社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

１．ご挨拶
いまこそ社会学系コンソーシアムの立ち位置を！
理事長	  吉原直樹今回理事長に選出されました吉原直樹です。初代理事長布施晶子先生、

CONTENTS

２代目理事長庄司興吉先生の後を受けてのことですが、私自身、本当のところは社会学系コンソーシアムについてよくわかっていません。『広辞苑』

1

ご挨拶（第６版）によると、コンソーシアムは「協会。組合。多く、特定の目的

2

2012 年 度 事 業 報 告のために集まった企業連合をいう。」となっていますが、もともとはラテン32013 年 度 事 業 予 定

語で「提携、共同」という意味だそうです。情報通によりますと、社会学

4

シンポジウムについて

系コンソーシアムは、日本学術会議の社会学研連委員会が学術会議の改組

5

理事会新体制のご報告にともなってなくなったのを受けて発足したということですが、たしかで

6

2012 年 度 収 支 中 間 報 告はありません。ただ、日本学術会議に登録している社会学関連の諸学会を

7

2013 年 度 予 算 案

何らかの形でつなぐような組織が必要になっていたことはたしかです。さ8

参加学協会の動向て発足の経緯はさておき、今日、「皆の連絡係、調整役」としての社会学系

9

イベントカレンダー

コンソーシアムの存在意義はますます高まっているように思われます。

10 国 際 動 向
11 事 務 局 ・ 問 い 合 わ せ

何よりも 3・11 は社会を分析し、構想する社会科学のありようを問うことになりました。特にこれまで様々な応用領域で臨床知を累積してきた社会学にとって、このことは喫緊の課題になっているように思われます。実
際、社会学系コンソーシアムを構成しているそれぞれの学会では 3・11 をめぐって固有の取り組みが始まっておりますし、その成果を発信するような試みが立ちあらわれています。またそうした成果を皆が共有できる情報／資源として利用できるようなアーカイブとかプラットホームの構築の動きもみられるようになっています。問題はこうした試みとか動きに対して、社会学系コンソーシアムがどのような役割を果たし得るのかが必ずしも明らかでないことです。これと関連して、何人かの評議員からは、社会学系
コンソーシアムの立ち位置がよくわからないという声が寄せられています。
前理事長の庄司興吉先生は社会学系コンソーシアムのありようについて
創建的なお考えをお持ちであったと聞いております。私自身、先生のお考えを尊重しながら、日本社会学会とか日本学術会議、あるいは福祉系の諸学会などと連携を取りつつ、社会学系コンソーシアムの立ち位置と責務を明らかにしていきたいと考えています。何卒、よろしくお願いいたします。

1

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013２．2012 年度事業報告

３．2013 年度事業予定
2013年度に実施する事業計画は、以下の通り

2012年度は、「世界へのメッセージ」編集委員です。

会が実質的に活動を開始して、年６回の編集委員会を開催しました。この結果、29の参加学協会のうち、13学協会から日本語による「世界へのメッ◆「世界へのメッセージMessages to the Worldセージ」が12月末段階で集まり、２月の編集委員

Sociologists from Japanese Scholars」の編会を経て、現在、英語への翻訳段階に進んでいま集。

す。今後は、2013年度の今年７月に英語による提2014年７月に横浜で開催される世界社会出を予定している16学協会の「世界へのメッセー

学会議ISAに向けて、参加学協会の皆様とのジ」を待って、全体の編集を進めていく予定です。

共同で進めている「世界へのメッセージ」の編集を行い、完成を目指します。

理事会においても、日本学術会議社会学コンソーシアム分科会との合同会議を経て、2つの団体に
日本学術会議震災再建分科会を加えた三組織によ◆四組織合同事業の推進

る合同事業について審議しました。今後も、東日
本大震災などに対する社会学系コンソーシアムと社会学系コンソーシアムは、今年度より日しての調査活動、データベース・アーカイブの充

本学術会議社会学コンソーシアム分科会、日実、シンポジウムの開催、英語による情報発信な

本学術会議震災再建分科会、日本社会学会研どを事業として継続して行うことを協議しました。

究活動委員会と四組織協同で事業を推進さ

また、昨年度に引き続いて「Home Page」を充せていきます。

実させ、「News Letter」ならびに「コンソーシア
ム通信」を発行しました。
「コンソーシアム通信」(1)震災と復興再建に関する諸事業のデータについても、これまで同様、３度にわたって発刊

ベース作成を行っている震災再建分科会しました（第13号：2012年５月、第14号：2012と震災復興に関する研究を掲載する「プラ年８月、第15号：2013年１月）。それぞれの内容

ットホーム」の設置を目指している社会学

は、イベント情報、参加学協会に関連するその他

コンソーシアム分科会の事業に協力しまの情報、また事務局からのお知らせです。

す。

社会学系コンソーシアム主催シンポジウムとし(2)社会学系コンソーシアムに参加しているて、2013年１月27日に日本学術会議講堂にて、「東
日本大震災とマイノリティ―高齢者・障害者・外諸学協会に対して、震災関係のアンケート

国人などに関して問わなければならないこと―」調査を実施します。

を開催しました。昨年に続いて、3.11に対する日(3)シンポジウムなどを四組織で協同して開本の社会学、社会福祉学などの調査研究の継続性催します。

を訴えたものです。本NLの「シンポジウムについて」にて、このシンポジウムの議論を紹介しています。
（文責：有末賢）

2社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

◆シンポジウム等の開催(1)年次大会（シンポジウム）を１回開催します。
(2)その他、必要に応じて国際会議や研究プロ
ジェクトを開催します。

◆刊行物の発行(1)主要刊行物「News Letter」を１回以上発行する。
(2)「社会学系コンソーシアム通信」を３回以上発行する。
(3)ホームページを利用し、参加学協会及び社会への情報提供をさらに充実する。
(4)その他、必要に応じて参加学協会への案内を行う。

◆社会学系コンソーシアム規約や内規、理事選
挙規定などの再検討(1)理事会、評議員会において、協議し改善していく。
(2)理事選挙を実施する。

◆各種活動(1)内外における、参加学協会の交流促進と意見集約に役立つ情報の収集と提供を行う。
(2)教育・啓発・普及活動を含め、当コンソー
シアムの目的を達成するために必要な事業を行う。
（文責：有末賢）

3

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

４．シンポジウムについての倍以上にのぼる」ことが示された上で、「災害救2013 年１月 27 日（日）、日本学術会議講堂にお助法における『福祉』の欠如」や「高齢者ニーズ

いて社会学系コンソーシアムなどの主催によるシに対する理解不足」などが指摘されると同時に、

ンポジウム「東日本大震災とマイノリティ―高齢「介護支援専門員」や「地域包括支援センター」

者・障害者・外国人などに関して問わなければななどの取り組みも報告された。

らないこと」（司会：野宮大志郎・西原和久）が開

第４報告は、遠藤薫氏（学習院大学）「大震災が催された。開催の趣旨は、「この大震災が突きつけもたらした「空白」―情報難民はなぜ生まれたか」た問題は、単なる『復旧』『復興』ではなく、日本であり、「メディアの遮断によって」「外部の情況

社会それ自体の再検討をふまえた新たな再建＝創が見えない状態」や「外部へ知らせる手段を失っ建に向けた歩みである」との認識の下で、「外国人」

た」被災地の「情報空白」の問題が指摘され、同「障害者」「高齢者」「情報弱者」（「社会的弱者」

時に原発事故で「最も報道されなければならないあるいは「社会的マイノリティ」）に焦点を当て、地域に関する報道が不可能化」された様子が示さ「この大震災から２年が経過しよとするこの時点

れ、「可視化・編集・可読化」が緊急課題であるとで、これまで明らかになってきたこと、いまだ検報告された。

討不十分な点・検討されていない点などを多角的

いずれの報告も「マイノリティ」に焦点化されに中間総括する段階」と位置づけられた。

た興味深いもので、新たなさまざまな気づきも促まず冒頭で司会（西原）から、例えば外国人＝すような刺激的なものであった。

社会的弱者とだけ規定するのは問題で、かれらが討論者・舩橋晴俊氏（法政大学教授）からは、

災害時の救援・支援の協働主体でもありうること

原発からの避難者を念頭に、再建・創建に向けたが補足説明された上で、本題に入った。

対人的な社会関係における「意思決定とコミュニ

第１報告は、鈴木江理子氏（国士舘大学）「震災
いケーション」の組織化とそれに基づく公論形成とまが露わにした移住者たちの現在――「共に生きる」

いった一種の社会運動的な動きから、いかにしてとは？」であり、「未曾有の大震災を、移住者（日制度・政策的な政治システムが構成されるかが問

本国籍を取得した人びとなどをも含む外国にルー題提起された。	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
 

ツをもつ人びと：西原注）を中心に据えることで、マイノリティへの眼差しの喚起という報告者の日本における『共生』を検証する」という意欲的

視座と、再建＝創建に向けた理念的プロセスを論な試みの報告がなされた。

じた討論者の議論とが一部噛み合わない面も見ら

第２報告は、立岩真也氏（立命館大学）「災厄にれたが、フロアからの質問や提言を踏まえていえ向かう―本人たち・後方から」であり、「水や電気

ば、その両輪を射程に入れた検討の必要性が明らをより切実に必要としている」「人工透析や人工呼かになったことは確かであり、それを本シンポジ

吸器の利用者」を含めた多様な障害者の存在とか

ウムの成果の一つとして挙げることができるであれらが立ち向かった災厄の様子が描かれ、さらにろう。震災におけるマイノリティの問題の探究が、後方からそれらを明らかにし支援している人びと

そしてそこから発想する社会学的視点が、社会学の活動が報告された。

におけるマイノリティにならないことを念じつつ、

第３報告は、和気純子氏（首都大学東京）「震災

ひとまずご報告まで。	
  	
  	
  	
  （文責：西原和久）と高齢者―地域包括ケアと福祉コミュニティの形＊各報告の要旨については、社会学系コンソーシ成」であり、「死者のうち 60 歳以上の高齢者は約

アム HP（http://www.socconso.com/）の「シン３分の２を占め、その割合は沿岸市町村の同比率

ポジウム」をご覧ください。

4社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

５．理事会新体制のご報告
シンポジウムと同日（2013 年１月 27 日）に開催された理事会において、評議員の交代に伴う理事の交代を踏まえて理事長・副理事長の互選と監事の互選が行われた。任期は２年である。

新理事長	
  	
  吉原直樹（日本社会学会）
新副理事長	
  橋本和孝（地域社会学会）
新監事	
  	
  	
  岩井紀子（日本社会学会）
大久保武（地域社会学会）

また３月 11 日の理事会では各理事の担当役職を以下のように決定した。

事務局担当

有末賢	
  	
 

財政担当	
 

玉野和志	
 

事業計画・国際担当	
 野宮大志郎・西原和久	
 HP・NL・通信担当	
 橋本健二・渡辺秀樹	
 シンポジウム担当	
 遠藤薫・片桐新自	
 

	
  	
  	
 
	
  	
 
	
  	
  	
 
	
 

5

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013６．2012 年度収支中間報告（2013 年 3 月 6 日時点）
（自2012年4月1日	
  至2013年3月5日）
I.	
  収 入 の 部

科	
  	
  目

予算額

中間報告

予実績差異

１	
  会費

550,000

550,0000	  	
  (1)	
  年会費１万円相当

220,000

220,0000	  	  (2)	
  年会費 2 万円相当

100,000

100,0000	  	
  (3)	
  年会費 3 万円相当

30,00030,0000	  	  (4)	
  年会費 10 万円相当

200,000

200,000

0２	
  雑収入・寄付

0

31

31

３	
  前年度繰越金

120,884

130,362

9,478

670,884

680,393

9,509

収入合計

備考

利子

II.	
  支 出 の 部
科	
  	
  目

予算額

中間報告

予実績差異

１	
  事務局経費

373,800

194,570

179,230

360,000

180,000

180,000(2)HP レンタル・サーバー代

3,800

3,300

500

(3) 事務管理用品

10,000	  	
 11,270-1,270(1)スタッフ謝金２	  定例会議・理事会開催費

160,000

144,276

15,724	  	
  (1)評議員会・理事会開催費

20,00032,750-12,750	  	  (2)定例シンポジウム開催費

130,000

95,991

34,00910,00015,535-5,535４	
  予備費137,0840137,084

支出合計中間報告670,884

338,846

332,038(3)委員会開催費

備考「メッセージ」編集委員会（文責：玉野和志）

6

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013７．2013 年度予算案（2013 年 1 月 27 日	
  評議員会にて承認）（自 2013 年 4 月 1 日	  至 2014 年 3 月 31 日）
I.	
  収 入 の 部
科	
  	
  目

予算額

1	
  会費

550,000	  	  (1)年会費 1 万円相当

220,000	  	  (2)年会費 2 万円相当

100,000	  	  (3)年会費 3 万円相当

30,000	  	  (4)年会費 10 万円相当

200,0002	  雑収入・寄付

03	  前年度繰越金

262,836

収入合計

812,836II.	
  支 出 の 部
科	
  	
  目

予算額

備考

1	
  事務局経費

364,300	  	  (1)スタッフ謝金

360,000	  	  (2)HP レンタル・サーバー、ドメイン代

3,300

	
  	
  (3)事務管理用品

10,000120,000＊3 人

2	  定例会議・理事会開催費

160,000	  	  (1)評議員会・理事会開催費

20,000 評議員会 1 回、理事会 2 回	  	
  (2)定例シンポジウム開催費

130,000	  	  (3)委員会開催費

10,0003	
  予備費288,536
支出合計

国際交流委員会「世界へのメッセージ」編集委員会

812,836（文責：玉野和志）

7

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

８．参加学協会の動向

９．2013 年度イベントカレンダー（2013年3月10日現在、50音順）	
 （2013 年 3 月 31 日現在）	
 	
 ５月
11-12 日	  地域社会学会	
  第 38 回大会（立命館大学）
http://jarcs.sakura.ne.jp/main/meetings/index.html
11-12 日	  社会事業史学会	
  第 41 回大会（淑徳大学千葉キャンパス）http://www.jshsw.cher-ish.net/
11-12 日	
  西日本社会学会	
  第 71 回大会（琉球大学）
http://www2.lit.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~sociowest/index.html
18-19 日	  関西社会学会	
  第 64 回大会（大谷大学）
http://www.ksac.jp/
18-19 日	  日本保健医療社会学会	
  第 39 回大会（東洋大学朝霞ｷｬﾝﾊﾟｽ）
http://square.umin.ac.jp/medsocio/conf2013/index.html

環境社会学会
関西社会学会
関東社会学会
社会事業史学会
社会情報学会（SSI）
数理社会学会
地域社会学会
東北社会学研究会
東北社会学会
西日本社会学会
日仏社会学会
日米高齢者保健福祉学会
日中社会学会
日本解放社会学会
日本家族社会学会
日本看護福祉学会
日本社会学会
日本社会学史学会

６月
1-2 日	
  環境社会学会	
  第 47 回大会（桃山学院大学）
http://www.jaes.jp/seminar_a/2013/2697
8-9 日	
  日本マス・コミュニケーション学会	
  2013 年春季研究発表会（松山大学）
http://www.jmscom.org/
8 日	  北海道社会学会	
  2013 年度大会
http://www.hsa-sociology.org/taikai.html
15-16 日	  関東社会学会	
  第 61 回大会（一橋大学国立キャンパス）http://kantohsociologicalsociety.jp/information.html#04
29-30 日	  日本社会学史学会	
  第 53 回大会（佛教大学）
http://www.jashs.jp/
29-30 日	  福祉社会学会	
  第 11 回大会（立命館大学衣笠キャンパス）http://www.jws-assoc.jp/taikai.html

日本社会学理論学会
日本社会病理学会
日本社会福祉学会
日本社会分析学会
日本スポーツ社会学会
日本村落研究学会
日本都市社会学会
日本保健医療社会学会
日本ﾏｽ･ｺﾐｭﾆｹｰｼｮﾝ学会
日本労働社会学会
福祉社会学会

７月
6-7 日	
  日本看護福祉学会	
  第 26 回大会（久留米大学旭町キャンパス）http://kangofukushi.sakura.ne.jp/taikai/index.htm
９月
7-8 日	
  日本家族社会学会	
  第 23 回大会（静岡大学静岡キャンパス）http://www.wdc-jp.com/jsfs/index.html
13-15 日	  社会情報学会（SSI）	
  2013 年度大会（早稲田大学）
http://www.ssi.or.jp/index.html
21-22 日	  日本社会福祉学会	
  第 61 回秋季大会（北星学園大学）
http://www.jssw.jp/event/index.html
10 月
12-13 日 日本社会学会	
  第 86 回大会（慶應義塾大学）
http://www.gakkai.ne.jp/jss/meeting/

北海道社会学会
11 月

1-3 日	
  日本村落研究学会	
  第 61 回大会（福井県越前市）
http://rural-studies.jp/sonken7.html

8

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

１０．国際動向

as a contribution of the incorporation of gender
perspective into migration studies. This devel-

International migration from agender perspective:

opment comes from the growing influence ofcontributions to a case study of Japanre-examination

feministthought,which

proposesaof traditional paradigms

ofknowledge focused on male subjects. Early

Ana Luisa CAMPANHA NAKAMOTO

voices like Mirjana Morokvasic in the article

Guest Lecturer.

“Birds of passage are also women” (Interna-

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,tional Migration Review, 1984) criticized the

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

collective memory and history of migration as(Indonesia)

gender biased, disregarding women's experiences "by themselves" and their specificities.
The concept of gender implies that processesof social differentiation between sexes are organizing elements of migration circuits, so thatthe networks, occupational patters, cultural
conflicts and even the subjective experience of
displacement are constituted under the bias ofgender relations and produce different strategies for integration and mobility in transnational
circuits (Kosminsky, 2007; Falquet et al., 2010).
The feminization of migration has been
pointed as a trend from the 1990s, indicating not

About the author:

only the increase visibility of women in migration

Ana Luisa CAMPANHA NAKAMOTO is a guest lecture at Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (Indonesia). She is a ISA member and belongs to ResearchCommittee21 (Regional and Urban Development)
and Research Committee 31 (Sociology of Migration). She is also a member of Urban Anthropology
Group (University of Sao Paulo). She has completed
her dissertation:“Back home: Brazilian Return Migrants from Japan” (2012).

processes, but the emergency of specific female forms of migration, such as the commercialized migration of domestic and sex workers,
caregivers and international matchmaking. The
gendered pattern indicates these "feminized"
circuits reproduces traditional models of domesticity within the international labor market byencompassing a range of activities that fall

Introduction

mostly in the sphere of reproduction (Ehrenreich

Although the presence of women in migration& Hochschild, 2004; Roulleau-Berger, 2010).

processes has been object of studies from thelate 1970s, the acknowledgment that there are
significant differences between men and women in terms of motivation, risks and strategies tocope with the displacement has risen afterwards,
9社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

The Japanese case: an approach

vorable conditions for residence and registered

The presence and socioeconomic status ofwork in Japan according to the Japanese mi-migrants in the Japanese labor market are

gration law.

deeply rooted in traditional sexual division of

The occupational profile of migrant women islabor. Although there are no formal barriers for

related to gender and ethnic relations that are

women to work after marriage and childbirth;established with Japanese men and men of thethe rigid Japanese corporate culture, lack ofsame nationality, according to a survey con-career prospects and low wages have contrib-

ducted by the Ministry of Health, Labor anduted to discourage the presence of Japanese

Wellfare (2007)1:

women in the labor market. The reconciliation of
professional and household work is particularly

Marriages: within the four major migrationdifficult considering the social norms and lack offlowscollective equipment that limit the use of(68.8%) were married predominantly with in-household paid services (Hirata & Kergoat,

dividuals of the same nationality. Filipino2010).

women married Japanese spouses almost attoJapan, only

Brazilian

women

Generally, researches on female migrants inthe same proportion as Japanese womenJapan can be considered within the framework(respectively 97.7% and 98.7%), followed byof “female” occupations such as sex workers

Chinese (95.8%) and Korean (86.4 %).

and entertainers. Data for 2000 indicates that

Among the grooms, Brazilians are the only

among legal aliens, 40,000 women were regis-

group who married women of the same na-

tered as entertainers and 120,000 as factorytionality more than Japanese women.

workers; respectively 84.1% and 45,1% of
both-sex aliens registered in the same occupa-

Divorces: about 7% (18,405) of all divorces

tions. 106,000 had unknown occupations –registered in Japan in 2006 (258,778) in-

which might include sex work – especially

volved foreign spouses. In the case of Bra-overstayers from Korea, Philippines, China andzilian women, 119 divorces were made be-other Asian countries (47.3%).

fore Japanese authorities; 16% involved a

Unlike Asian same-gender counterparts, Bra-

Brazilian husband and 75.6% a Japanesezilian and Peruvian women fall predominantly inhusband. Brazilian men divorced in a total of

the same occupational niche of men from the150: 12.6% of cases involved a Brazilian

same nationality. The Brazilians accounted for

woman and 65.3% a Japanese woman. The

44.9% of migrant women in 2005; 83.6% of

low divorce rate among Brazilians may bethem were employed as blue collar workers in

related to the fact that many couples returnindustries and only 0.57% in specialized sectors

to Brazil to have an official divorce. The datasuch as health, education, among others (Ya-suggest that marriages between Japanesemanaka and Piper, 2004). It should be high-women and Brazilian men are relatively more

lighted that until 2008, Brazilian and other South

successful than those between Brazilian

Americans of Japanese descendants had fa-

women and Japanese men, which can be

10社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

explained from expectations of male andformed circuits of female migration that resulted

female roles in both cultures.

in the rapid growth of formal and informal marriages between foreign women and local men. It

Births: foreign mothers birthed 26,228 chil-can be inferred that in a context of migration

dren in 2006, 53.5% from a Japanese father,

control drive, marriage is a strategy for migrants

35.8% from a foreign father and 10.7% fromin search of economic and legal security in thean unknown father (characterizing these in-destination country. Rural exodus and decrease2

fants as "illegitimate children" , according toof marriage among Japanese women caused

the classification adopted by the Ministry).

many Japanese men, mostly from farming

The percentage of children with unknown

communities, to seek international matchma-Japanese father is 2.1%. The absoluteking services to find wives mostly in the Philip-

number of births is higher among Chinesepines, China, Thailand and Vietnam, even with

(6,805 or 25.9%), Filipinos (6,250 or 23.8%)

government subsidies. Studies have drawn at-and Koreans (4,385 or 16.7%), followed bytention to cases of violence by the husband andBrazilians (3,210 or 12.2%). The number ofextended family to which these women are of-Japanese fathers is superior to parents of theten subjected (Yamanaka & Piper, 2004).

same nationality in the case of the Filipinos

For the similar occupational profile, inequali-(80% Japanese, 12.1% same nationality andties between Brazilian men and women in Jap-

5.1% unknown), Koreans (59.1% Japanese,

an are not often addressed. Lower wages for

34.8% same nationality and 4.3% unknown)

women are not only common place, but can

and Chinese (57.7% Japanese, 36.8% samefunction as competitive advantages for brokers

nationality and 3.9% unknown). Among Bra-in times of crisis. As outsourced workers paid

zilians, the percentage of Japanese fathers

hourly, Brazilian men and women engage in

is 8%; parents of the same nationality,

long and exhausting journeys in order to afford

58.5%; and illegitimate children, 31.2%. The

household expenses and remittances to theirdata point to a significant number of Brazilian

homeland. Deeper concerns arise from the in-single mothers in Japan. From the point ofcrease of families and children of Brazilian mi-view of the age of the mothers, the Brazilians

grants in Japan, considering the difficulty tohave the highest birth rate in younger age

reconcile work hours and childcare in a countrygroups compared with Japanese and Kore-

that expect women to actively participate inan.

community and educational practices.

These data are deeply rooted in the logic circuits of sexual migration between Japan andConclusion

other countries of Asia, as well as transfor-

Considering gender inequalities as processes

mations of gender relations between Japanesein the core of migration circuits allow scholars to

men and women. The hardening of immigration

address population flows from a wide range oflaws in relation to other Asian countries con-issues, including how sexual roles and expecta-11社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

tions shape different strategies of engagement

5. Ministry of Health, Labour and Wellfare.

in migration circuits and create risks, vulnerabil-

2007. Specified report of vital statistics FY

ities or even opportunities for men and women.

2007. Tokyo.
6. Morokvasik, M. 1984. “Birds of passage arealso women”. International Migration Re-

Notes

view, 18 (4), 886-905.

1. This article considers only the four major

7. Roulleau-Berger,

foreign groups in Japan: Chinese, Kore-

féminin.

ans, Brazilians and Filipinos.

L.

2010.

Migrerau

Paris: PUF.

8. Yamanaka, K. & Piper, N. 2004. Feminized

2. In cases which the parents are not legally

migration in East and Southeast Asia: poli-

married, the father's name is not regis-

cies,

tered in the birth records, featuring ille-

published Background Paper, Geneva:

gitimacy.

UNRISD.

References
1. Ehrenreich, B.; Hochschild, A. R. (Ed.).
2004. Global Woman: nannies, maids, andsex workers in the new economy. New
York: Metropolitan Books.
2. Falquet, J. et al. 2010. Le sexe de lamondialisation: genre, classe, race etnouvelle division du travail [The sex ofmundialization : gender, class, race and the
new division of labor ] Paris, Presses deSciences Po.
3. Hirata, H. & Kergoat, D. 2007. “Novas configurações da divisão sexual do trabalho”[New configurations of the sexual divisionof labor]. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 37 (132),595-609.
4. Kosminsky, E. 2007. “Por uma etnografia
feminista das migrações internacionais:
dos estudos de aculturação para os estudos de gênero” [Feminist ethnography oninternational migration: from acculturation
studies to gender studies]. Revista Estudos
Feministas, 3 (15), 773-804.

12

actionsandempowerment.

Un-社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

Long Engagements* with Japan:

As a non- native researcher on Japan, I am

From inside to outside Japan

often asked why or how did I become interested
in Japan?

Leng Leng THANG

I attribute the reason to the influ-

ence of Japanese popular culture.

Associate Professor,

Singapore in the 1970s – where I was an

Department of Japanese Studies,elementary school student - was still a devel-

National University of Singapore

oping society with night markets in manyneighborhoods.

I could recall vividly how I

enjoyed purchasing Chinese children pictorial
magazines from Hong Kong sold in a weekend
night market near my home. One of thesemagazines ran a Doraimon manga series in
Chinese translation. With Doraimon as my first
introduction to Japan, it has become somewhat
natural for me to choose to major in JapaneseStudies as an undergraduate at the National
University of Singapore.

When I later decided*This title takes after the book "Long Engagements:

to pursue a PhD in Anthropology, Japan was

Maturity in Modern Japan" (1980, Stanford University

again naturally declared as my field.

Press) by David Plath. This thought-provoking book

I did dabble slightly with research on Japa-

has inspired me to seek tutelage under the eminent

nese popular culture, a curiosity which was

Japan anthropologist at University of Illinois at Urba-

aroused by some students who alerted me tona-Champaign, 1992-1997.

the existence of cosplay in Singapore.
my colleague Dr. Elizabeth

With

MacLachlan,aAbout the author:

fellow anthropologist and a specialist on Japa-

Leng Leng THANG is former chair of the De-

nese mass media, we examined how the fanpartment

practice of cosplay in Singapore provided anofJapanese

Studies,

NUS(2005-2010). Currently, she is co-chair ofinsight into the potential for

Commission on Aging and the Aged, Interna-tural connections to disrupt, undermine or rein-tional Union of Anthropological and Ethnologicalforce (sometimes simultaneously) “locally” held

Sciences(IUAES), Vice chair of International

identities as cosplayers

Consortium on Intergenerational Programs, andthe global (MacLachlan and Thang, 2005,

Steering2008).

committee

memberofJapanesetrans-Asian cul-

openly engage with

Studies Association in Southeast Asia. She has

However, I am most interested with the study

various publications relating to Japan (seeof older persons (Thang, 2011). Beginning with“References” at the end of this article).

my M.A. research topic on the ikigai of elderly in
Okinawa (Thang, 1996), the question of how dopeople cope with “the problems of aging”, and13

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

understanding the experiences of growing old inence of the Japanese community in prewar andJapan have always captured my imagination.

contemporary Singapore, resulting in the pro-

The ethnographic study of Kotoen, a pioneer

duction of a 56-minute film titled “Under Anotherage-integrated institution in Tokyo has been an

Sun” (Plath et.al., 2001).

attempt to examine how reengaging the gener-

Into the 21st century, the “feminization,” “sin-ations may help to solve “the problems of aging”

glization,” and “stabilization” of the transnational(Thang, 2001). The process and impact of in-mobility of Japanese further intensified. With Dr

tergenerational interactions with aging continue

Sachiko Sone at The University of Western

to be a main research focus. In the study onAustralia, we conducted a qualitative study ofsenior volunteering focusing on senior volun-

Japanese women in their 50s and older whoteers who have survived the Great Hanshin

have moved to live in Western Australia. Among

earthquake, besides an understanding of thethe women’s various engagements with the hostsignificance of a volunteer identity for the older

society and the Japanese community, we foundsurvivors, I also conducted an ethnographicthat among those who have children - especiallyfieldwork of the G-117, a senior volunteer group

daughters who have also moved overseas, thespecializing in narrating the earthquake expe-transnational movement has instead promoted

riences and explored the potential of intergen-generational interdependence (Thang and Sone,erational programs with school educational ob-2011). The juxtaposition of aging, gender andjectives, among others (Thang, 2006a andmigration thus highlights the understanding of

2006b).

In a later research project on grand-

gender relation as fundamentally a lived expe-

parenting in five Asian societies, I continue withrience which must be interpreted and negotiatedthe inquiry of meaning, identity and ambivalen-

culturally.

ce in grandparenthood (Thang et.al., 2011;

To further expand our understanding of theThang, 2012).

life experiences among the diversified groups of

Besides the sustained interest on aging inJapanese women who have migrated outside

Japan, as an academic living outside Japan, IJapan, together with Dr Mika Toyota, a former

soon discovered the presence of Japan beyond

colleague at the National University of Singa-

Japan. In the late 1990s, as Japanese womenpore currently with Rikkyo University, we em-

became more visible in the Singapore’s work-

barked on a study examining Japanese womenforce, I initiated a project with Dr Elizabethof different generations with different migration

MacLachlan aided by Dr Miho Goda (currently

categories who currently live in Southeast Asia.

with Chinese University of Hong Kong), to ex-

This project explores three broad, interrelated

plore the reasons, implications and experiences

issues: (1) the transnational repercussion ofof the transnational efforts of the young Japa-

demographic changes; (2) the transnational

nese working women, often on local contract

dimension of changes in gender roles; and (3)terms (Thang, MacLachlan and Goda, 2002;

the intensified intra-Asia connections. Over theThang, Goda and MacLachlan, 2004, 2006).

three-year period of the project, we have con-This project led to greater interest on the pres-ducted fieldwork in Thailand, The Philippines

14社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

and Indonesia, encountering with Japanesewomen from different generations

Japan: Asian International Forum in Fukuoka.

and cir-

cumstances– such as single young working

Plath, D., Thang, L.L., Maclachlan, E.N.M. andwomen, married women with local husbands,

K. Ikeda., 2001, Under Another Sun: Japanesemature women involved with NGO activities,

in Singapore.

and women who settled as retirees. The diverse

duction of Asian Educational Media Service,

lived experiences of the Japanese women inCenter for East Asian and Pacific Studies, Uni-

Southeast Asia highlight among others, the in-versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign andfluence of their dual positionalities (at home andNUS) 56 mins.

United States: (Joint video pro-abroad) on each other, as well as its impact on
the host society and Japan(Thang, Sone andThang, L.L., 1996, Ikigai and longevity among

Toyota, 2012; Toyota and Thang, 2012).

the elderly in Okinawa. In Aging: Asian Experi-

In the recent years, living in Singapore hasences Past and Present. S. Formanek and S.

led to more opportunities for research on Sin-

Linhart, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Oster-

gapore; I am grateful that my own dual posi-

reichiscehn Akademie der Wisseschaften.

tionalities – starting as a researcher on Japanhas provided me with a valuable cross-culturalThang, L.L., 2001, Generations in Touch: Link-

perspective. In this first attempt to take stock of

ing the Old and Young in a Tokyo Neighborhood.

the journey thus far of my research engage-

Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

ments with Japan, I am convinced that my engagements with Japan will continue to be strong,Thang, L.L., 2006a, Defining A Second Career:because the Japan in today’s globalized context

Volunteering among seniors in Japan. In.

has become all the more fascinating for aWork, Employment, and Society in Contempo-

non-native researcher like me, who has known

rary Japan: Sociological and AnthropologicalJapan since childhood.

Perspectives. P. Matanle ed. London: Palgrave
Pub.

References
MacLachlan, E.N.M. and Thang, L.L., 2005,

Thang, L.L., 2006b, A Message on Life to theFans in New Places: Cosplay in Singapore.

Japan from an Intergenerational Perspective.

Singapore: (A video production of Department

Journal of Intergenerational Relationships. 3(4):of Japanese Studies, NUS) 11 mins.

5-22.

MacLachlan, E.N.M. and Thang, L.L., 2008,

Thang, L.L., 2011., Aging and social welfare in

Importing Japanese Fan Practices: Cosplay inJapan. In Routledge Handbook of JapaneseSingapore. In Globalization and Asia in Trans-

Culture and Society, V. Bestor,

formation.

and A. Yamagata eds. New York: Routledge.

Young- Perceiving a Senior Volunteer Activity inProceedings from The Seventh

Asian International Forum in Fukuoka. Fukuoka,

15

T.C. Bestor

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

Thang, L.L.,2012, Meanings of being a grand-anese women living in Western Australia”

parent. In Experiencing Grandparenthood: An

Journal for Japanese Studies (Tokyo University

Asian Perspective. K. Mehta and L.L. Thang

of Foreign Studies) 1(1): 45-66.

eds. Netherlands: Springer
Thang, L.L. Sone, S. and Toyota, M. Freedom,Thang, L.L., Goda, M. and MacLachlan, E.N.M.,

2012, Found? The Later-life Transnational Mi-

2004, Challenging the Life Course: Japanesegration of Japanese Women to Western Aus-

Women Working in Singapore. In Old Chal-

tralia and Thailand. Asia and Pacific Migration

lenges, New Strategies? Women, Work andJournal 21(2): 239-262.

Family in Contemporary Asia. L. L. Thang andToyota, M. and Thang, L.L., 2012, Reverse
marriage migration?: A case study of Japanesebrides in Bali. Asia and Pacific Migration Journal21(3):345-364.

WH Yu eds., Leiden: Brill Academic Publisher.
Thang,

L.L.,

Goda,

M.

and

MacLachlan.

E.N.M.,2006, Negotiating work and self- experiences of Japanese working women in Singapore. In Overseas Japanese and JapaneseTransnational Migrants in a Global World: From
the Past to the Present. N. Adachi, ed. London:
Routledge.（also appears as: レンレン・タン，
合田美穂，エリザベス・マクラーチュアン，2008，「仕事と自分の相互関係：シンガポールにおける日本人女性の経験」足立伸子他編著『ジャパニーズ・ディアスポラ―埋もれた過去闘争の現在不確かな未来』 新泉社。）
Thang, L.L., MacLachlan, E.N.M. and Goda, M.,
2002, Expatriates on the Margins: A Study ofJapanese

Women

WorkinginSingapore.

Geoforum. 33:539-551.
Thang, L.L., Mehta, K., Usui, T. and Tsuruwaka,M., 2011, Being a Good Grandparent: Rolesand Expectations in Intergenerational Relationships in Japan and Singapore. Marriage andFamily Review 47(8): 548-570.
Thang, L.L. and Sone, S., 2011,“(Re)Engagements for a new life: Mature Jap-

16

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

Announcements, sound signals
and melodies in trains and train
stations of Tokyo:

Therefore, my research focuses on soundinformations formatted, intended and broadcasted to customers of rail transportation means,daily practices of sound and the pragmatical definition of noise in everyday
transportation means

mainly in the Tokyo area. The object of study is
not the ‘implicite’ sounds and noises (mechanical, acoustics) of the stations or trains, but

Pierre MANEA

those, ‘explicitly’, artificially created to transmit,

Ph.D Student, Department of Sociology.
Keio University,

somehow, informations, or to provoke reactions.
Although it is an abstract and somehow artificial
operation to focus only on sounds when our
experiencing of the world - and especially orientation in urban areas - is in essence a multisensorial activity, it is still a necessary step, assound has constantly been misregarded anddismissed as an entry to the understanding of
our relationship with our environment. The primary object of this study is informational sound,that is to say announcements (automatic or not),About the author’s Articles
Manea, Pierre, “Ritornellos in Japanese Train
Stations: Departure Melodies and the Management of Passengers Behavior”, in Guillebaud, Christine (ed.), Sonic Cities: Toward an
Anthropology of Sound Environments, Cambridge, MIT Press, to be published (2013–2014).
Manea, Pierre, “Mélomane du rail dans Café
Lumière de Hou Hsiao Hsien”, CinémAction 145,
December 2012, pp. 60–66.

melodies and sound signals. These informations are hearable both in trains and in train
stations. These could be roughly divided in two
categories, connected but nonetheless autonomous, according to the role each one plays in
the unfolding of one’s travel:1) We could first identify informations related tothe structural configuration of each journey.
Most of the annoucements are guidances, informations per se. This category could encom-

I came in Japan in 2004 as an exchange

pass informations regarding the destination of a

student, and discovered how sound was atrain, the evolution of the schedule (ad-manifest feature of urban life in Tokyo. Sonic

justements due to delays, etc.), the physicalguidance was everywhere: from trains to zoos,

configuration of the station and the situational

musem, natural parks and personal services.

(local) configuration of the train flow (i.e.: which

Although echoing the overwhelming amount ofkind of train on which track?), allowing me tovisualurbanknow that I would be able to get that rapid train

lanscape, sound still has to become the centerby getting off my local train right away andof study trends. I believe that it can and should

walking to that next platform). Motivations forbe the object of a sociological analysis.

the production of these informations might be of

informations

composingthe17社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

various nature, but they certainly are as closely

worldwide. But rather than there very existence,

related to the success of my travel as possible.

which is and was not limited to Japan (“pushers”

While we might not be able to talk about vocal

are found almost everywhere, at least tempo-

guidance strictly speaking (vocal guidance

rarily), it is the apparent and therefore superfi-

would rather be what is experienced when one

cial contradiction between there duty (strongly

is buying a ticket at the entry gates), these an-pushing in crowds resolved to take this train andnouncements and melodies indeed represent

no other) and their neat attitude (their wearing

contextual informations, forming a net of spacialwhite gloves for instance) that was almost sys-and temporal sound markers. Consistently andtematically noticed, both by japanologists andsystematically broadcasted, they work as anjournalists in general. What I would like to point

up-to-date buffer between the general material

here is the very fact that the task itself is done

configurations and the passenger personalwith respects to a specific set of norms: proper

journey, limiting uncertainty and easing pas-

attitudes

senger’s flow. One part of my work is to identify

pushed, proper treatment of the passengers by

the extent with which passenger’s are actually

the company’s agents (through proper physicalrelying on sound informations to perform theircontacts, corporal positions, vocal admonitions,travel. The very presence of these announce-etc.)… Both descriptive and prescriptive norms

ments shows that the performance of the net-are seen in these scenes. This is also what canwork is not embedded in technical progress, but

be mindblowing during one’s journey to work:requires human assistance (Joseph, 2004).

norms are consistently broadcasted, and theyThat assistance takes the form of consistent

set or aim to set what could be proper in thesound markers guiding through the network,

public space of the train. These normative pre-and the form of public discipline (norms andscriptions can tackle both passenger’s em-

direct prescriptions), which would be a second

barking and disembarking behaviors (describing

category.

the proper way to get in and off the train, fill it, or2) A second set of informations worthy of noticesimply be in the train). They also points devi-

is related to the maintenance, the preservation

ance, behaviors that emerge (through differentof social cohesiveness within the public spacemeans but in most cases through complains toof the train (or train station). Simply put, its goal,

the company) as unproper in these spaces.

as displayed especially through posters, is toSurprisingly, a lot of them are pointing at im-

allow co-presence in what can sometimes beproper uses of sound, and could be linked to theextreme proximity. It is a fact that Japanesedistinction between privacy and publicity: fortransports are known for being the scene ofexample, the sound level of private discussions,overcrowded trains, and Oshiya 押 し 屋 re-the use of mobile phones, the sound leaking

mained for a long time one of it’s most spec-

form headphones… This is not a recent trend

tacular facet, as well as one of the daily featuresof social control. TANAKA (田中, 2005) showedof the railway experience in Tokyo, striking the

how embarked behavior formed during theimagination and exotic interests of many

Taisho Era. He also highlighted how, except for18

requiredfrompassengers

being社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

sight, all senses were actually the object of ac-

from our own daily life is a very difficult task.

tive repression to allow, to ease social cohe-

Following passengers as they perform their trip

siveness between social classes that were notto work or school, using methodologies to in-used to travel together before, to be in the same

volve them and make them talk about what arelimited and narrow space. But social class dis-usually unnoticed sounds, I try to provide an

tinction do not seems an acceptable basis for

ethnographic description their experience ofsocial control anymore. The continuation of that

their sound environment. I mainly rely on

attemptive social control over noise is not

Augoyard’s team methodologies (Augoyard,

strictly linked to the co-presence of disparate2006), and I try to contribute to the literaturesocial classes, but it still speaks out for the re-aiming to offer a pragmatic, situated definition ofspect, the generalisation of manners. True, to-noise (and, therefore, sound). The postulate

day, talking through a mobile phone seems totaken in this research is that a railroad pas-be less of a daily problem than compared to thesenger is rather a professional user of a com-

90’s. And when it occurs, non-linguistic interac-plex, intricate informational network rather thantions still serve as regulators. But, as alluded toa passive receiver of informations. By taking

by ITO (伊藤, 2005), it is the evolution of per-that stance, I can both draw from the conclu-

sonnal comunication technology (the develop-

sions already reached in ethnomusicology

ment of “manner mode”) that brought satis-

studies, as well as use ethnomethodologies

faction to this plea, rather than passenger’s

inherited from urban studies and European er-

compliance to the annoucements, to the norms

gonomics (study of work) to analyse and de-prescribed. A systematic observation of behav-

termine their relationship to artificial sound in-ior around “priority areas” shows that prescrip-

formations.

tions asking to turn mobile phones off are notlistened to. Not only young ones, but adults andold persons seems not compelled to turn they

References:

phone off. Here, ironically, announcements

Methodological highlight:

themeselves become a sort of noise, and a ra-

Augoyard, J.F., 2006, Sonic Experiences,

ther social one, were it is not only a mere an-

McGill-Queen’s University Press, 216 p.

nouncement, a mere set of unsignificant sounds
that is dismissed and ignored, but the content ofJoseph, Isaac, 2004, Météor, les métamorphoses duthe announcement, a normative prescription.

métro (Meteor: Metamorphosis of Paris’ Subway),

More than anything else then, these annouce-

Paris, Economica, 91 p.

ments are becoming “social noises”.
Taking the point of view of the customer, the松田美佐, 2006『ケータイのある風景—テクノロ

passenger, my task is to describe the experi-

ジーの日常化を考える』北大路書房, 268p.

ence of these two categories of sound informations as they are heard throughout a normal,

田中大介, 2005「通勤通学する身体の形成」『ソdaily journey in the network. Describing sounds

シオロゴス』29 巻, pp. 180–198.

19

社会学系コンソーシアム	
  NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.6

SPRING 2013

１１．事務局・問い合わせ「編集後記」
１月に開催された評議委員会および理事会を経て、新しい理事長／副理事長が就任しました。新しい体制のもと、コンソーシアムがよりよき発展に向かうことを願っています。本ニュースレターでは、3人の研究者から国際動向欄への寄稿を得ることができました。ニュースレター自体についてもご意見ご感想をお寄せください。より一層魅力あるニューレターに成長させたいと思っています。（文責：渡辺秀樹）＊事務局（慶應義塾大学内）
有末賢・石田幸生・八木良広
E-mail： socconsortium@socconso.com
Website： http://www.socconso.com/＊財務担当（首都大学東京内）
玉野和志＊ニュースレター・コンソーシアム通信編集担当
橋本健二・渡辺秀樹・八木良広

20