NuMI

NuMI Overview:
Physics On and Off Axis•••••

NuMI Construction & Installation Status
MINOS Near & Far Detector Status
MIPP
NuMI Beam Options¾ Moving target¾ ν-bar¾ Off-Axis Beam Possibilities
Summary

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 1

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NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 2

Neutrino Oscillations:
What we know now

Muon neutrinos disappear at ∆m2 of few 10-3 eV2 (SuperK, K2K,Soudan II,Macro)Electron neutrinos disappear at ∆m2 of several 10-5 eV2 (Homestake, SAGE,GNO, SuperK, SNO)Electron antineutrinos also disappear , more likely at several 10-5 eV2 (KamLand)
Electron neutrinos convert into other active neutrinos (SNO)• Neutrinos have non-zero mass (*****)• Weak eigenstates are mixtures of mass eigenstates (****)

ν e ν µ•

 U e*1 U e*2 U e*3  ν 1 
 *** ν τ  =  U µ 1 U µ 2 U µ 3  ν 2  Uτ*1 Uτ*2 Uτ*3  ν 3  ν3νeνµ ντ

Magnitude of mixing matrix elements definescomposition of electron/muon/tau neutrinos• Squared mass differences determine the oscillation length∆m2atm
ν2
ν1∆m2sunNuMIνµ Disappearance at MINOSNuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 3Comparison of the observed spectrum of νµ charged current events with theexpected one provides a direct measure of the survival probability as a functionof neutrino energy

1.27 ∆m 2 L
P = 1 − sin 2ϑ23 sinEν2••

2

Dip depth ÍÎ oscillation amplitude (sin22θ

Does the disappearance follow thisfunctional form?
Neutrinos and antineutrinos?

23)
Shape of disappearance probabilityÍÎ ∆m223 (π/2 = 1.27x∆m223xL/Edip)

NuMIMINOS Physics• Demonstrate oscillatory behavior« Precise measurement of CC energy distribution between
near & far detectors (2-4% sys. uncertainty in Eν per GeV bin)« “Standard” or non-standard oscillations?

• Precise measurement of oscillation parameters« ∆m223 at ~ 10%« How close to 1.0 is sin2 2θ23? (Can test to ~5% level)* Are we looking at a new fundamental symmetry?

• Improved determination of flavor participation« # of CC νµ events far/near (for νµ -> νx at about ~2% )« # of CC νe events far/near (for νµ -> νe down to about 2% )« # of NC events far/near (for νµ -> νs down to about 10%)• Direct measurement of atmospheric νµ vs νµ disappearance« CPT Violation

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 4

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NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 5

NuMI Beam
1270 events/kt-yr••••

2740 events/kt-yr

120 GeV Protons from Fermilab Main Injector10µs pulse, every 1.9s
Proton Intensity:« 4x1013 protons/pulse design« 2.5x1013 p/p expected at startup
Hadrons focused with 2 horns« Select beam energy spectrum by adjusting
relative horn and target positions
1040 mMain Injector
Not to scale

Target,Horns

ν
Decay pipe:
678m x 1m radius

470 events/kt-yr
Rock: 240m,muon monitors

HadronAbsorber:
4.7 m Al/Fe

103 m

Near Detector

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NuMI Beamline Overview

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 6MINOS Surface Building

Target Surface BuildingNuMIMINOS Experiment

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 7

Construct Facilities and Equipment for a TwoDetector Neutrino Oscillation Experiment with
Variable Energy Neutrino Beam (Start 2005)
Obtain firm evidence for oscillations
and measure oscillation parameters,∆m2, sin22θ. Probe for νµ→νeappearance.

Far Detector: 5400 tons
Near Detector: 980 tons
Det. 2

Det. 1

NuMI

NuMI Project Status

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 8

NuMI Beam(Beam commissioning planned for January 2005):• Design status -> “complete”, Beamline ~70% complete overall for all systems• Testing done on: horns, remote clamp, transmission line, horn power supply• Prototype piles/stacking of: T-blocks, target pile, hot cell
• Accelerator and extraction beam studies for NuMI, proton intensity working
group• Beam commissioning planned for January 2005
Near Detector• Near Detector planes surface assembly complete• DAQ racks being assembled• Installation starts Feb. 2004
• Calibration Detector run complete at CERN PS« EM & Hadron response & event topology« Near/Far readout comparison

Far Detector – Finished August 2003!!!
• Taking atmospheric neutrino data as we speak

NuMI

Adding a new Beamline toFermilab

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 9MI ring onbottom, Recycler
on top, NuMI inthe middle(fit between twoaccelerators)

From Main Injector
to Extraction to Stubto Target

NuMI
Stubandbeyond…

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NuMI Primary Beam Installation:
Upstream Extraction Region

Lambertsons being baked out
MI ring on bottom, Recycler on top, NuMI
in the middle (fit between two accelerators)

Extraction region

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 10

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NuMI Primary Beam Installation:
Downstream Region

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 11

From NuMI Stub…

..toPeter’sPorch
to carrier tunnel (lined section)

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NuMI Primary Beam:
Pre Target Hall Region

Downstream end of carrier tunnel, atBeneficial Occupancy

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 12

Pre Target at Beneficial Occupancy(installation of magnets/instrumentation
underway now in both these places)

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NuMI Project:
Target Hall & Support Rooms•Horn Power Supply Room,penetration for transmission line
to Target Hall horns•Installation of rails in the Target
Hall pit•

Radioactive Water Room (RAW)and piping through penetration toTarget Hall

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 13

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Neutrino Beam Production Devices
and Target Pile

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 14

Alternate Horn Positions

Beamline Component Positioning Modules
Two Types of Magnetic Focusing Horns
Pion Production Target (plus readout of target, vacuum pump)
Baffle to protect horn from beam accidents
Target Hall Radiation Shielding
Hot (Radioactive) Component Workcell and Hot Handling Procedures/Tooling
Shield Pile Recirculating Air Cooling System

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Target Hall in pictures

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 15(plus recirculating air cooling, target, hot work cell, etc)
1 of three 27 ton support modules

Target with motion system
Horn 1, stripline, clamp(10% of ) Shielding Blocks

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Neutrino Beam Devices

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 16

Target from IHEP

Horn 2

Part of NuMI shielding for Target Pile and Hadron AbsorberNuMI

NuMI Secondary Beam :Decay Region Then & Now••

Decay tunnel before shielding pour:
Decay tunnel now (concrete shielding, electrical, fire):

675m long, 2m diameter

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 17

11/22/02
10/20/03

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Hadron Absorber

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 18

Aluminum
Steel

Water
coolinglines

Absorber Cavern / Shield

Absorber Core

Presentation 15 March - J. HylenNuMI

Decay Region & Hadron Absorber

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 19•Decay region power deposition« 63 kW in 1 cm thick steel decay pipe
« 52 kW in shielding concrete« Peak deposition in the steel is ~360 W/m (~ 50 m from target hall)« Drops to 20 W/m (at ~610 m)« Heat is removed by twelve copper water-cooling pipes, limiting decay
pipe temperature to ~ 50 deg C•

Absorber core« 8 modules of aluminum with dual water-cooling paths* 30.5 x 129.5 x 129.5 cm3 each
* 8 kW peak power in one module (normal beam conditions)« Followed by 10 plates of steel, each 23.2 cm thick.

•Total power in Absorber region: 60 kW(nearly entire 400 kW beam power in accident condition)NuMI

MINOS HALL: Then and Now•••

MINOS Hall as delivered by S. A. Healy (drip ceiling over the detector):
MINOS Hall now:
« Steel near detector support structure« Crane installed
Beneficial Occupancy of MINOS Hall:

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 20

11/22/02
10/30/03

1/31/04

NuMIMINOS Near Detector•3.8 x 4.8m “octagonal” steel &scintillator tracking calorimeter•Same basic construction, samplingand response as the far detector.

•No multiplexing in the main part ofthe detector due to small size andhigh rates.
« Hamamatsu M64 PMT« Faster Electronics (QIE)•282 planes of steel•

153 planes of scintillator

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 21

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NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 22

Near Detector Construction/Assemblyat New Muon Lab
Construction underway in New Muon Hall

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Far Detector Cavern Layout, Soudan
Underground Laboratory

moreSupWooMilar
noesdulnsoittarksCSNOIM

aShaftSoudan 2 Cavern

nver

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 23eabνmArea reservedfor emulsion
detector

NuMIMINOS Far Detector•

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 248m octagonal steel & scintillator tracking calorimeter• Sampling every 2.54 cm• 4cm wide strips of scintillator• 2 sections, 15m each• 5.4 kton total mass
• 55%/√E for hadrons• 23%/√E for electrons•

Magnetized Iron (B~1.5T)•486 planes of steel & scintillator• 26,000 m2MINOS Far Detector:• 95,000 scintillator strips

Done, magnetized since July!

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NuMI/MINOS Schedule••

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 25

Project far detector complete and operational.
Upstream MI65 Beneficial Occupancy 10/20/03.
« Upstream beamline installation in progress.

••
•
•
•

Downstream MINOS Beneficial Occupancy 1/31/04.
Upstream installation/pre-commissioning of Beamline complete:
December 2004.
Downstream installation of Hadron Absorber, beam monitors & neardetector complete: December 2004.
Near detector complete and tested late 2004.
Beam/commissioning Dec 2004/January 2005.

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MIPP: Measure Hadron Production

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 26

MIPP will start to run at FNAL in late 2003
• Measure 120 GeV proton-carbon -> π, K, …
• Good precision, ~ 2%
• NOT single arm spectrometer- get all Pt, P- acceptance correction easier• Use actual NuMI target
With NuMI precision horns and above MIPP
hadron production measurements, will makevery good prediction of ν flux in near detector- have already measured excellent
magnetic field quality in horn 1
With well understood near detector, and above flux predictions,will measure neutrino cross sections to a few %NuMI

NuMI: Tuning Neutrino Spectraby Horn/Target Reconfiguration

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 27• Carbon target can move
up to 2.5m on beam axis
along with water, vacuum& electric lines• Provides variable neutrino
beam energy with realtime control• Can also move second
horn, although much
more difficult (need tobuild items ahead of time,
restack blocks in hall,etc.)

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NuMI Running: ν-bar Beam

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 28

Antineutrinos are crucial to understanding:•••

Mass hierarchy (electron neutrino/antineutrino appearance)
CP violation (electron neutrino/antineutrino appearance)
CPT violation (muon neutrino/antineutrino disappearance)

Common wisdom: antineutrinos are ‘expensive’: cross section ratio is ½ at high energies,
1/3 at NuMI energies.
NuMI ME beam: σ(π+)~1.15σ(π-) (charge conservation!) so flux in antineutrino
running is near flux in neutrino running
NuMI Running (electron neutrino appearance strategy, off axis):Start the experiment with neutrinos (move target around to better define signal)
Run in that mode until either:•A definite signal is seen, or•Potential sensitivity with ν-bar could be significantly higher (x2?) than with ν’s
Switch to antineutrinos and run in that mode until either:• A definite signal is seen
• Potential sensitivity improvement from additional running would be better with neutrinos

NuMIOff-axis NuMI Beams: Unavoidable NuMINBIOverview
2003(FNAL)
By-product of the NuMI Experiment N. Grossman
Page 29
NuMI
NuMI BeamBeam••••••

Beam energy defined by the off-axis detector position
figure courtesy(works in Low or Medium Energy Beam setting!)
M.MessierNarrow energy range (minimize all backgrounds)
Simultaneous operation (with MINOS &/or other detectors)~ 15mrad has narrowest energy spread 0.5% νe contamination
Matter effects can differentiate mass hierarchies
Baselines 700 – 900 km are possible

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Off Axis Detector••

NuMI OverviewNBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 30

To see matter effects, want long baseline, but at right angle (~15mrad, ~800 km)
Reasonable sites exist, we are investigating further

Low Z imaging calorimeter: particle board ~30% of radiation length thick« Liquid scintillator or« Glass RPC (resistive plate chamber)
9 Electron ID efficiency ~ 40% while keeping NC background below intrinsic νelevel
9 Well known and understood detector technologies
9 Primary challenge: (cheaply) engineer & construct a very massive detector
How massive?? 50 kton detector, 5 years run =>• 10% measurement if sin22θ13 at the CHOOZ limit, or• 3σ evidence if sin22θ13 factor 10 below the CHOOZ limit (normal hierarchy,δ=0), or• Factor 20 improvement of the limit

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From Probabilities to Mixing Angles

Minakata and Nunokawa,
hep-ph/0108085
Matter effects
move ellipse off
sin22θ13 axis

δ

NuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 31

Observables are:•P (neutrino appearance)•P (antineutrino appearance)
sin22θ13: oscillations (0.05
assumed, green)
δ: CP violation, phase aroundellipse
δm2: matter effects (red & blueellipses)sinδ: length of ellipsecosδ: width of ellipse

sin22θ13

Matter effects and CP violation
effects are of the same order asthe main oscillation

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Comparison of NuMI-Off Axis and NuMINBIOverview
2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 32
J-PARC to Super-K(assumes
sin22θ13=0.1)

NuMI Off-axis
50 kton, 85%eff,
5 years,
4x1020 pot/y(0.4MW)
all

Aftercuts

J-PARC to SK
Phase I, 5years(0.8MW)
all

Aftercutsνµ CC (no osc)

28348

6.8

10714

1.8

Neutral Current

8650

19.4

4080

9.3

Beam νe604

31.2

292

11867.3

307.9

302

123

Signal (∆m223=2.8/3
x 10-3, NuMI/JHF)
Figure Of Merit(signal/sqrt(bckg))•41

NuMI off-axis makes up for lower proton power,and longer baseline with higher neutrino energy,longer decay pipe, and more fiducial mass.

26

But having two is much better
than having twice as much ofeither experiment!
Huber, Lindner, WinterNucl. Phys. B654,2003

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Status of NuMI:
On & Off AxisNuMI Overview
NBI 2003
N. Grossman (FNAL)
Page 33MINOS:• Design is flexible to permit variations, upgrades• Installation underway, commissioning end of 2004, physics starting April 2005.
• MINOS:9 νµ disappearance: demonstrate oscillatory energy dependence, Precision
measurements of ∆m2, sin2(2θ) (10%)
9 νe appearance
9 Improved bounds on |Ue3|2
Off Axis (optimistic):• NuMI off-axis experiment has complementary capabilities to JHF•Off-axis collaboration: Letter of Intent 2002, done•

Proposal in preparation (November 2003)•~2 years for approval, funding starts 2006•

~2 years to build, data taking starts 2008/2009