ABSTRACTSThe Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World:
Transmission and Organization of Knowledge in the Ancient Mediterranean World
Sept. 3-7, 2018, Nagoya, Japan

ProgramMonday, Sept.3
19:00

Welcome Reception at Hotel Mielparque Nagoya（https://www.mielparque.jp/nagoya/en/）

Tuesday, Sept.4
9:00

Transfer from Hotel Mielparque to Nagoya University

9:20

Coffee9:40

Welcome Address 1 (Vice President of Nagoya University)

9:50

Welcome Address 2 (Mariko Sakurai)

Session 1   Chair: Takashi Fujii
10:00

Opening Remarks (Yoshiyuki Suto)

10:15

Peter J. Rhodes
The Classical Greek Historians and Their Sources

10:50

Akiko Moroo
Development and Transformation of Local Myth in Lycia

11:25

Coffee break

Session 2   Chair: Takashi Fujii
11:40

Josine Blok
Reading Greek Numeracy: A Closer Look at Greek Numerals

12:15

Yasuhira Yahei Kanayama
What the Use of Writing Tablets Brought about in Greece: Ancient Models of Mind andMemoryThe Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

1

12:50

Lunch

Session 3   Chair: Ryosuke Takahashi
13:50

Andronike Makres
Old and New Epigraphic Evidence on Ancient Gerenia (South Peloponnese)

14:25

Elizabeth A. Meyer
What Types of Knowledge was Transmitted by Inscribed Accounts and Legal Documents?

15:00

J. E. Lendon
Rhetorical Education and the Organization of Knowledge of the Past in the Roman World

15:35

Coffee break

Session 4   Chair: Ryosuke Takahashi
15:50

Georgy Kantor
Transmission of Legal Knowledge in Eastern Roman Provinces in the High Empire

16:25

Hajime Tanaka
Transmission of Council Documents: A Case of the Fourth-Century Antiochene Church

17:00

Discussions

18:00

Transfer to Hotel Mielparque

19:30

Dinner at Local Restaurant

Wednesday, Sept.5
9:00

Transfer from Hotel Mielparque to Nagoya University

Session 1   Chair: Noboru Sato
9:40

Kostas Vlassopoulos
Intercultural Exchange of Knowledge in the Archaic and Classical Mediterranean

10:15

Lilian Karali
Purple Dye: Dissemination of Dyeing Technology and Purple Dye Networks in Eastern
Mediterranean

10:50

2

Coffee break

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

Session 2   Chair: Toshihiro Osada
11:05

Judith M. Barringer
Western Greek Poleis and Mainland Sanctuaries

11:40

Kyoko Sengoku-Haga
Diffusion of Imperial Portraits in the Roman Empire

12:15

Marion Meyer
Travelling Images, Travelling Gods: Greek - Phoenician Encounters in the Hellenistic Period

12:50

Lunch

Session 3   Chair: Yukiko Kawamoto
13:50

Tomoaki Nakano
Between Old and New: A Marker of Kingship on the Statues of Ptolemaic Kings

14:25

Yoshiyuki Suto
Social Resilience and Organization of Knowledge in Ptolemaic Egypt

15:00

Discussions

15:30

Research Trip 1 to Tokugawa Garden and Museum（http://www.tokugawa-art-museum.jp/en/）

18:00

Symposion at Tokugawa Garden

20:30

Transfer to Hotel MielparqueThursday, Sept.6
9:00

Check out of the Hotel MielparqueTransfer from Hotel to Nagoya University

Session 1   Chair: Yoshiyuki Suto
9:40

Mariko Sakurai
Transmission of the Concept of Public/Private Distinction in Classical Athens

10:15

Noboru Sato
Oral Transmission of Knowledge and Suppressing Audience’s thorybos in Classical Athens

10:50

Catherine Morgan
Bridging the [Corinthian] Gulf: the Role of Landscape in the Transmission and Organisation of
Knowledge

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS3

11:25

Coffee break

Session 2   Chair: Yukiko Kawamoto
11: 40Barbara Kowalzig
Mediterranean Polytheism between Memory and Oblivion

12:15

Irad Malkin
Oracles and Networks: Sharing Divine and Human Knowledge

12:50

Lunch

Session 3   Chair: Yukiko Kawamoto
13:50

Final Discussions

14:30

Closing Remarks (Catherine Morgan)

15:00

Research Trip 2 to Ise Shrine
Stay at Ise Pearl Pier Hotel（http://www.pearlpier.com/）

Friday, Sept.7
9:00

Check out of the Hotel and Departure
Visit to Ise Shrine

17:00

4

Arrival at Nagoya Station

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

List of Participants
Judy Barringer is Professor ofRepresentation in Roman Cyprus (Stuttgart, 2013),

Greek Art and Archaeology atand‘A New Fragment of Diocletian’s Currency

the University of Edinburgh. Her

Regulation from Aphrodisias’in JRS 105 (2015,

scholarly work centers on iconology,

with Angelos Chaniotis). He is currently working

Greek religion and mythology, sculpture,on the first anthology in Japanese translationand vase painting from the Archaic throughof Greek inscriptions from the Hellenistic andHellenistic periods. She is the author of several

Imperial periods, and on the publication ofbooks, including studies of Nereids and thethe conferences Processing Death: Greek Texts,

hunt in ancient Greece, and an award-winning

Images, and Imaginations, and From the Markets totextbook, as well as numerous articles. She has

the Associations: A Comprehensive View of the Greekjust completed a new book, A Cultural History of

Mercenary World in the Classical and Hellenistic

Olympia and its Monuments.

Periods (with Matthew Trundle and DanielGomez-Castro).

Josine Blok is Professor ofAncient History and ClassicalYasuhira Yahei Kanayama is

Civilization at Utrecht University,

full professor and researcher at

the Netherlands, and a member ofNagoya University. His main interest

the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences.

lies in Plato’s epistemology and

She chairs the European Network for the

methodology, and also in Ancient Scepticism.

Study of Ancient Greek History (http://ensagh.

He has published numerous papers especially

wp.hum.uu.nl) and is a member of the advisory

on Plato (in English as well as in Japanese),board of Attic Inscriptions Online (https://www.

and Japanese translations of all the works of

atticinscriptions.com). Her field of interest is the

Sextus Empiricus (with Mariko Kanayama),

history of archaic and classical Greece, especiallyAristotle, On Coming-to-be and Passing-away, andcitizenship; in 2017, she published Citizenship inof such academic books as A.A. Long, Hellenisticclassical Athens (Cambridge, CUP).

Philosophy, J. Barnes and J. Annas, The Modesof Scepticism, and G.E.R. Lloyd, Ancient Worlds
and Modern Reflections (with three other co-

Takashi Fujii (Ph.D. Heidelberg

translators). Recently he co-edited Soul and Mind

University) is Associate Professor

in Greek Thought: Psychological Issues in Plato andof European History at Kwansei

Aristotle (2018), with Marcelo D. Boeri and Jorge

Gakuin University (Nishinomiya,

Mittelmann.

Japan). His research interests cover the political,
social and religious history of the Hellenistic
World and the Roman East, Greek epigraphy,
the history of Cyprus, and Greek thanatology.
His publications include Imperial Cult and Imperial

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

5

Georgy Kantor is Official Fellow

preparing for a monograph on the designs ofand Tutor in Ancient History,

Roman gardens based on archaeological andKeeper of the College Pictures,textual evidence.

St John's College, and Associate
Professor of Ancient History in the Universityof Oxford. His research interests include Roman

Barbara Kowalzig is Associate

legal and institutional history, epigraphy of theProfessor of Classics and History

Roman world, and institutional developments in

at New York University. She is a

the Greek poleis of the Hellenistic and Roman

religious and cultural historian of

period, especially in Asia Minor and the Blackancient Greece in its broader Mediterranean

Sea region.

context, and has particular interests inthe sociology of music and performance aswell as the role of religion in the social and

Lilian Karali is Professor Emeritus

economic transformation of the ancient world.

of Prehistoric and Environmental

Her publications include Singing for the Gods:

Archaeology at the National and

Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and

Kapodistrian University of Athens.

Classical Greece (Oxford, 2007).

Her interests include the History of Archaeology,
Environmental Archaeology with emphasis on
the study of the sea world and the archaeologicalJ. E. Lendon is Professor of History

use of sea shells. She is the author of: Shells inin the Corcoran Department ofAegean Prehistory (1999), PURPUREAE VESTES. II.

History at the University of Virginia.

(2008 with C. Alfaro), Notebooks on Geoarchaeology

He grew up in Fuchū and attended(2015, in Greek, with G. Ferentinos). She is thethe American School in Japan.   His father was

director of the Leontari Cave Excavation Projecta professor of English at Waseda University.

and the Schisti Odos project.

He has his BA and PhD from Yale University,and he is author of Empire of Honour. The Art ofGovernment in the Roman World (1997). Soldiers andYukiko Kawamoto is designatedGhosts. A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity (2005),

assistant professor at the Instituteand Song of Wrath. The Peloponnesian War Begins

for Advanced Research and the(2010). He is currently working on the impact ofDepartment of Occidental History,

rhetorical education in the Roman World.

Nagoya University. After the completion ofher studies at King’s College London in 2016,6

she held postdoctoral research positions at

Andronike Makres (D.Phil. Oxon)

Doshisha University, Osaka City University, andspecializes in Ancient Greek HistoryLMU Munich. She was also a Rome Awardee

and Epigraphy, focusing on Classicalat the British School at Rome (2016/17).   Her

Athens and Hellenistic and Roman

research area is Roman cultural history and the

Peloponnese. Her publications include“Dionysiac

sociopolitical history of the late Roman Republic

Festivals in Athens and the Financing of Comic

to the early Imperial period. She is currently

Performances”in The Oxford Handbook of Greek

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

and Roman Comedy (2014) and the new edition of

Marion Meyer (Ph.D. in Bonn;the post-Eucleideian Attic choregic inscriptions

habilitation in Hamburg) is Professorof the Inscriptiones Graecae (IG II/III³, Pars IV, 1,

of Classical Archaeology at the2015). She is co-founder/director of the Hellenic

University of Vienna (since 2003).

Education & Research Center (HERC) (www.herc.

She previously taught at the universities ofgr) and a board member of the Greek Epigraphic

Munich, Hamburg, Florida and Bonn. Her main

Society (www.greekepigraphicsociety.org.gr). In

research interests are ancient Greek culture,2017 she initiated GIO, a collaborative project ofancient Athens, visual communication; thetranslations of Ancient Greek inscriptions intocreation, tradition, use, function and significanceModern Greek (www.greekinscriptions.com).

of images; phenomena of acculturation in the
Eastern Mediterranean. Her recent publications
on these subjects include Athena, Goddess ofIrad Malkin is Professor

Athens. Cult and Myth on the Acropolis until ClassicalEmeritus of Ancient Greek History,

times (2017, in German). She currently works on

Department of History, Tel Aviv

public and private commemoration of the dead in

University, and Israel Prize Laureate

Athens.

for History (2014). He has made ground-breaking
contributions to historical methodology especially
his theory of‘networks’, and conceptualisation

Catherine Morgan is Seniorof ethnicity and identity. His main publications

Research Fellow in Classics at All

include A Small Greek World: Networks in theSouls College, Oxford, and Professor

Ancient Mediterranean (Oxford 2011), The Returns ofof Classics and Archaeology inOdysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity (UCP 1998).

the University of Oxford. Formerly Director of
the British School at Athens, her current work
focuses on the central Ionian Islands, where she

Elizabeth A. Meyer is T. Caryco-directs a survey and publication project inJohnson, Jr., Professor of History

northern Ithaca, and collaborates in fieldwork onin the Corcoran Department of

Meganisi and Leukas. She is also a co-director ofHistory at the University of Virginia.

the Kenchreai Quarries Survey in the Corinthia.

She works at the intersection of history, law,

Her publications include Isthmia VIII (1999) andand epigraphy. She is the author of Legitimacy

Early Greek States beyond the Polis (2003): she is

and Law in the Roman World. Tabulae in Roman

currently writing a book in Histories in theBelief and Practice (2004), Metics and the Athenian

Ionian Islands.

Phialai-Inscriptions. A Study in Athenian Epigraphy
and Law (2010), and The Inscriptions of Dodona
and a New History of Molossia (2013). She is

Akiko Moroo is Professor of

currently preparing an historical study of Greek

Western and Mediterranean History

manumission inscriptions.

at Chiba University of Commerce.
Her research interests include theGreek epigraphy habit, the Athenian Empire,
and the cultural interaction in the eastern

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

7

Mediterranean world. She is the author of“ThePeter Rhodes was Professor

Origin and Development of Acropolis as a Placeof Ancient History and is now

for Erecting Public Decrees: Periclean Building

Honorary Professor and Emeritus

Project and Its Effect on the Athenian Epigraphic

Professor at the University of

Habit,”in T. Osada ed. The Parthenon Frieze. RitualDurham. He has worked particularly on Greek

Communication between the Goddess and the Polis.

political history (both the institutional formalities

Parthenon Project Japan 2011-2014 (Wien, 2016)and how people behaved within the constraints

3and opportunities provided by those formalities),

14, 15 & 16,”in A. Matthaiou and R. Pitt (eds.)

and on the literary and epigraphic sources forΑθηναίων έπίσκοπος. Studies in honour of Harold B.

Greek history.

and“The Erythrai Decrees Reconsidered: IG I

Mattingly (Athens, 2014). She participated in the
Turkish-Japanese joint excavation of the Tlos
Basilica from 2010 to 2017. The result of thisMariko Sakurai is Professor

excavation where she contributed a report on

Emerita, the University of Tokyo.  

the inscriptions found there is expected to be

She published Ancient Greek Women

published in due time.

(1992, in Japanese), Studies on Ancient
Greek Social History (1996, in Japanese), Herodotus
and Thucydides (2007, in Japanese), etc.   She is

Tomoaki Nakano is Professor at

now writing a book, A History of the Ancient Greeks,College of International Studies,c.1000 to 338 B.C.E. to be published next year.

Chubu University and former
associate curator at the Ancient
Orient Museum, Tokyo. He also works as

Kyoko Sengoku-Haga is anassistant director for the investigation of a

associate professor of Center for

Graeco-Roman temple called ‘El-Zayyan’ in

Evolving Humanities affiliated with

Kharga oasis, Egypt. He recently publishedthe Graduate School of Humanities

the Catalogue of Egyptian Collection at Kyoto

and Sociology at the University of Tokyo. She

university, the largest of its kind in Japan, as theteaches Greek and Roman Art History andsupervisor.    

Classical Archaeology. Her research focuses onboth religious and technical aspects of Classicalsculpture, and regarding the latter, from 2007

Toshihiro Osada is Professor of theshe has been conducting a joint research project

History of Ancient Greek Art at thewith the Computer Vision laboratory of prof.

University of Tsukuba. His research

Katsushi Ikeuchi and prof. Takeshi Oishi of the

focuses on the religious aspects ofUniversity of Tokyo.

the classical Greek art. He is the author of "Also
Ten Tribal Units – The Grouping of Cavalry on
the Parthenon North Frieze", AJA 115 (2011) 537548, and an editor of The Parthenon Frieze. RitualCommunication between the Goddess and the Polis.
Parthenon Project Japan 2011-2014 (2016).

8

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

Noboru Sato is Associate Professor

Hajime Tanaka is Associate

at Kobe University (PhD: University

Professor in Department of Areaof Tokyo). His main academic

Studies at the University of Tokyo.

interests are in law, rhetoric and

His principal research interest is insociety in Classical Athens and Ancient Greek

the provincial administration of the Later Romanhistoriography. He is the author of Bribery

Empire and in the acculturation of provincial

in Classical Athens (2008 in Japanese) and acities. His doctoral thesis focuses on Libaniuscontributor of Brill’s New Jacoby. He is currently

the Sophist in the fourth-century Antioch andworking on translation of Demosthenes’forensic

discusses political and social roles played byspeeches with other Japanese colleagues. He co-sophists, compared to those of the bishops. He

organised the third and fourth Euro-Japanese

is now working on the translation of all the

colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World.

Greek letters of Libanius. A part of its result is
Libanius, Letters, vol. 1 (2013, in Japanese); vol. 2(forthcoming).

Yoshiyuki Suto is Professor ofAncient History and Director of theInstitute for Advanced Research

Kostas Vlassopoulos is Assistant(http://www.iar.nagoya-u.ac.jp)

Professor of Ancient Greek History

at Nagoya University. His interests include

at the University of Crete. He is co-

the historical geography of Greece and theeditor of The Oxford Handbook of Greekarchaeology of Ptolemaic Egypt. He is theand Roman Slaveries, and the author of Unthinking

author of Akoris I: Amphora Stamps (2005, with

the Greek Polis: Ancient Greek History beyond

H. Kawanishi) and Hellenism on the Nile (2014, in

Eurocentrism (2007), Politics: Antiquity and its Legacy

Japanese). He is one of the co-organizers of the(2010) and Greeks and Barbarians (2013).

Akoris Archaeological Project (http://akoris.jp/archive.html).

Ryosuke Takahashi is Associate
Professor of Ancient Greek
and Roman History at Tokyo
Metropolitan University. His
research interests are in social and economic
history of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt andGreek Papyrology. He has published articles on
the custom of brother-sister marriage in Roman
Egypt (JRS 99, 2009, with Jane Rowlandson) andfamily archives from the village of Tebtunis(Ancient Society 42, 2012 and ZPE 185, 2013)

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

9ABSTRACTS

10

Tuesday Sept. 4

not culled systematically.

Peter J. Rhodes

Akiko Moroo

The Classical Greek Historians and Their
SourcesDevelopment and Transformation of Local Mythin Lycia

Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon reliedprimarily on oral information, and there was noother source available for much of what theywanted; but Herodotus and Thucydides did
sometimes quote documents and literary texts,
and Thucydides sometimes based arguments on

In this paper, I explore the development of
the Lycian identity, focusing on stories about
the beginnings of their cities and people. HereI particularly focus on TAM II 174 and relatedmaterials. The Lycians had been exposed
to Greek cultures for a long period. They

them. But other historians in the fourth century
relied essentially on earlier written accounts.
Ephorus used Thucydides as his main but not
his sole source for the Peloponnesian War to 411
and the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia after that. The
Atthidographers made use of their predecessors(at any rate Philochorus made very substantial
use of Androtion). The Athenaion Politeia from
Aristotle’s school in its narrative part used arange of histories and other texts (documentsin that part were probably found in the literarysources rather than by direct research), and did
not always succeed in resolving problems where
the sources conflicted; but most strikingly, its
analytic part was based largely on the relevantlaws of Athens, with some direct knowledge. For
Herodotus and Thucydides in the fifth century,

participated in the Trojan War on the side of the
Trojans. According to Herodotus, the Lycians
were originally from Crete (Hdt. 1.173.1-3), and agroup of immigrants were called Termilae whichbecame the name of the place they settled down.
He also tells that the name Lycia derived from a
man called Lycos who was banished from Athens
settled down at Termilae. Herodotus furthermore
tells that some of the Ionian cities took kings
descended from the Lycian Glaucus. The
foundation myth of Lycia in which the peopleof Lycia originated in Crete was well known in
the Greek world and was repeatedly reported
in classical antiquity (Strabo 12.8.5, 14.1.6; Paus.
7.3.7 etc.). When Alexander liberated the Greeksof Asia Minor from the Persian rule, he madeNearchos satrap of Lycia. That means that theand at least for Xenophon in the fourth, material
was obtained primarily by visiting places andtalking to people. For most of what they wrote
about they had no predecessors. Documents
might be cited occasionally, but there was not at
first a strong sense of how documents might beused, and in any case much of the information
which the historians wanted would not be
available in documents; similarly, other kinds ofliterature might be cited occasionally but were

Lycians were not liberated but placed under the
subject of Alexander’s empire (Arr. Anab. 3.6.6).
Nevertheless, institutionally and administratively,
Lycia was Hellenised thereafter, particularly
under the Ptolemaic rule, and at the same time,
the Lycians developed and reinvented theirown autochthonous foundation stories. I look at
how the Lycians expressed and promoted selfrecognition and the way in which their localised
myths and histories were used to promote and

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

develop diplomatic relationships in Hellenistic
and Roman times.

Yasuhira Yahei Kanayama
What the Use of Writing Tablets Brought aboutin Greece: Ancient Models of Mind and Memory

Josine Blok
Reading Greek Numeracy: A Closer Look at
Greek Numerals
The transmission of formal knowledge isshaped on the one hand by the social, culturaland institutional contexts of this transmission
and on the other by the tools used to preserveand communicate such knowledge. In ancientsocieties, these tools were the scripts for writing
language and numerals, interacting with oral
communication. In ancient Greece, two numericsystems were in use: the alphabetic numerals,
probably developed in the early 6th century BC,
and the acrophonic system, of uncertain date oforigin, and with an earliest attestation so far in
the early 5th c. BC in Corcyra. Both systems werebased on the alphabet and both were notation
systems that depended on the use of an abacus
to make calculations, but there are cognitive
differences between them. One of the striking
features of our evidence is the overwhelming
use of the acrophonic system in inscriptions fornotation of money; there is significant epichoricvariation in the signs used, but the overallsystem shows some consistent characteristics.
Of the alphabetic numeral system, many
parallels existed in the Mediterranean world,
but the acrophonic system is unique to Greece.
In Athens, it remained in use long after thealphabetic system gained prominence elsewhere.
In my paper, I intend to shed some light on the
cognitive aspects of both systems and on their
historical usage in Greek poleis. I will situate
the use of the acrophonic system in the context
of the debate on literacy, accountability andcitizenship, including their gender aspects.

The invention of the alphabet was one of
the three most influential events of human
information revolution, the other two being
Gutenberg’s printing press and computers.
It enlarged the world of the Greeks beyond
the limitation of time and space, creating the
tradition of historia. The Greek authors tried also
to leave their spiritual offspring as an eternalpossession. The writing device most appropriate
for this purpose was a wax tablet, enabling themto compare parts of their works on its surface.
It is famous that Plato continued combing andcurling his dialogues all through his life, as isindicated by the widely known story of the tablet
found after his death, showing the beginning of
the Republic arranged in varying order. Just as
a computer is now employed as the model ofhuman mind and memory, a new device with big
storage capacity (writing material) was employedin ancient Greece as the model of the soul. The
mnemonic technique of Simonides was based on
the image of a wax tablet with letters incised on
it. The models of mind Plato presented, the Wax
Block and the Aviary in the Theaetetus, and the
Scribe and the Illustrator in the Philebus, werealso derived from the use of writing materials.
Especially interesting is the Aviary inhabited bya huge number of birds (pieces of knowledge),
because it is supposed to have come from theimage of a huge library like that of Aristotle orthose in Egypt, and what was there employed tofacilitate the retrieve of books was also a set oftablets.

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

11

12

Andronike Makres

Elizabeth A. Meyer

Old and New Epigraphic Evidence on Ancient
Gerenia (South Peloponnese)

What Types of Knowledge was Transmitted by
Inscribed Accounts and Legal Documents?

Pausanias’testimony (3.26.11) places the polis of
Gerenia to the North-North West of Kardamylein South Peloponnese.  W. Kolbe, the editor of theInscriptiones Greacae volume of the inscriptionsof Lakonia and Messenia (IG V1) published in
1913, was the first to identify correctly Ancient
Gerenia with the area of the modern day villageof Kampos located in the Mesenian Mani. Kolbe
attributed to Ancient Gerenia four inscriptions.
Two of them (IG V1 1335 and IG V1 1336) areproxeny decrees. In the publication clause of
the second decree it is stipulated that the stele
was to be set up at the Sanctuary of Machaon
an important Sanctuary which is also mentioned
by Pausanias (3, 26.9): “Here in Gerenia is atomb of Machaon, son of Asclepius, and a holy
sanctuary.”   Pausanias also says that in his
temple men found cures for diseases and that abronze statue of Machaon was standing with acrown on his head. The erection of stelai withhonorary decrees of Gerenia at the Sancluary of
Machaon in Gerenia is epigraphically attested
three more times. The paper discusses theepigraphic evidence on the location of theSanctuary of Machaon in Gerenia and publishes
fully the 2 nd c. BCE proxeny decree of theGerenians honoring the renowned Messenian
sculptor Damophon the son of Philippos. Gerenia
was one of the seven poleis honoring the sculptor
for his important work. The copies of the decreesof the various cities in honor of Damophon arerecorded on a column shaped monument which
was found in the Askepieion of Messene during
the excavations of Ancient Messene conductedby the Archaeological Society at Athens under
the direction of Prof. P. Themelis.

In classical Athens, one type of stone inscriptionthat starts to be erected in the fifth century isthat of the inscribed account.  These inscriptions
were long considered to be attestations of fiscal
responsibility by elected magistrates and thusof the increasing transparency of democratic
governance.   Upon closer examination, however,
the accounts are selective, that is, list only
some money and a certain limited collection ofmaterials—or would be considered selective if
the purpose of such accounts was indeed to list
all the expenses for which a board or magistrate
had been responsible.   This paper will examine
closely the contents of such inscriptions andthe criteria of selection, and argue that suchaccounts—monuments on stone erected insanctuaries—were to convey to a wider public
one important way in which gods were to behonored, and that the choice of the items listedtaught the public what the gods valued, and why.  
Parallels will also be found in similarly selective
contracts for work also inscribed in sanctuaries,
as well as other legal "documents" such as sacredsales at Delphi.   All such inscriptions transmit
knowledge of the gods and their material andfinancial concerns, as well as their preferred
forms of transactions with humans.  This, in turn,can explain (I argue) why inscriptions like thisbecame genres of inscription outside Athens aswell as within.

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

J. E. Lendon

Georgy Kantor

Rhetorical Education and the Organization of
Knowledge of the Past in the Roman World

Transmission of Legal Knowledge in Eastern
Roman Provinces in the High Empire

Rhetorical education has its roots in fifth- andfourth-century Greece, but for a long time itremained an element of a broader educational
program for young men of the Greek rulingclasses.   By 100 BC at the latest in the Greek
world, however, and by the 80s BC at thelatest in the Roman, rhetorical education andits preliminaries--the exposition of poetry under
the grammaticus, the "pre-rhetorical exercises"(progymnasmata), and, finally, declamation (thegiving of practice speeches, mostly judicial, on
contrived topics) under the rhetor had come tooccupy most or all of the time given over to theformal education of the great majority of young
men whose families could afford, and desired, toeducate them.  Such other material as they might
study--philosophy, what we would call "literature,"
and history, our particular interest here--wasstudied mostly as ancillary to rhetoric, to stock
the minds with useful exempla for speeches.  
The topical lists that make up the Facta et dicta
memorabilia of the Tiberian author Valerius

The paper discusses the mechanisms oftransmission of legal knowledge in eastern
Roman provinces down to the third century
AD, particularly in litigation contexts, andmakes an attempt to broaden the argument
tentatively offered by the author in his 2009
paper ‘Knowledge(of law in Roman Asia
Minor’, in R. Haensch [ed.], Kommunikationund Selbstdarstellung [Munich 2009], 249-65)

Maximus can be regarded as emblematic of
how knowledge was organized in a rhetoricallyeducated mind. Many areas of knowledge werethus, by our standards, curiously unsystematic,
and history--knowledge of the past--was one such.  
This paper will discuss the consequences of thisform of education for how Greeks and Romans
articulated the past--how (or if) they placed past
events in different chronological periods, andhow (or if) they understood change over time.  I
expect to draw examples from Roman domestic
politics and foreign affairs.  

and introduce some regional nuance into it.
It addresses the role of legal experts in theadministration of justice, as shown by Pliny’s
correspondence and documentary evidence; thekinds of legal evidence available to holders of
Roman jurisdiction, local judges and litigants;
the availability of legal education and the social
context(s) of provincial legal knowledge. In theend, the problem of abundant Severan legal
evidence and whether it shows a systematiceffort towards unification and dissemination oflegal knowledge is discussed.

Hajime Tanaka
Transmission of Council Documents: A Case of
the Fourth-Century Antiochene Church
Council decrees of Christian Church in the Later
Roman Empire have left a deep impression bothon development of canon laws in the Middle
Ages and on ecclesiastical historiography.
A Collection of Church canons and Church
history has usually recorded an ecumenical or
local council as an event which happened in a
determined place and time. A council document
called“Exemplum synodi habitae”, however,shows a different character. Although it has
an appearance of the reply from the synod of

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

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Antioch to the papal letter in 379, it is madeup of four documents sent from the pope
Damasus, signed by about 150 Oriental bishops.
Complicated history of the religious policy inthe eastern empire sheds some light on thereason an orthodox party in Antioch composeda jumble of documents. In investigating similarcases of council documentation, this paper argues
that documents spanning several decades inrelation to the faith and the church discipline
were sometimes compressed into a decree of agiven council and transmitted as such into later
generations. In addition, this paper examines
another aspect of the transmission of thisdocument which has been ignored by modern
scholars. The first document of“Exemplum”
has been attested in many other sources, but its
rubric and form may imply that“Exemplum”
was sent from the East through the aid of theEmperor Theodosius in a critical moment ofpolitical and religious tensions. In sum, thisdocument gives a clue to understanding thedissemination of a text and the development ofChurch tradition.

Wednesday Sept. 5

Kostas Vlassopoulos
Intercultural Exchange of Knowledge in the
Archaic and Classical Mediterranean
The study of intercultural exchange in theancient Mediterranean has been dominatedby two radically opposed approaches. The
first one takes the intercultural exchange ofknowledge as a relatively straightforward
transmission of information between people
belonging to different cultures. It then tries totrace elements of knowledge and information
deriving from one culture into the texts andpractices of another culture, and in this way to

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The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

substantiate the presumed acts of exchange.
The other approach has taken its cue from theanthropology of cultural difference. Influenced by
the structuralist version of cultural anthropology,
this approach approaches what appears as
foreign knowledge in ancient texts as an exercise
in cultural self-formation: the information on
foreign cultures in Greek texts is not reliable
information originating from those cultures, but
an exercise in the construction of alterity andthe formation of Greek identity through opposed
negation and opposition based on polarities
and stereotypes. The aim of this presentation
is to move beyond both of these approaches
into an alternative framework for the study ofintercultural exchange of knowledge in antiquity.
This alternative framework will be based on four
fundamental observations. The first is the needto abandon the belief in the existence of cultures
as distinct and bounded entities. This does notnegate the existence of cultural differences, but
explores the heterogeneity and complexity withincultures as a means through which cultures
are conceived of by their bearers and makethemselves comprehensible to other cultures.
The second is the need to explore the ways inwhich a culture refers to other cultures, andthe extent to which a culture refers in its own
practices, texts and artefacts to other cultures,or is self-referential. The third is the study of thepatterns of intercultural communication and how
these various patterns appear either on theirown or entangled. Finally, we need to explore
the textual and artefactual genres in whichintercultural exchange of knowledge is inscribed:
the existence of different genres in different
cultures might have a significant impact on theways in which knowledge is communicated andon the uses of this knowledge.  

Lilian Karali
Purple Dye: Dissemination of Dyeing
Technology and Purple Dye Networks inEastern Mediterranean
The transmission of technological knowledge,
the production centers and the trade networksof Purple Dye are some of the most favorite
research topics among international scholars.
Exploitation of marine resources for a variety ofuses is a common habit worldwide for millennia,
concerning human groups leaving in close
proximity to water. Moreover, collecting mollusks
for a specialized exploitation, such as purple dye
production, presupposes specialized skills andknowledge to capture and process the specificspecies. The earliest testimonies of purple dye
production in the Aegean area on an industrial
scale are dated from 1800 BC. Furthermore,
Purple Dye has been a valuable trade good
throughout time from prehistory until the
Turkish Occupation period. Similar achievements
can be noted in various environmental andcultural contexts, unfolding additional information
about ecosystems and species exploitation, as
for example in the rest of the Mediterranean,
in western and northern Europe, the Americas,
in China, Japan and other parts of world, where
mollusks and plants were used as well in orderto provide the scale of red to violet color for highranked representatives of the social pyramid, inclothing but also as pigments. This paper is basedon the archaeological and archaeo-environmental
remains of the purple dye production centres in
Eastern Mediterranean and relates to a project of
the Laboratory of Environmental Archaeology of
the Department of Archaeology and the Historyof Art of the National & Kapodistrian Universityof Athens. The aim is to systematically explore
and compare places and periods based onmaterial remains, both artefactual/architecturaland bio-archaeological, in order to generate fresh
perspectives on critical issues of social, economic

and cultural change and to provide a scientificbackground for this important debate.

Judith M. Barringer
Western Greek Poleis and Mainland Sanctuaries
While ancient Greek colonists mixed with preexisting populations in south Italy and Sicily, theyretained religious practices and customs from thehome city, including the building of temples to
Greek deities in their new homeland. They also
made dedications, sometimes enormously lavish
dedications, at sanctuaries back on the mainlandof Greece. What was the purpose of thesecontinued contacts with homeland sanctuaries,
particularly centuries after the colonists had
settled into their new communities, where they
had established their own religious sites? Whatmessages were transmitted by monuments
at such distant locations, and why were some
sanctuaries favoured while others, even major
sanctuaries, were not? Using a series of casestudies, this paper examines the distribution oflarge-scale dedications by western Greek colonies
in an effort to understand views of the homelandfrom the western perspective, and how and why
Greeks in the west made dedications so far fromtheir own shores.

Kyoko Sengoku-Haga
Diffusion and Adaptation of Roman Imperial
Portraits
During the Roman imperial period an enormous
number of emperors’portraits were displayedin public and in private spheres. Some of these
artistic renditions are modest works representing
the emperors’ features only roughly, whileothers show very close similarity to the official
portraits in Rome even if their findspots were

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

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widely dispersed over the vast empire. In local
sculptors’workshops the former could be madefrom sketches or possibly even from profiles on
coins, but to carve the latter, the so-called“exact”
copies, sculptors needed plaster models, which
originate from a single authentic model createdunder the control of the emperor himself. Thus
the diffusion of“exact”imperial portraits is taken
as proof of the centralization of the imperialart. They transmitted imperial images correctlyfrom the center to provinces. But imperial
portraits transmitted not only the emperors’
faces. Especially in the case of imperial portraits
dedicated in public spaces by local governments
or local powers, they transmitted the dedicators’
messages as well. Actually, it was the dedicator
who practically chose the sculptor and thestatuary type of the portrait. In addition, sinceeach Roman province had different historicalbackgrounds, different religious customs, anddifferent artistic tastes, these factors may also
have influenced the dedicator’s choice. To
clarify, how local dedicators received the“model”
and adapted it will be considered. Besides
traditional examination of statuary types, the3D shape comparison method will be applied toanalyze some of Augustus’heads of the“Prima
Porta”type.

Marion Meyer
Travelling Images, Travelling Gods: Greek Phoenician Encounters in the Hellenistic Period
Throughout their history the Greeks imported
knowledge and knowhow from the neighbors
at the coasts of the Mediterranean, especiallythose in the South and in the East. This was nota one-way street. One of the attractions of Greek
culture was its broad repertoire of images andthe quality and expertise of its craftsmen. In
Phoenicia, Sidon was the foremost city to exploit
these resources and to commission sculpture of16

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

Greek workmanship - for the Royal necropolis,
but also for the sanctuary of Eshmoun. In
the Hellenistic period, more Phoenician cities
began to make use of images which originatedin Greece. The municipal coins minted in the
2 nd and 1st centuries B.C. attest an intriguing
combination of Phoenician and Greek traditionsin script and images. When merchants from
Berytos founded a club-house on Delos in the
mid-second century B.C., after the island had
become a free port, they easily adapted to the
local ambience without giving up their own
customs and beliefs. In this Greek-speaking
environment, they used the Greek language
for all their inscriptions, and they used Greek
figure-types and iconography for all their images,
including those of their patron gods. This paper
is about the appropriation and management ofknowledge. If you encounter expertise which
you can, in one way or another, use for your own
intentions, there is no need to compete with theexperts. For their visual culture, the Phoenicians
subsequently chose Egyptian, Cypriote andGreek models. I argue that images of Greek
origin became part of Sidonian and Berytian
culture, being used as a“visual language”forinterests and functions which continued to be
Phoenician. For those who had been acquainted
with Greek civilization - those who hadreceived the knowledge of what it had to offer- Greek images provided a tool and a pleasing,
representative means for expressing own ideas
and concepts visually.

Tomoaki Nakano
Between Old and New: A Marker of Kingshipon the Statues of Ptolemaic Kings
Statues of kings were placed at such religious
buildings as temples and mortuary temples
throughout dynastic times in Egypt and a part of
the tradition also continued into Ptolemaic Period

under Hellenistic rulers. In this paper, the use ofa particular motif carved on the belts of kings’
statues will be analysed and discussed paying
special attention to the changes of other similar
motifs in dynastic times. The origin of such belt
motifs goes back to the Early Dynastic Period
and it probably relates to the divine nature of
the King. Decoration in the burial chamber of the
pyramids as well as their engraved texts will be
exemplified to clarify the meaning of the motif asa marker of kingship.     Yoshiyuki Suto
Social Resilience and Organization of
Knowledge in Ptolemaic Egypt
Recent scholarly opinion on the nature of
Ptolemaic empire has gradually tended toward
the view that it was a reasonably stable andsuccessful premodern state. Such evaluation
seems demonstrably invalid at first sight for anempire cursed with constant domestic turmoil
and repeated external threats. But the sheer
longevity of the dynasty (275 years, even a bit
longer than 255 years of the 18th dynasty, theheyday of the Pharaonic Egypt) testifies theremarkable resilience of the Egyptian society
in the Hellenistic period. The aim of this paper
is to provide an explanation for this resilienceon the hypothesis that an effective and efficienttransmission and organization of knowledge
made it possible for the Ptolemies to attain suchremarkable social stability. To illustrate thevarious facets of such organization of knowledge
in different social levels, I focus on the following
three conspicuous phenomena: the propagation ofsynodal decrees, the continuity of the system forrecording labor at quarries, and the spread of thecustom of erecting statues of prominent priests in
temple precincts. The result of the examinationof these cases suggests that it may be a fairconclusion that harmonious manipulations of

traditional and newly introduced knowledge
contributed the resilience of the society under
the Ptolemaic rule.

Thursday Sept. 6

Mariko Sakurai
Transmission of the Concept of Public/Private
Distinction in Classical Athens                                                                 It has been often pointed out that public/private
distinction was clearly recognized in classicalAthens. Indeed, in such a radical democracy
as practiced in Athens in the latter half of the
5th century BCE, the concept of public/private
distinction must have been shared among almost
all citizens.  Otherwise, appointments of archons
by lot and some other administrative systems
would not have worked well. This paper gropes
towards elucidating what time the concept of
public and private distinction propagated in the
Athenian society and what kind of process it
followed. There must have been some events
the Athenian citizens faced to be conscious of
the distinction.   One of them must have been
the Themistocles’proposition that the surplus
money from the new found mine, Maroneia,
should be spent on shipbuilding, not on
distributing among the citizens, whereas a germof the concept of public and private distinction
might be recognized in some of the Solon’s
laws; for example, fr.31a,‘Besides this, he does
not allow anyone to sell a daughter or a sister,
unless it is discovered that she has already hadintercourse with a man and is no longer virgin.
(translation is by D.F.Leão and P.J.Rhodes)’shows that the polis intervened in a citizen’s
oikos through limiting the authority of its kyrios

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18

Noboru Sato

Catherine Morgan

Oral Transmission of Knowledge andSuppressing Audience’s thorybos in ClassicalAthensBridging the [Corinthian] Gulf: the Roleof Landscape in the Transmission andOrganisation of Knowledge

Oral communication was crucially important
for transmission of knowledge especially inthe pre-modern world. In the world of Greek
poleis, the public spaces, such as an agora or
an assembly, were developed and information
was orally transmitted there to a large numberof people at once. Presumably this, in turn,urged the development of speaking techniques
to persuade the wider audience. Especially indemocratic Athens, in many public occasions,such as the council, the assembly and the courtof law, speakers used various sophisticatedrhetorical skills to persuade the fellow Athenian
citizens. However, the audience did not quietlylisten to their speeches. They would not listen
to what they did not want to but often raised
their voices against the speakers. The audience
also applauded the speakers whose opinion was
favourable to them. Scholars have discussed thephenomenon of thorybos, the noise raised byaudience, in Classical Athens (e.g. Bers 1985). It
has been recently reevaluated as evidence toprove active participation of ordinary citizens intheir political/judicial decision-making process(e.g. Thomas 2016). However, it has been largely
neglected how the Athenian speakers dealt with
their audience’s thorybos by their rhetoricalskills. Attic orators must have developed proper
rhetorical techniques to deal with thorybos inaccordance with a situation. The main purposeof this paper is to investigate how the Attic
public speakers skillfully attempted to maketheir audience quiet and to analyze the different
techniques used by the speakers in the assembly
and those by the litigants.

The paper explores the implication ofenvironment – physical and social, constructed
and experienced – in the organisation of
information on multiple levels. Organised
information is often perceived in terms of
the written record, usually guaranteed by anauthority and pertaining to a community or place.
Yet this leaves open the question of the efficacy
and embeddedness of the knowledge sought
and/or conveyed (assessment of which requires
a contextual understanding that often relies upon
the material record). It also overlooks the ways inwhich the conduct of life in wider environments
relies upon information which may transcendpolitical boundaries and/or exist largely inthe oral sphere. I attempt to map this kind of
information in the case of the combined Gulfs ofCorinth and Patras (here termed the CorinthianGulf). Of all the spaces of high maritime
connectivity in the old Greek world (including
the Thermaic, Euboian and Saronic Gulfs, andthe Ionian and Adriatic seas), the Corinthian Gulf
comes closest to the Mediterranean as conceived
by Horden and Purcell in The Corrupting Sea,
as a place of high risk and of opportunity, withland- and seascapes fragmented into microregions constantly reconfigured throughhuman agency and environmental conditions
presenting the ideal conditions for mobility andconnectivity.  Attention is paid to the nature androle of this area of sea, questions of scale, andthe implications of connections between specificmicro-zones and resources.

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

Barbara Kowalzig

Irad Malkin

Mediterranean Polytheism between Memory
and Oblivion

Oracles and Networks: Sharing Divine andHuman Knowledge

French structuralism in the wake of Jean-Pierre
Vernant and Marcel Detienne maintains thatin Greek polytheism, gods must be studied inteams. There are numerous divine pairs whosemode of action and spheres of activity standout more clearly when held against anothergod: Hestia-Hermes, Apollo-Dionysos, AresAphrodite, Zeus-Hera. This paper experimentswith the idea that certain configurationsof gods should also be examined in a longterm and transcultural perspective where
the Mediterranean sea takes on a pivotal rolein the transmission and reinterpretation ofreligious knowledge. Starting from the frequent
juxtaposition of Zeus and Aphrodite in GrecoRoman antiquity, the paper will argue thatthe combination Amun/Baal Saphon/Zeus :Astarte/Aphrodite emerges as a transculturaldivine pair in the context of cross-cultural tradeby sea in the Iron Age Mediterranean. The
couple has a long and intriguing tradition intranslation between polytheistic systems goingback to the late Bronze Age. As complementary
powers concerned with seafaring and economic
exchange, their association acquires salienceas part of a new valorisation of the sea at theBronze Age-Iron Age transition. That this teamin historical times recurs specifically in portcities involved in cross-cultural trade, e.g. aroundthe Black Sea, in southern Spain, on Delos, andat Naukratis as Zeus Ourios-Soter : Aphrodite
Euploia-Pontia-Syrie-Ourania, suggests a legacy oflong-term transmission of polytheistic structures,
while the sea might have agency in transforming
traditional knowledge about the divine.

Oracles mediate between divine and humanknowledge. My purpose is to discuss andcompare two types of inquiring about, andsharing of, knowledge: inspired prophecy
and lot oracles. In the first instance, I wish tounderstand the panoptic geographical knowledgeof Apollo as the god of colonization andfoundation oracles, in contrast to the supposedly“hodological”(route-oriented) human knowledge.
Divine naming and“giving”of sites to settlers
make them into“places”(note, e.g., Ptolemy’s
distinction between geography and chorography).
“Place”is ontological (cf. the expression“to takeplace”), the combination of materiality, meaning,and practice. The very knowledge of places
and their names and the divine order to settle
them implied a justification for their conquest,a kind of legitimizing charter. Between 750-500
BCE close to 400 new city states were foundedalong the shores of the Black Sea and theMediterranean. Together with their mother cities
and some other 600 city states, they formeda vast network whose hub was often Delphi,
relying on its Oracle, the Pythian Games, and the
network of theoroi. Apollo Archegetes, god ofcolonization, was at the center, linking western,
eastern, northern and southern Greeks in a webof a“Small Greek World.”There is a common
motif in foundation prophecies: the founder’s inquiry was expected to be phrased as“towhich land should I go”? The answer musthave been verbal, not a mere choice between
yes/no options. Current scholarship views manyof the reported foundation oracles as genuine
and quickly disseminated along network lines.
The need for apologies and re-interpretation of
enigmatic oracles only points to the importanceand adherence of the words spoken. They
were not easily concocted after the fact. The

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Phokaians settled Corsica (=Kyrnos) with theoracle“to found Kyrnos”in hand. Having failed
and moved to Elea, the oracle was re-interpreted
to mean “to found a hero shrine to Kyrnos(the name of the hero). Lot oracles present a
different way of imparting divine knowledge.
There is no room for enigmas since the phrasing
is entirely up to the inquirer. Delphi knew the
lot in its own history (Gaia-Themis-Apollo, who
got Delphi “in the third allotment”), in its
procedure (the order of inquiry) and the choiceof its personnel. When reported, the words ofthe inquiry are quoted as if they are Apollo’s, becoming a prophecy. Perhaps the Spartan
consultation to colonize Herakleia Trachinia wasthus conducted. Oracular divination, especiallyby lot, is tantamount to outsourcing decisions:the matter is deferred to divine“arbitration”(the god knows which way best to turns) andits legitimation is to be recognized by all, withno cause for resentment. Legitimation is partly
based on randomization. The verb anhairein
points to the use of lots that are“picked up”,
perhaps by the Pythia. There was also a lot
oracle by the “two beans”, mentioned in a
fourth-century inscription involving Skiathos(it was not cheap). Dodona offers a big corpus(some 1400 inscribed inquiries) of individuals. An
analysis of the Athenians consultation about thesacred fields at Eleusis exemplifies. Philochorosand Androiton report that“the sanctuary had
responded: it was more profitable and better
if they left them untilled.”In fact this was theresult of a complicated double- and triple blindconsultation, where randomness is introduced
at every step. “Many are the dice-throwers(thrioboloi) but few are the prophets,” wasapparently a popular maxim. Inspired prophecy
was usually held in higher esteem, but did it
attest to a different kind of divine knowledge asshared by human beings?

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The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTSACCESS

Nagoya University Higashiyama Campus

Conference Hall, Integrated Research Bldg