北海道地区自然災害科学資料センター報告
Vol.36, 73-83, 2023

ᆅ⌫ᬮ໬࡛◚◚ቯࡢ༴༴ᶵࡶ
ࡶ㸸ᴟᐮ෭ᆅࡢ
ࡢ♫఍ᇶ┙ᵓᵓ㐀≀ࢆᏲᏲࡿࡓࡓࡵ࡟

Destruction Crisis due to Global Warming:
What should be done to preserve the existing infrastructures incold regioons
⽣Ụ ಇோ 11㸪໭ᾏ㐨኱ᏛᕤᏛ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲㝔
Shunji Kanie1
1. Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University

Abstract
In permafrost regions, it is reported that the thawing of permafrost has been enhanced
due to abnormally high air temperatures and wildfires caused by global warming. In May
2020, the destruction of a fuel tank in Siberia occurred because of the thawing of permafrost
and such a destruction crisis on infrastructure has become a reality. This paper introduces
what is going on in the cold regions now as well as what should be done to preserve theexisting infrastructures.
Key Words: Global warming, Permafrost, Infrastructure, Freeze and thaw, Countermeasures࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵ㸪♫఍ᇶ┙ᵓ㐀≀㸪෾⤖⼥ゎ㸪ᑐ⟇

1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ᆅ⌫ᬮ໬࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ㸪ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ୰㸪≉࡟ࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡀᙉࡃ㸪ࡲࡓ௚ࡢᆅᇦࡼࡾࡶ᪩ࡃ⌧ࢀࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᴟᐮ෭ᆅ࡛ࡣ㸪࠸ࡼ࠸ࡼ᪤Ꮡ♫఍ᇶ┙ᵓ㐀≀ࡢ◚ቯ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᙧ࡛ၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡾࡣࡌࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡛ࡢࢹ࢕࣮ࢮࣝ⇞ᩱࢱࣥࢡಽቯࡣࡲࡉ࡟ࡑࡢ୍౛࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪⤯ጁ࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮཰ᨭࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡜Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓỌஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᆅ⌫ᬮ໬࡟ࡼࡾ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ໬

ࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡲࡓ㸪௒ᚋண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ⎔ቃኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࡍ࡛࡟ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍ᇶ┙ᵓ㐀≀࡟ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㓄៖ࡸᥐ⨨ࢆㅮࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࡢಖ඲ᑐ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ2. ఱࡀ㉳㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢ࠿㸸㸸すࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡛࡛ࡢࢱࢱࣥࢡಽቯ஦஦ᨾ2020 ᖺ㸪5 ᭶ 29 ᪥㸪໭ᴟᾏ࡟࡯࡝㏆࠸すࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡢ㒔ᕷࣀࣜࣜࢫࢡ㸦Norilsk: ᅗ-1 ཧ↷㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪Ⓨ㟁ᡤ⏝ࢹ࢕࣮ࢮࣝ⇞ᩱࢱࣥࢡࡀ✺↛ಽቯࡋࡓ㸦෗┿-1㸧ࠋࡕࡻ࠺࡝ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ㸪ᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ COVID-19 ࡢឤᰁᣑ኱ࡀヰ㢟ࢆ⊂༨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ᅜෆ࡛ࡣవࡾሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ὶฟࡋࡓࢹ࢕࣮ࢮࣝἜ㸰୓ࢺࣥవࡾࡀ࿘㎶Ἑᕝ࡟ὶࢀ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦෗┿73-2㸪෗┿-3㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡣ▐ࡃ㛫࡟໭ᴟᾏ࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡪྍ⬟ᛶࡶฟ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪⮬↛⎔ቃ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡟㓄៖ࡋ࡚ࣟࢩ࢔ᨻᗓࡣྠᖺ 6 ᭶ 3 ᪥㸪⥭ᛴ஦ែᐉゝࢆⓎ௧ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡐ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࠿㸽ࡑࡢཎᅉࡇࡑࡀ࠿ࡘ࡚⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡯࡝ࡢࠕ␗ᖖ㧗ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿỌஂ෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ྠᵝࡢぢゎࡣࣟࢩ࢔ᙜᒁ࠿ࡽࡶ♧ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ 1)ࠋ

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ᅗ1ࣀࣜࣜࢫࢡࡢ఩⨨ᅗ෗┿1ಽቯࡋࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿಽቯ๓ࡢࢱࣥࢡ

෗┿2Ἑᕝ࡟ὶࢀ㎸ࢇࡔࢹ࢕࣮ࢮࣝἜ

෗┿3ởᰁࡉࢀࡓἙᕝࡢ⯟✵෗┿㸦㉥ࡃぢ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀởᰁࣧᡤ㸧ฟ඾㸸CClean--up Progress Update on the Accident at a Fuel Storage of Norilsk Nickel, Nornickel, June 9,20203)

ࡑࡇ࡛ᙜ᫬ࡢẼ ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋᅗ-2 ࡣࡑࡢ᫬ᮇ୍࠿᭶㛫ࡢᖹᆒẼ ࡀ㸪ᖹᖺ್ࡼࡾ࡝ࢀ࡯࡝㧗࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࢆ♧ࡍ➼⥺ࡢグ㘓࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࡲࡉ࡟ࣀࣜࣜࢫࢡࡢ࿘㎶ࡣᖹᖺ್ࡼࡾࡶ᭶㛫ᖹᆒẼ ࡛ 12Υ௨ୖࡶ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ2021 ᖺᮎ㸪ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡟࠶ࡿ࣋ࣝ࣍ࣖࣥࢫࢡ࡛グ㘓ࡉࢀࡓ 2020 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࡢ 38Υࡀ㸪໭ᴟᅪ࡟࠾ࡅࡿほ ྐୖ᭱㧗Ẽ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㐃ࡢᑓ㛛ᶵ㛵ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿୡ⏺Ẽ㇟ᶵ㛵࡟ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࡔࡀ㸪ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞᫬ᮇ࡟ࣀࣜࣜࢫࢡ࡛ࡶ␗ᖖ㧗ࢆグ㘓ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪2020 ᖺࡢࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡣ 35Υࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ⊛ᬬ᪥ࡶྛᡤ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖺࠎ㸪☜ᐇ࡟Ẽୖ᪼ࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞␗ᖖ㧗 ࡣ୍య࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࠋ
ᅗ-3 ࡟Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᆅ୰ ᗘศᕸᅗ࡜᩿㠃ᅗࢆ♧ࡍࠋ ᗘศᕸᅗࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪ኟሙࡢẼ

74ୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚άືᒙཌ㸦ᆅ⾲㠃㏆ࡃࡢ෾⤖࡜⼥ゎࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍᒙ㸧ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡀ㸪෤ሙ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᆅ⾲㠃࠿ࡽࡢ෭Ẽࢆྲྀࡾࡇࢇ࡛෾⤖ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪άືᒙࡣ෌ࡧᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ኟሙࡢẼୖ᪼ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࢀࡤάືᒙཌࡶ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᆅᙧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ⼥ゎỈࡀᆅୗỈ࡜ࡋ࡚ὶฟࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ኟሙࡢẼ

ୖ᪼ࡣ⼥ゎỈ㔞ࢆ኱ࡁࡃࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ᆅୗỈὶືࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡦ࡜ࡓࡧ⼥ゎỈࡀὶฟࡍࡿ࡜㸪ኻࢃࢀࡓỈࡢศࡔࡅᆅ┙ࡢᣢࡘ⇕ᐜ㔞ࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟῝࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡲ࡛⼥ゎࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᆅ┙ࡢịࡀ⼥ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿయ✚ࡢῶᑡࡸ㸪⼥ゎỈࡢὶฟ࡟క࠺ỿୗࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪◁ࡸ⢓ᅵ㸪ࢩࣝࢺ࡞࡝ᮦᩱࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡶࡼࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡟෾ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ᅵࡢ୍㍈ᅽ⦰ᙉᗘࡣ෾ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸≧ែࡼࡾࡶᩘಸ࠿ࡽᩘ༑ಸᙉᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ୖ㒊࡟ᵓ㐀≀ࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪῝้࡞ᆅ┙ᙉᗘࡢపୗࢆᣍࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍㐃ࡢ⌧㇟ࢆࣀࣜࣜࢫࢡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢱࣥࢡಽቯ஦ᨾ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ಽቯࡋࡓࢱࣥࢡࡣ࣮ࣖࢻࡢ➃㒊ࡢᩳ㠃㏆ࡃ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪⼥ゎỈࡢὶฟࡋࡸࡍ࠸⎔ቃ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ኟሙࡢ␗ᖖ㧗࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⼥ゎ῝ࡀ῝ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪⼥ゎỈࡀᩳ㠃᪉ྥ࡟ὶฟࡋ㸪ᙉᗘࡢపୗ࡜୙ྠỿୗࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜᥎ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ␗ᖖẼ≀࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ୍౛࡟㐣ࡂࡎ㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẼࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᵓ㐀ࡢୖ᪼ࡣᑡࡋࡎࡘ㸪ࡋ࠿ࡋ☜ᐇ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ2㐣ཤ 1 ࠿᭶㛫ࡢ໭༙⌫ࡢ᭶㛫ᖹᆒ࡜Ẽ㇟␗␗ᖖࡢ࣐ࢵࣉࣉ ᾏᢤẼࡢ␗␗ᖖ 2)㸦https:://meteoinfo..ru/anomalii--tabl3㸧㸧75(a) ᆅ୰ෆෆ ᗘศᕸ(b) ᩿㠃ᅗ(a) ࡣᆅ୰ෆࡢࡢ ᗘศศᕸࢆ⾲⾲ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㸪㟷⥺ࡣࡣ෤ሙ㸪㸪㉥⥺ࡣࡣኟሙࡢࡢࡑࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠋ(b) ࡣ᩿㠃ᅗࢆࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㸪ᆅ⾲㠃㏆㏆ࡃࡢࡢ᳜⏕ᒙࡢࡢୗ࡟෾⤖࡜
࡜⼥ゎࢆ⧞⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍάάືᒙࡀࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㸪ࡑࡢୗୗ࡟ኟ࡛ࡶ⼥⼥ゎࡍࡿࡇࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ỌỌஂ෾ᅵᒙᒙࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࠋ
ᅗ3Ọஂ෾෾ᅵᆅᖏࡢࡢᆅ⾲㠃㠃௜㏆ࡢࡢ᩿㠃ᅗ
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2. ࠕỌஂ෾ᅵࡣࡣ෾ᅵࡢࡢࡲࡲ࡟ࠖࡢࡢ኱ཎ๎ࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡛ࡶ࢔ࣛࢫ࡛࢝ࡶ㸪ྂࡃ࠿ࡽࡑࡇ࡟ᬽࡽࡍேࠎࡣ㸪⮬↛࡜ඹ⏕ࡍࡿᙧ࡛⏕άࡸᩥ໬ࢆ⫱ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓࠋእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢᶵ㐠ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋ㸪≉࡟ᮾす෭ᡓ᫬௦࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿ 1960 ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠿ࡽࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࡢ஧ᗘ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ࢜࢖ࣝࢩࣙࢵࢡࡣཎἜ౯᱁ࡢ㧗㦐ࢆᣍࡁ㸪▼Ἔࡸኳ↛࢞ࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ໬▼࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆồࡵ࡚㸪ࡼࡾ㐣㓞࡞⎔ቃୗ࡛ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢᙜ᫬࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕỌஂ෾ᅵࡣ෾ᅵࡢࡲࡲ࡟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺኱ཎ๎ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ≉Ṧ⎔ቃ࡜ඹ⏕ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㕲๎࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௒ࡶኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ᭱⤊ịἙᮇࡀ⤊ࢃࡿ 1㹼2 ୓ᖺ๓࠿ࡽ㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࡢ⎔ቃࡣ⤯ጁ࡞⇕࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮཰ᨭࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡜Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢඖ࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋኟ࡟㇏࠿࡞⥳࡟そࢃࢀࡿ኱ᆅ㸦෗┿-4࠾ࡼࡧ෗┿-5㸧ࡣ✵Ẽ୰ࡢ஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲ࢆ྾཰ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪⾲ᒙ㏆ࡃ࡟࠶ࡿ᳜⏕ᒙ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᆅ
୰ࡢ෾ᅵ⼥ゎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᩿⇕ᒙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪Ẽࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡶ෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎࢆᢚไࡍࡿാࡁࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉෤ࡣ෤࡛㸪⾲ᒙࢆそ࠺✚㞷ࡀᆅ⾲㠃࡛ࡢ࢔ࣝ࣋ࢻࡢቑຍ࡜᩿⇕ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢỌஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỌஂ෾ᅵᒙ࡜ࡑࡢୖ㒊࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿάືᒙࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉Ṧ࡞⎔ቃୗ࡛ࡢ㛗࠸Ⴀࡳࡢ⏘≀࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ෗┿4ึኟࡢすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔㸸⥳㇏࠿࡞ᖹཎࡀ⥆ࡃ෗┿5ึኟࡢすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔㸸ᖹᖹཎ࡟ᛛ↛࡜⌧ࢀࡿ⏫㸦➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧㸦➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧

76ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࡶࡋỌஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡟ᘓ≀ࢆᘓ࡚ࡿࡢ࡞ࡽ㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ᮺ࡞࡝ࡢᵓ㐀≀࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠕ㧗ᗋᘧࠖᵓ㐀࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡀᇶᮏ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᘓ≀ࡢୗ࡜ᆅ⾲㠃ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ෭ẼࡀᏑศ࡟㏻㐣࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟タ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ෗┿-6 ࡣ඾ᆺⓗ࡞Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᘓ≀ࡢᇶ♏㒊ศࢆ᧜ᙳࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᘓ≀ࡢୗ࡟༑ศ࡞✵㛫ࡀྲྀࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᘓ≀ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ≧ែࡢ᫬࡜ྠᵝ㸪ᆅ⾲㠃࡜ᆅୗ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢ⇕஺᥮ࡀ༑ศ࡟⾜࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࡢࡀ᭱኱ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ෤ሙࡢ᭶㛫ᖹᆒẼ ࡀ-40Υ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿᆅᇦ࡛㸪ᗋୗࡣᴟᐮࡢࡲࡲ࡟ಖࡘࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿ࡞࡝㸪 ᬮ࡞⎔ቃୗ࡟ᬽࡽࡍே㛫࡟ࡣಙࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡶࡋ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐฎࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜㸪ᘓ≀ࡢ┤ୗࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚෤ሙ࡟ᆅ┙ࡀ༑ศ࡟෭༷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ୖ㸪⏕ά᤼⇕ࡀᆅୗ࡟ఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᘓ≀ࡢୗ࡛෾ᅵࡀ⼥ゎࢆጞࡵ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୓୍ࡑࡢୗ࡟࠶ࡿịሢࢆぢⴠ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡼ࠺ࡶࡢ࡞ࡽ㸪⼥ゎ࡟ࡼࡿỈศࡢὶฟࡸᆅ┙ᙉᗘࡢపୗ࡛ᘓ≀ࡣ୙ྠỿୗ࡟㝗ࡾ㸪◚ᦆࡸ◚ቯ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
෗┿-7 ࡣࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡢ࠶ࡿ⏫࡛ᘓタ㏵୰࡟ᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓ࢔ࣃ࣮ࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᘓタ㛤ጞᙜึࡣࡑࡢୗ࡟╀ࡿịሢࡢᏑᅾ࡟Ẽ௜࠿ࡎᕤ஦ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᆅ⾲㠃࠿ࡽࡢ෭༷ࡀ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⼥ゎࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ᘓ≀඲యࡀഴࡁጞࡵ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᘓタᕤ஦⮬యࢆᨺᲠࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋࠕỌஂ෾ᅵࡣ෾ᅵࡢࡲࡲ࡟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺኱ཎ๎ࡣࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᑠࡉ࡞Ἔ᩿ࡀྲྀࡾ㏉ࡋࡢࡘ࠿࡞࠸ᦆኻ࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡯࡝㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࡢ⎔ቃࡣ⤯ጁ࡞ࣂࣛࣥࢫࡢୖ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ෗┿6 すࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡢࡢ㧗ᗋᘧᘓ≀ࡢᗋୗᵓ㐀㸸ᗋୗࢆ෭Ẽࡀ ෗ ┿7 す ࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡛
࡛ ᘓタ㏵୰࡟ᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓ࢔ࣃ࣮
㏻ࡾᢤࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㸦➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧ࢺ㸸኱ࡁࡃഴᩳࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㸦➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧

3. Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅ
ᆅᖏ࡛࡛௒ࠊ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡇ࡜ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕỌஂ෾ᅵࡣ෾ᅵࡢࡲࡲ࡟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㕲๎ࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀఱࡼࡾ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࡀ㸪␗ᖖẼࡸ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏࡞࡝࡛ᆅ⾲㠃࠿ࡽࡢ⼥ゎ῝ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ࡑࡢ໙㓄࡟ᚑࡗ࡚⼥ゎỈࡢὶືࡀጞࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⼥ゎỈࡣᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽịࡼࡾࡶ⇕ⓗ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ࡑࡢ⛣ືࡣࠕ⇕ࡢ⛣ື࡛ࠖࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪୍ᗘࡑࢀࡀጞࡲࡿ࡜⼥ゎỈࢆὶࡍ࡟㊊ࡾࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ໙㓄ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣᚎࠎ࡟ᗈࡀࡾጞࡵ㸪⛣ື㔞ࡸ⛣ື㏿ᗘࡶ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ኟሙࡢ⼥ゎ῝ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᆅ⾲㠃ࡢ᳜⏕࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛77෾⤖㠃ࡢୖ࡟⵳࠼ࡽࢀࡓኟሙࡢỈศࡀ⾲ᒙ࡟࠶ࡿࣔࢫᒙࡸ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘᖏ㸦ࢫࣉ࣮ࣝࢫ㢮㸧࡟౪⤥ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪⼥ゎ῝ࡀ῝ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡇࢀࡽ⾲㠃᳜⏕ᒙ࡬ࡢỈศ౪⤥ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿᜍࢀࡀ࡛࡚ࡃࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㣤ᓥࡽࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࢀࡤ 4),5)㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᳜⏕࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࡍ࡛࡟⾨ᫍ෗┿ࡸ⌧ᆅ㋃ᰝ࡟ࡼࡾ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᖺࢆ㏣࠺ࡈ࡜࡟῝้໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸦ᅗ-4 ཧ↷㸧ࠋᅗ4Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᆅᖏࡢࡢ⾲㠃᳜᳜⏕ᒙࡢࡢኚ໬㸸㸸ୖẁࡣࡣ⾨ᫍ෗┿㸪㸪ୗẁࡣࡣ⌧ᆅ㋃㋃ᰝ࡟
࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡶࡢ

ࡉࡽ࡟㸪⼥ゎ῝ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᆅୗỈࡢὶື㔞ࡶᙜ↛㸪኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ≉࡟⼥ゎỈࡀ㞟ࡲࡾࡸࡍ࠸㞟Ỉᆅᙧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎỈࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᆅ⾲㠃ୖࡢ㞷ịࡢ⼥ゎỈࡸ㝆㞵ࡶΰࡌࡾ࠶ࡗ࡚㸪Ỉࡢὶື࡟క࠺ᅵ⢏Ꮚࡢ⛣ືࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀᗘᾐ㣗࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛㸪୍ᗘጞࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜ே㛫ࡢᡭ࡛ࡣᐜ᫆࡟ࡣṆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸୙ྍ㏫⌧㇟࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ෗┿-8 ࡣすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡢኳ↛࢞ࢫ࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ࿘㎶࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ ᗘᾐ㣗࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ኸ㒊ࡢ┒ࡾୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊ศࡢୗ࡟ኳ↛࢞ࢫ࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࡀᇙタࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢ෾ᅵࡀ⼥ゎ࡟ࡼࡾὶฟࡋ࡚⃭ࡋ࠸ ᗘᾐ㣗ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪෗┿-9 ࡣᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡛ほ ࡉࢀࡓᗘᾐ㣗࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≀㈨㍺㏦ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ఆ᥇ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ㝿࡟⾲㠃᳜⏕ᒙࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ᗘᾐ㣗ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⼥ゎ῝ࡢቑຍ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟క࠺ᆅୗỈὶືࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪῝้࡞ᆅᙧኚ໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ෗┿8༙ᇙタ᪉ᘧࡢኳ↛࢞࢞ࢫ࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ࿘
࿘㎶࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ ᗘᾐ㣗78෗┿9 ≀㈨㍺㍺㏦ࡢࡢࡓࡵ࡟⾲⾲㠃᳜᳜⏕ࡀࡀയࡳ 㸪㐍⾜ࡀṆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡃࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ ᗘᾐ㣗ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ọஂ෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎࢆ㉳ᅉ࡜ࡍࡿᆅᙧኚᙧࡣ㸪㏆ᖺࡢ␗ᖖẼ㇟࡟ࡼࡿ✺↛ࡢ⇕Ἴࡸ㢖Ⓨࡍࡿ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏࡟ࡼࡾᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪⼥ゎ㐣⛬࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢᆅୗỈὶືࢆ㏣࠺ࡼ࠺࡞୰つᶍࣔࢹࣝ㸦࣓ࢯࢫࢥࣆࢵࢡ࣭ࣔࢹࣝ㸧࡛ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 6)ࠋࡍ࡛࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞ᆅᙧࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ᭱⤊ịἙᮇ௨㝆ࡢ㸯㹼㸰୓ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㛫ࡢ」㞧࡞⎔ቃ᮲௳ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤᙧᡂࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕࢆ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅ⌫ࡢᬮ໬࡟కࡗ࡚௒ᚋ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞⎔ቃᅉᏊࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛඲⌫ⓗࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿୖ㸪ⓗ☜࡟ண ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣỴࡋ࡚ᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪␗ᖖẼ㇟࡟ࡼࡿ✺↛ࡢ⇕Ἴࡸ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿᒁᡤⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣ㸪ᩘᖺ࠿ࡽᩘ༑ᖺ㸪≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࡦ࡜ኟࡢ⎔ቃ࣭Ẽ㇟᮲௳࡟ࡼࡾᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪඲⌫ⓗࣔࢹࣝࡼࡾࡶᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࢆ⤠ࡗࡓ୰つᶍࣔࢹࣝ㸦࣓ࢯࢫࢥࣆࢵࢡ࣭ࣔࢹࣝ㸧࡛ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ㸪ணࡀྍ⬟࡞ୖ㸪ⓗ☜࡞ホ౯ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣ⼥ゎỈࡢὶື࡛㸪ᮏ᮶ࡑࡇ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡣࡎࡢ⼥ゎỈࡀὶฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪෤ሙ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ෾⤖࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ᆅ┙ࡢᙉᗘపୗࡸᅵተ⢏Ꮚࡢὶฟ࡞࡝ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᳨▱ࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᑐ㇟ᆅ┙ࢆᅵᰕ࣒࢝ࣛࡢ㞟ྜయ࡟ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪෾⤖⼥ゎࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ㖄┤᪉ྥ୍ḟඖ⇕ఏᑟ᪉⛬ᘧࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪⼥ゎỈ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᆅୗᖹ㠃ෆ࡛ࡢὶືࢆゎࡃ஧ḟඖ᭷㝈ᕪศࣔࢹࣝࢆᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚㸪␲ఝ୕ḟඖࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋࣔࢹࣝࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᅗ-5 ࡟♧ࡍࠋᏘ⠇ኚ໬࡟ࡼࡿᆅ⾲㠃࡛ࡢ᪥ᖹᆒẼ ࡢኚ໬ࢆධຊ್࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᩘᖺ㛫ࡢẼኚື࡟ࡼࡿ෾⤖⼥ゎࡢᵝᏊ࡜㸪⼥ゎỈࡢὶື≧ἣࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪⼥ゎỈࡢὶື࡟ࡼࡾ෾⤖㠃ୖ࡟⵳࠼ࡽࢀࡿỈࡢ㔞ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᙜヱᆅ┙࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᆅ⾲㠃ỿୗࡶ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ᅽᐦỿୗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡛ᐇ㝿࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓࠋᅗ-6 (a)ࡣ⌧ᆅࡢᖹ㠃ᅗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㯮ᯟ࡛ᅖࡲࢀࡓ࢚ࣜ࢔ෆࡀ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏࡟ࡼࡾ⾲㠃᳜⏕ࡀ↝ኻࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓኟሙࡢỿୗ㔞ࡶⰍᙬࡢ⃰ῐ࡛⾲ࡋ࡚ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ୖ㒊୰ኸ௜㏆ࡀ≉࡟኱ࡁࡃỿୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ⌧ᆅࡢᶆ㧗ࡢኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡍࡓࡵ࡟㸪㫽ほᅗࡶᅗ-6 (b)࡟♧ࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡣࡇࡢ᭱ࡶỿୗ㔞ࡢ኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓⅬࢆྵࡴᮾす᪉ྥࡢ A-A ᩿㠃࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚㋃ᰝ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᶆ㧗࡜ィ ࡉࢀࡓỿୗ㔞ࢆᅗ-6 (c)࡟♧ࡍࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡾồࡵࡽࢀࡓỿୗ㔞ࡣᅗ-6 (d)࡟♧ࡍ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᴫࡡỿୗ㔞ࡀ㐺ษ࡟ホ౯࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⾲㠃᳜⏕ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡿ෾⤖⼥ゎ῝࡜ᆅୗỈὶື≧ἣࡢኚ໬ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍỿୗ࡞࡝ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥண࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟㸪⼥ゎỈࡀ㞟ࡲࡾࡸࡍ࠸ሙᡤࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡸ㸪Ἑᕝ࡟ࡼࡾὶฟࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡢᆅᙧኚᙧ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀฟࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ᭷ຠ࡟࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉㸪ࣀࣜࣜࢫࢡ࡛ࡢࢱࣥࢡಽቯࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⼥ゎ῝ࡢቑຍ࡜ᆅୗỈὶࡢ႙ኻࡀᵓ㐀≀ᇶ♏
ࡢᙉᗘపୗࡸ୙ྠỿୗࢆᣍࡃ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ㸪ኟሙ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᆅୗỈὶࡢὶࢀࢆຠᯝⓗ࡟ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᵓ㐀≀ࡢ◚ቯࢆᮍ↛࡟㜵ࡄࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋኟሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⼥ゎỈࡢཌࡉࡣ㸪ࡑࡢึᮇ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᆅ⾲㠃࠿ࡽᩘ࣓࣮ࢺࣝ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ὶฟ⟠ᡤ࿘㎶࡟ᩘ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡢ㐽Ỉᑐ⟇ࢆ᪋ࡍ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡢಖỈ⬟ຊࡢಖᣢࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ᵓ㐀≀ࡢᏳ඲ᛶ⥔ᣢ࡟ࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ79ᅗ5␲ఝ୕ḟඖ෾෾⤖⼥⼥ゎ࣭࣭ᆅୗỈὶὶື㐃㐃ᡂࢩࢩ࣑࣮࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭࣭ࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝ
D ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏ࡢሙᡤ࡜ỿୗ㔞ィ

ⅬE ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡢ㫽ほᅗ(c)⌧ᆅ㋃ᰝ࡟࡟ࡼࡿᶆᶆ㧗࡜࡜ỿୗ㔞㔞ࡢほ⤖ᯝ(d)ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟
࡟ࡼࡿỿỿୗ㔞ィィ⟬⤖⤖ᯝ(c),,(d)࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪㸪ᶆ㧗ࡣࡣ㟷⥺㸪㸪ỿୗࡣࡣ㉥⥺࡛࡛♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠋỿୗ࡟ࡘ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⾨⾨ᫍ࠿࠿ࡽࡢ㊥㊥㞳࡛࡛⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㸪ỿୗ㔞ࡢ኱ࡁ࠸᪉
᪉ࡀ್್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࠋ
ᅗ6 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭࣭ࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝࡢ
ࡢ᳃ᯘⅆⅆ⅏㊧㊧ᆅ࡬࡬ࡢ㐺㐺⏝౛౛

4. ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡬ࡢኳኳ↛࢞ࢫ౪౪⤥ࢆᨭᨭ࠼ࡿ㸸㸸すࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࣭
࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ⌧ᅾ㸪⬺Ⅳ⣲࡟ྥࡅ࡚ୡ⏺୰ࡀࡑࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡬ࡢຍ㏿ᗘࢆୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽ௒ࡋࡤࡽࡃࡢ㛫ࡣࠕ໬▼⇞ᩱࢆ୙せ࡜ࡍࡿୡ⏺ࠖࡣᐇ⌧ࡋࡑ࠺࡟࡞࠸ࠋ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ⏕⏘࣭㍺㏦ࡢ⌧ሙࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸽Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ໬▼⇞ᩱ㍺㏦ࡢせ࡛࠶ࡿࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ80෗┿-10 ࡣすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࣭ࢼࢹ࢕࣒㸦Nadym㸧࡜࠸࠺⏫ࡢ㏆㑹࡟࠾ࡅࡿኳ↛࢞ࢫ࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᆅᇦࡣ 1970 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ㸪ࢯ㐃㸦ᙜ᫬㸧ࡢ㈗㔜࡞እ㈌⋓ᚓᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮾ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࢆ୰ᚰ࡟㍺ฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࡣᗈ኱࡞ࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡢ኱ᆅࢆ㥑ࡅᢤࡅ㸪㛗ᮇ㛫࡟Ώࡾࢯ㐃࣭ࣟࢩ࢔⤒῭ࢆᨭ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋ௒⌧ᅾࡶࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔໭㒊࡟࠶ࡿ࣐༙ࣖࣝᓥ࡛ࡣ኱つᶍ࡞ኳ↛࢞ࢫ⏣㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡬ࡢ㍺ฟࡀィ⏬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ୰࡛ᮾす෭ᡓ᫬௦ࡢ 1970 ᖺ௦࡟ᘓタࡉࢀࡓࠕすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࠖࡢ௒ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠋࡇࡢࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࡣ㸪ኟሙ࡟⼥ゎࡍࡿ⾲㠃㏆ࡃࡢάືᒙࢆ᥀๐ࡋ࡚ࣃ࢖ࣉࢆタ⨨ࡋ㸪⾲㠃ࢆᅵ࡛そ࠺ᙧᘧ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ༙ᇙタᘧ࡛ࠖ㐀ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཝᐮࡢ෤ሙࡣᆅ⾲㠃㏆ࡃࡲ࡛෾⤖ࡍࡿࡓࡵ᥀๐ᕤ஦ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ኟሙ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ⼥ゎࡋࡓ⾲ᒙ㒊ศࢆ᥀๐ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᐜ᫆࡞ࡓࡵ㸪▷࠸᫬㛫࡟ຠ⋡ࡼࡃᘓタ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧᘧࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖࡛ࣥ㍺㏦ࡉࢀࡿኳ↛࢞ࢫࡢ ᗘࢆఱΥ࡟タᐃࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ 5㹼12Υ࡜࠸࠺࡯ࡰ⮬ᄇ ᗘࡢࡲࡲኳ↛࢞ࢫࢆὶࡋ⥆ࡅࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ࠿ࡽ⼥ゎ⇕ࡀఏࢃࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡀ⼥ゎࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟୍㒊࡛ࡣᗘᾐ㣗࡜

࠸࠺୙ྍ㏫࡞ᆅᙧኚᙧࡲ࡛⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡣ⼥ゎࡋ࡚⁀ࡲࡗࡓỈࡢୖ࡟ᾋ࠿ࢇࡔࡼ࠺࡞≧ែ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊ศࡶ࠶ࡾ㸦෗┿-11㸧㸪₃ὤࡸ◚ᦆࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṇ☜࡞ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡣබ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪୍㒊◊✲⪅ࡢሗ࿌࡛ࡣすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ඲⏕⏘㔞ࡢ 1㹼2%ࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᦆയ࡟ࡼࡾẼ୰࡟₃ὤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㔞ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍᪥ࡢኳ↛࢞ࢫ౑⏝㔞࡟ࡶ༉ᩛࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛㸪㈗㔜࡞ኳ↛㈨※ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪ᐊຠᯝ࢞ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚኱Ẽ࡟ᨺฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ே㢮࡟࡜ࡗ࡚஧㔜ࡢᦆኻࢆ⿕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ෗┿10すࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࢆࢆ㥑ࡅᢤࡅࡿࡿࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ㸸㸸ᡭ๓࠿ ࡽዟ⾜ࡁࡁ ᪉ྥ࡟タࡅࡽࢀࡓ༙ᇙタ᪉ᘧࡢኳ↛࢞ࢫ࣭࣭ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ㸦➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧

5. ཝᐮࡢ
ࡢᆅ࡛෗┿11ࣃ࢖ࣉ
ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ࿘㎶ᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ⤖ᯝ㸪㸪Ỉ㠃 ୖ࡛ᾋᾋ 㐟≧ែ࡟㝗ࡗࡓすす ࢩ࣋ࣜ࢔ࡢࡢኳ↛࢞ࢫ࣭ࣃࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ㸦㸦➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧ࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤὶࢀ࡞࠸㸸㸸࢔ࣛࢫ࢝⦪⦪᩿ཎཎἜࣃࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ

୍᪉㸪ྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ᘓタࡉࢀࡓ࢔ࣛࢫ࢝ࢆ༡໭࡟⦪᩿ࡍࡿ࢔࢚ࣜࢫ࣭࢝ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࡣᘓタ᫬ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ᕤኵ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᘓタ࠿ࡽ 40 ᖺ௨ୖ⤒ࡓ௒࡛ࡶ೺඲࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦෗┿-12, 13 ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡇࡢࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࡣ໭ᴟᾏἢᓊ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓཎἜࢆ㸪✚ฟࡋྍ⬟࡞࢔ࣛࢫ࢝༡㒊ࡢኴᖹὒᓊࡲ࡛

81

㍺㏦ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡢᘏ㛗⣙ 1,300km ࡢ࠺ࡕ 1/3 ࡣ㐃⥆Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ 1/3 ㏆ࡃࡣ୙㐃⥆Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࢆ㈏࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㍺㏦ࡍࡿ≀㉁ࡀཎἜࡢࡓࡵ㸪㏦ฟࡋ᫬࡟ࡣ ᗘࢆ 60Υ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࡵ࡞࠸࡜ࡑࡢ㧗࠸⢓ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾὶືᛶࡀ☜ಖ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ෤ሙࡢ᭶㛫ᖹᆒẼ ࡀ-40Υ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿᆅᇦ࡛㸪60Υ㏆ࡃ࡟࡞ࡿཎἜࢆ㍺㏦ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࡢᵝࠎ࡞ᕤኵࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡵࡓཎἜࡢ⇕ࡀᵓ㐀≀࡟ఏࢃࡾ㸪ᨭᣢᵓ㐀≀ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᆅ┙ࢆ⼥࠿ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ୍㒊ࡢ㐨㊰ᶓ᩿㒊ࡣᆅୗ࡟₯ࡗ࡚஺ᕪࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪≉ู࡞ᑐ⟇࡞ࡋ࡟ࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ᵓ㐀࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡢ኱ࡁ࡞≉ᚩࡣ㸪ࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᮺ୍ᮏ୍ᮏࡀࠕࣄ࣮ࢺࣃ࢖ࣉࠖ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢧ࣮ࣔࢧ࢖ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⇕஺᥮ಁ㐍⿦⨨࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௙⤌ࡳࡣᴟࡵ࡚༢⣧࡛ᮺࡢ୰࡟ᅽຊࢆㄪᩚࡋࡓ࢔ࣥࣔࢽ࢔ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ẽయࢆධࢀ㸪እẼ ࡀᆅ┙ෆࡢ ᗘࡼࡾపࡃ࡞ࡿ෤࡟ࡣ㸪ᆅୖ࡛෭ࡸࡉࢀࡓ࢔ࣥࣔࢽ࢔ࡀᾮ໬ࡋ࡚ୗ࡟㝆ࡾ㸪୍᪉ᆅ୰࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀࡓୗ㒊࡛ࡣᆅ┙ࡢ⇕࡟ࡵࡽࢀ࡚Ẽ໬ࡋ㸪෌ࡧᆅୖ࡟ᡠࡿ࡜࠸࠺௙⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ෤ሙࡢప࠸እẼࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᆅ┙ෆ࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛෾⤖ࡢಁ㐍ࢆᅗࡿ࡜࠸࠺⿦⨨࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⿦⨨ࡣࡓࡔẼయࢆᮺࡢ୰࡟ᑒࡌ㎸ࡵࡿࡔࡅࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࡑࢀࡀእ࡟₃ࢀࡿࡇ࡜௨እࡣᨾ㞀▱ࡽࡎ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᆅ୰ࡢᗘࡼࡾእẼࡀ㧗࠸ኟሙ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚Ẽ໬ࡋࡓ≧ែ࡛ᮺࡢୖ㒊࡟⁀ࡲࡿࡓࡵ㸪⮬ࡽ⇕஺᥮ࡢసᴗࢆṆࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ඃࢀࡶࡢ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ௙⤌ࡳ⮬యࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥࡢ෭༷⿦⨨࡞࡝࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᪥ᖖ⏕άࡢ୰࡛ࡶᖜᗈࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣఱࡼࡾࢧ࢖ࢬࡀ኱ࡁࡃ㸪㛗࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ 10m ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡉ࠼࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࢚ࣜࢫ࣭࢝ཎἜࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖࡛ࣥࡣ㸪ᆅୖᯫタ㒊ศࡢ࡯ࡰࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᨭᣢᮺ࡟ࡇ
ࡢࣄ࣮ࢺࣃ࢖ࣉࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ௚㸪㐨㊰ᶓ᩿㒊࡞࡝ࡢᆅ୰ᇙタ㒊ศ࡛ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢ⿦⨨ࡀከᩘ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ྛ✀ᵓ㐀≀ࡢ᪋ᕤ⌧ሙ࡞࡝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᙜึࡢண᝿ࡼࡾᵓ㐀≀㏆ഐ࡛ࡢᆅ୰ᗘࡀ㧗ࡵ࡛෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙᡤ࡟ࣆ࣏ࣥ࢖ࣥࢺ࡛ᚋ㏣࠸タ⨨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪Ọஂ෾ᅵᆅᖏ࡛ᵓ㐀≀ࢆ㐀ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜ᐆࡍࡿ⿦⨨࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ෗┿12࢔ࣛࢫ࢝ࢆ⦪᩿ࡍࡿ࢔࢚ࣜࢫ࣭࢝ཎἜࣃ࢖
෗┿13࢔ࣛࢫࢫ࢝ࢆ⦪᩿ࡍࡿ࢔࢚ࣜࢫ࣭࢝ཎἜࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ ࡑࡢ 1㸦ࣇ࢙࢔ࣂࣥࢡࢫ㏆㑹㸧ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ ࡑࡢ 2㸦ࣇ࢙࢔ࣂࣥࢡࢫ㏆㑹㸧ᨭᣢᮺࡣࣄ࣮ࢺࣃ࢖ࣉ࡛࡛ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㸪ᆅ┙ࡢ෾⤖ࢆಁ㐍ࡉࡏࡿࠋᨭᨭᣢᮺࡢࡢୖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿⓑ࠸㸰ᮏࡢᰕᰕ≧ࣇࣇ࢕ࣥࡣ෭༷ಁ㐍⏝ࡢࣛࢪ࢚࣮࣮ࢱ࡛࡛ࡍ㸦㸦஧ࡘࡢ෗┿࡜ࡶ࡟㸪㸪➹⪅᧜ᙳ㸧82

6. ࡲ࡜ࡵ㸸㸸♫఍࢖࢖ࣥࣇࣛࢆࢆᏲࡿࡓ
ࡓࡵ࡟
IPCC ሗ࿌࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᆅ⌫ࡣ௒ᚋ 100 ᖺ༢఩࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ ᬮ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲ࡢ᤼ฟ㔞ࢆไᚚࡍࡿ࡞࡝㸪௒ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡲ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ㄢ㢟ࡀከ࠸ࡢࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉㸪≉࡟ᬮ໬࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟ฟࡸࡍ࠸ᴟᆅ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟␗ᖖẼ㇟࡟ࡼࡿ✺↛ࡢ⇕Ἴࡸ㢖Ⓨࡍࡿ᳃ᯘⅆ⅏➼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᒁᡤⓗ࡞Ọஂ෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡀ㐍ࡳ㸪ሙᡤ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ୙ྍ㏫ⓗ࡞ᆅᙧኚᙧࡸ᪤Ꮡ♫఍ᇶ┙ᵓ㐀≀ࡢᦆയ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᙳ㡪ࡶฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪤㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪௒ᚋ 50 ᖺ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ 100 ᖺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㛗࠸ࢫࣃ࡛ࣥࡢ⎔ቃኚ໬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆணࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⎔ቃኚ໬࡟ᩄឤ࡞ᴟᐮ෭ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅᙧኚᙧࡸ᪤Ꮡᵓ㐀≀ࡢ◚ቯࡣ㸪⎔ቃኚ໬࡟㛵ࢃࡿⓗ☜࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱྲྀᚓࡸほ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘணࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ᩘ್ⓗ࡞ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ

࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ୰つᶍࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࡑࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᕤᏛⓗ࡞ほⅬ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᙳ㡪ホ౯ࢆ㐺ษ࡟⾜࠸࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᣑ኱ⓗ࡞⿕ᐖࡢᢚไ࡜᪤Ꮡ♫఍ᇶ┙ᵓ㐀≀ࡢᏳᐃᛶࡸᏳ඲ᛶࡢಖ඲࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩⊩1) AFP BB ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ㸸࠙ゎㄝࠚỌஂ෾ᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡀཎᅉ㸪ࣟࢩ࢔໭ᴟᅪࡢ⇞ᩱὶฟ஦ᨾ ࠕ㛤ࡃࣃࣥࢻࣛࡢ⟽ࠖ
ɾhttps://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3287301?act=all, 2020.
2) Hydrometcenter Russia, https://meteoinfo.ru/anomalii-tabl3, 2020.
3) Norilsk Nickel: Clean-up Progress Update on the Accident at a Fuel Storage of Norilsk Nickel,Nornickel, June 9, 2020.
4) M. Urlich, H. Matthes, L. Schirrmeister, J. Schütze, H. Park, Y. Iijima, and A.N. Fedorov:

Differences in behavior and distribution of permafrost-related lakes in Central Yakutia andtheir response to climatic drivers, Water Resource Research, 53, 1167–1188, DOI:
0.1002/2016WR019267, 2017.
5) Y. Iijima, H. Park, P. Ya. Konstantinov, G. G. Pudov, and A. N. Fedorov: Active layer thickness

measurements using a handheld penetrometer at boreal and tundra sites in eastern Siberia,
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 28, 306–313, DOI: 10.1002/ppp.1908, 2017.
6) S. Kanie, H. Zheng, H. Ishihara, K. Yanagiya, and M. Furuya: Mesoscopic-model Simulation ofFreeze and Thaw with Groundwater Flow for Terrain Change in Permafrost Regions, 19thInternational Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, On-line, 25th October 2021.

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