Ethereal Phenomena - Interactive Art, Meditation, andBreathing Biofeedback: From Mind and Body Wellness Towards
Self-Transcendence
Silvana Malaver Turbay

Keio University Graduate School ofMedia Design
Tokyo, Japans.malaver@keio.jp

Jiawen Han

Keio University Graduate School ofMedia Design
Tokyo, Japanhanjiawen@kmd.keio.ac.jp

Igor Igorevich Segrovets

Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of MechanicalEngineering
Tokyo, Japansegrovets.i.aa@m.titech.ac.jp

Christopher Changmok Kim

Keio University Graduate School ofMedia Design
Tokyo, Japan
chris.kim@kmd.keio.ac.jp

George Chernyshov

Keio University Graduate School ofMedia Design
Tokyo, Japan
chernyshov@kmd.keio.ac.jp

Kai Kunze

Keio University Graduate School ofMedia Design
Tokyo, Japan
kai@kmd.keio.ac.jp

Figure 1: Ethereal Phenomena (left) | User study participant (right)

ABSTRACTKEYWORDS

Ethereal Phenomena is an interactive installation in which a user
meditates in front of a digital illustration based on Tibetan thangka
art that reacts to the way they breathe. The biofeedback of the breath
makes the artwork an extension of the user’s body and a reflectionof their mind. By combining art, sound, and biofeedback, Ethereal
Phenomena becomes a unique meditative experience that aims at
producing physical and mental wellness and that has the potential
to induce a state of self-transcendence or pure consciousness.

Art installation, Embodied interaction, Breathing biofeedback, Meditation, Consciousness

CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Interaction design process
and methods; User studies;
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal orclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributedfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citationon the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored.
For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).
TEI ’22, February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea© 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).
ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-9147-4/22/02.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3490149.3505567

ACM Reference Format:
Silvana Malaver Turbay, Igor Igorevich Segrovets, George Chernyshov, Jiawen Han, Christopher Changmok Kim, and Kai Kunze. 2022. Ethereal
Phenomena - Interactive Art, Meditation, and Breathing Biofeedback: From
Mind and Body Wellness Towards Self-Transcendence. In Sixteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI ’22),
February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. ACM, New York, NY, USA,
6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3490149.3505567

1

INTRODUCTION

Ethereal Phenomena integrates traditional Tibetan knowledge andsymbolism on meditation with contemporary scientific findings
on biofeedback and breathing techniques into an interactive artwork. It looks to produce overall physical and mental wellness,
which occurs mainly through exercising the breath. Yet, like inTibetan meditation, the ultimate purpose is to access a state of pureconsciousness that can be defined as “a state of being rather than
thinking or doing” [19]. As an artwork, Ethereal Phenomena invites
to a contemplative disposition. Through symbolic, visual, and audio

TEI ’22, February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

stimuli, it engages the user conceptually and perceptually. Ethereal
Phenomena works both as a meditation tool and as an art piece,
addressing multiple levels of experience, all connected through thebreath.
Breathing influences us physiologically and psychologically. It
is a visceral function of the body, but we can also control it deliberately [16]. From both the perspectives of Western medical researchand of Tibetan tradition, it is possible to consider two main typesof voluntary breath: thoracic and abdominal. Slower and deeper
abdominal breathing is more calming, efficient, and possesses cumulative health effects. Accelerated, shallow thoracic breathing,on the contrary, produces and indicates unease and anxiety [16].
In Ethereal Phenomena, the user wears two breath sensor straps(fig.3), one around the chest and another around the abdomen, sothat both types of breathing can be identified.
We curate the interaction so that each layer of the illustration
reacts differently, mainly depending on the type and pace of breath.
Broadly described, abdominal breathing generates more movement
and a slower pace makes the motion smoother. This is meant toincite the user to breathe abdominally and with longer periods ofinhalation-exhalation. The different parts of the thangka and audio
indicate how the breath is fluctuating. The whole work progressively transforms and reveals new movements and sounds throughout the meditation, helping the user to remain focused and engaged.
A user study comparing two meditation sessions, one assistedby the interactive work and another non-guided, suggested that the
meditation with Ethereal Phenomena made participants feel morerelaxed, focused, and aware of their breath and mental state. Furthermore, several participants expressed having had a sensation of timelessness and absence of thoughts during the interactive meditation
which coincide with several aspects of Transcendental Meditation,
implying that the meditation experience of Ethereal Phenomena
can potentially give the user a sense of self-transcendence or pureconsciousness.
The research and development of the work takes an experimental
and speculative approach necessary to deal with consciousness, anambiguous and controversial topic at the intersection of several
fields of study [2].
The main contributions we provide in this paper are as follows:(1) We present an initial prototype of Ethereal Phenomena, tracking and visualizing both thoracic and abdominal breathing in an
installation. (2) We describe the design process inspired by Tibetan
tradition and wearable technology, the rational behind auditory
and visual feedback, and the overall user experience (biofeedback
guidance using Tibetan meditation aesthetics). (3) We present theresults of an initial user study (n = 20), comparing Ethereal Phenomena with standard breath meditation. We show indications
that Ethereal Phenomena can encourage especially novice users
to meditate more and that users seem to have higher perceived
relaxation and focus after the experience.

2

RELATED WORK

Meditation, breathing, and biofeedback have in common that they
all entail a connection between body and mind [5, 8, 10, 20]. For
thousands of years, Tibetan tradition—as well as many other traditions from Hinduism and Buddhism—has developed meditative

Silvana Malaver Turbay et al.

and breathing techniques that bring extraordinary benefits for themind and body [16]. Contemporary Western science has acquired
crucial knowledge from traditional meditation. There is a lot of
research showing through scientific methods and instruments theimplications and advantages of meditation practices [18].
Though, most studies have dissected the techniques and isolated
them from their context, setting apart from meditation, among
others, the role of art, music, and symbols. In the process of secularization, mainly the easier-to-measure and definite characteristics
have been considered, and meditation as a practice aspiring to pureconsciousness has been overshadowed by more evident practical
wellbeing benefits [19].
One of the few studies that considers changes on cognition andperformance and also evaluates the state of self-transcendenceor pure consciousness is focused on Transcendental Meditation[19]. According to Frederick Travis, Transcendental Meditationconsists, basically, of sitting down and mentally repeating a mantra.
Self-transcendence or pure consciousness is a state in which themind is free from content, provoking a realization of non-duality,of dissolution of the boundaries of self and, therefore, of unity
with everything [19]. Practitioners of Transcendental Meditation
characterized pure consciousness by the absence of time, space,and body [19]. A deep and slow pace of breath is also one of thephysiological characteristics of Transcendental Meditation.
Another relevant form of meditation for this research is Tibetan
Yantra Yoga, which focuses in particular in the breath. As practitioners, Anyen Rinpoche and Allison Choying Zangmo explain that
Yantra Yoga looks for mental and physical health together with thedevelopment of wisdom, compassion, altruism, and, at the core of
all these, the non-dual state of pure consciousness, known also as
Buddha Nature [16]. One of Yantra Yoga’s primary techniques istraining deep abdominal breathing.
The advantages of abdominal breathing are also supported byrecent research focused on breathing retraining [7, 9]. Thoracic
breathing tends to be more common in our stressful contemporary
lifestyle. Shortness of breath—thoracic and shallow breath—occurs
when we are unsettled, anxious, stressed, worried, or physically ill.
Breathing with the chest is not harmful by itself but it indicatesthe absence of health and it can negatively condition our mental
and physical states. In opposition, when breathing abdominally,
lower lungs exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide seven times more
efficiently and deep breaths contribute to slowing down the heartrate, stabilizing blood pressure and inducing muscle relaxation [16].
A breathing retraining technique consists of isolating the abdominal breath by trying to not move the chest, inhaling and directing
all the air into the stomach, inflating it, and then exhaling slowly,
letting down the abdomen [9]. This exercise is implemented on
research developing a smartphone app for abdominal breathing
retraining through biofeedback [7]. The study points out that, while
so far breathing retraining has been done by health professionals,
utilizing new technologies can make it more accessible.
Visualizing biofeedback has tremendous potential [8, 21]. It allows users to monitor the way they breathe, informing them of their
physiological and psychological condition in real-time so they candeliberately modify their breath. It also contributes to managing
diverse health issues like stress and anxiety. It must be highlighted
that to make biofeedback training effective, just displaying theEthereal Phenomena - Interactive Art, Meditation, and Breathing Biofeedback

biosignal is not sufficient as the practitioner must possess certain
knowledge on how to correctly modify their activity.
A lot of interaction research into meditation and biofeedback focuses on bodily reflection, health encouragement and a heightened
feeling of embodiment in general [4, 6, 10, 11, 17, 23]. Most of thesetype of studies have not addressed matters of consciousness.
Nevertheless, artistic practices integrating technology have been
more open to this. Artist and academic Roy Ascott considers that
there is not a consensus on the definition of consciousness but that
art is enough open to navigate it and reframe it without needingto map it or explain it: “The mysterium of consciousness may be
the final frontier for both art and science, and perhaps where they
will converge.” [2]. Some cases of artworks that follow this idea
are Dream Temple [15] and Wave UFO [14] from the artist MarikoMori. These architectural installations seek to influence the state ofconsciousness of the user, the former by adapting Buddhist imagery
into visuals and the latter by processing the users’ brainwaves. Like
Dream Temple, Wish Happiness from Kristina Mah [13] is an art
installation inspired in Buddhism. It adapts traditional Tibetan Buddhist rituals into a wheel that people can rotate together, producing
a shared experience that is meant to motivate compassion. Anotherrelated artwork is AuxeticBreath [22], an installation composed ofauxetic structures that displays rhythmic respiratory rate and tidal
volume. AuxeticBreath shows the relevance of how artistic means
mixed with technology can help to promote awareness of breathingproperly to produce wellness.

3

DESIGN CONCEPT

Ethereal Phenomena emerges from the speculation that there isa key in the integration of artistic expressions and meditation toachieve health benefits but also self-transcendence. As a holistic tradition, in Tibetan culture, art and music are also part of meditation
rites. Notably, Tibetan thangka, paintings that usually depict deities
or mandalas [3]. Thangkas have not only a devotional purpose oran aesthetic appeal but their contemplation is a form of meditation.
Besides having a rich symbolism that shows a complex metaphysical view of reality, these images are characterized by their layered
composition and multidimensional spatialization that are meant toproduce a state of self-transcendence through contemplation [1].
As for music, diverse instruments and chants are part of meditation
rites. This is the case of mantras, repetitions of phrases, words, or
syllables considered sacred and that come from ancient Sanskrit
and Pali. Beyond their intellectual meaning, the sound is supposed
to produce a physical affection, influencing the body directly.
The style of the illustration in Ethereal Phenomena follows the
aspect ratio and rules of composition from thangka painting. The
central figure is a buddha or enlightened being sitting on top ofa lotus flower, a symbol of purity and enlightenment [3]. Behind
it, a circular and translucent rainbow represents the fully enlightened body that becomes pure light, an ethereal phenomenon. The
symbol of the rainbow signifies the body-mind-spirit connection
and the transcendence of the self. The mountains and clouds evoke
the primary element that wants to be expressed with the work: air,wind. Other traditional elements can also be found, like the stupa, arelic that represents the body of the historical Buddha (Siddharta),
the sun and moon discs that mean enlightenment, and the sacred

TEI ’22, February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

syllable ‘om’, recalling the idea of emptiness with compassion [12]and providing from the visual perception a link to the sound. All
the components follow the standard measurements of traditional
thangka painting, a sacred geometry in which every figure is interconnected by having harmonic proportions. The colours, however,
do not follow the traditional symbolism. The blue, purple, green,and pink gradients align the style of the illustration to the digitalformat of the work. This palette also happens to induce relaxationand calmness, setting the atmosphere for meditation.
Each layer interacts in a particular way with the breathing of theuser (fig.2). With every abdominal inhalation, the outer frame turns
more purple and pink (A), the buddha comes closer to the user (B),and the rainbow rotates counter-clockwise (C). With every abdominal exhalation, the outer frame turns more blue and green (D), thebuddha becomes smaller (E), and the rainbow rotates clockwise (F).
If the user breathes only with the chest, these elements will barely
move. Seeking to produce a harmonious motion, the user intuitively
breathes deeply with the abdomen. A slower pace contributes tomaking the motion smoother and also activates different features.
If the period of inhalation-exhalation is long and deep enough, themoon disc rotates around the rings (G) and the background landscape becomes alive, the clouds softly fly (H) and the mountains
change colour (I). Thoracic breathing is synchronized with the upper wheels (J) while abdominal breathing is synchronized with thelower wheels (K), mirroring the body. To incite more abdominal
breathing, if the thoracic amplitude is higher than the abdominal,
the speed of the wheels is reduced and the buddhas chest emanates
a pink glow. Altogether, the interaction of the elements is perceived
more intuitively than rationally, so the appropriate breathing—deep,slow, and predominantly abdominal—occurs more or less automatically. To provide support to the biofeedback, seven pairs of lotus
flowers surrounding the buddha were added. With each breathing
period, a pair of flowers blooms (L). After seven periods, the sundisc rotates around the rings (M) and the cycle re-starts. Thus, theuser is not focused on counting breaths—so the meditation does
not become a sort of quantifiable contest—but still has a sense of
progression that aids them to concentrate. Every cycle of seven periods progressively activates a new feature: the motion and glowingof the rings around the buddha, the transparency of certain circles
so that the background landscape can be better appreciated (N),and the spatialization of sound. In this aspect, Ethereal Phenomena
has a component of gamification, since it motivates the user tomaintain their focus in order to gradually unveil the artwork. The
user is guided through their aesthetic sense.
The audio of Ethereal Phenomena is a ‘sound mandala’. Thereis a sound for each layer of the illustration and there are various
kinds of sounds. The most evident is the constant repetition of themantra-like chanting in Japanese that means: “reality is hidden,
reality is an illusion, it is actually a dream”. The interpretation
resonates with Buddhist philosophy. But the fundamental of thissinging is that, through the repetition the meaning starts to vanish and becomes sound, just like a mantra. The audio effects arecomposed of several types of Tibetan bells; some of them mark theperiod of inhalation-exhalation, working as an audio biofeedback
mechanism together with the rotation of some objects in the image.
Low frequencies subtly but powerfully induce the user’s perception
into a sort of trance. Certain organic sounds mixed with digital

TEI ’22, February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Silvana Malaver Turbay et al.

Figure 2: Visual interaction mechanism of Ethereal Phenomena. A period of exhalation (left) - inhalation (right)
keyboards represent a union between apparent opposites, mind
and body, the traditional and the modern.

3.1

Implementation and Hardware

The installation of Ethereal Phenomena (fig.3) is composed of ascreen monitor (A)—placed vertically so that it matches the illustration—, a pair of headphones (B), and two breath sensor straps (C).
The above devices are connected to the interaction program. The
breath sensor straps are self-made hardware to be worn around thethorax and around the abdomen. They are adjustable belts with
an embedded microcomputer connected to an elastic conductive
polymer that measures the expansion of the body when breathing. When the user has completely exhaled and the polymer is
not stretched at all, the output data number is 0. When the user
inhales, the polymer stretches and the corresponding data number
is larger. The breathing data is streamed wirelessly to the program
controlling the embodied visual and audio interactions.

4

Likert scales, from strongly disagree to strongly agree, participants
selected if they felt (a) relaxation, (b) focus, (c) awareness of thebreath, and (d) awareness of the mental state, (e) awareness of thepresent moment, (f) awareness of the body, (g) awareness of the environment, (h) awareness of sounds, (i) anxiety, and (j) distraction.
These parameters were selected based on the potential positive or
negative influence on wellbeing meditation can produce.
Additionally, we collected physiological data from the participants before, during, and after the meditations. The respiratory rateof the thoracic breathing and the abdominal breathing were registered through the two breath sensor straps used for the interaction
with Ethereal Phenomena. Electrodermal activity and heart ratevariability were registered through wrist-worn device (fig.3). We
plan to analyze physiological data to reveal if prior discussed correlations exist in our future work. Such as if interactive meditation
slows down the cardiac rhythm, indicating that the user is morerelaxed, or if the users showing a higher heart and respiratory rate
tend to breathe more with the chest than with the abdomen.

USER STUDY

In order to evaluate the impact on the users of Ethereal Phenomena
as a meditation tool, we carried out a test comparing it with a noninteractive/non-guided meditation. We recruited 20 participants(male= 10, female= 9, other= 1) in the range of 23 and 42 years old(mean=27.7). No participant meditated almost every day; six meditated once a week; two meditated once a month; two meditateda few times a year; four had meditated a few times in life; six had
never meditated. For the test, every participant did a ten-minutesession of each of the two types of meditation. Half of the participants did first the non-interactive and the other half did first theinteractive meditation. They were asked to fill questionnaires before and after each session. The questionnaire taken before worked
as the baseline to evaluate the effect of the sessions. On five-point

4.1

Initial Results from the Questionnaires

A repeated-measures ANOVA (fig.4) with a post hoc pairwise comparison using the Bonferroni correction showed that the level of(a) relaxation, (b) focus, and (c) awareness of breath was not significantly different between the baseline and the non-interactive
meditation. On the contrary, when comparing the baseline with theinteractive meditation there is a significant increase. In the case of
the level of (d) awareness of mental state, there is not a significant
difference between the baseline and the interactive meditation but
there is a significant difference when comparing the non-interactive
and the interactive meditation; in this case, there is a higher score
for the interactive meditation.

Ethereal Phenomena - Interactive Art, Meditation, and Breathing Biofeedback

TEI ’22, February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Figure 3: Outline of Ethereal Phenomena (left) | Breath sensor straps (center) | Heart rate and electrodermal activity devices(right)Figure 4: Results of the repeated-measures ANOVA test
However, the level of (e) awareness of the present moment, (f)awareness of the body, (g) awareness of the environment, (h) awareness of sounds, (i) anxiety, and (j) distraction was not statisticallysignificant.

4.2

Initial Interview Feedback

Besides questions asked in Likert scales, we included open-ended
questions about meditation experiences. We extracted key comments as the following: (1) Five participants stated wanting torepeat the interactive experience and even to use it in their daily
life to meditate with more frequency. (2) Three participants withlittle or no experience at all in meditation considered that Ethereal
Phenomena helped them to better access meditation practice andclaimed to be encouraged to meditate more. (3) Four participants
mentioned that their perception of time was altered and they feltthat Ethereal Phenomena was considerably shorter than the nonguided meditation or that they did not perceive time at all. (4) Fourparticipants said that they were so focused in the experience thatthoughts would not appear at all, in contrast to the non-guided
meditation. (5) Two commented that they were abstracted fromtheir body sensations.

5

DISCUSSION

The overall significant difference on the level of (a) relaxation, (b)focus, (c) awareness of breath, and (d) awareness of mental state

among the stages of the test suggests that the interactive meditation
positively impacted the users considerably more than the noninteractive meditation. We infer that the main influential factor
on it was the breathing biofeedback interaction. The biofeedback
requires a continuous, maintained, and controlled way of breathing(slow abdominal breathing) in order to affect visuals and sound.
Thus, it demands full attention from the user, impeding them frombeing distracted by the external environment. The focus on theexperience and awareness of the breath are almost unavoidable.
Due to these, the user is also unable to wander in thoughts, whichbrings mental clarity and, consequently, awareness of the mind.
Altogether, these elements tend to generate a feeling of relaxation.
Nevertheless, the level of (e) awareness of the present moment,(f) awareness of the body, (g) awareness of the environment, (h)awareness of sounds, (i) anxiety, and (j) distraction the difference
between the three stages was not statistically significant. We inferthat the definition of these parameters might have been confusing
or inappropriate due to the nature of Ethereal Phenomena. On the
one hand, the parameters were chosen considering too general
aspects of diverse kinds of meditation. They were focused on evaluating effects usually encountered in mindfulness type of meditation,
which has a different approach and effects from Transcendental
Meditation. On the other hand, probably it was not clear for theusers how to determine if there is awareness of the present moment
or distraction since it was not specified if it was distraction from the

TEI ’22, February 13–16, 2022, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

breath, from the outer environment, from the interaction. Similarly,
while Ethereal Phenomena produces an awareness of the breath,it generates as well a sensation of abstraction from the body andfrom the environment and sounds outside the work. Here, again,
it was not clarified if the environment and sounds were the onesof the installation. Finally, the fact that the level of anxiety did notshow a significant change raises several questions. First, it appears
contradictory that the level of relaxation did have a significant
variation. Second, the context of an experiment set up might makethe participants slightly anxious. Third, biofeedback sometimes canbe counterproductive and cause anxiety, as has been seen in otherstudies [7].
The qualitative feedback from the participants allowed us tobetter understand factors that were not evaluated in our questions.
From the points (1) and (2) in the Initial Interview Feedback (sec.4.2),
we suggest that, on the one hand, Ethereal Phenomena can makemeditation more appealing to inexperienced practitioners and motivate people to practice it more frequently. On the other hand, it canmake certain benefits of meditation more immediately attainable.
Many types of meditation seek for the practitioner to quiet theirmind and breathe properly. However, this is in fact extremely difficult. Ethereal Phenomena helps users to achieve some immediate
meditation benefits with less effort. This is not implying that it
is a better kind meditation, but simply it widens the range of theadvantages of guided and assisted meditation. The points (3) to(5) showed several traits of Transcendental Meditation such as theabsence of time, body, and mental content.

6

CONCLUSIONS

Ethereal Phenomena has a hybrid nature as an artwork and meditation tool. It combines multiple techniques that entail a correlation
between body and mind—meditation, biofeedback, and breathing
retraining. So far, with the collected data it is not possible to statethat Ethereal Phenomena produces self-transcendence but the statements from the participants of the user study show similarities withTranscendental Meditation. The analysis of the collected biosignals
together with a redesigned questionnaire focused on evaluating
self-transcendence might provide better results on the effects ofEthereal Phenomena, opening as well the possibility of improving
the design of the current prototype of the work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to Geist and to the co-creators of Ethereal Phenomena: Natalia Barragán Nieto (illustrator), Carlos Rizzi (soundproducer), and Manuela Giraldo (singer). The research is partly
supported by JST Presto Grant Number JPMJPR2132 and the Keio
University Doctorate Student Grant-in-Aid Program from Ushioda
Memorial Fund.

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