Cross-Scale: multi-scale coupling in spaceplasmasSteve Schwartz
on behalf of the international Cross-Scale community(www.cross-scale.org)
including 372 scientists from 23 Countries
X
supported byMasaki Fujimoto (ISAS/JAXA)Marie-Claire Perkinson (EADS Astrium UK Ltd)

11 October 2007

Cross-Scale SSWG

1
11 October 2007

Motivation

3 universal phenomena control plasmas•

Shocks•Reconnection•

Turbulence

Responsible for•

Particle acceleration•

Energy and momentum exchange•

Transportin astrophysical and laboratory plasmas

Cross-Scale SSWG

211 October 2007

Observational Challenges•Time-varying•

Fundamentally 3D
3 spatial & temporal scales•

electronion– fluid––•

Nonlinearly coupled•

Collisionless ⇒ Kinetic•

Plasma ⇔ EM fields•

Can’t sample distant astro-plasmas

Cross-Scale SSWG

311 October 2007

How does the Solar System Work?
•How do shocks accelerate and heatparticles?
Acceleration?
Energy partition?
– Variability?
––

Cross-Scale SSWG

411 October 2007

How does the Solar System Work?
•How do shocks accelerate and heatparticles?
Acceleration?
Energy partition?
– Variability?
––•

How does reconnection convertmagnetic energy?
Initiation?
Magnetic topology?
– Particle acceleration?
––

Cross-Scale SSWG

411 October 2007

How does the Solar System Work?
•How do shocks accelerate and heatparticles?
Acceleration?
Energy partition?
– Variability?
––•

How does reconnection convert
magnetic energy?
Initiation?
Magnetic topology?
– Particle acceleration?
––•

How does turbulence control transport
in plasmas?
Energy cascade?
Anisotropies?
– Coherent structures?
––

Cross-Scale SSWG

4
11 October 2007

State of the ArtCluster•

First 3D plasma measurements•

One scale at a time•Results highlighted need for simultaneous
multi-scale•

Success of mission extension also
confirming need for all 3 scales in 3D

Cross-Scale SSWG

511 October 2007

State of the ArtCluster•

First 3D plasma measurements•

One scale at a time•

Results highlighted need for simultaneous
multi-scale•

Success of mission extension also
confirming need for all 3 scales in 3DMMS•

Access to electron scales in 3D•

Only one scale at a time

Cross-Scale SSWG

511 October 2007

State of the ArtCluster•

First 3D plasma measurements•

One scale at a time•

Results highlighted need for simultaneous
multi-scale•

Success of mission extension also
confirming need for all 3 scales in 3DMMS•

Access to electron scales in 3D•

Only one scale at a timeTHEMIS•Global Sun-Earth Magnetosphere•

Not universal cross-scale physics
Cross-Scale SSWG

511 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling at Shocks

Cross-Scale SSWG

611 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling at Shocks

Cross-Scale SSWG

611 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling at Shocks

Cross-Scale SSWG

611 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling and Reconnection

Cross-Scale SSWG

711 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling and Reconnection

Cross-Scale SSWG

711 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling and Reconnection

Cross-Scale SSWG

711 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling and Turbulence

Large-scale motion
Large amplitude
Nonlinear fluid
turbulence
Cross-Scale SSWG

811 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling and Turbulence
Ion kinetic waves
Ion acceleration
Non-local ktransport?

Large-scale motion
Large amplitude
Nonlinear fluid
turbulence
Cross-Scale SSWG

811 October 2007

Cross-Scale Coupling and Turbulence
Ion kinetic waves
Ion acceleration
Non-local ktransport?

Whistler waves
Electron trapping
Dissipation
Anomalous resistivity

Large-scale motion
Large amplitude
Nonlinear fluid
turbulence
Cross-Scale SSWG

811 October 2007

Requirements
Key Concepts•

hBehaviour i , Behaviour of hi•

Simultaneous multi-scale•

Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma
laboratory

Cross-Scale SSWG

911 October 2007

Requirements
Key Concepts•

hBehaviour i , Behaviour of hi•

Simultaneous multi-scale•

Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma
laboratory

Mission Design•

Electron Scale: Comprehensivepayload

10 km; 10 msCross-Scale SSWG

911 October 2007

Requirements
Key Concepts•

hBehaviour i , Behaviour of hi•

Simultaneous multi-scale•

Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma
laboratory

Mission Design•

Electron Scale: Comprehensive
payload•Ion Scale: Targetted payload
10 km; 10 ms
500 km; 1-5 s

Cross-Scale SSWG

911 October 2007

Requirements
Key Concepts•

hBehaviour i , Behaviour of hi•

Simultaneous multi-scale•

Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma
laboratory

Mission Design•

Electron Scale: Comprehensive
payload•Ion Scale: Targetted payload•

Fluid Scale: Context payload

Cross-Scale SSWG

10 km; 10 ms
500 km; 1-5 s
5000 km; 30 s

911 October 2007

Requirements
Key Concepts•hBehaviour i , Behaviour of hi•

Simultaneous multi-scale•

Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma
laboratory

Mission Design•

Electron Scale: Comprehensivepayload•

Ion Scale: Targetted payload•

Fluid Scale: Context payload•

Focus: coupling between scales

Cross-Scale SSWG

10 km; 10 ms
500 km; 1-5 s
5000 km; 30 s

911 October 2007

Requirements
Key Concepts•hBehaviour i , Behaviour of hi•

Simultaneous multi-scale•

Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma
laboratory

Mission Design•

Electron Scale: Comprehensivepayload•

Ion Scale: Targetted payload•

Fluid Scale: Context payload•

Focus: coupling between scales•

Extensive payload at electron scale:
JAXA SCOPE
Cross-Scale SSWG

10 km; 10 ms
500 km; 1-5 s
5000 km; 30 s

911 October 2007

Orbit/Launch/Spacecraft•

Near-Earth space contains

Trave lling
Sh ock s
Re conne ction

e ncelTu rb uTurbul
e nceTurbul
e nce
Re conne ction

Shkoc
Cross-Scale SSWG

1011 October 2007

Orbit/Launch/Spacecraft•

Near-Earth space contains–

Shocks#Trave lling
Sh ock s"!

Re conne ction

e ncelTu rb uTurbule nce

Turbule nce
Re conne ction

Shkoc

Cross-Scale SSWG

1011 October 2007

Orbit/Launch/Spacecraft•

Near-Earth space contains––

ShocksReconnection
Trave lling
Sh ock s
Re conne ction

e ncelTu rb u Turbulence

Turbule nce'$
Re conne ction

&%
Shkoc

Cross-Scale SSWG

1011 October 2007

Orbit/Launch/Spacecraft•

Near-Earth space containsShocks
Reconnection– Turbulence––Trave lling
Sh ock s
Re conne ction

e ncelTu rb u###Turbul
e nce

Re conne ction"!
Turbule nce"!
Sh"!
koc
Cross-Scale SSWG

1011 October 2007

Orbit/Launch/Spacecraft•

Near-Earth space contains
ShocksReconnection– Turbulence––•

Launch up to 10 s/c via
dispenser•

Separate SCOPE launch for
2 JAXA + 3rd party•

Extendable by otheragencies

Cross-Scale SSWG

1011 October 2007

Orbit/Launch/Spacecraft•

Near-Earth space contains
ShocksReconnection– Turbulence––•

Launch up to 10 s/c viadispenser•

Separate SCOPE launch for
2 JAXA + 3rd party•

Extendable by otheragencies•

Modular instrument bays toaccommodate scale-specificminimal payload on
standardised bus
Cross-Scale SSWG

1011 October 2007

Payload•

Full range in situ
instrumentation•

EM Fields - AC and DC 2D & 3D•

Electrons, ions, highenergy - 3D distributions•

Inter-satellite ranging at
smaller scales•

Deployed where neededto quantify coupling••

Strong heritage - TRL
mostly 7-9Instr

Spacecraft/Location on which Deployedelectron
e 1-2MAG
ACB
E2D
E3D
EDEN
ACDPU
EESA
CESA
ICA
ECAHEP
ASP
CPP

F
B
ACEG
O
Z
Z
BDFH

O
Zionfluid
f 1-4i1i 2-4F
B
ACEG

FB
ACEG

Z
Z

Z
Z

BF
DH

BDFH

DAECGH

Z

Z

Z

F
B

SCOPE comprehensive
instrumentation
Cross-Scale SSWG

1111 October 2007

Costs and Strategies
Item
Mission: 10 ESA s/c
Minimal: 6 ESA s/c
Payload Development
Payload FMSCOPENet Cost M€
328
258

Cost incl Margin384
300
2239(JAXA)

Costs include studies, MOC, SOC, s/c design & build, dispenser, andlaunch

Cross-Scale SSWG

1211 October 2007

Risks and Critical Areas
Item

Comments and Strategy

ESA Cost

Reduce ESA-supplied spacecraft; intern’l partners

Payload Cost

# less than factor 2 × existing; intern’l interest

EESA/CESA
development

Concrete concepts. Heritage instruments satisfy
main science goals

Instrument Failure

Deployment redundancy

Bus (X-band,bays, dispenser)

Schedule allows solutions or alternatives

Instrument
Calibration

Pre-flight + cross-calib. + semi-autonomous
post-processing; build on CAA

Ops, data (incl.
ESA experienced; + JAXAground)
These will be focus of Assessment Phase studies.
Cross-Scale SSWG

1311 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar systemastrophysical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
Fluid Scale
Ene rgy drive rBoundary conditions

Ele ctron Scale
Diffus ion, conduction,s catte ringControls EM coupling
Controls acce le ration

Ion Scale
M om e ntum s ource /s ink
Cons traine d bym icros copic trans port
(EM , e - )Cross-Scale SSWG

14
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar systemastrophysical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

Cross-Scale SSWG

14
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar systemastrophysical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

•How does reconnection convert magnetic
energy?

••d•d•dd

Cross-Scale SSWG

14
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar systemastrophysical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

•How does reconnection convert magnetic
energy?

•How does turbulence control transport inplasmas?

Cross-Scale SSWG

14
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar systemastrophysical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

•How does reconnection convert magneticenergy?

•How does turbulence control transport inplasmas?

The mission•

uses 3D measurements in a totally new
way to advance the coupling science•is technically and financially feasible•

has extensive international interest; built on
European leadership
Cross-Scale SSWG

14
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar system,
astrophisical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
Fluid Scale
Ene rgy drive r
Boundary conditions

Ele ctron Scale
Diffus ion, conduction,s catte ringControls EM coupling
Controls acce le ration

Ion Scale
M om e ntum s ource /s ink
Cons traine d bym icros copic trans port
(EM , e - )Cross-Scale SSWG

15
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar system,
astrophisical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

Cross-Scale SSWG

15
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar system,
astrophisical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

•How does reconnection convert magnetic
energy?

••d•d•dd

Cross-Scale SSWG

15
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar system,
astrophisical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

•How does reconnection convert magneticenergy?

•How does turbulence control transport inplasmas?

Cross-Scale SSWG

15
11 October 2007

Summary
Cross-Scale addresses fundamental questions about how solar system,
astrophisical, and laboratory plasmas work by simultaneously measuring
the coupling between electron, ion, and fluid scales.
•How do shocks accelerate particles?

•How does reconnection convert magnetic
energy?

•How does turbulence control transport inplasmas?

The mission•

uses 3D measurements in a totally new
way to advance the coupling science•is technically and financially feasible•

has extensive international interest; built on
European leadership
Cross-Scale SSWG

15
11 October 2007