The Second EAJS Japan Conference
Faculty of Letters, Kobe University
24 – 25 September 2016

Book of Abstracts

Supported by The Japan Foundation

Table of Contents
Anthropology (JAWS) Section ................................................................................................................ 4
Economy Section................................................................................................................................... 21
History Section ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Interdisciplinary Section ....................................................................................................................... 38
Language and Linguistics Section ......................................................................................................... 59
Literature Section ................................................................................................................................. 65
Politics Section ...................................................................................................................................... 78
Religion and Philosophy Section .......................................................................................................... 88

Anthropology (JAWS)

Anthropology (JAWS) Section
Section Convenor: Carmen Tamas (Kobe University, Japan)
EYAL BEN-ARI (KINNERET ACADEMIC COLLEGE, ISRAEL)GOOD REPOSE FOR THE MILITARY DEAD: JAPAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Death entails one of the most potentially disruptive moments of life. Because any death is unsettling
it carries potential elements of disorder and crisis. But military death is different from other forms ofdemise since people expect that it "should” have a meaning and that it “should" be suitably handled
by the armed forces and by society at large. For social relations to continue, for individual lives to carryon and for organizational order of the military to be restored, the dead soldiers must somehow be
brought to a good repose, to rest in peace.
But just what does “rest in peace” mean in the military context? Just how are soldiers brought to a
fitting repose? And how do national contexts differ in these respects? This article tackles thesequestions through examining the case of Japan in theoretical and comparative perspective.
To analyze the case of Japan I contrast it to the case of Israel and, where relevant, add notes on othercases. While there are of course, many internal variations in the cases, and while they belong to distinct
but overlapping historical periods what I present are analytical ideal types that underscore the key
components of each case. The aim then is to seek cases marked by very clear-cut differences rather
than broad similarities.

ANYA BENSON (CHUO UNIVERSITY)
BECOMING PURIKYUA: THE CREATION OF COMMERCIALIZED IDENTITY SPACES IN THE MARKETING OF PURIKYUA
Since the broadcast of its first season in 2004, the television show Purikyua has reached a phenomenallevel of popularity and become a staple of Japanese children’s television. Primarily targeted to young
girls – and marketed in an unapologetically gendered fashion – Purikyua’s highly integrated
merchandising strategy operates by blending narrative content and goods at all levels. While
employing the usual host of character goods and toys replicating items used by the characters,
Purikyua also creates complex systems of interrelated goods that effectively allow child audiences tonavigate their everyday lives as the fictional ‘Cures’ on which the narrative is based. The focus on
constructing correlation between merchandise consumption, narrative content and the child’s identity
is epitomized in the marketing of the Purikyua Narikiri Studio, a space in which children are encouraged
to play by imagining themselves ‘becoming’ a Cure.
This paper uses Purikyua as a case study to examine the merging of space and identity in the marketingof Japanese children’s media texts, ultimately arguing that such merging functions by actively
constructing the world of the text within the context of urban Japan. Echoing the structure of thecurrent season of Purikyua, which involves both a ‘magical’ world and a (highly idealized) variation ofthe ‘real’ world, Purikyua mediated spaces form the possibility of engaging with the text across4

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multiple arenas of a child’s life – while promoting a heavily gendered and commercialized version of
those engagements.

NICOLA PIETRO BONALDI (UNIVERSITY OF MILAN-BICOCCA, ITALY)
MALE AT PLAY: UNDERSTANDING JAPANESE BISHŌJO GĒMUThe paper discusses the processes of production, distribution and consumption of a class of Japanese
video games known as bishōjo gēmu (美少女ゲーム), and the surrounding connotations in the public
discourse. Bishōjo gēmu characteristically focus on dating, romance and sexuality, and sometimes
feature erotic content (eroge). Gameplay involves a playable male character interacting with attractive
anime-style girls. Despite accounting for about 25% of entertaining software trade in Japan (Taylor
2007), such video games tend not to be translated and distributed overseas—what seems to be an
exception among the “odorless” Japanese transnational media artifacts (Iwabuchi 2002).
Bishōjo gēmu emerged as dōjin soft ( 同 人 ソ フ ト ) during the 1980s, thanks to self-publishingconventions such as Tokyo Comiket (Picard 2013). Throughout the ‘90s and the 2000s, they made way
to major software houses and went mainstream (Galbraith 2011). In this paper bishōjo gēmu are
examined in the light of the transformations Japanese society underwent during the “Lost Decade”,
notably the destabilization of the figure of the sararīman (Dasgupta 2013) and the emergence of theotaku (Kinsella 1998).
The paper also aims to connect video games to the field of leisure studies, by analyzing how sexuality
and stereotypical gender roles can be enacted symbolically in opposition to work and family (Allison
1994). Specific attention is paid to the activity of Organizations such as EOCS/Sofurin (Ethics
Organization of Computer Software), which was established in order to address the public concern
about eroge (Pelletier-Gagnon&Picard 2015).

SEBASTIEN PENMELLEN BORET (TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
REMEMBERING DISASTERS IN JAPAN: MEMORIALS, RELIGION AND THE STATEThis paper investigates the ideas and ritual practices surrounding the memorials of disasters and their
victims in Japan. On 11th March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and an annihilating tsunami
destroyed entire coastal cities, caused the death of 15,083 individuals and left 3,971 missing bodies.
Dealing with their trauma and losses, these communities and volunteer groups have developed various
modes of remembering the tragic event and the dead through formal and informal, public and private,
religious and non-religious, tangible and intangible, acts of remembrance. One of these strategies
consists in the erection of a monument where mourners, survivors, and other visitors may join theirhands (tewo awaseru) and carry out rituals as a way to express their respect, grief, solidarity and soon. Sprouting along the bared coastline, these markers vary from simple wooden poles to monumental
structures. If anthropologists have already provided accounts about the politics following the erectionof memorial monuments, and those of disasters in particular (Simpson 2008), the division of labour
between private, religious and state memorials have often remained unexamined. This paper begins
to fill the gap by discussing the processes surrounding a memorial for the 911 victims of a coastline
neighbourhood of northeast Japan during the 2011 tsunami. In particular, it argues that disaster5

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memorials reflect the changing relationship(s) between laypeople, religion and the State incontemporary Japanese society.

GARCIA ST. AUBYN CHAMBERS (TOYO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE RITUAL OF COMMUNAL BATH IN JAPAN: PERSPECTIVES FROM A PARTICIPANT-OBSERVER
Edward Hall argues that “Culture hides more than what it reveals, and what it hides, it hides mosteffectively from its own participants.” Communal Bath, a traditional custom in Japan, is rich in its
potential for analyses from varied perspectives. In addition to its import as a potential aesthetic
experience, the traditional and everyday custom of bath in Japan is ritualistic. In this explorative
presentation I intend to define communal bath as a ritual in contemporary Japan; I will attempt todescribe its processes and ritual symbols as a frame; concomitantly I will theorize the contemporarysocio-cultural import of this apparently simple, everyday experience. As a foreign observer who has
now very much become a participant in the cultural experience, I am hoping to apply Hall’s insight on
the inevitability of ‘hidden’ and ‘visible’ character of culture.
A second attempt at exploring communal bath in Japan: In the first, I applied philosopher Berleant’s‘aesthetic field’ theory arguing that for public bathhouses (sentos) and onsens, their “…entire layout,
design, ambience, rules of engagement, the thermal therapy that awaits, as well as the mindful andcourteous actions of staff and bathers alike partake in a kind of aesthetic transaction.”
Reference:
Chambers, G., Communal Bathing and Public Bathhouses in Japan: Theorizing the Aesthetics of an
Everyday Experience The Second Asian Conference on the Arts, Humanities and Sustainability 02 Nov.
2015
Hall, E. 1959, The Silent Language

NATHALIE CLOSE (SOPHIA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FILM AS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: A CASE STUDY
Festivals have long been a popular topic for ethnographic film, starting with the initial filming of rituals
and dance at the great Expos of the late 1800s, and field research conducted by scholars such as
Baldwin Spencer. Film can be seen as the ideal medium for recording festivals due to its ability tocapture the exuberance, movement and festive atmosphere. However, in addition to the portrayal of
festivals in documentary or ethnographic film, the use of a camera offers many advantages to the fieldresearcher. This presentation looks at the way in which film can be used in field research, focusing inparticular on the visual research conducted on a Japanese festival by the presenter. From the start of
the research process a camera was employed, and therefore the initial approach will be discussed
before moving on to look at how using a camera enabled further research. This can be divided into
both how the camera was used during data collection as well for later data analysis. This presentation
will offer support for the use of film in both field research and analysis of festivals.

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Anthropology (JAWS)EMMA COOK (HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FOOD RITUALS AND FOOD ALLERGIES: SCHOOL LUNCHES IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN
Food allergies have shown a steady increase in Japan (and in other industrialised nations) over theprevious ten years. Recent research conducted by MEXT (2014) suggests that the number of children
with food allergies in Japan has doubled since 2004. This has gone hand-in-hand with a growing
awareness of such allergies within the wider public realm and in the service industries, especially since
the death of an elementary school child in 2012 after eating school lunch. Individuals who have suchallergies, and their families, must consequently navigate the risks of reactions and spend considerable
time and energy avoiding consuming the allergens they react to, as well as explaining to those aroundthem why certain foods cannot be eaten. Given that sharing and consuming the same food together –for example, all children eating the same lunch (kyūshoku) – is an important ritualised social practicein Japan, there can consequently be social repercussions to avoiding particular foods. This paper asks:
how do parents and children navigate the rituals of school lunch? In what ways do they participate or
not participate? What kinds of affects (if any) do risk aversion strategies have on social relationships inthe school context?

ANDREA DE ANTONI (RITSUMEIKAN UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
CALL ME A DOG: RITUALIZED AFFECTIVE CORRESPONDENCES, INUGAMI POSSESSION AND EXORCISM IN
CONTEMPORARY TOKUSHIMA PREFECTURE
In the last decades, anthropological scholarship has recognized corporeity as a condition of humanexperience and the body as the “existential ground of culture and self” (Csordas 1994). The lived body
moving in the world is considered a source of perception, a bearer of practical knowledge and skills,
developed through practice, with which we dwell in the world (Ingold 2000). This approach pointed at
the necessity of investigating the body from the perspective of its perceptions, which originate in its
interaction with the environment. Yet the role of ritualized interactions has been barely taken into
account. Consequently, this paper will shed light on the role of bodily perceptions and affect (Massumi
2002) in spirit possession and deliverance, by focusing on a ritual of exorcism in contemporary Japan.
I will rely on ethnographic data collected through fieldwork in Kenmi Jinja (Tokushima Prefecture). Thisshrine is renown in the whole Japan because of a ritual (gokitō) to heal from spirit possession,
especially (though not exclusively) possession by the Dog-God (inugami). I will describe people’s
feelings of “being possessed” and “relieved” or “healed”, as well as their perceptions and reactions
during the ritual. I will also rely on my own experience of undergoing the ritual, in order to provide amore accurate account of how deliverance takes place. I will argue that spirits emerge in the social as
associations of particular symptoms and bodily perceptions, as well as through affective
correspondences and attunements (Ingold 2013) among humans (the Shinto priest, patients…) andnon-humans (body parts, tools used during the ritual…), based on practice.

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Anthropology (JAWS)NORIKO FUJITA (WASEDA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)“HATARAKIKATA” AS DISCOURSE: FOR WHOM? FOR WHAT?
“Hatarakikata, or working style,” has garnered strong attention in contemporary Japanese society. Asa panacea for resolving the impending labor shortage, the term seems to be used to encourage thepublic to question conventional working styles, including long working hours, and then to put a newstyle into practice under a “reform of working style [hatarakikata no minaoshi]”. The government has
introduced new employment types such as a diversified-regular-worker scheme, which sets
restrictions in duties, time of work, and places to be transferred, and scholars have reported that it
contributes to both workers and firms. But, facing the fact that the majority of the workers in thescheme are women, those who have family responsibility in particular, it seems that the reform targets
only women as subjects, for them to balance their work and lives, in contrast to the term’s seemingly
comprehensive meaning. Drawing from ethnographic research on Japanese firms, individual
employees, and organizations concerning tenkin, or personnel transfer which accompanies a move ofa domicile, this paper aims to analyze the term “hatarakikata” as discourse from both micro and macro
perspectives, and how it relates to women’s “empowerment” in contemporary Japan.

CHRISTIAN GOEHLERT (LMU MUNICH, GERMANY)JAPANESE RITUALS OF PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH BETWEEN RESURGENCE AND RE-INTERPRETATIONThe cycle of ceremonies and rituals concerned with pregnancy and childbirth in Japan makes for afascinating case study in the contemporary re-interpretation of traditional practices, not least because
they have always been “family-sized” gestures and customs rather than large-scale formal affairs. The(expecting) mother, her family, her neighbors, the mother-in-law, and of course the midwife were –and are – the principal ritual actors, while the role of established religious institutions and religious
experts was limited to a small number of key events during the cycle.
Based primarily on fieldwork conducted in Kagoshima City, this presentation aims to trace both theformal changes these rituals have undergone between the late 19th and the early 21st centuries andthe mechanisms behind their transformation from a community-oriented set of practices thatreinforced social ties and gender roles, to events centered on the self-perception of the expecting
mother and her immediate family. In some cases, this entails a revival of “traditional” practices –sometimes in modified form – while in others new forms seem to have emerged.
This presentation argues that while there is no single tipping point in these developments, they were
demonstrably influenced by a number of technological, social and religious changes. These range fromself-evident factors like the introduction of the new midwife system in the Meiji era and the nationwide
spread of hospital births after the Second World War, to seemingly unrelated developments like theimprovement of toilets in rural areas.

8Anthropology (JAWS)BJÖRN-OLE KAMM (KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE POWER OF 100 YEN – LARP IN JAPANThe history of live-action role-playing (larp) in Japan, a mixture of improv-theatre and role-playing
game, is rather short. The practice awoke broader interest mostly since 2012 through the abridged
and commented Japanese translation of DragonSys, a German larp rule system.
As young as fantasy and sci-fi larp is in Japan, it faces a number of material constraints, one of whichis the actual or perceived limited accessibility of space – Japan’s largest larp group meets in acommunity centre instead of in the woods, on camping grounds, or in a castle. Also limited is theavailability of larp paraphernalia common in Europe.
Japan’s larpers do have access to an extraordinary source for equipment, though: 100-Yen-Shops,
hyakkin. These shops offer a broad variety of products for just 100 Yen, useful for larping as outlined
by Japan’s first “how-to-larp” publications. This paper discusses the development and current state oflarp in Japan: How did “European-style” fantasy larp come to Japan? How was this practice adapted to
local circumstances? How is it related to sibling practices, such as cosplay (masquerading) and pen &paper role-playing? The paper analyses the ways of appropriation including the discursive and material
constraints practitioners are entangled with.
Conceptualizing larp as a network of heterogeneous human and non-human elements, the practice inJapan is hardly defined by a somewhat special “Japaneseness” but produced through the tracing of
connections between these various elements. “Japanese-style” fantasy larp combines “global”
elements of larping with “local” materials so that the practice is (continuously) reassembled.

WILLIAM H. KELLY (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, UK)
RELIGIOUS ENCOUNTERS IN THE RATING AND CENSORSHIP OF VIDEO GAMES IN JAPAN AND BEYOND
Drawing on long-term research related to the rating and censorship of video games in Japan and ofJapanese video games in major markets outside Japan, this paper focuses specifically on the treatmentof ‘religion’ – including depictions of religious iconography and symbols; use of churches and otherreligious venues in game narratives; incorporation of religious music, chanting and/or prayer; andreference to and/or inclusion of religious figures (God, Buddha, the Pope) or religious narratives(Noah’s Ark) – in the process of evaluating, labelling and, where necessary, censoring video gamecontent. The paper also explores, with reference to specific video games, how notions related to purity
and danger vis-à-vis death, the afterlife, the body of the deceased, bodily injury and bodily fluids forexample inform the treatment of video game content in the rating and censorship of games in Japan.

KYOKO KOMA (MEIJI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)‘LEGITIMATION’ OF KAWAII AS A JAPANESE CULTURE THROUGH PERPETUAL ACCULTURATION?: A CASE OF LOLITAFASHION REPRESENTATIONS IN TOKYO, PARIS, AND OTARU
Lolita fashion is considered one of the Kawaii styles originating in Japan that ‘mixed the reality andfiction in order to create a free style inspired by Victorian-era, Rococo-era, princess story adorned inchildhood’ (Lolita Fashion Fancier, 2005). This style, which emerged in Japan, is inspired by dreamy

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images of Europe, especially France. Born in the 1990s, this westernized style has also been marginallyappropriated by some French practitioners. Even if this style has been considered romantic, it is also
often associated with strangeness in certain French public opinions. The reputation considered as a
‘success among Westerners’ of Kawaii fashion in Japan permitted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofJapan to appoint Kawaii Ambassadors in 2009, including one Lolita fashion wearer. In this context,
since 2013, Otaru City has organized an official ‘Lolita/Kawaii Tea Party’ to attract Lolita wearers andtourists and to improve Otaru’s image as having a westernized landscape. But how and why could themarginal Lolita fashion come to be considered legitimate in Japan? Are there some differences among
the ideas of Lolita fashion organizers and wearers in Paris, Tokyo, and Otaru?
In this paper, I examine through the semiotic discourse analysis how this promotion influences theconstruction of the representation of Lolita fashion. Moreover, comparing opinions of Lolita fashion
wearers and organizers in Tokyo, Paris and Otaru, I try to clarify how Japanese westernized Kawaii
culture has been formed through perpetual acculturation between France and Japan from a marginal
subculture to a ‘legitimate’ culture, or not.
LUDGERA LEWERICH (HEINRICH-HEINE-UNIVERSITY DUESSELDORF, GERMANY)SEARCHING FOR AND FINDING A BETTER LIFE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE? MIGRATION STORIES FROM RURAL JAPANJapan’s population is shrinking and aging and the rural regions are suffering from additionaloutmigration of young people to urban areas. Media stories of villages on the brink of extinction reflect
a popular narrative of the Japanese countryside as vanishing. But at the same time the Japanesecountryside evokes quite a different image: an idyllic place where low hills and green rice paddies
surround thatched roofs. Among other things this imagined place serves as an antithesis to the hectic
modern life in the metropolitan regions where communal ties have seemingly been lost. In recent
years urban to rural migration has been actively encouraged and supported by government agency asa means to revitalize the regions. Websites offering information and support to people interested inmoving to rural areas promise a slow life, a meaningful job, a place where living true to oneself in thesense of jibunrashisa is possible. Furthermore they draw upon the aforementioned idealized image:small villages encircled by nature, a supportive community where everyone knows each other. The
target audience seems to be young people who look for alternative lifestyles and who seek selfrealization and a better life. My PhD research project focuses on these urban-rural migrants and theirmigration story. What kind of narrative do they construct? Do they fit the storyline constructed in the
popular discourse or do they resist and subvert it? What motivations for moving do they mention, andhow do they present their life since migrating to the countryside? Do they cite specific values and whatroles fulfill the countryside, a life closer to nature in their stories? In my paper I will present my current
findings from my fieldwork in the prefecture of Shimane.

10Anthropology (JAWS)DAVID LEWIS (YUNNAN UNIVERSITY, CHINA)RITUALS OF SACRIFICE AND SAFETY IN A JAPANESE FACTORY
In a Japanese factory which I studied in the Kansai region, most rituals are concerned with prayers forsafety at work, sometimes also including prosperity or a cleansing from ritual pollution. This paper
discusses some of these rituals and suggests that they are indicative of much more pervasive ‘key
themes’ in Japanese culture.

GURVAN MAILLARD DE LA MORANDAIS (HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
A STUDY OF THE RETIREE CONTRIBUTION ASPECTS TO THE REVITALIZATION PROCESS OF HIGASHI-HIROSHIMA CITY RURALAREAS

In this presentation, I will explore certain aspects of the contribution of the retiree generation to therural areas revitalization process, through their involvement inside an organization created by the cityof Higashi-Hiroshima in order to coordinate the neighbourhood associations.
Such institutional tools have become common in the Japanese municipalities since the decentralization
policies in the 1990’s. Cities were given more responsibilities while the fusion process resulted in bigger
administrative areas, with increasing management difficulties.
In the ageing rural areas, the subsequent disappearance of the village functionalities is problematic as
it may worsen the quality of life of many inhabitants. To cope with those complex issues, the help of
the citizen to revitalize their community through an active volunteer way is encouraged by the city's
administration.
Previous qualitative or field studies on the revitalization practices have been focused on thedescription of numerous specific cases that "worked" while trying to extract from them the common
factors leading to a functional and hopefully sustainable revitalization process.
However, specificities of the members, often retired and above 65 years old, in the organizations incharge of the revitalization process, are rarely or poorly studied whereas it is an important issue forthe sustainability of the community.
This is why the ambition of this paper will be to give to the auditors an overview of the specificities ofthe members put in their context and extensively, help to understand the fragile contribution of theretiree, core actors of the Japanese rural revitalization process.

MARIA IBARI ORTEGA (AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA)
THE MOTHERS OF MEN’S TRADITION. TRANSMITTING LOCAL HERITAGE FROM THE MARGINS IN JAPANThe Mitsuke Tenjin Hadaka Matsuri–the only ‘naked festival’ included in the list of Intangible Folk
Cultural Properties of Japan–has been handed down for seven hundred years in Mitsuke District, Iwata
City. Participating in this male-base ritual festival, actualizes men's sense of self by performing rituals
that mark their emotional and corporal experiences since childhood–experiences frequently described
as a complex combination of fear, excitement and joy. Participating seem to be something obvious(atarimae) among men. Nonetheless, the number of male parishioners decreases every year, either

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for shame of being semi naked or simply due to a lack of interest. Purification rites are conducted bymen, who entertain the female deity, Yanahime-no-Mikoto, and transport her in the darkness to theotabisho (lit. travel site) to meet the male deity residing in the Ōmikunitama shrine. It is collectively
understood that women cannot participate. But, despite the gendered structure of this local heritage,in the past few years the Association for the Preservation of this local festival had incorporated in theiragenda the promotion of mother’s engagement in the transmission of this tradition. In an annual
informative session, women are invited to study the history and meaning of the festival, providingthem with audio-visual material encouraging them to be more pro-active when transmitting the
tradition to their children. My presentation focuses on the experiences of local mothers engaging with‘men’s tradition.’

CHARLY POISSON (UNIVERSITY LYON 3 - JEAN MOULIN, FRANCE)
THREE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE FAMILY IN THE 2000S JAPANESE CINEMA
In my presentation, I will use Paul Ricoeur's definition of ideology and utopia as a base to my analysisof three movies giving a different version of what is thought as « normal families » in Japan. That is tosay nuclear and/or extended families. Paul Ricoeur showed that one of the main function of ideology
is: « Ideology as integration in the social memory » (Ricoeur: 1984). It means that ideology aims at
providing (and maintaining) a given society and its members with a common memory upon which they
can rely on to form their common and private identities. I will start with Fireworks From The Heart ( おにいちゃんのハナビ) to show how a movie can serve that ideological function and what form it takes
concerning the family in Japan. I will then move on to Tokyo Sonata (トウキョウソナタ) which is in
my opinion a direct critic of that ideology. But a critic is hardly an alternative and that is where Paul
Ricoeur introduce his version of utopia. According to him, utopia is « the expression of a group's every
potentialities repressed by the existing order. Utopia is an exercise of the imagination to think
differently. ». As such there are numerous utopias, some of which can even be contradictory. My last
analysis will then focus one of those utopias concerning family with the movie The Taste of Tea (茶の味).
Paul Ricoeur, « L'idéologie et l'utopie : deux expressions de l'imaginaire social » in : Autres Temps. Les
cahiers du christianisme social. N°2, 1984. pp. 53-64.

ALINA RADULESCU (UNIVERSITY OF THE RYUKYUS, JAPAN)
PRAYING FOR RAIN IN THE YAEYAMA ISLANDS – FROM STATE RITUAL TO REVIVAL OF TRADITION
After a particular dry year, in 2014, several villages of the Yaeyama Islands took to organizing praying
for rain rituals. My paper analyses the actors involved in the 2014 rituals and proposes that tounderstand the revival of the praying for rain ritual we need to look beyond the religious life of
Yaeyama people to aspects such as their preoccupation for passing down traditional culture andparticularly the worldview that “rituals which exist should not be forgotten, rituals that don`t exist
should not be created”.
In explaining why the rain praying ritual practices were revived after more than 20 years, this paper
examines two previously unexplored aspects of the rain praying rituals in the Yaeyama Islands.

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On one hand, I present the rain praying rituals as an expression of a sacred geography that transcends
the space of a single village and, in some cases, a single island, tying together rice producing “highislands” to non-rice producing “low islands”. These traditional ties play an identitary role for families
leading the religious life of the village, thus becoming identitary elements for the village as a whole.
On the other hand, by enquiring into historical documents edited during the Ryukyu Kingdom, I
propose that the rain praying rituals in Ishigaki island, the main island of the Yaeyama archipelago,functioned as a regional variant of the kingdom`s state ritual. The sustained effort to maintain religious
rituals of the Ryukyuan past offers an important insight into what “tradition” means to nowadays
Yaeyaman people.

CLOTHILDE SABRE (HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
A TRIP TO CUTENESS OR A CUTE TRIP? THE PROMOTION OF ‘KAWAII TOURISM’
Since the recognition of the worldwide success of Japanese pop culture and the assertion of its‘coolness’ (McGray 2002), various campaign have been launched to take advantage of this trend, andtourism has been part of this initiatives. Contents tourism (i. e. tourism related to places that are linked
to media contents) is then gaining popularity in Japan, some initiatives being taken to promote
contents related destinations (see for example the Japanese National Tourism Office website or Tokyo
Otaku Mode website).
Kawaii style is included into this wave, promoted by public authorities (e.g. official nomination of
kawaii ambassadors in 2009) as well as private companies (e.g. Asobisystem organizing Kawaii eventsworldwide). The connection with tourism has been made also, and various places (cities, area,
prefectures) are now using this catch word as an appealing element. This presentation will question
this trend through various examples, including the Otaru Kawaii tea party held every year since 2013
and the Kawaii Okinawa and Kawaii Osaka campaigns. The fieldwork includes ethnography, participant
observation and interviews, settling the study into the context of cultural anthropology and raising thequestion of the perception and meaning of kawaii style for the foreign tourists, but also for its local
promoters who may use it more as an appealing form rather than for its concrete contents. The
definition of kawaii and its use as a branding tool will be examined, to consider if these campaigns arecontributing to legitimate kawaii as a cultural aspect of contemporary Japan.

MARTA ELZBIETA SZCZYGIEL (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)“WE’RE CLEANING UP JAPAN” - WESTERN ROLE IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF EXCREMENT IN
JAPANWhen we think about Japan’s flagship product one of the first things that come to mind are theadvanced toilets. The Japanese government realized this commercial potential and in 2015 launched
the “Japan Toilet Challenge” (Japan toire charenji) project which, among other goals, aims to improve
toilets in tourist areas before the upcoming 2020 Tokyo Olympics. But this immaculate image is arelatively new phenomenon, as in the postwar period American magazines announced they were“cleaning up Japan” (1951) and in the 1960s only 6% of population was connected to sewer lines.

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In my presentation I highlight the Western role in Japan’s emergence as the leading country in the
toilet industry and interpret it as a form of cultural imperialism. Drawing on historical sources I portraythe transition of excrement in the social imagination in Japan that can be traced from the 19th century,
when the country was forced to open after 200 years of isolation. Rushed modernization did not leaveout the toiletry habits, but the final change took place in the Occupation period. Finally, I analyze theJapanese assimilation of alien excretory know-how using Bourdieu’s cultural capital concept and nametoilet training as its embodied, washlet as objectified and sewage treatment as institutionalized states.

ADRIAN OVIDIU TAMAS (OSAKA ELECTRO-COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE RITUAL OF HYGIENE AND THE PRACTICE OF PURITY—DAILY ROUTINES OF CLEANLINESSJapanese culture has long and often been called a “culture of purity”, and a high number of Japaneserituals and practices have been interpreted as “purification rituals.” This idea, combined with the viewthat the Japanese are obsessed with cleanliness—we are all familiar with the image of the dirty andfoul smelling foreign missionary who disgusted the bath-loving Japanese locals—paints a picture where
the contemporary Japanese society appears as efficiently and completely sanitized. My presentation
is an attempt to look into the daily routines associated with hygiene and cleanliness.
An episode of “Grey’s Anatomy” is centered upon a situation that is a daily and absolutely normal
occurrence in Japan: one of the characters uses the restroom and, to the shock of to other characters,
leaves without washing her hands. Observation-based research on restroom practices (my wife has
observed the ladies’ restroom) has led me to believe that, while almost the majority of Japanesepeople who use a public restroom will perfunctorily splash some water on their fingers—yes, in mostcases the water does not reach the palm—more than 90% will not use soap, even when it is available.
Deodorants, to give another example, are a recent addition to the Japanese cosmetic market, and noneof my informants has ever used one. My presentation will focus on the difference between ritual
practice—although scientifically it accomplishes no end, people do dip their fingers in water after using
the restroom—and hygiene routines, those meant to clean the body and practically prevent the
spreading of disease.

NATASA VISOCNIK (UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA)
FESTIVAL AS A SOCIAL MOVEMENT – HIGASHI KUJO MADANG IN KYOTO
Kyoto prides itself as a “city of festivals,” and matsuri events in the city are quite common—some sortof matsuri could be found on any given week. One of festival that occurs every year in Kyoto since 1993
is Higashi-kujo Madang that in the light of Japan being recognised as a multicultural state developedin an event that creates the counter space of identity in Kyoto. Although it is not a “common festival”
it still an event that opens up to a public sphere on a public street and show an alternative to everyday
life as this is now supplied by the state organised by a neighbourhood association (chounaikai). As afestival it creates a space of festivity, with various entertainments, artistry, drama, games, food, music,
dance: a whole repertoire of festival practices on display. However, as organised by Korean minority
living in a district of Higashi Kujo, it is also a social movement of marginalised voices and as suchcommonly described by its organizers as a tabunka matsuri (“multicultural festival”). This paper will

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Anthropology (JAWS)
thus present the organisation and reveal multiple meanings of Higashi-kujo Madang festival and findout how different groups of people work together to make their society a globalized community.

MATTHEW HENRY WICKENS (TOYO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
WORK AS A SURVIVAL STRATEGY FOR HOMELESS MEN IN TOKYO, JAPAN
Since the end of World War II, Japanese society has considered itself a classless society and one wherefamily members care for elders. While awareness of poverty has significantly increased recently, thepresence of older men, approaching or passed retirement age, living in blue tents and on park benches,
were the first to challenge this assumption. Homeless men alleviate hardships they face and survive
by working one day jobs provided by the local welfare centers. This paper describes these jobs, andargues that government regulations create a problem for some homeless men who receive jobs fromthe welfare center. Besides these jobs, other homeless men secure food and money without working,but by scavenging and picking up whatever people leave behind in the park and on the street.
The economic recession of 2008-2009 divided my fieldwork in half, so I observed six months of
economic stability and six months of a severe recession. The worst recession since the poverty thatgripped the nation after World War II took a long time to recover (Tabuchi 2009). My research shows
how homeless men used work to survive during a stagnant economy and adapted to the brutal
recession, including much lower income as the amount of work significantly decreased. While the typeof jobs did not change much, the recessing economy caused the decrease in their income andefficiently worsened work as a survival strategy. This paper concludes by examining how homelessmen manage their money including the impact of gambling and saving.

Panel: The shifting structures and salience of homes, families and households
in Japan
Chair: Richard Ronald (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands)
In this panel, three papers explore the outcomes of recent and ongoing transformations in Japanese
homes, families and households. A particular focus is the erosion of the post war standard, malebreadwinner family model and the associated standardized housing ladder. While household
formation has become fragmented and the housing system dis-aligned with emerging patterns of lifecourse transition, new alternatives have been slow to crystalize. Indeed, the rise of singles, ‘nevermarrieds’ and one person households has taken a particular hold in the last decade or so, andrepresents a particular challenge to embedded norms and practices surrounding ‘the Family’ as a basis
to social life in Japan. These papers, drawing largely on qualitative interview data, provide particularinsights into how younger Japanese adults are both responding to and redefining the emerging
landscape of housing and household opportunities. While the first two papers speak to debates anddiscourse on changing expectations of household formation outside the family mainstream, the third
considers how younger households in general are adapting the post-war home ownership system totheir post-bubble housing and welfare needs.

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Anthropology (JAWS)RICHARD RONALD, OANA DRUTA (UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM) & MAREN GODZIK (FUKUOKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
JAPAN’S URBAN SINGLES: NEGOTIATING ALTERNATIVES TO FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS AND STANDARD HOUSING PATHWAYS
With the end of high-speed growth a quarter of a century ago, standard families and life courses havelost their hold in Japan. Changes in household formation however, have not manifested in simple
increases in divorce rates, unmarried couples or children born outside of marriage, but rather bypeople not forming conjugal partnerships at all. This paper addresses new types of household
formation and particularly the housing pathways being negotiated by younger, especially urban
individuals living alone. We focus on two different pathways: forming a one-person household as either
an owner-occupier or, more commonly, a renter; and renting a room in one of the growing number of‘share houses’ in Japanese cities. We specifically draw upon interviews carried out with people aged
25 to 39 (from 28 households) in Tokyo. We thereby examine how younger adults are negotiating
alternatives to family household careers and explore transformations in meanings of home and family
for Japan’s growing population of unmarried.

LYNNE NAKANO (THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG, HONG KONG)
SINGLE WOMEN AND HOUSING CHOICES IN TOKYO, HONG KONG, AND SHANGHAIThis paper explores the housing choices of single women in Japan in comparison with single women in
Hong Kong and Shanghai. It considers women’s options of living with their natal families, renting orpurchasing their own apartments and the issues involved in women’s decision-making such as
women’s relationships with their families, expectations for marriage, age and the respective housing
markets. The paper argues that because women in the three cities view singlehood as a temporary
stage and accept the view that a potential husband should provide housing, they are reluctant tobecome involved in the housing market as buyers. At the same time, as women age and consider the
possibility of remaining indefinitely single, they are more likely to consider investing in housing. The
paper also considers how social-cultural acceptance of singlehood as an acceptable life path for women
shapes women’s approach to housing in the three cities.

OANA DRUTA (UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM)YOUNG ADULTS’ PATHWAYS INTO HOMEOWNERSHIP IN TOKYO: SHIFTING PRACTICES & MEANINGS
Japan’s post-war homeownership project was built on a rigid family model – favouring nuclear malebreadwinner families – and a hierarchy of housing forms, with owner-occupied single-family detachedhouses at the top. The destabilization of the system following the bubble economy of the 1980s,
however, has resulted in a diversification of household forms and housing pathways. Among young
people, opportunities for pursuing homeownership have narrowed. Building on narratives of younger
adults in Tokyo’s housing markets, this paper examines the socio-material conditions of contemporary
homeownership pathways. It argues that young people are both adapting to the conditions of apractically failing but politically and ideologically resilient homeownership system, and challenging its
boundaries.

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Panel: Creating a Sense of Belonging, Community, and Self at Schools in Japan
Chair: Jennifer McGuire (University of Oxford, UK)
This panel explores how educational practices and policies are changing concepts of citizenship, care,
community, and belonging in day-care and school settings. GREGORY POOLE opens the discussion withan examination of how citizens in Japan resist and deflect state pressures to increase family size.
Through an ethnographic approach that considers the views of multiple actors involved in day-care
centers, Poole discusses how these actors construct community. Next, YUKI IMOTO questions theconcept of the “international preschool” in Japan. Drawing upon her own subjectivity, Imoto examines
the interplay between her positionality and the changing socio-economic contexts in Japanese
education and care. JENNIFER MCGUIRE then looks at how the shift from “special” education in schools
for the deaf to “integrated” education in mainstream schools affects processes of belonging for deaf
and hard-of-hearing youth and the ways in which these youth negotiate spaces in hearing and deaf
worlds. Finally, MAKI TSURUTA uses an ethnographic case study of a primary school child diagnosed with
ADHD to examine the category of “medicine” and its use and impact in the field of education.

GREGORY POOLE (DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
CREATING COMMUNITY AT DAYCARE: DEFLECTING THE POWER OF THE STATE
Proposed measures to counteract the declining population in Japan usually focus on ways to increase
the birth rate rather than change immigration policies. Local government policy-- has not addressed
effectively the fact that many day-care centers have long waiting lists, discouraging working families
from considering more children. In order to better understand how citizens are deflecting statepressure on families to have more children, this paper adds the ethnographic perspective of day-care
directors, teachers and parents to the discussion of the social phenomenon of the declining birth ratein Japan. Understanding how social actors construct a sense of community at local day-care centers
ultimately questions the effectiveness of a public policy that frames a solution around a prescriptive
and static understanding of family, parenthood, and workplace.

YUKI IMOTO (KEIO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
REVISITING INTERNATIONAL PRESCHOOLS IN JAPAN: REFLECTIONS ON THE EVOLVEMENT OF THE SELF AND THE FIELD IN
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCHThis paper discusses the changing nature of the field of the “international preschool” in Japan. I
conducted anthropological fieldwork as a bilingual preschool assistant in Tokyo in 2007, and findmyself returning to the field in 2016, with a growing interest in “re-inscribing” my own experience andpositionality from the perspectives of gender, class and “Japanese” national identity, into the
ethnography. I reflect on how the meanings of the international preschool has changed in relation to
my shifting status, as well as in relation to the changing socio-economic context of Japanese educationand care. The paper thus adds another comparative perspective to Tobin et al.’s 2009 work thatconsiders the extent to which globalizing forces are affecting institutions of socialization at the local
levels.

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Anthropology (JAWS)JENNIFER MCGUIRE (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD)INTEGRATED EDUCATION AND INTEGRATING WORLDS: DEAF AND HARD-OF-HEARING JAPANESE YOUTH AND THE
CREATION OF IBASHOAs a result of changes in educational practices, young deaf and hard-of-hearing Japanese are
increasingly being educated in hearing spaces in which there are few opportunities to interact with
deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) peers. This paper examines a group of DHH youth in Japan who label
themselves as “inte”, which is short for “integration”, as they negotiate belonging. Drawing upon
ethnographic research, it looks at how these graduates of mainstream schools are positioned between
worlds and how they create ibasho or “spaces of belonging”.
Inte reflect upon and are themselves a reflection of a shift toward integrated education in Japan. Unlike
other members of minority groups in Japan who can find “sameness” within the family unit,
approximately 90% of DHH children are raised by hearing parents who use spoken Japanese. Schools
for the deaf have therefore served as keys sites of belonging and sign language acquisition as well as
the foundation of the deaf community and lifelong translocal relationships. However, increasingly DHH
students are attending mainstream schools—often as a minority of one. In these integrated settings,
they struggle to socially integrate and find ibasho.
This paper illustrates the processes inte undertake to negotiate the hearing, spoken language world inwhich they were raised and educated, and the deaf world with its visual-spatial language that isfrequently encountered after graduation from mainstream high schools. It argues that through theformation of friendships with DHH peers and the acquisition of sign language skills, inte discover orcreate ibasho.

MAKI TSURUTA (SOKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)“WAS MEDICINE TAKEN?”: THE FUNCTION OF THE CATEGORY “MEDICINE” AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ADHD
IN JAPANESE SCHOOLSEver since drug treatment came to be regarded as the first-line therapy for ADHD, the number ofchildren prescribed antipsychotic drugs has been increasing in Japan. While previous studies havepointed out that educational support for children with disabilities leads to control and surveillance,
how medication and educational support are utilized in schools has not been sufficiently studied.
This paper examine how the category of “medicine” is actually utilized for ADHD children in schools
and its function in everyday educational support. Through an ethnographic case study of one primaryschool child diagnosed with ADHD, it became evident that in terms of the relationship with guardians,
the category of “medicine” allows schools to impose obligations upon guardians to ensure that theirchild takes the prescribed medication every morning. “Medicine” also functions as one of theindicators of the level of guardians’ cooperation with schools. Meanwhile, since teachers have deeprooted trust in medication, when an ADHD child acts impulsively or aggressively they attribute it tomissed medication that day, rather than the need for more educational support. At the same time, thecategory of “medicine” functions as a way to obscure organizational problems at the school.

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Anthropology (JAWS)This paper suggests that the negative impact of educational support for children with disabilities noted
in previous studies—namely, control and surveillance —might be further aggravated when the
category “medicine” penetrates the field of education. Although further studies are necessary, thisstudy demonstrates the need to examine educational support for ADHD children from the perspectiveof social interactions.

Panel: Rural areas in Japan—between decline and resurgence
Chair: Ralph Lützeler (University of Vienna, Austria)
Debates about rural areas in industrial as well as post-industrial societies are usually characterized bya seemingly contradictory assessment. On the one hand, a panic discourse grasps the countryside as
backward and underdeveloped, having much lower levels of infrastructure, amenities, income, wealth,and other objective quality-of-life indicators than urban areas. On the other hand, the countryside isidealized as the bucolic repository of what urbanites lament to have lost: living in harmony with nature,a sense of community, and traditions rooted in a better past. In Japan as well, most regional scientists,
politicians and the media alike now contend that due to economic and demographic shrinking rural
areas are on the decline, with some municipalities even on the way to extinction. At the same time,
the furusato image of the countryside as a nostalgic, harmonic place where traces of the “original Japan”
has remained alive. This interdisciplinary panel (anthropology, sociology, social geography) transcends
this dichotomous view on rurality and comes to a more nuanced assessment of living conditions inJapanese rural areas.

RALPH LÜTZELER (UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
LIVING CONDITIONS IN JAPANESE RURAL AREAS: STUCK IN A DOWNWARD SPIRAL?
This paper discusses contrary ways of assessing the quality of living conditions in the rural areas ofJapan. Rural areas are often rather vaguely defined as a mere residual category, including all regions
outside urban areas. Nevertheless, most commentators on Japanese regional development trends
seem to have a clear-cut opinion on the state and fate of these regions: they contend that most rural
areas are facing their demise. Apart from questionable approaches confusing cause with effect, i.e.
putting more emphasis on demographic shrinkage than economic hollowing-out, the metaphor of adownward spiral is frequently used, with economic decline triggering net migration losses leading to
the erosion of fiscal resources of municipalities, which are thus being compelled to discontinue services
thereby damaging the attractiveness of the region for new citizens and businesses and reinforcing
migration losses… But is this bleak metaphor telling the whole story of living conditions in the
countryside? There is contesting evidence with health indicators or levels of self-reported well-being
not necessarily lower but occasionally even higher in rural compared to urban areas. The presentation
concludes with the assumption that it might be the quality of social networks (social capital), which
can explain why some rural areas perform surprisingly well.

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Anthropology (JAWS)BARBARA HOLTHUS (UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
PARENTAL WELL-BEING IN JAPAN: REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
Subjective well-being or overall life satisfaction is most often looked at on the national level or in crosscountry comparisons, with comparatively few studies focusing on how living in different regions withina country influences the well-being of its people. The same goes for Japan. Here, most research has
pointed to the problems rural, depopulated areas face, assuming this to contribute to reducing thewell-being of the rural population. In studies internationally, correlation between the urban-rural
gradient and well-being has been found to have weakened or even disappeared altogether. Thesestudies have used overall life satisfaction or subjective well-being as dependent variable. However, I
argue that taking this very general measure of life satisfaction is the crux of the problem for nullifying
the correlation. Instead, the degree of urbanization very much matters when looking at particular areasof life satisfaction. For my analysis, I use data from a 2012 nationwide survey of more than 2000
Japanese parents with at least one child below elementary school level. Findings point to the particularimportance of local family policy implementation and its positive influence on the satisfaction of young
parents in rural areas in comparison to large cities.

WOLFRAM MANZENREITER (UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
RURAL WELL-BEING IN JAPAN: REEXAMINING THE AGGREGATE KUMAMOTO HAPPINESS INDEXThe World Happiness Report 2015 claims that “happiness levels are higher in rural communities thanin large cities”, while an analysis of 81 country data from the World Value Survey provided no evidence
on assumed differences in subjective well-being between urban and rural sites of residence. This paper
attempts to address the urban-rural gradient of happiness problem by looking at assumed differencesof happiness levels in urban and rural areas of Kumamoto Prefecture. Secondary analysis of theaggregated data of four annual rounds of the Kumamoto Happiness Survey (2012–2015, n=5,340) will
demonstrate to what regard levels of happiness are different among urban and rural residents ofKumamoto Prefecture, what rural happiness actually is characterized by and in what regard the Aso
region differs from other rural areas within the prefecture in terms of happiness levels.

JOHANNES WILHELM (UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE AS SEEN IN A POST-DISASTER RURAL ENVIRONMENTThis study focuses on how people in communities cope with the impacts of the 2011 Tōhoku
earthquake and tsunami from the viewpoint of social vulnerability and resilience by adapting the
Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF). That is, I will ask how local inhabitants activate their assets toovercome a post-disaster situation. It is argued that, while general demographic trends such as aging
and depopulation have accelerated due to the disaster, other problems such as an elderly workforce
in coastal fisheries or pressure on natural resources were eased via regime-shifts within corecommunity organizations (such as cooperatives on the formal level and festival groups on the informal
level of local institutionality). On the other hand, even small settlements are involved in the global
economy, forcing local producers of marine products to adapt to a new situation.

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Economy Section
Section Convenor: Simon James Bytheway (Nihon University, Japan)
JAMES BRADY (ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OSAKA, JAPAN)
FIRMS ON THE FARM: AN IDEATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS OF CORPORATIONS IN JAPANESE AGRICULTURE
The growing involvement of joint-stock corporations in agriculture is a development with potentiallysignificant implications for the political economy of Japan’s most contested sector. The SCAP-era
agrarian reforms that solved the prewar landlord problem also effectively excluded private firms fromfarming activities, and ensured that postwar production remained centred on small-scale ownercultivators and the Japan Agriculture (JA) cooperative conglomerate. Legal reforms in 1999 and 2009
and the pro-business orientation of the Abe administration since 2012 have finally opened the farm
gate to joint-stock corporations.
This paper examines the growing role of firms on Japanese farms from an ideational political economy
perspective, focusing on three effects. First, in economic terms, corporations may strengthen the
agriculture sector at a time of rural depopulation and further liberalisation of food imports. Second, inpolitical terms, firms are a new and potentially powerful actor in a policy sphere previously centred onan ‘iron triangle’ of politicians, agricultural bureaucrats and JA. Third, in ideational terms, thisdevelopment represents a shift away from the protectionist postwar policy paradigm towards a moremarket-oriented paradigm. The paper concludes that corporate involvement may help transform
Japanese agriculture but the sector’s long-term sustainability remains in question.

SIMON JAMES BYTHEWAY (NIHON UNIVERSITY)YASUDA ZAIBATSU: DISSOLUTION, REORGANIZATION, AND BEYOND
Foremost amongst the proposed economic deconcentration policy reforms of the Supreme
Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) were policy measures designed to facilitate thedeconcentration of economic power from the zaibatsu, and the leading families or institutions that
controlled or owned them. Often perceived and presented for present-day purposes as multinational
business enterprises, or as depoliticized industrial conglomerates, the term zaibatsu in fact refers tofinancial cliques whose commercial influence and capital resources allowed for control over significant
parts of the Japanese political economy in the period from 1868 to 1945. Against this background,what were SCAP’s deconcentration policies, and how were they implemented against the zaibatsu in
post-war Japan? Which individuals or institutions benefited most from the reform processes, and how
successful were these deconcentration reforms? Ultimately, how did the former zaibatsu fare in the
post-war period, distinguished by its high-speed economic growth? In order to answer these questions,and to explain how they relate to contemporary Japanese economy, my presentation aims to examine
the cause and effects of Japan’s zaibatsu dissolution, in particularly the reorganization of the Yasuda‘financial’ zaibatsu, and thus clarify the importance of financial capital in the extraordinary Japanesepost-war experience of modernization.

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Economy
PHILIPPE DEBROUX (SOKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
ELDERLY WORKERS IN JAPAN AND GERMANY
Efforts to prolong or sustain working life are increasingly understood everywhere in a broader anddeeper perspective. It is also pointed out that productivity of elderly workers may be maintained forsome types of tasks. Because healthy life expectancy is increasing, cognitive decline is found to startlater in life. Learning outcomes are particularly responsive to motivational factors and supportive
attitudes in the workplace.
In Germany and Japan efforts to foster a new working life course focusing on workforce participation
at older ages has become central in public policy discourses. To make the most of the expertise andexperience of older workers may be an important factor of economic growth and social stability. Some
German and Japanese organizations have identified the need for investing in their ageing workforces
potential and not only rely on their existing know-how and experience. Nonetheless, ageing is still
often correlated with less dynamism and lower productivity. Younger people are viewed as bringing
new ideas and fresh approaches, whereas older workers are viewed as reservoirs of knowledge andwisdom but are devoid of much learning and innovativeness potential.
In such context, it may now be time to examine how the traditional way of managing elderly
employment is evolving under the impact of demographics, the socio-cultural context, the regulatoryenvironment and the subsequent need for changes in the social security system in the specific case ofJapan and Germany.
CLAUDE LEVI ALVARES (UNIVERSITY OF HIROSHIMA, JAPAN)
TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION PARADIGM IN QUESTION
During those last 10 years, junior high school in Japan have experienced deep transformations in termsof management, pedagogical requirements, expectations and practices, teachers culture, institutionalsetting... Many reforms have directly undermined traditional patterns of experience based teacher’shierarchy by introducing evaluation bases differentiation and the multiplications of semiadministrative positions among teachers. This trend is still to be reenforced by an increase in thenumber of specialists hired to take care of specific problems such as special education, training insports or teaching Japanese as a foreign language. In a sense, this trend of measure could be regarded
as the expression of a strong urge to reenforce the professionalization of Japanese teachers in order
to cope with a more volatile social demand, international competition as highlighted by Pisa and therequirements of economical actors. The strong emphasis on “training sessions” (kenshû) would
comfort such an interpretation. But one should not forget that this notion of professionalization was
not so long ago a key word for trade-unionist in their fight for the recognition of teacher’s expertiseand legitimate autonomy in the conduct of schools. Our presentation will underline (1) what has reallychanged in the daily life of Japanese teachers working in junior high schools and (2) to which extend
national policies have modified basic practices and relations among actors involved in those schools.
To do so, we will compare the present situation with data collected in schools we intensively researchin the 80’s and 90’s.

22Economy
KAI MACYOWSKY (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT AT JAPANESE UNIVERSITIES - ABOUT THE WORK AND LIFE OF HIJŌKIN KŌSHI
Hijōkin kōshi are the embodiment of precarious employment at Japan’s universities. These part-time
lecturers that are hired per course have risen in numbers over the past ten years and therefore
received attention by the scientific community. The related discourse was mainly focused on theirworking conditions and the consequences for the quality of education that their increase in numbers
might bring. However, these works have not adequately addressed why academics are willing to takeon a position as hijōkin kōshi. Furthermore the concrete impact of this kind of employment on the lifeof those people and therefore the implications for Japan’s system of higher education remain
unexplored. This paper sheds light on the work and life of hijōkin kōshi with special attention to theirproblems, the mechanisms that motivate them and keep them in this presumably unfavorable
employment relationship. In addition it is examined how it influences their path towards their ultimate
goal, which usually is a regular career in science. I argue that this kind of employment distracts themfrom their actual goal of career advancement by disrupting their research efforts, while at the sametime keeping them full of hope for a career in science and therefore progressively binding them to thiskind of work with all its economical vulnerabilities and its social consequences. In conclusion this typeof employment cannot be understood by merely looking at the working conditions. Moreover a closer
look at the individuals’ lives as academics and their motivation is required.
RYOHEI NAKAGAWA (KYOTO UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES, JAPAN)
ON WAGE NEGOTIATION POWER AND FLAT WAGES AFTER THE 2000S IN JAPANWages have been flat for most of the time when many companies in Japan have been enjoying record
high profits after they have gone through restructuring during the 1990s, except for the financial crisis
period in 2008-09, whereas their cash holdings and dividend payouts were increasing. The situation
did not change dramatically even after the quantitative and qualitative monetary easing started inearly 2013. While at the same time, income disparity debate has become a social phenomenon when
deregulation in non-regular employment took place and labor union membership rate decreased down
to 17.4% (as of June 30, 2015; all industries), down from 28.9% in 1985 and 21.5% in 2000. What also
became significant were the income disparity and difference in working condition by industry, when
Japanese media kept broadcasting about so-called “black companies.” Indeed, difference in the ratioof job offers to job seekers is significant by industry.
Analysis in this paper starts with a hypothesis that lower rate of labor union participation andincreasing non-regular employees have weakened the bargaining power of Japanese workers’ wages
against employers, thereby wages have not seen any significant increase. Figures of wages,
unionization ratio, jobs-to-applicants ratio by industry are comparatively analyzed. By investigating thefeatures among industries, it attempts to demonstrate that wage negotiations between employees
and employers are not functioning well in Japan in general and provide policy options to tackle thesituation.

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Economy
PAWEL PASIERBIAK (MARIA CURIE-SKLODOWSKA UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
THE ROLE OF JAPAN IN EAST ASIAN ECONOMIC REGIONALISM
The processes of regional economic integration take place in all geographical areas, although theirnature, scope and intensity varies. In East Asia such a process also exists but essentially it is based on
spontaneously developing economic ties. But, increasingly, in East Asia there is also institutional
economic integration.
For many years Japan did not support the processes of Asian regionalism, believing in multilateralprinciples of the GATT/WTO. In recent years the Japanese approach has changed substantially and thecountry has become a strong supporter of FTAs among Asian countries. Japan is involved in bilateralagreements, plurilateral ones (eg. China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement) and mega-FTAs (TransPacific Partnership).
The aim of this study is to analyze the approach of Japan toward institutional economic arrangements
in East Asia and to evaluate the role of the country in the development of Asian regionalism since thesecond half of the 80s. Four main stages of East Asian regionalism were identified: 1) period ofcompetition between various proposals (1985- 1992); 2) period of APEC’s dominance; 3) post-Asiancrisis period, and 4) period of FTAs proliferation with increasing role of China.
The analysis leads to the conclusion that Japanese policymakers have come to realize that opposing
the global trend of preferential trade agreements does not bring positive results. Additionally, lack ofparticipation in regional agreements causes shrinking economic benefits. Japan finally admitted thatparticipation in FTAs is a way of supporting its role in East Asia and the instrument for economic
prosperity building.

DAVID REAR (NIHON UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)WEAKENING THE HEGEMONY OF JAPANESE-STYLE-MANAGEMENT: DISCOURSE INTERVENTION THROUGH KEYWORDS
In traditional discourses of Japanese-style management (Nihon-teki keiei), Japanese employment
practices have been characterised by the three emblems of lifelong employment, seniority wages andenterprise unions. In recent years, however, economic stagnation coupled with the impact of
globalised competition have led to criticisms that the traditional model is outmoded, with economic
growth said to be hampered by rigid wage systems and an overly-regulated labour market. This paper
examines efforts by Japanese business groups such as Nippon Keidanren to destabilise the discursive
hegemony of Japanese-style management and replace it with a new neo-liberal order moreadvantageous to management interests. The discourse of Japanese-style management, however, canbe seen as a key element of social identity in Japan, and thus altering employment practices requires
not only deregulatory reforms to the labour market but also a powerful discursive intervention toundermine and replace sedimented positions. Through an analysis of public policy documents, thispaper shows how Japanese business groups have been carrying out such an intervention through thearticulation of two keywords – “diversity” (tayōsei) and “independent-style employee” (jiritsu-gatajinzai) – which are used ambiguously to structure a controversial deregulatory agenda into existing
discourses of globalisation, creativity and social values.

24Economy

JOEY SOEHARDJOJO (WARWICK BUSINESS SCHOOL, UK)
TRANSPLANTATION OR TRANSFORMING? BRINGING JAPANESE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TO INDONESIA
The study examines the applicability, implementation and impact of Japanese management systems,
such as knowledge transfer, spill-over and adaptive capacity to the host-country context. This studies
the work, employment and organisational practices adopted by Japanese multinational corporations(JMNCs) in Indonesia. It is based on three Japanese-Indonesian joint-venture automotive firms
operating in Indonesia: Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), a car manufacturer; Astra
Honda Motor (AHM), a motorcycle manufacturer; and Astra Auto Part (AOP), an auto parts firm.
The Japanese economic downturn in the 1990s changed the focus of academic discourse on the impact
of Japanese firms in their institutional context and FDI in host countries. Most Japanese researchstudies have focused on mainstream advanced and emerging market economy countries, namely theUSA, the EU, China and India, while a research gap remains regarding newly emerging market
economies, in particular in the Southeast Asian region. This is particularly prominent in the case ofIndonesia, which has been the largest Japanese FDI recipient since the 1950s and is the largest
Japanese automotive market in ASEAN. This study systematically and comprehensively investigateschanges to features of Japanese HRM and corporate strategy practices made to increase economic andhuman capital development in Indonesia.
JMNCs’ management systems in automotive firms appear to differ according to their level ofinvestment, length of presence and management operations in Indonesia. While much of the existing
literature has focused on Toyota and other car manufacturers, this study offers a more dynamic andcomprehensive picture of Japanese automotive practices and their outcomes in the automotive
industry in Indonesia by covering a cross-section of automotive manufacturers: TMMIN (cars), AHM(motorcycles) and AOP (auto parts).
Given the different levels of Japanese investment capital and length of time of Japanese managementin the three selected case study firms, the preliminary findings suggest that the higher the percentage
of capital owned by the Japanese, the greater the positive impact on local firms. For example, TMMIN
provides 95 per cent of the total capital (with its Indonesian partner providing five per cent) and has
better HR than AHM and AOP, which provide 50 per cent and 30 per cent of the total capital
respectively.
LENKA VYLETALOVA (SOPHIA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
ADJUSTMENTS TO THE NEOLIBERAL MARKET: ‘GLOBAL HUMAN RESOURCES’ DEVELOPMENT IN JAPANAs the biggest obstacle to a successful globalization of Japanese enterprises is reportedly their problem
with securing appropriate people who would lead the continuous expansion of their global activities,
developing global human resources has gradually become a part of the Japan’s national growthstrategy. While the policy framework provides incentives for empowering regular workers in theorganizational center, a rather hidden source of global competency is located at the workforce
periphery, among self-expatriated professionals who develop a habitus of an entrepreneurial self,
which fits the best the setting of current neoliberal market. I explore this paradox by contrasting in
more detail two categories of employees at overseas offices, namely organizationally expatriatedregular employees (seishain), who are sent from Japan, and locally hired (genchi saiyou) Japanese, who
self-initiate their career and geographical moves.

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I claim that the Japanese institutional context and related workplace practices prevent a smooth useof all categories of workers in a global rotation system, since it reduplicates the social stratification of
employees and related inequality in conditions and career development chances. As a result, locally
hired Japanese are not included into the official design of ‘global human resources’, although they are
powerful agents of the actual globalization of Japanese society.

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History Section
Section Convenor: Harald Fuess (Heidelberg University, Germany)
GIULIO BERTELLI (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE ROLE OF ITALIAN DIPLOMATS IN JAPAN FROM THE END OF THE EDO PERIOD TO EARLY MEIJI ERA (1866-1870)
2016 is the 150th anniversary of the Italo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (signed on August25, 1866), which started officially the diplomatic relations between the two countries. Since few is
known about the position of Italy in Japan during this period of radical mutations, in my presentation
I would like to discuss about the nature of these relations, focusing in particular on the activity androle of the first Italian minister in Japan, Count Vittorio Sallier De La Tour. His mission consisted mainly
in protecting and encouraging the activity of the relatively large number of silkworm-egg traders who
were periodically travelling to Japan every year between early summer and late autumn. Sallier De La
Tour started negotiations with the newly established Meiji Government, pushing for the opening of
Niigata port and obtaining the permission to conduct, in June 1869, the first Italian (and foreign)expedition in the silkworm districts of Gunma. Also his successor, Count Fè D’Ostiani also struggled inorder to obtain permits for Italian subjects to travel in the inner regions, and helped the Japanese
government to gather the objects to be exposed at the Universal Exposition held in Wien in 1873. Healso accompanied the Iwakura mission during its trip to Italy in May of the same year. The details of
the negotiations between Italian diplomats and Meiji government can be found in different
unpublished primary sources; the analysis of these sources will lead us to a better understanding of
the particular role that Italy played in Japan at that time.

GIOVANNI BORRIELLO (TUSCIA UNIVERSITY, ITALY)WOMEN IN JAPANESE MEDICINE. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN MEDICINE BETWEEN EAST AND WEST
If we look back to the history of world medicine it seems clear that for centuries women were allowed
to practice almost exclusively only the empirical medicine and not the official one reserved for men.
In fact, until the 19th century women, often even accused of witchcraft, had no access to the
productive centers of medical knowledge, with the exception, for example, to the famous mulieres ofthe Medical School of Salerno.
However, this wasn’t only a Western tendency. In fact, also in the East, in the field of the history ofChinese medicine in which today there are many women biologists and female graduates in medicine
and some of them hold also important institutional positions, up to the contemporary era there are
no news of the existence of women in this practice, bearing in mind that to the latter rarely was given
the possibility to study.
Turning now to Japan, even here it is difficult to imagine the existence or have information about
women doctors before the Meiji era. An exceptional case is Kusumoto Ine, the Japanese daughter ofthe famous German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold. After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese27History

government on the wake of the Western modernization introduced an examination system thatallowed to obtain a license enabling the practice of Western medicine, guaranteeing equality for
women in the profession and in the medical status. Among the first women who managed to pass thisexam we remember Ogino Ginko, Yoshioka Yayoi and Maezono Sonoko. This paper will discuss about
these figures.

HARALD FUESS (HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY, GERMANY)
KOBE AND THE MEIJI RESTORATION: DIPLOMATS, MERCHANTS, AND THE GLOBAL ARMS TRADEThe Opening of Hyogo as a treaty port in January 1868 coincides with the Meiji Restoration on 3
January 1868. At first sight it seems to be just one accidental overlapping quirk of history of no larger
cause or consequence. Students of Japanese history may remember that during the summer of 1867
the controversy over the postponement of the promised opening of Hyogo and Osaka for overseas
trade was one of the last political battles Shogun Tokugawa Keiki won against the domains. In hindsight
this victory proved ephemeral as it galvanized the opposition of Satsuma and Chōshū into a
preparation of action for the later coup d’état. What is less well-known is the role of ports like Kobe,
Nagasaki and Yokohama as an entry point for the arms and ammunition emanating from a wider andmore global network of weapons trading connecting the world of industrial production and endemic
violence in the 1860s and 1870s. So by starting with a Kobe case study this presentation will illuminate
the relationship between diplomacy, commerce and civil war that ultimately lead to Japan’s formationof nation-state as empire in the Meiji period.

ASTGHIK HOVHANNISYAN (HITOTSUBASHI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
A RATIONAL COALITION? ŌTA TENREI’S DEFENSE OF BIRTH CONTROL, EUGENICS, AND EUTHANASIA
In his article published in 2002, Ian Dowbiggin noted that “Americans such as Potter, Margaret Sanger,
Robert Latou Dickinson, Joseph Fletcher, Alan Guttmacher, and Paul Blanshard, viewed euthanasia,
eugenic sterilization, and birth control as kindred causes.” (Dowbiggin, 2002:223) This statement could
me made about many Japanese birth control activists and eugenicists as well. The most representative
example is probably Ōta Tenrei (1900-1985), a socialist, sexologist, birth control activist, and a
proponent of eugenics and euthanasia, who took an active role in the enactment of the Eugenic
Protection Law (1948-1996) and founded of the Japan Euthanasia Society (1976, now the Japan Society
for Dying with Dignity), aiming to legalize euthanasia in the country.
In this paper I will analyze Ōta’s defense of abortion, eugenic sterilizations, and euthanasia,
demonstrating that Ōta often rationalized them with the same rhetoric, that is using the concept of
personhood.

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JUDIT ERIKA MAGYAR (WASEDA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
ADVERTISING IN TOTAL WAR: CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT DIRECTIVES BETWEEN 1938-1945 DEPICTED IN SHASHIN
SHUHO
Total war did not leave much space for individual purchase preferences when Japan was gearing up to
focus all its resources towards defeating enemies that have welcomed the country in the club of GreatPowers a mere 35 years earlier. As opposed to Germany – which did not switch all its factories toweapon production and continued to churn out consumer products until 1945 –, Japan stopped
making basic goods early on and the population was encouraged to forego products that wereincreasingly considered luxurious. One might think that this category included only silk kimonos andhigh-end cosmetic products but in all actuality such simple – by then – staples such as condensed milk
also made the list. Thus, the advertisements seen in the earlier issues of Shashin Shuho and thepromotions included in the later ones differ considerably. The current presentation will outline thechanges in government directives that concerned domestic consumption and provide a brief outlineof the types of products and companies that were allowed to advertise in the magazine despite
increasingly restrictive paper rationings.

JÜRGEN PAUL MELZER (YAMANASHI GAKUIN, JAPAN)
FROM ZERO FIGHTERS TO CHERRY BLOSSOM SUICIDE ATTACKERS: JAPANESE AERONAUTICAL INNOVATION DURING
WORLD WAR II
Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor met with international indignation but also with widespread
astonishment and concern. How could Japan’s allegedly backward aviation industry provide thehardware for such seemingly impossible air strikes? More importantly, how would Japanese airpower
advance in the years to come?
I argue that the pace of Japanese aeronautical innovation accelerated right up until the last days before
Japan’s surrender. Drawing on engineers’ testimonies, research reports, and recently discovered
blueprints, this paper demonstrates that a constantly increasing outside pressure led to a burst ininnovative energy that resulted in ever bolder designs.
Until the early 1940s, Japanese aviation successfully followed a policy of “catch up and overtake.”
Airplanes like the iconic Zero-sen combined outstanding performance with enormous flight range.
With the start of the Pacific War, Japanese aeronautical engineers systematically developed airplanes
that matched and often even surpassed their American counterparts.
Beginning in June 1944, large-scale Allied bomb attacks created havoc in Japan’s aviation industry.
Under these dire circumstances Japanese engineers responded to the military’s demands with truly
disruptive innovations in attempts to turn the tide of the war. For launching air attacks on U.S. coastal
towns, they designed and built giant submarine aircraft carriers. Jet fighters and rocket-powered
aircraft were to intercept high-flying B-29 bombers. During the final phase of the war, the Ōka (Cherry
Blossom) suicide attackers became the ultimate Japanese aeronautical innovation. These jet-propelled
flying bombs were to be catapulted out of their secret hideouts to “send the enemy’s invasion troops
to the ocean floor.”29

History

EGAS MONIZ BANDEIRA (TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
JAPANESE STANCES TOWARDS CHINESE CONSTITUTIONALISM, 1906-1909
Japan played a crucial role in the introduction of modern political and legal concepts into China. The
Qing Court’s attempt to transform China into a constitutional monarchy was no exception to this: Thevery preparatory process followed the Japanese example, Chinese politicians and intellectuals learned
about constitutionalism from Japanese sources, and the drafts for the first Chinese constitution wereclosely modeled after the Meiji Constitution of 1889. But, on the other hand, Japan also played a crucialrole in the dynasty’s downfall, being a hotbed for anti-dynastic activities and her government actively
supporting revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-Sen.
While the above is well known, the paper takes a different angle by asking how Japanese officials andthe Japanese public positioned themselves with regard to the Chinese constitutional reforms and how
this, in turn, reflected on China. Much as some sectors of Japanese society were indeed interested indestabilizing the constitutional project, others were favorable of China’s transition into a constitutionalmonarchy in one form or another. For example, Ito Hirobumi, who was acting as Resident-General of
Korea at the time, showed a keen interest in the Chinese reforms and tried to actively influence them,but to no direct avail. However, the Chinese side did perceive such contradictions, leading to a certain
mistrust of the Japanese intentions and possibly contributing to delays in the reform process. Thus,
tensions smouldered beneath the surface of Japan being China’s “shortcut to modernity”.

SIGFRID ÖSTBERG (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, UK)
BETWEEN CRISIS AND INNOVATION: JAPANESE–KOREAN FRONTIER DIPLOMACY IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY
Generally appreciated as a transitional period blending the dissolution of the old order and a strong
pull towards so-called modernity, the mid-nineteenth century has received its fair share of attention,
but it has too often been clouded by an insistent teleology that denies the lived experience of many of
its prime agents. The common narrative of Japanese–Korean relations is no exception to this.
Amidst startling instances of gunboat diplomacy and domestic upheavals, the ruling elites in Edo andHansŏng lost incentive to invest in neighbourly intercourse, and we should be forgiven for thinking
that relations were all but severed. Yet, far removed from the metropolitan centres, the integrated
frontier region of Tsushima and Tongnae operated according to its own logic and in pursuit of its own
innovative solutions. To highlight this, I draw attention to three Korean interpreter missions to
Tsushima in the 1855–1860 period.
Compared to earlier missions, their durations were exceedingly long and they coincided with a periodof unparalleled Western nautical activity in the Korea Strait. Notably, the final weeks of the 1860
mission overlapped with the beginning of the dramatic sojourn of the Russian corvette Posadnik in AsōBay. These missions raise pertinent questions about the functions of trade and smuggling, theavailability of sensitive information, and institutional innovation on the frontier.
This paper attempts to shed light on this frontier diplomacy and the quality of Japanese–Koreaninteractions in the decades preceding the Meiji Restoration, challenging the notion of a system brokendown.

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PETRA PALMESHOFER (UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA)
THE VISUALIZATION OF HISTORY IN AESOP´S FABLES IN JAPAN - VICTORIAN ILLUSTRATION VERSUS KAWANABE KYŌSAI´SDEPICTION OF MEIJI HISTORY IN CARICATURES
In his woodcut series entitled Isoho monogatari no uchi the eccentric Japanese artist Kawanabe Kyōsaimanages to combine Greek iconography with stories from the Roman empire, adding English fablesfrom the Enlightenment period to that and finally mixing everything up with depiction modes of holy
Buddhist religious images, techniques of Japanese woodcut print and newspaper articles´ styles. Kyōsai
and his editor team composed pictures so intense regarding didactics in their effort to transmit
criticism concerning Meiji politics and society going as far as right into the microstructure of the image
itself.
Crucial to the understanding of the deeper meaning and the making of these pictures in Kawanabe
Kyōsai´s series are John Tenniel´s Victorian illustrations in Thomas James´ English version of Aesop´sfables. Fables tend to become especially popular in times of revolution and periods of historical change.
How did Victorian illustrations become political caricatures of the Meiji period? What did thesepictures mean in Victorian times, what did they mean in the Meiji era? Who was part of the editor
team? Were there any particular intentions of the editors and if so what kind of political agenda did
they pursue? How do images depict history? How can they shape history? What constitutes “historicalreality”?

IAN RUXTON (KYUSHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAPAN)
ERNEST SATOW'S VISITS TO JAPAN FROM SIAM
Ernest Satow is well-known as a pioneering Japanologist and diplomat. It is perhaps less well-known
that he kept a diary for most of his adult life. His diplomatic career in Siam was from 1884 to 1887,
after a 20-year period in Japan starting in late 1862, during which he gained much knowledge andexperience of Japan and diplomacy.
This presentation will draw heavily on his diary to show how, even when he was away from Japan, it
was often in his mind. In addition he visited the country twice from Siam in 1884 and 1886. Whom did
he meet, where did he go, and what did he see?
The presenter has been studying and publishing about Satow since 1994. He is in the process of
publishing Satow’s diaries for 1883 to 1888.

MARCO TINELLO (HOSEI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE ANNEXATION OF RYUKYU TO JAPAN THROUGH THE LENS OF THE RYUKYUAN INTERNATIONAL TREATIESFrom the beginning of the seventeenth century, Ryukyu maintained an ambiguous political status ofdual subordination to China and Japan: In 1372, Ryukyu became a tributary state of China, but also, in
1609, it was placed under the indirect subordination of Satsuma (and, by extension, of the Tokugawa
bakufu). After centuries under this arrangement, Westerners arrived in East Asia, including in Ryukyu
and Japan. In this new framework, The United States, France, and Holland stipulated international
treaties with Ryukyu, and in so doing, they recognized a certain degree of Ryukyuan sovereignty. These

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treaties were written in classical Chinese and were dated according to the Chinese calendar, without
any reference to connections between Ryukyu and Japan.
When annexing Ryukyu, the Meiji state’s crucial issue was eliminating Ryukyu’s dual subordination to
China and Japan. In this presentation, I will try to answer to a question that so far has not been duly
taken into consideration: How was it possible that these treaties, which prove Ryukyuan sovereignty,
were prevented by the Meiji state from showing Ryukyu’s independence? This is a significant passage
in Ryukyuan, Japanese, Chinese history, as well as in the Western role of Ryukyu’s annexation, which
had never been explained before. In this regard, I intend to demonstrate that the events of 1872 (theprivate discussions between the Japanese Foreign Minister and the Tokyo based Western ministers)
did not only mark the beginning of the annexation process, but that they also had a decisive effect on
all the subsequent happenings.
SERGEY TOLSTOGUZOV (HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
TAKASHIMA SHŪHAN AND FINANCE PROBLEMS IN JAPAN IN TENPO PERIOD
In this presentation, an attempt will be made to show the ideas of Takashima Shuhan and the reasonsof his failure. Takashima Shūhan was one of those early Japanese reformists who argued for themodernization of Japan in order to better resist the West. The Nagasaki official Takashima Shūhan
started to import flintlock guns from the Netherlands known as Gewehr from the 1830s. Also hemanaged to obtain some weapons through the Dutch at Dejima, such as field guns and cannons asmortars. He was understood the power of Western firearms in time before the First Opium War andmade proposal for the Bakufu. As the result he was permitted to make the first modern Western
military demonstration for the Tokugawa Shogunate, in Tokumarugahara (North of Edo) on 27 June
1841. He used using Dutch textbooks and Dutch commands to renew army tactics and proposed tocreate Line infantry regiments that were the main type of infantry which composed the basis ofEuropean land armies from the middle of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century. The
Bakufu had no sufficient financial resources to buy new arms and to reform the army.

TAKAHIRO YAMAMOTO (UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, JAPAN)
BALANCE OF FAVOUR: THE EMERGENCE OF TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES AROUND JAPAN, 1861-1875
Historians have typically found Japan’s motivation for drawing territorial boundaries around itself inthe late-nineteenth century either in the pursuit of the maintenance of independence or its entry into
the international society. However their narratives do not fully explain why the process led to theestablishment of Japan’s sovereignty over border zones with ambiguous territorial status, such as the
Kuril Islands and the Ryukyu Kingdom. Approaching the question by investigating local developments,
this paper presents a twofold explanation for the emergence of territorial boundaries around Japan:that the rise of sovereignty had origins in the border zones; and that Japan’s expansion into thesezones was enabled by a diplomatic equilibrium among the Western powers. The rise of trans-Paciﬁc
commercial activities, the decline of tributary trade in East Asia, and Russia’s strategic shift to the Far
East prompted fundamental changes in the political landscape for the border zones. The Westernimperialists in the 1860s and the 1870s saw it as best that Japan control these areas, because one

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imperial power’s territorial gain would have unleashed a scramble that none of them saw as worth
ﬁghting.
The above argument provides an alternative to the conventional Japan-centred narratives ofinteractions between Western imperialism and the East Asians. It also adds to the historical study ofthe border zones by providing a comparative analysis and connecting them with a broader context. It
thus bridges the historiographical gap between the diplomatic history of bakumatsu and Meiji Japanand the local histories around the archipelago.

Panel: Ordinary Women in Extraordinary Times
Chair: Michiko Ikuta (Osaka University, Japan)
Discussant: Yulia Mikhailova (Hiroshima City University, Japan)
The recent 70th anniversary of the end of World War II brought forth its comprehensive reexamination.
This panel will address the topic of the war’s impact on lives of ordinary people concentrating on
women from Japan’s pupate state of Manchukuo. The case of Manchukuo is of particular interest
because it was a colonial multi-ethnic space, which, at the same time, opened possibilities for women
to realize some of their dreams. Also, women’s experiences of war are different from that of men andreconstruction of gender relations take place – war shakes boundaries between men and women.
Keeping the idea of “modernization under the war” (Ruoff K.) in mind, KATSUMI FUJITA will approach
women of Harbin from the standpoint of consumption. NAHO IGAUE will analyze changes in the
representations of interethnic marriages in Japanese novels set in “Manchukuo” during and after thewar, focusing on relationships between Russian emigrants and Asian people. MICHIKO IKUTA will
examine “gender and war” construction in the Japanese society through analyzing lives of Japanesenurses who became interned in Siberia.

KATSUMI FUJIWARA (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
WOMEN AS CONSUMERS IN HARBIN – FOCUSING ON DEPARTMENT STORESIn the first half of the 20th century, cross-border capital movement and the emergence of modern
consumer society took place. The Second Sino-Japanese War did not stop this process in Japan. On thecontrary, on the eve of the Pacific War, there was a consumer boom called “modernization under thewar”. The development of modern consumer society had especially important implications for women– they became independent workers and more active consumers. Therefore, it is instructive tocompare and contrast the impact of the newly generated consumerism on women who lived in theareas colonized by Japan.
This presentation will concentrate on women of Harbin known as a “Russian city” in Manchukuo.
Observations over this multi-ethnic space will present some new findings about the hierarchy of ethnic
groups in the sphere of consumption and include not only Asian women but also Russians, i.e. peopleof western origins.
Besides, the discussion of the development of consumerism covers such various topics as tourist andsewing industries, patterns of consumption and so on. Here I will focus on the activity of the33

History

department stores, which may be regarded as a symbolic representation of modern consumer society
dominating over many aspects of life. The paper will uncover both intersection and division between
several ethnic groups in terms of consumption spaces and objects and women as subjects ofconsumption.

NAHO IGAUE (CHUO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
INTERETHNIC MARRIAGES IN JAPANESE NOVELS SET IN “MANCHUKUO”: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUSSIAN MIGRANTS
AND ASIAN PEOPLE
Interethnic marriages, love stories, and mixed children breeding are one of the most popular themesin Japanese novels (including novels by non-Japanese writers translated into Japanese) and films set in“Manchuria” and “Shanghai” of the 1920-1940s, reflecting the political and multiethnic situations ofthese areas.
These phenomena are described in the novels variously depending on the period of writing, authors’backgrounds, the location (urban or rural areas), ethnicities and social background of couples.
Interethnic or international marriages and love stories are sometimes portrayed positively, especiallyin the early 1930s and after the end of World War II, but under the wartime regime writers more often
give negative evaluation to this hybridity. Behind such a trend we can see the influence of Japanese
ethnic policies, which swung from “assimilation” to “isolation” with the intensification of the wartime
control.
This paper will examine the interaction between Japanese colonial policies and ethnic relationships in
the territory of “Manchukuo” through the analysis of interethnic marriages and hybridity represented
in Japanese novels, especially focusing on the relationships between Russian women and Asian men
as one of the most characteristic examples of couples in Eastern Asia.
MICHIKO IKUTA (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE IMPRISONMENT OF WOMEN IN SIBERIA
After the Soviet Army’s intrusion into Manchuria in August 1945 more than 600 000 Japanese weretaken to prison in Siberia as POWs and were subject to compulsory work in labor camps. Though there
are many research works and memoirs on the subject of imprisonment in Siberia, still, little is known
about these women internees.
This presentation will shed light on nurses who worked in the First Army Hospital in Jamusu and werethen taken to Siberia. As the war was developing in the southern direction, the Japanese army including
its male medical personnel were moved to the southern front. As a result, a shortage of nursing staff
occurred in Manchuria.
This presentation will discuss the impact of the war on the lives of ordinary women who worked as
nurses. The paper highlights several points: how the war shakes the usual gender order, such as “mengo to the battle frontlines-- women stay at the home front”; at the same time how the gender order
was strong and stable (in Japan female soldiers were not born); why women’s imprisonment was not
focused on and was little known until now.
An examination of the everyday life of women in Siberian internment camps will provide an interesting
perspective for the analysis of the subject of “gender and war”.

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Panel: East-Asia and the International Order after the Great War: Prospects,
Hopes, and Disappointments
Chair: Tosh Minohara (Kobe University, Japan)
Discussant: Torsten Weber (DIJ German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo, Japan)
This aim of this panel is to reveal how far-reaching in East Asia was the impact of the new international
order created in aftermath of the Great War. The hope for an enduring peace was soon challenged byideas of an inevitable ﬁnal war among the races that encouraged the Japanese government tochallenge the status quo. The Manchurian Incident epitomizes the disappointments of thearrangements of 1919 and such forces would eventually culminate into the Paciﬁc War. Through an
examination of Ishiwara Kanji’s theories that greatly inﬂuenced Japan in the interwar period, Clinton
Goddart will reveal the impact of such ideas in changing the perceptions of peace in Japan. Junghoon
Lee’s study challenges almost mythical views of the role of 1919 Korean Provisional Government inmodernization and development of Korea that fostered a strong ethno-nationalism. By pointing out atpolitical and historical paradoxes related to these prevailing perceptions, he offers a newunderstanding of a complex Korean identity, politics, the legacy of Japanese colonization, and KoreaJapan relations. Finally, Aleksandra Babovic will illuminate that the ﬂaws of the international order
created in 1919 had signiﬁcant ramiﬁcations upon the Allied Powers’ decisions in its decision to create
the International Military Tribunal for the Far East.

CLINTON GODART (HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FUTURE WAR AND FUTURE PEACE AFTER 1919: MILITARY AFFAIRS AND RELIGION IN THE THOUGHT OF ISHIWARA KANJI
JUNGHOON LEE (UNIVERSITY OF ULSAN, REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
THE SHANGHAI PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT AND THE MYTH OF AN EMERGENCE OF A MODERN NATIONALIST STATE IN
KOREA
ALEKSANDRA BABOVIC (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER AFTER THE GREAT WAR AND CREATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL FOR
THE FAR EAST

Panel: The structure and function’s transfiguration of the nationalism inJapan
Chair: Katsuji Nara (Ritsumeikan University, Japan)
About nationalism, the definitions given by Benedict Anderson and Ernest Gellner and Anthony D.
Smith are well known. Also in Japan, Nishikawa Nagao and his disciples had criticized the myth ofmodern nation state in Japan by referring their theories.
In this panel, on the basis of these accomplishments, we approach to the Japanese nationalism, not bytrying to get an impatient definition, but to get the function and structure of it in the middle-long range
perspective.

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Materially, this panel is composed by the presentation by Katsuji Nara which considers the structureof Aizawa Seishisai’s thought and its function between the end of Edo period and the Meiji period, andthe presentation by Takuma Sato which considers the nationalism of post W.W. II as “the nuclear
nationalism”. Despite the difference of the consideration material and time, these presentations havethe consensus on paying attention to the structure and transfiguration of function about thenationalism. And in our presentations, we also pay attention to the side that an intention of the utterer
and a result pass each other to understand Japanese modern nationalism deeply.
So in this panel, we show one side of the nationalism in modern Japan. And through these two reports,
we would like to call in further arguments over nationalism.

KATSUJI NARA (RITSUMEIKAN UNIVERSITY)AIZAWA SEISHISAI’S THOUGHT OF ORDER IN THE BAKUMATSU PERIOD: THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF MAILS TO HISNEPHEW

Aizawa Seishisai was an icon of Kokimitogaku, and wrote many books among the first half of the 19th
Century. Especially, his masterpiece Shinron had much influenced on many radical activists in the
Bakumatsu period (a). On the other hand, Aizawa was against them and resisted the radical reform inthat time (b). But in the new Meiji period, Aizawa’s thought was highly appreciated again by the new
government and reflected to Kyōikuchokugo (c).
Such complexed relationships between Aizawa and political society, during Japanese modernization
formative years, divided researchers evaluation about Aizawa. The views that find innovativenessthrough Aizawa’s thought and the views that find conservatism through it have been mixed. And thesetwo different views have interfered the united understanding of his thought’s function of thenationalization of modern Japan.
In this presentation, I analyze hundreds of Aizawa’s mail to his nephew Terakado Masajirō, and figureout the core structure of his thought. Then I point out that (1) awaking people’s imagination that Japanis not divided presence by each areas and ranks but united nation, and (2) reinforcing the old order by
avoiding needless confusion caused by radical movements, were very the essence of his thought.
Through these works, we realize that 1 as an ideological innovativeness lead (a), and 2 as a realistic
conservatism lead (b), and both 1 and 2 under the modern Japanese empire lead (c), and understandthe complexed tide of (a) to (c) as an effect derived from the consecutive logic of Aizawa’s thought.

TAKUMA SATO (HANYANG UNIVERSITY, REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
THE SEDUCTION OF "NUCLEAR-NATIONALISM": A PAGE OF ANTI-AMERICANISM NATIONALISMThis presentation clarifies one side of the Japanese "atomic energy (原子力) = nuclear (核)" recognition
after the war, By analyzing the discourse of Miyoshi Sadao, Saito Chu, Kuramae Yoshio who played an
active part in the magazine "Revue diplomatique (GAIKO-JIHO)" and others. In this report, byunderstanding Japanese nationalism in the late 1960s as "nuclear-Nationalism" and anti-Americanism
nationalism, I would like to elucidate a formation principle of the mind.
In 1968, a signature to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as
the NPT, was thrown open. Japan signed this treaty in 1970 and ratified it in 1976. The reason why
ratification of "the Only Atom-bombed Country in the World" delayed for about 10 years, was that the36

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political power which considers NPT as "unequal treaty" objected to this ratification of a treaty. The
issue of NPT was closely related to national identity.
In this presentation, I clarify the following points.(1) Arguments against NPT was composed of thoughtof "Nuclear-Nationalism" which emphasized an idea "Atoms For Peace".(2) "Nuclear-Nationalism" was the political idea which desired to achieve the nuclear energy’s
development, and to make an international position of Japan.(3) And "Nuclear-Nationalism" was to be
described as anti-Americanism nationalism.(4) However, in the real politics, anti-Americanism
nationalism was lost by the dependence on "Nuclear Umbrella" by the United States.(5) But "NuclearNationalism" continues being left after the period. Such thoughts became the remote cause of "3.11".

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Interdisciplinary Section
Section Convenor: Bjarke Frellesvig (University of Oxford, UK)
HITOMI ASANO (NAGASAKI JUNSHIN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
A NEW INTERPRETATION OF WESTERN STYLE PAINTINGS FOUND ON FOLDED SCREENS
Regarding the images of early western style paintings represented on folded screens in the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries in Japan, Mitsuru Sakamoto and Grace Vlam indicated that the motives ofthe folded screens were extracted directly from Flemish prints. However, they reached opposing
opinions about the implication of the paintings: religious vs secular. According to a recent scholar,
Naoko Hioki, these paintings implicate the double meanings.
Alternatively, I have established a new interpretation by comparing them with supposed image sources.
First of all, I found that the painters of the folded screens utilized the original images of Flemish prints
to the finest detail. However, they omitted humble people such as pilgrims who were frequently
represented in the prints. The painters always intended to represent figures nobly, even shepherds
would be dressed well, and depicted with faces of saints taken from the original prints. This may
suggest that the paintings were produced according to the taste of noble customers.
At first glance it seems that the paintings have a religious meaning, however, all the fine andmeaningful details associated with religion such as rosaries, or religious postures were deliberately
omitted. The screens may have been produced by non-Christian artists who were simply close totrained seminarians. The painters did acknowledge Christian motives, however, they might have had
to avoid religious expressions in the paintings in order to survive the ban on Christianity.

ABHIK CHAKRABORTY (WAKAYAMA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
ALPINE TOURISM AND PLACE-MAKING IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANThis paper analyzes the growth, maturity and transition of the Japanese Alps area as one of the premier
destinations of Alpine Tourism in Japan. Mountains until recently were seen as objects for conquest in
the dominant narratives of adventure tourism in the West, but in Japan, most important peaks haveresiding deities; and mountains were pilgrimage destinations in pre-modern times. During thetwentieth century peaks in the Japanese Alps became tourist attractions of the Chubu-Sangaku
National Park and witnessed rapid popularity among urban tourists who sought relaxation space awayfrom the crowded metropolitan areas. Since the 1990s another transition in place-making has takenplace in contemporary Japanese tourism: backpackers, solo travelers and small special interest groups
are increasingly forming the core of the tourists visiting these areas. This research explored theemerging nature and challenges for this new ‘place-making’ through participant observations andinterviews with tourism stakeholders, tourists, and conservationists at the Kamikochi area of the
Chubu-Sangaku National Park, one of the most iconic hiking destinations in the country. It was foundthat while both tourism stakeholders and tourists are aware of the value of natural resources and thevulnerability of the landscape to environmental change, different needs and different levels of38

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association with the landscape engender differing perceptions of these issues. The study also provides
hints about the environmental literacy potential of Alpine Tourism and challenges for its sustainable
management.

STEVE CHAN (SIM UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE)
AGEING IN PLACE: HOUSING FOR SENIORS IN JAPAN AND SINGAPORE
Japan and Singapore are Asian countries consisting of the highest ageing population. Ageing-in-placeis the key principle of housing for seniors. It aims at achieving care in the community, with family being
the principle care-giving unit. Whether the town planning and housing programme able to enhance
the supporting networks in the neighbourhood, determine the effectiveness of ageing-in-place.
Various housing programs and welfare policies in these two countries have addressed to the needs ofageing. The concept of paired apartment units in Japan introduced in 1969, enables the elderlies andtheir children's families to live next door to each other. A series of housing programs namely, Silver
Housing to Renovation Subsidies, enhance elderly-in-place. In Singapore, more than 80 percent of the
population live in public sector housing provided by the Housing Development Board. Among them,almost all except five percent are owner-occupiers. The volunteer welfare sector complies with thegovernment’s provision of senior housing and related services. This paper examines the ageing
population trend and senior housing development of Japan and Singapore. Housing programs, welfare
and services are examined with the concept of ageing-in-place, family caregiving and social networks.
The preliminary empirical research was done in Singapore only, with interviews of stakeholders namely,
housing managers, social workers, caregivers, residents and the like. This paper argues that housing
design, programs and services should be complement with the social and supporting networks ofsenior inhabitants as to achieve ageing-in-place effectively. The empirical research in Singapore of thisstudy is funded by Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Welfare Foundation.

LEENA EEROLAINEN (UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI, FINLAND)THE MONSTROUS MASCULINE IN JAPANESE KAIKI EIGAJapanese horror cinema with its female antagonists has in the past years been a staple of Japanesestudies. My aim in this paper is to first stretch the notion of horror into that of the fantastic, kaiki,
which is inclusive of, but not limited to, horror. I will then trace the various metamorphoses present in
the cinematic mode, concentrating on otoko no kaijin, the monstrous masculine.
I will analyze the works of Honda Ishirô, Tsukamoto Shinya and Kurosawa Kiyoshi, among others. Theirworks represent two distinct postwar periods during which kaiki eiga appeared in large: the1950s/1960s, and the 1990s/2000s. It is clear that bodily metamorphoses (変身) were prevalent in theformer period, whereas contemporary films often locate the monstrous in the psychologicaltransformation (変心) of the protagonist. I suggest this cinematic shift correlates with a wider societal
paradigm shift. Masculine antiheroes of Japanese cinema provide an interesting outlook on how
hegemonic Japanese masculinity (from soldiers to demilitarized soldiers to corporate soldiers) is
negotiated in post-Occupation Japan, often in relation to both the healthy bodies of women and theadvances of science. My findings will be discussed both in the light of Napier’s (1996) theory on the39Interdisciplinary

Japanese literary fantastic as well as sociological studies on Japanese masculinity. This paper will yielda new paradigm for understanding metamorphosis and the meaning of male monsters is Japanesecinema.

REBECCA FERDERER (NAGOYA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
EXTENDING THE PROTECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS TO NON-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AS A STRATEGY FORRURAL REVITALIZATION IN JAPANDue to the weaknesses of the Japanese Regional Collective Trademark System, regionally branded
products in Japan often face issues in quality control and managing infringements, which can affectconsumers and producers alike. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, themain purpose of Japan's Act for Protection of Names of Designated Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery
Products and Foodstuffs (Geographical Indications (GI) Act) is to combat these shortcomings. Its
enactment in 2014 expanded the scope of protection in Japan to agricultural products and foodstuffs
through the introduction of a European-style “sui generis GI protection” system. The GI Act aims tobetter protect not only producers, but also consumers, and to further promote local agricultural andfood brands. However, considering that nearly one-third of the 587 regional collective trademarks
registered belong to non-agricultural GIs, it would seem that a large number of important, regional
products do not benefit from the same protection as their agricultural counterparts.
By offering more comprehensive protection to only certain GIs (i.e. agricultural products andfoodstuffs), the importance of other GIs (i.e. non-agricultural products) is neglected, even though such
GIs not only have similar socio-economic potential in value-added branding but may also be more
representative of the historical and cultural characteristics of their respective regions. Against thisbackground, the paper considers how the improved protection of all regional products through theimplementation of a sui generis GI protection system for non-agricultural GIs may better contribute to
the rural revitalization of Japan.

FLAVIA FULCO (SOPHIA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
KATARIBE TOURS: PERFORMANCE OF STORYTELLING IN POST-DISASTER TOHOKUIn the aftermath of the 3.11 disaster a movement of storytelling tours flourished in all the affectedareas. As for 3.11 the word “disaster” includes three events - earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident,
the kataribe tours developed in the three prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi and Iwate with different
features. In the past the word “kataribe” conveyed the idea of reporting a story from long time ago.
On the contrary, modern kataribe (developed after Kobe’s earthquake in 1995) are people who tellstories of a recent past. The importance of storytelling in community (re)building and disaster recovery
has been observed since the last decades of the twentieth century, along with the growing attention
towards oral narratives by social sciences and humanities. What seems interesting in Tohoku’s casethough, is the professionalization of the kataribe and the role they could have in shaping the local
identities of post-disaster communities. Draw upon reflections from ongoing ethnographic fieldwork,
I am trying to classify who kataribe are, how they assume this role in their community and which aretheir preferred audiences. Besides, analyzing the practice of kataribe I would like to identify which and40

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whose are the stories they are telling. In fact, not always the story belongs to the storyteller (kataribe).
Often these tours resemble to guided tours and the storyteller looks like a tour guide trained to dotheir job. The stories they chose to tell could have critical role in the formation of a collective memory
around which the post-disaster communities will reimagine their identities.
MAREN GODZIK (FUKUOKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
OLD AGE AND AGEING IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE ART
Ageing is an existential experience every single human being is exposed to and therefor old age andageing are topics that have been dealt with in art – as well as in other fields like literature andphilosophy – over the centuries. With the demographic developments taking place, namely the risen
life expectancy and the increased share of older people in society, old age has become an increasingly
common experience, with views of old age diversifying. However, old age and ageing as well as thedemographic change as a topic of contemporary Japanese visual arts has not received much attention
by researchers so far. While this is an ongoing research and findings are still limited, in this presentation
I will try to shed some light on how artists deal with the motif of ageing and old age against the
backdrop of an ageing society and on how art museums and curators in Japan react to the demographic
change.
GOLANI SOLOMON EREZ (BEZALEL ACADEMY OF ARTS AND DESIGN, ISRAEL) AND
CHRISTIAN DIMMER (WASEDA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)HERITAGISATION IN PRE-2020 OLYMPIC TOKYO — DISCOURSES AROUND THE CITY’S MODERNIST BUILT LEGACY
On September 7, 2013 the International Olympic Committee announced that Tokyo would host the2020 Summer Olympics. Although less than three years have passed since then, the announcement
appears to have catalyzed a significant re-evaluation of heritage conservation in Japan, and inparticular of its modernist iconic buildings and infrastructure built in the 1950s and 60s. Structures thathave been completed in the context of another key moment in Japan’s modern history—namely the
1964 Tokyo Olympics—had so far only been appreciated by a handful of academics, professionals andarchitecture tourists but weren’t broadly recognized as valuable historical assets worthy of materialpreservation. Significant modernist buildings have been steadily and quietly disappearing for years,
without much ado, or public protest. It seems that the decision to host the summer Olympic games
once again after 56 years has created a sincere sensitivity to the post-war built legacy. Ironically, thisnovel preservation effort is only paralleled by a similar sense of urgency that had these structures built
in anticipation of the mega events of 1964.
This paper explores the new wave of heritage conservation from two perspectives. On the one side it
examines the inclusion of ‘heritage’ as a central category in Tokyo’s failed bid of 2009 and the following
successful bid of 2013. Here, along with the declared intension to re-use 1964 Olympic facilities suchas Kenzo Tange’s Yoyogi National Gymnasium or Mamoru Yamada’s Nippon Budokan Hall [Arena for
traditional Japanese martial arts] heritage functions also as part of a dubious language that appeals toa global common sense for preservation, seemingly without a genuine commitment to this cause. On
the other side the chapter examines those heritage discourses that have been spurred aroundcontroversial events such as the imminent destruction of Yoshiro Taniguchi’s Hotel Okura [1962] or41

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Mitsuo Katayama’s National Stadium [1958], and the adoption and subsequent termination of late
Zaha Hadid’s plans for the new Olympic Stadium. It looks at a new preservation rhetoric of post-war
architecture as well as important infrastructures like the inner city expressway system or the Tsukiji
fish market and sets them against the background of a new national image being currently constructedaround ideals such as maturity, environmentality and soft power.
MARIA GRAJDIAN (NAGASAKI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
PRECARIOUSNESS AND VULNERABILITY: LOVE, MELANCHOLIA AND ANOMIE IN MAKOTO SHINKAI’S ANIME WORKS
Regarded in hard-core anime fans’ circles as a refreshing alternative to prevalent animation standards
within the landscape of late-modern Japanese popular culture, Makoto Shinkai’s anime works designa contradictory universe of emotions and ideas, in which obvious inconsistencies in the plot andnarrative paradoxes are compensated by a virtual infinity of empathic structures to convince exegetes
as well as fans of the necessity of a popular culture to emerge not due to its technical qualities, butrather due to its consistent message. This presentation focuses on three of Makoto Shinkai’s main
works – Voice of a distant star (Hoshi no koe, 2004), The place promised in our early days (Kumo no
mukô, yakusoku no basho, 2006) and Five centimeters per second (Byôsoku 5-senchimêtoru, 2008) – toconcretely illustrate their author’s ideological-aesthetic statement in regards to the artistic mirroringof late-modern Japan in anime productions. Taking into account such parameters as adolescent love,
adult melancholia and the evanescence of adolescence as a site of desire and resistance, it is thispresentation’s goal to underline Makoto Shinkai’s artistic strategies in depicting late-modern maleindividuals as anomic individuals within precarious lifestyles characterized by vanishing emotions andinscrutable relationships, apparently more compatible to current challenges and solitudes.
WOLFGANG HERBERT (UNIVERSITY OF TOKUSHIMA, JAPAN)
SCHISM IN THE JAPANESE UNDERWORLD: THE YAKUZA ON THE WAY TO EXTINCTION
On the 27th of August 2015 the biggest gangster syndicate of Japan split into two groups. Thirteen highranking bosses declared their secession from the mother organisation, the Yamaguchi-‐gumi, andestablished a new gang: the Kobe Yamaguchi-‐gumi. This lead to fears of an open gang war. Until now
though, the only incidents were minor tit for tat clashes. The schism can be regarded as part of asignificant transformation of organised crime in Japan. In 1992 a new Anti-‐Yakuza-‐bill has become
effective, which since then has undergone several revisions. Control and and isolation of the Yakuza
has gotten stricter than ever. Ordinances on local level try to get the Yakuza out of business. The legal
restrictions and concerted campaigns of the police and the media with the intention of dismantling
the myth of the noble gangster and replacing it with labels such as “anti social forces” have robbed theYakuza of their glamour. For young outsiders becoming a Yakuza is not attractive anymore. The Yakuza
have a severe shortage of recruits and are overaged as well. They have failed to modernize and adapt
to information technology. The criminal market, namely the internet, is rife with predatorycompetition, in which the Yakuza are on the losing side. My thesis is that the Yakuza will get even moremarginalized, more clandestine and possibly extinct in their extant form.

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HIROFUMI IWATANI (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
A CASE STUDY OF CHANGES IN JAPANESE STYLES OF CHEERING: FOCUSING ON UNIQUE BODY PERFORMANCES OF A
COLLEGE CHEERLEADING GROUP

Among Japanese styles of cheering, college cheerleading groups have a unique eye-catching style.
Their performances in public places such as sports events and demonstrations and also theirperformances between cheerleading team members in day-to-day practice are outstanding. They
consist of unique bodily acts and vocalizations. It is not an exaggeration to say that their performances
primarily characterize the theme of the cheering group. Among their performances, I would
particularly like to focus on the body movements called furi and mai which are self-coined terms.
They are classified into two categories: furi, swing at sports events; mai, dance which is performed
more or less at ceremonies such as enbukai, a kind of dance competition among college cheerleadinggroups. These are composed of some fundamental movements with repeating rhythmic patterns.
Their styles of movements however are mutually different. They have been developed in accordancewith the diversification of cheering at sporting events and the expansion of the social network among
cheering groups. The former is directed to the cheering act in a celebratory mood, while the latter ismore like old party antics such as those that remind an audience of school culture of the pre-WorldWar 2 period.
Members of college cheerleading groups have developed these performances choreographing
varieties of body motions.
In this presentation I would like to examine in a historical perspective how the meaning and formalityof their body movements have changed, and unravel how college students confront and cope with thechallenges to pass on this tradition.

KENJI NAGASAKA (DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)CAN JAPANESE GREENING NGO BE AN INTEGRATOR OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER FOR AFFORESTATION? CASE
OF GREEN EARTH NETWORK JAPANAfforestation has been a critical issue worldwide since forests play multiple roles for rural areas.
Afforestation is difficult because it does not mean just to replant trees but to rebuild sustainable forest
management in the place where forests once disappeared. Transfer of scientific knowledge is then a
key factor to maximise the success rate of afforestation in the long run.
‘Green Earth Network Japan (GEN)’ was established in 1992 as an NGO to support afforestation in
Datong, northern China. Datong is located at the edge of the Loess Plateau and has long been sufferedby heavy soil erosion and yellow sand storm.
This study aims to clarify the reasons why the GEN can give strong impacts on afforestation activities
in Datong for the last 20 years. Research-Integration-Utilisation (RIU) model is employed as ananalytical framework. It was developed to observe interactions between research and its practicalutilisation activities. In this study, the RIU model can help clarifying the relationship between state-ofthe-art forest science and afforestation practices.

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The hypothesis is that the GEN has been played a role of integrator to connect forest science andafforestation activities. According to the RIU model, integrator can ‘select scientific information,translate and reiterate it using accessible language, and also connect it to the practical demands forother actors, who are not researchers themselves’. This empirical case study clarifies whether thishypothesis works or not.
NORIO NIWA (NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ETHNOLOGY, JAPAN)
CULTIVATING A SELF-DISCIPLINED, RESOURCEFUL AND RESPECTABLE LEADER: HOW RITUALISTIC BEHAVIORS AMONGCHEERLEADING GROUPS IN JAPANESE UNIVERSITIES HAVE CHANGED
When we think about the school culture in Japan, presence of ouendan or cheerleading groups fromhigh school to college or university is a distinctive, eye-catching feature. In contrast to American
cheerleading squads in recent years, they are not only mostly, sometimes even exclusively, made upof male students but also they try to maintain conservative and masculine order which is sometimes
inherited from pre-war period. Their communication style among themselves are full of ritualistic
behavior called bankara or rough and uncouth style or appearance. For example they are supposed tosay ‘osu’ instead of more formal way to say yes, ‘hai’. They takes special care how to address and pay
respects to other people according to their social standing and seniority. Their leader wears wahuku
or Japanese-style clothing and geta or wooden clogs during various formal occasions such asenrollment ceremony or intercollege sports events. In this presentation paying attention to some casesof ouendans at university level, I would like to focus on these ritualistic aspects of behavior. I will
analyze how they have become current style and why they have to bear the brunt of waves of change
in order to cope with and accommodate wakamono kishitsu or student style of recent generation.

FERNANDO ORTIZ-MOYA (UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM, NINGBO, CHINA)U-TURN AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: THE “BACK TO BASICS” JAPANESE CINEMA
The progressive decline and ageing of rural areas and peripheral cities is an increasing concern forJapanese authorities. Many prefectures, cities and towns are encouraging the younger generations tomove back to rural areas — what is known as the U-‐Turn phenomenon — aiming at revitalising
decaying communities that are now facing an uncertain future. Furthermore, the U-‐Turnphenomenon also has wider cultural and social implications; in many cases, it is rooted on a certain
recovery of traditional values and breaking down assumptions about social expectations.
This paper explores the filmic representation of the U-‐Turn movement in Japanese cinema since the2000s. It examines how U-‐Turn cinema encourages society to return to its origins by emphasising theimportance of nature, traditional food and women in the process. In particular, this paper focuses onfilm-‐texts about young women moving out of cities and returning to their family’s villages — topic
that is addressed by a growing number of recent films, expressly after the Great East Japan Earthquake.
Films like Umi no futa (Lid of the sea, Toyoshima Keisuke, 2015) based on a Banana Yoshimoto’s novel
about a young woman who starts her own kakigori business in a small town, or Riteru Foresuto (Little
forest, Mori Junichi, 2014-‐2015) based on a manga story about a girl who decides to start her new
rural life as a farmer represent this “back to basics” trend. Through our film analysis, we stress that U-‐
Turn Cinema creates a new narrative intended to promote alternative social values. We argue that44

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these and other films claim for a more sustainable life linked up with traditional food and nature,and normally centred on woman characters as the driving force of contemporary societal changes.

MARCO PELLITTERI (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FROM MUSCULAR TO FEMININE, FROM COOL TO KAWAII SHIFTS IN TRENDS, MEANINGS, AND AUDIENCE OF ANIME IN
ITALY IN THE 1990S
This paper discusses a multi-layered change in the supply strategies of anime series on Italian televisionfrom the 1990s, which produced a shift in the audience. A close process also occurred in other
European markets. The result of this dynamic led to a “feminisation” of Japanese animation due to thegenres released.
A first modification can be labelled as “from universal to particular”. When anime first arrived in Italyin the late 1970s, the themes were diverse and addressed to a broad audience, with no gender division.
In the 1980s concerns about the “alienness” of anime led television stations to reduce or to stopbroadcasting adventurous or allegedly violent anime. The series that kept airing were all related toyoung female protagonists. This change can be summarised as “from cool to kawaii”: from adventures
addressed to an audience of kids, to series devoted to an audience of girls.
This transition also concerned music: the songs associated to these series for girls had different
atmospheres and melodies, and contributed to a stereotypical feminisation of the perception of
televised anime as a whole.
The implications of this process have become clear since the late 1990s: (1) a boom of anime for girls
was observed; (2) the releasing in theatres of Japanese anime almost exclusively by Studio Ghibli andthe absence of anime related to science fiction or adventure; (3) the rise of a female readership for
comics, focusing on a suddenly enormous supply of shôjo manga.

YASUO SHIMIZU (DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
JAPANESE RUNNING TABOO
In this presentation, I want to discuss about the taboo of running which is a popular sport in Japan. At
the time of the discussion, In the case of consideration, I referred to the interviews and the newspapers.
The results are as follows.
In marathon world of Japan, It is thought there was dominant that efforts always bring good results.
And, also it has dominated the idea that practice is not betrayed. The quality of practice, the content
of practice, and the rest are taboo for them. As a result they are not able to run the race with themalfunction for overdo the practice, the result does not go out the best performance even as they
were able to run.
Also, in Japan there is a tendency that it is good to run a slow long distance speed. Training burdening
a short distance has been taboo. Also in Japan to run the rough terrain is taboo, as a result of a numberof runners was too ran a paved road, they are suffering a malfunction.

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Though running is individual sports, running team cherish the harmony. Behavior of thinking of theindividual is condemned and taboo. However, recently, runners who run in the individual in his
intention came out. They are a Fujiwara, Kawauchi.
However, Japan Association of Athletics Federations is not favorable to their activities. However, astaboo is no longer that at the time of the sport do not drink the water, it will no longer be these taboo.
YVONNE SIEMANN (UNIVERSITY OF LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND)UNDOKAI IN THE JAPANESE DIASPORA: THE EXAMPLE OF BOLIVIAN NIKKEI
Organized Japanese migration to Bolivia (1954-1966) resulted in the foundation of two agriculturalcolonies in Santa Cruz department: Colonia Okinawa and San Juan with today 800 descendants each.
Additionally, around 800 Japanese descendants (Nikkei) live in the nearby city of Santa Cruz, most ofthem being still able to speak Japanese. Furthermore, a small Nikkei community lives in the capital La
Paz. Originating from humble families, they are often wealthy and have an excellent reputation among
non-Nikkei Bolivians.
A popular event for Bolivian Nikkei is sports day (undokai), usually held on a Saturday in July or August.
The whole community is involved from small children to the elderly. As in Japan, two teams compete
against each other in different disciplines, but also engage in dances, games and socializing.
What does undokai mean for their identity construction as Bolivian Nikkei and which values arepropagated through this event in the diaspora?
I argue that undokai is not only an important moment in a surrounding where the individual Nikkei’s
identification with Japanese culture is becoming voluntary. Because of emotional and practical reasons
it is also used to reconnect to Japan via Japanese representatives. Furthermore, community members
do not only propagate specific gender roles via undokai, but they also transmit a set of values to keep
the colonies’ ‘pioneering spirit’ and to cultivate ‘good Japanese Bolivians’. In the context of diaspora,such values are also used to distance themselves from non-Nikkei Bolivians.
The one-year field research was conducted in Bolivia in 2013/2014.

KAMILA SOSNOWSKA (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
THE FACES OF KAWAII - AN AESTHETICAL TREND, A SOCIAL DEVICE AND GLOBALISED CULTURE
The Japanese phenomenon kawaii is neither new nor traditionally Japanese; as a display oftransnational globalised culture it has its roots in both traditional Japanese aesthetics and Westerninspirations. As a vivid and significant part of the ever growing Cool Japan plethora of cultural factors,
kawaii has long ago crossed the Japanese borders and made its way to Asia, Europe and Americas.
It as fascinating as hard to define a phenomenon. In my paper I will present the possible ways ofreading and researching kawaii. Firstly I would like to present kawaii as the omnipresent aestheticalstyle of accessorising the everyday life, both in private and public spheres. Secondly, there will bekawaii as a social device linked with immaturity and tendency to soften the edges of everyday
encounters and social relations. Finally, I will talk about kawaii as a globalised cultural phenomenon

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linked with politics and soft power. I will also briefly touch on roots of kawaii and its many
contemporary forms.

CELIA SPODEN (DÜSSELDORF UNIVERSITY, GERMANY)DIFFERING APPROACHES TO TERMINAL CARE FOR PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA IN A JAPANESE AND A GERMAN NURSINGHOME

In 2006 the National Association of Group Homes for People with Dementia in Japan conducted asurvey, which showed that 63 percent of relatives wish for their demented family member to receive
terminal care in an elderly care facility rather than in the medical surroundings of a hospital. This showsa recent trend to bring death out of the hospital and back into society again. Nevertheless, in 201178.5 percent of all deaths in Japan occurred in hospitals and clinics, whereas only 5.5 percent of the
population died in a nursing home (Statistics Bureau Japan 2012). Drawing on qualitative data, I will
present how a Japanese and a German group home developed different approaches to deal withcomplex situations in terminal care. Due to the cognitive decline in people with dementia, the moststruggling part for the caregivers and the family is to identify what is in the best interest of the resident
or relative. For example, one important question they are facing is whether to start or continue
intravenous drip infusions or not. Depending on the underlying concept of care, these facilities
established structures to handle such situations. As I will show, these structures differ regarding thedegree of standardization and institutional professionalization. Concluding, I will summarize theadvantages and disadvantages of the varying approaches and what can be learned from them.

ANA SUEYOSHI (UTSUNOMIYA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
SECOND GENERATION OF SOUTH AMERICANS IN THE JAPANESE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND THEIR ACADEMICPERFORMANCE
After 25 years of the so-called “return” migration of South Americans of Japanese origin to Japan, thereis evidence of improvement in academic achievement amongst the second generation of Brazilians
and Peruvians in Japan. High-school continuation and higher-education enrollment rates have showna positive trend in the last decade for both groups, whose rates also differ considerably from eachother. Unfortunately, that evidence is the result of surveys conducted at, either local or regional level,
and therefore results cannot be generalized and applied to all young South Americans in Japan.
Once associated with high levels of school absenteeism and dropout rates, and low education
continuance rate, nowadays is not so uncommon to observe a group of conspicuous achievers amongst
the second generation of South Americans in Japan. Globalization and demographics, two key issues
in the changing Japanese society, set the background for their better performance, and therefore
better accommodation in the Japanese educational system.
This paper attempts to analyze how these two key issues in contemporary Japanese society has
affected better accommodation of the second generation of South Americans in the Japanese
education system by assessing the entrance examination process at Japanese universities. This
exploratory work will be based on interviews to Latin American students who have studied or who are
currently studying at Japanese universities in the Kanto and Tokai areas.

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ANNA VAINIO (TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
UN-PAUSING COMMUNITIES IN TOHOKU: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RECOVERY AND THE FUTURE BY GRASSROOTSACTORSThis research represents a timely investigation into the recovery of Tohoku at a point when physicalrecovery is nearing completion and 'un-‐pausing' of community life is imminent. The paper presents
data collected from three disaster struck communities in Tohoku, using a narrative approach to collect
stories from long-‐term residents, new migrants and organisations engaged in recovery activities. They
were asked to imagine their own futures and that of their communities, and to what degree the current
recovery is helping them realise and construct these futures. The narratives revealed that while on thesurface these different actors shared similarities in terms of desired tangible outcomes, the utility andvalue of these outcomes were evaluated strikingly differently. For example, what does the community
need a bigger population for? To induce change, or preserve the past?
Social constructionism has enabled us to understand disasters within the context of the everyday social,political and economic structures, and how vulnerabilities and resilience among different groups havedeveloped within the framework of social justice. Using social constructionist theory, this study makes
a contribution to its development and utilisation within the field of disaster research. By applying thetheory to understand how people construct the future expands the reach of social constructionism
from a retrospective exercise of explaining outcomes, to a prospective one explaining the realm of theunknown, with action-‐oriented applications. In the context of this research, applying social
constructionism to the imaginations of the future can help assess the long-‐term sustainability of andsatisfaction toward current recovery efforts; and take a critical look at the accepted truths about thevalue this recovery is supposed to create.
DELPHINE VOMSCHEID (ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES, JAPAN)
ZASHIKI: THE ESSENCE OF THE JAPANESE DWELLING?
Lately, contemporary architecture, especially housing, has been globalized. Japanese dwelling is no
exception. Nevertheless, a lot of modern and contemporary Japanese houses contain a “Japaneseroom”, called “washitsu”, in opposition to “Western room” called “yōshitsu”. The washitsu often
presents the characteristic of a simplified form of a reception room for guests of the shoin-zukuri style,which is called zashiki. This room was originally ornamented with a tokonoma, chigaidana, tsukeshoin,
and chōdai gamae, a set of decorative items called zashiki kazari, which was developed during Middle
Ages. From early modern period, all warriors’ houses, regardless of status, contained a more or lessrefined zashiki reception room. The shoin-zukuri style quickly influenced the Edo period Japanesedwelling of all classes, and zashiki were built in urban machiya or in rural nōka. The room became the“beautiful room” of the house and the common feature of all classes of society. Through the modern
and contemporary era, along with the influence of the Western way of life, the Japanese housechanged, the use of tatami gradually disappeared and more and more Western style reception rooms
were built. Nowadays, in spite of drastic changes in Japanese dwelling, zashiki rooms are still built andare called washitsu. Thus, we could say that the “Japanese room” embodies the Japanese culture. In
this paper, we would like to understand why and how the architecture of the warriors has influenced
so deeply the Japanese dwelling, and how the zashiki features became the core of Japanese domestic
architecture.

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BOJANA YAMAMOTO-PAVLASEVIC (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
CHILD-CENTRISM IN JAPANThe modern family both in the East and in the West is characterized by the parentsʼ wholehearted andlimitless commitment to their childrenʼs needs (Ochiai 2004). In the “child-centric” family life, parentsʼ
present and future lifestyles are completely dedicated to that of the child and childrearing. Childcentrism is, thus, a value system that requires parents attaching the greatest importance to therelationship with their child, which often leads to marginalization of their marital relationship.
The family life in Japan has never seized to be centered around the child, which suggests that there
might be something cultural supporting the normʼs influence̶ something intrinsic to Japan or East Asia.
However, even after the confrontation with feminism and the departure from the post-war family
ideals inspired expectations of its demise, today we see the families in post-industrial countries in theWest experiencing the reappearance of child- centrism (Badinter 2011). In other words, while Japanesesociety continues to reproduce child-centrism in family life, the Western countries are reinventing it,
which is reflected in the new ways of distinguishing “good” from “bad” mothers, or the norms
reinforcing the so- called “ecological” motherhood (Badinter 2011). This study attempts to contributeto the deeper understanding of child-centrism as a global phenomenon of a persistent nature throughan in-depth analysis of its contemporary forms and mechanisms of reproduction in Japanese families.
Badinter, Elisabeth
2011 The Conflict: How Modern Motherhood Undermines the Status of Women. Translated by Adriana
Hunter. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Ochiai Emiko
2004 Niju isseiki kazoku e: kazoku no sengo taisei no mikata, koekata (Towards the family in the 21st
century: a way to understand and overcome the post-war family system). 3rd ed. Tokyo: Yuhikaku.

KAYO YOSHIDA (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
ENGENDERING “CHEER UP!”: CHANGE OF WOMEN’S ROLE IN THE JAPANESE COLLEGE CHEERLEADING GROUPSIn this presentation, I explore how women’s role have changed in Japanese sports culture by paying a
special attention to Japanese college cheerleading groups, ouendan. Ouendan is not only one of theextracurricular activities but also is a voluntary associations with traditional ritual and unique customs.
Since many of these rules are highly strict and male-biased, it tends to be regarded as male-dominant,conservative groups. One example might be suffice to illustrate this point. For example, any women
do not allow to touch a group flag or danki due to its symbolic importance. However, since 1960s agreat number of female students have begun to take part in ouendan from varieties of reasons. At first,
they participated as a caretaker status from assisting men's activities to keep records and clean up
rooms and so on. Gradually, they have come to establish female cheerleading section of ouendan,
which has mostly American style of female cheerleading, along with male cheerleading (traditional
male dominant Japanese style ouendan) and brass band section. On the other hand a small number offemale students have chosen to take place and act as male- or ouendan -style cheerleading. The latteralso play an important, sometimes central role in continuing and managing ouendan today. This

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Interdisciplinarypresentation analyze how women have taken part in ouendan and established themselves by tracing
its history from gender's point of view. I also would like to show how they negotiate gender role andcreate new images of women.

Panel: Mapping Trends, Mapping Identities: Material Cultural Exchange
Between Japan and its Neighbours
Chair: Jennifer Coates (Kyoto University, Japan)
How are national identities produced? This panel analyses a series of material cultural exchanges
between Japan and the wider world from an interdisciplinary perspective with broad historical scope
to understand how today’s Japan has come to define itself.
Study of material cultures challenges dominant historical narratives. Mapping the trade routes throughwhich textiles arrived in seventeenth century Japan, we can see that Japan’s ‘closed country’ period(sakoku) was not in fact as closed as we may have believed. Not only did materials from other countries
enter Japan, but they came to influence aesthetics now understood as ‘Japanese.’
Examining cultural exchange can also tell us how a nation wishes to be understood by outsiders.
Studying the reception of Puccini’s opera Madame Butterfly in Japan since 1904, we can see how an
outsider’s view of a nation can become part of a national identity. Such depictions then influence
attitudes to international communication.
Finally, enforced material cultural exchange under censorship and occupation sheds new light on how
imported trends are adopted and debated. In Japanese cinema during the first decade after occupation(1952-1962), American trends in fashion and behaviour became part of a visual language used tonegotiate postwar Japan’s position in the global sphere.
The examination of material cultural exchange between Japan and the wider world proposed in thispanel will open up our understanding of how ‘Japanese’ values and aesthetics are constructed. Whilenational borders rarely impede the exchange of material culture, such exchanges can reflexively
strengthen national identities predicated on ideas of cultural difference.

IKUKO WADA (OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
DESIGNING NATIONAL AESTHETICS: SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TEXTILE TRADE BETWEEN JAPAN AND INDIA
While trade always involves the transfer of humans and commodities, the latter usually reach farther
distances more easily than the former. Focusing on the route by which a particular article is transferred,
we sometimes find an unexpected connection between places separated by great distances andpolitical contexts. An example of such a connection is found in the relation of India and Japan, if we
focus on textiles exported from South India in the early modern era.
In the early seventeenth century, the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted policies restricting contact
between foreign and Japanese people. For about two hundred years, the Japanese were not allowed
to go abroad and a very limited number of people were admitted to Japan from overseas. Still, trade
continued, though under the strict control of the authorities. Among the most popular commodities

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imported to Japan in this period were textiles made in India, brought to Japan by the Dutch East India
Company.
Tracing the route of textiles from the Indian Subcontinent to Tokugawa Japan not only challenges thedominant historical narrative of sakoku, but also reveals global influences on Japan’s ‘traditional’
aesthetics. As Japanese textile producers imitated the popular designs and colours of traded materials,
and these patterns were immortalized in ukiyo-e woodblock prints, Indian designs became known as
typically Japanese. Even during Japan’s period of isolation, influence from overseas permeated throughthe exchange of material goods, demonstrating the hybrid nature of national cultural production.

KATSURA KOISHI (KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
CHO-CHO SAN NO KIBŌ: CONSIDERING JAPAN’S HOPEFUL ATTITUDES TO INTERNATIONAL ENCOUNTER
Cultural products that cross multiple borders offer rich material for the study of international influenceon material culture. Why do hybrid productions often appeal to particular national audiences? Whatkinds of influence do imported texts bring to host countries?
Madame Butterfly is an Italian opera set in the port town of Nagasaki between 1860-1870, where ourheroine Cho-cho-san meets American naval officer Pinkerton. The opera was first staged in 1904,
mirroring the Westernization and the growing popularity of Western classical music culture in Japan
at the time. In performances in both Japan and in Europe, concepts of ‘authenticity’ and fidelity to
Puccini’s original text surround decisions to cast Japanese sopranos and directors, and the historicalaccuracy of costuming. ‘Authenticity’ is an interesting phenomenon considering the deep cultural anddifferences to which the narrative draws our attention, as well as the question of differing degrees ofnational power.
The relationship between Japan and America, which Italian Puccini imagined from a European
perspective, in many respects foretold the events of half a century later, as occupation policy reformed
Japan in the wake of WWII. Considering the continuing popularity of Madame Butterfly in Japan in thislight, we must question what hope Cho-cho-san offers a Japanese audience? What do we superimpose
onto her performance and characterization? This paper considers Madame Butterfly from theperspective of a Japanese longing for Europe in the form of cultural aspiration, a timely considerationin the context of today’s proliferation of cross-cultural remakes of popular texts.

JENNIFER COATES (KYOTO UNIVERSITY)
IMPORTED TRENDS ON JAPANESE BODIES: AMERICAN AESTHETICS IN POSTWAR JAPANESE CINEMA
The Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) saw the nation occupied for the first time by foreign
influence. The large number of American servicemen involved brought with them a mass of material
culture unrivalled even by the influx of Anglo-European trends in the interwar period. From luxury
goods traded for favours, to the clandestine exchange of materials for black-market sale, the early
postwar years saw a flurry of imported trends and materials from the U.S. As the occupation stabilized,
soldiers brought over American family members who contributed to this exchange of products,
fashions, and behaviours.
On the Japanese screen however, American influence was not visible until after the occupation due tostrict censorship. This paper explores the use of imported American aesthetics in style and manner inJapanese cinema made in the first decade after occupation to understand how imported trends came51

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into everyday Japanese life through the studio and star systems. Analysing the diverse values
attributed to Japanese or American style reveals how imported trends became part of a visual languagethat articulated postwar Japan as modern and desirable, and at the same time traditional and modest.
The flow of material cultures between nations creates a hybrid aesthetic, and at the same time
incorporates that aesthetic into a value system that aims to explain a nation to itself. The meanings
made from the imported trends visible on the Japanese screen after 1952 depict a nation struggling todetermine a new postwar identity through enforced material cultural exchange.

Panel: Staying Hopeful in the Periphery: Multiple Marginalization in Rural
Japan
Chair: Hisako Omori (Akita International University, Japan)
Hope can prove elusive for those living in the margins of rural Japanese society. Yet many individuals
and groups manage to remain resilient despite what amounts to multiple marginalization: excluded
geographically and geopolitically from the country's centre, they are then re-marginalized within the
microcosm of rural society.
This panel addresses three concrete instances of multiple marginalization in rural Japan. CHIKAKONAGAYAMA explores the image of rural childhood projected onto the primitive female other performed
by Yamaguchi Yoshiko (a.k.a. Li Xianglan) in the Shōchiku Manchuria Film Association film set in Taiwan,
Sayon's Bell. Nagayama critically examines the meaning of hope for the marginalized during theJapanese Empire's total mobilization. SEAN O’REILLY analyzes one unusual filmic depiction of Zatoichi,
the fictional blind swordsman whose disability-fueled marginality and penchant for wandering in Japan's periphery captured the imagination of an entire postwar generation, becoming a comforting symbolof hope and overcoming disability despite being himself rejected from the blind community. And
HISAKO OMORI examines the peripheral status of a rural Catholic Marian apparition site which, whilelargely unknown in Japan, was chosen to be one of ten representative Marian shrines in the world in
2013. Located in remote Northern Japan, Our Lady of Akita provides hope for many oversea pilgrims
who visit the site. By examining the ways in which communities or individuals are excluded, and thenreintegrated into a larger whole through various forms of hope, the panel as a whole addresses theissue of power in Japan from a transnational perspective.

CHIKAKO NAGAYAMA (AKITA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
COLONIAL INTERPRETATIONS OF AN ABORIGINAL GIRL 'S LIFE AND DEATH
This paper will explore various sentiments - such as hope, longing and nostalgia - and the positioningof marginality in different interpretations of the Taiwanese aboriginal girl Sayun Hayun's life and death
during the period of the Japanese Empire's total mobilization. Sayun's name became known across theempire's territories when Yamaguchi Yoshiko (a.k.a. Li Xianglan) played her character in the ShochikuManchuria Film Association production, Sayon's Bell (Sayon no kane, dir. Shimizu Hiroshi, 1943).
Sponsored by the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan, the film is based on the accidental deathof Sayun in her home village of Riohen. She was thought to have drowned during a typhoon when52

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carrying the luggage of her Japanese schoolteacher summoned to serve in the military in 1938. Turning
her death into a patriotic sacrifice, the Japanese authority erected a monument to her and renamed
the village as Kanegaoka ('the Hill of the Bell '). The song about her, 'Sayon no kane' sang by Watanabe
Hamako, was released and became popular in 1941.
The paper will first critically examine the meaning of hope for the aborigines manifested by Sayun 's
sacrificial death at a time of imperial assimilation (kōminka); next, it will discuss the song's longing forthe late girl juxtaposed with rural scenery; and lastly, it will analyze the exotic landscape and nostalgia
in the film 's depiction of Sayun, local children and their teacher. Through this comparative analysis,
the paper will articulate emotions and temporality implicated in the concept of hope.

SEAN O’REILLY (AKITA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FIGHTING BLIND: ZATOICHI AS A SYMBOL OF HOPE FOR THE MARGINALIZED IN JAPANESE HISTORY
Few figures have captured the imagination of a generation as thoroughly as Zatoichi for postwar Japan.
But how has this extraordinary figure- a product of postwar anxieties affected contemporary
perceptions of the margins of nineteenth-century society? In particular, the widely held notion thatloss of sight provides desirable abilities in compensation likely helped assuage societal guilt over thesystematic marginalization of groups like the disabled. l analyze Zatochi's portrayal in the eponymous
film series, in particular the thirteenth film, Zatoichi's Vengeance, to argue that fascination with suchwarriors in Japan's popular culture has blinded many to the realities of the marginalizing experience ofimpairment. Zatoichi's lethal skill compounds his marginalization- already excluded from the world of
the sighted, he is al so rejected by the blind community, shown to be idyllic and nonviolent.
Extraordinary abilities are a curse, dooming him to remain forever a rootless 'wandering yakuza' hero,
yet hope remains: he is symbolically accepted by the blind community in the end.
As both benevolent protector and fearsome killer, Zatoichi is the fulfillment of both facets ofmarginalization: he has overcome his impairment and appears innocuous and happy, but he could
potentially seek vengeance against society, and all who marginalize him. Zatoichi's exceptionalism
hides from our sight more ordinary experiences of living on the margins; by studying how he has been
depicted, 1 explore the intimate relationship between popular culture and perceptions of themarginalized in Japan.

HISAKO OMORI (AKITA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)"THERE IS SOMETHING ABOUT MARY": THE GLOBAL PROMINENCE AND LOCAL MARGINALIZATION OF THE MARIANAPPARITION IN AKITA
Stories of Marian apparitions are often unwelcomed by the church authorities. Their claims tosupernatural providence, uncertainties as to whether the delivered messages conform to the doctrinalcorrectness of the church, and the need to evaluate spiritual prowess of visionaries-all these elements
contribute to a source of headache to the local church officials. Local bishops are entrusted with theauthority to place a stamp of approval by judging whether the apparition is of supernatural origin. The
story of Our Lady of Akita is no exception.

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Situated in remote northern Japan, the shrine has also had a rather peripheral place within the historyof the Japanese Roman Catholic Church. The statue of Mary in the shrine reportedly shed tears andblood from 1973 to 1981. The authenticity of the Marian apparition in Akita, however, was initiallyapproved, then rejected, a process which left the faithful in Japan with the lasting impression that
there is something about Mary in Akita that is not to their bishops' liking. This stagnant condition cameto an end in 2013, when the Akita shrine was chosen by Rome as one of only ten pilgrimage sites
worldwide celebrated for devotion to Mary.
This paper situates the Marian shrine in Akita at a crossroads of Christianized parts of Asia and nonChristian Japan. By closely tracing the status of the shrine in Akita, this paper illustrates tensions andnegotiations between the local and global authorities over a small Catholic shrine in the periphery ofJapan.

Panel: Film, Journal and the Japanese Empire: Imagining the Other and the
Self in the 20th century
Chair: Fei Chen (University of Tokyo, Japan)
The first half of 20th century has witnessed the emergence of unprecedentedly close ties between
different parts of East Asia. Regions, willing or unwillingly, were brought together by the Japanese
Empire. This process introduces to people the Others which had only existed in their wildest dream.
An increased knowledge and experience of the region triggers an imagination of the Other on the one
hand, and offers a reflective gaze on the Self on the other.
Jihye Chung’s research examines the Japanese imagination of Zainichi Koreans in Japanese non-fiction
films in early postwar period, which reveals a bitter struggle among the Japanese for remembering themilitarist past. Le Wang’s study explores how Manchukuo is produced by the constant negotiation
between the Japanese and the colonized Chinese over its meaning in Japanese films made between
1932 and 1945. Fei Chen’s research investigates the geographical narrative of Yunnan in a journal
edited by the Chinese students studying in Meiji Japan, whose extra-territorial experience offers thema self-reflective insight to rediscover their place of origin.

JIHYE CHUNG (UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO)
THE IMAGINATION OF KOREANS IN MOVING IMAGES IN EARLY POSTWAR JAPANThis study examines the representation of Zainichi Koreans in non-fiction films in early postwar Japan.
It seeks answers to the following questions: What are the images of Koreans in the Japanese cinema?
Who produced those images? And for what purpose? How were these images received and consumed
in Japan?
These questions are important as they shed light on the problem of “forgetfulness” that haunted
postwar Japan for more than half a century. Carol Gluck wisely points out that Japan has struggled toreconstruct its past in a positive light in the postwar period. In this process, Zainichi Koreans were54

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largely forgotten and excluded from Japan’s “national memory” in the form of history textbooks andmuseums, etc.
This study relies on documentary films and newsreels to explore the representation of Zainichi Koreansin early postwar Japan. It compares two film narrative of Zainichi Koreans’ educational problems:
Nihon news (1945-), a newsreel, offers a one-sided view of the Korean problem without considering it
also a “Japanese” problem; Children of Korea (1955), a Japanese documentary film, narrated the bitter
stories of Zainichi Koreans who suffered from the discrimination and oppression from the Japanese.
The comparison is aimed at finding out how the Japanese experienced and memorized Zainichi Koreansin early postwar Japan and how journalists and film makers tried to “cure” the Japanese amnesia of its
colonial past.

LE WANG (UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO)
NEGOTIATION BETWEEN PROPAGANDA AND ENTERTAINMENT: THE IMAGINATION OF MANCHUKUO IN “NATIONAL
POLICY FILMS”
Where is Manchukuo? How did Japanese immigrants live together with local people in Manchukuo?
How did the local people deal with the presence of Japanese immigrants? How did Japaneseimmigrants and local people perceive the relationship between Japan and Manchukuo as well as thatbetween Japanese and Chinese?
A study of the representation of Manchukuo and its people in the national films made by the Japanesein 1932-1945 and shown in rural Manchukuo offers an insight into these questions. This researchanalyses the data from internal publications of the Manchukuo government, PR magazines, Manshu
Eiga, published by the Manchurian Film Association, as well as video copies made from actual films.
This research argues that Manchukuo is produced by the constant negotiation between the Chineseaudience in the rural Manchukuo and Japan’s propaganda scheme. I want to examine the agenda
behind Manchukuo’s “National Policy Films”. I would also like to explore how the bottom-up dynamics
contributed to the indigenization of Japanese imagination of Manchukuo.

FEI CHEN (UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO)
LOCATING YUNNAN IN THE QING EMPIRE AND ASIA: THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION OF CHINESE PROVINCESAMONG THE CHINESE STUDENTS IN JAPAN, 1906-1911
Where is Yunnan Province? How has the environment in Yunnan Province shaped people there? Howshould Yunnan Province handle its geopolitical crisis incurred by the French colonization of Vietnam
and the expansion of British presence in Tibet?
These questions were discussed in issues of a journal, named Yunnan, which was edited by the Chinese
students studying in Meiji Japan between 1906 and 1911. Many existing studies have used Yunnan toinvestigate how Chinese students’ experience in Japan revolutionized them and facilitated theemergence of the ethnic nationalism among them. What has received less attention is the regionalist
agenda in these journals.

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Yunnan was edited by students from Yunnan Province. As its name indicates, the journal dealt with
province-specific topics. Each of its issues had a section devoted to the geographical knowledge of aprovince. Deviating from the state-directed geographical narratives in gazetteers, which emphasized
the connection between locality and the central government, Yunnan was aimed at representing theuniqueness of Yunnan Province. Yunnan’s geographical narratives served to build the geographicalfoundation for provincial autonomy, one of the journal’s ultimate pursuits.
This research uses the case of Yunnan to examine how Chinese students’ experiences of geographicaldeterminism in Japan helped them to form a new geographical understanding of a Chinese province.
In particular, this research explores the representation of Yunnan Province in five aspects: climate,location, natural resources, race, and geopolitical significance.

Panel: Imagined Landscapes and Boundaries: Negotiating Cultural Geography
through Film
Chair: Anastasia Fedorova (Hokkaido University, Japan)
Extant scholarship has argued for a special role played by the “memory of place” and the multi-layeredfunction of metaphorically loaded “place names” in Japanese literature. This panel aims to further
explore the relationship between imagined geography and cultural identity in modern Japan.
Approaching the topic from diverse methodological and theoretical angles this panel investigates how“Japan” as a geographic space has been visually constructed through the medium of film. Being a
powerful political tool for creating imagined landscapes and constructing new national identities
cinema played an essential role in creating Japan’s self image. Exploring both narrative anddocumentary films, this panel considers various cultural and political functions assigned to Kyoto(ancient capital), Tokyo (the economic and cultural center of contemporary Japan) and Sakhalin(northern periphery). By looking at these three visually contrasting geographic locations the panel
attempts to attain a broader and more diverse outlook on the cinematic mapping of territory in postMeiji Japan. We will consider how the dichotomies of urban and rural, masculine and feminine, nativeand foreign are emphasized by the cinematic visualization of culturally and historically important
places. By addressing Japanese films from different historical era, as well as films produced by nonJapanese filmmakers, the panel also looks into the question of visualizing internal and external gaze.
Ultimately, the panel will reveal how images of landscape are used to create boundaries and to
distinguish between self and other, as well as to unite the people and create a shared memory of place.

HIRONORI ITOH (KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE EXPRESSWAY AND THE SHINKANSEN: IMAGES OF TOKYO IN THE FILMS OF OZU, WENDERS, AND KIAROSTAMI
The purpose of this research was to examine the continuities and discontinuities between the imagesof Tokyo as seen in films of Yasujiro Ozu, Wim Wenders, and Abbas Kiarostami. Ozu was particular
about depicting Tokyo as it was before and after the war. He made five films whose titles included theword “Tokyo”: Tokyo Chorus (1931), Woman of Tokyo (1933), An Inn in Tokyo (1935), Tokyo Story

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Interdisciplinary(1953), and Tokyo Twilight (1957). Ozu depicted famous buildings like the Tokyo Station, Tokyo Tower,
the National Diet Building, Holy Resurrection Cathedral (Nikorai-do), Senju Thermal Power Station, andothers. However, these buildings do not bring out the true spirit of the city, as they merely depict the
ambiguity of stereotyped images. In their own films set in Tokyo, Wim Wenders and Abbas Kiarostami
each pay homage to this ambiguity of Ozu’s cinematic language.
Examining the differences between Ozu and the other two directors, I consider the fact that the first
Expressway in Japan opened in 1963 and the Shinkansen in 1964. Because Ozu died in 1963, they do
not appear in his work, but the Expressway and the Shinkansen dramatically changed the concept oftime in the city, something Wenders and Kiarostami reflect in their films. In this presentation, I examine
the similarities and differences in the three directors’ works, focusing on Wenders’s Tokyo-Ga (1985)
and Notebook on Cities and Clothes (1989), and Kiarostami’s Like Someone in Love (2012), all of which
are set in Tokyo.

MARI SUGAWA (NARA PREFECTURAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE STRUGGLE OF FEMALE INDEPENDENCE IN POSTWAR KYOTO CINEMA
This proposal focuses on the representation of Kyoto, Japan’s capital during the 1950s. Historically,
Kyoto films have been predominantly about male protagonists – for example, Jidaigeki, or costumed
Samurai films – so that female films shot in Kyoto are usually recognized as exceptional. When heroines
appear in Kyoto films, they typically try to escape the male-dominated society. Thus, Kyoto can be seenas the site of representation of traditional Japanese conventions. In this presentation, I will examine
how the figure of Kyoto functions in Kozaburo Yoshimura’s films.
Yoshimura was renowned for his portrayals of women and cityscapes in Kyoto. He made four films as
part of the Kyo-Onna series in the 1950s. This presentation focuses on the third work, Yoru No Kawa
(1956), which is also the Yoshimura’s first color film, and portrays a heroine who works as a dyer inmale society. Yoru No Kawa shows the resistance of Kyo-Onna against the patriarchy by using thewaterscapes of Kyoto, such as the Kamo River.
The first work in the Kyo-Onna series, Itsuwareru Seiso (1951), pays homage to Sisters of the Gion
(1936), a prewar film by Kenji Mizoguchi. Sisters of the Gion is likely the inspiration for postwar geisha
films, in which Mizoguchi portrays a heroine who suffers having to make money for other men.
Yoshimura follows the suffering of his female protagonists using the dynamic cityscape of Kyoto. By
comparing Itsuwareru Seiso and Yoru No Kawa, I show how the female struggle against conventions in
Kyoto functioned as a theme in this area of Japanese film.

ANASTASIA FEDOROVA (HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
DOCUMENTING THE BORDER: IMPERIAL JAPANESE CINEMA AND ITS DEPICTION OF SAKHALIN (KARAFUTO)
From the early 1920s Japanese cinema played an essential role in visually defining the country’s
cultural, ideological and geographic boundaries. An important place in Japan’s political iconography
was given to the island of Sakhalin (Karafuto) situated farther up north from Hokkaido. The remotenorthern island signified the extent of Japan’s colonial expansion, acting as the symbol of its successful57Interdisciplinary

advances to the North. After the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) the island of Sakhalin was divided
between the two countries along the 50th parallel north, becoming the first terrestrial border Japan
had ever possessed. The island of Sakhalin and its direct proximity with Russia symbolized a new stage
in the history of Japan – it was now entering a league of European nations, which all were bordering
each other on a contiguous stretch of land. How was this new geopolitical status represented inJapanese cinema? This paper will consider this question by closely examining the depiction of Sakhalinin both Japanese and Soviet cinema. Japanese cinematographers’ depiction of the northern periphery– their look on Japan from its newly acquired Northern border – will help us reveal how the country’s“center” – i.e. its cultural essenсe of “Japaneseness” was framed. By adopting a comparative approachand considering the representation of Sakhalin in two ideologically disparate national cinemas, thispaper will aim to uncover the narrative and stylistic idiosyncrasies present in prewar and wartime
Japanese cinema.

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Language and Linguistics Section
Section Convenor: Anna Bordilovskaya (Rikkyo University, Japan)

ANNA BORDILOVSKAYA (RIKKYO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FOREIGN CULTURE FRAME IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE: A CORPUS-BASED CASE STUDY OF LOANWORD MODIFIERS
There are 3 major etymological strata of Contemporary Japanese lexicon: native, Sino-Japanese, andforeign (2). The differentiation between modifiers (LMs) of different origin is challenging, because mostLMs are not used to fill lexical gaps.
To determine constraints on use of LMs, we suggest that Contemporary Japanese, as a result of culturalcontact, developed FOREIGN CULTURE FRAME (FCF). Frame approach is used “to describe differencesthat appear to be defined on social rather than conceptual level...Communities are defined by thesocial activities that bind the members together” (1).
We propose a model of FCF implying that along with borrowing nouns for phenomena introduced fromforeign cultures, Japanese also borrows modifiers as an inventory for the description of qualities offoreign phenomena. Thus, foreign phenomena qualities are contrasted with qualities of Japanesecultural phenomena. The difference between foreign and native qualities is especially salient in thedescription of physical qualities, such as color, size, etc.
The existence of FCF gives new perspective on use of LMs. Therefore, LMs are not competing withnative or Sino-Japanese modifiers, but are “profiled … against a different frame” (1). The difference inframes of LMs and other modifiers is reflected in their collocations.
Present case study investigates collocation patterns of LMs based on Balanced Corpus ofContemporary Written Japanese (3). We analyzed origin and meanings of LMS + nouns collocations.
Our findings demonstrate that LMs were mostly used to modify loanword nouns. Secondly, LMs
collocate with nouns referring to the phenomena new to Japanese culture.
References:
1. Croft, W., & Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Irwin, M. (2011). Loanwords in Japanese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
3. Balance Corpus of Contemporary Japanese http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/english/products/bccwj/

JULIE BROCK (KYOTO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAPAN)
HOW TO TRANSLATE A POEM "POETICALLY" OR "THE MEANING OF THE MEANING"– THE EXAMPLE OF A WAKA OF THE MAN'YŌSHŪ (BOOK 9, N°1778) –In this communication, we will think about the way to translate a love poem of the Man'yôshû as apoem. Our presentation will consist of two parts: the first one in order to analyze the poem from thelinguistic point of view, the second one in order to discover the fundamental inflection in which the59Language and Linguistics

poetic phenomenon occurs. We will place our approach in the axis developed by Henri Meschonnic in
his Poetics of translation. In this book, Meschonnic refers to Emile Benveniste's works for setting atheory based on the Heraclitan notion of rhythm, definition which is very different from the definition
that, since Plato, rhetoricians, linguists, philosophers and translators generally accepted. Showing that
Meschonnic opens a perspective for a translation really "poetic", we will verify that a dynamic ofthought is at work in the poetic composition. According to Meschonnic, this dynamic is a force of
movement, that is to say a "rhythm" inscribed into the composition. In this acception, the "rhythm" ofthe poem means both as its "orality" and "subjective truth". It is to discover this truth, this subjectivity
and this orality that we will attempt through the analysis of our poem. The challenge will be to prove,at one hand, that exists, in the infinite universe that deploys itself between the words of the poem, atemporality of poetic composition, and at the second hand, that this temporality works as a dynamicthat justifies both the existence of the poem and our attempt to a "poetic" translation.
BLANCHE SYLVIE DELABORDE (INALCO, FRANCE)THE EXPRESSIVE AND NARRATIVE POWER OF GRAPHIC ONOMATOPOEIA IN JAPANESE COMICS: THE EXAMPLE OFBONOBONO (1986-TODAY)
One striking feature of the Japanese language is the existence of a very large lexicon of onomatopoeia,
which include sound miming words (giongo) as well as words miming emotions, sensations or external
phenomena (gitaigo and gijōgo). It is well known that these onomatopoeia are massively present inmangas and it is commonplace to point out that they have a double status as both words and pictures.
Indeed, being mainly hand-written, graphic onomatopoeia in mangas draw their expressive powerfrom the combination of their visual features and the wide range of their linguistic meanings. However,
the implications of this complex nature are rarely, if ever, addressed in detail.
The aim of this talk is to go beyond the simple dichotomy between written words and pictures and to
examine how onomatopoeia are organically integrated into the semiotic and poetic system of mangas.
Specifically, by drawing upon the fields of manga studies, linguistics and semiotics, I will discuss how
graphic onomatopoeia interact with other manga components like drawings, visual symbols or otherwritten words like dialogues or the author’s comments, both on a micro- and on a macro-level. To thisend, I will focus on the example of the popular four-panel comic strip Bonobono, by Igarashi Mikio. I
will seek to illustrate how despite their understated appearance, the onomatopoeia play a key role inthe construction of the narration and in the humour of Bonobono’s fictional world.

JUNKO HAYASHI (UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, JAPAN)
THE TYPES OF INTENTIONAL INTERROGATIVES IN MODERN JAPANESE LANGUAGE
Background: Modern Japanese language has two types of intentional forms for a verb: ‘shiyou’ and‘suru’. Until these were developed at approximately the end of the Muromachi period, there had been
only one intentional form, ‘semu’. As a matter of course, the increase in intentional forms leads to the
production of two patterns of intentional interrogative sentences, ‘shiyou-ka’ and ‘suru-ka’, both ofwhich consist of an intentional form and the ending particle ‘ka’. Although they seem to be parallel in
their constructions, they are different in terms of the following two points: the (1) extent of expressionand (2) necessity of ‘ka’.

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Subject: This study reveals the cause of difference (1) by analysing difference (2).
Investigation: By classifying more than 30 sentence patterns of interrogatives according to thenecessity of ‘ka’, it becomes clear that ‘ka’ is needed for expressing doubts. On the other hand, forasking a question, ‘ka’ is not required, with the exception of ‘shiyou-ka’ and ‘darou-ka’.
Analysis: These findings can be explained by the suggestion that ‘ka’ expresses the speaker’s sense of
uncertainty. This sense would conflict with the interpersonal quality of question sentences. However,in ‘shiyou-ka’ and ‘darou-ka’, it would suspend a definite statement of intention or conjecture.
Conclusion: While ‘suru-ka’ is a normal question sentence, ‘shiyou-ka’ retains the character of amonologue, even when it is used for framing questions. This distinction helps to account for difference(1).

MARK IRWIN (YAMAGATA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
RENDAKU AND LABIAL LENITION
Rendaku is a morphophonemic alternation common in modern Japanese: a morpheme that begins
with a voiceless obstruent (k, t, s, h) word-initially may appear with a voiced obstruent allomorph when
the non-initial element in a compound, as in kami ‘hair’ and mae+gami ‘fringe’ (lit. ‘front+hair’).
Despite Motoori-Lyman’s Law and other constraints, rendaku nevertheless remains irregular: rendaku
does not always occur where it should and explanations are not always available for its absence. The
Rendaku Database, a comprehensive list of existing redakuable compounds, was established in orderto uncover statistical patterns behind the rendaku phenomenon. In this presentation we pose thequestion: do non-initial elements beginning in h undergo rendaku more frequently than those
beginning in one of the other three voiceless obstruents? In other words, is it the case that an element
such as hana ‘flower’ will undergo rendaku more frequently than an element such as tana ‘shelf’? Asample of 6,910 common rendakuable elements not subject to known blocking constraints were givena frequency score of either 0 (never undergoes rendaku) or 1 (always undergoes rendaku). The resultsof a Somers’ d test showed a statistically significant higher rendaku rate for h-initial elements (Δ = .135,
p <.0005).
In explanation of these findings, we argue that single-mora elements undergo rendaku less frequently
due to an interaction between the reanalysis of compounds as simple lexemes, and the results of thesound changes associated with labial lenition, an historical process occurring across many centuries
which gave rise to modern Japanese h.

EKATERINA LEVCHENKO (INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER, RUSSIA)"KOJIKI" AND "NIHON SHOKI" SONGS: NEW ACADEMIC TRANSLATIONS IN RUSSIAN WITH GLOSSING AND MORPHEMICANALYSESThis new Russian translation is an academic one. There are several reasons for that - the “Kojiki” and“Nihon Shoki” songs are not only a work of literature; they are important compendiums of Japaneseculture during the Nara period (710 – 784 AD). A literary translation uses a poetically – sounding
language at the expense of the Japanese text. However, it would be useful to present the “Kojiki” and61Language and Linguistics“Nihon Shoki” songs to the reader having preserved to the maximum possible extent the structure andthe actual semantics of the poems. Therefore, the proposed translations have to be made as literal as
possible without violating language usage. Moreover, many realia of the songs are absolutely alien toWesterners and also to the modern Japanese. This requires an extensive commentary, which has noplace in a literary translation, because it may seem an interruption of the general flow of the text. Also,
it is necessary to provide original texts, kana transliteration, romanization, and glossing withmorphemic analysis for the benefit of the specialists and students of Old Japanese. Besides, advantagesof structural analyses should be mentioned by given the particular examples.
MARTIN PARSONS AND MARK D. SHEEHAN (HANNAN UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
PROMOTING ACTIVE LEARNING THROUGH COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING AT A UNIVERSITY STUDENT CONFERENCE
IN JAPAN
In recent years, the promotion of active learning has become one of the main planks of efforts by the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to improve learning outcomesfor university students in Japan. Of particular focus is the development of higher order thinking skills,
such as analysis, evaluation and creation through cooperative and collaborative learning. This
presentation will describe an event, held in December, 2015, which provided students with anopportunity to participate in authentic active-learning through the use of collaborative problemsolving tasks. Over 100 students from eight universities in Japan were involved in the event, a two-day
conference, which provided them with a chance to deal with real-world problems.
Actual problems from four different industries, provided by leading companies in those industries inJapan, were confronted by students, who worked in teams to discuss and analyse one of the problems.
Over the two days of the conference, team members worked together to propose and develop possible
solutions, before arriving at a consensus and creating a presentation to explain their plan torepresentatives of the companies which had supplied the problems. The medium of instruction,communication, and presentation at the conference was English. We will highlight the conference
goals, the logistics, and the pedagogical rationale for planning such an event. Survey results will show
the perceptions of the students who participated in this conference and how they responded to various
aspects of active learning.

BERNHARD SEIDL (VIENNA UNIVERSITY, AUSTRIA)
NEGOTIATING DESCRIPTION AND PRESCRIPTION: LANGUAGE CRITICISM IN JAPANESE NEWSPAPERS
Language, just like the community using it, is constantly changing while adapting to reflect newtechnologies and socio-cultural realities. In Japan, as in most societies, such changes are often
discussed by the public as something dangerous, as a threat to order and ideas of propriety. Thus, it is
not surprising that language criticism has been a regular topic in Japanese newspapers since the Meiji
period.
However, the exact who, what and how of this discourse is much more elusive, and there has been nolarge-scale empirical study on this topic. To close this gap, I applied a framework of qualitative
discourse analysis and software-based corpus linguistics methodology to a corpus of about 1500

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Japanese newspaper articles (Asahi and Yomiuri Shinbun, 1945 to 2010) in my recently finished PhD
project.
In this paper presentation, I will describe a part of my findings, and focus on the main themes,participants and semantic idiosyncrasies of this newspaper-mediated public discourse. My findings
suggest that language change has always remained an emotional subject, and while the specific topics
are themselves subject to change, certain main themes have remained rather constant (e.g. the influxof loanwords; the loss of women's language). Acceptance and implications of language change arenegotiated between journalists, readers, and language experts (linguists, playwrights and other“authorized speakers”, to say it with Siegfried Jäger), via certain metaphors (e.g. language as a livingorganism), semantics (such as appealing to a common sense of propriety and/or outrage) and premises(e.g. young women as language deviants).

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Panel: Internships for Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language, Portfolios
and E-learning
Chair: Richard Harrison (Kobe University, Japan)

This panel will present three papers on how internships for Teaching Japanese As a Foreign Language
were 1) designed and developed at Kobe University, 2) implemented at overseas institutions, and 3)
evaluated back in Kobe.

MASAO SANEHIRA (KOBE UNIVERSITY)
INTERNSHIPS IN TEACHING JAPANESE AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
This paper will discuss the design, planning and evaluation of internships for teaching Japanese as aforeign language at Kobe University, focusing on the relationships between the ‘sending’ and ‘host’
institutions from 2014 until 2016.

MIYAKO KISO (KOBE UNIVERSITY)PORTFOLIOS IN TEACHING JAPANESE AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG – A CASE STUDYUSING LITERARY WORKS
This paper will discuss the implementation of portfolio-based teaching by the presenter, who was anintern in Hamburg, for classes on literary works. It focuses especially on the role of interns and students.

RICHARD HARRISON (KOBE UNIVERSITY)PORTFOLIOS IN THE TEACHING OF JAPANESE AS A FOREIGN/SECOND LANGUAGE - E-PORTFOLIOS AND FLIPPEDCLASSROOMSThis paper will discuss the possibilities of extending the results that came out of the Hamburg
internship program, to create a new kind of learning environment using e-portfolios, designed using
the theoretical framework of Community of Inquiry (COI).

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Literature Section
Section Convenor: Paul Schalow (Rutgers University, United States of America)
ALINA ANTON (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE ASIAN BODY IN NORTH AMERICAN CONTEXT: VISUAL AND LITERARY RACIALIZATION(S)Through a pair of peep holes in a wooden door, Marcel Duchamp’s Étant Donnés 2: Le gaz d’éclairage
exposes the ravished nude body for contemplation and consumption by the voyeuristic gaze of the
onlooker. Similarly, the present study puts the body at its center, especially the racially inscribed body.
The paper looks at ways in which the Asian body, particularly the East Asian body, has been visuallyand literarily represented and racialized, in the context of Canadian and United States cultures. In the
midst of the white (national) body, the Asian body often posits alterity as a problem to be solved and/or
to be consumed. Drawing on several literary works penned by North American authors of Asiandescent (Kerri Sakamoto’s The Electrical Field, Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms, Nora Okja Keller’s
Comfort Woman, Janice Mirikitani’s Out of the Dust collection of poems), as well as various filmic
productions by white directors (D.W. Griffith’s Broken Blossoms, Charles Brabin’s The Mask of Fu
Manchu, Daniel Mann’s The Teahouse of the August Moon, Joshua Logan’s Sayonara), the analysis
focuses on reading the Asian body through a cultural studies lens. Viewing the racialized body as apalimpsest inscribed with histories of oppression as well as struggles for empowerment and selfdefinition, the article also inquires how the image of the Asian body evolved, and how different andrelevant is this image in the twenty-first century.
TOMOKO AOYAMA (UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA)THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GIRLS' INTERTEXTUALITY IN NOGAMI YAEKO'S MORI
Mori (The Forest, 1972-85) is the last major work of Nogami Yaeko (1885-1985). The novel begins in
April 1900, when a fifteen-year-old girl, Kikuchi Kane, comes to Tokyo from Kyushu to attend a girls'
school named Nihon Jogakuin (Japan Girls' School). In the final chapter, unfinished at the author's
death, Kane has completed three years' study and wishes to study three more years at the same schoolin the forest. Even though Nogami emphatically claimed that this is a work of fiction rather than an
autobiography, given the easily identifiable historical figures (e.g. Iwamoto Yoshiharu, Wakamatsu
Shizuko, and Uchimura Kanzō) and institutions (Meiji Jogakkō), critics have tended to discuss thehistorical and biographical elements of the novel.
This paper proposes an alternative reading by focusing on the significance of girls' intertextuality. Girlsat the School read and discuss various texts, including English and American literature. Some texts (e.g.
the Japanese translation of Little Lord Fauntleroy) may be admired and used to develop personal
relationships; others such as Thoreau's Walden and Carlyle's On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic
in History are closely associated with male teachers and their disciples. These texts are strategicallyembedded, transformed, and parodied within the primary narrative in order to add not only novelistic
interests but also socio-cultural, and gender criticism. Thus intertextuality plays an important role inrevealing both the achievements and the shortcomings of early elite education for girls and associatedreligious, romantic, intellectual, and artistic movements.

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MAMI FUJIWARA (YAMAGUCHI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
PLAGIARISM OR REWRITING ?—OSAMU DAZAI’S LITERARY COLLAGE, ONNA NO KETTŌ (A WOMAN’S DUEL), A RE-TOLD
STORY
Osamu Dazai wrote many re-told stories, most of which are created through transposition of
hypotextes such as expurgation, rearranging, or rewriting. However, the transposition of the hypotexte
in the hypetexte, Onna no Kettō is completely different from the other Dazai’s re-told stories. The
hypertexte, Onna no Kettō includes the entire hypotexte, Ohgai Mori’s Onna no Kettō, which is also atranslation of Herbert Eulenberg’s story, Ein Frauenzweikampf. The only transposition Dazai did in the
hypotexte is an excision. He divided the hypotexte into 7 parts, and inserted his original discourses
between them. Interfaces between the hypotexte and Dazai’s original discourses are clearly shown by
spaces inserted between lines and using of square brackets and quotation marks. The parts of Dazai’sown discourses and those of the hypotexte in the hypertexte coexist maintaining their independence
and without contamination. In this sense, Dazai’s Onna no Kettō is a literary collage.

ELENA GIANNOULIS (FREE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN, GERMANY)FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF EMOTICONS IN JAPANESE LITERATURE
The "Face with Tears of Joy"-emoji was chosen as the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2015 withthe argument that emoji have the potential to overcome language barriers. For some, that's a reason
to celebrate, for others a sign of decay or loss of the importance of language.
Emoji 絵文字 ("picture/image character"), incorporated into Unicode Standard 2010, are considered
to be a further development of emoticons and were invented in the late 1990s by Shigetaka Kurita,
who had worked for the Japanese mobile phone operator DoCoMo on the i-mode Project. The term"emoticon" is composed of "emotion" and "icon" and can be understood as a pictorial representationof a facial expression used in Instant Messaging (IM), chats, emails, social networking services (SNS),SMS or blogs. In interaction with a text, emoticons intensify, neutralize or weaken the content andinterpret it, for example, in terms of irony.
In the meantime, emoticons have not only come to play a role in digital communication on thecomputer, cell phone or tablet, but they have now found their way into literature, manga, and art.
Moreover, emoji have become a big commercial business.
Although emoticons, emoji and kaomoji are a new complex system of signs in the digital world andbeyond, and although they have revolutionized our communication and the relationship between text
and image and can even be considered as a new language, research has paid little attention to themso far.
Japan’s 2005 collectively written Internet novel Train Man (Densha otoko) was the first book for adults
written in SMS-text-message and to extensively use ASCII art illustrations and slang. Yet the mostcommon literary use of emoji has been playfully rendering famous world plots, like Fred Benson’s Emoji
Dick translation of Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick. Xu Bing’s graphic novel A Book from the Ground issolely written in symbols and icons with the claim to present a book in a “universal language” that66

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every human being around the world could understand. This paper examines the potential success andfailures of emoji with regard to storytelling, the representations of emotions in literature and thequestion what emoji could contribute to world literature and a universal language.

IRINA HOLCA (KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
HOME IS WHERE MOTHER IS, AND THE WAY TO A MAN’S HEART GOES THROUGH HIS STOMACH: BODIES IN THE
KITCHEN (YOSHIMOTO BANANA)
Yoshimoto Banana’s Kitchen (1987), and the sequel Mangetsu (1988) tell the story of university
student Sakurai Mikage, who loses all her family one by one and is taken in by the Tanabes: Yuichi, akind-hearted but strange young man, and his “mother” Eriko, who works as a bar hostess, and isactually Yuichi’s father, turned woman after the death of his wife.
The novellas problematise the body, first and foremost, by focusing on Eriko. Her transformation ispresented rather as a reaction to the social pressures originating from the enduring myth ofmotherhood, than as a question of sexual identity—after all, what Eriko strives to become is a mother,
not necessarily a woman.
On the other hand, Mikage is in love with kitchens and kitchen utensils, clean and dirty, big and small.
She takes cooking classes, and later trains as a chef’s help. When Eriko dies, she puts her skills to use
in order to help Yuichi overcome the shock, and, over a few shared meals, their relationship takes aromantic/ sexual turn—even though, in the end, we are left hanging, as Yuichi is a “herbivore man”
avant la lettre.
In my paper, I plan to analyse the images related to sex and (a)sexuality, gender roles and their reversal,
as well as nature and nurture (food included), in order to propose a new interpretation of Banana’s
novellas from the standpoint of the “modern Japanese body”.
LAURA IMAI MESSINA (TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES, JAPAN)
MATERIAL/IMMATERIAL, USEFUL/USELESS DICHOTOMIES IN KUSURI YUBI NO HYŌHON BY OGAWA YŌKOIn Kusuri yubi no hyōhon a short novel by Ogawa Yōko, the process of collecting and sampling
memories, the creation of specimens which exist in reality and others that, physically at least, do not,is central. In his laboratory, Doctor Deshimaru attempts to turn immaterial memories into material
ones, to make tangible the intangible, and samples feelings of love and sorrow that cannot be usually
collected. The idea of things as receptacles of dialectic and complex relationships between objects andpeople is widely represented in Ogawa’s works which frequently concern peculiar museums, uniquecollections of odd, often immaterial, items. As many scholars, including Remo Bodei, suggest, in orderto face globalization and consumerism it is crucial to identify those intertwined relationships anddevelop the ability to return lost meaning to material things.
On the other hand, it is not fundamental that the integration of objects to everyday life is valued by
the usual utilitarian approach. Pessoa once wrote: “Why is art beautiful? Because it’s useless. Why lifeis ugly? Because it is all ends and purposes and intentions”.

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Starting from Ogawa’s novella, I will analyse from a comparative point of view how many significant
Japanese and non-Japanese authors have managed to give shape to something that does not exist andto raise banal objects to the status of essential symbols of human life. I will also stress the centrality ofa discussion that combines Material Culture Studies with Ogawa’s literature, something which has not
yet attracted much critical attention.
AZUMI KAWAHARA (RITSUMEIKAN UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)“KACHIKU-JIN YAPOO” AND POST-WAR HISTORIOGRAPHY: RELATION BETWEEN SYOZO NUMA’S MASOCHISM AND
JAPANESE HISTORY
In my presentation, I point it out how post-war historiography is reflected in this announcement by
this novel by analyzing a motif of Japan myth and the history to be seen in masochism novel "Kachikujin Yapoo".And I clarify how they are utilized sexually.
"Kachiku-jin Yapoo" is a sexual SF novel published serially in a sex culture magazine "Kitan Club" during
1959 from 1956 by Shozo Numa. Numa is a famous masochist in Japan. This novel draws the aerial
world, and a Mongoloid Japanese is domesticated as anthropoid ape Yapoo not a human being by awhite man, and it is a story ruled over thoroughly. A Japanese mythical image often appears in“Kachiku-jin Yapoo”. Numa learned most from post-war historiography, and applied it in his abnormal
sexual desires. I clarify how post-war historiography is utilized in Numa's masochism.

YUKO KAWARAI (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE RECEPTION OF “THE TALE OF GENJI” REGARDING LAMENTS FOR EMPRESS CONSORT KENSHI
This presentation aims to elucidate the actual circumstances surrounding the earliest stages of thereception of “The Tale of Genji” in the court through laments for Fujiwara Kenshi, an empress consortof Emperor Sanjo. Fujiwara Kenshi was born the daughter of the most famous regent, Fujiwara
Michinaga, in 994, and became an empress consort of Emperor Sanjo. But she died at the young ageof 34 in 1027. Grieving people at the time of her death composed many laments. Several of theselaments were composed adopting expressions from “The Tale of Genji”. “The Tale of Genji” waswritten around 1008, and was extremely popular. However, it had little literary value at the time, andit was very rare for expressions from this work to be integrated into classic Japanese poems that wereof a first class literary standard. It is possible to present what kind of qualities it had by examining thereception of “The Tale of Genji” through laments for Kenshi, who had the status of empress consort,
immediately following the creation of “The Tale of Genji” where “Genji Adoption” was carried out
through the empress consort. Moreover, Kenshi was the older sister of Shoshi (empress consort ofEmperor Ichijo) who was served by the author of “The Tale of Genji”, Murasaki Shikibu. It is expectedthat one part of the interaction between the salons of sisters Shoshi and Kenshi can be understood
through this research.

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DYLAN MCGEE (NAGOYA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
CURES FOR THE COMMON READER: ADVERTISEMENTS FOR COSMETIC AND MEDICINAL PRODUCTS IN THE DAISŌRENTAL BOOKS (1767-1899)
Hair dyes, whitening creams, joint pain salves and hemorrhoid ointments were but a few of thecosmetic and medicinal products advertised in the front and back matter of rental books thatcirculated through the Daisō lending library of Nagoya (1767-1899), the largest purveyor of rental
books in early modern Japan. On the surface, these adverts give evidence of how closely communal
reading in the Nagoya market was subtended by marketing discourse, even in cases of products that,like the Daisō line of peptic pills, had little discernable relevance to the consumption of popularliterature. At the same time, they provide important clues for understanding how the Daisō plied side
ventures to remain in operation and how it targeted particular genres, authors and works to different
constituencies of readers.
Based on an ongoing archival survey of nearly 5,000 extant Daisō books, this study will introduce thefive varieties of advertisements most commonly found in the Daisō’s collection. Collating comparative
data from several dozen specimens, this study will furthermore propose that patterns in the placementof the adverts reflect strategies employed by the Daisō to maximize exposure of its product lines—
revealing, most saliently, how it capitalized on the circulation of serialized gōkan to sell its wares. In
sum, the Daisō presents us with a compelling case study for examining early modern reading practices
within a commercialized and communal context, where consumption of literature and auxillary
product lines appear to have been closely intertwined.

BERENICE MOELLER (UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG, GERMANY)
PRACTICES OF RE-BINDING IN EARLY EDO ILLUSTRATED MANUSCRIPTS
Practices of re-binding in early Edo illustrated manuscripts The formats and bindings of Japanese early
Edo manuscripts are well researched and are sometimes even used in dating manuscripts, that areotherwise not dateable. In some cases however, manuscripts have been rebound. This change of theexternal and internal architecture of the manuscript demands a different reception. The main
distinction between formats is bound book or scroll. Compared to a bound book, it takes a lot of effort
to skip back and forth between pages of a scroll. One could therefore imagine that scrolls were boundto books to gain a more practical handling. In early Edo illustrated manuscripts it frequently seems tohappen the other way around: a book is rebound as a scroll. At first glance it seems that in elaborate
rebound books aesthetic reasons play a great role. But there are also cases where the result looks
rather clumsy. This talk looks at examples and examines possible reasons why fragile and precious
books were put through the strain of being rebound. I will point out what got lost in the transmission
from book to scroll and what was gained instead from a reception perspective. The research about
rebinding is, excluding the field of conserving books, still unripe, but I hope to present some ideas why
the practice of rebinding plays an important role in the way these manuscripts were used.

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PAUL SCHALOW (RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)MEMORY OF FUJIWARA NO YORINAGA (1120-1156)
This paper addresses the ways that Fujwara no Yorinaga (1120-1156), heir to the Fujiwara regency, isremembered in three post-Heian texts from the 13th and 14th centuries: Heike monogatari, Ima
monogatari, and the diary of Emperor Hanazono, Hanazono-in minki. The paper’s thesis is that
Yorinaga’s legacy survived on the basis of three distinct sources of memory: imperial institutional
memory, oral story-telling, and the written record of Yorinaga’s own court diary, the Taiki.
Yorinaga died in the Hogen Disturbance of 1156. According to accounts in the Heike monogatari,
Yorinaga’s spirit was blamed for the turn in the Taira clan’s fortunes and required placating. The sourceof memory of Yorinaga is analyzed here as residing in the institutional memory of the court.
Ima monogatari, a collection of poetic biographies, includes a story about Yorinaga’s relationship with
one of his retainers, Hata no Kimiharu. Here, the memory of Yorinaga is analyzed as a product of astory-telling tradition recorded by Fujiwara no Nobuzane in the 13th century.
The diary of Emperor Hanazono contains a year-end entry that begins, “Following the example ofYorinaga,” and continues with a list of every text he had read that year. Clearly, Hanazono had readthe Taiki and was inspired by Yorinaga’s unusual example of recording the books he had studied eachyear. Thus, the paper argues that the Taiki itself was another distinct source for memory of Yorinaga.
AKIYO SUZUKI (KANAZAWA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE INGESTION AND REWRITING OF JAPANESE CLASSICAL LITERATURE INSIDE THE ENGLISH DRAMA OF TORAHIKO KORI
Torahiko Kori announced his drama "Kanawa" on Subaru in 1911 and published the adapted work on
Shirakaba in 1913, then he further translated this work on his own for staging in London in 1917. This
presentation would like to reveal the fact that Koori created the drama "Kanawa" by referring tovarious sources such as iconography from Edo period, the Noh play "Kanawa" and The Tale of the Heike,and then adapted this work and translated it on his own to separate it from Japanese classical literature
to cater to the staging in London. The troupe Pioneer Players and the director Edith Craig giving
performance of "Kanawa" had been promoting women's suffrage movement in the UK and the same
work was evaluated as something accomplished the description of women's "spiritual jujutsu".
Background of the staging and evaluation of "Kanawa" includes the combination of women's suffrage
movement in the UK and the interest towards Japanese culture, and this has been made clear throughmaterials related to the staging of "Kanawa" in London. It should be said that the adaption and selftranslation of "Kanawa" by Kori himself was influenced by the trend of thought and social movementof the UK at that time.

TOSHIO TAKEMOTO (UNIVERSITY OF LILLE, FRANCE)MURAKAMI HARUKI AND THE NOVEL WRITER'S LITERARY EXPRESSION OF POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT
As a novel writer, Murakami Haruki (1949-) has been concerned with social problems since the 90s. In
the South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992), he refers himself to the Japanese society which, while
enjoying the bubble economy, drowns ordinary people in its fast flowing river. The Wind-up Bird

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Chronicle (1994-1995) relates the encounter during the Second War and the 80s of a former soldier
and a young man, who respectively face the evil legal social order of the time. In Kafka on the Shore(2002), in which the story of the teenager who stabbed his father in Nishinomiya in 1993 is mentioned,
the oedipal rewriting deals with a hero freeing himself from the negative fatherly influence. As for
1Q84 (2009-2010), the protagonists attempts at making a living by rejecting the cult of a leader
reminding us the ominous Aum Shinrikyo sect, which carried out a sarin attack in 1995 in the Tokyo
subway. These novels produce evidene of the fact that it is less a matter of reproducing faithfully social
or historic problems than of reorganizing them, i.e. of making the reader approach them through theeyes of protagonists acting as models or counter-models. To what extent do they allow to the author
to link his subjective and even intimate esthetics with social questions and thus assume a literary
responsibility, that is some political involvement?
MARIO TALAMO (ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES, FRANCE)THE SLEEP OF REASON PRODUCES MONSTERS: KATAKIUCHIMONO AND THE SUNSET OF KANSEI IDEOLOGY
Kansei Reforms (1787-1793) had a strong impact on early modern Japanese society, changing thehabits of citizens, and condemning into oblivion one of the former prolific literary genres of the time,
the sharebon. These reforms encouraged far more morally pious productions, such as katakiuchimono– quintessential expression of the ethical dictates that obsessed the Bakufu – whose popularity
followed the déroulement of Matsudaira’s edicts, from a phase in which these were still influential, toa period when, in conflict with new social values and new intellectual paradigms, they became obsolete.
My paper aims to show how the principles imposed by the Bakufu affected tales of vendetta, and how
the collapse of the entire ideological system inevitably transformed this sub-genre, morphologicallyand from a narratological perspective. My corpus contains productions belonging to the macro-genre
termed gesaku – spanning from kibyōshi to yomihon – and it encompasses Ikku, Kyōden and Sanba’s
oeuvre, in order to progress harmoniously from the eleventh year of Kansei (1799) – when the firsttestimony of my corpus was released – to the first decade of the nineteenth century.

KATHRYN M. TANAKA (OTEMAE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
LITERATURE AS SOCIAL ACTIVISM AND RECONCILIATION: SURVIVOR WRITING AND THE MEANING OF HANSEN’S DISEASE
IN JAPAN
Hansen’s disease (leprosy), like many illnesses, has a long history of becoming more than a disease. As
Sontag famously argued in the case of tuberculosis and AIDS, Hansen’s disease has also often beenused as a metaphor for social fears. The illness has long been stigmatized and its sufferers have faced
discrimination and prejudice around the world. In Japan in particular, the state targeted sufferers of
the illness with quarantine policies beginning in 1907. Thus, despite the fact that the illness has been
curable since the late 1940s, in many places the stigma against people with Hansen’s disease remains.
This paper takes a genre of writing by people suffering from Hansen’s disease in Japan (Hansen’sdisease literature) as its starting point, and traces the way in which changes in medical knowledge
altered sufferers’ relationships to their body, their illness, and their treatment. It explores the way
medical advancements and a cure immediately and irrevocably changed what it mean to live with71

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Hansen’s disease. It demonstrates the way survivor writing shiftsto explicit social activism, wherewriting is used to raise awareness about Hansen’s disease and discrimination. Finally, I look atcontemporary survivor writing as aging authors attempt to reconcile with their past and create a legacy
for the future. Broadly, this paper reveals the deep interconnections between physical, lived
experience, social and medical knowledge, and literature.

PIETER VAN LOMMEL (UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA, JAPAN)
THE EDUCATIONAL NOVEL IN MEIJI JAPANThe English term ‘educational novel’ may refer to specific literary genres such as the Bildungsromanand the British school novel, or more generally to novels about education or novels used in schools asteaching materials. The Japanese term ‘kyôiku shôsetsu’ is associated with the same broad range of
meanings as its English counterpart nowadays but additionally used to point to novels written forteachers, an arguably unique yet largely unknown body of literary texts popular in Japan in the two
decades before and after 1900.
This paper focuses on the birth of the educational novel in Japan in the Meiji 20s and tracks its
evolution from a highly didactic novel aimed at elementary school children to an ideologically lesscoherent and at times very critical novel targeting elementary school teachers all over Japan in the
Meiji 30s and 40s. Drawing on a close investigation of the education magazines (Kyôikukai, Kyôiku
jikkenkai, Kyôiku gakujutsukai, …) in which the majority of the educational novels for teachers were
published it is argued that the rapid expansion of modern education and the formation of a new, vast
readership consisting of teachers spread out across the provinces created the need for literature
specifically tailored to this new readership in both content and form. Linking the educational novel tocanonical works such as Katai’s Inaka Kyoshi and Soseki’s Botchan as well as touching on later
developments in the Taisho period attempt to make this the first comprehensive study of the Meiji
kyôiku shôsetsu.

LARRY WALKER (KYOTO PREFECTURAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)“VOICE” IN THE KNOPF TRANSLATION OF MISHIMA YUKIO’S SPRING SNOW
Researchers of literature in translation have looked for interdisciplinary connections to further theirresearch aims. The fields of sociology and publishing history, for example, have in recent years
provided insight into the production of translated texts. While literary theorists cast doubt on thestability of the concept of authorship itself, developments in translation studies have focused on therange of individuals, (e.g. editors, copywriters, production designers), involved in the translation
process using empirical data. Within the general construct of “Voice,” I work to identify the individuals
involved in the translation process of a well-known novel and then assess their contributions byfocusing on the mediation of the text and the use of voice outside the text in literary reviews. The
concept of multiple translatorship, which posits translation is most often a collaborative endeavor, isalso of employed as it too concentrates on the intertwining relationships which occur in the translation
process, the translation product, and looks to clarify authority and authorship. This investigation ismade possible by access to the Knopf Archive, which holds the postal correspondence between the72Literature

editors, author, translator and others, and the typed draft translation and handwritten revisions byrelated individuals. All told, this exceeds 500 pages of materials. The publisher’s and the translator’sarchival materials, textual, peritextual and epitextual data will be employed to assess voice andmultiple translatorship in the English translation of Spring Snow (1972), a Japanese novel by Mishima
Yukio.

STEFAN WUERRER (THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, JAPAN)
NEGOTIATIONS ON FEMININITY IN THE LITERARY WORKS OF KUSAMA YAYOIThis paper presents an attempt to critically investigate the literary work of Japanese artist Kusama
Yayoi (b.1929). It takes as its object two of Kusama’s early prose texts and, by reading it through queerfeminist theoretician Carol Ann-Tylers concept of female impersonation (2002), will show that the twonovels presented in this paper – Kurisutofā danshōkutsu (1984) and Rijin kāten no shūjin (1984) – canbe understood as a critical engagement with the potentially non-normative feminine self and in a
broader sense as a negotiation on the state of being a woman in a patriarchal/androcentric society.
These features, as this paper will argue, can be traced back to her sculptural work of the 1960s and her
Infinity Net Paintings and allows in both cases, literature and visual art, to read her artistic texts as
proto-feminist pharmacon, as both sign of the poison of and a cure for the difficult situation with which
she saw herself confronted as a female artist in Japan. By not only situating Kusama’s literary work ina socio-historical context but also demonstrating that it constitutes an intermedial continuum with therest of her artistic oeuvre, this paper thus offers an understanding of Kusama’s work besides the still
dominant narrative of her mental illness and lays the ground for further investigations into her literarytexts, which have been mostly neglected by critics and scholars up to now.

Panel: Female Homosocial Bonds in Modern Japanese Literature
Discussant: Yoriko Kume (Nihon University, Japan)
With Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (1985) Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick has
set the agenda for studies on homosociality. The concept is often used to analyze how men, throughtheir social bonds with other men, protect male territory and privilege. Furthermore, there is a growing
body of literature on female homosociality: “sisterhood” and “lesbian continuum” are some of theterms used to define the female bonding which, by holding vagueness and fluidity, can give voice towhat is considered unspeakable within compulsory heterosexuality. This panel seeks to investigate thepossibilities for female homosociality in the historic and cultural contexts of Modern Japanese
Literature. JUNKO YAMADA NORO analyzes Arishima Takeo’s Kurara no shukke (St. Clara's Entering thePriesthood), focusing on the interrelations between girl’s culture (shōjo bunka) and Christianity. YUMIKIKUCHI explores the representation of the heroin longing for female bonding which goes against
homosocial male desire, as it is depicted in Nomizo Naoko’s Jojū shinri (The Psychology of a Female
Beast). SHOKO HAGA focuses on the role of readers’ columns in women’s magazines of Taishō and early
Shōwa, analyzing the way fiction shapes same-sex bonding among women. Finally LETIZIA GUARINI73

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examines the connection between female friendship and new gender roles within contemporary
Japanese society through a reading of Kakuta Mitsuyo’s Taigan no kanojo (Woman on the Other Shore)and Mori ni nemuru sakana (The Sleeping Fish in the Forest).

JUNKO YAMADA NORO (OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FEMALE RELATIONSHIPS IN TAKEO ARISHIMA’S KURARA NO SHUKKE: REPRESENTATION OF CHRISTIANITY IN JAPANESE
LITERATURE
It is well known that from Taishō to early Shōwa period girls’ schools, most of which were run on
Christian principles, provided the setting for close relationships among young girls. Beginning in the
1920s, the term “S,” abbreviation for the English word “sister”, was widely used to designate schoolgirl
intimacy, as shown in Nobuko Yoshiya’s Hana monogatari (Flower Tales, 1916-1925). These
relationships, regarded as pseudo love affairs, were socially legitimated as a phenomenon of thetransition to adulthood represented by marriage. As Yoriko Kume has pointed out, this period waspervaded by fantasies about girls, as shown in Shōjobyō (The Girl Fetish, 1906) by Tayama Katai. He is
said to have discovered girls’ sexuality, revealing a shift in the male gaze from spiritual adoration tosexual desire. In the same period Takeo Arishima published Kurara no shukke (St. Clara's Entering thePriesthood, 1917), a story based on the hagiography of Saint Clara of Assisi. This novel has a double
structure: on one hand, it can be read as the story of Saint Clara entering the priesthood guided bySaint Francis of Assisi; on the other hand, as Ki Choh has pointed out, the novel depicts Clara’s rebellion
against compulsory heterosexuality, and her lesbian desire for her younger sister Agnes.
This presentation examines the ambivalence in the representation of the “Girl” delineated in
Arishima’s depiction of Clara, and its relation with the literary atmosphere of the Taishō era, with a
special focus on Japanese Christian discourse. Through a reading of Arishima’s novel I will analyze theinterrelations between girl’s culture (shōjo bunka) and Christianity, focusing on the “Girl” as a cultural
construction fabricated by the male-dominated literary establishment.

YUMI KIKUCHI (OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY)
THE HEROINE‘S DESIRE FOR FEMALE BONDING IN NOMIZO NAOKO’S NOVEL JOJŪ SHINRIAs Takemura Kazuko has pointed out, during the early Shōwa period female same-sex love was notregarded as a menace to marriage, but it was rather considered complementary to it. Takemura has
stressed that this was possible because, since women were considered to have low female sexualdesire, and heterosexual penetration was the only approved form of sexual practice, female same-sex
love and heterosexual love within marriage were on the same level in the fantasy of passive sexuality.
However, Nomizo Naoko’s novel Jojū shinri (The Psychology of a Female Beast, 1931) is not about
female bonding complementing marriage and heterosexism, but about resistance to heterosexism. In
previous researches, the heroine Soya’s “narcissism” has been seen as a key to the interpretation of
the story (Mizuhara Shion, 2001), and Soya has been thought to be “unable to nurture love withanyone” because of her narcissism (Aoki Kazuko, 2014). However, such an interpretation relies on the
narratives about Soya which are rooted in the arbitrary view about her held by other characters. In
other words, this interpretation deviates from Soya’s resistance to such narratives in the story.

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LiteratureThis presentation seeks to explore Soya’s desire focusing on her own words and actions: first, I will
explore the male homosocial desire via Soya to establish male bonding, and her resistance to it; then,I will investigate her desire for female bonding. Moreover, I will focus on the novel’s style, which isbased on the personal notes written by Soya’s close friend’s husband. Through the reading of this novel,
I will examine some unknown aspects of resistance against heterosexism, and female bonding in theJapanese literature of the 1930s.
SHOKO HAGA (OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY)
TIGHTENING BONDS BETWEEN WOMEN: SERIALIZED NOVELS IN WOMEN’S MAGAZINES OF TAISHŌ AND EARLY SHŌWA
Shufu no tomo is a Japanese women’s magazine aimed at housewives, which achieved marvelous sales
through the Taishō and Shōwa periods. It published not only useful articles on life skills, such as cooking
and sewing, but also serialized fiction by many popular writers such as Itsuma Maki, Nobuko Yoshiya,
and Bunroku Shishi, which was presumably one of the great charms of Shufu no tomo for the readers.
Furthermore, readers could send their comments to the reader’s column: the magazine was a space
where female readers could share their opinions about the novels and their characters, and build deep
relationships with other readers.
There has been little study done concerning serial novels in women’s magazines, and these have beenthought of as similar to one another, and light reading material. However, female readers werecertainly looking forward to each work of fiction, and deepened bonds with other readers who loved
the same work. This presentation will analyze serial fiction and readers’ columns from the Taishō
period to the early Shōwa period, and seek the role of fiction in women’s magazines and thepossibilities of female bonding: through the publication of serialized fiction, Shufu no tomo focused on
the enhancement of entertainment, creating a space where new bonds among women were possible.
This female bonding allowed women to dream of a new way of life, immersing in the world of fiction
characterized by freedom. Without forgetting to pay attention to the framework of “housewife” set in
the title of this magazine, I will examine the way Shufu no tomo offered new possibilities to its readers,giving them the chance to build strong ties with other women, and see themselves as something morethan housewives.
LETIZIA GUARINI (OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY)
ARE WOMEN THEIR OWN WORST ENEMIES? FEMALE BONDS IN KAKUTA MITSUYO’S WORKS
Within contemporary societies friendship between men has been seen as something strong andbeautiful, whereas the friendship between women is considered weak, a bond secondary andaccessory to heterosexual relationships. As Azuma Sonoko has pointed out, within societies structured
upon the homosocial bonds between men, which are funded on compulsory heterosexuality, women’s
relationships have always been seen as sexual. As a result, women look at other women as rivals, or,when they are able to create a bond with other women, they are categorized as “lesbians”, whether
their relationship is “sexual” or not, and they are labeled as “abnormal”. In this way, any relationshipwhich goes beyond what is recognized as a “normal friendship” is stigmatized, and it is hard toacknowledge the existence of “nonsexual” relationships between women. Moreover, new genderroles, related to marriage, maternity, and career, have appeared in contemporary Japanese society:75Literature

the expectations attached to these roles have determined further divisions among women. The aim of
this presentation is to investigate the possibilities and difficulties of “female homosociality” in Kakuta
Mitsuyo’s works. First, I will focus on the female bonds between young girls and adult women
respectively, as depicted in the novels Taigan no kanojo (Woman on the Other Shore, 2004). Then,through a reading of Mori ni nemuru sakana (The sleeping fish in the forest, 2008), I will explore thephenomenon of mama tomo (“mum friends”), and the way new gender roles affect the female bonding
between adult women in contemporary Japan.

Panel: From Modernism through Digital Culture in Japan: Poetry and theVisualChair: Jordan A. Y. Smith (Josai International University, Japan)
This panel situates visual poetry (painting/poetry, concrete poetry, sign language poetry, and digital
poetry) within the changing sociocultural dynamics of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in Japan.
From struggles with modernity to the reinvention of identity and social relationships in the internet
age, visual poetry has played an important role both in its avant garde forms—leading artists/writers
through historically uncharted terrain—and its popular cultural forms, such as advertising and public
relations campaigns.

TANYA BARNETT (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
THE RED OF PUTREFYING DECADENCE: LANDSCAPES OF THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR IN THE WORKS OF MURAYAMA
KAITABarnett’s paper explores how poet and painter Murayama (1896-1919) discovered different iterationsof landscape in Tokyo and Kyoto, and how the landscapes depicted in his poetry and portraiture reflect
his engagement with understanding the self within the modern world.

MARIANNE SIMON-OIKAWA (UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, JAPAN)
POETRY AND SPACE: THE COLLABORATIVE POEMS OF NIIKUNI SEIICHI AND PIERRE GARNIER
Simon-Oikawa’s paper examines the visual/spatial aspects of Garnier (France, 1928-2014) and Niikuni(Japan, 1925-1977) collaborative Franco-Japanese poetry of the late 1960s and 70s. Garnier had
developed the concept "spatialisme," adopted as "kūkanshugi" by Niikuni and the poets of the ASA
group. This paper contextualizes their use of visual poetry in larger cultural currents of thinking"space."76

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ANDREW CAMPANA (HARVARD UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
MOVING HANDS, STILL FEET: JAPANESE POETRY AND VISUALIZING DISABILITY
Campana considers the relationship between literature, media technologies and bodies withdisabilities, focusing on the poetry and performances of members of the cerebral palsy activist
organization Aoi Shiba no Kai in the 1970s, alongside contemporary Japanese Sign Language poetry onvideo-sharing websites.

JORDAN A. Y. SMITH (JOSAI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY)
VISUAL POETRY OF CONTEMPORARY JAPAN: MEDIUM+MESSAGE / ANALOGUE+DIGITAL MODES
Smith’s paper connects issues from the previous presentations to contemporary Japanese poetry andvisuality. Case studies aggregate around “fine art”—multimedia creations of Yoshimasu Gōzō andelectronic poetry of Saihate Tahi and others—and “popular arts” such as advertising and public
relations campaigns. These studies help historicize the experimental relationship between poetry andvisuality in Japan’s evolving technological milieu.

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Politics Section
Section Convenor: Ayako Kusunoki(International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Japan)
DAVID ADEBAHR (LMU MUNICH, GERMANY)ABE'S PIVOT SOUTH – IMPLICATIONS FOR JAPAN'S CURRENT SECURITY POLICY IN ASIA
While the much anticipated U.S. pivot to Asia has yet to rise to the expectations created when
President Obama announced the new security strategy for East Asia, Japan’s very own pivot south
introduced by the Abe Administration is beginning to have a bigger impact on Japan's security policy
agenda.
Current research on Japan’s foreign policy has given little consideration to the importance of Japan’s
continuous strengthening of bilateral strategic and military cooperation with countries in the SouthEast Pacific, such as the Philippines, Vietnam or (predominantly) Australia. However, Japan's bilateraland multilateral security agreements with Asian countries have become crucial to Abe's vision of Japanas responsible agent for peace, regional stability and the implementation of democratic “western”
values in East Asia.
The paper will present recent developments in several bilateral relations with countries in South- East
Asia and debate the potential of these relations to complete Tokyo's security agenda or to jeopardizing
the Japan-U.S. Alliance. By employing an in-box analysis of domestic policy constraints within theJapanese political leadership environment using a neo-classical approach while considering factors ofalliance theory (bandwagoning for profit, Schweller 1994) this paper seeks to demonstrate analternative approach in explaining Japan's foreign policy under the Abe administration and theimportance of regional partnership for Japan with its South East Asian neighbors in the 21st century.

SUSANNE BRUCKSCH (DIJ GERMAN INSTITUTE FOR JAPANESE STUDIES, TOKYO, JAPAN)
INNOVATION GOVERNANCE IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES: THE NEWLY FOUNDED JAPAN AGENCY FOR
MEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (AMED)
Despite being one of the largest markets for medical products, most devices are imported to Japan.
More precisely, one can observe a clear decline in innovation activities since the 1990s. To address thiscircumstance, the Japanese government – particularly under the leadership of PM Abe Shinzô –launched the national strategy “Innovation 25” and the Comprehensive STI Strategy in 2013. Bothstrategies mentioned biomedical engineering as one focus area to achieve a “healthy and active ageing
society as a top-runner in the world” through “reinforcing industrial competitiveness in the areas ofpharmaceuticals and medical devices” among other. However, the outcome remained fair to middling.
Against this backdrop, the Abe administration has founded in April 2015 the Japan Agency for Medical
Research and Development (AMED, 国立研究開発法人 日本医療研究開発機構). The purpose wasto encourage innovation activities in various medical fields including medical devices. Hence, this paper
raises the question what kind of influence this newly founded institution may exert on the biomedical

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engineering sector so far. AMED was founded as joint body to eventually overcome administrative
sectionalism between MEXT, METI and MHLW. Accordingly, one central measure issued the merger ofthe various funding schemes to integrate fundamental research, R&D and clinical studies at national
level. To understand the hybrid nature of this institution, this paper employs the theoretical approachof boundary institutions and draws on preliminary results of an interview study conducted in Feb-Apr
2016 in Japan.

TATSURO CHIBA (POMPEU FABRA UNIVERSITY, SPAIN)
JAPAN’ FOREIGN POLICY IN THE POST COLD WAR PERIOD
My subject is about Japanese foreign policy in the Post Cold War period. It especially focuses on the
period that started with the first Abe Cabinet. Role theory is utilized as theoretical framework. It
focuses on national role(s) conceptions (NRC), defined as shared, value-driven expectations about theappropriate role(s) a state should play in the world. The thesis analyzes the constitutive elements ofJapan’s roles conception, but also the possible roles competition, role conflicts and inconsistency
between roles conception and role performance in Japan and between Japan and the main alter-parts.
Until the end of the Cold War, there was no big inconsistency within Japan and between Japan andmain foreign countries around Japan. However, Japan realized to change its roles. In this context,‘proactive pacifism’ proposed by Prime Abe since 2006 raises issues from a role theory perspectivewith conventional pacifism and alter-parts. The Abe Cabinet declares to reinforce democracy andpacifism in Japan while boost up Japan as a key world player, connoting use of force and constitutionalchanges have to be discussed and associating with other countries to complement the alliance. In suchconditions, the question is to investigate if, why and how the role conceptions and perceptions evolvedin the post cold war period, and specifically during the last decade. The factors are examined and thethesis assesses whether there are indications that the situation has evolved in specific directions andthe reason.

TETS KIMURA (FLINDERS UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA)JAPANESE FASHION LIMITED: ITS SOFT POWER (IN)ABILITY IN AUSTRALIA
In line with Japan’s official soft power initiative of Cool Japan, a positive image of Japan is delivered toAustralia through contemporary Japanese fashion. Evidences were presented in my print media
analysis of Australian daily newspapers and fashion magazines (introduced at the University of Oxford,
September 2015) as well as my qualitative interviews to various specialists including Japanese officials(e.g. Prime Minister Abe’s media adviser) and fashion professionals from the both countries(introduced at the City University on Hong Kong, June 2014). Australians are fond of Japanese fashion.
Soft power is the ability to achieve goals by attraction rather than coercion. The object of Cool Japan
is to revitalise the struggling Japanese economy according to Japanese officials. Therefore, Japanesefashion in Australia, or elsewhere, should generate money. However, the Japanese fashion giant of
Uniqlo has made no profit in Australia since its arrival in 2014; the company’s strategies havedemonstrated to be attractive to Asian consumers only.
Furthermore, if soft power is classified as a diplomatic tool, as emphasised by its father Joseph Nye,the positive image of Japanese fashion should support the advancement of Australia-Japan relations.
However, the largest conflict between the two countries, the “Whaling War”, has long existed, and is
expected to continue. Australians are not convinced in buying Japan’s irrational pro-whaling argument.

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Given these two examples, I will, thus, argue that while Japanese fashion is “cool” in Australia, its soft
power ability is shown to be limited.

HADAS KUSHELEVICH (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE FUTURE REPUTATION OF JAPAN’ PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET
This study will investigate Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) within an innovative
framework called "Reputation Approach". The Reputation Approach conceptualizes the ways
reputation-sensitive bureaucratic bodies function as organizations within the governmental system
and inside the black box of the executive government. This approach centers on the evaluation of theorganization’s unique character and activities by multiple audiences. Curiously, Japanese publicagencies have not yet been analyzed within the Reputation Approach framework. Thus, this analysis
could shed new light on the ways Japanese agencies work and interact with the wider scientificcommunity and the public, and hopefully provide new theoretical insights. The core argument of the
Reputation Approach is that agencies attempt to cultivate reputation that will enable them to gain
autonomy and legitimation. According to this approach, once reputation-sensitive agencies notice thatpolitical changes occurs, and it might have an effect on the agency’s reputation, they will likely to reactin adaptive strategic ways on the basis of their understanding of their distinct reputation. Using both
empirical and historical review of Japan’ drugs and medical devices safety administration, this paper
will analyze the fluctuations within the agency’s strategy. Specifically, it will focus on the 2001 reformin the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) invigorated by the fact that Japan’s aging
society has become commercially attractive for global pharmaceutical companies. This researchsuggests three optional organizational strategies: reputation for expertise, reputation for protection,
reputation for public safety. Each one of these strategies will lead to deferent outcomes, which affects
the PMDA efficiency and status in the domestic and global pharmaceutical market and may have an
overall impact on public health policies.

JAN NIGGEMEIER (FREIE UNIVERSITAET BERLIN, GERMANY)EMBRACE THE GLOBAL, BUT HOW? - JAPANESE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AS STRATEGIC AGENTS IN TRANSNATIONALDIFFUSION
Japanese social movements today are not only nation state-bound phenomena, but also globallyembedded entities. From recent protests against the TPP free trade agreement, campaigns for the
introduction of a 1,500 yen per hour minimum wage to fights for a nuclear phase out and for a shift
towards fossil free energy, Japanese activists are well aware of the global dimension of these struggles.
As they connect with foreign partners and form solidarity networks, they often get inspiration for theirdomestic activism by movements of similar nature abroad. Particularly the equally institutionalised
global frameworks of labour and environmental activism inevitably have an impact on domestic social
movements in Japan. In spite of the particular relevance for contemporary forms of activism,
transnationalisation processes have been marginalised in literature on social movements in Japan.
Sociological institutionalist approaches suggest that social movements’ global integration leads toisomorphistic movement agendas, organisational patterns, action repertories, applied symbols andcollective identities. However, within this transformative process, social movements are not merely
passive receivers but critical agents in strategically selecting, controlling and transforming the impact
of diffusive processes. This project comparatively elucidates the underlying mechanisms of Japanesesocial movements’ transnationalisation. It particularly brings into focus the interplay between

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institutionalised global frameworks of activism and domestic social movements’ agency in theseprocesses. In order to emphasise the importance of this agency factor, the inquiry relies on interviews
with organisers and group members of Japanese labour and environmental activism, supported byparticipant observation at transnational networking, protest and organisational events.

NISSIM OTMAZGIN (THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM, ISRAEL)FROM COLONIAL POWER TO SOFT POWER: JAPAN'S CULTURAL POLICY IN ASIA
During most of the post-war period, the Japanese government did very little to support the export ofits culture to the rest of Asia and at times even objected to it. This was due to fears that such an export
might resurrect old grievances from the time Japan occupied large parts of this region and attempted
to impose its own culture on the local population, but also due to the lack of government interest in“culture” being a profitable export commodity. However, following the success of Japan’s popular
culture abroad since the mid-1980s and its enthusiastic acceptance by youth throughout Asia, theJapanese government has become increasingly interested in the economic advantages of popular
culture as a way of upgrading the economy, as well as its diplomatic advantages of boosting thecountry’s image abroad and attaining “soft power.” The paper examines the Japanese government’s
policy toward the dissemination of its culture in Asia in three main periods: before and during the
Pacific War, in the post-war period, and since the mid-1980s. Looking at the fluctuations in Japan’scultural policy over these three periods allows us to understand how Japan has used cultural policy
and diplomacy to further its geopolitical goals and more basically how it has viewed the role of “culture”
in the context of its relations with Asian neighbors. In a broader sense, the Japanese experience showsthat cultural policy, even when inward-looking, is not isolated from a country’s geopolitical position
and its ambitions in the world, regardless of the political system under which it operates.

IOAN TRIFU (GOETHE-UNIVERSITY FRANKFURT-AM-MAIN, GERMANY)JAPAN’S CULTURAL HERITAGE POLICY: POSTWAR IDENTITY POLITICS, RESIDUAL TENSIONS, AND EMERGINGGOVERNANCE
For the past three decades, Japan has constantly remained one major financial contributor of UNESCO,and has also been particularly active in advocating conceptual changes regarding cultural heritage at
the international level. At the domestic level, the protection of cultural heritage enjoys a relatively highdegree of institutionalization in Japan while Japanese cultural heritage organizations are being praised
worldwide for their technological capabilities as well as the knowledge and competencies of theirexperts. Such international and domestic efforts should, however, not mask the tensions and conflicts
underlying the issue of the protection of cultural heritage in the postwar period. From the 1950s
onward, resident movements have periodically risen against urban development projects threatening
historical sites. More recently, the protection of Japan’s cultural heritage has been increasingly
influenced by the development of multi-level governance (from the UNESCO to local communities).
Taking a political science perspective, this paper aims to understand the protection of cultural heritagein Japan as cultural heritage policy, an example of public policy overlapping between cultural policy
and national identity policy. In particular, this research will look more closely to how Japanese cultural
heritage policy reveals the evolutions of Japan’s national and local identity in recent decades. The
research will seek then to reconnect two streams of works in political science (public policy analysis

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and the study of national and local identity formation) and by doing so, will try to shed new lights on
Japanese policy-making processes as well as on the complex identity politics ongoing in the country.

Panel: Japan’s Proactive Engagement in the International Development andPeace Cooperation
Chair: Raymond Yamamoto (Osaka University, Japan)
Until recently, Japan’s foreign policy has been generally described as passive in terms of its global
responsibilities. Amaya Naohiro, former Vice Minister of the Ministry of International Trade andIndustry, described Japan as a “merchant nation” (chonin kokka) in the pursuit of economic growth.
In the postwar era, the Official Development Assistance (ODA) was one of the country’s central
instruments in the pursuit of its economic interests. ODA reestablished the relations with theneighboring countries and opened their markets for Japanese goods. Following the recovery of Japan’s
economy in the 1950s, ODA was used to expand the business opportunities for Japanese construction
companies. As a consequence, a high proportion of loans and aid tied to Japanese companies becamea feature of the country’s ODA. Thus, compared to other OECD donors, Japan had the highest share of
economic infrastructure within its ODA.
However, international criticism and new security challenges forced Japan to reconsider its
mercantilist strategy. Although LDP General Secretary Ozawa Ichiro already urged Japan to show more
responsibilities in international matters in the early 1990s, Abe Shinzo was the politician who
demonstrated great dedication and perseverance in the pursuit of bold reforms redefining Japan’s
foreign policy goals. The first national security strategy was released after his political comeback in
2012, strongly influencing the new Development Cooperation Charter. Furthermore, a package of
security bills was enacted in 2015, enlarging the range of possibilities for the Self-Defense Forces toengage in Peacekeeping operations.
This panel aims to critically address the changes in Japan’s international development and peace
engagement. To what extent could these changes be influenced by the Administration of Prime
Minster Abe? The participants of this panel will present their views on different aspects anddevelopments of changing international engagement of Japan.

CARLA BRINGAS (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
JAPAN'S AID FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY: COMPARING STRATEGIES IN CERRADO AND PROSAVANA
Cerrado is considered a successful case in contributing to global food security. The “skills” built throughCerrado agricultural development aimed to be replicated in Africa. According to JICA studies prior to
the planning of Prosavana, Cerrado case seemed to provide justified evidence that with appropriatetechniques the problem of “unused” agriculture land can be solved and food shortage problem could
be reduced. In this regard, trilateral cooperation Prosavana project in Mozambique aimed to replicate
Brazil’s Cerrado result in northern Mozambique. This strategy is criticized by some researchers due to82Politics

the application of a “cartesian logic” (Wolford and Nehring, 2015) in a geographical terms without acareful evaluation of the political, economical and social differences among the regions.

MISATO MATSUOKA (THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK, UK)JAPAN’S PROACTIVE PACIFISM AND THE ODA POLICY: CHANGING FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICYMAKING?
Marking the 60th anniversary of the launch of Official Developmental Aid (ODA) in 2014, the Japanese
government revealed its intention to revise the ODA charter (or ‘Development Cooperation Charter’)in line with ‘proactive contribution to peace,’ which is currently known as ‘proactive pacifism’ andadopted in February 2015. While the revised charter is regarded as reflection of ‘new realities’(Okaniwa 2015), such actors as nongovernmental organizations raised concerns about potential risks
of using for military purposes (e.g. Japan Times 2015). In this regard, it is important to investigate thechanging features of Japan’s ODA policy by looking into the nature of its pacifist identity, which has
been the pillar of Japanese foreign and security policymaking.
This paper examines development of Japan’s ODA policy by underscoring its relationship with foreignand security policymaking. The purpose of this paper is to identify what led to revision of its ODA policy
and how this has been discussed in the political arena at various levels (e.g. state, civil society).
Whereas it discussed the characteristics of Japanese pacifism, it also takes into account changing
security environment that may have reshaped the features of Japan’s pacifism as the examples ofpeacekeeping operations (PKO) since the 1990s illustrate. By exploring what aspects of the ODA canbe considered part of Japan’s proactive pacifism and traces back its pacifist identity since the postwar
period, this paper carefully and critically examines how international environments may have reshaped
not only Japan’s ODA policy but also its foreign and security policymaking.

MASUMI OWA (NAGOYA COLLEGE, JAPAN)
JAPAN’S AID: SELF-INTEREST OR ENLIGHTENED SELF-INTEREST
Historically, Japan’s aid has been criticized for pursuing self-interest or national interest. During 1960s
and 70s, when Japanese economy was drastically growing, Japan’s aid was provided in combination
with trade and investment with the regional focus on East Asia. With the tied aid practice of Japan’s
aid during that period, Japan’s aid has been characterized as “commercialism”. Yet, as a member of
the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Japan has long been reforming its aid in responseto the international criticisms. For the last few decades, Chinese aid to Africa has attracted hugeattention by scholars. Chinese aid has in general been critically perceived by Western donors, as it
appears to be pursuing national interest (e.g. Chinese investment or natural resources) in exchange
for its aid. However, African governments welcome the alternative aid offered by China, which
Western donors do not provide.
Against this backdrop, this paper examines whether Japan’s aid is characterized as self-interest or
enlightened self-interest. In the OECD DAC, the ideal purpose of aid has long been implicitly
determined towards “altruism” rather than “self-interest”. However, by introducing the implication ofChinese aid to Africa, this paper argues that the international norms are gradually shifting, andtherefore, the perception on whether Japan’s aid is based on self-interest is also changing.

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RAYMOND YAMAMOTO (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
JAPAN’S SECURITY REFORMS—IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COUNTRY’S PEACEKEEPING ENGAGEMENT
Accelerated globalization that followed the end of the Cold War increased the degree of independency
between states. As a consequence, destabilization of failing states today has a far-reaching effect on
the international security, precipitating refugee crises, or offering breeding grounds for terrorism andtransnational crime. Therefore, the international community has been increasingly intervening in
failing states science the 1990s, in order to prevent a fall back into a Hobbesian order ruled by theconstant fear of violence and death.
As an active member of the international community, Japan also showed its ambitions related to thePeace Keeping Operations (PKO). In 1998, Prime Minister Obuchi Keizo introduced the Human Security
concept as an integral part of Japan’s foreign policy, guaranteeing the “freedom from fear” as well as
the “freedom from want” for all individuals. However, Japan’s engagement in unstable environments
posed a great challenge for the country due to the strict interpretation of Article 9 of the constitutionthat limited the use of force by the Self Defense Forces (SDF) to self-protection. Since Prime Mister
Abe Shinzo came back to power in 2012 significant security reforms have been implemented thatenlarged the role of the SDF in PKO missions, permitting the use of force to protect other units as wellas civilians. This presentation deals with the analysis of new prospects for Japan’s engagement infragile states, placing a special focus on the mission in South Sudan—a country leading in the Fragile
States Index due to its internal conflicts, fractious politics, and poverty.

Panel: Civil Society and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia
Chair: Sayuri Guthrie Shimizu (Rice University, United States of America)“History problems” have become a thorny issue causing suspicion among Northeast Asian countries.
This panel explores possible pathways toward historical reconciliation, focusing on the roles of various
civil society actors.
At the governmental level, there have been some positive moves recently. In December 2015, thegovernments of Japan and the ROK reached an agreement to settle the “comfort women” issue,emphasizing a new chapter in Korean-Japanese relations. Hoping that it would strengthen strategiccooperation between its two key allies in the region, US officials welcomed the deal. Nevertheless, theagreement has not promoted reconciliation on a broader societal level. Some former “comfort women,”as well as citizens groups representing them, expressed their dissatisfaction.
Public attitudes regarding the agreement are also divided. While the majority in Japan supported
Japan’s efforts to improve Japan–South Korea relations, attitudes on the “comfort women” issue
diverged from their overall satisfaction with Abe’s South Korea policy. In Korea, there has been awidespread belief that the agreement is quite superficial. Would the deal have been more acceptable
if there were a general and broader environment of societal reconciliation between Japan and the
ROK? How can we realize broader transnational networks in which a wider range of societal actors
participate in the region? LILY GARDNER FELDMAN explores postwar Germany’s reconciliation for insights

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into future Northeast Asian reconciliation. SEIKO MIMAKI looks at the prospect of transnational“epistemic communities.” ANDREW HORVAT explores the roles of the Japanese media in reconciliation
processes.

LILY GARDNER FELDMAN (JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)GERMAN CIVIL SOCIETY AND RECONCILIATION: LESSONS FOR JAPAN?
Over a seven-decade period, Germany has developed a comprehensive policy of reconciliation toward
former enemy countries that renders the Federal Republic a repository of lessons for other nationsattempting to deal with a dark past.
Civil society actors in Germany have played a vital role in international reconciliation, serving often as
catalyst for official actions (the Peace with Israel Movement regarding Israel); as complements (thebroad array of societal relations between Germany and France); as conduits when official relations ofreconciliation were not possible (the church regarding Poland); or as competitors with their own
governments (the Expellee Federation regarding the Czech Republic). More recently, civil society has
played a fifth role, that of facilitator, in which German organizations provide the forum, either in theaffected country or in Germany, to bring together for dialogue and deliberation parties searching fora pathway to reconciliation. In addition to playing significant roles, civil society activities have spanned
a wealth of functional areas from economics to political foundations, from culture to science, fromyouth exchange to town twinnings, from religion to academic connections. This paper explores boththe successes and failures of German non-governmental activities in terms of role and function as away of highlighting for Japanese civil society both opportunities and obstacles for reconciliation in East
Asia.
SEIKO MIMAKI (KANSAI GAIDAI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
EMERGING GLOBAL EPISTEMIC COMMUNITY? THE POSSIBLE ROLES OF SCHOLARS IN NORTHEAST ASIAN
RECONCILIATIONNortheast Asian history problems have begun to assume global importance. Bilateral disagreements
on “comfort women” and the Nanjing Massacre have impacted debates at the United Nations mostrecently at UNESCO leading to lengthy delays in approval of heritage site applications. In order toaddress international divides on war memory issues sustained dialogue is essential. But are official
level bilateral and trilateral discussions involving China, South Korea and Japan sufficient to forge atransnationally shared vision of East Asia’s difficult past?
My paper examines the emerging role of a global epistemic community of scholars and professionals
working toward historical reconciliation in Northeast Asia. The May 2015 “Open Letter” of 187
historians encouraging historical dialogues in Northeast Asia on the occasion of the 70th anniversaryof the end of WWII is an indication that academics outside East Asia who have been closely observing
the region’s historical problems are moving toward joint action. In November 2015, when the South
Korean government announced plans to reintroduce government-issued textbooks to counter the
alleged “pro-North Korea” leftist orientation of privately published textbooks and to teach “correct”
history, historians overseas immediately issued a joint statement criticizing Park’s decision as anantidemocratic move that would prevent citizens from gaining a balanced understanding of the past.

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Presenting examples such as those mentioned above, my paper will discuss the increasing
international impact of East Asia’s unresolved historical problems and the potential role of a global
epistemic community of scholars and practitioners responding collectively to historical revisionism
through concerted, organized action.

ANDREW HORVAT (JOSAI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE JAPANESE NEWS MEDIA’S ROLE IN HISTORICAL RECONCILIATION – A QUESTION OF SUSTAINABILITY
Close to 100 percent literacy, highly concentrated markets, and a tradition of journalism as an elite
profession whose practitioners are expected not only to serve society but also to improve it, havenurtured an environment in Japan for news reporters and their organizations to engage in the kind ofreconciliation work with former adversaries and victims carried out elsewhere by civil society. For
example, since 2002 the leading dailies of Fukuoka and Pusan have exchanged reporters annually. Eachreporter moves for six months with family to the other city, studies the local language and writes aregular column for the host paper. Utilizing an unrivaled capacity to convene events, the Asahi in Japanand the Dong-A in Korea have held conferences at which ideas on historical differences have been
aired and published by each paper jointly. Although both Japanese and Korean news media have comein for criticism for maintaining far too cozy relations with official sources through exclusive “press
clubs,” these same close links between representatives of the media and the state have often allowed
news reporters to put pressure on their government in favor of better ties with neighbors. The wordingof at least one official Japanese apology to South Korea for past wrongs is said to have emerged froma press club briefing. This presentation will discuss the historical origins of Japan’s activist press, itsrecord in promoting reconciliation, and its future prospects given declines in circulation and advertising
as well as increasing pressure from conservative political forces.

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Panel: Japan’s Postwar Path from the Paradigm of National Security: The
Shifting Patterns of US-Japan Strategic Relations, 1950s-1980s
Chair: Nam Chang-hee (Inha University, Korea)
Discussants: Yasuyo Sakata (Kanda University of International Studies, Japan) andChisako T. Masuo (Kyushu University, Japan)
The panel focuses on Japan’s post-war path from the national security paradigm with special attention
to the shifting pattern of the U.S.-Japan strategic relations. TOMOAKI HAGITO will examine the U.S.-Japan
relations within the context of American security interests in East Asia during the 1950s, in particular
the capacity to adapt its policy towards Japan’s involvement in the Cold War (1960 Security Treaty).
SHIRO SATO will reveal ‘dilemma’, ‘irony’, and ‘paradox’ that Japan’s nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation policy added to the strategic relation with an example of ‘non-first-use of nuclear
weapons’ policy. His aim is to explain the idea behind nuclear disarmament and nuclear umbrella inJapan’s foreign policy, and more broadly, its implications to the U.S.-Japan relations. AYAKO KUSUNOKI
will show how the Japanese government tried to manage the U.S.-Japan relation, entering a new phase,by focusing on the establishment of the Japan Foundation in 1972. Finally, WATARU YAMAGUCHI will
cover the last phase of the Cold War by describing the formation and evolvement of Ronald Reagan’s
foreign policy toward Japan in the 1980s when, as the second largest economy, its internationalpresence considerably augmented; and offer a comparison with polices adopted under Jimmy Carter
administration.

TOMOAKI HAGITO (KOBE UNIVERSITY; JAPAN)
U.S.-JAPAN RELATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF AMERICAN SECURITY INTERESTS IN EAST ASIA DURING THE 1950S

SHIRO SATO (OSAKA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND NUCLEAR UMBRELLA IN US-JAPAN RELATIONSAYAKO KUSUNOKI (INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES, JAPAN)
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE JAPAN FOUNDATION AND U.S.-JAPAN RELATIONS DURING THE EARLY 1970S

WATARU YAMAGUCHI (DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD JAPAN DURING THE 1980S

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Religion and Philosophy Section
Section Convenor: Christian Hermansen (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)
PAOLA CAVALIERE (OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)TESTING THE EMPOWERMENT THESIS: A TYPOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN JAPAN
Women constitute the majority of members in most Japanese religious organizations and have been
extensively engaged in religious civil society organizations (RCSOs) with relief, reconstruction andsocial welfare activities. The literature on volunteering regards religion and gender as two importantcomponents facilitating civic engagement, which in turn is believed to foster citizenship anddemocratization. In this respect, the expansion of RCSOs in Japan has important implications for theunderstanding of the role of religious civil society in enhancing women’s participatory democracy andthe implications for empowerment and gender equality.
In order to test the empowerment thesis, the presentation will discuss a typology of Japanese RCSOs.
These are divided into hierarchical groups, the proto-democratic groups and the democratic groups.
Drawing upon the results of a survey conducted by the author in Japan in 2009-2012, the presentation
will show what types of RCSOs may be congenial for the empowerment of women through civic
engagement and will evaluate how and to what extent women’s participation in RCSOs might be avehicle for empowerment and participatory democracy in practice.
Given the complex reality in which the RCSOs operate, they do not perfectly fit into one type. However,the classification offered in this presentation will provide analytical tools with which to understandmore fully the complexity of women’s agency, as well as the impact of religious civic society on
women’s empowerment and participatory democracy in Japan.

CHRISTIAN HERMANSEN (KWANSEI GAKUIN UNIVERSITY)
SHINREISAN OR THE THOMSEN FARM - THE STORY OF A MISSION PROJECT IN JAPAN.
Does a center for religious dialogue combined with a house for pilgrims, a school of agriculture, and amodel farm located in the countryside halfway between Tokyo and Kyoto sound attractive to you?
Focusing on one of the pioneers in religious dialogue in Japan, the Danish Harry Thomsen (1928-2008),
I want to outline and discuss his ideas for setting up Shinreisan 新霊山 near Fukuroi in Shizuoka
Prefecture to make such a center. As a project of The Nordic Christian Mission to Buddhists, sometimes
called Scandinavian East Asian Mission, the construction of the Shinreisan or Denmaaku bokujo(Denmark Farm), as it is known today, began in 1963 after some years of planning. Many resources
and many people were involved with much fervor. However, by 1974, the plans were practicallyabandoned. Shinreizan/Denmaaku bokujo still exists, and some people have carried the ideas along intheir life, so it was not for naught. Still, it is worth seeking, perhaps learning from, an answer to thesimple question, “What went wrong?” This presentation will be a partial result of my ongoing researchon Danish Christian Mission in Japan 1898-1998.

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MICHIKO HIRAMA (TOHO GAKUEN COLLEGE, TOKYO, JAPAN)
SUMAI (相撲) RITUALS AS IMPERIAL PERFORMANCE CEREMONIES IN THE ANCIENT JAPANESE COURT (SEVENTH TOTENTH CENTURY): INTRODUCTION OF THE CHINESE BAIXI (百戯) FESTIVAL AND THE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF KONOEFU(近衛府) MUSIC AND DANCE
Using historical documents, this paper attempts to shed light on the political aspects of musicalperformances in the ancient Japanese court.
Analysis of a ninth century book on court ceremonies reveals that the imperial Japanese wrestling
ritual called Sumai was an importation of the Chinese court’s own Baixi festival since it includes not
only wrestling but also many of Baixi’s other performances by acrobats and musicians. From the
beginning of the tenth century, the Konoefu was mainly charged with music and dance performancein the ritual.
When the early Japanese Sumai of the late seventh century are compared to the Chinese Baixi,
especially as held by Emperor Yang (煬帝; r. 604–618), it is notable that the oldest Japanese Sumai
were presented by barbarian wrestlers to foreign embassy audiences, just as Emperor Yang advertised
his might to foreign emissaries through the performance of vanquished “others.”
How and why did the Konoefu perform, despite the existence of another court music department
called the Gagakuryo? Considering the political atmosphere of the ceremony as well as the Konoefu’s
institutional character it is seen that its performance represented the relationship between sovereignand subject, as originated in Japan absent Chinese influence.
This paper demonstrates how the ancient Japanese court combined Chinese cultural practices with its
own original customs, rather than simply imitating them. In investigating the political significance of
these musical performances, it is important to look beyond traditional musical sources, andincorporate other historical documents.

MALITZ DAVID (ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY, THAILAND)DISCIPLINE AND PROGRESS: THAI-BUDDHIST MODERNITY AND ITS IMAGINATIONS OF THE JAPANESE
Having never been formally colonized and enjoying only very little exchanges with Japan until the
1930s, Thai perceptions of modern Japan have received very little academic attention. Drawing on Thai
primary sources, this paper will show that Japan served as an exemplar for an Asian modernity since
the late nineteenth century and especially after the Russo-Japanese War. But Japan was not so muchan objective of inquiry, but rather served as a screen on which to project one’s own political ideals andto serve as proof of the feasibility of their realization. This is most evident in a dominant trope of theconservative political discourse in Thailand, which has its roots in the emergence of a modern
Buddhism in the midnineteenth century that negotiated between Theravada teachings and newly
introduced Western knowledge. Drawing on and combining the law of karma with nineteenth century
ideas of race and national characters, the relative backwardness of the kingdom has been and still is
explained by the lack of discipline of its people. Japanese progress and the emergence of the empire
as a great power after the Russo-Japanese War was explained not so much by institutional change, butby the national character of the Japanese. Until the very present the Japanese are referred to bypolitical conservatives as an exemplary and highly disciplined people and contrasted with theundisciplined majority of the Thais, who are therefore unfit to choose their own government.

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CLAUDIA MARRA (NAGASAKI UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES, JAPAN)
HANJIMONO (判じ物 ) LEADING TO ENLIGHTENMENT - THE PICTURAL HEART SUTRA (般若絵心経 )During the Edo period all Japanese had to register at a nearby Buddhist temple. While often
registration may only have been done to fullfil the legal obligation, some of the newly registered lay
Buddhists may have had a genuine interest in Buddhist teachings. Following the requirements for Pure
Land schools, who's teachings centered around the faith in Amidha Buddha and the importance of theshort and uncomplicated nembutsu prayer, was a manageable task even for the illiterate. But what
about the text based Buddhist schools, which required One's own efforts (自力) in order to reachsalvation? Even considering Japan's high literacy rates, it is rather unlikely, that the majority of theJapanese population would have been able to read and understand an important Buddhist text like theHeart Sutra, 般若心経, this naturally posed a problem for the monastic schools. An answer to thisproblem presented itself in the form of Hanjimono (判じ物), rebus-like allusions, using pictures torepresent words or parts of words. Usually used for playfull riddles, artists would also use Hanjimono
to represent their names and sometimes even short subversive slogans. It were most likely Rinzai
affiliated monks from the Tohoku area who adopted Hanjimono to represent the Heart Sutra and thus
helped to make it accessible to the illiterate lay people. The considerations behind that practice are
topic of this lecture.

MORRIS JON (KOMAZAWA WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
TOWARD A SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MOKUJIKI
This presentation focuses on the history and intellectual history of mokujiki 木食 (lit. “tree/woodeating”) in Japan. It seeks to clearly present the various Taoist and continental ideas regarding theconsumption of wood, leaves, pine needles and nuts in the wider context of special diets used inreligious austerities in Japan. These practices involving the consumption of tree based foods are
believed by practitioners to cause longevity or the development of such powers as clairaudience. The
practice is particularly associated with Shugendo and esoteric Buddhist traditions, and is linked tocertain traditions of Buddhist statuary and Buddhist mummification in Japan. I present research
exploring the relationship of mokujiki and the principles underlying Japanese Buddhist food culture in
Japan more generally.

ROMAN PAȘCA (KANDA UNIVERSITY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, JAPAN)
NATURE AS AN ONTOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE: ON ANDO SHOEKI’S CONCEPT OF GOSEI (“MUTUAL NATURES”)
In Shizen shin’ei dō 『自然真営道』(“The True Way of Functioning of Nature”), Andō Shōeki 安藤昌
益(1703-1762) proposes a vision of the world where two different realms exist: shizen no yo (“theWorld of Nature”), and shihōsei (“the World of the Private Law”). One of Shōeki’s most original andsignificant contributions is his understanding of the human being: the notion of hito envisaged not only
as a hub of man-and-woman fused together, but also as an all-encompassing self that expands into allof humankind.
In this presentation, I propose an analysis of Shōeki’s vision of the human being within the World of
Nature; in my analysis, I focus on the principle of gosei (“mutual natures”). I suggest that Shōeki’s
understanding of the human being is three-leveled, spanning from the single individual to the whole90

Religion and Philosophyof humankind, and I propose the term homo naturalis to refer to this interpretation. My conclusion isthat Shōeki’s understanding of the human being - as hito ontologically determined by the principle of“mutual natures” - can not only shed some light on the evolution of the concept in the history ofJapanese philosophy, but also provide us with clues useful in the interpretation and discussion ofconcepts such as self and subjectivity in twentieth-century European history of philosophy.

JORDANCO SEKULOVSKI (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
THE WAY OF KÂTA: RETHINKING SELFHOOD THROUGH JAPANESE AND NON-STANDARD PHILOSOPHY
History of systems of thought demystifies the philosophical foundations and representations of theworld. It is of utmost necessity to understand the correlation between different civilizational systemsof thought and how they operate and empower us with means to create concepts, ideas that in returnmold our worldviews and identities. This presentation investigates alternative histories of systems ofthought to that of the West. In “Postures et pratiques de l’Homme: libéralisme, philosophie nonstandard et pensée japonaise” (2013) I argue that Francois Laruelle’s Non-standard philosophy shares
similarities to that of Kâta. If we take a closer look at Japan’s long philosophical tradition we canascertain a unique history of thought based on the use of kâta or shikâta (型 or 形). It serves as a moldfor all lived experience by unifying mind and bodily posture.
Michel Foucault argued that the principle of “epimeleisthai sautou” or “to take care of oneself”, served
as a paradigm in European Antiquity focused on the care of the body and the soul, and helped in thecreation of various “technologies of the self”. A closer look at kâta and the principle of taking care ofoneself reveals a striking similarity in their instrumental function as individualizing techniques. This
presentation will argue that kâta serves as a “generic technic of self-creation and transformation” ofindividuals in Japan and its society as a whole.

MIHAELA LACRAMIOARA SIGHINAS (KOBE UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
ON THE INTERPRETATION OF PILGRIMAGE SONGS IN EARLY MODERN JAPANIn the Edo period an extensive railroad system is created, and thus average people get engaged inwalking the paths of Saikoku pilgrimage. While Saikoku pilgrimage becomes widespread within thewhole country, it also gets tainted with strong entertainment features. This infiltration into society andpeople’s lives leads to a great number of pilgrimage texts. Among them, the texts written by Buddhist
priests, to serve them when preaching the way in which Kannon’s salvific powers work on people who
entrust their faith in the bodhisattva, are of important interest. Especially, I will take up two pilgrimage
texts. The first one is written by the Jōdo (Pure Land) priest Kōyo Shunō in 1726, Saigoku Junrei
Utagenchū (the interpretation of goeika, poem-prayers for each of the 33 temples), that gives the clear
image of the Jōdo (Pure Land) Paradise and describes each temple ground as a gate to achieving theafter world salvation. The second one is Shōkaan Taihō’s Saigoku Sanjūsansho Goeika Kari Meishō(1857/1887). In this presentation, I show that the teachings leading to the afterworld salvation areconveyed not through the discourses of the Buddha but through waka poem-prayers (junrei uta) thatpunctuate the pilgrimage texts. I will focus on the religious interpretation of junrei uta (pilgrimage
songs) and I will consider the religious nature of Saikoku pilgrimage from early to late Edo period.

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