7th International Workshop
on Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia

Current Situation and Technology Developmentof Decentralized Wastewater Treatment

in VietnamHanoi, September 2019

Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Anh

1Director, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE),Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Add. 55 Giai Phong Rd. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel. 04-3869 1604, Fax 04-3869 3714, MP. +84-91320 9689,
Email: anhnv@nuce.edu.vn; vietanhctn@gmail.com; www.iese.vn

Content• Current Situation of DWWM in Country• Classification of DWWM models• Status of Technology Development• Discussions and Recommendations

2Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

Effluent standard: QCVN 14:2008/BTNMTNoParametersColumn A(a)Column B(b)

1pH

5-9

5–9

2

BOD5 (20oC), mg/l30

50

3TSS, mg/l

50

100

4NH4-N, mg/l

5105NO3-, mg/l30

50

6PO43-, mg/l

6107Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml

3,000

5,000(a) - Maximum allowable values for wastewater discharged to water bodies serving domestic water supply purpose.
(b) - Maximum allowable values for wastewater discharged to water bodies serving another purposes (irrigation, watertransport, etc.).

Reuse standard: Not yet(QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT standard for surface water quality is used)3
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Classification of DWWM models• Group 1: on-site sanitation systems– 1a. Low-cost on-site sanitation systems– 1b. Mechanized on-site sanitation systems• Group 2: Cluster DWWM systems(With wastewater management scheme andwastewater collection network!)– 2a. Low-cost cluster wastewater treatmentsystems– 2b. Mechanized cluster wastewater treatment
systems• Different ownership, sources of funding, modes ofmanagement, etc.

4Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

Recent situation of the wastewater treatment in Vietnam
Centralized
Wastewater
Treatment system(Ex: Sewer system)

Middle scale orcluster typewastewater
treatment system

Decentralized wastewater
treatment system(Ex: Septic tank, johkasou,pit latrine)

Without any
wastewater
treatment- Sewered + directdischarge- Non-sewered
areas

Definition oftreatment system
in Vietnam- HHs + Collection + WWTP
for city scale serving basin
or sub-basin catchmentarea- Septic tanks at HHS as
preliminary treatment are
in most cases- Serving towns, townlets,development areas withsewers- Non-sewered areas, or shortdistance sewer lines (resorts,individual apartments, shops,restaurants, hospitals, factories,etc)

Installed plants
number- 60 WWTPs in >40 cities- 10% of 4,000 urban
development areas = 400
WWT stations (WWTS) in
paper, 50% of them arefunctioning in realty = 200
WWTS such as 2 in Phu My
Hung, 1 in Ecopark, 1 inRoyal city, 1 in Dang Xa, etc- ~20% of urban population =6.5 million persons- 200 WWTS x 50% of
design capacity x 500
m3/d or 3,000 persons =30,000 persons- Handcraft villages: justfew- Country: 90% of 13,600 medical
points (hospitals, clinics, etc) =12,250 WWTS, among which 35%
are in good operation condition.
- 1,000 WWTS in factories- 200 WWTS in restaurants, shops,resorts- 1,000 WWTS in hotels- Total: 14,500 WWTS
- Besides: 25,000 systems with
Septic tanks only
- Livestock farms: 400,000 m3/d x
30% with biogas digester

Number of
population usingeach type ofwastewater
treatment systems*Reference: figures are calculated by author based on various sources- Hospitals: 1,012,500 persons areserved- Hotels, resorts: 1,260,000 p.
served- Factories: 300,000 p.

Group 1a. On-site sanitation
systems: Septic tank6
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Challenges with Group 1a, Septic tank
Design:• No official DesignStandard (MOH:Manual only)• Volume if notenough?
• No water proof?
• Some use housefoundation to maketank wall
• “Not allowed”
Infiltration chamber(soak pit)

Build:• No water proof• No access forcheck anddesludging• No ventilation• Misconnection(inlet, outlet,inside the tank)

Operation:• Septic tank is aproperty ofhousehold• No desludging
unless clogging• Sludge
management is
not controlled• Miss-use:hazardous waste
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BASTAFAT-F FOR 12 HIGH-CLASS VILLASAT NCC MY DINH, HANOIBASTAFAT-F FOR CAT BA ISLAND, HAI PHONGGROUP 1B. MECHANIZED ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMSBASTAFAT-F FOR ECO-RESORTDONG ANH, HANOIBASTAFAT-F FOR HISTORICAL PLACE K9(DA CHONG, BA VI, HANOI)

8BASTAFAT-F FOR MEDICAL CENTER
FOR DRUG EDICTS, YEN BAI PROVINCEBASTAFAT-F FOR HISTORICAL PLACE K9(DA CHONG, BA VI, HANOI)UV DISINFECTION CHAMBER, BASTAFAT-F
9

Challenges with Group 1b,
Mechanized on-site systems
Design:• No official DesignStandard (MOH:Manual only)• Available land for
installation andmonitoring

Operation:
Build:• Quality assurance • Property ofhousehold,(tank materials,access foretc.)
monitoring is• Floating risk
limited• Leaking risk
• Desludging andsludge
management• Miss-use:hazardous waste
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Group 2: Cluster DWWM systems
Wastewater management scheme and Wastewatercollection network

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ADB (CDTA 7885-VIE) project, Support to Central and Local
Governments to Implementation of Urban Environmental
Improvement Programs
Ben Tre Option 2-Decentralized

Vinh Long- CSS Option 2-Decentralized

Vinh Long- CSS Option 3-Centralized/Decentralised

12Group 2a. Low-cost cluster wastewater
treatment systems
BASTAF for 160 households

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BASTAF for handcraft villages(food processing, livestockbreeding, …)

WWT for 100 HHs in Limtownlet, Bac Ninh prov.

WWTS Q = 100 m3/day, Vietnam Friendship Village,
Tu Liem, Hanoi

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BASTAF for 400 HHs, Xuan Mai townlet,
Chuong My, HN

4 WWTS for 2,600 HHs, Cho Moi townlet,
Bac Kan

WWTS for Minh Quan commune clinic, Yen Bai
province
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Challenges with Group 2a,
Low-cost wastewater treatment systems
Design:• Lack of DesignStandard• Vietnamesestandard QCVN
14:2008/BTNMT,N, Coliforms: notachievable.
• Lack of adequate
HH connection
and wastewatercollection
components

Build:• Quality ofconstruction
works• Planning andphasing• Start up
difficulties

Operation:• Solids clogging• Hydraulic loads• No fund for O&M• No clear solution
for dredged
sludge treatment
and disposal• Limited capacityof operators

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Group 2b. Mechanized wastewater
treatment systems

PACKAGED WWTS AFSB-C

PACKAGED WWTS AFSB-F

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DWWM in urban areas

VIDB building, Hanoi
Planning Palace,My Dinh, Hanoi

Ngo Thi Nham apartment,
Ha Dong, Hanoi
Pacific building, Hanoi
35 FRP tanks

VCB bldg, Hanoi

Sofitel Plaza, Hanoi
PVN bldg, Hanoi

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AFSB-F at Vicostone Factory

AFSB-F for Residential – Office Complex
12 Thuy Khue, Hanoi

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Challenges of Group 2b,
Mechanized wastewater treatment systems
Design:• Lack of DesignStandard• QCVN 14:2008, N,
Coliforms: notachievable.
• Lack of adequate
wastewater collection
component• Double investment inurban areas• Too shallow: limited
aeration and settlingefficiency• Limited access,especially forunderground tanks

Build:Operation:• “Small” thinking, notadequate attention
for QA• Quality ofconstruction works:
leaking, sinking, etc.
• FRP tanks: very
different quality, notcertified• Start up• Media wash-out•••••

Solids clogging
No fund for O&M
Odor control
C/N ratio is to low
No professional O&M
team

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FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT••••

One of key components ofDWWM
Poor management practicein most places
Already mentioned in Decree
80 and some provincialregulations
Resource recovery fromsludge is potential, butsludge reuse Guidance is not
yet available.

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COST, USD/(m3/day capacity)or USD/person/year

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Remote control
systems
Pre-fabricated tank, MBR
Pre-fabricated tank,fixed bed & MBBR
DWWT with Reinforced Concrete Tank
BASTAF + CW, Filtration field

Baffled septic tank BASTAF
Septic tank
TREATMENT EFFICIENCY/COMPLEXITY
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TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

AO system with MF/UF MembraneSource: GETECH Co.
Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

MBR technology

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TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTDWWT with Solar energy andremote (on-line) control
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Discussions and Recommendations• Integration of DWWM options into urban planning is needed• Design standards are to be issued, where green concept should beencouraged (green design solutions, rainwater harvesting,wastewater reuse, etc.)• Effluent standards are to be reviewed, especially on N, andpathogens removal in DWWM systems, and to avoid double
investment• Testing and Certification for technology, equipment, operation ofw/w systems, sludge management services is needed• Household connection should be compulsory. All components
should be considered in a whole chain: HH facilities – collection
network – wastewater treatment – disposal or reuse• Professional O&M service providers are needed, on-site or outsourced. Branch of provincial sewerage and drainage company is
one among options• Promotion center(s) with strong networking is needed
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Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

Thank you very muchfor your attention !

Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Anh26Director, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE),
Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Add. 55 Giai Phong Rd. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel. 04-3869 1604, Fax 04-3869 3714, MP. +84-91320 9689,
Email: anhnv@nuce.edu.vn; vietanhctn@gmail.com; www.iese.vn