]
Two authors
Citations of a reference with two credited authors include the surnames of both
authors and the publication year. The surnames are separated by “and” innarrative citations and by an ampersand (“&”) in parenthetical citations. [Example]
Three or more authors
Citations of a reference with three credited authors include the surname of thefirst author, followed by “et al.” and the publication year. [Example]

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Organizational authors
The first citation of a reference with a credited organizational author may spell out
the organization’s name and introduce an abbreviation that is used in lieu of thename in subsequent citations. [Example]
No credited author
Citations of a reference with no credited author display a short title in title case(headline capitalization), instead of an author name. Quotation marks enclose
journal article and book chapter titles in citations. [Example]
Book, report, and website titles in citations are italicized. [Example].
“Anonymous” is used in an entry only if the reference is credited to an otherwise
unnamed author under this moniker.
First authors with the same surnames
Citations of references by different first authors who share the same surname are
distinguished by inserting the first authors’ given-name initials to the citations. The
initials are inserted even when subsequent authors and publication years incitations differ.
Narrative: G. R. Smith et al. (2001) and T. J. Smith and Gladwell (2012)
Parenthetical: (G. R. Smith et al., 2001; T. J. Smith & Gladwell, 2012)Same first authors and same publication years
If multiple references with (a) three or more authors, (b) the same first authors,and (c) the same publication years exist, the references are not cited in the usual
contracted form. The surname lists in citations are extended to feature thesurnames of enough authors, beyond the first author, to show the differencesamong these references.
Narrative: Parnell, Foster, et al. (2018) and Parnell, Klein, et al. (2018)
Parenthetical: (Parnell, Foster, et al., 2018; Parnell, Klein, et al., 2018)

Publication
years

Year without month and day
Some types of reference entries require the inclusion of a month and/or day aspart of the publication date. Citations of such references, though, exclude themonth and/or day; they only display the publication year. [Example]
Range
Citations of a reference that features a publication date range show the range ofyears linked by an en dash (“–”). The second year appears in full. [Example]

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In press
The phrase “in press” replaces the publication year in citations of a reference thathas been accepted for publication but has not yet been published in any form
(online or print). [Example]
No dateThe abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”) replaces the publication year in citations ofa reference with no identified publication date. [Example]
Circa
In citations of a reference with an estimated, “circa” publication date, theabbreviation “ca.” precedes the publication year or year range. [Example]
Original publication/Republication
In citations of a translated or republished work whose reference entry includes an“Original work published” comment, the original publication year and therepublication year both appear, separated by a virgule (“/”). [Example]
Same authors with same publication years
Alphabetical designators (“a,” “b,” “c”) are affixed to the publication years inentries for references with identical author listings published in the same year.
Citations of such references carry the same designators.
Narrative: Murakami (n.d.-a, 2003a, 2003b, in press-a)
Parenthetical: (Murakami, n.d.-a, 2003a, 2003b, in press-a)

Multiple
citations

Multiple citations in the same parenthetical unit are arranged alphabetically byauthor surname(s) first. Semicolons separate citations with different author lists.
When citations with the same author lists exist, the author surname or surnames
appear once, followed by the references’ publication years, separated by commas
and ordered among themselves in chronological order: (a) no date/“n.d.” citations,(b) dated citations, and (c) “in press” citations.
(Abbas & Ludden, 2018; Carlyle, 1997, 2015a, 2015b; Carlyle et al., 1997;
Federation of State Medical Boards, n.d., 2000; Piquant, 2019, in press)

When multiple narrative citations with the same author list exist, the author
surname or surnames appear once, followed by parenthetical units in which
publication years are ordered chronologically and separated by commas.
Carlyle (1997, 2015a, 2015b), Federation of State Medical Boards (n.d., 2000),
Abbas and Ludden (2018), Carlyle et al. (1997), and Piquant (2019, in press)

The publication year is included with the first narrative citation in a paragraph but
omitted from later narrative citations within the same paragraph.

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Secondary
resource
citations

The citation of a secondary resource—a work cited within a primary resource but
not itself consulted—features the surname and year (when available) of the work
cited within the primary resource and, following the phrase “as cited in,” a citationof the primary resource. Only the primary resource is included as an entry in thereference list.
Narrative: Huang and Zoller (1995, as cited in Zhu, 2010)
Parenthetical: (Huang & Zoller, 1995, as cited in Zhu, 2010)

Personal
communication

Personal communication, such as a personal e-mail, personal interview, private or
unarchived letter, or telephone conversation, is documented through citations
only, without associated reference entries.
Narrative: T. J. Adeyemi (personal communication, September 3, 2014)
Parenthetical: (T. J. Adeyemi, personal communication, September 3, 2014)

Tables andfiguresCitations are usually included in table footnotes, rather than in the table body. Ifthey do appear in the table body, the citations are placed in a separate column or
row with an appropriate heading. Citations are best incorporated into figure
captions, rather than into graphics.

References
Placement andorder

The reference section is positioned at the end of the main text under the heading“References.” The section includes entries for all works cited throughout the text.
The following rules apply to the arrangement of entries in the section:
1. Reference entries are ordered alphabetically by their first authors’ surnames.
2. Reference entries credited to first authors who share surnames are orderedalphabetically by the first authors’ given-name initials.
3. Reference entries credited to the same first authors, with identical surnames
and given-name initials, are ordered alphabetically by the subsequent authors’surnames and given-name initials.
4. Reference entries featuring the same full author lists are orderedchronologically by their publication dates (no date/“n.d.” entries, first; then,dated entries; finally, “in press” entries).

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5. Reference entries featuring the same full author lists and the same publication
dates are ordered alphabetically by their titles, with introductory articles ("A,""An," "The") ignored. Lowercase alphabetical designators ("a," "b," "c," etc.)
are affixed to the publication years of entries in this subset of references.
6. Reference entries with organizational authors are ordered alphabeticallyamong the other entries by the organizations' names. Introductory articles("A," "An," "The") are ignored.
7. Reference entries with no credited authors are ordered alphabetically among
the other entries by their titles. Introductory articles ("A," "An," "The") are
ignored.
The list below illustrates application of these rules.
Dewey, J. (1997).
Dewey, J. (2015).
Freud, S. (1989a). Civilization and its discontents.
Freud, S. (1989b). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis.
Goodwin, P. (Ed.). (2005).
Goodwin, W. (2005).
International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care & Pain & Policy Studies
Group. (2012).
Kariagina, T. D., & Ivanova, A. V. (2017).
The Qur'an (T. Khalidi, Trans.). (2009).
Stahl, J. (Writer), Frost, M. (Writer), Peyton, H. (Writer), Engels, R. (Writer), &Holland, T. (Director). (1990).
Young, C., Durham, P., Miller, M., Rasinski, T. V., & Lane, F. (2019).
Young, C., & Pellas, R. (2000).

All reference entries in the section are set with a hanging indent.

Authors andother credited
individuals

Author lists
In a reference entry, the names of individuals credited as authors or principal
creators (e.g., film directors) are presented in inverted, surname-first format. Given
names are set as initials, with periods after and spaces between the letters.
Suffixes (e.g., “Jr.”) are positioned after the given-name initials.
Commas separate individual authors’ name units in a reference entry’s author list.
An ampersand (“&”) appears before the final author’s name unit in any entry with
two to 20 credited authors. If 21 or more authors are associated with a reference,the entry presents the first 19 authors’ names, then, an ellipsis (“. . .”) and thename of the resource’s final credited author. [Example for list with one author],[Example for list with two authors], [Example for list with three–20 authors],[Example for list with 21 or more authors]

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Other lists
A reference entry may include the names of editors, translators, and otherindividuals credited for filling other, nonauthorial roles. Their given-name initials
appear before their surnames in entries. Commas separate the name units, and anampersand (“&”) is placed before the final name unit in a list of two to 20
nonauthorial individuals. A role-identifying label, such as “(Ed.)” or “(Eds.)” (for“editor” or “editors”) and “(Trans.)” (for “translator” and “translators”), often ends
a list of nonauthorial individuals. [Example of editor list], [Example of translator list]

Periodical
resources

The title of an article published in a journal, magazine, or newspaper is set insentence case using roman font in a reference entry. The title of a journal,
magazine, or newspaper is, though, italicized and set in title case (headline
capitalization). Neither conjunctions and prepositions less than four letters long
nor articles (“a,” “an,” “the”) are capitalized in title case unless the words begin thetitles.
The reference entry for a journal article that has published in its final form (i.e., notas an advance online publication) usually features both a volume number, which isitalicized, and an issue number, enclosed in parentheses and set in roman font,after the journal title. The issue number is included even if issues of the journal arecontinuously paginated within the volume.

Nonperiodical
resources

The title of a book, report, dissertation, or thesis in a reference entry is italicizedand set in sentence case. The title of a book chapter is set, like a journal article’s
title, in sentence case using roman font.
A reference entry for a book or report includes the name of the publisher undermost circumstances but omits the publisher’s location. An entry for a dissertationor thesis, similarly, features the name of the awarding institution but excludes theinstitution’s location.
If a nonperiodical resource is authored and published by the same organization,
the organization is named as the author but not again as the publisher. The
publisher name is omitted from the entry; the word “Author” is not inserted as a
substitute for the publisher’s name. [Example]

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Author-supplied Under most circumstances, if a reference entry features a non-English title, antranslated titles author should supply an English-language translation of the title. The translated

title, enclosed in square brackets and set in roman font, is inserted after theoriginal title. The capitalization rules of the original language determine the case of
the non-English title. Sentence-case formatting, though, is applied to the translated
title. In the reference entry for a journal article or a book chapter, an English
translation should be provided only for a non-English article or chapter title, not forthe journal or book title. [Example of translated title for journal article], [Exampleof translated title for book], [Example of translated title for book chapter]
Journals that publish non-English content may not uphold this style convention. For
such journals, providing English-language translations for titles throughout thereference section may not be desirable. When preparing a manuscript for a journalthat publishes content written in a language other than English, an author should
consult with the journal's editorial office about the preferred convention.

URLs and DOIs

URLs
A uniform resource locator (URL) should be added to the end of a reference entry
for a webpage or other online resource. The phrase “Retrieved from” should notprecede a URL unless the online resource offers periodically updated content(especially, data). If the resource does offer periodically updated content, thephrase and a retrieval date should precede the URL. [Example with retrieval date]
DOIs
Digital object identifiers (DOIs) are commonly featured in reference entries forjournal articles, as well as in entries for other types of electronic resources. Authors
do not need to include DOIs for published journal articles when preparing
manuscripts. If they are retrievable from registries, the DOIs for published journal
articles will be added to entries as links during the production process.

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Journal article models
One author

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Binnall, J. M. (2019). Jury diversity in the age of mass incarceration: An exploratory mockjury experiment examining felon-jurors’ potential impacts on deliberations.
Psychology, Crime & Law, 25(4), 345–363.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1528359

Citation examples
Binnall (2019) [narrative]; (Binnall, 2019) [parenthetical]

Two authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#),####–####. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Machado, M. M., & Swank, J. M. (2019). Therapeutic gardening: A counseling approach for
bereavement from suicide. Death Studies, 43(10), 629–633.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1509908

Citation examples
Machado and Swank (2019) [narrative]; (Machado & Swank, 2019) [parenthetical]

Three to 20
authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Prinzie, P., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., Reijntjes, A. H. A., & Belsky, J. (2009). The
relations between parents’ Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic
review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 351–362.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015823

Citation examples
Prinzie et al. (2009) [narrative]; (Prinzie et al., 2009) [parenthetical]

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Twenty-one ormore authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author,
G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M.,
Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . .
Author, Z. Z. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Nichols, H. B., Schoemaker, M. J., Cai, J., Xu, J., Wright, L. B., Brook, M. N., Jones, M. E.,
Adami, H., Baglietto, L., Bertrand, K. A., Blot, W. J., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Dorronsoro,M., Dossus, L., Eliassen, A. H., Giles, G. G., Gram, I. T., Hankinson, S. E., HoffmanBolton, J., . . . Sandler, D. P. (2019). Breast cancer risk after recent childbirth: A pooled
analysis of 15 prospective studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(1), 22–30.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1323

Citation examples
Nichols et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Nichols et al., 2019) [parenthetical]

No credited
author

Reference format
Title of the journal article: Subtitle. (yyyy). Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Physician oversight of specialized emergency medical services. (2019). Prehospital
Emergency Care, 23(4), 590–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1551452

Citation examples“Physician Oversight of Specialized Emergency Medical Services” (2019) [narrative];(“Physician Oversight,” 2019) [parenthetical]

Nonprimary(“with”) authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (with Author, A. B., Author, A. C., & Author, A.
D.). (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Bridgeman, R. (with López Torres, P., & Vera Reina, M.). (2009). Crossing the cultural
divide? Continuity in ceramic production and consumption between the Almoravid andMudéjar periods in Seville. Al-Masāq, 21(1), 13–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110802704395

Citation examples
Bridgeman (2009) [narrative]; (Bridgeman, 2009) [parenthetical]

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Author-supplied
Englishtranslation of
non-English title

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article in original
language: Subtitle [English translation of the title]. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Guzmán, F., Barros, J., Corti, P., & Pereira, M. (2019). El rito bautismal y las imágenes
pintadas en la iglesia de Curahuara de Carangas [The baptismal rite and the images
painted in the church of Curahuara de Carangas]. Colonial Latin American Review,
28(1), 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2019.1585084

Citation examples
Guzmán et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Guzmán et al., 2019) [parenthetical]

Publishedtranslation

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle (A. A.
Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator, Trans.). Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####.
https://doi.org/DOI (Original work published yyyy)

Reference example
Kariagina, T. D., & Ivanova, A. V. (2017). Empathy as an ability: Structure and development
during training in psychological counseling (S. Shabad, Trans.). Journal of Russian &East European Psychology, 54(6), 470–497.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10610405.2017.1448180 (Original work published 2013)

Citation examples
Kariagina and Ivanova (2013/2017) [narrative]; (Kariagina & Ivanova, 2013/2017)[parenthetical]

Advance online
publication

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Young, C., Durham, P., Miller, M., Rasinski, T. V., & Lane, F. (2019). Improving reading
comprehension with readers theater. The Journal of Educational Research. Advanceonline publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2019.1649240

Citation examples
Young et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Young et al., 2019) [parenthetical]

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In-press article

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (in press). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title.

Reference example
Watermeyer, B., Hunt, X., Swartz, L., & Rohleder, P. (in press). Navigating the relational
psychic economy of disability: The case of M. Psychoanalytic Dialogues.

Citation examples
Watermeyer et al. (in press) [narrative]; (Watermeyer et al., in press) [parenthetical]

Article with elocation

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title, ##(#), Article ######. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Björk, A., Rönngren, Y., Selander, J., Vinberg, S., Hellzen, O., & Olofsson, N. (2018). Health,
lifestyle habits, and physical fitness among adults with ADHD compared with a random
sample of a Swedish general population. Society, Health & Vulnerability, 9(1), Article
1553916. https://doi.org/10.1080/20021518.2018.1553916

Citation examples
Björk et al. (2018) [narrative]; (Björk et al., 2018) [parenthetical]

Article fromsupplement

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the journal article: Subtitle.
Journal Title, ##(Suppl. #), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Burlando, B., Palmero, S., & Cornara, L. (2018). Nutritional and medicinal properties ofunderexploited legume trees from West Africa. Critical Reviews in Food Science andNutrition, 59(Suppl. 1), S178–S188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1551776

Citation examples
Burlando et al. (2018) [narrative]; Burlando et al. [parenthetical]

Abstract fromcompiled
abstract issue

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the abstract: Subtitle [Abstract].
Journal Title, ##(#), ####. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Buckley, A. F. (2017). Mitochondrial disorders: The need for precision ultrastructural
analysis in clinical diagnosis [Abstract]. Ultrastructural Pathology, 41(1), 76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2016.1269482

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Citation examples
Buckley (2017) [narrative]; (Buckley, 2017) [parenthetical]

Review without
original title

Reference format
Reviewer, A. A., Reviewer, B. B., & Reviewer, C. C. (yyyy). [Review of the book Title of thebook: Subtitle, by Z. A. Author, Z. B. Author, & Z. C. Author]. Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
McCully, A. (2019). [Review of the book Teacher preparation in Ireland: History, policy andfuture directions, by T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford, & T. O'Doherty]. History of Education,
48(5), 700–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2018.1502366

Citation examples
McCully (2019) [narrative]; (McCully, 2019) [parenthetical]

Special issue,
cited in full

Reference format
Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., & Editor, C. C. (Eds.). (yyyy). Title of the special issue: Subtitle[Special issue]. Journal Title, ##(#).

Reference example
McCone, D. R., Thomsen, C. J., & Laurence, J. H. (Eds.). (2018). Sexual harassment andsexual assault in the US military [Special issue]. Military Psychology, 30(3).

Citation examples
McCone et al. (2018) [narrative]; (McCone et al., 2018) [parenthetical]

Book models
One author

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher Name.

Reference example
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin.

Citation examples
Gibson (1966) [narrative]; (Gibson, 1966) [parenthetical]

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Two authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher Name.

Reference example
Lindsey, B., & Teles, S. M. (2017). The captured economy: How the powerful enrichthemselves, slow down growth, and increase inequality. Oxford University Press.

Citation examples
Lindsey and Teles (2017) [narrative]; (Lindsey & Teles, 2017) [parenthetical]

Three to 20
authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher
Name.

Reference example
Bale, T., Webb, P., & Poletti, M. (2020). Footsoldiers: Political party membership in the 21st
century. Routledge.

Citation examples
Bale et al. (2020) [narrative]; (Bale et al., 2020) [parenthetical]

No credited
author

Reference format
Title of the book: Subtitle. (yyyy). Publisher Name.

Reference example
The dual disorders recovery book: A twelve step program for those of us with addiction andemotional or psychiatric illness. (1993). Hazelden Foundation.

Citation examples
The Dual Disorders Recovery Book (1993) [narrative]; (Dual Disorders Recovery Book, 1993)[parenthetical]

Nonprimaryauthor (“with”)

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (with Author, A. B.). (yyyy). Title of the book:Subtitle. Publisher Name.

Reference example
Todorovic, M. (with Bakir, A.). (2016). Rethinking strategy for creative industries:
Innovation and interaction. Routledge.

Citation examples
Todorovic (2016) [narrative]; (Todorovic, 2016) [parenthetical]

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Nonprimaryauthor (“with”)

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (with Author, A. B.). (yyyy). Title of the book:Subtitle. Publisher Name.

Reference example
Todorovic, M. (with Bakir, A.). (2016). Rethinking strategy for creative industries:
Innovation and interaction. Routledge.

Citation examples
Todorovic (2016) [narrative]; (Todorovic, 2016) [parenthetical]

Editor in author
role

Reference format
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher Name.

Reference example
Goodwin, P. (Ed.). (2005). The literate classroom. David Fulton.

Citation examples
Goodwin (2005) [narrative]; (Goodwin, 2005) [parenthetical]

Multiple editors
in author role

Reference format
Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., & Editor, C. C. (Eds.). (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher
Name.

Reference example
Malici, A., & Smith, E. S. (Eds.). (2018). Political science research in practice. Routledge.

Citation examples
Malici and Smith (2005) [narrative]; (Malici & Smith, 2005) [parenthetical]

Authored witheditor

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A. Editor, Ed.) Publisher Name.

Reference example
Arendt, H. (1978). The life of the mind (M. McCarthy, Ed.). Harcourt.

Citation examples
Arendt (1978) [narrative]; (Arendt, 1978) [parenthetical]

Republication

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher
Name. (Original work published yyyy)

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Reference example
Dewey, J. (1997). Democracy and education. Free Press. (Original work published 1916)

Citation examples
Dewey (1916/1997) [narrative]; (Dewey, 1916/1997) [parenthetical]

EditionincludedReference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (# ed.).
Publisher Name.

Reference example
Love, R. J., & Webb, W. G. (1992). Neurology for the speech-language pathologist (2nded.). Butterworth–Heinemann.

Citation examples
Love and Webb (1992) [narrative]; (Love & Webb, 1992)

Author-supplied
Englishtranslation of
non-English title

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book in the original
language: Subtitle [English translation of the title]. Publisher Name.

Reference example
Hupfer, P. (1996). Unsere Umwelt: Das Klima—Globale und lokale Aspekte [Ourenvironment: The climate—Global and local aspects]. Teubner Verlag.

Citation examples
Hupfer (1996) [narrative]; (Hupfer, 1996) [parenthetical]

Publishedtranslation,
edition included

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A.
Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator, Trans.; # ed.). Publisher Name. (Original
work published yyyy)

Reference example
Wittgenstein, L. (2009). Philosophical investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker, &J. Schulte, Trans.; 4th rev. ed.). Wiley–Blackwell. (Original work published 1953)

Citation examples
Wittgenstein (1953/2009) [narrative]; (Wittgenstein, 1953/2009) [parenthetical]

Publishedtranslation witheditor

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A. Editor, Ed.; A. A. Translator & B. B.
Translator, Trans.). Publisher Name. (Original work published yyyy)

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Reference example
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (T. Parsons, Ed.; A. M.
Henderson & T. Parsons, Trans.). Free Press. (Original work published 1915)

Citation examples
Weber (1915/1947) [narrative]; (Weber, 1915/1947) [parenthetical]

Publishedtranslation witheditor-translator

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the book: Subtitle (A. A. Editor, Ed. & Trans.). Publisher Name.
(Original work published yyyy)

Reference example
Freud, S. (1989). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious (J. Strachey, Ed. & Trans.). W.
W. Norton & Company. (Original work published 1905)

Citation examples
Freud (1905/1989) [narrative]; (Freud, 1905/1989) [parenthetical]

Untitled
volume, edition
includedReference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the multivolume work: Subtitle (#ed., Vol. #). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Taussig, F. W. (1921). Principles of economics (3rd rev. ed., Vol. 2). Macmillan.

Citation examples
Taussig (1921) [narrative]; (Taussig, 1921) [parenthetical]

Titled volume,
edition included

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the multivolume work: Subtitle:
Vol. #. Volume title (# ed.). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression (3rd ed.). Basic
Books.

Citation examples
Bowlby (1982) [narrative]; (Bowlby, 1982) [parenthetical]

Religious workin publishedtranslation

Reference format
Title of the Religious Work: Subtitle (A. A. Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator,
Trans.). (yyyy). Publisher Name.

Reference example
The Qur'an (T. Khalidi, Trans.). (2009). Penguin.
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Citation examples
The Qur'an (2009) [narrative]; (The Qur'an, 2009) [parenthetical]

Book chapter models
One editor

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Saks Berman, J. (1995). From Chicago to Rainbow Bridge: In search of changing woman. In
E. F. Williams (Ed.), Voices of feminist therapy (pp. 11–25). Harwood Academic
Publishers.

Citation examples
Saks Berman (1995) [narrative]; (Saks Berman, 1995) [parenthetical]

Two editors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher
Name.

Reference example
Schwab, B., & Finocchiaro, S. (2018). “Don't fix it!”: The role of player empowerment in theprevention of match-fixing. In S. Steele & H. Opie (Eds.), Match-fixing in sport:
Comparative studies from Australia, Japan, Korea, and beyond (pp. 135–150).
Routledge.

Citation examples
Schwab and Finocchiaro (2018) [narrative]; (Schwab & Finocchiaro, 2018) [parenthetical]

Three to 20
editors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####).
Publisher Name.

Reference example
Adams, Z., Füss, R., & Kaiser, D. G. (2008). Macroeconomic determinants of commodity
futures returns. In F. J. Fabozzi, R. Füss, & D. G. Kaiser (Eds.), The handbook ofcommodity investing (pp. 87–112). Wiley.

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Citation examples
Adams et al. (2008) [narrative]; (Adams et al., 2008) [parenthetical]

No credited
author andrepublication

Reference format
Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. (yyyy). In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.),
Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name. (Original work publishedyyyy)

Reference example
The Putney debates: The debate on the franchise. (2003). In D. Wootton (Ed.), Divine rightand democracy: An anthology of political writing in Stuart England (pp. 285–316).
Hackett. (Original work published 1647)

Citation examples“The Putney Debates” (1647/2003) [narrative]; (“Putney Debates,” 1647/2003)[parenthetical]

Author-supplied
Englishtranslation of
non-English title

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of book chapter in the original
language: Subtitle [English translation of the title]. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C.
Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Rey, B. (2006). Le savoir universitaire: Un savoir sans problème? [University knowledge:
Problem-free knowledge?]. In M. Fabre & E. Vellas (Eds.), Situations de formation etproblématisation (pp. 143–158). De Boeck.

Citation examples
Rey (2006) [narrative]; (Rey, 2006) [parenthetical]

Publishedtranslation

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle (A. A.
Translator, B. B. Translator, & C. C. Translator, Trans.). In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of thebook: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name. (Original work published yyyy)

Reference example
Piaget, J. (1995). Logical operators and social life (W. Mays, Trans.). In L. Smith (Ed.),
Sociological studies (pp. 134–157). Routledge. (Original work published 1945)

Citation examples
Piaget (1945/1995) [narrative]; (Piaget, 1945/1995) [parenthetical]

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Untitledvolume, edition
includedReference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #, pp.
####–####). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Remael, A. (2012). Audiovisual translation. In Y. Gambier & L. van Dooorslaer (Eds.),
Handbook of translation studies (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 12–17). John Benjamins.

Citation examples
Remael (2012) [narrative]; (Remael, 2012) [parenthetical]

Titled volume

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the book chapter: Subtitle. In A.
A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the multivolume work: Subtitle: Vol.
#. Volume title (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Ali, A., Caplan, P. J., & Fagnant, R. (2010). Gender stereotypes in diagnostic criteria. In J. C.
Chrisler & D. R. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology: Vol. 2.
Gender research in social and applied psychology (pp. 91–110). Springer.

Citation examples
Ali et al. (2010) [narrative]; (Ali et al., 2010) [parenthetical]

No credited
author(encyclopedia)

Reference format
Title of the entry. (yyyy). In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of thereference book: Subtitle (pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Mexico. (2003). In E. Cortés & M. Barrea-Marlys (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Latin American
theater (pp. 278–327). Greenwood.

Citation examples“Mexico” (2003) [narrative]; (“Mexico,” 2003) [parenthetical]

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Conference models
Serialconference
proceedings

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the paper presentation: Subtitle.
Serial Proceedings/Journal Title, ##(#), ####–####. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference example
Albright, M. (1991). The role of the United States in Central Europe. Proceedings of the
Academy of Political Science, 38(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/1173814

Citation examples
Albright (1991) [narrative]; (Albright, 1991) [parenthetical]

Nonserial
conference
proceedings

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of paper presentation: Subtitle. In
A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the proceedings volume: Subtitle(pp. ####–####). Publisher Name.

Reference example
Shupe, A. D., Jr., Hardin, B. L., & Bromley, D. G. (1983). A comparison of anti-cult
movements in the United States and West Germany. In E. Barker (Ed.), Of gods andmen: New religious movements in the West—Proceedings of 1981 Annual Conferenceof the British Sociological Association Sociology of Religion Study Group (pp. 177–194).
Mercer University Press.

Citation examples
Shupe et al. (1983) [narrative]; (Shupe et al., 1983) [parenthetical]

Paper
presentation

Reference format
Presenter, A. A., Presenter, B. B., & Presenter, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd–dd). Title of the paper
presentation: Subtitle [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Conference City,{Conference Province/State Abbr,} Conference Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations

Reference example
Schack, E. O., Dueber, D., Norris Thomas, J., Fisher, M. H., & Jong, C. (2019, April 5–9).
Computer-programmed decision trees for assessing teacher noticing [Paper
presentation]. American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Toronto,
ON, Canada.

Citation examples
Schack et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Schack et al., 2019) [parenthetical]

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Posterpresentation

Reference format
Presenter, A. A., Presenter, B. B., & Presenter, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd–dd). Title of the poster
presentation: Subtitle [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, Conference City,{Conference Province/State Abbr,} Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations

Reference example
Egan, O. (2019, April 6–9). Suicide in Maori youth—Reflections on the aetioogy andevolving management responses [Poster presentation]. European Psychiatric
Association 27th Congress, Warsaw, Poland.

Citation examples
Egan (2019) [narrative]; (Egan, 2019) [parenthetical]

Dissertation and thesis models
Unpublisheddoctoraldissertation

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the dissertation: Subtitle [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
Institution Name.

Reference example
Zaragoza, K. (2005). A moral psychology of blame [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
Princeton University.

Citation examples
Zaragoza (2005) [narrative]; (Zaragoza, 2005) [parenthetical]

Unpublishedmaster’s thesis

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the thesis: Subtitle [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Institution
Name.

Reference example
Niraula, K. (2015). Addressing the neglect of local peacebuilding practices throughdocumentaries: A case of everyday Gandhis [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universityof Notre Dame.

Citation examples
Niraula (2015) [narrative]; (Niraula, 2015) [parenthetical]

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Doctoral
dissertation,
published in
onlinerepository

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the dissertation: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation, Institution
Name]. Repository Name. https://URL

Reference example
Boudreaux, C. M. (2015). The city framed: A photographic examination of space andviolence in Ciudad Juarez [Doctoral dissertation, Tulane University]. Tulane University
Theses and Dissertations Archive.
https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A27939/datastream

Citation examples
Boudreaux (2015) [narrative]; (Boudreaux, 2015) [parenthetical]

Master’s thesis,
published in
onlinerepository

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the thesis: Subtitle [Master's thesis, Institution Name].
Repository Name. https://URL

Reference example
Choppy, P. T. (2018). Attitudes to slavery and race in Seychellois Creole oral literature[Master's thesis, University of Birmingham]. University of Birmingham eTheses
Repository. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8082/7/Choppy18MARes.pdf

Citation examples
Choppy (2018) [narrative]; (Choppy, 2018) [parenthetical]

Report models
Multiple authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the report: Subtitle (Report
No.|Tech. Rep. No.|Publication No. ########). Agency Name.

Reference example
Lempert, R. J., Norling, P., Pernin, C. G., Resetar, S. A., & Mahnovski, S. (2003). Next
generation environmental technologies: Benefits and barriers (Report No. MR-1682OSTP). RAND.

Citation examples
Lempert et al. (2003) [narrative]; (Lempert et al., 2003) [parenthetical]

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Organizational
author, the sameas publishing
agencyReference format
Organizational Author. (yyyy). Title of the report: Subtitle (Report No.|Tech. Rep.
No.|Publication No. ########).

Reference example
Amnesty International. (2019). Fragmented and unequal: A justice system that fails
survivors of intimate partner violence in Louisiana, USA (Report No. AMR
51/1160/2019).

Citation examples
Amnesty International (AI, 2019) [narrative]; (Amnesty International [AI], 2019)[parenthetical]

Onlinepublication

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the report: Subtitle (Report
No.|Tech. Rep. No.|Publication No. ########). Agency Name. https://URL

Reference example
Warner-Griffin, C., Liu, H., Tadler, C., Herget, D., & Dalton, B. (2017). Reading
achievement of U.S. fourth-grade students in an international context: First look at
the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) and ePIRLS 2016 (NCES
Report No. 2018-017). Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for
Educational Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018017.pdf

Citation examples
Warner-Griffin et al. (2018) [narrative]; (Warner-Griffin et al., 2018) [parenthetical]

Newspaper models
Print

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the newspaper
article: Subtitle. Newspaper Title, ###, ###.

Reference example
Lewis, A. E. (1972, June 18). 5 held in plot to bug Democrats’ office here. The Washington
Post, A1, A22.

Citation examples
Lewis (1972) [narrative]; (Lewis, 1972) [parenthetical]

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Page 25 of 37

OnlineReference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the newspaper
article: Subtitle. Newspaper Title. https://URL

Reference example
Klein, J. (2018, May 8). How the father of computer science decoded nature’s mysterious
patterns. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/science/alanturing-desalination.html

Citation examples
Klein (2018) [narrative]; (Klein, 2018) [parenthetical]

Editorial(online)Reference format
Title of the newspaper editorial: Subtitle [Editorial]. (yyyy, Month dd). Newspaper Title.
https://URL

Reference example
The Guardian view on the rise in domestic killings: Figures to shock politicians to act[Editorial]. (2019, September 13). The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/13/the-guardian-view-onthe-rise-in-domestic-killings-figures-to-shock-politicians-to-act

Citation examples“The Guardian View on the Rise in Domestic Killing” (2019) [narrative]; (“Guardian View on
the Rise in Domestic Killing,” 2019) [parenthetical]

Magazine models
Print withvolume andissue

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of magazine article:
Subtitle. Magazine Title, ##(#), ####–####.

Reference example
Hersey, J. (1946, August 31). Hiroshima. The New Yorker, 22(33), 15–68.

Citation examples
Hersey (1946) [narrative]; (Hersey, 1946) [parenthetical]

Print without
volume andissue

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month). Title of the magazine article:
Subtitle. Magazine Title, ####–####.

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Reference example
Garber, M. (2002, December). Our genius problem. The Atlantic, 64–72.

Citation examples
Garber (2002) [narrative]; (Garber, 2002) [parenthetical]

Online withvolume andissue

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the magazine article:
Subtitle. Magazine Title, ##(#). https://URL

Reference example
Ruff, C. (2016, February 5). Computer science, meet humanities: In new majors, opposites
attract. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 62(21).
https://www.chronicle.com/article/Computer-Science-Meet/235075/

Citation examples
Ruff (2016) [narrative]; (Ruff, 2016) [parenthetical]

Web models
Web page withmultiple authors

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the webpage:
Subtitle. Website Publisher Name. https://URL

Reference example
Harris, B., & Zucker, S. (2015, August 9). Haussmann the demolisher and the creation ofmodern Paris. Smarthistory. https://smarthistory.org/haussmann-the-demolisher-andthe-creation-of-modern-paris

Citation examples
Harris and Zucker (2015) [narrative]; (Harris & Zucker, 2015) [parenthetical]

Web page withno date (n.d.)andorganizational
author, thesame as website
publisher

Reference format
Organizational Author. (n.d.). Title of the webpage: Subtitle. https://URL

Reference example
Pitt Rivers Museum. (n.d.). Conservation case study: Noh theatre masks.
https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/conservation-case-study-noh-theatre-masks

Citation examples
Pitt Rivers Museum (n.d.) [narrative]; (Pitt Rivers Museum, n.d.) [parenthetical]

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Web page withperiodically
updated content(retrieval daterequired)

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the webpage: Subtitle. Publisher Name. Retrieved
Month dd, yyyy, from https://URL

Reference example
Clement, T. (2019, September 30). Adopt-a-book activity. OER Commons. Retrieved
October 4, 2019, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/58499-adopt-a-bookactivity/view

Citation examples
Clement (2019) [narrative]; (Clement, 2019) [parenthetical]

Blog post

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the blog post: Subtitle. Blog Title. https://URL

Reference example
Price, D. (2018, October 7). On using archives and Freedom of Information Act foranthropological research. Anthro{dendum}.
https://anthrodendum.org/2018/10/07/on-using-archives-and-freedom-ofinformation-act-for-anthropological-research

Citation examples
Price (2018) [narrative]; (Price, 2018) [parenthetical]

Tweet

Reference format
Author, A. A. [@Handle]. (yyyy, Month dd). First 20 words of the tweet, including hashtags
and emojis [Image attached|Video attached|Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet].
Twitter. https://URL

Reference example
Singer, P. [@PeterSinger]. (2019, May 1). Why are animal rights activists the orphans of theleft? Will Kymlicka offers some answers [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet].
Twitter. https://twitter.com/PeterSinger/status/1123555871198412800

Citation examples
Singer (2019) [narrative]; (Singer, 2019) [parenthetical]

Facebook post

Reference format
Author, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). First 20 words of the post, including hashtags and emojis[Image attached|Video attached|Thumbnail with link attached]. Facebook.
https://URL

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Reference example
Thunberg, G. (2019, November 9). Climate strike is named 2019 word of the year!
#climatestrike [Thumbnail with link attached]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/gretathunbergsweden/posts/970039473363873

Citation examples
Thunberg (2019) [narrative]; (Thunberg, 2019) [parenthetical]

Software, app, and data set models
Packaged

Reference format
Developer, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the software: Subtitle (Version #.#) [Computer software].
Producer Name.

Reference example
Greene, W. H. (2016). NLOGIT (Version 6) [Computer software]. Econometric Software.

Citation examples
Greene (2016) [narrative]; (Greene, 2016) [parenthetical]

Downloaded

Reference format
Developer, A. A., Developer, B. B., & Developer, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the software: Subtitle(Version #.#) [Computer software]. https://URL

Reference example
Paszke, A., Gross, S., Chintala, S., & Chanan, G. (2019). PyTorch (Version 1.3.0) [Computer
software]. https://pytorch.org/

Citation examples
Paszke et al. (2019) [narrative]; (Paszke et al., 2019) [parenthetical]

FORCE11compliant, withversion number

Reference format
Developer, A. A., Developer, B. B., & Developer, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the software:
Subtitle (Version #.#) [Computer software]. Producer Name|Archive Name.
https://URL

Reference example
Hecht, K., McKinnon, R., Podkowiak, T., Roman, M., Schmidt, J., Vivier, S., Werst, E., &Wyman, J. (2021). Spectrum (Version 6.06) [Computer software]. Avenir Health.
https://avenirhealth.org/Download/Spectrum/SpecInstall.EXE

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Citation examples
Hecht et al. (2021) [narrative]; (Hecht et al., 2021) [parenthetical]

FORCE11compliant,without version
number

Reference format
Developer, A. A., Developer, B. B., & Developer, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the software: Subtitle[Computer software]. Producer Name|Archive Name. Retrieved Month dd, yyyy, fromhttps://URL

Reference example
Short, W. M. (2020). MultiWordNet [Computer software]. Python Package Index. Retrieved
February 26, 2021, from https://pypi.org/project/multiwordnet/0.1.3/#files

Citation examples
Short (2020) [narrative]; (Short, 2020) [parenthetical]

Mobile app by
individual
developer

Reference format
Developer, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the mobile app: Subtitle (Version #.#) [Mobile app].
Provider Name. https://URL

Reference example
Steindorf, J. (2019). Baseball statistics (Version 2.0.2) [Mobile app]. App Store.
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/baseball-statistics/id1019047563

Citation examples
Steindorf (2019) [narrative]; (Steindorf, 2019) [parenthetical]

Mobile app
entry byorganizational
developer

Reference format
Organizational Developer. (yyyy). Title of the mobile app entry: Subtitle. In Title of themobile app: Subtitle (Version #.#) [Mobile app]. App Name. https://URL

Reference example
American Red Cross. (2019). Distress. In First aid: American Red Cross (Version 2.7.3)[Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/first-aid-american-redcross/id529160691

Citation examples
American Red Cross (ARC, 2019) [narrative]; (American Red Cross [ARC], 2019)[parenthetical]

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Data set

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the data set: Subtitle [Data set].
Archive Name. https://doi.org.DOI

Reference example
Magid, K., Sarkol, V., & Mesoudi, A. (2017). Experimental priming of independent andinterdependent activity does not affect culturally-variable psychological processes[Data set]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7j270

Citation examples
Magid et al. (2017) [narrative]; (Magid et al., 2017) [parenthetical]

Audiovisual models
Film

Reference format
Director, A. A. (Director). (yyyy). Title of the film: Subtitle [Film]. Production Company
Name_A; Production Company Name_B; Production Company Name_C.

Reference example
Bogdanovich, P. (Director). (1971). The last picture show [Film]. Columbia Pictures; BBS
Productions; Last Picture Show Productions.

Citation examples
Bogdanovich (1971) [narrative]; (Bogdanovich, 1971) [parenthetical]

TelevisionseriesReference format
Producer, A. A., Producer, B. B., & Producer, C. C. (Executive Producers). (yyyy–yyyy). Titleof the television series [TV series]. Production Company Name_A; Production Company
Name_B; Production Company Name_C.

Reference example
Chibnall, C., & Featherstone, J. (Executive Producers). (2013–2017). Broadchurch [TVseries]. Kudos Film and Television; Imaginary Friends; ITV–Independent Television.

Citation examples
Chibnall and Featherstone (2013–2017) [narrative]; (Chibnall & Featherstone, 2013–2017)[parenthetical]

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Televisionepisode

Reference format
Writer, A. A. (Writer), Writer, B. B. (Writer), Writer, C. C. (Writer), & Director, A. A.
(Director). (yyyy). Title of the television episode: Subtitle (Season #, Episode #) [TVseries episode]. In A. A. Producer, B. B. Producer, & C. C. Producer (Executive
Producers), Title of the television series: Subtitle. Production Company Name_A;
Production Company Name_B; Production Company Name_C.

Reference example
Stahl, J. (Writer), Frost, M. (Writer), Peyton, H. (Writer), Engels, R. (Writer), & Holland, T.
(Director). (1990). Laura's secret diary (Season 2, Episode 4) [TV series episode]. In M.
Frost & D. Lynch (Executive Producers), Twin Peaks. Lynch/Frost Productions;
Propaganda Films; Spelling Entertainment.

Citation examples
Stahl et al. (1990) [narrative]; (Stahl et al., 1990) [parenthetical]

Classical song

Reference format
Composer, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the song: Subtitle [Song recorded by A. A. Artist]. On Title of
the album: Subtitle. Production Company Name_A; Production Company Name_B;
Production Company Name_C. (Original work published yyyy)

Reference example
Cage, J. (1994). In a landscape [Song recorded by S. Drury]. On In a landscape: Piano musicof John Cage. BMG. (Original work published 1948)

Citation examples
Cage (1948/1994) [narrative]; (Cage, 1948/1994) [parenthetical]

Nonclassicalsong

Reference format
Artist, A. A. (yyyy) Title of the song: Subtitle [Song]. On Title of the album: Subtitle.
Production Company Name_A; Production Company Name_B; Production Company
Name_C.

Reference example
Monk, T. (1957). 'Round midnight [Song]. On Thelonious himself. Riverside.

Citation examples
Monk (1957) [narrative]; (Monk, 1957) [parenthetical]

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Artwork

Reference format
Artist, A. A. (yyyy). Title of the artwork: Subtitle [Artwork type]. Institution Name,
Institution City, {Institution Province/State Abbr,} Institution Country. https://URL{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations

Reference example
Wiley, K. (2008). Three wise men greeting entry into Lagos [Painting]. Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/artworkpics/2009_20_l.jpg

Citation examples
Wiley (2008) [narrative]; (Wiley, 2008) [parenthetical]

Streaming video

Reference format
Creator, A. A. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the video: Subtitle [Video]. Media Platform Name.
https://URL

Reference example
Hamilton, D. (2019, February 26). Dr. Diane Hamilton interviews Dr. Albert Bandura[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWCEwiIJWeA

Citation examples
Hamilton (2019) [narrative]; (Hamilton, 2019) [parenthetical]

Podcast episode

Reference format
Host, A. A. (Host). (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the podcast episode: Subtitle (No. #) [Audio
podcast episode]. In Title of the podcast: Subtitle. Production Company Name_A;
Production Company Name_B; Production Company Name_C. https://URL

Reference example
Giddens, R. (Host). (2019, January 23). Mozart's Queen of the Night: Outrage out of thisworld (No. 8) [Audio podcast episode]. In Aria code. The Metropolitan Opera; WQXR;
WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/aria-code/episodes/aria-codemozart-magic-flute-kathryn-lewek

Citation examples
Giddens (2019) [narrative]; (Giddens, 2019) [parenthetical]

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Unpublished and informally published model
Manuscript

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the unpublished manuscript:
Subtitle [Unpublished manuscript|Manuscript in preparation|Manuscript submitted
for publication]. Department Name, Institution Name.

Reference example
Swanson, K. W. (2006). Hog heaven or hell's kitchen? Abbau and landscape in Upton
Sinclair's The Jungle [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of English, Tulane
University.

Citation examples
Swanson (2006) [narrative]; (Swanson, 2006) [parenthetical]

Archival material models
Titled document

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). Title of the document:
Subtitle. Collection Name (Accession ####), Institution Name, Institution City,{Institution Province/State Abbr,} Institution Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations

Reference example
Garrick, D. (1778, September 24). Near contemporary copy of the will of David Garrick.
David Garrick Collection, 1778–1779 (DR32/1), The Shakespeare Center, Shakespeare
Birthplace Trust, Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom.

Citation examples
Garrick (1778) [narrative]; (Garrick, 1778) [parenthetical]

Titleddocument, withapproximate(circa, “ca.”)
dates

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (ca. yyyy–yyyy). Title of the document: Subtitle.
Collection Name (Accession ####), Institution Name, Institution City, {Institution
Province/State Abbr,} Institution Country.
{ } = for US, Canada, Australia locations

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Reference example
Berendt, C. H. (ca. 1864–1873). Miscellanae Maya. Berendt-Brinton Linguistic Collection(Item 179), Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Citation examples
Berendt (ca. 1864–1873) [narrative]; (Berendt, ca. 1864–1873) [parenthetical]

Untitled
document or
letter

Reference format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yyyy, Month dd). [Document or letter details].
Collection Name (Accession ####), Institution Name, Institution City, Archive Country.

Reference example
Elgar, E. (1917, October 20). [Letter to Sidney Colvin]. Sir Sidney Colvin Archive(Colvin/Elgar/2), Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom.

Citation examples
Elgar (1917) [narrative]; (Elgar, 1917) [parenthetical]

Patent, legal case, and statute models
PatentReference format
Inventor, A. A., inventor, B. B., & Inventor, C. C. (yyyy). Title of the patent: Subtitle (Patent
No. #,###,###). Patent Office Name. https://URL

Reference example
Pfeifer, A., Muhs, A., Pihlgren, M., Adolfsson, O., & Van Leuven, F. (2017). Humanized tau
antibody (U.S. Patent No. 9,657,091). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=9,657,091

Citation examples
Pfeifer et al. (2017) [narrative]; (Pfeifer et al., 2017) [parenthetical]

U.S. Supreme
Court case

Reference format
Name v. Name, ### U.S. #### (yyyy). https://URL

Reference example
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt, 543 U.S. 631 (2005).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/631/

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Citation examples
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt (2005) [narrative]; (Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
v. Leavitt, 2005) [parenthetical]

U.S. statesupreme court
case

Reference format
Name v. Name, ### State Reporter Abbr._A ####, ### State Reporter Abbr._B ####, ###State Reporter Abbr._C #### (yyyy). https://URL

Reference example
People v. Diaz, 51 Cal. 4th 84, 244 P.3d 501, 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 105 (2011).
https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/people-v-diaz-33928

Citation examples
People v. Diaz (2011) [narrative]; (People v. Diaz, 2011) [parenthetical]

U.K. Supreme
Court case(neutralcitation)

Reference format
Name v. Name, U.K.S.C. ### (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.). https://URL

Reference example
Patel v. Mirza, U.K.S.C. 42 (2016). (Eng.).
https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2016/42.html

Citation examples
Patel v. Mirza (2016) [narrative]; (Patel v. Mirza, 2016) [parenthetical]

U.K. High Court,
Queen’s Benchcase (neutral
citation)

Reference format
Name v. Name, E.W.H.C. (Q.B.) ### (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.). https://URL

Reference example
Murphy v. Ministry of Defence, E.W.H.C. (Q.B.) 3 (2016). (Eng.).
https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2016/3.html

Citation examples
Murphy v. Ministry of Defence (2016) [narrative]; (Murphy v. Ministry of Defence, 2016)[parenthetical]

U.S. federal
statute from
United States
Codes

Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, ## U.S.C. § #### (yyyy). https://URL

Reference example
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 387 (1938).
https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/
prelim@title21/chapter9/subchapter9&edition=prelim

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Citation examples
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) [narrative]; (Federal Food, Drug, andCosmetic Act, 1938) [parenthetical]

U.S. federal
statute from
United States
Statutes at Large

Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, Pub. L. No. ###-###, ## Stat. ## (yyyy). https://URL

Reference example
James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-347, 124 Stat.
3623 (2011). https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/847/text

Citation examples
James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act (2011) [narrative]; (James Zadroga 9/11
Health and Compensation Act, 2011) [parenthetical]

U.K. statute,enacted before
1963

Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, ## & ## Regnal Abbr. c. ## (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.).

Reference example
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act, 9 & 10 Geo. 5 c. 76 (1919). (Eng.).

Citation examples
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act (1919) [narrative]; (Church of England Assembly[Powers] Act, 1919) [parenthetical]

U.K. statute,enacted after
1963

Reference format
Title of the Statute: Subtitle, c. ## (yyyy). (Jurisdiction Abbr.). https://URL

Reference example
Climate Change Act, c. 27 (2008). (Eng.).
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents

Citation examples
Climate Change Act (2008) [narrative]; (Climate Change Act, 2008) [parenthetical]

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