QUEENSLAND HYDROGEN
INDUSTRY STRATEGY
2019–2024
May 2019

The Department of State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning

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Foreword from the PremierHydrogen provides the opportunity to export Queensland’s sunshine to the world and support more jobs inregional Queensland.
My Government’s record of attracting investment in renewables combined with our existing gas pipeline
infrastructure and export facilities make us the ideal state to lead the future production and export of hydrogen.
We backed the $60 billion LNG industry providing thousands of jobs for our regions.
Now the world is looking to hydrogen and we want them to get it from Queensland so we can create even morejobs in our regions.
This emerging industry will have enormous economic benefits for Australia, worth an estimated $1.7 billion inexports annually by 2030.
Now is the time for Queensland to position itself as a significant hydrogen trading partner with ourinternational neighbours.
I have met with Government officials and major companies in Japan and South Korea to discuss the potential for
Queensland to export ‘green hydrogen’ produced using renewable energy sources. Both countries have ambitious
plans for renewable hydrogen to meet their domestic energy needs, and Queensland is well-placed to support theenergy goals of these long-standing trading partners.
Earlier this year, we celebrated our State’s first delivery of green hydrogen to Japan, exported by the Japanesepetroleum conglomerate JXTG. This was produced at the Queensland University of Technology’s solar cell facility
at the Queensland Government’s Redlands Research Facility.
Queensland’s and Australia’s growing populations and economies also require increasing supplies of reliable,
affordable and preferably renewable power. Manufacturing sectors that use hydrogen in their processes will also
benefit from a reliable domestic supply.
My government’s priorities are creating jobs in a strong economy and supporting the development of this industry
strongly aligns with that.
The $19 million committed to this strategy will give Queensland the best start possible to succeed in becoming ahydrogen exporter of choice for the world.

The Honourable Annastacia Palaszczuk MP
Premier of Queensland and Minister for Trade

Hyundai NEXO fuel cell. Image courtesy of Hyundai.

Foreword from the Minister
Creating jobs of the future while propelling and diversifying our economy remains a key focus of our government.
That’s why we’re committed to growing Queensland’s hydrogen industry as it holds significant potential for ourstate: for employment, investment and overseas export.
The development of a domestic hydrogen industry, including the production of competitively priced renewablehydrogen, will have widespread economic benefits.
Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier with a diverse range of applications, including energy supply and transport
and industrial applications like biorefineries.
Gladstone, one of Queensland’s industrial powerhouses, will be a focus point for hydrogen development, and forgood reason.
Existing industries, gas infrastructure, access to a deep-water export port and skilled local workers make it an
attractive location for this emerging industry.
Gladstone also has a strategically placed State Development Area, that through the powers of the CoordinatorGeneral, gives our government the ability to facilitate large-scale industrial development.
Working in partnership with local researchers and international partners, and leveraging advanced manufacturing
technologies, systems, products and services, Queensland is primed to develop a safe and sustainable hydrogen
industry that has the potential to generate wealth, jobs and economic growth for our state.

The Honourable Cameron Dick MP
Minister for State Development,
Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning

Contents
About the strategy............................................................ 1
Vision.............................................................................. 2
The global hydrogen agenda......................................... 4–5
Hydrogen's role in our clean energy future........................ 6
Queensland's hydrogen industry...................................... 8
Queesland's competitive position.................................. 10
Probusiness investment environment..................................... 10
Proximity to key export markets andestablished trading partners...................................................11
Renewable resources..............................................................11
Skilled workforce and world-class education
and research facilities............................................................ 12

Focus areas.....................................................................13
Supporting innovation............................................................15
Facilitating private sector investment..................................... 19
Ensuring an effective policy frameworkfor sustainable development.................................................. 21
Building community awareness and confidence...................... 23
Facilitating skills development for new technology.................. 25

Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy actions....... 26–27
Implementation and review............................................ 28
References..................................................................... 29

Image courtesy of Toyota.

About the strategy
A Queensland hydrogen industry has
the potential to deliver significant
economic, employment, energy
security and environmental benefits
for Queensland and Australia.

The Queensland Government is committed to developing a sustainable hydrogen industry.
Queensland has a unique competitive advantage in the production of renewable hydrogen. With its close proximity
to Asia, established infrastructure, manufacturing capabilities and renewable energy potential, Queensland iswell-positioned to benefit from the global transition to a low-emission energy future.
In September 2018, the Advancing Queensland’s hydrogen industry discussion paper was released by the Queensland
Governmenti. Thirty-three submissions were received from a broad range of stakeholders, identifying opportunities for,and the challenges faced by the hydrogen industry. The feedback, along with an extensive program of meetings withindustry and researchers, has shaped the development of the Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024 (thestrategy). The strategy is underpinned by comprehensive research on national and international trends and best practice
approaches adopted in jurisdictions with growing renewable hydrogen industries.
The objective of the strategy is to drive the development of an economically sustainable and competitive hydrogen
industry that creates economic growth, opportunities for new export markets, generates the highly skilled jobs of the
future, while supporting the transition to a low-emission economy. The strategy will ensure that government and industry
work towards a common vision for Queensland’s future hydrogen industry, with specific actions in five focus areas.
Implementation of this strategy will help us take advantage of the many opportunities for domestic energy uses,
new export markets and skilled jobs from hydrogen, while also benefiting from cleaner energy generation and lower
carbon emissions.
Success will be seen through a demonstration of industry confidence, measured by strong investment in the hydrogen
industry, growing production of cost-competitive renewable hydrogen and the creation of new high-tech jobs acrossthe industry.
Growing a sustainable hydrogen industry is consistent with the Queensland Government objectives for the communityii.

Page 1

VisionBy 2030, Queensland is at the forefront of
renewable hydrogen production in Australia,
supplying an established domestic market
and export partners with a safe, sustainable
and reliable supply of hydrogen.

What is renewable hydrogen?
Renewable hydrogen is produced without the use of fossil fuels. Most commonly, renewable energy such as
solar or wind is used to generate carbon-neutral (and sometimes carbon-negative) hydrogen or hydrogen
derivatives. Hydrogen (or biofuels) can also be produced from residual biomass of other waste streams suchas municipal solid waste. When used within a fuel cell, hydrogen is part of a catalytic process that generates
electricity without combustion, eliminating greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants.
With so many ways to produce hydrogen, it is common to differentiate between renewable hydrogen andother sources.
Hydrogen produced from water electrolysis and renewable energy is known as green hydrogen. This term
has been used to distinguish between carbon-neutral hydrogen and hydrogen produced from fossil fuels,
which is known as brown hydrogen. Approximately 95 per cent of global production is brown hydrogen thatis manufactured by steam methane reformation, where high-temperature steam (700°C–1,000°C) is used to
produce hydrogen from a methane source, such as natural gas.
Blue hydrogen is produced by incorporating carbon capture and storage into the steam methane reformation
production processes. Blue hydrogen is seen as a step towards achieving carbon-free energy.
Options for a hydrogen-based fuels green certification system for Australia are currently being investigatedby the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) through Hydrogen Mobility
Australia. The Queensland Government views a national accreditation system that is recognised in key export
markets as important for the development of the hydrogen industry.

Page 2 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

The race to a global hydrogen economy
The appetite to explore hydrogen as an energy carrier is growing at pace, with billions of dollars being
spent worldwide on pioneering projects to integrate hydrogen into energy markets.
Conditions are favourable in Queensland to capitalise on domestic technological breakthroughs andthe global momentum to grow the hydrogen economy. In August 2018, the CSIRO demonstrated theirworld-first technology for refueling fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV’s) from ammonia at the Queensland
Centre for Advanced Technologies. This project was supported by Hydrogen Mobility Australia members(including BOC, Hyundai and Toyota). The unique membrane technology enables the production ofultra-high purity hydrogen from ammonia. The membrane technology breakthrough has the potential toallow hydrogen (as ammonia) to be safely transported and used as a mass-production energy carrier.
South Korea, Japan, the United States and Europe have all made significant commitments to establishingsuccessful hydrogen industries and have implemented programs to support the rapid scaling up ofhydrogen production and use.
Some exciting recent hydrogen developments include:•

Germany has rolled out the world’s first hydrogen-powered trains, which were put into service inthe Lower Saxony region in September 2018. The two hydrogen trains can run for about 600 miles(1000 km) on a single tank of hydrogen, similar to the range of diesel trains.

•

Norway has commissioned HYON AS, a Norwegian group to design and build two hydrogen-fueled
vessels, a zero-emission passenger ferry and short trip cargo ship.

•

New Brunswick Power recently announced it is building the world’s first hydrogen-powered
distributed electricity grid, using readily available seawater. The system will include multiple
distributed stations incorporating renewable energy to provide net zero emission base load power.
New Brunswick Power is the primary electric utility in New Brunswick, Canada and was establishedin 1920.

•

The 7-Eleven chain in Japan has announced it is partnering with Toyota to introducehydrogen-fueled refrigerated delivery trucks for its distribution process. The trucks will be
operational in 2019. The 7-Eleven company has almost 20,000 stores across Japan, including morethan 2500 in Tokyo alone.

Image courtesy of Toyota.

Page 3

The global hydrogen agenda
The potential for hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel has been recognised for decades. In the past few years this interest has escalated, resulting from three key drivers:
decarbonisation, emerging export markets and falling renewable electricity costs. The image below highlights some recent hydrogen policies or policy positions both in Australia andglobally. This list is not exhaustive, and does not take into account general emissions reduction or renewable energy policies.

1

2 2016 UK

2017 UK
Clean Growth Strategy identifies
100 per cent conversion of the gas
distribution network to hydrogen asa credible decarbonisation option.

3 2018 CHINA

4 2017 JAPANChina announces ‘hydrogencity’ to be developed by 2025.

United Kingdom publishes
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells:
Opportunities for Growth –A roadmap for the UK.

Japan develops hydrogen strategy
mapping out goals for hydrogenproduction and consumption for
2020, 2030 and beyond (with2019 update).
Japan aims to showcase hydrogenas a clean fuel alternative at the2020 Olympic games.

12 2019 EUROPE
In January 2019 the Fuel Cells
and Hydrogen Joint
Undertaking released theHydrogen Roadmap Europe:
A sustainable pathway for theEuropean energy transition.

5 2017 AUSTRALIA

2South Australia launches
Hydrogen Roadmap.
CSIRO launches new Future
Science Platform forhydrogen energy systems.

1
3

12
11 2013 CALIFORNIA (USA)California’s state law AB8provides funding for 100
hydrogen refuelling stations.

11

8

10

4
6 2018 AUSTRALIA

9

Hydrogen Mobility Australia
established.
‘Hydrogen month’ sees the releaseof three significant reports:

7
10 2017 INTERNATIONAL
5

The Hydrogen Council launches – ‘aglobal initiative of leading energy,transport and industry companies
with a united vision and long-term
ambition for hydrogen to foster theenergy transition.’

6

7 2019 SINGAPORE
9 2016 TAIWAN
Taiwan Government lists hydrogenas one of its focuses in its green
energy development plan.

Page 4 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

8 2019 SOUTH KOREAThe South Korean Government
releases the Hydrogen Economy
Roadmap of Korea.

Singapore Government issues atender calling for a consultancy study
on how the country could harnesshydrogen as a sustainable source ofenergy.

National Hydrogen Roadmap(CSIRO)
Hydrogen for Australia’s Future(Hydrogen Strategy Group for
the Council of AustralianGovernments (COAG) Energy
Council)
Opportunities for Australia from
Hydrogen Exports (ACIL Allen
Consulting for ARENA).
Hydrogen Mobility Australia
partners with Standards Australia
for adoption of hydrogenstandards.
COAG Energy Council approves a
proposal for a national hydrogenstrategy.
Queensland releases hydrogen
industry discussion paper.

Page 5

Hydrogen’s role in our clean energy future
A versatile energy carrier
Almost anything that uses energy can be powered by hydrogen. Hydrogen produced from biomass, or made using
renewable energy sources, is a clean and flexible energy carrier that can help reduce carbon emissions from transport,
power generation and industrial sectors.
Power from renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar, is used to power an electrolyser which generates hydrogenby splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. While historically more expensive, this process has no carbon emissions.
Rapid improvements in cost and performance of renewable hydrogen technologies has occurred and is projected
to continue.
The co-location of hydrogen production facilities with waste water treatment plants is an emerging opportunity that will
increase efficiencies for both operations. Waste water can be used as an input to the hydrogen production process, withthe by-product oxygen supplied back to the treatment plant for optimal processing efficiency.

H2

Hydrogen storage
Renewable energy

Electrolysis

Electricity

Industry

Transport

A response to emissions targets
The Queensland Government has set a state target to reach zero net emissions by 2050, with an interim target of a30 per cent reduction in emissions by 2030. Renewable hydrogen has the potential to play a significant role in achieving
these targets and will reinforce Queensland’s position at the forefront of global climate actioniii.
The Queensland Climate Transition Strategy will guide policy and drive the investment needed to put Queensland on thepath to a zero net emissions economyiv. Programs such as Solar 150 are supporting a solar investment boom throughlong-term revenue certainty for proponentsv.

A grid stabiliser
As renewable generation capacity increases, attention is being focused on how surplus electricity generated byrenewables can be captured for later use or to provide a source of dispatchable power. Balancing supply and demandacross the electricity grid will require new solutions if energy systems are to fully decarbonise while maintaining current
levels of cost and reliability. Hydrogen technologies can assist with both the integration and expansion of low-carbon
electricity generation by providing grid stabilisation and demand management mechanisms.
When excess electricity is produced from renewable resources, such as solar, the electricity can be stored as hydrogenrather than feeding it back into the grid. Once stored, hydrogen energy can be produced with very little initialisation time,making it possible to store renewable energy until demand increases. The ability to manage grid demand will smooth outpressure currently placed on the grid during times of peak use.

Page 6 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

A supplement for natural gas
Hydrogen can also be used to supplement the current domestic gas supply. The Hydrogen Strategy Group COAG briefing
paper Hydrogen for Australia’s future states: 'Hydrogen can be safely added to natural gas supplies at 10per cent by
volume without changes to pipelines, appliances or regulations.' A detailed study has been commissioned as part of thedevelopment of the national hydrogen strategy to review any barriers to hydrogen injection in gas distribution networks
from a regulatory, technical or legal viewpoint in each state. With further research and testing, there is potential to increase
the concentration of hydrogen in the gas supply.
Energy Networks Australia, the premier national body representing Australia’s gas distribution and electricity transmission
and distribution companies, identified hydrogen innovation and pilot projects were immediate opportunities for thetransformation to a net zero emissions energy systemvi. Domestic gas entities including Jemena, ATCO, Evoenergy and theAustralian Gas Infrastructure Group are currently progressing these types of projects on the integration of hydrogen into thegas network.
Given 18 per cent of Australia’s carbon emissions are a result of direct combustionvii, hydrogen could provide a potential
alternative to demands currently placed on fossil fuels.

An off-grid power solution
Hydrogen’s storage benefits make it ideal for providing low emission options for regional and remote electricity
generation. Queensland currently has 33 remote power stations that are not connected to the national electricity grid andan approximately 64,000 kilometre Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) network servicing regional Queensland. Throughthe Community Service Obligation, the government makes a significant investment to ensure Queenslanders in thesecommunities pay the same price for electricity as the rest of Queenslandviii. Achieving reliable and cost-competitive
renewable hydrogen generation in regional and remote environments, represents a significant opportunity for Queensland.

A transport fuelMotor vehicle emissions account for 15 per cent of Queensland’s greenhouse gas emissionsix. Hydrogen fuel cells canprovide an alternative to batteries for powering electric motors, meeting the world’s growing transport needs while
reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality. FCEV’s have similar refueling and driving ranges to current internal
combustion engine vehicles.
Hydrogen fuel cells can also overcome many of the limitations of battery electric technologies for heavy vehicles, making
this technology ideal for public transport, long distance freight and small vehicles such as forklifts. The Queensland
Government is demonstrating this commitment to adopting low-emission technologies through the integration of
zero-emission vehicles in the government fleetx.

Energy and fuel security
Australia is a member of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and, as part of this, has an obligation to maintain stocks
equivalent to 90 days of our annual net imports. While Australia has enjoyed 40 years without a major disruption todomestic liquid fuel supplies, the Australian Government recently commenced a review of liquid fuel security in order to beprepared for new and emerging threatsxi.
The Liquid Fuel Security Review—Interim Report, Commonwealth of Australia 2019 refers extensively to the potential
for hydrogen to improve liquid fuel security. The report states that 'Opportunities also exist in biofuel and hydrogen,which have been successfully used in the United States, China and Europe to support fuel security.' Hydrogen can be an
important fuel in its own right, but hydrogen is also important in the upgrading of biofuels, another source of fuel that
can improve domestic fuel security and be a direct replacement for fossil fuels. The report states that 'Hydrogen would be
able to provide important fuel for our domestic needs, but there may also be opportunities to export hydrogen as othercountries around the region seek alternative forms of transport energy.'

Page 7

Queensland’s hydrogen industry
As an industrial gas, hydrogen is already produced in large volumes, primarily to meet demand for the productionof ammonia, methanol, plastics, and in metal processing and petroleum refinery operations. However, traditionalhydrogen manufacturing processes release substantial carbon emissions.
The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has been envisaged for a long time, and growing momentum to decarbonise
global energy markets is expected to see additional growth in demand for renewable hydrogen. The existinghydrogen and gas industry and its supply chain are expected to serve as a platform for future uses of hydrogen.
Some of Queensland’s and Australia’s largest companies, as well as major global companies, are pursuinghydrogen, indicating its future potential within the energy markets. The global hydrogen production market wasvalued at $US115.25 billion in 2017 and is expected to grow to over $US200 billion by 2026xii.
The Queensland Government, through the Advance Queensland Biofutures 10-Year Roadmap and Action Plan,
is working with industry to grow the Biofutures sector. As the bioenergy industry grows, demand for hydrogen is
expected to increase as it is widely used to upgrade biocrude to finished fuels. In 2017, funding of $1 million from the
Biofutures Commercialisation Program was provided to the Northern Oil Refinery for a project involving steam overiron chemical looping to produce hydrogen using internal gas from the refineryxiii.

Page 8 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Image courtesy of The Linde Group.

COAG Energy Council look to ahydrogen future for Australia
National hydrogen strategy
At the December 2018 COAG Energy Council meeting, members accepted a proposal from Australia’s
Chief Scientist, Dr Alan Finkel AO, to develop a national hydrogen strategy. The national strategy
will consider international trends and best practice, reducing red tape and encouraging innovation.
Development of the national strategy will focus on six areas:•developing a hydrogen export industry•

hydrogen in the gas networks•

hydrogen for transport•hydrogen to support electricity systems•

hydrogen for industrial users•

cross-cutting issues.

A public discussion paper was released for comment in March 2019. The national strategy will bepresented to Ministers of the COAG Energy Council for consideration in December 2019.

Kick-start projects
The COAG Energy Council will also oversee three ‘kick-start’ projects in 2019, which will set the stage for
implementation of the national hydrogen strategy and establish Australia’s standing as a major player inthe global hydrogen industry. The projects are:•commencing work to allow up to 10 per cent hydrogen in the domestic gas network, both for use inplace of natural gas and to provide at-scale storage for hydrogen•scoping potential for building hydrogen refueling stations in every state and territory•

undertaking coordinated international outreach to keep building Australia’s profile with major
trading partners as a potential supplier.

These projects will be done in partnership with industry and the community while the national strategy is
being developed.

Queensland’s role in the national hydrogen strategy
Queensland is represented on the COAG Energy Council by The Honourable Dr Anthony Lynham MP,
Minister for Natural Resources, Mines and Energy.
Queensland is supporting the development of the national hydrogen strategy with two representatives on
the Steering Committee and officers participating in each of the six work streams.
The Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy has been prepared taking account of the work streams under
the national hydrogen strategy. It is proposed that the Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy will be
reviewed following the public release of the national hydrogen strategy, to ensure the most efficient useof resources to support the development of the hydrogen industry.
More information on COAG Energy Council’s hydrogen agenda can be found here: http://www.
coagenergycouncil.gov.au/publications/establishment-hydrogen-working-group-coag-energy-council

Page 9Queensland’s competitive position
The Queensland Government is committed to attracting international investment and growing overseas trade. Queenslandoffers many advantages, which make it an ideal location for hydrogen projects.

ESTABLISHED
ENERGY EXPORTERHIGHLY SKILLEDWORKFORCE
Over 15 per cent of Queensland’s
workforce have STEM qualifications
such as science or engineering.

20.58 million tonnes of LNG
exported in 2018.

WORLD LEADINGSOLAR PV CAPACITYPROBUSINESSGOVERNMENT

Queensland enjoys over 300 days ofsunshine per year.

Queensland boasts a supportive
policy and regulatory regime, with astrong focus on innovation.

QUEENSLAND IS THE
MANUFACTURING STATE
Manufacturing is thesixth largest contributor to the
Queensland economy.

PROXIMITY TO
MARKETS
Brisbane is the closest eastern
capital city to Asian markets.

Probusiness investment environment
The Queensland Government wants innovative and dynamic businesses to establish and expand in Queensland and isacting to make that a reality by providing a supportive policy and regulatory environment. Queensland offers businessowners and investors many advantages, including the lowest rate of payroll tax in Australia, competitive labour costs, lowcost of living, simple development approvals, project facilitation processes and strong private sector investment.

Page 10 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Assisted by the Queensland Government’s $650 million flagship Advance Queensland initiative, the economy isexperiencing increased levels of innovation and research and development. This has been vital to support the growth ofexisting, new and emerging industries and is increasingly important in a global economy characterised by innovation andtechnological change.
The Queensland Government recognises innovation in industry and manufacturing as central to driving productivity.
Queensland is a leading producer of advanced manufacturing niche products that require rapid prototyping and agile
manufacturing processes. An established network of research and development institutions, a highly skilled workforce,and a strong infrastructure base are supporting innovation in the advanced manufacturing sector.
The government actively engages with companies to attract and enable investment in Queensland. Tailored support isavailable for major investment ideas and business propositions that demonstrate a strong potential of being delivered
and that align with the Queensland Government’s priorities.

Proximity to key export markets and established trading
partnerships
Queensland is in close proximity to some of the world’s strongest growth markets and ideally positioned as aninternational gateway to the Asia-Pacific region. Already recognised as one of the world’s great energy commodity
exporters, Queensland is well-positioned for the production and export of renewable hydrogen having access tosignificant renewable resources, gas pipeline infrastructure and established ports.
Queensland’s proximity to Asia and existing commercial energy partnerships mean Queensland has the potential to meetthe energy import needs of countries such as Japan, which currently imports 94 per cent of its energy and is investingheavily in the transition to hydrogen.

Renewable resources
Queensland has an enviable capacity to produce renewable and alternative energy, being rich in renewable energy
resources with existing large-scale solar, wind, biomass, geothermal and hydroelectric energy projects.
With an average of 300 days of sunshine annually, Queensland has the natural resources to expand the renewable energy
sector and become a global leader in the transition towards a clean energy future.
Since January 2016, Queensland has seen over 1330 megawatts of large-scale solar projects completed and operational.
A further 17 large scale solar photovoltaic (PV) projects are either commencing construction or finalising commercial
arrangementsxv. When complete, these projects will deliver over 1380 megawatts of clean power to the state, more thandoubling Queensland’s current solar PV energy supply.
A broader pipeline of proposed solar PV projects, if realised, will add 19,000 megawatts of clean energy to thestates supplyxvi.

Page 11

The Coordinator-General
The Coordinator-General (CG) is an independent entity governed by statutory processes. The CG administers
the State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971 (SDPWO Act). Under the SDPWO Act, theCG has wide-ranging powers to plan, deliver and coordinate large-scale projects, while ensuring theirenvironmental impacts are properly managed. Such powers enable the CG to play an effective role infacilitating major projects for the private and government sectors.
A project proponent may apply to have the project declared a 'coordinated project' under the SDPWO Act.
The Coordinator-General coordinates whole-of-government evaluation for these major projects to ensure an
efficient assessment pathway.
State development areas (SDAs) are clearly defined areas of land that are established to facilitate economic
development in Queensland. Each SDA is subject to a development scheme that controls planning anddevelopment in an SDA. There are a number of strategically located SDAs in Queensland, including in
Gladstone, where there is significant interest in hydrogen due to its existing industrial demand, gas
infrastructure, port access and skilled workforce.

Skilled workforce and world-class education and research facilities
The Queensland Government’s Advance Queensland initiative positions Queensland as a leader in the knowledge
economy, creating jobs both now and for the future. Queensland’s workforce of over 2.5 million is highly skilled, motivatedand employment-ready. Our lifestyle and world-class education and skills training institutes are instrumental in attracting
and retaining highly-skilled workers.
Queensland is home to many internationally recognised universities and research institutions, several with existing
expertise in hydrogen research, production and use. Research conducted at Queensland universities and research
institutions has achieved worldwide recognition and made a significant contribution to economic growth within the state.
The outlook for hydrogen industry related jobs is positive. The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)
commissioned report Opportunities for Australia from Hydrogen Exports, estimates that for a medium growth scenario,
there would be up to 788 direct and indirect jobs created by 2025, up to 2787 in 2030 and 7142 jobs by 2040xvii. The report
says that if hydrogen production reaches the higher level of its range of estimates, the job numbers could be comparable
to those generated by Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and its supply chain.
CSIRO has identified an opportunity for the advanced skills and capabilities that have been developed to service the oiland gas industry to be repurposed for the hydrogen value chainxviii. As a result, developing a local hydrogen industry could
mean that the capabilities that were developed during the resources construction boom can now be redeployed to a new
growth‑oriented future energy industry.
The suitability of current qualifications and workforces for transfer to the hydrogen industry will need to be assessedin consultation with industry. Based on this assessment, any skill shortfalls of existing workers can be targeted forupskilling and included in the initial training of new entrants to the sector. For example, new competencies may need to
be developed to address specific safety issues associated with hydrogen.

Page 12 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Focus areas
The Queensland Government is committed to developing a sustainable hydrogen industry.
Five focus areas were identified in consultation with researchers and industry and confirmed through consultationon the Advancing Queensland’s hydrogen industry discussion paperxix, which was released for public consultationin September 2018. Actions under each of the focus areas respond to challenges highlighted by industry during theconsultation process.
Feedback indicated a strong desire from business and industry to develop a future-focused, sustainable hydrogen
industry for Queensland. Appropriately facilitated, a successful industry could contribute to growing businesses,
creating jobs and meeting environmental targets such as the Queensland Government’s Renewable Energy Target.
To achieve this, the focus areas are:1. supporting innovation
2. facilitating private sector investment
3. ensuring an effective policy framework
4. building community awareness and confidence
5. facilitating skills development for a new technology.

Supporting innovation

Facilitating skills
development for new
technology

DEVELOPMENT OFQUEENSLAND’S
HYDROGEN INDUSTRY

Building community
awareness and confidence

Facilitating private
sector investment

Ensuring an eﬀective
policy framework

Page 13

Page 14 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Image courtesy of The Linde Group.

Supporting innovation

1. Supporting innovation
Innovation in industry and manufacturing are central to driving productivity and decreasing the cost of producing
DEVELOPMENTOF
renewable hydrogen. Achieving greater
efficiency
in the production, storage and transport of renewable hydrogen is the
Facilitating
privateQUEENSLAND’S
sectorinvestment
key challenge to developing the industry. The Queensland Government is directly supporting innovation in hydrogen
HYDROGENINDUSTRY

technology, with the government’s Redlands Research Facility hosting the QUT-led renewable hydrogen technologies pilot
plant. The government is also supporting CSIRO with the further development of breakthrough membrane technology forthe transport of hydrogen as ammonia.
The Queensland Government’s $650 million flagship Advance Queensland initiative is supporting programs that drive
innovation, build on our natural advantages and help raise our profile as an attractive investment destination. Advance
Queensland programs such as the Industry Research Fellowships, the Industry Tech Fund, Ignite Ideas and the Business
Development Fund all have the potential to support the development of an innovative Queensland hydrogen industry.

A comprehensive review of the state’s innovation system Our Innovation Future was announced in 2018. On 2 April
2019, Building our Innovation Economy – Advance Queensland Strategy (Draft) was released for public consultation.
communityThis outlines five priorities that will guide the next phase of Advance Queensland, including a commitment to solve big
Ensuring an eﬀectivend confidence
policythe
framework
challenges. Under this priority,
draft strategy includes a commitment to address energy sustainability through theinnovation system.
Energy is critical to Queensland families, communities and businesses. Finding innovative methods to use our resources
wisely will improve our competitiveness and resilience to climate change, and position Queensland as a global leader
in sustainable energy management. We will also support workers and communities affected by the transition to asustainable low carbon economy, with a focus on creating new opportunities, including low-cost clean energy and a fair
distribution of the costs and benefits of change.
The draft Advance Queensland Strategy includes a number of immediate actions that act on this priority, including
a commitment to target research funding on identified priorities including energy sustainability, and to work withgovernment-owned energy and water providers to maximise our state assets to build innovation opportunities. Hydrogenis identified as a priority industry in the draft Advance Queensland Strategy.
This is the government’s blueprint for Queensland’s future, to drive jobs and solve some of the state’s biggest challenges
through innovation. Following public consultation, the final innovation strategy will be released later in 2019.
The following actions will address the innovation challenge by recognising hydrogen as a priority and ensuring thegovernment is responsive to industry needs. Innovation will also tackle the primary challenge of production costs forrenewable hydrogen.

Page 15

Actions being undertaken to support innovation:
1.1

Continue to engage with industry and researchers to understand what is required to foster innovation; andensure investment programs remain responsive to hydrogen industry development opportunities.

1.2

Work with the Australian Government to identify innovative projects that align with the priorities andobjectives of the Queensland Government, and assist eligible proponents to access federal funding
opportunities such as the ARENA Research and Development Program.

1.3

Establish hydrogen as a science and research priority to drive innovation that will support competitive
production, storage, transport and use.

CASE STUDYRedlands hydrogen research facility
On 15 March 2019, the state’s first ever delivery of green hydrogen to Japan was announced by JXTG,
Japan’s largest petroleum conglomerate. The hydrogen for this shipment was produced using JXTG’s
proprietary technology at the QUT solar photovoltaic facility, which is located at the Queensland
Government’s Redlands Research Facility.
QUT and their project partners are also embarking on hydrogen research for Australian conditions.
The project will develop a scalable process to evaluate the viability of decentralised renewable energy
systems to generate hydrogen from renewable resources. Using two solar array technologies and battery
packs, hydrogen will be produced using electrolysis technology. The resulting hydrogen will be usedwithin the facility as well as exported. The facility will allow researchers and industry to optimise theproduction and use of renewable hydrogen with the aim of scaling up into megawatt scale development.
QUT have received financial assistance from ARENA and are working with Swinburne University ofTechnology, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Griffith University and Energy Developments Limited.
The Queensland Government has recently committed to financially support the establishment of the
facility. The government owned corporation, CS Energy is also making a significant financial contribution
to the research into renewable hydrogen production at the Redlands facility.

Page 16 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Sir Samuel
Griffith Centre

In mid-2013, Griffith University opened
the Sir Samuel Griffith Centre—thefirst Australian teaching and researchfacility powered by photovoltaics andhydrogen storage technology.
The building is fitted with more than
1,000 solar panels, covering the roof
and window shades. On sunny days
this generates more than enoughelectricity to power the whole building.
Excess solar energy produced by
the photovoltaic system is stored inbatteries and powers an electrolyserthat splits water to make hydrogen. The
hydrogen is then stored in a stable form
as metal hydrides. When there’s no sun
the hydrogen can be brought back fromstorage and used to generate electricity
in a hydrogen fuel cell.
The Sir Samuel Griffith Centre isdesigned to generate zero carbon
emissions in operation. A hydrogensystem provides a fail-safe energy
backup to the photovoltaic array, whichmeans that even on cloudy days, thebuilding will never have to draw fromthe main power grid.
The Centre has been awarded a
six-star green star by the green building
council Australia.
The Sir Samuel Griffith Centre is awindow into the future of a sustainableenergy alternative for Australia and theinternational community.
Image courtesy of Griffith University.

CASE STUDY
Page 17

International outreach
Austrade led an Australian contingent of exhibitors at the 15th International Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Expoin Tokyo from 28 February to 2 March 2019. This event was the first activity delivered under the Kickstarter
Project for coordinated international outreach and promotion as part of the national hydrogen strategy.
Trade and Investment Queensland (TIQ) represented the state at the expo which attracted over 60,000 visitors
over three days. The expo showcased over 250 hydrogen and fuel cell exhibitors, as well as a full conference
program featuring a keynote session on Roadmaps for Hydrogen Societies. TIQ - Japan office, regularly monitor
and attend events to build relationships in this growing sector. The International Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Expo
will be held in Tokyo again next year.

Page 18 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Facilitating private
sector investment

2. Facilitating private sector investment
Private sector investment is integral to the growth of the Queensland economy and enables us to create sustainable jobs.
As an emerging technology, additional support to deliver hydrogen projects in Queensland may be necessary. We are
actively supporting existing and new businesses looking to develop hydrogen projects in Queensland. Assistance can
include linking technology providers with commercial partners, identifying suitable sites, coordinating and streamlining
development assessments and identifying eligible grants and funding programs for proponents.

Ensuring an eﬀective
policy framework

Actions being undertaken to facilitate private sector
investment:
2.1

Prepare an investor toolkit to assist private sector proponents with information on developing projects
in Queensland.

2.2

Provide project facilitation services, including investment facilitation and the application of the powersof the Coordinator-General, to eligible project proponents.

2.3

Promote investment attraction opportunities to international partners through trade missions,international offices, support of inbound delegations, and presence at international hydrogen events.

2.4

Support events to link technology providers, research and industry.

2.5

Work with research and industry to identify and develop supply chain capability and maximise
Queensland's capability in hydrogen projects through opportunity provision.

2.6

Deliver the Hydrogen Industry Development Fund to facilitate private sector investment and leverage
third party funding.

Page 19

Image courtesy of Toyota.

Page 20 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

vationNT OF
ND’S
DUSTRY

Facilitating private
sector investment

Ensuring an eﬀective
policy framework

3. Ensuring an effective policy frameworkfor sustainable development
A policy framework that provides certainty and flexibility is critical to the development of the hydrogen industry andfor stimulating private sector investment. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier with a range of potential options forstorage, transport and use, either directly for energy or conversion to hydrogen derivatives. However, this versatility
creates challenges for regulatory frameworks to assess risks and accommodate proposed activities in the planning anddevelopment assessment system. The importance of the policy framework was highlighted in the Hydrogen Strategy
Group COAG briefing paper Hydrogen for Australia’s futurexx, which emphasises the central role of the right policy settings
to achieve forecast growth in the hydrogen economy.
The Queensland Government will collaborate with other jurisdictions to create a policy framework that will facilitate
development of the hydrogen industry. A number of the work streams for the development of the national hydrogenstrategy, including the cross-cutting issues, will assist to manage the risks effectively whilst allowing flexibility for theindustry to innovate and grow.
A Queensland Government working group (Hydrogen Inter-departmental Working Group (HIWG)) has been established
to coordinate hydrogen-related activities across the responsible departments. The group will support the developmentof the COAG Energy Council national hydrogen strategy and other national initiatives such as those of Hydrogen Mobility
Australia and Standards Australia. The HIWG will seek the technical expertise of researchers and industry and coordinate
across government to support the development of an effective policy framework for the sustainable development of thehydrogen industry.

Actions being undertaken to ensure an effective
policy framework for sustainable development:
3.1

Evaluate and monitor Queensland's regulatory environment and undertake reforms required to streamline
the safe and sustainable development of the hydrogen industry.

3.2

Support the development of the national hydrogen strategy by ensuring sufficient resources are allocated todeliver the State’s contribution to the six work streams.

3.3

Support national initiatives that will create a regulatory framework that facilitates the safe and sustainable
development of the industry, for example standards and certification systems for renewable hydrogen.

Page 21

Image courtesy of The Linde Group.

Queensland Government fleet
sustainability
Motor vehicle tailpipe emissions make a significant contribution to climate issues, which is why QFleet—the
Queensland Government provider of fleet services—is working towards a more environmentally friendly
motor fleet.
The QFleet Environmental Strategy, and the QFleet Electric Vehicle Transition Strategy, establishes electricvehicle technology firmly on the government’s fleet agenda with the intention of doubling the number ofelectric vehicles each year for the next four years.
Electric vehicles are building a culture of environmental sustainability and play an important role in ouremissions reduction activities.

Page 22 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Supporting innovation

DEVELOPMENT OFQUEENSLAND’S
HYDROGEN INDUSTRY

ilitating skills
opment for new
technology

Building community
awareness and confidence

Facilitating private
sector investment

Ensuring an eﬀective
policy framework

4. Building community awareness andconfidence
Hydrogen is safely produced, stored, transported, and used in large volumes by industry across the world. The COAG
Hydrogen Strategy Group report Hydrogen for Australia’s Futurexxi states that '…hydrogen produced from fossil fuels…..
has been used for many decades for fertiliser production and oil refining, and has an exemplary safety record.' With acontinuing commitment to safety, the report states 'There is every reason to think this safety record can be preserved as
we scale up the reach of hydrogen into buildings and vehicles…'
Despite the safety record of hydrogen, research undertaken by the University of Queensland found that a number offocus group respondents attributed the word hydrogen with negative elementsxxii. This, as well as lack of familiarity withhydrogen compared to fuels such as petrol and natural gas, is a major challenge in gaining community confidence in thesafe and sustainable use of hydrogen.
Support from the community is essential for the development and growth of the industry. The government is committed
to ensuring hydrogen is produced, stored, transported and used safely through proper training, planning and oversight.
The opportunities will be taken to work with other jurisdictions and national regulators to ensure nationally consistent
standards are in place for the safe and sustainable use of hydrogen.
We will work with the industry to raise awareness about the measures in place for the safe and sustainable use ofhydrogen to build community confidence in the use of hydrogen.

Actions being undertaken to build community
awareness and confidence:
4.1

Develop and promote hydrogen activities and opportunities in Queensland through communication with thecommunity and attendance at events.

4.2

Support demonstration projects that showcase the applications of hydrogen and raise community
awareness about the safe and sustainable use of hydrogen.

Page 23

CSIRO hydrogen demonstration. Image courtesy of CSIRO.

Queensland Skills Strategy
In 2018, the Queensland Government convened the Future of Work – Skills and Industry Summit
demonstrating a strong commitment across business, industry, universities, the training sector, unions andgovernment to ensure Queensland benefits from the opportunities presented by a changing economy.
The summit included a roundtable of industry leaders, followed by a larger session including presentations,a facilitated panel and workshops. Among other key themes, one of the considerations that emerged was
the impact of new technologies on industry and skills – an important consideration in developing a futureindustry such as hydrogen production.
Outcomes from the summit are currently informing the development of a Skills Strategy to ensure Queensland
has the skilled population required to attract investment, encourage job creation and take advantage of future
economic opportunities.

Page 24 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Supporting innovation

Facilitating skills
development for new
technology

DEVELOPMENT OFQUEENSLAND’S
HYDROGEN INDUSTRY

Facilitating private
sector investment

5. Facilitating skills development for new
technology
A key challenge in growing and sustaining the hydrogen industry is ensuring the workforce is adequately skilled to
produce, handle and use hydrogen and its related technologies.
The government makes a significant investment in priority skills through the annual VET investment plan. Investment
Building community
under the plan is prioritised
to those qualifications that provide
a pathway
to employment and align to skills in demand,
Ensuring
an eﬀective
awareness and confidence
framework in skills and training is responsive to thebased on advice from industry. We are committed to ensuringpolicy
our investment
needs of the hydrogen industry as it grows.
The global hydrogen economy is still in its infancy, so there are limited international examples available to assist
Queensland to develop its hydrogen industry workforce strategies. Research by US hydrogen company Cavendish Energy
LLCxxiii has sought to establish a breakdown of the occupations that may be required for a hydrogen economy. This work
noted that emerging jobs in the hydrogen and fuel cell industries will require a wide range of educational attainment,from workers who will mainly need on-the-job training through to research leaders requiring post-graduate qualifications.
The authors also expressed a need for further research to be conducted to enable more accurate forecasts of the scaleand distribution of the potential job creation and the resulting need to match education and training provision to meetindustry needs.
Queensland, through the Department of Employment, Small Business and Training (DESBT) liaises with national skills
committees responsible for the development of skills standards across Australian industries. Of note is the work ofAustralian Industry Standards (AIS). The AIS Gas Industry Reference Committee, which is responsible for the Gas Training
Package, identified in the 2018 skills forecast the emerging needs associated with injection of hydrogen into thegas networkxxiv.
The government will work with industry to understand the industry’s training and skills requirements and develop a
response that takes account of the national work related to the development of skills standards and training packages.
As a rapidly evolving technology, the government will continue the partnership with industry, to ensure the skills areavailable to maximise local advanced manufacturing opportunities and job creation. The Manufacturing Skills Working
Group will play a key role in supporting this work.

Actions being undertaken to facilitate skills
development for new technology:
5.1Work with industry and the Manufacturing Skills Working Group (MSWG) to identify training and skills
required and develop a hydrogen skills plan.

5.2

Work with the industry as it develops, to ensure that training and skills programs are responding to theemerging skills required for the manufacture and maintenance of hydrogen technologies.

5.3

Ensure regulatory and first responder agencies are aware of emerging hydrogen related uses and equippedwith the knowledge and skills to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the industry.

Page 25

QUEENSLAND HYDROGEN INDUSTRY STRATEGY ACTIONS
VisionBy 2030, Queensland is at the forefront of renewable hydrogen production in Australia, supplying an established domestic market and export partners with asafe, sustainable and reliable supply of hydrogen.
Existing gas pipeline
infrastructure and transferable
gas industry skills

Strengths

Abundant sunshine as arenewable energy source

Proximity to Asian
export markets

Challenges

Supporting industry to
produce and use innovativetechnologies

Attracting private sector investment toQueensland to grow the industry

Ensuring the workforce is adequately
skilled to produce, handle and usehydrogen and its related technologies

Ensuring an effective policy frameworkfor sustainable development

Focus area 5

Building community awareness andconfidence

Facilitating skills development for new
technologies

ACTIONSACTIONSACTIONSACTIONS

2.1 Prepare an investor toolkit to assist
private sector proponents with information
on developing hydrogen projects
in Queensland.

3.1 Evaluate and monitor Queensland's
regulatory environment and undertake
reforms required to streamline the safe
and sustainable development of thehydrogen industry.

4.1 Develop and promote hydrogen activities
and opportunities in Queensland throughcommunication with the community andattendance at events.

5.1 Work with industry and the Manufacturing
Skills Working Group (MSWG) to identify
training and skills required and develop ahydrogen skills plan.

4.2 Support demonstration projects thatshowcase the applications of hydrogen andraise community awareness about the safe
and sustainable use of hydrogen.

5.2 Work with the industry as it develops, toensure that training and skills programs are
responding to the emerging skills required
for the manufacture and maintenance ofhydrogen technologies.

Focus area 2

Supporting innovation

Facilitating private sector investment

ACTIONS
1.1 Continue to engage with industry andresearchers to understand what is required
to foster innovation; and ensure investment
programs remain responsive to hydrogen
industry development opportunities.

1.3 Establish hydrogen as a science andresearch priority to drive innovation that will
support competitive production, storage,transport and use.

Growing community
awareness and acceptanceof hydrogen

Existing commercial energy
partnerships

Focus area 4

Focus area 1

1.2 Work with the Australian Government
to identify innovative projects that alignwith the priorities and objectives of the
Queensland Government, and assist eligible
proponents to access federal funding
opportunities such as the ARENA Researchand Development Program.

Providing a regulatory frameworkthat provides certainty andflexibility

Access to export ports

2.2 Provide project facilitation services,
including investment facilitation and theapplication of the powers of the CoordinatorGeneral, to eligible project proponents.
2.3 Promote investment attraction
opportunities to international partners
through trade missions, international
offices, support of inbound delegations, andpresence at international hydrogen events.
2.4 Support events to link technology
providers, research and industry.

Focus area 3

3.2 Support the development of the nationalhydrogen strategy by ensuring sufficient
resources are allocated to deliver the State’scontribution to the six work streams.
3.3 Support national initiatives that will
create a regulatory framework that facilitates
the safe and sustainable development of theindustry e.g. standards, certification systems
for renewable hydrogen.

5.3 Ensure regulatory and first responder
agencies are aware of emerging hydrogen
related uses and equipped with theknowledge and skills to ensure the safe andsustainable development of the industry.

2.5 Work with research and industry
to identify and develop supply chain
capability and maximise Queensland
capability in hydrogen projects throughopportunity provision.
2.6 Deliver the Hydrogen Industry
Development Fund to facilitate private sector
investment and leverage third party funding.

Page 26 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

Page 27

Implementation and review
Development of the hydrogen industry will depend on the support of researchers and industry and will require thecollaboration of many Queensland Government agencies.
The Queensland Government Hydrogen Inter-departmental Working Group, co-chaired by the Department of the Premierand Cabinet, and the Department of State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning, meets regularly
to discuss hydrogen activities and ensures our activities are aligned and consistent with industry and community
expectations. Delivery of actions under the strategy will be overseen by this group.

Membership of the working group (as at May 2019) includes:•

Department of the Premier and Cabinet•

Department of State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning•

Department of Employment, Small Business and Training•

Department of Environment and Science•

Department of Innovation, Tourism Industry Development and the Commonwealth Games•

Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy•

Department of Transport and Main Roads•

Queensland Treasury•

Trade and Investment Queensland.

Other departments, researchers and industry representatives are invited to attend meetings to discuss issues relevant totheir expertise.
Development of a global hydrogen industry will form a significant part of a low-carbon future in many countries andAustralian jurisdictions. To prepare for this, the COAG Energy Council will prepare a national hydrogen strategy forconsideration in late 2019.
To maintain consistency with national efforts, the Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy will be reviewed and updated,
if necessary, following the public release of the national hydrogen strategy.

Page 28 | Queensland Hydrogen Industry Strategy 2019–2024

References
http://www.dsdmip.qld.gov.au/resources/plan/advanced-manufacturing/advancing-queenslands-hydrogen-industry.pdf
https://www.ourfuture.qld.gov.au/iii Minister Enoch statement 11 September 2018 Queensland’s climate response to reach millions at global summit
iv https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/67283/qld-climate-transition-strategy.pdf
v Minister Lynham statement 22 May 2018 Global solar leader adds Longreach to their portfolio
vi Energy Networks Australia Decarbonising Australia’s gas Network (December 2017) https://www.energynetworks.com.au/sites/default/files/
decarbonising_australias_gas_networks_december_2017.pdf
vii http://coagenergycouncil.gov.au/sites/prod.energycouncil/files/publications/documents/Hydrogen%20for%20Australia%27s%20Future.pdf
viii https://budget.qld.gov.au/files/SDS-Natural%20Resources,%20Mines%20and%20Energy-2018-19.pdf
ix https://www.stateoftheenvironment.des.qld.gov.au/pollution/greenhouse-gas-emissions/total-annual-greenhouse-gas-emissionsx http://www.hpw.qld.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/QFleetEnvironmentalStrategy.pdf
xi https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/consultations/7cf6f8e2-fef0-479e-b2dd-3c1d87efb637/files/liquid-fuel-security-review-interim-report.pdf
xii Global Trends and Outlook for Hydrogen. December 2017. The International Energy Agency Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Program (TCP)
xiii http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2017/6/22/southern-oil-pilot-plant-receives-1-million-boost
xiv http://coagenergycouncil.gov.au/sites/prod.energycouncil/files/publications/documents/Hydrogen%20for%20Australia%27s%20Future.pdf
xv Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, 2019xvi Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, 2019xvii https://arena.gov.au/assets/2018/08/opportunities-for-australia-from-hydrogen-exports.pdf
xviii https://research.csiro.au/hydrogenfsp/wp-content/uploads/sites/247/2018/08/18-00314_EN_NationalHydrogenRoadmap_WEB_180815.pdf
xix https://www.premiers.qld.gov.au/publications/categories/plans/assets/advancing-queenslands-hydrogen-industry.pdf
xx https://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/HydrogenCOAGWhitePaper_WEB.pdf
xxi https://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/HydrogenCOAGWhitePaper_WEB.pdf
xxii https://arena.gov.au/assets/2018/12/the-australian-publics-perception-of-hydrogen-for-energy.pdf
xxiii http://www.cavendish-e.com/uploads/7/5/7/3/75738781/h2_economy___jobs.pdf
xxiv https://www.australianindustrystandards.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Gas-Skills-Forecast-2018-Final_v2.pdf
iii

Southern Oil Gladstone facility. Image courtesy of Southern Oil.

Page 29

Liquid water hydrogen bonds. Image © Getty Images.

Department of State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning
PO Box 15009, City East, Qld 4002
13 QGOV (13 74 68)hydrogen@qld.gov.au

dsdmip.qld.gov.au/hydrogen

Connect with us @GrowingQld