Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 54 No. 1 (March 2017)
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Logistics System Solution Expansion- From Sales of Items to Sales of Systems,
From Automated Operation to Unmanned Operation -KIYOTAKA OKADA*1

The decreasing birthrate and aging population is bringing about rapid social changes allover Japan. Also in the logistics industry, the resulting labor shortage is a major issue. Since thethird industrial revolution centered on computers, automation technologies have been progressing
day by day. However, automation remains at the level of partial automation of manual operations.
Although automation plays a certain role as a method to improve efficiency, it has not advanced toa level where the labor shortage can be alleviated. Equipment that operates automatically haveprogressed and developed significantly, but there remains the major challenge of commercializing
the equipment as a system. Automation that is conscious of coexistence with human beings has
been accepted by society, but unmanned operations in which no humans intervene have yet to be
accepted. This paper presents the logistics solutions of Mitsubishi Nichiyu Forklift, which has
started to transform from a logistics equipment manufacturer (seller of items) to a logistics system
integrator (seller of systems) in response to the demands of society. We believe that logistics
solutions comprehend the transfer of items totally from temporal, spatial and physical perspectives
and comprehensively realize the improvement of the efficiency and labor saving, energy saving,
space saving, time saving, etc., of all processes through the use of various information. Althoughlogistics solutions generally are the establishment of optimum individual land/sea/airtransportation (lines) and in-warehouse/plant logistics (points) that are connected organically torealize the optimum overall logistics system, we expand logistics solutions specialized for
in-warehouse/plant logistics from the outset.

|1. Introduction
With the background of technological advancement represented by IoT and AI, which is adriving force for the fourth industrial revolution, and the domestic social circumstances of thedecreasing birthrate and aging population, there is a wave of unmanned operations washing over allindustries in the country. This wave is a result of the unmanned operations necessary to cover forthe lack of available labor force to ensure the survival of companies, unlike simple automation
requirements of the past targeted at rationalization and labor saving to secure corporate profits. The
logistics industry is no exception. Securing front line workers such as forklift truck drivers andpicking operators has been difficult, and it is believed that this trend will become more apparent in
the future. This paper presents, together with our past efforts, how we should progress in thelogistics field to respond to such requests from society.

|2. Our past efforts
This chapter describes the development history of our logistics equipment from the past to
the present, as well as the circumstances that led to the developments, together with future issues.

2.1

The world's first unmanned forklift truck

Mitsubishi Nichiyu Forklift has provided the logistics industry with many Japanese-first or
first-in-the-world products. In the engine forklift truck sector, we produced an engine hybrid
forklift truck in 2009 that attained excellent environmental and fuel-efficiency performance in*1

Mitsubishi Nichiyu Forklift Co., Ltd.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 54 No. 1 (March 2017)7

response to the needs of the times, and have contributed to the improvement of the social
environment. In the electric forklift truck sector, we developed the first Japanese electric forklift
truck in 1939 in response to demand from the logistics industry for a clean field environment
without exhaust gas, and the first product was delivered to the Yahata Iron Factory (today's Nippon
Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation). In 1958, we developed the Platter, which is still used as asynonym for electric reach forklift trucks, to make cargo handling work on a platform easy.
Although it is not commonly known that our company developed an unmanned forklift truck
for the first time in the world, in 1970 we developed "Mujin-Car", the first Japanese unmanned
carrier vehicle developed independently, ahead of the wave of automation (Figure 1). After that, byapplying automation technology to electric forklift trucks, we developed the world's first unmanned
forklift truck in 1971 (Figure 2). In 1985, we developed the world's first unmanned
explosion-proof carrier vehicle to realize the automation of factories in the printing industry, thepaint industry, etc., where volatile and flammable raw materials were used to meet the needs ofsociety for the improvement of the work environment, the enhancement of operability and laborsaving.
The unmanned forklift truck can not only move automatically, but also unload cargo
automatically on the floor or place it at any height using the lifting function. It does not require acargo interface facility, which is necessary for unmanned carriers, and contributes significantly tothe automation of factories. Unmanned forklift trucks are far less in demand in Japan in comparison
with unmanned carriers. In Europe, however, the demand for unmanned forklift trucks issignificant, and our subsidiary Rocla positions unmanned forklift trucks as their main product.

Figure 1 Mujin-Car (the first Japaneseunmanned carrier vehicle)

Figure 1 The world's first unmanned
forklift truck(Fusion of technologies cultivated in the fields ofelectric forklift trucks and unmanned carrier vehicles)

2.2

Development of new unmanned forklift truck

The Automated Guided Forklift (AGF) system using an unmanned forklift truck includes a
guided system with a signal line on the traveling route along which the vehicle moves(electromagnetic guide type, magnetic guide type, etc.), and a guideless system with no signal line
(laser guide type, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) type, etc.) In Europe, theguideless system accounts for approximately 70% of the market, and in Japan, on the other hand,
the guided system accounts for approximately 97% with almost no guideless systems in use. This ispartly because of the difference in the needs of the market, but there was a problem with theavailable product lines of manufacturers. As one of the new guided systems, in 2013 we developed
a drawn line guide type, in which the vehicle traces a traveling route drawn on the floor with paint.
This type could significantly reduce the amount of time and the cost necessary for installation workin comparison with the conventional magnetic guide type. However, the drawn line guide type
could not be introduced to adverse environments because the paint became unrecognizable when
the floor got dirty. Therefore, a new guiding method that could reduce the amount of time and cost

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 54 No. 1 (March 2017)8

and that was not affected by the environment was needed. In 2016, we incorporated the laser guide
method that had been commercialized by Rocla, which is one of our subsidiaries and produces
unmanned carrier systems in Europe, to our Platter as the control technology, and began thedevelopment of Laser Guided Platter Auto, which is suitable for domestic use. Currently, thedevelopment of Laser Guided Platter Auto is progressing successfully toward the start of sales in
April 2017. We will assert the cost advantage and the short delivery period of the laser guide
method in the domestic unmanned carrier market by putting Laser Guided Platter Auto (Figure 3
and Figure 4) on the market to contribute to the expansion of sales.

Figure 4
Figure 3

2.3

Laser guide type AGF

Image of laser guide method

The angle of the laser light and the reflector is calculated by the
on-board laser sensor, and the vehicle position is identified bycomparing the angle information with the map.

In-house and OEM production of stacker crane type automatic warehouse(hereafter AWH)

Mitsubishi Nichiyu Forklift developed unmanned forklift trucks to automate horizontal andvertical transportation in factories. However, we encountered customer demand for mass storage
and higher vertical transportation in an age of mass production,, which necessitated the launch of
AWH. We then started purchasing AWH from preceding manufacturers as components for the
expansion of sales for our unmanned carrier system and began selling the combined system. To
respond to niche requests that could not be dealt with by purchasing existing products, we started
in-house production of stacker cranes in 1993. Because we produced niche stacker cranes while
major AWH manufacturers handled only standard products, a certain level of sales was secured. As
the scale of our company grew, however, to expand sales, our AWH business was forced to change
the target from the niche market to the standard market. Because standard products were producedby many manufacturers and could be easily procured, our company switched its business model to
OEM from a major manufacturer in 2014 and started seeking market expansion of the unmanned
carrier system, one of our core technologies.

2.4

Telematics* and logistics systems (Figure 5)

As the internet and communication technology have progressed, IoT, which is a technology
for the acquisition of information from items, has become commonplace. We developed forklift
truck information gathering systems in the past using batch processes such as the Track
Management System (TMS) and Logistic Navigation System or in-house LAN. By connecting
these systems to the internet, we established a structure in 2016 that could deliver the system as
telematics. However, the rapid progress of IoT has allowed high-functioning and low-costtelematics equipment to be developed easily, and for forklift trucks to be equipped with telematics
as standard. This is not just an accessory of the forklift truck, but rather it plays a role in thecollection of big data, which will be an enormous asset for the future forklift truck business. Byutilizing the data, it becomes possible to not only attain direct matters such as the enhancement ofefficiency, the promotion of preventive maintenance and information provision for the
improvement of safety, but also combine the system with reduced energy consumption and theextension of battery life due to optimum vehicle allocation and equalized operation. In addition, byMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 54 No. 1 (March 2017)9incorporating telematics into a system, it can be expected that the business model of forklift trucks
will be switched from the business of forklift trucks (sales of items) to the business of logistics
system components (sales of systems).
*Telematics: integrated use of telecommunications and informatics

Figure 5 Telematics and logistics system (connecting all logistics equipment throughthe use of Telematics)|3. Future logistics system
This chapter examines the ideal form of a logistics system for dealing with the popularizationof IoT and AI technologies, as well as the decreasing birthrate and aging population, and presents afuture image of logistics equipment for the realization of the ideal form centered on unmanned
carrying. It also presents the logistics concept targeted by our company, together with the opinionof the author.

3.1
(1)

Next-generation unmanned carrying
Guiding technology of unmanned carrying
Guiding methods of unmanned carrying include the guided system represented by themagnetic guide type and the guideless system represented by the laser guide type as describedabove. The traveling route is predetermined for both of the two. The former moves along aphysical guide, while the latter moves along a virtual guide drawn on a computer. Currently, a
new third moving technology that utilizes AI and needs no predetermined traveling route is
being realized. The utilization of AI for moving technologies is as follows: the carrier grasps
the surrounding environment using image information and sensor information, compares thegrasped environment with a significant quantity of accumulated data, identifies movable areas
where no obstacles, etc., exist, and the carrier itself determines the best route to the destination.
The methods to provide a significant quantity of data to AI include the self-learning method andthe teaching method, which gives the AI a significant quantity of existing data about moving
paths. Then the carrier can then select the best position by itself in an arbitrary manner andmove thereon. This depends significantly on advanced image analyzing technology, sensor
technology, computer technology capable of high-speed processing and communication
technology. However, loading and unloading positions are fixed for most actual carryingMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 54 No. 1 (March 2017)
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operations, and therefore it is assumed that a guideless system where the carrier moves along
virtual guides is sufficient. In special cases such as where the carrier needs to automaticallyaccess cargo placed arbitrarily by a human being, a mechanism for movement to approach
cargo that cannot be predetermined (the route is fixed when the target is recognized) is needed.
Although AI can be a method to realize this, the correction of virtual guides based on thecalculation of the approach angle and the distance using image processing is easy to implement.
Which guiding method is the best depends on how low the realization cost of the method is.
(2) Unmanned carrier vehicle
Unmanned carrier vehicles include tow types and cart types equipped with various cargotransfer apparatus (conveyer type, slide fork type, etc.) according to the cargo interface
equipment on the ground. In terms of the moving direction, carrier vehicles of the back andforth moving type, the all direction moving type, etc., which are suitable for this application are
also available. It is assumed that vehicles that logistics manufacturers can independently
provide have been almost completely developed. Unmanned carrier vehicles that are believed tobe necessary for future logistics will be created through collaboration with different business.
One representative example of such vehicles is the unmanned carrier equipped with a robot arm
using AI, and the test operation of this kind of vehicle has commenced in the logistics industry.
This targets the automation of picking through the use of the robot arm. It is also expected thatmany unmanned vehicles equipped with radical technologies such as an unmanned vehicle
equipped with a camera that can inspect the number of items using image processing
technology will be developed in the future.
Unmanned forklift trucks include the reach type, the counter balanced type, and thethree-way type. Domestic demand for unmanned forklift trucks is small in comparison withmanned forklift trucks. This is because unmanned forklift trucks are significantly lesswork-efficient than manned forklift trucks. It is expected that the demand for unmanned forklift
trucks can be increased significantly by enhancing the moving speed and the cargo handling
speed to the same level as manned forklift trucks. This can be sufficiently attained by current
technologies, but safety is a major issue for current logistics fields, that suppose coexistencewith human beings.

3.2

Our targeted logistics system

It has been said for some time that the improvement of logistics is the final measure to
generate corporate profit. However, logistics investment is the last investment for companies andan investment that generates no profit. Our targeted logistics system is one that activates thepassive investment of customers, and we have been implementing part of this concept. The firststep is cost reduction through the enhancement of the efficiency of work and energy, and thevisualization thereof. We offer customers the optimum system by combining items based on thecustomer's logistics data. By simulating the logistics established based on the data and visualizing
the effect, we will help the customer specifically understand the effect on investment. Next, we willoffer a logistics system that generates profits. The logistics we visualize carries not only items, butalso various data together from point A to point B to enhance the logistics quality. The
enhancement of logistics quality generates customer satisfaction and leads to the gaining of thecompany's confidence and the expansion of our business opportunities. It is a logistics system
consisting of a combination of logistics equipment and information equipment including telematics.
This is the logistics system we are currently targeting. Beyond such a system, we are aiming at acompletely unmanned logistics system, rather than automation for the support of operation byhuman beings. The labor shortage resulting from the decreasing birthrate and aging population willbe the most significant issue facing Japan. One of the solutions to this issue is completely
unmanned operations that switch from the current logistics system coexisting with human beings toa logistics system eliminating human beings completely. It is said that approximately half ofgeneral operations performed by human beings can be automated by fully utilizing current
technologies. This is similar for the logistics industry, and the business opportunities for logistics
systems are believed to be significant. Human beings perform operations that can be performed
only by a human being, and operations that can be performed by machines are performed bymachines instead of human beings. The logistics of a factory or warehouse performed only byMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 54 No. 1 (March 2017)11automated machines is our targeted ultimate logistics system, and the components (automationequipment) needed for the realization of the ultimate logistics system have already started to be puton the logistics market.

|4. Conclusion
Thanks to progress in technologies, completely unmanned factories and warehouses are justaround the corner. Completely unmanned operations will be a key solution to the labor shortage
caused by the decreasing birthrate and aging population in Japan. The decreasing birthrate andaging population is not only a domestic phenomenon and will expand all over the world in the
future. Therefore, the market for completely unmanned logistics systems can be expected to expand
in a similar manner. Because a completely unmanned logistics system is a controlled system, it
allows the maximum enhancement of work efficiency and energy efficiency. In addition,completely unmanned logistics systems where no human beings intervene minimize safety
considerations and thereby reduce facility costs, unlike systems targeting coexistence with humanbeings. As we realize and release a completely unmanned logistics system today, significant futurebusiness opportunities will result for our logistics systems. We are willing to evolve from alogistics equipment manufacturer to a logistics system integrator and strive to realize a completely
unmanned logistics system.