CESSA WP 2015-08

Accounting for Spillover Effects of Production
From the Perspective of Developing Countries

Nagendra Shrestha
Yokohama National University
September 2015

Center for Economic and Social Studies in Asia (CESSA) Working Paper
Downloadable from:http://www.econ.ynu.ac.jp/cessa/publication/workingpaper.html

Center for Economic and Social Studies in Asia, Department of Economics
Yokohama National University

Accounting for Spillover Effects of Production*
From the Perspective of Developing Countries

Nagendra Shrestha†
Yokohama National University

Abstract

From the perspective of developing countries, one can benefit from the economic growth inother countries, specifically neighboring countries. However, boost in respective economy
is a major factor for the development. In this paper, we illustrate mechanism of spillover
effects of production in global context and also formulate a model to estimate it by using
the recent globally-linked input-output (YNU-GIO) table for 2012 with 29 endogenous
countries, 59 exogenous countries and 35 production sectors. Estimation of spillover effects
enables us to figure out the magnitude of economic benefits that spread to other countries
due to increased production in any country. Our approach captures complicated trade
linkages across countries in terms of spillover effects of production, which are directly
unobservable in nature and are generally overlooked or partially addressed in otheranalytical model.

Keywords: Global Input-Output data, developing countries, economic growth,
spillover effects*

This study is financially supported by Yokohama National University and the JSPS (Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science) Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research 26590032. The
earlier version of this paper was presented at 8th Annual Day Conference on Operations Research2015 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
†
Researcher, Department of Economics, 79-3 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501,
Japan. Tel/Fax: +81-45-339-3535, email: shrestha@ynu.ac.jp.

11.

Introduction
In recent years, an economic shock (whether it be a negative of positive)
tends to propagate globally due to interconnectedness of the world economy. In
particular, negative shock originated in developed country has significant effect,
through international trade channels, on the economic growth of developing
countries. For example, the US economy experienced severe decline in trade in termsof magnitude and speed since late 1960s (Crowley and Luo, 2011) due to Lehman
shock in 2008. As a consequence, US bound export declined rapidly and the world
witnessed the economic depression, popularly known as Global Financial Crisis(GFC). In general, impact of economic shock through trade are estimated from theconventional trade data. However, trade data only does not capture the indirecttransaction of intermediate goods and value-added associated with the production of
final and intermediate goods.1
The main objectives of the paper are (1) to reveal degree of economic impact
associated with the production of final goods in terms of spillover effects ofproduction, and (2) to suggest policy implication from perspective of developing
countries. We define two types of spillover effects to measure the economic impact
of production. First, spillover outflow for a country as an amount of imported
intermediate goods used for the production of finished goods in that country.
Generally, higher degree of spillover outflow has very limited economic impact on
the economy as increase in import will offset the positive effect of additional
production and/or export. And, second, spillover inflow from foreign countries asamount of exported intermediate goods used for production in foreign countries.
Economic policy to increase the spillover inflow is important, because it boosts the
economy by export, and in the meantime, it helps to reduce the spillover inflow.
We apply the Input-Output framework, extended for the global analysis,
based on the globally linked Input-Output (YNU-GIO) table 2 for year 2012 to
estimate the spillover effects. The Input-Output framework enables us to address theindirect effects of production associated with intermediate goods trade, which is main
focus of our study. Moreover, using the Input-Output data for 2012 addresses themost recent economic and international trade structure in global context.3
1
See, for example, Hummels, Ishii and Yi (2002); Johnson and Noguera (2012), Koopman, Wang
and Wei (2012) Foster and Stehrer (2013); Timmer et al. (2014) and Sato and Shrestha (2014) for
the discussion on the indirect effects of production.
2
Annual YNU-GIO Tables for years 1997 to 2012 were constructed by Center of Center for
Economic and Social Studies in Asia (CESSA) at Department of Economics, Yokohama
National University, Japan and are available at http://www.recessa.ynu.ac.jp/en/.
3
Among the similar type of Input-Output data, 2011 is the recent data published by World Input-2

Although, Nepal and other South Asian countries (except India) are notincluded in the analysis, we compare the spillover effects of China and India (twoneighbors Nepal) and draw policy implication from the perspective of developing
countries. Our results suggest that impact of increased intermediate goods (part andcomponents) production on economic growth of developing countries is higher thanincreasing production of assembled goods.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Sections 2 and 3
presents the methodology and data sets used in this research. Section 4 discusses theresults based on the spillover effects. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
2.

Methodology Data sets
We use global input-output framework to estimate the amount of production
inducements in different countries due to production of finished goods. Let us assume
that the Leontief inverse based on three country GIO table4 and the finished goods
produced in three countries are given as follows.
 LJJ
L   LCJ
 LUJ

F J

F  0
 0


LJC
LCC
UC

L

0
F

C

0

LJU 

LCU 
LUU 

(1)

0 

0 
F U 

(2)

Where upper suffix for the Leontief inverse represents the flow of direct and indirect
inducements from first to second suffix. For example, LCU in second row thirdcolumn represents the directly and indirectly generated inducement coefficient incountry C (i.e., China) due to unit finished goods produced in country U (i.e., USA).
Further, suffix in equation (2) represents the amount of finished goods produced in
respective countries.
The production induced in three different countries (say, matrix X) due torespective finished goods production can be calculated as following matrix equation
Output Database (WIOD, http://www.wiod.org/new_site/home.htm) and Asian International InputOutput (AIIO) Table, published by Institute of Developing Economies (IDE,
http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sds/index.html) for 2005.
4
Detailed description of the input-output methodology is out of scope of this paper. Refer to any IO
text books, such as Miller and Blair (2009), for the explanation of the model. Here we assume three
countries (say, Japan, J; China, C and USA, U) GIO model for simplicity and explanation. The
assumption can be extended to more than three countries model without loss of any generality.

3 X JJ
X   X CJ X UJ


X JC
X CC
X UC

X JU 

X CU   L * F
X UU 

i.e.,
 X JJ
 CJ
X
 X UJ


X JC
X CC
X

UC

X JU   LJJ F J X CU    LCJ F J
X UU   LUJ F J

LJC F CLCC F CUCL F

CLJU F U LCU F U LUU F U 

(3)First row of matrix X in equation (3) represents the amount of inducement in Japandue to the finished goods production activities in Japan, China and USA respectively.
On the other hand, first column of matrix X shows production induced in Japan,
China and USA because of Japanese finished goods production FJ. Here, the diagonal
elements of matrix X are production inducement in domestic economies, whereas off
diagonal are the transaction of direct and indirect inducements across countries thatrefer to the spillover effect of production. The spillovers of producing finished goodsin three different countries can be summarized in following table.
Table 1: Summary of Spillovers (Three country Model)
Spillover from
Japan
China
USA
Spillover to

JC

Japan
China
USA

X
XCJ
XUJ

XUC

Total

XCJ+ XUJXJC+ XUC

JU

X
XCU

Total
JC

X + XJUXCJ+ XCUXUJ+ XUC

XJU+ XCU

Row sums of spillovers indicate the increase in economic effects on acountry because of production growth on the other countries. Higher value of row
sums implies higher level of economic benefits (in terms of spillover) to thecorresponding country. In contrast, column sums of spillovers suggest the extent of
economic benefits leaked to foreign countries as a consequence of the finished goods
production in domestic industries. Thinking from the perspective of economic
growth in a country, higher degree of row sums (i.e., increase in export) for a given
level of column sums (equivalent to import) will speed up the economic growth.
We use globally linked input-output (YNU-GIO) table, constructed by
CESSA. The database consists 16 annual tables (from 1997 to 2012) with 29
4

endogenous countries, 59 exogenous countries grouped in four regions, Rest of theWorld (ROW) and 35 industry classifications.5 However, we aggregate 2012 YNUGIO table to a single industry and calculate the spillovers for all 29 endogenous
countries.
We compare the results of China and India, two neighboring countries of
Nepal, to illustrate spillovers in 2012. Currently, the YNU-GIO database does notinclude Nepal and other South Asian countries (except India) endogenously, so it is
not possible to refer Nepal and other South Asian developing country’s spillover
situations directly. However, we can generalize the policy implications from theprospective of developing countries as export has positive effect and import has
negative effect on economic growth. Hence, policy to increase spillover inflow fromforeign economies will lead to economic prosperity in the country.
3.

Results and Discussions
In this section, we calculate the spillovers associated with finished goods
production in 29 endogenous countries in 2012 using the YNU-GIO table and present
the results for eleven Asian countries and the United States in Table 2.6
Table 2: Spillovers in Asia and the US
Spillover
inflow

Spillover fromJP

Spillover to

CH
KR
TW
SG
MY
TH
ID
PH
VT
IN
US
Spillover outflow Total

CH

2.4

JP

KR

5.6
11.0

TW

6.2
7.2
2.2

SG

7.4
15.6
3.2
3.2

MY

4.6
9.5
2.1
2.3
9.0

TH

ID

8.9
12.5
2.4
1.1
2.8
3.6

1.8
4.7
1.0
0.3
2.0
1.3
1.3

PH

2.6
5.8
1.4
1.9
3.7
1.8
1.1
1.1

VT

IN

4.1
19.2
5.4
2.6
1.7
2.3
3.0
2.5
0.5

0.8
4.6
0.9
0.2
0.6
1.4
0.5
1.2
0.1
0.3

3.2
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.3

2.4
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.9
2.6

0.8
0.8
1.0
0.6
1.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
5.5

3.3
1.6
0.8
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.6
5.6

10.7
2.5
5.3
0.9
0.5
2.5
23.9

3.5
4.2
1.6
1.4
3.3
6.8

2.0
0.7
0.7
2.2
4.6

0.1
0.2
1.2
1.8

0.4
0.8
5.2

5.1
3.8

1.6

13.8

23.7

41.7

39.5

105.3

64.8

57.4

21.9

33.0

64.7

22.2

US

Total

0.9 54.7
1.7 126.7
0.4 26.7
0.2 16.5
0.3 31.5
0.2 30.7
0.1 17.1
0.1 24.3
6.2
0.1
5.4
0.0
0.4 24.8
137.8
12.5

Unit: Ten Thousand Dollars

The inflow spillovers in China and USA has higher value indicating that theworld’s production largely depends on Chinese and American intermediate goods. In
contrast, contents of Vietnamese and the Philippine intermediate goods are very low

5
See Appendices 1-2 for the endogenous and exogenous country coverage of YNU-GIO tables
respectively.
6
Spillovers for all 29 endogenous countries are provided in Appendix 3.

5

in the global production. On the other hand, Japan and USA has lowest spillover
outflow meaning that proportion of foreign intermediate inputs is low in the final
goods produced in Japan and USA.
We show components of inflow and outflow spillovers for China and India
in Figure 1 with respect to their major partner countries. China enjoys total of 1.27
Million dollars of spillover inflows (192 and 110 thousand dollars respectively from
Vietnam and China) compared to 237 thousand dollars of outflow (26 and 24
thousand dollars respectively to USA and Japan. It shows that China has large trade
surplus, which has significant impact on Chinese economic growth. Whereas, inIndian case, impact of net spillover trade (i.e., difference of spillover inflow andoutflow) on Indian economy is evidently negligible.
Figure 1: Components of Spillovers for China and India
KR

US
22.2
2.4

11.0

2.6

1.7

3.2

1.6

24.8

0.4

0.9

JP

1.4

CH

IN

2.4

MY

4.6

19.2

126.7

0.2

3.3

5.1

0.3

1.2

1.2

23.7

VT

ID

Unit: Ten Thousand Dollars
Size index:

0 ~ 1.0
Color index:

1.0 ~ 5.0
5.0 ~ 10.0
10.0 ~ 100.0
Spillover inflow
Spillover outflow

100.0 ~

It is important to note that economic growth a country depends not only oninternational trade, but also deeply associated with other factors such as productions,consumptions, return to capital and labor etc. Comparison between India and China
as in Figure 1, higher degree of economic growth is can be expected in China than inIndia with respect to international trade structures in both countries because of large
trade surplus in net spillover inflow in China.
From the production point of view, we discuss two policy measures that may
be implemented for economic growth in developing countries. First, economic
growth can be achieved by increasing production of finished goods that includes thefinished goods export also. If the contents of the domestically produced intermediate
goods used in production is high, import of part and components necessary for the
production becomes less. As a consequence, magnitude of economic benefits
remaining in domestic economy becomes high in comparison to the benefits leaking
6

to foreign countries. In contrast, if a country increases production by means of partsand components assembly, it eventually increases spillover outflow and hence
foreign economies benefits from the increase in production of assembled goods. In
other words, economy of a developing country may not grow as expected withincrease in assembled goods production.
Second, developing countries may increase production of, not only finishedgoods, but also intermediate goods (specifically part and components) domestically.
This policy helps to increase the export and decrease the import of part andcomponents simultaneously. As a consequence, spillovers inflowing to the country
becomes higher due to boost in export and decrease in import reduces the outflowing
spillover from the country. Therefore, the developing economies can benefit from theeconomic activities in domestic market and in foreign market also.
4.

Concluding Remarks
We calculate two types of spillover effects (namely, spillover inflow andoutflow) of production of finished goods using the YNU-GIO table for 2012. Use of
input-output framework enables us to incorporate complicated economic and trade
linkages across countries which are directly unobservable in nature and are generally
overlooked are partially addressed in other analytical model. Further, recent
economic and industrial structures are addressed by using most recent data for 2012.
The analysis does not include Nepal and other South Asian (except India)
developing countries, however, we attempt to draw policy implications from theperspective of developing countries by comparing the results of China and India (twoneighboring countries of Nepal). From the production point of view, developing
countries can achieve economic growth by increasing production of finished goods
with higher share of domestic intermediate contents and intermediate goods (i.e., partand components). Increase in production of assembled goods with imported part andcomponents will have very limited effect on the economy, because economic benefits
spread to foreign countries in terms of spillover outflow. In contrast, production of
more intermediate goods will increase the share of domestic intermediate contents(i.e., decreases spillover outflow) and in the meantime, it also helps to accumulate
spillover inflow from foreign countries by expanding the export of intermediate
goods.
The research can be extended by including Nepal and other South Asian
countries in the globally-linked input-output framework and is left for future agenda.

7

References
Crowley, Meredith A. and Xi Luo, 2011, “Understanding the Great Trade Collapseof 2008-09 and the Subsequent Trade Recovery,” Economic Perspectives, 2nd
Quarter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, pp.44-70.
Ferrarini, Benno, 2013, “Vertical Trade Maps,” Asian Economic Journal, 27(2),pp.105-123.
Foster, Neil and Robert Stehrer, 2013, “Value Added Content of Trade: A
Comprehensive Approach,” Economic Letters, 120, pp. 354-357
Hummels, David, Jun Ishii and Key-Mu Yi, 2001, “The Nature and Growth of
Vertical Specialization in World Trade,” Journal of International Economics, 54(1),pp.75-96.
Johnson, Robert C. and Guillermo Noguera, 2012, “Accounting for Intermediates:
Production Sharing and Trade in Value Added,” Journal of International Economics,
86, pp.224-236.
Koopman, Robert, Zhi Wang and Shang-Jin Wei, 2012, “Estimationg Domestic
Content in Exports When Processing Trade is Pervasive,” Journal of Development
Economics, 99(1) pp. 178-189.
Miller, Ronald E., and Peter D. Blair, 2009, Input-Output Analysis: Foundations andExtensions, Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sato, Kiyotaka and Nagendra Shrestha, 2014, “Global and Regional ShockTransmission: An Asian Perspective,” CESSA Working Paper No. WP-2014-04.
Timmer, Marcel P., Abdul Azeez Erumban, Bart Los, Robert Stehrer and Gaaitzen J.
de Vries, 2014, “Slicing Up Global Value Chains,” Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(2), pp. 99-118.

8

Appendix 1: Endogenous Country Coverage (29)Asia (11)North America (3)Europe (12)Others (3)Japan (JP)USA (US)France (FR)Australia (AU)China (CH)

Canada (CA)Germany (GR)Brazil (BR)

Korea (KR)

Mexico (MX)Austria (AT)South Africa (SA)Taiwan (TW)

Belgium (BG)

Singapore (SG)Finland (FN)

Malaysia (MY)

Ireland (IR)Thailand (TH)

Italy (IT)Indonesia (ID)

Luxembourg (LX)

Philippines (PH)

Netherlands (NL)

Vietnam (VT)Portugal (PT)

India (IN)Spain (SP)UK (UK)

Note: Numbers in parenthesis represents number of countries treated endogenously in the YNU-GIO Database.

Appendix 2: Exogenous Country Coverage (60)Country/Group

List of countries

HK (1)

Hong Kong

ROA (30)

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Macau, North
Korea, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Lebanon,
Mongolia, Myanmar, Oman, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan and Yemen

ROE (16)

Russia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden

OPEC (12)Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, UAE and Venezuela

ROW

Rest of the World

Notes: Numbers in parenthesis represents number of exogenous countries grouped in the YNU-GIO Database.
ROA: Rest of Asia;
ROE: Rest of Europe;
OPEC: Oil producing Countries

9Appendix 3: Spillovers for 29 Countries (Unit: Ten Thousand US Dollars)
Spillover from
Spillover to

JP
CH
KR
TW
SG
MY
TH
ID
PH
VT
IN
AU
US
CA
MX
BR
FR
GR
AT
BG
FN
IR
IT
LX
NL
PT
SP
UK
SA
Total

JP CH KR TW SG MY TH
0.0 2.4 5.6 6.2 7.4 4.6 8.9
3.2 0.0 11.0 7.2 15.6 9.5 12.5
0.7 2.4 0.0 2.2 3.2 2.1 2.4
0.2 1.0 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.3 1.1
0.2 0.8 0.8 3.3 0.0 9.0 2.8
0.5 0.9 1.0 1.6 10.7 0.0 3.6
0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 2.5 3.5 0.0
0.5 0.8 1.1 1.0 5.3 4.2 2.0
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.6 0.7
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.4 0.7
0.2 0.9 0.8 0.6 2.5 3.3 2.2
1.6 1.9 3.0 2.0 2.8 2.2 2.0
2.3 2.6 5.5 5.6 23.9 6.8 4.6
0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.4
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2
0.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.8 1.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 2.3 0.6 0.5
0.4 1.5 1.7 1.1 4.8 2.3 1.8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1
0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.6 0.6
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.5 0.6
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3
0.2 0.3 0.9 0.5 4.4 1.1 1.0
0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5
13.8

23.7

41.7

39.5 105.3

64.8

57.4

ID PH VT1.8 2.6 4.1
4.7 5.8 19.2
1.0 1.4 5.4
0.3 1.9 2.6
2.0 3.7 1.7
1.3 1.8 2.3
1.3 1.1 3.0
0.0 1.1 2.5
0.1 0.0 0.5
0.2 0.4 0.0
1.2 0.8 5.1
1.0 1.1 1.9
1.8 5.2 3.8
0.3 0.2 0.5
0.0 0.3 0.1
0.3 0.2 1.1
0.2 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.9 1.1
0.0 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3
0.0 0.1 0.1
0.0 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.3 0.8
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.3 0.6
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3
0.3 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.1 0.1

IN AU
0.8 0.8
4.6 2.6
0.9 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.6 0.7
1.4 1.2
0.5 0.5
1.2 0.8
0.1 0.1
0.3 0.2
0.0 0.4
0.9 0.0
1.6 2.5
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.1
0.3 0.1
0.3 0.3
0.9 0.6
0.1 0.1
0.5 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.1
0.3 0.4
0.0 0.0
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.2 0.2
0.5 0.6
0.4 0.1

US CA MX BR
0.9 0.5 0.9 0.2
1.7 1.3 2.7 1.1
0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2
0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1
0.0 13.4 14.4 1.6
2.4 0.0 0.9 0.1
1.1 0.7 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.3 0.4 0.0
0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2
0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

FR GR AT BG
0.3 0.6 0.4 0.8
0.9 1.9 1.2 2.2
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.1 1.6
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4
2.1 2.1 1.5 4.1
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2
0.3 0.4 0.2 0.5
0.0 1.6 1.0 4.2
3.0 0.0 11.8 6.2
0.3 1.4 0.0 0.5
1.8 1.2 0.7 0.0
0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.1 2.0
1.4 1.6 2.4 1.4
0.3 0.4 0.3 1.0
1.1 2.5 1.3 10.6
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
1.3 0.8 0.6 1.1
1.3 1.8 0.8 3.9
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3

FN IR
0.3 0.8
1.2 3.5
0.1 0.6
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.7
0.1 0.4
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0
0.2 0.6
0.1 0.2
1.2 8.0
0.2 0.4
0.0 0.2
0.5 0.2
0.8 2.3
3.0 3.7
0.3 0.3
0.6 1.3
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.0
0.7 0.9
0.1 0.4
1.4 4.5
0.2 0.2
0.4 1.0
0.9 16.8
0.2 0.2

IT LX NL
0.2 1.2 1.0
1.6 1.6 2.8
0.2 0.3 0.3
0.1 0.3 0.2
0.1 0.4 0.6
0.1 1.0 0.8
0.1 0.2 0.2
0.2 1.1 0.5
0.0 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.1 0.1 0.3
1.2 9.0 4.5
0.1 0.5 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.3 0.9
1.7 9.8 2.4
3.1 20.0 8.6
0.8 1.2 0.4
0.9 12.5 4.4
0.2 0.3 0.7
0.2 0.5 0.3
0.0 2.6 1.2
0.2 0.0 0.6
1.2 5.8 0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3
1.1 1.1 1.0
0.8 4.9 4.7
0.2 0.3 0.1

PT
0.2
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.1
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.9
1.6
2.8
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.1
1.0
0.0
9.0
1.0
0.0

SP UK
0.3 0.5
1.4 1.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.5
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.3 0.4
0.1 0.2
1.4 2.9
0.1 0.3
0.5 0.1
0.5 0.2
2.8 1.2
2.8 2.6
0.3 0.2
0.7 0.9
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.6
1.7 0.7
0.1 0.2
1.0 1.7
1.0 0.1
0.0 0.6
1.2 0.0
0.1 0.2

SA
0.6
3.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.1
1.0
1.1
3.2
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.8
2.1
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.9
0.0

21.9

22.2

12.5

19.1

22.6

20.0

26.3

21.9

23.7

33.0

64.7

16.7

21.6

25.1

7.3

26.8

31.8

50.8

55.0

85.9

46.8

20.8

Total
54.7
126.7
26.7
16.5
31.5
30.7
17.1
24.3
6.2
5.4
24.8
24.6
137.8
11.4
5.6
13.9
37.5
89.8
7.9
29.6
4.6
6.6
23.1
4.3
37.8
3.2
21.6
50.9
5.9

10