215HFRQ¿JXULQJ0D\D8UEDQLVPDWWKH7UDQVLWLRQWRWKH3RVWFODVVLF
Reimagining Teotihuacan at Chichen Itza
Travis W. Stanton, Karl A. Taube, José Osorio León, Francisco Pérez Ruíz2,
and María Rocio González de la Mata2
8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD5LYHUVLGH
2,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULDWUDYLVVWDQWRQ#XFUHGX

In this paper, we address how materiality informs us of the kinds of strategies employed and decisions
made in particular historical circumstances of extreme duress. In particular, we focus on how some Mayaof the collapse period utilized their collective memory and imagination of the great Classic period city of
Teotihuacan to recreate their social, economic, political, and ideological realities to confront the socialand environmental challenges of the Classic period Maya collapse at Chichen Itza. We propose that there
LVDZD\RIH[SODLQLQJWKHFHQWUDO0H[LFDQµÀDYRU¶RIPDWHULDODQGYLVXDOFXOWXUHDW&KLFKHQ,W]DE\ZD\of envisioning the Maya as active agents in the adoption of ideas crystalized at Teotihuacan centuries
earlier. This model centers around changes in the conception of the paradisiacal realm of Flower World
undertaken at this Early Classic central Mexican city, most likely as it was in the midst of becoming thelarge state it is well known for. Flower World is a place of origin and ancestors, closely tied to the sunand concepts of heat and brilliance. The concept of Flower World is quite ancient and extends well backinto the Preclassic period. However, a fundamental change in the conception of Flower World occurred
towards the beginning of the Early Classic period at Teotihuacan, when this paradisiacal realm became
merged with the emerging warrior cult established at this central Mexican city. We suggest that this war
cult at Teotihuacan was the origin of the one eventually inherited by the Aztec nearly a millennium later.
It centered around the concept that warriors who died in battle, ostensibly in service of the state, would
JRWRDVRODUUHDOPDVEHDXWLIXO¿HU\ELUGVDQGEXWWHUÀLHVZKRVLSSHGWKHQHFWDURIÀRZHUV7KHUXOHUVDW
Chichen Itza adopted this model, leading to important similarities in monumental spaces between this siteand earlier Teotihuacan, in particular between the Great Terrace and the Ciudadela respectively.

261

En este capítulo hablamos de cómo el mundo material puede informarnos de los tipos de estrategias
usadas y la toma de decisiones en circunstancias históricas particulares bajo muchas estrés. En particular,
enfocamos en el hecho de cómo algunos mayas del periodo de colapso utilizaron su memoria colectiva
e imaginación de la ciudad de Teotihuacan para recrear sus realidades sociales, económicos, políticose ideológicos para enfrentar los desafíos del colapso en Chichén Itzá. Proponemos que hay una maneraGHH[SOLFDUHOµVDERU¶GHOFHQWURGH0p[LFRGHODFXOWXUDPDWHULDO\YLVXDOHQ&KLFKpQ,W]iDWUDYpVGHYHU
los mayas como agentes activos en el proceso de adoptar la ideas que formaban en Teotihuacan siglos
atrás. Este modelo se centra en los cambios en las ideas de en Mundo Florido, un lugar de paraíso, en
Teotihuacan mismo cuando estaba convirtiendo en un estado. El Mundo Florido es un lugar de orígenes
y ancestros muy ligado al sol y conceptos de calor y brillantez. En concepto del Mundo Florido es muy
antiguo y extiende hacia el periodo Preclásico. Sin embargo, un cambio fundamental pasó en el Mundo
Florido a los principios del Clásico Temprano en Teotihuacan cuando este paraíso fue mezclado con ideas
de un culto de guerreros que fue desarrollado en esa ciudad en esta época. Argumentamos que este culto es
el que fue heredado por los aztecas casi un milenio después. Se centró en la idea de que los guerreros quemurieron en batalla, en el servicio del estado, irían a un reino solar convertidos en pájaros y mariposas que
WRPDURQHOQpFWDUGHODVÀRUHV/RVJREHUQDQWHVGH&KLFKpQ,W]iDGRSWDURQHVWHPRGHORTXHVLJQL¿FDED
similitudes en arquitectura publica entre los dos sitios, en particular entre la Gran Nivelación de Chichén
Itzá y la Ciudadela de Teotihuacan.

6WXG\LQJ SDVW KXPDQ FRJQLWLRQ IURP D PDWHULDOPDWHULDOFXOWXUHGDWDWKDWVKRZXVZKDWKXPDQVZHUHSHUVSHFWLYHLVFKDOOHQJLQJ 6WDQWRQ0LWKHQ 

FDSDEOHFRJQLWLYHO\LQWKHSDVW VHH*LEVRQ5HQIUHZ

2QWKHRQHKDQGXVLQJWKHNLQGVRIELRORJLFDOSUR[LHVIRU

=XEURZ )RUH[DPSOHZKLOHWKHSUHVHQFHRIFRJQLWLRQDYDLODEOHWRUHVHDUFKHUVLVSUREOHPDWLF:KLOHFRPSOH[DUWDW8SSHU3DOHROLWKLFVLWHVVKRZVWKDWWKHSHRSOH

WKHHPHUJHQFHRIWKHPRUHFRPSOH[EHKDYLRUV HJDUWZKROLYHGDWSODFHVOLNH$OWDPLUD6SDLQDQG1DZDUODZULWLQJWHFKQRORJ\ LQKXPDQHYROXWLRQLVRQHRIWKH

*DEDUQPXQJ$XVWUDOLDZHUHFHUWDLQO\FRJQLWLYHO\FDSDEOH

IXQGDPHQWDOTXHVWLRQVLQDQWKURSRORJ\XQGHUVWDQGLQJ

RIFUHDWLQJVXFKDUWWKHDEVHQFHRIDUWLQRWKHUSODFHVPLJKWKRZEUDLQVHYROYHGRYHUWLPHKDVEHHQOLPLWHGWRVLPSOH

EHGXHWRDKRVWRIRWKHUUHDVRQVWKDWKDYHQRWKLQJWRGR

PRUSKRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVFUDQLDOFDSDFLW\ZLWKFRJQLWLRQDWDOOUDQJLQJIURPIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVHVDQG

DQGJHQHUDOIRUP7KHVHDUHYHU\FUXGHGDWDWKDWGRQRWFRQGLWLRQVRISUHVHUYDWLRQWRWKHVLPSOHIDFWWKDWVRPHRWKHUDSSUR[LPDWHWKHLQFUHGLEOHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIQHXUDOQHWZRUNVSHRSOHPD\QRWKDYHFRQVFLRXVO\FKRVHQWRFUHDWHVXFKDUWWKDWDUHGL൶FXOWWRVWXG\HYHQZKHQUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHDFFHVV'RQDOG¶V VHHDOVR.XKQDQG6DUWKHU7KRPDVWROLYLQJEUDLQV*LYHQWKHODFNRIFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQEUDLQSSYDQGHU/HHXZ GLVFXVVLRQRIVL]HDQGLQWHOOLJHQFHZHPXVWEHFDUHIXOKRZZHXVHWKHVH

µODWHQWFRJQLWLYHFDSDFLW\¶VXJJHVWVWKDWZHVKRXOGQRWGDWDWRGLVFXVVEURDGSDWWHUQVRIFRJQLWLYHFKDQJHVLQWKH

FRQVLGHUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQG

GHHSSDVWFRJQLWLRQWREHRQHWRRQH$V'HOEUFN  QRWHVLI

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZHPXVWDOVREHFDUHIXOXVLQJ

262

FRJQLWLYHXQLYHUVDOVH[LVWWKH\PXVWHQWDLOKRZWKHEUDLQZRUNVUDWKHUWKDQLQZKDWLWDFKLHYHVWKHLQYDVLRQK\SRWKHVLV 7DXEHHWDO 1HZGDWLQJ,QWKLVSDSHUZHGRQRWDWWHPSWWRWKLQNDERXWFRJQLWLRQH൵RUWVKDYHSODFHGWKHIRXQGLQJRI&KLFKHQ,W]DDVDQ

IURPWKLVNLQGRIPDWHULDODSSURDFKEXWWRDGGUHVVKRZXUEDQFHQWHUGXULQJWKHWDLOHQGRIWKH&ODVVLF %UDVZHOOPDWHULDOLW\LQIRUPVXVRIWKHNLQGVRIVWUDWHJLHVHPSOR\HG

DQG3HQLFKH0D\&RERV7DXEHHWDO 

DQGGHFLVLRQVPDGHLQSDUWLFXODUKLVWRULFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVRI

EXWDQDGHTXDWHDOWHUQDWLYHPRGHOWRWKH7ROWHFLQYDVLRQ

H[WUHPHGXUHVV,QSDUWLFXODUZHIRFXVRQKRZVRPH0D\D

KDV\HWWREHDGYDQFHG

RIWKHFROODSVHSHULRGXWLOL]HGWKHLUFROOHFWLYHPHPRU\DQG

:H SURSRVH WKDW WKHUH LV D ZD\ RI H[SODLQLQJ WKHLPDJLQDWLRQRIWKHJUHDW&ODVVLFSHULRGFLW\RI7HRWLKXDFDQFHQWUDO0H[LFDQµÀDYRU¶RIPDWHULDODQGYLVXDOFXOWXUHDWWRUHFUHDWHWKHLUVRFLDOHFRQRPLFSROLWLFDODQGLGHRORJLFDO&KLFKHQ,W]DE\ZD\RIHQYLVLRQLQJWKH0D\DDVDFWLYH

UHDOLWLHV WR FRQIURQW WKH VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDODJHQWVLQWKHDGRSWLRQRILGHDVFU\VWDOL]HGDW7HRWLKXDFDQFKDOOHQJHVRIWKH&ODVVLFSHULRG0D\DFROODSVHDW&KLFKHQFHQWXULHVHDUOLHU7KLVPRGHOFHQWHUVDURXQGFKDQJHVLQ,W]D:KLOHWKHYDULRXVSRSXODWLRQVWKDWPLJUDWHGµRXWRI

WKHFRQFHSWLRQRIWKHSDUDGLVLDFDOUHDOPRI)ORZHU:RUOG(XUDVLD¶FHUWDLQO\KDGWKHLUPHQWDOSDFNDJHVWRXQGHUVWDQG

XQGHUWDNHQDWWKLV(DUO\&ODVVLFFHQWUDO0H[LFDQFLW\PRVWWKHZRUOGZKHQWKH\DUULYHGWRWKH$PHULFDV DQGWKHVHOLNHO\DVLWZDVLQWKHPLGVWRIEHFRPLQJWKHODUJHVWDWH

SDFNDJHVKDGDJUHDWLPSDFWRQODWHUFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWV

LWLVZHOONQRZQIRU)LUVWLGHQWL¿HGE\-DQH+LOO  

VXFKDVVKDPDQLVPDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIDQLPDOVSLULWVRXO)ORZHU:RUOGLVDSODFHRIRULJLQDQGDQFHVWRUVFORVHO\FRPSDQLRQV>+RXVWRQDQG6WXDUW@ WKHVRFLDOFRQWH[W

WLHGWRWKHVXQDQGFRQFHSWVRIKHDWDQGEULOOLDQFH7KH

RIWKH0D\DFROODSVHZDVDVSHFL¿FKLVWRULFSHULRGWKDWFRQFHSWRI)ORZHU:RUOGLVTXLWHDQFLHQWDQGH[WHQGV

OLNHDOORWKHUVQHHGVWREHXQGHUVWRRGRQLWVRZQWHUPVDVDZHOOEDFNLQWRWKH3UHFODVVLFSHULRG 7DXEH

WHPSRUDODQGUHJLRQDOVSDFHVXEMHFWWRWKHSDUWLFXODULWLHVRI

 +RZHYHUDIXQGDPHQWDOFKDQJHLQ

WKHLQWHUVHFWLRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVWKDWH[LVWHGWKHQDQGWKHUH

WKHFRQFHSWLRQRI)ORZHU:RUOGRFFXUUHGWRZDUGVWKH
EHJLQQLQJRIWKH(DUO\&ODVVLFSHULRGDW7HRWLKXDFDQZKHQA Brief Outline of a Teotihuacan Version of Flower

WKLVSDUDGLVLDFDOUHDOPEHFDPHPHUJHGZLWKWKHHPHUJLQJWorld at Chichen ItzaZDUULRUFXOWHVWDEOLVKHGDWWKLVFHQWUDO0H[LFDQFLW\ 7DXEH*LYHQWKHVSDFHFRQVWUDLQWVZHZLOORQO\R൵HUDEULHI

 :HVXJJHVWWKDWWKLVZDUFXOWDW7HRWLKXDFDQRXWOLQHRIRXUDUJXPHQWKHUH$PRUHWKRURXJKWUHDWPHQWRI

ZDVWKHRULJLQRIWKHRQHHYHQWXDOO\LQKHULWHGE\WKH$]WHF

WKHWRSLFLVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJZRUNHGWKURXJKIRUSXEOLFDWLRQQHDUO\DPLOOHQQLXPODWHU,WFHQWHUHGDURXQGWKHFRQFHSWHOVHZKHUH 6WDQWRQHWDOQGDQGE &KLFKHQ,W]DKDVWKDWZDUULRUVZKRGLHGLQEDWWOHRVWHQVLEO\LQVHUYLFHRI

EHHQDQHQLJPDIRUUHVHDUFKHUVVLQFHWKH¿UVWUHVHDUFKZDVWKHVWDWHZRXOGJRWRDVRODUUHDOPDVEHDXWLIXO¿HU\ELUGVFRQGXFWHGWKHUHE\WKH&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWHRI:DVKLQJWRQDQGEXWWHUÀLHVZKRVLSSHGWKHQHFWDURIÀRZHUV +HDGULFNDUFKDHRORJLVWVLQWKHHDUO\SDUWRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\+LOO7DXEH 

0RUOH\ ,QSDUWLFXODUWKHFHQWUDO0H[LFDQVW\OH:HDUJXHWKDWIRUWKH$]WHFVSODFLQJWKHZDUULRULQDDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGLFRQRJUDSK\KDVFDXVHGDJRRGGHJUHH

FHQWUDOSRVLWLRQLQULWXDOVIRUFRVPLFZHOOEHLQJFHOHEUDWLQJ

RIFRQVWHUQDWLRQ2QFHSURSRVHGWREHGXHWRD7ROWHF

WKHLUZRUNDVFRPSDQLRQVRIWKHVXQLQLWVGDLO\MRXUQH\

LQYDVLRQ HJ7KRPSVRQ7R]]HU 0D\D

DQGZKRVHKHDUWVHQJHQGHUHGVRODUPRYHPHQWLQVDFUL¿FLDODUFKDHRORJLVWVZRUNLQJLQ<XFDWDQKDYHQRZUHMHFWHGULWHVIXQFWLRQHGWRGRVHYHUDOWKLQJVWRPDNHWKH$]WHF

263

Figure 21.1.

7HRWHQDQJR;RFKLFDOFRDQG/DV+LJXHUDVUHLQYHQWHG

DEM/Hillshade image of Chichen Itza generated from lidar

WKHLGHDVFRQFHUQLQJVXQZRUVKLSDQGWKHZDUULRUFXOWGDWDÀRZQLQDQGZLWKWKHFXUUHQW,1$+PDSRI

DW7HRWLKXDFDQLGHDVWKDWZRXOGHYHQWXDOO\EHIXUWKHU

the site structures superimposed.

UHZRUNHGDW7HQRFKWLWODQ VHH7DXEH 
7KH TXHVWLRQ LV ZK\ WKH 0D\D DW WKH WXUQ WR WKH3RVWFODVVLF SHULRG ZRXOG HVFKHZ WKH SROLWLFDO DQGLGHRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHVWKDWKDGEHHQLQSODFHIRUFHQWXULHV
:HEHOLHYHWKDWWKHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQOLHVLQWKH
G\QDPLFVRIWKHFROODSVHSHULRG5HJDUGOHVVRIWKHFDXVHVRIWKHFROODSVH VHH$LPHUV:HEVWHU WKH
HQGRIWKH&ODVVLFSHULRGZDVDWLPHRIJUHDWVRFLDODQG
SROLWLFDOWXUPRLO:HVXJJHVWWKDWWKLVSURORQJHGFULVLV
LQ0D\DVRFLHW\RSHQHGXSWKHGRRUIRUQHZPRGHOVWREHFRQVLGHUHGDQGWKDWVRPH0D\DLQWKHQRUWKHUQORZODQGVHPEUDFHGWKH7HRWLKXDFDQPRGHORISROLWLFDO
VRFLDOHFRQRPLFRUJDQL]DWLRQDVDOHJHQGDU\H[DPSOH
RIKRZWRFUHDWHZHDOWKDQGSRZHUWKDWERWKVXSSRUWHG
TXLWHVXEVWDQWLDOLQHTXDOLWLHVDQGVRPHGHJUHHRIVRFLDOPRELOLW\WKDWDOORZHGFULWLFDODFWRUVHVVHQWLDOWRWKHVXFFHVVVWDWHVXFFHVVIXO)LUVWDORQJZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHGOHYHORIRIWKHVWDWHWRWKULYH,QVKRUWWKHFROODSVHSHULRGRSHQHG

VRFLDOPRELOLW\DOORZHGIRUVXFFHVVIXOZDUULRUVHOHYDWLQJXSWKHGRRUIRUFKDQJHDQGVRPH0D\DPXFKOLNHVRPHWKHUROHRIWKHZDUULRULQVWDWHLGHRORJ\DLGHGLQWR³EX\´ODWHU(XURSHDQVRFLHWLHVGLGZLWK5RPHDQGLWVSHUFHLYHG

LQWRWKHVWDWHVWUXFWXUHE\DFULWLFDOVHJPHQWRIVRFLHW\LQVWLWXWLRQVORRNHGWRWKHSDVWWRUHLPDJLQHDQGUHFUHDWH

6HFRQGDVDUJXHGE\+HDGULFN  WKHSURPLVHRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVDQGVXFFHVVDWWKH\HQYLVLRQHGDWWKHDQFLHQW

SDUDGLVHVHUYHGWRPRWLYDWHZDUULRUVWRSXWWKHLUOLYHVDW

FLW\RI7HRWLKXDFDQULVNDGGLQJDSDUDGLVLDFDODIWHUOLIHWRWKHWDQJLEOHJDLQVLQ
OLIHD൵RUGHGZDUULRUVE\WKHVWDWH$ORQJZLWK+HDGULFN

264

Flower World at Chichen Itza

ZHVHHWKHRULJLQRIWKLVV\VWHPDW7HRWLKXDFDQZLWK(DUO\6R KRZ GLG &KLFKHQ ,W]D DWWHPSW WR UHHQYLVLRQ

3RVWFODVVLFVLWHVVXFKDV&KLFKHQ,W]DDQG7XODEULGJLQJ

7HRWLKXDFDQ"+HUHZHIRFXVRQFHUWDLQFULWLFDODVSHFWVLQ

WKHWHPSRUDOJDSEHWZHHQWKH$]WHFV\VWHPDQGLWV(DUO\SDUWLFXODUWKHHYLGHQFHIRUWKHDGRSWLRQRIVRODUZRUVKLSLQ&ODVVLFDQFHVWRU 6WDQWRQHWDOQGDQGE 7KXVIRUXV

WKHEXLOWODQGVFDSH$OWKRXJKPXFKKDVEHHQPDGHRIWKH

XQGHUVWDQGLQJWKH&HQWUDO0H[LFDQµLQÀXHQFH¶DW&KLFKHQIHDWKHUHGVHUSHQWDW&KLFKHQ,W]D /ySH]$XVWLQDQG/ySH]

,W]DLVPXFKOHVVDERXWXQGHUVWDQGLQJ7XOD DOWKRXJKZH

/XMiQ5LQJOHDQG%H\5LQJOHHWDOGREHOLHYHWKDWWKHUHZHUHSURIRXQGOLQNVEHWZHHQWKHVH

 ZHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHFHQWUDOHOHPHQWRIWKHLGHRORJLFDOWZRFLWLHV EXWPRUHDERXWKRZ&KLFKHQ,W]D7XODDQG

QDUUDWLYHLQWKHVWDWHDUWDW&KLFKHQ,W]DVXUURXQGVWKHVXQ

FRQWHPSRUDU\FRPPXQLWLHVVXFKDV(O7DMtQ&DFD[WOD

DQGLWVGDLO\MRXUQH\7KHIHDWKHUHGVHUSHQWLVDFULWLFDOSDUWRIWKHQDUUDWLYHEXWXOWLPDWHO\LWLVWKHVXQZKLFKLVFHQWUDO

Figure 21.2.

'HVSLWH WKH FKURQRORJLFDO OHJDF\ RI µ2OG¶ YHUVXV

DEM/Hillshade image of the Great Terrace of Chichen Itza

µ1HZ¶&KLFKHQWKH*UHDW7HUUDFHLVXQGRXEWHGO\WKH

JHQHUDWHGIURPOLGDUGDWDÀRZQLQDQGZLWKWKH

LGHRORJLFDOFHQWHURIWKHFLW\ 6WDQWRQHWDOQGE7DXEH

current INAH-map of the site structures superimposed.

HWDO 7KHFDXVHZD\V\VWHPQRWRQO\FRQYHUJHVNote the alignment of the Temple of the warriors to the

RQWKH*UHDW7HUUDFH )LJXUH EXWLWDSSHDUVWRGRVR

stairway of the Upper Temple of the Jaguars on the south

XVLQJIRXQGDWLRQDOSULQFLSOHVRIGLYLGLQJWKHFLW\LQWRIRXU

side of the Great Ballcourt.

ZDUGVDVZDVGHVFULEHGIRUWKHFLW\LQWKH&KLODP%DODP
GH&KXPD\HO 5R\V DQGZKLFKFDQEHIRXQGLQRWKHU
FLWLHVVXFKDV7HQRFKWLWODQ,]DPDODQG0D\DSDQ %URZQ0DWRV0RFWH]XPD5R\V )XUWKHUGH$QGDDQGKLVFROOHDJXHV  PDNHDFRJHQWDUJXPHQW
WKDWWKH&DVWLOORZDVWKHIRFDOSRLQWIRUDTXDGULSDUWLWHFRVPRJUDPZLWKIRXUFHQRWHV 6DFUHG&HQRWH&HQRWH;WRORF&HQRWH+ROWXQDQG&HQRWH;NDQMX\XP GHOLPLWLQJWKHIRXUTXDUWHUV-XVWDVLPSRUWDQWDVWKH&DVWLOORDQGLWVUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKH6DFUHG&HQRWHLVYLD6DFEHRUSRVVLEO\HYHQ
PRUHLPSRUWDQWLVWKHHDVWZHVWD[LVRIWKH*UHDW7HUUDFHFRQVLVWLQJRIWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUVDQGWKH*UHDW%DOOFRXUWDPRQJRWKHULPSRUWDQWEXWVPDOOHUVWUXFWXUHV)LJXUH :HDUJXHWKDWWKLVD[LVFRPPHPRUDWHVWKH
VXQ¶VMRXUQH\WKURXJKWKHVN\DFFRPSDQLHGE\WKHVRXOV
RIVDFUHGZDUULRUVZKRVHZRUNDQGVDFUL¿FHHQJHQGHUHG

DOLJQPHQWLVPDUNHGE\DQDUURZÀDJVWRQHZDONZD\WKDWLWVGDLO\F\FOH)XUWKHUWKLVQDUUDWLYHZDVPRUHEURDGO\OHDGVDZD\IURPWKH$WODQWHDQWKURQHRQWKH7HPSOHRILPPHUVHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRI)ORZHU:RUOGDQGZHVXJJHVW

WKH:DUULRUVVWUDLJKWWRZDUGVWKHVWDLUFDVHOHDGLQJXSWRWKDWWKLVD[LVUHÀHFWVDQDWWHPSWE\WKHSHRSOHRI&KLFKHQ

WKH8SSHU7HPSOHRIWKH-DJXDUVZKHUHLWLVDOVRFOHDUO\,W]DWRUHLPDJLQHWKH&LXGDGHODDW7HRWLKXDFDQYLVLEOH )LJXUH :KLOHWKLVZDONZD\GRHVQRWFRQWLQXH

$V QRWHG E\ âSUDMF DQG 6iQFKH] 1DYD 

DFURVVWKHSOD]DWRGD\WKH*UHDW7HUUDFHKDVEHHQKHDYLO\

6iQFKH]1DYDDQGâSUDMFSSVHHDOVRGLVWXUEHGHVSHFLDOO\LQKLVWRULFWLPHVWKHQWKHKLJKZD\UDQ

*DOLQGR7UHMRHWDO0LOEUDWKSS

SDVWWKH&DVWLOOR5LQJOHSS WKHOLQHRIVLJKWRIWKHFHQWHUOLQH,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHVHUSHQWVDWWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUVRIWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUVWRWKHVWDLUFDVHOHDGLQJXSWR

GHVFHQGZKLOHWKRVHRQWKHEDOXVWUDGHVRQWKH8SSHU

WKH8SSHU7HPSOHRIWKH-DJXDUVKDVDVRODUDVVRFLDWLRQ

7HPSOHRIWKH-DJXDUVDVFHQG7KLVDUUDQJHPHQWPD\ZLWKVXQVHWDOLJQPHQWVIDOOLQJRQ0D\WKDQG$XJXVWLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHZDONZD\LWVHOIZDVWKH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQWVW WZRGDWHVVHSDUDWHGE\SHULRGVRIGD\V 7KLV

DVWKHURDGRIWKHVXQZKLFKZDVDZLGHVSUHDGFRQYHQWLRQ265

Figure 21.3.
Photos of the possible floral around between the Temple of the Warriors (right) and the Upper Temple of the Jaguars (left).

266

LQ/DWH3RVWFODVVLF0HVRDPHULFDLQFOXGLQJWKH+XDVWHF

 )XUWKHURQHRIWKHPXUDOIUDJPHQWVIURPWKH7HPSOH

DQG$]WHF 7DXEH 7KLVLGHDRIWKHSOXPHGVHUSHQWRIWKH:DUULRUVGHSLFWVDVFHQHRIKXPDQKHDUWVDFUL¿FH

DVDVRODUURDGFRQWLQXHVDPRQJWKH=LQDFDQWHFR7]RW]LORIZLWKWKHYLFWLPRQDVDFUL¿FLDOVWRQH'LUHFWO\EHORZKLVKLJKODQG&KLDSDVZKHUHLWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWDJUHDWIHDWKHUHG

ERG\DQGDVFHQGLQJWRWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHVFHQHLVDJUHHQ

VHUSHQWDV9HQXVVHUYHVDVWKHFHOHVWLDOYHKLFOHRIWKHVXQ

4XHW]DOFRDWOVHUSHQWFOHDUO\GHQRWLQJWKLVEHLQJDVWKH

³$WGDZQWKHVXQULVHVLQWKHHDVWSUHFHGHGE\9HQXVV\PEROLFVDFUL¿FLDO³URDG´RIWKHVODLQFDSWLYHWRIROORZWKH0RUQLQJ6WDUDODUJHSOXPHGVHUSHQWFDOOHG0XNWD

WKHVXQ¶VSDWK VHH0RUULVHWDO 

FK¶RQ 9RJWSS ´7KLVFRQWHPSRUDU\7]RW]LO

7KHDUUDQJHPHQWRIDUFKLWHFWXUHIURPWKH7HPSOHRIDFFRXQWSHUWDLQVGLUHFWO\WRKLJKODQG0H[LFDQVRXUFHVRI

WKH:DUULRUVLQFOXGLQJWKH9HQXV7]RPSDQWOLDQG(DJOH

4XHW]DOFRDWOEHLQJVXPPRQHGWRWKHHDVWE\WKHVXQDV

DQG-DJXDUSODWIRUPVLVYHU\VLPLODUWRWKDWRI7XOD*UDQGHZHOODVZDUULRUVRXOVIROORZLQJWKHVXQRQLWVHDVWHUQGDZQDQGSHUKDSV7XOD&KLFR 0DVWDFKHDQG&REHDQSDSSHDUDQFHDQGLWLVOLNHO\QRFRLQFLGHQFHWKDWWKHOLQH

0DWRV0RFWH]XPD ,PSRUWDQWO\LW

RIVLJKWEHWZHHQWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUVDQG8SSHU

LVDOVRYHU\PXFKOLNHWKHOD\RXWRIWKHFHUHPRQLDOSUHFLQFW

7HPSOHRIWKH-DJXDUVSDVVHVWKH9HQXVSODWIRUP$FOHDURI7HQRFKWLWODQZLWKWKH7HPSOH0D\RUWDNLQJWKHSODFHRIH[DPSOHRIWKLVVRODUURDGLVIRXQGRQWKH$]WHF6WXWWJDUWWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUV%HVLGHVEHLQJRQWKHHDVWHUQ

6WDWXHWWHZKLFKGHSLFWV7ODKXL]FDOSDQWHFXKWOL³/RUGRI

VLGHRIWKHSOD]DVERWKRIWKHVHVWUXFWXUHVKDYHWUDSH]RLGDO'DZQ´DVDVNHOHWDO7ROWHFZDUULRU &ROWPDQ 2Q

VDFUL¿FLDOVWRQHVWKDWZRXOGKDYHXVHGWRH[WUDFWWKHKHDUWVWKHEDFNRI7ODKXL]FDOSDQWHFXKWOLLVDSOXPHGVHUSHQWRIZDUULRUVWRHQJHQGHUWKHVXQ¶VPRYHPHQWDWGDZQULVLQJFDUU\LQJDVRODUGLVNZLWK7RQDWLXKWKHVXQJRGLQWKH

IURPWKHXQGHUZRUOGERWKVWUXFWXUHVDOVRKDYHUHFOLQLQJ

FHQWHU$FDUYHGERQHIURP7RPEIURP0RQWH$OEiQ&KDN0RRO¿JXUHVDOVRXVHGIRUKXPDQKHDUWVDFUL¿FH2Q

SURYLGHVDVWULNLQJO\VLPLODUH[DPSOH 7DXEH¿J

WKH1XUHPEXUJPDSRI7HQRFKWLWODQWKHVXQLVFOHDUO\E DQGVHYHUDOPRQXPHQWVIURPWKH&RW]XPDOKXDSDVKRZQLQDQLPSRUWDQWDOLJQPHQWULVLQJEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHJLRQSURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOVXSSRUW &KLQFKLOOD0D]DULHJRVWHPSOHVRQWKH7HPSOR0D\RU 0XQG\ 6LPLODUO\RQWKH&RGH[)HMpUYiU\0D\HU )ROLR WKHULVLQJVXQLVSODQFDQEHWUDFHGEDFNWR7HRWLKXDFDQVSHFL¿FDOO\WRWKH

IRXQGRQWKHXSSHUSRUWLRQRIWKHFRVPLFPDSXSEHLQJ

&LXGDGHOD7KH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW3\UDPLGORFDWHGLQ

HDVWLQLQGLJHQRXVWKRXJKW7KLVLVWKHVDPHSRVLWLRQDVWKH

WKHHDVWLVFOHDUO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKZDUIDUHDQGZDUULRUV7HPSOR0D\RUDQGLQWKH)HMpUYiU\0D\HUWKHVXQDSSHDUVMXVWDVWKH7HPSOHRIWKH:DUULRUVDQGWKH7HPSOR0D\RU

WREHULVLQJDORQJWKHFHQWHUOLQHRIDWHPSOH

7KHVDFUL¿FLDOEXULDORIZDUULRUVXQGHUQHDWKWKHWHPSOH

)RUWKH$]WHFWKHW]LW]LPLPHRUGHDWKJRGGHVVHVRI

6XJL\DPD WKHSUHVHQFHRIWKH:DU6HUSHQWRQGDUNQHVVWKHQLJKWDQGXQGHUZRUOGDUHIRXQGRSSRVLWHWKHIDoDGH 7DXEH DQGWKHORFDWLRQRISURGXFWLRQWKHVXQLQWKHZHVWZDLWLQJDV0XQG\ SS SXWVRI WKHDWHU FHQVHUV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ZDUULRUV DQG WKHLU

LW³WRGHYRXUWKHVXQ´7KLVZRXOGSODFHWKHW]LW]LPLPHOLQWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWREXWWHUÀLHVHPHUJLQJIURP¿HU\IXQHUDOWKHSODFHRIWKHEDOOFRXUWRQ7HQRFKWLWODQH[DFWO\ZKHUHWKH

EXQGOHVZLWKLQWKH&LXGDGHOD VHH0~QHUD%HUPXGH]

*UHDW%DOOFRXUWLVLQWKH*UHDW7HUUDFHOD\RXWDW&KLFKHQ7DXEH DOODWWHVWWRWKLVDVVRFLDWLRQ)XUWKHUWKH

,W]D7KHEDOOJDPHDSSHDUVWREHHVVHQWLDOWRWKLVQDUUDWLYH

OLQNWRVRODUPRYHPHQWFRPHVIURPYDULRXVVRXUFHV)LUVWRIWKHVXQDVWKHSODFHRIWKHVHWWLQJVXQ &RKRGDVDV/DSRUWH SS QRWHGWKH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW :KLOHWKHHDVWLVDOLQNHGWRPDOHQHVVDQGKHDWWKH

7HPSOHDSSHDUVWRIRUPSDUWRIDQ(*URXSFRPSOH[DQ

ZHVWDSSHDUVWREHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDIHPDOHDVSHFWFROGDUFKLWHFWXUDOIRUPDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVRODUPRYHPHQWLQWKHZDWHUDQGGHDWK VHH$OFLQD)UDQFK WKHZHVWHDVWHUQORZODQGVRI0HVRDPHULFD LQSDUWLFXODUWKH0D\D

EHLQJWKHSODFHWKDWWKHVXQHQWHUHGWKHXQGHUZRUOG$W

DUHD DVHDUO\DVWKH0LGGOH3UHFODVVLFSHULRG )UHLGHOHWDO&KLFKHQ,W]DIHPDOHVNHOHWDOJRGGHVVHVDUHDOVRDVVRFLDWHG

 ,Q/DSRUWH¶VUHDGLQJRIWKH&LXGDGHODWKH)HDWKHUHGZLWKWKH/RZHU7HPSOHRIWKH-DJXDUVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKLVDVVRFLDWLRQSUHGDWHVWKH$]WHF%DOOFRXUWVZHUHFHUWDLQO\
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKZDWHUDQGVSULQJVEHLQJHQWUDQFHVWRWKH

Figure 21.4.

XQGHUZRUOGVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKLVSRWHQWLDODVVRFLDWLRQLine drawing of the Ciudadela at Teotihuacan (drawing

ZLWKWKHVXQVHWWLQJLQWRWKHXQGHUZRUOGVKRXOGEHJLYHQ

by Travis W. Stanton).

PRUHVHULRXVFRQVLGHUDWLRQ 7DXEH 7KDWWKH*UHDW%DOOFRXUWZDVLQGHHGÀRRGHGLVDWWHVWHGE\WKHPXOWLSOH
ODUJHGUDLQVORFDWHGDURXQGLWVHGJHVDQGZHZRXOGQRW
EHVXUSULVHGLIWKHHQWLUH*UHDW7HUUDFHZDVLQWHQWLRQDOO\ÀRRGHGRQRFFDVLRQZLWKPDVVLYHEHDPVDWLWVPDMRUHQWUDQFHV)LQDOO\WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH7]RPSDQWOLDQG
ZDUULRULPDJHU\DW7HQRFKWLWODQ HJ/ySH]/XMiQDQG
*RQ]iOH]/ySH] KDVVWURQJSDUDOOHOVZLWK&KLFKHQ,W]DLQGLFDWLQJWKDWDWERWKFLWLHVMXVWOLNHWKHSODFHPHQW
RI;LXKWHFXKWOLDVD7ROWHFZDUULRULQWKHFHQWHURISDJH
RIWKH)HMpUYiU\0D\HUWKHZDUULRUWRRNFHQWHUVWDJHLQWKH
QDUUDWLYHRIWKHVXQ¶VMRXUQH\)XQGDPHQWDOO\ZHWKLQNWKDWWKHDUFKHW\SHIRUWKLV

267

6HUSHQW7HPSOHWDNHVWKHSODFHRIUDGLDOVWUXFWXUHLQWKH

DVDSODFHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDFHOHVWLDOVRODUSDUDGLVHZKHUH

(*URXSSODQ )LJXUH 7RWKHHDVWRIWKLVWHPSOHDUH

WKHVRXOVRIZDUULRUVZKRGLHGLQEDWWOHUHVLGHLQWKH

WKUHHVPDOOHUWHPSOHVLQOLQHDUDUUDQJHPHQWPXFKOLNHDIWHUOLIH7KLUGDPRQXPHQWIRXQGLQDVHFRQGDU\FRQWH[WNQRZQ0D\DH[DPSOHV6HFRQGWKH$]WHFUHPHPEHUHG

EXWWKRXJKWWREHIURPWKHSUHWHPSOHRIWKH)HDWKHUHG

WKH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW3\UDPLGDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH

6HUSHQW7HPSOHKDVDVXQGLVNFDUULHGRQEDFNRIWKH

VXQZKHUHLWLVGHSLFWHGRQWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR0D]DSDQSOXPHGVHUSHQWDVWKH5RDGRI)ORZHUV *D]]ROD

PDSRI7HRWLKXDFDQ $UUHROD 'DWHGWRWKLVSS)LJXUH 

PDSFOHDUO\VKRZVWKH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW3\UDPLGZLWKD

5HFHQWO\-XOLH*D]]ROD SS KDVUHSRUWHG

³(XURSHDQVW\OHVXQGLVNFRPSOHWHZLWKUD\VDQGIURQWDOHYLGHQFHIRUDODUJHEDOOFRXUWRQWKHZHVWHUQVLGHRIWKHIDFH´ %RRQHSS $UUHROD SS&LXGDGHODKLGGHQEHQHDWKWKHODVWÀRRUVXUIDFHZKLFK(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQE\%RRQHSS WUDQVODWHGLPSRUWDQWO\ÀRRGVGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQFUHDWLQJD

WKHDVVRFLDWHG1DKXDWOWH[WDV³SODFHRIEXULDOVLQKRQRURISULPRUGLDOVHDZLWKLQWKHFRQ¿QHVRIWKHFRPSOH[,ISURYHQ

WKHVXQ´VXJJHVWLQJWKDW/DWH3RVWFODVVLFSHRSOHVPD\KDYH

WREHDEDOOFRXUWWKLV¿QGZRXOGSURYLGHDYHU\VWURQJOLQNQRWRQO\NQRZQDERXWWKHVDFUL¿FHGZDUULRUVXQGHUQHDWKWRWKHSODQVDW&KLFKHQ,W]D7HQRFKWLWODQDQG7XOD2I

WKHS\UDPLGEXWWKDWWKH\UHPHPEHUHGWKLVVWUXFWXUHHTXDOLQWHUHVWLVWKH¿QGLQJRIDVSHFWDFXODUWXQQHODORQJ
WKHHDVWZHVWD[LVRIWKH&LXGDGHOD *yPH]&KiYH] /HDGLQJIURPWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSRVVLEOHEDOOFRXUWWR

Figure 21.5.

LWVWHUPLQXVLQWKHFHQWHURIWKH3\UDPLGRIWKH)HDWKHUHG

Line drawing of a monument fragment.

6HUSHQWWKLVWXQQHOUHSUHVHQWVWKHXQGHUZRUOGWKDWLQWKHZRUGVRI*yPH]&KiYH] SS ³ZKHUHMXVWDVRQHDUWKWKHUHZHUHULYHUVODNHPRXQWDLQVDQGDFHOHVWLDOYDXOWDQGQLJKWVXQWKDWFURVVHGLWVZLQGLQJSDWKIURPVXQVHWWRVXQULVH´$PRQJWKH&KRUWLWKLVLGHDRIWKHQLJKWVXQLVVWLOOSUHVHQWLQFRQWHPSRUDU\OHJHQG
7KHROGSHRSOHXVHGWRWHOOWKDWWKHZRUOGKHUHZH
OLYHWKH\VDLGWKDWXQGHUWKH±ZRUOGZKLFKZHOLYH
RQIDUWKHUGRZQWKH\VD\WKDWWKHUHLVMXVWZDWHU
$QGWKH\VD\WKDWXQGHUWKH±ZDWHUWKDWWKHUHLVDQRWKHU±SODFH>«@7KH\VD\WKDWZKHQWKHVXQ
VHWVKHUHDQGWKHQLJKWJURZVGDUNWKH\VD\WKDWLQ

Note/LQH GUDZLQJ RI D PRQXPHQW IUDJPHQW IRXQG LQ D

WKDWSODFH>«@WKHUHLWLVJURZLQJOLJKWDQGWKLQJVVHFRQGDU\FRQWH[WEXWWKRXJKWWREHIURPWKHSUHWHPSOHRI

DUHEHFRPLQJYLVLEOH$QGKHUHLWLVGDUN$QGWKH\

WKH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW7HPSOHDW7HRWLKXDFDQ7KLVIUDJPHQW

VD\WKDWZKHQWKHVXQSDVVHVWKURXJKWKDWSODFH

KDVDVXQGLVNFDUULHGRQEDFNRIWKHSOXPHGVHUSHQWDVWKH

RYHUWKHKHDGVRIWKRVHPHQWKDWLW±LVVWURQJHU±

5RDGRI)ORZHUV GUDZQE\7UDYLV:6WDQWRQIURPSKRWRLQ

LWVKHDW´ )RXJKWSS

*D]]ROD 

268

:KLOHWKHH[FDYDWLRQVDQGDQDO\VHVRIWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJ

RQROGLGHDVGXULQJWKH&ODVVLFSHULRGLVFOHDU)RUH[DPSOHDPRXQWRIPDWHULDOVKDYHVWLOOWREHFRPSOHWHGPXFKRIWKH

at El Diablo, Guatemala, an Early Classic temple, aligned

PDWHULDOFXOWXUHDSSHDUVWRUHODWHWRWKHZDWHU\XQGHUZRUOGWRDSURPLQHQWFDYHWRWKHHDVWWKDWWKHVXQULVHVRYHUDWWKH

HJVKHOO DQGWKHVXQ HJS\ULWHDQGVODWHPLUURUV 

VXPPHUVROVWLFHFRQWDLQHGDWRPEZLWK7HRWLKXDFDQRLG

*yPH]&KiYH]SSVHHDOVR7DXEH>@IRUFHUDPLFVVHYHUHGKHDGVIDFLQJWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHULVLQJ

WKHVRODUDVVRFLDWLRQVRIWKHGLVNV ,PSUHVVLYHO\SDUWRI

VXQDQGLFRQRJUDSKLFGHSLFWLRQVRIWKH-DJXDU*RGRI

WKHVRXWKDQWHFKDPEHUZDVFRYHUHGE\DSRZGHUPL[RI

WKH8QGHUZRUOG +RXVWRQHWDO1HZPDQHWDOS\ULWHKHPDWLWHDQGPDJQHWLWHWKDWLQWRUFKOLJKWZRXOG WKRXJKWWREHWKHHPERGLPHQWRIWKH0D\DQLJKW

KDYHPDGHLWORRNOLNHWKHQLJKWVN\ *yPH]&KiYH]

VXQ 6WXDUWSS DQGSURPLQHQWRQVHYHUDOZLW]

SS :HVXJJHVWWKDWLIWKHSRVVLEOHEDOOFRXUWFDQEHPDVNVDW&KLFKHQ,W]DLWVHOI7KHPHPRU\RI7HRWLKXDFDQFRQ¿UPHGWKHWXQQHOUHSUHVHQWVWKHURDGRIWKHQLJKWVXQ

LWVRUJDQL]DWLRQLWVZHDOWKWKHZD\LWUHVWUXFWXUHGERWKDIWHULWHQWHUHGWKHZDWHUVRIWKHXQGHUZRUOGDWWKHEDOOFRXUWWKHFRVPRVDQGKXPDQUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJWKH0D\DOHIWVLPLODUWRWKHDUUDQJHPHQWDW&KLFKHQ,W]D$WWKHHQGRIWKH

DSURIRXQGLPSDFWRQJHQHUDWLRQVFHQWXULHVUHPRYHGIURPWXQQHOWKHUHZDVDVXPSWXRXVR൵HULQJVXUURXQGLQJVHYHUDOWKHIHDWVRIWKHJUHDW&HQWUDO0H[LFDQPHWURSROLV7KLVJUHHQVWRQH¿JXUHVWKDWOHDQHGEDFNWRJD]HDWWKHVSRWWKH

PHPRU\ZDVXVHGWRUHLPDJLQHWKHJUHDW7ROODQLQZD\VVXQZRXOGULVHRXWRIWKHZRUOGDVFHQGLQJWRWKHWRSRIWKH

WKDWZHUHYHU\KLVWRULFDOO\VSHFL¿FWR0HVRDPHULFDDQG

)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW3\UDPLGWREHERUQDJDLQWKURXJKWKH

<XFDWDQLQSDUWLFXODUGXULQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRWKH(DUO\

VDFUL¿FHDQGZRUNRIZDUULRUV

3RVWFODVVLFSHULRG<HWFOHDUO\WKLVPRGHOZRUNHGIRUDWLPH
DQG&KLFKHQ,W]DEHFDPHDKLVWRULFDOO\VXFFHVVIXOSODFHWKDWFinal Thoughts

ZDVHYHQUHPHPEHUHGE\WKH$]WHF 7DXEHHWDO ,QWKLVSDSHUZHVXJJHVWWKDWWKH0D\DRI&KLFKHQ,W]DDWWHPSWHGWRUHLPDJLQH7HRWLKXDFDQ7KLVUHLPDJLQDWLRQZDVQRWMXVWLGHRORJLFDOEXWZHVXJJHVWHOVHZKHUHWKDW

Acknowledgements

LWKDGVWURQJHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVWKDW:HWKDQNWKH&RQVHMRGH$UTXHRORJtDRIWKH,QVWLWXWRUHÀHFWWKHGHFLVLRQVRIVRPH0D\DGXULQJWKHFROODSVH

1DFLRQDOGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULDIRUJUDQWLQJWKHSHUPLWVSHULRGWRDEDQGRQWKHNLQJDQGFRXUWFHQWULFPRGHORIWRFRQGXFWWKLVUHVHDUFKDOOGDWDDUHFXOWXUDOSDWULPRQ\RI

WKHFROODSVHSHULRG 6WDQWRQHWDOQGDQGE +RZHYHU

0H[LFR7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVJHQHURXVO\VXSSRUWHGE\WKH

WKHLGHRORJLFDOPRGHOUHYROYHGDURXQGD7HRWLKXDFDQR,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULDWKH6HO]

UHZRUNLQJRI)ORZHU:RUOGGXULQJWKH¿UVWFHQWXULHV$')RXQGDWLRQDQG-HUU\0XUGRFNPHUJLQJWKLVSDUDGLVHZLWKWKHZDUULRUFXOWZKHUHE\WKH
VRXOVRIIDOOHQDQGVDFUL¿FHGZDUULRUVHQJHQGHUHGWKHVXQ¶VMRXUQH\FDUULHGE\WKHIHDWKHUHGVHUSHQWDORQJDFHOHVWLDO
ÀRZHUURDG7KHVXQWKHQHQWHUHGWKHZDWHU\XQGHUZRUOGZKHUHWKHEDOOJDPHZDVSOD\HGWRFRQWLQXHLWVMRXUQH\
DVWKHQLJKWVXQEDFNWRWKHPRXQWDLQRIWKHHDVWHUQVRODUSDUDGLVH7KDWWKH0D\DZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKLVIRUHLJQWDNH

269

References$GYDQFHPHQWRI0HVRDPHULFDQ5HVHDUFK&U\VWDO

$LPHUV--  :KDW0D\D&ROODSVH"7HUPLQDO

5LYHU)/

&ODVVLF9DULDWLRQLQWKH0D\D/RZODQGJournalof Archaeological Research,SS

GHOSHULRGR&OiVLFRDVHQWDPLHQWR\FURQRORJtDGH

$OFLQD )UDQFK -   (O DJXD SULPRUGLDO HQWUHXQDFLXGDG,Q5&RERV (G Arqueología en

ORV PH[LFD ,Q / 0DQULTXH &DVWDxHGD DQG 1

Chichén Itzá: nuevas explicaciones,SS

&DVWLOOR7HMHUR (GV Homenaje al Doctor Ignacio

8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDGH<XFDWiQ

Bernal SS  ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH
$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD

&RKDGDV0   The Great Ballcourt at Chichen
Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. *DUODQG3XEOLVKLQJ,1&$OFLQD)UDQFK-  (ODJXDTXHVHMXQWDFRQHO&RKDGDV0  %DOOJDPH,PDJHU\RIWKH0D\D

FLHOR ,OKXLFDDWO ,Q05RGUtJXH]6KDGRZDQG%

/RZODQGV +LVWRU\ DQG ,FRQRJUDSK\ ,Q 9

%DUEDGH3LxD&KDQ (GV Chalchihuite: homenaje

6FDUERURXJK DQG ' :LOFR[ (GV  Thea Doris HeydenSS,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH

Mesoamerican BallgameSS8QLYHUVLW\$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD

RI$UL]RQD3UHVV$UUHROD-0  &yGLFHV\GRFXPHQWRVHQPH[LFDQR

&ROWPDQ -'   7ODKXL]FDOSDQWHFXKWOL LQ

,Q0*DPLR (G La población del Valle de

WKH6WXWWJDUW6WDWXHWWH$5HSO\WR,YDQ6SUDMF

Teotihuacan,SS6(3

Mexicon XXXI  SSGH$QGD*.

%RRQH ( +   9HQHUDEOH 3ODFHV RI

270&RERV 3DOPD 5   &KLFKpQ ,W]i D ILQDOHV2UWHJDDQG-(%HJLQQLQJV 7KH $]WHF 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ RI

%UDG\   &KLFKpQ ,W]i \ HO *UDQ $FXtIHUR

7HRWLKXDFDQ,Q'&DUUDVFR/-RQHVDQG6

0D\D Arqueología Mexicana  SS 

6HVVLRQV (GV 0HVRDPHULFD¶V&ODVVLF+HULWDJH'HOEUFN 0   Mind from Matter: An Essay

From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs SS 

on Evolutionary Epistemology%ODFNZHOO6FLHQWL¿F

8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI&RORUDGR3XEOLFDWLRQV,QF

%UDVZHOO *( DQG 1 3HQLFKH 0D\   ,Q WKH)RXJKW-*   Chorti (Mayan) Texts8QLYHUVLW\RI

6KDGRZ RI WKH 3\UDPLG ([FDYDWLRQV RI WKH3HQQV\OYDQLD3UHVV)UHLGHO'$$)&KDVH$6

*UHDW3ODWIRUPRI&KLFKHQ,W]D,Q*(%UDVZHOO'RZG DQG - 0XUGRFN (GV    Early Maya(G The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting

E-Groups, Solar Calendars, and the Role of

the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands,SS

Astronomy in the Rise of Lowland Maya Urbanism(TXLQR[3XEOLVKLQJ/WG

8QLYHUVLW\RI)ORULGD3UHVV%URZQ &7   0D\DSDQ 6RFLHW\ DQG$QFLHQW

*DOLQGR7UHMR-')ORUHV*XWLpUUH]DQG0(0D\D6RFLDO2UJDQL]DWLRQ8QSXEOLVKHG3K'

5Xt] *DOXW   6HQGHURV FHOHVWHV FRQ YLVLRQHVGLVVHUWDWLRQ'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\7XODQHGLYLQDVXQHVWXGLRDUTXHRDVWUyQLFRGHO7HPSOR

8QLYHUVLW\1HZ2UOHDQV6XSHULRUGHORV-DJXDUHVHQ&KLFKpQ,W]i,Q%GH

&KLQFKLOOD 0D]DULHJRV 2   A Corpus

OD)XHQWH (G La pintura mural prehispánica enof Cotzumalhuapa-Style Sculpture, Guatemala

México II: área mayaSS8QLYHUVLGDG

5HSRUW 6XEPLWWHG WR WKH )RXQGDWLRQ IRU WKH$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR*D]]ROD -   5HDSSUDLVLQJ $UFKLWHFWXUDO
3URFHVVHV DW WKH &LXGDGHOD WKURXJK 5HFHQW
(YLGHQFH,Q05REE (G Teotihuacan: City ofWater, City of FireSS8QLYHUVLW\RI
&DOLIRUQLD3UHVVMayistas, Tomo I SS  8QLYHUVLGDG
1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
/ySH]$XVWLQ$ DQG / /ySH] /XMiQ   Mitoy realidad de Zuyuá(O&ROHJLRGH0p[LFR
/ySH]$XVWLQ$ DQG / /ySH] /XMiQ   7KH*LEVRQ .5   7KH %LRFXOWXUDO %UDLQ

0\WKDQG5HDOLW\RI=X\Xi7KH)HDWKHUHG6HUSHQW6HDVRQDO0LJUDWLRQVDQGWKH(PHUJHQFHRIWKH

DQG 0HVRDPHULFDQ 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV IURP WKH8SSHU3DOHROLWKLF,Q30HOODUVDQG.*LEVRQ&ODVVLFWRWKH3RVWFODVVLF,Q'&DUUDVFR/-RQHV(GV Modeling the Early Human MindSS

DQG66HVVLRQV (GV 0HVRDPHULFD¶V&ODVVLF

7KH0F'RQDOG,QVWLWXWHIRU$UFKDHRORJLFDO

Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the AztecsSS

5HVHDUFK8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI&RORUDGR*yPH] &KiYH] 6   7KH 8QGHUZRUOG DW

/ySH] /XMiQ / DQG È *RQ]iOH] /ySH]  

7HRWLKXDFDQ7KH6DFUHG&DYHXQGHUWKH)HDWKHUHG7LHUUDDJXD\IXHJRDOSLHGHO7HPSOR0D\RUGH

6HUSHQW3\UDPLG,Q05REE (G Teotihuacan:

7HQRFKWLWODQXQFRQMXQWRGHEDMRUUHOLHYHVGHODCity of Water, City of FireSS8QLYHUVLW\pSRFDGH0RWHFXK]RPD,OKXLFDPLQDEstudios de

RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV

Cultura Náhuatl 47SS

+LOO -+   7KH )ORZHU :RUOG RI 2OG 8WR

0DVWDFKH $* DQG 5+ &REHDQ   7KH$]WHFDQJournal of Anthropological Research 48,&R\RWODWHOFR&XOWXUHDQGWKH2ULJLQVRIWKH7ROWHF

SS

6WDWH ,Q 5$ 'LHKO DQG -& %HUOR (GV +RXVWRQ6'61HZPDQ(5RPiQDQG1&DUWHU

0HVRDPHULFDDIWHUWKH'HFOLQHRI7HRWLKXDFDQ$' $7HPSOHRYHU7LPH,Q6'+RXVWRQ6SS'XPEDUWRQ2DNV5HVHDUFK1HZPDQ(5RPiQDQG7**DUULVRQ (GV /LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQ

Temple of the Night Sun: A Royal Tomb at El
DiabloSS3UHFROXPELDQ0HVRZHE3UHVV

0DVWDFKH$* DQG 5+ &REHDQ  $QFLHQW
7ROODQ7KH6DFUHG3UHFLQFW5(6

+RXVWRQ 6' DQG ' 6WXDUW   The Way

0DVWDFKH $* DQG 5+ &REHDQ   (OGlyph: Evidence for “Co-Essences” among the

UHFLQWRVDJUDGRGH7XOD,Q//ySH]/XMiQ'Classic Maya5HVHDUFK5HSRUWVRQ$QFLHQW0D\D&DUUDVFR DQG / &Xp (GV  Arqueología e:ULWLQJ  &HQWHU IRU 0D\D 5HVHDUFKhistoria del Centro de México: homenaje a Eduardo.XKQ 6/ DQG & 6DUWKHU   )RRG /LHV DQGMatos MoctezumaSS,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDO

3DOHRDQWKURSRORJ\ 6RFLDO 7KHRU\ DQG WKHGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD0H[LFR')

(YROXWLRQRI6KDULQJLQ+XPDQV,Q0%6FKL൵HU

0DWRV 0RFWH]XPD (   The Great Temple of(G Social Theory in ArchaeologySS

the Aztecs7UHDVXUHVRI7HQRFKWLWODQ7KDPHVDQG

8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK3UHVV+XGVRQ/DSRUWH -3   7LNDO \ 7HRWLKXDFDQ HQ HO

0LOEUDWK 6   $VWURQRPLFDO ,PDJHV DQG&OiVLFR7HPSUDQRDOWHUQDWLYDVHQVXUHODFLyQ,Q

2ULHQWDWLRQVLQWKH$UFKLWHFWXUHRI&KLFKHQ,W]D,Q

Memorias del Primer Congreso Internacional de$)$YHQL (G New Directions in American271

AstronomySS%$5,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HULHV%ULWLVK$UFKDHRORJLFDO5HSRUWV
0LOEUDWK6  Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy inArt, Folklore, and Calendars7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI
7H[DV3UHVVWKH8SSHU7HPSOHRIWKH-DJXDUV&KLFKHQOW]D$QFLHQW0HVRDPHULFD  SS
5LQJOH:0DQG*-%H\,,,  7KH)DFHRI
WKH,W]DV,Q:/)DVKDQG//ySH]/XMiQ (GV 

0LWKHQ 6   7he Prehistory of the Mind: The

The Art of Urbanism: How Mesoamerican

Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion, and Science

Kingdoms Represented Themselves in Architecture

7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ

and Imagery,SS'XPEDUWRQ2DNV5LQJOH

0HUOLQ '   0DWHULDO &XOWXUH DQG &RJQLWLRQ:07*DOODUHWD1HJUyQDQG*-%H\,,,  

&RQFOXGLQJ7KRXJKWV,Q&5HQIUHZDQG&6FDUUH

7KH5HWXUQRI4XHW]DOFRDWO(YLGHQFHIRUWKH6SUHDG(G  Cognition and Material Culture: The

RID:RUOG5HOLJLRQ'XULQJWKH(SLFODVVLF3HULRG

Archaeology of Symbolic Storage,SS

Ancient Mesoamerica 9SS

0F'RQDOG,QVWLWXWHIRU$UFKDHRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK

5R\V 5/   The Book of Chilam Balam of

0RUOH\6*  $UFKDHRORJ\ Carnegie Institution of

Chumayel.&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQRI:DVKLQJWRQ

Washington Yearbook 25SS

3XE&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQRI:DVKLQJWRQ

0RUULV (+ - &KDUORW DQG $$ 0RUULV  

5R\V 5/   The Political Geography of the

The Temple of the Warriors at Chichen Itza,

Yucatan&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQRI:DVKLQJWRQ3XE

Yucatan&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQRI:DVKLQJWRQ3XE &DUQHJLH ,QVWLWXWLRQ RI :DVKLQJWRQ &DUQHJLH ,QVWLWXWLRQ RI :DVKLQJWRQ

6iQFKH] 1DYD 3) DQG , âSUDMF  

0XQG\ %(   0DSSLQJ WKH $]WHF &DSLWDO

Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura

7KH1XUHPEHUJ0DSRI7HQRFKWLWODQ,WV

maya de las tierras bajas,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH

6RXUFHVDQG0HDQLQJV,PDJR0XQGLSS

$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD

0~QHUD %HUPXGH] /&   8Q WDOOHU GHâSUDMF,DQG3)6iQFKH]1DYD  $VWURQRPtDHQOD

FHUiPLFD ULWXDO HQ OD &LXGDGHOD 7HRWLKXDFiQDUTXLWHFWXUDGH&KLFKpQ,W]iXQDUHHYDOXDFLyQ

8QSXEOLVKHG/LFHQFLDWXUDWKHVLV(VFXHOD1DFLRQDO

Estudios de Cultura MayaSS

GH $QWURSRORJtD H +LVWRULD 0p[LFR ')6WDQWRQ 7:   &RQFHSWV RI 'HWHUPLQLVP1HZPDQ6(6'+RXVWRQ7*DUULVRQDQG(DQG )UHH :LOO LQ $UFKDHRORJ\ Anales de

5RPiQ   2XWILWWLQJ D .LQJ ,Q 6' +RXVWRQ

Antropología 38,SS61HZPDQ(5RPiQDQG7**DUULVRQ (GV 

6WDQWRQ 7: .$ 7DXEH DQG -' &ROWPDQ

Temple of the Night Sun: A Royal Tomb at El Diablo,

QGD 6RFLDO0RELOLW\LQWKH&LW\RIWKH6XQ7KH

SS  3UHFROXPELDQ 0HVRZHE 3UHVV/HJDF\RI&KLFKHQ,W]DDWWKH7XUQRIWKH3RVWFODVVLF

5HQIUHZ &   7KH 6DSLHQW %HKDYLRU 3DUDGR[

3HULRG,Q7:6WDQWRQ-'&ROWPDQDQG.$

+RZWR7HVWIRU3RWHQWLDO",Q30HOODUVDQG.

7DXEH (GV When East Meets West: Chichen Itza,*LEVRQ (G Modeling the Early Human Mind,

Tula, and the Postclassic Mesoamerican World

SS  7KH 0F'RQDOG ,QVWLWXWH IRU$UFKDHRSUHVV$UFKDHRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK272

5LQJOH :0   7KH $UW RI :DU ,PDJHU\ RI

6WDQWRQ 7: .$ 7DXEH -) 2VRULR /HyQ )3

GH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD

5Xt]05*RQ]iOH]GHOD0DWD1,0DUHQJR

7DXEH .$   *DWHZD\V WR $QRWKHU :RUOG&DPDFKRDQG-'&ROWPDQ QGE 8UEDQL]LQJ

7KH6\PEROLVPRI)ORZHUVLQ0HVRDPHULFDDQGWKH

3DUDGLVH7KH,PSOLFDWLRQVRI3HUYDVLYH,PDJHVRI$PHULFDQ6RXWKZHVW,Q.+D\V*LOSLQDQG3

)ORZHU:RUOGDFURVV&KLFKHQ,W]D,Q'%0DUNHQ6FKDDIVPD (GV  The Land Brightened with

DQG0&$UQDXOG (GV 7KH)OH[LEOH0D\D&LW\

Flowers: The Hopi Iconography Project,SS

Attraction, Contraction, and Planning in Lowland0XVHXPRI1RUWKHUQ$UL]RQD%XOOHWLQ

Urban Dynamics8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI&RORUDGR
6WXDUW'  µ7KH)LUH(QWHUV+LV+RXVH¶

7DXEH.$  7KH+XDVWHF6XQ*RG3RUWUD\DOV
RI6RODU,PDJHU\6DFUL¿FHDQG:DULQ3RVWFODVVLF$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG5LWXDOLQ&ODVVLF0D\D7H[WV,Q

+XDVWHF,FRQRJUDSK\,Q.$)DXVWDQG.1

6'+RXVWRQ (G Functions and Meaning in

5LFKWHU (GV The Huasteca: Cultural History

Classic Maya ArchitectureSS2DNV

and Regional ExchangeSS8QLYHUVLW\

5HVHDUFK/LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQRI2NODKRPD3UHVV

7DXEH .$   7KH 7HPSOH RI 4XHW]DOFRDWO

7DXEH .$   7KH %DOOJDPH %R[LQJ DQG

DQGWKH&XOWRI6DFUHG:DUDW7HRWLKXDFDQ5(6

5LWXDO%ORRGVSRUWLQ$QFLHQW0HVRDPHULFD,Q&

5HQIUHZ,0RUOH\DQG0%R\G (GV Play,

7DXEH .$   7KH 7XUTXRLVH +HDUWK )LUH

Ritual, and Belief in Animals and Early Human

6HOI6DFUL¿FHDQGWKH&HQWUDO0H[LFDQ&XOWRI

SocietiesSS&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV:DU,Q'&DUUDVFR/-RQHVDQG66HVVLRQV

7DXEH .$   ,Q 6HDUFK RI 3DUDGLVH 5HOLJLRQ(GV 0HVRDPHULFD¶V&ODVVLF+HULWDJH)URP

DQG &XOWXUDO ([FKDQJH LQ (DUO\ 3RVWFODVVLF

Teotihuacan to the AztecsSS8QLYHUVLW\

0HVRDPHULFD,Q7:6WDQWRQDQG0.%URZQ

3UHVVRI&RORUDGR(GV A Forest of History: The Maya after the

7DXEH .$   )ORZHU 0RXQWDLQ &RQFHSWV RI
/LIH%HDXW\DQG3DUDGLVHDPRQJWKH&ODVVLF0D\D
RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics,SS

Emergence of Divine Kingship SS 
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI&RORUDGR
7DXEH .$ 7 : 6WDQWRQ -) 2VRULR /HyQ )

7DXEH.$  5HSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHOSDUDtVRHQHO

3pUH]5Xt]05*RQ]iOH]GHOD0DWDDQG-'

DUWHFHUiPLFRGHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQRGH(VFXLQWOD&ROWPDQ   The Initial Series Group at

*XDWHPDOD,Q2&KLQFKLOODDQG%$UUR\R (GV 

Chichen Itza, Yucatan: Archaeological

Iconografía y escritura teotihuacana en la costa

Investigations and Iconographic Interpretations.

sur de Guatemala y Chiapas. U tz'ib6HULH5HSRUWHV

3UHFROXPELDQ0HVRZHE3UHVV

9RO1RSS$VRFLDFLyQ7LNDO
7DXEH .$   &OLPELQJ )ORZHU 0RXQWDLQ7KRPDV-  5HFRQ¿JXULQJWKH6RFLDO5HFRQ¿JXULQJ
WKH0DWHULDO,Q0%6FKL൵HU (G Social Theory&RQFHSWV RI 5HVXUUHFWLRQ DQG WKH$IWHUOLIH DW

in ArchaeologySS8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK

7HRWLKXDFDQ,Q//ySH]/XMiQ'&DUUDVFRDQG/

3UHVV

&Xp (GV Arqueología e historia del centro de

7KRPSVRQ -(6   $ &RRUGLQDWLRQ RI WKH

MéxicoHGLWHGE\SS,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDO+LVWRU\RI&KLFKHQ,W]DZLWK&HUDPLF6HTXHQFHV273

LQ&HQWUDO0H[LFRRevista Mexicana de Estudios
AntropológicosSS
7R]]HU$0  &KLFKHQ,W]DDQG,WV&HQRWHRI
6DFUL¿FH0HPRLUVRIWKH3HDERG\0XVHXPRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\9ROXPHV;,DQG;,,
+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
YDQ GHU /HHXZ 6(   &RJQLWLYH $VSHFWV RI
µ7HFKQLTXH¶,Q&5HQIUHZDQG(%:=XEURZ(GV The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive
Archaeology,SS&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV:HEVWHU '/   Fall of the Ancient Maya:
Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse7KDPHV
DQG+XGVRQ=XEURZ (%:   &RJQLWLYH $UFKDHRORJ\5HFRQVLGHUHG ,Q & 5HQIUHZ DQG ( % :
=XEURZ (GV  The Ancient Mind: Elementsof Cognitive ArchaeologySS&DPEULGJH
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

274