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



   


          

Yoshiya TANIGUCHI    
  
 
    
        
        
     
       ISSN

MEMOIRSOF THEFACULTY OF ENGINEERINGOSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY

VOL. 53
DECEMBER 2012

PUBLISHED BY THE
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGOSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY

0078−6659



Yoshiya TANIGUCHI*(Received October 5, 2012)
Seismic resistance capacities of frame structures have been discussed with equilibrium of energies among
many researchers. The early one is the limit design presented by Housner [Ref.1], that is, frame structures should
posses the plastic deformation ability equivalent to an earthquake input energy given by a velocity response
spectrum. The earthquake input energy consists of some amount dissipated through the damping and theremainder stored in the structure. The remainder consists of the kinetic energy, the elastic strain energy and plastic
energy. The plastic energy might cup the amount of earthquake input energy. On such the studies of response
estimation by the energy equilibrium, the potential energy has been generally abandoned, since the effect of self
weight or fixed loads on the potential energy is negligible while ordinary buildings usually sway in the horizontal
direction. However, it could be said that the effect of gravity has to be considered for long span structures since
the mass might be concerned with the vertical response. Then in this paper, as for ultimate seismic resistancecapacity of long span structures, an estimation method considering the potential energy is discussed as for planelattice beams and doublelayer cylindrical lattice roofs. The method presented can be done with the information of
static nonlinear behavior, natural periods and velocity response spectrum of seismic motions, that is, any
complicated nonlinear timehistory analysis is not required. The value estimated can be modified with theproperties of strain energy absorption and the safety static factor.
KEYWORDS: Ultimate seismic resistance capacity, Limit state load, Limit state deformation, Static absorbed
energy, Static safety factor, Seismic motion
Long span and spatial structures have been utilized as a roof structure of buildings including large space. They
are often used as a place of refuge or stronghold of rescue in a disaster area. Then it is important for governmentor caretaker to grasp ultimate seismic resistance capacity of such buildings without regard to new or existingbuildings in advance. They might wish to know concretely the seismic motion level at which structures reach alimit state if it would be subjected to over design loads. The information would be just an ultimate seismic
resistance capacity of structures.
The estimation methods of seismic response have been studied with equilibrium of energies instead of a time
history analysis by many researchers. Among them, the limit design presented by Housner [Ref.1] is found as an
early one. The method was to design the structure so that it could plastically absorb energy equal to the earthquake
input energy estimated by a velocity response spectrum. Kato and Akiyama [Ref.2] defined the energy absorption
due to plastic deformations as energy contributed to structural damages. They carried out numerical studies with a
5 mass model for many cases, to confirm validity of the limit design. As for the estimation method with suchenergy index with respect to spatial structures, Tada et al. [Ref.3] introduced gravity energy, defined by the
product of the self weight and vertical displacements, into the input energy as a collapse index for doublelayer
grids. It was shown that the doublelayer grid began to collapse when the earthquake energy input to the gridexceeded a certain amount. Qiao et al. [Ref.4] investigated the dynamic collapse behavior of a single layer
shallow lattice dome to make clear the relationships between the maximum absorbed energies and the vibration
modes, and pointed out that the maximum absorbed energies would change corresponding to vibration modes. Asa further study of estimation method for dynamic collapse level of seismic motions, Taniguchi [Ref.5] treatedplane lattice arches and double layer cylindrical lattice roofs and defined a limit state load and a limit state
deformation representing an ultimate state, given by the information of static nonlinear behavior under verticallyloading. An estimation method of ultimate seismic resistance capacity was presented with the static absorbed
energy until an initial yield state and ultimate state, which is a kind of an extrapolation method. The method*Professor, Dept. of Urban Engineering, Osaka City University−1−

includes a modification to improve the accuracy, considering the properties of elastic and plastic strain energies ofstructures during a pushover analysis until an ultimate state. However, the method has a retrogression equation
which includes an unknown quantity. Then in this paper, the effect of static safety factors is investigated to makeclear the meanings of the unknown quantity in the modification equation, for lattice beams of two types, planelattice arches and doublelayer cylindrical roofs described in Ref.5, to establish a consistent estimation method of
the ultimate seismic resistance capacity.

3,000
Numerical models are shown in figures 1 and 2. They are supported at the side ends, by roller and pinsupports.
The models consist of two member types; all members are the same section property denoted as small letter a andthe 3 center top chord members are larger than the others, denoted as small letter b. All nodes are assumed to be
rigid jointed since the joints may have sufficient strength and stiffness. The static safety factor ν, that represents
the ratio of initial yield load against the dead load including the selfweight, is treated as a numerical parameter ν=2, 3, 4. The section properties of models are shown in Table 1.

27,0002,598

Fig.1 Plane lattice beam of X type (X)24,000

Fig.2 Plane lattice beam of Warren type (W)Table 1 Section properties of models
Model
Xa
Xb
Wa
Wb

Dead
SafetySection size
load
factorν
PDL (kN)φ × t (mm)2155.22
3
103.4889.1 × 4.5
4
77.61
2
155.1789.1 × 4.5
3
103.45114.3 × 4.5
4
77.59
2
135.91
3
90.61
89.1 × 4.5
4
67.95
2
135.3889.1 × 4.5
3
90.25
114.3 × 4.5
4
67.69
Young’s modulus E (N/mm2)
Yield stress σy (N/mm2)−2−

Sectionarea
A (cm2)

Momentinertia
I (cm4)

11.96

107

11.96
15.52

107
234

11.96

107

11.96
15.52

107
234

205,000300


Pushover analyses were carried out to grasp the nonlinear behavior of models, under vertical distributed
loads which was nodal loads corresponding to the covered area. In the static analysis the energy equilibrium isexpressed as Equation (1).
 −  = (1)
, where Ee is the strain energy, EG is the potential energy performed by the product of the selfweight andvertical displacements. EF is the energy done by the external loads. Ee consists of elastic strain energy sWe andthe dissipation energy sWp done by plastic deformations. Each energy is expressed as an equivalent velocity
as follows:= 2  / ,   = 2  / ,   = 2 /

(2),where M is the total mass of each model. The former subscript s denotes the static analysis. In this paper, SVF
is defined as static absorbed energy and the maximum value of SVF is considered as the maximum energy
input to the structure. The equivalent velocity of strain energy Ee at the maximum SVF is denoted as sVf.
Further the equivalent velocities of strain energy at the elastic limit load PLE and the limit state load PGY aredenoted as sVLE and sVGY respectively. The limit state load, as shown in Figure 3, is the load bearing capacity
at an ultimate state after peak. The limit state deformation corresponding to the limit state load PGY isrepresented by the limit state deformation factor α and the elastic limit deformation δLE. It should be notedthat PLE may be defined as another phenomenon, i.e. elastic buckling.
P
PGY
PLE

PGY =

AVG.
(MAX,MIN)PGY (=β .PDL )
PDL
O

δLE

α.δ LEδ

Fig.3 Limit state load and limit state deformation

Total loads (kN)

400

300

200

Xa
Xb
Wa
Wb

100

0

200

400

600

800

Vertical displacements (mm)Fig.4 Loaddeformation curves of models

−3−

1000



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                                        





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


                 
                


 
 
α  










−4−

Table 2 Equivalent velocities of strain energy and sWe/sWp
Model
Xa
Xb
Wa
Wb

Mode
No
1
2
3
4
5

Safety factor

ν

2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4

sVLE

(cm/sec)
99.15
121.43140.2695.99
117.37135.46103.30126.41146.04100.01122.27141.10sVf

sVGY(cm/sec)(cm/sec)
236.98290.25335.21
291.38356.72411.81103.30126.41146.04310.82380.71439.55α=3.0174.27213.44
246.51201.89247.06285.05118.69145.33167.79212.54260.12300.28α=6.0244.24299.14345.52297.00363.33419.34143.94176.23203.49312.88382.95442.03

α=6.0

0.21

0.15

0.30

0.12

0.06

0.04

0.29

0.12

Table 3 Natural vibration propertya) Xa

Natural period(sec)
ν=2
ν=3
ν=4
0.367
0.300
0.260
0.133
0.108
0.094
0.095
0.077
0.067
0.054
0.044
0.038
0.045
0.037
0.032

Effective mass ratio (%)
X direction Z direction
6.06
77.74
71.82
2.10
12.68
0.04
0.03
4.46
7.47
7.75

b) Xb

Mode
No
1
2
3
4
5

Natural period(sec)
ν=2
ν=3
ν=4
0.356
0.290
0.252
0.131
0.107
0.092
0.093
0.076
0.066
0.054
0.044
0.038
0.044
0.036
0.031

Mode
No
1
2
3
4
5

Natural period(sec)
ν=2
ν=3
ν=4
0.361
0.295
0.256
0.128
0.104
0.090
0.100
0.082
0.071
0.057
0.047
0.041
0.045
0.036
0.032

Mode
No
1
2
3
4

Natural period(sec)
ν=2
ν=3
ν=4
0.350
0.286
0.248
0.126
0.103
0.089
0.099
0.081
0.070
0.057
0.047
0.040

Effective mass ratio (%)
X direction Z direction
6.86
77.42
70.50
2.70
14.09
0.13
0.11
3.97
6.63
7.98

c) Wa

Effective mass ratio (%)
X direction Z direction
4.55
88.91
72.98
1.60
15.59
0.27
0.41
5.73
5.05
2.13

d) Wb

−5−

sWe/sWp

α=3.0

Effective mass ratio (%)
X direction Z direction
5.29
88.68
71.34
2.13
17.76
0.48
0.21
5.24

Order
X
Z
1
1
2
3
3
2
Order
X
Z
3
1
1
2
3
2
Order
X
Z
1
1
2
2
3
3
Order
X
Z
3
1
1
3
2
2


The dynamic elastoplastic behaviors are estimated by the geometrical and material nonlinear analysis [Ref.5,6]. The input seismic waves are artificial waves; BCJ (The Building Center of Japan) level 2 and the two sin
waves of the 1st natural periods and the 110% of 1st ones. They are denoted as BCJL2, SIN and SIN10
respectively. The acceleration data from 0 to 60 second of BCJL2 are adopted. The velocity response spectrum
at 2% damping ratio is shown in Figure 6. The sinusoidal waves are 20 seconds including the period of 4 seconds
amplification. The sinusoidal wave SIN10 is adopted to study the effect of lengthening natural periods bystructural plasticization. Consequently, the effect was not confirmed in the present work.

Velocity response(cm/sec)

60

40

20

0
0.01

0.1

1

10

Natural period (sec)Fig.6 Velocity response spectrum of BCJL2
The relationships between maximum input accelerations and maximum vertical displacements are shown in
Figure 7. The tensile yield model b shows larger values than the compressive yield model a. The compressive
yield models, especially models Wa show dynamic collapse phenomenon representing a sudden increase ofdisplacements.
The relationships of the strain energy and potential energy are shown in Figure 8. In the figure the curves
given by the static pushover analyses are also drawn as gray color lines. The black triangle marks represents theinitial yield point in the static analyses. The curves by time history analyses almost coincide with the static curves
until reaching the initial yield point. After the initial yield, the time history responses are above the static results as
for model Xa & Wa showing compressive failure. The two results are not so different for Xb & Wb showing
tensile failure.

1600

2000
Xa2
Xa3
Xa4
Xb2
Xb3
Xb4

Max input acceleration (gal)Max input acceleration (gal)

2000

1200
800
400

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1600
1200
800
400

0

Max vertical displacements (mm)a) model X

Wa2
Wa3
Wa4
Wb2
Wb3
Wb4

200

400

600

800

1000

Max vertical displacements (mm)b) model W

Fig.7 Maximum input acceleration and maximum vertical displacement (BCJL2)

−6−

600

450

450

Ve (cm/sec)

Ve (cm/sec)

600

300

150

0

150

BCJL2
SIN
SIN10

100

200

VG (cm/sec)

300

300

400

0

BCJL2
SIN
SIN10

100

250

500

200

400

150

100

50

0

100

400

150

200

300

200

100

BCJL2
SIN
SIN10

50

300

b) Xb4Ve (cm/sec)

Ve (cm/sec)a) Xa4200

VG (cm/sec)

250

0

G

BCJL2
SIN
SIN10

50

100

150

200

250

VG (cm/sec)

V (cm/sec)c) Wa4d) Wb4
Fig.8 Relationships between Ve and VG
The ratio VGY /VLE given by the time history analyses are compared with the ratio sVGY /sVLE given by the static
analyses, as shown in Figure 9. The relationships of both ratios might be on the diagonal line y=x, if the dynamic
effect would be negligible. However the model Xa shows the rise from the diagonal line y=x and some dynamic
effect is confirmed. The rise amount and the ratio sWe/sWp are listed in Table 4. Although the model Xa2 and Wa
show clearly dynamic collapse, the limit state deformation determined by the factor α was adopted in order tocompare with each other. The rise amount b becomes larger as the safety factor ν is larger, for compressive yieldmodel Xa & Wa. It may be due to the reason that the hysteresis dissipation energy becomes larger as the dead load
is smaller. The rise amount b is small as for tensile yield model Xb & Wb, regardless of any seismic wave andsafety factor ν.

−7−

4

4

3

2

VGY / VLE

VGY / VLE3

y=x


Xa2(α=3)
Xa3(α=3)Xa4(α=3)
Xa2(α=6)
Xa3(α=6)
Xa4(α=6)

1

0

1

2

sVGY / sVLE

3

2

1

0

4

1

2

sVGY / sVLE

a) Xa
4

y=x




3

2

VGY / VLE

VGY / VLE

Xb2(α=3)
Xb3(α=3)
Xb4(α=3)
Xb2(α=6)
Xb3(α=6)
Xb4(α=6)
3
4

b) Xb

4

3

y=x




Wa2(α=3)Wa3(α=3)Wa4(α=3)Wa2(α=6)Wa3(α=6)Wa4(α=6)

1

0

1

2

sVGY / sVLE

3y=x


2

Wb2(α=3)Wb3(α=3)Wb4(α=3)Wb2(α=6)
Wb3(α=6)
Wb4(α=6)

1

4

0

1

c) Wa

2

sVGY / sVLE

3

4

d) Wb

Fig.9 Relationship between sVGY / sVLE & VGY / VLE

Table 4 Rise amount b and sWe/sWp

Model

Xa
Xb
Wa
Wb

Safetyfactor
ν
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4

α=3.0
Rise amount b from y=x
BCJL2
SIN
SIN10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.57
0.28
0.25
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.08
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.02

sWe/sWp
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.29
0.29
0.29

−8−

α=6.0
Rise amount b from y=x
BCJL2
SIN
SIN10
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.11
0.07
0.06
0.46
0.41
0.47
0.02
0.01
0.10
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.09
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.30
0.13
0.14
0.04
0.05
0.14
0.05
0.08
0.11

sWe/sWp
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.12
0.12
0.12

The differences between the strain energy at dynamic behavior and static behavior are shown in Figure 10, to
study the relationships of the rise amount b and components of strain energy. The data treated is at the limit state
deformations. In the vertical axis,  represents the difference between the dynamic results and static ones. In the
figures, the interrelation is confirmed for total strain energy ratio Ee/sEe (Fig.10a) and plastic energy ratio
Wp/sWp (Fig.10c) and any interrelation is not confirmed for elastic strain energy ratio We/sWe (Fig.10b), against
rise amount b. Since some interrelation is confirmed between Ee/sEe and Wp/sWp (Fig.10d), the increase ofstrain energy at dynamic behavior is due to the dissipation energy by plastic deformations.

1.5

0.8

1

0.4

 We/sWe Ee/sEe

0.6

0.2
0

0
0.5

0.2
0.4
0.4

0.5

0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

1
0.4

0.8

0.2

0

b

0.6

b) b   We/sWe

1

1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

 Wp/sWp

 Wp/sWp

0.4ba) b   Ee/sEe

0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4

0.2

0.4
0.2
0

0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.2
0.4

0.8

b

0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Ee/sEed)  Ee/sEe   Wp/sWpc) b   Wp/sWp

Fig.10 Rise amount b and  Ee/sEe,  We/sWe,  Wp/sWp
Then the relationships between Wp/sWp and the rise amount b are illustrated for each model and safety factor,
as shown in Figure 11.
In Figure 11, the tensile yield models Xb and Wb are distributed in the small range of two axes. However, thecompressive yield models Xa and Wa are widely distributed in the positive range of horizontal axis. The fact may
be due to the plastic dissipation energy by yield hinges in compressive members. As the safety factors being larger,
they are distributed in the right and upper range of the figures. It should be noted that any interrelation was notconfirmed between the dissipation energy of damping and rise amount b.

−9−

0.06

n=2
n=3
n=4

0.75

n=2
n=3
n=4

0.04

 Wp/sWp

 Wp/sWp

1

0.5

0.25

0.02
0
0.02

0

0.2

0.4

b

0.6

0.04
0.12

0.8

0.08

0.04

a) Xa

0.04

0.08

0.1

0.2

b) Xb

0.15

0.1

n=2
n=3
n=4

0.05

 Wp/sWp

0.1

 Wp/sWp

b

0

0.05

0

n=2
n=3
n=4

0.05
0.1

0

0.05

0.15
0

0.025

0.05

b

c) Wa



0.075

0.2
0.4

0.1

0.3

Fig.11 Rise amount b   Wp/sWp

0.2

0.1

b

0

d) Wb

2,120

30,0005,640
The previous results of Ref.5 are combined with the present work to investigate the effect of safety factor ν on
the rise amount b. The previous results are listed in Table 5 for lattice arch and double layer cylindrical lattice roof
as shown in Figure 12. The letter P denotes both pin supports and PR denotes pin supports and roller supports. The
number 1 represents all member sections being equal and number 2 represents members consisting of several
section properties. The same relationships are confirmed between the rise amount b and member yield type. As formodel PR2, although the static result shows tensile yield, the dynamic behavior includes compressive member
yield to increase the rise amount b than model PR1.

30°

Z

Y

X

Y

Z

X

26,540

Fig.12 Doublelayer cylindrical lattice roof of Ref.5−10−

Table 5 Previous results of lattice arch and double layer cylindrical lattice roof [Ref.5]

Doublelayer
lattice roof

Plane lattice arch

Model

sVGY
/sVLE

Safetyfactor ν

P1

9.68

P2

10.51

PR1

5.17

PR2

3.56

SSR1

6.34

SSR2

6.99

1.74
1.99
1.29
1.58
1.28
1.58
2.08
3.05
1.51
1.97
1.42
1.82

BCJL2
1.82
2.80
1.48
2.01
1.33
1.61
2.07
2.93
2.61
3.08
2.65
2.65

VGY/VLE

Rise amount b from y=x
TAFT BCJL2 KOBE TAFT
－
－
0.08
0.15
－
－
0.80
0.65
－
0.19
0.27
－
－
－
0.44
0.21
－
－
0.06
0.19
－
0.04
0.15
－
－
－
0.01
0.63
－
0.12
0.81
－
2.49
1.10
0.95
0.98
3.36
1.11
0.68
1.39
2.11
1.23
0.79
0.70
2.29
0.83
0.60
0.47

KOBE
1.89
2.64
1.55
1.78
1.47
1.73
2.71
3.85
2.46
2.65
2.21
2.42

sWe/
sWp
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.29
0.14
0.13
0.05
0.10
0.04

α
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0

The total results of compressive yield models are plotted in Figure 13, according to Eqn. 3 [Ref.5]. The
horizontal axis represents the rise amount b that means the increase ratio of dynamic results against static results.
The vertical axis represents the strain absorption property of structures at a limit state deformation.
(3)∙   =∙

k=1.84ν =4.00

ν=2.00ν=3.001.5

k=10.97
k=7.17

α・sWe/sWp

1.2

0.9
k=0.51
ν=

0.6

5

.17

k=0.33
k=0.32

.34
ν=6
.99
6
ν=

0.3
ν =9.6

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

7

k=0.11

1.5

b
Fig.13 Relationships between rise amount b and α・sWe /sWp

−11−

In Figure 13, the data of Figure 9 and Tables 4 & 5 is plotted, and the safety factor ν and the slope k in Eqn.3
are shown. As larger the safety factor ν is, the slope k becomes smaller. It shows that the large safety factors
enlarge the rise amounts, because more dissipation energy by cyclic deformations is occurred until a limit state,consequently the rise amount b becomes large.
In order to study the value of slope k, the relationships of slope k and safety factor ν is drawn in Figure 14.
The slope k can be estimated with the safety factor since the correlation coefficient is large.

10

1/k

8
6

y = 0.086 x
R 2 = 0.94

4
2
0

20

40

60

80

100

(Safety factor ν)2
Fig.14 Relationships between safety factor ν and 1/kConsequently the ultimate seismic capacity can be accurately estimated with the information of sWe/sWp given
by a static pushover analysis and the limit state deformation factor α decided by a designer. The value estimated isfinally modified by the static safety factor ν.
The flow chart of the estimation method presented is shown as follows and Figure 15.
Step I: The static elastoplastic behavior is estimated under the vertical loads corresponding to the distribution ofmass, until the static absorbed energy of Eqn.2 shows maximum value or the limit state deformation are reached.
The elastic component of strain energy sWe and the plastic dissipation energy sWp are calculated at the limit state.
Step II: The seismic motion level at which structures become in initial yield can be estimated with the equivalentvelocity sVLE and the velocity response spectrum of seismic waves. The equivalent velocity sVLE is determined atinitial yield by the pushover analysis. If the natural mode of the largest effective mass ratio would be adopted, thevalue estimated might be in the safety region [Ref.5].
Step III: The seismic motion level at which structures reach the limit state deformation can be estimated with thevalue sVGY/sVLE. The seismic motion level obtained at the step II may be multiplied by this value to obtain theseismic motion level corresponding to the limit state deformation. If the value sVf is adopted instead of sVGY, theseismic motion level of dynamic collapse could be obtained.
Step IV: The value obtained at the IIIrd step could be modified by the rise amount b that could be given by
Equation 3 and Figure 13. The modification with the rise amount b is not necessary on the case that structures
would reach a limit state deformation by tensile member yield.

−12−

Static pushover analysis

Ⅰ

Estimation of sVLE at the initial yieldIs the analysis needed until the max of static absorbed energy?
NO

YES
Estimation of sVf

Estimation of sVGY

at the max of static absorbed energy

at the limit state deformation αδLE

Estimation of Elastic starin energy sWe & Plastic energy sWp

Ⅱ

Estimation of seismic motion level at initial yieldwith sVLE & velocity response spectrum

Estimation of seismic motion levelⅢat dynamic collapse or limit state deformationby considering the proportion of sVf / sVLE or sVGY / sVLE and Vf / VLE(Judgment of modification)
In the static analysis, is the structure yieldedin tensile members?

Ⅳ
NO

YES

Modification with the following equation and

Fig.13 :  ∙   =  ∙  1/ ∝ ν2 

Modification is notneeded 

Safety factor ν, Limit state deformation factor α& sWe /sWp

end

Fig.15 Flow chart of estimation method for ultimate seismic capacity−13−

                 
ν



ν


               





               

               
              





 

       


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−14−

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
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

                

          







                 
            


                            

                
 
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
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


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

 
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



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


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


            
               
            




                 
                

                 

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
                                   

                  
















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
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
























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


                  












 







−18− 
Strongly agree

Agree

Neither

ObjectStrongly object

Don't know.

Blank

ERROR

0%

Q12
Q18
Q17
Q13
Q14
Q16
Q5
Q1
Q10
Q11
Q15
Q7
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q6
Q8
Q9





20%

40%

60%

80%


100%










                 





































  



−19−






















              
               

                 
            

                  





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


  



   



  

  





 












































































































































  



   



  

  





 



































































































































               
                



                               −21−























 


































  





               



 



              



 



               







          





       

 



   







             





       





    







          




  





              





    







                                      







               









      









  





   







          







        





            





      





         





      





      





   







      










  







  









     

























       










 

















   












 

 





 

   







      
























  





       















         





              





            





          





             





                





       





                       







      







       





         

 





       







                           







      





  







             



 

            








 



  











         






   







            





                 





       





  





                     

        























                 


            
               

−22−




















































































 
























































































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



                                  

−23−

























                 

               




Cluster 1 (n=9,332)
Cluster 3 (n=1)
18
15

Blank

Cluster 2 (n=4,432)
Cluster 4 (n=77)

Cluster 5 (n=379)
Cluster 7 (n=1,009)
18

Declaration of strong intention

15

12

12

9

9

6
3

Declaration of intention

6
Blank

0

Don’t know

3

Cluster 6 (n=513)
Cluster 8 (n=1,145)
Declaration of Strong intention

Declaration of intention

0

Neither

Don’t know

Neither

−24−










































































 

 
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 
 
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Yoshihiko NISHIDA and Kouichi TSUJI(Received October 14, 2012)

Synopsis
We have developed a method of micro XRF using injection needletype collimators. Two injectionneedletype collimators were attached to an xray tube and the detector. The beam size of the primary xrays
was evaluated to be 740 m, depending on the inner diameter of the first collimator for excitation. These
injection needletype collimators were inserted into solution samples. The end of each collimator wascovered with an xray transparent plastic sheet. The xray fluorescence was detected by an energydispersive
detector through the second collimator. The positions of the two injection needletype collimators were fixed,
while the glass container for sample solution was moved in xyz directions. Therefore, it was possible toperform insitu XRF depth analysis and 3DXRF analysis in the solution. This technique was applied toliquidliquid near surface analysis. The distributions of Cu in HCl solution and Fe in MIBK solution weresuccessfully obtained near the liquidliquid interface.
: Micro XRF, Elemental analysis, Extraction, Liquid/liquid interface, Depth analysis, 3DXRF

Xray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) has an advantage in that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure
without complicated sample preparation of many types of samples including solid and liquid samples.1) In
XRF analysis of liquid samples, the primary xray beam usually irradiates the surface of the sample solution(or the back of the solution thorough an xray transparent window) and XRF signals are detected at theoutside of the sample solution, as shown in Fig. 1 (a). This usual method has a drawback in that theanalytical depth in the liquid sample is considerably short because of strong absorption of the xrays in theliquid.
Solidliquid and liquidliquid near interfaces are important sites where chemical reactions such as corrosion,
metal plating, and solvent extraction occur. Therefore, an analytical method for insitu monitoring of liquidsamples has been required. The author's research group proposed insitu XRF analysis of solutions using amonolithic glass collimator for the excitation and detection of xrays.2) The primary xrays were introduced
the glass tube (diameter: about 10 mm). The end of the glass tube was covered with an xray transparent
plastic sheet. This glass tube was inserted into the sample solution, and the primary xrays directly irradiatedthe solution through the plastic sheet. The xray fluorescence produced in the solution was detected throughanother glass tube by an energydispersive xray detector. To accomplish micro xray analysis of the solution,
we proposed an XRF spectrometer using injectionneedle type collimators as shown in Fig. 1(b).3,4) In aprevious study, injection needletype collimators were inserted in an oyster (soft sample). Quantitative XRF
analysis of Zn at a specific position (any xy position and any depth) was performed.4) However, analysis
was difficult because the positions of the two needles changed in the solid material. In this paper, thetechnique was applied to the XRF analysis of solutions. We can freely position the injection needletype
collimators in the solution for XRF analysis of a specific region in the solution.

Figure 1 (b) is a schematic diagram of the XRF spectrometry using injection needletype collimators. In thiswork, the needletype collimators were made of titanium tube (purity: 99.5%, outside diameter: 1.58 mm,
inside diameter: 1.38 mm), and attached to an xray tube (Mo target, 40 kV, 20 mA) and an energydispersivexray detector (AMPTEK Inc., USA; XR100CR, sensitive area: 7 mm2, energy resolution: 187 eV at 5.9

Department of Applied Chemistry−27−keV). An xray tube and an xray detector were placed at a 90° angle between the primary xray beam andthe direction of detection as shown in Fig. 1 (b). Both collimators were 3.5 cm long and the angle of the topof the needles was 45°. The tops of the collimators were covered with polyimide film (thickness: 7.5 µm) toprevent the solution from being introduced into the collimator.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of conventional XRF (a) and microXRF using injection needletype
collimators (b).

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The beam size of the primary xray beam was evaluated by a wire scanning method. A Cu wire (diameter:
30 m) was placed near the top of the collimator. The intensities of the xray fluorescence were recorded as afunction of wire position. Figure 2 shows the intensity profile of Cu Kα as a function of scanned distance.
The FWHM value of this profile was 1046 m. As shown in the inset of Fig. 2, the actual beam size shouldbe  / 2 . After taking the wire size into account, the corrected beam size was 740 m.

Fig. 2 Cu Kα intensity profile as a function of scanned distance.

The distance between the two needles was optimized by monitoring the intensity of the xray fluorescenceoriginating from the liquid sample. In this paper, the distance between the needles is termed the “needle
distance”. Fig. 3 (a) shows the relationship between Ni Kα intensity (7.47 keV) and the needle distance forNi(NO3)2 solution. The measurement time was 300 s per point.
When the collimator touched the other collimator, we defined the needle distance as 0 mm. As shown in Fig.
2, the xray fluorescence of Ni Kα was detected with the highest efficiency at a needle distance of 600 m.

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Other solutions of different elements were also investigated. Fig. 3 (b) shows optimized needle distance as afunction of the energy of xray fluorescence. When the energy of fluorescence xray was 8.6 keV or more,
the optimized needle distance became saturated at about 1 mm. This result indicates that the needle distanceshould be adjusted to an optimum distance.


Fig. 3 Relationship between needle distance and relative intensity of Ni Kα (a); effective
needle distance as a function of xray fluorescence energy (b).


For quantitative analysis of a solution sample by microXRF, the relationship between Zn Kα intensity andthe concentration of Zn was investigated at a measurement time of 1000 s and a needle distance of 1000 m,
where Zn Kα (8.6 keV) was detected at the highest intensity. A linear relationship (correlation coefficient:
0.999) is shown in Fig. 4. The detection limit of Zn was evaluated to be 2.0 ppm. Similarly, the detection
limits of Fe, Cu and Pb were evaluated to be 6.1 ppm, 3.7 ppm, and 6.5 ppm, respectively. The Ti injectionneedles contain a small amount of Fe as impurity. Because of the xray fluorescence originating from theneedletype collimators, the detection limit of Fe was higher than that of the other elements. The detection
limit of Pb was high, because a Pb Lα (10.6 keV) peak was observed on a large continuous xray spectrum.

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Fig. 4 Calibration curve of Zn Kα.

Finally, insitu XRF analysis near the liquidliquid interface was demonstrated. A glass container of solution
sample was translated by using a Zaxis stage. Therefore, both needletype collimators could be introduced
into the solution at a specific depth.
A HCl solution (6 M) including Fe (1000 ppm) and Cu (1000 ppm) was prepared. Methylisobutylketone(MIBK) was used to extract the Fe from the HCl solution. After the extraction, a depth analysis was
performed for the twophase solution (MIBK and HCl) for a measuring time of 100 s, at a needle distance of
200m and a step size of 200 m.
Figure 5 (a) shows the normalized intensity profile of Cu Kα and Fe Kα as a function of the scanned
distance. When the analytical area was in aqueous HCl phase, only the Fe Kα and Kβ peaks were observed,−29−

as shown in Fig. 5 (b). Figs. 5 (c) and (d) show XRF spectra obtained at the HCLMIBK interface and the
MIBK phase, respectively. As shown in Fig. 5 (a), insitu microXRF method confirmed that the Fe thatoriginally existed in the HCl solution was extracted into the MIBK solution.
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Fig. 5 Normalized intensity profiles of Cu Kα and Fe Kα as functions of scanned distance (a); XRF
spectra measured at HCl solution phase (b), liquidliquid interface (c), and MIBK phase (d).


A microXRF method using injection needletype collimators based on titanium was proposed. The needles
were attached to the xray tube and to the detector side. It was found that the optimum needle distancedepended on the energy of the xray fluorescence. The detection limits of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb were evaluatedto be 6.1 ppm, 3.7 ppm, 6.5 ppm and 2.0 ppm, respectively. Elemental depth analysis near the liquidliquidinterface was performed after the Fe was extracted from the HCl to MIBK phase. XRF spectra weresuccessfully measured at different depths. 
1) R. Van Grieken and A. A. Markowicz, , Marcel Dekker Inc., New York(2002).
2) K. Tsutsumimoto and K. Tsuji, , , 499 (2007).
3) A. Matsuda and K. Tsuji, ,, 681 (2006).
4) K. Tsuji, A. Matsuda, K. Nakano and A. Okhrimovskyy, ,, 460(2006).

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
CFD Analysis inside a CO2 Rotary Compressor Shell to Improve Oil Separation and Reduce theShell Size
Tetsuhide YOKOYAMA, Keisuke SHINGU, Shin SEKIYA, Hideaki MAEYAMA and Nobuya
NISHIMURA         pp. 1230 (10 pages), Purdue,
USA, (2012.7) (on CDROM) (2012)
A CO2 rotary compressor uses refrigeration oil to lubricate and cool sliding parts and to seal the cylinder. It isdifficult to separate the oil inside the shell at high pressure from CO2 gas, whose difference in density fromthe oil is small. It remains an issue to retain high efficiency with the same shell size as a present hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compressor. We explored an improvement in the oil separation by use of CFD analysis
and identified two effective measures. One measure is to flatten a lower balance weight of the rotor toprevent the oil mist from moving up through the motor flow paths. Another measure is to set up a rotating
disc over a protruding balance weight at the top of the rotor to increase the pressure in the upper space andallow the oil over the stator to return to the lower space by gravity. Experiments with an actual compressor
verify that oil separation is improved to the target value.
Insitu Color Measurement and Photodome Photographing System for Food Quality Analysis
Hiroyuki IYOTA and Hideki SAKAI, 5A1 (6 pages),
Bangkok, Thailand (2012.3) (on CDROM)(2012)
We introduce two colorimetric methods for visual evaluation of foods. One is an insitu color measurement
during food processing using a spectrometer and a glass fiber probe, and the other is a color image
photographing method using a spherical “photodome” in conjunction with image processing and quality
evaluation analysis methods. A crumb of sliced white bread was used as the sample foodstuff to demonstrate
the performance of the two methods. The baking process and the quality of the baked product were
investigated. Producing deliciouslooking food / delicious appearance is one of the qualities required
incoming cooking equipments. The two color measurement methods introduced are very useful forevaluating cooking equipments from the visual aspects of foods.
Effect of TimeDependent Humidity Profiles on Change in Food Color during Heating with Steam
Convection Oven
Hiroyuki IYOTA, Yusuke MAMIYA, Tomohiro KAYANO, Junko YAMAGATA, Hideki SAKAI and
Kuniko SUGIYAMAPP12 (7 pages),
Bangkok, Thailand (2012.3) (on CDROM) (2012)
Steam convection ovens are widely used in domestic and commercial applications. However, the effect ofchanges in humidity on food quality during heating is still not clear. This study was aimed at understanding
this effect and investigating the optimization of oven operation. The steam mole fraction in the oven chamber
and the color of the food surface were measured continuously under three steam supply operation modes. A
crumb of white bread, pates of chicken breast and round of beef were used as samples. The food color
change was found to be affected by the steam mole fraction (dew point temperature) depending on theoperation mode, as well as by thermal properties, moisture content, and sensitivity to moisture andtemperature, e.g., through protein denaturation and the Maillard reaction. The study results and measurement
techniques can contribute to the technological advancement of steam utilization and to the optimization ofoven operation.
Development of HighTemperature WideRange Humidity Sensor by Wetted Material Temperature
Measurement (Improvement of Measurement Accuracy by Considering the Effect of Supplied Water)
Takashi KITAHARA, Hiroyuki IYOTA and Tamotsu INOUE Vol. 78, pp.686696 (2012) (in Japanese)A hightemperature widerange humidity sensor has been developed using wetted material temperature
measurement. A porous ceramic is used as a sensing element; it has a small tube for supplying water tomaintain a wetted surface. However, the water supplied to the elements can affect the surface temperature. In
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this study, we experimentally investigate the accuracy of the developed sensor and its contributing
factors–convective heat transfer, evaporation, radiant heat, and the water supplied to the wetted
material–under the conditions of a gas flow temperature of 200 °C, gas flow velocity of 3 or 5 m/s, flow rateof supplied water of 0.01–0.05 g/s, and steam mole fraction of 0.03–1.00. Further, we calculate the heat flux
and the surface temperature using a onedimensional heat transfer model to clarify the effects of the each of
the abovementioned factors. Consequently, we conclude that the supplied water strongly affects the accuracyof the developed sensor. We also improve the measurement error of the steam mole fraction from 0.07 to
0.03 by the controlling the flow rate of the supplied water.
Simplified Measurement Method for Steam Mole Fractions Based on Temperature Measurement with
Wet Spherical Material (Using Adiabatic Saturation Line Applied to High Temperature and High
Humidity)
Hiroyuki IYOTA, Shogo ISSHIKI, Tamotsu INOUE and Junko YAMAGATA
, Vol. 78, pp.12671278 (2012) (in Japanese)Superheated steamcontaining hot air under atmospheric pressure has been used as a heating media forthermal processing such as food processing, cooking, sterilization, drying, and waste treatment. For thesetypes of thermal processing, the steam mole fraction of the media sometimes strongly influences productquality. Hence, a simple method is required for measuring the steam mole fraction under a high temperatureof more than 250°C. In this report, we propose an equation to calculate the steam mole fraction using theadiabatic saturation temperature for a wide range of temperatures and humidity values, i.e., from room
temperature to 350°C and from room air to pure superheated steam. We also present a psychrometric chartwith the steam mole fraction on the yaxis, which can indicate the presence of dry air and pure superheatedsteam. The values calculated by the proposed equation were in good agreement with values obtained inprevious literature under comparable conditions. For developing a simple and convenient measurement
method, a wet spherical gauze/brick is used for measuring the wetbulb temperature. Its accuracy andapplicability are investigated experimentally. The results show that this method can measure the steam mole
fraction with an accuracy of less than 0.09 in the temperature range of 160–280°C. The causes of error andthe methods for intending utilization are also investigated.
Development of the Paddy Seed Sterilization Device using Mixture of Superheated Steam and Hot Air
Takahiro NODA, Yasuyuki HIDAKA, Mio YOKOE, Hiroyuki IYOTA, Akihiko OCHI, Toru NAKAMURA
and Waichiro MATSUDA
Las Vegas, USA (2012.6) (on CDROM)(2012)
For the safety of food supply, the reduction of pesticides use is suggested in agricultural production stage.
Rice is the most important staple food for a large part of the world, and many agrochemicals are used forsterilization in the production stage. The paddy seed is especially an important target of sterilization, as it
carries many pests. In this study, we tried to sterilize seedborne diseases by using the mixture of thesuperheated steam and hot air to develop chemicalfree sterilization method of paddy seed.
We developed the sterilization test device in which the paddy was conveyed by the vibration feeder madefrom the perforated board and the paddy was sterilized for 2 seconds for the heating air flowing through thehole of the board. The temperature of the heating air was set at 200 degrees, and the molar fraction ofsuperheated steam was controlled at 0.67.
In order to confirm the sterilization effect, 100 grams of Blastdiseased paddies were treated by the test
device. The paddies were then immediately cooled by ambient air to keep the seed germination and dry thecondensed water. 50 grains of selected paddies were put in the agar media for 2 days in the incubator set at
25 degrees. We then counted the number of conidium germination of Blast and evaluated the sterilization
effect. The healthy paddies were also treated by the test device in the same manner, and measured seedgermination rate. The conidium germination rate of Blast was 0.0 %, whereas the rate without treatment was
31.0 %. The seed germination rate was 98 % and no significant difference (p < 1 %) between the paddy withand without treatment was observed. These results showed the sterilization method has potential to alternate
agrochemicals and contribute to the food safety.
Development of HighTemperature WideRange Humidity Sensor by Wetted Material Temperature
Measurement (Application of Porous Ceramic into Sensing Element)
Tamotsu INOUE, Hiroyuki IYOTA and Shogo ISSHIKI
, Vol. 78, pp.14511461 (2012) (in Japanese)

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We applied the theory of a psychrometer to develop a humidity monitoring system by using cylindricalporous ceramic as a sensing element. This system contains a section for supplying/discharging water. Several
types of porous ceramics were made and the effects of porosities and pore size distributions on capillarywater transfer were investigated. Also, we tested the performance of this system in terms of its response timeand measurement accuracy. The capillary water transfer was higher in the conditions that porosity was larger
and pore size distribution was wider. In addition, at a gas flow rate of 1 m/s and a gas temperature less than
310 °C, the error of the steam mole fraction was observed to be less than 10 %. Further, the system had a
90 % response time of less than 60 s and this time was shorter as humidity increased at a gas temperature of
200 °C, a gas flow of 1 m/s, a flow rate of supplied water of 0.01 g/s and a water temperature of 25 °C whena sensing element diameter was 9 mm.
Development of Browning Scale of Baked Foods Based on Color Measurement
Hideki SAKAI and Hiroyuki IYOTA
, pp.258
 261, Taipei, Taiwan (2012. 9)(2012)
We measured the surface colors of plain cookies, sliced breads, and grilled fish (pacific saury) at various
stages of baking and made their color charts (browning scales) based on color measurements. A large
spherical dome with a diameter of 600 mm, whose inner surface was painted white, was used to illuminate
large food samples uniformly by D65 fluorescent lamps. We placed food samples at various stages of baking
in the middle of the dome and recorded their colors by a digital camera. Then, we derived colorcorrected
images using the XRite ColorChecker as the color standard. The baked color of each food was found to be
dominated by the lightness, L*; color changes in a* and b* of each food during baking were well describedby the regression equations with L*. Using these regression equations, browning scales of plain cookies,
sliced breads and grilled fish have been developed.
Theoretical Analysis of Several Problems Related to SolidLiquid Wetting Phenomena
Kenji KATOH and Takahiro ITO (Nagoya University)Vol. 64, pp. 378388 (2012) (in Japanese)
Several phenomena related to wetting behavior are investigated theoretically. The problems are generallyclassified into two categories, i.e., one is quasistatic wetting behavior and the other is related to dynamic
wetting in which the contact angle is dependent on the threephase contact line velocity. In the former, wetreat here the dropping of liquid in a tilted thin pipe having a closed upper end and the detachment from apendant drop attached to a curved surface. In those problems, the macroscopic energy equilibrium conditionis theoretically estimated with including the work due to wetting behavior. The critical inclination of pipe
and the separated volume obtained from the instability condition agreed well with those measured
experimentally. In the latter, the velocity dependence of contact angle is investigated with the help ofmolecular dynamics (MD) technique. The flow field near the contact line is analyzed by insisting slip
condition at the wall. The MD results show that the dynamic contact angle is strongly dependent on the force
balance on the wall, in which slip coefficient is included in the viscous drag and the wetting force due tocontact angle difference between static and dynamic cases are taken into consideration.
Heat Transfer Enhancement and Pressure Loss in a Channel with a Vortex Generator (Effect ofPrandtl number)
Kenji KATOH, Tatsuro WAKIMOTO and Takashi NISHIMURA Vol. 78, No. 2012JBR0310 (2012) (in Japanese)
The efficiency indexη, (i.e., the ratio between heat transfer enhancement and drag increase from a smoothchannel), is discussed in a channel with a delta wingtype vortex generator (VG) installed on the wall inlaminar and turbulent flow. In this report, the effect of Prandtl number  on η is mainly discussed by useof the equation obtained in the preceding report to estimate various effects on the heat transfer enhancement.
From the results of direct numerical simulation,η decreases slightly in the turbulent flow with , while it
increases noticeably in the laminar flow. In the laminar flow, since there is no background turbulence in thesmooth channel, the fluctuation generated by VG directly enhances the heat transfer, which is greater at high where the thermal diffusion effect is weakened. In addition, the increase of convective heat transfer near
the wall has an important effect on the good efficiency. In the turbulent flow, on the other hand, theefficiency index slightly decreases with Pr since the turbulence generated by VG is not strongly dependent
on the Prandtl number. The influence of the notched hole beneath the wing is discussed from the numericalresults.
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The Influence of Pressure GradientWall Normal Velocity Correlation on Turbulent Prandtl Number
Kenji KATOH, Tatsuro WAKIMOTO and Naoki NISHIOKA Vol. 78, No. 2012JBR0248 (2012) (in Japanese)
The similarity between turbulent heat transfer and Reynolds stress is investigated using the equations written
in Lagrange description. The correlation between pressure gradient fluctuation in the flow direction andwallnormal velocity [term (B)] depresses the Reynolds stress, which makes the turbulent Prandtl number Prt
less than unity. Based on the trajectories of fluid particles, an algebraic equation was theoretically derived tocorrelate the term (B) to Prt. Using the database of the trajectories calculated by DNS, the change of Prt withregard to (B) was actually estimated from the equation. The slight decrease of (B) causes the dramatic
reduction of Prt in the loglaw region, while the change of Prt in the nearwall region is hardly recognized.
This is caused by the fact that the Reynolds stress or turbulent heat transfer in the loglaw region are
influenced by the fluid particles coming from further positions compared with the nearwall region.
Spontaneous Dropping of Liquid Column in a Tilted Capillary Pipe with an Upper Lid
Kenji KATOH and Tatsuro WAKIMOTO
, Vol. 12 (Special Issue), pp. 1051110 (2012)
A theoretical and experimental study is conducted to discuss the spontaneous dropping of liquid in a vertical
capillary pipe with a lid at the top end. The system energy was calculated when the pipe is inclined to thehorizontal direction. The pendant liquid surface formed at the pipe end becomes unstable if the infinitesimalenergy change is negative when the threephase contact line shifts upward on the pipe inner wall. The critical
inclination of the pipe is calculated theoretically and the results agree with those obtained experimentally forvarious kinds of test liquids.
Instability of a Planar Liquid Sheet Formed with Surfactant Aqueous Solution
Tatsuro WAKIMOTO, Ryousuke FUJII and Kenji KATOH
Vol. 25, pp. 511518 (2012) (in Japanese)
Growth characteristics of instability waves of a planer liquid sheet formed with surfactant solution has beenclarified. It is widely reported that a liquid sheet jet oscillates in sinuous shape because of KelvinHelmholtz
instability and their growth rate depends on surface tension. If the liquid is surfactant solution, the growth
characteristic depends on timedependent surface tension referred to as dynamic surface tension because
adsorption of surfactant molecules to newly formed surface requires certain time. In this study, the wave
growth affected by the dynamic surface tension has been investigated as following. At first, the relationshipbetween the growth rate of the wave and timeinvariant surface tension was determined using ethanol
aqueous solutions with different concentrations. Secondly, the dynamic surface tension of the surfactant
solution was measured, and surface tension varying with the distance from the nozzle was estimated. Thirdly,
spatially varying amplitude of the wave is calculated from the results of above two steps. Finally, thecalculated wave amplitude was compared with measured amplitude for surfactant solution. The good
agreement between calculated amplitude and experimental one proved that growth characteristic forsurfactant solution depends on dynamic surface tension.
A Study on Perforation of a Liquid Sheet Caused by Thermocapillary EffectTatsuro WAKIMOTO, Masahiro KOMATSU and Kenji KATOH
 Vol. 78, No. 789, pp. 10831094 (2012) (in Japanese)
The perforation of a thin liquid sheet by thermocapillary effect has been investigated. In a radial liquid sheet,
which is produced by release of a liquid film spreading on a disk into the air, a laminarturbulent transition
occurs just outside the disk edge. The coherent turbulent structure after the transition forms the extremely
thin liquid sheet locally and perforates it. In addition, the perforation is promoted by the impingement of a
hot air flow on the thin liquid sheet. This perforation promotion requires specific condition of liquid flow
velocity and airflow temperature. This study proposed the theoretical model of thermocapillary induced
perforation of the thin liquid sheet and predicted the specific condition for the thermal perforation promotionin the radial liquid sheet. This model representing time diminishing sheet thickness is derived from a
momentum balance between inertial force, Marangoni force and Laplace pressure. A simplified model gives
the simple algebraic equation expressing the time required to the perforation. The validity of the theory isverified by comparing the theoretical perforation time with that calculated from a numerical simulation basedon CIP method. The specific condition for the perforation promotion, which is estimated from the theoretical

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perforation time, agrees well with experimentally observed one. This agreement demonstrated that theperforation promotion is caused by thermocapillary effect.
Suppression of Disintegration of Fan Liquid Sheet by Surfactant
Tatsuro WAKIMOTO and Kenji KATOH
 Vol. 12 (Special Issue), pp. 111115 (2012)
Disintegration process of aqueous surfactant solutions injected from a fan spray nozzle has been clarified.
The thin sheet of the surfactant solution, as represented by soap film, is stable by surface chemical effect andbreaks up hard. In this study, this effect on the atomization of the fan liquid sheet has been investigated.
Surface chemical stability was evaluated by RossMiles method and two types of the test liquids, which hadsame hydrodynamic physical properties and different surface chemical stability, were prepared. Measured
breakup length, which was defined as the distance from the nozzle tip to the end of the liquid sheet, for thetwo test liquids indicated that the surface chemical stability obviously suppress the disintegration of theliquid sheet.
Effect of Air Injection on DragReducing Surfactant Solution in an Upward Vertical Pipe Flow
Koichi ARAGA, Syuhei KOMIYAMA, Tatsuro WAKIMOTO and Kenji KATOH
 Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 105111 (2012)
The values of heattransfer coefficients decrease in a dragreducing surfactant solution flow. Therefore, it isnecessary to develop an effective method for enhancing the heat transfer of a surfactant solution flow. The
objective of this study is to examine the heat transfer enhancement effect when microbubbles are injected
into a dragreducing surfactant solution flow. Specifically, the relationship between microbubble size and theheat transfer enhancement of a surfactant solution flow was investigated experimentally. Microbubbles weregenerated using a porous metal pipe placed in a test pipe. Microbubbles having different sizes weregenerated by using three types of porous metal pipes. The flow patterns observed in air
microbubblesurfactant solution twophase flows were fine bubbly; these patterns were independent of
microbubble size．The heat transfer enhancement effect depends on the airsurfactant solution flow ratio or
microbubble size. An increase in the airsurfactant solution flow ratio or decrease in the microbubble size
leads to a greater heat transfer enhancement effect.
Nonlinear Vibration and Numerical Simulation of a Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tank (Nonlinear
Behavior of OvalType Vibration)
Akira MAEKAWA and Katsuhisa FUJITA, Vol. 77, No. 783, pp. 40344042 (2011) (in Japanese)
This Paper describes a nonlinear behavior of ovaltype vibration in a cylindrical liquid storage tank which ishigh order vibration mode in the circumferential direction of the wall (axial half wave number m ≥ 1 andcircumferential wave number m ≥ 2). When the vibration experiment of a cylindrical liquid storage tank was
conducted by exciting its base, a nonlinear behavior of ovaltype vibration occurred, especially at large
excitation. The nonlinear behavior of ovaltype vibration was dynamically simulated by nonlinear explicit
finite element analysis method considering fluidstructure interaction as well as large deformation. It can beconcluded the proposed numerical analysis method can simulate the nonlinear behavior of ovaltype
vibration accurately.
Motion and Vibration Analysis for MultiVehicles of a Roller Coaster on the 3D Trajectory
Katsuhisa FUJITA, Chihiro NAKAGAWA and Hiroaki TOSHIMITSU
, Vol. 77, No. 784, pp. 45434554 (2011) (in Japanese)
The motion and vibration for multivehicles of a roller coaster which move on the complicatedthreedimensional trajectories are investigated. A roller coaster is treated with here as a concrete example ofmoving body. By using differential algebraic equations (DAE), the simulation method for moving bodies on
3D trajectory is proposed in this paper. In the previous papers, the simulation method using suz coordinate
for a single vehicle has been shown. In this paper, the analysis method which uses the global coordinate is shown. In addition, the simulation method for multivehicles of a roller coaster is proposed. Inorder to solve the instability of the simulation analysis, the stabilization method proposed by Baumgarte isadopted. When all of connecting points are taken into consideration as constraint conditions, it is found to be
too severe, and some play is necessary at connecting points for practical applications to an actual roller
coaster. Lastly, the validity of the proposed simulation method by comparing with the experiment which has
been reported in previous paper is examined.
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Influence of Fluid Viscosity and Structural Specifications on Stability in the Vicinity of Critical
Velocity of an Elastic Beam Subjected to Confined Axial Flow
Katsuhisa FUJITA and Ayumi OHKUMA Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 15931604 (2011)
Evaluation methodologies for the flowinduced vibration of an elastic beam subjected to an axial flow
confined in a narrow passage are reported. In this paper, by using the analytical method already proposed by
one of authors, a parameter study is performed on the dynamic stability of an elastic beam subjected to axial
flow confined a narrow passage. The effects of support conditions of structures, structural damping, and fluid
characteristics on the dynamic stability are clarified. Especially, paying attention on the vicinity of criticalvelocity, the effects of stabilization or destabilization on flutter and divergence are investigated by changing
fluid viscosity and structural damping.
A Consideration on Nonconservative Elastic Stability of a Beam Subjected to Axial Force Considered
to be Fluid Force
Katsuhisa FUJITA and Akihide GOTOU
, Vol.78, No.789, pp. 15651574 (2012) (in Japanese)
The dynamic stability problem of machines and structures is one of the important subjects for a long time.
Recently, they are considered to be relatively flexible for loads as they become largesized andlightweighted. By the way, in the conventional dynamic stability analysis, many problems of the structural
analysis have been dealt with as a conservative system. However, in the problems which are acted by fluid
forces such as air and water in space structures and marine structures so on, the dynamics of structures areaffected by the deflection of the structure. That is, the treatment of a nonconservative system such as afollower force becomes important. In this paper, the stability of nonconservative system of a beam isinvestigated when the fluid force acting on a cantilever subjected to the axial flow is considered to be anaxial force. The fundamental study is performed by using the discrete model of 2 degree of freedom systems.
Moreover, this is expanded to the continuous system of a cantilever. And, the physical consistency between adiscrete model and a continuous one and the effect of damping are discussed.
Basic Study on Active Vibration Control Methods of Axisymmetric Elastic Beam Subjected to the
Annular Flow
Atsuhiko SHINTANI, Shoji TAKADA, Tomohiro ITO and Katsuhisa FUJITA, Vol.78, No.785, pp.111 (2012) (in Japanese)
Flowinduced vibration occurs in the structures subjected to annular beam in the narrow passage. Once thevibration occurs, the vibration becomes larger. In this paper, active vibration control of the axisymmetricelastic beam subjected to annular flow is investigated. Fluidstructure coupled equations based on the
EulerBernoulli type psrtial differential equation and NavierStokes equation are derived including control
terms. In this paper, two kinds of control methods using piezoelectric actuator and air pressured actuator areproposed. Applying the optimal control law to the coupled system, the unstable behavior is stabilized.
Simulation studies are performed to investigate the efficiency of the proposed control methods and theeffects of the actuator position on control performance.
A Consideration on Nonconservative Elastic Stability of a Beam Subjected to Axial Force Considered
to be Fluid Force
Katsuhisa FUJITA and Akihide GOTOU
),Dublin, Ireland, 36 July , FlowInduced Vibration Edited by Meskell & Bennett, ISBN
9780954858346, pp.375382 (2012)
The dynamic stability problem of machines and structures is one of the important subjects for a long time.
By the way, in the conventional dynamic stability analysis, many problems of the structural analysis havebeen dealt with as a conservative system. However, as it is thought that some problems may be affected by
the deflections of a structure, the treatment of a nonconservative system such as a follower force becomes
important. In this paper, the stability of nonconservative system of a beam is investigated when the fluid
force acting on a beam subjected to the axial flow is considered to be an axial force. The fundamental study
is performed by using the discrete model of 2 degree of freedom systems. Moreover, this is expanded to thecontinuous models of a cantilever, a simply supported beam and a freefree beam. And, the physicalconsistency between a discrete model and a continuous one and the effect of damping are discussed.
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Dynamic Stability of an Elastic Beam Subjected to Follower Forces
Katsuhisa FUJITA and Akihide GOTOU
, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
PVP201278278 in CDROM (2012)
The stability of nonconservative system of a beam is investigated when an elastic beam is subjected tofollower forces. The mathematical formulations for a conservative system and a nonconservative system areestablished regarding to a uniform cantilever subjected to a concentrated force and a uniform distributed
force axially. The displacement of a uniform cantilever is assumed to be obtained by superposing the modal
functions which are normal modes in a vacuum, and is estimated by applying the Galerkin method. Changing
the forces, the eigenvalue analysis is performed, and the root locus is calculated for the stability analysis.
When the system is considered to be conservative, the divergence phenomenon is confirmed to appear first.
On the other hand, when the system is considered to be nonconservative, the flutter phenomenon is
confirmed to appear first although the critical force becomes high. And, by changing the structural damping,
the destabilized effect due to the damping is confirmed when an elastic beam is subjected to follower forces.
Motion and Vibration of a Roller Coaster Consisting of MultiVehicles Modeled by Two Wheels on 3D
Trajectory
Katsuhisa FUJITA and Hiroaki TOSHIMITSU
, August 2630, 2012, Shanghai, China,
670000 in CDROM (2012)
A motion and vibration of a roller coaster consisted of multivehicles, which moves on a complicatedthreedimensional trajectory, is investigated in consideration of air resistance. By using differential algebraic
equations (DAE), the simulation method for moving bodies on 3D trajectory is proposed in this paper. In theprevious papers, the simulation method using suz coordinate for a single vehicle has been shown, and aroller coaster has been modeled as a onewheel vehicle. In this paper, it is modeled as a twowheel vehicle.
In addition, the simulation method for multivehicles of a roller coaster is proposed. In order to solve theinstability of the simulation analysis, the stabilization method proposed by Baumgarte is adopted. When allof connecting points are taken into consideration as constraint conditions, it is found to be too severe, andsome play is necessary at connecting points for practical applications to an actual roller coaster. Lastly, thevalidity of the proposed simulation method by comparing with the experiment and the simulation results
using the onewheel vehicle reported in the previous paper is examined.
Field Tests of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Type 304 Stainless Steels: Effects of Seasonal
Change in Bacterial Consortia and Chloride Concentration
Hiroshi KAWAKAMI, Takeshi ARAKI, Yoshihiro SATO and Yasushi KIKUCHI
, June 2428, 2012, Seattle, Washington,
U.S.A., pp. 49 (2012)
Type 304 stainless steel and copper alloyed antibacterial stainless steel were subjected to field tests. Plain
coupon specimens surface dry polished with #1500 emery paper were prepared from type 304 stainless steel,as well as copper alloyed stainless steel. For type 304 stainless steel, tungsten inert gas welded coupon
specimens with/without scale removal polish treatment were also prepared. The specimens were subjected tofield tests at two eras in Osaka, Japan; one was the Osaka bay era and the other was in the Dotonbori river.
The latter era was about five kilometers above the Osaka bay era, where sea water from the estuary and flesh
water from an upper side of the river were alternatively fed in by operating a lock gate twice in a day.
Seasonal change in bacterial consortia and its effects on microbiologically influenced corrosion was studied.
Planning Path by Using 3dimentional Map Including Vertical Information
Tomoki TAJIRI, Rei OGAMI, Yogo TAKADA, Atsushi IMADU and Tadao KAWAI
, MoPmC4, CDROM (2011)
In this paper, we have tried generating a path from the start position to the goal position which is movablewith mobile robots. The shortest path is usually the best route. But there may be high steps or steep slopes ina real environment. It is not possible for the mobile robot with wheels to move in the direction because thereis the steep slope or the high step. QLearning is one of the method which is often used to planning path. We
have made a robot learn to get path which has less gradient of ground with QLearning. The effectiveness of
this method is investigated with an actual robot in the real environment that has steps and slopes. The
experimental result shows the effectiveness of this approach.
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Selfposition Estimation of Small Fish Robot Based on Visual Information from Camera
Yogo TAKADA, Tsuyoshi NAKAMURA, Keisuke KOYAMA and Tomoyuki WAKISAKA, Vol.47, No.3, pp. 138146 (2012) (in Japanese)
Autonomously working small fish robots are ideal for surveys of fish resources and underwater structuralinspections where electric wires hinder the movement of the robot or where radio signals, such as GPS,cannot be received. For practical usage, the fish robot needs to estimate its selfposition to swim
autonomously in water. Using visual information from images taken from the bottom facing camera,selfposition estimation becomes possible. Digital image correlation and tracking method is often used tomeasure deformation or strain of material and visualization of flow in water. Although selfposition
estimation of aquatic robots becomes possible when this method is applied, microcomputers (PIC, H8, AVRetc.) cannot be used for the digital image correlation method since they are unable to perform thecalculations in realtime. In this study, selfposition estimation was tested utilizing the realtime digital
image correlation method by using a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). VHDL programming for
FPGA and the FPGA equipped circuit board have been originally developed. This FPGA board executes
both the control of the swimming fish robot and image processing at the same time. Results confirm that thesmall fish robot can measure swimming distance by itself.
Target following control of Small Fish Robot FOCUS Based on Color Information
Yogo TAKADA, Tsuyoshi NAKAMURA, Keisuke KOYAMA and Tomoki TAJIRI,Vol. 78, No. 792, pp. 29242934 (2012) (in Japanese)
It is necessary for a small aqua robot to search for a target in order to investigate creatures such as fishes in ariver or lake. However, control signals by electric wave from outside do not reach a robot easily in water.
Therefore, aqua robots must search the target autonomously without signals from outside. It is important fora robot to gaze forward and recognize the target in water. In this study, we have used a fish robot named
FOCUS which can swim in water by using the tail fin. This robot has some micro CMOS cameras and a
FPGA circuit board for data processing. A red object is detected with the CMOS camera. In addition, FPGA
calculates where the red object is located in the image. This robot controls the tail fin mechanism andsubmersible system in order to decide the course of the robot in response to the calculated positional
coordinates. We have confirmed that this robot can recognize a color target and follow the target in water.
Target Following and Selfposition Estimation of Small Fish Robot FOCUS
Yogo TAKADA, Tsuyoshi NAKAMURA, Keisuke KOYAMA, Noboru FUKUZAKI, Tomoki TAJIRI and Tomoyuki
WAKISAKA, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 108113 (2012) (in Japanese)
Autonomous small fish robots are ideal for surveys of fish resources and underwater structural inspections
where electric wires hinder the movement of the robot or where radio signals, such as GPS, cannot bereceived. For practical usage such as taking pictures of fishes in the sea, the fish robot needs to follow thetarget fish and estimate its selfposition to swim autonomously in water. The authors have developed a small
fish robot named FPGA Offline Control Underwater Searcher (FOCUS) which has some micro CMOS
cameras and an FPGA circuit board for data processing. Red objects can be detected with the CMOS camera.
Using visual information from images taken from the bottom facing camera, selfposition estimation
becomes possible. The selfposition estimation has been tested utilizing a realtime digital image correlation
method using an FPGA. Development of a VHDL program for the FPGA and the mounting of FPGA on acircuit board have been conducted for target following and selfposition estimation. This FPGA board
executes both the control of the swimming fish robot and image processing at the same time. Results confirm
that the small fish robot can follow the target and can measure simultaneously its selfposition.
Analysis for Flow around a Fish Robot by Threedimensional Fluidstructure Simulation and
Evaluation of the Propulsive Performance
Yogo TAKADA, Toshinori OCHIAI, Noboru FUKUZAKI, Tomoki TAJIRI and Tomoyuki WAKISAKA, Taipei, Taiwan, ISABMEC2012,
S41.pdf (2012)
The propulsion velocity of fish robots are very slow compared with live fishes. It is necessary to swim at aseveral times faster speed than the current robots for various usages. Therefore, we are searching for the
method of making the robot swim fast. The simulation before making robot is important. We have made thecomputational simulation program of threedimensional fluidstructure analysis. The flow around the caudal
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fin can be examined by analyzing the fin as an elastic body. We compared the results of numerical analysis
with the results of experiment. As a result, both were corresponding well. Moreover, the flexibility of caudal
fin has been examined by using the computational simulation.

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
Effect of Colloidal Silica in Chromate Film on Adhesion of Paint
Keisuke HARA, Koichi OTSUKA, Makoto IMANAKA and Yoshihiro SAWADAVol. 48, pp. 204210 (2012) (in Japanese)
Effect of colloidal silica addition in a chromate coating film on interfacial physical adhesive force between
the coating film and a paint layer was studied. The physical adhesive force resulting from the chromate film
on a steel sheet and the paint layer coated steel sphere was evaluated by an interfacial pulloff test. Theinterfacial force was measured by deflection of an aluminum cantilever beam which was bonded the painted
steel sphere. Two kind of steel sheets modified with chromic acid which contained colloidal silica or nosilica were prepared. Physical adhesive force was higher with colloidal silica containing chromate treatedsteel sheet than with no colloidal silica treated steel sheet. The effect of colloidal silica on the physicaladhesive force shows the same tendency of adhesive strength evaluated as the peeling probability with thecrosscut method and the critical strain energy release rate at interfacial crack initiation using an end notchedflexure specimen. These results are verified that the addition of colloidal silica in chromate film is effective
to increase the physical adhesive force with paint layer, so the adhesive strength becomes stronger.
Filament Winding Moulding of Biodegradable Composites Using Ramie Yarns
Hayato NAKATANI, Tatsuro KOSAKA, Katsuhiko OSAKA, Jun YOSHIDA and Yoshihiro SAWADAVol. 61 No. 3, pp.286291 (2012) (in Japanese)
An experimental investigation of fabricating biodegradable composite pipes by filament winding (FW)method using ramie yarn as continuous fibre reinforcements is conducted. Though ramie fibres are
discontinuous fibres in origin, ramie yarns can be handled as continuous fibre due to high aspect ratio of thefibre. Influence of use of the yarn on mechanical properties of the FW pipes is also evaluated. Axial andcircumferential tensile tests are conducted for the FW pipes fabricated with various winding tensions. Results
demonstrate that the winding tension affects not fracture load but only fibre volume fraction of thecomposites. Furthermore, properties of ramie yarn in FW pipes have been focused on. It has been shown thatthe elastic modulus of FW pipes using ramie yarns is lower than that of angleplied laminates whilemechanical properties of FW pipes and angleplied laminates using glass or carbon fibre are comparable.
From experimental evidences, it has been found that waviness of the ramie yarns caused by their own large
diameter strongly affects the mechanical properties of the FW pipes, and that the ramie yarns do not exert
their properties adequately in the FW pipes.
Impact Damage Detection of FRP Laminates Based on Spectrum Analysis of Lamb Waves
Akihiro WADA, Shinya MOTOGI and Tomohiro YAMASAKI, Vol. 78, No. 790, pp. 879889 (2012)(in Japanese)A new technique using Lamb waves has been proposed to detect impact damages in FRP laminates
nondestructively. Conventional ultrasonic testing such as Cscan requires twodimensional scanning forwhole area inspection because the inspected area by one operation is relatively small. In this study, for quick
detection of a localized defect, spectrum analysis of Lamb waves is demonstrated. Instead of wave velocity
or attenuation, acoustoultrasonic parameters (AU parameters), which are based on the amplitude spectrumof the broadband signal, are introduced to improve the precision of the inspection. Among the several AU
parameters, A2 and A4/A3 parameters, which represent the centroid and the torsion of the spectral density
curve respectively, are found to be more useful to identify a localized defect in laminated composite plates. It
is also found that the inspection accuracy depends on the wave propagation direction reflecting to thescattering of higher frequency waves, and can be improved by use of burst waves.
Reduction of Extrusion Force in Equal Channel Angular Pressing
H. UENO,K. KAKIHATA, A. VINOGRADOV, Y. KANEKO and S. HASHIMOTO
 Vol.8, pp. 506513 (2011)(in Japanese)
The purpose of this study is to reduce the extrusion force in course of Equal Channel Angular Pressing(ECAP) by introducing a head shape of billet into the rectangular die channel and the selection of a suitablelubricant. It is found that a significant reduction of the start extrusion force is realized by applying the head
shape having an inclination by 45 degrees to the die path. Then we found that newly developed fluorinatedgrease in much more efficient to reduce the friction force between materials and die walls than the widelyused lithium grease with graphite and molybdenum disulfide. The reduction rate of the extrusion force in
ECAP is estimated to be 80% by the effects of head shape of billet and lubricant. Finally, it is reported, at the
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first time, that ECAP forming of SUS316L austenitic stainless steel has been realized at 150°C by the above
two improvements.
Fatigue Crack Growth and Related Microstructure Evolution in Ultrafine Grain Copper Processed by
ECAP
A. VINOGRADOV, T.KAWAGUCHI, Y.KANEKO and S.HASHIMOTO
 Vol. 53, pp.101108 (2012)
Fatigue crack growth tests were carried out using centrecracked tensile (CCT) specimens of ultrafine
grained (UFG) copper, aiming at clarifying microstructure evolution around the fatigue crack tip and at
better understanding of fatigue crack propagation mechanisms. The fatigue crack growth tests revealed that
UFG copper had the lowest threshold stress intensity factor range th. On the other hand, the crack growth
rates were almost identical among the UFG and conventional specimens tested at higher th regime. Fromthe microstructure observation after the fatigue crack growth test, significant grain growth was detected in
the intimate vicinity to the fracture surface in UFG copper. The size of the grown grains in the UFG copperincreased with increasing stress intensity factor range and with the size of the cyclic plastic zone.
Fabrication and Vickers Hardness of Electrodeposited NiCu Alloy with Composition Gradient
K.UEMORI and Y.KANEKO
, Vol.76, pp. 309313 (2012) (in Japanese)
A NiCu alloy film with high composition gradient was fabricated by electrodeposition technique. Because
the chemical composition of the electrodeposit depends on the applied electrochemical potential in solution
containing nickel and copper ions, we could grow the gradientcomposition NiCu alloy film by applying acontinuously variable potential wave. To obtain a relatively thick film on a substrate, the NiCu layers withhigh positive and negative gradients were stacked alternately during the electrodeposition. In Xraydiffraction analyses, the gradientcomposition film exhibited a very broad peak lying between Ni and Cu
peaks, although two diffraction peaks appeared in an electrodeposited Ni/Cu multilayer fabricated using a
rectangular potential wave. This broad Xray peak was consistent with the gradient composition. Vickers
hardness of the gradientcomposition film was higher than that of the Ni/Cu multilayer with 100 nm layer
thickness, by a factor of 1.8. The strength increment in the gradientcomposition film could be explained byhighdensity misfit dislocations which uniformly distributed in the film.
Acoustic Emission during Hydrogen Charging of a Pipeline SteelD.L MERSON, S.I. DEMENTIEV, A.V. IOFFE, P.V. SUVOROV and A.VINOGRADOV, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 16821687 (2011)
Acoustic emission (AE) during hydrogeninduced cracking (HIC) of lowcarbon pipeline steel immersed into
H2S containing media was investigated aiming at discriminating between damage mechanisms and getting abetter insight on the kinetics of damage. Two kinds of steel samples  sensitive and resistant to hydrogen
induced cracking  were tested. Three different kinds of acoustic emission signals were discriminated by acluster analysis involving either spectral shape recognition or parametric cmeans classifier. It isdemonstrated that AE is associated with three primary mechanisms involving hydrogen bubbles evolution,
sulfide film formation and fracture due to HIC. Hence, AE is shown to be very efficient for quantitativedescription of hydrogen induced damage accumulation in steels.
Enhanced Fatigue Properties of Nanostructured Austenitic 316L Stainless Steel
H.UENO, A.VINOGRADOV, K. KAKIHATA, Y.KANEKO and S.HASHIMOTO
Vol. 59, pp. 7060–7069 (2011)
The present communication reports on the substantial improvement in monotonic and cyclic strength ofaustenitic 316L stainless steel nanostructured during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The ultimate
tensile strength and the fatigue limit after ECAP exceed 1.3 GPa and 550 MPa, respectively, while theductility was not fully compromised. Microstructural observations showed that these excellent mechanicalproperties can be attributed to the nanostructure created due to intensive twinning, with an intertwin spacingof 30–40 nm.
Probing ShearBand Initiation in Metallic Glasses
D. KLAUMÜNZER, A. LAZAREV, R. MAAß, F.H. DALLA TORRE, A. VINOGRADOV and J.F.
LÖFFLER Vol. 107, pp. 185502 (2011)
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In situ acoustic emission monitoring is shown to capture the initiation of shear bands in metallic glasses. A
model picture is inferred from stickslip flow in granular media such that the origin of acoustic emission is
attributed to a mechanism of structural dilatation. By employing a quantitative approach, the critical volume
change associated with shearband initiation in a metallic glass is estimated to be a few percent only. This
result agrees with typical values of excess free volume found in the supercooled liquid regime near the glasstransition temperature.
The Control of Texture to Improve HighCyclic Fatigue Performance in Copper after EqualChannel
Angular Pressing
D. ORLOV and A. VINOGRADOV Vol. 530, pp. 174–182 (2011)
Highcyclic fatigue life in ultrafine grained materials fabricated by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)
suffers from a specific shear texture induced during the fabrication as has been demonstrated in the present
study on the example of pure copper. This texture promotes orientation of the easy glide crystallographic
planes to be aligned parallel to the shear plane in ECAP. If specimens for the following fatigue tests are cut
parallel to the pressing direction, the alignment of the easy glide crystallographic planes deteriorates thefatigue performance. It is demonstrated that the deteriorative effect can be alleviated through the controlled
degradation of the texture. This goal can be achieved through (i) a consecutive ECAP processing up toequivalent strains of more than ε≥8 requiring eight and more passes, or (ii) a pureshear based postECAP
processing to the equivalent strains as low as ε = 0.22. The second route is thought to be most effective inpractical applications where improved fatigue performance is of concern.
On the Strain Rate Dependence of Acoustic Emission During HydrogenAssisted Cracking of High
Carbon SteelE. D. MERSON, D.L. MERSON, M.M. KRISHTAL and A. VINOGRADOV, Vol. 29, pp. 210219 (2011)
The classic problem of hydrogenassisted cracking (HAC) is revisited in the present work aiming at
clarification of damage mechanisms leading to failure of hydrogen charged highcarbon steels under load.
Plastic deformation and hydrogenassisted intergranular and transgranular fracture have been clearly
distinguished by acoustic emission (AE) at different strain rates. AE features corresponding to these majormechanisms are discussed.
Dominant Role of Dislocation Hardening in Monotonic and Cyclic Strength of Severely PlasticallyDeformed Metals
A. VINOGRADOV, M. MARUYAMA,Y. KANEKO and S. HASHIMOTO
, Vol. 92, pp.666–689 (2012)
The present study aims at clarifying the role of dislocation strengthening in fatigue of materials
manufactured by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques. Employment of single crystals hardened via
equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) helps to minimise or completely eliminate the effect of high angle
boundaries on strengthening and fatigue behaviour. Both monotonic strength and high cycle fatigue (HCF)
resistance were improved significantly after the first ECAP pressing, when lowangle dislocation
configurations dominate in the microstructure. The essential role of dislocation accumulation during severeplastic deformation is highlighted for both tensile and fatigue strength (SPD). Dilute alloying of copper bysilver stabilises the deformation microstructure and further
improves the fatigue properties considerably.
Continuous Acoustic Emission during Intermittent Plastic Flow in αBrass
A. VINOGRADOV and A. LAZAREV, Vol. 66, pp.745–748 (2012)
The Portevin–Le Chatelier effect which is usually associated with discontinuities in plastic flow has beenstudied in abrass using an acoustic emission (AE) technique. It is found that intermittent plastic flow in thehighstrainrate regime corresponding to Atype serrations on the stress–strain diagram is accompanied by acontinuous AE signal reflecting a smooth dynamics of emitting sources. No individual transient AE signals,
which could be associated with rapid dislocation avalanches, have been resolved at different timescales.
Evolution of Fractal Structures in Dislocation Ensembles during Plastic Deformation
A. VINOGRADOV, I. S. YASNIKOV and Y. ESTRIN
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 Vol. 108, pp.205504 (2012)
Based on the irreversible thermodynamics approach to dislocation plasticity of metals, a simple descriptionof the dislocation density evolution and strain hardening was suggested. An analytical expression for thefractal dimension (FD) of a cellular (or tangled) dislocation structure evolving in the course of plastic
deformation was obtained on the basis of the dislocation model proposed. This makes it possible to trace thevariation of FD of the dislocation cell structure with strain by just measuring the macroscopic stressstrain
curve. The FD behavior predicted in this way showed good agreement with the experimentally measured FD
evolution at different stages of deformation of a Ni single crystal and a Cu polycrystal. One new result
following from the present model is that the FD of the bulk dislocation structure in a deforming metal peaks
at a certain strain close to the onset of necking. The significance of fractal analysis as an informative index tofollow the spatial evolution of dislocation structures approaching the critical state is highlighted.
Effect of Strain Rate on Acoustic Emission During Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in High Carbon Steel
E.D. MERSON, M.M. KRISHTAL, D.L. MERSON, A.A. EREMICHEV and A. VINOGRADOV, Vol. 550, pp.408417 (2012)
Hydrogen charging of a high carbon spring steel exerts a profound effect on the ductility and damage
accumulation during threepointbending testing. Since the acoustic emission (AE) technique reflects
perhaps in the best way microfracturing dynamics, it is found particularly useful for realtime capturing ofhydrogen assisted cracking and overall in situ tracing of damage evolution during deformation. In the present
work the propensity for hydrogen assisted cracking, its mechanisms and strain rate dependence areinvestigated using integral characterization of AE paired with microstructure investigations. Analysis ofexperimental data suggests that two competitive mechanisms operate during threepoint bending deformationof the high carbon steel: (i) highly localized plastic deformation and (ii) brittle intercrystalline andtranscrystalline cracking promoted by hydrogen influence. The synergistic interplay between these two
mechanisms is discussed.
Improvement of Fatigue Strength of a Mg–Zn–Zr Alloy by Integrated Extrusion and Equal Channel
Angular Pressing
A. VINOGRADOV, D. ORLOV and Y. ESTRIN Vol. 67, pp.209212 (2012)
Fatigue performance under axisymmetric push–pull loading of a magnesium alloy Mg–6Zn–0.5Zr (ZK60)
after processing by integrated extrusion and equalchannel angular pressing was investigated. Suchprocessing was shown to nearly treble the endurance limit of the alloy, raising it to 160 MPa. It wasestablished that the highcycle fatigue performance of ZK60 is primarily controlled by dislocation
substructure, grain size and crystal orientation, rather than the presence of intermetallic particles.
A New Method For AE Signal Processing: “Virtual Sensor” Technique
S.LAZAREV, A. LAZAREV, F.PLETENEV and A.VINOGRADOV, Beijing, China, 2011, pp.210215 (2011)
A new method of signal recognition is proposed upon the assumption that the AE signal is created by ahighly correlated source within a solid body. It therefore should have a more stable phase than an arbitrary
noise at the same frequency. Hence, in contrast to the Fourier transform, the proposed “resonance” methodattempts to emphasize the phase of the signal.
Continuous Acoustic Emission During Intermittent Plastic Flow of aBrass
A.LAZAREV, R.TAKEDA and A.VINOGRADOV, Beijing, China, 2011 pp.179184 (2011)
The longstanding problem of AE during plastic deformation in materials is revisited with new experimental
capabilities provided by broadband threshold less AE data streaming with high acquisition rate followed bydetailed spectral and statistical analysis of waveforms. No apparent evidence for the presence of dislocation
avalanches or any related steep changes in the behaviour of dislocation ensembles is found.
Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation and Acoustic Emission in ZK60 Mg Alloy
A.VINOGRADOV, A. DANYUK and E.POMPONI, Granada, Spain 1215 Sept. 2012 (CD edition)(2012)
Since most of wrought magnesium alloys, including ZK60, are relatively new, understanding of theirmechanical behaviour is still vague. One of the main challenges in designing Mg alloys is the improvement
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of their ductility, which relies heavily on clear understanding of the synergistic interplay between two
primary deformation mechanisms – dislocation glide and twinning. The present study is aimed atclarification of the role of both mechanisms operating in Mg alloys using the acoustic emission (AE)technique. The Fourier spectral analysis paired with the novel signal categorization technique has beenutilized in the present work for this purpose. The stages of deformation are discussed in view of theinteraction between main underlying mechanisms.
Realtime Acoustic Emission Classification: New Evolutionary Approach
E. POMPONI and A.VINOGRADOV, Granada, Spain 1215 Sept. 2012 (CD edition)（2012）
Since most of wrought magnesium alloys, including ZK60, are relatively new, understanding of theirmechanical behaviour is still vague. One of the main challenges in designing Mg alloys is the improvementof their ductility, which relies heavily on clear understanding of the synergistic interplay between two
primary deformation mechanisms – dislocation glide and twinning. The present study is aimed atclarification of the role of both mechanisms operating in Mg alloys using the acoustic emission (AE)technique. The Fourier spectral analysis paired with the novel signal categorization technique has beenutilized in the present work for this purpose. The stages of deformation are discussed in view of theinteraction between main underlying mechanisms.
Formation of the Microstructure of TiO2 Film Through Anodic Oxidation of Titanium
Y. YOKOGAWA, T. YASUKI, T. HIROTOMI, A. NAKAMURA and I. KISHIDA, Vol. 18, pp. 182003 (2011)
Recent titanium oxide nanotube arrays have attracted attention for their applications. Titanium oxide
nanotubes were prepared under potentiostat conditions (10  60 V) for various times (1 min  3 hr). SEM
observations revealed that the pore sizes of the nanotubes have a tendency to increase with an increase in theapplied potential in the NH4FglycerolH2O electrolyte. Some corrosive pores were observed on the surfaceof titanium substrate at 40 V for 1 minute at 40ºC. The pores covered the surface of the titanium substrate
after 10 minutes, and some small pores were observed in the inner part of the pores, which should
correspond to the combining of some small adjacent pores into a large one. The combining of the tubes wereobserved after 2 h and 3 h anodization times, and the nanotube arrays seem to be formed upward from theSEM sideviews. The photocatalytic activity of the titanium oxide nanotubes was evaluated according to the
JIS standard (JIS R 17032). The R factor of the titanium oxide nanotube arrays formed at 40 V and 40 ºC fora 3h the anodization time was 9.71 n mol/l·min, which was twice that of the titanium oxide thin film
obtained by the rfsputtering method.
Synthesis of Microporous Materials and Their VSC Adsorption Properties,
Y.YOKOGAWA, H. MORIKAWA, M. SAKANISHI, H. UTAKA, A. NAKAMURA and I. KISHIDA, Vol. 18, pp. 192011 (2011)
Oral malodor is caused by volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl
mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide produced in mouth. VSC induces permeability of mucous membrane andoral malodor formation. Thus, the adsorbent which highly adsorbs VSC should be useful for health in mouthand may prevent teeth from decaying. The microporous material, hydrotalcite, was synthesized by a wet
method, and the H2S adsorption was studied. The samples, identified by powder Xray diffraction method,were put into glass flask filled with H2S gas. The initial concentration of H2S was 30 ppm. The change inconcentrations of H2S was measured at rt, and the amount of H2S absorbed on the hydrotalcite for 24 h was
300 micro L/g. The samples were taken out from the above glass flask and put into a pyrolysis plant attachedto gas chromatographymass spectrometry to determine the amount of H2S desorbed from samples. Only 3 %of H2S was desorbed when heated at 500 ºC. H2S in water was also found to adsorb into hydrotalcite, which
was confirmed by the headspace gas chromatography with flame photometric detector. The hydrotalcite
material should be expected to be an adsorbent material, useful for health in mouth.
TEM Observation of Biomolecules on/in Mesoporous SBA15
Yoshiyuki YOKOGAWA, Akira SAITO, Naoki OGAWA, Atsutomo NAKAMURA and Ippei KISHIDAVol. 493494, pp. 728731 (2012)
The encapsulation and immobilization of biomolecules on/in mesoporous silica materials (MPS) have beenstudied by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)
and the triblock copolymer as a template was stirred, hydrothermally treated to form the mesoporous
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SBA15 structure, and heattreated at 550 ºC. SEM observation indicated that long and narrow particles werelinked together in the long axis direction to form secondary particles of SBA15. UVspectrometry was
performed to determine the amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome C, myoglobin orβlactoglobulin encapsulated on/in SBA15. The time profiles for adsorption of proteins can be welldescribed by intraparticle diffusion model. The TEM observations of proteins on/in mesoporous SBA15
revealed that proteins were embedded on/in mesoporous SBA15 and the protein behaviors given by TEM
observations may correspond to the intraparticle diffusion model.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Embedded Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics
Ereath Beeran ANSAR, Manmadhan AJEESH, Yoshiyuki YOKOGAWA, Wilfried WUNDERLICH andHarikrishna VARMA, Vol. 95, No. 9, pp. 2695–2699 (2012)
A homogeneous dispersion of nano iron oxide (IO) crystallites inside the hydroxyapatite (HA) particles wasachieved by a coprecipitation method. This highly stable colloidal dispersion of magnetic nano composite(HAIO) was made without the use of any surfactants. The   generated dispersion of the composite
powders showed submicron HA particles with ~5 nm iron oxide inside. The phase analysis results showed
the presence of hydroxyapatite (HA) and iron oxide with no tertiary phase. The enhancement of relative peakintensities with increased percentage of iron oxide phase in Xray diffraction analysis suggests the formationof iron oxide together with HA without affecting the phase purity of the latter, which is important when the
biological behavior of HA is concerned. This also confirms the quantitative nature of the precipitatednanocomposites. The High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) of the composite shows
elongated crystal flakes or platelike surfaces of HA crystallites having particle sizes in the range 70–100 nm.
HRTEM with XRD analysis matches HAIO only with iron oxide particles of Magnetite (Fe3O4) and HAphases. The FTIR data confirm that the introduction of iron oxide did not produce any considerable change
in the chemical structure of HA.
Fabrication of Porous Hydroxyapatite Ceramic Scaffolds with High Flexural Strength Through the
Double SlipCasting Method Using Fine Powders
Yin ZHANG, Deshuang KONG, Yoshiyuki YOKOGAWA, Xia FENG, Yaqiu TAO and Tai QIU., Vol. 95, No. 1, pp.147–152(2012)
A new technique of twice combining the slipcasting and polymer sponge methods using a slip with different
viscosity is introduced in the study to prepare bimodal pore size hydroxyapatite scaffolds, which provides abetter control over the microstructures of scaffolds and enhances their mechanical properties. With thetechnique, we were able to produce scaffolds with mechanical and structural properties that cannot be
attained by either the polymer sponge or slipcasting methods alone, or by the polymer sponge andslipcasting once method.
The flexural strength of porous ceramics scaffolds should depend on porous framework. In this study, a new
approach combining the twice slipcasting and polymer sponge methods to fabricate porous HAp scaffolds
was developed that has the combined advantages of both the methods. A flexural strength of 73.3 MPa forthe scaffold with porosity of 52.5% was developed. The resultant bimodal porous HAp ceramics scaffolds
should show very high flexural strength. This study shows that the bimodal pore structure of an HAp
scaffolds obtained could be potentially suitable for applications as a biomedical bone replacement material.
VSC Adsorptive Properties into Ion Exchanged Zeolite Materials in Gaseous and Aqueous Medium
Y. YOKOGAWA, M. SAKANISHI, N. MORIKAWA, A.NAKAMURA, I. KISHIDA and H.K.VARMA, Vol. 36, pp.158172 (2012)
The microporous materials, zeolite, were synthesized and the H2S adsorption into miciroporous material wasstudied. Zeolite has three dimensional framework structure in which SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedrons are bonded,
and generally contains alkali metal or alkaliearth metal atoms as univalent or bivalent cations. Theseelectrostatic effect results in the surface potential of zeolite materials, and may influence the adsorptive
properties. Two kinds of zeolite materials, LTA (Zeolite A) and MFI (ZSM5), which have different Si/Al
ratios, were synthesized by a wet method. Some starting materials were dissolved in water, and the mixture
was heated, filtered, washed, and dried. The Agdoped zeolite materials were prepared as follows. The
sample was put into 2M silver nitrate solution and stirred. The obtained specimen was filtered and washedwith water, then dried at 90°C for 24 hrs. The samples, identified by powder Xray diffraction method, were
put into a 5 L glass flask filled with H2S gas. The initial concentration of H2S was 30 ppm. When 0.02 g of
LTA was applied, the concentration of H2S fell to 84% for first 2 hours, and was decreased with time. The
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equilibrium did not seem to reach even for 24 hours. The amount of LTA was increased to be 0.2 g, and thenthe concentration of H2S was decreased to be less than 20 % for 24 hrs. In case of Agdoped LTA, theconcentration of H2S dropped to be 24 % for 2 hrs and to be almost 0 % for 4 hrs. The exchanges of alkali
metal or alkaliearth metal atoms to univalent or bivalent metal ions zeolite material remarkably improves
the H2S reduction. The amount of adsorbed H2S onto LTA was larger that onto MFI. The difference in theamount of adsorbed H2S between two types of zeolites can be explained by the surface potential. Polarity ofzeolites depends on their Si/Al ratio. XRD patterns of the LTA and H2S adsorbed LTA specimens seem to bealmost identical, and the peaks corresponding to Ag2S was not observed. So sulfur may be included in zeolite
structure. The XRD analysis should be investigated in great detail for further study. H2S in aqueous medium
was also found to adsorb into microporous material, which was confirmed by the headspace gas
chromatography with flame photometric detector. The microporous material should be expected to be anadsorbent material, useful for health in mouth.
Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Studies of Zinc and Carbonate CoSubstituted
Nanohydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications
G. Suresh KUMAR, A. THAMIZHAVEL, Y. YOKOGAWA, S. Narayana KALKURA and E.K. GIRIJA Vol. 134, No. 2–3, pp.1127–1135 (2012)
Ionic substitutions have been proposed as a tool to improve the properties of hydroxyapatite (HA). Zinc andcarbonate cosubstituted HA have been synthesized by precipitation method and characterized by XRD,FTIR, XRF, FESEM and TEM. Comparative studies were carried out with HA, zinc substituted HA andcarbonate substituted HA. Zinc substituted HA exhibited less dissolution and apatite forming ability but
more decomposition into TCP at 1400 °C when compared with carbonate substituted HA. When zinc iscosubstituted with carbonate it exerted a control over the apatite forming ability of HA which was found tolie in between the individual substituted samples without compromising the dissolution behavior of CHA.
Also, decomposition was reduced to a greater extent. Hence tailoring the properties of HA to the desired
extent can be achieved by simultaneous substitution of zinc and carbonate.
Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite Calcite Nanocomposite
E.K. GIRIJA, G. Suresh KUMAR, A. THAMIZHAVEL, Y. YOKOGAWA, S. Narayana KALKURA and R.
NARAYAN Vol. 32,
pp.311, John Wiley & Sons, USA (2011)
Hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcite are known natural biomineral. HA is known to be bioactive andbioresobable but the rates are too low. On the other hand, calcite is highly biodegradable. The comibinationof HA and CaCO3 can compromise the demerits of each other. Here a method is presented for thesimultaneous synthesis of HA and calcite employing solgel process. The product obtained was ananocomposite with enhance bioactivity and elastic constants and fracture toughness similar to that of HA.
The VSC Adsorption on Hydrotalcite Through Topochemical Reactions
Yoshiyuki YOKOGAWA, Yutaro YAGI, Hroya SANO, Atsutomo NAKAMURA and Ippei KISHIDA, Vol. 529530, pp 650653 (2013)
Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide
produced in mouth. Some oral (Gramnegative) bacteria produce VSCs, which induces permeability of
mucous membrane, cause the oral malordor, dental caries, color change of the dental fillings. Thus, material
which adsorbs VSCs should be useful to keep health in mouth. Previously, we reported the H2S adsorptive
properties of zeolite and hydrotalcite materials having micro pores. The amount of H2S adsorbed on thezeolite or hydrotalcite at room temperature was found to be around 300400 ppm, and 3 % of H2S wasdesorbed when heated at 400 ºC. The hydrotalcite, whose compositon is Mg1xAlx(OH)2Ax/n·mH2O, where
A is CO32, and x is 0.25, was heattreated at 500 ºC, and put into aqueous solution containing H2S. In thisstudy, the relation between heattreatment temperature and the sulfide adsorption on hydrotalcite in aqueous
solution was investigated. The hydrotalcite materials were hydrothermally synthesized and identified bypowder Xray diffraction method. The change in concentrations of H2S in aqueous solution was measured
using FPD gas chromatography (GC). The concentrations of H2S was decreased with time for thehydrotalcite heated at 500 ºC or 600 ºC, and fell to 20 % for 12 hours. But, the concentration was decreased
by 40% for 12 hours for the hydrotalcite materials heated at higher temperature. XRD and FTIR analysis
revealed that the sulfides were into or out of the hydrotalcite structure through topochemical reactions.

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


             

           





             
                



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


                                
                              
                
               


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




SU8 ridgewaveguide with holographic grating embedded in nanoimprinted groove,
Tahito AIDA, Takao TOKUHARA, Shusuke ASAHI, Hiroya MATSUKAWA, Hiroshi KUMAGAI
Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 98, pp.258261, (2012).
Fabrication of SU8 slab and ridgewaveguides with holographic grating for DFB laser, effectively utilizing
nanoimprint technology (NIL), is presented. Rhodamine6Gdoped SU8 slab and ridgewaveguides were em
bedded in grooves defined by NIL in UV curable resin. Utilization of NIL made it easier to form such a three
dimensional micro structure consisting of ridge stripe and fine corrugation grating. TEpolarized 587 nm laser
and TEpolarized 594 nm light emissions were observed from the slab and ridgewaveguides, respectively,
when the waveguides were irradiated by 532 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser.
Floating threedimensional display with 360degree viewing angle
D. MIYAZAKI, N. AKASAKA, K. OKODA, Y. MAEDA, and T. MUKAI
Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXIII, Proc. Soc. PhotoOpt. Instrum. Eng.,, Vol. 8288, pp. 82881H–1
82881H–6 (2012).
The aim of this research is to develop a fullparallax autostereoscopic display system, which can generate afloating threedimensional (3D) image viewable from a surrounding area. A 3D display method based on the
combination of integral imaging, 360degree scanning with a rotating mirror, and imaging in the air with a con
cave mirror is proposed. A scanning system is composed of a hemisphere concave mirror and a mirror scanner,which is located around the center of the concave mirror. By putting an image generated by an integral imaging
system into the scanning system, a floating stereoscopic image can be formed around the center of the concave
mirror. When the mirror scanner rotates and the image on the integral imaging system is switched in accordancewith mirror angle, each directional image can be observed from each viewing angle. The feasibility of the pro
posed method was examined by preliminary experiments. The abilities of generation of a floating fullparallax
image and a floating autostereoscopic image with 360degree viewing angle are demonstrated.
Volumetric threedimensional display based on scanning by an optical real image
D. MIYAZAKI
The First KoreaJapan Workshop on Digital Holography and Information Photonics, DHIP 2011, pp. 6162(2011). 
The volumetric display can form a true threedimensional (3D) image, whose pixels are distributed in a 3Dspace. Volumetric display methods have been proposed to form a floating 3D images from a twodimensional(2D) real image moved quickly with an optical scanner for scanning a 3D space. Demonstrations of volumetricdisplay systems for verifying the proposed method are described. Concave mirrors or a micromirror array de
vice are used as imaging optical elements, and a digital micromirror device (DMD) is used as a 2D spatial light
modulator with a high frame rate. In order to form a volumetric image, the DMD displays a few hundreds ofcrosssectional images of a 3D object, while the real image is moved with a mirror scanner.

Improvement of confocal threedimensional measurement with an inclined plane using a dynamic lightsource with a digital micromirror device
K. SUE, D. MIYAZAKI, T. MUKAIThe First KoreaJapan Workshop on Digital Holography and Information Photonics, DHIP 2011, pp. 9394(2011). 
The confocal system with an inclined plane can measure threedimensional profile of an object surface at higher
speed than conventional systems. However a pitch of the pinholearray fixes its measurement resolution of thedirection which is vertical to both the optical axis and a scanning direction. It is difficult to improve the direc

−51−

tional resolution, because the pitch of the pinholes need to keep off crosstalk. In this study we use a digital mi
cromirror device (DMD) in place of pinholearray. To change the distribution of sampling points dynamically.
We propose the algorithm to arrange the pattern of DMD for effective mesurement using the information that is
acquired in advance.
Volumetric display using a rotating prism sheet and two concave mirrors
Y. MAEDA, D. MIYAZAKI, T. MUKAIThe First KoreaJapan Workshop on Digital Holography and Information Photonics, DHIP 2011, pp. 9192(2011). 
We developed a volumetric display using a rotating prism sheet for scanning an image plane. Rays of a two di
mensional image displayed on a screen are collimated by a first concave mirror and scanned by the rotating
prism sheet. The rays are formed as a real image plane by a second concave mirror. Accumulation of the image
planes forms a volumetric image in midair. The size of the image was approximately 6 × 6 × 6 cubic centimeters.
Threedimensional display based on volume scanning with a floating real image
D. MIYAZAKI
The 12th International Meeting on Information Display, IMID 2012, 591 (2012).
Threedimensional (3D) display technologies based on 3D scanning with an optical real image are described. A
volumetric display generates a 3D image consisting voxels distributed in the air. Optical imaging devices, suchas a concave mirror and a micromirror array device, are used to form a real image. A mirror scanner and a ro
tating prism sheet are examined for 3D scanning. In addition, a display system, which can generate a floating 3
D image viewable from a surrounding area, is described. This display system utilizes integral imaging, scanningwith a rotating mirror, and imaging in the air with a concave mirror.

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
FrequencyTunable Terahertz Electromagnetic Wave Emitters Based on Undoped GaAs/Type GaAs
Epitaxial Layer Structures Utilizing SubPicosecondRange CarrierTransport Processes
H. TAKEUCHI, J. YANAGISAWA, S. TSURUTA, H. YAMADA, M. HATA, and M. NAKAYAMA
J. Lumin., Vol. 131, pp. 531–534 (2011).
We have investigated subpicosecondrange carriertransport processes in undoped GaAs/ntype GaAs (iGaAs/nGaAs) epitaxial layer structures with various iGaAslayer thicknesses d ranging from 200 to 2000 nm,
focusing on the relation between carriertransport processes and terahertz electromagnetic wave frequency. Initially, using numerical simulation and photoreflectance measurement, we confirm that a decrease in d enhances
the builtin electric field in the iGaAs layer. In the timedomain terahertz waveform, it is observed that the in
tense monocycle oscillation induced by the surge current of photogenerated carriers, the socalled first burst, isfollowed by the oscillation patterns originating from the coherent GaAs longitudinal optical (LO) phonon. From
the Fourier power spectra of the terahertz waveforms, it is clarified that the decrease in d causes a high frequency
shift of the band of the first burst. Consequently, we conclude that, in the subpicosecond time range, the photo
generated carriers are monotonously accelerated by the builtin electric field without being affected by interval
ley scattering. The present conclusion signifies that the frequencytunable terahertz emitters are realized by con
trolling iGaAslayer thickness. We also find the intensity of the coherent LO phonon band is enhanced by a de
crease in d.
DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.09.022
Detection of a Coherent Longitudinal Optical Phonon in a GaAs Buffer Layer Optically Covered with a
GaSb Top Epitaxial Layer Using Terahertz Spectroscopy
H. TAKEUCHI, S. TSURUTA, and M. NAKAYAMAAIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 1416, pp. 84–87 (2011).
We demonstrate that, in a GaSb/GaAs epitaxial structure, the coherent longitudinal optical (LO) phonon in the
GaAs layer optically covered with the GaSb top layer is observed utilizing terahertz spectroscopy. In the terahertzwave measurement, the Fourier power spectrum of the terahertz waveform exhibits both the GaAs andthe GaSb LO phonons; namely, the coherent LO phonon in the optically covered GaAs buffer layer is observedin the terahertzwave measurement. This fact demonstrates that the instantaneous surface potential modulation
originating from the impulsive carrier excitation by the pump pulses reaches the GaAs buffer layer. This surface
potential modulation generates the coherent GaAs LO phonon.
DOI:10.1016/1.3671704
Electric Field Effects on Reduced Effective Masses of Minibands at the MiniBrillouinZone Center andEdge in a GaAs/AlAs Superlattice
M. NAKAYAMA and T. KAWABATA
J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 111, 053523 (4 pages) (2012).
We have investigated the electricfieldstrength dependence of the reduced effective masses of the minibands in
a GaAs/AlAs superlattice embedded in a pin diode structure with use of electroreflectance spectroscopy.
FrantzKeldysh (FK) oscillations are observed in the energy region between the n=1 heavy hole to electron tran
sition at the miniBrillouinzone center (kz=0: Γ point) and that at the edge (kz=π/D: π point), where D is the su
perlattice period. Analyzing the FK oscillations, we evaluate the reduced effective masses at the Γ and π points
as a function of electric field strength. The evaluated reduced effective masses are consistent with the values es
timated from the calculated miniband dispersion relations in a low electric field regime. It is found that the re
duced effective masses tend to be heavier at a given electric field strength. Considering the electricfieldstrength
dependence of eigenstates calculated using a transfermatrix method, we conclude that an increase of the reduced
effective masses originates from weak localization of the electron envelope function in the transformation process from the miniband to Starkladder states in WannierStark localization.
DOI: 10.1063/1.3692051−53−FrequencyTunable Quantum Beats under a Franz–Keldysh Oscillation Condition in a GaAs/AlGa1AsSuperlattice
T. HASEGAWA, Y. TAKAGI, and M. NAKAYAMA
Appl. Phys. Express, Vol. 5, 041202 (3 pages) (2012).
We have investigated quantum beats (QBs) related to miniband states under a Franz–Keldysh oscillation condi
tion in a GaAs/Al0.1Ga0.9As superlattice. Franz–Keldysh oscillations, which correspond to electricfieldinduced
oscillations of optical transition energies in a miniband regime, were clearly detected by electroreflectance spec
troscopy. The frequency of the QB changes markedly with an increase in the electric field strength. This fre
quency change corresponds to the difference between the energy of the n=1 heavyhole exciton and that of theFranz–Keldysh oscillation, depending on the electric field strength. The frequency tunability of this QB is quite
different from that of a Bloch oscillation.
DOI: 10.1143/APEX.5.041202
Ultrafast Optical Response Originating from CarrierTransport Processes in Undoped GaAs/Type
GaAs Epitaxial Structures
T. HASEGAWA, Y. TAKAGI, H. TAKEUCHI, H. YAMADA, M. HATA, and M. NAKAYAMA
Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 100, 211902 (4 pages) (2012).
We have investigated ultrafast optical responses of undoped GaAs/ntype GaAs (iGaAs/nGaAs) epitaxial structures at room temperature using a reflectiontype pumpprobe technique. The builtin electric field in the iGaAs
layer is controlled by its thickness. It is found that the decay time of a photoexcitationinduced reflectivity
change in a subpicosecond range decreases with an increase in the builtin electric field strength. The observed
optical response is related to the transport process of photogenerated carriers from the iGaAs layer to the n
GaAs layer. The shortest response time about 60 fs demonstrates that the iGaAs/nGaAs structure is useful for
ultrafast optical applications.
DOI: 10.1063/1.4720157
Intense Monochromatic Terahertz Electromagnetic Waves from Coherent GaAslike Longitudinal Opti
cal Phonons in (11)oriented GaAs/In0.1Al0.9As Strained Multiple Quantum Wells
H. TAKEUCHI, S. ASAI, S. TSURUTA, and M. NAKAYAMA
Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 100, 242107 (4 pages) (2012).
We demonstrate that, in (11n)oriented GaAs/In0.1Al0.9As strained multiple quantum wells, the terahertz electro
magnetic wave from the coherent GaAslike longitudinal optical (LO) phonon is enhanced by a piezoelectricfield originating from a tensile strain in the GaAs layer. The presence of the tensile strain is confirmed using
Raman scattering spectroscopy. The Fourier power spectrum of the terahertz waveform shows that the intensityof the terahertz band of the coherent GaAslike LO phonon increases as the index n approaches 1. The amplitudeof the GaAslike LO phonon is proportional to the piezoelectric field in the strained GaAs layer.
DOI: 10.1063/1.4729125
Quantum Beats of TypeI and TypeII Excitons in an InGa1−As/GaAs Strained Single Quantum Well
O. KOJIMA, K. MIZOGUCHI, and M. NAKAYAMA
J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 112, 043522 (4 pages) (2012).
We have investigated the quantum beat of the typeI heavyhole (HH) and the typeII lighthole (LH) excitons in
an In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs strained single quantum well (SQW) using a reflectiontype pumpprobe technique. The
typeII LH exciton consists of the electron and LH located in the In0.15Ga0.85As and GaAs layers, respectively.
The energies of the typeI and the typeII excitons were evaluated with photoreflectance spectroscopy. The exci
ton states were calculated based on a variational method. The timedomain signals clearly show the oscillatory
structure with the period corresponding to the splitting energy of the HH and the LH excitons. From the pumpenergy dependence of the Fourier transform spectrum and intensity, it is concluded that the oscillation originatesfrom the quantum beat of the typeI HH and the typeII LH excitons.
DOI: 10.1063/1.4748339−54−

Control of Rabi Splitting Energies in CuCl Microcavities with HfO2/SiO2 Distributed Bragg Reflectors
M. NAKAYAMA, K. MIYAZAKI, T. KAWASE, and D. KIM
Physics Procedia, Vol. 29, pp. 611 (2012).
The excitonphoton interaction in CuCl microcavities with HfO2/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflectors has been in
vestigated from the viewpoint of the activelayerthickness dependence of the interaction energy, the socalledvacuum Rabi splitting energy. The active layer thickness was changed from λ/32 to λ/5, where λ corresponds toan effective resonant wavelength of the lowestlying Z3 exciton. We performed angleresolved reflectance measurements, and clearly detected three cavitypolariton modes originating from the lower, middle, and upper polariton branches in a strong coupling regime of the Z3 and Z1,2 excitons, and cavity photon. The incidenceangle
dependence of the cavitypolariton energies was analyzed with a phenomenological Hamiltonian for the strong
coupling. The vacuum Rabi splitting energies are systematically controlled from 22 (37) to 68 (122) meV for theZ3 (Z1,2) exciton with an increase in the active layer thickness. The activelayerthickness dependence of the Rabi
splitting energy is quantitatively explained using a simple model for quantumwell microcavities.
DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.68
Time Evolution of Terahertz Electromagnetic Waves from Undoped GaAs/type GaAs Epitaxial Layer
Structures Clarified with Use of a TimePartitioning Fourier Transform Method
H. TAKEUCHI, S. TSURUTA, H. YAMADA, M. HATA, and M. NAKAYAMA
Physics Procedia, Vol. 29, pp. 3035 (2012).
We have investigated the time evolution of terahertz electromagnetic waves caused by the surge current of pho
togenerated carriers, the socalled first burst, in two iGaAs/nGaAs epitaxial layer structures with different i
GaAs layer thicknesses of 500 and 1200 nm. The terahertz waveform of the first burst shows a narrowing with adecrease in the thickness of the iGaAs layer. In accordance with the above phenomena, it is observed in the
Fourier power spectra that the band of the first burst shows a high frequency shift with a decrease in the iGaAs
layer thickness. We elucidate the origin of the high frequency shift, focusing on the timedomain dynamics ofthe photogenerated carriers: we apply the timepartitioning Fourier transform, which is useful to investigate thetime evolution of the frequency. From the timepartitioning Fourier power spectra, we obtain the evidence thatthe acceleration after the carrier generation dominates the time evolution of the frequency component leading to
the high frequency shift.
DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.687
Exciton Polaritons in a CuBr Microcavity with HfO2/SiO2 Distributed Bragg Reflectors
M. NAKAYAMA, Y. KANATANI, T. KAWASE, and D. KIM
Phys Rev. B, Vol. 85, 205320 (5 pages) (2012).
We have investigated the characteristics of excitonphoton strong coupling in a CuBr bulk microcavity that consists of a CuBr active layer with an effective thickness of λ/2 and HfO2/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflectors: λ cor
responds to an effective resonant wavelength of the lowestlying exciton. The CuBr crystal has three excitonslabeled Zf, Z1,2 and Z3 at the Γ point, where the Zf exciton originates from a triplet state, which is peculiar to
CuBr. Angleresolved reflectance spectra measured at 10 K demonstrate the strong coupling behavior of the Zf,
Z1,2 and Z3 excitons and cavity photon, resulting in the formation of four cavitypolariton branches. Analyzing
the cavitypolariton dispersion relations based on a phenomenological Hamiltonian for the strong coupling, we
evaluated the vacuum Rabisplitting energies of the Zf, Z1,2 and Z3 excitons to be 31, 108, and 84 meV, respectively. These Rabisplitting energies reflect the magnitudes of the oscillator strengths of the relevant excitons.
Furthermore, we precisely measured angleresolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the lower polariton
branch under a weak excitation condition. In the bottleneck region, the population of the cavity polaritons is negligible, and the PL intensity at k=0 is the highest. These facts suggest that the relaxation process of the cavity
polaritons is not affected by a bottleneck effect.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205320−55−

Photoluminescence Properties of SelfAssembled Monolayers of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots
H. YOKOTA, K. OKAZAKI, K. SHIMURA, M. NAKAYAMA, and D. KIM
J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 116,pp. 54565459 (2012).
The photoluminescence (PL) properties of selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum
dots (QDs) were investigated. From measurements of the temperature dependence of PL spectra, it is demon
strated that the thiol group, which is a constituent of the reagent for formation of the SAM, degrades the PL
properties during the SAM formation process. With an additional dipping treatment in a Cd(ClO4)2 aqueous solution with pH = 10, the bandedge PL intensity is increased remarkably. The improvement of PL properties is
attributed to QD surface modification with a Cd(OH)2 layer. On the other hand, the defectrelated PL band is notobserved at all, even at 10 K, in the SAMs of CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs. This fact indicates that the ZnS shelllayer prevents degradation of the PL properties during the SAM process.
ActiveLayerThickness Dependence of Rabi Splitting Energies in ZnO Microcavities
T. KAWASE, D. KIM, and M. NAKAYAMA
Phys. Status Solidi C, Vol.9, pp. 1797–1800 (2012).
We have investigated the activelayerthickness dependence of Rabi splitting energies in ZnO microcavities. We
fabricated ZnO microcavities using rf magnetron sputtering for the HfO2/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflector andpulsedlaser deposition for the ZnO active layer. In order to control of the Rabi splitting energies, the active layer
thickness was changed from λ/2 to 3λ/2. In angleresolved reflectance spectra at 10 K, the cavity polaritons re
sulting from the strong coupling between A, B, and C excitons peculiar to ZnO and the cavity photon were clear
ly detected. We estimated the energies of the excitonphoton interaction, the socalled Rabi splitting energies,
from the analysis of the cavity polariton dispersions using the phenomenological Hamiltonian for the strong ex
citonphoton coupling. The Rabi splitting energies markedly increase with an increase in the active layer thick
ness. The activelayerthickness dependence of the Rabi splitting energies are explained by a semiquantitatively
analysis. Consequently, we have succeeded in the control of the Rabi splitting energies in the ZnO microcavities.
DOI 10.1002/pssc.201100583
Wavelength tuning characteristics of idler waves in terahertzwave parametric oscillator using optical
double resonance
Y. TAKIDA, T. OHIRA, Y. TADOKORO, H. KUMAGAI, and S. NASHIMAIEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, Vol. 132, No. 8, p.1299p.1300 (2012). (in Japa
nese)
We experimentally investigated the wavelength tuning of oscillating idler (Stokes) waves by slightly translating
the position of a mirror constituting an enhancement cavity in a terahertz (THz)wave parametric oscillator(TPO) with optical double resonance. The wide tuning range of the idler wavelength was from 781.5 to 787.3
nm, corresponding to the frequency range of THz (signal) waves from 0.7 to 3.5 THz. The measured intersecting
angle between pump and idler waves was in good agreement with the theoretical calculation of the noncollinear
phasematching condition in all the above tuning range.
Enhancement effect of fundamental lights with external cavity on second harmonic generation 
Comparison between CW and modelocked picosecond pulsed modeT. OHIRA, Y. TAKIDA, Y. TADOKORO, and H. KUMAGAIIEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, Vol. 132, No. 8, p.1273p.1277 (2012). (in Japa
nese)
Recently, external enhancement cavities have been employed for the improvement of the conversion efficiency
in various wavelength conversions. Indeed, the external enhancement cavities are very attractive because they
are constructed without any sophisticated optical configuration and therefore we have expected that they are soapplicable in the enhancement of the fundamental lights as to be utilized with a variety of light sources. In thisstudy, we demonstrated the second harmonic generations (SHGs) of both an infrared continuous wave (CW)
light and a modelocked picosecond pulsed light in a similar external enhancement cavity with the same BiB3O6−56−

(BiBO). Then we confirmed the enhancement effects for both lights. The maximum output power of the CW
second harmonic light was 430 mW and then the conversion efficiency was 54%. On the other hand, the maxi
mum output power of the picosecond pulsed second harmonic light was 560 mW and then the conversion effi
ciency was 70%. These values are excellent results in SHG with BiBO crystal in spite of the relatively low fundamental power. From the SHG output characteristics, we performed comparison of the optimization conditionsof both external enhancement cavities and the characteristics of the enhancement effects.
Coherent electrooptical detection of THzwave generated from synchronously pumped picosecond THz
parametric oscillator
Y. TAKIDA, T. OHIRA, Y. TADOKORO, H. KUMAGAI and S. NASHIMA
Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 8240, 82400A p.1p.6 (2012).
Terahertz (THz) radiation via parametric downconversion of optical pulses in a nonlinear optical crystal is an
attractive way to develop frequency tunable THzwave sources. Therefore, we have focused on developing lowlaserpower pumped THzwave parametric sources and then successfully demonstrated a synchronouslypumped
picosecond THz parametric oscillator (TPO) in pumpenhanced idlerresonant cavity with a bulk 5 mol% MgO
doped lithium niobate (MgO:LN) crystal. In this paper, toward coherent electrooptical (EO) detection of THz
waves generated from our synchronously pumped picosecond TPO, we reported timedomain measurements of
the THz electric fields using a bowtie shaped lowtemperature grown gallium arsenide (LTGaAs) photocon
ductive (PC) antenna as a THz detector. As a result, we obtained temporal waveforms of the THz electric pulses,
for the different number of Siprism couplers, and then found that the radiated THz waves separated multiple
unanticipated pulses by use of the arrayedprism coupling technique. Also, we compared the timedomain sys
tem with a Fourier transform Michelson interferometer using a high resistance silicon (Si) beam splitter, fromthe some viewpoints. The present results reveal great prospects for the realization of THz spectroscopy and im
aging applications using our THzwave source.
Tunable terahertz parametric oscillator synchronously pumped by modelocked picosecond Ti:sapphirelaser with MgOdoped LiNbO3
Y. TADOKORO, Y. TAKIDA, T. OHIRA, H. KUMAGAI and S. NASHIMA
Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 8240, 82401K p.1p.6 (2012)
A terahertz (THz) parametric oscillator (TPO), which was based on the optical parametric process, in a doubly
resonant external enhancement cavity synchronouslypumped by a modelocked picosecond Ti:sapphire laser
with the center wavelength of 780 nm and the average output power of 850 mW, was built. Our TPO cavity including four mirrors and a 5 mol% MgOdoped LiNbO3 (MgO:LN) crystal with Siprism couplers for the output
coupling of the THz wave was designed so as to circulate both pump and idler waves in the same cavity simulta
neously. Furthermore, we utilized a HänschCouillaud method to stabilize the cavity. As a result, we developed
an easily and continuously tunable picosecond TPO by changing the noncollinear phasematching condition. The
tunable wavelength range of the idler wave was from 782 to 787 nm, which corresponded to the THz frequency
range from 1.0 to 3.4 THz according to the law of energy conservation. In addition, the measured angle between
the pump and idler waves, which varied from 0.6 to 2.5 degrees, showed a good agreement with the theoretical
calculation of the noncollinear phasematching condition in all the above tuning range.
Comparative study on THz timedomain spectroscopy using 780nm 1.3ps laser pulses with different de
tections of LTGaAs photoconductive antenna and ZnTe electrooptic sampling
Y. TADOKORO, Y. TAKIDA, H. KUMAGAI, S. NASHIMA and A. KOBAYASHI
Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 8604 (2013) accepted
We developed a picosecond THzTDS system with a modelocked Ti:sapphire laser with the central wavelengthof 780 nm, pulse duration of 1.3 ps. A bowtie or dipole shaped PC antenna on lowtemperature grown GaAs
(LTGaAs) and ZnTe were used for the PC antenna and EO sampling, respectively. As a result, the sensitivity
and SNR of obtained THzwave pulse with the bowtie antenna were higher than any other measurement with−57−

the dipole antenna and EO crystal. The obtained THzwave pulses had different detection limits up to approxi
mately 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 THz with the bowtie, dipole antenna, and EO crystal, respectively.
Tunable picosecond THzwave generation based on trapezoidal MgO:LiNbO3 crystal in novel pentagramshaped pumpenhancement cavity.
Y. TAKIDA, Y. TADOKORO, H. KUMAGAI, S. NASHIMA and A. KOBAYASHI
Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 8604 (2013) accepted
We have succeeded in developing a tunable picosecond THzwave source by using a surfaceemitted configuration which consists of a trapezoidal MgOdoped LiNbO3 (MgO:LiNbO3) crystal and a pumpenhancement cavi
ty folded in the shape of a pentagram. By slightly translating the position of one of the cavity mirrors, we exper
imentally find that the THzwave peak frequency is tunable in the range from 0.9 to 3.5 THz with the average
output power of dozens of nanowatts. The maximum THzwave average power is up to 40 nW around 2 THz at
the pump power of 800 mW, which is several times higher than the THzwave output generated by using rectan
gular MgO:LiNbO3 crystals for Siprismcoupled configuration under the same pump condition.
Fabrication of a rotary optical delay stage for rapidscanning timedomain spectroscopy system between
terahertz and the midinfrared region
S. NASHIMA, H. NAKAMINE, and M. HOSODA
J. Jpn. Soc. Infrared Science & Technology, Vol.22, No.2, (2012), in press. (in Japanese)
We have customized a rotary optical delay stage for a rapid scanning time domain spectroscopy system between
terahertz and the midinfrared region. It measured a temporary electromagnetic wave, which enabled detection ofelectromagnetic wave in 118ps temporal range under 0.17‒s measurement time. A typical signal to noise ratioof 1.5  103 was achieved within 150 sec, which is 1.8 times greater than that obtained by a standard lockindetection based on stepper motor optical delay stage. The accuracy of Fourier transform amplitude spectrum isincreased 4.8 times compared to that for lockin based detection.
Quantitative analysis on mixed organic solution using terahertz time domain spectroscopy
S. NASHIMA, R. NISHIMURA, and M. HOSODAInternational Symposium on Terahertz Nanoscience (TeraNano 2011), Workshop of International Terahertz
Research Network (GDRI), November, 2011, Osaka, JapanThe effective dielectric permittivity of mixed organic solution was measured by terahertz time domain
spectroscopy (THzTDS). The experimentally obtained effective dielectric permittivity of hexane/toluene mixed
organic solution was compared with that calculated using the effective medium approximation (EMA) model.
This model accurately fits the complex dielectric permittivity from 0.5 to 3.0 THz. The mixing ratio inference
obtained by the THzTDS measurement agrees well with that obtained using the mass analysis.
Quantitative analysis on toluene contents in hexane solution using terahertz time domain spectroscopy
S. NASHIMA, R. NISHIMURA, and M. HOSODA
37th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMWTHz2012), Sep. 2012,
Wollongong, Australia.
The effective dielectric permittivity of a mixed organic solution was measured by terahertz time domain
spectroscopy (THzTDS). The experimentally obtained effective dielectric permittivity of hexane/toluene mixed
organic solution was well fitted by the effective medium approximation (EMA) model. Discrepancy between
experimental results and calculations from 0.5 to 3.0 THz is estimated to be 0.28%.
Parametric generation of terahertzwave in picosecond enhancement cavity (I)－ Details of terahertzwave generation －Y. TAKIDA, H. KUMAGAI, S. MAEDA, T. OHIRA, and S. NASHIMA
J. Jpn. Soc. Infrared Science & Technology, Vol.21, No.2, pp. 7579 (2012) (in Japanese)−58−

Terahertz (THz)wave parametric sources via stimulated Raman scattering in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal
are able to generate widely frequencytunable THzwaves at room temperature. We have successfully demon
strated a doublyresonant THzwave paramertic oscillation in picosecond enhancement cavity using the noncol
liear phasematching geometry in a 5 mol% MgOdoped LiNbO3 crystal. In this paper, we focus on details of theproperty of THzwave generation. With the enhancement cavity which consisted of four mirrors, we achieved 50
MW/cm2 of lower generation threshold of THzwave than other conventional externallypumped THzwave par
ametric oscillators. Furthemore, we obtained the wavelength tunability of idler (Stokes) wave from approximately 781.5 to 786.0 nm, which corresponds to the frequency range of THzwave from 0.7 to 3.0 THz.
Parametric generation of terahertzwave in picosecond enhancement cavity (II)－ Evaluation of enhancement cavity －H. KUMAGAI, Y. TAKIDA, S. MAEDA, T. OHIRA, and S. NASHIMA
J. Jpn. Soc. Infrared Science & Technology, Vol.21, No.2, pp. 8084 (2012) (in Japanese)
The previous paper reported that a pumping threshold of THzwave parametric oscillation of 50 MW/cm2 wasdemonstrated with the picosecond enhancement cavity which consisted of four mirrors and then that it was much
lower than those of other conventional externallypumped THzwave parametric oscillators. The novel quasi
CW enhancement cavity where the simultaneous enhancemrnts for both pump and idler (Stokes) waves was real
ized with the lower threshold of THzwave parametric oscillation, was evaluated here in comparison with that of
the CW through SHG experiments where evaluation results regarding optical enhancements in similar cavities
existed.
Tunable Picosecond TerahertzWave Parametric Oscillators Based on Noncollinear PumpEnhanced
IdlerResonant Cavity
Y. TAKIDA, T. OHIRA, Y. TADOKORO, H. KUMAGAI, and S. NASHIMA
Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, in press.
We have succeeded in developing tunable picosecond terahertz (THz)wave parametric oscillators (psTPOs) byemploying a noncollinear pumpenhanced idlerresonant cavity. As a parametric gain medium, we use twodifferent shapes of unpoled, 5 mol% MgOdoped lithium niobate (MgO:LiNbO3) crystal: (1) a rectangle for Si
prism outputcoupler technique; and (2) a trapezoid for surfaceemitted configuration. Unlike conventional
nanosecond TPOs (nsTPOs), these psTPOs are synchronously pumped by a modelocked 1.5ps Ti:sapphirelaser operating at 780 nm. To overcome the high pump threshold due to the strong absorption by MgO:LiNbO3
in the THz region, we employ a pumpenhanced cavity which is carefully designed for the noncollinear double
resonance of both pump and idler waves. By slightly translating the position of one of the psTPO cavity mirrors,
we experimentally find that the THzwave frequency is continuously tunable from 1.0 to 3.2 THz with theaverage output power of several nanowatts. In all the above tuning range, especially above 2 THz, the THzwave
output of the surfaceemitting psTPO using the trapezoidal MgO:LiNbO3 crystal is enhanced several times morethan that of the Siprismcoupled psTPO using the rectangular MgO:LiNbO3 crystal due to the suppression of
the absorption loss in MgO:LiNbO3.
Coherent electrooptical detection of THzwave generated from synchronously pumped picosecond THz
parametric oscillator
Y. TAKIDA, T. OHIRA, Y. TADOKORO, H. KUMAGAI, and S. NASHIMASPIE Photonics West 2012, Jan., 2012, San Francisco, USA
Terahertz (THz) radiation via parametric downconversion of optical pulses in a nonlinear optical crystal is an
attractive way to develop frequency tunable THzwave sources. Therefore, we have focused on developing lowlaserpower pumped THzwave parametric sources and then successfully demonstrated a synchronouslypumped
picosecond THz parametric oscillator (TPO) in pumpenhanced idlerresonant cavity with a bulk 5 mol% MgO
doped lithium niobate (MgO:LN) crystal. In this paper, toward coherent electrooptical (EO) detection of THz
waves generated from our synchronously pumped picosecond TPO, we reported timedomain measurements of−59−

the THz electric fields using a bowtie shaped lowtemperature grown gallium arsenide (LTGaAs) photoconduc
tive (PC) antenna as a THz detector. As a result, we obtained temporal waveforms of the THz electric pulses, forthe different number of Siprism couplers, and then found that the radiated THz waves separated multiple unan
ticipated pulses by use of the arrayedprism coupling technique. Also, we compared the timedomain systemwith a Fourier transform Michelson interferometer using a high resistance silicon (Si) beam splitter, from thesome viewpoints. The present results reveal great prospects for the realization of THz spectroscopy and imaging
applications using our THzwave source.
Tunable terahertz parametric oscillator synchronously pumped by modelocked picosecond Ti:Sapphirelaser with MgOdoped LiNbO3
Y. TADOKORO, Y. TAKIDA, T. OHIRA, H. KUMAGAI, and S. NASHIMASPIE Photonics West 2012, Jan., 2012, San Francisco, USA
A terahertz (THz) parametric oscillator (TPO), which was based on the optical parametric process, in a doubly
resonant external enhancement cavity synchronouslypumped by a modelocked picosecond Ti:sapphire laser
with the center wavelength of 780 nm and the average output power of 850 mW, was built. Our TPO cavity
including four mirrors and a 5 mol% MgOdoped LiNbO3 (MgO:LN) crystal with Siprism couplers for the
output coupling of the THz wave was designed so as to circulate both pump and idler waves in the same cavity
simultaneously. Furthermore, we utilized a HänschCouillaud method to stabilize the cavity. As a result, wedeveloped an easily and continuously tunable picosecond TPO by changing the noncollinear phasematchingcondition. The tunable wavelength range of the idler wave was from 782 to 787 nm, which corresponded to theTHz frequency range from 1.0 to 3.4 THz according to the law of energy conservation. In addition, the measured
angle between the pump and idler waves, which varied from 0.6 to 2.5 degrees, showed a good agreement withthe theoretical calculation of the noncollinear phasematching condition in all the above tuning range.
Multimode Peierls distortion in triangular lattice
K. MIYOSHI and A. TERAI
Phys. Status Solidi B 249, pp. 967970 (2012).
We have studied the multimode Peierls states in the electron–lattice system on a triangular lattice with a three
quarterfilled electronic band. Below the transition temperature, we have found many stable states of nearlysame freeenergy. Focusing our attention on the lowest freeenergy state, we have found that the Peierls orderparameter continuously increases from zero just below the transition temperature. When the temperature is
raised from the region lower than the critical temperature, multiple phonon modes are simultaneously softened at
the same temperature as when the temperature is lowered from the region higher that the critical temperature.
These results tell us that the transition is of the second order. The nonsoftened modes are also found to condense due to nonlinear coupling between the nonsoftened modes and the softened modes. The degeneracy ofthe phonon modes observed at the higher temperature region is partially lifted at the lower temperature region.
DOI 10.1002/pssb.201100745
Electron correlation effects on multimode Peierls distortion in the twodimensional electronlattice system
Y. MATSUMOTO and A. TERAI
Phys. Status Solidi C 9, pp. 11831185 (2012).
The electron correlation effects on the multimode Peierls (MMP) state in the Peierls Hubbard model on the twodimensional square lattice with the halffilled electronic band is investigated, taking account of the onsite inter
action (U) and the nearest neighbor interaction (V), by using the variational Monte Carlo method based on the
Gutzwiller wave function. The Peierls distortion amplitude is enhanced as U is increased, showing the first
order phase transition from the MMP state to the antiferromagnetic state. The Peierls distortion amplitude is alsoenhanced by V. The firstorder phase transition from the MMP state to the chargeordered state occurs at a criti
cal value of V. There is no coexistence of the Peierls distortion and the charge order.
DOI: 10.1002/pssc.201100664−60−

Microscopic reversibility of quantum open systems
T. MONNAI
J.Phys.A, 45 125001 (2012)
The transition probability of an isolated system for a timedependent unitary evolution is invariant under the reversal of protocols. In this paper, we generalize the expression of microscopic reversibility to externally per
turbed large quantum open systems, which provides a modelindependent equality between time forward andreversed joint transition probabilities. A timedependent external perturbation acts on the subsystem during atransient duration, and subsequently the perturbation is switched off so that the total system would thermalize.
We concern ourselves with the net transition probability for the subsystem from the initial to final states after atime evolution during which the energy is irreversibly exchanged between the subsystem and reservoir. The
timereversed probability is given by the reversal of the forcing protocol and the initial ensemble. Microscopic
reversibility equates the time forward and reversed probabilities, and therefore appears as a thermodynamic
symmetry for open quantum systems.
StranskiKrastanow growth of copper overlayers on the Ni(110) surface
Tsuneo FUKUDA, Kenji UMEZAWA (Osaka Prefecture University), and Hiroshi NAKAYAMA
Surface Science Vol. 606, pp. 12211226 (2012).
Cu overlayer formation on the Ni(110) surface was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in an
ultrahigh vacuum. Roomtemperature deposition of Cu onto a Ni(110) surface exhibited layerbylayer growth
up to 6 monolayers (MLs), followed by threedimensional island formation, i.e., the Cu overlayer growth on theNi(110) surface is classified as StranskiKrastanow growth. At the initial growth stage, anisotropic twodimensional islands were elongated in the closepacked [1 10] direction. The nucleation of the second layer wasstrongly affected by the morphology of the first layer, and the secondlayer islands also extended in the [1 10]
direction. The third and further layers grew twodimensionally. Detailed STM images showed mosaic featuresdue to Cu and Ni alloying. Threedimensional islands were observed for Cu deposition beyond 6 ML. The (110)
oriented top surface of the islands had stripes along the [001] direction. In addition, bumps extending in the[1 10] direction were formed on these island surfaces, indicating threading dislocation through the island to re
lieve the compressive stress of the overlayers. An atomic model of the bump compatible with the STM image
was proposed.

−61−
MultiColor SeeThrough Retinal Projection HeadMounted Display
Katsushi TAKAICHI and Hideya TAKAHASHIICIC Express Letters, Vol.6, 5, pp.12911296 (2012).
We developed a multicolor seethrough retinal projection headmounted display (HMD). Its notable features are
the extremely deep focal length and the high contrast image by using the principle of the Maxwellian view. It
consists of an image projection optics system and a holographic optical element (HOE). The HOE is used as a
combiner that superimposes the virtual image on the real scene to realize a function of the seethrough. The HOE
also works as a condenser lens to achieve the Maxwellian view. Seethrough HMDs provide an effective capa
bility for Mixed Reality tools such as a personal mobile information display. In this application, since the capa
bility to display color images is important, the HOE can be reconstructed by some primary colors. This paper
describes the principle of the proposed multicolor seethrough retinal projection HMD and also describes theexperimental results.
WideViewing Angle ThreeDimensional Display Based on the Ray Reconstruction Method Using Multi
ple MicroProjectors
Hideya TAKAHASHI, Kenta HIROOKA, and Kenji YAMADA (Osaka University)
Proc.SPIEIS&T Electronic Imaging, Vol.8288, pp. 8288248288246 (2012).
We propose an omnidirectional threedimensional (3D) display system. This is a tool for communication arounda 3D image among a small number of people. This 3D display system consists of multiple basic 3D display units.
The basic unit consists of a microprojector, a lenticular lens array sheet, and a cylindrical lens. In this basic unit,
since a screen is not used, the light rays from a microprojector pass through a lenticular lens array sheet and ob
served directly. Thus, the spatial density distribution of projected light rays is partial. To average the spatial density of projected light rays, we use a cylindrical lens. To increase the viewing angle, we aligned multiple basic
units in a circle, and displayed 3D images at the center of the circle. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed
3D display, we constructed the prototype system. This prototype consists of 8 basic units. They are aligned 18
degree apart in a circle and the radius is 95 mm. The maximum size of displayed 3D images is 35 mm x 40 mm
x 35 mm. The viewing angle of a 3D image is 124degree. This paper describes the principle of proposed 3D
display system, and also describes the experimental results.

−62−



Extending Cycle Life of LithiumIon Batteries Consisting of Lithium Insertion Electrodes: Cycle
Efficiency Versus AhEfficiency
Kensuke NAKURA, Yuta OHSUGI, Mitsuyasu IMAZAKI, Kingo ARIYOSHI, Tsutomu OHZUKU., 158, A1243A1249 (2011).
Capacity fading of the cell consisting of lithium titanium oxide (LTO; Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4) and lithium aluminum
manganese oxide (LAMO; Li[Li0.1Al0.1Mn1.8]O4) is examined in a threeelectrode configuration at 55oC. Capacity
fading observed during 400 cycles at 55oC is explained in terms of the state of charge (SOC) of the LTOnegativeand LAMOpositive electrodes. At the dischargeend voltage of 0 V for the LTO/LAMO cell, the SOC of LTO isalways 0% although LAMO is expected to be 0% in its SOC from the basic research results on Ahefficiency
obtained in Li/LTO and Li/LAMO cells. In order to understand the anomalous capacity fading, the LTO/LTO and
LAMO/LAMO cells are fabricated and examined at 55oC, and the current due to the side reactions at the LTO and
LAMO electrodes is determined. The current at the LTO electrode is much larger than that at the LAMO electrode,which is in reverse order in our common understanding on LTO and LAMO in nonaqueous lithium cells. Fromthese results, extending cycle life is discussed in terms of the cycle efficiency versus Ahefficiency. Difficulties to
describe cell chemistry underlying the capacity fading are also discussed.
Potentiostat for Electrochemical Measurements
Kingo ARIYOSHI
, 80, 602607 (2012) (in Japanese)

Epitaxial Crystal Growth and SolidState Polymerization of Piperonyl Muconate on the {001} Surfaceof KCl Crystal for Controlling Polymer Chain Alignment
Katsuya ONODERA, Chiaki TANIOKU, and Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 4(4), 22802287 (2012)
The authors studied the crystal growth of piperonyl (,)muconate [bis(3,4methylenedioxybenzyl)(,)muconate, MDO] on inorganic crystalline substrates during vapor deposition for the control ofpolymer chain alignment by the subsequent solidstate photopolymerization of the MDO monomer thin films
deposited on the substrate. The authors controlled the arrangement of the MDO molecules and the polymer
chains produced on the substrate, depending on the lattice parameters of the substrate surfaces used. The
epitaxial crystal growth of MDO on the {001} plane of a KCl single crystal was observed under thecondition that the crystal lattice lengths of MDO agreed with the specific space distance of the substrate; i.e.,
the KCl cubic crystal resulted in a 110 value of 4.45 Å, which was very close to the value of the monomer
stacking distance in the MDO crystal (s = 4.43 Å). However, slightly large and too small 110 values for KBr
and NaCl, respectively, resulted in the less controlled and no epitaxial crystal growth of MDO. The
irradiation of polarized UV light on the MDO thinfilm crystal produced highly regulated polymer alignment
in a specific direction on the KCl substrate.
PressureSensitive Adhesion System Using Acrylate Block Copolymers in Response to Photoirradiation
and Postbaking as the Dual External Stimuli for OnDemand Dismantling
Tadashi INUI, Eriko SATO, and Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 4(4), 21242132 (2012)
We have demonstrated the validity of a new type of pressuresensitive adhesion system using block
copolymers containing a poly(2ethylhexyl acrylate) (P2EHA) segment as the low glass transition
temperature polymer and a poly(Bu acrylate) (PtBA) or poly(isobornyl acrylate) (PIBoA) segment as thereacting polymer in the presence of a photoacid generator (PAG). This adhesion system can be easily
debonded because of a change in the polymer properties of the adhesives by acidcatalyzed deprotection
uniquely occurring during the photoirradiation followed by postbaking. We investigated the transformationof PtBA and PIBoA into poly(acrylic acid) using IR spectroscopy and a thermogravimetric analysis in thepresence of toluenesulfonic acid and the PAGs. The block copolymers with a welldefined molecular
structure were then synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization, and their adhesive properties were
evaluated using the 180° peel test. The block copolymers showed superior adhesion property than a random
copolymer and polymer blends, due to the microphase separation of the block copolymers. A drastic change−63−

in the adhesive strength of the block copolymers was observed in response to the dual external stimuli
consisting of UV irradiation and the subsequent heating.
Facile Synthesis of MainChain Degradable Block Copolymers for Performance Enhanced
Dismantlable Adhesion
Eriko SATO, Takashi HAGIHARA, and Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 4(4), 20572064 (2012)
Block copolymers consisting of readily degradable polyperoxides and nondegradable vinyl polymers as theblock segments were successfully synthesized by reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization, which isone of living radical polymerization techniques. The block copolymers showed characteristic morphology
and wettability being different from the polymer blends. When block copolymers containing polyperoxideand polymethacrylate blocks were heated below 150 °C, the polyperoxide blocks were completely degraded
and the polymethacrylate blocks were recovered without degradation. Block copolymers containing apoly(2ethylhexyl methacrylate) block were then investigated as a dismantlable adhesion material, which
requires adequate bonding strength during use and easy debonding on demand. Among the several block
copolymers, the one consisting of poly(2ethylhexyl methacrylate) and polyperoxide from Me sorbate(PPMS) (n = 4900) exhibited good performance as a pressuresensitive adhesive (PSA). After heating thetest specimens in a temperature range from 60 to 100 °C, PSA performance, which was evaluated by 180°
peel strength and shear holding power measurements, was significantly diminished. Especially, after heating
at 100 °C for 1 h, spontaneous debonding of some test specimens was observed because of the evolution ofvolatile acetaldehyde from PPMS.
Thermally Stable Polysulfones Obtained by Regiospecific Radical Copolymerization of Various Acyclic
and Cyclic 1,3Diene Monomers with Sulfur Dioxide and Subsequent Hydrogenation
Naruki TANAKA; Eriko SATO, and Akikazu MATSUMOTO
s, 44(23), 91259137 (2011)
We synthesized the thermally stable alternating copolymers from various acyclic and cyclic alkylsubstituted
1,3diene monomers with sulfur dioxide (SO2) as the starting comonomers by radical copolymerization andsubsequent hydrogenation. It was revealed based on the DFT calculation results using model reactions aswell as the thermodynamic analysis of polymerization that some propagation steps were reversible and thehighly 1,4regiospecific sequences of the poly(diene sulfone)s (PDSs) were consequently produced via a free
radical propagation mechanism. The stereochemical structures of the PDSs obtained from cyclic 1,3dienemonomers, such as 1,3cyclopentadiene and 1,3cyclohexadiene, were also established. based on the DFT
calculations. Transparent films with a refractive index of 1.531.55 were readily obtained by casting the PDS
solutions, being confirmed to be amorphous by wideangle Xray diffraction measurements. The
decomposition of the PDSs started below 150 °C, but hydrogenation produced thermally stable polymers, ofwhich the onset temperatures of decomposition were higher than 280 °C. The hydrogenation conversion
significantly depended on the position of an alkyl substituent on the polymer main chain. A ternary
copolymerization system consisting of both cyclic and acyclic diene monomers with SO2 was carried out inorder to simultaneously modify the thermal properties as well as the solubility of the resulting polymers.
Functional Materials Designed by Using Reactive Polymers
Eriko SATO, Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 47(9), 309319 (2012) (in Japanese)
There has been considerable interest in the application of reactive polymers including degradable polymers
to functional materials which irreversibly or reversibly change their properties. Among various reactive
polymers, block copolymers containing a reactive polymer block and network polymers having cleavablecrosslinking points or degradable chains are one of the attractive polymeric materials which exhibit large
property changes. The strategy and design of functional materials using the reactive polymers will be
reviewed with a focus on our current investigations.
Development of Dismantlable Adhesion Materials Using Acrylic Block Copolymers
Akikazu MATSUMOTO, Eriko SATO
In Kobunshi No Kakyo To Bunkai III (Crosslinking and Degradation of Polymers III), Editted by Masahiro−64−

TSUNOOKA, Masamitsu SHIRAI, CMC, pp. 210216 (2012) (in Japanese)
Report from the 57th Polymer Research Symposium (Kobe)
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 60(10), 762 (2011) (in Japanese)
Report on the 4th Asian Conference on Adhesion (ACA)
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 48(2), 8182 (2012) (in Japanese)
Dismantlable Adhesion Using Acrylic Block Copolymers for OnDemand Debonding (Hot Topics)
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
, 61(2), 53 (2012)
Control of Interface Structure and Properties Using Reversibly Crosslinkable Polymers (Hot Topics)
Eriko SATO
, 61(4), 180 (2012)
Development of Dismantlable Adhesion Materials Responsible to Dual Stimuli
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
           
Invited Lecture, Osaka, January 13, 2012 (in Japanese)
Synthesis of High Performance and Functional Polymers by Radical Polymerization: Crystalline
Polymers and Degradable Polymers
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
 Invited Lecture, Osaka, February 15, 2012 (inJapanese)
Dismantlable Adhesion Materials Response to Dual Stimuli Using Photoacid Generators
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
 Invited Lecture, Tokyo, June 13, 2012, Preprints, pp. II 15(in Japanese)
Polymer Materials Design by Radical Polymerization: Present, Past, and Future
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
            Invited Lecture, Otsu, July
1719, 2012, Abstracts, pp. 3538 (in Japanese)
Polymer Materials Design by Radical Polymerization: Are the Reactions First? Otherwise, theMaterials?
Akikazu MATSUMOTO

 Invited Lecture, Kobe, July 2829, 2012, Abstracts, pp. 720 (in Japanese)
SolidState Reactions of Organic Crystals under UV, Xray, and γray Irradiations: Reaction Control
and Materials Design
Akikazu MATSUMOTO
 Invited Lecture, Osaka, August
10, 2012, Abstracts, pp. 1017 (in Japanese)
Designing of Functional Materials Using Reactive Polymers
Eriko SATO
              ,−65−

 Invited Lecture, Tokushima, November 4, 2011 (in Japanese)
Photoreactions of Polymer Thin Films and Reversible Transformation of Their Properties
Eriko SATO
               
Invited Lecture, Osaka, July 31, 2012 (in Japanese)
MicroXray Fluorescence (book chapter)
Kouichi TSUJI
In , eds. R.A. Meyers, John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. Chichester, UK, pp.19491972 (2011).
Development of 3DXRF method for inside analysis of solid materials,  top performance in the world
(book chapter)
Kouichi Tsuji
In , Maruzen, (2011) 271282. (in Japanese)
Dictionary of Technical Terms in Analytical Chemistry (book)(Technical terms related to Xray analysis were written by Tsuji)
Kouichi Tsuji
In , Ohmsha, (2011) 1451. (in Japanese)
Development of a New Confocal 3DXRF Instrument with an Xray Tube
Kouichi TSUJI and Kazuhiko NAKANO., Vol. 26, pp. 305309 (2011)
A new 3DXRF instrument was developed with a finefocus Xray tube. The depth resolution of thedeveloped instrument was 13.7 mm at the energy of Au Lβ (11.4 keV). Compared with the previous 3DXRF
instrument developed in the author’s research group, the depth resolution was improved by a factor of 3–4. A
small dependence of depth resolution on Xray energy was also confirmed for the new instrument. The depth
resolution was varied from 22.6 mm to 13. 7 mm for an energy range from 5.4 keV to 11.4 keV, respectively.
A few layered materials were measured by two (previous and new) 3DXRF instruments. As expected, the
new 3DXRF instrument gave a depth profile with a highresolution. In addition, a 3Dstructured material
was proposed and developed to evaluate the 3Dimaging performance. The material consisted of two
cylindrical patterns of Au having a micrometrescale structure. Elemental imaging performance wascompared by using this 3Dstructured material for two different 3DXRF instruments.
Depth Elemental Imaging of Forensic Samples by Confocal microXRF Method
Kazuhiko NAKANO, Chihiro NISHI, Kazunori OTSUKI, Yoshinori NISHIWAKI, and Kouichi TSUJI, Vol. 83, pp.34773483 (2011).
MicroXRF is a significant tool for the analysis of small regions. A microXray beam can be created in thelaboratory by various focusing Xray optics. Previously, nondestructive 3DXRF analysis had not been easy
because of the high penetration of fluorescent Xrays emitted into the sample. A recently developed confocal
microXRF technique combined with polycapillary Xray lenses enables depthselective analysis. In thispaper, we applied a new tabletop confocal microXRF system to analyze several forensic samples, that is,multilayered automotive paint fragments and leather samples, for use in the criminaliztics. Elemental depth
profiles and mapping images of forensic samples were successfully obtained by the confocal microXRF
technique. Multilayered structures can be distinguished in forensic samples by their elemental depth profiles.
However, it was found that some leather sheets exhibited heterogeneous distribution. To confirm the validity,
the result of a conventional microXRF of the cross section was compared with that of the confocal
microXRF. The results obtained by the confocal microXRF system were in approximate agreement withthose obtained by the conventional microXRF. Elemental depth imaging was performed on the paintfragments and leather sheets to confirm the homogeneity of the respective layers of the sample. The depth
images of the paint fragment showed homogeneous distribution in each layer expect for Fe and Zn. In
contrast, several components in the leather sheets were predominantly localized.

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Wavelength Dispersive Xray Fluorescence Imaging
Kouichi TSUJI, Takashi OHMORI, and Makoto YAMAGUCHI, Vol. 83, pp.63896394 (2011).
A new wavelengthdispersive Xray fluorescence (WDXRF) imaging spectrometer equipped with atwodimensional Xray detector was developed in the laboratory. Straight polycapillary optics was appliedinstead of a soller slit, which is used in conventional WDXRF spectrometers. Xrays were guided throughthe straight polycapillary to the exit of the optics by Xray external total reflections. Xray fluorescence wasdispersed by an analyzing crystal (LiF(200)), keeping the information of elemental distribution on thesurface of the sample. The energy resolution of the developed spectrometer was 130152 eV at the Zn KR
peak. Xray elemental images of Cu KR and Ni KR were successfully obtained by an Xray CCD detector at
the corresponding diffraction angles. The analytical performance of this technique, and further improvements
are discussed.
Enhancement of XRF Intensity by Using Au Coated GlassCapillary
Takashi NAKAZAWA, Kazuhiko NAKANO, Masaru YOSHIDA, and Kouichi TSUJI, Vol. 54, pp. 238246 (2011).
Enhancement of XRF intensity was investigated by using an Au coated glasscapillary. Au was electroplated
on an inner wall of the glasscapillary with a thickness of 100 nm. The Au coated glasscapillary was
attached to a micro focus xray tube. The XRF intensity from the pure metal samples was measured by asilicon drift xray detector. It was confirmed that the intensity of XRF was enhanced by using Au coatedglasscapillary by factors of 1.1 to 1.5 times. The XRF intensity profile was also measured by wire scanning
method to investigate the reason. The trace of primary xray beams was calculated considering xray totalreflection. The calculated results of agreed well with the experimental XRF intensity profile. The reason ofenhancement XRF intensity was that the primary xrays were totally reflected on the inner wall ofglasscapillary.
Enhancement of XRF Intensity by Using AuCoated Glass Monocapillary
Takashi NAKAZAWA, Kazuhiko NAKANO, Masaru YOSHIDA, and Kouichi TSUJI, Vol. 26, pp.163167 (2011).
Results on using Xray optics with a monocapillary attached to a microfocus Mo Xray tube for ahighintensity XRF analysis are reported. Aucoated glass monocapillaries with 400 and 700 µm innerdiameters were used to obtain focused and intensive incident Mo Xrays for the measurements of XRF
intensities from pure metal samples. Intensity enhancements obtained by using the Aucoatedmonocapillaries were found to be up to 1.5 times higher than those obtained by using similar inner diameter
uncoated glass capillaries. The XRF intensity profiles were measured by the wire scanning method toinvestigate the reasons. The traces of the incident Xrays were calculated by taking into account of Xray
total reflection of the incident Xrays from the inner wall of the capillaries. The calculated XRF intensity
profiles agree with those of the measured XRF intensity profiles. The observed enhancements in XRF
intensity were the results of the incident Xrays emitted from the Mo Xray tube being totally reflected on
the inner wall of the Aucoated monocapillaries.
Surface and Interface Analysis by X ray Fluorescence (review article)
Kouichi TSUJI, Vol. 47, pp.444452 (2011) (in Japanese).
Micro XRF Analysis and Elemental Imaging (review article)
Takashi NAKAZAWA, Kazuhiko NAKANO, and Kouichi TSUJI, 11, pp. 654661 (2011) (in Japanese).
Solvothermal Synthesis of ITO Nanoparticles and their Application to the Transparent Conductive
Film
Noritsugu KOMETANI and Masaya FUJII, Vol.22, No.2, pp.129134 (2012).

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles have been synthesized from the mixed ethylene glycol solution ofindium(III) chloride, tin(II) chloride and sodium hydroxide by the solvothermal process with the addition ofoleylamine or oleic acid as a protective reagent. The xray diffraction patterns of particles synthesized at
250°C show that the ITO begins to be produced after the reaction duration of 6 h when oleylamine is added
to the reaction solution, indicating a promoting effect on the ITO formation, whereas only indium
oxyhydroxide is formed when oleic acid is used. The transmission electron microscopic observation has
revealed that ITO nanoparticles obtained by the addition of oleylamine are monodisperse and their size
increases from 4−5 nm to 50−60 nm with elongating reaction duration from 6 to 96 h. ITO thin films areprepared by the multiple deposition of a collodion membrane incorporating synthesized ITO nanoparticles on
the glass substrate followed by sinter at 400−500°C. They exhibit a good transparency in the visible region
and a specific resistivity as low as 1.0 ·cm.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Noritsugu KOMETANI, Vol.11, pp.1116 (2012).
This paper reviews the recent results of our studies on the hydrothermal synthesis of metal nanoparticles
using the flowtype reactor system. The formation mechanism of silver nanoparticles under the hydrothermal
conditions has been examined by insitu monitoring of the absorption spectra of reaction solutions in thehightemperature highpressure reactor. It is found that the silver nanoparticle is partially dissolved in
subcritical water at 350°C, resulting in the bimodal size distribution of obtained nanoparticles. The
hydrothermal reactor having a Tshaped junction has been developed for the purpose of the preparation ofsizecontrolled metal nanoparticles. The results indicated that ultrafine silver nanoparticles with narrower
size distribution can be obtained using this reactor system because of the rapid mixing of reaction solutions
at the Tshaped junction. The hydrothermal synthesis of copper nanoparticles has also been demonstrated,suggesting that this method has broad utility for various types of metal nanoparticles.
Photochromic Polymers Bearing Various Diarylethene Chromophores as the Pendant: Synthesis,
Optical Properties, and Multicolor Photochromism
Hiroyasu NISHI, Tomoko NAMARI, and Seiya KOBATAKE, Vol. 21(43), pp. 17249–17258 (2011).
Photochromic polymers with various diarylethene derivatives were synthesized by a conventional radical
polymerization of styrene derivatives having diarylethene chromophores as the pendant. All the polymers
exhibited reversible photochromism in the film as well as in solution, while the photocyclization conversion
in the film decreased in comparison with that in solution because of a restriction of the conformational
structure in the solid state. Although the photocyclization and photocycloreversion quantum yields at theinitial stage of the reactions in the film were comparable to those in solution, the apparent cycloreversion
quantum yield decreased along with the reaction, which is derived from a distribution of the quantum yields
in the solid state. Finally, the photochromic terpolymers consisting of three diarylethene monomers whichshow photochromism changing color to cyan, magenta, and yellow were synthesized. The terpolymers were
demonstrated to show bright colors including black, green, red, and blue both in solution and in the solidstate by selective bleaching processes. Such multicolor photochromic polymers composed of diarylethene
derivatives have a potential for rewritable photochromic display devices.
Facile Preparation of Gold Nanoparticle with Diarylethene Polymers by Disodium Malate and Its
Photoreversible Optical Properties
Hiroyasu NISHI and Seiya KOBATAKE, Vol. 92(2), pp. 847–853 (2012).
We have developed a synthetic procedure of gold nanoparticle covered with polystyrene (Aupoly(St)) usingorganic acid salts, followed by a ligand exchange reaction. First, various chain lengths of polystyrenes(poly(St)s) bearing thiolend group were used as the covering agent of gold nanoparticle prepared by
reduction using trisodium citrate. The resulting nanoparticles with ca. 13 nm diameter were dispersed intoluene when the molecular weight of the ligand poly(St) is larger than 1200. Larger sized Aupoly(St) could
be obtained using disodium malate instead of the citrate. The colloidal gold nanoparticle with ca. 40 nm
diameter was easily prepared only by changing the reducing agent. Finally, we have demonstrated to prepare−68−larger sized gold nanoparticle covered with a photochromic diarylethene polymer that shows large change inlocal surface plasmon resonance absorption according to the photochromic reaction even in a solution.
Femtosecond Laser Photolysis Studies on Temperature Dependence of Cyclization and Cycloreversion
Reactions of a Photochromic Diarylethene Derivative
Yukihide ISHIBASHI, Toshiyuki UMESATO, Seiya KOBATAKE, Masahiro IRIE, and Hiroshi MIYASAKA, Vol. 116(7), pp. 4862–4869 (2012).
Temperature dependencies of cyclization and cycloreversion processes of a photochromic diarylethene
derivative, 1,2bis(2methyl3benzothienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, were investigated by steadystate
spectroscopy and femtosecond laser photolysis methods. Steadystate measurements revealed that thecyclization reaction quantum yield and the fraction of the conformer with C2v symmetry favorable forthecyclization (antiparallel, AP conformer) were independent of temperature in the range of 253−343 K.
These results indicated that the cyclization reaction of the AP conformer in the openring isomer in the
excited state had no apparent temperature dependence and suggested that the fate of the excited AP
conformer in the openring isomer, such as cyclization or deactivation to the ground state, was determined at
the conical intersection. On the other hand, the cycloreversion reaction was dependent on the temperature;
the reaction quantum yield increased together with a decrease in the lifetime of the excited state of theclosedring isomer with increasing temperature. On the basis of the adiabatic energy surface for the reaction
profiles, it was deduced that the rapid deactivation into the ground state took place in the S1 state incompetition with the activated pathways leading to the conical intersection where the cycloreversion
occurred.
Plasmonic Enhancement of Gold Nanoparticles on Photocycloreversion Reaction of Diarylethene
Derivatives Depending on Particle Size, Distance from the Particle Surface, and Irradiation
Wavelength
Hiroyasu NISHI, Tsuyoshi ASAHI, and Seiya KOBATAKE, Vol. 14(14), pp. 4898–4905 (2012).
We newly synthesized various sized gold nanoparticles covered with photochromic polymers consisting ofdiarylethenes with various structures to investigate an effect of the gold nanoparticles on thephotocycloreversion reaction of the diarylethene chromophores upon irradiation with visible light. The gold
nanoparticles covered with the photochromic polymers exhibited reversible changes in localized surface
plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption along with the photochromic reaction depending on the diameter ofthe particle, the distance between the gold surface and the chromophore, and the structure of the diarylethenechromophore. The rate of the photocycloreversion reaction of the chromophores around the particle wasenhanced by the gold nanoparticles and the degree of the enhancement was affected by the diameter of theparticle and the distance from the gold surface, while a structural difference in the diarylethene chromophore
had no effect on the degree of the enhancement. The larger enhancement of the photocycloreversion reaction
was observed by irradiation at longer wavelength side than visible light corresponding to the LSPR
frequency.
Morphology, Wettability and Photomicropatterning of Superhydrophobic Surface with High Adhesive
Force by Crystal Growth of a Photochromic Diarylethene
Daichi KITAGAWA and Seiya KOBATAKE, Vol. 3(5), pp. 1445–1449 (2012).
A photochromic diarylethene, 1,2bis(2methyl6nitro1benzothiophen3yl)perﬂuorocyclopentene, canundergo crystallization from the amorphous film in poly(methyl methacrylate) at 130°C. The contact angle
with water on the film changed from 82° to 132° upon crystallization. Moreover, by heating at 180 °C, thecontact angle increased to 154°, showing a superhydrophobic surface (water contact angle > 150°). Thechange in the contact angle can be ascribed to the surface roughness change by the crystal growth. The
superhydrophobic surface also showed highwater adhesive properties. Patterning of the superhydrophobic
and hydrophobic surfaces was performed using a photomask by photoirradiation leading to a resolution of
about 10 m. The contact angle on the photoirradiated area was reduced to 138° along with lowering of thesurface roughness because of poorer crystal growth of the photoirradiated crystals. Such a superhydrophobic
surface with high adhesive force is useful for water capturing devices.

−69−

Systematic Study on the Thermal Cycloreversion Reactivity of Diarylethenes with Alkoxy and Alkyl
Groups at the Reactive Carbons
Hiroaki SHOJI, Daichi KITAGAWA, and Seiya KOBATAKE in press.
The relationship between the thermal cycloreversion reactivity of diarylethenes and the bulkiness of thesubstituents at the reactive carbons was systematically investigated. Two photochromic diarylethenes,
1,2bis(2isobutoxy5phenyl3thienyl)perﬂuorocyclopentene
and1,2bis(2neopentoxy5phenyl
3thienyl)perﬂuorocyclopentene, were newly synthesized and their optical properties and thermal
cycloreversion reactivity were examined, because there is insufficient data for diarylethenes with alkoxygroups at the reactive carbons. The steric substituent constant was employed to correlate the relationshipbetween the thermal cycloreversion reactivity of diarylethenes with alkyl and alkoxy groups at the reactive
carbons and the bulkiness of the substituent. A good correlation was obtained for the substituent constantusing CH2 instead of oxygen in the alkoxy groups. The results indicate that this is a very useful strategy forthe design of novel diarylethenes with desired thermal cycloreversion reactivity.
Plasmonic Enhancement of a Photocycloreversion Reaction of a Diarylethene Derivative Using
Individually Dispersed Silver Nanoparticles
Hiroyasu NISHI, Tsuyoshi ASAHI, and Seiya KOBATAKE in press.
The fabrication of silver nanoparticles covered with polymers with a welldefined core–shell structure andthe quantitative evaluation of the plasmonic enhancement effect on a photochemical reaction in the vicinityof these silver nanoparticles individually dispersed in a medium are described. The photocycloreversion
reaction of a diarylethene polymer in the vicinity of silver nanoparticles was enhanced by 26 times relative
to the reaction without the nanoparticles. The promotion of the photocycloreversion reaction is due toenhancement of the electromagnetic field near the surface of the silver core.
Photoresponsive Actuator of Diarylethene Molecular Crystals
Seiya KOBATAKE, Vol. 41(2), pp. 66–70 (2012) (in Japanese).
Materials that can reversibly change shape and/or size in response to external stimuli have attracted muchattention as an actuator. Especially, a lightdriven actuator allows remote operation without any directcontact. This paper describes herein singlecrystalline photochromism of diarylethenes, lightdriven
deformation of the diarylethene crystals, and a potential application to the actuator.
Crystalline Photochromism (2.4)
Masahiro IRIE and Seiya KOBATAKE
In       , Kyoritsu Shuppan, pp. 42–52 (2012) (inJapanese).
Photoresponsive Crystal Shape Change of Photochromic Diarylethenes
Seiya KOBATAKE     , Invited Lecture, Bangkok, Thailand, September 5–8, 2011;
Abstract INV0248, p. 243 (2011).
Photoresponsive Crystal Shape Change of Photochromic Diarylethenes
Seiya KOBATAKE, Invited Lecture, Osaka, November
10–11, 2011; Abstract C3, pp. 42–43 (2011).
Photofunctional Organic Crystals Actuated by Photoirradiation
Seiya KOBATAKE
, The Society of Polymer Science, Japan, Invited Lecture, Amagasaki, December 21, 2011;−70−

Abstract, pp. 5–6 (2011) (in Japanese).
Current and Future Trends of Single Crystalline Photochromism of Diarylethenes
Seiya KOBATAKE             , Invited Lecture, Kyoto, March 2, 2012; Abstract, pp. 7–12 (2012) (in Japanese).
Design and Function of Photochromic Molecular Materials in the Solid State
Seiya KOBATAKE, Invited Lecture, Nagoya, September 19–21, 2012; ,Vol. 61(2), 4506–4508 (2012) (in Japanese).
Synthesis of Silaoxazolinium Salts of Weakly Coordinating Anions: Structures and Catalytic
Properties in Aldol Reaction
Anugu Chandra, Sheker Reddy, Zhang Chen, Tohru Hatanaka, Tatsuya Minami and Yasuo Hatanaka, in press.
Synthesis and structures of silaoxazolinium salts and their application to the catalytic Mukaiyama aldol
reactionarereported.
Reactionofamidomethyl(dimethyl)chlorosilaneoramidomethyl[bis(trimethylsilyl)]chlorosilane with metal salts of weakly coordinating anions such as
CsB[3,5(CF3)2C6H3]4 (TFPB anion) and Na[CB11H12] (carbadodecaborate anion) gave thecorresponding fivemembered ring silaoxazolinium salts in high yields (9397%). The structures of a seriesof silaoxazolinium salts were determined by Xray crystal analysis as well as 29Si NMR spectra. It has been
revealed that the silicon atoms of silaoxazolinium salts and are nearly completely free from the coordination
29of anions and the geometries of the silicon centers are distorted tetrahedral. The Si chemical shifts of salts
appeared in a range of 31 to 49 ppm, indicating the appreciable silylium cation character of the silicon.
Silaoxazolinium salt of TFPB anion exhibited effective catalytic activity for the Mukaiyama aldol reaction ofunactivated ketones such as cyclohexanone and acetophenone, giving high yields of the corresponding aldol
products. The catalytic activity is highly dependent on the nature of the counter anions and the substituentson the silicon. DFT calculation of silaoxazolinium cation has disclosed that positive charges ofsilaoxazolinium cations are mainly located at the silicon atoms, while the nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms
are negatively charged.
Configurationally Labile Silyl Triflimides: Application to Asymmetric DielsAlder Reaction
Yuhsuke Sakaguchi, Yuhki Iwade, Tetsuo Kurata, Tohru Hatanaka, Tatsuya Minami and Yasuo Hatanaka in press.
29
Si NMR studies of chiral silyl triflimides and asymmetric DielsAlder reaction catalyzed by chiral silyl
triflimides are reported. Effectiveness of new silicon catalysts was comparable to those of
the best catalysts for DielsAlder reaction so far reported. NMR studies strongly suggested that
configurational lability of stereogenic pentacoordinate silicon center led to the high enantioselectivities.

−71−
Flavinbinding of Azoreductase: Direct Evidences for Dualbinding Property of Apoazoreductase with
FMN and FAD
Toshihiko OOI, Daiki OGATA, Ken’ichiro MATSUMOTO, Gen NAKAMURA, Jian YU, Min YAO,
Masaya KITAMURA, and Seiichi TAGUCHI Vol. 74, pp. 204–208 (2012).
The flavin selectivity of the flavoenzymes is considered to be very strict in terms of the functional expressionof the enzyme. However, we found that an FMNdependent azoreductase from  sp. B29 exhibited up
to 60% of the activity of native AzrA harboring FMN upon the addition of a FAD cofactor. The FAD binding
to the apoform of AzrA was identified by spectrophotometric analysis, and the bound FAD was stably
retained in the enzyme molecule without degradation to FMN. On the other hand, no effect of riboflavin on
the activity of AzrA was detected and there was no obvious quenching of riboflavin detected with addition of
apoAzrA. By a docking simulation of FAD into structure of a homolog of AzrA (AzoR from ), we created a FADbinding model. Taking all of these results together, it is proposed that theisoalloxazine ring of FAD localizes at the same site and plays the same role as that of FMN in AzrA.
Construction and Humanization of a Functional Bispecific EGFR × CD16 Diabody Using a Refolding
SystemRyutaro ASANO, Makoto NAKAYAMA, Hiroko KAWAGUCHI, Tsuguo KUBOTA, Takeshi NAKANISHI,
Mitsuo UMETSU, Hiroki HAYASHI, Yu KATAYOSE, Michiaki UNNO, Toshio KUDO, and Izumi
KUMAGAI, Vol. 279, pp. 223–233 (2012).
We previously reported the construction and activity of a humanized, bispecific diabody (hEx3) that
recruited T cells towards an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive tumor. Herein, we describe
the construction of a second functional, fully humanized, antiEGFR bispecific diabody that recruits anothersubset of lymphocyte effectors, the natural killer cells, to EGFRexpressing tumor cells. After we confirmedthat an antiEGFR × antiCD16 bispecific diabody (Ex16) consisting of a previously humanized antiEGFR
variable fragment (Fv) and a mouse antiCD16 Fv had growth inhibitory activity, we designed a humanizedantiCD16 Fv to construct the fully humanized Ex16 (hEx16). However, the humanized form had lower
activity for inhibition of cancer growth. To restore its growth inhibitory activity, we introduced mutations
into the Vernier zone, which is located near the complementaritydetermining regions and is involved in theirbinding activity. We efficiently prepared 15 different hEx16 mutants by expressing each chimeric
singlechain component for hEx16 separately. We then used our in vitro refolding system to select the mostfunctional mutant, which had a growth inhibitory effect comparable with that of the commercially available
chimeric antiEGFR antibody, cetuximab. Our refolding system could aid in the efficient optimization ofother proteins with heterodimeric structure.
A HighAffinity GoldBinding Camel Antibody: Antibody Engineering for OnePot Functionalizationof Gold Nanoparticles as Biointerface Molecules
Takamitsu HATTORI, Mitsuo UMETSU, Takeshi NAKANISHI, Satoko SAWAI, Shinsuke KIKUCHI,
Ryutaro ASANO, and Izumi KUMAGAI, Vol. 23, pp. 1934–1944 (2012).
Antibodies, with their high affinity and specificity, are widely utilized in the field of protein engineering,
medicinal chemistry, and nanotechnology applications, and our recent studies have demonstrated therecognition and binding of antibody for the surface on inorganic material. In this study, we generated highaffinity goldbinding antibody fragment by a combination of peptidegrafting and phagedisplay techniquesand showed the availability of the materialbinding fragment for onepot functionalization of nanoparticles asinterface molecules. After a goldbinding peptide sequence was grafted into one of the complementarity
determining regions of a single variable domain of a heavychain camel antibody, a combinatorial library
approach raised by 20 times the affinity of the peptidegrafted fragment. The high affinity goldbinding
fragment (E32) spontaneously adsorbed on gold nanoparticles, and consequently the nanoparticles formed astable dispersion in a highionicstrength solution. Multivalent and bispecific antibodies constructed on theE32 platform by means of fusion technology functionalized gold nanoparticles in one pot, and these−72−

functionalized nanoparticles could be used to obtain surface plasmon resonance scattering images of cancer
cells and to spontaneously link two different nanomaterials. Here, we propose the bispecific antibodies asconvenient interface molecules in nanosized world.

Crystal Nucleation Induced by Diffusion of Solute Molecules
K. IGARASHI, R. YAMAMOTO and H. OOSHIMA
Development of a Novel Fines Dissolution Mechanism for Production of Large Crystals in Batch
Crystallization
K. IGARASHI, M. ARIMOTO, H. OOSHIMA, 2011, Jeju Korea
Effect of Complete Dissolution of Once Appeared Crystals on Induction Period and Crystal Size in
Cooling Crystallization of pAcetanisidide
K. IGARASHI, A. KITANO, I. KODUTSUMI and H. OOSHIMA, 2011, Jeju Korea
Control of Crystal Size Distribution Using a mLScale Continuous Crystallizer Equipped with a High
Speed Agitator
K. IGARASHI, Y. YAMANAKA, M. AZUMA and H. OOSHIMA, Vol. 45(1), pp.2833 (2012)
A mLscale continuous crystallizer has been newly developed to produce small crystals with a narrow size
distribution. The crystallizer is used for the poor solvent crystallization of glycine and Lalanine. The
crystallizer is composed of a stainlesssteel mixing vessel with an inner volume of 0.9 mL and a highspeed
agitator that can agitate the crystallization solution up to 24,000 rpm. Glycine or Lalanine aqueous solution
and poor solvent (methanol) are supplied into the vessel at a constant flow rate and intensely mixed by theagitator. The average residence time was set at 0.33, 3.3 and 33 s by changing the flow rate of an amino acidsolution and poor solvent. The crystals obtained by the crystallizer are small and uniform in size, comparing
with those obtained by a conventional beakerscale semibatch and continuous MSMPR type crystallizers.
For example, glycine crystals having the 1/38 of the size of crystals obtained by a semi batch crystallizer
were obtained. The short residence time that can be attained by the present mLscale crystallizer isadvantageous for the production of small crystals with a narrow size distribution. The size distribution can befurther controlled by changing the mixing ratio of poor solvent.
Structure of Supersaturated Solution and Crystal Nucleation
H. OOSHIMA, FA01 Plenary,
p.1 (2012)
Repeated Cooling Crystallization for Production of Microcrystals with a Narrow Size Distribution
Z. XING, K. IGARASHI, A. MORIOKA and H. OOSHIMA, Vol. 45(10), pp. 811–815 (2012)
The batch cooling crystallization of an organic compound, was carried out using methanol
as a solvent and no seed crystal. The crystallization needed an induction period of 10–200 min before
nucleation, and the size distribution of the product crystals was broad with sizes ranging from 10 to 270 mm
determined as the diameter of a circle with equal projection area. In order to control the nucleation process
and obtain microcrystals with a narrow size distribution, the dissolution of crystals obtained by coolingcrystallization, followed by recrystallization was adopted. Thus, the crystals once obtained by coolingcrystallization were completely dissolved by heating the slurry to a temperature 17°C that was higher than
the saturation temperature by 1.5°C. After the solution was maintained at that temperature for a given time, it
was cooled again. In the case of repeated crystallization, the induction period observed in the first
crystallization disappeared, and small crystals with a mean diameter of 40 m and a narrow size distribution
were obtained. However, the effect of the complete dissolution of crystals on the production of microcrystals−73−with a narrow size distribution disappeared when the solution was incubated at 17°C over 90 min. These
results were explained on the basis of the history of the solution structure.
Protein recognition of hetero/homoleptic ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)s for αchymotrypsin andcytochrome Yoshinobu YAMAGUCHI, Nobuo Kato, Hideki AZUMA, Takeshi NAGASAKI and Junko OHKANDA
 Vol. 22(6), pp. 2354–2358 (2012).
We examined the relationship between the structures of hetero/homoleptic ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)
metal complexes (RuII(bpy)3) and their binding properties for αchymotrypsin (ChT) and cytochrome  (cyt). Heteroleptic compound 1a binds to both ChT and cyt  in 1:1 ratio, whereas homoleptic 2 forms 1:2
protein complex with ChT but 1:1 complex with cyt . These results suggest that the structure of therecognition cavity in RuII(bpy)3 can be designed for shape complementarity to the targeted proteins. In
addition, RuII(bpy)3 complexes were found to be potent inhibitors of cyt  reduction and to permeate A549
cells.
Quantitative comparison between poly(Larginine) and poly(Llysine) at each step of polyplexbased
gene transfection using a microinjection technique
Tomoko HASHIMOTO, Takeshi KAWAZU, Takeshi NAGASAKI, Akira MURAKAMI and Tetsuji
YAMAOKA., Vol. 13(1), 015009/1–015009/8 (2012).
Among the wellstudied polypeptidetype gene carriers, transfection efficiency is empirically known to behigher for poly(Larginine) (PR) than poly(Llysine) (PK). The big difference between PR and PK should bedetermined at one of the intracellular trafficking steps based on the different charge densities, structures or
pKa values. However, the endosomal escape and the intranuclear transcription efficiency in living cells havenot been clarified yet. In this study, a novel method for quantifying the intranuclear transcription efficiency
and the nuclear transport of the polyplex is established based on the nuclear and the cytosolic microinjection
technique, and the results for PK and PR with different molecular weights (MWs) are compared in living
cells. The intranuclear transcription efficiency is the same in PR and PK and it decreases rapidly withincreasing MW, in spite of the commonly measured transfection efficiency. The transcription efficiency isstrongly suppressed at high MW and strongly correlates with the polyplex forming ability expressed as a
critical ratio of the number of polypeptide cationic groups to the number of pDNA anionic groups. Whenconsidered with the results of the cellular uptake and in vitro transfection with or without chloroquine, theratelimiting step for their gene transfer is the buffering effectindependent endosomal escape.
HVJE/importinβ hybrid vector for overcoming cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes as double
barrier for nonviral gene delivery
Takeshi KAWAZU, Hiroyuki KANZAKI, Atsushi UNO, Hideki AZUMA and Takeshi NAGASAKI., Vol. 66(7), pp. 519–524 (2012).
In order to enhance the nuclear import of the transgene, we prepared plasmid DNA/importinβ conjugatesconsisting of biotinylated poly(ethylenimine)s and recombinant streptavidinfused importinβ.
Hemagglutinating virus of Japanenvelope (HVJE) vector containing the PEI polyplex/importinβ conjugate
showed high transfection efficiency not only   but also  . We showed that novel
HVJE/importinβconjugated PEI polyplex hybrid vector could overcome plasma and nuclear membrane
barriers to achieve effective transfection.
Inorganic boron cluster materials for new radiation treatment by generating radiation inside of bodyTakeshi NAGASAKIVol. 12(5), pp. 3439 (2012) (in Japanese).
Recently, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) attracts attention as a cancer therapy of the low side effect.
It is important to deliver 10B atoms only into the carcinoma cell selectively for the improvement of thetreatment efficiency. In this review article, novel inorganic boron clusters are focused on developing aeffective new radiation treatment for cancer by generating radiation inside of body.
Potential of polyion complex nanoparticle composed of mercaptoundecahydrododecaboraneappnded−74−high molecular weight polyamine as a boron carrier for neutron capture therapy
Takeshi NAGASAKI, Masayuki UMANO, Hironobu YANAGIE, Mitsunori KIRIHATA, Shinichiro
MASUNAGA and Koji ONO

Tumortargeting and boron neutron capture therapy by using biodegradable polyamines conjugatedwith boron clusters
Takeshi NAGASAKI, Yuxiang Zhu, Hideki AZUMA, Mitsunori KIRIHATA, Shinichiro MASUNAGA andKoji ONO


Dectin1 mediated delivery system of antiinflammatory drug and photosensitizer to immune cells
Yuta KAGOSHIMA, Jiawei LI, Atsushi IKEDA, Hideki AZUMA and Takeshi NAGASAKI


LidNA, a novel miRNA inhibitor constructed with unmodified DNA
Akira Tachibana, Yui Yamada, Hiroyuki Ida, Satoshi Saito & Toshizumi Tanabe. 586, 15291532 (2012).
Many miRNA inhibitors have been developed and they are chemically modified oligonucleotides such as
2′methylated RNA and locked nucleic acid (LNA). Unmodified DNA has not yet reported as miRNA
inhibitor because of low affinity of DNA/miRNA than mRNA/miRNA. We designed the structured DNA
that was constructed with unmodified DNA and significantly inhibited miRNA function. The structure thatneeded for the activity was the miRNA binding site between double stranded regions that were responsible
for the miRNA inhibitory activity and tight binding to miRNA. We firstly developed the miRNA inhibitor
constructed with unmodified DNA, named LidNA,  that put the  on miRNA function.
Dermokineβ impairs ERK signaling through direct binding to GRP78.
Higashi K, Hasegawa M, Yokoyama C, Tachibana T, Mitsui S, Saito K, 586, 23002305. (2012)
Dermokineβ is abundant in stratified epithelia and in differentiating cultured keratinocytes. In this study, weinvestigated the role of dermokineβ in differentiation of keratinocytes. Treatment of keratinocytes or skintumor cells with dermokineβ attenuated phosphorylation of extracellularsignalregulated kinase (ERK).
Exposure of cells to dermokineβ, as well as its carboxylterminus domain peptide, interrupted
phosphorylation of ERK and stimulated dermokine gene expression. Inhibition of ERK signaling by its
specific inhibitor also increased dermokine expression level. A combination of chemical crosslinking andimmunoprecipitation, followed by proteomics analyses, identified glucoseregulated protein 78 (GRP78) as adermokineβassociated protein. Blockage of GRP78 expression by a specific siRNA abrogated actions ofdermokineβ. These findings provide novel insights into the physiological significance of dermokineβ in theepidermis.
Altered expression of dermokine in skin disorders. 
Hasegawa M, Higashi K, Yokoyama C, Yamamoto F, Tachibana T, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Saito K,
Fujimoto M, Takehara K.
 doi: 10.1111/j.14683083.2012.04598.x. (2012)
Although dermokineβ, a glycoprotein expressed in epithelial cells, does not have significant homology toother proteins, its carboxylterminal domain shares a high pI value with many cytokines, suggesting similarfunctions. Objective To better understand the biology of dermokine, we here determined its localization
under pathological conditions and examined factors that regulate its expression. Methods We generated anantihuman dermokineβ/γ monoclonal antibody crossreacting with the mouse protein. Using this antibody,immunohistological staining and Western blotting of dermokineβ/γ were performed with various tissue
samples. Although human dermokineβ/γ was expressed in almost all granular layers, upper spinous layersof the skin were also stained with antidermokineβ/γ antibody in inflammatory skin disorders.

−75−Dermokineβ/γ was expressed in keratoacanthoma and a part of welldifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). However, dermokineβ/γ was not detected in poorly differentiated SCC or tumours derived fromnonkeratinocytes. In mice, dermokineβ/γexpressed keratinocytes were increased in models of contact
hypersensitivity, ultravioletirradiated skin injury and wound healing. Consistent with expanded distribution
in inflammatory skin diseases, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin1β, interleukin12, and tumour
necrosis factorα augmented dermokineβ/γ expression in cultured human keratinocytes. In contrast, growth
factors including epidermal growth factor, insulinlike growth factorI, keratinocyte growth factor andtransforming growth factorα significantly reduced dermokine expression. These results provide novel
insights into the physiological and pathological significance of dermokine in the epidermis.

A. HARADA, S. OKADA, D. KONNO, J. ODAWARA, T. YOSHIMI, S. YOSHIMURA, H.
KUMAMARU, H. SAWAI, T. TSUBOTA, H. KURUMIZAKA, K. AKASHI, T. TACHIBANA, AN.
IMBALZANO, Y. OHKAWA.
 31, 29943007. (2012)
Cell differentiation is mediated by lineagedetermining transcription factors. We show that chromodomain
helicase DNAbinding domain 2 (Chd2), a SNF2 chromatin remodelling enzyme family member, interacts
with MyoD and myogenic gene regulatory sequences to specifically mark these loci via deposition of thehistone variant H3.3 prior to cell differentiation. Directed and genomewide analysis of endogenous H3.3
incorporation demonstrates that knockdown of Chd2 prevents H3.3 deposition at differentiationdependent,
but not housekeeping, genes and inhibits myogenic gene activation. The data indicate that MyoD determines
cell fate and facilitates differentiationdependent gene expression through Chd2dependent deposition of
H3.3 at myogenic loci prior to differentiation.


J. ODAWARA, A. HARADA, T. YOSHIMI, K. MAEHARA, T. TACHIBANA, S. OKADA, K.
AKASHI, Y. OHKAWA.
 12, 516 (2011)
Cellular function is regulated by the balance of stringently regulated amounts of mRNA. Previous reports
revealed that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), which transcribes mRNA, can be classified into the pausingstate and the active transcription state according to the phosphorylation state of RPB1, the catalytic subunitof RNAPII. However, genomewide association between mRNA expression level and the phosphorylation
state of RNAPII is unclear. While the functional importance of pausing genes is clear, such as in mouse
Embryonic Stem cells for differentiation, understanding this association is critical for distinguishing pausing
genes from active transcribing genes in expression profiling data, such as microarrays and RNAseq.
Therefore, we examined the correlation between the phosphorylation of RNAPII and mRNA expression
levels using a combined analysis by ChIPseq and RNAseq. We first performed a precise quantitative
measurement of mRNA by performing an optimized calculation in RNAseq. We then visualized therecruitment of various phosphorylated RNAPIIs, such as Ser2P and Ser5P. A combined analysis using
optimized RNAseq and ChIPseq for phosphorylated RNAPII revealed that mRNA levels correlate with thevarious phosphorylation states of RNAPII. We demonstrated that the amount of mRNA is precisely reflectedby the phased phosphorylation of Ser2 and Ser5. In particular, even the most "pausing" genes, for which only
Ser5 is phosphorylated, were detectable at a certain level of mRNA. Our analysis indicated that thecomplexity of quantitative regulation of mRNA levels could be classified into three categories according to
the phosphorylation state of RNAPII.

−76−



                





                
                  



               
                
                 

                                           



                             




              


                

               
           −77−                    





          





            


               

               





−78−


Nobuhito OCHI (Akashi National College of Technology), Masahide MATSUMURA and Nobuhiro HISABE(Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.)
, pp. 219220, 6pages in CDROM, January 2628, Hong Kong SAR, China (2011)
Recently, number of steel bridges required to be strengthened to reduce working stress due to deterioration andupdated design live load is increasing in Japan. Then additional steel plates are welded and bolted to these existing
steel bridges in ordinary cases. However such conventional strengthening techniques have room for improvements
onto construction workmanship. The use of high modulus CFRP strip as strengthening material is focused on for
more rational and economical strengthening technique of superannuated existing I shaped steel girders.
Then, experimentally investigated in this study is strengthening effect of high modulus CFRP strips installed onto
the lower flange plate of I shaped steel girder. Five girder specimens with different adhesive lengths of the CFRP
strips to the lower flange plate are used in the bending tests. Also method to prevent CFRP strips from debonding
at both ends of them is proposed and investigated in this experiment. Then, the bending strength and behavior of
the strengthened I shaped steel girders are discussed.


Kazuyuki ISHIHARA, Masahide MATSUMURA, Masahiko YOSHIDA (Kawakin CoreTech Co.,Ltd.) and
Minoru SAKAIDA (Sakaida Bridge Engineering & Consulting)
, pp. 656657, 8pages in CDROM, January 2628, Hong Kong SAR, China (2011)
Displacement restrainers of the superstructure in the transverse direction of the isolated bridge are usually
installed to protect expansion joints from damage during earthquake. Steel side blocks, one of the displacement
restrainers, are set near both sides of isolating bearings. Here, a more rational seismic response of the isolated
bridge in the transverse direction can be considered to be that the displacement of the superstructure during asmall and moderate earthquake like Level 1 Earthquake defined in the JSHB (Specification of Highway Bridges)
is restraint and the displacement during a strong earthquake like Level 2 Earthquake is released to mitigate
damage of bridge pier and/or base structure and to enhance redundancy against a strong earthquake. For instance,
steel side block, improved to have a knockoff function, will provide these responses of the isolated bridge. This
study describes the outline of the side block with slit, which is developed by the authors to control the breaking
load accurately. The breaking characteristics of the side block with knockoff function are verified through static
breaking test using downsized specimens with changes in dimension of the slit, like crosssectional area andheight of the slit. Also analytically clarified is the installation effect of the side block on dynamic response of theisolated bridge structures.
            

Nobuhito OCHI (Akashi National College of Technology), Masahide MATSUMURA and Nobuhiro HISABE(Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.), Vol.57A, JSCE, pp. 114124 (2011) (in Japanese)
Installation of CFRP strips of high elastic modulus can be effective for improving the load carrying capacity of asuperannuated existing steel I girder. Experimentally investigated in this study are some debonding prevention
methods at the edges of the CFRP strips onto the lower flange plate. At the first step, the bending tests are carriedout for six girder specimens with different adhesive lengths of the CFRP strips. Then, debonding prevention plates
at the edges of the CFRP strips and tie plate and tie rod bridging both edges of the CFRP plates over the steel
splice plate of bolted connection is proposed to prevent the debonding and the effectiveness of the methods are
examined for the specimens with the debonding.

Masahide MATSUMURA, Yukiyasu HONTANI (TAISEI Corp.) and Toshiyuki KITADA, Vol.57A, JSCE, pp. 94103 (2011) (in Japanese)
Rigid framed steel bridge piers had several damages like plate buckling by the attack of the Hyogoken Nambu−79−

Earthquake. To update seismic design adequately evaluating strength and ductility on inplane behavior of the pier,some analytical modeling, which can consider plate buckling, is required and is available now but not for practicalbusiness use. Then investigated in this study is an adequate modeling method when using beamcolumn element
based on EulerBernoulli theory for the analysis and influences of some modeling methods on the seismic
performance of the inplane behavior of the pier.

Koichi SUGIOKA (Hanshin Expressway Co.,Ltd.), Nobuhiro MASHIMA (Hanshin Expressway Co.,Ltd.),
Hiroaki MATSUSHITA (Hitachi Zosen Corp.), Takehiko HIMENO (Kawakin CoreTech Co.,Ltd.) and Masahide
MATSUMURA, Vol.57A, JSCE, pp. 467 478 (2011) (in Japanese)
Seismic retrofit of an existing network arch bridge against largescale (Level 2) earthquake ground motions was
performed by modifying existing fixed steel bearings into slittype knockoff bearings. Threedimensionalnonlinear dynamic response analyses were carried out considering sitespecific ground motions. It was confirmedthat shear panel dampers as passive energydissipation were needed on both fixedside and movableside pier tops
to avoid the potentially difficult retrofit work for the undersea pier anchors and foundations. The authors proposedslittype knockoff bearings with the knockoff function as triggers against the Level 2 ground motions to provide
isolation effect. Performance tests of the slittype knockoff bearings were conducted to verify the required
performance for the seismic retrofit design.

Makoto USUKURA (Tokyo Consultants Co.,Ltd.), Takashi YAMAGUCHI, Yusuke TOYOTA, Yukiko MITSUGI(Ishikawa National College of Technology) and Akihisa KONDO (Sogo Engineering Inc.), Vol.57A, JSCE, pp. 724 734 (2011) (in Japanese)In these days, it has been reported that some of steel bridges are deteriorated due to corrosion of the girder ends.
Since the evaluation method of the load carrying capacity of the girder ends with corrosion is not established,
understanding of mechanical property and ultimate strength of the girder ends is required from the viewpoint of
repair works. In this paper, the load carrying capacity of the girder ends with corrosion of Highway Bridges isstudied based on FE analysis. In particular, the influence of corrosion area and location of the girder ends to its
load carrying capacity are discussed focusing on the height and length of the corrosion area, the size of the sole
plate and so on.

Kyoichi NAKAYASU (Hitachi Zosen Corp.), Toshiaki MORII (Hitachi Zosen Corp.), Hiroaki MATSUSHITA(Hitachi Zosen Corp.) and Takashi YAMAGUCHI, Vol.57A, JSCE, pp. 831 841 (2011) (in Japanese)
Most of field joints of the submerged structures such as steel penstock or hydraulic gates are welded on site. Highstrength bolted friction type joints are hardly applied because of change of slip coefficient due to penetration ofwater, lowering of axial force due to corrosion of bolt, delayed fracture of high strength bolt, and so on. On theother hand, in refurbishment of existing structures it will be difficult to apply welded joints to them in terms of
weld ability of existing material, influence of thermal strain on accuracy, and limitation of work space at the site.
If high strength bolted friction type joints can be applied to them, they will become one of the alternatives forrefurbishment method, and widely contribute to improvement of workability, reliability and economic efficiency.
In this paper, the experiment for high strength bolted frictional joints subjected to tensile load considering waterpressure and site condition are carried out. Based on the experimental results, slip coefficient of them is evaluatedtaking into consideration about water penetration into the frictional surface.


Luiza H. ICHINOSE (Japan Industrial Testing Corp.), Masahide MATSUMURA, Tetsuji YAMAGAMI (Hanshin
Expressway Engineering Co.,Ltd.) and Takashi YAMAGUCHI, Vol.18, No.69, JSSC, pp. 1 8 (2011) (in Japanese)Malfunction and damages of expansion joints not only affects the smooth traveling of vehicles on the bridge, but
are also sources of inconvenient noises and vibrations. In addition, impact due to live loads may cause damages to
the girder end structures, being worsened in case a smooth transition between adjacent girders is not assured. The
present study performed a series of field and loading tests to investigate the acoustic and vibrational structuraleffects of vehicles traveling on the surface of steel finger expansion joints. Effects of vertical misalignment−80−

between the plates of the joint fingers were investigated and a diagnosis method based on acoustic evaluation is
also proposed.

Kunitaro HASHIMOTO (Kyoto University), Kunitomo SUGIURA (Kyoto University), Takashi YAMAGUCHI
and Takuji KUMANO (JFE Engineering Corp.), Vol.67, No.1, pp. 177192 (2011) (in Japanese)
For a box sectional steel column with transversely profiled plates (TP plate), cyclic loading tests, combined nonliner FE analyses, pseudodynamic tests and dynamic FE analyses are carried out, in order to investigate its
seismic performance. As results of cyclic loading tests and combined non liner FE analyses, it is shown thatsteel pier with TP plate have good seismic performances, and the taper ratio and the slenderness parameter are thelarger, seismic performances are the better. And as results of pseudodynamic tests and dynamic FE analysis
considering the real seismic acceleration, it is found that the response displacement of steel pier with TP plate issmaller than the one of ordinary steel pier.

Masahide MATSUMURA
, 3pages, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, April 23 (2011)              

Takashi YAMAGUCHI, Shinsuke YOSHIDA (Kyoto University), Kunitaro HASHIMOTO (Kyoto University)and Kunitomo SUGIURA (Kyoto University), Vol.18, No.71, JSSC, pp. 27 42 (2011) (in Japanese)In this study, in order to clear the mechanical behavior of panel point of steel bridges using high strength bolted
frictional joints, tensile loading experiment is carried out at first. Secondly, in order to make more detailclarification of the mechanical behavior and to examine the effective width of the gusset plate, finite element
analysis has been executed by using the model which has same configuration of the specimen. From the results ofthis experiment and analysis, the collapse behavior of panel points of steel truss bridges is discussed andapplicable evaluation methods of the load carrying capacity for yielding of such panel points are proposed.
            

Takashi YAMAGUCHI, Yuhei KAWAMOTO, Dai SAGOU (Takadakiko Co.,Ltd), Takao YAMADA (Takadakiko
Co.,Ltd) and Kazuaki TANI (Takadakiko Co.,Ltd)         London, UK, September 2023,(2011)
Recently, the number of steelconcrete composite rigid frame bridges in Japan is increasing for short and medium
span length. To make this type of bridge more rational, it is important to ensure a good performance of the rigid
connection. Therefore, a new type of the connection detail with bearing plate has been proposed by the authors. In
this study, effectiveness and applicability of the proposed rigid connection detail with the bearing plate was
examined by elastoplastic finite displacement analysis. Mechanical behaviour of the connection detail up to theultimate limit state is investigated based on them. It is found that the load can be securely transferred from thesteel girder to the abutment through the bearing plate. It is concluded that the proposed connection detail canbecome one of the practical and effective rigid connection considering easiness of construction.
 
Kunitaro HASHIMOTO (Kyoto University), Takashi YAMAGUCHI and Kunitomo SUGIURA (Kyoto
University)         London, UK, September 2023,(2011)In this study, in order to clarify a relationship between a residual strength and a level of corrosion damage, and toinvestigate a mechanical behaviour of riveted joints damaged at rivet head by corrosion, experimental andanalytical studies are carried out. In the experiments, are used the specimens which cut off from the demolishedexiting steel bridge members. Experimental specimens of single lapped joints which are varied the corrosion
levels are prepared and tensile tests are executed. In FE analysis, the corrosion levels of a rivet head and joint typewhich are single and double lapped joints are dealt with and parametric analyses are carried out. As the results of−81−this study, it is found that the residual strength of the riveted joint damaged by corrosion is much decreased whena rivet head is corroded heavily in especially the case of the single lapped riveted joint.


Nobuhito OCHI (Akashi National College of Technology) and Masahide MATSUMURA
            pp. 27542762,
1822 September, Seoul, Korea (2011)
In isolated bridges, some displacement restrainers of superstructures in the transverse direction of the bridge axis,
like steel side block (SB), is usually installed for damage protection of expansion joints during earthquakes.
However, it can be rational to expect the isolation effects in the transverse direction as well as in the bridge axis
against a strong earthquake. Then, recently developed and proposed by the authors is the steel side block with theknockoff function (CSB), which breaks at a preset breaking load and provides smooth shift to the isolated
conditions. In this study, smallsize shaking table tests and dynamic response analysis of the isolated bridge
models installed the CSB are carried out by changing breaking characteristics of the CSB. Then, analyticalmodeling method of the CSB is proposed and the validity of it is verified as compared with the tested dynamic
responses.
            

Tetsunari IMAMURA (Osaka University), Kiyoshi ONO (Osaka University), Hiroaki TANIUE (Osaka
University), Nobuo NISHIMURA (Osaka University) and Masahide MATSUMURA
         , pp. 6468, Seoul, Korea, 35
November (2011)
The seismic performance of steel bridge piers which predominantly subjected to cyclic bending moment andmethods to evaluate seismic performance of steel bridge piers have been already proposed. On the other hand,
there are little studies about the elastoplastic behavior and the seismic performance of steel members
predominantly subjected to cyclic axial force like chord members of steel truss bridges. The seismic performanceof steel members predominantly subjected to cyclic axial force and the major buckling parameters affecting theseismic performance may be different from those of steel piers and it is not clear whether the previous seismic
evaluation methods for steel bridge piers can be applied to the steel members predominantly subjected to axial
force. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the elastoplastic behavior and the seismic performance of steel members
predominantly subjected to cyclic axial force. In this paper, the elastoplastic behavior of steel members
predominantly subjected to cyclic axial force is investigated by the finite element analysis.


Masahide MATSUMURA, Junpei YOSHIYAMA, Kiyoshi ONO (Osaka University) and Hiroaki TANIUE (Osaka
University)         , pp. 275282, Seoul, Korea, 35
November (2011)
Plate and member buckling greatly influence on the ultimate state of thinwalled steel column members which arewidely used in steel truss bridge. Such members will show an elastoplastic behavior when subjected to an excess
load, though the column members are designed elastically. Then a beamcolumn element, by which the plate
buckling cannot be considered, is generally used for modeling the column member in the analysis of the truss
bridge. Therefore, a local buckling of the component plate panels and initial imperfections are not taken into
account for the model. Then investigated analytically in this paper is the ultimate state of a steel truss bridge,
which is designed based on the Specification for Highway Bridges in Japan and is subjected to an increasing
monotonic load in the downward direction. Also carried out are static loading tests using such column specimens
subjected to an increasing eccentric predominant axial load. The effect of the plate buckling on the ultimate
strength of the member is discussed based on the analytical and experimental results.

Shinya HIRAHARA, Kentaro TANAKA (Setsunan University), Hiroshi ZUI (Setsunan University) and Masahide
MATSUMURA, Vol.19, JSSC, pp. 395402 (2011) (in Japanese)
Steel bellows as energy absorbing bridge connector is proposed by the authors. In this paper, cyclic behaviors of−82−

steel bellows with the same shape and with different steel materials are investigated by static and cycling loading
test. Also discussed is a simplified stressstrain relationship used in FEM analysis by considering an increased
yield stress due to bending process of the steel bellows. It is concluded that the yield ratio of the steel materials
greatly influenced the energy absorbing capacity of the steel bellows. The increased yield stress is necessary to beconsidered in the analysis to obtain equivalent energy absorbing capacity of the steel bellows made of steel
materials with smaller yield ratio and subjected to large cyclic displacement.

Nobuhito OCHI (Akashi National College of Technology) and Masahide MATSUMURA
 JSSC, pp. 375 380 (2011) (in Japanese)
In isolated bridges, some displacement restrainers of superstructures in the transverse direction of the bridge axis,
like steel side block (SB), is usually installed for damage protection of expansion joints during earthquakes.
However, it can be rational to expect the isolation effects in the transverse direction as well as in the bridge axis
against a strong earthquake. Then, developed and proposed by the authors is the steel side block with theknockoff function (CSB), which breaks at a preset breaking load and provides smooth shift to the isolated
conditions. In this study, smallsize shaking table tests and dynamic response analysis of the isolated bridge
models installed the CSB are carried out by changing breaking characteristics of the CSB. Then, modeling methodof the CSB in the analysis is proposed and the validity of it is verified as compared with the tested dynamic
responses.

Takao YAMAMOTO, Satoru SHIBUYA, Akihiko OHSHIMA, Tsuneharu ORIHASHI, Mitsuhiro NAMBU and
Satoshi NONAMIVol.66, (2012). (in Japanese)
In an attempt to examine the efficiency of plastic board drain for promoting consolidation of superhigh watercontent clay, various kinds of insitu measurement were carried out in a pond at Kobe airport. As expected before
the ground improvement, it was manifested that the consolidation was achieved by the difference of total waterhead between the Plastic board drain and the clay. In addition to it, it was confirmed that the selfweightconsolidation of the superhigh water content clay takes place involved with no dissipation of excess pore waterpressure in the clay. On the other hand, the applicability of ballcone penetration test for estimating water content
of the superhigh water content clay was confirmed well by showing a good agreement with the direct
measurement from the retrieved clay sample. Furthermore, it was well demonstrated that the plastic board draineven when deformed largely functioned well as the drain.

R. P. ORENSE (Univ. of Auckland), T. KIYOTA (Univ. of Tokyo), S. YAMADA, M. CUBRINOVSKI (Univ. of
Canterbury), Y. HOSONO (Toyohashi Univ. of Tech), M. OKAMURA (Ehime Univ.), and S. YASUDA (Tokyo
Denki Univ.), Vol. 82, No. 6, pp.905918 (2011)
Two successive largescale earthquakes, with magnitudes 7.1 and 6.3, struck the Canterbury region on the South
Island of New Zealand almost 6 months apart. Both earthquakes caused extensive damage to lifelines andresidential houses in the city and adjacent areas due to widespread liquefaction and reliquefaction in areas close
to major streams, rivers and wetlands. In this paper, the geotechnical implications of the two earthquakes are
discussed based on the results of the reconnaissance investigations performed by the Japanese GeotechnicalSociety (JGS) immediately after the two events. The widespread liquefaction observed in natural sediments,
reliquefaction of soils within a short period of time, and further damage to earth structures which have beendamaged during the first earthquake were discussed. In addition, the severity and extent of damage observed after
the two events, especially in the eastern suburbs of Christchurch and in the town of Kaiapoi, are compared. Finally,
the soil characteristics and other conditions of the ground near Christchurch’s two main rivers, Avon and
Heathcote, are presented to delineate the difference in severity of liquefaction observed in the two regions during−83−the 2011 event.

T. KIYOTA (Univ. of Tokyo), S. YAMADA, Y. HOSONO (Toyohashi Univ. of Tech), IIS in Univ. of Tokyo, No. 45, pp.115121 (2012)
Christchurch city in New Zealand suffered from two big aftershocks of the 2010 Darfield earthquake that is main
shock of socalled Canterbury earthquakes. They caused repeated liquefaction in suburb of Christchurch city, andsevere damage to residences, buried lifelines, river dikes, road facilities and bridges was observed. This reportsummarizes results from field investigations including Swedish weight sounding tests in the affected area whichwere conducted after the earthquakes.


Naoki OKAMOTO and Yasuo HINO
, Vol. 52, pp. 4954(2011)
Recently, the vicious circle of decline of bus service and decrease of bus passengers has become remarkable, as
the automobilebased life style has popularized with progress of motorization. On the other hand, the mobility ofaged people has become important and serious problems because of progress aging society. Therefore, many local
governments tried to introduce bus services depended on public subsidy into the inconvenient areas on public
transport service1). However, as the bus passengers must be limited, there are not few cases that were notsustainable due to increase of subsidy. In this study, the influence of regional and individual conditions to intended
needs and actual demands of bus service was analyzed through the experimental case study2), 3). As a result,some interesting findings came out as follows; 1) the number of actual bus passengers may be estimated as a halfof the number of persons intended needs for bus, because many residents did not consider the cost subsided by tax,
but 2) some intended needs with obligated purpose and/or without any alternative modes must be actual demands,
and also the service level as the distance to bus stop must influence to actual use.

Yasuo HINO , Vol. 42，No.1，pp. 4752(2011) (in Japanese)
The conditions of traffic accidents and countermeasures were clearly classified into three stages. The first stage isthe pre1970’ when the speed of motorization exceeded the supply of road facilities. The second is the late 1980’
with popularizing the automobiles in the life style. The third is the latest decade when the effects ofcountermeasures have become unremarkable from viewpoint of reduction of traffic accidents. The features ofthese stages were influenced by changing social condition as well as typical causes of accidents. In this paper，therequired issues to ensure the road safety in future were referred，based on the investigation of these social factors
and their typical problems.

Yasuo HINO
，2.12.4(2011) (inJapanese)
Most of people judge the modal choice based on their purpose, cost, time required and comfort level. Therefore,−84−the adaptation of their behaviors should depend on the service level of transport facilities and their conditions
which must be obeyed by the policy. In this paper, some important issues, which should be obtained by analyzing
the changes of trip behaviors according to recent trends of policies concerned with city and transport, werereferred through some examples from view point of environment and welfare in the aging society. Especially, it
was revealed that the trend of modal choice of private facilities such as car and bicycle was depended on transport
policy linked the economical policy, and as a result, some serious problems were come in the environment andwelfare. Finally, the way of environment oriented polices was investigated based on their results.

Banban LI and Yasuo HINO
，2.332.36(2011) (inJapanese)
To improve traffic congestion and environmental degradation caused by motorization and urbanization process in
China，the preferential policies for public transport development have been introduced. However，public transportshare is still declining，and transportation services are poor and lack of transportation infrastructures. In this paper，
the process and features of traffic problems in major cities of China are indentified，and the public transport
priority policy developed against the bad condition of public transport is also referred. Especially Bus Rapid
Transit (BRT) system which has introduced to improve such problems is analyzed. As a result，the existing BRT
systems were classified into 3types according the present situation of rail transit system，through the date of
Beijing，Guangzhou，Hangzhou and Xiamen.               

Yusuke KOTAKE, Yasuo HINO and Nagahiro YOSHIDA        , No.44，6pp (CDROM)(2011) (inJapanese)
Recently, the number of accidents involved school students by riding bicycle. has been increasing. One of thereasons may be the lack of understanding rules of traffic including bicycle and consciousness of road safety. Then,
this study focused on not only the consciousness of road safety of school students and parents especially in case ofusing bicycle, but also the actual condition and major issues of road safety education in school and home. In thisstudy, the important issues concerned with road safety mentioned above were revealed by analyzing the data oflarge scale questionnaire research including 6,000 and more respondents and selected 29 schools in Hyogo
prefecture. As a result, a lack of road safety education in junior high school and high school and understanding
and interest of road safety came out of these analyses. Furthermore, base on the additional feedback survey, what
is important is continuous instruction and training for teachers about road safety. In addition, it must be important
to investigate the cooperation among school students and parents, teacher, police officer and researcher, in order tothe effective education system for road safety.


Banban LI and Yasuo HINO
        , No.44，4pp (CDROM)(2011) (inJapanese)−85−

In recent years, in some Chinese big cities, Public Transport Integration Strategies have extensively introduced, inorder to improve all kinds of problems caused by automobiles. However, not only their detail but also evaluationsof this strategy presented by BRT system were not yet revealed.
Then this study aimed to evaluate BRT systems as a typical integration strategy by analyzing some relevant
indicators selected as the essential factors of the internal system, based on the date of public transport
improvements in four typical case study cities, as Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Xiamen. As a result, therelationship between BRT and general bus systems, road operation, carrying capacity and ratio of modal split
comparing with the railway system, level of services and so on were selected as important indicators to evaluate
the BRT system. In addition, some benefits of each BRT system were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively,
according to the characteristics of each case study city. These findings should be useful to clarify the placement of
the BRT system as the integration strategy and also to introduce this system in other city in near future.

Kelem ZULPIKAL and Yasuo HINO
        , No.44，4pp (CDROM)(2011) (inJapanese)
In Uyghur, as the road constructions in the desert region have expanded, the influences of specific desert weather
to road safety have been more serious. Therefore, the authors, in particular, tried to show that high temperatureand sandstorm in summer weather influenced to physical troubles of tire and engine, as well as driving failure. On
the other hand, there must be also some problems caused by winter weather such as cold temperature, strong wind,and heavy snow in the desert region. However the actual influences were not yet revealed because the data is not
sufficient. Then this study aimed to analyze the relationship between traffic accidents and winter weather on the
G216 national highway located in the north desert region on Uygur. As a result, it should be revealed that thedecrease in visibility due to driving and drifting snow and the skid caused by freezing road surface, bring and raise
the risk of traffic accidents. In addition, the excess of speed limit due to the monotony driving on the long straightroad section. These findings should be useful to improve the road condition and introduce the regulation to control
the traffic flow, according to the weather conditions.

Muhammad ZULKIFLI，Yasuo HINO，AM PATTINAJA and Indra TJAHJANI，Vol.9，pp.10241039, 2011
This study aims to quantify the benefit of cycling space development in Jakarta. There are very few studies which
evaluate benefits of cycling ， especially if cyclist ’ s conditions including road facilities are improved.
Improvements on health，accidents，air pollution，travel time, saving on parking costs, vehicle cost andsecurityenjoyments were considered as benefits in this study. As quantifying was done without established data
and value available，the Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM) including Willingness to Pay (WTP) andWillingness to Use with considerations and realistic assumptions were introduced as methodology. The results
show that development of cycling space is valuable measures，especially on saving of user cost. This is because
the higher interest to cycling among the large number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta. This study is designed to
discuss the framework of methodology，therefore the finding could be developed to be more comprehensive
quantifying for the further research.


−86−

Yasumasa FUKUSHIMA and Takashi UCHIDA
, Vol. 52, pp. 5562 (2011)
Waterfronts perform various functions such as sites of ‘bustling’ and ‘healing’. From the viewpoint of theinvolvement of river area residents with rivers, it is important to develop waterfronts utilizing these functions.
Devoting attention to needs related to ship transport which used to be an important interface between river andresidents along the Yodo River, this study elucidates concrete measures for activation of ship transport andinvestigates functions that are required at the waterfront of the Yodo River.

Takashi Sakai, Kiko YamadaKawai, Hirokazu Matsumoto and Takashi Uchida, Vol. 16, pp. 5768 (2011)
Using an empirical approach, we produced a level of service (LOS) measure that is consistent with a driver’s
subjective evaluation from the viewpoint of customer satisfaction (CS). The study consists of (1) analysis of thecausal relation between the level of CS and drivers’ perceptions related to traffic flow conditions using individual
response data obtained through inlaboratory experiments with video images, (2) construction of practical driversatisfaction models segmented by the number of lanes of which independent variables are selected among
ordinary indices of traffic flow considering results of the analysis presented above, and (3) a proposal of arealtime application of practical satisfaction models.


Yuki OKUHATA and Takashi UCHIDA
        , No.44，8pp (CDROM)(2011) (inJapanese)
As the falling birthrate and the aging population, increasing suburban shopping malls, urban area is on acavitations phenomenon. In order to solve the problem, a lot of countermeasures like digging up concealed spots
by local residents, transmitting information about sightseeing, are worked on positively for local revitalization. In
all of the countermeasures, “Pedestrian ITS (Intelligent Transport System)” is in a center of attention to deliver
information for sightseeing, Recently, wide variety town navigation systems are adopted in each place. But mostof them aren’t done well for themselves because their operations are stopped as soon as management is started.
External factor bring down the problems and contents doesn’t attend to user’s needs are causes of that. This study
clears up the causes of that modeling of sightseeing spot choices required for user recommendation system.

Hirokazu MATSUMOTO and Takashi UCHIDA
        , No.44，8pp (CDROM)(2011) (inJapanese)
It is strongly hoped that government will provide information possessed by them to citizen since informationsociety has grown and civil conscious has changed. System that provides information to citizen easily on a daily
basis would bestow many benefits on not only citizen but also government. In this study, we sort current situationof disclosure of official information in Japan and suggest “public structure traceability system” as an indicatedsystem to provide citizen information. Then information items are cleared up with civil conscious obtained
through concerns research. In addition, probation experimentation with prototype of the system is performed.

−87−

System evaluation and civil conscious are categorized by civil reactions to public structure information.


Soichiro NOTAKE, Nagahiro YOSHIDA, Yasuo HINO, and Takashi UCHIDA
, No.44，6pp （CDROM）(2011) (inJapanese)
In recent year, it has been reported that riding a bicycle has positive effects on health in foreign countries. In ourcountry, with the increased interest in health as well as environment, use of bicycle which gains moderate physicalactivity is attracting many people. Nevertheless, most bicycles are used on pavement; therefore, it seems thatlowspeed bicycle has no effect on their health. But realizing highspeed bicycle conditions may bring some healthbenefits.
So in this study, we focused on the difference of energy consumption by bicycle facility conditions, and weestimated energy consumption on actual road using the relationship between heart rate and physical load inlaboratorial experiment. As a result, energy consumption per unit time on actual road was increased when subjects
ride their bicycles on road than on pavement because of the increase of the speed. It was also found that theamount of the effect depended on bicycle path conditions like gradient, signal interval.


Takanori OKAWA, Nagahiro YOSHIDA, Yasuo HINO, and Takashi UCHIDA

Some bicycle lanes with regal control have been introduced on carriageway as a governmental pilot project inJapan. However, the design standard of bicycle facilities is still unclear because of the lack of knowledge forcyclists’ safety and convenience on roadway. Therefore this study focuses on interactions between visual
information and behavior of cyclists on the various types of bicycle facilities. An experimental study using aneyemark tracking system and the “probebicycle” system, which equipped with sensors measuring handle angle,
pedal rotation speed, and break operation, was carried out to examine different type of cycle facility withpavement markings, signs, and additional warning signboards on existing roads. In addition to the measurement
by using the probebicycle, an interview survey was carried out to confirm cyclist’s cognition. This paper
describes results of some comparative analyses for understanding the characteristics of eye tracking and their
behavior response to visual information on cycle facilities. The study showed that the range of eye movement waslimited on bicycle lane behind the effect of high speed, but the range of eye movement became much wider at thetransition from bicycle lane to other cycle facilities due to needs for search of surrounding obstacles.
            
 
Soichiro NOTAKE, Nagahiro YOSHIDA, Yasuo HINO, and Takashi UCHIDA

Several researches showed that riding bicycle has some health benefits in many countries. Riding bicycle in Japan
also attracts people who have concerns about their health and environment issues while bicycle trip statistics
showed that the average trip distance was much shorter than other countries. Under these situations, some bicycletransport planners focuses on the engineering property of bicycle network to realize health benefit effectively, but−88−there is few researches describing the health effects on existent bicycle path conditions.
Therefore we conducted the preliminary experiment that 8 students ride on 3 courses representing urban roadconditions with approx. 5km length including different types of bicycle path and traffic condition. Before theexperiment, expiratory gas analysis was conducted in laboratory which gives an indirect estimation of energy
consumption using the relationship between the load strength of physical activity and energy consumption. During
the experiment, heart rate was monitored as dependent variable.
This study analyses the relationship between energy consumption rate and bicycle path conditions such as degreeof gradient, interval of signals, and accumulation of physical tiredness using indirect energy consumption
estimation method. It also investigated the effect of psychological pressures on heart rate caused by road or traffic
conditions.


T. KANAZAWA, K. TSURUGASAKI, T. SHIGEMATSU, T. HIRANO, K. MORITA
JSCE, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 67, pp. I_701I_705 (2012) (in Japanese)
In backfilling a dredged sea bed pit, reduction and containment of turbidity by dumped sediment are strongly
required. In this study, an attachment device to a vertical pipe for reducing generation of turbidity was developed.
In the experiments, flow velocity induced by dumped sediment into a vertical pipe and distribution of turbidity
were measured in detail. It was shown by laboratory experiments that developed device can reduce velocity andthickness of turbidity cloud moving on the bottom. Moreover, a field experiment using a prototype device in aconstruction site was carried out. Based on the measured timeseries data of velocity and turbidity, effectivenessof the developed device was presented.

M. TAKEDA, K. UOZUMI, T. SHIGEMATSU, M. TSUDA, K. HABUCHI, T. AMINOJSCE, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 67, pp. I_673I_678 (2011) (in Japanese)
From view point of operation and maintenance, it is a very important issue to survey durability of salt corrosion ofcoastal structures. Although accurate prediction of quantity of sea spray which attaches surface of coastal
structures, the generation process of sea spray when waves attack the structures such as a pier and a sea wall has
not been known yet. In this study, laboratory experiments were carried out by using three highspeed cameras tocapture images of generation process of spray when regular waves attack an impermeable vertical wall on 1:30
slop. From every captured image, diameter and location of each spray and the number of generated spray wereobtained.
According to experimental results, it was found that the number of generated spray had a peak until t*=0.15
after waves attacked a vertical wall and that the number of spray depended on wave conditions. The time when thenumber of spray began to increase and the increase rate also depend on wave parameters. The mode value of
diameter of generated spray distributed between 0.002 m to 0.003 m, which didn’t depend on wave conditions.
              

T. SHIGEMATSU W. TAKESHITA, M. MAEKAWA, K. TSUBOI, H. MATSUSHITA, S. TOKUNAGA
JSCE, Ser. B2 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 67, pp. I_130I_135 (2011) (in Japanese)A series of laboratory experiment was carried out in order to examine the effect of wavedissipating section on−89−

wave reflection characteristics of a vertical caisson covered with artificial blocks. Based on the experimental
results for regular wave, two simple estimation equations of reflection coefficient were derived. One equation was
represented as a function of wave steepness and relative wave height. The other was represented as a function of
offshore wave length, the length of the section of wavedissipating blocks which still water surface crossed, andwater depth.

M. TAKEDA, K. UOZUMI, T. SHIGEMATSU, M. TSUDA, K. HABUCHI, T. AMINOJSCE, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. I_701I_705 (2011) (in Japanese)
From view point of operation and maintenance, it is a very important issue to survey durability of salt corrosion ofcoastal structures. Although accurate prediction of quantity of sea spray which attaches surface of coastal
structures, the generation process of sea spray when waves attack the structures such as a pier and a sea wall has
not been known yet. In this study, conditions of sea spray generation which waves dashing against a vertical wall
were found out by laboratory experiments and numerical simulation. Although it is known that the Weber number
takes part in the generating mechanism of sea spray, the Ursell number might be used as one of the conditions ofsea spray generation. It was reunderstood well the most predominant factor as the condition of sea spraygeneration was the collision velocity of water to a vertical wall.


H. TANAKA, T. SHIGEMATSU, T. ENDOJSCE, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. I_1096I_1100 (2011) (in Japanese)
A laboratory experiment using the water of the Doi river was carried out to propose a reaction model of hydrogensulfide and dissolved oxygen. Effective supply method of oxygenrich water into the river bottom wasinvestigated for the purpose of remediation of severe hypoxic condition through a series of experiments using adensity flow model combined with the proposed reaction model. It was found that hydrogen sulfide of bottom
layer mixed by induced flow by density difference and reduced by oxidation reaction. Further, it was found thatwater supply from multiple points was effective for wide improvement of river water under the same total amountof supply water.
             
T. SHIGEMATSU, D. NAKAHIGASHIJSCE, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. I_751I_755 (2011) (in Japanese)
A floattype evacuation shelter has ever been proposed as one of urgent evacuation facilities by one of the authors.
In this study, a new shelter covered by a sphere shell was proposed in order to control rotation of evacuation spacefor refugee. A series of hydraulic experiment was carried out to understand motion of the outer spherical shell andinner shelter. The outer shell had been kept rotating immediately after tsunami attack. In contrast, the inner shelter
rotated once, but reverted back to the initial condition. The possibility of control of rotation velocity of the inner
shelter by the weight was implied.

T. SHIGEMATSU, K. KATOH, T. WAKIMOTO, S. YOSHIOKA, I. SOTANI−90−

JSCE, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. I_1231I_1235 (2011) (in Japanese)
This study aims development of wave power generation system using wave energy in coastal zone. A wave power
generation system using a vertical slit type breakwater widely used in Japanese ports and harbors is proposed byinstalling an improved Savonius windmill in a chamber of the breakwater. Laboratory experiment was carried out
to examine the characteristics of power generation by measurement of the rotational speed and the torque of thewindmill. According to the measurement results, the relationship between obtained power and wave condition was
discussed. The effect of installing the windmill in a chamber of the breakwater on wave reflection was also
discussed.
             

T. HIRANO, T. SHIGEMATSU, T. KANAZAWAJSCE, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. I_396I_401 (2012) (in Japanese)
A numerical model which had been already developed by authors for understanding a characteristic of turbidity
flow induced by dumped sediment through a vertical pipe is improved by introducing a modified Smagorinsky
turbulence model. According to comparison with laboratory experimental results, calculated results reasonably
agree with experimental ones. As a result of parametric analysis by the developed model, horizontal velocity andmomentum of turbidity mass on the bottom can be controlled by initial sedimentation load. In addition, it isfigured out that thickness of turbidity mass on the bottom can be controlled by the clearance between the verticalpipe and water bottom.

T. HIRANO, T. SHIGEMATSU, T. KANAZAWAJSCE, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. I_929I_934 (2012) (in Japanese)
Water temperature distribution in enclosed water area, especially from water surface to 0.5m under water surface,
was measured with weather information, wind, solar radiation. Seasonal change of vertical thermal distribution
including violent weather effect is presented. Based on the measurement data, latent heat flux and sensible heat
flux are estimated. Moreover thermal diffusivity in the water surface layer with 0.5m depth is evaluated. Finally,
thermal flux between water surface and atmosphere is discussed with considering thermal supply from deeper
water to water surface.

−91−


Yutaka YASUI and Susumu YAMOCHIVol.24, No. 2, pp. 8997 (2012) (in Japanese)
We investigated distributions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bottom waters of the eastern part of Osaka Bayin high temperature seasons of 2009 and 2010. Indoor experiments were also conducted to examine the effect ofhypoxia and high CO2 concentration on the survival of southern rough shrimp. CO2 concentrations of the bottom
water increased with decreasing dissolved oxygen and concentrations of dissolved oxygen clearly showed aninverse correlation with those of CO2. Indoor experiments revealed that the 24hour median lethal concentrationof dissolved oxygen was 1.1mg/l (17% in saturation) at 25℃ for adult southern rough shrimp. No marked
difference was observed on the mortality of southern rough shrimp between a combination of high CO2(1300ppm) with low dissolved oxygen and a combination of normal CO2 (450ppm) with low dissolved oxygen.
            ary 
Midori YOSHIMURA and Susumu YAMOCHIJSCE, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 67, pp. 11361140 (2011) (in Japanese)
Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted in 2009 to 2010 to examine methods to reduce
outbreaks of green tides by spp. at the north pond of Osaka Nanko bird sanctuary. The greentideforming
seaweed varied depending on the season, and .predominated at the bird sanctuary from early summer toautumn, while was abundant there from autumn to early spring. The laboratory experiments revealed that
exposure of  to air with low salinity inhibited their photosynthesis at 35℃. These results, along with thepreceding result of experiments for  suggest the possibility of controlling a green tide of or  by a combination of exposure to air for 35hours with low salinities of 1520psu in summer.


Ryo USUI, Kiwamu TSUBOI, Susumu YAMOCHIJSCE, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), Vol. 67, pp. 936940 (2011) (in Japanese)
Changes in concentrations of organic substances of the sediment and nutrient salts in the pore water of theriverbed were examined at a tidal area of the mouth of the eutrophic Yamato River in 20092010. TOC and TN
contents of the sediment, together with NH4N and NO2+NO3N concentrations in the pore water drasticallychanged depending on time, month and station. Production rate of NH4N in the pore water of the Yamato River
was ca.10100 times higher than that of laboratory experiments. These results suggest the importance of tidalchange and wave in evaluating dynamics of organic substances and nutrients at the tidal area of the mouth of ariver.
          
Yoshinori KANJO, Zehua LIU and Satoshi MIZUTANI−92−

                

                             

              
               







              
                        
         



            
  





            
           


              

             




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was achieved with the MRTSPE compared to other SPE materials. Our proposed technique offers the advantage
of a nondestructive separation of both metal ions and chelants compared to conventional treatment options forsuch effluents.

Satoshi MIZUTANI, Kazushi KADOTANI and Yoshinori KANJO
Mercury sorption abilities of 4 kinds of soils (Kurotuchisoil, Akatuchisoil, Arakidadosoil and Masadosoil) areevaluated by column test, in order to prevent water and soil pollution because of leaching. Mercury solution (1mg/L of HgCl2) is poured into the soil layer, and the mercury concentration in the leachate was determined The
difference of them are treated as the quantity of sorption. Kurotuchisoil showed the highest sorption ability, andAkatuchisoil and Arakidadosoil is followed. After the experiment of 1200 hours, 1530 mg/kgsoils of mercury
were sorbed on Kurotuchisoil. Furthermore, much higher sorption ability is suggested based on the leaching
concentration. The column test shows the similar results with the batch experiment. However, negligible
differences are recognized for the mercury sorption ability of each soil between column test and batch test.

Hiroshi HASEGAWA, Ismail M.M. RAHMANB, Yuji EGAWA, Hikaru SAWAI, Zinnat A. BEGUM, Teruya
MAKI and Satoshi MIZUTANI
Indium is widely used in liquidcrystal displays (LCD) in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO). This work
introduces a new technique for the treatment of the endoflife LCD screens, termed as ITOglass hereafter, using
aminopolycarboxylate chelants (APCs) in combination with a mechanochemical treatment process. APCs arecapable of forming stable complexes with the indium deposited on the ITOglass, whereas the rate of recovery
was not substantial. The mechanochemical treatment induces the destruction of crystalline structure with which
the ITO fragments are attached and facilitate the increased indium dissolution with the chelants. The increase wasmore prominent followed by a decrease in the cumulative processing time from 24 to 6 h when the vitrified
ITOglass was simultaneously crushed and washed with the chelants. The extraction of indium was better at theacidic pH condition, and it was further intensified when the operating temperature was raised to ≥ 120 °C.
 
Satoshi MIZUTANI and Yoshinori KANJO             
Gothenburg, Sweden, 30 May  1 June 2012
The distributions of the acid extractable Pb contents in different solid waste melting slag are discussed. From amunicipal solid waste melting plant, 17 lots of slag are sampled during 2 month. Each lot are approximately 3 kg.
Each lot are divided into 20 small portions, and 6 g are extracted from each portions. The 1N HCl extraction test
(JIS K 00582) was performed for each portion. Extracted Pb quantity is determined by ICPAES and distributionof Pb in one lots are estimated, by statistical process. In the twenty data sets, we sometimes found a specific highvalues in the samples from the same lot. It is probably caused by the unavoidable mixing of metal Pb. All data
were plotted on a lognormal probability paper. Basically the data sets showed logarithmic normal distribution.
Based on the average and dispersion of the 20 values, distribution curve of the lot were estimated for each lot.
Knowing the distribution of hazardous elements is important to evaluate the safety of the slag.

Satoshi MIZUTANI and Hirofumi SAKANAKURA  Beijing,
China, 56 July 2012
Recyclable materials, such as iron and steel making slag, copper slag, ferronickel slag, municipal solid waste
molten slag, coal fly ash etc. are focused on, in order to make the recycling society. Effective use of thosematerials prolong the time to expiration of landfill site and natural resources. When the recyclable materials areused in our environment, reliance from the viewpoint of environment safety is the most important because thesematerials potentially contain chemicals that have adverse effect to the natural environment. In this paper, present
utilization standard for recyclable materials are introduced. Furthermore the new concepts and guideline of theutilizing recyclable materials in Japan are discussed.

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Satoshi MIZUTANI, Yoshinori KANJO and Hirofumi SAKANAKURASep.1214, Chania, Greece 2012
Test method for acid extractable contents of chemicals in slag (JIS K00582) was performed to four kinds ofelectric furnace slag generated in Japan. Twenty samples of each slag were experimented. The fluoride content in
the same sample was not uniform, and the analytical value showed to log normal distribution. Based on theprobability density from log normal distribution, the logarithm average value and standard deviation of content,
the distribution curves were drawn. The possibility of excess of an environmental standard for using in the generalenvironment for SlagA and SlagD was 100 %. That of SlagC was 0 % and that of SlagB was 0.42 %.
Furthermore the change of the fluoride contents distribution after mixture treatment of SlagA and SlagC are
discussed.

Satoshi MIZUTANI, Yoshinori KANJO and Hiroshi HASEGAWA
Sep.1214, Chania, Greece 2012
Arsine generation characteristics in mixing strong acid with lead smelter dust are studied. Arsine collecting
equipment using collection bottles after reacting equipment of dust and acid using conical flask was set up to
study the generation characteristics of the gas. The effects of mixing conditions of dust and acid (1. kinds of acid,
2. strength of acid, 3. liquid per solid ratio) on arsine generation were investigated. The highest level of arsine was
generated when the dust contacted with HCl. The arsine generated from the other acids addition is much less thanHCl. The concentrated HCl (12M) generate much more arsine than dilluted HCl. Basically, the high liquid persolid ratio (L/S) generates high level of arsine.

Satoshi MIZUTANI, Kota SAKAI, Yoshinori KANJO and Hiroshi HASEGAWA
September 2427, Kumamoto, Japan 2012
In order to recycle valuable metals in fly ash from melting process of municipal solid waste, the recovery
experiments by solution were studied. 5 kinds of fly ash were used. The metals were classified into 4 groups: rare
metals, valuable metals, invaluable metals and soluble salts. Three different solutes, that is 3N HNO3, 3N HCl,and 7% EDTA solution, were used for the extraction. Three kinds of single batch extraction tests by 3 kinds ofsolutes, and 3 kinds of serial batch extraction tests, that is a waterwashing treatment followed by a batch
extraction by 3 kinds of solutes were performed. Recovery rate of valuable metals and rare metals were 50  83%
and about 80 % for acid extraction, and were 37  90 % and 33 % for EDTA extraction for single batch test. Afterthe water washing processes, the extraction recovery rates of valuable metals increased upto 87  97 % for acidextraction and 40  95 % for EDTA.

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