SVC45-01

Room:304

Time:May 27 16:15-16:30

New measures of tremor signals associated with eruptions and lahars
KUMAGAI, Hiroyuki1∗ ; RUIZ, Mario2 ; MOTHES, Patricia2
1

Nagoya University, 2 IG-EPN

Tremor signals are observed at volcanoes during heightened eruption activities and debris flows or lahars. Quantifying thesesignals is important in understanding dynamic processes associated with eruptions and lahars as well as monitoring these activities. The reduced displacement (RD) has been traditionally used as a measure of tremor. However, there are two main problems
in the reduced displacement to quantify the size of tremor: (1) the frequency is not defined in estimating RD, and (2) the durationof tremor is not considered. In this study, we propose new measures of tremor signals using high-frequency seismic amplitudes.
We use the amplitude source location (ASL) method utilizing high-frequency amplitudes under the assumption of isotropic Swave radiation for tremor signals. We first estimate the source amplitude (SA) using vertical envelope amplitudes band-passed
between 5 and 10 Hz and averaged over a 10-s window that includes maximum amplitudes. We then multiply the correction factor for the geometrical spreading and medium attenuation to the observed vertical waveform, and integrate in time its envelope
amplitude with a passband of 5-10 Hz. We estimate the offset value of the integrated envelope amplitude during tremor, which
we call the total source amplitude (TSA). SA and TSA may be related to the maximum mass flow rate and total mass volume
involved during tremor, respectively. We estimated SA and TSA for tremor signals observed at Tungurahua and Cotopaxi volcanoes, Ecuador. We found that TSA linearly increases with increasing SA for lahar tremor signals, whereas TSA exponentially
increases with increasing SA for eruption tremor signals. SA and TSA may be used as universal quantitative measures of tremor
signals observed at different volcanoes.

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SVC45-02

Room:304

Time:May 27 16:30-16:45

Seismic signal variation during the transitional phase from repetitive explosion to effusive
eruption at Stromboli
AOYAMA, Hiroshi1∗ ; NISHIMURA, Takeshi2 ; YAMADA, Taishi1 ; KAWAGUCHI, Ryohei3 ; MIWA, Takahiro3 ;FUJITA, Eisuke3 ; RIPEPE, Maurizio4 ; GENCO, Riccardo4 ; LACANNA, Giorgio4
1

Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, 2 Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 3 NIED, 4 Department ofEarth Science, University of Florence
Stromboli volcano, which is famous for Strombolian basaltic explosions, has changed the eruption style from repetitive explosion to effusive eruption in early August 2014. Our research group began temporary seismic and tilt observations at Stromboli
volcano in late May and successfully obtained the continuous data throughout the transitional phase of volcanic activity. In thisstudy, we investigate temporal changes in RMS amplitude and in polarization of seismic waves during 4 months of observation
as preliminary analyses to understand the transition phases of the volcanic activity. Changes in intensity of volcanic activity will
be reflected in RMS amplitude. Polarization of seismic signals will bring us information about source location and excitation
mechanism.
Here we calculated RMS amplitudes of velocity seismogram in 8 frequency bands between 0.02 Hz and 5.12 Hz. The broadband seismic data at Stromboli mainly consist of two kinds of signals: very-long-period pulse (VLP pulse) and short-period
volcanic tremor (SP tremor). The signals of higher frequencies over 1 Hz correspond to SP tremor. RMS amplitude of SP
tremor gradually increased from early June to the evening of August 6, and then it suddenly decreased within two days. The
rapid change in RMS amplitude of SP tremor is quite consistent with the beginning of lateral effusive eruption. Therefore, SP
tremor amplitude may represent the change in altitude of magma head in the conduit and intensity of gas emission at a shallow
depth. On the other hand, VLP pulse has a dominant period at around 10 s as reported in the previous studies (e.g., Chouet etal., 2003). Amplitude change in the lower frequency bands below 0.16 Hz mainly correspond to VLP activity. Contrary to SP
tremor, long-term gradual increase in RMS amplitude towards August 6 was not clearly recognized. Instead, VLP activity inJune seemed slightly higher than that in July. However, from the end of July, RMS amplitude of low frequency signals rapidly
increased until August 6. VLP pulse observed at Stromboli is a kind of explosion earthquake that coincides with the vigorous
gas ejection from the active vent. Change in seismic amplitude in low frequency signals may reflect the size of gas slug ruptured
at the top of magma column.
Next, we made a list of occurrence time of Strombolian explosions from band-passed seismic data and estimated polarization
azimuth and inclination of each VLP pulse. More than 45,000 explosions were identified during about 4 months of observation.
Before the effusive eruption on August 6, two azimuthal peaks at around N37W and N32W were recognized. When we visitedthe volcano for the installation work in middle May, NE and SW crater have been repeating vigorous gas ejection. Therefore,
these two azimuthal peaks may reflect the difference of location of explosion. After the beginning of the effusive eruption, it
converged at around N32W. Inclination also increased coincident with the change in azimuthal direction, which strongly suggests
the subsidence of VLP source. Giudicepietro et al. (2009) performed similar polarization analysis for the 2007 effusive eruption
and found the temporal change in polarization of seismic waves after the beginning of effusive eruption in February 2007. Quantitative comparison between our data with their result will be a future study.
From this study, we confirmed the gradual increase in intensity of magmatic activity toward the beginning of effusive eruptionin early August. However, there was no distinctive change in the polarization of VLP pulses before the transition from repetitive
explosion to effusive eruption. This means that the location of magma in the conduit before the transition was almost stationary.
The rapid increase in amplitude of low frequency signals a few days before the effusive eruption suggests the significant changes
in the size of gas slug, magma pressure etc. towards the transition.
Keywords: Stromboli volcano, transition process of volcanic eruption, Strombolian explosion, effusion eruption, very-longperiod signal

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SVC45-03

Room:304

Time:May 27 16:45-17:00

Small inflations prior to volcanic earthquakes at Azuma volcano, JapanYAMAMOTO, Mare1∗
1

Gradual School of Science, Tohoku University

Existence of volcanic fluid in the shallow crust beneath active volcanoes is considered to be closely related to the generation
process of volcanic earthquakes such as the nucleation of shear faulting due to the reduction in effective normal stress on thefaults and the creation of tensile faults. In addition, the movement of volcanic fluids sometimes causes earthquake swarms andmigration of hypocenters. Therefore, the observation and understandings of fluid-related phenomena associated with volcanic
earthquakes would be important for understanding of volcanic phenomena. In this presentation, as an example of such interaction
between volcanic earthquakes and volcanic fluids, I will report the detection of small inflation phase prior to the occurrence of
volcanic earthquakes observed at Azuma volcano, Japan.
Azuma volcano is one of the quaternary volcanoes located at the volcanic front of the Northeast Japan arc, and it consistsof overlapping stratovolcanoes of shield volcanoes, lava domes, and pyroclastic cones. Historical eruptions of Azuma volcano
were mostly small phreatic eruptions at Issaikyo and O-ana crater at the northern end of the Higashi-Azuma volcanic complex.
Just beneath the O-ana crater, occurrence of various types of volcanic earthquakes including volcanic, tremor, low-frequency
earthquakes, monotonic/harmonic earthquakes, and Tornillos as well as the volcano-tectonic earthquakes have been reported,and these facts suggest the existence of hydrothermal system and fracture system beneath the volcano. Since 2014, the activityof Azuma volcano become rather high, and subtle ground deformation and increase in seismicity are observed. In addition, there
is an earthquake swarm in the middle of January 2015.
To understand the nature of this earthquake swarm, we carefully analyze the seismic and geodetic (tilt) records observed at
nearby stations, and detect the existence of small inflation phase just prior to the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The inflation phase starts about five seconds before the occurrence of earthquakes, and observed displacement and tilt vectors roughly
point to the epicenteral area. The depth of the inflation source determined by fitting of displacement and tilt waveforms is around
2 km, and thus the location of inflation source is just below the source of thermal demagnetization/magnetization detected by therepeating magnetic field survey in this area. These results provide a direct evidence of the interaction between volcanic earthquakes and volcanic fluids, and further study may reveal the generation and triggering processes of shallow volcanic earthquakes.
Keywords: Volcanic earthquake, Volcanic fluids, Earthquake nucleation

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SVC45-04

Room:304

Time:May 28 09:00-09:15

Eruptive activities of Aso Volcano, 2014-1015
OHKURA, Takahiro1∗ ; UTSUGI, Mitsuru1 ; YOKOO, Akihiko1 ; YOSHIKAWA, Shin1 ; INOUE, Hiroyuki1 ;KAGIYAMA, Tsuneomi1
1

AVL, Kyoto Univ.

Aso Volcano is located in the central part of the Beppu-Shimabara graben and consists of an elliptical caldera measuring 18
km (E-W) by 25 km (N-S), and of central cones with more than 10 volcanoes aligned in the E-W direction. Among central cones,
Nakadake volcano is the only active one. The Nakadake is composed of seven craters, which are aligned in a N-S direction. Only
the northernmost crater (1st crater) has been active during the past 80 years, and its recent activities are characterized by ash andstrombolian eruptions and phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions. The last strombolian eruptions ended in the middle of the
1990s and after that, surface activities have been restricted to the fumarolic gas and ash emission from the northernmost crater ofthe volcano accompanying activity of long period tremors (LPT).
Aso Volcanological Laboratory (AVL) has conducted geophysical studies of Aso volcano since 1928, through seismic, geodetic, geomagnetic and geothermal methods.
After 21 year’s dormancy, magmatic eruptions were resumed from the 1st crater in November, 2014. In this presentation,summaries of the observation results before and during the 2014-2015 eruptive activities will be introduced.
Keywords: Aso Volcano, Eruption in 2014

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SVC45-05

Room:304

Time:May 28 09:15-09:30

Preliminary report on sequence and deposits of the 2014-2015 eruption of Nakadakecrater, Aso Volcano, JapanMIYABUCHI, Yasuo1∗ ; GESHI, Nobuo2 ; YOKOO, Akihiko3
1

Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 2 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 3 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
Nakadake crater, Aso Volcano in central Kyushu, southwestern Japan, began a series of eruptions on November 25, 2014. The
activity continues to the present (February 2015), and the ash-fall deposits are distributed mainly southeast of the crater. We
focus on the November 25-29 and December 9-11, 2014 eruptive events and their deposits.
The November 25-29 ash-fall deposits extended about 30 km to the east of the source crater with two dispersal axes (E andS trending). The ash distribution is consistent with wind directions changing from southwest-northwest (˜15:00 on November25) to north (between 16:00 on November 25 and 17:00 on November 27). The deposits were 4-5 cm thick (ca. 40 kg/m2 )at the southwestern to southern rims. Although well-vesiculated scoriaceous clasts (<30 cm in diameter) were observe on thesurface, most of the deposits were black to dark gray sand-sized ash. The total weight of the November 25-29 ash-fall deposits
was estimated at about 150,000 tons.
The December 9-11 ash was distributed mainly southwest of the Nakadake crater although it was dispersed to the north andeast. The measured dried weights were 2.7 kg/m2 at the southwestern crater rim and 2 kg/m2 at 1.2 km southwest of the vent.
The total weight of December 9-11 ash was calculated at approximately 70,000 tons. The event produced mostly sand-sized ash,but also well-vesiculated scoriaceous bombs which could be traced about 4 km of the crater.
The November 25-29 and December 9-11 ash-fall deposits were composed mainly of black to brown vesiculated glass grains
although they contained lithics and crystals. Black crystalized glass particles were dominant in the former ash, whereas the
proportion of brown lustrous glass grains increased in the latter ash.
The eruptive activity of Nakadake after November 25, 2014 was characterized by continuous ash emission from a vent of
20-30 m across (141 vent) formed near the center of the active crater (Nakadake first crater) and contemporaneous strombolian
eruptions producing scoriaceous bombs at the same vent. During the 1989-1990 activity, strombolian eruptions occurred a few
months after the beginning of the activity. In contrast, strombolian eruptions were recognized immediately after the initiation of
the series of the 2014-2015 eruptions.
Keywords: Aso Volcano, Nakadake, ash eruption, strombolian eruption, eruption deposits

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SVC45-06

Room:304

Time:May 28 09:30-09:45

Temporal color variations of volcanic ashes from Aso Nakadake 2014-2015
MIYAGI, Isoji1∗ ; GESHI, Nobuo1 ; HOSHIZUMI, Hideo1 ; YAMASAKI, Seiko1
1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

Current eruptive activity of a crater of Nakadake in Aso volcano, since 25th November 2014, provides frequent sampling of
fresh magma. In order to understand the time variation of dehydration and oxidation process of magma during ash eruption,
we focused on the color of the volcanic ash. We separated a finer (silt size or less in diameter) composition in the volcanicash by elutriation and measured the color using a color-meter (Minolta SPAD-503). In addition, we measured the colors ofa coarser component (0.25-0.5mm in diameter by sieving) in the volcanic ash after grinding for about 30 minutes in an agate
mortar. The measured color data will be reported in the L∗a∗b∗color space defined by the CIE (1976). Systematic temporalchange was observed over time in the a∗value (redness) for a finer component of volcanic ash samples. The a∗value of the
volcanic ash samples showed a clear temporal variation; the redness increased significantly at the beginning of the observation
period. Thereafter the redness appears to be reduced while oscillating. Specifically, a∗value is significantly increased from 0.3 to
6.7 through 4th December from 25th November, 2014, significantly decreased from 6.7 to 1.7 through 24th December, a slightincrease from 1.7 to 2.5 over 27th December, minimum at 0.6 to 14th January, 2015, a slight increase from 0.6 to 1.5 over 16th
January, gradually decline from 1.5 to 1.2 through 19th January, and in 28th January there was a slight increase from 1.2 to 1.6.
In contrast the observation in coarse component of volcanic ash that a∗value of fine components have increased significantly
over 4th December from 25th November, a∗value of the coarse-grained components have decreased from 0.94 (29th November)
to 0.44 (3th December). The observed color change is by oxidation of iron in volcanic ash with atmospheric oxygen (Miyagi
and Tomiya, 2002, J.Volc.Soc.Jpn.) and/or with oxidation due to hydrogen degassing (Miyagi et al., 1999; Geochem J.). Since
a volcanic plume entraps a large amount of air, the plume temperature drops rapidly below 300 degree-C. As a result, time foriron oxidation in the plume temperature is only limited. Therefore, oxidation of volcanic ash particles occurs selectively for finescomponent that has a large specific surface area. On the other hand, the oxidation by dehydrogenation can happen in the volcanic
conduit where atmospheric oxygen does not flow into. Therefore, color of the fine volcanic ash particles probably record thetemperature of the plume. And the color of the coarse-grained volcanic ash particles may reflect the oxidation state of the magma
in a volcanic conduit before eruption (Miyagi et al., 2010, Volcano). To the early December from the end of November, the colorof fine grain volcanic ash changed to oxidative, and the color of coarse grain changed to a reductive. These observations canbe interpreted as reflecting an increase in reductive magma supply and an increase in plume temperature. Since mid-December,volcanic ash contain relatively large amounts (>40%) of magmatic particles such as pale brown glass. Volcanic cloud is expected
to be high temperature. However, the a∗value of fine grained ash keeps a low value. We guess that the actual plume temperature
is lower than expected, or there exist mechanisms to inhibit the oxidation of the ash particles. We would like to thank the Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA) and to the Aso volcano observatory Kyoto university for their help in sampling.

Keywords: Aso, Nakadake, volcanic ash, color, oxidation, temperature

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SVC45-07

Room:304

Time:May 28 09:45-10:00

Petrographic description of volcanic products from Aso Nakadake, November 2014 andlater
HASENAKA, Toshiaki1∗ ; ISOBE, Hiroshi1 ; SUGIYAMA, Fumiko1 ; NAGATA, Koki3 ; NAGAMATSU, Yoshizumi4 ;MORI, Yasushi2
1
3

Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2 Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History & Human History,
Aso Geopark Promotion Council, 4 Kita-ku, Kumamoto City

Aso Nakadake volcano made a magmatic eruption on November 25, 2014.
The earliest stage of activity characteristically includes Strombolian eruption. It discharged scoria and ash around the crater
between the night of November 26 and the morning of November 27. The maximum scoria size was 30 cm. We will reportpetrographic description of scoria and volcanic ash sampled from the crater rim on November 27.
The 5-cm scoria observed under microscope was vesicular with rounded vesicles attaching each other. Phenocrysts and microphenocrysts of olivine, clingyroxene, and plagioclase were found between bubbles. Rare orthopyroxene phenocrysts withreaction rim of clinopyroxene, and a few opaque minerals of phenocryst to microphenocrsyt size were also found. Groudmass
is mostly occupied by pale brown glass and shows hyalopilitic texture. Bulk composition corresponds to low-MgO basaltic andesite.
Scoria found northwest of Nakadake crater representing 1989 eruption was analyzed for comparison. It is also vesicular, however, vesicles do not attach each other. Phenocryst and microphenocryst include olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase, with afew orthopyroxene with reaction rim of clinopyroxene and opaque minerals. Plagioclase crystals with honey comb structure arefound. Groundmass show intersertal texture, and include microlites and dark brown glass. This scoria is low-MgO basalt.
Volcanic ash sampled near Nakadake crater rim on November 27 contain crystals of olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase.
Observed samples do not include orthopyroxene. Some plagioclase crystals show honey-comb structure. Crystals with groundmass or lithic volcanic rock fragments are often found. Few are vescicular. Pale brown glass observed among groundmass ofscoria samples from current eruption are few, whereas dark brown glass and microlites are abundant. Altered volcanic rockfragments and crystals are also observed as well as fresh ones.
Miyoshi et al., (2005) classified post-caldera Aso volcanic rocks into seven groups based on chemistry and petrography. The
scoria samples we described this time belong to group VII (Orthopyroxene olivine clinopyroxene basalt to basaltic andesite), themost magic group. It includes volcanic rocks from Nakadake, Takadake, Ojodake, Kijimadake, and Komezuka, and is associated with orthopyroxene with clinopyroxene reaction rim and plagioclase with honey-comb structure. The samples we observedin this study include rare existence of orthopyroxene with reaction rim, however, do not include plagioclase with honey-comb
structure. Such plagioclase was only found among volcanic ash samples. Petrological characters of volcanic products from Aso
volcano are probably explained by the interaction between shallow silicic magma reservoir system and deep-seated mafic magma
supply.

Keywords: Aso volcano, Nakadake, eruption, petrographic description, chemical composition

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SVC45-08

Room:304

Time:May 28 10:00-10:15

Variation of volcanic gas composition during transition from crater lake activity to eruption at Aso volcano, JapanSHINOHARA, Hiroshi1∗ ; GESHI, Nobuo1 ; YOKOO, Akihiko2 ; KAZAHAYA, Ryunosuke1
1

Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 2 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Aso volcano started eruption at the end of November 2014 from the summit crater after dry up of the hot acid crater lake.
We report variation of volcanic gas composition during the transition from a stable crater lake, dry up then to eruption. The
lake water volume decrease started in early 2013 and almost dried up at the end of 2013. High temperature gas emission fromthe center of the crater was observed in early 2014. Continuous ash emission with small scale strombolian eruptions started in
November 2014 at the center of the crater. During the quiescent period, acid gases are discharged from the surface of the hot acidcrater lake (crater lake gas) and high-temperature fumaroles at the southern rim of the crater (south fumarole). The crater lakegas composition is similar to a typical high-temperature gases with high SO2 and H2 contents, suggesting that high-temperaturegases continuously supplied to the crater lake. The crater lake gas and the south fumarolic gas have contrasting composition withlow and high CO2/SO2 ratio, respectively and the contrasting compositions were interpreted as a results of gas-liquid separation
in a hydrothermal system. The contrasting CO2/SO2 ratios, however, did not change by the transition from the stable crater
lake to dry then to the eruption, implying that the contrasting compositions are not the results of the hydrothermal differentiation
but imply the existence of two different magmatic gases, likely separated from a magma at different conditions. The stable gas
compositions indicate that the degassing conditions remains similar during the activity transition.
Keywords: Volcanic gas, Crater lake, eruption, Aso volcano

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SVC45-09

Room:304

Time:May 28 10:15-10:30

Step-wise temporal change in the frequency-amplitude distribution of volcanic long period tremors at Aso volcano
SANDANBATA, Osamu1∗ ; OBARA, Kazushige2 ; MAEDA, Takuto2 ; TAKAGI, Ryota2 ; SATAKE, Kenji2
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, 2 Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo

Introduction
Aso volcano located in Kyushu Island is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. At the volcano, different seismic phenomena related to the volcanic activity have been observed, including characteristic long period tremors (LPTs) with a period of 15
sec. The origin of LPTs is found to be the tensile crack almost parallel to the chain of the craters. In this study, we monitored
LPTs from Aso volcano for around three years of 2011-2014 and found that the activity has changed with time before and after
a Strombolian eruption on November in 2014, .
The monitoring of LPTs
We detected and located the LPTs by means of waveform correlations. Seven stations in Kyushu Island have been chosen from
F-net broadband seismograph network operated by NIED for the period starting from October 5, 2011 to December 28, 2014.
First, we picked up candidates of LPT signal by amplitude threshold at vertical-component band-pass filtered (10-20s) velocity
seismogram at the Tomochi (N.TMCF) station, where is located nearby the volcano and provides high-quality data. Next, thedelay times between 13 pairs of stations were measured by taking waveform cross correlation. All candidates were located by
the grid search by assuming the propagation velocity of 3.5 km/s, which is typical to the Rayleigh wave. Finally, if the source ofthe candidate is located near the crater, we adopted it as a volcanic LPT.
We found that the LPT activity was separated into several stages particularly before and after the eruption in 2014. From
October 2011 to August 2014, the LPT activity had been generally infrequent, except for small bursts with short-term period.
After the late August 2014, LPTs began to occur more actively and frequently. The amplitude level also was getting higher withrepeating stages composed of a temporary tremor stop and a sudden increase of tremor amplitude. This high amplitude levelof LPTs abruptly dropped around 3 hours before the Strombolian eruption on November 25. Just after the eruption, LPTs witha large amplitude occurred frequently again. However, the amplitude level decreased distinctively within 5 or 6 days after the
eruption. In total, we detected 65,942 LPTs, while 98.2% of them were occurred within 123 days around the eruption.
Changes in frequency-amplitude distribution
We investigated the frequency-amplitude distribution and its temporal changes. Based on the amplitude level and the Stromboli eruption on November 25, the LPT activity from the late August to the end of December 2014 was divided into five stages
and the frequency-amplitude distributions was estimated. The result shows the following sequent transits of the LPTs activity.
(1) In the first three stages before the eruption, the distributions were well fitted to the exponential-type distribution. However,the characteristic amplitudes of the distribution increased at stages with increasing time towards the eruption. (2) Just after the
eruption, the distribution at the 4th stage obeys preferably to the power law rather than the exponential, which implies the characteristic amplitude had been lost within this stage. (3) In the last stage, the distribution again obeys the exponential law as similar
to before the eruption.
Previous studies suggested that the frequency-amplitude distribution at volcanoes is well explained by the exponential distribution rather than the power-law, which implies that the characteristic amplitudes are related to the sizes of the tremor sources atvolcanoes. Our results show that the characteristic scale of LPTs at Aso volcano has changed in stages and the scale had been lostin association with the Stromboli-type eruption. It implies the possibility of forecasting eruptions by investigating a transition of
the frequency-amplitude of LPTs, which is considered related to the change of the generating system, such as the crack and thehydrothermal system between magma and groundwater.

Keywords: Frequency-amplitude distribution, Volcanic tremor, Long period tremor, Strombolian eruption

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SVC45-10

Room:304

Time:May 28 11:00-11:15

Eruption sequence of Ontake-san (Ontake Volcano) 2014 eruption, based on the images
and the field survey.
OIKAWA, Teruki1∗ ; YOSHIMOTO, Mitsuhiro2 ; NAKADA, Setsuya3 ; MAENO, Fukashi3 ; ISHIZUKA, Yoshihiro1 ;TAKESHITA, Yoshihiro4 ; KOMORI, Jiro5 ; SHIMANO, Taketo6 ; ISHIMINE, Yasuhiro7
1

GSJ/AIST, 2 Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi Prefectural Government, 3 ERI, Univ. Tokyo, 4 Education, Shinshu Univ.,
Teikyo Heisei Univ., 6 Social and Environmental,Tokoha Univ., 7 Department of Health Crisis Management, National Instituteof Public Health5Over 60 casualties including missing people were recorded in a phreatic eruption at Mount Ontake (3, 067 m) on 27 September
2014, 11:52. We clarified the eruption sequence of the 2014 eruption, based on the recording images (photographs and videos
from climbers), the interviews with Workers in the mountain huts, and the field survey of the summit area. The onset of eruption
was sudden without any clear surface precursory phenomena such as ground rumbling and strong smell of sulfur. The eruption
started with pyroclastic surges descending about 2.5 km from the craters to SW and moving horizontally about 1 km to N and W
beyond summit ridges. That time, rock fragments up to 50 cm showered densely on the summit area: 20-30 cm-across fell about
1.3 km away from the craters. In the summit area, the first 30 minutes of the eruption there was a violent falling rock fragments.
Then, the number of falling rock fragments become gradually less. At that time, the plume rose up to maximum high (7 kmabove the summit); mud rain has been falling from the plume. In about 16:00 after, Lahar generated by the hot water overflowing
from the crater, flowed down the Jigoku-dani.
Keywords: Ontakesan, Ontake Volcano, eruption sequence, recording images, interviews

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SVC45-11

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Time:May 28 11:15-11:30

Numerical Study of Clast Transport of 2014 Ontake Eruption, JapanTSUNEMATSU, Kae1∗ ; KANEKO, Takayuki2 ; ISHIMINE, Yasuhiro3 ; YOSHIMOTO, Mitsuhiro1 ;FUJII, Toshitsugu1 ; YAMAOKA, Koshun4
1

Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi Prefectural Government, Japan, 2 Earth Research Institute, University of Tokyo,
Japan, 3 National Institute of Public Health, Japan, 4 Graduate School of Envrionmental Studies, Nagoya University
We present an estimate of the ejection conditions and energy of clasts at the deposition points during the 2014 phreatic
eruption of Ontake volcano, Japan. When Ontake volcano erupted around noon on September 27, a fine day of the high seasonof mountaineering, many people were up around the summit of the mountain. 57 people died and 6 people are still missing.
55 out of 57 people died from an injury of clast hitting. In our study, we searched ejection conditions and energy of clasts atthe deposition point based on the distributions of clasts and numerical simulations. Multi-particle numerical model including
particle-particle collision are used for simulating clast transport. We tried three types of transport conditions. First is a purely
ballistic transport, second is a transport with plume, and third is a transport with blast. By considering results of simulations andvideo images of the eruption together, we found that the third condition is a reasonable estimate. We would like to discuss about
the impact energy of clasts and a possible measure for its damage. This study contribute to the establish a standard to prepare fora damage by a clast release from the vent, for example, constructing shelters around vent or putting a restricted area when theseismicity increases.
Keywords: Numerical Model, Hazard mitigation, Volcanic clast, Ontake, Shelter

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SVC45-12

Room:304

Time:May 28 11:30-11:45

Theoretical Analysis on the Conditions for Generating Pyroclastic Density Current during
2014 Eruption of Ontake Volcano
ISHIMINE, Yasuhiro1∗ ; OIKAWA, Teruki2 ; YOSHIMOTO, Mitsuhiro3
1

National Institute of Public Health, 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3 Mount Fuji ResearchInstitute, Yamanashi Prefectural Govenment
I will present a preliminary result on the theoretical analysis on the condition that causes the collapse of an eruption column
and generates pyroclastic density currents during the 2014 phreatic eruption of Ontake volcano, Japan by applying an integral
model of buoyancy-generating turbulent plume. A video camera recorded the eruption column that was generated soon after thephreatic eruption of Ontake on September 27 has begun collapsed and flew down along the flank of the mountain as pyroclastic
density currents. The behavior is significantly different from that of the eruption column spread high in the atmosphere as ash
clouds during the 1979 phreatic eruption of Ontake. This implies that there are some differences in the source conditions atthe vents among the two eruptions. Therefore, we discussed the physical conditions for the collapse of an eruption columns
by applying a steady-state one-dimensional integral model of a turbulent plume that were modified to include the effect of thesignificant thermal expansion of entrained air to increase the buoyancy flux in an eruption column for properly describing thecharacteristic feature of a volcanic eruption column. The theoretical analysis based on the integral model yields that an eruption
column collapses when a value of a constant that is directly proportional to the radius of a volcanic vent and the third root of theinitial density of a gas-particle mixture in an eruption column and inversely proportional to the two-thirds root of the ejection
speed of a gas-particle mixture at a vent and the two-thirds root of the temperature difference between inside and outside of theeruption column at the vent height is large. This implies that the pyroclastic density currents occurs during the 2014 eruption
because the initial density of a gas-particle mixture in the eruption column is larger than that in 1979 eruption column because
fields surveys indicate that there are no significant difference in the size of the vents and the temperature of the ejected materials
among the 1979 and 2014 eruptions. The field surveys also indicate that the density of a gas-particle mixture of the 2014 eruption
should have been significantly larger than that of the 1979 eruption because the former generated the largest eruption at the initialstage when the steam conduit under the ground was not yet completely established and the eruption involved a large amount ofsurrounding rocks.
Keywords: Ontake volcano, eruption column collapse, pyroclastic density current, integral model

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SVC45-13

Room:304

Time:May 28 11:45-12:00

Spatial temporal evolution of seismicity before and after the 2014 phreatic eruption of
Mount Ontake
KATO, Aitaro1∗ ; TERAKAWA, Toshiko1 ; YAMANAKA, Yoshiko1 ; MAEDA, Yuta1 ; HORIKAWA, Shinichiro1 ;MATSUHIRO, Kenjiro1 ; OKUDA, Takashi1
1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

On 27 September, 2014, Mount Ontake caused a phreatic explosion, spraying ash, gas and debris on the surrounding areas.
The height of the ash column reached around 7000 m. Earthquake catalog constructed routinely shows that a micro-seismicity(Magnitude <1.0) beneath the summit sharply increased around two weeks before the eruption. However, the preparation stageof the phreatic eruption is not well constrained. In order to understand the physical process associated with the phreatic eruption,
we relocated earthquakes including two low-frequency earthquakes beneath the summit using double differential travel times
extracted from waveform cross-correlation method, and revealed a spatial and temporal evolution of seismicity applying thematched filter technique to continuous waveform data from 23 August to 30 September, 2014.
The relocated hypocenters aligned along a vertically dipping plane, oriented to NWN-SES. The size of the vertical plane wasapproximately 0.5 km length and 1 km width. The distribution of hypocenters well matched with alignments of volcanic vents
identified by remote sensing images (GSI). Earthquakes before the eruption were tightly clustered and located at relatively deep
depths. In contrast, earthquakes after the eruption occurred at depths shallower than the preceding seismicity by around 0.5 km.
The vertical alignment of hypocenters implies an intrusion of vapor/gas into volcanic vents near the summit.
Using these relocated hypocenters as template events, we searched similar waveforms to the template events from continuous
waveform data. The total number of the newly detected events was greater than 2600. The newly detected seismicity initiatedfrom the end of August and gradually increased to the middle of September, 2014. Following this phase, the seismicity had a peakon the middle of September, and kept the relatively high rate, while slightly decaying. The number of low-frequency earthquakes
increased, having a delay of about 5 days from the peak of regular earthquakes. About ten minutes prior to the eruption,
the hypocenters migrated to shallower depths and expanded to both NWN and to SES directions, accompanying with typicalvolcanic tremors. The amplitudes of volcanic tremors increased at an accelerated rate before the eruption. These observations
suggest that pressurized vapor/gas rapidly intruded into shallow conduits during final ten minutes, resulting in the 2014 phreatic
eruption.

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Temporal changes in earthquake focal mechanism solutions following the 2014 eruptionof the Mt. Ontake volcano
TERAKAWA, Toshiko1∗ ; KATO, Aitaro1 ; YAMANAKA, Yoshiko1 ; MAEDA, Yuta1 ; HORIKAWA, Shinichiro1 ;MATSUHIRO, Kenjiro1 ; OKUDA, Takashi1
1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

On 27th September in 2014, the Mt. Ontake volcano caused phreatic eruption after an interval of 7 years. In order to understandphysical processes associated with the phreatic eruption of the Mt. Ontake volcano, we investigated relationship between thetectonic field and focal mechanism solutions of VT microseismicity in the Ontake region.
We applied a method of stress inversion, termed the CMT data inversion method (Terakawa & Matsu’ura, 2008), to 550 focal
mechanism solutions of seismic events (M >1), and estimates the tectonic stress field in the Ontake region. The stress pattern wascharacterized by strike-slip faulting with the maximum principal stress axis in the direction of WNW-ESE. On the other hand,
we estimated focal mechanism solutions of about 70 VT events below the craters during September 2014 to January 2015 using
S/P amplitude ratios as well as polarities of P wave first motion (Hardebeck & Shearer, 2003). We found that events before theeruption were mainly normal faulting with east-west tension, while those after the eruption were reverse faulting with east-westor north-sourth compression. The hypocentral depths became <1 km shallower after the eruption, but the epicentral locations
were almost the same.
To measure cocnsistency of focal mechanism solutions with the regional stress pattern, we evaluated misfit angles between
actual slip vectors and theoretical slip vectors expected from the regional stress pattern in the Ontake region, based on the ideathat seismic slip occurs in the direction of the resolved shear traction acting on a pre-exsiting fault (Wallace, 1951; Bott, 1959).
The events of reverse faulting after the eruption were well controlled by the regional stress field. They may be related withsome physical processes of crustal contraction follwong the emission of vocanic products like debris, volcanic ashes and steam.
However, the events of normal faulting before the eruption were inconcictent with the regional stress pattern, although these
events may be linked with inflation of dike. This suggests that the local stress field at depths of 2-3 km below the craters would
have temporally changed controlled by inflation, or that the stress field would be heterogenerous originated by vocanic processes.
In any case, events of normal faulting just below the Mt. Ontake may show one of the signs of an increase in volcanic activity.
Keywords: volcano, eruption, VT earthquakes, focal mechanism, stress field

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Preparatory process for the 2014 eruption in Ontake Volcano estimated from precise leveling (2006-2014)
MURASE, Masayuki1∗ ; KIMATA, Fumiaki2 ; MIYAJIMA, Rikio2 ; MORI, Hitoshi, Y.3 ; YAMANAKA, Yoshiko4 ;HORIKAWA, Shinichiro4 ; MATSUHIRO, Kenjiro4 ; OHKURA, Takahiro5 ; YOSHIKAWA, Shin5 ;INOUE, Hiroyuki5 ; MISHIMA, Taketoshi5 ; SONODA, Tadaomi6 ; MATSUSHIMA, Takeshi7 ; UCHIDA, Kazunari7
1

Department of Geosystem, College of Humanities and Sciences, NIHON University, 2 Tono Research Institute of Earthquake
Science, Association, 3 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, 4 Graduate Schoolof Encironmental Studies, University of NAGOYA, 5 Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Institute for Geothermal Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, 6 Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University,
7
Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University
A preparatory process for the 2014 eruption in Ontake Volcano was estimated from vertical deformations detected by precise
leveling. We installed leveling routes in the east part of Ontake volcano and conducted the precise leveling survey since 1999
(Kimata et al., 2004).
Here we focused on the vertical deformations during 2006-2014 to discuss the preparatory process for the 2014 eruption.
Before 2006, slight uplift was detected just above the region of the most active earthquake cluster. The uplift, however, wasdetected around summit area after 2006. Despite the occurrence of eruption in 2007, slight uplift was continued to the 2009. The
total value of the uplift during 2006 -2009 was about 1cm. The leveling survey was conducted with small part of the levelingroutes in 2013. Although the result from the leveling survey with small distance is strongly affected by reference point, the result
suggests that the slight uplift might be continued to the 2013. In the survey after 2014 eruption, the subsidence with about 1 cm
was detected.
Based on the leveling results, possible preparatory process for the 2014 eruption in Ontake Volcano was as follows. The
magma intruded to the shallow part of Ontake volcano in 2006 and small eruption occurred in 2007. The magma supply, however, was continued slightly after 2007 eruption and then 2014 eruption occurred. After 2014 eruption, magma with shallow partwas deflated.

Keywords: Ontake volcano, precise leveling

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Time:May 28 14:15-14:30

Development and evaluation of UAV hanging type sampling device for pyroclastic materials
YAJIMA, Ryosuke1∗ ; KURI, Miwa2 ; NAGATANI, Keiji1 ; YOSHIDA, Kazuya1
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 2 International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University

Observation method of active volcano is limited depending on the access restricted area for human safety. Therefore, technologies of unmanned volcanic explorations have been required and tele-operated mobile ground robots have been developed inJapan and Italy until now. As a result, it is becoming possible to get data of the inside of the restricted area, for example digital
images from cameras and numerical values from sensors. However, there is no practical sample-return method for obtaining
pyroclastic materials from such restricted areas. Therefore, in this research, I aim to realize an unmanned sample-return system,
and I develop and evaluate a sampling device for obtaining pyroclastic materials that is most important in this system.
The sample-return system consists of 3 parts: (1) a multi-copter, (2) a sampling device, and (3) a tether. The multi-copter that
hangs the sampling device with the tether flies from the out of the restricted area. The automatic flight setting is based on the
GPS data. On the target area, the multi-copter comes close to the ground and releases tether to touch down the device to theground, and keeps the altitude for sampling. During the hovering, the device conducts sampling. After sampling the multi-copter
rises up, and comes back to the departure point.
The roller system is adopted for sampling device. Its size has a length of 180mm, a width of 190mm, a height of 130mm andits weight is 840g. It gathers pyroclastic materials by the following procedure: (1) the pair of rollers that rotate mutually andreversely shaves off pyroclastic materials on the weak ground, (2) the rollers catch up the pyroclastic materials and (3) they arecaptured into the buckets. The parallel link plays a role that changes the distance between two rollers to obtain various sizes ofsamples. The maximum particle size of pyroclastic materials that the device can obtain is 25mm (The maximum particle size of
pyroclastic materials that the device can put between rollers is 65mm).
Sample size distribution was measured to evaluate the performance of this sampling device. Simulated standard sample in thiswork is ”Fuji sand”. Fuji sand having particle size of 4mm or less, Fuji sand having particle size of 4mm or more and mixturesof them were used as simulated field. The result of these experiments shows that the developed device can obtain samples thatare approximately 100 g in weight and approximately 15 mm in depth. Furthermore, when the particle size of the weak groundis even-grained, the device obtains the same particle size distribution as the ground. However, when the particle size of the weakground is uneven-grained, the device obtains samples containing a high proportion of large particle size.
Field test was held after evaluations by simulated standard sample in laboratory. The target fields were Mt. Asama, Sakurajima,and Izu Oshima. In these field tests, the sample-return system worked properly to obtain samples and succeeded in performing
an autonomous sample-return motion based on GPS navigation of multi-copter’s flight system.
Keywords: sampling, sample-return, pyroclastic materials, UAV

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Time:May 28 14:30-14:45

Development of volcano observation technology by cosmic ray muon radiography with
nuclear emulsion
NISHIO, Akira1∗ ; MORISHIMA, Kunihiro2 ; NAKAMURA, Mitsuhiro3
1

Graduate school of science, Nagoya University, 2 Institute for advanced research, Nagoya University, 3 Ecotopia Science Institute, Nagoya University
Muon radiography is the non-destructive testing technique of large-scale constructions with cosmic ray muon. Cosmic ray
muon has high penetrating power and it always comes from the whole sky. In the same way of taking a X-ray photograph, we
can obtain integrated density of constructions. We had ever applied this technique to nuclear reactors, volcanos and so on, tested
the principle.
At now, in order to more widely deployed this technology, we are developing it from both sides of the data-processing systemand the detector. Our detector, nuclear emulsion (Fig), is high resolution three dimensional track detector. This detector has mrad
angular resolution. In Nagoya University, we launched emulsion manufacturing equipment at 2010. It has become possible toflexible development of our detector. An important factor is the temperature characteristic to withstand the outdoor observation
as a detector to be used in the muon radiography. In addition, the features which requires no power supply and can observein a large area suitable for muon radiography. In this talk, I talk about basic characteristics (especially sensitivity and thermal
properties) of nuclear emulsion and detector structure.
Keywords: Volcano, Muon radiography, Nuclear emulsion

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Very Long Range Muography for Monitoring a Volcano Eruption
KUSAGAYA, Taro1∗ ; TANAKA, Hiroyuki1
1

ERI, University of Tokyo

A radiographic imaging technique with cosmic ray muons (muography) offers us a tool to remotely observe a hazardous
erupting volcano. Practical muographic observations of a volcano from a distance are, however, difficult and thus, various
observations have been carried out in the vicinity (<1.5 km) of the volcano peaks in order to suppress a background noise andenhance an image. Here, we created a muographic image right below a caldera floor of an erupting Shinmoe-dake volcano,Japan by locating our muography telescope at a distance of 5 km from the peak. Shinmoe-dake volcano started to erupt on
January 19, 2011, and within less than one month, the ejected lava almost completely filled the caldera, and completely changed
the topography of its caldera floor. The resultant image showed a low-density region underneath the western part of the newly
created caldera floor, indicating the existence of a void there. We anticipate that our novel muography will be a practical tool tomonitor and predict an eruption sequence in the near future.
Keywords: cosmic ray, muon, muography, volcano, eruption, remote

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A discussion on the synthetic reflection seismogram derived from the sonic log obtainedat the academic drilling hole in
TSUTSUI, Tomoki1∗ ; OSHIMA, Hiromitsu2 ; TANISE, Masazumi3 ; YAHATA, Masahiro4
1

Akita University, 2 Hokkaido University, 3 Oyo Corporation, 4 MY-Geol

A synthetic reflection seismogram derived from well-logging at the drill hole in 2000’s craters of Usu volcano is presented.
The purpose is understanding shallow structure which controls volcanic phenomena at the surface through correlating with theseismic section. Such direct correlation has not done in the vicinity of active crater.
An academic drilling project in 2000’s crater of Usu volcano has run since 2009 to 2013, as a part of Observation and Research
Program for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions. The drilling point is located at the maximum upheaval point in
the swelling area associating 2000’s activity. The seismic reflection profiling is executed through the drilling point in order todetect structural evolution associating decaying volcanic activity. The drilling point is located at 350m from the north end of theseismic profile.
Core samples and logging data were fully obtained down to 500m depth from 90m below the surface. P-wave and S-wave
velocity was measured at each 1m with susupention type sonde in the hole. Typical specimens were choosed from the coresamples and their seismic velocity and density were measured in the laboratory under natural, wet and dry states.
Density is necessary to derive synthetic seismogram from logging data. However the logging data does not include direct
measurement of density. Then, empirical formulas were derived from laboratory measurement of the specimens and used toestimate density from velocity at depths.
Although the target zone was beneath the water table, the formula for the natural condition is used to derive the density for theactual calculation. In the density derivation, typical velocities at the depth are obtained through the median filtering with 10 point
length. Surface velocity down to top of loggong data is interpolated linearly from the result of seismic profiling in the vicinity.
Synthetic reflection coefficient was calculated for each 1ms over 0.288s from 0.134 to 0.422s, whose input was the logging
velocities and derived densities. Bandpass filetered seismogram were compared with the seismic profile, whose passband is
12-48Hz with refer to predominant frequency about 24Hz in 0.1 to 0.2s of the seismic profile. Four clear reflection events at
0.161, 0.209, 0.279, 0.307s are found in the filtered synthetic seismogram.
Although clear event at 0.27s is observed in the profile, the latest event at the same time in the synthetic is not clear. Lateralvariation in little bit later reflection horizon is observed at 0.307s in the profile. The event at 0.209s in the synthetic is correlated
clearly in the profile. The event at 0.16s in the synthetic looks clearer than that in the profile.
Because descrepancy in the appearance may be caused by choise of the empirical formula for the density derivation, Other
formulas were tested in the obtained synthetics. There was no clear amplitude difference in the obtained synthetics except forthat of 0.279s . It is concluded that the empirical formular is acceptable and synthetic is fair approximation of the zero-offset
seismogram at the site.

Keywords: Usu Volcano, Academic drilling, Well-logging, Synthetic seismogram, Active crater

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Crust and Upper mantle structure revealed by simulated annealing inversion of receiver
functions
KINOSHITA, Sawako1∗ ; IGARASHI, Toshihiro1 ; NISHIDA, Kiwamu1 ; AOKI, Yosuke1 ; TAKEO, Minoru1 ;UEDA, Hideki2
1

Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 2 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

Mt. Fuji has ejected a huge amount of basaltic products during the last 100,000 years. Even though the region around Mt.
Fuji is tectonically active, the seismicity below Mt. Fuji is low, resulting in little knowledge about the seismic structure there. To
gain more insight into the magma-plumbing system, we obtain the seismic structure beneath Mt. Fuji by the receiver function(RF) technique. Cross sections of RF amplitudes reveal two distinct velocity boundaries around Mt. Fuji, at depths of 40?50
km and 20?30 km, which we interpret to be the boundary between the crust-mantle transition layer (CMTL) and the uppermost
mantle of the Izu-Bonin arc (IBA) and the velocity discontinuity just below the region where low- frequency earthquakes (LFEs)of Mt. Fuji have occurred, respectively. The velocity boundary at about 50-km depth shows a clear gap just beneath Mt. Fuji.
We suggest that this gap represents a weaker velocity contrast zone through which the magma of Mt. Fuji ascends from the
Pacific (PAC) plate. We investigate the velocity structure around Mt. Fuji by simulated annealing inversion of receiver functions.
Velocity structure are constrained by combining receiver functions and dispersion curves. Each dispersion curve is calculatedusing the velocity structure obtained from an ambient noise surface wave tomography by Nishida et al. (2008). Preliminary
calculation reveals that a low-velocity region around 20 km depth explains all the characteristics of RFs near Mt. Fuji, leading
us to interpret the high velocity boundary just below the LFE region as the lower boundary of Mt. Fuji’s magma chamber.
Keywords: receiver function analysis, seismic structure below volcanoes, Mt. Fuji

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Crustal deformation around Azumayama Volcano
MIURA, Satoshi1∗ ; YAMAMOTO, Mare1 ; ICHIKI, Masahiro1 ; NISHIMURA, Takeshi1 ; OHTA, Yusaku1 ;DEMACHI, Tomotsugu1
1

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Azumaya Volcano is an active volcano located in northeastern Japan and have erupted at and around the Oana crater withinrecorded history, and currently a large fumarolic area extends across its southern and eastern flanks (Japan Meteorological
Agency, 2013). Recent seismicity between 2001 and 2009 are characterized as repeating active and quiet periods with intervalsof around 2 to 3 years, while it shows steady activity after 2010 (Japan Meteorological Agency, 2014a). Seismic activity looks
slightly declined after 2013, however, it gradually increased since October 2014. A volcanic tremor with a duration of about
35 minutes occurred on December 12, 2014, and the monthly number of volcanic earthquakes in December 2014 counted 576,
which is the largest since November 1998 (Japan Meteorological Agency, 2014b).
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) deploys 6 continuous GPS sites around the volcano. The data are processed using the
precise point positioning strategy (Zumberge et al., 1997) of GIPSY-OASIS II ver. 6.2 with IGS08 precise ephemerides and GMF
mapping functions (GMF, Boehm et al., 2006). Since the wide area of northeastern Japan still suffers the long lasting postseismic
deformation following the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (M9.0), we try to extract volcanic deformation related to the unrest of
the volcano by fitting an approximation function of time consisting of linear, logarithmic, annual, and semi-annual terms. The
coefficients of each term are estimated by the least-squares method for the period between April, 2011 and September, 2014.
Resulting displacements around the volcano for the period between October to December, 2014 show radial expansion andslight uplifting, which can be roughly modeled with an point pressure source at a depth of 3.4 km just beneath the summit of
Issaikyozan.
Acknowledgement
Authors are grateful to the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan for providing
GNSS data used in this paper.
Reference
Boehm et al. (2006), GRL, 33, L07304, doi:10.1029/2005GL025546.
Japan Meteorological Agency (2013), http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran eng/menu.htm
Japan Meteorological Agency (2014a), http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/kaisetsu/CCPVE/shiryo/
130/130 no06.pdf

Keywords: volcanic activity, crustal deformation, GNSS

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Time:May 28 15:45-16:00

Volcanic deformations around Mt. Meakan detected by GPS observations after the 2008
eruption
WADA, Sayaka1∗ ; MORI, Hitoshi, Y.1
1

Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Graduate School of science, Hokkaido university

Mt. Meakan sits the eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The newest magmatic eruption occurred about 1000 years ago. After that
eruption, phreatic eruptions happened sporadically. Recently, small phreatic eruptions occurred in 2006 and 2008. From theGPS data observed by JMA and Geological reseach department of Hokkaido, they didn’t find the volcanic deformation near thecentral crater. In this study, we used the GPS data to discuss the process of magma movement beneath Mt. Meakan.
The GPS observations around Mt. Meakan were started in 2006, there are 8 stations. The 2 of them are continuous stations.
Each observation period was a few days to several weeks. These data are analysed with the continuous GPS data of JMA andGSI. For data analysis, we use the program ”RTKPOST”. The GEONET station RKB(020873) is chosen for the reference station.
RKB station is far enough from the volcano to be unaffectedby the volcanic deformation of Mt. Meakan. Using the data at four
GEONET stations surrounding our network, we removed the tectonic movements and the coseismic deformations. The results
show the expansive movement after 2008 eruption around Mt. Meakan. Similar expansive deformation were confirmed fromcontinuous data at GEONET station, AKN2. The deformation started on October 2008, and continued to June 2009 at AKN2.
The deformation at AKN2 came up to about 2cm. We tried to estimate the pressure source of this deformation with an inversion
method. We used the models of a point pressure source (Mogi, 1958) and an open crack source (Okada, 1985). The best fit
model is a point pressure source located in about 4km to the south-east and 6km in depth, and its volume change is 5∗106 m3 .
This model corresponds with the data of InSAR. In our presentation, we discuss these results in detail.
Acknowledgements: We want to thank Mr. Okuyama. His support were invaluable. We wish to thank JMA to give the GPS
data. We used the GNSS data observed by GSI. We also used the program RTKPOST developed by Mr. Takasu, the MATLAB
program okada85.m constructed by Mr. Franois Beauducel, invmogi sa.m by Mr. Nico Fournier. We would like to express mygratitude to them.
Keywords: volcanic deformation, GPS, Mt. Meakan

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Time:May 28 16:15-16:30

Reexamination of concentration of hot spring gas from Kurokami well at eastern flank of
Sakurajima
IGUCHI, Masato1∗ ; HIRABAYASHI, Jun-ichi2
1

DPRI, Kyoto Univ., 2 TITEC

Concentrations of CO2 and H2 gas from the well at Kurokami, 4.0 km east of the Showa crater, where vulcanian eruptions
have frequently repeated, have been monitored by sampling for 5 minutes every day. Concentrations of the gases are measured
by devices and are calibrated every 3 months.
Concentrations of CO2 and H2 suddenly increased in March or April, 2009 and reached peaks in July, and then were followed
by increase in eruptivity from October 2009. Increase in the concentrations were precursory phenomena to increase in vulcanianeruptivity.
The concentrations decreased from July 2009, but they showed different manners of decaying. Concentration of CO2 normallydecreased in summer and increased in winter, however it did not decrease in the summer in 2013. In summer, especially in June,
the peak of rainy season, precipitation increased. Temperature of the hot spring decreased while a large amount of precipitation.
This implies rain water diluted hot spring including a large amount of CO2 , as the result, observed gas concentration decreased insummer. In the summer in 2013, only a small amount of precipitation was recorded. Concentration of CO2 has been influenced
by precipitation. Concentration in winter while lower influence by rain, gradually decreased from 2010 to 2015.
Concentration of H2 gradually decreased from July 2009 and the decay shows exponential pattern. Residual of measured
concentration from the exponentially decaying curve is well correlated with atmospheric pressure; increase in residual in summer
and decrease in winter. Concentration of H2 decreased exponentially affected by atmospheric pressure.

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Temporal volume change of deformation sources of Sakurajima volcano during activity
at Showa crater
HOTTA, Kohei1∗ ; IGUCHI, Masato2 ; OHKURA, Takahiro1 ; YAMAMOTO, Keigo2
1

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 2 DPRI, Kyoto University

During active period of vulcanian eruption at summit crater of Minami-dake (1974 ̶ 1992), ground subsidence was detectedby precise leveling, and 2 deflation sources were estimated at a depth of 10 km beneath Aira caldera and at a depth of 3 km
beneath Minami-dake [Eto, 1989, DPRI annual]. Eruptive activities at Showa crater started in June 2006. After 2009, groundinflation was detected with increase in eruptive activity during the periods of October 2009 ̶ May 2010 (2009 event), October
2011 ̶ March 2012 (2011 event) and January ̶ June 2013 (2013 event). Ground deflation also detected after 2009 and 2013
events (May ̶ September 2010; July ̶ October 2013), and before 2011 and 2013 events (March ̶ September 2011; July ̶
December 2012).
We performed combination analysis of GNSS, tilt and strain data for 2011 event assuming 3-pressure-source model. 2 inflation
sources are located beneath Aira caldera at a depth of 9.6 km depth (A-source) and beneath Kita-dake at a depth of 3.3 km (Ksource), and a deflation source is located beneath Minami-dake at a depth of 0.7 km (M-source) [Hotta et al., 2014 AGU Fall
Meeting].
In this study, we estimate temporal volume change of each source after 2009 on the assumption that sources do not change
their position at A-, K- and M-sources of 2011 event. A- and K-sources repeat inflation and deflation on a 1- to 1.5-year cycle.
However, start of the change of K-source is simultaneous or several months earlier than that of A-source. Overall trend of volume
change of A-source is inflation. On the other hand, K-source shows no significant inflation or deflation trend. M-source inflates
several months before 2009 and 2011 events and deflates during these events, which is considered to be magma migration andejection, respectively. M-source is continuing deflation after 2011 event. Assuming DRE of 2500 kg/m3 for magma, we convert
amount of ejected magma from weight of ejected ash and then estimate volume of migrated magma between sources. Magma
injection progressed in inflation events, but stopped during other periods. It is considered that magma injected intermittently
toward A-source. Amount of magma ejection increased in 2009, 2011 and 2013 events, but is less than that of magma injection
from A- to K-source. On the other hand, it is in reverse for deflation periods.
Keywords: Sakurajima volcano, GNSS, tiltmeter, strainmeter, Mogi model, temporal change

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Time:May 28 16:45-17:00

Sampling volcanic plume using aircraft for remote determinations on the temperature offumaroles: Sakurajima volcano
TSUNOGAI, Urumu1∗ ; CHENG, Lin1 ; IKEYA, Kosuke1 ; KOMATSU, Daisuke1 ; NAKAGAWA, Fumiko1 ;SHINOHARA, Hiroshi2
1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, 2 AIST, Geological Survey of Japan

Molecular hydrogen (H2 ) in fumarolic gases shows the hydrogen isotope exchange equilibrium with coexisting H2 O at a temperature more than 400 ℃. Recently, we developed a new remote temperature sensing using the characteristics of D/1 H ratio of
H2 (HIReTS). In this method, the D/1 H ratio of fumarolic H2 is obtained remotely from the observation of volcanic plume, andthe outlet temperature of the fumaroles is estimated from the D/1 H ratio, assuming that the hydrogen isotope exchange equilibrium is quenched within volcanic plume during the process of admixture between fumarolic gases and air. In the previous studies
applying HIReTS in active volcanoes, such as Aso and Satsuma-Iwo volcano in Japan, the volcanic plumes were taken at therim of each volcanic crater, at the distance of a few hundred meters from fumaroles. Direct access to such volcanic crater rims,
however, is neither practical nor safe in many highly active volcanoes. In general, volcanic plumes spread laterally at the heightclose to the summit of each volcano where the plumes are ejected. As a result, we must utilize some flying devices, such as aerial
vehicles, balloons, or kites, to take the samples of volcanic plume in safety area distant from fumaroles, for the aim of applying
HIReTS to highly active volcanoes.
In this study, we used an aerial vehicle to take samples of volcanic plume ejected from highly active Sakurajima volcano in
Japan, to determine the outlet temperature of fumaroles remotely by using HIReTS, at the distant of more than 3 km from thefumaroles. Sakurajima volcano has continued its explosive activity at the summit crater since 1955 so that nobody dared todetermine the outlet temperature of fumaroles directly.
The average H2 concentration of the plume samples taken during two flights on Sep. 2014 was 0.76 ppm (from 0.60 to 1.29ppm), while that taken apparently outside the volcanic plume was 0.60 ppm. Besides, the reciprocal of the H2 concentration in
the plume samples showed a good linear relationship with the D/1 H ratio ratio. By extrapolating the linear relationship to exclude
the contribution of the tropospheric H2 , we estimated that the δD value of the fumarolic H2 to be -134.6±6.5 ‰ (vs. VSMOW)
and the outlet temperature to be 1050±80 ℃, assuming global average δD value of magmatic H2 O to the fumarolic H2 O. The
estimated temperature was close to the melting point of lava in the volcano, implying that magma have been close to the surface
in the volcano, at least during the observation.
Keywords: fumarolic gases, volcanic plume, molecular hydrogen, stable isotopes, remote temperature sensing, Sakurajima volcano

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Room:304

Time:May 28 17:00-17:15

Repetitive sulfur dioxide flux measurements of Kuchinoerabujima volcano, Japan
MORI, Toshiya1∗ ; MORITA, Masaaki1 ; IGUCHI, Masato2 ; YAKUSHIMA, Town3 ;FUKUOKA REGIONAL, Headquaters4
1

Graduate School of Sceience, The University of Tokyo, 2 Disaster Prevention Reseach Institute , Kyoto University, 3 Yakushima
Town, 4 Japan Meteorological Agency
Kuchinoerabujima is a remote volcanic island located about 15 km NWW of Yakushima island, Japan. The volcano erupted
from Shindake crater on Aug. 3, 2014, after dormancy of 34 years. Sulfur dioxide flux which was about 60 ton/day two month
before the eruption had increased to several hundred ton/day after the eruption (JMA, Aug. 2014). The flux continued to increaseand emitted 500 and 700 ton/day in Oct. and Nov. 2014, respectively (JMA, Nov. 2014).We started repetitive sulfur dioxide
measurement at Kuchinoerabujima volcano in response to the ongoing rise of the flux.
In this study, we deployed a UV spectrometer system which has been automated for the most of measuring procedures, andcarried out measurements onboard a regular liner between Yakushima and Kuchinoerabujima islands. The liner, Ferry Taiyo
makes one round trip a day between the islands and navigate off the south coast of Kuchinoerabujima island. Due to predominant
northerly wind from autumn to spring, we can expect repetitive sulfur dioxide traverse measurement on board the liner at least
for the season above.
The measurements started in the end of Nov. 2014. Although, there have been some missing observations due to unfavorable
wind direction, bad weather, liner cancellation and data transferring troubles, we made 26 days of flux measurements out of
about 70 days by the beginning of Feb. 2015. The flux kept about 700 ton/day until the end of Nov. 2014, but it went over 1000
ton/day soon after the beginning of Dec. 2014 and has been in the high flux range of 1000 to 2500 ton/day for the most of themeasurements at least until the first week of Feb. 2015. This flux range is comparable to that of Sakurajima volcano and of Aso
volcano in active period, and implies significant magma degassing beneath Kuchinoerabujima volcano. In our presentation, we
will show instrumentations and monitoring methods, and discuss the flux variations of Kuchinoerabujima volcano.

Keywords: Kuchinoerabu Volcano, sulfur dioxide, flux

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SVC45-27

Room:304

Time:May 28 17:15-17:30

The variation in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarolic gases at KusatsuShirane volcano and the implication
OHBA, Takeshi1∗ ; SHIBAKURA, Daisuke1
1

Dep. Chem. School Sci. Tokai Univ.

Introduction
At Mt Kusatsu-Shirane the number of volcanic earthquakes have increased since Mar 2014. The inflation of volcanic bodyoccurred simultaneously (HP of Japan Meteorological Agency). In Mar 1976, a steam explosion happened at Mizugama crater
at Mt Kusatsu-Shirane. Ossaka et al (1980) detected an increased SO2/H2S ratio in the fumarolic gas composition of Kitagawa
geothermal area 8 months prior to the eruption. In 1982 and 1983, steam explosions happed within Yugama crater bringing asignificant change in the chemical composition of the lake water in Yugama crater (Ohba et al 2008). Steam explosion is the breakof a hydrothermal reservoir. The volatiles in the reservoir is supplied to fumarolic gas and crater lake. For the understanding andprediction of steam explosion, the observation of fumarolic gas and the lake water is important. In this study, fumarolic gases
were sampled after the unrest on Mar 2014. An ongoing process at the depth of Mt Kusatsu-Shirane is discussed.
Sampling and analysis of fumarolic gas
Fumarolic gases were sampled in July 2014 at two points (K1 and K2) in the Kitagawa geothermal area 500m north of Yugama
crater, at one point (M1) in the Manza geothermal area 2.4km northwest of Yugama crater, and at one point (S1) in the Sesshou
geothermal area 3km southeast of Yugama crater.
The fumarolic gases were sampled and analyzed along the method by Ozawa (1968). The fumarolic gas was cooled by useof a double glass tube to obtain condensed water for the determination of isotopic ratios by use of an IR laser cavity ring down
analyzer (Picarro).
Result
The fumarole K1 discharged gas with the presser highest in the Kitagawa geothermal area. The feature of discharge wascommon to the K1 in 1999. The outlet temperature of K1 was 92.4C slightly lower than the temperature 104C in 1999. The
outlet temperature of K2, M1 and S1 was 94.1, 96.2 and 94.5C, respectively, close to the boiling temperature of water at the
local altitude. The SO2/H2S molar ratio of K1, K2, M1 and S1 was low as 0.013, 0.013, 0.019 and 0.011, respectively. Eightmonths prior to the Mizugawa eruption in 1976, Ossaka et al (1980) detected the SO2/H2S ratio as high as 0.29 in fumarolesin the Kitagawa geothermal area. The current CO2/H2O ratios of K1 and K2 were 0.044 and 0.042, respectively. The value of
K1 is about 8 time larger than 0.0052, which is the ratio of K1 in 1999. Ossaka et al (1980) detected similar large ratio, 0.059
8 months prior to the Mizugama eruption in 1976. The H2/H2O molar ratios of K1 and K2 was 2.7E-7 and 2.6E-7. In 1999,
the ratio of K1 was 2.6E-7, almost same as in the current value. The isotopic ratio of H2O in fumarolic gases was similar to theratios in 1999 and 2000.
Discussions
The high CO2/H2O ratio found in K1 and K2 might be explained two ways. If the condensation of water vapor happened in
the channel of volcanic gas, CO2 will be enriched relative to H2O resulting in the increase in the CO2/H2O ratio. However sucha condensation is possible at the fumaroles with a low discharging pressure. The strong discharging pressure of K1 in Jul 2014is inconsistent to the condensation for the explanation. Another straightforward explanation for the high CO2/H2O ratio is theenrichment of CO2 at the magmatic gas source. Beneath the Yugama crater a depleted solidifying magma is expected, based on
the chemistry of lake water (Ohba et al 2008). Such a magma cannot emit CO2, suggesting another new CO2 enriched magma is
now degassing. The low SO2/H2S and H2/H2O ratios of K1 and K2 suggest the temperature of hydrothermal reservoir beneath
the Kitagawa geothermal area is not increased recently. The ongoing process at Mt Kusatsu-Shirane is limited in the deep region.
A steam explosion at Mt Kusatsu-Shirane is not likely.

Keywords: Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Hydrothermal system, Volcanic gas, Steam explosion, Magma, CO2/H2O

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SVC45-28

Room:304

Time:May 28 17:30-17:45

Geomagnetic field variations associated with enhanced volcanic activity at Kusatsu-Shirane
volcano
MATSUNAGA, Yasuo1∗ ; KANDA, Wataru2 ; KOYAMA, Takao3 ; OGAWA, Yasuo2
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2 Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo Instituteof Technology, 3 Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo
During the 2014 activity of Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, changes in the geomagnetic total intensity were observed by four proton
precession magnetometers installed in the summit area. As a result of a careful treatment of the data, we found that those changes
had occurred only for about three weeks in May, 2014. Using a simple differencing method from the data at Yatsugatake Magnetic Observatory of the University of Tokyo, we estimated that the amount of geomagnetic variations during that period was 1.1
nT at the maximum. The distribution of the estimated variations showed a spatial pattern suggesting demagnetization occurredat some depths beneath around the Yugama-Mizugama craters. The estimated changes in the geomagnetic total intensity weremodeled by a magnetic dipole source under the assumption that the horizontal source location lies around the Mizugama crater.
As a result, we found that a demagnetization source located at depths between 1000 and 1300 m below Mizugama crater satisfies the condition of the estimated changes in the geomagnetic total intensity. From several evidences of the enhanced volcanic
activity such as a sudden increase of fumarolic temperature, and inflation of the ground, we infer that a sudden intrusion of thehigh-temperature volcanic fluids caused demagnetization of rocks beneath the Mizugama crater.

Keywords: Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, volcanic activity, geomagnetic field observation, thermal demagnetization, hydrothermal
system

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SVC45-29

Room:304

Time:May 28 17:45-18:00

Ground deformation caused by an accumulation of hydrothermal water beneath hot crater
lake at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano
TERADA, Akihiko1∗ ; OHKURA, Takahiro2 ; KANDA, Wataru1 ; OGAWA, Yasuo1
1Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Kusatsu-Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan in terms of persistent heat-release of approximately 150
MW. Mt. Shirane which is one of the pyroclastic cone contains a hot crater lake, locally referred to as Yugama, showing interesting variations of water temperature and chemical concentrations. These thermal activities are caused by subsurface circulationsof hydrothermal water; however, a detailed understanding of the hydrothermal system including localities of heat source andascent routes has not yet been clearly established.
At Shirane pyroclastic cone, three continuous bore-hole type tilt meters and seismometers are installed by Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology. In addition them three seismic stations are deployed on the ground surface. All of
stations are located within 1 km form the center of Yugama crater lake.
Intense earthquake swarms have been detected at shallow depth around Shirane pyroclastic cone since March 2014, accompanied by a ground deformation, changes in geomagnetic field and chemical concentration of volcanic gas. Records of tilt meters
include fluctuations caused by earth tidal effect, atmospheric pressure and co-seismic variation as well as seasonal long-termchanges. To estimate these non-volcanic variations in tilt meters, we apply a code of BAYTAP-G (Tamura et al., 1991) to pastrecords of tilt observed during calm period. As a result, our tilt meters reveal that a single inflation source is formed at shallow
depth of Yugama crater lake. Applying the Mogi model we find the inflation source at a depth of only 500 meters from thebottom of Yugama crater lake. A total volume change of the inflation source during the period from March 2014 to January 2015
is estimated to be 84,000 cubic meters.
3D magnetotelluric surveys revealed that bell-shaped low-resistivity region underlays beneath Yugama crater lake (Ogawa etal., personal comm.). Chemical analyses of samples obtained from bore-holes suggest the low resistive layer is composed byhighly altered materials such as clay which acts as an impermeable layer. The pressure source obtained in this study is locatedjust beneath the low resistivity layer. We consider that accumulation of hydrothermal water is controlled by such subsurface
structure.

Keywords: Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, ground deformation, tilt meter, hydrothermal system, cap rock

1/1

SVC45-P01

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

The Petrological Study of Tokachidake Volcano: Especially about the Magma System of
20th Century Activities
KOBAYASHI, Kyohei1∗ ; NAKAGAWA, Mitsuhiro1 ; KURITANI, Takeshi1 ; FUJIWARA, Shinya2
1

Hokkaido University, 2 Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd.

Tokachi-dake is an active volcano located in the central part of Tokachi-dake Volcanic Group. Volcanic activity of the group,
started ca. 1 Ma, consists of three stages; Older, Middle and Younger stages (Ishizuka et al ., 2010). Tokachi-dake volcano mainly
formed in Younger stage, and has erupted with changing its eruptive craters since ca. 4700 years ago. According to volcanic
dormancy, locations of eruptive center, and petrological features of ejecta, the activity of the volcano is divided into Stages 1-4(Fujiwara et al ., 2007, 2009).The 20th century activities, including 1926, 1962, and 1988-89 eruptions, belong to Stage 4. These
three eruptions have been extensively investigated in terms of eruption processes (e.g., Tada and Tsuya, 1926; Katsui et al ., 1963;
Katsui et al ., 1990). However, there were few petrological studies on the ejecta and magmatic processes have not been examined
in detail, in spite of the importance in predicting the future volcanic activity.
In this study, a petrological study is carried out on ejecta of the three 20th-century eruptions to elucidate the evolution ofmagmatic system beneath the volcano. About 50 samples collected newly from the volcano, as well as 50 samples stored in
Hokkaido University, were used for petrological analysis. The ejecta of three eruptions are basaltic andesite in composition, andcontain olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and Fe-Ti oxide phenocrysts. The abundance of the phenocrysts is26-47%, 36-43%, and 43-48% in 1926, 1962, and 1988-89samples, respectively. The groundmass of the 1926 scoria is heterogeneous in texture, whereas that of the 1962 scoria is homogeneous. The 1988-89 ejecta are characterized by high crystallinity
in the groundmass and the presence of many olivine phenocrysts with reaction rim of pyroxene. Whole-rock compositions are
essentially homogeneous in the 20th century ejecta, but Ti, Al and V contents in the 1962 products differ slightly from thosein the 1988-89 ejecta. In a histogram of the cores of the olivine phenocrysts, bimodal peaks are observed at Fo=71 and 75 in
the 1926 products, whereas unimodal peak is present at Fo=76 in the 1962 and 1988-89 ejecta. Mineralogical features of thepyroxene phenocrysts are essentially common in the three eruptive products, ranging from Mg#=68-77 in clinopyroxene andMg#=66-75 in orthopyroxene, while those in the 1988-1989 volcanic bomb samples are relatively low in Mg#. Fe-Ti oxides
have a compositional peak at Mg/Mn=˜15 in 1926 and 1962 scoria, but the rim of those in the 1988-89 volcanic bomb havelower Mg/Mn of ˜8. The An of the plagioclase phenocrysts ranges from 56 to 92. Reversely zoned pyroxene and plagioclase
phenocrysts are dominant in the 1926 ejecta, but they are scarce in the 1962 and 1988-89 products.
The 1926 scoria have many plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts with reverse zoning, and the groundmass is heterogeneousin texture; these observations suggest that magma mixing occured immediately before the 1926 eruption. On the other hand, the1962 magma did not experience a significant magma mixing event, as inferred from the relatively homogeneous texture in the
groundmass. The whole-rock compositions of the 1926 and 1962 ejecta are essentially similar, but the plagioclase phenocrysts
commonly show normal zoning unlike the 1926 products. These observations may indicate that the 1962 magma was derived
from a portion which is different from the 1926 magma in the same magma chamber. The 1988-89 ejecta are relatively higher inthe crystallinity of the phenocryst phases, suggesting that the temperature of the 1988-89 magma was lower than that of the 1962
magma. Considering that the rims of the Fe-Ti oxides are characteristically lower in Mg/Mn, relatively low-temperature magma
may have been slightly mixed in the 1988-89 magma shortly before eruption.
Keywords: Tokachidake Volcano, Magma Plumbing System, Petrology

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SVC45-P02

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Volcanic gas measurements using the virtual Multi-GAS method
OKAMOTO, Risa1∗ ; HASHIMOTO, Takeshi1 ; TANAKA, Ryo1
1

Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University

Introduction: In recent years, so-called “Multi-GAS” system that consists of several gas sensors has been developed to measure the chemical composition of volcanic gases in the field (Aiuppa et al., 2005; Shinohara, 2005). While such systems areusually produced as all-in-one devices, we considered that assemblage of inexpensive ready-mode portable gas sensors mightalso work as a comparable system. In this study, we assembled three portable gas concentration meters in a plastic basket thathas a good aeration property, and attached it to a stretchable aluminum stick. We applied this instrumentation to the fumarolesof Mt. Tokachidake and Mt. Tarumae, Hokkaido, Japan.
Field operation: As the commercial gas sensors used in this study were gas alarm devises for safety management, the resolutions were not very high (0.1ppm for H2 S, 1ppm for SO2 , 1ppm for CO2 ). In addition, the response time of the CO2 sensor wasapproximately one minute, which was considerably slower than the H2 S, SO2 sensors. For these reasons, we walked slowly inrather dense plumes, and took one-minute moving average on the time series of H2 S and SO2 in order to match them to the CO2
sensor with the longest time constant. Since the SO2 sensor did not have a logging function, its LCD was photographed at every
two seconds by a smartphone.
Results: We measured the plumes from Taisho-vent at Mt. Tokachidake on September 23, 2014. Due to the prevailing wind
and topographic constraint, several lines of plumes typically run up eastward along the crater wall, to the rim . Therefore, wewalked along the crater rim to obtain sufficiently dense gas concentrations. The peak values of each component were H2 S ~50ppm, SO2 ~ 80ppm and CO2 ~ 170ppm (above background). Molar ratios between compositions were estimated from thelinear trends of the scatter plots as H2 S/SO2 ~ 0.48, CO2 /H2 S ~ 5.9 and CO2 /SO2 ~ 2.9. Comparing our results to the ones
measured by Geological Survey of Japan, AIST in July, 2014 (Shinohara, personal comm.) through direct sampling, the difference was less than 15%, suggesting our method had an enough accuracy.
We further performed the same measurements at A and E-vents of Mt. Tarumae on October 22, 2014. The peak values of eachcomponent were H2 S ~ 12ppm, SO2 ~ 3ppm and CO2 ~ 70ppm (above background). Unlike the result from Mt. Tokachidake, SO2 concentration of Mt. Tarumae was close to the detection limit. Therefore, the estimations of H2 S/SO2 and CO2 /SO2
were relatively unreliable. Molar ratios were estimated as H2 S/SO2 ~ 2.4, CO2 /H2 S ~ 6.1 and CO2 /SO2 ~ 17 at A-vent, andH2 S/SO2 ~ 8.9, CO2 /H2 S ~ 13 and CO2 /SO2 ~ 100 at E-vent.
Emission rate: We tried to estimate not only the component ratios but also the emission rate for Tokachidake. We profiled thegas concentrations along the crater rim of Taisho-vent at three heights (2.7, 3.8 and 5.0m) by sliding the stretchable stick, andobtained a concentration map on the plume section. As described above, most of the gas passes just on the rim below 5.0m andthus the concentration above 5.0m was likely to be small. Therefore, the contribution of the upper flow was taken into consideration just by extrapolation from the lower part. The flow speed was estimated from the video image taken from a slightly remotesite. Then, the SO2 emission rate was estimated as 7-9t/d.
Conclusions: We verified that our system worked properly in measuring gas component ratios at least when applied to sufficiently dense plumes. We also demonstrated that it is possible to estimate the emission rate by contouring for the plumes flowing
near the ground surface. We consider that the instrumentation is so light-weight that it can be attached to an unmanned aircraft
such as a multicopter drone. It will be possible in the near future to widen the opportunities for gas measurements without
exposing an observer to potential dangers in the field.

Keywords: volcanic gas, Mt.Tokachidake, Mt.Tarumae

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SVC45-P03

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Shallow inflation of Tokachi-dake Volcano detected by GNSS observation
MICHISHITA, Tsuyoshi1∗ ; NAGAYAMA, Hiroaki1 ; MIYAMOTO, Masashi1 ; ANZAI, Taro1 ; USUI, Yuji1 ;TAMURA, Makoto2 ; OKAZAKI, Noritoshi2 ; MIYAMURA, Jun’ichi1
1

Sapporo Regional Headquarters, JMA, 2 Geological Survey of Hokkaido, HRO

1. Introduction.
Since 2001, Sapporo Regional Headquarters, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) have been operated GNSS continuous
observation network in Tokachidake Volcano, located in central Hokkaido. At first, for topography restrictions, 3 GNSS stations
had been biased to the western foot of the volcano. Since 2010, this problem has been settled gradually by adding and relocating
the GNSS stations effectively. Furthermore in 2014, new 2 stations were installed around the active crater to detect the grounddeformation in shallow region. JMA also have been conducted semi-annual campaign GNSS observation from around the active
crater to northwestern flank since 2003. On the other hand, Geological Survey of Hokkaido (HRO) and Institute of Seismology
and Volcanology (ISV), Hokkaido University have installed 2 GNSS continuous stations around the active crater in 2003. As aresult of the observation, the volume inflation in shallow region beneath 62-2 crater (altitude1725m) was detected from 2006 to2008 (JMA, 2010). In this study, we reinvestigate the ground deformation of Tokachidake Volcano more in detail with continuousand campaign GNSS observation data from 2003 to 2014.
2. Result
As a summary of the ground deformation after 2006, the distribution of horizontal displacements indicates two characters.
One is a radially spreading pattern around active craters and another is the distance decay of amount of displacement from active
craters, they suggest the shallow inflation beneath active crater. This inflation is also detected with Interferometric analysis ofSAR (MRI, 2010 ; GSI, 2010). In order to analyze GNSS data in detail, we divide the sequence of displacement data into several
periods. (Stage Ⅰ to Ⅴ) based on observation data in flank sites.
We estimate the location and the rate of the shallow inflation source by horizontal displacement in each stage, assuming
spherical source (Mogi’s model) added altitude correction (MRI, 2008). To estimate them, we use a software package named
MaGCAP-V (MRI, 2008). As a result, the location of the source is at over 1000m above sea level beneath active craters, the rate
is about 104 m3 per a year, in all stages. It was estimated that the location of the source in Stage Ⅲ and Ⅴ were shallower thanthat in Stage Ⅱ and Ⅳ. Therefore, it suggests the possibility that the inflation source migrates to shallower region, repeatedly,
after 2006.
3. Discussion
Because of the other volume inflation in deeper region has never been detected since starting GNSS observation, we consider
the shallow inflation is not directly related with magmatic activity.
According to the classification by MRI (2013), the shallower inflation is classified in inflation process related with volcanichydrothermal activity. And MRI (2013) also suggests the possibility of small-scale eruption and growing hydrothermal activity
after the classified inflation. We investigate correspondence with the shallow inflation and other volcanic activity in shallow
region. (e.g.: plume, ground temperature, volcanic seismicity). As the result, it is found that plume height in 62-2 crater has
decreased rapidly since Stage Ⅱ defined as a start of volume inflation in shallow region (JMA, 2006). In Stage Ⅲ, the period
defined as the migration of the inflation source, it was increasing volcanic plume flux in Taisho crater and activation of B-type
seismicity.
In Tokachidake, increasing amplitude level of volcanic micro-tremor was observed near active craters before small-scale
eruption in 1985. (Katsui et al.1987) The similar increasing amplitude was observed in Stage Ⅴ, so we will need to investigate
about the process of volcanic micro-tremor in detail, and will report the relation with the inflation and them on that day.
Keywords: Tokachidake, ground deformation, volcanic activity

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SVC45-P04

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Reconstraction of eruptive sequence of Chuseri tephra formation (eruptive episode C) in
Towada volcano
IZAWA, Noritoshi1∗ ; MIYAMOTO, Tsuyoshi2
1Grad.Sci., Tohoku Univ., 2 CNEAS., Tohoku Univ.

Towada volcano is a caldera volcano, and the interior of crater is filled with much water. In recent eruptive episode from
Nakanoumi crater, their activities are characterized by the transition from magmatic eruption to phreatomagmatic one (Hayakawa,1985). In the latest episode, the change of eruptive styles progressed continuously without intermittent time (Hiroi and Miyamoto,2011). Although the recent activities are a good instance to clarify a mechanism of the transition between eruptive styles, thecontinuity is not almost discussed in other episodes.
Chuseri tephra formation (To-Cu), which is the largest eruption from Nakanoumi crater, was formed at 6,2ka (Kudo and Sasaki,2007). This formation consists of 3 units, Chuseri pumice (CP), Kanegasawa pumice (KP) and Utarube ash (UA) in ascendingorder, and has progressed from magmatic (CP) to phreatomagmatic (UA) (Hayakawa, 1983). Hayakawa (1985) reconstructed
the eruptive sequence, however, the temporal relations among 3 units were not discussed. The interpretation about eruptive styleand the stratigraphy of KP did not agree within previous studies. In this study, based on a detailed field survey, we clarify thereconstruction of eruptive sequence in To-Cu focusing especially on the continuity among all units.
CP is the plinian pumice deposits, and total thickness is 327cm at SE8.1km from source. We divide into 4 sub-units from CP1
to CP4 by a grain size variation. From CP1 to CP2, the grain size once becomes finer. In CP3, it changes coarser and finally turnvery finer in CP4. CP was formed by an eruption column because these grain size variations are drastic and continuous. CP3 ishomogeneous pumice fall deposits without changes of the grain size, and the thickness variation decreases systematically with
distance from vent. On the other hand, the thickness of CP4 overlain directly by KP does not decreases systematically. Thisdifference indicates that a part of CP4 is eroded before KP deposition, the transition from CP to KP is discontinuous.
KP is divided into 5 sub-units (KP1˜KP5) from facieses; KP2, KP4, KP5 are lapilli layers and KP1, KP3 are fine ash layers.
KP2 and KP4 consist of contrastive two parts. The lower part is a lithic rich containing about 70wt% lithic fragments with alittle pumice. The upper part is a pumice fall deposit with about 30wt% lithic fragments. The transition of these parts is gradualand these two parts is observed far places. Thus these deposits are derived from one eruptive column formation. In previous
studies, KP has been considered two normal grading pumice fall layers (Hayakawa, 1985) and alternation of pumice and lapilli(Matsuyama and Oike, 1986). However, KP is interpretated the fall deposits changing from lithic rich part to pumice rich part.
KP5 is observed only lithic rich part and the thickness variation does not show a systematic decline alike CP4.
Hayakawa (1985) concluded that pyroclastic surge deposits in UA were distributed only inside caldera, however, we observed
UA erodes the lower layer at the outside of caldera. It suggests UA consists of ash fall and pyroclastic surge deposits out ofcaldera.
Based on the result of our field survey, the eruption sequence are reconstructed as below; CP initiated from CP1, and thecolumn once diminished (CP2). The column rapidly grew and became the largest keeping steadiness for a long period (CP3).
Finally the column suddenly diminished (CP4). On the transition from CP to KP the short dormancy are indicated by the eroded
surface of CP4 . KP progressed from explosive activity to steady column formation. KP repeated intermittent eruption andfinally transited phreatomagmatic eruption (UA). Though erosion of KP5 by the surge deposits in UA makes unclear about thetime relation from KP to UA, the lack of pumice part in KP5 implies a short dormancy. The above eruptive sequence suggeststhat 3 units of To-Cu are formed from 3 independent events divided by the short dormancy among each unit.
Keywords: Towada volcano, Chuseri tephra formation, magmatic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption

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SVC45-P05

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Volcanic activity at Kusatsu-Shiranesan Volcano since March 2014
NAGAO, Jun1∗ ; SEISMOLOGY AND VOLCANOLOGY DEPARTMENT, Volcanology division1
1

Japan Meteorological Agency

Volcanic seismicity became relatively high from early March 2014 at Kusatsu-Shiranesan. After that, the geomagnetic total
intensity change caused by demagnetization process was observed, and Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano Observatory (Volcanic Fluid
Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology; KSVO), also reported that the ground deformation and the change in chemicalcomposition around Yugama ( crater lake) had been observed corresponding to the increased volcanic activity. JMA raised theVolcanic Alert Level from 1 (Normal) to 2 (Do not approach the crater) on 3 June 2014, and urged to refrain from approaching
up to 1 km away from the Yugama crater. On the basis of the volcanic activity described above, we report the observation data
by JMA from March 2014.
Most volcanic hypocenters were located beneath and at the south of Yugama. A closer report on hypocenters is summarizedin Matsuda et al., (2014).
Repeated GNSS measurements around Yugama revealed that inflated ground deformation was observed in 2014. Assuming
a point source (i.e. Mogi-model), a ground deformation source was calculated at a depth of approximately 500m (elevation;
approx. 1,700 m) on the north of Yugama, which is almost consistent with the analysis on tilt data (Terada et al, 2014) around
Yugama installed by Volcanic Fluid Research Center. The ground deformation from July to November 2014 was calculated atslightly north of the one from September 2013 to July 2014. The analysis was performed by MaGCAP-V (MRI, 2013).
Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO; Japan Meteorological Agency, 2014) reported the changes in geomagnetic total intensity observed from May 2014, which were estimated to be demagnetization beneath Yugama. This trend had become in a staticstate since July 2014. No changes in repeated geomagnetic total intensity observation were observed, indicating this demagnetization was significantly small in case.
Field observations were conducted on July and November 2014, and high-temperature areas and remarkable fumes were confirmed at geothermal areas at the northern wall of Yugama, and fumarolic areas on the northern slope of Yugama, where fumarolicactivity had become high since 2008. We confirmed that the high fumarolic activity had been continuing in 2014. This activity
was also confirmed by aerial observations in conjunction with the Gunma prefectural government and JGSDF (Japan GroundSelf-Defense Force).
As described above, an inflated source existed around Yugama, deduced from geothermal activity with the highest activity fromearly May to July 2014 at Kusatsu-Shiranesan. We monitor the volcanic activity closely, in consideration of possible significant
phenomenon.

Keywords: Kusatsu-Shiranesan, GNSS, thermal observation

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SVC45-P06

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Hypocenter relocation of microearthquakes of Kusatsu-Shirane volcano
KUWAHARA, Tomoyoshi1∗ ; TERADA, Akihiko1 ; KANDA, Wataru1 ; OGAWA, Yasuo1
1

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Kusatsu-Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcano in terms of persistent release of volatiles. Mt. Shirane is a pyroclastic cone which contains a hot crater lake, called Yugama, with a diameter of 300 m. In addition to Yugama crater lake, vigorous
fumaroles occur on the northern slope of Shirane pyroclastic cone that was formed by phreatic eruptions 70 years ago.
Earthquake swarms have been enhanced since March 2014 around the hot crater lake. The seismic activity was followed byan inflation at shallow depth beneath hot crater lake, changes in geomagnetic field and chemical compositions of volcanic gas
emitted around crater lake. These unusual activities are thought to be caused by migration of hydrothermal hot water at shallow
part beneath crater lake. To discuss where the hydrothermal water is supplied from, precise hypocenter gives valuable clue.
The objectives of this study are to reveal a shallow P -wave velocity structure of summit area of Kusatsu-Shirane volcano andto determine values of delay in travel time. Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology deploys six seismic
stations including three bore-hole types within 1km distance from Yugama crater lake. We pick arrival times of P and S-wave
manually from 48 earthquakes of fine S/N signals.
Averaged residuals of P-wave travel times give optimal seismic structure showing slightly larger values than that of previous
study (Mori et al., 2006). Travel times are systematically delayed at seismic stations which located on ground surface, corresponding to an existence of soft pyroclastic materials produced by recent phreatic eruptions.
Hypocenters are relocated using the optimal velocity structure with station corrections obtained in this study. Relocatedhypocenters are significantly concentrated on the southern part of Yugama crater lake that is far from the fumarole area. Microearthquakes rarely occur near the pressure source, suggesting the inflation is caused by ductile deformation.
Acknowledgement: We are grateful to Dr. Shin’ya Onizawa, Dr. Tomoki Tsutsui and Mr. Rintaro Miyamachi for the fieldwork. We also thank to Mr. Shin’ichiro Matsuda who helped us to pick arrival times.

Keywords: Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, structure of seismic velocity, microearthquakes

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SVC45-P07

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Spatio-temporal changes of GNSS strain field caused by 2013 earthquake swarm activity
in Hakone Volcano
DOKE, Ryosuke1∗ ; HARADA, Masatake1 ; YUKUTAKE, Yohei1 ; DAITA, Yasushi1 ; SATOMURA, Mikio1
1

Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture

During the past two decades, several intense swarm activities have occurred at the Hakone volcano: 2001, 2006, 2008-2009,2011 and 2013 (e.g., Harada et al., 2013). Crustal deformations associated with an inflation of the volcanic body were observed
during these activities (e.g., Daita et al., 2009; Harada et al., 2009), except for the 2011 activity that was triggered by the
Tohoku earthquake. More than 1,800 earthquakes were observed in the 2013 swarm activity; the seismic activity was remarkably
activated in the period from the beginning of January and the end of February, 2013.
Data of GNSS stations installed by Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture (HSRI) was not available before
the 2013 swarm activity. Thus, in the 2013 activity, we could observe crustal deformation first time by dense GNSS observation
with an average interval of approximately 5 km, including GEONET and HSRI stations. The crustal deformation data observedby the dense network give us an important opportunity to clarify the spatio-temporal changes of strain fields associated with thevolcanic activity and to understand a generation process of the earthquake swarms.
Through the analysis of areal strain field, we found that the crustal expansion occurred from the middle of December 2012,
before the initiation of the 2013 swarm activity. The crustal expansion continued until the end of the swarm activity. An
accumulated areal strain during this period was about 1.7 micro-strain at the central cone of the Hakone Mountain. By adding
the GNSS data observed by HSRI stations, the location of expansion region could be well constrained.
To explain the distribution of the areal strain field, we assumed spherical pressure source models. Horizontal position of thesources were set at the center of the expansion region (139.000E,35.215N), and depths of them were assumed two cases, 7 and 10
km. In each case, volume changes were estimated 1.5x106 and 4.0x106 m3 , respectively, to explain the areal strain distributions.
As a result, we found that the spherical pressure source at a depth of 10 km was more plausible to explain the strain field.
This result is consistent with a location of magma chamber beneath the Hakone Mountain estimated by the seismic tomography(Yukutake et al., 2014).
From the result of this study, we concluded that the volume change started in the magma chamber at a depth of 10 km, prior
to the 2013 swarm activity, and continued for two months until the end of the swarm activity. In future studies, it is important tointerpret the relationship between other phenomenon for clarify the process of the activity in more detail.

Keywords: Hakone Volcano, earthquake swarm activity, GNSS, strain field

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SVC45-P08

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Chemical and isotopic composition of hot spring at the Owakudani geothermal areaon
Hakone volcano, Japan
SAGO, Masakazu1∗ ; SHIGEMURA, Taisei2 ; AOKI, Ryo2 ; OOKI, Seigo2 ; OHBA, Takeshi2
1

Course of Chemistry, Graduate school of Science, Tokai University, 2 Course of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University[Introduction]
Hakone volcano has a caldera whose size is about 8km and 12km in E-W and N-S direction, respectively. Late central cones
are structured by andesitic-deictic lava and lava dome (Takahashi et al., 1991; Nagai et al., 2008). Owakudani geothermal area
has been created by a sector collapse and developed on the north flank of Kamiyama central cone several thousand years ago(Aramaki and Oki, 1971). Hot spring water contains much SO4 2− caused by oxidization of H2 S in volcanic gas near the surface
and a small amount of Cl− (Oomori et al., 1986). Volcanic gas from Owakudani has been investigated for a long time. However,the newest data about hot spring has been reported by Kikukawa (2001). In this study, we report the relationship between the
volcanic activity and the chemical data variation, the chemical composition and isotopic composition (δD and δ 18 O), for the last
2 years.
[Sampling and analysis]
Hot spring water was sampled in Owakudani geothermal area from May 2013 to December 2014. The sampling point wasnamed point 1 sampling from May 2013 to January 2014 and point 2 sampling from April 2014 to December 2014. Point 1
was flowing out hot spring water. On the other hand, point 2 was kept the water level constant in the hole and not following out
from verge of the hole. The distance of point 1 and point 2 is dozen of maters. The point 1 dry up if there is little precipitation.
Temperature was measured on the field. Samples were filtered through a 0.45 micrometers disc syringe and determined pH inlaboratory. Na+ , K+ contents were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Fe2+ , Ca2+ , Si, Al3+ , Mg2+ , Mn2+
contents were analyzed ICP- MS. Analysis of F− , Cl− , NO3 − , SO4 2− was conducted by ion chromatography (IC). δD and δ 18 O
were analyzed by Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer analyzer.
[Results and discussion]
Major cations were Fe2+ (62-692 mg/L) and Al3+ (19-385 mg/L). Fe2+ and Al3+ show the similar temporal trend. Point 1
hot spring had high concentration of Ca2+ (140-473 mg/L), but point 2 hot spring had low concentration of Ca2+ (6-26 mg/L).
The major anion was SO4 2− (478-7300mg/L). Other anions were such as Cl− (3-83mg/L). However, the pH, water temperatureand chemical composition of this study point differed from previous research (Kikukawa, 2001). The above research sampling
point was located within 100m from point 1 and 2, which suggests that the chemical composition of hot spring water could bechanged even if they are located closely. Relationship the earthquake swarm and the volcanic gas have been indicated (Daita,2013). The frequency of earthquake swarm surrounding Hakone volcano during (Hot Spring Research Institute of Kanagawa
Prefecture) this study showed increasing trend along Cl− /SO4 2− rate increasing. Accordingly, Cl− /SO4 2− rate may be relevantto the volcano activity. The δD and δ 18 O range of hot spring water in point 1 was from 53.3 to 10.2 ‰ and from -7.3 to 8.3 ‰,respectively. In case of point 2, that range was from -34.2 to 29.7 ‰ and from -0.7 to 2.5 ‰, respectively. Compared above, hotspring water point 1 had more wide isotopic variation than that of point 2. Those different isotopic characters among them might
be caused by the different welling up styles. The δD and δ 18 O of hot spring water showed decreasing trend along the number ofearthquake swarm increasing.The point 2 was clearer correlation with earthquake swarm than point 1.

Keywords: hot spring, volcanic activity, Hakone

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SVC45-P09

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Estimation of chemical properties of lake water at Lakes Nyos and Monoun using soundvelocity profiles and transparency
SAIKI, Kazuto1∗ ; KANEKO, Katsuya2 ; NTCHANTCHO, Romaric3 ; FOUEPE, Alain3 ; JOHROKU, Keisuke1 ;OHBA, Takeshi4 ; TANYILEKE, Gregory3 ; HELL, Joseph V.3
1Osaka Univ., 2 Kyoto Univ., 3 IRGM, 4 Tokai Univ.

Limnic eruptions in 1984 and 1986 at Lakes Monoun and Nyos in Cameroon were caused by sudden degassing of magmatic
CO2 dissolved in the lake water. The disasters killed about 1800 residents around the lakes. To prevent further disasters,monitoring of CO2 in the lake waters is essential. For frequent measurement, we developed a convenient method of CO2
monitoring using sound velocity (SV) as part of SATREPS project supported by JICA and JST. In the 2014 survey, we tookmovies of the under-water and the bottom of the lakes using an underwater camera with a pressure container of 200 m resist.
The vertical change of transparency of water was observed by checking the visibility of reflectors set in front of the camera. A
pressure sensor simultaneously monitored the depth. The thickness of the cloudy water layer with suspending substance was 6˜7m at the surface of Lake Nyos and the transparency of water becomes clearer with depth. At Lake Monoun the transparencyof water increases with depth near the surface, but decreases again with depth around the bottom. At the the deep part of Lake
Monoun, there seems to be a negative correlation between transparency and CO2 concentration , but at the deep part of Nyos
the transparency does not decrease with the increase of CO2 concentration. It may be caused by the difference of ion species
between two lakes. We will survey again at Lake Nyos on March 2015. The results of the 2015 survey will be also presented at
the meeting.
Keywords: Cameroon, Lake Nyos, Lake Monoun, volcanic lake, limnic eruption

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SVC45-P10

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Subsurface geology of Mt. Fuji based on continuous cuttings from a borehole at Jyuriki,
Susono City, Central Japan
TAKASUKA, Toshifumi1∗ ; FUJIMOTO, Koichiro1 ; MANNEN, Kazutaka2
1

Tokyo Gakugei University, 2 Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture

Many studies on the Fuji volcano have been done mainly based on surface geology. However, the subsurface geology such as
distribution of the precedent volcanoes (Sen-Komitake, Komitake, and Ashitaka Volcanoes) and basement structure are not wellknown since the surface is mostly covered by young lavas and pyloclastics.
We analysed cutting samples retrieved from a borehole drilled at Jyuriki, Susono City, Central Japan (Latitude:35.2609
dN,longitude:138.7898 dE, Altitude: 900m,total drilling length: 1500m).
We recognized four units based on lithology and electlic logging. They are unit I (0 to 220 m depth), unit II (220 to 510 m
depth), unit III (510 to 980 m depth) and unit IV (980 to 1500 m depth).
Unit I, II, and III are mainly composed of basaltic to andesitic lavas. Whole rock chemical composition data suggest that unit
I is derived from Fuji volcano and Unit II and III are derived from Ashitaka volcano.
Unit IV is mainly composed of altered andesitic to dacitic lavas and pyroclastics, probably belonging to the basement of Miocnene formation. The altitude of the basement at Jyuriki is -80 m, which is similar level at Obuch, about 8 km west from theJyuriki.

Keywords: Fuji volcano, Ashitaka volcano, Basement

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SVC45-P11

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Volcanic deformation associated with increase of earthquakes in the northern part of IzuOshima in July 2014
YAMAMOTO, Tetsuya1∗ ; TAKAYAMA, Hiroyuki1 ; TAKAGI, Akimichi1 ; NAGAOKA, Yutaka1 ; KIMURA, Kazuhiro1 ;ONIZAWA, Shin’ya2
1

MRI, 2 JMA

Late July 2014, an earthquake swarm was occurred in the northern part of Izu-Oshima, a volcanic island, and many volcanic
earthquakes were observed including 17 felt quakes, the maximum JMA seismic intensity was 3, observed at Motomachi Town.
Though swarm in this region observed once in three or four years, the event in June 2014 was most intensive since 2002. These
events may provide the key to assess the volcanic activity of Izu-Oshima, and should be investigated in various respects. We
made a research about volcanic deformation associated with the event using GPS data observed at about 15 stations of MRI, JMA
and GSI.
Examining daily mean values of base line length between GPS stations, step-like temporal variation was found in the northernpart of the island in late July. The steps were as large as about 1 cm, and more clear in the base lines along the north-south
direction. These steps were restricted in the northern part, and seemed to be associated with the M3.7 earthquake, the maximum
in the swarm, occurred on July 28. No corresponding step was observed in the middle or the southern part of the island.
Horizontal displacement was inspected referred to a site located on the northwestern rim of the summit caldera. For the twomonths just before the swarm event, only small displacements less than 3 mm were observed in many sites. It means the volcanic
deformation of the island was slowed down when the swarm began. However, for the next two months of the event, large
displacements indicating the deflation over the island was detected, especially in the eastern part, eastward movement over 1 cm.
The rate of the displacement was as much as about 0.5 cm/month, it is comparable to the rate from November to December in
2012, the largest rate in recent years.

Keywords: Izu-Oshima, ground deformation, GPS, volcanic earthquake

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SVC45-P12

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Separation of long and short term crustal deformation of Izu Ohshima islands and eachsources
TAKAYAMA, Hiroyuki1∗ ; YAMAMOTO, Tetsuya1 ; ONIZAWA, Shin’ya3
1

MRI, 2 MRI, 3 JMA

Takayama et al. (2014) showed that we could separate Izu Ohshima crustal deformation into short term and long term variation. We divided short term variation into dilatational component and compressional component. Dilatational component andcompressional component were almost same in the direction without polarity, but long term variation was different from them.
We analyzed long term variation and short term variation by Yamakawa-Mogi model and dyke model. We use MaGCAP-V, aprogram that can fit crustal deformation data using Yamakawa-Mogi model and dyke model.
Short term sources of dilatational and compressional components are at the north caldera and 4km depth. Observed heightvariation are fit for calculated variation too. Long term source is beneath north caldera rim and 7km depth. But observed heightvariation are not fit to calculated height variation. So, we add dyke model to Yamakawa-Mogi model. Then, observed heightvariation are fit to calculated height variation.

Keywords: Izu Ohshima, crustal movement, long term, short term, source

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SVC45-P13

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Reconstruction of eruptive sequence of AD 838 eruption in Kozushima Island
NAITO, Takeshi1∗ ; SUZUKI-KAMATA, Keiko1
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University

Kozushima Island locating on Zenisu Ridge is composed of 16 rhyolitic monogenetic volcanos. The latest AD 838 eruption
started by pyroclastic eruption and ended lava dome forming. Pyroclastic eruption was mainly pyroclastic flow, which formed
pyroclastic plateau in the topographically low area and covered thinly the basement topography in high area. Lithofacies ofpyroclastic-flow deposit is different according to the distribution area. We will discuss the eruptive sequence of AD 838 eruption
based on the lithofacies and emplacement temperature of the deposit.
Lithofacies of pyroclastic-flow deposit are mainly laminated pyroclastic surge where topographical barrier exist between thesource and depositional area. Massive lithofacies are observed in pyroclastic-flow deposit where there is no topographic barrier
from the source area. Massive pyroclastic-flow deposit changes into the laminated pyroclastic-surge deposit along the slope fromlower area to higher area on Matsuyamabana, suggesting that pyroclastic flow changed to pyroclastic surge when the pyroclastic
flow climbed the slope.
We collected 79 samples for the thermal demagnetization experiments. 50 samples show stable magnetization. They show
a broad emplacement temperature values from ambience temperature to 650 ℃. Emplacement temperature of pyroclastic-flow
deposit is 20 ℃-350 ℃ in south and southwest area. In the west and northwest area, pyroclastic-flow deposited at above 450 ℃,
and pyroclastic surge deposited above 500 ℃.
We estimated following eruptive sequence of AD 838 eruption of Kozushima Island. Lava dome forming started at first, thenearlier pyroclastic flows occurred by cooled dome collapse, which flow down toward south area. Pyroclastic flow in the west
and northwest emplaced preserving the high temperature by hotter lava dome collapse. Pyroclastic flow ascending topographicalbarriers changes to pyroclastic surge by dropping the pyroclastic materials.

Keywords: pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic surge, emplacement temperature

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SVC45-P14

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Volcanic activity of Nishinoshima volcano in 2013-2015
ONO, Tomozo1∗
1

Japan Coast Guard

Nishinoshima volcano, which belongs to Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands), restarted its volcanic activity on November 20,
2013 and we already reported the status of its activity until April, 2014 at the meeting of the Japan Geoscience Union 2014. It
has been active (as of January 21, 2015).
The Japan Coast Guard has been carrying out observation of Nishinoshima volcano in cooperation with the Tokyo Instituteof Technology since the volcanic activity’s restart was confirmed. We outline the observed development of volcanicity after thereport at the previous meeting.
Lava was flowing out from several lava craters on the east side of the newly formed land and the lava enlarged the new land to
the east direction from May to July 2014.
A lava mound was formed in the then largest crater on August 26, 2014.
A large quantity of lava was flowing out into the north direction of Nishinoshima on September 17, 2014. Then, the lava
reclaimed the new land area from shallow waters on the north side of Nishinoshima and ”Nishinoshima-Shinto” formed at theprevious volcanic eruption of Nishinoshima from 1973 through 1974 was buried. The original island of Nishinoshima was almost
buried by December 25, 2014 and a small-scale lava field has been formed.
On the other hand, a large pyroclastic cone has been being formed near the centre of the newly formed land. A few craters on
the pyroclastic cone repeated Strombolian eruption from April to July 2014. Now, there is only one active crater after the lava
mound formation in August 2014 and the pyroclastic cone has been growing stably and steadily.

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SVC45-P15

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Monitoring of Nishinoshima volcano from space
FUKUI, Keiichi1∗ ; SAKURAI, Toshiyuki2 ; ANDO, Shinobu3
1

Volcanology Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, 2 Tokyo VAAC, Japan Meteorological Agency, 3 Seismology
and Tsunami Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute

The eruption column was discovered near Nishinoshima, Ogasawara islands, Japan on November 20, 2013 by the aircraft ofJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and a new islet was confirmed by Japan Coast Guard on the same day. The new island
continues growing up with lava flows for more than a year. For monitoring of volcanic activity of Nishinoshima, Japan Coast
Guard and the Self-Defense Forces carry out the aerial observations at least once a month (a few times a month until March2014). The changes of the area of island, position of crater, land form, eruption style, and discolored seawater are investigatedfrom these observations. Also, aerial survey of 5 times was carried until January 2014 by the Geospatial Information Authorityof Japan. In addition, Earthquake Research Institute estimated temporal change of the effusion rates from TerraSAR-X images
and aerial photos taken by JCG and others.
Various data is acquired periodically from space. In particular, the data of Earth observation satellites such as LANDSAT-8
has quickly become available through internet at no charge.
Thermal activity and the feature of ground surface of Nishinoshima volcano were estimated with following satellite images.
1) Heat discharge rates were evaluated from plume rise method (Kagiyama, 1978) by using images of panchromatic band of
LANDSAT-8/OLI and EO-1/ALI, and visible band of Terra/ASTER.
2) Surface temperature of Nishinoshima was evaluated from the thermal band of LANDSAT-8/OLI, EO-1/ALI, EO-1/Hyperion,
Terra/ASTER, and MTSAT (Himawari).
3) Land area assessments by ALOS-2/PALSAR-2.
4) Extraction of time variation of the spectral data of EO-1/Hyperion.
The effusion rates of lava, which estimated by Earthquake Research Institute, had decreased temporarily in around June to
September 2014. The temporal change of temperature estimated from thermal band (3.8 µm) of MTSAT showed the similarchanges to effusion rates. The heat discharge rates estimated from volcanic plumes keep at the same level for more than a year.

Keywords: Nishinoshima, volcano monitoring, volcanic plume, ground temperature, remote sensing

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SVC45-P16

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Summary of volcanic activity at Ontakesan Volcano in 2014
NAKAMURA, Masamichi1∗ ; SEISMOLOGY AND VOLCANOLOGY DEPARTMENT, Volcanology division1
1

Japan Meteorological Agency

An eruption occurred on 27 September 2014 at Ontakesan volcano. We report the summary JMA observation data in 2014,
including this eruption.
Ontakesan is considered to erupt at 11:52 on 27 September. Though visual observation was interrupted by poor visibility, apyroclastic flow, which flowed to Jigokudani direction, was observed. JMA raised the Volcanic Alert Level from 1 (Normal) to3 (Do not approach the volcano) on the same day, because of the increased activity by the eruption.
According to an aerial observation conducted in collaboration with Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) and Chubu
Regional Development Bureau (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; MLIT) on the following day, we confirmed that pyroclastic flows came down from newly formed crater chains in the SW of ones in 1979 eruption, and flowed down
to the 2.5 km SW and 1.5 km NW from new crater chains.
The plumes from new craters became visible after 28 September. Eruption produced grayish and milky white plume, butchanged to white plume after approximately 10 October. A Maximum plume height was 800 m above the crater rim on 28
September 2014, however, it gradually became lower, and plume height was ranged 100 - 300 m above the crater rim through themost of the period after November 2014.
Seismic activity remained at low levels before August 2014. Seismicity increased from the night of 10 September. Lowfrequency earthquakes started to be observed though seismicity decreased gradually after 12 September. A continuous volcanic
tremor occurred on around 11:41, just before the eruption. Seismicity became higher before and after the eruption. A continuous volcanic tremor fluctuated the amplitude and continued until about 6 October. The highest seismicity was observed on 27
September, and decreased since then. The number of volcanic earthquakes per day has fluctuated from several to ten and several
times. All hypocenters of these volcanic earthquakes and tremors were located beneath the summit of Kengamine.
A tiltmeter, located at the 3 km SE at the summit (Kengamine), a rapid NW-up deformation was observed from 11:45 justbefore the eruption, but it reversed on around 11:52, then a gradual SE-down ground change continued.
JMA started to observe the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) flux just after the eruption. It was approx. 1,000 t/d on 28 September 2014, but gradually decreased, and has remained approximately 200-300 t/d after November 2014.
These observations support that volcanic activity became quite high before and after the eruption on 27 September 2014, but
has not yet got back on the activity before August 2014 though it has gradually been at lower state,. We have been intensifying
the surveillance of Ontakesan volcano more than ever.

Keywords: Ontakesan volcano, eruption, volcanic tremor, tiltchange, sulfur dioxide (SO2)

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SVC45-P17

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Explosion energy in Ontake 2014 eruption - estimation from thermodynamic propertiesof waterNARITA, Shohei1∗ ; MURAKAMI, Makoto2
1

Hokkaido University, 2 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido Univ.

On 27 September 2014, eruption occurred near the summit of Mt. Ontake (3,067m above sea level) located in central Japan.
This is a phreatic explosion caused by rapid expansion of gas-liquid mixed water. This study aims to estimate an energy balanceto estimate how much of original thermodynamic energy was released as kinetic energy at the early stage of eruption. In theanalysis we followed the method proposed by R.Tihery and L.Mercury (2009) to calculate total thermodynamic energy releasedby the water which was originally situated in magma or hydrothermal reservoir with high pressure and temperature. We also
assumed that the thermodynamic process the water experienced was the decompression to an atmospheric pressure. Generally
speaking, in the volcanic eruption, not all the thermodynamic energy of the water is converted into the kinetic energy leading to
explosive event. In this study, we thus define an index ζ to represent a ratio of the kinetic energy versus the total thermodynamic
energy of the original water at the reservoir with high pressure and temperature. Here we try to estimate ζ for Ontake, 2014 using
all the available observation results reported about this eruption.
We started from the energy and mass conservation laws of water, ash, and rocks involved in the eruption. In the previous works
done by R.Tihery and L.Mercury (2009) and Mastin (1995), the authors proposed methods to estimate theoretical maximum
thermodynamic energy emitted by explosive process by assuming that all the ejecta derived from the deep hydrothermal reservoir.
However, in actuality, rocks and mud which existed in the close proximity of the vent exit were also expelled by the erupting
water, and acted as a conveyer of the kinetic energy. Therefore, in this study, we assumed that considerable amount of mud androcks originally situating near the surface were also emitted from the vent with the same speed of the erupting water. Here we
define another index η to represent the ratio of mass of the rocks conveyed from the reservoir versus the total ejecta emitted in
the eruption. We substituted the observed numerical values of related parameters that appear in the equations of energy and massconservations for the equation.
As a result, we came up with an equation which relates η to ζ. However, because of lack of constraints, we could not uniquelydetermine η and ζ, but were able to suggest upper and lower limits for those indexes. The estimated results for ζ and η were0.2˜1 and 0˜0.5, respectively. To further narrow the range of η, we used the estimation for ζ (0.2˜0.4) by Ohba et al. (2007) for
Akita Yakeyama phreatic eruption in 1997 because we recognize the high similarity between the two eruptions and because it
seemed to be reasonable to assume ζ would be similar. Thus we assume ζ is also 0.2˜0.4 in the Mt. Ontake 2014 eruption, andwe obtain η is 0˜0.3. For this range of ζ, the calculated mechanical energy was estimated to be 103 ˜104 GJ. This estimate means
the total kinetic energy of the ejecta erupted during the early period of eruption, and hence this result is consistent with that of
Taniguchi and Ueki (2014), which means discrete explosion energy causing formation of explosion craters.

Keywords: phreatic eruption, explosion energy, water, Ontake, thermodynamics

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SVC45-P18

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Development of Automatic Ash Observation System
FURUKAWA, Ryuta1∗ ; OIKAWA, Teruki1
1

Geological Survey of Japan, AISTWe developed an automatic ash observation system with 2011 eruption of Kirishima Shinmoedake volcano as an opportunity.
Our goal is to develop a method to obtain the semi-real time information of pyroclastic fall phenomena to contribute eruption
forecasting and to advance high precision reconstruction of the sequence of the past eruption. Our equipment contains sensorsof particle counter, load cell, and network camera, suppliers of 12V battery, solar panel, and wind power generator, and theircontroller. We newly deploy advanced equipment of ultra-sonic distance meter to measure the thickness of pyroclastic fall
deposits. We tested each equipment in Kirishima and Sakurajima volcanoes and made sure to continuously observe and detect
the eruption with acquring data of weight and image of deposits. Particle counter and internet rooter are troublesome withvolcanic gas rich environment.
Keywords: volcanic ash, observation equipment, pollen sensor, load cell, internet

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SVC45-P19

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

The ash fall of Ontake Volcano 2014 eruption by the pollen sensor networks observation
OIKAWA, Teruki1 ; FURUKAWA, Ryuta1∗
1

GSJ/AISTAsh fall of Ontake volcano 2014 eruption was observed by the pollen monitoring sensor of NTT DOCOMO of environmental
sensor networks. Area of the ash-fall of over 2 g/m2 , a change in the significant sensor values was observed. Ash that could beobserved in pollen sensor, with a particle size 35 µm or less, not a circular shape in order polarization from 1 to 0.2. The ash falltime is estimated from the sensor value; there was ash fall to 3 and 5 hours after the eruption, at the 30 km and 50km area of east
from the crater, respectively. The Nigorigo Onsen, the foot northwest of volcano, the ash fall is estimated at 27th 21:00. Basedon this example, the pollen sensor values became clear that it can be observed in a few g/m2 ash-fall.
Keywords: Ontakesan, Ontake Volcano, 2014 erpution, Pollen sensor, volcanic ash, sensor network

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SVC45-P20

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Possible detection of fine ash particle from 2014 phreatic eruption at Ontake Volcano bypollen sensor network
MIWA, Takahiro1∗ ; NAGAI, Masashi1 ; KAWAGUCHI, Ryohei1 ; TANADA, Toshikazu1
1

NIED

Very fine ash particle with size of <30µm is consider to remain suspended for days to week due to their small terminal velocity,and influence many environmental and economic factors (e.g., Rose and Durant, 2011). This study presents continuous data ofpollen sensor network that possibly detected fine ash particle from 2014 phreatic eruption at Ontake volcano. The pollen sensor
shots polarizing laser, and counts a particle introduced into the chamber. Also the shape of particles is estimated from scatteringand polarization properties of the particles. The particle size that can be counted by the pollen sensor ranges from 20 to 30µm
which corresponds to fine ash. We examined continuous data from 150 pollen sensor stations installed in Nagano, Gifu, andYamanashi prefectures that were around the Ontake volcano during September 26-28th, 2014. We evaluated temporal changeof the counting number of the particles on the basis of ratio of the counting number at a time to average value in each station.
The ratio shows step-like increasing at few hours after the eruption which occurs in 11:52 September 27th. The increasing ofratio could be explained by falling and resuspension of fine ash particle after the eruption. Examination of shape of particle andextension of studied term are future work.
Keywords: volcanic ash, Ontake volcano, pollen sensor

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SVC45-P21

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Spectral characteristics of volcanic earthquakes before and after the 2014 eruption of Ontake volcano
NAGAOKA, Yutaka1∗ ; KATO, Koji2 ; YAMAMOTO, Tetsuya1 ; YOKOYAMA, Hirofumi1
1

MRI, JMA, 2 JMA

Ontake volcano started phreatic eruption on 27 September 2014. The volcanic earthquake activity began from 29 August
preceding the eruption and increased remarkably during 10-11 September. However, the volcano showed the decrease of earthquakes after that, followed by the phreatic eruption. We investigated the spectral characteristics of volcanic earthquakes with aview to reveal the eruptive process before the eruption implied by the earthquakes.
We classified the volcanic earthquakes occurred at Ontake volcano based on the spectrum of vertical record at Tanoharaue
seismic station (JMA) into two groups defined as follows; earthquakes containing high frequency component over 20 Hz called
HF, and otherwise called LF.
Comparing the activity of two groups before and after the eruption, LF was dominant for about a month before the eruption.
In contrast, HF comprised a majority for about a month after the eruption. The duration of each LF earthquake was relatively
long before the eruption, but became short after that. HF showed little difference about the duration between before and after the
eruption. A number of successive volcanic earthquakes occurred before the eruption, and the majority of those had LF characteristic, however decreased after the eruption.
Keywords: Ontake volcano, volcanic earthquake, spectral characteristics

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SVC45-P22

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Comparison of seismic waveforms in process of past eruptions at Ontake volcano
OTSUKA, Yoshihiro1∗ ; FUJIWARA, Yoshiaki1
1

Japan meteorological agency

We estimated the focal depth using the maximum amplitude ratio of seismic station ”Kaida” (Nagoya.Univ) to station ”Tanoharaue” (JMA) about the past eruptions in 2007 and 2014, and evaluated the characteristics of seismicity before and after the eruptions in 1991, 2007 and 2014.
On the eruption of September 27 2014, volcanic earthquakes increased from September 10. In addition to A-type earthquakes( HFs), BH-type earthquakes (MFs) were frequently observed. Most of BH-type earthquakes (ration; approx.. 4) occurred atshallower depth than the one (ratio; approx.. 2) during the dormant period. Volcanic tremor (ratio; approx..6) was observed
at approximately 10 minutes ahead of the eruption occurred at another shallower depth, and HFs and MFs (ratio; approx..10)
occurred at much shallower depth, which led to the eruption. After the eruption, MFs (ratio; approx..3) occurred at deeper depth
once, then BL-type earthquakes (LFs) (ratio; over approx..8) occurred very often. After that, volcanic earthquakes with large
amplitudes temporarily decreased, but they (mostly HFs) distribute dispersedly after the mid-October. Also, volcanic tremors(ratio; almost 3) at deeper depth in comparison with the previous ones occurred in a short period.
In case of 2007 eruption, many MFs (ratio; almost 3) from December 2006 to January 2007 occurred at deeper depth, compared to the ones in 2014. The burst of MFs and tremors occurred at shallower depth with large amplitude ratio, which wassynchronized with Very-Low-Frequency earthquake (VLF). After the tremors at shallower part occurred for half a month, seismicity became temporarily dormant. After LF occurred on May 2 2007, a very small-scale eruption occurred in the course of theoccurrence of LFs and tremors at shallower part (ratio is larger).
In case of 1991 eruption, though amplitude ration has been unexamined, waveform classification suggests that HFs occurred
mostly as well as the other cases before the burst of earthquakes, in which most of earthquakes were MFs, including LFs andtremors. After approximately 1 month from these burst, a very small-scale eruption occurred. After that, tremors, MFs and LFs
were observed for almost about 2 months.
As demonstrated above, seismicity before past eruptions are divided into two patterns: 1) shallower LFs, HFs and tremors(ratio is larger) were observed compared to the dormant period prior to eruption, 2) no or little shallow LFs, HFs and tremors
were observed. In either pattern, the increase on MFs was confirmed prior to the eruptions. The presentation also investigated
the similarities in each eruption process, using seismic waveforms in 2014 eruption and seisimic data during other eruptions.
Acknowledgement
We express great thanks to Nagoya University to use the waveform data on Kaida seismic station.

Keywords: Ontake volcano, maximum amplitude ratio, characteristics of seismicity

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SVC45-P23

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Detection of crustal deformation accompanied by the 2014 eruption of Ontake volcano
using GNSS stacking data.
MIYAOKA, Kazuki1∗ ; YOKOTA, Takashi2 ; TAKAGI, Akimichi1 ; ONIZAWA, Shin’ya3
1Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, 2 Tokyo District Meteorological Observatory, 3 Japan Meteorological Agency

Phreatic eruption occurred at Mt. Ontake on September 27, 2014.
Although remarkable crustal deformations preceded the eruption were not detected at that time, some small changes in GNSS
baseline data were reported by JMA and GSI afterward.
In this study, we applied the stacking method (Miyaoka and Yokota, 2012) to GNSS data and tried to find the crustal deformation induced by that volcanic activities.The stacking method can extract a common signal component included in the plural ofthe data. This method is intended to improve the SN ratio by cumulating the time series data of crustal deformation.
We set two types of combinations that composed the short baselines (Short Combination) and long ones (Long Combination).
They are expected to detect crustal deformations due to a shallower pressure source and a deeper one respectively.
As the result of this analysis, we detected small expansionary changes before the eruption and small contractive changes after
the event in Short Combination.
Furthermore, we also analyzed GNSS data of 2007 eruption with the same method. Then we found that the amount of Short
Combination’s change in 2007 is same as or slightly larger than that in 2014.On the other hand, in Long Combination, although
the change observed in 2014 was small as comparable to the noise or less, a distinct change was found in 2007 and it was muchlarger than that in 2014.
These differences of changes in Short and Long Combination between 2007 and 2014 may reflect the difference in behaviorof a material at shallower and deeper part of Ontake volcano.

Miyaoka, K., Yokota, T., 2012.Development of Stacking Method for the Detection of Crustal Deformation: Application to the
Early Detection of Slow Slip Phenomena on the Plate Boundary in the Tokai Region Using Strain Data (in Japanese), J. Seism.
Soc. Jpn.(Zisin) 65, 205-218.

Keywords: Mt Ontake, stacking, eruption, crustal deformation, GNSS

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SVC45-P24

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

The rainfall correction of E-W component of the tiltmeter at Mt. Ontake Tanohara (1)KIMURA, Kazuhiro1∗ ; NAKAHASHI, Masaki2
1

Meteorological Research Institute, 2 Japan Meteorological Agency

Several minutes before eruption of Mt. Ontake of September, 2014, it is an obvious fact that there was a change of the clear
mountain rise to the tiltmeter of Mt. Ontake Tanohara. However, the tiltmeter is affected by the rainfal, and we were not able toconfirm other changes until now.
We tried the rainfall correction of E-W component of the tiltmeter at Mt. Ontake Tanohara, and I was able to get the goodresult during the period when rainfall is liquid (from June to October). As a result, We were able to confirm a change of themountain rise from about September 10, 2014 in the same timing that earthquakes increased under the summit of Mt. Ontake.
However, the change of such the tiltmeter was confirmed several times in the past. This change of the tiltmeter is thought to be anoise or a signal, a judgement is divided by each person.

Keywords: tiltmeter, Mt. Ontake, rainfall correction

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SVC45-P25

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Preliminary report of the gravity measurement around Mt. Ontake
HONDA, Ryo1∗ ; TANAKA, Toshiyuki1 ; MIYAGI, Yosuke2 ; MIYAJIMA, Rikio1
1

TRIES, 2 NIED

Mt. Ontake (3067 m), which lies between the Nagano and the Gifu prefecture, erupted in September 27, 2014. This eruption
caused 57 casualties. The gravity observation is important in monitoring volcanic activities, because it is able to detect thesubsurface mass movement directly. Because we thought it is essential to make an early observation after the eruption, the hybrid
observation of the absolute and the relative gravimeter was performed. We also established the gravity stations for the annual
recurrent observations.
For it is important to comprehend the height change in the recurrent gravity measurement, we installed gravity stations along
the benchmarks of the leveling line (Kimata et al., 2011). Adjoining the benchmarks, we drilled two shallow pits for each stations
for the convenience of the recurrent observations. We installed 30 gravity stations along leveling line, and two more stations close
to the mountain top; at the Tanohara and the Ontakesan Kyuka-Mura.
We executed the observation and the construction of the gravity stations during 18 to 21 November, 2014. The absolute gravity
measurement was operated at the branch office of the central Mitake-cho civic center, while the relative measurement was
operated with two gravimeter; CG-3 (TRIES) and CG-5 (NIED). We will recurrently operate this observation for the monitoringof the volcano.
Kimata et al., 2011, Vertical deformation detected by the accurate leveling around the Eastern sub-montane swarm area of Mt.
Ontake, (2002-2009), Rep. Res. Committee for Crustal Activity, 27, 67-74, 2011 (in Japanese).

Keywords: Gravity, Mt. Ontake, Crustal Deformation

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SVC45-P26

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Self-potential mapping around the summit area of Ontake volcano and continuous telluric
observations
YOSHIMURA, Ryokei1∗ ; OKADA, Yasuaki1 ; YAMAZAKI, Ken’ichi1
1

Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University

In this presentation, we will report the result of self-potential (SP) mapping around the summit area of Ontake stratovolcano
obtained by campaign measurements in summer season of the years 2005 and 2006. By comparing the distribution of SP withthe location of the 2014 phreatic eruption, we discuss whether it was possible to know a potential risk of such phreatic eruptionin advance.
In February 2007, we established a continuous SP observation network the eastern submontane area of Ontake volcano withthe aim of monitoring the crustal/hydrothermal activity. This network consists of 8 long dipole telluric observations using leased
telephone infrastructures as the cables connecting the electrodes and is about 10 km away from the summit. We will also
introduce long-time variations detected by this telluric observation network and report the presence or absence of a remarkablechange around the time of the 2014 phreatic eruption.

Keywords: Self-potential, Ontake volcano, continuous telluric observations

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SVC45-P27

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Recent volcanic activity of Unzen volcano
MATSUSHIMA, Takeshi1∗ ; UMAKOSHI, Kodo2 ; SHIMIZU, Hiroshi1 ; MATSUMOTO, Satoshi1 ; AIZAWA, Koki1 ;KAMIZONO, Megumi1
1

SEVO, Kyushu Univ., 2 Fac. of Environmental Studies, Nagasaki Univ.

Unzen volcano that made the volcanic activity, such as lava dome and pyroclastic flow in 1990-1995, the volcanic activity on
the surface is followed by a calm situation. However, seismic activity just below Fugendake is gradually activated for the last
few years, change has appeared in its activities.
After growth arrest of lava dome, it was state for a while less occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. However, since 2008 in 1km
B. S. L. near the Fugen, a small earthquake with seismic magnitude -1 to 0 occurs in two to three times the frequency of the past.
In recent years, the number of volcanic earthquakes magnitude from 0 to 1 increases.
Previously the temperature of the fumarole gas lava dome had been steadily reduced. However, the measurement in November
2014 fumarole temperature increases 5 to 10 degrees, the amount of gas fumarole is large.
In the leveling route of the west bank of Shimabara Peninsula, is progressing sedimentation during few years. Supply ofmagma from deep underground has stopped.
The results of the GPS observations Meteorological Research Institute has conducted, lava dome has continued to shrink, oldmountain upper body directly under its also seen a contraction trend.
Given From the above, supply of magma from deep under the Chijiwa bay has stopped. Lava dome on the surface of Fugendakealso is progressing steadily cooling. However, directly under the sea under the depth 1km Fugen is, volcanic earthquakes haveincreased by some volcanic activity. Fumarole temperature of the dome is slightly increased and amount of fumarole is so large,
some activity in this depth 1km there is a possibility that effect.

Keywords: Unzen volcano, Volcanic earthquake, Leveling survey, fumarole gas temperature, lava dome

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SVC45-P28

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

The 2014-2015 eruptive activity of Aso Volcano, Kyushu, JapanHIRAMATSU, Hideyuki1 ; INOUE, Hideho1 ; MATSUSUE, Shinichi1 ; KATO, Koji2∗
1

Fukuoka Regional Headquarters, JMA, 2 Japan Meteorological Agency

Mt. Aso is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. The volcanic activities of Mt. Aso has increased gradually since 2013.
Small eruptions sometimes occurred and number of volcanic earthquakes and volcanic tremor amplitude increased relatedly.
Mt.Aso began to erupt on November 2014. This eruption was Strombolian and accompanied with ejection of scoria. We reportabout recent volcanic activity of Mt. Aso

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SVC45-P29

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Ground deformation in Aso Volcano before and during 2014-15 eruptive activity
OHKURA, Takahiro1∗ ; YOSHIKAWA, Shin1 ; INOUE, Hiroyuki1
1

AVL, Kyoto Univ.

Aso Volcano, one of the most active volcanoes in Japan, is located in the central part of Kyushu and consists of an ellipticalcaldera with a diameter of 18km in E-W and 25km in N-S, and of central cones with more than 10 volcanoes aligned in E-W
direction. Among central cones, Nakadake volcano is the only active cone and its recent activity is characterized by ash andstrombolian eruptions and phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions. The last strombolian eruptions ended in the beginning of the
1990s and after that, surface activities have been restricted to the fumarolic gas and ash emission from the northernmost crater ofthe volcano accompanying activity of long period tremors (LPT) or very long period (VLP) events.
Aso volcanological laboratory has an observation tunnel for the precise measurement of ground deformations. The 30m-deeptunnel is located at Hondo observatory, 1km southwest from the active crater. Waterlube tiltmeters and invar-rod extensometers
are working in the tunnel to monitor the ground deformation of Aso.
Since 1990s, observations using broadband seismometers at the tunnel have revealed that the source of LPT is a crack-like
conduit located at depths of 1-1.5 km beneath Nakadake, with a length of 1km and width of 2.5km. It is also revealed that at thisdepth a pressure was located and caused long-period displacements a few minutes before phreatic eruption that occurred in 1993
and 1994.
After 21 year’s dormancy, Aso volcano started magmatic eruptions in November, 2014.
During pre-eruptive stage, remarkable ground deformations were detected by the tilt meters and extensometers in September
2013, January 2014 and July 2014 associated with increase in VLP events activity. By comparing the calculated deformation
assuming a Mogi source and a dyke, it is found that observed deformation could be attributed to the expansion of the crack-like
conduit.
Just before the eruption that occurred on 25 Nov. 2014, we have detected a rapid extension of the radial component of theextensometers.
We also detected a expansion at a depth of 1.3km just beneath the active crater of Nakadake 2 days before successive eruptionsin Jan. 2015. It is found that the located deformation source almost coincides with the location of the pressure source before thephreatic eruption in 1993 and 1994.

Keywords: Aso Volcano, Eruptive activity 2014-2015, Crustral deformation

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SVC45-P30

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Detection of long period events of the Aso volcano applying a matched filter technique toF-net broadband seismic data
MATSUZAWA, Takanori1∗ ; MATSUMOTO, Takumi1 ; TANADA, Toshikazu1
1

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

It has been reported that long period seismic waves above the period of 10 s are excited at the Aso volcano (Kaneshima et al.,
1996, Science). These events have been activated from the summer in 2014. We are now developing a monitoring system ofthese events, applying a matched filter technique to F-net broadband seismic data (e.g., Asano et al., 2015, GRL).
In this method, cross correlation (CC) values between a template event and target data are calculated using three component
continuous data of nine F-net broadband seismometers around the Aso volcano. Long period events are detected, if average valueof CC exceeds threshold values. Assuming that the epicenter is within the volcano, only origin times of the events are estimatedin this analysis, while Asano et al. (2015) estimated origin time and epicenters of shallow very low frequency earthquakes
simultaneously. We selected the event at 6:05am on Mar. 31, 2009, as a template event, in this study. Waveforms are band-passfiltered between 10 s and 20 s. Then, averaged value of CC of all components at all stations is calculated. If maximum valueof averaged CC within 1 minute exceeds threshold values, the signal is detected as an event. In the following of this study, weshow results from Apr. 2003 to Jan. 2015, assuming 0.3 and 0.5 as the threshold values. To measure the size of events, averaged
amplitude ratio (AAR) is given by logarithmical average of ratios of maximum amplitude between target period and a template
event. Daily values of AAR and number of events are defined by median of values in one day. We use these daily values in thefollowing discussion. Daily number of events with threshold of 0.3 and 0.5 is denoted by N03 and N05, respectively.
In our result, long period events are relatively quiescent from Aug. 2010 to Feb. 2012. Number of events and AAR start toincrease in Aug. 2014. After Oct. 10, 2014, N03 and AAR frequently exceed 500 and 2, respectively. Then, N05 and AAR
decreases after the end of Nov. 2014. However, N03 is kept high. This suggests that number of events is still large, while theamplitude becomes low.
It remains some problems to be improved in our simple method. For example, CC value tends to be low, when far field large
earthquakes occur. In addition, detectability of events may be saturated, when long period events recur within 1 minute, which is
the length of the time window to select an event. Threshold value also should be examined, while we adopt the values of 0.3 and
0.5 in this study. However, as our method can quantitatively evaluate the activity of long period events, number of events and
AAR are still useful parameters to evaluate the activity of the Aso volcano.

Keywords: Aso volcano, long period tremor, matched filter technique, monitoring

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SVC45-P31

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Locating sources of the continuous tremor at Aso Volcano
ICHIMURA, Misa1∗ ; YOKOO, Akihiko1 ; KAGIYAMA, Tsuneomi1 ; OHKURA, Takahiro1 ; YOSHIKAWA, Shin1 ;INOUE, Hiroyuki1
1Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

At Aso Volcano in southwest Japan, volcanic tremors have been well-studied based on observations since early 1900s and havebeen classified into several types (e.g. Sassa, 1935). One of these tremors, a continuous tremor, dominates in the frequency of
3-10 Hz and its source location is determined in the area shallower than a depth of 600 m beneath the active crater (Takagi et al.,2006; 2009). This suggests that an intrusion of gas flow into an aquifer occurs at this depth. There is another idea about source
process of this tremor; it might be associated with increasing a cross-sectional size of a conduit as change of seismic amplitudeoften corresponds to change of volcanic activity (Sudo, 2012). However, precise source location and source mechanism of thecontinuous tremor have not yet been elucidated in either case.
In January 2014, it was found that a new vent had been opened in the crater of Aso Volcano on the 7th day and that a small
eruption occurred on the 13th day (Japan Meteorological Agency, 2014). A temporal change of the tremor amplitude wasobserved since more than one month before these surface phenomena. In a 5-10 Hz band-passed vertical seismogram at a station
SUN, 1 km south from the crater, the RMS amplitude started to increase gradually in November 2013 (0.006 µm/s/day). After
that, it increased rapidly for 2 weeks (0.16 µm/s/day) and then sharply decreased to the same level as in early November for 3
days (-0.25 µm/s/day). Similar changes of the amplitude were observed for 10 days afterward.
In this study, we focus a period from December 2013 to January 2014 and determine source locations of the continuous tremor.
We then discuss a source process of the tremor linking to a shallow structure beneath the active crater.
For locating sources of the continuous tremor, we assume that the tremor is composed of the S-wave radiating isotropically(Vs=1.12 km/s; Q=204). Grid search method is applied to reproduce a spatial distribution of the seismic amplitude (verticalcomponent) observed at our 7 stations around the crater. The space for searching is about 1,500 m×1,500 m×1,200 m at a 25 m
interval. The terms when we have data with good azimuthal coverage by more than 4 stations are picked up to the calculation.
As a result, source locations of the tremor were determined at the depth of several tens m beneath the crater in early December
when the amplitude increased gradually, and near the ground surface of the crater bottom in late December when the amplitude
increased rapidly. In early January when we observed the similar change of amplitude to in December, the sources were locatedfrom the depth of a few hundreds m to just beneath the crater bottom.
These results indicate that we could shed a light on the distribution of a path of volcanic fluid beneath the active crater.
Yamamoto et al. (1999) proposes that a crack-like conduit whose upper edge is situated in a depth of 300 m beneath the crater isthe path of volcanic fluid. The fluids may always be supplied to the crater through the conduit (Terada et al., 2012). The tremor
sources determined here are distributed to fill a space between upper edge of the crack-like conduit and the crater. In this area,
there are a cap rock and a hydrothermal fluid reservoir (Kanda et al., 2008). We thus interpret source processes of the continuous
tremor as follows. In December, fluid influx exceeded the usual amount as increasing of volcanic activity. This widened the pathwith radiation of the continuous tremor. Especially the tremor at shallower depth of the crater would associate with fracturing in
the cap rock region. Since this phenomenon must have reached to the ground surface, we observed the new vent opened inside
the crater on 7 January. In the next 10 days, as further increase of the influx causing the January 13 eruption would occur, theobserved tremor amplitude changed like in December.
Keywords: volcanic tremor, Aso Volcano

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SVC45-P32

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Results of the electromagnetic survey related to the eruption of 2014 on Aso volcano.
UTSUGI, Mitsuru1∗ ; OHKURA, Takahiro1 ; YOKOO, Akihiko1 ; KAGIYAMA, Tsuneomi1
1

Kyoto Univ.

On Aso volcano, eruption was occurred at Nov. 2014, first time in 21 years. Around the Nakadake 1st crater, which is the mostactive crater of Aso volcano, we conducted continuous geomagnetic field observation (since 1991) and subsurface resistivity
monitoring by repeated EM induction survey (since 2011). From these observations, we obtained the data which suggest thesubsurface thermal state had drastically changed before the beginning of the eruption.
From the continuous geomagnetic field (total field) observation, significant temporal change was observed. This temporalchange began from Oct. 2014, 1 month before the eruption. The sense of this change is demagnetization and it suggests subsurface temperature was increased. From the data analysis, it was revealed that this change in temperature was occurred on 150m
depth from the rim of crater, about 50m depth from the bottom of the 1st crater.
From the monitoring of subsurface resistivity using ACTIVE system (control sourced EM induction survey), significant temporal change of resistivity structure was also observed. The repeated ACTIVE survey was carried out on Sep. 20 before theeruption and Nov. 26 just after the eruption. From the data obtained by these surveys, temporal change was observed in 100 to
150m depth from the rim of crater and the resistivity was increased on this depth. The source depth of geomagnetic change andthe depth that the resistivity has changed are very similar. From this, we are considering the following scenario: Magma began torise from before about one month of eruption. By this magma, crustal rock was heated and demagnetized. And the undergroundwater, hydrothermal fluids was pushed away by the high temperature of magma and subsurface resistivity became relatively high.
On our presentation, we will show the detail about our observation data and results of data analysis related to the eruption on
2014.
Keywords: geomagnetic field observation, demagnetization, resistivity monitoring

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SVC45-P33

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Relative source locations of continuous tremor before and after the subplinian events at
Shinmoe-dake
ICHIHARA, Mie1∗ ; MATSUMOTO, Satoshi2
1

Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 2 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Kyushu University

Shinmoe-dake volcano started its climatic events on January 26, 2011, and three subplinian events occurred in 2 days. Although
precursory evidences indicating magma intrusion were found in the time scale of a year, any decisive geophysical signals showing
the final stage toward the eruption have not been identified. Volcanic tremor started to be recorded at stations around the summitof Shinmoe-dake at 12:45 on 18 January and had a high intensity after the phreatic eruption at 01:27 on the 19th until Februay
7, If there was any sign indicating rise of new magma to the shallow depth before the phreatic eruption, the tremor could be thecandidate. Here we analyze the locations of the continuous tremor before, during, and after the subplinian events.
Seismic stations were sparse especially in the west of Shinmoe-dake before the eruption. A good number of seismic stations
were installed after the start of the eruption, which included a dense seismic array operated by Kyushu University. The array
was deployed on January 29 about 3 km from the Shinmoe-dake crater in the direction N115o W. Twenty-five 3-component
seismometers with a natural frequency of 2 Hz were installed at a sensor interval of 20-40 m.
We first investigated the source location of a long steady tremor on February 2 from 0:00am to 4:05am. Any clear spectral
peaks common among the stations were not observed, and the power was broadly distributed in the rages below 2 Hz and 4.5-7
Hz. A MUSIC spectrum analysis was performed for the data from the seismic array using 1.5-2.5 Hz and 3.5-4.5 Hz bands.
The results showed that P and S waves constantly came from the direction of the Shinmoe-dake crater. In addition to the array,
16 seismic stations recorded good quality data in this period. The tremor centroids were calculated by simply summing thecoordinates of the stations weighted with the route-mean-square amplitudes of the tremor in a 1-7 Hz band. They fell on thecenter of the Shinmoe-dake crater. When only the stations that were operated before the eruption were used, the centroids were
shifted to the northeast because of the biased distribution.
The amplitude distribution of this tremor was used as a reference. The seismic amplitude from January 18 to February 2
at each station was normalized by this reference amplitude. From dependence of the normalized amplitudes on the directions
and distances from the Shinmoe-dake crater, the relative source locations of the tremor were estimated. In the afternoon ofJanuary 18, when the continuous tremor started, the source moved from the west to the center of the crater and then to the northand the deeper. The tremor source because shallower after the phreatic eruption on the morning of January 19, and a narrowgliding spectral peak appeared around 2 Hz on the night. The tremor declined at 8:00 on January 23 and restarted at 13:15
at a further shallower depth. This shallow source was active until the phreatic eruption on the morning of January 26 before
the first subplinian event. The amplitudes at the southern stations were relatively strong during the first and second subplinian
events and the same location as the reference event became active after the second subplinian event. It is consistent with thevisual observation that the eruption center shifted from the south edge to the center of the crater at the final stage of the second
subplinian event.

Keywords: Volcanic tremor, Eruption, Seismic source, Shinmoe-dake

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SVC45-P34

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

A precise evaluation of magma-derived CO2 flux from seafloor on Aira Caldera in Kagoshima
Bay, Southern Kyushu,
KONDO, Kazuna1 ; YAMANAKA, Toshiro1∗ ; TSUNOGAI, Urumu2 ; TAKAHASHI, Hiroshi3 ; YAMAMOTO, Tomoko4
1

Okayama University, 2 Nagoya University, 3 AIST, 4 Kagoshima University

Aira Caldera is one of the huge volcanic depressions located Kyushu, Japan, and it occupied the innermost part of Kagoshima
Bay, southern Kyushu. The caldera is designated one of the active volcanoes in Japan due to its vigorous fumarolic activity on
seafloor in Wakamiko Crater. The caldera is almost submerged (caldera floor is about 140 m in water depth) and is about 20 km
in width from east to west. Wakamiko Crater is another depression located at the east side of the caldera floor, water depth of thecrater floor is about 200 m. Vigorous fumarolic activity in and around the crater has been known as “Tagiri” by local fishermen,
and the gas is composed mainly of carbon dioxide with significant amount of methane derived from thermal decomposition oforganic matter.
Monitoring of gas flux and composition associated with volcanic activity is expected one of the useful proxies for evaluation of
volcanic activity. CO2 is the most sensitive indicator to reflect clearly the state of magma because CO2 is degassing preferentiallyrelative to the other components. Since 2007, we have tried to estimation of CO2 flux from the seafloor in the caldera based on
accumulation rate of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the stagnant bottom water with in the crater. However, the DIC possibly
include additional CO2 derived from methane oxidation in water column and decomposition of organic matter in the sedimentarylayers filled in the crater and caldera. Therefore, we evaluate the contribution of the additional CO2 and try to estimate pure CO2
flux from magma excluding the additional CO2 .
Significant high δ 13 C and δD values of dissolved methane in the seawater samples indicated that methane oxidation was occurred in the water column overlying Wakamiko Crater. Based on the isotopic data the isotope fractionation factor (α) for carbon
and oxidation rate of dissolved methane were estimated α = 1.023 and 3.4 µM/d, respectively. The oxidation rate is significantly
higher relative to the previous reported values from other seafloor hydrothermal systems, suggesting that quite active methane
oxidation is occurred within seawater occupied in Aira Caldera. Using those results we calculated the original methane concentration before oxidation as 0.01mM. Therefore, the contribution of methane oxidation to concentration and isotopic ratio of DIC
in the water column can be ignored because dissolved CO2 concentration is two orders of magnitude higher than the methane
concentration.
Furthermore, we estimated the contribution of CO2 derived from decomposition of organic matter in the sedimentary layer.
δ 13 C value of CO2 in the fumarolic gas from the crater could be estimated c . -10 ‰ based on those of DIC in the water column.
The δ 13 C value of CO2 in magma volatile was assumed -5.5 ‰ based on the data of adjacent volcanoes. The δ 13 C value of CO2
derived from organic matter was reported c . -30 ‰. According those data the contribution of additional CO2 from organic matteris estimated c. 18 %. Based on the estimation, we can calculate an accurate flux of magmatic CO2 from the Aira Caldera.

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SVC45-P35

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Vertical ground deformation in Sakurajima volcano measured by precise leveling survey(during Nov. 2013 - Nov. 2014)
YAMAMOTO, Keigo1∗ ; YOSHIKAWA, Shin2 ; MATSUSHIMA, Takeshi3 ; OHKURA, Takahiro2 ; YOKOO, Akihiko2 ;INOUE, Hiroyuki2 ; MISHIMA, Taketoshi2 ; UCHIDA, Kazunari3 ; SONODA, Tadaomi1 ; SEKI, Kenjiro1 ;KOMATSU, Shintaro1 ; HOTTA, Kohei2 ; FUJITA, Shiori3
1

Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, 2 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 3 Faculty of Sciences,
Kyushu University
We conducted the precise leveling survey in Sakurajima volcano in November 2014, in order to evaluate the vertical grounddeformation associated with the recent eruptive activity of this volcano. The leveling routes measured in 2014 survey are about
56 km long in total, including Sakurajima coast route, Sakurajima western flank route, Sakurajima northern flank route. Theseleveling routes were measured by the joint university team during the period of November 5-20. Mean square errors of the
conducted survey were achieved with a good accuracy as the range from ±0.25 to ±0.32 mm/km.
From the measured data, we calculate the relative height of each bench mark referred to the reference bench mark BM.S.17
which is located at the western coast of Sakurajima. The calculated relative heights of the bench marks are then compared withthose of the previous survey conducted in November 2013, resulting in the relative vertical displacements of the bench marks
during the period from November 2013 to November 2014.
The results show that no remarkable vertical displacements are seen at bench marks around the northern part of Sakurajima,
where the ground uplifts have been observed since around 1993 when the eruptive activity at the summit crater of Sakurajima
volcano was gradually decayed. The uplifts reflect the inflation of the magma reservoir beneath Aira caldera. Thus it is suggested
that the magma storage at the magma reservoir beneath Aira caldera almost stops during the period from November 2013 toNovember 2014. On the other hand, the resultant displacements indicate the ground subsidence near the central part of this
volcano. This subsidence reflects the deflation of the magma reservoir located beneath the summit crater, caused by the recent
increase of the volume of ejected magma associated with the eruptive activity at Showa crater.
Keywords: Sakurajima volcano, Aira caldera, precise leveling survey, vertical ground deformation

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SVC45-P36

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Activity of micro VT earthquakes derived from repeating seismic observations using
OBSs around Sakurajima Volcano
YAKIWARA, Hiroshi1∗ ; HIRANO, Shuichiro1 ; MIYAMACHI, Hiroki1 ; TAKAYAMA, Tetsuro2 ;ICHIKAWA, Nobuo2 ; TAMEGURI, Takeshi2 ; IGUCHI, Masato2
1

GSE, Kagoshima Univ., 2 SVRC, DPRI, Kyoto Univ.

We have performed seismic observations with three or four Ocean Bottom Seismographs (OBSs) around Sakurajima Volcano,in order to observe micro volcano-tectonic earthquakes (MVTs) which occur beneath sea bottom of Kagoshima Bay. Although
the observation cannot be continuously conducted through a year, we successfully retrieved all OBSs for six observation periods(P0 to P5) from 2009 to 2014. Yakiwara et al. (2014, JpGU) compared the hypocenter distributions with three-dimensional
seismic velocity model of the upper crust in and around the volcano, though several problems to be solved were remained; 1)
the hypocenters were determined using a one dimensional velocity model (Kakuta et al., 1991: Vp/Vs=1.73=const.) optimized
for regional area of southern Kyushu Island, 2) Station corrections were not estimated adequately, 3) Temporal changes of the
hypocenters were not be mentioned. We therefore re-evaluated the corrections to alternative velocity models, and relocated the
hypocenters. Present study reports the comparisons between relocated hypocenters and temporal changes of baseline lengths of
GEONET stations, and a three-dimensional resistivity in and around Aira Caldera (Kanda et al., 2013).
As alternative velocity models, we adopted one- and three- dimensional velocity models derived from tomographic modelingin and around central and southern Kyushu (Yakiwara et al., 2013, IAVCEI; Yakiwara et al., 2014, JpGU). Selecting earthquakes
used in the tomographic studies and also observed by the OBSs, medians of travel time residuals for each model were assigned
as station corrections. Then, hypocenter relocations were performed by use of the corrections and the velocity models. Among
the relocations, the hypocenter distributions determined by three-dimensional velocity model is most suitable in that the residuals
reached minimal.
Among the observation periods, the relatively obvious increase of baseline elongations was observed only in P3 (October,2011
to January,2012). We therefore estimate P3 as an acceleration period of ground expansion in and around Aira Caldera. The
ground deformation corresponds to magma accumulations at a main magma reservoir of the volcano. In the period of P3, MVTs
from 7 to 15 km depth were activated beneath the area between Wakamiko Caldera and northeast coast of Sakurajima Volcano.
On the other hand the ground deformation seems to be stationary in P5 (November,2013 to March,2014) because the baseline
lengths did not change significantly. In this period, only few MVTs occurred 3 to 6 km depth beneath Wakamiko Caldera. No
earthquake was observed below 7 km depth. The activity and depth range of MVTs in P5 were different from ones in P3. The
ground expansion progressed on average rate in P1, P2, and P5. Almost MVTs occurred at depth range from 3 to 6 km beneath
Wakamiko Caldera. The relatively deep MVTs below 7 km depth may occurred due to stress changes generated the magma
accumulations at main reservoir of the volcano. We suppose that the shallow MVTs from 3 to 6 km beneath Wakamiko Caldera
relates to hydrothermal activities supplying fluid to sea bottom fumaroles. We also compared the hypocenters of MVTs with athree-dimensional resistivity structure (Kanda et al., 2013). The hypocenters locate around the low resistivity area and/or the topof the area. This comparison supports that the shallow MVTs may relate the hydrothermal activity beneath Wakamiko Caldera.

Keywords: Sakurajima Volcano, Volcano-tectonic earthquakes, Three-dimensional velocity model, Three-dimensional resistivity
structure

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SVC45-P37

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

A subsurface structure change associated with the eruptive activity at Sakurajima volcano,Japan, inferred from ACROSS
MAEDA, Yuta1∗ ; YAMAOKA, Koshun1 ; MIYAMACHI, Hiroki2 ; WATANABE, Toshiki3 ; KUNITOMO, Takahiro1 ;IKUTA, Ryoya4 ; IGUCHI, Masato5
1

Nagoya University, 2 Kagoshima University, 3 The University of Tokyo, 4 Shizuoka University, 5 Kyoto University

1. Introduction
At Sakurajima volcano, where up to 1000 vulcanian explosions are occurring a year, an active seismic source called ACROSS
has continuously emitted a regular frequency-modulation signal into the ground since 2012 (Yamaoka et al., 2014 EPS). Deconvolving the signal at a nearby seismic station by the known source time function yields the Green function between the source
and the receiver. Monitoring a temporal variation of the Green function would lead to the detection of a subsurface structurechange associated with the volcanic activity.
As the first ACROSS-based survey of the Green function change at this volcano, we had stacked the Green functions at different times based on the time relative to eruptions and had found that the correlation coefficients between these stacked Greenfunctions and the all-span average of the Green function had decreased around the times of the eruptions (Maeda et al., 2014
VSJ). However, it had not been certain if this correlation coefficient decrease had been due to a true subsurface structure changeor an apparent Green function change caused by volcanic earthquakes and tremors.
In this presentation, we analyzed the Green function energies instead of the correlation coefficients, which enabled us to discriminate actual structure changes and the apparent Green function changes caused by the seismicity.
2. Analysis
We computed the Green functions every 400 s from 19 Sep 2012 to 21 July 2014 at Harutayama, the station closest to thesource (distance : 615 m), using the ACROSS signal in a 12.505±2.5 Hz band. We stacked these 400 s Green functions basedon the time relative to eruptions. We then computed the kinetic energy waveforms by taking the square summations of the threecomponents of the stacked Green functions. We found an energy decrease in the later phase of the Green functions around thetimes of the eruptions.
To see this energy decrease more systematically, we averaged the energy in every 2 s window and plotted against the time
relative to eruptions. This plot showed a clear energy decrease toward eruptions and a recovery of the energy after eruptions in
2-4 s window. At another station (distance : 1200 m), the energy decrease was visible in 2-4 s and 4-6 s windows.
3. Discussion
The seismogram at a station consists of not only the ACROSS signal but also volcanic earthquakes and tremors. Since theGreen functions are estimated from the superposition of these signals, an apparent Green function change under a constant subsurface structure may appear due to an increased seismicity. To evaluate this effect, we formally applied the procedure to estimate
the Green functions to 400 s waveforms including explosion earthquakes in early August 2013 when the ACROSS source was
not operating. The outputs of this procedure were the errors of the Green function caused by the explosion earthquakes. In
most cases, the errors distributed over the entire time window of the Green function. Depending on the timings of the eruptions,the errors concentrated on an earlier part of the Green function window for some eruptions, but for some other eruptions theerrors concentrated on a later part, suggesting that averaging the errors for many eruptions would flatten the error distribution.
Therefore the energy decrease localized to the 2-4 s window is difficult to explain by contaminations of volcanic earthquakes but
is more likely a true temporal variation of the subsurface structure.
As a candidate explanation for this temporal variation, we may consider dynamic effects of volcanic earthquakes before andafter eruptions on a medium beneath Showa crater, affecting the reflection amplitude of the Green function in that region. We
would evaluate this and other candidate models in the future.
Keywords: ACROSS, Subsurface structure, Active seismic source, Sakurajima volcano, Volcano seismology, Volcano monitoring

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SVC45-P38

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Seismic velocity changes at Sakurajima detected by coda wave interferometry and seismic
interferometry
HIROSE, Takashi1 ; NAKAHARA, Hisashi1∗ ; NISHIMURA, Takeshi1
1Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Sakurajima is one of the most active volcanoes and is monitored by various kinds of geophysical and geological observations.
Active seismic experiments have been repeated once a year since 2008. Applying coda-wave interferometry to seismic records at
6 Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) stations from the active seismic experiments conducted in 2011, 2012, and 2013 (Tsutsui
et al., 2012, 2013, and 2014), we detect significant seismic velocity increases at northern and eastern flanks of the volcano.
The velocity change is at a maximum 0.40% around 4Hz, 0.15% around 8Hz, and 0.05% around 16Hz. We also apply seismic
interferometry to ambient noise during 2012 and 2013 to continuously monitor velocity changes. From the vertical-verticalcross correlations in 1-2, 2-4, and 4-8 Hz bands, we find that seismic velocity increases and decreases with a period of several
months for all the station pairs. The amplitude of the velocity change is at a maximum 2%, 1%, and 0.5% in 1-2Hz, 2-4Hz,
and 4-8Hz, respectively. Results from seismic interferometry are consistent with those from coda-wave interferometry. The
periodic change in seismic velocity shows a good correlation with records of an extensometer shown in CCPVE (2014): velocity
increase for contraction while velocity decrease for extension. The strain change is attributed to a volcanic pressure source ata few kilometers beneath the summit (Iguchi et al., 2013). For station pairs between which the summit is located, short-term
velocity changes seem to be associated with precipitation. This study shows that simultaneous use of seismic interferometry andcoda-wave interferometry is useful to obtain reliable measurements of seismic velocity changes.
Acknowledgments: We used seismograms recorded by JMA. Active seismic experiments were conducted by DPRI, Kyoto
University, other 8 Japanese universities, and JMA.
Keywords: seismic velocity change, Sakurajima, coda-wave interferometry, seismic interferometry

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SVC45-P39

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Ground Deformation around the Domestic Active Volcano using InSAR time series analysis
ANDO, Shinobu1∗ ; MIURA, Yuji2 ; MATSUMORI, Toshiyuki2
1

MRI, 2 JMA

ALOS has an L-band SAR (PALSAR), which is not affected by vegetation, and the interference is good even in mountainous
areas. So these methods are effective for the crustal deformation observation of volcanic areas.
In previous studies, we have reported the analysis results about all domestic active volcanic areas, using D-InSAR of ALOS
since 2007. Furthermore, in the last JPGU meeting, we have reported the analysis results about 11 active volcanoes in the Kunashiri and Etorofu islands, Soutern Kuril Islands using StaMPS software (Hooper et al ., 2004).
We are promoting the analysis of ALOS/PALSAR data around the major domestic active volcano in Japan using a similar
approach. As a result, we were detected a time series variation of the ground deformation caused by the volcanic activity insome of the active volcano. Note, in the northern volcano area, we analyzed except for the data captured in the winter in order toremove the effect of the snow. StaMPS software has the analysis methods to merge these results besides PS-InSAR and SBAS
methods. We will report the merged results obtained by these analysis methods.
Some of PALSAR data were prepared by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) via the Coordinating Committee for
the Prediction of Volcanic Eruption (CCPVE) as part of the project “ALOS Domestic Demonstration on Disaster Management
Application” of the Volcano Working Group. Also, we used some of PALSAR data that are shared within PALSAR Interferometry Consortium to Study our Evolving Land surface (PIXEL). PALSAR data belongs to Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry (METI) and JAXA. In the process of the InSAR, we used Digital Ellipsoidal Height Model (DEHM) based on “thedigital elevation map 10m-mesh” provided by GSI, and Generic Mapping Tools (P.Wessel and W.H.F.Smith, 1999) to prepare
illustrations.

Keywords: InSAR time series analysis, Ground deformation, ALOS/PALSAR,, Domestic Active volcano

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SVC45-P40

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Ground Deformation of Mayon Volcano Revealed by GPS Campaign Survey 2005 - 2015
TAKAGI, Akimichi1∗ ; FUJIWARA, Kenji2 ; OHKURA, Takahiro3 ; C. LUIS, Jr, artemio4 ;V. BALOLOY, Alejo4 ; ANDO, Shinobu1 ; LAGUERTA, Eduardo4 ; V. BORNAS, Ma. antonia4
1

Meteorological Research Institute, 2 Japan Meteorological Agency, 3 Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Institute for Geothermal
Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, 4 PHIVOLCS
Geodetic observations such as GPS and gravity surveys conducted regarding the Mayon volcano (Jentzsch et al., 2001) detected no fine changes in deformation accompanying the 1993 eruption. To detect temporal changes in pressure sources caused
by magma accumulation and discharge, we have installed a GPS survey network consisting of over ten sites around the Mayon
volcano since 2005, detected changes in deformation accompanying the 2009 Mayon eruption.
The GPS campaign network, operating since 2005, consists of five survey lines arrayed radially from the volcanic summit. The
survey has been repeated 2 or 3 times a year from May 2005 to June 2014, numbering 24 over the ensuing decade. An MG-2110
all-in-one single-frequency receiver (Furuno Electric Co., Ltd.) was used for its advantage such as a low power consumption of
0.5 W and its 1.5 kg weight. Such high-mobility devices make surveys efficient. Static observation was conducted 1 to 4 days
using 30-second sampling. We estimated relative positions bihourly for individual stations in relation to a reference site using
Bernese GPS software Ver. 5.0, then averaged bihourly positions as the final position for each survey.
No baseline has changes exceeding 4 cm in the last 10 years, but several had rapid contractions of 2 to 3 cm from 2009 to
2010. A lava flow eruption occurred at the Mayon volcano in December 2009, and we assumed that the volcanic edifice was
deflated when magma associated with the 2009 eruption was discharged. We thus estimated the position and volume change ofthe reduced pressure source accompanying the 2009 eruption using ground deformation from August 2009 to February 2010.
We applied the Mogi model (Mogi, 1958) to estimate a spherical source consisting of only four unknown parameters. Optimal
parameters of the deflation pressure source were estimated to be at a depth of 8.5 km beneath the summit (latitude 13.2425deg.,
123.6914deg.) and the amount of volume change -13 x 106 m3 .
Although the survey frequency is low before the 2009 eruption, some baselines seem to have extended slightly. This probably
means that the GPS survey recorded magma accumulating before the 2009 eruption.
New lava dome approximately 30m-50m high appeared a on the summit crater in August 2014 (PHIVOLCS, 2014). It wasdifficult, however, to detect the temporal change by GPS observation. The total amount of magma discharged was too small to
deflate the volcano edifice.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Volcano Monitoring and Eruption Prediction Division and Mayon Volcano Observatory of PHIVOLCS
for dedicated their cooperation in our surveys and for the maintenance of the network for continuous GPS observation.
This study was supported by the Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) and the Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST) within the framework of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS).

Keywords: Mayon Volcano, GPS, Ground Deformation, Pressure Source, Magma

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SVC45-P41

Room:Convention Hall

Time:May 27 18:15-19:30

Improvement of REGMOS (Remote GNSS Monitoring System)FURUYA, Yukiko1∗ ; UESHIBA, Haruka1 ; YOSHIOKA, Mitsugu1 ; NARITA, Tsugunori1 ; MURAYAMA, Shigeyuki2 ;TAKEYAMA, Minenori2 ; FUKUMORI, Hideaki2
1

GSI of Japan, 2 Techno Vanguard Corporation

GSI of Japan has developed Remote GNSS Monitoring System (REGMOS) and observed crustal movement around volcanoes
with REGMOS. REGMOS is autonomous system which can work in the area where there is neither ordinary electricity nor
telephone services.
REGMOS has GNSS receiver and antenna, thermometer, tiltmeter, network camera, etc. The data of these equipment aretransferred to server in GSI once every hour.
In 2013˜2014, we have improved REGMOS’s functions. First, we introduced Multi-GNSS observation. Second, we introduced
the terrestrial mobile communication system. Third, we increased the frequency of camera shooting and data transfer.
We will report these improvements of REGMOS and its effects.

Keywords: Remote GNSS Monitoring System, REGMOS, Volcano, Crustal Deformation

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