エメックス国際セミナー
日時：2014 年 2 月 28 日（金）13：30～16：30
会場：ラッセホール 2 階 ルージュローズ
資料

１

第 10 回エメックス会議（EMECS10-MEDCOAST2013 ジョイント会議）の成果報告
エルダール・オザーン MEDCOAST 財団会長、ムーラ大学教授

P １

２

気候変動と統合的沿岸域管理
渡邉 正孝

P ９

３

慶應義塾大学大学院特任教授

ロシアにおける海域環境
テーマ１：東フィンランド湾：管理のための概念、法、そしてツール
ジョージ・ゴゴベリゼ ロシア国立水文気象大学副学長
テーマ２：東フィンランド湾（バルト海）の海洋地質－堆積過程、人為的影響、汚染の歴史
ダリア・リャブチュク A.P.カルピンスキーロシア地質調査研究所主任研究員

４

環境および健康アセスメント －タイ国憲法に明言されている環境と健康保護のツール
ピアムサック・メナサウェイド
タイ国独立環境・健康保護委員会委員長
タイ・チュラロンコン大学教授

P１４

P２１

P３５

Report on
EMECS 10 – MEDCOAST 11
JOINT CONFERENCE
Prof.Dr. Erdal Özhan
Ptesident, Mediterranean Coastal Foundation
Professor of Coastal Eng. & Management,
Mugla Univversity, Turkey

Tenth International Conference on

Environmental Management of
Enclosed Coastal Seas
Eleventh International Conference on
the Mediterranean Coastal Environment

GLOBAL CONGRESS ON ICM.
Lessons Learned to Address New Challenges
30 October – 03 November 2013
Marmaris, Turkey

1

ORGANIZERS•MEDITERRANEAN COASTALFOUNDATION•INTERNATIONAL EMECS CENTER
2

SPONSORS & SUPPORTERS••

SPONSORS & SUPPORTERS

Mugla University

Springer Science + Bussiness Media

Rep. of Turkey Promotion FundEU FP7 PEGASO Project

Asia‐Pasific Network
for Global Change Research

PARTICIPANTS•

EU FP7 MARLISCO Project

PARTICIPANTS• Over 300 participants from 40
countries, including politicians,
scientists, administrators, NGOmembers and sector representatives

3

TECHNICAL PROGRAM• Opening / Keynote Session• Oral Presentation Sessions• Special Sessions• Poster Sesion• Student‐ School Partnership (SSP)
Program• Closing Session

SPECIAL SESSIONS
Estuariesof the WorldSPECIAL SESSIONSSatoumiSPECIAL SESSIONSICM in the
Mediterranean& the Black Sea
4

SPECIAL SESSIONSORAL PRESENTATION SESSIONSMarine Litter

ORAL PRESENTATION SESSIONS• Coastal and Marine Ecosystems(3)• Coastal and Marine Protected Areas• Coastal Landscapes• Coastal and Marine Pollution Management• Wetlands and Estuarie• Water Quality• ICM and Country Experiences• Coastal Management Tools andDevelopment Issues• Education and Awareness• Legal and International Issues• Participation in ICM• Chesapeake Bay,

ORAL PRESENTATION SESSIONS• Coastal and Marine Modelling• Shoreline Management• Climate Change Issues• Remote Sensing• Coastal and Marine Databases• Coastal Engineering and Geology
5

PROCEEDINGSSTUDENT – SCHOOL PARTNERSHIP(SSP) PROGRAM• SSP Oral Presentation Session• SSP Posters• Visits to Marmaris Bay and
Mugla University• SSP Declaration

51 papers

135 papers ‐ 1392 pages

51 papers– 02 pages

CLOSING SESSION
SPECIAL JOURNAL ISSUES• Jour. Coastal Conservation, Planningand Management ‐ Springer• Marine Pollution Bulletin ‐ Elsevier
6

CLOSING SESSION

CLOSING SESSION

The Marmaris Declaration“At the Crossroad”

SSP Declaration“Global Communication in Action”

CLOSING SESSION

CLOSING SESSIONBest Poster Prizes

Congress Wrap‐up

7

CLOSING SESSIONPHOTOS

Next Conferences

Conclusion
What makes a good conference?
1. Scientific/professional quality of presentations.

2. Interesting / resourceful participants.
3. Quality of organization of the meeting.
4. Attractive venue (Town, hotel, surroundings)
5. Memorable social events

Thank You!

8

EMECS International Seminar February 28, 2014

Annual ocean heat content anomaly for the 0-700m layer

Climate ChangeandIntegrated Coastal Zone
Management
Masataka WATANABE
Keio University
Chair, International EMECS Center
Chair, UNEP-Asia Pacific Adaptation Network
Anomalies are computed relative to the 1955-2002 average (Source: Palmer et al. ,2010)

Impact of ocean warming

Impact of ocean warming• Sea level rise due to the thermal expansion of
the warming ocean water and melting ice
shelves and glaciers.
• Intensified hydrological cycle due to enhanced
evaporation from the warmer ocean surface.
• Dominant drivers for large-scale variations in
the climate system, such as ENSO (El NinoSouthern Oscillation) or monsoon systems, areaffected by the warming of the ocean.

• The intensity of tropical cyclones were increased byincreased SSTs.
• The potential for longer tropical cyclone seasons iscaused by ocean warming, such as the Hurricane
Sandy on the U.S. East Coast at the end of October
2012.
• Uncertain future of the marine ecosystem such ascorals or plankton due to ocean warming and ocean
acidification due to rising CO2 concentration.

9

UNEP-Global Adaptation Network

Case of Shanghai
About 60% of water resources inShanghai city depends on Qingcaosha
and Chenhang reservoirs.

Ẽೃኚືᙳ㡪䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝺䝆䝸䜶䞁䝇䛾ྥୖ䛸䚸⬤ᙅᛶ䛜㧗䛔䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱䞉⤒῭䞉⏕≀ከᵝᛶ䛾ಖㆤ䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛶䚸㐺ᛂ䛻㛵䛩䜛ྛᆅᇦ䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䛾▱ぢ䜢䜾䝻䞊䝞䝹䝺䝧䝹䛷ඹ᭷䛩䜛஦䜢┠ᣦ䛩䚹䜰䝆䜰ኴᖹὒ㐺ᛂ䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䠄APAN䠅䠖http://www.apan-gan.net/

10Decrease in flow rate in the lower Yangtze river
Increase in water intake in Shanghai city

Qingcaosha

Salinity intrusion during dry season in1999

1999.1.9

1999.3.25

Changes in salinity at the intake of drinking water

Sea
level
rise

Adaptation Options(a)Construction of estuary weir in thenorthern branch at the upstream entrance(width = 2km),(b)Increase the Yangtze river flow rate during
dry season with the integrated Yangtze riverwatershed management and Three GorgesDam,(c)Operation of high efficient desalination
plant during dry season,(d)Introduction of water saving system inorder to reduce water demand.
(e)Real-time control of water supply-demandin the Yangtze river watershed and Shanghai.
11

Two typhoons in Oct. 6-8, 2013 and flood in Shanghai

Fitow disaster (2013.10)
Water lever change of Upstream of
Huangpu River (㊣ᐲ⑑ station)
愥5 ৪৘நᲂດਜ਼駮ங裦

Historical MWL 10/7
Warning WL

150
100
50

⎖ь

ཹ䍔

䠁ኡ

ጷ᰾

䶂⎖

䰥㹼

෾४

హᇊ

0
ᇍኡ

Fitow typhoon䠄䠄tropical cyclone No.23䠅landed to Fujian province on Oct. 8, 2013

200

ᶮ⊏

สⓆ⛩

250

‫ޘ‬ᐲᒣ൷

10/7-8Max precipitation(mm/day)

10/7-8Possible adaptation options

Fitow typhoon landed

Factor causing flood

2FW

2FW

2FW

2FW

2FW

Oct.11Wind• Prediction and early warning• Underground discharge channel or reservoir• Integrated coastal zone management
including watershed management

precipitation
High tide
Rise of a river flow in
upstream

Four factors caused flood in Shanghai
Metropolitan area outer underground discharge channel in Kasukabe city, Saitama prefecture

12Case of Thailand 2011 flood• Unusual rainfall in the upstream due to climatechange such as La Nina and Indian Ocean Dipole• Geographical condition such as low stream
gradient and high tide in the downstream• Drought control is first priority and lack of flood
control management

Possible adaptation options• Need for integrated watershed management• Meteorological and flood predictions• Balance between irrigation and flood control• Land use planning and protection of vital
economic areas• Infrastructure such as flood diversion channel• Finance mechanism and insurance

13

EASTERN GULF OF FINLAND:CONCEPT, LEGISLATION AND

The development of human activities was associated with marine andocean coastal zone for all time. Territorial development of economy andtrade has been based in the coastal zones, for example through harbors andapproach channels, like strategic elements of trade, which are situated in
the coastal areas and adjacent waters. This zone is one of the most
exploited and attractive investment areas in the world economy with ahuge pressure on the environment.

TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT

Gogoberidze G. & Co (RSHU)
Ryabchuk D. & Co (VSEGEI)For the achievement of sustainable management in the coastal zone the fundamental steps are:• the laws that coordinate maritime and coastal activities with regard to the existing
regulatory framework, international law and other;• a special body, which is responsible for the implementation and coordination of the
management of maritime and coastal activities;• use of the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) tools.
In recent years, increasing attention is drawn to the question of planning of maritime activities
development in general, and in the framework of this – Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) tool as one of
the way to study of the coastal zone.
Different countries have already begun to implement plans in the field of MPS tool, at least in thepilot mode. This approach is most effectively used in the management of marine protected areas Great Barrier Reef of Australia National Marine Park, the National Marine Sanctuary in Florida(USA), Tri-Partite area of Cooperation in the Wadden Sea (the Northern Sea region). In theseprojects, MSP tool was used to achieve the main goal – the nature preservation.
In the Russian Federation MSP tool begins to develop actively (Atlas of Biological Diversity in theseas and coastal areas of the Russian Arctic, as a basis for planning of environmental activities in thesea and in the coastal zone). However, this tool has not yet received a legitimization and thatcomplicates the process of its use in practice.

ICM system successfully develops and already gives
serious benefits in most developed countries«Coastal zone shall be taken to mean a geographical area covering both themaritime part and the terrestrial part of the shore … ICZM shall meansustainable development and use of coastal zones…»
Model Law on Sustainable Management of Coastal Zones?
“All marine water objects are the property of the Russian Federation”
Article 71(n) Constitution of the Russian Federation
Article 8 point 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) ideas and tools

14

GOVERNMENT OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Basic legislation documentsof the marine activity policy of the Russian Federation

GOVERNMENT OF LATVIALEVEL 1. Strategic planning
LEVEL 1. Strategic planning
Governments of marine Subject

State policy of the Russian Federation

Novad Administrations

LEVEL 2. Tactical planning

National Marine Policyof the Russian Federation

Regional (Area) Administrations

LEVEL 2. Tactical (local) planning

LEVEL 3. Local planning
Parish Administrations

Coastal zone

Local Municipality Administrations

Coastal territories
Coastal territories
Marine Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030;
Federal Law “Maritime Activity”;
Strategy of the National Security of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020;
Strategy of the Maritime Activity development in the Russian Federation for theperiod until 2030;
Concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until
2020;
…

1
1

2
3

2

Government of Russian Federation

GOVERNANCE LEVEL 1. ICM Strategic Planning

Government of Russian Federation

Main documents – Marine doctrine of Russian Federation, national legislation.
Operate level – National (Federal Government), Marine Collegiums.
Tasks – assimilation of areas and resources of the coastal zone, including the definition of the

LEVEL 1Strategical Planning of the coastal territories

priority direction of the ICZ processes.

Governments of the Subjects

GOVERNANCE LEVEL 2. ICM Operative Planning
Main documents – National legislation (RF) and Regional legislation (Subjects of the RF), Plansof Strategic Development of Subjects of the RF.
Operate level – National (Federal Government of the Russian Federation) and Regional(Government of the Subjects of the RF).
Tasks – on basis of the Government Plans of Development of the Subjects of the RF, - elaborationof the Strategic Plans of the ICZ Development of the Subjects of the RF, determination of priority
directions of the development of coastal zones of marine Subjects and Regions of the RF, search theways for decision of the strategic ICZ tasks and aims for the Subjects and Regions of the RF.
Regional (Area) Governments (Administrations)

GOVERNANCE LEVEL 3. ICM Tactical (Local) Planning
Main documents – National legislation (RF) and Regional legislation (Subjects of the RF),decisions of the Regional (Area) Administration etc., Plans of Strategic Development of the Subjectsof the RF, Cadastre of the coastal zone.
Operate level – Regional (Government of the Subjects of the RF) and Regional (Area)
Administration.
Tasks – on basis of the Strategic Plans of the ICZ Development of the Subjects of the RF, – search
the ways for decision of the strategic ICZ tasks and aims for the Subjects and Regions of the RF,
elaboration of the plans for realization of the tasks and aims of the local coastal zone sustainable
development.
Local Municipality Governments (Administrations)

As a result the following logic
numbers for process of coastal zone
management is received by:- hierarchy ofmanagement:

thecoastalGovernments of the coastal subjectsof the Russian Federation
LEVEL2
Tactical planning of the coastal territories

zone

state – regional – local;- hierarchy of decided problems:
strategic – operative – tactical.

MSP and Strategiesof the coastal subjectsof the Russian Federation(Geo-regions)MSPof the coastal areasof the Russian Federation(Geo-areas)

Authorities of the coastal area municipalitiesof the Russian Federation

LEVEL3
Local planning of the coastal territories

MSP and territorial planningof the local coastal territoriesof the Russian Federation(Geo-points)

Authorities of the coastal local municipalitiesof the Russian Federation

Spatial hierarchy of the Marine Spatial Planningfor coastal territories of the Russian Federation

15

State Cadastre of the Marine Coastal Zone of the Russian Federation (RF SCMCZ) is
methodologically orderly accounting, systematic set of data, including qualitative andquantitative inventory of the objects or phenomena and their economic evaluation, systematiccollection of information, both quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the natural
resources.

Coastal Zone Cadastre is made by the regional
principle. Cadastre division is by the Cadastre Rules of
the Russian Federation (Government of RussianFederation, N 660, 06.09.2000).

This document is created and is being for:-state, regional and local coastal resource management,-state control over the use and protection of land and water resources on the coastal areas,-measures aimed at preserving and enhancing the of resource values on the coastal areas,-economic evaluation of land and water areas of the coastal areas,-establish reasonable fees for the coastal areas.

1. Cadastre Federal Level - Cadastral Area transition zone from land to water area within theadministrative boundaries of the Subject of theRussian Federation with adjacent inland waters.
2. Cadastre Regional Level - Cadastral District transition zone from land to water area within theadministrative boundaries of the district if Subject of
the Russian Federation with adjacent inland waters.

The Cadastre Regional Level – Cadastral District and Cadastre Local Level – Cadastralquarter requires the following information sections:-nature geographical information,-administrative and legal information,-geomorphological information,-resource information,-economic information,-environmental information.

3. Cadastre Local Level - Cadastral quarter transition zone from land to water area,
characterized by unity of geological structure andgeodynamic processes, as well as technogenesis of
the coastal zone

Cadastre Federal Level Cadastral Area
is realized mainly on the principleof the comprehensive indicatorsystem that combines thesubsystem:-nature-ecological indicators,-socio-economic indicators,-politic-geographical indicators,-military-strategic indicators.

Marine Economy Potential estimation for Baltic Geo-Region

16Krasnoyarsk
Krai
Sakha (Yakutia)
Republic

Yamalo-Nenets
Autonomous Okrug
Murmansk
OblastChukotka
Autonomous Okrug

Arkhangelsk
RegionRepublic ofKarelia

Kamchatka
Krai

St. Petersburg
RegionKaliningrad
OblastAstrakhan
OblastRostov
OblastMagadan
OblastKhabarovsk
Krai

Comprehensive value , 2006
Sakhalin
OblastRepublic of
Kalmykia

Krasnodar
Krai

Primorsky
Krai
Republic ofDagestanComprehensive value of the socio-economic development level of the coastal
regions of the Russian Federation, VC, 2006

Marine Economy Potential estimation for Black Sea Geo-Region

Krasnoyarsk
Krai
Sakha (Yakutia)
Republic

Yamalo-Nenets
Autonomous Okrug

-G
ulf
o

fB
ot h
nia

Chukotka
Autonomous Okrug

Arkhangelsk
Regionèâ

Murmansk
OblastRepublic ofKareliaØ ÂÅÖÈ ß
SWEDENÍ Î ÐÂÅÃÈ ß
NORWAY

FinlandKamchatka
Krai

St. Petersburg
RegionKaliningrad
OblastÔè í ñê è é çàë è â
Gulf of Finland

Magadan
OblastKhabarovsk
Krai
Astrakhan
OblastRostov
Oblast

Áî
òí

è÷

åñê
è

éç
àë

ÔÈ Í Ëß Í ÄÈ ß - FINLAND

RussiaEstoniaÐÎ ÑÑÈ ß
RUSSIA

SwedenÝÑÒÎ Í È ß
ESTONIA

Comprehensive value , 2011Ðè æñê è é çàë è â
Gulf of Riga

Sakhalin
OblastLatviaËÀÒÂÈ ßLATVIA

Republic of
Kalmykia

Krasnodar
Krai

Primorsky
Krai
Republic ofDagestan

LithuaniaËÈ ÒÂÀ
LITHUANIAÄÀÍ Èß
DENMARKÃäàí üñê è éçàë è âGulf of Gdansk

Comprehensive value of the socio-economic development level of the coastal
regions of the Russian Federation, VC, 2011ÃÅÐÌ ÀÍ È ß - GERMANY

The prototype of Coastal
Zone Cadastre is developed
as an information system on
geological structure andmineral resources as well as
coastal nature and socioeconomical situation of theRussian sector of the Baltic
Sea which would consist theEastern Gulf of Finland andthe Kaliningrad area
including their coastal zone
(10 km inland) at 1:500 000
scale.

RussiaPolandÐÎ ÑÑÈ ß
RUSSIAÏ Î ËÜØ À - POLAND

17

Principal scheme of the Cadastre of the coastal zone

Operational system interface

Panel of the window“Vector maps and layers”

The window “Cadastre Structure”

18Estimationof the human impact assessment (HIA)
for coastal local municipalities

Estimation of the nature-ecologicalstate of the coastal local municipality,
the opportunity to show hierarchy ofthe municipalities,
assess their human impact andvulnerability and the opportunities forfurther development

Nature-ecological stateof the coastal local municipality

Example of short information about Cadastre Object

Factors of estimation of the nature-ecological state of coastal local municipality:• Indicator of environmental protection costs, IPC;
• Indicator of enterprises with stationary sources of atmospheric pollution, IE;• Indicator of emitted to atmosphere, IEA;
• Indicator of the protected area, IPA;
•Indicator of the coastal population density, IPD;
•Indicator of marine infrastructure, IMI.

CONCLUSIONS
There are features of marine activities management which adaptation to the Russian Federation may
improve to its marine activities management. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) in the RussianFederation is a new and rapidly developing tool, but do not forget about the fact that its tool has not yet
received by regulatory consolidation, that is complicated the process of its using in practice.

Integrative indicator(IC) of the natureecological state ofcoastal local
municipality (orestimation of humanimpact assessment(HIA) for local
municipalities) is
calculated as anaverage of the 6
indicators.

State Cadastre of the Marine Coastal Zone of the Russian Federation (RF SCMCZ) as one of the MPS
tool is methodical orderly, systematic set of data, including qualitative and quantitative inventory of theobjects or phenomena and their economic evaluation, both quantitatively and qualitatively characterize
the particular type of natural resources. It’s possible to view the RF SCMCZ on three spatial levels:•Cadastre Federal Level - Cadastral Area,•Cadastre Regional Level - Cadastral District,•Cadastre Local Level - Cadastral quarter.
The prototype of RF SCMCZ is developed as an information system for the Russian sector of the Baltic
Sea which consist the Eastern Gulf of Finland and the Kaliningrad area including their coastal zone
(10 km inland) at 1:500 000 scale.
For the analysis of the comprehensive situation in the coastal regions it's justified to use the indicatorsystem for the marine economic potential assessment. This method allow to create a dynamic databaseon the basis of parameters characterizing the different changes, as a tool for decision-making support inenvironmental management of coastal areas.
For the Leningrad Oblast coastal local municipalities based on the indicator method it is possible to
make recommendations to reduce the human impact for coastal local municipalities.

19

Thank you
for your attention!

20

Daria Ryabchuk, Vladimir Zhamoida, Mikhail
Spiridonov, Nina Malysheva

Marine geology of the Eastern Gulf ofFinland (Baltic Sea) – sedimentation
processes, anthropogenic impact,pollution history

A.P.Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI),Saint-Petersburg, Russia

1. Introduction. Methods
2. Study area. Geology of the Gulf of Finland
3. Late Pleistocene and Holocene geologicalhistory of the Eastern Gulf of Finland
4. Modern sedimentation processes
5. History of anthropogenic activity andsediment pollution history
6. ICZM perspectives for the eastern Gulf ofFinland and its coastal zone

Set of State Geological Map of
the Eastern Gulf of Finland (scale 1:200 000)

600 45'60 0 30'

60 0 15'60 0 00'

590 45'- 1984- 1990- 2003- 1985- 1991- 2004- 1986- 1992- 2005- 1987- 1993- 1988- 1999- 1989- 2000590 30'590 15'260 00'26 0 30'

027 00'

27 0 30'

280 00'280 30'29 0 00'

29 0 30'0

30 00'

30 0 30'

Methods of geological marine and coastal research

21Methods of geological marine and coastal researchMultibeam echosounding

Methods of geological marine and coastal research

Submarine videosurvey

Video ROV “Gnom” with GoPro camera
22

Geological history of the
Gulf of Finland

PreQuaternary deposits
Amantov, 2011

Palaeovalleys

Geological history of the Gulf of Finland
16 000BP

15 000BP

12 000BP

11 000BP

10 000BP

Miettinen, A., Savelieva, L., Subetto, D. A.,
Dzhinoridze, R., Arslanov, K. & Hyva.rinen, H. 2007
(October): Palaeoenvironment of the Karelian Isthmus,
the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland, during theLitorina Sea stage of the Baltic Sea history. Boreas, Vol.
36, pp. 441-458.

14 000BP

Harff, 2011

9 000
BP

Amantov, Fjeldskaar, 2011

Rosentau, A., Subetto, D., Letjuka, N.,
Kriiska, A., Lisitsyn, S., Gerasimov, D.,
Nordqvist, K. Holocene water-levelchanges of the Baltic Sea in Narva-Lugaklint bay area and its relations withstone age settlement pattern, 201023

Baltic Ice Lake84-536

1 Пт

1ПГ

3 Г

lgIII

6 Г
lgIII

bl

10 000BP

80-316

bl

5 Г

8 Г
8 АГ

11 Г
14 Г

10 АГ

16 Г

lgIII

lgIII
os

20 Г
22 Г
os

14 АГ

25 Г
П

А

Г

0,01

0,001

Md (мм)40

60%<0.01 мм40

60%

< 0,001мм

0

0,5 1,0

19 АГ

Ал/Гл

П А Г

0,003 0,005

Md (мм)

50
70
20
40
%
%
<0.01 мм <0.001мм

0

1.0

Ал/

25 м
m

Marine Littorinatransgresion
8.5 – 7.6 cal.BP

Gulf of Finland
Neva Bay

Submarine sand terraces24

7300 cal ka BP

5500 cal ka BP

6000 cal ka BP

Rosentau, A., Subetto, D., Letjuka, N.,
Kriiska, A., Lisitsyn, S., Gerasimov,
D., Nordqvist, K., 2010

Surface sea bed sediments

25

1991
Pock-markPock-mark
Boulders

Pock-markBoundaryof clayey
mudSubmarine gas or groudwater seepage

1 – Litorina mud anc clays;

2- Ancylus Bay»clays;
Key-area «Vyborg

3 - Baltic Ice Lake clays;

2012
4 - glacial till (glacial-fluvial) ridges;
5 – Fe-Mn concretions areas; 6 – pock-marks;
7 – tectonic fault (?)

2008
300 m

9th Baltic Sea Congress, 26-30 August, Klaipeda, Lithuania

26

Rate of sphericalFe-Mnconcretions growing
0.013 – 0.014
mm/year1

2
3

180 mmRate of discoid Fe-Mn crust growing 0.033 mm/year.

1. In the areas of Fe-Mn concretion exploration (2006-2007)
the surface concretion layer is absent;
2. Most part of shperoidal concretions are located in thesediment layer 5-10 cm and looks like stable or dissolving(not growing);
3. According to concretion layer location the sedimentation
rate should be very high (at least about 1 – 1.5 cm peryear). After concretion excavation the sedimentation
conditions has drastically changed;
4. All studied sites are characterized by oxic surface
condition; oxic/anoxic boundary is located at the core depth
10-15 cm5. It can be predicted the dissolving of buried Fe-Mn
concretion layer and future growing of new concretion
fields around modern silty-clay accumulation zone.

Samples
from
exploration
area

Sample fromnot touchedarea

Coastal slope morphology and dynamics

50 m

5m

5m

27

Water depth 8-9 m
Md 1-2 mm

Water depth 6 m
Md 0.2-0.5 mm

15 cm

50 cm

45

45

40

40

35

35
30

GFR-1
GFR-4

%

GFR-9
GFR-16
GFR-1715

GFR-14
GFR-15<0,01

0,04-0,01

0,05-0,04

0,1-0,08

0,063-0,05

0,125-0,1

0,08-0,063

0,2-0,16

0,16-0,125

0,25-0,2

0,315-0,25

0,5-0,40,4-0,315

1,0-0,8

0,63-0,5

0,8-0,63<0,01

0,04-0,01

0,05-0,04

0,063-0,05

0,1-0,08

0,08-0,063

0,125-0,10,2-0,16

0,25-0,2

0,16-0,125

0,315-0,25

0,5-0,40,4-0,315

1,0-0,8

0,63-0,5

0,8-0,63

1,25-1,0

2,0-1,61,6-1,25>2,52,5-2,00

1,25-1,0

0
>2,5

5

5

1,6-1,25

10

10

2,0-1,6%

GFR-13

15

GFR-7

20

GFR-8

20

GFR-3

25

GFR-6

25

2,5-2,0

30

мм

мм

Hydrometeorological factors
controlled extreme coastal
erosionDecember 1, 2011

Severe coastal erosion
takes place in case ofcoincidence of:(i) long-lasting western or
south-western storms thatbring high waves,(ii)high water level (morethan 2 m above the meanlevel as measured by the
Gorny Institute water levelmeasurement post,(iii) absence of stable sea ice

November 24-28 W
wind 20-21 m/s;
water level +190 cm
above normal“Berit” storm

28

December 26-28 W
wind 25-28 m/s;
water level +235 cm
above normal

Pollution history of the bottom sediments

The Neva Bay

Length - 21 km;
Maximal wideness 15 km;
Water surface area
- 329 km2;
Water mass volume- 1.2 km3 ;Surface water
current - up to 10
cm/sec;Maximal natural
depths – 5-6 meters;
Salinity - 0.3 –1.0‰.

17 artificial islands (fortresses) have build since 1704. In 1885
the Marine Ship-Channel (12 m deep) was constructed.

1903

1824

1924

Catastrophic floods
1777 (3.21 meters)
1824 (4.21 meters)
1924 (3.80 meters)
1955 (2.82 meters)

1903

2005
1967

29

Flood Protection Dam project (F.Bazen, 1825)

Map of the bottom sedimentsof Neva Bay

2007

F Flood Protection Facility (1972-1992, 2008-2011)

Page of thehydrographic
journal withbottom sediments
description

Fragment of the map of the Neva Bay
published in 1805
According to observations of 1751 – 1 - sand with gravel;2, 4, 5 , 7 - sand.

(skippers Vasily
Karpov and Mathew
Verhovtsev, vessel«Rak», 1751)
30

sand

fine
sand

Comparison of 1920-1923 expedition
results with modern data
1 - boulders, pebbles, gravel; 2 - sands with gravel; 3 - mixed sands mainly coarse-grained; 4 mixed sands, mainly fine-grained; sands: 5 - coarse grained, 6 - coarse-medium grained;•- 7 - medium-finegrained; 8 - finegrained; 9 - very finegrained; 10 - siltysands; 11 - sandysilts; 12- clay sands,
13 - sandy-clay silts;
14 - silts; 15 - sandysilty clays; 16 - siltyclay mud; 17 outcrops. Circles sediment types
according to 19201923: 18 - sands withgravel; 19 - sands;
20 - sandy-clay; 21 silty-clay mud; 22 outcrops; 23 number of stations.

Fragment of the nautical chart of the Neva Bay,
1860.

Zone of modern silty-clay accumulation in
the Neva Bay in 1923 and 2003

Modern silty-clay mud of the Neva Bay

1 - silty clay mud; 2 - other sediment types.

Results of joint
Russian-Finnish
Project SAMAGOL

31

Cadmium of the fine clayey mudconcentrations in cores 05-NG-10, 3 and 9

Results of joint Russian-Finnish
Project SAMAGOLSpace image of the Neva Bay
5.06.1989

LANDSAT-7/ETM+, 18.05.2000

32

Patterns of suspended sediments distribution
in the Neva Bay in 2007

Project of new Harbour of St.Petersburg
MODIS 17.06.2006

MODIS 19.08.2006

September 5, 2007
August 8, 2007

MODIS 23.08.2006

Data by Dr. Leontina Sukhacheva, NIIKAM

о

29 58

30о 00

о

о

о

30 04

30 02

30 06

о

30 08

о

30 10

60о 0160о 01

Aqua/MODIS
November 2007:
Suspended matter
concentrations:
1 – very high;
2 –high;
3 –medium;4 –low;
5 –clouds;
6 –shadows ofclouds.

Data by Dr. Leontina Sukhacheva, NIIKAM

Условные обозначенияNaturalsedimentsТипы поверхностных осадков:

-1
-2
-3
- пески тонкозернистые
-4- алевриты песчаные
-5- алевриты пелитовые
-6- обнажения леднково-озерных
-7глин
- пески с гравием и галькой

- пески средне-мелкозернистые
- пески мелкозернистые

Olgino60о 0060о 00

Lahta
о

59 59

о

59 59

Technogeic
sedimentsПоверхностные техногенные
отложения, сформировавшиеся
в 2006-2008 гг.:- слой алевроглинистого наилка
мощностью менее 5 мм

о

о

59 58

59 58

Масштаб, км
0.00

2.00

4.00

Scale in Kilometers

о

29 58

30о 00

2007

о

30 02

о

30 04

о

30 06

о

30 08

о

30 10

<5 cm thick> 5 cm thick- слой алевроглинистого наилка
мощностью от 5 мм до 5 см

1 – sand with gravel;
2-4 – sand; 5 – silt; 6– mud; 7 – outcrops;

2008

33

Conclusions
1.

2.
3.
4.

The sea-bed surface bottom of the Eastern Gulf of Finland aremostly covered by clastic sediments. The clayey mud
accumulation takes place within the bottom depressions at thedepth from 5-6 m (in the Neva Bay) to 30 m deeper in the westernpart of studied area. Special type of sediment is represented by
Fe-Mn concretions.
Sedimentation processes in the Easterb Gulf of Finland havechanged during last centuries. Sedimentation is under the great
antropogenic load.
Chemical analyses of the silty-clay mud sediments have shownthat the pollution by heavy metals has been large or very large
during the last century until our days
Even though the surface sediments now are clearly cleaner thanduring the worst days of the last century there is still a need forfurther decrease at least of cadmium, zinc and copper.
Additionally there is a need for control observation of thesuspension flows during dredging and similar actions in the Neva
Bay as there are very strongly polluted sediments lying on depthsof 15-25 centimetres only in the sedimentary column.

“Saint Juda” hurricane
29.10.2013

Thank you for attention!

34

Environment and HealthImpact Assessment : a tool for
Environmental and HealthProtection as Stated in
Thailand Constitution

Outline of Presentations
1.
2.
3.
4.

Prof.Dr.Piamsak Menasveta
Chair, Independent Commission on
Environment and Health (ICEH)
Bangkok, Thailand

5.
6.

Background
Environment and health as specified in theConstitution
Independent Commission on Environment and
Health (ICEH)
Ministerial Announcement on types of the
projects or activity which may seriously affectthe community in the quality of environment,
natural resources, and health
List of projects that have been studies andgiven opinion by ICEH
Conclusion

Map of Thailand

1. Background35

 Several environmental issues wasrecorded since 1985 .
These included :Benzene* rising 1,3-Butadiene* rising Ethylene oxide* rising Mercury rising*Agent classified by International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic to humans
36

Mercury concentration (µg/g wt.)
in cobia (Rachycentron canadus) caught in different areasof the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea in 1998.
0.5

Total mercury (ug/g wt.)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

orm
s

rat

Ga
sP
latf

ma

r al
Na
tu

Na
kho

nsr

iT

ham

hon
b
lae
C
ngs
a
Ba

An
da

ma

ns
ea

uri

0

Mercury rising

Mercury rising37 With the lessons learnt, the legislatureincorporated certain sections into theConstitution (2007) with the aim forenvironmental and health protection.

2. Environment and health as
specified in the Constitution.

Part 12 Community Rights
 Section 67(Paragraph 1)
 The right of a person to give to the State andcommunities participation in the conservation,
preservation and exploitation of natural resources andbiological diversities and in the protection, promotion
and preservation of the quality of the environment for
regular and continued livelihood in the environment
which is not hazardous to his or her health andsanitary condition, welfare or quality of life, shall beprotected as appropriate.

Part 12 Community Rights
 Section 67(Paragraph 2)
 Any project or activity which may seriously affect thecommunity with respect to the quality of theenvironment, natural resources and health shall not be
permitted, unless, prior to the operation there of, its
impacts on the quality of the environment and on
public health have been studied and assessed and apublic hearing process has been conducted for
consulting the public as well as interested persons andthere have been obtained opinions of an independent
organization, consisting of representatives fromprivate organizations in the field of the environmentand health and from higher education institutions
providing studies in the field of the environment,
natural resources or health.

38

Part 12 Community Rights
 Section 67(Paragraph 3)
 The right of a community to bring a lawsuit
against a government agency, a state agency,
a state enterprise, a local governmentorganization or other state authority which is ajuristic person for the performance of duties
under this provision shall be protected.

3. Independent Commission on
Environment and Health (ICEH)

ICEH responsibilities With reference to Section 67 paragraph 2 of theConstitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E.
2550 (2007), The Independent Commission ofEnvironment and Health (ICEH) have been
established since 2010.

1.

2.

 The commission comprises of 6 members from

Non-Governmental Organizations, and 6
members from academic in the fields of natural
resource, environment, and health. The
commission is chair by a person whom areelected by the members

3.

4.

To give opinions prior to the execution of the project or
activity that may seriously affect the community in thequality of environment, natural resource and health.
To promote and encourage people, interested parties,
as well as other agencies to participate with us in
public hearing on the forementioned project and activity.
To support education and understanding in the qualityof environment, natural resource and health impact
assessment.
To give suggestion to the National Environment Boardin adjusting and modifying the types of the project andactivity to be classified as “seriously impact to healthand environment”.
39Flow Chart of Work Procedure
Environmental & Health Impact Assessment (EHIA)
Screening
Public Scooping
Assessing

EHIA Reportby a consulting
company under
the authorization
ONEP

Public Review
Decision

1) ONEP- Group of Expert2) ICEH
3) The Authorized Agency

Monitoring

ONEP & Authorized Agency

4. Ministerial Announcement on thetypes of the projects or activity
which may seriously affectcommunities in the quality ofenvironment, natural resources,and health.

1. Coastal reclaim with the total area more than 48 ha.
 The National Environment Board

chaired by the Prime Minister , cameup with a resolution on 11 types ofprojects activity, deemed necessary
for EHIA.

40

2. Mining :- All types of underground mining,- Lead mining and zinc mining or mining require the use of
cyanide and mercury in the process,- Offshore mining.

4. Petrochemical industry :- Upstream,-Intermediate

3. Industrial Estate.

5. Smeltering :- iron ore- iron ore with coke production- copper, zinc and gold
- lead ore

http://engineeringman.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_4985.html

41

6. Production, processing, anddumping radioactive materials.

http://www.oknation.net/blog/print.php?id=757877

8. Airport with a runway of more than 3,000 meters.

http://www.eugenegoesthailand.com/?p=16114

7. Wastes processing and land fill, including
hazardous waste incineration and land fill.

http://www.secure-energy.ca/our-services/landfills

9. Sea port with the berth -length of more than
300 meters., including the dredging of navigation channels.

4210. Dam or reservoir with water holding capacity of more than 100
million cubic meters and the surface area of more than 15 km2.

http://www.tinitour.com/travel

11. Thermal Power Plants :- Coal fire power of more than 100 megawatt- Biomass power of more than 150 megawatt.
- Natural gas power with combined cycle
or cogeneration more than 3000 megawatt-Nuclear power of any size.

http://www.nst.or.th/article/article492/article49205.html

14 projects that have been studied andgiven opinion by ICEH

5. List of projects that have beenstudied and given opinion by ICEH

1. The Production of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene
Glycol Project. (TOC Glycol Co.,Ltd.)
2. The Production of Ethyl Benzene Styrene
Monomer Project. (IRPC Co.,Ltd.)
3. Coal Fire Power Plant. (Gec-go One Co.,Ltd.)
4. Chemical Production of Mixed C4 .
(Bangkok Synthetic Co.,Ltd.)
5. The Production of Propylene Project.
(IRPC Co.,Ltd.)43

14 projects that have been studied andgiven opinion by ICEH

14 projects that have been studied andgiven opinion by ICEH

6. The Production of Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Project. (Thai Plastic and Chemical Co.,Ltd.)
7. Gold Mining. (Akara Mining Co.,Ltd.)
8. Iron Ore Smeltering Project. (NTS Steel group
Co.,Ltd.)
9. The Production of Phenol Project.
(PTT Phenol Co.,Ltd.)
10. The Production of Copper Wire Project.
(SEI Thai Electric Conductor Co.,Ltd.)

11. Bangpakong Cogeneration Power Plant.
(EGAT)
12. The Production of Battery for Vehicle Project.
(Hitachi Storage Battery Co.,Ltd.)13. Zinc Mining.
(Padaeng Industries Co.,Ltd.)14. IRPC Industrial Estate Project (Extension
Phase)(IRPC Co.,Ltd.)EHIA report briefing by project
personals.

Site visit by ICEH and Staffs

44

Visiting people in the communities near by
the project site. Collecting all in formation.

Organizing the public hearing by inviting people all sectors in the project
area for instance villagers, government officers, academics, and NGOs.

EHIA report discussion, deliberationand conclusion.

 The conclusion of ICEH opinion will be delivered

to the authorized agency and made it accessible
by public through our web-site.

45 In the past, the execution of both public and private

6. Conclusions

mega projects unavoidably violated the community
property’s right and resulted in adverse impacts on theenvironment, natural resource and health of thecommunity, and last but not the least the social conflict.
Under such situation, the public decision mechanism in
the form of independent organization is urgently needed.
Therefore, the constitution of Thailand B.E. 2550 (2007)
designates that an Independent Commission on
Environment and Health (ICEH) must be established toprotect and support the rights of community and people
taking part in the preservation of the quality ofenvironment and the sustainable management of natural
resource.
 ICEH has been functioned for more than three years

now. Our goal is to build trust between communities andindustries, and eventually better environment and qualityof life.

Thank youfor your attention.

46