Date：2010/01/31
Middle East Office: Tetsuya Fujii

Eritrea ： Great Spot in the Eastern Africa?
－Hidden Oil and Gas exploration/development potentialsz

Only 12 exploration wells have been drilled in the Eritrean Red Sea vast sedimentarybasin (100,000km2), mainly because of political risk such as border dispute with Ethiopia.

z

Totally 12 blocks are open now including Red Sea, onshore near Red Sea, and westerninland. There is a gas discovery well, and also oil/gas shows were confirmed in the most ofwells. It is assumed that exploration potentials are remain.

z

Oil/gas development environments are also favorable, because there are high population
areas near the Eritrea such as Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. Also Red Sea is busy principle shiproute, which will be favorable for the transportation.

z

Recently activity of mineral exploration is high. Production from gold mine will be started
from later half of 2010. 14 foreign companies are conducting exploration activity now.
Particularly activities by Chinese companies are outstanding. They have strong
relationship with Eritrean government through financial support to medical organizations.

zAsmara is very safe city and political risk is also relatively low.

１． Introduction
Republic of Eritrea is the youngest independent country (Figure 1) in Africa (attained
independence from Ethiopia in 1993) where it faces the Red Sea. It has long petroleum
exploration history which started in 1920s by Italian company, but only 12 exploration wells
have been drilled in the Eritrean Red Sea vast sedimentary basin (100,000km2), because ofpolitical instability such as independent dispute more than 30 years, and border dispute with
Ethiopia (from 1998 to 2000).
“Recently, petroleum exploration in Uganda’s basin, which is located in the same Eastern
African Basin, is very active. But areal distribution of sedimentary basin of the Eritrean Red
Sea is more than 4 times of Uganda’s basin, and also the petroleum system is confirmed ”-1Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

Director of Hydrocarbon Division of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea emphasized. In thisreport, I will discuss petroleum exploration potential of Eritrea, based on the information
obtained during the visit of Ministry of Energy & Mines and Petroleum Corporation of Eritrea(PCE), in Asmara city.

２． Geological background and Oil/Gas exploration history of Eritrean Red Sea
Southern Red Sea, where Eritrean Red Sea is located in, is plate boundary between African
Plate＊2 and Arabian Plate, which is defined as extensional boundary＊3 (Figure 1). It is Tertiary
rift basin formed by separation of Arabian Plate from African Plate in the Miocene.
Petroleum exploration in Eritrea has stated in 1920s. It has started by shallow exploration
by Italian company at Bu el Issar Island in 1921, followed by exploration by Agip in 1930-1940,
Mobil, Gulf and Shell in 1960-1970, Anadarko and Perenco in 1990s. It has long history but
only 12 exploration wells have been drilled in the Eritrean Red Sea of vast sedimentary basin(100,000km2) (Figure 1, Table 1）.
The most outstanding and only one discovery is gas discovery by Mobil in 1969 at C-1 well in
the Defnin block. This well has drilled by targeting the Habab sand in the Miocene (pre salt),
but it was encountered 55 days blow out around the bottom of salt (3,007m) and abandoned.
Assumed pressure is 7,700psi, and estimated production rate from Habab sand is 5～20
MMcfg/d. After that, evaluation well (Chita-1) was drilled at 400m offset location of C-1 well by
Perenco in 2005, but it was ended in gas show. Structural interpretation for the drilling may
not be enough because line intervals of 2D seismic survey is around 5～15km.
On the other hand, oil and gas shows are confirmed in the most of wells (Table 1). For
example, tar is exposed in the surface of Dahlac Island, which is related to exploration welldrilled by Agip in 1930s. It is also observed a number of offshore oil seepages although they
are sight observation by habitants (Figure 1). Therefore we can expect both oil and gas
accumulation in this sedimentary basin.
Seismic survey data is acquired almost all area except around the Dahlac Island (shallow
depth) and deep water north-eastern area, but they are 2D seismic survey data which has
course survey intervals (Figure 2). It has not acquired seismic survey data onshore area, but it-2Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

is assumed that data acquisition in Gulbub block is relatively easy because it is plane area.

Figure 1 Petroleum Exploration Blocks and existing wells in Eritrea.
(Based on the publication of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea)-3Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

Table 1 Existing exploration wells in Eritrean Red Sea and drilling results (order of drilling)(Based on the publication of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea, Savoyat et al. (1989), etc.)
Well Name

Bu el Issar-1 (Onshore:island)Dahlak-1 (Onshore:island)Suri-1Adal-2 (Onshore:island)Ras Shoke-1 (Onshore:island)）Amber-1
Dhunishub-1
C-1
MN-1
B-1
Secca Fawn-1
J-1
Thio-1
Bulissar-1
Du Rig-Rig -1
Edd-1

Brock Name
(Present)
Zula

Drilli
ng
year
1921

TD (m)

Drilling
company

Drilling Results

SMAO

Oil show

Thermalgradient（℃/100m）n.a.

Dahlakn.a.

n.a.
shallow
152

Agip

n.a.

n.a.

DahlakDahlak

1940
1940

1,700
2,475

Agip
Agip

Oil show
Oil show

n.a.
n.a.

Dahlak

1940

603

Agip

Dry

n.a.

Amber
DhunishubDefninDefninAmber
Zula
DefninTio
Zula
Dahlak
Tio

1966
1966
1969
1969
1969
1969
1973
1977
1998
1998
1999

3,557
3,867
3,010
2,868
2,965
3,363
3,137
3,119
4,199
2,200
3,262

Mobil
Gulf
Mobil
Gao
Mobil
Gulf
Gao
Shell
Anadarko
Anadarko
Anadarko

Oil/Gas show
Oil/Gas show
Gas discovery
Dry
Oil/Gas show
Gas showDry
Oil show
Oil/Gas show
Dry
Dry

n.a.
n.a.
5.06
4.06
5.58
6.18
4.42
4.18
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n. a. – Data is not available. Drilling results are based on the publication of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea-4Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

Figure 2 Existing 2D seismic survey lines(Quoted from the publication of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea)

３． Outline of Open Brocks ―Totally 12 Brocks are possible to join―
Totally 12 blocks are open now including Red Sea, onshore along Red Sea, and westerninland(Figure 1). Defba Oil Share Co. (Joint venture between PCE and Energy Alliance) was
joined northern 2 brocks (Bahri、Defnin) in October 2008, but office in Asmara has not yet
opened and there is no progress in exploration activity. Saudi Arabian company (royal family)
and Bahrain company, which was the investor of Energy Alliance, were withdrawn from the
project because of the influence of financial crisis and M&A. Presently only BGP (geophysicalcompany under CNPC） is remain and they are looking for the partner. On the other hand, one
western company is applying the Dhalak block. Therefore, basically every block is applicable-5Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

now.
Production Sharing Contract (PSC) is applied for the basic contract with 4 years exploration(maximum 4 years extension) and maximum 25 years development/production period (possible
to extend to 10 years). It is negotiable for the minimum obligation and expenditure during the
exploration terms, and royalty. Income Tax is 35% (it was decreased from 50% in 2000). Moredetail, please refer to the website of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea.
Ministry of Energy & Mines prepared technical report about exploration potential of
Eritrean Red Sea (Two Volumes), which can be purchased by 500 US$. Data reviewing by
Japanese companies in Asmara are welcome at any time, and it is free of charge. CA isbasically not requested for the reviewers.

４． Discussion about exploration plays and exploration/development potentials
In this section I would like to discuss petroleum system and petroleum exploration potentials
in this area. I fortunately had a chance to discuss with the Director of Hydrocarbon Division of
Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea, about this subject when I visited Asmara. His
background is geology and geophysics, and he has experience of studying the subject at the
Leningrad Institute of Mines for 6 years.
Main source rocks in this area are assumed to be the Miocene marine shale of the Desset
formation, Amber formation, and Habab formation (Figure 3). Actually, good oil prone (Type2) source rock with 3-8.5% TOC＊5 (in 305m gross thickness sediments) has confirmed at theupper Habab formation of J-1 well in the Defnin block. On the other hand, upper Jurassic
Agula shale and Antalo formation are also expected to have source rock potential, although
they have not been drilled. Main reservoir rocks are also sands in the Desset and the Habab
formation (Figure 3). Sand layers for the reservoir rock have been confirmed most of wells,
but they are slightly silty. We can expect Pre-rift (Jurassic and Cretaceous) play in onshore
blocks. Regarding to the trap type, fault trap and horst structure with northwest-southeast
trending faults are principle. Salt in the Amber formation and shale in the Desset formation
are expected as a seal formation.
Director of Hydrocarbon Division commented to me as following. “Generally speaking,-6Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

extending plate boundary such as the Red Sea has higher thermal gradient (thinner sediment)
and thought to be not ideal for oil/gas accumulation. However, actual width of the trough in the
Red Sea is narrower and thermal gradient is not so higher than every exploration geologist
think, particularly at the outside of the trough. Recently, petroleum exploration in Uganda’s
basin, which is located in the common Eastern African Basin, is very active. But areal
distribution of sedimentary basin of Uganda is only 23,000km2, while the Eritrean Red Sea ismore than 4 times of Uganda’s basin (100,000km2). Although geological setting is not exactly
same, we can expect oil/gas accumulation in the Eritrea”.
Certainly when we look at the bathymetry map, the trough area in the Eritrean Red Sea isvery limited and most of the part is continental shelf, which has shallower water depth than
200m. Sediment thickness in this area is more than 4,000m based on existing offshore wells(All existing wells were not penetrated into the basement). In addition, thermal gradient is not
extremely high (around 4.0～5.0℃/100m) except Secca Fawn-1（6.18℃/100m）although there
are areal variation from 2.56 - 6.18℃/100m (Table 1). Thermal maturity modeling by Savoyat
et al. (1989) suggested that main source rock, upper Habab formation, at well J-1(4.42℃/100m)
is presently in the oil window. If we look at the Albert basin in Uganda, for example, thermal
gradient is reported to be 5.5℃/100m (Curd et al., 2009). Overall, his comment is interpreted tobe quite reasonable.
I also asked his personal comments about the possibility (potential) of inorganic natural gas＊
6. It is not wondering even if there are gas accumulations due to mantle source gas, because

Eritrea is one of the most famous volcanic regions in Africa. About this question he commented
that Eritrea could be one of the most ideal places for it if this (inorganic source) theory iseffective.
I asked him “Which block will be the most recommendable for you” in a straightforwardmanner. His answer was the Zula block. In this block, Anadarko conducted seismic survey
from 1996 to 1997, and as a result of followed reprocessing and interpretation they extracted
several prospects. Anadarko was withdrawn from this block in 1999 because of the decisionby managements, but technical people were interested in further exploration because of highremaining potential.
-7Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

Regarding to the development environment, gas discovery is active in Egypt (northern
direction) and gas exporting infrastructure in Yemen (Gas production from Marib field and
LNG facility of Balhajaf in the Gulf of Aden) is going to be established. Not only oiltransportation but also natural gas transportation may not be difficult.

Figure 3 General stratigraphy and petroleum system in Eritrean Red Sea(Based on publication of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea)-8Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

５． How about marketing environment？―Comments by General Manager of PCE―
I had an opportunity to have a meeting with General Manager of PCE in Asmara.
He is a specialist of oil refinery and marketing. He has been working at an oil refinerycompany (it was stopped in 1990) in Assab (port city at the south Eritrea) more than 10 years
as a manager before the independence from Ethiopia.

PCE is the public enterpriseestablished by Eritrean government in 2008, for the promotion of domestic oil and gas
exploration and development. PCE invests in projects together with domestic or foreigncompanies. It is similar to so-called “NOC” in producing countries, but the magnitude of budget
and employee is smaller at present stage. Presently downstream investment such as LPG ismain business, but they are investing 35% for Defba Oil Co. when it was established.
He gave me a comment about oil/gas marketing environment in Eritrea, in case of there islarge oil/gas discovery in Eritrean Red Sea. Oil has no problem needless to say, but it is also
good geographical setting for natural gas development. Eritrea can be a favorable gas supplierfor surrounding large cities such as Jeddah in Saudi Arabia (3.4 million people in only Jeddah
city area in 2007), where gas shortage is critical. Red Sea is worldwide “busy line” for ships(transportation) and it is ideal place for gas supply. In addition, north neighboring country
Sudan has petroleum exploration activity in the Red Sea. If these projects are successful, it
may possible to have joint projects.

６． Accelerating mining development projects and hopeful geothermal development
I also asked about present status of mining development to the acting Director of mineral
resources development. Totally 14 companies are involved in exploration activities in the
Eritrea presently (Figure 4), and there are about 10 offices in Asmara city. Mining development
is becoming more and more active because first production from gold mine after the
independence will be started by Bisha Mining Share Company (Canadian Nevsun Resource:
60%, Eritrean government: 40%) from the latter half of 2010.
Participation by Chinese companies is also outstanding. Minister of Energy and Mines
visited China at later 2009 and joint study contract about mineral resource development(Geochemical sampling from geothermal water) was agreed at the end of November. On the-9Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

other hand, impression for Japanese company seems to be generally good because
Ethiopian-Japan Joint company(Ethio-Nippon) used to have exploration project near Asmara
city (South of Asmara) at 1970s (in early stage of mining exploration).
In addition, geothermal exploration has been conducted at the south of Masswa by financial
support of Iceland government. This area is called as Alid Volcanic area, largest geothermalarea in Eritrea, where hot water is bubbling in the surface. It is expected as one of theimportant energy resources for Eritrea, one of the energy resource poor countries.

Figure 4 Mining exploration blocks in Eritrea (as of August 2009)(Based on the publication of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea)- 10 Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

７． Entry and departure, public safety/climate of Asmara
Baggage inspection and foreign currency inspection in Asmara airport is strict. When we
entered the country, we needed to fill the declaration form and also fill the remaining balanceat hotels or exchange counters. We also need to fill the details of PC such as serial number inthe declaration form. This is because of crackdown on the black market.
Asmara is very safe city (at least in December of 2009 when I visited there). When I asked
about public safety of Asmara to the General Manager of PCE, he emphasized that “It is themost peaceful capital city in Africa and Europe among I visited before”. He said “I would like toshow you how safe Asmara city is” and introduced me the city after the meeting, 7:00 pm.
Certainly, everybody looks very friendly and kind, and there is no dangerous atmosphere at all.
It was understandable for me that Asmara is called as “one of the few countries where woman
can walk alone at night”. In that way, we don’t need to concern about public safety issue forthe office establishment.
About weather, it is not humid at all and it is very comfortable because it is located at thehighland area of 2,350m elevation. It was anticipated that it should be very cold before my visit,
but actually it was very comfortable and I could walk the city without jacket at day time due tothe strong sunshine (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Pictures of Asmara city
(Left: Main street, Light: St Mary’s Cathedral and public bass and taxi)- 11 Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

８． Summary
I occasionally met one Japanese technician in Asmara who was sent from Japan for the
medical project by Japanese government. He told me that Chinese financial support or
temporary staffing is being conducted extensively in Orotta hospital, one of the largest
hospitals in Asmara. This seems indicating the strong relationship between Eritrea and China.
On the other hand, he mentioned that President of Eritrea is recently focusing so much on
Japanese education method and workplace slogan (so-called 5S). Eritrean people are diligent,
and Asmara is very safe city. About political risk, it can’t be said that it is low, because
temporary government by single party has been governed the country since 1993. However, it
is important to look at this kind of unexplored area which has good exploration conditions as
one of the future target. In the actual exploration stage, technology and education, some of theJapanese strength will work effectively for the acquisition of new interests.

Comments＊１: Definition of petroleum system.
＊2: Definition of plate＊3：Definition of extensional plate boundary.
＊4： Based on the publication by Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea, 2006, it is described as 12 wells. It is
assumed that above 12 wells are excluding wells drilled onshore (island) in Table 1.
＊5：Definition of Total Organic Carbon.
＊6： Definition of inorganic source natural gas.

References (Random order)
Eritrea Hydrocarbon Potential and Exploration Opportunities (Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea, 2006)
Website of Ministry of Energy & Mines, Eritrea (http://www.moem.gov.er/)
Mineral Potential of the state of Eritrea 2008 (http://www.eritreaembassy-japan.org/data/mineral.pdf)
Eritrean Petroleum Corporation Establishment Proclamation (No.161/2008)
Free encyclopedia 『Wikipedia』
Savoyat, E., A.Shiferaw and T. Balcha (1989): Petroleum exploration in the Ethiopian Red Sea, Journal of- 12 Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。

Petroleum Geology, 12 (2), April, 1989, 187-204.
Curd, S. R., R Downie, P Logan (2009): Elephant Hunting in the Pakwach Basin, Block 1, Uganda. Extended
Abstract of The 8th PESGB/HGS Conference on African E & P, 9-10 September, 2009, London.
Abraha, M. (2005): Geothermal Exploration Opportunities in Eritrea, Proceedings World Geothermal
Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005.
Okui, A. (2005): Petroleum System. Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology, Vol.70,
No.3, 265-274.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/eritrea/)
Embassy of the State of Eritrea in Japan (http://www.eritreaembassy-japan.org/index.html)- 13 Global Disclaimer（免責事項）
本資料は石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」）石油・天然ガス調査グループが信頼できると判断した各種資料に基づいて作成されていますが、機構は本資料に含まれるデータおよび情報の正確性又は完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料は読者への一般的な情報提供を目的としたものであり、何らかの投資等に関する特定のアドバイスの提供を目的としたものではありません。したがって、機構は本資料に依拠して行われた投資等の結果については一切責任を負いません。なお、本資料の図表類等を引用等する場合には、機構資料からの引用である旨を明示してくださいますようお願い申し上げます。