Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

健康老龄化：中、德、日的多学科研究International Workshop

Well-being in Ageing Societies:
Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan主 办Organized by
Institute of Population and Labor Economics (IPLE), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS), PR China
German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo, Japan
German Centre of Gerontology (DZA), Germany

23 – 25 October 2013, Beijing
2013 年 10 月 23-25 日，北京i

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

International Workshop
Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan
Supported by

Stiftung Mercator Foundation (墨卡托基金会)
The German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo was established in 1988 and is charged withinvestigating contemporary Japan, its economy, society, politics, and culture. It belongs to the Max Weber
Foundation, (www.maxweberstiftung.de), which is funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research.
The DIJ is independent in setting its research agenda. By investigating the economy, society, politics andculture of contemporary Japan, the DIJ seeks to advance knowledge about Japan and contribute to mutual
understanding. The DIJ also sees itself as an "on-site" center for research on Japan, actively involved ininternational cooperation. Since March 1997, the DIJ has been holding open lectures called DIJ Forum. In theselectures, internationally established scholars discuss topics of general interest. Further information:www.dijtokyo.org
The workshop will be held on the premises of the Institute of Population and Labor Economics (IPLE),
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), in Beijing. The Institute of Population and Labor Economics,
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IPLE-CASS), was established in l980 and the current director is Professor
CAI Fang. IPLE participates in the researches of demography, labour economics, social security theories, andquestions of population and labour employment. The research interests include: demographic theories,
demographic policy, demographic economics, labour economics, labour and social security, employment andhuman resources, demography and social development, demographic statistics, ageing society, migration andurbanization, demographic history, and so on. Further information: http://iple.cass.cn/
The German Centre of Gerontology (DZA) Berlin is a leading institute for scientific research anddocumentation in the fields of social and behavioural ageing research with the focus on the investigation of theliving arrangements, life situations, and life-styles of ageing people in the societal and policy context. Research
projects are conducted regarding the topics “work and retirement”, “economy of old age”, “health and social care”,“family and social relations” and “societal participation”. Based on this research the DZA conducts social
reporting, independent policy consulting and offers information services for the public. The DZA is funded by theFederal Ministry Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. Various projects are also supported by othersources. Further information: www.dza.de
The workshop is supported by the Stiftung Mercator, one of the largest private foundations in Germany. Further
information: http://www.stiftung-mercator.de/en/the-foundation.html

iii

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Purpose of the workshop:
The overall aim of this workshop is to bring together international experts studying therelationship between objective and subjective well-being and older adults/ageing societies
in various fields to present their latest ideas and empirical research in order to help
develop an agenda for future research on well-being in the ageing society. The discussion
will focus on China, Japan, and Germany, as these societies represent different stages of
economic development, speed of demographic change, cultural values concerning
families and older people, and social policies which vary widely due to specificcircumstances and historical path dependence. We plan to discuss three general questions:a) How do well-being, satisfaction, and happiness change over the life
course in China, Japan, and Germany?
b) What are the individual, economic, and societal factors that affect wellbeing, satisfaction, and happiness of older adults in China, Japan, andGermany?
c) Which societal institutions, cultural frameworks and social policies help
to enhance the well-being, satisfaction, and happiness under conditions of
population ageing in China, Japan and Germany?
After comparing the demographic situation in China, Japan, and Germany, empiricalevidence on psychological well-being over the life course in these three countries will be
discussed, concentrating on the individual factors that influence life satisfaction andhappiness as people age. We will then move on to discuss the role of societal andeconomic factors for subjective well-being. Finally, we will focus on policies for active
ageing and well-being in ageing societies. We hope that the comparative perspective of
the workshop will be productive for learning from each other in terms of generalchallenges and opportunities that China, Japan, and Germany are facing due todemographic and social changes. Despite the many differences between the three
countries in regards to economic development, social structure and political system
notwithstanding, they share the challenge of rapid population ageing.
The presentations are intended to stimulate discussion of research topics, methods andideas that could suggest new avenues for studying the well-being of people in ageing
societies from a cross-cultural perspective. Hence, the presentations should be brief andconcise (10 minutes maximum) and focus on the three questions posed above. (a) life
course trajectories of well-being; (b) individual, economic, and societal factors affecting
well-being in late life; (c) institutions, cultural values, economic factors and social
policies enhancing well-being.
The workshop is expected to facilitate future collaborative studies among participants. By
focusing on the discussion among experts from various disciplines we hope to encourage
the cross-pollination among disciplines and leverage the creative potential of our crossnational and multi-disciplinary setting.

iv

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and JapanTABLE OF CONTENTS（v

October 23-25, Beijing China）

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

PROGRAM AGENDA
Day 1, Wednesday, October 23, 2013

Welcome and Keynote Panel
Welcome:Prof. Dr. Fang Cai, Director of IPLE-CASS, PR China
Prof. Dr. Clemens Tesch-Roemer, Director, DZA, Germany
Prof. Dr. Florian Coulmas, Director, DIJ, Japan
Dr. Florian Kohlbacher, Head of Business & Economics Section, DIJ,
Japan

18:00-19:30

Keynote Panel: Visions for the Ageing Societies of China, Germany andJapan
Panel chair: Prof. Dr. Florian Coulmas, Director, DIJ, Japan
Speakers:
1. Preparing for an ageing society, by Prof. Dr. Zhenzhen Zheng,
Professor, IPLE-CASS, China
2. The demographic change – a challenge for the individual and thesociety, by Prof. Dr. Ursula Lehr, President, BAGSO, theGerman National Association of Senior Citizens’
Organizations, Germany
3. Happiness in Germany: Challenges for a Demographically
Changing Society, by Prof. Dr. Clemens Tesch-Roemer,
Director, DZA, Germany
4. Early- and Late-onsets of Disability in Aged Society, by Prof.
Dr. Hiroko Akiyama, University of Tokyo, Japan
Special presentation and demonstration of Paro
Technology Solutions for the Ageing Society: The Case of Care
Robotics
Speaker:
Therapeutic Seal Robot, PARO, as Biofeedback Medical Device in
Dementia Care, by Prof. Dr. Takanori Shibata, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan

19:30-21:00

Welcome Dinner1

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Day 2, Thursday, October 24, 2013

9:00-9:15

Keynote Speech
Dr. Xiao Caiwei, Vice President, China National Committee on Ageing
Session I: The Individual (Psychological issues)
Chair: Prof. Dr. Clemens Tesch-Roemer
1.

9:15-10:45

Stable subjective well-being of the Chinese elderly in the past 20
years, by Prof. Dr. Buxin Han, Institute of Psychology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China
2. Well-being across the life-span: The German perspective, by Prof.
Dr. Michael Eid, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Free
University Berlin, Germany
3. Determinants and effects on well-beings of productive activities inlate-middle aged and aged Japanese: Longitudinal analysis of two
representative panels, by Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Shibata, University of
Human Arts and Sciences, Japan
Each speaker will give a concise input (max. 10 min) on research results
which helps to discuss the following questions:- How does well-being change over the life course?
- What are important psychological factors affecting well-being over thelife course?
Discussion

10:45-11:15

Coffee break2

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Session II: The Society (Sociological issues)

11:15-12:45

Chair: Prof. Dr. Hiroko Akiyama
1. China’s population aging and health system reform, by Prof. Dr. Xuejin
Zuo, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China
2. Ageing, Later Life and Social Change in Germany, by Dr. Andreas
Motel-Klingebiel, DZA, Germany
3. Gender differences in well-being over the life course: a case in Japan, byProf. Dr. Takako Sodei, Ochanomizu University, Japan
Each speaker will give a concise input (max. 10 min) on research results
which helps to discuss the following questions:- What are important social issues related to ageing?
- How do these social issues of ageing affect well-being over the life
course?
Discussion

12:45-14:00

Lunch BreakSession III: The Economy (Economic and business issues)

14:00-15:30

Chair: Prof. Dr. Xuejin Zuo
1. An overlook at a booming mature industry in Chinese ageing society,by Prof. Dr. Jiehua Lu, Department of Sociology, Peking
University, China
2. The Impact of Aging on the European Economy and its Implications
for the International Division of Labor, by Prof. Dr. Axel BoerschSupan, Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy,
Munich Center for the Economics of Aging, Germany
3. Consumer Well-being in Later Life: Conceptual Foundations andPreliminary Empirical Evidence, by Dr. Florian Kohlbacher, DIJ,Japan
Each speaker will give a concise input (max. 10 min) on research results
which helps to discuss the following questions:- What are the economic and business challenges of ageing societies?
- How do these economic and business challenges affect well-being
over the life course?
Discussion
3

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

15:30-16:00

October 23-25, Beijing China

Coffee break
Session IV: Technology

16:00-17:30

Chair: Dr. Florian Kohlbacher
1. Understanding Gerontechnology Acceptance by Elderly Hong Kong
Chinese: A Senior Technology Acceptance Model, by Dr. Ke Chen,
Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management,
City University of Hong Kong, China
2. A Robot for my Grandma? Opportunities and Barriers of Assistive
Technologies for the Elderly in Germany, by Dr. Birgid Eberhardt,
SIBIS, Germany
3. Gerontechnology for successful aging: From compensation toenhancement, by Dr. Ryoko Fukuda, Department of Environment
and Information Studies, Keio University, Japan
Each speaker will give a concise input (max. 10 min) on research results
which helps to discuss the following questions:- What kind of technologies can contribute to successful ageing and/or
active ageing?
- How do technologies affect well-being over the life course?
Discussion

18:30

Networking dinner4

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Day 3, Friday, October 25, 2013

Session V: Actively designing Well-being in Ageing Societies (Policy issues)

9:00-10:30

Chair: Prof. Dr. Axel Boersch-Supan
1. Aging Policies in China: from “rights protection” to “integrated
development”, by Prof. Dr. Jian Song, Population and Development
Center, Renmin University, China
2. Policy interventions to enhance active ageing in Germany, by Dr.
Frank Berner, DZA, Germany
3. How Did Japanese Social Policies Effect on Well-being for Older
Persons? By Prof. Dr. Takeo Ogawa, Kumamoto Gakuen University,
Japan
Each speaker will give a concise input (max. 10 min) on research results
which helps to discuss the following questions:- What are policies for successful ageing and/or active ageing?
- How do these policies affect well-being over the life course?
Discussion

10:3011:00

Coffee break
Session VI: Discussion and Wrap-Up
Topic: The road ahead: Collaboration, research, action

11:0012:30

Facilitators:
Prof. Dr. Zhenzhen Zheng, Professor, IPLE-CASS, China
Prof. Dr. Florian Coulmas, Director, DIJ, Japan
Discussants: All

12:45
14:0017:00

Lunch- visit to ZhongYi Ageing Development Center5

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

10 月 23 日（星期三），北京诺富特三元酒店一层致辞：蔡昉教授，中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所所长
Clemens Tesch-Roemer 教授，德国老年学研究中心主任
Florian Coulmas 教授，德国日本研究所所长
Florian Kohlbacher 博士，德国日本研究所商业和经济学科负责人

主题讨论专场：中德日老龄社会展望
主持人：Florian Kohlbacher 博士，德国日本研究所商业和经济学科负责人，日本
发言：１. 为健康老龄化社会早作准备，郑真真教授，中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所，中国

18:00-19:30

２. 人口变迁——对个体和社会的挑战，Ursula Lehr 教授，德国全国
老年协会主席，德国
3. 德国的幸福感：人口变迁的社会挑战，Clemens Tesch-Roemer 教授，德国老年学研究中心主任，德国
4. 老龄化社会中失能的早发和晚发，Hiroko Akiyama 教授，东京大学，
日本
Paro 特别介绍和演示环节
老龄社会的技术解决方案：照料机器人的案例
发言：治疗型机器海豹 PARO——用于痴呆症护理的机能反馈疗
法医疗设备，Takanori Shibata 教授，产业技术総合研究所，东京
工业大学（AIST），日本
19:30-21:00

晚

宴

6

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

10 月 24 日（星期四），中冶大厦 9 层会议室（三元桥西北角）

9:00-9:15

主题发言肖才伟，中国全国老龄委办公室副主任
第一单元：个体研究（心理问题）
主持人：Clemens Tesch-Roemer 教授
发

言：

1.

过去 20 年间稳定的中国老年人主观幸福感，韩布新教授，中国科学院心理研究所，中国

9:15-10:45

生命跨度中的幸福：德国的视角，Michael Eid 教授，柏林自由大学

2.

教育与心理学院，德国
中年后期和老年日本人的生产活动对幸福感的影响：两项追踪调查3.

的纵向分析，Hiroshi Shibata 教授，人间総合科学大学

保健医疗学

部，日本
讨 论
10:45-11:15

茶歇

第二单元：社会研究（社会学问题）
主持人：Hiroko Akiyama 教授
发言：

1. 中国的人口老龄化和卫生系统改革，左学金教授，上海社会科学院，中国
11:15-12:45

2. 德国的老龄化、晚年生活和社会变迁，Andreas Motel-Klingebiel 博士，德国老年学研究中心，德国
3. 生命历程中幸福感的性别差异：日本案例，Takako Sodei 教授，御茶水女
子大学，日本讨 论

12:45-14:00

午

餐

7

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

第三单元：经济研究（经济和商业问题）
主持人：左学金教授
发言：

1. 中国老龄化社会背景下新兴老龄产业发展展望，陆杰华教授，北京大学
14:00-15:30

社会学系，中国
2. 老龄化对欧洲经济的冲击及其对国际劳动力分工的潜在影响，Axel
Boersch-Supan 教授，马普社会法律和社会政策研究所慕尼黑老龄经济学中心，德国
3. 消费者晚年的幸福感：理论基础和实证分析，Florian Kohlbacher 博士，
德国日本研究所，日本

15:30-16:00

讨

论

茶

歇

第四单元：技术研究
主持人：Florian Kohlbacher 博士
发

言：1. 香港长者科技接受行为研究——长者科技接受模型的应用，陈珂博士，
16:00-17:30

香港城市大学系统工程与工程管理学系，中国
2. 让祖母用养老机器人？德国老年人辅助技术发展的机遇和障碍，Birgid
Eberhardt 博士，社会学研究和咨询研究所，德国
3. 以健康老龄化为目标的老年科技学：从雪中送炭到锦上添花，Ryoko
Fukuda 博士，庆应义塾大学环境情报研究部，日本
讨 论

18:30

晚

宴

8

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

10 月 25 日（星期五）第五部分：积极规划老龄化社会的幸福感（政策问题）
主持人：Axel Boersch-Supan 教授发言：

1. 中国的老龄政策：从权益保障到全面发展，宋健教授，中国人民大学
9:00-10:30

人口与发展中心，中国
2. 促进德国积极老龄化的干预政策研究，Frank Berner 博士，德国老年学研究中心，德国
3. 日本社会政策如何作用于老年人的幸福感？Takeo Ogawa 教授，熊本学
园大学，日本讨 论

10:30-11:00

茶歇

第六部分：讨论和总结主

题：未来的协作、研究、行动

主持人：
11:00-12:30

郑真真教授，中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所，德国
Florian Coulmas 教授，德国日本研究所所长，日本
讨论者: 全体

12:45

午

餐

14:00-17:00

现场考察：访问中益老龄事业发展中心

9

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

ABSTRACTS

DAY 1: WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 23

Welcome and Keynote Panel

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan
Florian Coulmas (German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo)
Three countries, three socio-political systems, one challenge: To secure a satisfactory
level of well-being under conditions of population ageing. We have here two medium-sizedcountries, Japan and Germany, and the most populous country in the world, China. We
have Germany as a European early industrializer, Japan as the model catch-up nation that
led the way of East Asia’s ‘flying gees’, and we have the present-day economic growthchampion, China, that its leaders until recently described as a developing country. Two of
our three countries are highly urbanized, while one is still largely rural. Three different
economic systems that have been characterized as social market economy, corporate
capitalism and state capitalism differ from each other, as do the systems and levels of social
welfare provisions in the three countries. Yet, the population dynamics of the three
countries exhibit certain parallels. This in itself is a matter of great interest, for we cannot
but notice that the two East Asian countries one of which for a long time had a much moreinvasive population policy than the other converge if we look at the birth rate development
which, moreover, shows the same tendency in the third, European, country of ourcomparison. Further, medical and hygienic progress has led to remarkable life-expectancy
gains in all three countries. While this is an undeniable success, the rapid transformation of
the population structure brought about by ageing in conjunction with low fertility brings in
its wake unprecedented challenges for the societies and governments concerned. Since
these challenges are genuinely new in the history of humanity, it is prudent to try tounderstand these developments by comparing even very diverse countries, because different
settings give rise to different innovations and solutions to problems. Intellectual exchange
about these matters can only be beneficial. It from this point of view that this international
workshop is convened.

10

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Preparing for an ageing society
Zhenzhen Zheng (Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS)
China has completed demographic transition and entered the era of population ageing.
The number of elderly persons will increase dramatically in the next two to three decades.
As the decline of mortality in the 1950s-60s and the decline of fertility since the 1970s went
ahead of China’s economic development, the current challenges resulting fromdemographic changes are also going ahead of economic development, and will havestronger impacts. The impact of population ageing will relate to all aspects in society andall persons in the society, therefore it is not only issues of elderly care and about elderly
people. Response to population ageing should consider strategy comprehensively, consider
relationships between elderly persons and other age groups, as well as harmonious between
population and social-economic development. Preparing for an ageing society is not only
responsibility of the state, regional government, community, family, and individual alsoneed to build capacity. Resources need to be mobilized from government, civil societies,
and private sectors. The society has to adjust and change in culture and traditional practice
to an ageing society. China should learn experiences and lessons from countries that
already “old,” to prepare as soon as possible for a healthy and harmonious ageing society.

The demographic change – a challenge for the individual and the society
Ursula Lehr (Department of Gerontology, University Heidelberg)
We are living in an aging world. Never before in Germany, in Europe, in the wholeworld so many people could reach such an advanced age. This is due to the improvement of
the socio-economic living conditions and the progress of modern medicine, - and it is also
influenced by the life style: physical, mental and social activity are a prerequisit for healthy
ageing.It is not only important to add years to life, but also to add life to years. Aging has
many different faces. Aging itself is not only a biological process, but it is a process
determined by a number of biological, social and ecological factors. There is very often agreat difference between people of the same chronological age. Scientists of all disciplines
and Politicians have to discuss the question of longevity combined with a state of psychophysical wellbeing. What can be done to assure a healthy aging? What can be done toassure the quality of life in old age? What can be done to prevent illness, diseases anddependency in old age? Old age, longevity, should not be seen as a problem but as a chanceand challenge - a challenge for everyone: for the aging individual, for his/her family and forour society. We should not only ask for the problems and deficits of ageing and old age. We
have to ask for - and we have to open our eyes for- the new potentials of the aged, also forthe competences and new potentials of the very old persons. We have to see the aged as
human capital.
11

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Happiness in Germany: Challenges for a Demographically Changing Society
Clemens Tesch-Römer (German Center of Gerontology, Berlin)
The German population grows older, declines in size and, due to immigration,
becomes more diverse. Several trends within Germany's demographic change are notable:
The number and proportion of children decreases, the number and proportion of very oldpeople (80+ years) increases, and the workforce in Germany grows older (there is a shift
from younger/middle aged workers to older workers. These changes demand adequate
policies (e.g. support for families with young children, promotion of older workers
productivity and innovation, increase of retirement age, and adequate health and social
services). After describing demographic changes and policy responses, it will be discussed
if (and how) these phenomena affect wellbeing and happiness in Germany.

Early- and Late-onsets of Disability in Aged Society
Hiroko Akiyama (Institute of Gerontology, University of Tokyo)

Life expectancy has been steadily increasing across societies. A primary goal ofgerontological research is now to prolong ‘healthy life’ in old age. The data from two large
national panel surveys: Well-being of Japanese Elderly(Japan) and Health and Retirement
Study (US) indicate primarily two patterns of health trajectories for American and Japanese
men and women. Across all groups, early-onset and late-onset of disability groups wereidentified. The proportion of each group, the average age of disability onset, and theincreasing tempo of disability over time are slightly different by gender and country. In
Japan, approximately 20 percents of men and 10 percents of women experienced earlyonset of disability, largely due to cardiovascular diseases, and died relatively quickly before
age 70. Seventy percents of men and 90 percents of women (i.e., a majority of 80 percentsof the Japanese elderly), reported late-onset (around age 75) of disability which turns up as
difficulty with walking. The late-onset of disability is mainly caused by the loss of muscle
mass and bone density. The early- and late-onset of disability are called Metabolic
Syndromes and Locomotive Syndromes, respectively. Metabolic Syndromes has been thefocus of gerontology/geriatric research for the past decades. By 2030, the population aged
75+ is expected to double in number and account for 20% of the Japanese population.
Disability free independent life is not only essential for maintaining the quality of life forindividuals but also helps increase human resources and contain health care costs for thesociety. Prevention of Locomotive Syndromes which further delays the onset of disability(desirably 5 more years) will be one of top priority issues in the highly aged society.
12Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Therapeutic Seal Robot, PARO, as Biofeedback Medical Device in Dementia Care
Takanori Shibata (Human-Life Technology Research Institute, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST))
Robot therapy, which uses robots as a substitution for animals in “animal therapy,” isa new robot application in the fields of welfare and patient care. The seal robot PARO
began development for robot therapy in 1993. PARO was commercialized in Japan in 2005
and in Europe and the U.S. in 2009, and it has been used in hospitals and care facilities inapproximately 30 countries. Recent research has revealed that robot therapy has a similareffect on patients as animal therapy. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
certified PARO as a “bio-feedback medical device.” While PARO can be used in various
kinds of therapy similar to real animals, this presentation focuses on its use with elderly
dementia patients because explicit differences can be easily observed before and after
interacting with PARO. First, the purposes and functions of PARO will be explained.
Second, because there are several observational studies on the therapeutic effects of theelderly with dementia interacting with PARO, some typical cases and interesting special
cases will be introduced. These cases include recovery from depression, reduction ofagitation, and recovery from speech disorders. Finally, reasons why PARO has the potential
to change moods and behaviors of the elderly with dementia as a non-pharmacologicalapproach will be discussed.

13

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Session I: The Individual (Psychological issues)

Stable subjective well-being of the Chinese elderly in the past 20 years
Buxin Han (Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Aim: To explore the subjective well-being (SWB) of Chinese elderly in the process ofsocial and economic reformation in China.
Method: Revised and standardized Chinese version (Zhou, 1990) of Memorial
University of Newfoundland Scale (MUNSH, 24 items, Kozma & Stones, 1980) has beenused quite often to explore the SWB of Chinese. The score of MUNSH were calculated bysum of positive affection (PA) and positive experience (PE) minus the sum of the negative
affection (NA) and negative experience (NE). 35 studies, published within the 1993-2010
with 17230 participants involved, were recruited for a cross-temporal meta-analysis.
Results: (1) There were no significant correlation between the year and either mean
weighted scores from studies in each year (r = -0.183，p>0.05) or the mean SD (r = 0.006，p>0.05). (2) Negative experience and negative affection were increasing slightly
but significantly during the period, and correlated with the year significantly. (3) There isno significant correlation between the sum score and social economic index, such as healthinsurance, social welfare. However, negative affection and experience are correlated withseveral social economic variables.
Conclusion: SWB of Elderly Chinese are stable within the past 20 years, in spite of
the increasing negative affection and experience in the period.The concern for old age
support in four-two-one families, consisting of four grandparents, two parents and one only
child, arise with the increase in the numbers of only child. In this paper, with life table dataand probability theory, we find that, when the four grandparents enter all old age stage(over 60 years old), the probability that they four all survive is only 0.61. They four coexist
for 16 years after the birth of their grandchild, then one dies and the rest three spend
another 8 years together, after another dies, the surviving two coexist another 5 years. The
pressure of old age support in such families is not as severe as expected.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Well-being across the life-span: The German perspective
Michael Eid (Freie Universität, Berlin)

The talk gives an overview of well-being across the life-span in Germany. The basic
concepts of subjective and psychological well-being are defined. Recent results ofrepresentative panel studies are reported and conditions and determinants of individual
differences in well-being are reviewed. Some desiderata for future research are delineated,in particular with respect to cross-cultural studies comparing China, Japan and Germany.

Determinants and effects on well-beings of productive activities in latemiddle aged and aged Japanese: Longitudinal analysis of two
representative panels
Hiroshi Shibata (Department of Health Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences)

The present study aimed at identifying determinants and effects on well-beings ofproductive activities in late-middle-aged and aged Japanese. Two representative panels (JHRS aged 55 – 64 years and J-AHEAD aged 70 years and over) were utilized for
longitudinal analysis. Paid labor in both sexes and unpaid labor at home in woman tended
to decrease over time. In both sexes, an inverse correlation was found between longitudinalchanges of paid labor and other categories of productive activities. Age (inversely), andbeing self-employed or family members employed (directly) significantly related tolongitudinal changes of paid labor. Education had a significantly direct relation tovolunteer work in men alone. Depressive symptoms were likely to be attenuated by paid
labor in men and unpaid labor at home in women. Total amount of time for all productive
activities had significantly favorable effects on outcomes of ADL and cognitive ability, andsurvivorship. These relationships were U-shaped with moste favorable effects found ateight hours a day.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

China’s population aging and health system reform
Xuejin Zuo (Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China)
China ’ s population aging and rapid change in living style has resulted in“epidemiologic transition” in both urban and rural areas. To promote public health and tocontrol the non-commutable chronicle diseases, China’s health system will face many
new challenges. Further reform measures should be taken to reduce the price distortion andthe induced over prescription of drugs and high-tech check ups, and to allocate moreresources and be more efficient in providing preventive care.

Ageing, Later Life and Social Change in Germany
Andreas Motel-Klingebiel (Linköping University (Sweden) and German Centre ofGerontology, Berlin)

Demographic change runs parallel with transformations and transitions in several othersocietal spheres such as social security, the economy, work and employment, family, norms
and values. These shifts impact individual life courses, create new risks for later life andbring new needs for protection against them, while at the same time they are drivers ofsocial change. Variations in life courses concern the crucial social arenas of work andfamily and are related to changes in social structure as they differ e.g. by gender, class,region of residence and ethnicity. These changes will impact old age in a way that will
challenge policy and social sciences as well as ageing individuals – with respect toobjective and subjective quality of later life and its distribution, to generational equity andto social sustainability. At the same time, old age security systems are repeatedly reformed
to decrease burdens for the economy, to guarantee financial feasibility and burden sharing
between age groups and generation, incidentally pocketing decreasing levels of social
security and increasing social inequality within cohorts and, hence, themselves creating
new challenges for ageing and later life. This presentation will ask for specifictransformations of ageing and later life as well as for the development of quality of life andits distribution under the conditions of social change in Germany. The presentation will also
outline future transformations and intervention needs in the German and European context.
These developments will be discussed theoretically as well as empirically applying datafrom the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) – an ongoing cohort sequential study of older
people of age 40 to 85 in Germany.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Gender differences in well-being over the life course: a case in Japan
Takako Sodei (Ochanomizu University, Tokyo)

Many people go through several critical stages of life. If they fail to overcome thecrisis, their personal life as well as their family life are likely to be broken down. In Japan,
probably in many other countries, the middle-age and the old age are two most criticalstages of life. In the middle-age, both life satisfaction and marital satisfaction are rather low
because people have to face ①financial difficulties in paying education expenses forchildren and repaying the mortgage, ② gap between husband and wife caused by lack ofcommunication, which often results in so-called “mature-age divorce,” ③supporting bothgrown-up children and aging parents because of delaying independence of children andlongevity of parents, which makes them difficult to plan for their own old age.
In old age, especially after the death of spouse, women face financial difficulty andmen face social isolation. In the gender role segregated society like Japan, there is a normthat women are at home while men are at work. Even if women work, they work for a shortperiod of time with low wage, which makes their old-age pension very low. TypicalJapanese employed men spend most of their time at work, and they have no place at home
and in community. After retirement, they are likely to be isolated, which often cause“isolated death,” of which people are found dead after several days or weeks. In order tosolve poverty of older women and social isolation of older men, changes in gender rolesegregated social structure and norms are necessary. Equality at workplace andestablishment of work-life-balance will eventually solve such problems. The gender rolesegregated norm is deeply rooted in the patriarchal stem family system which China,
Germany and Japan have the common tradition. It will be attained through socialization
process from childhood.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Session III: The Economy (Economic and business issues)

An overlook at a booming mature industry in Chinese ageing society
Jiehua Lu (Department of Sociology, Peking University)

In spite of the majority of opinions from scientific community that there are major
negative effects of Chinese ageing society on future socio-economic development, thispaper turns out that there are also some positive impacts of Chinese ageing society on its
business opportunities at present and in near future. This paper first introduces the conceptof mature industry and its priority areas, then quantitatively measures significance of thebooming industry in terms of whole economic growth, and finally proposes some policy
frameworks in order to promote the healthy development of this newly-emerging industry
in China.

The Impact of Aging on the European Economy and its Implications for
the International Division of Labor
Axel H. Börsch-Supan (Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA), Munich(Germany) and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge (USA))The expected change in the age structure in virtually all industrialized countries – but
also in many developing countries – is dramatic and will lead to a substantially higher
proportion of older people in the world. While aging is global, there are marked
international differences in the speed and the extent of the aging processes. Even within theindustrialized countries, differences are large. Europe and Japan have already a much older
population than North-America. Italy and Germany are aging faster than France and GreatBritain. In Asia, some countries start from a relatively young population, but aging is very
quick. A particular dramatic example is China. Due to the globalization of our economies,
aging will change the international division of labor. This offers chances and poseschallenges. They are complex, underresearched and are the focus of this presentation.
International flows of capital, goods and services, and labor – in descending order ofmobility – will be important mechanisms moderating the effects of population aging in eachindividual country. Moreover, the different extent and speed of demographic change willaffect the wealth of nations differently. Which countries will gain, which countries willloose in the international pecking order? Equally important is the question how these gains
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

and losses can be influenced by public policy. With these two core questions in mind, we (1)describe the international differences in the challenges and chances due to global aging, (2)juxtapose them to the existing and the planned policy environment, which adds anothercomponent of international differences, and (3) work out what this means in terms of theinternational growth prospects. The presentation will take a Europaen point of view,
focusing on the global interaction in the power triangle consisting of Europe, North
America and the quickly growing Asian markets.

Consumer Well-being in Later Life: Conceptual Foundations andPreliminary Empirical Evidence
Florian Kohlbacher (German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo)

Despite the growing importance of the 50+ age group in the population, older
consumers are still under-researched and still often not included in a range of marketing
practices. Besides, the vast majority of the research on older consumers published so far has
been conducted in North America and Europe, while Japan – the country most severely
affected by the demographic shift with both a rapidly aging and shrinking population – hasbeen widely neglected. Understanding older consumers via academic, empirical research
will help marketers and companies to become able to better cater to the individual needs ofolder consumers with innovative products and services. This is not only expected toincrease business opportunities but more importantly contributes to the well-being of thefastest growing age group in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly study thewell-being of older consumers in a business context and research has begun to discuss thisissue both directly and indirectly in terms of how new products and services can contributeto the quality of life of older consumers. In gerontology, the well-being of older people isone of the most studied areas and thus there is much to learn for marketing scholars fromgerontologists. This presentation is going to introduce the concept of consumer well-being,
discuss its theoretical foundations and offer some preliminary empirical findings.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Session IV: Technology

Understanding Gerontechnology Acceptance by Elderly Hong Kong
Chinese: A Senior Technology Acceptance Model
Ke Chen; Alan Hoi Shou Chan (Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering
Management, City University of Hong Kong, China)

Technology develops in a tremendous speed and its impacts are immense to our daily
life. However, studies have found that older adults were less likely to use technologies than
younger people. The aim of this study was to examine the factors which influence theacceptance and non-acceptance of gerontechnology by older adults in Hong Kong. In order
to investigate and explain technology acceptance by older Hong Kong Chinese, a SeniorTechnology Acceptance Model (STAM) was developed and empirically tested in this study.
The proposed model integrates conventional TAM-constructs (perceived usefulness,
perceived ease of use, self-efficacy, anxiety, and facilitating conditions) and age-related
health and ability characteristics. A face to face interview technique with a preset
questionnaire was employed for data collection. A sample of 1012 seniors aged 55 and overparticipated in the study. Results The STAM was strongly supported by the quantitative
data in this study. In the STAM, personal attributes and environmental supports were moredecisive than perceived benefits for predicting gerontechnology usage behavior. For older
adults, individual attributes, like age, gender, education, and health and ability
characteristics (such as functional abilities, cognitive abilities, attitude to ageing and life
satisfaction) explicitly and directly affect technology acceptance behavior. There is a needfor gerontechnology interface designers to accommodate the physical, cognitive, andemotional needs of older users. Government and related agencies or organizations could
provide more resources and introduce some measures or policies to encourage and support
individual older people to engage in technology usage activities.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

A Robot for my Grandma? Opportunities and Barriers of Assistive
Technologies for the Elderly in Germany
Sibylle Meyer & Birgid Eberhardt (Institute for Social Research and Consulting, Berlin)

Demographic change has a lasting impact on European societies. In 2035 more thanhalf of the German population will be over the age of 50, and every third person older than
60. An aging population is indeed open to a wealth of options for an individual lifestyle, but
one must also consider the possibility of needing assistance or long-term care. In this regard,
the key question is whether assistive technologies and technology-based services can
reduce the gap between a gradually aging and an increasingly needy population, a declining
labour force, and an expected shortage of care workers. Since the early 2000s more than
100 institutions, from both industry and the sciences, have been working on a future modelof assistive technologies and robotic helpers for an aging society in Germany. Can they
support an independent lifestyle for the elderly, relieve relatives of their worries, andprovide ways to meet the challenges related to demographic changes? One of the mainbarriers of these models is the relatively low technology acceptance in Germany. Germans
in general are relatively critical to innovation in everyday life, much more critical than
Asian populations. Therefore the question which has to be addressed is, how cantechnological solutions be designed to induce a certain degree of acceptance by the elderly
and willingness to pay for these innovations? Will the elderly, their relatives, and their
nursing caretakers react to autonomous, intelligently functioning technical systems or will
they reject living with an assistant that acts independently? The presentation will introduce
to these research projects a focus on empirical studies about technology acceptance of theelderly, their relatives and professional careers.

Gerontechnology for successful aging: From compensation toenhancement
Ryoko Fukuda (Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan)

Gerontechnology, the study of technology and aging for the improvement of the dailyfunctioning of the elderly, covers very wide areas of research. It clarifies the characteristics
of older adults and the difficulties derived from these characteristics, in order to consider
the decline in functions experienced by older adults. Based on data, products aimed at older
adults compensate for age-related declines and abilities and enhance the functions of older
adults. Technologies and training that prevent age-related declines in functioning are also21

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

investigated. For the elderly whose functions have unfortunately declined and become
impaired to the extent that some care is required, support technologies both for carereceivers and care-givers should be provided. In addition to the conventional approach
which aims to compensate the decline in functions, a new approach which enhances
functions of older adults is required to contribute to active ageing. For that, influence of useof technology on daily lives of older adults should be investigated from several perspectives.
One of our empirical study has shown that technological products could have positive
influences, not only on daily activities of older adults, but also their emotion andwillingness to use technology during four-week experimental period. In the session, it will
be discussed how technology can enrich daily lives of older adults and how suchtechnology can be implemented.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 25

Session V: Actively designing Well-being in Ageing Societies (Policy issues)

Aging Policies in China: from “rights protection” to “integrated development”
Jian Song (Population and Development Center, Renmin University, China)

China has the largest elderly population in the world as well as longstanding cultureof respecting and supporting for the aged, which both challenges and guarantees theformulation and implementation of aging policies. Currently Chinese government hasdeveloped a preliminary policy and legal framework in response to rapid and severe
population aging, especially in accordance with the requirements of the ICPD Program of
Action. Aiming at satisfying three-layer needs of the elderly: financial support, daily
assistance and spiritual comfort and paying attention to varied priorities of the elderly at
different ages and who live in rural or urban areas, a series of aging-related policy
documents released by the government covers old-age security, medical care, old-age
service, culture and education, and social participation. The principal aging policies in
China and multifaceted progresses made in enhancing wellbeing of the elderly will be
introduced briefly.
Seen from longitudinal perspective, aging policies in China process along the roadfrom focusing on rights protection of the elderly to putting more emphasis on their22

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

integrated development, which are in accordance with the transition from healthy ageing (tospend one’s late life without illness and pain) to active aging (to enjoy one’s late life in themost suitable way). Seen from life course perspective, the younger old are encouraged toparticipate in the society and spend their third age actively and happily; the older old areable to live longer time independently in their own house with their families, with pensions
or the minimum living security program as the financial guarantee, all kinds of medical andsocial services as daily living assistance and comprehensive activities as spiritual incentives
besides the families’ support. All the above is where ageing policies come in to play.

Policy interventions to enhance active ageing in Germany
Frank Berner (German Center of Gerontology, Berlin, Germany)

Active ageing, wellbeing and the quality of life in old age are influenced by policy
measures taken in many policy fields. When considering policies with an effect on old age,
it is useful to distinguish between policies that shape the institutional and structural context
for the individual development throughout the life course, on the one hand, and policies
addressing older people in particular, on the other hand. As to the first category,international comparison indicates that a higher level of public expenditure, moreredistribution and a lower degree of social inequality correlate with a higher level of qualityof life in old age. Especially educational policy has an important impact: There is much
empirical evidence for the positive effects of education, even in early childhood, on health,social integration, and activity in old age. Policy measures can also directly be aimed atchanging older peoples’ behavior or the social contexts older people live in. In Germany,
there are educational programs, health-related interventions, and policies to enhance social
participation, all addressing older people in particular. The presentation will describe someof these policies and explore their possibilities and their limitations.

How Did Japanese Social Policies Effect on Well-being for Older Persons?
Takeo Ogawa (Kumamoto Gakuen University)

Japan has exhausted its demographic bonus already, and will endure the demographic
onus in long period. Under the Basic Act on Measures for the Aging Society, Japanese
government legislated many acts and programs during 2000-2010. Policies of “Work andIncome”, “Health and Welfare”, “Learning & Participation”, and “Life Environment” are23

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

challenged. Then, how did Japanese social policies effect on well-being for older persons?
The effect of social policies should be evaluated in a decade.
The well-being is defined as the fullness sense of life, the satisfaction, worry/anxiety
about latter life & health. During 2000-2010 the decade after 2000, Active-aging policy andlong-term care insurance system is promoted as priority measures. Its effects will be
evaluated in public statistic data: “Census”, “Opinion Poll”, “Survey on Time Use &Leisure Activities”, and “Annual Report of All-Japan Federation of National Health
Insurance Organizations”. Work-activation-policies were not realized on the well-being ofwork/Income. The Public Long-term Care Insurance system has enhanced the well-being of
longevity. The volunteerism did not effect on the well-being of older persons sufficiently.
But volunteerism for children was enforced by older persons. In spite of these results, thefullness sense of life is increasing during 2000-2010. Current older persons are enjoying
their life with governmental support system, although they have still worry and anxiety
toward latter life. The remained agenda is the inter-generational relationship. Japanese
government is asked for harmonizing inter-generational equity. Japanese government has
challenged social policies for older persons. However, the aged society is not only
problematic for older persons but also for all-generations. Japanese government will have toshift its target from older persons to younger persons immediately.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

10 月 23 日（星期三）三个国家，三种社会政治制度，面临同一个挑战：在老龄化条件下确保令人满意
的幸福感水平。日本和德国是中等大小的国家，而中国是世界上人口最多的国家。德
国是欧洲早期工业化国家的代表，日本是典型的追赶国家，曾带领东亚经济腾飞，而
近年来中国经济增长桂冠全球，尽管直到最近中国领导人仍自称为发展中国家。三国之中有两国已经高度城市化，而一国仍有大量的农村人口。三种不同的经济制度分别
是社会市场经济体制、企业资本主义和国家资本主义，三国社会福利的体制和水平也
不相同。然而,三国的人口动态发展都呈现某些类似的趋势，这本身就是非常值得关
注的。因为，尽管其中之一曾长期实行非常强而有力的人口政策，两个东亚国家的生
育率变化相似，且与第三个来自欧洲的国家趋势相同。此外，在这三个国家中，医疗和卫生水平的进步都曾带来预期寿命显著的增加。尽管这是不可否认的成功，但老龄
化和低生育率引发的人口年龄结构快速变化带来了史无前例的挑战，使社会和政府感到忧虑。由于这些挑战在人类历史中没有先例，要把握其变化发展的规律，比较非常相异的国家是一种明智的方式，因为不同环境会引发不同的革新和问题的解决方法。
知识交流只会带来益处。这正是本次国际研讨会的初衷。

中国在本世纪初已经完成了人口转变过程，正在进入快速的人口老龄化阶段，在
未来的二、三十年间，老年人口数量将迅速增长，逐渐形成有史以来老年人口比例最高的阶段。尽管都面临人口老龄化的挑战，中国的情况与发达国家有所不同。中国人
口在 20 世纪 50-60 年代的死亡率降低和 70 年代以来的生育率下降都超前于经济发
展，因而当前的人口老龄化也是超前于经济发展的，即具有“未富先老”的特点。相对快速的人口变化所带来的影响也更为集中、更为强烈。人口老龄化会影响到社会的
方方面面以及在这个社会生活的所有人。应对老龄化不仅是养老问题和老年人的问题，而需要统筹考虑应对老龄化战略与人口政策问题，老年人和其他年龄人群的关
25

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

系，以及人口与社会经济的协调发展。应对人口老龄化挑战不仅仅是国家的责任，而
需要从国家、地方、社区、家庭及个人多层次增强应对老龄化的能力，需要调动政
府、民间社团和私营机构等各方面的资源，还需要全社会在文化和传统习俗方面有相应的调整和改变。面对未来挑战，中国应向“先老”的国家学习经验、汲取教训，为
建立健康和谐的老龄化社会早作准备。

我们生活在一个老龄化的世界。在德国、欧洲以及全世界范围中，从未有这么多人能达到如此高龄。这是因为社会经济生活条件的改善和现代医学的进步，同时也受
到生活方式的影响，身体，心理和社会活动均为健康老龄化的前提条件。重要的不仅仅是寿命的延长，同样要提高老年人的生活能力。老化有很多不同的层面。老化本身不仅是一个生物过程，而是由一系列生物，社会和生态因素决定的过程。同龄人之间
往往有很大的差别。所有学科的科学家和政治家结合心理和身体健康的状态来讨论长
寿的问题。我们能做些什么以确保健康的老龄化？我们能做些什么以保证老年的生活
质量？我们能做些什么以防止老年的体弱、疾病和依赖？高龄与长寿，不应被视为问题，而是机会和挑战——是每个人都面临的挑战：不管是对老年人本身，他们的家庭还是整个社会。我们不仅要为老龄化和老年带来的社会问题和经济赤字探寻答案，还要开阔视野，探寻老年人中新涌现的潜力，也包括高龄老人的能力和新潜力。我们应把老年人视为人力资本。

德国人口日益老化，总量减少，并且在移民的作用下更为多元。德国人口变迁过
程中有以下值得关注的趋势：儿童的数量和比例都在降低；高龄老年人（80 岁以上）的数量和比例都在增加；德国劳动力人口也在老化（劳动者年龄有从青年、中年
往更高年龄转移的趋势）。这些变化需要足够的政策来应对（例如：扶持有低龄儿童的家庭、提升老年劳动者工作效率和创造性、推迟退休年龄以及充分的健康和社会服务）。基于对人口转变和对策的描述，本研究将探讨这些现象是否以及如何影响德国
的福利和幸福感。
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

東京大学高齢社会総合研究機構
不同社会的人口预期寿命持续增加。老年学研究的一个主要目标是如何延长晚年
的“健康寿命”。本研究数据来源于两项大型全国性追踪调查：日本老年人幸福感调查（日本）和健康与退休研究（美国），研究结果显示，美国和日本的男性和女性的
健康变化轨迹是两种类型。在所有群体中，失能群体的早发和晚发都被分了类。每个
群体的比例、失能发生的平均年龄、失能随时间发展的速度在不同的性别和国家有轻微差异。在日本，约 20%的男性和 10%的女性出现了早发性的失能，主要原因是心脑血
管疾病，相对快地死于 70 周岁之前。70%的男性和 90%的女性（即 80%多数的日本老年人）报告了出现行走困难的晚发性失能（75 岁左右）。晚发的失能主要由肌肉质量和
骨密度下降所导致。早发和晚发的失能分别被称为代谢综合症和运动官能综合症。代谢综合症是过去十年间老年学和老年医学研究的焦点。至 2030 年，日本 75 岁以上的
人口数量将增加一倍，占日本总人口的 20%。无残疾能自理不仅是维持个体生活质量
的根本，也能为社会增加人力资源和控制医疗支出。预防运动官能综合症能够进一步延迟失能的发生（预期达到 5 年以上），将成为重度老龄社会最重要的课题之一。

産業技術総合研究所，東京工業大学
机器人疗法以机器人取代“动物疗法”中的动物，是机器人在福利和病人护理领
域的新应用。机器海豹 PARO 在 1993 年以机器人疗法为目的开始开发。PARO 在 2005
年投放日本市场，并在 2009 年进入欧洲和美国市场，目前已用于约 30 个国家的医院
和护理机构。近年研究显示机器人疗法对病人的疗效与动物疗法类似。2009 年，美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）把 PARO 作为技能反馈医疗设备进行了认证。PARO 与真
实的动物一样，能用于不同类型的治疗，本报告主要关注它用于老年痴呆症病人，因为很容易观察到在与 PARO 互动前后的显著差异。首先，将说明 PARO 的用途和功能。
其次，基于数个研究老年痴呆患者与 PARO 互动疗效的观察性试验，介绍一些典型案
例和特殊案例，包括抑郁症的康复、缓解焦虑和语言障碍的康复。最后，将讨论
PARO 作为非药物方法为何具有改变痴呆症老人情绪和行为的能力。

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

10 月 24 日（星期四）第一单元：个体研究（心理问题）韩布新（中国科学院心理研究所）
目的：研究在中国社会和经济改革过程中中国老年人主观幸福感。
方法：修正和标准化的中文版的（周建初，1990）纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表（MUNSH, 24 items, Kozma & Stones, 1980）经常被用来研究中国人的主观幸福
感。MUNSH 分数由正性情感（PA）和正性体验（PE）的分数和，减去负性情感（NA）
和负性体验（NE）的分数和。本研究综合 1993-2010 年发表的 35 项研究，共涉及
17230 名被试，进行截断历史元分析。
结果：（1）年份和各年加权平均分数（r = -0.183，p>0.05）、年份与平均标
准差（r = -0.006，p>0.05）均无显著相关性。（2）负性体验和负性情感在研究期
间呈现略有下降但具有统计学意义，并且与年份显著相关。（3）总分与医疗保险、
社会福利等社会经济指标相关性不显著。然而，负性情感和负性体验与数项社会经济
变量存在相关性。
结论：中国老年人主观幸福感在过去的二十年间总体保持稳定，其中负性情感和负性体验在此其间有所增加。随着独生子女数量的增多，“四二一”家庭结构带来的
家庭养老压力日益引起了关注。本文使用生命表数据和概率理论，测度“四二一”家庭形成之后的祖辈四人共同存活的概率和存活年限。研究发现，在祖辈四人进入老年
阶段（60 岁）时，都存活的概率只有 0.61。“四二一”家庭形成之后祖辈四人共同
存活 16 年，一人死亡然后三位老人共同存活 8 年，再一人死亡之后两位老人共同存
活 5 年。“四二一”家庭的养老压力并不像所担忧的那么严重。

报告将概述德国生命跨度中的幸福，定义主观幸福和精神幸福的基本概念，介绍
近年有代表性的追踪研究，回顾幸福感个体差异的条件和决定因素。报告将讨论亟需进一步研究的方向，特别是对中、日、德进行比较的跨文化研究。
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

間総本研究目的是识别出中年后期和老年日本人的生产活动对幸福感的影响因素和影响力。纵向分析使用的是两项有代表性的追踪调查（年龄在 55-64 岁的 J-HRS 和年龄
在 70 岁及以上的 J-AHEAD）。男女性的有酬劳动者和无酬从事家庭劳务的女性都随年龄增加而减少。对男女两性来说，有酬劳动者与其他类型生产劳动的纵向变化呈负相关。年龄（反向关系）、个体经营者或被家庭成员雇佣（正向）与有酬劳动随时间的变化显著相关。对男性来说，教育与志愿工作有显著的正向相关性。男性中有酬劳动者和女性中无酬家务劳动可能会减少抑郁的症状。所有生产活动的总量对 ADL、认
知能力和存活率显著有利，前者与后者的关系都呈 U 型，最佳效果位于每天八小时工
作时间处。

第二单元：社会研究（社会学问题）

左学金（上海社会科学院）
中国的人口老龄化和生活方式的迅速变化已导致中国城乡的“疾病谱转变”。为
了促进公众健康，有效地控制慢性非传染性疾病，中国的医疗卫生系统将面临许多新的挑战。需要通过深化改革来减少卫生系统的价格扭曲及其诱致的过度用药和高科技检查等问题，以期将更多的资源更有效地用于预防性服务。

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

人口变迁与多种社会领域的转换和改变同时发生，例如社会保障、经济发展、工作和就业、家庭、社会规范和价值观。这些变化影响个体的生命历程，给晚年生活造
成新的风险，也给风险保障提出了更高要求。而与此同时这些都是社会变迁的驱动力。生命历程的变化涉及工作和家庭这些关键的社会领域，并且与带来差异的社会结构如性别、阶层、居住地和种族的变化有关。这些变化将会对政策和社会科学研究以及老化个体——从客观和主观晚年生活质量和分布方面，给代际公平和社会可持续发
展带来挑战，并通过这种方式影响老龄。同时，养老保险体系反复进行改革，以减轻对经济的负担、确保财务可行性和在不同年龄组和代际间分担压力。不确定的给付降
低了社会保障的水平，也增加了队列间的社会不平等，因而改革本身也对老龄化和晚年生活带来挑战。本研究将在德国社会变迁条件下探寻老化和晚年生活的具体转换方
式，探索如何提升生活质量及其分布情况。本研究还将强调未来在德国和欧洲方面进
行改革和干预的必要性。这些研究将同时在理论和经验数据基础上开展，数据来源于
对德国 40-85 岁年龄人口持续进行的队列追踪研究——德国老龄化调查（DEAS）。

许多人都会经历人生的各种关键阶段。如果他们无法度过危机，他们个人的生活
以及家庭生活都会受损。在日本、可能在许多其他国家中，中年和老年是人生中两个
最关键的阶段。在中年，生活满意度和婚姻满意度都相对较低，因为人们需要面对：（1）支付子女教育费用和偿还抵押贷款的经济压力；（2）夫妻间由于缺乏沟通带来的隔阂，很多情况下会演变成所谓的“中年离婚”；（3）因为子女独立的推迟和父
母的长寿，既要供养成年子女又要赡养年老的双亲，从而难以规划自己的老年生活。
在老年阶段，特别是在丧偶之后，女性面临经济压力而男性面临社交孤立。在像日本这样性别角色隔离的社会里，女性主掌家庭而男性工作是惯常的模式。即使女性参加
工作，她们只会以较低的工资工作较短的时期，因而她们老年时领取的养老金非常低。而典型的日本从业男性把他们大多数的时间都投入到工作中，在家庭和社区里没有他们的位置。在退休之后，他们容易与世隔绝，常常导致“隔绝的死亡”，也就是
在死亡数天乃至数周后才被人发现。为了解决老年女性的贫困和老年男性的社交孤立，必须要改变性别角色隔离的社会结构和规范。职场平等和工作生活平衡能够最终解决上述问题。性别角色隔离源于男性主导的家庭体系，中国、德国与日本在这一点
上有共同的传统。这是从孩童时期开始的社会化进程中获得的。
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

第三单元：经济研究（经济和商业问题）

尽管学界的主流观点是中国老龄化社会对未来社会经济发展会带来不利的影响，
本研究却证明中国老龄化社会在目前以及不远的未来也存在一些正向的商业机会的影响。本研究首先介绍老龄产业的概念及其优先发展的领域，而后定量地测算这一新兴产业对整体经济发展的重要程度，最后提出促进老龄产业作为中国新生产业健康发展的政策框架。

事实上所有工业化国家和部分发展中国家都面临年龄结构的剧烈变化，将会导致
全球老年人口占相当高的比例。尽管老龄化是全球性的，但老龄化进程的速度和程度
仍然存在显著的国际差异。甚至在工业化国家内部，差别也是巨大的。相比北美，欧洲和日本的人口更为老化。意大利和德国老化速度快于法国和英国。在亚洲，一些国家虽然有着相对年轻的人口，老龄化却非常迅速。最极端的例子是中国。由于经济的
全球化，老龄化将会改变国际劳动力分工，这带来了机会也提出了挑战。这些影响是复杂的且有待更充分的研究，这就是本研究的关注点。在跨国流动中，资本、商品和劳务的流动性是依次递减的，这将是缓解单个国家老龄化影响的重要机理。此外，人口变迁不同的水平和速度也会以不同的方式影响不同国家的财富。在国际新秩序中，
哪些国家会获益，哪些国家会受到削弱呢？同样重要的是公共政策会如何影响这些获
益和削弱？基于这两个核心问题，本研究将：（1）描述全球老龄化作用下机会和挑战在国家间的差异；（2）将这些国家置于现存和规划的政策环境中，构成了国家间差异的另一个来源；（3）测算这对国际增长前景的作用。报告以欧洲为出发点，关
注由欧洲、北美和快速增长的亚洲市场组成的三极背景下全球的交互作用。

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Florian Kohlbacher（德国日本研究所）
尽管 50 岁以上群体在整个人口中变得日益重要，但对老年消费者却鲜有研究，也没有涵盖在营销的范围内。此外，目前绝大多数已发表的关于老年消费者的研究都
是在北美和欧洲进行的，而日本作为受快速老龄化和人口减少所带来的人口转变影响最严重的国家，却一直被忽视了。通过理论和实证研究认识老年消费者能帮助市场人士和企业以创新的商品和服务迎合老年消费者独特的需求。这不仅能增加商业机会，更重要的是有助于提高全球快速增长的老年群体的幸福感。因此，有必要在商业环境
中详细研究老年消费者的幸福感。本研究从讨论新产品和服务对老年消费者生活质量
的直接和间接帮助出发。老年人幸福感是老年学中研究集中的领域，因此市场学的学
者需要多向老年学专家学习。报告将介绍消费者幸福感的概念，探讨其理论基础和展
示一些初步的实证结果。

第四单元：技术研究–陈珂、陈海寿（香港城市大学系统工程与工程管理学系）
科技产品与服务对人们的日常生活带来了巨大的影响，然而长者与科技这一课题并未收到广泛关注。本项研究旨在以长者科技接受模型探讨影响香港长者使用日常科
技产品与服务的因素。长者科技接受模型以科技接受模型为基础，引入了个人的健康
与能力等因素。本文以问卷调查方式获得数据。1012 名年龄为 55 岁以上的香港长者
参与了访问。结果发现，原始 TAM 中的有用性认知与易用性认知的影响并未如预期的显著，但是个人因素 （年龄、性别、健康水平、认知能力、对年龄的态度与生活满意度）与外界促成因素对于科技的使用有显着影响。研究结果对与长者产品的设计
以及推广政策的制订提供了启示。

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

人口变迁给欧洲社会带来持续影响。到 2035 年，一半以上的德国人口将超过 50
岁，三分之一将超过 60 岁。人口老龄化确实为个人生活方式赋予了丰富的选择，但还必须考虑需要协助或长期护理的可能性。在这方面，关键的问题是辅助技术和技术为基础的服务是否可以减少逐渐老化、不断增加的有需要的人口与劳动力日益减少、预期的护理员短缺之间的差距。为应对德国的老龄化社会，从 21 世纪头几年开始，
超过 100 个来自企业和研究界的机构致力于未来辅助技术和机器人助手的研发。这些
技术能够帮助老年人独立生活，减轻亲属的苦恼，并成为应对人口变迁相关挑战的方式吗？这种模式应用的主要障碍之一是德国相对较低的技术接受度。德国人通常不容易接受日常生活中的创新，在这方面更甚于亚洲人。因此，需要解决的问题是，该如何设计技术解决方案，才能提高老年人的接受程度，让他们愿意为这些新技术付钱？
老年人、他们的亲属和护理人员对自主的、智能化运行的技术装置的反应如何，或者
说他们是否会拒绝同独立运行的机械助手共同生活？报告将为这些研究项目引入一种
老年人、老年人亲属和专职护理人员技术接受度的经验研究方法。

慶應義老年科技学是为了提高老年人日常活动机能，研究技术和老龄进程的学科，它涵盖很广泛的研究领域。它明确老年人的特征和这些特征带来的困难，以考察老年人身
体机能的衰退。从数据来看，以老年人为目标群体的产品能够补偿与年龄相关联的能
力衰退，增强老年人的身体机能。对预防年龄相关机能衰退的技术和训练也进行了研究。对那些机能不幸衰退和受损、需要照料的老年人来说，应该为照料接受者和照料
实施者提供辅助的技术产品。在补偿身体机能衰退的传统方式之外，增强老年人机能的新方式还能有助于实现积极老龄化。为此，应该从以下几个方面研究技术在老年人
日常生活的作用。我们所做的一项实证研究显示，在四周的实验时间内，科技产品对
老年人日常活动以及他们的情感和使用科技的意愿都由正向的影响。在此次会议中，将对技术如何丰富老年人日常生活以及这些技术如何被实施进行探讨。

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

10 月 25 日（星期五）第五部分：积极规划老龄化社会的幸福感（政策问题）中国拥有世界上最为庞大的老年人口规模，其尊老养老的文化传统也源远流长，这些对于老龄政策的制定和施行既提出了挑战，也提供了有利的文化基础。目前中国已经
形成了初步的老龄政策体系框架，以应对日益严峻的人口老龄化形势，这些政策目标与国际人发大会行动纲领的要求相一致。基于满足老年人经济支持、生活照料和精神慰藉
的三重需要，同时关注到不同年龄、不同地域老年人口的特殊需求，中国政府制定了涵盖养老保障、医疗保健、为老服务、老年文化教育和社会参与等一系列的政策措施。我们将简要介绍中国的主要老龄政策及其在促进老年人福利方面所发挥的作用。
从发展的视野来看，中国的老龄政策走过了从注重老年人权益保障到促进老年人全面发展的政策路径，这也正吻合从健康老龄化到积极老龄化的理念转变。从生命历程的视角来看，年轻老年人被鼓励积极参加社会活动，愉快地享受其第三龄；年长老人则能
够尽可能长时期独立地与家人生活在自己的住所内，要实现这些，经济保障、医疗保
健、社会服务和精神激励一样也不能少。而所有这一切，都离不开老龄政策的作用。

Frank Berner（德国老年学研究中心）积极老龄化、老年幸福感和生活质量受很多政策领域政策评估方法的影响。区分
下述两种类型有助于评估政策对老年的作用：一是形成生命历程中个体发展制度性和结构性框架的政策，其二是特别为老年人出台的政策。对于第一种类型，国际比较表
明更高水平的公共支出、更多的再分配和更低水平的社会不平等与更高的老年生活质
量相关联。教育政策的影响力尤其重要：大量经验证实教育对健康、社会融合和老年
活跃程度的正向作用，甚至在童年早期的教育也是如此。德国目前有教育项目，健康相关的干预和提高社会参与度的政策，都局限于老年群体。报告将介绍部分政策，并
探讨其可能作用和局限性。
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

日本的人口红利已经耗尽，并将在很长的时期内经历人口的负红利。根据《老龄化社会的基本措施法》的条款，日本政府在 2000-2010 年间制定了许多法律和方案。“工作和收入”、“健康和福利”、“学习和参与”、“生活环境”的政策受到了挑战。那么，日本社会政策如何影响老年人的幸福感呢？十年间社会政策的效果有待评估。
幸福感被定义为对生活的充实感、满足感、对未来生活和健康的担心和焦虑。在2000 年之后 2000-2010 年这十年间，积极老龄化政策和长期护理保险体系被提升至
优先措施。将使用以下公开统计数据来评估其效果：“普查”、“民意调查”、“时间利用和休闲活动调查”以及“全日本国民健康保险组织联合会年度报告”。工作激励政策对工作和收入的幸福感没有奏效。公共长期护理保险体系提高了长寿的幸福感。志愿者制度对老年人幸福感没有起到充分的作用。但儿童志愿者制度通过老年人
得到了加强。在这些结果之外，生活充实感在 2000-2010 年间逐年升高。目前老年人
对政府支持体系下的生活感到满意，尽管他们对晚年生活仍然存有担忧和焦虑。遗留
的议程是如何处理代际关系。日本政府被要求协调代际公平。日本政府已经开始质疑为老年人出台的社会政策。然而，老龄化社会不仅是老年人的问题，也是所有代际的
问题。日本政府将不得不尽快将关注重点从老年人转移到年轻的人群。

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Short bio of presenters
Hiroko Akiyama (Institute of Gerontology, University of Tokyo)

Hiroko Akiyama, PhD., a social psychologist, is professor at the Institute ofGerontology, University of Tokyo and the former vice president of Science Council ofJapan. Professor Akiyama has conducted a number of cross-national surveys and is widely
recognized as an expert on issues of global aging. She is known for the long-runningresearch on the elderly in Japan—tracking the aging patterns of approximately 6,000
Japanese elderly for more than 20 years. Recently she initiated social experiment projects
that pioneer to re-design communities to meet the needs of the highly aged society andallow the elderly to successfully ‘age-in-place’. She formed an interdisciplinary
gerontology program at University of Tokyo in 2006. Professor Akiyama received Ph.D. in
psychology from University of Illinois, the United States.

Frank Berner (German Center of Gerontology, Berlin, Germany)

Dr. Frank Berner, sociologist, is head of the department for policy consulting at theGerman Centre of Gerontology in Berlin. At the German Centre of Gerontology he is
responsible for the office of the scientific commissions working out the regular government
reports on older people in Germany. Before joining the German Centre of Gerontology in2007, he was a member of the research project “The Regulatory Welfare State. State
Regulation of Private and Occupational Pensions in Europe” at the University of Bielefeld(Germany). He holds a diploma in sociology and a PhD from the University of Bielefeld. In
his PhD thesis he investigated the changing relation between public and private in German
old-age security. His main research interests are: sociology of ageing, social policy,sociology of the welfare state, the life course, old-age pensions.

Axel H. Börsch-Supan (Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA), Munich(Germany) and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge (USA))

Axel Börsch-Supan, Professor of Macroeconomics and Public Policy, is Founding
and Executive Director of the Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) at the
Max-Planck-Institute for Social Law and Social Policy in Munich, Germany. He is also a
Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER, Cambridge,
Massachusetts) and Adjunct Researcher at the RAND Corporation (Santa Monica,
California).
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Ke Chen (Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City
University of Hong Kong, China); Alan Hoi Shou Chan (Department of Systems
Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong, China)

Dr Chen Ke obtained her bachelor degree in Applied Psychology in Southern Medical
University, China, in 2008. She received the Master degree in Applied Sociology and Ph.D.
degree in Human facoctors and Ergonomics from City University of Hong Kong in 2009
and 2013 respectively. She will start to work as Tutor in the School of Public Health, theUniversity of Hong Kong in October, 2013. Her research interests include human factors ingerontechnology, technology acceptance by older adults, and ageing and quality of life.
Dr. Alan H.S. Chan was born in China. He obtained his B.Sc. in Industrial
Engineering from the Hong Kong University, Hong Kong SAR in 1982. He then obtained
his M.Phil. and Ph.D. in ergonomics and human factors studies from the Hong Kong
University, Hong Kong SAR in 1985 and 1995 respectively. Dr Chan has a wide range of
research interests in different areas of human factors including gerontechnology, work
design, and human machine interfaces. He is a senior member of Institute of Industrial
Engineer, Council Member of the Asian Council on Ergonomics and Design, the Hong
Kong Ergonomics Society, Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology,
Institution of Ergonomics and Human Factors, and Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. He
is a Chartered Engineer in the UK. He has published over 120 research papers, bookchapters and technical reports.

Florian Coulmas (German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo)
Florian Coulmas is Director of the German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo. He
has taught and done research in various environments, including The National Language
Research Institute, Tokyo, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA, Chuo
University, Tokyo and the Institute of East Asian Studies, Duisburg-Essen University. His
numerous publications include more than a dozen monographs including Population
Decline and Ageing in Japan - The Social Consequences, London: Routledge 2007; The
Demographic Challenge: A Handbook about Japan (with Harald Conrad, Annette SchadSeifert, Gabriele Vogt (eds.), Brill 2008); Imploding Population in Japan and Germany(with Ralph Lützeler (eds.) Brill 2011). He is editor of Contemporary Japan, a peerreviewed Japanese Studies journal published by Mouton deGruyter. His current researchinterests are about life-satisfaction in ageing and shrinking societies.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Michael Eid (Freie Universität, Berlin)

Michael Eid is professor of psychology at the Freie Universität Berlin. His main
research interests concern subjective well-being, the analysis of multitrait-multimethod data,
longitudinal data analysis, structural equation modeling, and cross-cultural psychology. He
is associate editor of the Journal of Positive Psychology and co-editor of the handbook The
science of subjective well-being.

Ryoko Fukuda (Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan)
Ryoko Fukuda received her Ph.D. from Graduate School of Media and Governance at
Keio University in 1999 and Dr. rer. nat. (Doctor rerum naturalium) from Technische
Universität München in 2004. She worked at Institute of Ergonomics at Technische
Universität München and Faculty of Environment and Information Studies at Keio
University. Currently she is project associate professor of Graduate School of Media andGovernance at Keio University. Her research focuses on human factors approaches to aging
and technology use including human computer interaction, visual information perception,use of home appliances, and influence of technology use on emotion. Recently she also
works on expert performance and its visualization by using ITC in care giving andagriculture. She is executive board member of Japan chapter of International Society for
Gerontechnology and Pan-Pacific Council on Ergonomics.

Buxin Han (Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Buxin Han received his Ph.D. in 1993 at the Institute of Psychology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (IPCAS). He is currently a full Professor at IPCAS, as the Deputy
Secretary-General of the Chinese Psychological Society; President of the Division of Aging
Psychology, the Gerontological Society of China; Vice President of the Division of Elderly
Mental Health, China Association for Mental Health; and Member of Board of the
Directors of the International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP). He hadorganized dozens of domestic and international academic communication events, his
research focused on mental health of the elderly population and cognitive aging. The list of
his publications contains 200+ items; most of them are in Chinese, including 2 books, 34
book chapters, 99 research articles and 46 technical reports published in journals, as well
as over 120 conference presentations in 19 countries and areas.
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Florian Kohlbacher (German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo)

Dr. Florian Kohlbacher is a senior research fellow and head of the Business &Economics Section at the German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) Tokyo. His research
focuses on the business implications of demographic change, particularly from a marketingand innovation management perspective. Dr. Kohlbacher is also a visiting Research Fellow
at the Sloan Center on Aging & Work at Boston College, a Fellow of the World
Demographic & Ageing Forum and an Advisor to the International Mature Marketing
Network (IMMN). He is co-editor of “The Silver Market Phenomenon: Marketing andInnovation in the Aging Society”, 2nd edition 2011, Springer, as well as of the special issue“The Ageing Workforce and HRM – Challenges, Chances, Perspectives”, International
Journal of Human Resources Development and Management 9(2/3), 2009.

Ursula Lehr (Department of Gerontology, University Heidelberg)
Ursula M. Lehr, born 1930 in Frankfurt/Main (Germany). Studies 1949-1954
University of Frankfurt/Main and Bonn in psychology and philosophy; 1954 Doctor ofPhilosophy, Assistant Professor, 1969 Associate Prof. at the Institute of Psychology,
University of Bonn, 1972-1975 Full Professor of the University of Cologne, 1975-1986
Professor of Psychology and Director of the Department of Psychology, Univ. of Bonn;
1986-1998 Professor of Gerontology and Founding Director of the Institute of Gerontologyof the University of Heidelberg; 1988-1991 Federal Minister of Youth, Family, Women and
Health; 1990-1994 Member of the German Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag); since 2000
Prof. of the European University of Yuste/Spain, Chair Marie Curie. Since 2009 presidentof the BAGSO, the German National Association of Senior Citizens’ Organizations. Many
publications in Developmental Psychology, Life-Span-Psychology, Educational
Psychology, Social Psychology, Family Studies; Gerontology. The book “Psychologie desAlterns” (1972, 11. Ed. 2007) is published in Italian, Netherlands, Spanish, Turkish andJapanese and Korean.

Jiehua Lu (Department of Sociology, Peking University)

Jiehua Lu, Ph. D, professor of department of sociology, Peking Uuniversity, and also
deputy director of Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, Peking University.
His research areas include gerontology, economics of population, and interaction between
population and environment. Dr. Lu got his BA in economics, MA in sociology, and Ph.D
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

in demography from Liaoning University, University of Southern California, and Peking
University respectively. From 1984 to 1994, he was a faculty member of Institute ofPopulation Research, Liaoning University. From 1997 to 2006, he was a faculty member ofPopulation Research Institute of Peking University. Since 2007, Dr. Lu has been working at
department of sociology of Peking University. Dr. Lu has been the principal investigator for
more than ten key projects and published more than 70 academic papers or books, including“Desired living arrangements of elderly: case of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, andChongping”, “Rapid population aeging in Mainland China: Challengens and Solutions”,“Determints affecting longevity at county level in China”, “Blue book on population andhealth in Shenzhen: 2012”, etc.

Sibylle Meyer & Birgid Eberhardt (Institute for Social Research and Consulting, Berlin)

Dr. Sybille Meyer is a sociologist and the director of the SIBIS Institute for Social
Research and Project Consulting in Berlin. She is an expert in technology research,gerontology, genealogy and women's studies as well as qualitative analyses of everyday life.
Since the 1980s, she has analysed the changes of households, families and people's
everyday lives. Her current research interests are the acceptance of technology, the users'
demands from future technologies and the assessment of the effects of these technologies
on families, social relations and society. As a consultant, she advises leading companies ofthe electronic and consumer goods industry, the building trade and housing industry as wellas communication and information technology. She works also as consultant for
associations, research institutes, service companies, foundations and ministries of thefederal states. She has served in various functions initiating and advising technology related
research and evaluations projects and programmes, for example the “Ambient Assisted
Living” programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research”.
Birgid Eberhardt – Gerontologist (FH), Economist for Health Systems (ebs),
Computer Scientist for Medical Informatics. Expert and consultant for assisting solutions
based on technical equipment and services for the aging society (ambient assisted living –AAL); before responsible for AAL in VDE Association for Electrical, Electronic &Information Technologies; Vice President Strategic Planning, Head of Software
Development and Head of Product Management (Medical Information Systems: Patient
Record/RIS/PACS, SME Company). Author of articles and features about assisted living,
demographical and societal Change, compatibility of Care and Professional Work. Memberof expert group evaluating research projects in Germany, Austria and on the European
Level.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Andreas Motel-Klingebiel (Linköping University (Sweden) and German Centre ofGerontology, Berlin)
Andreas Motel-Klingebiel – Sociologist and Gerontologist; Professor in Ageing andLater Life, National Institute for the Study of Ageing and Later Life (NISAL), Linköping
University, Sweden; Honorary Associate at the German Centre of Gerontology (DZA),
Berlin; Chair of the Section on Ageing and Society of the German Sociological Association(DGS); PhD from Free University; Habilitation and venia legendi from University ofVechta and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Previous positions: Director Research and
Deputy Institute Director, German Centre of Gerontology (DZA), Berlin (2000-2013);
External Faculty Member (‘Privatdozent’) at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin(Sociology) and the University of Vechta (Gerontology) (2010-2013); Research Fellow at
the Research Group on Ageing and the Life Course (FALL), Free University Berlin (19941999), and the Berlin Ageing Study (BASE), Max-Planck-Institute for Human
Development, Berlin (1992-1994). Research priorities: Life course, later life and social
security; quality of life, diversity, social inequality and social change; intergenerational
relations, material living conditions of older people and the welfare state.

Takeo Ogawa (Kumamoto Gakuen University)

Takeo Ogawa holds a Ph. D. from Kurume University, and a M.A. from the Graduate
School of Literature, Kyushu University. He is Professor of Kumamoto Gakuen University
through Miyazaki University, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Kyushu
University, and Yamaguchi Prefectural University as well as Advisory Professor at East
China Normal University and Concurrent Professor at Shanghai University. Dr. Ogawa isthe Founder and First President, Active Aging Consortium in Asia Pacific and the Founderand present President, Specified Non-profit Corporation Asian Aging Business Center.
Professor Ogawa is the author and editor of numerous books and other publications.

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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Hiroshi Shibata (Department of Health Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences)

Hiroshi Shibata, M.D, Ph. D. is Dean and Professor, Department of Health Sciences,
University of Human Arts and Sciences since 2011. Dr. Shibata graduated from Hokkaido
University as M.D. in1965 and worked in the 4th Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Tokyo and Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital. In 1993, he became ViceDirector at Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology and in 2002, Professor ofGerontology, Graduate School of J.F. Oberlin University. Professor Shibata is President of
the Society for Applied Gerontology Japan, board member of the other 4 gerontologicalacademic societies in Japan. His specialities are gerontology, geriatrics and epidemiology.

Takanori Shibata (Human-Life Technology Research Institute, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST))

Dr. Takanori Shibata received his Ph.D. in Electronic and Mechanical Engineeringfrom Nagoya University in 1992. He was a research scientist at AIST from 1993 to 1998,
and concurrently, at the Artificial Intelligence Lab., MIT from 1995 to 1998. Dr. Shibata
has been a senior research scientist at AIST since 1998. He was the Deputy Director for
ICT Policy, for the Government of Japan from 2009 to 2010. Since 2013, Dr. Shibata is
Chief Senior Research Scientist at National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST) and Visiting Professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology. His researchinterest includes neural networks, fuzzy logic, evolutionary computation, artificial life, petrobot for human-machine interaction, and intelligent control of robots.

Takako Sodei (Ochanomizu University, Tokyo)

Takako Sodei is Professor Emeritus, Ochanomizu University, Visiting professor: Josai
International University, Tokyo Kaseigakuin University, Rikkyo University. She isspecialized in sociology, gerontology and gender studies. Dr. Sodei was a Fullbright scholar
at the National Council on aging in Washington, DC 1980-81 and president of Japan
Society of Family Sociology 1997-2000. She was a member of the Science Council ofJapan 2005~2011, Member of the Gender Equal Committee, the Cabinet Office 2005-2009,
Commissioner of Public Interest Corporation Commission, the Cabinet Office 2007-2010.
Professor Sodei is president of the Japan Association for the Age-free Society, Vicepresident of Women’s Association for the Better Aging Society.
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

October 23-25, Beijing China

Jian Song (Population and Development Center, Renmin University, China)

SONG Jian is professor of Center for Population and Development Studies at Renmin
University of China (RUC). She obtained Ph.D of demography at RUC in 2002 and took
the position of teacher and researcher in RUC in 1995. She has undertaken dozens ofimportant research projects and was the winner of several high-level prizes. Her academic
interest is in population policies, family study, population aging and old-age support. Her
recent publications are: “Problems and Studies of Chinese Population”, “China’s Social
Policies in Gender Perspective”, “Population Policy and National Situation: Comparative
Study of China and Korea”, “Risks and Abilities: Old-age Support of 421 Structure
Family”, “Intergenerational Relationship between Adult Only Child and Their Parents”,“Rising Sex Ratio at Birth in China: Responses and effects of social policies”, “Challenges
in Floating Population Management in Urban China”, “Income and Old-age Support ofChinese Rural People”, etc.

Clemens Tesch-Römer (German Center of Gerontology, Berlin)
Clemens Tesch-Römer, Ph.D. in psychology. Since 1998 director of the German
Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (Deutsches Zentrum fuer Altersfragen, DZA) and since2003 adjunct professor at the Free University of Berlin. Since 1998 member of the Expert
Committees for the German Federal Government for reporting on the life situation of theelderly in Germany. Current research interests: Quality of life and well-being in old age,
health and health behavior, social relations and social integration of older persons,intergenerational family solidarity and societal solidarity, comparative ageing research.

Zhenzhen Zheng (Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS)ZHENG Zhenzhen is currently a professor at Institute of Population and Labor
Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Before that she was associate professor
at Peking University. She served as a consultant in the Scientific and Technical Advisory
Group of Department of Reproductive health and Research, WHO, during 2006-2011. She
received her Ph.D. in demography from Peking University, and she also holds MS in
medical informatics and MS in statistics. Her research interests including statisticaldemography, population and gender studies, and social science research in reproductive
health. Her current research focuses on impact of population ageing, fertility intention andchildbearing behaviour, migration and rural women’s development.
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October 23-25, Beijing China

Xuejin Zuo (Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)ZUO Xuejin is former acting president of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences
and the Director of the Institute of Economics at the Academy. He got his MA in
economics at the Graduate School of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences in 1982,
and Ph.D in economics at the University of Pittsburgh in 1989. His researches focus on
population economics, social security program reform in China, and migration/urbanization
issues. He is the major investigator of the key research project “Population aging andsocioeconomic policy responses in the 21st Century China” He is also the President of the
Shanghai Econometric Society, the President of Shanghai Association of Aging Studies, theVice President of Shanghai Society of Labor and Social Security, and the Vice President ofChina Population Association (2000-08).

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October 23-25, Beijing China

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Name
1
2
3

Hiroko Akiyama
秋山弘子
Marc Bermann
白Affiliation
Institute of Gerontology, University of Tokyo
東京大学高齢社会総合研究機構
China Programmes, Stiftung Mercator (Mercator Foundation)马Frank Berner

墨卡托基金会中国项目
German Centre of Gerontology
德国老年学研究中心
Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy,

4

Axel Boersch-Supan

Munich Center for the Economics of Aging
马普社会法律和社会政策研究所慕尼黑老龄经济学中心

5
6
7
8
9

Cai Fang
蔡

Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS昉

中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所

Cai Yuanfeng

School of Management, Xiamen University蔡远逢厦门大学管理学院

Chen Ke

City University of Hong Kong陈珂

香港城市大学Chen Ming

Institute of Population Studies, Xiamen University陈茗厦门大学人口研究所

Chen Qiulin

Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS

陈秋霖

10 Florian COULMAS

中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所
German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo
德国日本研究所
SIBIS Institut für Sozialforschung und Projektberatung

11 Birgid Eberhardt

GmbH, Germany
社会学研究和咨询研究所
Free University, Berlin

12 Michael Eid
13Feng Ting
封

婷

自由大学
Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS
中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所
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Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

14

Ryoko Fukuda
福田亮子

15 Rene Haak
16
17
18

Hu Peng

Institute of Japan Study, CASS胡

澎

中国社会科学院日本研究所

Kazue Haga

German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo

芳賀和恵

德国日本研究所

Florian Dominik Oliver29

30

German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo
德国日本研究所
German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo
德国日本研究所

Kohlbacher

Lin Bao林

宝

BAGSO, the German National Association of Senior Citizens’ Organizations
德国全国老年协会
Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS
中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所
Department of Sociology, Peking University
北京大学社会学系
German Centre of Gerontology, Berlin
德国老年学研究中心

Takeo Ogawa

Kumamoto Gakuen University

小川全夫

26 Christoph Schimkowsky

28

德国大使馆科技参赞
中国科学院心理研究所

24 Andreas Motel-Klingebiel

27

First Counselor Science and Technology, German Embassy Beijing韩布新

23 Lu Jiehua 陆杰华

25

慶應義塾大学环境和信息研究部

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

21 Ursula Lehr
22

Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University

Han Buxin

19 Sebastian Hofstetter
20

October 23-25, Beijing China

熊本学园大学
German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo
德国日本研究所

Joachim Otto

German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo

Siegfried RÖHR

德国日本研究所

Hiroshi Shibata

Department of Health Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences

柴田博
Takanori Shibata
柴田崇徳

人間総合科学大学保健医療学部
Human-Life Technology Research Institute, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST)
東京工業大学産業技術総合研究所

Takako Sodei

Ochanomizu University

袖井孝子

御茶水女子大学46

Well-being in Ageing Societies: Perspectives from China, Germany and Japan

31

Song Jian宋健

32 Clemens Tesch-Roemer
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

Wang Haitao

October 23-25, Beijing China

Population and Development Center, Renmin University
中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心
German Centre of Gerontology, Berlin
德国老年学研究中心
China National Committee on Ageing International Department

王海涛

全国老龄工作委员会办公室国际部

Wang LiliChina Research Center on Aging

王莉莉

中国老龄科学研究中心

Xiao Caiwei

China National Committee on Ageing

肖才伟

全国老龄工作委员会办公室

Xu JinInstitute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS徐进

Zheng Zhenzhen
郑真真Zhong Feiteng

中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所
Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS
中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所
National Institute of International Strategy-CASS钟飞腾

中国社会科学院国际战略研究院

Zuo Xuejin

Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

左学金上海社会科学院经济研究所

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October 23-25, Beijing China