Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (June 2020)
1Beam Transmission Technology
by Photonic Crystal Fiber to Realizes High-precisionand High-efficiency Laser Processing Technology

TAKEHISA OKUDA*1YASUYUKI FUJIYA*2SANEYUKI GOYA*2

AKIKO INOUE*3

Since April 2014, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) and Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) have applied NTT laboratory's research and development results in
the information and communication technology (ICT) field to our energy/environment,
traffic/transportation and other social infrastructure products, as well as to domestic and overseas
production sites and on-site construction work, and have promoted research and development
collaboration with the aim of creating new value. As one of the achievements thereof, we succeededin transmitting kW-class high-power single-mode laser beam over several tens of meters while
maintaining high quality suitable for precision processing by combining photonic crystal fiber(PCF), one of NTT's optical fiber technologies for communication, with our high-power laser
processing technology.

|1. Introduction
The currently widely-used laser beam is a multi-mode laser beam and can be transmittedover several hundred meters with existing optical fiber (multi-mode optical fiber). However, thismulti-mode laser beam has a limit in terms of the beam focusing diameter and is not suitable forapplications requiring high processing accuracy. On the other hand, a single-mode laser beam,
which is suitable for more precise laser processing due to its high quality and high condensability,
can be transmitted only a few meters with existing optical fiber when the single mode ismaintained, so it could not be applied to actual processing at production sites or on-siteconstruction work where optical fiber transmission of several tens of meters is required. To realize
high-precision and highly-convenient laser processing, it is necessary to efficiently deliver
high-quality laser beam output from a high-power single-mode laser oscillator to a processing sitewhile maintaining a level of quality suitable for processing. Optical fiber plays an important role as
the transmission medium in this technology. The high power transmission capability of opticalfiber can be improved by increasing the effective beam cross-sectional area Aeff at the usedwavelength. However, as the Aeff increases, the number of modes that can propagate in the opticalfiber increases, causing the deterioration of the beam quality at the optical fiber output end. For thisreason, it is difficult for ordinary single-mode optical fiber (SMF), which forms the core by adding
materials, to improve its high-power transmission capability, which is expressed by the product ofoutput light intensity and transmission distance, to 100 kW m or more(1).

|2. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF)
PCF guides beam by confining it in a region surrounded by multiple holes formed in thepropagation direction in pure silica glass. The hole layer operates as an effective cladding region,and the effective refractive index difference with respect to the core region can be flexibly
controlled. As such, PCF can realize transmission characteristics that cannot be achieved byordinary SMF. Figure 1 illustrates cross-sectional images and the characteristics of ordinary SMF
and PCF. PCF with the simplest cross-sectional structure can be realized by periodically arranging*1

Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center*2

Senior Manager, Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center*3

Research Manager, Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation CenterMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (June 2020)
2holes with diameter d at uniform pitch Λ. The guiding principle of PCF is based on theconfinement of beam with total reflection, which is the same as ordinary SMF. However, while theeffective refractive index difference between the core and cladding of SMF is about 1%, that ofPCF can be very flexibly controlled to be about 0.01% to more than 10%. The transmission
characteristics of PCF can be controlled by arbitrarily changing the combination of d and Λ. For
example, by controlling the ratio d/Λ, single-mode transmission at any wavelength can be realized,and therefore can increase Aeff significantly. We also devised a quasi-uniform-structure PCF thatachieves both Aeff controllability and manufacturability. This quasi-uniform-structure PCF is
composed of uniform d and realizes a structure in which Λ is effectively changed by increasing thenumber of holes in a specific layer. Since d is constant and there is no need to perform complicatedcontrol of the hole diameter during the spinning of the optical fiber, manufacturability equivalent tothat of uniform-structure PCF can be maintained. On the other hand, due to the change ofoccupancy of the holes in the radial direction of PCF, a more complicated equivalent refractive
index distribution compared with uniform-structure PCF can be realized.

Figure 1

Images and characteristics of ordinary SMF and PCF

The relationship between the hole diameter d and the pitch Λ that simultaneously satisfies therequirements of the hole structure of PCF, where the number of allowable propagation modes(beam quality M2) is 3 or less, the minimum allowable bending radius is 500 mm and the highpower transmission capability is 300 kWm or more, was examined. Figure 2 depicts therelationship between Λ and d/Λ. The left part of Figure 2 shows the calculation results foruniform-structure PCF, and the right part the examination for the quasi-uniform-structure PCF. The
solid, dashed and dotted lines in the figure represent the structural boundaries for the requirementsof the number of modes, bending radius and high-power transmission capability, respectively, andall the requirements can be met simultaneously in the shaded area in the figure. Figure 2 indicatesthat the quasi-uniform-structure PCF devised this time can be designed under conditions lessrestrictive than those of uniform-structure PCF. Table 1 compares the calculation results of Aeff andhigh-power transmission capability at the design centers indicated by the two red circles in Figure 2
with the example reported in the literature (1). Table 1 shows that PCF can achieve Aeff of 2000
μm2 or more and can be expected to have a high power transmission capability four times or morehigher than that of the existing SMF.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (June 2020)
3Figure 2 Design requirements of uniform-structure PCF and quasi-uniform-structure PCF
for achieving desired transmission characteristics
Table 1 Calculation results of Aeff and high-power transmission capability at designcenters (red circles) indicated in Figure 2 (λ = 1070 nm)

Effective core area Aeff (μm2)
High-powertransmission
capability (kW-m)

Reported SMF
example(1)
600
100

2,100

Quasi-uniform-structure
PCF
2,500

350

420Uniform-structure PCF|3. Prototyping and transmission experiment
Based on the design requirements described in Chapter 2, we prototyped aquasi-uniform-structure PCF wire and made a 30-m long optical cable equipped with a connector
for high-power connection. The developed high-power PCF has a small fiber core diameter, so an
optical coupling system that can accurately align the incident beam to the fiber end face is required
to efficiently transmit the beam emitted from the laser oscillator. However, the high power causes atemperature increase in the lens used in the optical coupling system, which leads to a change in therefractive index, resulting in fluctuation in the beam position. Therefore, we used synthetic quartz
and CaF2, the refractive index change characteristics of which are contrary to each other withrespect to temperature, as the lens material, and determined and applied the best arrangement
through simulation (Figure 3). Figure 4 presents the experimental results of the input and output
characteristics obtained in a transmission experiment using a high-power single-mode laser
oscillator. This shows that the output beam intensity increases linearly with the input beamintensity. With 10 kW input power, which was the maximum output of the available device, theoutput power was 9.1 kW, so the propagation efficiency including the coupling loss was 91%. The
value of the beam quality M2 was 2.5. The above results verified that the actual optical fiber cablewith connector including the quasi-uniform-structure PCF had the high-power transmission
capability of 270 kWm or more.

Figure 3High-power optical coupling system with reduced beam position fluctuation

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (June 2020)
4Figure 4

Prototyping and transmission experiment results(a) Cross-sectional photograph and basic characteristics of quasi-uniform-structure
PCF prototyped(b) Input and output characteristics of high-quality single-mode laser beam

|4. Application of laser processing using single-mode optical fiberThis technology is expected to be applied to ultra-low heat input and high-quality welding ofheat-resistant alloys for gas turbine high-temperature parts and engine parts, laser cutting using
long-distance beam irradiation in the demolition of decommissioned nuclear reactors, and cutting
and drilling of CFRP aircraft parts (main wing and soundproof cover) without heat effect. Figure 5
to Figure 7 give processing examples.

Figure 5 High-quality welding ofheat-resistant nickel alloys

Figure 6

Figure 7 High-quality and high-efficiency
laser cutting of CFRP

Laser cutting with long-distance beam irradiation|5. Conclusion
In collaboration with NTT, we developed the world's first technology that enables thelong-distance transmission of high-power and high-quality laser beam. This technology enables ahigh-power single-mode laser beam to be transmitted over a long distance while maintaining
quality suitable for precision processing and it is expected to accelerate the expansion of theMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (June 2020)
5

application of laser processing technology and lead to a revolution in manufacturing. Moving
forward, we will proceed with the verification of application to actual equipment, aiming to apply
this technology to the cutting of composite materials for aircraft, etc., remote high-efficiency
dismantling methods for the demolition of decommissioned nuclear reactors and laser processing
systems to be sold outside our company.

References(1)Uchiyama et al., High Power Single Mode Fiber Laser and Processing Application，60th Lightwave
Sensing Technology Professional Group（2017-12）p.133～139