ࡄ‫ݪ‬৒̺ͤ͢૩ࡄ‫ݪ‬৒
໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼! ૧໤ৗ‫ݪࡄڠش‬໐࿝! ! ૩! ੝‫!ض‬ˍȅ͉̲͛ͅ!
 ‛ᕈ⎇߇ᨰߦ⒖ォߒߚ⠉ᐕߩ 2001 ᐕ㧥᦬ߦ⌕છߒߡ‫⚂ޔ‬㧡ᐕ૛ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᐕߪߜࠂ߁ߤ‛ᕈ⎇ߩ 50 ๟ᐕߢ‫ޔ‬⑳߽⸥ᔨ੐ᬺᬌ⸛ᆔຬળߩ৻ຬߣߒߡ‫⸥ޔ‬ᔨౠሶ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ 50 ᐕߩᱧผ㵪⎇ⓥ߆ࠄ‫ࠆ߼ߣ߹ࠍޠ‬ᯏળࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‛ᕈ⎇ߪᤘ๺ 32 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⑼ቇߩ᜚ὐ‫⋡ࠍޠ‬ᜰߒߡ⸳┙ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫⺆⧷ޕ‬ฬߪᦨೋ‫̌ޔ‬The Institute for Solid
State and Chemical Physics̍߇᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ߇‫⋥┙⸳ޔ‬೨‫ޟޔ‬ฬ೨ߪ⍴ߊߡࠃ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰ߢ⃻
࿷ߩ̌The Institute for Solid State Physics̍ߣߥߞߚࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ฬ೨߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥᚲࠍ૞ࠄࠇߚᣇ‫‛ޔߪޘ‬ᕈ‛ℂ߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ‛ᕈൻቇ߽ᔨ㗡ࠍ⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߢ‫┙⸳ޔ‬ᒰೋࠃࠅήᯏ࿕૕ൻቇ㧔㕖᥏૕‫ޔ‬ήᯏ‛ᕈ㧕߅ࠃ߮᦭ᯏ࿕૕
ൻቇ㧔ಽሶ㧕ߩ⎇ⓥቶ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫╙ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬㧞਎ઍߩಝ❗♽ߩᚲຬࠃࠅ‫ޟ‬ᣂ‛⾰㐿⊒‫ߩޠ‬㊀ⷐᕈ߇ឭ⸒ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ήᯏ‫ޔ‬᦭ᯏ‛⾰ߩ⎇ⓥቶߢ‫ޔ‬ᒝ⏛ᕈ૕‫⿥ޔ‬વዉ૕‫⏛ޔ‬ᕈવዉ૕‫ޔ‬㊂ሶࠬࡇࡦ♽‛⾰ߩ㐿⊒߇‛ᕈ‛ℂߣߩࠦ࡜ࡏ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩਛ
ߢㅴߺ‫╙ޔ‬㧟਎ઍߢ߽“᦭ᯏ‛⾰㐿⊒”ࠍ߅ߎߥ߁᫪⎇ⓥቶ߇⊒⿷‫ޔ‬ㆇ༡ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⌕છᓟ㧡ᐕ⚻ㆊߒ߹ߒߚߩߢ‫⎇ߩߎޔ‬ⓥቶߛࠃࠅߦၫ╩ߔࠆᯏળࠍᓧ߹ߒߚ‫᦭ޟޔߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬ᯏ‛ߥࠄߢߪߩ‛ᕈߩഃᚑ‫⋡ࠍޠ‬ᜰߒߡㅴ߼ߡ߈ߚ‛⾰㐿⊒ߩ⎇ⓥࠍߏ⚫੺ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ˎȅഩ‫ك‬ಉ੬͂‫̳ࣣͥއ‬૧ܰခ‫಼ܥ‬ഥ൵ఘ͈อࡉ!
 ᦨೋߩ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕ߪ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕߦ࠺ࡦࡑ࡯ࠢ‫ޕߚߒ߹ࠇߐ⷗⊒ߢ੽ޔ‬
SDW ࠬࡇࡦኒᐲᵄ ߦࠃࠆ㊄ዻ̆⛘✼૕ォ⒖ࠍട࿶ߢᛥ߃ߚ‫ޔ‬Tc=1K

䎔䎓ߚߣ߈‫ޔ‬ೋ߼ߡ⿥વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲ߇ 10K ࠍ⿥߃ࠆ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕[κ-(BEDT-ዉ૕߇޿ߊߟ߆㐿⊒ߐࠇ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ⿥વዉ૕ߪᒝ⋧㑐㔚ሶ♽ߩ㧝ߟߣߒߡ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷䎔䎓䎓 ᦭ᯏ‛⾰ߩ․ᓽߩ㧝ߟߪ‫߁޿ߣࠬ࡞࡯ࡢ࡞࠺ࡦࠔࡈޔ‬ᒙ޿ജߢ⚿᥏ࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦᨵࠄ߆ߊ‫ޔ‬࿶ജᔕ╵߇ᄢ߈޿ߣߎࠈߢߔ‫⿥ޕ‬વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲ߽‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱ-10K/GPa ߢᄌൻߒ‫ޔ‬ൻቇ⽶࿶ߢߩ೙ᓮߪ‫ࠄ߬ߞ߽ޔ‬⣁ᓎ஥ߢ㔚⩄ࠍᵈ౉ߔࠆᓎ⋡ࠍ߽ߟ‫ޔ‬ήᯏ⛘✼⋧ߩࠕ࠾ࠝࡦߩᒻ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߐࠍᄌ߃ߡⴕࠊ
ࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ਥᓎߩ᦭ᯏવዉጀߩಽሶࠍൻቇୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣResistivity (ohm cm)TTF)2Cu(NCS)2]ࠍ⷗޿಴ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ 1991 ᐕߦ߆ߌߡ 10K ⚖ߩ⿥વ䎔߹ߣ߼߹ߒߚߩߢ‫⥝ߏޔ‬๧ߩ޽ࠆᣇߪߏⷩਅߐ޿[1]‫ޕ‬

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Superconductors” ߣߒߡ J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.ߩ‫ޟ‬ಽሶᕈዉ૕‫․ߩޠ‬㓸ภߢ

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β−(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2PF6(a) 1bar(b) 2.1 kbar(c) 3.1 kbar(d) 4.0 kbar

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Resistivity (ohm cm)

᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕߇૞ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬1988 ᐕߦߪ‫‛߽⑳ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ᢧ⮮⎇ⓥቶߦᚲዻߒߡ޿ߘ ߩ ᢙ ⚂ 120 ⒳ ߣ ߥ ࠅ ‫” ࠍ ࠄ ࠇ ߘ ޔ‬Materials Viewpoint of OrganicSmeso-DMBEDT-TTF

㧔12kbar ਅ㧕ߩ⿥વዉ૕ߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬㧢ᐕᓟߩ 1986 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߢ߽࿖↥ೋߩ߽⎇ⓥ߇⛯ߌࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߩ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕ߩ⊒⷗߆ࠄ྾ඨ਎♿ߚߜ‫ޔ‬

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Temperature (K)ߦࠃࠅ‫⋥ޔ‬ធࡃࡦ࠼᏷‫ޔ‬ੑ㊂ൻߩ⒟ᐲࠍᄌ߃‫ߦ⊛⛔♽ޔ‬㔚ሶ⋧㑐ߩᄢ߈ߐࠍ

࿑㧝 ᣂⷙ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕β-(meso-DMBEDT-ᄌൻߐߖ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ೙ᓮߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᜰߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᐕ‫࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩߎޔ‬ឭTTF)2PF6 ߩ࿶ജਅߩ㔚᳇ᛶ᛫₸ߩ᷷ᐲଐሽ
ᕈߣ 4.0kbar ਅ, Tc=4.3K ߢߩ⿥વዉォ⒖‫ޕ‬಴ߦ޽ߚߞߡㇱ㐷㐳ߛߞߚἏᎹᚲຬߦ߅਎⹤ߦߥࠅ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ᒰᤨߩ⑔ጊᚲ㐳߆1ࠄ⎇ⓥ⾌ࠍߟߌߡ޿ߚߛ߈‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏวᚑࠍㅴ߼ࠆߚ߼ߩ࠼࡜ࡈ࠻ⵝ⟎ࠍ⸳⟎ߒ‫⾰‛ޔ‬㐿⊒ࠍࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡ‫ߩ⑳ޔ‬೨⡯႐㧔㧔⽷㧕⿥㔚ዉᎿቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕߆ࠄ৻✜ߦ‛ᕈ⎇ߦ⒖ߞߡ߈ߡߊࠇߚᄢቇ㒮↢‫⼱␹ޔ‬ᱜ๺᳁‫ޔ‬㗇⮮ ᐘ᳁‫ޔ‬㋈ᧁ⑲᣿᳁ߩో㕙⊛ߥදജߢ‫ޔ‬ᒁߞ⿧ߒߡ৻ㅳ㑆ᓟߦߪ‫ޔ‬೨⡯႐߆ࠄㆇࠎߛ᷹ቯⵝ⟎ߢ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩත⺰‫઀ࠍ⺰ୃޔ‬਄ߍࠆߚ߼ߩ‫ޔ‬વዉᐲߩ᷹ቯࠍ㐿ᆎߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙‫ޔ‬㓞ߩ↰ፉᚲຬߦ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ᦨㅦߩ┙ߜ਄߇ࠅߛ‫ߣޠ‬ᓐࠄ߇ჿࠍ߆ߌߡ޿ߚߛ
޿ߚߩ߽‫ߪߢ੹ޔ‬ᙬ߆ߒ޿ᕁ޿಴ߢߔ‫ᦨޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ೋߩ 1 ᐕߪⵝ⟎ో⥸ࠍ┙ߜ਄ߍߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߣ౒ߦ⎇ⓥࠍ
ㅴ߼߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ ⠉ 2002 ᐕ 11 ᦬߆ࠄߪ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴ߩᚢ⇛⊛ഃㅧ⎇ⓥផㅴ੐ᬺ CREST ࠲ࠗࡊ‫ޟ‬㜞ᐲᖱႎಣℂ࡮ㅢାߩታ⃻ߦะߌߚ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧ૕᧚ᢱߩ೙ᓮߣ೑↪‫ޠ‬㧔⎇ⓥ✚᜝㧦⑔ጊ⑲ᢅᢎ᝼‫࡯࠳࡯࡝ࡓ࡯࠴ޔ‬㧦ዊᨋㅦ↵ᢎ᝼㧕ߦෳടߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ
߈‫ޔ‬㨄✢න⚿᥏࿁᛬ⵝ⟎߇౉ߞߡ‫⾰‛ޔ‬㐿⊒ߦᔅ㗇ߩ᭴ㅧ⹏ଔ߽⎇ⓥቶౝߢน⢻ߣߥࠅ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ߽ᩰᲑߦㅴ߻ࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ ߩߎߦࠄߐޕ‬11 ᦬‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏวᚑࠍኾ㐷ߣߔࠆᧁ᧛િ਽ഥᚻ߇⌕છߒߡ‫ޔ‬㗐ᝂߒߡ޿ߚวᚑ෻ᔕߩ໧㗴ὐ߽⸃᳿ߒᆎ߼‫ޔ‬ᣂⷙಽሶߩวᚑߪ㘧べ⊛ߦㅴߺ߹ߒߚ‫᧛ᧁޕ‬ഥᚻߣ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩ೨ፉ୶ሶ᳁‫ޔ‬ጊਅ๺᮸᳁‫ޔ‬ජ⪲┥㤗᳁߇දജߒ‫ޔ‬1 ᐕඨߩ‛⾰ត⚝ᓟ‫ޔ‬ᣂⷙ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2PF6 ࠍ⊒⷗ߒ߹ߒߚ㧔࿑㧝,[1,2]㧕‫ޕ‬10K ߩ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉࠍߪߓ߼‫ ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬6 ୘߶ߤᣂⷙ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕ࠍ૞ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᣂⷙ࠼࠽࡯ಽሶࠍ᭴ᚑᚑಽߣߔࠆ⿥વዉ૕ߪ⑳߽ೋ߼ߡߢ‫ޔ‬ߎࠇ߽‫ߩ࡯ࡃࡦࡔޔ‬ദജߩ⾦‛ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ㍲૕ߪಽሶߦ┙૕㓚ኂㇱ૏ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ಽሶ㑆⋧੕૞↪ߪᒙߊ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩᏱ࿶⿥વዉ૕ߣᲧߴߡ 9 ഀ‫ ⚂ޔ‬0.9eV ߩࡃࡦ࠼᏷ࠍ߽

Dimerߜ‫߼ߚߩߘޔ‬Ᏹ࿶ߢߪ 90K ߢ㊄ዻ̆⛘✼૕ߩ⋧ォ⒖ࠍ⿠ߎߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬cߎߩ⛘✼⋧ࠍട࿶ߒߚߣߎࠈ⿥વዉ⋧߇⃻ࠇߚߩߢ‫ߩ⋧✼⛘ޔ‬᭴ㅧࠍ

Dimer᳿ቯߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬2002 ᐕࠃࠅ 5 ⎇ⓥᚲ㧔‛ᕈ⎇‫ޔ‬㜞ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ടㅦེ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴‛⾰᭴ㅧ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧔‛᭴⎇㧕‫ޔ‬ಽሶ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥoaᚲ㧔ಽሶ⎇㧕‫ޔ‬੩ᄢൻቇ⎇ⓥᚲ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢ㊄ዻ᧚ᢱ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯
߇ዻߔࠆᢥ⑼⋭ቇⴚഃᚑ⎇ⓥ‫ޟ‬ᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦࠃࠆ㔚ሶ⋧Dimer㑐♽ߩ⎇ⓥ‫ޠ‬㧔ઍ⴫⠪㧦⨆ᐘੑᢎ᝼㧕ߦෳടߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹
ߒߚ‫‛ߢ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩߘޔߡߒߘޕ‬᭴⎇߇┙ߜ਄ߍߚ PF-BL-1A

Charge Poor

Dimer࡜ࠗࡦࠍ૶↪ߒ‫ޔ‬Ỉᢎ᝼ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ߅਎⹤ߦߥࠅ‫᧛ᧁޔ‬ഥᚻ߇෼㓸ߒߚ࠺࡯࠲ߢ㨄✢᭴ㅧ⸃ᨆࠍⴕ޿‫ޔ‬࿑㧞ߩࠃ߁ߦૐ᷷⛘✼⋧ߪ࠴ࠚ࠶

Charge Richࠞ࡯ࡏ࡯࠼ဳߩ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ᳿ቯߒ߹ߒߚ[3]‫ޕ‬ಽሶ⎇ߩ⮎Ꮷਭᒎᢎ᝼ߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢ‫ࡦࡑ࡜ޔ‬ಽశ߆ࠄ߽‫ߩߎޔ‬㍲૕ߩ࠼࠽࡯
ಽሶ߇߽ߟ㔚⩄ߪ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ⋧ߩ 0.5 ଔ2 ߆ࠄ‫✼⛘ޔ‬ൻᓟߩ 70K એਅ࿑ 㧞  ᣂ ⷙ ᦭ ᯏ ⿥ વ ዉ ૕ β-(meso-DMBEDTTTF)2PF6 ߩ 11.5K ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ᭴ㅧ‫ޕ‬0.7 ଔߣ 0.3 ଔߩ࠼࠽࡯ಽሶ߇࠴ࠚ࠶ࠞ࡯ࡏ࡯࠼ဳߦ㈩ߢ‫ޔ‬0.7 ଔߣ 0.3 ଔߦ㔚⩄⒎ᐨൻߔࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ ޕ‬೉ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩਃᢳ᥏♽ߩ㍲૕ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠞ࡯ࡏ࡯࠼ဳߩ㔚⩄⒎ᐨߪᄢᄌ⃟ߒߊ‫⾰‛ߩઁޔ‬ห᭽‫ޔ‬㓞ធߔࠆ࠼࠽࡯㑆ߩࠢ࡯ࡠࡦᢺജߛߌ⠨߃ࠆߣ‫ߩဳࡊࠗ࡜࠻ࠬޔ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨߦߥࠆߪߕߢߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧞ਅߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨߦ઻߁᭴ㅧ⋧ォ⒖ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄࡝࠶࠴ߦߥࠆಽሶߪ߶߷ᐔ㕙ߩ߹߹ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄ࡊࠕߣߥࠆಽሶߪᦨㆡൻᐔ㕙߆ࠄ⚂ 3.6 ᐲᦛ߇ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᨵࠄ߆޿᦭ᯏಽሶߩ⥄↱ᐲࠍ੺ߒߡ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶ♽̆ಽሶߩ⥄↱ᐲ̆ᩰሶ♽ߩ⋧੕૞↪ߦࠃࠅ‫߇ࡦ࡯࠲ࡄဳ࠼࡯ࡏ࡯ࠞ࠶ࠚ࠴ޔ‬ታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ‫ޟߩߎޔ‬ಽሶߩ⥄↱ᐲ‫᦭ߪޠ‬ᯏ‛ߥࠄߢߪߩ․ᕈߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬㊄ዻ⊛ߥ㔚᳇વዉᕈࠍ߽ߟ 90K એ਄ߢ߽‫⏛ޔ‬ᕈߪ㧞ᰴరࡂࠗ࠯ࡦࡌ࡞ࠣࡕ
࠺࡞ߦᦨㆡൻߐࠇ‫✼⛘ޔ‬ᓟ߽ࠬࡇࡦߩ⥄↱ᐲߪᱷࠅ‫ޔ‬ᒝ⋧㑐⊛ߥ㔚ሶឬ௝߇␜ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬㍲૕ߦ࿶ജࠍශടߔ
ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ̆⛘✼૕ォ⒖᷷ᐲߪૐਅߒ‫ޔ‬4.0kbar ਅ, Tc=4.3K ߢᛶ᛫ߩ࠼ࡠ࠶ࡊ߇᷹ⷰߐࠇ‫⏛ޔ‬႐ਅߢᛥ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߆
ࠄ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉォ⒖ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ[1,2]‫ޕ‬

2ߐࠄߦ‫ޔ‬ᄖ⎇ߢ᧲㇌ᄢℂቇㇱ‛ℂቇ⑼᫃↰‫⷏ޔ‬የ⎇ࠃࠅ᧪ࠄࠇߚቇㇱ㧠ᐕߩᢧ⮮⾆ሶ᳁߇‫ޔ‬PF6 Ⴎߣหဳߩβ-(mesoDMBEDT-TTF)2AsF6 ߢ‫ߩ⾰⦟ޔ‬න⚿᥏ࠍ૞ᚑߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩජ⪲┥㤗᳁ߣ౒ߦ 3.8kbar ਅ‫ޔ‬Tc=4.3K ߢ⿥વዉォ⒖ࠍ
⷗಴ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ߣ⿥વዉ⋧ߩ㑐ଥࠍ⹦⚦ߦ⺞ߴࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬਄ᐥᚲຬ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨᄢቇ㒮↢ߩዊᨑ᳁ߦ߅਎⹤ߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬਄ᐥ⎇ߩࡑࠣࡀ࠶࠻ࠍ↪޿ߡජ⪲┥㤗᳁߇ട࿶ਅߩ⏛᳇ᛶ᛫ࠍ⺞ߴߚ⚿ᨐ߇࿑㧟ߢߔ‫ޕ‬AsF6 Ⴎ‫ޔ‬PF6 Ⴎߣ߽ߦᛶ᛫࠼ࡠ࠶
ࡊߩࠝࡦ࠮࠶࠻᷷ᐲએ਄ߢ⏛᳇ᛶ᛫߇਄᣹ߒೋ߼‫⏛ޔ‬႐ਅߢ⿥વዉࠍუߒߚߣ߈಴⃻ߔࠆ㔚ሶ⋧ߪᄢᄌ⥝๧ᷓ޿߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬⏛႐ਅߢߩ‫⿥ޟޔ‬વዉ⋧ߣ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ߩ┹ว⁁ᘒߩ⎇ⓥ‫ޔߪޠ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩ᫪ਛ⋥♿᳁߇ᒁ߈⛮߉‫࡯࠽ࠬࠗࡑޔ‬ലᨐߩ࿶ജ
ଐሽᕈ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ട࿶ਅߢߩ⏛᳇ᛶ᛫᷹ቯࠍ‫ޔ‬㜞ᯅ৻ᔒഥᢎߣ౒ߦ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

i 

䎛䎓䏛䎔䎓

ii

䎐䎖

β−(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2AsF6Resistivity (ohm cm)

䎚䎓
䎙䎓

䎋䏈䎌

䎘䎓

4.0 kbar(a) 0 T (b) 1 T (c) 3 T (d) 5 T(e) 9T䎗䎓 䎋䏇䎌
䎖䎓
䎕䎓
䎔䎓
䎓

䎋䏅䎌
䎋䏄䎌

䎋䏆䎌
䎓

䎘

䎔䎓

䎔䎘

䎕䎓

䎕䎘

Temperature (K)࿑㧟 ᣂⷙ᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2AsF6 ߩ(i)⏛᳇ᛶ᛫ߣ(ii)㔚ሶ⋧࿑‫ޕ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ߣ⿥વዉ⋧߇┹วߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬㍲૕ߪ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨߣ⿥વዉ߇┹วߔࠆ♽ߩਛߢ߽‫ߩߘޔ‬㔚

䎗

䎔䎓 䎛

⩄⒎ᐨࡄ࠲࡯ࡦ߇㨄✢ߢ᳿ቯߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬Ყセ⊛ૐ㕒᳓࿶ਅߦ߅޿

᛫‫⏛ޔ‬ൻ᷹ቯ߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬࿶ജਅߩ࡜ࡑࡦߪಽሶ⎇ߩ⮎Ꮷࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢㅴⴕਛߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬࿶ജਅߩ NMR ߪ‫ޔ‬13C ࠍࠛࡦ࡝࠶࠴ߒߚࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠍᧁ᧛ഥᚻ߇วᚑߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩศ౗⦹⟤ሶ᳁

䎗
䎕
䎖

䎔䎓 䎛
䎙
䎗

ศ⷗৻ᘮ᳁ߣ᧲੩ℂ⑼ᄢߩਛ᧛ᱜ᣿ഥᚻ߇ᚻ߇ߌ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⁁ᘒ߇䎔䎑䎙䎕߇‛ᕈࠍ⺞ߴߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬㔚ሶ⁁ᘒ⸃᣿ߩ⎇ⓥߪ⃻࿷߽ㅴⴕਛߢߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ߩߎޔ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨߣ⿥વዉߩ┹วߩℂ⺰ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩ䎕䎑䎓Vsample(V)ߥ޿ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ਔ⋧ߩ┹ว⁁ᘒࠍ⺞ߴࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ട࿶ਅߩ⏛᳇ᛶ

Vsample/Iex (ǡ)ߡ MPMS ߿ PPMS ⵝ⟎ߢ߽᷹ቯน⢻ߥ᷷ᐲߢ⿥વዉߦߥࠆᢙዋ

Iex = const.
R = 1198 Ω

䎙

䎔䎓

䎕

䎓䎑䎓

ૐ᷷ߢ࡝ࠛࡦ࠻࡜ࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉߩኻ⒓ᕈߪࠬࡇࡦំࠄ߉

䎔䎑䎕
䎓䎑䎛
䎓䎑䎗
䎓䎑䎓
䎐䎘
䎔䎓

䎐䎗

䎐䎖

䎔䎓
䎔䎓
I sample(A)

䎓䎑䎘

䎔䎑䎓

䎔䎓

䎐䎕

Vsample(V)T = 4.2 K䎔䎑䎘䎕䎑䎓ߩዊߐ޿㜞᷷ߩ㗔ၞߢߪ࠻࡝ࡊ࡟࠶࠻ߣࠪࡦࠣ࡟࠶࠻ဳ߇┹วߔࠆߩߦኻߒ‫⊒ߩ߉ࠄំࡦࡇࠬޔ‬㆐ߔࠆૐ᷷ߢߪࠪࡦࠣ࡟࠶࠻ဳ߇቟ቯ

Iexߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⥝๧ᷓ޿⚿ᨐࠍ‫ޔ‬RPA ㄭૃߢ⸘▚ߒߡ޿߹ߔ[4]‫ޕ‬ˏȅ‫ݴ‬ఱ๱஌ࠁഥ൵!
 એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ࠍ࿶ജ߿᷷ᐲࠍࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߣߒߡ㊄ዻ⋧ߦⲢ⸃ߐߖࠆ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߪߘߩઁߦ㔚႐ߢ೙ᓮߔࠆ㕖✢ᒻવዉߩ⎇ⓥߦ߽⥝๧ࠍ߽ߞߡㅴ߼ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫᦭ޕ‬ᯏ

organic crystal standard

θ-ET2CsCo(SCN)4 resistor (R)࿑㧠 ᦭ᯏવዉ૕θ-ET2CsCo(SCN)4 ߩᏂᄢ㕖✢ᒻવዉߣߘߩ࿁〝࿑‫ޕ‬਄࿑ߢߪ‫ޔ‬n ဳߩࠨࠗ࡝ࠬ࠲ห᭽ߩ㕖✢ᒻવዉ߇᷹ⷰߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬‛ߢ߽‫ޔ‬Cu(TCNQ) [TCNQ=tetracyanoquinodimethane]ߩ⭯⤑ߦ
3߅ߌࠆࠬࠗ࠶࠴ࡦࠣ⃻⽎߿‫ޔ‬ਛᕈ̆ࠗࠝࡦᕈ

(a)ォ⒖ࠍߔࠆ੤੕Ⓧጀဳߩ(TTF)(p-chloranil)‫ޔ‬ࡕ࠶࠻⛘✼૕ߣߥࠆ K(TCNQ)ߥߤߩ㍲૕ߦ

S

S

S

S

S

S
(SCN)-

ߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬2k~10kVcm㧙1 ߣᲧセ⊛㜞㔚႐ߢ‫ޔ‬(c)߹ߚ CDW㧔㔚⩄ኒᐲᵄ㧕‫ޔ‬SDW ォ⒖㧔ࠬࡇ

S

(b)

S
Cs+

䉝䊆䉥䊮
⛘✼ጀ

Co2+

᦭ᯏવዉጀ

BEDT-TTF

ࡦኒᐲᵄ㧕ࠍ߽ߟ㍲૕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㑣㔚႐એ਄ߢ㕖✢ᒻવዉ߇᷹ⷰߐࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭᚒ‫ޔߪޘ‬વዉᕈ㔚⩄⒎ᐨࠍ߽ߟ♽ࠍ⷗಴ߒ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬

(d)
䉝䊆䉥䊮
⛘✼ጀ

‛⾰߇࿑㧠ߩࠃ߁ߦૐ㔚࿶ߢᏂᄢ㕖✢ᒻવዉࠍ␜ߔߎߣࠍᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇߩኹፒ৻㇢ᢎ᝼ߣߩ
౒ห⎇ⓥߢႎ๔ߒ‫ޔ‬ᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸߼ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ[5]‫ޕ‬᦭ᯏવዉጀߎߩ᦭ᯏ⚿᥏θ-ET2MM’(SCN)4[MM’ = RbCo,
RbZn, CsCo, CsZn]ߪ‫ޔ‬࿑㧡ߩࠃ߁ߥ᦭ᯏવ
ዉጀߣࠕ࠾ࠝࡦ⛘✼ጀ߇੤੕ߦⓍߺ㊀ߥࠆጀ

䉝䊆䉥䊮
⛘✼ጀ b
a

⁁᭴ㅧࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬વዉጀౝߩ࠼࠽࡯ET ಽ
ሶߩ㈩೉߇ਃⷺᩰሶߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬p࿑㧡 (a)BEDT-TTF(ET)ߩಽሶ᭴ㅧ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏዉ૕θ-ET2CsCo(SCN)4 ߩ(b)න⚿᥏‫(ޔ‬c)ጀ⁁⚿᥏᭴ㅧ‫(߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬d)ਃⷺᩰሶࠍ߽ߟಽሶ㈩೉‫ޕ‬ߣ c ᣇะߩಽሶ㑆ࠢ࡯ࡠࡦᢺജ(V)߇㕙ౝߢ߶߷╬ߒߊ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߪᜟ᛫ߒߡ޿߹ߔ[6]‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬࿑㧢ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߥ᭽‫ߥޘ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨࡄ࠲࡯ࡦ߇┹วߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅢᏱಽሶߪ+0.5 ଔߩ㔚⩄ࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬c ᣇะߩ V ߇ p ᣇะࠃࠅᄢ߈޿ߣ‫ࡦࡠ࡯ࠢޔ‬෻⊒ࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬࿑㧢(b)ߩࠃ߁ߦ㔚⩄࡝࠶࠴㧔RbM’Ⴎߢߪ+0.8 ଔ㧕ߣ㔚⩄ࡊࠕ
㧔RbM’Ⴎߢߪ+0.2 ଔ㧕ߩಽሶ߇ߘࠇߙࠇ᳓ᐔᣇะߦឥߞߚ

(a)᳓ᐔဳߩዪ࿷ᕈ㧞୚๟ᦼ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬p ᣇะߩᣇ߇ᄢ
߈޿ߣ࿑㧢(d)❑ဳዪ࿷ᕈ㧞୚๟ᦼ‫ޔ‬c ᣇะߣ p ᣇะ߇߶߷
หߓᤨ‫ޔ‬ᢳ߼ᣇะߦ㔚⩄࡝࠶࠴ߣࡊࠕ߇ਗ߱࿑㧢(e)㧟୚๟ᦼㆉᱧᕈߩ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ࠍ߽ߟߎߣ߇⸘▚ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙‫ޔ‬

θ-ET2RbM’(SCN)4 [M’ = Co, Zn]ߪ࿑㧢(a)ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ
190K ߢ㊄ዻ̆⛘✼૕ォ⒖ࠍ⿠ߎߒ‫ޔ‬㜞᷷ߩ㊄ዻ⋧ߢߪ(e)㧟
୚๟ᦼ㘃ૃߩ⍴〒㔌⒎ᐨ߇᷹ⷰߐࠇ‫ޔ‬190K ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ㅧォ⒖ߢ(b)᳓ᐔဳ㧞୚๟ᦼ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧ߣߥࠅ⛘✼ൻߒ߹ߔ[6]‫ޕ‬(b)(c)
Horizontal(d)Diagonal(e)Vertical

3-fold㔚⩄ࡊࠕಽሶ

㔚⩄࡝࠶࠴ಽሶ
࿑㧢 (a)᦭ᯏዉ૕θ-ET2MZn(SCN)4 [M = Rb, Cs]ߩᛶ᛫₸ߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߣ㔚⩄⒎ᐨߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦ(b)᳓ᐔဳ,(c)ኻⷺဳ, (d)ု⋥ဳ, (e)3 ୚๟ᦼဳ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ‫ޕ‬

4৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬θ-ET2CsM’(SCN)4 [M’ = Co, Zn]ߪ‫ޔ‬120K ߹ߢߪ㊄ዻ⊛ߢߘࠇએਅߢ(e)㧟୚๟ᦼㆉᱧᕈ⍴〒㔌㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧߇಴⃻ߒ‫ ߦࠄߐޔ‬50 K એਅߢ(b)2 ୚๟ᦼዪ࿷ᕈ⍴〒㔌㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧߽ᚑ㐳ߒߡᛶ᛫ߪ਄᣹ߒ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪(b),(e)ߪૐ᷷ߢ౒ሽߔࠆߎߣ
߇㨄✢ᢔੂᢔẂࠃࠅ⏕⹺ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫⊛⾰ᧄߢࠢ࡞ࡃߩߎޕ‬㔚⩄ਇဋ৻ᕈࠍ߽ߟ♽ߦ㔚႐ࠍශടߒ߹ߔߣ‫(ޔ‬b)㧞୚๟ᦼዪ࿷ᕈ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ⋧߇Ⲣ⸃ߒ‫ޔ‬ૐ޿㔚࿶ߢ࿑㧠ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߥᏂᄢ㕖✢ᒻવዉ߇᷹ⷰߐࠇ߹ߔ[6]‫ߩߎޕ‬㕖✢ᒻߪࠃߊ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬౻ߩᳰߦߪ᳖߇ᒛࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᵹࠇߩ޽ࠆᎹߦߪ᳖ߪᒛࠄߥ޿‫ޔࠇࠄ߃଀ߣޠ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨߪ㔚ሶ♽ߩ᳖ߣ⴫⃻ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㔚႐ߢ‫ߎޔ‬ߩ᳖ࠍṁ߆ߔߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬㧵㧙㨂․ᕈߪ n ሼဳ㕖✢ᒻߣߥࠅ㧔࿑㧠㧕‫ߣ࠲ࠬ࡝ࠗࠨޔ‬หߓ᜼േߢ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᢙච Hz ߢ⋥ᵹ̆੤ᵹᄌ឵ߔࠆߎߣ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ[5]‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬㔚⩄⒎ᐨ߇ಓߞߚ㜞ᛶ᛫ߣṁߌߚૐᛶ᛫ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᩰሶ♽ߩᄌൻߢ⚿᥏߇િ߮❗ߺߒ‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱߩࡇࠛ࠱ലᨐߩ㧝ਁ୚ߦ޽ߚࠆࠛ࡟ࠢ࠻ࡠࡇࠛ࠱ലᨐࠍ߽ߟߎߣࠍ‫ޔ‬㔚ᵹࠍශടߒߚ㨄✢ᢔੂᢔẂߢ᷹ⷰߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬વዉᕈ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ♽ߩ㕖✢ᒻવዉߪ‫࠲ࠬ࡝ࠗࠨޔ‬ലᨐ‫࠱ࠛࡇࡠ࠻ࠢ࡟ࠛޔ‬ലᨐ߫߆ࠅߢ
ߥߊ‫⊛⾰ᧄޔ‬ਇဋ৻‫ޔ‬ૐࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩബ⿠‫ޔ‬㕖ᐔⴧߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬ߇㑐ଥߔࠆᄢᄌ㕙⊕޿‛ℂ⃻⽎ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ ߎߩ㔚⩄⒎ᐨⲢ⸃ߦ઻߁㕖✢ᒻવዉߩ⎇ⓥߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷߽‫ޔ‬વዉᕈ㔚⩄⒎ᐨࠍ߽ߟᣂⷙ᦭ᯏዉ૕ߦߟ޿ߡᄢቇ㒮↢ߩᴡ㊁⻞
ᄥ㇢᳁ߦࠃࠅ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ⿥વዉ૕β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2PF6 ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩ㘃Ⴎ૕ߦߟ޿ߡᄢቇ㒮↢ߩศ౗⦹⟤ሶ᳁‫ޔ‬ᣂ㑐ᓆ৻᳁ߦࠃߞߡ⛯ߌࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ːȅခ‫ܥ‬໤ৗ͈ညഩ؊൞ȝഥ൵଻ഩ‫ك‬ಉ੬ঝ͂ίυΠϋΘͼ΢η·Αࠏ!
 વዉᕈ㔚⩄⒎ᐨ♽ߩ߽ߟ㕙⊕ߐߪ‫ޔ‬વዉ૕ߥ߇ࠄ⺃㔚ᔕ╵ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬᷷ᐲᄌൻ‫ޔ‬๟ᵄᢙଐሽᕈࠍ᷹ⷰߔࠆߣߎߩ♽ߩ㔚⩄ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬߦߟ޿ߡᖱ
ႎ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭᚒ‫⺃ޔߪޘ‬㔚ᔕ╵ߢવዉᕈ㔚⩄⒎ᐨᒻᚑࠍ

14
12⷗ᭂ߼ߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬㕖✢ᒻવዉߢ㔚⩄⒎ᐨߩⲢ⸃ࠍ᷹ⷰߒ‫ޔ‬㧔㓝ࠇߚ㧕Ḱ቟ቯߴߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ߘࠇߣߣ߽ߦ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ࿕૕ਛߢߩࡊࡠ࠻ࡦ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬࠍ೑↪ߒߚᯏ⢻ᕈ‛⾰ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ‫߇ࡦ࠻ࡠࡊߕ߹ޔ‬ಽሶ㑆ߢ⒖േߔࠆ♽ࠍ⷗಴ߒ‫⺃ޔ‬㔚ᔕ╵ߢ⺞ߴߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧣ߪ㉄‫ޔ‬Ⴎၮ㍲૕ߢ޽ࠆ(chloranilic acid)(1,2diazine)2 ߩ⺃㔚ᔕ╵ࠍ⺞ߴߚ⚿ᨐߢߔ‫⚿ޕ‬᥏᭴ㅧ‫⿒ޔ‬ᄖๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞

10εb⁁ᘒࠍ⺞ߴ‫ޔ‬᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߢߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޔ‬㔚႐ߣ޿߁ᄖ႐࿕᦭ߩᔕ╵ࠍ⺞

N

8

Cl
O

N H O

O H N

O

6

Cl

N

1,2-DA

CA

4
0

100

200

300

Temperature/ Kߦࠃࠅࡊࡠ࠻ࡦߪቶ᷷ߦ߅޿ߡ N+–H̖O-ߣ⓸⚛஥ߦ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬90K

࿑㧣 ᦭ᯏ⚿᥏(chloranilic acid)(1,2-diazine)2

ߢߪ O–H̖N ߣ㉄⚛஥ߦ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬᷷ᐲ㒠ਅߣߣ߽ߦࡊࡠ࠻ࡦ߇⒖േߔࠆㆊ

ਛ‫ ߇ࡦ࠻ࡠࡊޔ‬N+–H̖O ቶ᷷ ߆ࠄ O–H̖⒟ߢ‫ޔ‬120K ߦࡇ࡯ࠢࠍ߽ߟ⺃㔚ᔕ╵߇᷹ⷰߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ߩࡦ࠻ࡠࡊޕ‬⒖േߦ

N 90K ߳⒖േߔࠆㆊ⒟ߢ‫⺃ޔ‬㔚ᔕ╵߇᷹ⷰߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬

ࠃࠅࡊࡠ࠻ࡦ㔚⩄ߛߌߢߪߥߊಽሶߩ゠㆏߽ᒁ߈ߕߞߡᄌൻߔࠆࠊߌߢ‫ޔ‬ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥⶄว‛ᕈࠍഃ಴ߔࠆน⢻ᕈࠍ⒁߼ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫⎇ߩߎޕ‬ⓥߪ㋈ᧁ
⑲᣿᳁ߩቇ૏⺰ᢥߩ৻┨ߢ‫ޔ‬ᓐߪ⥄ࠄ⺃㔚ᔕ╵ߩⵝ⟎ࠍ┙ߜ਄ߍ‫ࠍ⾰‛ޔ‬

N

S

S

N

S

S

૞ࠅ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ‫ޔ‬᭴ㅧࠍ⺞ߴߡᐔⴧ⒖േဳࡊࡠ࠻ࡦߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
ߒ߹ߒߚ[7]‫ޔߪߡ޿ߟߦ♽ࡦ࠻ࡠࡊߩߎޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩᄢ⍮ᒄౖ᳁ߣ㜞ᯅ৻ᔒഥᢎ߇⎇ⓥࠍᒁ߈⛯߈ዷ㐿ߐߖߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ˑȅခ‫ܥ‬ȝྫ‫ܥ‬ΧͼήςΛΡࠏ಼໦ঊ߿ঽ଻ഥ൵ఘ͈‫ٳ‬อ͂ൾॸ‫ا‬໤ࣞ‫಼أ‬ഥ൵ͬဥ̞̹ζͼ·υΑ·ͼΛΡ͈‫ٳ‬อ!
 ᫪⎇ⓥቶߢߪ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ‛⾰߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏಽሶ↱᧪ߩπવዉ㔚ሶߣ‫ޔ‬ήᯏࠗࠝࡦߩ d 㔚ሶࠬࡇࡦ߇ᒝߊࠞ࠶ࡊ࡞ߔࠆ⏛ᕈવዉ૕ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ‫ޔ‬᦭ᯏ̆ήᯏࡂࠗࡉ࡝࠶࠼♽⿥ಽሶ㍲૕ࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡ޿߹ߔ[8]‫ޕ‬࿑㧤ߪᄢቇ࿑㧤 Pyra-TTF ߩ࠼࠽࡯ಽሶ᭴ㅧߣ‫ޔ‬㜞વዉᕈߩ᦭ᯏήᯏࡂࠗࡉ࡝࠶࠼♽⿥ಽሶဳ㊄ዻ㍲૕
CuCl2(Pyra-TTF)ߩ⚿᥏᭴ㅧ‫ޕ‬5㒮↢ߩᏒᎹ ବ᳁߇㐿⊒ߒߚ⿥ಽሶဳ㌃㍲૕ CuCl2(Pyra-TTF)ߢ‫࡯࠽࠼ޔ‬ಽሶ߇⋥ធ㌃ࠗࠝࡦߦ㈩૏⚿วߒߡή㒢㎮ࠍᒻᚑߒ‫߇࡯࠽࠼ߟ߆ޔ‬વዉࠞ࡜ࡓࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆ♽ߣߒߡߪ਎⇇໑৻ߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬㍲૕ߪ㉄ൻߐࠇߚ㈩૏࠼࠽࡯߇વዉࡄࠬࠍ
ᒻᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ቶ᷷ߢ 25Scm㧙1 ߣ㜞޿વዉᕈࠍ߽ߜ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᏒᎹ᳁ߪൻቇ⊛ߦ࠼࠽࡯ಽሶߩ㉄ൻ㔚૏‫ޔ‬㈩૏⢻‫┙ޔ‬૕㓚ኂࠍ೙ᓮߔࠆಽሶ⸳⸘ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㧜㧙㧟ᰴరߩ᭴ㅧ߅ࠃ߮㔚ሶ♽ࠍ߽ߟ㊄ዻ㍲૕࡙࠾࠶࠻߅ࠃ߮⿥ಽሶࠍวᚑ
ߒ‫ޔ‬㜞޿ㄭ⮮᷷ᐲࠍ߽ߟ⏛ᕈવዉ૕ߩ㐿⊒⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ඳ჻⎇ⓥຬߩᱞ↰໪ม᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕߩ 4 ᦬ߦ‛ᕈ⎇ߩ࡝ࠨ࡯࠴ࡈࠚࡠ࡯ߣߒߡ⌕છߒ‫ޔ‬ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇߩਛ᧛⾆⟵ᢎ᝼ߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫⸘ࡁ࠽ޔ‬᷹ߩ㐿⊒̆㜞᷷⿥વዉࠍ↪޿ߚࡑࠗࠢࡠࠬࠢࠗ࠶࠼ߩ૞⵾̆ߢ‫ࡁ࠽ޔ‬ಽሶ⏛ᕈߩ‛ᕈ⸃᣿ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ߦ⌕છߒߡ߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬⍹ᧄᢎ᝼‫ޔ‬ጊญഥᢎߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢⵝ⟎ߩ┙ߜ਄ߍߦᚑഞߒ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ⽼ߩ SQUID ⵝ⟎ߢߪ᷹ቯߢ߈ߥ޿ᓸዊߥ࠽ࡁಽሶ⏛ᕈࠍ⸘᷹ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬˒ȅ̤ͩͤͅ!
᫪⎇ⓥቶߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷‫⑳ޔ‬㧔᫪㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬ഥᢎߩ㜞ᯅ᳁‫ޔ‬ඳ჻⎇ⓥຬߩᱞ↰᳁‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢㧢ฬ‫ߩᦠ⒁ޔ‬Ꮉ੗᣿ሶ᳁ߩ✚൓ 10 ฬߩ⎇ⓥቶߢߔ㧔౮⌀㧕‫⚂ޕ‬㧡ᐕ૛೨ߦ⌕છߒߡ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬තᬺ↢ߪ‫ޔ‬ඳ჻㧝ฬ‫ୃޔ‬჻㧤ฬ‫ޔ‬ත⎇㧔ᄖ⎇↢㧕㧝ฬߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬᫪⎇ⓥቶߩ⎇ⓥߪ‫᦭ޟޔߦ౒ߣ࡯ࡃࡦࡔޔ‬ᯏ‛ߥࠄߢߪߩ‛ᕈߩഃᚑ‫⋡ࠍޠ‬ᜰߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᦭ᯏ‛ߩ㝯ജߪ‫ޔ‬㧔㧝㧕 ᭴ᚑන૏ߢ޽ࠆಽሶ߇ᄙ᭽ߢ‫ޔ⸘⸳ޔ‬೙ᓮ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ
ψේሶߪ 118 ⒳㘃ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ಽሶߪߔߢߦ 1200 ਁ⒳㘃એ਄߇วᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ
㧔㧞㧕 㔚ሶ̆ᩰሶ⋧੕૞↪߇ᄢ߈޿ߎߣ
㧔㧟㧕 ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߩㆇേࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣࠢ࡯ࡠࡦ⋧੕૞↪߇ᜟ᛫ߔࠆᒝ⋧㑐♽‛⾰ࠍ᦭ߔࠆߎߣ
㧔㧠㧕 ⚿᥏ਛߢߪ‫ޔ‬ಽሶࠍㇱಽ⟎឵ߒߦߊߊ‫ߣߎࠆ޽ߢࡦ࡯࡝ࠢ߇♽ޔ‬એ਄ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㧔㔚⩄‫ࡦࡇࠬޔ‬㧕ኒᐲᵄ‫ޔࠬ࡞ࠛࠗࡄࡦࡇࠬޔ‬ᒝ⏛ᕈ‫ޔ‬෻ᒝ⏛ᕈ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉ‫ޔ‬㧔ᒝ㧕⺃㔚ᕈ╬‫ޔ‬ᄙᓀߥ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒࠍߣࠆߎߣ‫ޔ߇ࠄࠇߘߡߒߘޔ‬ಽሶ߅ࠃ߮ಽሶ㑆⋧੕૞↪ࠍ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬೙ᓮߢ߈ࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿
߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᄙᓀߥ቟ቯ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒߦട߃ߡ‫࡯ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޔ‬Ḱ૏߇╬ߒ޿㧞ߟએ਄ߩ⁁ᘒ߇┹วߒߚḰ቟ቯ⁁ᘒߩഃᚑ‫᦭ޔߚ߹ޔ‬ᯏ‛ߪᨵࠄ߆ߊᄖ႐ᔕ╵߇ᄢ߈޿ߎߣࠍ೑↪ߒߚ‫ޔ‬㔚႐‫ޔ‬శ⺃⿠ߩ㕖✢ᒻ‫ޔ‬㕖ᐔⴧ‫ޔ‬ബ⿠⁁ᘒߩ࠳ࠗ࠽
ࡒࠢࠬߦߟ޿ߡ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠍዷ㐿ߒߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅊિߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᨰߦ᧪ߡ㧡ᐕ‫⎇ߩ⑳ޔ‬ⓥቶߪ޿ߟ߽ᅚሶᄢቇ㒮↢߇࿷☋ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ߩᅚሶᄢቇ㒮↢ߩഀวߪ㒮↢ో૕ߩ㧟㧑ᒙߣዋᢙᵷߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᅚሶᄢቇ㒮↢߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ߦ߽ℂ⑼㔌ࠇ߇໧㗴ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ℂቇળߢ߽↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹ᆔຬળߩᵴേߣߒߡ‫ޟޔ‬ᅚሶ㜞ᩞ↢ᄐߩቇᩞ‫౒ࠍޠ‬௅ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫߽⑳ޔ‬ታⴕᆔຬߣߒߡߎߩᄐ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩ਎ઍᵴべߔࠆᅚሶ㜞ᩞ↢ߣ৻✜ߦታ㛎ࠍᭉߒ߻੍ቯߢߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ߢߪ‫╙ޔ‬㧝਎ઍߢદ⮮ෘሶవ↢ࠄ߇ഥᚻߣߒߡᵴべߐࠇߡ߅ࠄ
ࠇ߹ߒߚ߇‫⃻ޔ‬࿷߽ᅚᕈഥᢎ߇㧞ฬ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈඳ჻⎇ⓥຬ߽㧢ฬߣჇ߃ߡ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫⃻߇⑳ޕ‬࿷߹ߢ⎇ⓥࠍ⛯ߌߡߎࠄࠇߚߩ߽‫޿ߒࠄ߫ߔޔ‬Ꮷ‫ޔ‬ખ㑆‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߩ߅߆ߍߢ‫੹ޔ‬ᐲߪᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩખ㑆߇Ⴧ߃ࠆߎߣࠍᔃ߆ࠄ㗿ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩ਎ઍࠍᔕេߔࠆᵴേ߽ⴕߞߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬6࿑㧥 2007 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 1 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕‫ޔ‬ㅳ 1 ࿁ߩ࠯ࡒߩᓟߦ‫ޔ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ౉ࠅญߢ᠟ᓇߐࠇߚ౮⌀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔᧛ጊජᄈሶ᳁᠟ᓇ㧕໲!!ࡃ!
[1] H. Mori, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 75, 051003(2006).
[2] S. Kimura, T. Maejima, H. Suzuki, R. Chiba, H. Mori, T. Kawamoto, T. Mori, H. Moriyama, Y. Nishio, and
K. Kajita, Chem. Commun., 2454-2455(2004).
[3] S. Kimura, H. Suzuki, T. Maejima, H. Mori, J. Yamaura, T. Kakiuchi, H. Sawa, and H. Moriyama, J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 128, 1456-1457(2006).
[4] K. Yoshimi, M. Nakamura, and H. Mori, J. Phys.Soc.Jpn., 76, 24706(2007); M. Nakamura, K. Yoshimi, and
H. Mori, J. Mag. Mag. Mater., 310, 1099-1101(2007).
[5] K. Inagaki, I. Terasaki, H. Mori, and T. Mori, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 73, 3364-3369(2004); F. Sawano, I. Terasaki,
H. Mori, T. Mori, M. Watanabe, N. Ikeda, Y. Nogami, and Y. Noda, Nature, 437, 522-524(2005).
[6] H. Mori, S. Tanaka, T. Mori, A. Kobayashi, and H. Kobayashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 71, 797-806(1998); H. Mori,
S. Tanaka, and T. Mori, Phys. Rev. B, 57, 12023-12029(1998): M. Watanabe, Y. Nogami, K. Oshima, H. Mori, and
S. Tanaka, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 68, 2654-2663(1999); H. Mori, T. Okano, S. Tanaka, M. Tamura, Y. Nishino. K.
Kajita, and T. Mori, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn, 69, 1751-1756(2000): M. Watanabe, Y. Noda, Y. Nogami, H. Mori, and S.
Tanaka, J. Phys, Soc. Jpn., 73, 116-122(2004); M. Watanabe, Y., H. Noda, Y. Nogami, and, H. Mori, J. Phys. Soc.
Jpn., 74, 2011-2016(2005).
[7] H. Suzuki, H. Mori, J. Yamaura, M. Matsuda, H. Tajima and T. Mochida, Chem., Lett., 36, 402-403(2007).
[8] S. Ichikawa, S. Kimura, H. Mori, G. Yoshida, and H. Tajima, Inorg. Chem., 45, 7575-7577(2006).

7௙ಿરͬ਋ર̱̀ฐ΅λϋΩΑࣞգ΄Αδϋα֚‫ۯگ‬ၑఘଷ͈ࢹಃ

2

3

༶ৣ஌‫ۯ‬ၑ৒ ! ೩‫اסأ‬৒ !

ɛ

2

3

࿤ᚧ! ୄგ ! ാ‫े ! ࢕ !ؚ‬५! ႚঊ ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ㧣᦬ࠃࠅᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߢ㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌ㧔એਅ‫ࡌࡦࡏޔ‬㧕ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪᢎ⢒⸠✵ߩฃ⻠߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠅ
߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬෶‫ޔ‬ฦ⎇ⓥቶߢߪ੹߹ߢߩࠃ߁ߦ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆࡏࡦࡌએᄖࠍ⟎ߌߥߊߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ᵈᢥ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪૐ᷷ᶧൻቶࠍㅢߒ
ߡⴕࠊࠇࠆ᭽ߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ᶧൻቶߦࠃߞߡࡏࡦࡌߩ▤ℂ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠍࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߩߎޕ‬᭴▽ߒߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧟ฬߪ
2006 ᐕᐲᬺോᡷༀ‫✚ޟ‬㐳⾨‫ࠍޠ‬ฃ⾨ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એਅ‫ߩߎޔ‬ઙߩ⚻✲ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ۯ‬ၑఘଷ͈ࢹಃ͈ࠫ‫!ض‬࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ᴺੱൻߒߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬௛ߊੱ‫ߦޘ‬ㆡ↪ߔࠆᴺᓞ╬߇ᄌࠊࠅ‫〈⋙ޔ‬ቭᐡ߇࿖߆ࠄ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕ߦᄌᦝߐ
ࠇࠆ߽ߩ߽಴ߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌ㧔એਅࡏࡦࡌ㧕ߩ▤ℂߦߟ޿ߡ߽࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕߳ߣ⋙〈ቭᐡ߇ᄌᦝߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ᐔᚑ 16 ᐕ⑺ߦోቇ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢࡏࡦࡌߩ೑↪⁁ᴫ⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬቟ోⴡ↢▤ℂቶߩଐ㗬ߦࠃࠅૐ᷷ᶧൻቶ߇ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ
ో૕ߩ೑↪⁁ᴫࠍ⺞ᩏߒ‫ᤨߩߘޔ‬ὐߢᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߦߪࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌ߇ 500 ᧄએ਄޽ࠆߎߣ߇್᣿ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߎޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ߩ⁁ᴫ⺞ᩏࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕᐲߦߪోቇߩ㜞࿶ࠟࠬ⾂⬿ᬌ⸛ WG ߇⊒⿷ߒ‫ߩࡌࡦࡏޔ‬ㆡᱜߥ▤ℂߦߟ޿ߡᮨ⚝࡮ᬌ⸛߇ⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߢᧄㇹࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߩ⋙〈ቭᐡߢ޽ࠆ᧲੩ㇺߪ‫ࠍࡌࡦࡏޔ‬㧞ᤨ㑆એ਄⎇ⓥቶߦ⟎ߊߣ‫ޔࠆߥߣޠ⬿⾂ޟ‬ߣ޿߁⷗⸃ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޔࠅࠃߦ⸃⷗ߩߎޕ‬ᑪደᄖㇱߩ⾂⬿ᚲߦࡏࡦࡌࠍ⾂⬿ߒ‫ࠍࠬࠟࠆߔ↪૶ࠄ߆ߎߘޔ‬ฦ⎇ⓥቶߦ㈩▤ߔࠆ߆‫⎇ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ⓥቶߢ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆࡏࡦࡌߪ‫(࠻࠶ࡀࡆࡖࠠ࡯࠳ࡦ࡝ࠪޔ߼ߚࠆ޽ߢޠ⬿⾂ޟ‬㧝บ200 ਁ౞⋧ᒰ‫ޔ‬Ꮏ੐⾌╬೎)ߢߩ଻▤߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⬿⾂ޕ‬ᚲ߆ࠄฦ⎇ⓥቶߦ㈩▤ߔࠆߎߣߪ‫ߩࠬࠟࠆ޿ߡߒ↪૶ޔ‬⒳㘃ߣ⚐ᐲ߇᭽‫ߦࠇߘޔࠅ޽ߢޘ‬ኻᔕߒߡ㈩▤ߔࠆߎߣߪ߶߷ਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߢ‫࡝ࠪޔ‬ࡦ࠳࡯ࠠࡖࡆࡀ࠶࠻ࠍฦ⎇ⓥቶߦ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁੐ࠍ⠨߃ߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬᭎▚ߢ 10 ం౞એ਄ߩ⾌↪߇ᔅⷐߦߥ
ࠆ੐߇್᣿ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ࠍታᣉߔࠆߣ⾌↪‫ޔ‬႐ᚲ‫▤ޔ‬ℂᬺോ‫ߩࠇߕ޿ޔ‬㕙ߦ߅޿ߡ߽⽶ᜂ߇ᄢ߈ߔ߉‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒ߦᡰ㓚ࠍ߈ߚߔ੐
ߪ᣿⊕ߢߒߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᨰ࿾඙ⴡ↢ᆔຬળ‫ޔ‬ૐ᷷ᆔຬળ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚㇱߢ‫ޔ‬㊄㌛⊛࡮ᛛⴚ⊛࡮ᴺ⊛ߦ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔߎߣ߇น⢻ߥ▤ℂᣇᴺߩᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬ၮߦᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߩ㜞࿶ࠟࠬ଻቟ᴺ਄ߩ⋙〈ቭᐡߢ޽ࠆජ⪲⋵ᐡߣ⁛⥄ߩ੤ᷤࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬એਅߦㅀߴࠆᣇᴺߢ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㊄㌛㕙ߣ⎇ⓥ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒㕙ߩਔᣇࠍḩ⿷ߐߖࠆ੐߇಴᧪߹
ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ۯ‬ၑఘଷࢹಃ͈́͘ࠐ֌!
 ࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ᴺੱൻߐࠇࠆ೨߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬᡼኿✢‫ޔ‬᡼኿ᕈ‛⾰㧔࠙࡜ࡦ‫ࠍࡓ࠙࡝࠻ޔ‬฽߻㧕෸߮ X ✢ⵝ⟎ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆ᡼኿✢ขᛒ⠪ߦኻߔࠆ቟ో▤ℂ߇᡼኿✢▤ℂቶߦࠃߞߡⴕࠊࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦߪ᡼኿✢ขᛒਥછ⠪ߦછ๮ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߇ታ
ോࠍᜂᒰߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᴺᡷᱜߐࠇࠆ೨߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬᡼኿✢ขᛒਥછ⠪ߪ቟ో▤ℂߩኾ㐷ኅߢ޽ߞߚࠊߌߢߔ‫ޔࠄ߆ߣߎߩߘޕ‬㊁Ỉߪᨰ࿾඙ߩ቟ోⴡ↢▤ℂቶߩቶຬߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᨰ࿾඙ⴡ↢ᆔຬળߦ߽಴Ꮸߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᆔຬળߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߒߚ᧲੩ㇺߩ㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌߩ⾂⬿⷗⸃߇␜ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߦ㐳ᐕᚲዻߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚߎߣߣ‫⎇ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ߦࠄߐޔ‬ⓥቶߩ⎇ⓥ⁁ᴫࠍᛠីߒߡ߈ߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬‛ᕈ⎇ⓥߦߪ‫ઁޔ‬⒳㘃ߩⵝ⟎ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ⒳㘃ߣ⚐ᐲߩࠟࠬࠍ㗫❥ߦᄌᦝߒߡ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣߩᔅⷐᕈ߇ℂ⸃ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫࡝ࠪޕ‬ࡦ࠳࡯ࠠࡖࡆࡀ࠶࠻ߩࠃ߁ߥ㜞㗵߆ߟ႐ᚲࠍߣࠆ߽ߩࠍዉ౉ߔࠆߎߣߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߣᢎ⢒ߦኻߒߡ᦭⋉ߢߪή޿ߣ್ᢿߒ߹ߒ
ߚ‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬㐳ᐕ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߩࡋ࡝࠙ࡓᶧൻᯏߣᶧ૕⓸⚛ߩ⾂ṷߣ޿߁㜞࿶ࠟࠬ⵾ㅧᚲߩ଻቟▤ℂߩߺߥࠄߕ⎇ⓥᚲౝ
ߢߩᶧൻࠟࠬߩ૶↪ߦኻߔࠆ଻቟ᢎ⢒ߦ៤ࠊߞߡ߈ߚૐ᷷ᶧൻቶߦ⋧⺣ߦⴕߞߚߩ߇੐ߩᆎ߹ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬8 ߘߎߢᆔຬળߩᛚ⻌ࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬ᶧൻቶ߇ජ⪲⋵ߣද⼏ߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ߩߤޔ‬ᑪደߩߤߩㇱደߦ૗ߩࠟࠬ߇૗ᧄ޽ࠆ߆ࠍࡏࡦࡌ⇟ภࠍ฽߼ߡ‫▤ߣࠅߜߞ߈ޔ‬ℂߔࠆߎߣ‫⬿⾂ߪࡌࡦࡏ޿ߥ޿ߡߒ↪૶ޔߦࠄߐޔ‬ᐶߦ⾂⬿ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߣࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ోࠬࡄࡦࡖࠠޔ‬૕ߩ▤ℂߦ⽿છ޽ࠆ૕೙ࠍ⏕┙ߒ‫‛ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߢߩ㜞࿶ࠟࠬߩ૶↪⁁ᴫ╬ࠍᛠីߒ‫଻ߩߘޔ‬቟▤ℂߦታ❣ࠍᜬߜ‫ߩߎߦࠄߐޔ‬ಽ㊁ߩኾ㐷ኅߢ޽ࠆᶧൻቶߩ⡯ຬ߇ታോࠍⴕ߁ߥࠄ߫‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥቶߢ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆࡏࡦࡌߦ
ߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㧞ᤨ㑆એ਄ߢ߽‫ࠍ⸃⷗߁޿ߣޠ⬿⾂ޟ‬ขࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁߽ߩߢߒߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬એਅߦㅀߴࠆᣇᴺߢ‫ޔ‬㜞࿶ࠟࠬ଻቟
ᴺߦኻᔕߔࠆߎߣߣߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࣞգ΄Α༗հ༹ͅచ؊̳̹ͥ͛ͅ!
ࡏࡦࡌߩขࠅᛒ޿ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㜞࿶ࠟࠬ଻቟ᴺߦࠃࠆⷙ೙ߪ‫ޟޔ‬ᶖ⾌‫ߢޔ߆ߩߥޠ⬿⾂ޟ߆ߩߥޠ‬ᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄߐޕ‬ߦ‫ߩޠ⬿⾂ޟޔ‬႐วߢ߽‫╙ޔ‬㧝⒳⾂⬿ᚲ߆╙㧞⒳⾂⬿ᚲ߆ߢ‫〈⋙ޔ‬ቭᐡ߳ߩ↳⺧ᣇᴺ߇ᄌࠊࠅ߹ߔ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ᴺߩㆇ↪ߪ⋵ߦᆔ⸤ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵ߦࠃߞߡኻᔕ߇⇣ߥࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 6 ᦬એ೨ߪ‫ޔ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߦߪ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᶧൻቶ෸߮Ⅳ
Ⴚ቟ో࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩ㧞ߟߩ╙৻⒳⵾ㅧ
ᚲߣᣂ㗔ၞഃᚑ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ၮ⋚᫟ߩ㧝ߟߩ╙ੑ⒳⵾ㅧᚲߩว⸘㧟ࠞᚲߩ⵾ㅧᚲ߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ㧔࿑㧝㧕‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠍᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 7 ᦬એ㒠ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ⅣႺ቟ో࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߣߘࠇએᄖߩࠠࡖࡦ
ࡄࠬో૕ߣߩ㧞ߟߩ╙৻⒳⵾ㅧᚲߦ
ᄌᦝߒ߹ߒߚ㧔࿑㧞㧕‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬╙৻⒳⵾ㅧᚲ ෸߮ ⵾ㅧᚲ඙ၞ
╙ੑ⒳⵾ㅧᚲ ෸߮ ⵾ㅧᚲ඙ၞ
࿑㧝㧚ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ㧢᦬એ೨ ߩ ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ 㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡑ࠶ࡊ

ⅣႺ቟ో࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ࠍ㒰ߊࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ
ో૕ߦኻߒߡ‫৻ޔ‬᜝ߒߚࡏࡦࡌߩ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁੐ߩ಴᧪ࠆ૕೙ߣߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ౕ૕⊛ߦߪ‫⬿⾂ޟ‬ᚲ‫⸵ߡߒߣޠ‬นࠍฃߌߚኈེ⟎႐㧞᫟ࠍ૞ࠅ‫ߒ↪૶ޔ‬ߡ޿ߥ޿ࡏࡦࡌߪోߡߎߎߦ޽ߟ߼
߹ߔ‫ࠍࡌࡦࡏࠄ߆ߎߎޕ‬ฦ⎇ⓥቶ╬ߦଏ⛎෸߮㄰ළߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬౝߩࡏࡦࡌߩ৻᜝▤ℂࠍ

φኈེ⟎႐ φኈེ⟎႐φኈེ⟎႐

ⴕ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޔࠅࠃߦࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߩߎޕ‬ⓥ ቶ ╬ 㧔ฦ ᑪ‛ 㧕 ߪ ‫↪ ૶ޔ‬㧔‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌‫ޠ‬㧕ߒߡ޿ࠆࡏࡦࡌߩߺ߇ሽ࿷ߔ
ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ‫ޟޔ‬ᶖ⾌‫ޠ‬႐ᚲߣ޿߁
ᛒ޿ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡᨰ ࠠ ࡖ ࡦࡄ ࠬౝ ߦ ޽ ࠆ⎇ ⓥቶ ߪ ‫ޔ‬╙ੑ⒳⾂⬿ᚲ ኈེ⟎႐ኈེ⟎႐╙৻⒳⵾ㅧᚲ඙ၞ
╙৻⒳⵾ㅧᚲ

‫ߩޠ⬿⾂ޟ‬ᛛⴚၮḰߢߪߥߊ‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌‫ߩޠ‬ᛛⴚၮḰࠍㆩ቞ߔࠆߎߣߦ
ߥߞߚߚ߼‫࠶ࡀࡆࡖࠠ࡯࠳ࡦ࡝ࠪޔ‬࠻ߩ⾼౉ߥߤߩᄙᄢߥ⽶ᜂࠍㆱߌࠄ

࿑㧞㧚ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ㧣᦬એ㒠 ߩ ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ 㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡑ࠶ࡊ

ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࡏޔߦࠄߐޕ‬9ࡦࡌߩ૶↪⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ᶧൻቶ߇ⴕ߁଻቟ᢎ⢒ࠍฃ⻠ߔࠆ੐߇ᔅ㗇ߣߥࠅ‫ోࠬࡄࡦࡖࠠޔ‬૕ߢ⛔৻ߒߚ቟ో૕೙ߩ᭴▽߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬቟ో▤ℂ╬ߪᨰ࿾඙቟ోⴡ↢▤ℂቶ߇ਥ૕ߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬో૕ࠍ⛔᜝▤ℂߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᶧൻቶ߇ታോࠍᜂߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⵾ㅧᚲᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧢᦬એ೨╙৻⒳ ⅣႺ቟ో࠮ࡦ࠲࡯
╙৻⒳ ‛ᕈ⎇ᶧൻቶ╙ੑ⒳ ᣂ㗔ၞၮ⋚᫟ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧣᦬એ㒠╙৻⒳ ⅣႺ቟ో࠮ࡦ࠲࡯
╙৻⒳ ߘࠇએᄖߩࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ

ࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌߩ▤ ฦ⎇ⓥቶ╬㧦ℂ⾼౉‫ޔ⬿⾂ޔ‬ᶖ⾌㧔૶↪㧕‫ޔ‬㄰ළ‫ޔ‬ᑄ᫈ᶧൻቶ㧦⾼౉‫▤ޔ⬿⾂ޔ‬ℂ‫ޔ‬㄰ළฦ⎇ⓥቶ╬㧦ᶖ⾌଻቟ᢎ⢒ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬౝߢ⛔৻ฦ⎇ⓥቶߏߣ

⴫㧝㧚ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߩ㜞࿶ࠟࠬ▤ℂߩᄌᦝὐฐ΅λϋΩΆ͈δϋα‫ۯ‬ၑ!
ࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬౝߦ⸳⟎ߒߚኈེ⟎႐ߦ੍஻ߩ
ࡏࡦࡌ߿૶޿⚳ࠊߞߚࡏࡦࡌࠍ଻▤ߒ‫ޔ‬ᑪደౝ㧔ታ㛎ቶ㧕ߦߪᶖ⾌㧔‫ޠ↪૶ޟ‬
㧕ߒߡ޿ࠆࡏ
ࡦࡌߩߺ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ࡏࡦࡌࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᶧൻቶ߇ⴕߞߡ޿
ࠆ㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌ೑↪⻠⠌ળ‫ߪߊߒ߽ޔ‬ኙ೷೑↪⻠⠌ળࠍฃ⻠ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄߐޕ‬ߦ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥቶ߆ࠄ૶↪⠪⊓㍳╬ߩᚻ⛯߈ࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ࡏࡦࡌࠍ‫̌ޔ‬࿷ᐶຠ̍ߣ̌․ᵈຠ̍ߩ2⒳㘃ߦಽ㘃ߒ‫ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬࿑㧟ߩ᭽ߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦᶧൻቶࠍᔅߕ⚻↱ߐߖ‫▤ޔ‬ℂߩ৻రൻࠍ࿑ߞ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿷ᐶຠߣߪ૶↪㗫ᐲߩ㜞޿ࠟࠬߢ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦ⾂⬿ᐶߦࠬ࠻࠶ࠢߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ‫․ޔ‬ᵈຠߪ࿷ᐶຠએᄖߩࠟࠬߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡWebࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ૶޿⎇ⓥቶߩᵈᢥ࿑㧟㧚ࡏࡦࡌฃᛄ╬ߩᵹࠇߦࠃࠅ⊒ᵈߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ࡏࡦࡌᖱႎߦߪ‫ࡌࡦࡏޔ‬࿕᦭ߩ⸥ภ࡮⇟ภ࡮ౝኈⓍ࡮⠴࿶ᐕ᦬߿ฃ౉ᣣ‫ޔ‬ᛄ಴ᣣ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥቶ߳ߩ⾉಴ᣣ‫↪૶ޔ‬႐ᚲߥߤ᭽‫ߪ࠲࡯࠺ߩࠄࠇߎޕߔߢޘ‬࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߢ▤ℂߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᔅⷐߥᖱႎࠍߔߋߦᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ߎࠇࠄߩᖱႎߪ⎇ⓥቶ߳ߩࡏࡦࡌᒁ߈ᷰߒᤨߦᶧൻቶߩଥຬ߇ᖱႎࠍ෼
㓸࡮౉ജߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫౉ޔ‬ജᔓࠇ߿౉ജߦਇᘠࠇߥ࡙࡯ࠩ࡯ߦࠃࠆ౉ജ
㑆㆑޿߇⿠ߎࠄߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥ૕೙ߢࡏࡦࡌᖱႎߩ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޔ߅ߥޕ‬ߎߩ⊒ᵈ‫▤ޔ‬ℂࠍⴕ߁ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬ᶧൻቶ߇⁛⥄ߦ㐿⊒ߒߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬!
‫ۯ‬ၑ͈΋ΑΠΘ;ϋ‫͍ݞ‬հ஠଻͈࢜ષ!
਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߥ▤ℂᣇᴺߦࠃࠅ‫ߩ࠻࠶ࡀࡆࡖࠠ࡯࠳ࡦ࡝ࠪޔ‬ዉ౉ߩᔅⷐ߇
ߥߊߥߞߚ̪1 ߎߣ‫ޔ‬෸߮▤ℂߦ૶↪ߔࠆฦ⒳ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⁛⥄㐿⊒ߔࠆߎߣ!

10࿑㧠㧚ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌ▤ℂࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᢙం౞ⷙᮨߩᄢ᏷ߥ⸳஻⚻⾌೥ᷫ߇ⴕࠊࠇ‫⸳ޔ‬஻ዉ౉ᤨߦ⿠߈ࠆᲤᐕᐲߩ⛽ᜬ⾌ߩ೥߽ᷫน⢻ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ᦝޕ‬ߦࡏࡦࡌߩ▤ℂ‫ޔ‬቟ోᢎ⢒૕೙ߩ৻᜝ൻߦࠃࠅ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬એ਄ߩ቟ోᕈߩะ਄߇࿑ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩᄌᦝ೨ᓟߩ◲නߥࠦࠬ࠻෸߮቟ోᕈߩᲧセࠍ⴫㧞ߦ␜ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄌ ᦝ ೨ᄌ ᦝ ᓟࡏࡦࡌ⾂⬿ߦ߆߆ࠆ⾌ࠪ࡝ࡦ࠳࡯ࠠࡖࡆࡀ࠶࠻

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㧔Ꮏ੐⾌೎࡮200 ਁ౞500 ᧄ㧕

2 ජ 5 ⊖ਁ౞

10 ం౞▤ℂߦ߆߆ࠆ⾌↪

࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕઍ ⁛⥄㐿⊒࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕઍ ᄖᵈ 0౞

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200 ਁ౞

ਇ᣿቟ోᕈ▤ℂ࡮⽿છߪ⎇ⓥቶ

▤ℂ࡮⽿છ૕೙ߩ⏕┙቟ోᕈߪ⎇ⓥቶߦࠃߞߡ߹ߜ߹ߜ

⻠⠌ળฃ⻠⟵ോൻߦࠃࠅ૶↪⠪ోߡߩ቟ో⍮⼂ะ਄ࠍ⏕┙⴫㧞㧚ࠦࠬ࠻෸߮቟ోᕈኻᲧ⴫

̪㧝 Ქᕈࠟࠬ╬‫৻ޔ‬ㇱߩࠟࠬࡏࡦࡌߦ߅޿ߡߪ⃻⁁ߢ߽ᶖ⾌⁁ᴫ╬ߦࠃࠅࠪ࡝ࡦ࠳࡯ࠠࡖࡆࡀ࠶࠻
ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬࡛ह͈၌ဥે‫!ޙ‬ ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬౝߢ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࡏࡦࡌߪ‫ޔ‬2007 ᐕ 1 ᦬ 4 ᣣ⃻࿷ߢ߅ࠃߘ 1,000 ᧄ޽ࠅ‫ᦨޔ‬ೋߦ⺞ᩏߒߚᤨߩ㧞୚ߣߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⺞ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᩏએ㒠‫ޔ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߦ⒖ォߒߡ߈ߚ⎇ⓥቶ߇޽ࠆὑߛߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬࿷ᐶຠߩᵈᢥߪ‫ޔ‬
᦬ᐔဋ 20 ᢙᧄ⒟ᐲߢ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥቶ߆ࠄߩᵈᢥ㧔․ᵈຠ㧕ߪ‫ ᦬ޔ‬30 ᧄએ਄޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⬿⾂ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ᐶߦߪ‫ࡓ࠹ࠬࠪޔ‬Ⓙ௛೨ߦ⎇ⓥቶ߇⾼౉ߒ‫ࠍࡌࡦࡏ޿ߥ޿ߡߒ↪૶ޔ‬㗍߆ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥቶߢߩ቟ోߩะ਄ߦነਈߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৫! ৃ!
 ✚㐳⾨ߩฃ⾨ߦ޽ߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ផ⮈ߒߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ ਄↰ᚲ㐳‫ޔ‬ᣂ㗔ၞഃᚑ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ⏷ㇱ⎇ⓥ⑼㐳‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߎߩ▤ℂ૕೙ࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߦ޽ߚߞߡߏදജ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ‫ޔ‬ᨰ࿾඙ⴡ↢ᆔຬળ‫ޔ‬቟ోⴡ↢▤ℂቶ ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ ૐ᷷ᆔຬળ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚㇱ‫ޔ‬ᄢỈߐࠎࠍᆎ߼ߣߒߚᨰ࿾඙੐ോㇱ‫ޔ‬ታോߩᄢㇱಽࠍᜂߞߡ޿ࠆᶧൻቶ㕖Ᏹൕ⡯ຬߩ⊝᭽ߦᗵ⻢޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬४ࣉ໲ࡃ!
㜞࿶ࠟࠬࡂࡦ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢ ⊒ⴕ ᦭㒢⽿છਛ㑆ᴺੱ ᣣᧄ↥ᬺࠟࠬදળ http://www.jiga.gr.jp/㜞࿶ࠟࠬ࡮ᶧൻ⍹ᴤࠟࠬ ᴺ઎↪⺆⸃⺑ ✬㓸࡮⊒ⴕ 㜞࿶ࠟࠬ଻቟දળ
11໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

໤଻ၑაࡄ‫ݪ‬໐࿝! ! ુষ! ࢤ֚!
ᤓᐕ㧥᦬㧝ᣣઃߌߢ‛ᕈℂ⺰⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ߦ⌕છ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߏޔߣߎߣ߭ޕ‬᜿ᜦߐߖߡ㗂߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‛ᕈ⎇ߦߪ⎇ⓥᚲ߇౐ᧄᧁߦ޽ߞߚ 20 ᐕ೨ߦ㜞ᯅኪ⎇ⓥቶߩഥᚻߣߒߡ߅਎⹤ߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫࡯ࡘ࠴ޔ‬࡝࠶ࡅߦ޽ࠆࠬࠗࠬㅪ㇌Ꮏ⑼ᄢቇߩࡐࠬ࠼ࠢࠍ߳ߡ╳ᵄᄢቇߦ⒖ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬㑆ߩߎߣߪએ೨‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߩ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ࠍ㔌ࠇߡ‫⸥߁޿ߣޠ‬੐ߦᦠ߆ߖߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬వᣣ‫ޔ‬ශ೚ደߐࠎ߆ࠄ‛ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߩߘߩ⸥੐ߩឝタภࠍ߽ࠄ޿߹ߒߚ
ߩߢᒰᤨߩᢥ┨ࠍౣ߮⋡ߦߔࠆ࠴ࡖࡦࠬ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬⠨߃ߡߺࠆߣ߽߁චᐕㄭߊ೨ߩߎߣߣߥࠅ߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅ߽੹ࠃࠅዊߐߊ B㧡 ߩᄢ߈ߐߢߒߚ‫╳ޕ‬ᵄᄢቇߩᓟߪ‫ޔ‬੩ㇺᄢቇߩၮ␆‛ℂቇ⎇ⓥᚲߦ㧠ᐕඨߩ㑆‫ޔ‬࿷☋ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߏሽߓߩࠃ߁ߦၮ␆‛ℂቇ⎇ⓥᚲߪℂ⺰‛ℂቇߩ⎇ⓥᚲߢ‫ޔ‬㧟ߟߩㇱ㐷ߦಽ߆ࠇߡ޿߹ߔ߇ಽ㊁ߣߒߡߪᄢ㔀ᛠߦ⸒ߞߡ⚛☸ሶ‫ޔ‬ේሶᩭ‫ޔ‬ቝቮ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈߩ㧠ߟ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈߪಝ❗♽ߣ㕖ᐔⴧ‛ℂࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡߘߩࠃ߁ߦ⸒ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬ቇ↢ᤨઍ߆ࠄᎿቇ♽ߩ႐ᚲߦ޿ࠆᦼ㑆߇㐳߆ߞߚߩߢ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈએᄖߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍ㑆ㄭߦ⷗ࠆߩߪᭉߒ޿⚻㛎ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ၮ⎇ߩ㧡㓏ߩ⺣⹤ቶߢ‛ᕈಽ㊁ߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߣ⼏⺰ߔࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫☸⚛ޔ‬ሶ‫ޔ‬ේሶᩭ߿ቝቮߩಽ㊁ߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ‫߿ࠢ࠼ࠬࡐޔ‬㒮↢ߣ‫ޔ‬⥄ಽߚߜߩ⎇ⓥߩ⹤ࠍߪߓ߼޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ‛ℂ߿ᢙቇߩ໧㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡ⼏⺰ࠍ߅ߎߥߞߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚲᄖߩᙣ߽ⷫ฽߼ߡ੤ᵹࠍᷓ߼
ߐߖߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ℂ⺰ኅߦߣߞߡߪ⺣⹤ቶߩሽ࿷ߪ㊀ⷐߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬㕙⊕޿ߣᕁߞߚߩߪ‫ߩઁޔ‬ಽ㊁ߢ߽‛ᕈߣ㕖Ᏹߦૃㅢߞߚ࠹࡯ࡑ߇޿ࠈ޿ࠈߣ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⊒⷗ߒߚߎߣߢߔ‫↢ߦ߁ࠃߩߤࠄ߆ࠢ࡯ࠜࠢ߇ࡦࡠ࠼ࡂޔߪ଀ߥ⊛ဳౖ⇟৻ޕ‬ᚑߐࠇࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ࠢࠜ࡯ࠢࠣ࡞࡯ࠝࡦࡊ࡜࠭ࡑߩࠞ࡜࡯⿥વዉߩ໧㗴ߢߒࠂ߁‫ߩࠣࡦ࡝ࠕࡍޕ‬ኻ⒓ᕈߩಽ㘃߿‫ޔ‬BEC-BCS ࠢࡠࠬࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯ߣ߆ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩ઀ᣇߪ‛ᕈߩ⇣ᣇ⊛⿥વዉߦኻߔࠆ߽ߩߣ߶ߣࠎߤᄌࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ේሶᩭߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߽ࡁࠫ
ࠛ࡯࡞࡮ࠪࡘࡒ࠶࠻࡝ࡦࠢߩ⺰ᢥߥߤࠍീᒝߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬FLEX ࠍ૶ߞߚ QGP ߦ߅ߌࠆᡆࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࠍ⸘▚ߒߚࠅߒߡ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫߽ߦޘ‬ೝỗߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⿥ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᣂᤊ῜⊒߿ਛᕈሶᤊߦ㑐ଥߒߡ੍⸒ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᄤ૕ౝߩ㜞ኒᐲᩭ‛⾰ߩࡄࠬ࠲᭴ㅧߢ
ߪ‫ߥ߹ߑ߹ߐޔ‬ⓨ㑆᭴ㅧࠍࡄࠬ࠲ߩฬ೨ࠍઃߌߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇‫ߩߤߥ࡯ࡑ࡝ࡐ߿࠼ࠗࡠࠦޔ‬㜞ಽሶ‛ℂߢ⃻ࠇࠆ᭴ㅧߣૃ
ߡ߅ࠅ⥝๧ࠍߘߘࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫⸃ߩߘߚ߹ޕ‬ᨆ߽‫߫߃ߣߚޔ‬ಽሶേജቇᴺߥߤᚒ‫ߺߓߥ߽ߡߞߣߦޘ‬ᷓ޿߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߒߡߪℂቇ⎇ⓥ⑼‛ℂቇ࡮ቝቮ‛ℂቇኾ᡹ߩදജ⻠ᐳߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㑐ਈߒߡ޿߹ߒߚߒ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ㕙ߢߪ‛ℂᢎቶߩℂ⺰࡮ታ㛎ߩ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ⎇ⓥቶߦ߽߅਎⹤ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬೨㊁⎇ߦߪ⎇ⓥቶߩ⊒⴫ળߦࠃߊ๭ࠎߢ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬೨㊁⎇ߩ⻠Ꮷߛߞߚਛㄞߐࠎߩ઀੐ߦ⸅⊒ߐࠇߡࠬࡇࡦ㧝ߩਃⷺᩰሶ♽ߩ⎇ⓥࠍᆎ߼ߚߩ߽ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ߈ߞ߆ߌ߇޽ߞߚ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ޕ‬‛ᕈ⎇ߪ᧲੩ᄢቇߩઃ⟎⎇ߢ޽ࠅ߆ߟో࿖౒ห೑↪⎇ߢ޽ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬੐ᖱߪၮ⎇߽หߓߢߐࠄߦฎ޿ᱧผࠍ
߽ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ᴺੱൻߐࠇࠆ㓙ߦ‫ޔ‬ᚲߩ዁᧪⸘↹ߣߒߡ࿖㓙ൻࠍᛂߜ಴ߒṛ࿷ဳ࿖㓙ࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ㐿௅ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ᭎▚ⷐ᳞ࠍߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ḡᎹ࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ㧔YKIS㧕ߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ૶޿‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬੩ᄢߩ COE ߩᵴേߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦ㧟ᐕ೨ߦ‛ᕈಽ㊁߇╙৻ᒢߣߒߡṛ࿷ဳࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᆎ߼ߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ᧪ YKIS ߪᲤᐕ‫ޔ‬ṛ࿷ဳࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ㐿௅ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᐕ߽‫⟵ᧄୖޔ‬ᄦవ↢ࠍ⚵❱ᆔຬ㐳ߣߒߡ‛ᕈಽ㊁ߢ 11 ᦬ߦ㧝▎᦬㑆㐿௅ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᭎▚ⷐ᳞ߪ⑳ߩၮ⎇࿷છਛߦߪታ⃻ߒ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᐘ޿ᤓᐕⷐ᳞߇⹺߼ࠄࠇ੹ᐕᐲ߆ࠄࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇േ
߈ᆎ߼ߡᲤᐕ㧟ઙ⒟ᐲࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㐿௅ߔࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢߪ‛ᕈ⎇ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᤓᐕ߆ࠄℂ⺰ㇱ㐷ߢṛ࿷ဳࡢ࡯ࠢ
࡚ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇ᆎ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᤓᐕߪᎹፉᚲຬߣട⮮ᚲຬ‫੹ޔ‬ᐕᐲߪ᧖㊁ᚲຬߣ㜞↰ᚲຬ߇ਛᔃߣߥߞߡ㐿௅ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫߽⑳ޕ‬ᤓᐕ‫ޔ‬ࠦࡦࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬߩㇱಽߩߺෳടߐߖߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ߇‫⚛ޔ‬᥍ࠄߒ޿ળ⼏ߛߞߚߣᗵߓ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ታߪએ೨ᦠ޿ߚ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ࠍ㔌ࠇߡ‫⸥ߩޠ‬੐ߩਛߦ‫ޔ‬ṛ࿷ဳࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ߇ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡ߽㐿߆ࠇࠆߎߣࠍᏗᦸߔࠆᢥ┨ࠍᦠ޿ߚߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬10 ᐕᓟߦߘࠇ߇⃻ታߩ߽ߩߣߥࠅᗵᘣᷓ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᨒ⚵ߺ߇ᣣᧄߢ߽ታ⃻ߐࠇߚࠊߌߢߔ߇ߘࠇࠍ߁߹ߊㆇ
↪ߒߡᚑᨐࠍ಴ߒߡ޿ߊߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝ߆ࠄߩ⎇ⓥ⠪߇㐳ᦼߦࠊߚߞߡෳടߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ޿߁߹ߢ߽޽
ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᤓ੹ߩᄢቇߢߪߤߎߢ߽⎇ⓥᤨ㑆ߩ⏕଻߇㔍ߒ޿⁁ᴫߦߥߞߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬୘ੱߩദജߢߪ㒢⇇߇޽ࠆߚ߼ߘࠇ
ࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇಴᧪ࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬޿ࠈ޿ࠈ㔀㚛ߥߎߣࠍᦠ߈߹ߒߚ߇‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ߦ߅޿ߡߪߎࠇ߹ߢ⎇ⓥߒߡ߈ߚᒝ⋧㑐㔚ሶ♽‫ᦨߦ․ޔ‬ㄭข⚵ࠎߢ޿ࠆࡈ
࡜ࠬ࠻࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ޽ࠆ♽ߩ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒ߿⏛ᕈߩ໧㗴ߩ⎇ⓥࠍ⛮⛯ߒߡ⊒ዷߐߖߡ޿ߊߣ౒ߦ‫ޔ‬ታ㛎ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣ߽දജߒ
ߡ⎇ⓥߩᣂዷ㐿ࠍ⸘ࠅߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬12໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

ܴൽ༶ৣ໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ঔ୭! ! ઐന! ! ‫܆‬ˌȅ͉̲͛ͅ!
 ᤓᐕ 12 ᦬ߦ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㒝ዻ゠㆏᡼኿‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᣉ⸳ߦ⑳߇⌕છߒߡ߆ࠄ‫⎇↰᧻ޔ‬ⓥቶߢߪᣉ⸳ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߣ౒ߦ‫ޟ‬࿕૕⴫㕙࡮⿥⭯⤑ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠝࡠࠫ࡯‫ޟޔޠ‬᡼኿శࠍ೑↪ߒߚᤨ㑆ಽ⸃ಽశ‫ޠ‬‫⌕ߡߒߘޔ‬છߣ߶߷หᤨߦታᣉ߇᳿߹ߞߚ‫᧲ޟ‬੩ᄢቇࠕ࠙࠻ࠬ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⸘↹‫⎇ߡߒߣࡑ࡯࠹ࡦࠗࡔࠍޠ‬ⓥᵴേࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᤨޟߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬㑆ಽ⸃ಽశ‫᧲ޟߣޠ‬੩ᄢቇࠕ࠙࠻ࠬ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⸘↹‫ߛ߹ߪޠ‬ታ㛎Ḱ஻෸߮⸘↹ਛߥߩߢ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߢߪߔߢߦⵝ⟎㐿⊒ߣታ㛎߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬࿕૕⴫㕙࡮⿥⭯⤑ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒࠝࡠࠫ࡯‫੹ޔߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ᓟߩዷ㐿߽฽߼ߡ⚫੺ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ˍȅࡥఘນ࿂ષ߄௺΢Φࢹ௮͈έͿση࿂ζΛάϋΈ!
ඨዉ૕ၮ᧼਄ߢ➅ࠅᐢߍࠄࠇߚ࿁〝⚛ሶߩᓸ⚦ൻᛛⴚߪߎࠇ߹ߢ⌕ታߥㅴᱠࠍㆀߍ‫⃻ߪ࡞࡯ࠤࠬߩߘޔ‬࿷࠽ࡁࡔ࡯࠻࡞
ߦ㆐ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᛛⴚߪ⃻࿷”࠽ࡁ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫ࡯”ߣ๭߫ࠇ‫⊒ߩߘޔ‬ዷ߽ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪඨዉ૕ၮ᧼਄ߩේሶ╙৻ጀ߹ߢ೔㆐ߔࠆߣᦼᓙߐࠇ߹ߔ‫߇⾰‛ޕ‬ේሶෘ߹ߢ⭯ߊߥߞߚߣ߈ߩ᭽ሶߪ‫ޔ‬ฎߊ߆ࠄ”⴫㕙⑼ቇ”ߣߒߡ⎇ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈߹
ߒߚ‫⚿ޕ‬᥏⴫㕙ߢߪ⴫㕙෸߮ๆ⌕ේሶ߇⥄Ꮖ⚵❱ൻߒߡනේሶጀ‫ޔ‬ේሶ㎮‫ࠍߤߥ࠻࠶࠼ࡁ࠽ޔ‬ᒻᚑߒ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ૐᰴర㊂ሶ‛ᕈࠍ⊒⃻ߒ߹ߔ‫⴫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬㕙਄ߩ᭴ㅧ૕ౝߩ㔚ሶߩ㔚႐ᔕ╵ߪᄢᄌ⥝๧ᷓ޿࿕૕‛ℂߩ⎇ⓥ࠹࡯ࡑߢ޽ࠅ‫⃻ߦࠄߐޔ‬ઍࠛ࡟ࠢ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߩⓥᭂߩ࿁〝⚛ሶߣߒߡߩน⢻ᕈࠍ⒁߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⴫㕙⑼ቇ⎇ⓥߩ․ᓽߪ‫⿛ޔ‬ᩏဳ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㗼ᓸ㏜ᴺ㧔STM㧕ߥߤߩ⴫㕙ಽᨆᴺߦࠃࠅ‫⴫ޔ‬㕙ߩේሶ᭴ㅧࠍ⋥ធⷰኤߢ߈
ࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬శḮߣߒߡ⌀ⓨ⚡ᄖశࠍ↪޿ߚశ㔚ሶಽశ᷹ቯࠍⴕ߁ߣ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߩ⣕಴ᷓߐ߇㧡Έ⒟ߥߩߢ⴫㕙ߩ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒࠍ⋥ធ⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ⷺޕ‬ᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశᴺߪ
ߎࠇ߹ߢ⚿᥏ኻ⒓ゲߦᴪߞߡⷺᐲࠍᄌ߃ߡశ㔚ሶࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞
ࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߎߣߢ‫࠼ࡦࡃߩ࡞ࡊࡦࠨޔ‬᭴ㅧࠍ᳿ቯߔࠆ߽ߩߢ
ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߢߪߎࠇࠍᔕ↪ߒߡ‫ߩ࡯ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛࠆ޽ޔ‬శ㔚ሶᒝᐲࠍᐢ▸࿐ߩⷺᐲߢᬌ಴ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᒝᐲಽᏓࠍࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߒߡ
ࡃࡦ࠼ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯╬㜞✢ࠍឬ߈߹ߔ ࿑㧝 ‫࡞ࡀࠛߦ․ޕ‬ࠡ࡯ߣߒߡࡈࠚ࡞ࡒḰ૏ࠍㆬ߮‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻㔚ሶಽᨆེࠍ↪޿ࠆߣࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߩベㇳࠍ⋥ធ߆ߟ⹦⚦ߦ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ
߈߹ߔ[1]‫ޕ‬ ⑳ߪߎࠇ߹ߢSi⴫㕙਄㊄ዻๆ⌕♽ࠍਛᔃߦ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞ
ߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Siߥߤߩඨዉ૕ߦߪࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇‫ޔ‬ߘߩ⴫㕙਄ߦ߅ߌࠆ㊄ዻ⊛ߥ⴫㕙⿥᭴ㅧ߿㊄ዻ ⿥ ⭯⤑ߥߤߪਅ࿾ߩࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊౝߦ㊄ዻࡃࡦ࠼ߔߥࠊߜࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࠍᒻᚑߒ߹ߔ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈࠄࠇߎޕ‬Ḱ૏ߩ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒߪၮ᧼ߩࡃࡦ
࠼ߣߪ⁛┙ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬࿕᦭ߩૐᰴర㔚ሶ♽ࠍᚑߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧞ߪSi(111)⴫㕙਄ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬㊄ዻ⴫㕙⿥᭴ㅧ෸߮
㊄ዻ⿥⭯⤑ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࠍవߦ⺑᣿ߒߚⷺᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశ࿑㧝 శ㔚ሶಽశᴺࠍ↪޿ߚࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩ᭽ሶ‫ޕ‬㔚ሶಽᨆེߩᬌ಴ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ࿕ቯߒ‫ޔ‬ᐢ▸࿐ߢᭂⷺ(θM)ߣᣇ૏
ⷺ(φM)ࠍ⿛ᩏߒߡశ㔚ሶᒝᐲಽᏓ ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙 ࠍࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣ

ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

13

ᴺߢࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߒߚ⚿ᨐߢߔ[1]‫ޕ‬࿑㧞(a)ߪSi(111)4×1-In⴫㕙ߩ ᡆ 1ᰴరࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߢߔ‫⴫ߩߎޕ‬㕙ߪ130K
એਅߦ಄ළߔࠆߣSi(111)8×”2”-In⴫㕙ߦࡄࠗࠛ࡞ࠬォ⒖ࠍߒ߹ߔ‫⋧ߩߎޕ‬
ォ⒖ߪࡈࠜࡁࡦᝄേᢙ(q)߇q=2k F ߣ޿߁(nesting)᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔߣ߈ߦ⊒⃻ߔࠆߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬࿑㧞(a)߆ࠄಽ߆ࠆ
ࠃ߁ߦ1ᰴర♽ߩ႐วࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ⋥✢਄ߩ㔚ሶోߡ߇㧝ߟߩࡈࠜࡁࡦᝄേᢙߣ
ߎߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧞(b)ߪSi(111)3×3-Agߩ㊄ዻࡃࡦ࠼ߢ
ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙߇౞ᒻߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬⴫㕙⿥᭴ㅧߪ╬ᣇ⊛ߥ㧞ᰴర㔚ሶ♽ࠍᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ዏ‫ޔ‬ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙 ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ౞ ߪℂ⺰਄ฦࡉ࡝࡞ࠕࡦ࡮࠱࡯ࡦߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬࿑㧞(b)ߩ╙৻ࡉ࡝࡞ࠕࡦ࡮࠱࡯ࡦߢ
ߪ᷹ⷰߐࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬శ㔚ሶ᡼಴
ㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔚ሶᵄߩᐓᷤലᨐߦࠃࠆ
߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧞(c,d)ߩ౐ⷺᒻߩࡈࠚ࡞
ࡒ㕙ߪߘࠇߙࠇGe(111) 3×3-Sn⴫㕙ߣdiscommensurate Si(111)"5.55×
5.55"-Cu ⴫㕙ߩ߽ߩߢߔ‫ⷺ౐ޕ‬ᒻߦߪኻߦߥߞߚ⋥✢ㇱ߇3⚵޽ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬࿑㧞(a)ߩSi(111)4×1-In⴫㕙ߣห᭽ߦࡄࠗࠛ࡞ࠬォ⒖ࠍ⊒⃻ߔࠆ߆‫⃻ޔ‬࿷⎇ⓥߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧞(e)ߪSi(111)7×7ᷡᵺ⴫㕙਄ߩBi⿥⭯⤑ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ
㕙ߢߔ‫ޕ‬࿑ߩࠃ߁ߦਛᔃߦ౐ⷺᒻߩዊ

࿑㧞 ᭽‫⴫ߥޘ‬㕙⿥᭴ㅧ෸߮⿥⭯⤑ߩశ㔚ሶಽశࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߩ⚿ᨐ‫(ޕ‬a)ᡆ
㧝ᰴరߩ㔚ሶ♽ࠍᚑߔ Si(111)4×1-In ⴫㕙‫(ޔ‬b) ╬ᣇ⊛ 2 ᰴర㔚ሶ♽ߩ Si(111)3×3Ag ⴫㕙‫(ޔ‬c)⇣ᣇ⊛ 2 ᰴర㔚ሶ♽ߩ Ge(111)3×3-Sn‫(ޔ‬d) ⇣ᣇ⊛ߥ discommensurate⋧ࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ Si(111)"5.55×5.55"-Cu ⴫㕙‫(ޔ‬e) Bi(111)⿥⭯⤑‫ޕ‬ߐߥ߽ߩߣߘߩᮮߦᬦ౞ᒻߩ߽ߩ߇⷗
߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Biߩࠃ߁ߦ㊀޿ේሶߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚ⚿᥏ߢߪᒝ޿ࠬࡇࡦ࡮゠㆏⋧੕૞↪߇ሽ࿷ߒ‫⚿ߩߘޔ‬ᨐRashbaലᨐߦࠃߞߡ
㊄ዻࡃࡦ࠼߇ࠬࡇࡦಽⵚߒ߹ߔ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬㧞⒳㘃ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߪߘߩലᨐ߆ࠄ↢߹ࠇߚ߽ߩߢ‫ߩ࠼ࡦࡃࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬㔚ሶߪ⇣ߥࠆะ߈ߩࠬࡇࡦࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⑳ߪ਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ⷺޔ‬ᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశᴺߣశ㔚ሶಽశࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣᴺߦࠃߞߡߎࠇ߹ߢ᭽‫⴫ߥޘ‬㕙࡮⿥⭯⤑♽ࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅ‫ߩߘߪߢޠ‬ౝߩ㧞ߟࠍ⚫੺ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ˎȅ฼൵ఘນ࿂ષ͈߄௺಼ถ྄ඤ͈ၾঊ֔࡫ેఠ̷͈͂૧‫ܗ‬໤଻!
㔚ሶࠍߘߩᵄ㐳⒟ᐲߦⓨ㑆ߦ㐽ߓㄟ߼ࠆߣ޿ࠊࠁࠆ㊂ሶ㐽ߓㄟ߼ലᨐߦࠃߞߡ‫࡯ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛߩߘޔ‬Ḱ૏߇㔌ᢔൻߒߚ㊂ሶ੗ᚭ⁁ᘒ(Quantum Well State, QWS)߇ᒻᚑߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬QWS ߩታ㛎ߪඨዉ૕ߣඨዉ૕ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚඨዉ૕⿥ᩰሶࠍਛᔃ
14ߦ♖ജ⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇ‫ߩߤߥ࡯ࠩ࡯࡟ޔ‬శቇᛛⴚߣߒ
ߡᚒ‫␠ߩޘ‬ળ↢ᵴߦ߽ᶐㅘߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇᦨㄭ
ߢߪ㊄ዻห჻ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚ♽ߢ߽ QWS ߩ⎇ⓥ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬዁᧪ߩࠬࡇࡦࡃ࡞ࡉ߿ࠬࡇࡦ࠻
࡜ࡦࠫࠬ࠲࡯ߣ޿ߞߚ㊂ሶ⏛᳇࠺ࡃࠗࠬ߳ߩᔕ↪
߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫߁߽ޔߡߐޕ‬㧝ߟߩၮᧄ♽ߢ
޽ࠆ㊄ዻ㧛ඨዉ૕♽ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ඨዉ૕⴫㕙਄ߢ
ߩ㊄ዻ⤑ߩᚑ㐳߇৻⥸⊛ߦ Stranski-Krastanov
ဳߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ QWS ⊒⃻ߦᔅⷐߥේሶ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢᐔ
မߥ㊄ዻ⭯⤑ߩᒻᚑ߇㔍ߒߊ‫ߤࠎߣ߶ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬⎇ⓥߐࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ᦨߒ߆ߒޕ‬ㄭߦߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ૐ᷷(130K એਅ)ߢߩ㊄ዻ⫳⌕ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߣඨዉ
૕ၮ᧼਄ߦ߽ဋ৻ߥ㊄ዻ⿥⭯⤑߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣ
߇ႎ๔ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬QWS ⎇ⓥߩน⢻ᕈ߇ߢߡ߈߹ߒߚ
[2]‫ޕ‬࿑ 㧟 (a) ߪ Si(001)2×1 ⴫ 㕙 ਄ ߦ ၮ ᧼ ᷷ ᐲ ⚂࿑㧟 (a) Si(001)2×1 ⴫㕙਄ߦ⚂ 120K ߢ Ag ࠍ 14ML(⚂ 3nm)⫳⌕ߒ‫ߘޔ‬
ߩᓟ 350K ߹ߢടᾲߒߡ᷹ቯߒߚု⋥಴኿శ㔚ሶಽశࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞‫ޕ‬࿑ਛ
Ag(111)⴫㕙⁁ᘒ㧔SS㧕ߣ Ag ⭯⤑ߩ㊂ሶ੗ᚭ⁁ᘒ㧔QWS㧕߇Ꮻዻߐࠇߡ
޿߹ߔ‫( ޕ‬b)⌀ⓨࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ߣ Si ၮ᧼ࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩ㑆ߦ㐽ߓㄟ߼ࠄࠇߚ Ag ⿥⭯⤑ਛߩ㔚ሶ(e-)ߩ᭽ሶߣႺ⇇᧦ઙ‫ޕ‬࿑ਛ EF ߣ n ߪߘࠇߙࠇ
ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒḰ૏ߣ⴫㕙ု⋥ᣇะࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

120K ߢ Ag ࠍ⫳⌕ߒߚᤨߣߘߩᓟߩടᾲ㧔㨪
350K㧕ಣℂᤨߦ߅ߌࠆⷺᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶࠬࡍࠢ࠻
࡞ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ૐ᷷⫳⌕ᤨߩ ARPES ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߪ㧟ᰴర Ag ፉߩశ㔚ሶࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߦኻᔕߒߡ޿߹ߔ
߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩടᾲಣℂߢ࿑ߩࠃ߁ߦࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߪ
഍⊛ߦᄌൻߒ߹ߔ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޕ‬Ḱ૏⋥ਅߦ㍈ߊᄢ߈޿ Ag㧔111㧕⴫㕙⁁ᘒߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇⃻ࠇ‫⚿ߡߒߘޔ‬วࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯0.3㨪3eV ߦ߽ᢙ୘ߩ Ag ⿥⭯⤑ౝߩ
QWS ߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇಴⃻ߒ߹ߔ‫ ߩߎޕ‬QWS ߪ࿑
3(b)ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬Ag ⿥⭯⤑ਛߩ㔚ሶߪ⌀ⓨ஥ߩ㓚ოߣਥߦඨዉ૕ߩࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߦ㐽ߓㄟ߼ࠄࠇߡ
޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄ QWS ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯૏⟎ߪㅢᏱߩႺ⇇᧦ઙ ࿑㧟(b) ߩరߢࠪࡘ࡟࠺ࠖࡦࠟ࡯ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ⸃ߊ
ߣ᳞߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬㕙ౝಽᢔߦߟ޿ߡߪ
࡙࠾࡯ࠢߥ‛ᕈ߇⊒⃻ߒ߹ߔ‫⤑⭯⿥ޕ‬ౝߩ㔚ሶߪ⴫㕙ု⋥ᣇะߦ㐽ߓㄟ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߘߩᣇะ
ߩᵄᢙߪ㔌ᢔൻߒ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬㕙ౝᣇะߢߪ㔚ሶߪ⥄↱ߦㆇേ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ㕙ౝಽᢔߪ⥄↱㔚ሶ⊛ߦߥࠆ ߪ ߕ ߢ ߔ ‫ ޕ‬࿑ 㧠 ߪ Si 㧔 001 㧕 ⴫ 㕙 ਄ ߦ ෘ ߐ࿑㧠Si(001)⴫㕙਄ߩAg⿥⭯⤑ߩ㕙ౝಽᢔ࿑‫ޕ‬࿑ਛߩ⥄↱㔚ሶࡃࡦ࠼ㄭૃߦ
ࠃࠆࡈࠖ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠣᦛ✢‫ޕ‬ታ㛎⚿ᨐߩಽᢔߦߪࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ಽⵚ߇⷗߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

14ML ߩ Ag(111) ⭯⤑ࠍ૞⵾ߒ㧘ߘߩ㕙ౝಽᢔࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ⚿ᨐߢߔ‫ޕ‬ฦ QWS ߩ㕙ౝಽᢔߪ᭎ߨ᡼‛✢⊛ߢߔ߇‫ࠇߘޔ‬ߣหᤨߦ଀߃߫ k//㧩r0.1Έ㧙1 ߦ߅ߌࠆ n㧩2 ߩ QWS ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧞ߟߩࠨࡉࡃࡦ࠼߳ߩಽⵚ߽ⷰኤߢ߈߹ߔ‫ࡀࠛࠄࠇߎޕ‬࡞ࠡ࡯ಽⵚߪ Si ߩଔ㔚ሶᏪߣࡃ࡞ࠢࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߣߩႺ⇇ߣ㊂ሶ੗ᚭ⁁ᘒߩಽᢔ߇㊀ߥࠆߣߎࠈߢᒻᚑߒ߹ߔ[3]‫ߎޕ‬ߩ‛ᕈߩ㕙⊕޿ߣߎࠈߪ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ㧛ඨዉ૕⇇㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆඨዉ૕ࡃ࡞ࠢၮ᧼ߩଔ㔚ሶᏪߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯૏⟎߇⭯⤑ਛߩ㊂ሶ੗ᚭ
15

⁁ᘒߩಽᢔ߆ࠄ⋥ធ᷹ⷰߢ߈ࠆߎߣߢ‫ߪ⽎⃻ߩߎޔ‬ᤓᐕߩ Science ⹹ߢ߽ขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ[4]‫ޕ‬৻ᣇ‫ ߩߎޔ‬Ag ⿥⭯⤑ࠍ ᡆ 㧝ᰴర⊛⴫㕙⿥᭴ㅧߩ਄ߦ↪ᗧߒߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ㊂ሶ⭯⤑ߩ㔚ሶ‛ᕈߪߐࠄ ߦ ᄌ ൻ ߒ ߹ ߔ ‫ ޕ‬࿑ 㧡 (b) ߪ ࿑ 㧞 (a) ߢ ⚫ ੺ ߒ ߚ
Si(111)4x1-In ⴫㕙਄ߩ Ag ⿥⭯⤑ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ㅢᏱ‫ޔ‬࿑㧡(a)ߩ Si(111)7x7 ⴫㕙਄ Ag ⿥⭯⤑ߩࠃ߁ߦฦ QWS ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߪ╬ᣇ⊛ߥࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ
㕙(ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ౞)ࠍᚑߒ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬Si(111)4x1-In ⴫㕙਄ߩ Ag ⿥⭯⤑ߢߪࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߪࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ✢ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦ㕙ౝಽᢔࠍ᷹ቯߒߡߺ߹ߔߣ‫ޔ‬࿑㧡(c,d)ߩࠃ߁ߦ In ⴫㕙ߩ㧝ᰴర In ㎮ᣇะߦߪ⥄↱㔚ሶ⊛ߥಽᢔ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫⋥ုߩߘޔ‬ᣇะߦߪಽᢔ߇
޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㊄ዻ⿥⭯⤑ߩ⇇㕙ේሶ৻
ጀࠍ 1 ᰴర⊛ߦߔࠆߛߌߢ‫⤑⭯ޔ‬ౝߩ QWS ߩㆇേߩᰴర߇ᄌൻߒ߹ߒߚ[5]‫⋧ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ォ⒖ߪ
electronic topological phase transition ߣߒߡℂ⺰⊛ߦឭ໒ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᤓᐕߪ Ag/GaAs(110)♽ߦ߅޿ߡ߽
ห᭽ߩႎ๔߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ[6]‫ޕ‬ એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ⿥⭯⤑ߩ‛ᕈߪන⚐ߥࡃ࡞ࠢ⚿᥏ౝߩ㔚ሶߩ㐽ߓㄟ߼ലᨐߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬ၮ᧼߿⇇㕙᭴ㅧߦᔕߓߡ㊂ሶ‛ᕈࠍ⪺ߒߊᄌൻߐߖ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඨዉ૕ၮ᧼਄ߩ㊄ዻ⿥⭯⤑ߢߪ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲ߿
ࡎ࡯࡞ଥᢙߩ⤑ෘᝄേ⃻⽎ߥߤ⃟ߒ޿‛ᕈ߇ᦨㄭߢ
߽ᢙᄙߊႎ๔ߐࠇ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟ߹ߔ߹ߔߘߩ⎇ⓥ߇ᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ߊߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧡 㧔਄㧕(a)2ᰴర⊛Si(111)7x7⴫㕙ߣ(b)ᡆ㧝ᰴర⊛Si(111)4x1In⴫㕙਄ߦ૞ᚑߒߚAg㊂ሶ⭯⤑ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣ(శ㔚ሶᒝᐲಽᏓ)‫(ޕ‬ਅ) Si(111)4x1-In⴫㕙਄ߩAg㊂ሶ⭯⤑ߩIn㎮(c)ᐔⴕᣇะߣ

ˏȅນ࿂ഩঊ͈࿶௣࡛ય!

(d)ု⋥ᣇะߩⷺᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞‫ޕ‬਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦ⴫㕙ߢߪ STM ߿శ㔚ሶಽశߥߤߩ
⴫㕙ಽᨆᴺߢ‫ߩ࡞ࡊࡦࠨޔ‬ේሶ᭴ㅧߣ㔚ሶ᭴ㅧࠍ⋥ធⷰኤߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫‛ޔࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᕈߦ߅޿ߡᦨ߽ၮᧄߢ
޽ࠆ㔚ሶャㅍ⃻⽎ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫⴫ޔ‬㕙♽ߦ߅޿ߡߎࠇ߹ߢ᦭ലߥ᷹ቯᴺ߇ߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼ᱴߤႎ๔߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᚻᴺ߇㐿⊒ߐࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߦߥߞߡ㧞ߟߩᣇᴺ߇⏕┙ߐࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ[1]‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪන⚐ߦ⴫㕙਄ߦ㧠ߟߩ┵ሶ㧔㔚࿶ࡊࡠ࡯ࡉ㧞ߟߣ㔚ᵹࡊࡠ࡯ࡉ㧞ߟ‫ࡉ࡯ࡠࡊޔ‬㑆㓒㧦cm~mm㧕ࠍធ⸅ߐߖߡ㧠┵ሶ᷹ቯࠍⴕ߁ᣇᴺߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐วࡊࡠ࡯ࡉ㔚ᵹߪၮ᧼ߦᱴߤᵹࠇࠆߩߢߘߩ㔚᳇વዉᐲߪ߶ߣࠎߤၮ᧼ߢ᳿߹ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫⴫ޔ‬㕙․᦭ߩ⋧ォ⒖ ⴫㕙⋧ォ⒖ ೨ᓟߩᏅࠍขࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⴫㕙㔚᳇વዉᐲࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫߁߽ޕ‬㧝ߟߩᣇᴺߪ‫ࡉ࡯ࡠࡊޔ‬㑆㓒ࠍμm ߦߔࠆߎߣߢࡊࡠ࡯ࡉ㔚ᵹࠍߏߊ⴫㕙ㄭறߦᛥ߃‫ޔ‬㔚᳇વዉᐲߩ⴫㕙ᗵᐲࠍ㜞߼ࠆ߽ߩߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᣇᴺߪ‫ࡠࠢࠗࡑޟ‬㧠┵ሶᴺ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇ‫ޔ‬೨⠪ߦኻߒߡ⴫㕙㔚᳇વዉᐲࠍ⋥ធ᷹ቯߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ[1]‫ޕ‬ ⑳ߪߎࠇ߹ߢ਄⸥ߩᣂߒ޿㔚᳇વዉ᷹ቯᣇᴺߣ‫ޔ‬STM‫ޔ‬㔚ሶ✢࿁᛬ᴺ‫ޔ‬శ㔚ሶಽశᴺߥߤߩ⴫㕙ಽᨆᴺࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ඨዉ૕⴫㕙਄ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬㧝ᰴర㊄ዻේሶ㎮㧔೉㧕෸߮㧞ᰴర㊄ዻනේሶጀߩ㔚ሶャㅍ⃻⽎ࠍ⺞ߴߡ߈߹ߒߚ[7-11]‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪߎߩ㔚ሶャㅍ⃻⽎ߣࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߣߩ㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬࿑ 2(b)ߢ⚫੺ߒߚ╬ᣇ⊛ 2 ᰴర㔚ሶ♽ߩࠤ࡯ࠬࠍ⚫੺ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿
16

࿑ 6 (਄) Si(111)3×3-Ag ⴫㕙ߣ Si(111)21×21-Ag ⴫㕙ߩ STM ௝ߣ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞‫(ޕ‬ਅ) Si(111)⴫㕙਄3×3-Ag
߆ࠄ21×21-Ag ߳ߩ⋧ォ⒖ߦ઻߁⴫㕙㔚᳇વዉ₸ߣࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߩᄌൻ‫(ޕ‬a) Si(111) 3×3-Ag (b) +0.07MLAg(c) +0.14MLAg, Si(111)21×21-Ag߹ߔ[12]‫ޕ‬࿑㧢ߪ‫ޔ‬Si(111)3×3-Ag ⴫㕙߳ Ag ࠍ⫳⌕ߒߡ Si(111)21×21-Ag ⴫㕙߳ォ⒖ߒߚ㓙ߩ STM ௝㧔ේሶ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞㧕‫ޔ‬㔚᳇વዉ₸‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޔ‬㕙ߩᄌൻߢߔ‫ޕ‬Si(111)3×3-Ag ⴫㕙ߩේሶ᭴ㅧߪ㤥✢ߢ␜ߒߚ࡙࠾࠶࠻࠮࡞ౝߢ㧟ߟ
ߩ Ag ේሶ߇㧞ߟߩᄢ߈ߐߩਃⷺᒻࠍᒻᚑߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬ዊߐ޿ᣇ߇‫ޔ‬STM ௝ߦ⊕✢ߢ␜ߒߚ࡙࠾࠶࠻࠮࡞ౝߩ
㧝ߟߩ᣿ὐߦኻᔕߒ߹ߔ‫⴫ߩߎޕ‬㕙ߦ Ag ߥߤߩ⾆㊄ዻේሶࠍዋ㊂ <0.1ML ⫳⌕ߒ߹ߔߣ‫ޔ‬ๆ⌕ේሶ߆ࠄᚑࠆࠢ࡜ࠬ
࠲࡯߇⴫㕙ߦὐ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫⌕⫳ߦࠄߐߡߒߘޕ‬㊂ࠍჇ߿ߔߣߎࠇࠄࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߪ21×21 ๟ᦼ⊛ߦ⒎ᐨᱜߒߊ㈩೉ߒ‫ޔ‬ߔߥࠊߜ Si(111)21×21-Ag ⴫㕙߇ᒻᚑߒ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬21×21 ⿥᭴ㅧߩේሶ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߪ߹ߛ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬࿑㧢ߦ␜ߒߚ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞߇⃻࿷ᡰᜬߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ[13]‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬Si(111) 3×3-Ag ⴫㕙߳ Ag ࠍ⫳⌕ߔࠆߣ⴫㕙㔚᳇વዉ₸ߪჇടߒ‫ޔ‬21×21 ⿥᭴ㅧ߇ᒻᚑߔࠆߣ߈ߦᦨᄢߣߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈ߈ߣߩߎޕ‬㕙߽߿ߪࠅ♽⛔⊛ߥᄌൻࠍ␜ߒ߹ߔ࿑㧢 ‫ ߕ߹ޕ‬Si(111)3×3-Ag ⴫㕙ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߪ࿑ 2(b)ߩࠃ߁ߦ౞ᒻߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⴫ߩߎޕ‬㕙ߦ 0.07ML ߩ Ag ࠍๆ⌕ߔࠆߣࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ౞߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠅ‫ߪࠇߎޔ‬ๆ⌕ේሶ߆ࠄ Si(111)3×3-Ag ⴫㕙⁁ᘒࡃࡦ࠼߳㔚ሶ߇࠼࡯ࡇࡦࠣߐࠇߚߎ
ߣߦኻᔕߒ߹ߔ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޕ‬㕙ߩ㕙Ⓧߣๆ⌕㊂߆ࠄ⸘▚ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ๆ⌕ Ag ේሶ㧝୘ᒰߚࠅ㧝୘ߩ㔚ሶ߇⴫㕙⁁ᘒࡃࡦ࠼ߦ⒖േߒ߹ߔ‫ ߦࠄߐޕ‬Ag ේሶࠍ 0.14ML ߹ߢ⫳⌕ߔࠆߣ Si(111)21×21-Ag ⴫㕙߇ᒻᚑߒࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ౞ߪߐࠄߦᄢ߈ߊߥࠅ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ21×21 ࡉ࡝࡞ࠕࡦ࡮࠱࡯ࡦ߽ቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆߩߢ⴫㕙⁁ᘒࡃࡦ࠼߽ฦࡉ࡝࡞ࠕࡦ࡮࠱࡯ࡦߦ᛬ࠅ㄰ߐࠇ߹ߔ ࿑㧢 ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⴫㕙㔚᳇વዉᐲߩჇᄢߪ㔚ᵹࠍᜂ߁⴫㕙વዉ㔚ሶߩჇടߢ⺑᣿ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߣ㔚᳇વዉࠍᲧセߔࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧞ᰴర Boltzmann ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍరߦ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬ኒᐲ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޔ‬ㅦᐲ‫✭ߡߒߘޔ‬๺ᤨ㑆ߥߤࠍߘࠇߙ
ࠇ⺞ߴࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ⷺޕ‬ᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశᴺߢߪࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࡃࡦ࠼ಽᢔ(ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒㅦᐲ‫᦭ޔ‬ല⾰㊂)ߣࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ߩᒻ⁁㧔ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕኒᐲ㧕߇᳿ቯߢ߈‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻㔚ሶಽᨆེࠍ↪޿ࠇ߫✭๺ᤨ㑆ࠍ⷗Ⓧ߽ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬శ
㔚ሶಽశᴺࠍ↪޿ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬㔚ሶャㅍ⃻⽎ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ਄ߢᔅⷐߥࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ࠍၮᧄ⊛ߦోߡᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦశ㔚ሶಽశߩ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ਄⸥ߩ Si(111)3×3-Ag ߆ࠄ Si(111)21×21-Ag ߳ߩ⋧ォ⒖ߦ઻߁㔚᳇વዉᄌൻߪ‫ޔ‬೎ߦ᷹ቯߒ
17ߚࡎ࡯࡞વዉᄌൻ߽฽߼ߡ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈޔ‬㕙ߣߩኻᔕ߇ቯ㊂⊛ߦ⏕⹺ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ[11,14]‫ޕ‬৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬వߦ⚫੺ߒߚ‫ࡠࠢࠗࡑޟ‬㧠┵ሶᴺ‫⴫ࠆࠃߦޠ‬㕙㔚᳇વዉᐲߩ⋥ធ᷹ቯߢߪ‫ޔ‬࿑㧞(a)ߩ Si(111)4x1-In ⴫㕙ߩࡄࠗࠛ࡞ࠬォ⒖ߦ઻߁㔚᳇ᛶ᛫ߩ⪺ߒ޿Ⴧടࠍ᷹ቯߒ[8]‫ ߚ߹ޔ‬Si(111)3×3-Ag ⴫㕙ߩ⴫㕙㔚ሶ㧙⴫㕙ᩰሶ⋧੕૞↪ࠍ⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈߹ߒߚ[10]‫⴫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㕙ේሶጀਛߩ㔚ሶャㅍ⃻⽎ߪ⃻࿷ߢߪ᷹ቯ߇น⢻ߣߥࠅ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟ⴫㕙♽ߦ߅޿ߡ߽
ૐᰴర㔚ሶ♽ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬ⎇ⓥ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬!
ːȅࣽࢃ͈ജབ!
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ߪ⑳ޔ‬࿕૕⴫㕙਄ߩ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧ૕ߩࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙⎇ⓥࠍ‫ޔ‬ਥߦⷺᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశᴺߣ㔚᳇વዉ᷹ቯࠍ↪޿ߡⴕߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߦ⌕છߒߡ߆ࠄߪ‫⎇ߩߘޔ‬ⓥࠍ㧝㧕᡼኿శࠍ↪޿ߚశ㔚ሶಽశࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣ‫ޔ‬㧞㧕⴫㕙⏛᳇ャㅍ⃻⽎᷹ቯ߳ߣዷ㐿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߦ⌕છߒߚ߅㒶ߢ㜞ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ടㅦེ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴‛⾰᭴ㅧ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ Photon Factory ߩ BL-18A,19A,19B ࠍᜂᒰߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਄⸥ߩశ㔚ሶಽశߦࠃࠆࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣᴺߪశḮߣߒߡ᡼኿శࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬⹦⚦ߦࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࠍ⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ BL-18A ߦߪ VG-ADES500 ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆዊဳ㔚ሶಽᨆེ߇ઃ޿ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ߎࠇߪ⿥㜞⌀ⓨᮏౝࠍ㧞ゲᣇะߦ⒖േߒ߹ߔ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬᡼኿శߩ⋥✢஍ะᕈߣ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫࠼ࡦࡃޔ‬᭴ㅧߛߌߢߥߊ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒߩኻ⒓ᕈ߽⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪ BL-18A ߩ᷹ቯᮏߦ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻ࡑ࡞࠴࠴ࡖࡦࡀ࡞
㔚ሶಽᨆེ(SCIENTA SES-100)ࠍዉ౉ߒ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻ⷺᐲಽ⸃శ㔚ሶಽశ᷹ቯ߽ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒ߹ߔ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬SCIENTA SES-100 ߣ ADES500 ⚵޽ࠊߖߚ System ߦࠃߞߡ‫ ߦߐ߹ޔ‬SCADS OF (LOTS OF) photoemission
experiments ߇ో࿖ߩࡆ࡯ࡓ࡜ࠗࡦ࡙࡯ࠩ࡯ߦឭଏߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬዁᧪⊛ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᣉ⸳ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈᅏ↰ᄥ৻ඳ჻ߩࠬࡇࡦᬌ಴ེߣ⚵ߺวࠊߖߡࠬࡇࡦಽ⸃ࡈࠚ࡞ࡒ㕙ࡑ࠶ࡇࡦ᷹ࠣቯ߳ߣዷ㐿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻ᣇ⴫㕙㔚ሶャㅍ⃻⽎⎇ⓥߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߪ㜞⏛႐ਛߢߩૐ᷷ߩ⴫㕙㔚᳇વዉ᷹ቯߦ᜛ᒛߒ߹ߔ‫⴫ߩߎޕ‬㕙⏛᳇ᛶ᛫᷹ቯⵝ⟎ߩ㐿⊒ߪ⌕છ೨߆ࠄⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪ᧻↰⎇ⓥቶ PD ߩᚑ↰ዏมඳ჻‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⵬૒ຬߩ଻ේ㤀᳁‫᧲ߡߒߘޔ‬੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ℂቇ♽⎇ⓥ⑼‛ℂቇኾ᡹㐳⼱Ꮉୃม⎇ⓥቶඳ჻ቇ↢ߩች↰િᒄ᳁ߩ㧟ੱ߇ⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ ࿑㧣(a) ‫ޕ‬࿑㧣(b)ߪ‫ޔ‬ᧄⵝ⟎ߩ᷹ቯ࡮ⷰኤࠬ࠹࡯ࠫߢ‫ޔ‬㧝ߟߩࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߦኻߒߡ㧞ߟߩ⁛┙㚟േ(x,y,z)ဳࡊࡠ࡯ࡉࡎ࡞࠳࡯߇㈩⟎ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟߩࡎ࡞࠳࡯ߦߪࡑࠗࠢࡠ㧠┵ሶ ࿑ (c) ߿ STM ត㊎ߥߤߩ᭽‫ࠍࡉ࡯ࡠࡊߥޘ‬㧞୘߹ߢⵝ஻ߢ߈‫⚵ߩߘޔ‬วߖߦࠃߞ
ߡ㜞⏛႐࡮ૐ᷷ਛߢߩᄙ᭽ߥታ㛎ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߪ਄

(a)

(b)

⸥ߩඨዉ૕⴫㕙਄ߩ㊄ዻ⴫㕙නේ
ሶጀ෸߮㊄ዻ㊂ሶ⭯⤑ߩ⇣Ᏹࡎ࡯࡞ലᨐ‫ޔ‬㊂ሶࡎ࡯࡞ലᨐ‫ޔ‬
Shubnikov de-Haas ᝄേߥߤߩ
⏛᳇ャㅍ⃻⽎᷹ቯߦ਎⇇ߦవ㚟ߌࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߡ᜸ᚢߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚑ↰ඳ჻ࠄ㧟

μ−4┵ሶ
ࡊࡠ࡯ࡉ

ੱߩ߅߆ߍߢ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷߹ߢߦࠨࡦࡊ
࡞ߦ㧣T ߹ߢߩ⏛႐ࠍශടߣ

(c)

STMត㊎

Z[\ 㚟േᯏ᭴

10K એਅ߹ߢ಄ළ߇ߢ߈‫ࠄߐޔ‬Z[\ 㚟േᯏ᭴ߦᮡḰ⹜ᢱߩ㔚᳇વዉ᷹ቯߦ߽ᚑ

50 μmഞߒ߹ߒߚ‫⊝ߊߥ߽߹ޕ‬᭽ߦ⴫㕙࡮⿥⭯⤑♽ߩ⏛᳇ャㅍ⃻⽎ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ࡒ࡞ࠚࡈߚࠇߐࠣࡦࡇ࠶ࡑޔ‬㕙ߩ⚿ᨐߣวࠊߖߡ⊝᭽ߦႎ๔ߢ
߈ࠆߎߣߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬18࿑㧣 (a)ᧄ⎇ⓥቶߢ㐿⊒ߒߡ޿ࠆ⴫㕙⏛᳇ᛶ᛫᷹ቯⵝ⟎ߣᚑ↰ዏมඳ჻(ฝ)ߣች↰િᒄ᳁(Ꮐ)‫(ޕ‬b) ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߩ᷹ቯ࡮ⷰኤࠬ࠹࡯ࠫ‫ޕ‬STM ត㊎߿ࡑࠗࠢࡠ(μ)㧠┵ሶࡊࡠ࡯ࡉ߇ߘࠇ
ߙࠇ㧞ߟߩ⁛┙㚟േ(x,y,z)ဳࡊࡠ࡯ࡉࡎ࡞࠳࡯ߦⵝ஻ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫(ޕ‬c) ࡑࠗࠢࡠ(μ)㧠┵ሶࡊࡠ࡯ࡉߩ SEM ౮⌀‫ޕ‬References[㧝] Fermiology and transport in metallic monatomic layers on semiconductor surfaces, I. Matsuda and S.
Hasegawa, Topical Review Article in the Fermi Surfaces Special Issue of J. Phys. Cond. Mat., in print.
[㧞] ඨዉ૕⴫㕙਄㊄ዻ⿥⭯⤑ߩ㊂ሶ੗ᚭ⁁ᘒߩ⎇ⓥ‫↰᧻ޔ‬Ꭿ‫ޔ‬Han Woong Yeom‫⼱ޔ‬Ꮉ㓶ᵗ‫⊓ޔ‬㊁ஜ੺‫ޔ‬㐳⼱Ꮉୃม‫ޔ‬ᄥ↰ବ᣿‫⴫ޔ‬㕙⑼ቇ 23‫ޔ‬509 (2002).
[㧟] In-plane dispersion of the quantum-well states of the epitaxial silver films on silicon, I. Matsuda, T.
Ohta, and H. W. Yeom, Phys. Rev. B 65, 085327 (2002).
[㧠] Coherent Electronic Fringe Structure in Incommensurate Silver-Silicon Quantum Wells, N. J. Speer,
S.-J. Tang, T. Miller, and T. C. Chiang, Science 314, 804 (2006).
[㧡] Quasi-one-dimensional quantized states in an epitaxial Ag film on a one-dimensional surface
superstructure, N. Nagamura, I.Matsuda, N.Miyata, T. Hirahara, T. Uchihashi, and S. Hasegawa, Phys. Rev.
Lett., 96, 256801 (2006).
[㧢] ⸃⺑‫ޟ‬නේሶࠬ࠹࠶ࡊࠍㅢㆊߔࠆ⴫㕙⥄↱㔚ሶ‫↰᧻ޔޠ‬Ꭿ‫଻ޔ‬ේ㤀‫ޔ‬㐳⼱Ꮉୃม‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ‛ℂቇળ⹹‫ޔ‬2007 ᐕ㧞᦬ภ.
[㧣] Surface-state electrical conductivity at a metal-insulator transition on silicon, T. Tanikawa,
I. Matsuda, T. Kanagawa, and S. Hasegawa, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 016801 (2004).
[㧤] Electrical Resistance of a Monatomic Step on a Crystal Surface, I. Matsuda, M. Ueno, T. Hirahara,
R. Hobara, H. Morikawa, and S. Hasegawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 236801 (2004).
[㧥] In situ resistance measurements of epitaxial cobalt silicide nanowires on Si(110), H. Okino, I. Matsuda,
R. Hobara, Y. Hosomura, S. Hasegawa, and P. A. Bennett: Applied Physics Letters, 86, 233108 (2005).
[10] Electron-phonon interaction and localization of surface-state carriers in a metallic monolayer,
I. Matsuda, C. Liu, T. Hirahara, M. Ueno, T. Tanikawa, T. Kanagawa, R. Hobara, S. Yamazaki, S. Hasegawa,
and K. Kobayashi, Phys. Rev. Lett. submitted.
[11] Evolution of Fermi surface by electron filling into a free-electron-like surface state, I. Matsuda,
T. Hirahara, M. Konishi, C. Liu, H. Morikawa, M. D'angelo, S. Hasegawa, T. Okuda, and T. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev.
B 71, 235315 (2005).
[12] Self-Assembly of Two-Dimensional Nanoclusters: From Surface Molecules to Surface Superstructure,
C. Liu, I. Matsuda, M. D'angelo, S. Hasegawa, J. Okabayashi, S. Toyoda, and M. Oshima, Phys. Rev. B 74,
235420 (2006).
[13] Direct measurement of the Hall resistance of a free-electron-like surface state, T. Hirahara,
I. Matsuda, R. Hobara, S. Yoshimoto, and S. Hasegawa, Phys. Rev. B. 73, 235332 (2006).

19໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

࣭ष಼‫ޑ‬ঽાࡄ‫ݪ‬ঔ୭! ! ඃ‫੿ !ז‬ঃ!
 ᧄᐕ㧠᦬㧝ᣣઃߌߢ࿖㓙⿥ᒝ⏛႐⎇ⓥᣉ⸳ߦ⌕છ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢ᤨઍ‫ߦࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤࡠ߁޿ߣᧁᧄ౐ޔ‬ᗖ߆ࠇߡㅴቇߒߚਃᶆ⎇ⓥቶߢᭉߒ޿㧡ᐕ㑆ࠍㆊߏߒߡએ᧪‫ޔ‬10 ᐕ߱ࠅߩᏫෳߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬㑆‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߪᨰᏒߦ⒖ォߒ߹ߒߚ߇‫ߪ⑳ޔ‬ዊቇ↢ߩߎࠈ߆ࠄ⃻ᨰᏒౝ㧔ᣥᴧධ↸㧕ߦ࿷૑ߒߡ޿ߚߚ߼‫৻ࠅࠃޔ‬ጀ㉿Ꮻࠅߣ޿߁ᗵߓ߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬଻቞⊛ߦߥࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥࠍ㐿ᜏߒߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߟߊ߫ࠛࠢࠬࡊ࡟ࠬߩ㐿ㅢ‫ߣ࡯߸ࠄࠄޔ‬߿ࠬ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࡕ࡯࡞ߩ㐿ᬺߣᕆㅦߦ⊒ዷߒߡ޿ߊᨰߩ⪲࿾඙ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿੐ࠍᆎ߼ࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍⴝ߆ࠄ߽߽ࠄ߃ߘ߁
ߦᗵߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᐕᐲਛߦߪ࿖㓙⿥ᒝ⏛႐⎇ⓥᣉ⸳ߦࡈ࡜ࠗࡎࠗ࡯࡞⊒㔚ᯏ߇ዉ౉ߐࠇࠆ੍ቯߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߎޔ‬᜸ᚢߩᣣ‫ߏޕߔߢ߁ߘࠅߥߦޘ‬ᜰዉߏ㖊ᠤࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ᄢቇ㒮ୃੌᓟߪℂൻቇ⎇ⓥᚲߩൎ෶⏛ᕈ⎇ⓥቶߢၮ␆⑼ቇ․೎⎇ⓥຬߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶࠬࡇࡦ౒㡆ࠍᢎࠊࠅߥ߇ࠄᒝ⏛႐ߩታ㛎ࠍߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟߩ᧲੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮Ꮏቇ♽⎇ⓥ⑼ߩὑࡩ੗⎇ⓥቶߢߪഥᚻߣߒߡ‫⏛ޔ‬᳇శቇࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࡦࠣ‫ޔ‬ᓸዊࡎ࡯࡞⚛ሶߦࠃࠆዪᚲ⏛ൻ᷹ቯ‫⏛ޔ‬᳇ⵝ㘼ᴺ╬ߩ․ᱶߥᚻᴺࠍ↪޿ߡ⿥વዉ૕ߩ⏛᧤⁁ᘒ߿ᒝ⋧㑐㉄ൻ‛ߩ⏛ᕈ࡮વዉߦߟ޿ߡ⎇ⓥࠍߒߡ᧪߹ߒߚ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ࠍ㔌ࠇߡ޿ߚߎߩ 10 ᐕ㑆‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇㑐ㅪߩੱ⣂߇㕖Ᏹߦ⾆㊀ߥ⽷↥ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ੐
ࠍᗵߓ߹ߒߚ‫ੱޕ‬੐߇ᵹേ⊛ߢ߆ߟ౒ห೑↪ߩᄙ޿ߎߩ⎇ⓥᚲߢ⎇ⓥߩࠬ࠲࡯࠻ࠍಾࠇߚ੐ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩ⎇ⓥ⠪↢ᵴߦ߅޿ߡᄢ߈ߥ೑ὐߣߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟ⑳ߩ⎇ⓥቶߦ㈩ዻߐࠇࠆቇ↢ߦ߽‫ࠍ↥⽷ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ᱷߒߡ޽ߍߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ੹ᓟߩ⎇ⓥ੍ቯߦ㑐ߒߡዋߒ⚫੺ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳੹ޕ‬ᄙ⥄↱ᐲ⚿ว♽ߩ‛ℂߦ⥝๧ࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⥄ࡦࡇࠬޕ‬↱ᐲ߇ઁߩ⥄↱ᐲߣ⚿วߒߚ♽ߦ߅޿ߡ‫⏛ޔ‬႐ߦࠃࠆ⺃㔚․ᕈߩ೙ᓮ㧔㔚᳇⏛᳇ലᨐ㧕‫ޔ‬Ꮒᄢ⏛᳇ᾲ㊂ലᨐߦࠃࠆቶ᷷⏛᳇಄ළ‫↱⥄ࡦࡇࠬޔ‬ᐲߦࠃࠆᾲ㔚ലᨐ‫⏛ޔ‬႐⺃⿠ᒻ⁁⸥ᙘലᨐ‫⏛ޔ‬᳇૕Ⓧലᨐߦࠃࠆ⽶ߩᾲ⤘ᒛ‫⏛ޔ‬႐⺃⿠ߩนㅒߥᄌ⦡
ലᨐߥߤ‫ޔ‬᭽‫⥝ߥޘ‬๧ᷓ޿⃻⽎߇ᦨㄭ⋧ᰴ޿ߢႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫⥄⽎⃻ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬૕ߩᄙߊߪᢙචᐕ೨߆ࠄ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ
߽ߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕߩ᷹ቯᚻᲑߩㅴൻߦࠃߞߡᓸⷞ⊛⼏⺰߇น⢻ߦߥࠅߟߟ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ᔕ↪㕙ߦ߅޿ߡ␠ળ⊛ⷐ᳞ߦㆡ߁ᣂᯏ⢻᧚ᢱߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ߩߤߥޔ‬ὑߦ⃻࿷ᡷ߼ߡᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᷷ᐲ▸࿐߇ᢙචޯᢙ⊖ K ߣᲧセ⊛㜞᷷ߢ߅ߎࠆߎ
ࠇࠄߩ⃻⽎ߦኻߒߡ‫ࠬ࡞ࡄޔ‬ᒝ⏛႐ࠍ↪޿ߡᒝ೙⊛ߦࠬࡇࡦ஍ᭂ⁁ᘒࠍ૞ࠅߛߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬㓙ߩ‛ᕈᄌൻࠍ᭽‫ⷺߥޘ‬ᐲ߆ࠄ᷹ቯߒߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᄙᓀߥ஥㕙ࠍᜬߟ⃻⽎ࠍㅊ᳞ߔࠆߦߪ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ᔕߓߚ᷹ቯᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒߇ᔅ↪ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᐞߟ߆ᣂߒ޿᷹ቯࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆ੍ቯߢߔ߇‫ߩߘߪߢߎߎޔ‬ਛ߆ࠄ㧞᩺ࠍߏ⚫੺ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ࠹࡟ࡆߥߤߢ⿥ࠬࡠ࡯ࡕ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ↹௝ࠍ⋡ߦߐࠇߚᣇ߽޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ࠞ࠼࡯ࡇࠬࠗࡂࠆࠇࠊ૶ߢߎߘޔ‬ࡔ࡜ߣ޿߁‛߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㊁⃿ㆬᚻߩᛩ⃿ࠍߎߩࠞࡔ࡜ߢ᠟ᓇߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰⊛ߦᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ߚࠫࡖࠗࡠࡏ࡯࡞*ߣ޿߁⃿⒳߇ታ㓙ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ੐߇ࠊ߆ࠆߥߤ‫⑼࠷࡯ࡐࠬޔ‬ቇࠍᆎ߼᏷ᐢ޿ಽ㊁ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߢߪᲤ⑽ᢙජࠦࡑ
ߩ᠟ᓇ߇น⢻ߥࠞࡔ࡜߇ᚻ㗃ߥଔᩰߢ⾼౉ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫⏛ࠬ࡞ࡄࠍ࡜ࡔࠞߩߎޕ‬႐ߣ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ߎࠇ߹ߢ⺕߽⷗ߚߎߣߩߥ޿ᒝ⏛႐ߩ਎⇇ࠍ⷟޿ߡߺߚ޿ߣ޿߁ߩ߇৻ߟߩ⋡ᮡߢߔ‫ޕ‬஍శ㗼ᓸ㏜ߣߎߩࠞࡔ࡜ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠇ߫‫⏛ࠬ࡞ࡄޔ‬႐ਛߢߩ᭴ㅧ⋧ォ⒖ࠍࡆࠫࡘࠕ࡞ߦᬌ಴ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ߽߁৻ߟߩ⋡ᮡߣߒߡᢿᾲ⏛ൻㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆ⏛᳇᷷ᐲലᨐߩ᷹ቯࠍ੍ቯߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫⏛ޕ‬႐ᝌᒁㅦᐲߩㅦ޿ࡄ࡞ࠬ⏛႐ߪ‫ޔ‬ᾲᶎ߳ߩᾲ᜛ᢔࠍᛥ߃ߚ⁁ᘒߢᢿᾲ⊛ߦ⹜ᢱࠍ⏛ൻߐߖࠆߩߦㆡߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫⁁ߩߎޕ‬ᴫߢ⹜ᢱ᷷ᐲࠍ⏛႐ߩ㑐ᢙߣߒߡ᷹
ቯߒ‫⏛ޔ‬᳇ᾲ㊂ലᨐࠍ⋥ធ᷹ቯߔࠆ⸘↹ߢߔ‫⏛ޕ‬᳇᷷ᐲലᨐߣ⏛ൻߩ᷹ቯ⚿ᨐࠍၮߦߔࠇ߫‫⏛ޔ‬႐ਛߩᲧᾲ߽᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ
ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫⏛ࠬ࡞ࡄޕ‬႐ਅߦ߅ߌࠆᲧᾲ᷹ቯ߇㜞♖ᐲߢน⢻ߦߥࠇ߫޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ⎇ⓥߦᓎ┙ߟߣᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ᦨᓟߦ૛⺣ߣߥࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ ߪ⑳ޔ‬10 ᐕ೨߆ࠄᐞߟ߆ߩ␠ળੱࠨ࠶ࠞ࡯࠴࡯ࡓߦᚲዻߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ࠣ࡯࡝ߥޘ‬ᚢ࡮ࠞ࠶ࡊ
✢ߦ಴႐ߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߪ૕ജ߽⴮߃ෳട࿁ᢙ߽ᷫߞߡߒ߹ߞߚߩߢߔ߇‫৻ޔ‬ᔕ⃻ᓎߢࡊ࡟࡯ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޘᤨޕ‬㗻ߦ㕍ࠕࠩࠍ૞ߞߡ಴ൕߔࠆ੐߽޽ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫߁ࠀߜߞࠂߒޔ‬༗ནࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ⸶ߢߪߥ޿੐ࠍ੍߼ߏℂ⸃޿ߚߛߌࠆߣ
ᐘ޿ߢߔ‫ੱ࡯ࠞ࠶ࠨߩࠈߎߣߩߎޕ‬᳇ߩ㜞߹ࠅ߽޽ࠅ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߩࠨ࠶ࠞ࡯ੱญ߽Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦᗵߓ߹ߔ‫࠶ࠨߩ⑳ޕ‬ࠞ࡯ખ㑆ߦ߽ቭ᳃੤߃ߡ‫‛ޔ‬ℂ‫ޔ‬ൻቇ‫ߤߥ‛↢ޔ‬ฦಽ㊁ߩኾ㐷ኅ߇߅ࠅ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎߪࠇߕ޿ޔ‬ਛ߆ࠄ㗔ၞࠍ⿧߃ߚ⎇ⓥ߇
⊒ዷߔࠇ߫ᭉߒ޿ߣᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ࡯ࠞ࠶ࠨޕ‬਎⇇ߩ౒ㅢ⺆ߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ߩߟ޿ޔ‬ᣣ߆‛ᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦࠃࠆ࿖㓙ⷫༀᄢળߩ㐿௅ߐࠇࠆᣣ߇᧪ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙ߦߪᣣᧄઍ⴫ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߦ᜗㓸ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ᣣ‫♖ޘ‬ㅴߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅴⴕᣇะࠍゲߣߒߡ࿁ォߒߥ߇ࠄ㘧߱⃿⒳ߢ‫ޔ‬ⓨ᳇ᛶ᛫ߩᷫዋߦࠃߞߡೋㅦߣ⚳ㅦߩᏅࠍዊߐߊߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ࠫࡖࠗࡠࡏ࡯࡞#_note-4*20໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

໤଻ၑაࡄ‫ݪ‬໐࿝! ! ఱ‫ݛ‬༗! ੕!
ߎߩᐲ‫ޔ‬㧠᦬㧝ᣣઃߌߢ‛ᕈℂ⺰⎇ⓥㇱ㐷᛼Ꮉ⎇ⓥቶߩഥᢎߣߒߡ⌕છ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚᄢਭ଻ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ‫⚕ޕ‬㕙ࠍ߅୫ࠅߒߡ‫⇛ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᱧ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߦߟ޿ߡ◲නߦ⚫੺ࠍߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇㇱᤨઍߪ᧲ർᄢቇℂቇㇱൻቇ⑼ߦ࿷☋ߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫᦭ޕ‬ᯏวᚑߥߤߩታ㛎ࠍᔒߒߡ౉ቇߒߚߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ర‫ޘ‬ℂ⺰ߦ߽⥝๧߇޽ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥቶ㈩ዻᤨߦߪℂ⺰♽ࠍㆬ߱ߎߣߦߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޟޕ‬ᄙ૕♽߇㕙⊕ߘ߁‫ߣޠ‬ᕁߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ಽሶേജቇ⸘▚ࠍീᒝߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈‫࡯ࠩ࡯࡟ޔ‬႐ਛߢߩಽሶ㈩ะߦ㑐ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥಽሶേജቇ⸘▚ߩᚻᴺߩឭ᩺ࠍⴕߞߚࠅ‫ޔ‬
Fokker-Planck ᣇ⒟ᑼߦၮߠߊ⸃ᨆࠍⴕߞߚࠅߒ߹ߒߚ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ⓥࠍㅴ߼ࠆਛߢ⏕₸ㆊ⒟ߣ޿߁⎇ⓥ㗴᧚ߦ⸅ࠇߚ
ߎߣ߇‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߦߟߥ߇ࠆ㊀ⷐߥᯏળߢ޽ߞߚߣᗵߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߩ߹߹ൻቇ♽ߩᄢቇ㒮߳ㅴቇߔࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥ⎇ⓥኻ⽎߳᜸ᚢߒߚ޿ߣ޿߁ᕁ޿߇ᒝ߆ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬หᄢቇߩᖱႎ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߩୃ჻⺖⒟ߦ౉ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ⶄޟޔߢߎߘޕ‬㔀ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫⎇߁޿ߣޠ‬ⓥ㗴᧚ߣ಴ળ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠂߜޕ‬߁ߤ⛔⸘‛ℂቇߩಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߦ․ޔ‬ᶏᄖߢ⋓ࠎߦ⎇ⓥߐࠇߟߟ޽ߞߚಽ㊁ߢߒߚ‫ⶄޕ‬㔀ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߣߪ‫◲ޔ‬නߦ⸒߃߫‫ޟ‬㑐ଥᕈ‫ߩޠ‬᭴ㅧߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎ⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⻉໧㗴ߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫↢ޔ‬૕ౝߩൻቇ෻ᔕࡀ࠶࠻
ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫߿⾰⊕Ⱞޔ‬㜞ಽሶߩ᛬ࠅ⇥ߺ᭴ㅧ㑆ߩ㑐ଥᕈߥߤߩ‛ℂ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߣߩ㑐ㅪᕈ߽ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ㗂ὐߣㄝ߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ‫ߦߐ߹ߪࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߜࠊߥߔޔޠࡈ࡜ࠣޟ‬ᄙ૕♽ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ‫ࠍࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࡟ࠦ࡯ࡄޔ࡞࠲ࠢ࡜ࡈޔ‬ᆎ߼ߣߒߡ᭽‫‛⸘⛔ߥޘ‬ℂቇߩ⎇ⓥ㗴᧚ߣ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ޿ࠆߎߣߥߤ߽ಽ߆ߞߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬૗ߣ⸒ߞߡ߽⋡ᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥ㗴᧚ߢߒߚߩߢ‫ୃޔ‬჻⺖⒟ߦ߅޿ߡߪᢙ୯ታ㛎ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ⎇ⓥ‫ޔ‬ඳ჻⺖⒟ߦ߅޿ߡߪ⸃ᨆ
⸘▚ਛᔃߩ⎇ⓥߦࠪࡈ࠻ߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᚻតࠅߢ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣂߒ޿ಽ㊁ߢߒߚߩߢ‫ߕ߃޽ࠅߣޔ‬૗߆ࠍ⸘▚ߔࠇ߫ᣂߒ޿⚿ᨐߣ⸒߃ࠆ෻㕙‫ߚߒߣࠎߜ߈ޔ‬ၮ⋚ߦၮߠ޿ߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߣ޿߁ᗧ⼂ߪᄢ߈ߊ޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ቇㇱᤨઍ߆ࠄߩઃ߈ว޿ߢ޽ࠆ⏕₸ㆊ⒟ߣ޿߁⥄ಽߩ⥝๧ߦೣߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ⴕ⹜ޔ‬㍲⺋ߒߡ㧔ዊߐߥ߽ߩߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧕ߥࠎߣ߆⚿ᨐࠍ಴ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ⶄޟ‬㔀ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫⎇ࠍޠ‬ⓥߔࠆ਄ߢ㊀ⷐߣߥߞߚߩ߇‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩ⛔⸘ജቇߣߩ㑐ㅪᕈߢߒߚ‫߁޿ߣࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޕ‬㗴᧚ࠍߘߩ߹߹ขࠅᛒ߁ߩߪ࿎㔍ߢߒߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪߆ࠄ⎇ⓥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ⏕₸ㆊ⒟ߦࡑ࠶ࡇࡦࠣߒ‫ࠬ࡜ࠣࡦࡇࠬߦߎߘޔ‬╬ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓ♽ߩߚ߼ߩ⸃ᨆᚻᴺࠍᔕ↪ߒ࡮࡮‫ߦ߁ࠃߩޔ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᚻᴺߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߢᣂߒ޿⚿ᨐ߿⍮⷗ࠍዉ߈಴ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ࠍߩ߽ߩߘࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔߒߛߚޕ‬ᛒ߁ߎߣߩߢ߈ࠆ⸃ᨆᚻᴺߩᔅⷐᕈߪ޽ࠅ‫ߛ߹ߛ߹ޔ‬ᮨ⚝ਛߢߔ‫ⶄޔߚ߹ޕ‬㔀ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣ޿߁㗴᧚ࠍᛒ߁ਛߢ㕖ᐔⴧ♽ߥߤߦ߽㑐ㅪߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⏕₸ㆊ⒟ࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆᔅⷐᕈ߽಴
ߡ߈߹ߒߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫⎇ߦޘ‬ⓥߩ⥝๧߇ᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߢߔ‫ޕ‬‛ᕈ⎇ߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߩਛߢߪዋߒᄌࠊߞߚ⚻ᱧ࡮⎇ⓥಽ㊁ࠍᜬߞߚੱ㑆ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔࠎ߱ߩߘޔ‬૗߆ᣂߒ޿߽ߩ
ߩ⷗ᣇ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿߽ߩ߆ߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫⧯ߛ߹ߛ߹߃⸒ߪߣޕ‬ヘߢߔߩߢ‫ޔ‬᛼ᎹᱜᲞవ↢ߩ߽ߣߢ‫ޔ‬ૐᰴర♽ߦኻߔࠆ
⸃ᨆᚻᴺ߿‫⎇ࠆࠇࠄ޿↪ߢߎߘޔ‬ⓥߩⷞὐ╬ࠍቇ߫ߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᓧߚ߽ߩࠍ⥄ಽߩ⎇ⓥ߳ߣ↢߆ߖࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ
ߎߣ߇╙৻ߛߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ߪ‫ߊ߆ߦߣޔ‬᭽‫߁޿ߣ߁ⴕࠍ⺰⼏߿࡯࠽ࡒ࠮ߪߡ᧪߇ੱߥޘ‬ᕺ߹ࠇߚⅣႺߦ޽ࠅ߹
ߔߩߢ‫޿⦟ޔ‬ೝỗࠍฃߌߥ߇ࠄ♖ㅴߒߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃߙ߁ߤޕ‬㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

21໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

                              ໤଻ၑაࡄ‫ݪ‬໐࿝! ! ໚໐! ֚‫!ދ‬‛ᕈℂ⺰⎇ⓥㇱ㐷Ᏹᰴ⎇ⓥቶഥᢎߦ 2007 ᐕ㧠᦬㧝ᣣઃߌߢ⌕છ⥌ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮ࠍᄢ㒋ᄢቇၮ␆Ꮏቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ਃቛ⎇ⓥቶߢㆊߏߒ‫ߩߎޔ‬㧟᦬ߦඳ჻ࠍขᓧߒߚߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬ቇㇱᤨઍߦ઄บߦ૑ࠎߢ޿ߚߎߣߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬㑐᧲࿾ᣇߦߪዬ૑ߒߚ⚻㛎߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߩߢ‫ߩࠄߜߎޔ‬㔓࿐᳇ߦㆡᔕߒࠃ߁ߣദജߒߡ޿ࠆᰴ╙ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧔ࠛࠬࠞ࡟࡯࠲ߪᏀߦ╬㧕‫ޕ‬ ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߦೋ߼ߡ⿷ࠍ〯ߺ౉ࠇߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ߦ౉ߞߚ߫߆ࠅߩ 2004 ᐕ㧢᦬ߩ․ቯ㗔ၞߩࠬࠢ࠶࠹࡞࠳ࠗ࠻
ߦ㑐ߔࠆ╙ੑ࿁ߩ⎇ⓥળߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᤨᧁᧄ౐ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ઍߩ‛ᕈ⎇ߪోߊ⍮ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᐞಽᐔࠄߥᢝ࿾ౝߢᏂ
ᄢߥ‛ᕈ⎇ߩᑪ‛߇ထߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ⇊ᢘߩᔨߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍⷡ߃ߚࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᤤ㘩ᤨߦᨱਛ⪇ᢱℂߩࡈࠔࡒ࡝࡯࡟ࠬ࠻࡜ࡦ߹ߢᱠ޿ߡ޿ߞߚ⸥ᙘ߇㞲᣿ߦᱷߞߡ޿߹ߔ㧔㆙߆ߞߚ㧚㧚㧚㧕‫ޕ‬ᨰߦ૑߻ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ‫ߩߘߦ߆޿ޔ‬ᐫ߇㆙߆ߞߚ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᡷ߼ߡᕁ޿⍮ࠄߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙‫⎇ߩߎߢ✲⚻ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޔ‬ⓥળߦෳടߒߚߩ߆ߪ‫ߺߡߞߥߦ੹ޔ‬ࠆߣ⦟ߊᕁ޿಴ߖ߹ߖࠎ߇‫ࠄ߆ߎߎޔ‬ඳ჻ᓟᦼߩ⎇ⓥߩᣇะᕈߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇↢߹ࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߽⏕߆ߢߔ‫ୃޔ߆⏕ޕ‬჻⺰ᢥߢⴕߞߚ f 㔚ሶ߇㧞୘౉ߞߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫ㧔f 2㧕ߢߩḰ☸ሶ㑆⋧੕૞↪ߩ⎇ⓥࠍࡐࠬ࠲࡯⊒⴫ߒߚߣ⸥ᙘߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬૗ᐲ߆‛ᕈ⎇ߢⴕࠊࠇߚ⎇ⓥળߦෳടߒߚߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߪ߹ߐ߆⥄ಽ߇ߎߎߢ⎇ⓥߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߣߪ
⠨߃ࠆ૛࿾߽޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ޘ⭯ޕ‬ᗵߓߡ޿߹ߒߚ߇‫‛ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ߩ㔓࿐᳇ߪ᥉ㅢߩᄢቇߩࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߣߪዋߒ⇣ߥࠆᣂ㞲ߥᗵ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇㇱቇ↢߇ࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߦ޿ࠆߩߣ޿ߥ޿ߩߣߢߪ‫ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬㔓࿐᳇߇߇ࠄߞߣᄌࠊࠆ߽ߩߛߣታᗵ
ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ೨ߪ⎇ⓥቶߩߔߋᮮߦᢎቶ߇ᢙቶਗࠎߢ޿߹ߒߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬ભߺᤨ㑆ߦߥࠆߣᑈਅߦ‫⎇ߡߞ߇ߚߒޔ‬ⓥቶߩ೨ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢᄌߥᢙߩቇ↢ߐࠎ߇ਗࠎߢ⾟߿߆ߛߞߚᕁ޿಴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ߢߪߘߩ᭽ߥߎߣߪ߅ߘࠄߊߥ޿ߩߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߣߪ޿߁߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿႐ᚲ‫↢ޔ‬ᵴߦኻߔࠆਇ቟ߣᦼᓙߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬㔓࿐᳇ߩ㆑޿ߪⓨ᳇ߩᗵߓᣇߩ໧㗴߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥߩ⹤ߦォߓ߹ߔߣ‫⎇ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ⓥߢߪ਄⸥ߩ f 2 ߩ໧㗴‫ޔ‬ਇ⚐‛ㄭ⮮♽‫ޔ‬ᄙḰ૏ㄭ⮮♽ߣ޿ߞߚ໧㗴ࠍᛒߞߡ߈
߹ߒߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ߚ‛⾰ߪਥߦ f 㔚ሶ♽ߩ㊀޿㔚ሶ♽‛⾰ߢ‫ޔ‬ㄭ⮮ലᨐߣ RKKY ⋧੕૞↪ߩ┹ว߿‫ޔ‬ଔᢙំࠄ߉㧔߅ࠃ߮ォ⒖㧕‫ޔ‬㊀޿㔚ሶߩ⿥વዉߣ޿ߞߚ໧㗴ߦ⥝๧ࠍᜬߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߪߣࠄࠇߘߚ߹ޕ‬ዋߒ⇣ߥࠆߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬ࠬࠢ࠶࠹࡞࠳ࠗ࠻ൻว‛߿ࡌ࡯࠲ࡄࠗࡠࠢࡠࠕൻว‛ߢ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ⇣Ᏹߥࡈࠜࡁࡦߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴‫⿥߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬㖸ᵄಽᢔߩ໧㗴߽⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߢߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ㊀޿㔚ሶ♽߅ࠃ߮਄ㅀߩ⇣Ᏹߥࡈࠜࡁࡦ㑐ㅪߩ⎇ⓥߦട߃‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿Ⴚ࿾ࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠄࠇߚࠄ
ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣂߒ޿႐ᚲߦ⒖ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬Ყセ⊛౒ㅢߩᚻᴺ߿⠨߃ᣇ߇ㆡ↪ߢ߈ࠆㆫ⒖㊄ዻߩ‛⾰ߩ໧㗴ߦ߽ᚻࠍ಴ߒߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠇߘޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬એᄖߦ߅޿ߡ߽⥄ಽߩ⥝๧ࠍហ߈┙ߡࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߦኻ
ߒߡ‫ޔ‬૗߆ነਈ߇ߢ߈ࠇ߫ߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫‛ߚ߹ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ߪᄙߊߩ⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿ታ㛎߇޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ‫߽ߢࠅ߇❬ߩࠄߜߘޔ‬⦟޿⎇ⓥ߇಴᧪ࠇ߫‫ߣޔ‬ᕁߞߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬Ᏹߦᣂߒ޿‛⾰߿⥝๧ᷓ޿ታ㛎ߦធߔࠆᯏળ߇りㄭߦਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰ኅߦߣߞߡ㕖Ᏹߦ⦟޿ⅣႺߛߣ޿߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᒰߚࠅ೨߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߚࠆ⠪‫ߥࠄ߆ࠊߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬߆ߞߚߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ࠍߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬⢄ߦ㌏ߓߡ‫ޔ‬ਇീᒝߢߔ߇ߎߩᕺ߹ࠇߚ⎇ⓥⅣႺࠍᵴ߆ߒ♖৻᧰ദജߔࠆᚲሽ
ߢߔߩߢߤ߁ߙቱߒߊ߅㗿޿⥌ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬22໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

ޭࡠ۪‫ޏ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬໐࿝Ȇಿനࡄ‫ݪ‬৒! ! ࣟ౻! ܲঊ!
!

̭͈ͦ́͘ࡄ‫ݪ‬તٚ͂ࣽࢃ͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬੹ᐕᐲߩ㧠᦬߆ࠄᭂ㒢ⅣႺ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷࡮㐳↰⎇ⓥቶߩഥᢎߣߒߡណ↪ߒߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ࠍ߅୫ࠅߒߡ◲නߦ⥄Ꮖ⚫੺ࠍߐߖߡ㗂߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋Ꮢ┙ᄢቇℂቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߩ᧛↰⎇ⓥቶߢඳ჻ภขᓧߩᓟ‫᧚࡮⾰‛ޔ‬ᢱ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴࡮
ቝᴦࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߩ㧟ᐕ㑆ߩࡐࠬ࠼ࠢࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬ᤓᐕߩ㧠᦬߆ࠄ‛ᕈ⎇࡝ࠨ࡯࠴࡮ࡈࠚࡠ࡯ߣߒߡ㐳↰⎇ⓥቶߦ࿷☋ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߪਥߦૐᰴర᦭ᯏዉ૕ߦ߅ߌࠆૐ᷷࡮ᒝ⏛႐‛ᕈߢ‫ޔ‬᷹ቯᚻᲑߣߒߡߪ㔚᳇ᛶ᛫‫⏛ޔ‬ൻ‫⏛ޔ‬᳇࠻࡞ࠢ‫⎇ߩઁߡߒߘޔ‬ⓥᯏ㑐ߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߦࠃࠅశቇ᷹ቯ߿ X ✢ᢔẂᢔੂ╬ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ᷹ቯࠍ⚻㛎ߐߖߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⥄Ꮖ⚫੺ߣߒߡ‫᦭ߪߢߎߎޔ‬ᯏዉ૕ߦ߅ߌࠆ⏛႐⺃⿠⿥વዉࠍ⚫੺ߐߖߡ㗂߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᦭ᯏવዉ૕ߪᒝ⋧㑐㔚ሶ♽ߣૐᰴరᕈࠍ૬ߖᜬߟઍ⴫⊛‛⾰ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬વዉࠍᜂ߁࠼࠽࡯ಽሶߣ⛘✼ጀࠍᒻᚑߔࠆࠕ࠾ࠝ
ࡦಽሶߩ㧞⒳㘃ߩಽሶࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅᄙ᭽ߥ⚿᥏߇วᚑߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕ‫ޔ‬BETS[=bis(ethylenedithio)
tetraselenafulvalene]ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ࠼࠽࡯ಽሶߣᄢ߈ߥዪ࿷ࠬࡇࡦࠍ߽ߟ⏛ᕈࠕ࠾ࠝࡦಽሶࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚ৻ㅪߩ‛⾰߇วᚑߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ૐᰴర㔚ሶ♽ߦ߅ߌࠆ⏛ᕈߣવዉߩ┹วࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆᩰᅢߩ⥰บ߇ឭଏߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢ⟲⾰‛ߩߎޕ‬વዉ㔚ሶߣዪ࿷ࠬࡇࡦߣߩ㑆ߦᄢ߈ߥ⋧੕૞↪߇޽ࠅ‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬㑐ㅪߒߡ㊄ዻ⛘✼૕ォ⒖߿⿥વዉ⛘✼૕ォ⒖ߥߤߩ․⇣ߥ⃻⽎߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬․ߦ 2000 ᐕ‫ޔ‬λ(BETS)2FeCl4 ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬વዉ㕙ߦᐔⴕ⏛႐ࠍශടߒߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬2040T ߣ޿߁ᒝ⏛႐ਅߢ⿥વዉ߇቟ቯ
ൻߔࠆ‫⏛ޟ‬႐⺃⿠⿥વዉ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ⃻⽎߇⊒⷗ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ[1]‫ ߦ⥸৻ޕ‬singlet ߩ⿥વዉߪ⏛႐ਅߦ߅޿ߡ㧞ߟߩലᨐ‫ޔ‬゠㆏ലᨐߣ࠯࡯ࡑࡦലᨐߦࠃߞߡਇ቟ቯൻߔࠆߎߣ߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬λ(BETS)2FeCl4 ߢߪ♽ߩ㧞ᰴరᕈߦࠃࠅ⏛႐ࠍવዉ㕙ߦᐔⴕߦශടߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ゠㆏ലᨐࠍචಽߦᛥ೙ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ዪ࿷ࠬࡇࡦߣવዉ㔚ሶߩ㑆ߦߪ⽶ߩ੤឵⋧੕૞↪㧶߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᄖㇱ⏛႐ਅߦ߅޿ߡߪౝㇱ⏛႐ߣᄖㇱ⏛႐߇ࠠࡖࡦ࠮࡞ߒ‫ࡦࡑ࡯࠯ޔ‬ലᨐ߽ᛥ೙ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢߔ JaccarinoPeter ലᨐ ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᯏ᭴ߢ⺑᣿ߐࠇࠆ⏛႐⺃⿠⿥વዉߪએ೨ߦࠪࠚࡉ࡟࡞ൻ
ว‛[2]ߢႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆએᄖߦ߶ߣࠎߤ଀߇ߥߊ‫ޔ‬ዪ࿷ࠬࡇࡦࠍ฽ࠎߛጀ⁁‛⾰ߢ⿠ߎࠆ᥉ㆉ⊛ߥ⃻⽎ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⚿⺰ߠߌࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬㘃ૃ‛⾰ߦߟ޿ߡߩ♽⛔⊛⎇ⓥ߇ᔅⷐߣߐࠇߡ޿߹
ߒߚ‫⎇ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬ⓥߢߪ κ(BETS)2FeBr4 ߦ⌕⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬Ꮧ㉼಄ಓᯏࠍ↪
޿ߡ 30mK ߹ߢߩ㔚᳇ᛶ᛫᷹ቯࠍⴕ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬৻ゲ࿁ォࡊࡠ࡯ࡉߦࠃߞߡ⹜ᢱࠍ♖ኒߦ࿁ォߐߖ‫ޔ‬વዉ㕙ߦᱜ⏕ߦᐔⴕ⏛႐ࠍශടߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬0.3K એਅ 11T14T ߩ▸࿐ߦ߅޿ߡߎߩ
♽ߢߪߓ߼ߡ᣿⏕ߥ⏛႐⺃⿠⿥વዉࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ ࿑㧝 ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߪ᦭ᯏવዉ૕ߩߥ߆ߢߪ⏛႐⺃⿠⿥વዉࠍ␜ߔ㧞ߟ⋡ߩ଀ࠍ␜ߒߚ
ߎߣߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬᷷ᐲ⏛႐⋧࿑ߪ JaccarinoPeter ലᨐߦ߽ߣߠߊℂ⺰ᑼߢࠃߊ⺑᣿ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߽ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩߎߣ߆ࠄ⏛႐⺃⿠⿥વዉ߇‫ޟ‬વዉ㔚ሶዪ࿷ࠬࡇࡦ㑆ߩᒝ޿⽶ߩ੤឵⋧੕૞↪‫゠ޟߣޠ‬㆏ലᨐߩᒝ޿ᛥ೙‫߇ޠ‬ḩߚߐࠇࠇ᷹߫ⷰߐࠇࠆ᥉ㆉ⊛ߥ⃻⽎ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿⏕ߦ␜ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ[3]‫ᦨߦࠄߐޕ‬ㄭ‫ޔ‬ዊဳᢿᾲ࠮࡞ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦ
ࠃࠅᭂૐ᷷‫ޔ‬ᒝ⏛႐ਅߢ♖ኒߦⷺᐲࠍ೙ᓮߒߚᲧᾲߩ᷹ቯ߇⏕┙ߒ‫ޔ‬Ყ࿑㧝㧚κ(BETS)2FeBr4 ߩᛶ᛫ߩ⏛႐ଐሽᕈ‫ޕ‬23

ᾲߩ㊂ሶᝄേ߿‫⏛ޔ‬႐⺃⿠⿥વዉ⁁ᘒߢߩᲧᾲߩᷫዋࠍߪߓ߼ߡ᷹ⷰ
ߔࠆߎߣߦᚑഞߒ߹ߒߚ ࿑㧞

[4]‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߪ᷹ቯ᷷ᐲ㗔ၞ߇චಽߢߪ

޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇‫੹ޔ‬ᓟ⿥વዉࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩኻ⒓ᕈࠍ฽߼ߚ⼏⺰ߦ߽❬߇ߞߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬੹ᓟߩ⎇ⓥߣߒߡ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪᡆ㧞ᰴర᦭ᯏ⿥વዉ૕ߩ vortex ⁁ᘒߦ߅ߌࠆ⏛᳇ᾲਇ቟ቯᕈߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥኻ⽎ࠍ‛⾰ߦߣࠄࠊࠇࠆߎߣߥߊⷞ㊁ࠍᐢߍ‫ޔ‬ᭂૐ᷷ߢߩᲧᾲ߿⏛᳇ᾲലᨐ᷹ቯࠍ
฽߼ߚߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ᷹ቯߦࠃࠅ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡⴕ߈ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߣ߽ߤ߁ߙቱߒߊ߅㗿޿⥌ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑㧞㧚Ყᾲߩ⏛႐ଐሽᕈ‫ޕ‬

References[1] S. Uji, H. Shinagawa, T. Terashima, T. Yakabe, Y. Terai, M. Tokumoto, A. Kobayashi, H. Tanaka, and H. Kobayashi,
Nature 410, 908 (2001).
[2] H. M. Meul, C. Rossel, M. Decroux, O. Fisher, G. Remenyi and A. Briggs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 497 (1984).
[3] T. Konoike, S. Uji, T. Terashima, M. Nishimura, S. Yasuzuka, K. Enomoto, H. Fujiwara, B. Zhang and H. Kobayashi,
Phys. Rev. B 70, 94514 (2004).
[4] 㡨ᳰ⾆ሶ‫ޔ‬ቝᴦㅴ਽‫ޔ‬ኹ᎑ᄥ৻‫᧛⷏ޔ‬శ૫‫ޔ‬ጊญዏ⑲‫ޔ‬᭑ᧄஜᖗ‫⮮ޔ‬ේ⑲♿‫ޔ‬Bin Zhang‫ޔ‬ዊᨋㅦ↵‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ‛ℂቇળ
2006 ᐕ⑺ቄᄢળ(ජ⪲ᄢ)‫ޕ‬

24໤଻ࡄͅ಍හ̱̀!

ޭࡠ۪‫ޏ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬໐࿝! ! ઐႅ! გࢨ!
㧠᦬㧞ᣣઃߌߢᭂ㒢ⅣႺ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ߦ⌕છ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ᧻ᨋߢߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᐕ㧟᦬ߦฬฎደᄢቇߢቇ૏ࠍขᓧߒ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇߳߿ߞߡ߹޿ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ࠍߪߓ߼ߡ⸰ࠇߚߩߪᤓᐕߩ⑺ߢߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᕺ߹ࠇߚታ㛎ⅣႺ࡮⸳஻ߦᄢᄌ㛳޿ߚߎߣࠍ੹ߢ
߽㞲᣿ߦⷡ߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޔߡߒߘޕ‬లታߒߚⅣႺߩਅߢ⎇ⓥߒߡߺߚ޿ߣ޿߁ᕁ޿ࠍᛴ߈߹ߒߚ߇‫⃻߮ߚߩߎޔ‬ታߦ‛ᕈ⎇ߢ઀੐߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣࠍᔃ߆ࠄሜߒߊᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㐳ፒ⋵಴りߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ࡮ᄢቇ㒮ߪฬฎደ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬‛ᕈ⎇߇޽ࠆᨰ߳ߣᓢ‫߳᧲ߦޘ‬⒖ߞߡ᧪߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ⅣႺߩᄌൻࠍᭉߒߺߟߟ૗੐߽Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢⴕ߈ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃߙ߁ߤޔ‬㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫⹹ޕ‬㕙ࠍ߅୫ࠅߒߡ‫⎇ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ⓥ⚻ᱧߣ੹ᓟߩᛴ⽶ࠍㅀߴߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩቇㇱ࡮ᄢቇ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥߣߒߡ‫ᦨߕ߹ޔ‬ೋߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߛ⎇ⓥ࠹࡯ࡑߪ‫ޟ‬CaB6 ߩ⇣Ᏹᒝ⏛ᕈߩ⿠Ḯ‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߒߚ‫ߏޕ‬ሽ⍮ߩᣇ߽ᄙߊ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫⏛ߪ⾰‛ߩߎޔ‬ᕈర⚛ࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬㋕߿࠾࠶ࠤ࡞ߥߺߩ㜞޿ォ⒖᷷ᐲߩᒝ⏛ᕈࠍ␜ߔߣ޿߁ὐߢᄢᄌࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬਎⇇⊛ߥᄢ෻㗀߇Ꮞ߈⿠ߎࠅ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝᄖߢᵴ⊒ߥ⎇ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠆߎ⿠ߢ♽ߩߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᒝ⏛ᕈߦߪᄢᄌᒝ޿⹜ᢱଐሽᕈ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ታ㛎⊛ߥ┙႐߆ࠄߪᷙᴋߣߒߚ⁁ᴫ߇⛯޿ߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫⁁ߩߎޕ‬ᴫࠍᛂ⎕ߔߴߊ‫ޔ‬᭽‫᧦ߥޘ‬ઙਅߢߩ⹜ᢱߩวᚑ࡮ಽᨆ‫ޔ‬1200 K ߣ޿߁㜞᷷߹ߢߩ⏛ൻ᷹ቯߦขࠅ⚵ߺ߹ߒߚ‫ޔ߇ߔߢߩ߽ߚߒࠅߐߞ޽ߣ߁߹ߒߡߒߦ⪲⸒ޕ‬ᒰᤨߪᦺ߆ࠄ᥅߹ߢታ㛎ߦ᣿ߌ᥵ࠇࠆᲤᣣࠍㆊߏߒ߹ߒߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬㜞᷷ᒝ⏛ᕈߩ⌀ߩ⿠Ḯߪ CaB6 ߦ࿕᦭ߩᧄ⾰⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬㋕ߦ⿠࿃ߒߚਇ⚐‛ലᨐߦࠃࠆߎߣࠍ⓭߈ᱛ߼߹ߒߚ‫‛ޕ‬ℂ⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄߔࠆߣ㕖Ᏹߦᱷᔨߥ⚿⺰ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍቇળ
⊒⴫߿ቇⴚ⺰ᢥࠍㅢߓߡ࿖ౝᄖߩᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩᣇ‫ߡ߼⹺ߦޘ‬㗂޿ߚߎߣߪᄢ߈ߥ⥄ାߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⚻ߩߎޔߚ߹ޕ‬㛎ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬୘‫‛ߔ␜߇⾰‛ߩޘ‬ᕈߩᧄ⾰ࠍ⷗ᭂ߼‫ޔ‬ℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߩ㔍ߒߐߣ㕙⊕ߐࠍታᗵߒ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁਄ߢᷓ޿ᢎ⸠
ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ୃ჻⺖⒟ߦㅴቇᓟߪ CaB6 ߩ⎇ⓥߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬30 ᐕએ਄ߩ⎇ⓥߩᱧผࠍᜬߟ⛘✼૕㊄ዻォ⒖ࠍ␜ߔౖဳ‛⾰ SmSߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߦขࠅ⚵ߺ߹ߒߚ‫ߦ⾰‛ߩߎޕ‬㑐ߒߡߪߎࠇ߹ߢᢙᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇ߥߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߤࠎߣ߶ޔ‬ታ㛎⎇ⓥ⠪ߦߒߡߺࠇ߫޽ࠄࠁࠆታ㛎ߪ߿ࠅߟߊߐࠇߚߣߩ⹺⼂߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‫⸃ᧂߪ⾰ᧄߩߘޔ‬᣿ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇ߎߩฎౖ⊛‛⾰ࠍ޽߃ߡ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߒߚᚲએߢߔ‫⎇ߑ޿߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬ⓥࠍᆎ߼ߡߺࠆߣ‫ߩ⾰⦟ޔ‬න⚿᥏⢒ᚑ߿㜞࿶ਅ‛ᕈ᷹ቯߥߤߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬࿎㔍߇ᓙߜฃߌߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߦ․ޕ‬㜞࿶ਅ‛ᕈ᷹ቯߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬࿶ജ࠮࡞ߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ߆ࠄ⵾૞߹ߢߩᎿ⒟ࠍߔߴߡ⥄ࠄߎߥߒߡ
߈߹ߒߚ߇‫⚻ߩߎޔ‬㛎ߪߎࠇ߆ࠄߩ‛ᕈ⎇ߢߩ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡᔅߕ↢߆ߐࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⧰ޕ‬ഭߩ↲᢫޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬⹜ᢱߩ⚐⦟ൻߣᾲജቇ⊛‛ℂ㊂ߩᧄ⾰⊛ߥነਈߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈࠍ᷹ⷰߔࠆߎߣߦߪߓ߼ߡᚑഞߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕ‫ޔ‬㜞࿶ਅߢߩ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥߪ⋡ⷡߒ޿ᛛⴚ⊛ߥㅴዷࠍㆀߍߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᾲ⊛࡮⏛᳇⊛᷹ቯߦ㑐ߒߡߪ߹ߛ߹ߛ㐿⊒ߩ૛࿾߇ᄙߊᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⷗ฃߌࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪ㜞࿶ਅߢ⺃⿠ߐࠇࠆᣂᄸߥ⃻⽎ߩត⚝߅ࠃ߮ߘߩ‛ᕈ⃻⽎ߩࠃࠅᷓ
޿ℂ⸃ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ‫⟎ⵝޔ‬㐿⊒߽฽߼ߚ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔߚ߹ޕ‬ਥߥ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߢ޽ߞߚ㊀޿㔚ሶ♽‛⾰ߩߺߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ‛ᕈࠍ␜ߔ‛⾰⟲ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍᐢߊⴕߞߡⴕ߈ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔߩߢ‫ࠈࠃߙ߁ߤޔ‬ߒߊ߅㗿޿⥌ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬25໤଻ࡄͬၗͦ̀

૰࡫ఱ‫ڠ‬ఱ‫֭ڠ‬ၑ‫ !شݪࡄڠ‬੎‫ޗ‬਎! ! ఱൽ! ‫ם‬ඵ!
ర᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᭂ㒢ⅣႺ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷 㐳↰⎇ⓥቶ ഥᚻ ߪ߿޿߽ߩߢᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ߆ࠄ␹ᚭᄢቇߦ⇣േߒߡ‫৻ޔ‬ᐕㄭߊ⚻ߣ߁ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᐲ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߦォ಴ߩ᜿ᜦࠍᦠߊᯏળࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߚߩߢ‫߅ޔ‬਎⹤ߦߥߞߚᣇ‫ࠍ␞߅ߩ߳ޘ‬౗ߨߡ㧢ᐕඨߩ‛ᕈ⎇ߢߩ⎇ⓥ↢ᵴ߿␹ᚭᄢቇߢߩᣂ↢ᵴߥߤߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ߫߆ࠅᦠ޿ߡߺߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߅ߊࠄ߫ߒޕ‬ઃ߈ว޿ߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬⑳߇‛ᕈ⎇ߦ⌕છߒߚߩߪ 2000 ᐕߩᤐߩߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᭂ㒢ⅣႺ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷࡮㐳↰ବੱవ↢ߩߣߎࠈߢഥᚻߣߒߡណ↪
ߒߡ߽ࠄ޿߹ߒߚ‫‛ߤ߁ࠂߜޕ‬ᕈ⎇⒖ォߩᐕߢ‫⌕ߦᧁᧄ౐߆⏕ޔ‬છߒߚᦨᓟߩ⡯ຬߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߪߕߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߪࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߩ޽ߜߎߜ߇Ꮏ੐ਛߢ↢ᵴߪ૗߆ߣਇଢߢߒߚ‫߁ߘޕ‬ᕁ߁ߣᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄ߽ࠬ޿ߟߩ㑆ߦ߆ᢛ஻߇ㅴࠎߢ੹
ߢߪߕ޿߱ࠎଢ೑ߦߥߞߚߥ޼‫ߣޔ‬ᗵߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߦߜ߁ߩࠃࠇ޽ࠃࠇ޽ޕ‬ᨰߢߩ↢ᵴ߽㧢ᐕඨ߇ㆊ߉ߡߒ߹޿‫⚳߁߽ޔ‬ࠊߞߚߩ㧫ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᱜ⋥ߥ੹ߩᗵᗐߢߔ‫ޕ‬߽ߣ߽ߣࡄ࡞ࠬ⏛႐ߩߎߣߪ૗߽⍮ࠄߥ߆ߞߚ⑳ߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬㐳↰వ↢߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬㕖⎕უဳࡄ࡞ࠬ⏛⍹ࠍ૶ߞߚታ㛎ߢ޽ࠇ߫૗ࠍߒߡ߽ࠃ޿‫ࠍ࡯ࡖࠪ࠶࡟ࡊࠅ߹޽ޔߢߩߚߌߛߚ޿ߡߞ⸒ߣޔ‬ᗵߓࠆߎߣߥߊ⥄↱ߥⅣႺߢߩ߮ߩ߮ߣ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫⸘ߣ߽ߣ߽ޕ‬᷹ᛛⴚߦ⥝๧߇޽ߞߚߩߢᣂߒ޿ታ㛎ᣇᴺࠍ⠨߃ߡߪߘࠇࠍߤ߁߿ߞߚࠄታ⃻ߢ߈ࠆߩ߆
ߥ޼‫ߣޔ‬ᣣ‫ޘ‬⠨߃ߡㆊߏߔߎߣ߇಴᧪߹ߒߚ‫⚿ޕ‬ዪ‫ޔ‬ᚻߞขࠅᣧߊ቟਄߇ࠅߦ૞ࠆߦߪりߩ࿁ࠅߩ㔚ሶᯏེࠍᵹ↪ߔࠇ߫ࠃ޿ߎߣߦ᳇ߠ߈‫ޔ‬AFM ↪ࠞࡦ࠴࡟ࡃ࡯ࠍ૶ߞߚ⏛᳇࠻࡞ࠢ⸘‫ⴊޔ‬࿶⸘ߩࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠲ࡦࠬࠍ૶ߞߚࡈࠔ࡜࠺࡯⏛ജ⸘‫ޔ‬FM ࡜ࠫࠝࠍ૶ߞߚ⴫㕙ࠗࡦࡇ࡯࠳ࡦ᷹ࠬቯⵝ⟎ߥߤ޿ࠈࠎߥ߽ߩࠍ૞ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⟎ⵝޕ‬㐿⊒ߩߚ߼ߦᏒ⽼ߩ࡜ࠫࠝ߿ⴊ࿶
⸘ࠍಽ⸃ߒߡߪ઀⚵ߺࠍℂ⸃ߒߡ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ታ㛎ߦ૶ߞߡߺߚࠄߜ߾ࠎߣߒߚ᷹ቯ߇಴᧪ࠆߣಽ߆ߞߚᤨߩᣂ㞲ߥ㛳߈ߣ༑߮ߪ੹ߢ߽ᔓࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫ߥࠎߎޕ‬ᗵߓߢߒߚߩߢᨐߚߒߡ㐳↰వ↢ߩᦼᓙㅢࠅߩ௛߈߇಴᧪ߚ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ⇼໧ߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬૗߆ߣᚑᨐ߇໧ࠊࠇࠆߎߩߏᤨ਎ߦ⥄ಽ߇㕙⊕޿ߣᕁ߃ࠆߎߣߦᾲਛߢ߈ߚߎߣߪᐘߖߥߎߣߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⚿ᨐ⊛ߦߎߩ⚻㛎߇‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߩ⥄ಽߩ⎇ⓥߩᣇะᕈࠍ᳿߼ࠆߎߣߦ߽ߟߥ߇ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ⥄ಽߦߣߞߡ‛ᕈ⎇ߢߩ㧢ᐕඨߪᧄᒰߦᗧ⟵޽ࠆ߽ߩߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߐߡ‫␹ޔ‬ᚭᄢቇߦ⌕છߒߡߔߢߦඨᐕ߇⚻ߜ߹ߒߚ‫ߪ੹ޕ‬ᭂ㒢‛ᕈ‛ℂቇ⎇ⓥቶߢᄥ↰ੳవ↢ࠍߪߓ߼ߣߔࠆࡔࡦࡃ࡯
ߣ৻✜ߦ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫␹ޕ‬ᚭᄢቇߦ᧪ࠄࠇߚߎߣ߇޽ࠆᣇߪߏሽ⍮߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫‛ޔ‬ℂቇ⑼ߩᑪ‛ߪᢥℂㄘቇㇱࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߣ޿߁ᚲߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ဈߩㅜਛߦ޽ࠆߩߢ᥊⦡߇ߣߡ߽ࠃߊߡ‫ޔ‬᥍ࠇߚᣣߦߪ᷼ߩ᥊⦡ࠍ⌑߼ߡߪ᳇ಽォ឵ࠍߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫␹ޕ‬ᚭᄢቇߩᦨೋߩශ⽎ߪ‫ޔ‬ቇ↢ߐࠎ߇ࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߦ޽߰ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ᦨޕ߆߁ࠂߒߢߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬ㄭߢߪߛ޿߱
ᘠࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ߇‫߽ߢࠇߘޔ‬Ფᣣ⾟߿߆ߦᗵߓ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇㇱቇ↢߇޿ࠆߩߣ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߪᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒㕙ߢ߽‛ᕈ⎇ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚතᬺ⎇ⓥ‫ޔ⟵⻠ޔ‬ቇ↢ታ㛎ߥߤᣂߒ޿ߎߣ߇ᆎ߹ࠅ‫߆ߦ߁ߎ߆ߦ߁ߤޔ‬Ფㅳࠍߎߥߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᱜ
⋥ߥߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㛎ቶߩᣇߪᥜࠍ⷗ߟߌߡߪዋߒߕߟᢛ஻ߒߡ߈ߚ↲᢫߽޽ߞߡ‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭࠃ߁߿ߊታ㛎߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ߥߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪ߤ߅ࠅࡄ࡞ࠬ⏛႐ࠍ૶ߞߚ♖ኒ⸘᷹ࠍゲߣߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ߊ੍ቯߢߔ߇‫⇣ޔ‬േࠍᯏߦዋߒᣂߒ
޿ߎߣߦ߽࠴ࡖ࡟ࡦࠫߒߡߺࠃ߁߆ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⊝ޕ‬᭽ߦᣂߒ޿⚿ᨐࠍ߅⷗ߖߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁㗎ᒛࠅߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᦨᓟߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧢ᐕඨߩ‛ᕈ⎇࿷છਛߦߪᄢᄌᄙߊߩᣇ‫߅ߦޘ‬਎⹤ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫↢ޕ‬ᗧ᳇ߥ⑳ߩߎߣࠍฃߌ౉ࠇ‫ᤨޔ‬ߦߪ᣿ߌᣇ߹ߢ‛ℂߩ⹤ߦઃ߈วߞߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ㐳↰వ↢ߦߪᗵ⻢ߔࠆ߫߆ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬㐳↰⎇ⓥቶߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߦߪ౏⑳ߣ߽ߦ⦡‫ޘ‬ᚻഥߌࠍߒߡ߽ࠄ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒝ⏛႐ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩࡔࡦ
ࡃ࡯ߦߪࡄ࡞ࠬ⏛႐ߩߎߣࠍ૗߽⍮ࠄߥ޿⑳ߦৼካߦ⦡‫ߣޘ‬ᢎ߃ߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫߅ߩੱ৻ੱ৻ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ฬ೨ࠍ᜼ߍࠆߛ
ߌߩࠬࡍ࡯ࠬߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇‫ߥ߹ߑ߹ߐޔ‬㕙ߢ‛ᕈ⎇ߩᄙߊߩᣇ‫߅ߩޘ‬਎⹤ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫‛ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ࠍ㔌ࠇߚߣߪ޿߃‫੹ޔ‬ᓟ߽⎇ⓥળ‫౒ޔ‬ห೑↪╬ߢ‛ᕈ⎇ࠍ⸰ࠇࠆᯏળ߇޽ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߩߢ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߣ߽ߤ߁߆ࠃࠈ
ߒߊ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇߽੹ᐕߢ 50 ᐕߣ޿߁৻ߟߩ▵⋡ࠍㄫ߃ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߩᦝߥࠆ⊒ዷࠍ␨ᔨߒߟߟ⚿߮ߦߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
26

␹ᚭᄢቇ⊖ᐕ⸥ᔨ㙚ࠃࠅ␹ᚭ᷼ࠍᦸ߻

໤଻ࡄͬၗͦ̀!

)ඊ*໤ৗȆऺၳࡄ‫৽ !ࢹܥݪ‬හࡄ‫ ! !֥ݪ‬५‫ !ئ‬ၻ෗!
ర᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞‛ᕈㇱ㐷 ศା⎇ⓥቶ ഥᚻ ‛ᕈ⎇ࠍォ಴ߒߡᣧᢙࡩ᦬߇⚻ߜ‫ޔ‬ᐔᚑ 19 ᐕ 2 ᦬ߦ㧔⁛㧕‛⾰࡮᧚ᢱ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ NIMS ߦ⌕છߒߚߎߩᯏળߦォ಴ߩ᜿ᜦࠍ౗ߨߡ‫‛ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅ‫ߦޠ‬ၫ╩ࠍߐߖߡ㗂ߊߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⑳ߪ╳ᵄߩ NIMS ߩඨዉ૕᧚ᢱ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߦዻߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ታ⾰ߪ SPring-8 ߩ NIMS ౒↪
ࡆ࡯ࡓࠬ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߡᏱ㚢ߒ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬SPring-8 ߦ᧪ࠄࠇߚᣇߪߏሽߓ߆߽ߒ
ࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇‫ޔ‬SPring-8 ߪᆢ〝߆ࠄ⚂ 40km ߩߣߎࠈߦ૏⟎ߒ๟ࠅ߇⥄ὼߦ࿐߹ࠇߚ᠞⏴ቇ࿦ㇺᏒౝߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⥄ޕ‬ὼߦ࿐߹ࠇߚߣߎࠈߦᣉ⸳߇޽ࠆߚ߼߆᭴ౝߢߪᄛߦߥࠆߣ㣮ߩ⟲ࠇ߿⁠෸߮⁍ࠍ㗫❥ߦ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⃻࿷‫ ߪ⑳ޔ‬SPring-8 ߦߡ㜞ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯X ✢శ㔚ሶಽశᴺࠍ↪޿ߡ࠽ࡁ࠹ࠢ‫ޔ‬ඨዉ૕‫⏛ޔ‬ᕈ᧚ᢱߩၮ␆⊛෸߮ᔕ↪⊛⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㜞ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯X ✢శ㔚ሶಽశᴺߪశ㔚ሶߩᐔဋ⥄↱ⴕ⒟߇ᄢ߈޿ߎߣ߆ࠄ⴫㕙ᳪᨴߩലᨐࠍήⷞߢ
߈‫⴫ߚ߹ޔ‬㕙ߩ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒ߇ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߦ෻ᤋߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣ߆ࠄࡃ࡞ࠢᧄ᧪ߩ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆ੐߇น⢻ߢ‫ޔ‬ട߃ߡ੹߹
ߢ᷹ⷰߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ⥝๧ᷓ޿‛ℂ⊛⃻⽎߇ߎߩᚻᴺࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ᷹ⷰߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬SPring-8 ߪ╙ਃ਎ઍߩ᡼኿శᣉ⸳ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㜞ノᐲ㜞ಽ⸃⢻ߩ᷹ቯ߇น⢻ߢߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬SPring-8 ߩࡑࠪࡦ࠲ࠗࡓએᄖߪⵝ⟎ߩᡷ⦟‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ⵝ⟎ߩ⸳⸘‫ޔ‬෸߮⑳ߩᚲዻߩඨዉ૕᧚ᢱ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧔╳ᵄ㧕ߦߡ‫⚿ߩߢ߹੹ޔ‬ᨐߩ⼏⺰‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߩ⎇ⓥ⸘↹ߩᛂߜวࠊߖࠍਥߦⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߩ઀੐ߪ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ᤨઍߩ઀੐ߣߪ
⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬NIMS ࡙࡯ࠩ࡯ߩታ㛎⵬ഥ߇⑳ߩ઀੐ߩᄢ߈ߥ࠙ࠛࠗ࠻ࠍභ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫⵬࡯ࠩ࡯࡙ޔ‬ഥࠍⴕ߁੐ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ಽ㊁ߩੱ߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥߣ⸅ࠇว߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᢙࡩ᦬ߢ⥄ಽߩቇ໧⊛⍮⷗߇ᐢ߹ߞߚߣᗵߓࠆ੹ᣣߎߩ㗃ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࡆ࡯ࡓ࡜ࠗࡦߪ NIMS એᄖߩᯏ㑐ߦ߽㐿᡼ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߩߺߥࠄߕᶏᄖ߆ࠄ߽ᧄᣉ⸳ߩታ㛎೑↪ߦ᧪ࠄࠇߡ޿߹
ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷‫ޔ‬SPring-8 ߩ NIMS ౒↪ࡆ࡯ࡓࠬ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߪ㜞ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯X ✢శ㔚ሶಽశⵝ⟎એᄖߦ߽㜞ಽ⸃⢻ X ✢☳ᧃ࿁᛬ⵝ⟎‫ޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻⚿᥏ဳ X ✢⊒శಽశⵝ⟎‫ޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻శ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ⵝ⟎߇޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ‫ߡߞ૶ࠍ⟎ⵝߩࠄࠇߎߒ߽ޔ‬ታ㛎ࠍߐࠇߚ޿ᣇ߇޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߒߚࠄ⑳ߩᣇߦㅪ⛊ࠍ㗂ߌࠇ߫ᐘ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㧔e-mail: YAMASHITA.Yoshiyuki@nims.go.jp㧕ᦨᓟߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‛ᕈ⎇ߢߩ↢ᵴߪ޽ߞߣ޿߁㑆ߦㆊ߉ߚߣᗵߓࠆ੹ᣣߎߩ㗃ߢߔ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ᤨઍ‫ޔ‬ศା ᷕᢎ᝼ߦߪ
ߏᜰዉ‫ߏޔ‬㖊ᠤ෸߮᭽‫⚻ߥޘ‬㛎ࠍⓍ߹ߖߡ㗂߈‫⥄⑳ޔ‬りࠍੱ㑆⊛ߦᄢ߈ߊߐߖߡߊߛߐߞߚ੐ߦ㕖Ᏹߦᗵ⻢ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ട߃ߡ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ᤨઍ‫࡞ࠢ࡯ࠨࠣࡦ࠾ࡦ࡜ޔࠬ࠾࠹ޔ࡯ࠞ࠶ࠨޔ‬ᵴേࠍㅢߒߡ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ಽ㊁ߩᣇߣ੤ᵹ߇಴᧪ߚ੐ߪ⥄ಽ⥄りߦߣߞߡ㕖Ᏹߦ⦟߆ߞߚߣᗵߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ࠍ߅୫ࠅߒߡ‛ᕈ⎇ᤨઍߦ߅਎⹤ߦߥߞߚ⊝᭽ߦᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍ↳ߒ޽ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬27

‫֥ݖ૽࣭ٸ‬ਫ਼֥ͬࠐࡑ̱̀

Satish BHARGAVAMy Stay with Prof. Y. Ueda’ group at ISSP, University of Tokyo.
Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
I have worked on the project “CMR at the ambient temperature”. For this project, I employed my finding in mypaper which has just appeared in J. Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 311 (april 2007) 594 of the methodology to
optimize CMR and the excellent phase diagram of the A-site ordered manganite RBaMn2O6 obtained by Dr.
Nakajima and Prof. Ueda recently. I started getting resistivity data from Feb. 16, 2007 onwards. In CMR research,
progress cannot be made without resistivity results. Thus, effectively, my project has been done in a period of two
and a half month.

I am happy to report that I got outstanding success in my project in this short period. The value of CMR obtained byme is the highest ever obtained, and will continue to be a record for a long time to come. However, I strongly feelthat the project is far from complete. As a result, even on my last day in office, I am busy making new samples.

I also want to use my research for the benefit of an industry in Japan or USA, by working for them for one or two
years, by developing the material in form suitable for end use. I have been involved in basic research for four
decades and now. My past full time research experience has developed in me research capability and I consider
myself among the best to deliver the desired results. I want to work for the benefit of an industry.

I want to thank Prof. Y. Ueda and the administration of the University of Tokyo, for providing me with theopportunity of working in ISSP on this excellent project. I have no adequate words to describe the goodness of Prof. Y.
Ueda. He is an outstanding scientist and a good leader. My discussions with him were greatly beneficial, and I lookforward to more beneficial interaction with him during the paper writing work.

I want to take this opportunity of acknowledging the excellent support provided by ILO’s Akiko Kameda and
Mihoko Kubo. They were extremely helpful. Their arrangements were exceptionally good, which make our coming
and living in Japan completely trouble free.

Living in Japan for five months makes it abundantly clear why Japan is an extraordinary country. People are
extremely good. It has been like a sweet dream. I am certainly unhappy that it has ended so fast.

Let me make a few observations. I have worked in several countries with different languages, but have never had
any language difficulty, particularly in scientific work. Here, it was too much of a language problem even in scientificwork.

Secondly, even though Tokyo is full of people, it is a charming place, which speaks very highly about

Japanese people. I am very lucky that I got this opportunity of living in this charming city. I found places like Odiba,
Shinjuku, Yokohama, Kamakura, Asakusa and a few shrines very interesting. I was very fond of Ueno and visitedthat place frequently.

28໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ౣ‫ݪࡄܢ‬ٛ!

! !‫ޑ‬௖‫̫̤ͥͅࠏ۾‬ESR͈૧ജ‫!ٳ‬  (New Developments in ESR of Strongly Correlated Systems)ᣣᤨ㧦 ᐕ㧡᦬  ᣣ ᦬ 㨪 ᣣ ᳓㧕႐ᚲ㧦᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㧢㓏ᄢ⻠⟵ቶឭ᩺⠪᛼Ꮉ ᱜᲞ  ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᄥ↰  ੳ  ␹ᚭᄢቇಽሶࡈࠜ࠻ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯⩵ᳰ ᒾశ  ⑔੗ᄢቇᎿቇㇱ㊁ዥ ᶈਯ  ᧲ർᄢቇ㊄ዻ᧚ᢱ⎇ⓥᚲ⪤ේ ᡽ᐘ  ᄢ㒋ᄢቇᭂ㒢㊂ሶ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ችਅ ♖ੑ  ᧲੩ᄢቇℂቇ♽⎇ⓥ⑼㔚ሶࠬࡇࡦ౒㡆 ESR ߪ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥߩᦨ߽ၮᧄ⊛߆ߟ㊀ⷐߥ᷹ⷰᚻᲑߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߪ࡞ࡖࠪࡦ࠹ࡐߩߘޔ‬ᒝ⋧㑐♽ߩ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥߦᧂߛචಽᵴ↪ߐࠇߡ᧪ߥ߆ߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬ਥߦᒝ⋧㑐♽ߦ߅ߌࠆ ESR ߩℂ⺰ߦ࿎㔍߇ᄙߊ‫ޔ‬࠺࡯࠲ߩ⸃㉼߇㔍ߒ޿ߎߣߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ㄭᐕ‫ޔ‬㧝ᰴర♽ࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޔ‬㒢ቯߐࠇߚ⁁ᴫߢߪ⋧㑐ലᨐࠍขࠅ
ㄟࠎߛℂ⺰⊛࡮ᢙ୯⊛ᚻᴺ߇㐿⊒ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⾰‛ޕ‬㐿⊒࡮ታ㛎ᛛⴚߩ⌕ታߥㅴዷ߽޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᒝ⋧㑐♽ߦ߅ߌࠆ ESR ߩᣂߚߥ⊒ዷࠍ࿑ࠆᅢᯏߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ታ㛎࡮ℂ⺰ߩਔ㕙߆ࠄ⃻⁁ߣ⺖㗴ࠍ㓸ਛ⊛ߦ⼏⺰ߔࠆߎߣߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⎇ⓥળߪ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ⍴ᦼ⎇ⓥળߣߒߡ࿖ౝෳട⠪ߩᣏ⾌ߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻ࠍ㗂޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ 21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
‫ޟ‬ᭂ㒢㊂ሶ♽ߣߘߩኻ⒓ᕈ‫ࠅࠃߦ࠻࡯ࡐࠨߩޠ‬ᶏᄖ߆ࠄ㧤ฬߩ⻠Ṷ⠪ࠍ᜗ᓙߒߡ࿖㓙ࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ㐿௅ߒߚ‫ߘޕ‬ߩߚ߼‫⻠ޔ‬Ṷ࡮ࡐࠬ࠲࡯ߪోߡ⧷⺆ߢⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬࠹࡯ࡑࠍ߆ߥࠅ㒢ቯߒߚߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫⻠ޔ‬Ṷ 26 ઙߣࡐࠬ࠲࡯⊒⴫㧥ઙ߇ⴕࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬ਃᣣ㑆ߢᑧߴ 126 ฬߩෳട߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇ߢᵴ⊒ߥ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩ᜗ᓙ⻠Ṷ⠪߆ࠄ߽ᧄ⎇ⓥળߪᄢ재⹏ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭวᚑߐࠇ
ߚᣂߒ޿‛⾰ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⎇ⓥ⊒⴫ߦ߹ߓߞߡ‫ޔ‬20 ᐕ೨ߩ⎇ⓥߩౣᬌ⸛ߦߟ޿ߡ߽⊒⴫߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᕷߩ㐳޿໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ
ࠍᡷ߼ߡᗵߓߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⎇ⓥળߩ㐿௅ߦ৻ᣇߥࠄߧߏදജࠍ㗂޿ߚ⒁ᦠቶ࡮੐ോㇱ࡮࿖㓙੤ᵹቶ࡮ᨰ ILO࡮21 ਎♿ COE ᜂᒰ⠪ߩᣇ‫ߎߦޘ‬ߩ႐ࠍ୫ࠅߡෘߊᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍࠆ‫ޔߦ․ޕ‬਎⹤ੱߩਇᚻ㓙ߦࠃߞߡ⒁ᦠቶ࡮੐ോㇱߦㆊᄢߥ⽶ᜂ߇ដ߆ߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ㄦㅦߦኻᔕߒߡ㗂޿ߚ߅߆ߍߢ‫ޔ‬㐿௅ߦߎ߉ߟߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬એਅߦ‫⧷ࠍ࠻ࠢ࡜࠻ࠬࡉࠕ࡮ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ᢥߢឝタߔࠆ߇‫޿ߒ⹦ߩઁߩߘޔ‬ᖱႎߪએਅߩ URL ߦឝタߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
http://oshikawa.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/esr/indexj.html
Workshop ProgramMay 21, Monday
Morning Session㧔Chair: H. Ohta㧕
10:45~11:00

M. Oshikawa㧔ISSP, University of Tokyo㧕
Opening

11:00~11:45

I. Affleck㧔University of British Columbia㧕
Review of the field theory approach to ESR in S=1/2 chains

11:45~12:30

S. Demishev㧔A.M. Prokhorov General Institute, RAS㧕EPR in doped AF S=1/2 quantum spin chains: quantum critical phenomena, Oshikawa-Afflecktheory and new magnetic oscillations29

12:30~13:00

Y. Hosokoshi㧔Osaka Prefecture University㧕
EPR study on organic low-dimensional spin systems

Lunch Break (13:00~14:00)
Afternoon Session I㧔Chair: H. Kikuchi㧕
14:00~14:30

M. Hagiwara㧔KYOKUGEN, Osaka University㧕

14:30~15:15

V. Pashchenko㧔University of Frankfurt㧕

15:15~15:45

H. Nojiri㧔IMR, Tohoku University㧕

Novel spin excitation in the field induced phase of a Haldane magnet
Magnetic and Resonance Properties of Molecule-based Magnets
ESR and short range correlation in finite but giant spin molecules
Coffee Break (15:45~16:30)
Afternoon Session II㧔Chair: V. Kataev㧕
16:30~17:15

J. Kishine㧔Kyushu Institute of Technology㧕
Spin Dynamics in Chiral Magnets

17:15~18:00

T. Fujita㧔IMR, Tohoku University㧕Investigation of the spin soliton resonance in the chiral molecule magnet [Cr(CN)6][Mn(R)pnH(H2O)](H2O)]

May 22, Tuesday
Morning Session I㧔Chair: H. Nojiri㧕
09:00~09:45

M. Matsumoto㧔Shizuoka University㧕

09:45~10:15

T. Sakai㧔SPring-8㧕

10:15~10:45

M. Fujisawa㧔Kobe University㧕

Intensity of Electron Spin Resonance in Spin Dimer Systems
Selection Rules for the Direct Transition of Spin Gap
Observation of direct transition in the S=1/2 quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet Cu2Cl4࡮
H8C4SO2 by high magnetic field ESR
Coffee Break (10:45~11:15)
Morning Session II㧔Chair: X. Wang㧕
11:15~12:00

O. Cepas㧔LPTMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie㧕

12:00~12:30

H. Ohta㧔MPRC, Kobe University㧕

12:30~13:00

Y. Ajiro㧔Kyoto University㧕

Do we need dynamical spin anisotropies ?
Quantum spin systems studied by high frequency high field ESR
Re-examination of Z2 Vortex-Induced Broadening of the EPR Linewidth in the Triangular
Heisenberg Antiferromagnets
Lunch Break (13:00~14:00)
Afternoon Session I㧔Chair: S. Demishev㧕
14:00~14:45

A. Smirnov㧔P.L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, RAS㧕Exotic ESR modes of spin liquid states

14:45~15:15
30

S. Okubo㧔MPRC, Kobe University㧕Spin dynamics of structurally perfect S=1/2 Kagome antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 by highfrequency ESR
15:15~15:45

H. Kikuchi㧔University of Fukui㧕
High frequency ESR Study on the frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnets

Poster Session㧔15:45~17:45㧕
PS 1

H. Tanaka㧔Tokyo Institute of Technology㧕
Elementary Excitations in Quantum Sine-Gordon Spin System KCuGaF6

PS 2

T. Kambe㧔Okayama University㧕
Antiferromagnetic ground state in fullerene magnet with orbital ordering

PS 3

T. Kambe㧔Okayama University㧕
Antiferromagnetic behavior below the valence ordering temperature SmxC60

PS 4

K. Sugiyama㧔University of Fukui㧕
ESR Study of Spin System in Phosphorus Doped Silicon as Candidate of Quantum Computing
DevicePS 5

K. Furukawa㧔Institute for Molecular Science㧕ESR Study of Spin Dynamics for Organic spin-Peierls Systems

PS 6

K. Oshima㧔Okayama University㧕
Temperature Dependence of ESR Width in TMTSF-SDW State

PS 7

Y. Oshima㧔IMR, Tohoku University㧕
Evaluation of the exchange couplings in the spin-polyhedron system by ESR

PS 8

Y. Natsume㧔Chiba University㧕
The Concept of Low-Symmetric Shift Appearing in Polarization Dependence of ESR Spectrum
for One-Dimensional Compound

PS 9

A. Smirnov㧔P.L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, RAS㧕Triplet spin resonance of the Haldane compound with interchain coupling PS 10

S. Demishev㧔A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, RAS㧕Collective ESR in strongly correlated heavy fermion metal CeB6

May 23, Wednesday
Morning Session I㧔Chair: O. Cepas㧕
09:00~09:45

X. Wang㧔Renmin University of China㧕
Midgap States for Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interacting Systems Under Magnetic Field in the Low
Dimensions

09:45~10:15

S. Miyashita㧔University of Tokyo㧕

10:15~10:45

T. Iitaka㧔RIKEN㧕

Direct Numerical Estimation of the Line Shape of ESR
HEISENBERG MACHINE: A Numerical Method for ESR Spectrum of Strongly Correlated
Systems at Finite Temperatures
Coffee Break (10:45~11:15)
Morning Session II㧔Chair: M. Hagiwara㧕
11:15~12:00

Y. Maeda㧔University of British Columbia㧕
Perturbation theory on the ESR shift and its applications

12:00~12:30

S. Kimura㧔KYOKUGEN, Osaka University㧕
High field ESR and magnetization measurements on one-dimensional Ising-like antiferromagnet
BaCo2V2O8

31

12:30~13:00

S. Mitsudo㧔FIR-Center, University of Fukui㧕
High frequency ESR study of the field induced gap on a ladder-like system (C5H9NH3)2CuBr4

Lunch Break (13:00 ~14:00)
Afternoon Session㧔Chair: A. Smirnov㧕
14:00~14:45

V. Kataev㧔IFW Dresden㧕

14:45~15:15

T. Nakamura㧔Institute for Molecular Science㧕High-field ESR spectroscopy of the heavy-fermion system YbRh2Si2
Pulsed and Multi-frequency ESR Investigation for Low-dimensional
Molecular-based Conductors
15:15~16:00

M. Oshikawa㧔ISSP,University of Tokyo㧕
Electron “Spin” Resonance in the large-N limit

Workshop Abstract
Review of the field theory approach to ESR in S =1/2 chains
Ian Affleck㧔University of British Columbia㧕
I will give a review of a field theory approach to ESR in S =1/2 spin chains, developed with Masaki Oshikawa. The
theory is shown to agree rather well with experimental data on systems with dipole and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya
exchange interactions.

EPR in doped AF S =1/2 quantum spin chains: quantum critical phenomena,
Oshikawa-Affleck theory and new magnetic oscillations       S. V. Demishev㧔A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS㧕We report results of high frequency (60-360 GHz) EPR study of the quasi one-dimensional magnet CuGeO3 dopedwith magnetic impurities Co, Fe, Mn, which substitute cooper in S=1/2 AF Cu2+ chains. In all cases studied amagnetic impurity modifies the collective EPR line whereas no specific impurity resonances related with the doping
spins are observed.
The first effect of doping consists in separation of the quantum spin chains in two kinds. In the first group all
types of the long-range magnetic order (spin-Peierls or Neel) are suppressed down to the lowest temperatures
studied and the ground state is the Griffiths phase. In the second group the dimerization with the same (or slightly
reduced) temperature as in pure single crystal is conserved. For the quantitative description of the Griffiths phasemagnetic properties we have suggested a simple model with a dispersion of Neel temperatures TN ѝ J Tmax inclusters with the probability w(TN) ѝ 1/TN. It is found that for all impurities studied Tmax ѝ 120 K is about exchange
integral along Cu chains in undoped case, whereas critical exponent strongly depends on dopants and equals = 0.3(Fe), =0.7 (Mn) and =0.8 (Mn).
The second effect of doping can be understood in the framework of the Oshikawa-Affleck theory describing ESR in
AF quantum spin chains. Doping of CuGeO with magnetic impurities leads to onset of the staggered field in thesample, which together with exchange anisotropy controls the EPR line width. As long as in presence of thestaggered field the line width and g-factor are connected by the universal relation [1], the quantitative analysis of
the ESR can be done by computing the Oshikawa-Affleck function [2]: fOA = W(T)/Ǎg(T)T (here Ǎg(T) denotes the gfactor shift). It is found that the temperature dependences of the line width and g-factor are formed as a result of thecompetition between interchain antiferromagnetic interactions and staggered Zeeman energy.
32

The third recently observed effect of doping have been deduced from the anomalous polarization characteristics ofthe magnetic resonance in CuGeO3 doped with 2% of Co impurity, which accompanies in this system the collective
EPR on Cu chains [3]. This effect seems to be closely connected with the impurity driven staggered magnetization
and argued to correspond to an unknown before, collective mode of magnetic oscillations in an AF quantum spin
chain.
[1] S.V. Demishev et al., Europhys. Lett., 63, 446 (2003)[2] S. Demishev et al., Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement No. 159, 387 (2005)[3] S.V. Demishev et al., Pis'ma v ZhETF, 84, 305 (2006)

EPR study on organic low-dimensional spin systems
Yuko Hosokoshi㧔Osaka Prefecture University㧕
Our EPR study on organic radical crystals will be presented. First, X-band EPR measurements of an onedimensional compound, p-CF3PNN is described. An alternating chain is formed along the a-axis and exchange
couplings were determined 2J/k = -20.8 K and ǩ=0.1. The W-shaped angular dependence of the linewidth wasobserved, but the magnetic axis is the b-axis. In this compound, the two-dimensional character in the dipolarinteractions is suggested in spite of the one-dimensional exchange interactions.
Next, X-band and submillimeter EPR measurements of the two-dimensional systems with S=1 and S=1/2,
BIPNNBNO, is presented. The field dependence of the resonance fields suggests that the magnetic interactions
along the a-axis play substantial role in this system, which possibly induces frustrated spin structure.

Novel spin excitation in the field induced phase of a Haldane magnet
Masayuki Hagiwara㧔KYOKUGEN, Osaka University㧕
We report the results of high field ESR experiments on the S=1 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain (Haldane
magnet) Ni(C5H14N2)N3PF6, alias NDMAP. We have found that excitation branches above the critical field Hc where
the energy gap closes change into one branch around 15 T which becomes close to the paramagnetic line at highfields. The branch above 15 T fits well the conventional antiferromagnetic resonance mode with easy planar
anisotropy. Angular dependence of resonance fields above was also investigated in details at several frequencies
above 200 GHz and compared with calculated results based on a naive model of extended singlet-triplet branches
above Hc and a phenomenological field theory.

Magnetic and Resonance Properties of Molecule-based Magnets            V. Pashchenko㧔University of Frankfurt㧕We report on a comparative investigation of the structural and magnetic properties of copper-containing
siloxanolate complexes CuN[(RSiO2)N]2࡮(Ligand) (N =6,8,10; R =Me,Et,Ph; Ligand =DMF,EtOH) having a sandwichlike molecular structure. All molecule-based complexes exhibit a similar structure consisting of planar rings of N =6,8 or 10 Cu(II) atoms sandwiched by two N -membered cyclosiloxanolate fragments. Within the rings, adjacent Cu2+ions are linked by pairs of siloxanolate oxygen atoms, which provide the main exchange path for the S=1/2 spins.
The analysis of the magnetic data, with particular emphasis placed on the high-temperature behaviour, together
with the structural information enables us to correlate the evolution of the average exchange coupling J between the33magnetic S =1/2 centres of the quantum ring as a function of the number N of magnetic sites to the structuralchanges of the molecular crystals. Our analysis reveals indications that structural-related inhomogeneities of theexchange couplings may have a significant influence on the low-temperature magnetic behaviour of quantum ringsystems.
The molecular complex of {Cu6[(PhSiO2)5](OH)2(bipy)2}̗4(DMF)̗3(H2O) differs from the known hexacopper (II)cluster compounds in its unique arrangement: each molecule contains two linear oxygen-bridged three-site Cu(II)strings which are parallel to each other. Magnetic measurements reveal an antiferromagnetic intra-trimer exchangeinteraction J =85K as the dominant magnetic coupling of the complex. By introducing a weak antiferromagnetic
inter-trimer coupling J’ =3.5K, a satisfactory description of the magnetic behaviour over a wide range of temperatureand magnetic field is obtained. The low temperature single crystal ESR study clearly demonstrates that themolecular ground state of the complex is a singlet-triplet state, which is typical for an effective S =1 spin. From thetemperature dependence of the ESR spectra it was found that the progressive formation of the S = 1 ground state of
the molecule occurs only below 40K when the excited doublet and the quartet states of individual trimers with
J = 85K become completely thermally depopulated. The ESR measurements indicate that the weak intermolecularand intertrimer exchange interactions lead to significant exchange averaging effects of magnetic resonance of thecomplex, forming the broad quasi-isotropic spectrum at high temperatures.

ESR and short range correlation in finite but giant spin molecules
H. Nojiri㧔IMR, Tohoku University㧕
ESR in isolated nano-spin molecules is usually understood by a trivial analysis considering discrete energy level,
thermal population and mixing (transition matrix element). Recently finite but giant spin molecules such as
icosidodecahedron family: Mo72Fe30, Mo72Cr30 are synthesized and magnetic properties are intensively examined. In
this family, the spins are sitting on the 30-corners of the polyhedron and the network consists of twenty cornersharing triangles. The number of magnetic state is as huge as S30, where S is the local spin on each corner. Moreover,the energy state is highly degenerated for strong frustration. Although the system is finite, we found someanomalies similar to those of low-dimensional systems. ESR peaks show considerable shifts and broadenings. For
Mo72Fe30, an excitation gap like behavior is even found at lowest temperatures as the result of considerable shift.
The broadenings are common between Fe and Cr and those behaviors may be the indication of critical slowing down
towards T = 0. It is important that an broad anomaly of specific heat is found in Mo72Fe30. It indicates thedevelopment and the saturation of short range correlation in each molecule. It is speculated that ESR is caused assome small oscillation from the metastable spin configurations established in low temperatures.

Spin Dynamics in Chiral Magnet
Junichiro Kishine㧔Kyushu Institute of Technology㧕
Interplay of crystallographic and magnetic chirality has attracted much attention. Although the chiral helical orconical magnetic order has been widely known since long time ago, there arises a new aspect. Introducing chiralligands molecule coordinated to magnetic ions, crystallographic space group symmetry allows parity violating
magnetic interaction of the form D̗ǛSi ×Sj with D being mono-axial (ferroic). In a series of chiral magnets, thesingle-ion-anisotropy (SIA) is quite weak since the orbital angular momentum is quenched. Then, the origin of the
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya vector D is not ascribed to the spin-orbit interaction, but to the crystallographic space groupsymmetry that allows the appearance of the Lifshitz invariants. This mechanism is equivalent to generalized
magneto-elastic coupling. Because of the quite weak SIA, these material behave as very soft magnet, quite sensitive
to dynamical probe such as AC magnetic fields. ESR is also quite a prospective probe. We expect giant non-linear
response to occur, that is peculiar to the chiral magnetic ordering and the PT violation. Among them, giant third34

order susceptibility in the AC response, and spin soliton resonance in the ESR absorption are important.
In this talk, I summarize recent experimental evidence and theoretical interpretation within semiclassicaltreatments.
[1] “Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Chiral Molecule-based Magnets,”
J. Kishine, K. Inoue, and Y. Yoshida, Prog. Theoret. Phys., Supplement No.159, p.82 (2005).
[2]“Static and dynamical anomalies caused by chiral soliton lattice in molecular-based chiral magnets,”
J. Kishine, K. Inoue, and K. Kikuchi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 310, 1386 (2007).
[3] “Chiral Magnetic Ordering and Commensurate-to-incommensurate Transition in CuB2O4,”
Y. Kousaka, S. Yano, J. Kishine, Y. Yoshida, K. Inoue, and J. Akimitsu, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 310, 463 (2007).
[4] “High Field ESR Measurements on the Chiral Spin System CuB2O4,”
T. Fujita, Y. Fujimoto, S. Mitsudo , T. Idehara, K. Inoue, J. Kishine, Y. Kousaka, S. Yano, J. Akimitsu,
M. Motokawa, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 51, 111 (2006).
[5] “Spin Solitons in Molecular Magnetic Materials with the Chiral Structure,”
R. B. Morgunov, V. L. Berdinski, M. V. Kirman, K. Inoue, J. Kishine, Y. Yoshida, and Y. Tanimoto, JETP Letters,
84, 446 (2006).

Investigation of the spin soliton resonance in thechiral molecule magnet [Cr(CN)6][Mn(R)-pnH(H2O)](H2O)]
T. Fujita㧔IMR, Tohoku University㧕Competition of exchange interactions and antisymmetric exchange (Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya) interactions often
gives rise to a helimagnetic spin ordering. Among them, the latter interaction lifts the chiral degeneracy of the rightand left-handed helical rotation. It originates from the lack of an inversion center in the crystal structure. The
relationship between the magnetic chirality and the crystal structure draws a special interest in the research of thechiral magnets. Recently, a new type of the ESR mode for the chiral magnet has theoretically been proposed on thebasis of the chiral soliton lattice formation [1, 2]. According to the model, multiple sequential resonance lines with aconstant interval, ǬH о 1/H0.5 , are expected to be observed, since the gap is proportional to the spin helix step.
A chiral molecule-based magnet in the title has been synthesized successfully by Inoue et al. [3]. The magnet iscomposed of the magnetic ions; Cr3+ and Mn2+, and the well controlled chiral molecule 1.2-diaminopropane, (R)-pn.
The ferrimagnetically coupled spins of Cr3+ and Mn2+ order below TC = 38 K. Neutron diffraction measurementssuggest that the helical spin arrangement propagates along the a axis with an angle smaller than 20 degree [4]. We
have measured ESR of this magnet to investigate the proposed spin soliton resonance model. Sequential multiple
resonance modes have been observed in X-band measurements. The chiral soliton resonance model explains someproperties of the observed mode. We will discuss our experimental data comparing with the theoretical model.
[1] J. Kishine, et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 159, 82 (2005).
[2] R. B. Morgunov et al., JETP Lett. 84, 446 (2006).
[3] K. Inoue et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 40, 4242 (2003).
[4] A. Hoshikawa et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2597 (2004).

Intensity of Electron Spin Resonance in Spin Dimer Systems
Masashige Matsumoto㧔Shizuoka University㧕
Electron spin resonance (ESR) is one of the most important experiments to study magnetic excitations. The
development in high magnetic field experiments enables us to study magnetic field-induced ordering in quantum
35

spin systems. Here we discuss interacting spin dimers [1,2]. The groundstate of TlCuCl3 is a spin-singlet liquid with
only short-range correlations. The triplet excitations require a finite excitation energy from the spin-singlet
groundstate. ESR experiments were performed in TlCuCl3 and KCuCl3 to reveal field dependence of magnetic
excitations [3,4]. They observed transitions from the groundstate to excited states in both disordered and orderedphases. Sakai et al. studied the direct ESR transition theoretically taking Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions into
account [5]. We investigate intensity of ESR in both disordered and ordered phases applying a spin-wave theory
described by bond operators, and elucidate effects of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction on the ESR transition.
[1] A. Oosawa, M. Ishii and H. Tanaka, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11 265 (1999).
[2] T. Nikuni, M. Oshikawa, A. Oosawa and H. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5868 (2000).
[3] H. Tanaka, T. Takatsu, W. Shiramura, T. Kambe, H. Nojiri, T. Yamada, S. Okubo, H. Ohta and M. Motokawa,Physica B 246-247 545 (1998).
[4] V. N. Glazkov, A. I. Smirnov, H. Tanaka and A. Oosawa, Phys. Rev. B 69 184410 (2004).
[5] T. Sakai, O. Cepas and T. Ziman, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 69 3521 (2000).

Selection Rules for the Direct Transition of Spin Gap
Tôru Sakai㧔Japan Atomic Energy Agency㧕
The spin gap is an energy gap between the singlet ground state and triplet first excited state. Thus the directtransition of ESR is forbidden because of the spin conservation law. However, this transition was observed in several
gapped spin systems. We discuss the mecanism of the direct transision and the angle dependent selection rules.

Observation of direct transition in the S =1/2 quasi-one-dimensional antiferromaget
Cu2Cl4࡮H8C4SO2 by high magnetic field ESR
Masashi Fujisawa㧔Kobe University㧕
Cu2Cl4࡮H8C4SO2, which is an S = 1/2 quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet, has a singlet ground state with an
excitation gap Ǎ= 5.32 K [1][2]. ESR is a powerful method to investigate a magnetic excitation with the highsensitivity and high energy resolution. The ESR measurements of Cu2Cl4 ࡮H8C4SO2 have been performed infrequency range up to 380 GHz and field range up to 12 T. We observed the direct transition between the singlet
ground state and the triplet excited states at T = 1.7 K. Generally the direct transition is forbidden by theconservation of the total spin quantum number in isotropic Hamiltonian. The direct transition is allowed in theanisotropic Hamiltonian including Dzyalosinskii-Moriya interaction or alternating g-tensor. Sakai indicated aselection rule in the presence of off diagonal interaction, using the exact numerical diagonalization of the finite
cluster of the quasi-one-dimensional bond-alternating spin system [3]. Applying the selection rules to Cu2Cl4࡮
H8C4SO2, we confirmed the direct transition caused by Dzyalosinskii-Moriya interaction and estimated the D-vector;
Da : Db : Dc = 1 : 0 : 2.3.
[1] M. Fujisawa et al, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72 (2003) 694.
[2] M. Fujisawa et al, Proc. Int. Symp. Quantum Spin Systems, Hayama, 2004, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. No. 159(2005) 212.
[3] T. Sakai, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72 (2003) Suppl. B 53.

36

Do we need dynamical spin anisotropies?
Olivier Cepas㧔LPTMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie㧕
SrCu2(BO3)2 is a well-known 2d spin gap system where the spin anisotropy has been studied by detailed
spectroscopic measurements for the last few years. The main anisotropy takes the form of static DzyaloshinskiiMoriya interactions and explains very well the splittings and the dispersion of the magnons, as I will show. There
are, however, ESR forbidden transitions between multiplets that are less understood.

I will argue that thetransitions are well explained by a dynamical anisotropy induced by phonons, that explains both the selection rules
and intensities observed. This raises questions as to whether such anisotropies may be of importance to otherexperiments, especially the ESR linewidth where surprising results were obtained at high-temperatures for thiscompound. I will briefly address such issues at the end of the talk.

Quantum spin systems studied by high frequency high field ESR
Hitoshi Ohta㧔MPRC, Kobe University㧕
I will discuss about the experimental studies of quantum spin systems by our high frequency high field ESR
system developed in Kobe. High frequency high field ESR turned out to be a powerful means to study quantum spin
systems. For instance, it revealed the information about the spin correlation in the Haldane system by separating
the ESR signals coming from different finite Haldane chains in Y2BaNi0.96Mg0.04O5 [1] or the spin gap in the S =1/2
diamond chain system Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 (Azurite) by observing the direct transition between the ground and theexcited states [2]. Our high frequency high field ESR system can perform the measurements in the multi extreme
conditions, up to 55 T, down to 1.8 K and up to 1 GPa [3]. In this paper I will show the high frequency high field ESR
results of S =1/2 antiferromagnet Cu6Si6O18࡮6H2O (dioptase). The system has a peculiar spin network called
dioptase lattice. The magnetic susceptibility has a broad maximum around 40 K and shows an antiferromagnetic
order below TN =15.5 K. The g-shift and the broadening of the line width are observed below 50 K reflecting theshort range order in the system. Antiferromagnetic resonances (AFMR) have been observed at 4.2 K using thepulsed magnetic field up to 50 T. Although observed AFMR modes in the low field region can be well interpreted by
the conventional AFMR theory, AFMR modes in the high field region start to depart from the conventional AFMR
theory. Possible origin of the result will be discussed.
[1] M. Yoshida et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 117202 (2005).
[2] H. Ohta et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 2464 (2003).
[3] H. Ohta et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Series 51, 611 (2006).

Re-examination of Z2 Vortex-Induced Broadening of the EPR
Linewidth in the Triangular Heisenberg Antiferromagnets
Yoshitami Ajiro㧔Kyoto University㧕
From the viewpoint of recent renewed interests of the exotic behaviors in triangular Heisenberg antiferromagnets[1,2], I will review our previous study on the EPR linewidth of the quasi two-dimensional triangularantiferromagnets, HCrO2 and LiCrO2, which published two decades ago [3]. The interesting observation is that asingular point of the EPR signal is located around the critical temperature of phase transition associated with thepairing-dissociation of the Z2 vortices, propose by Kawamura and Miyashita. The EPR linewidth exhibits Z2 vortexinduced broadening above the critical temperature which is inversely proportional to the thermally excited vortex
density, n о exp(-E/kT) with the activation energy E of free Z2 vortex.
[1] S. Nakatsuji et al.,Science, 309, 1697 (2005)[2] A. Olariu et al., Phys. Rev. Letters, 97, 167203 (2006)[3] Y. Ajiro et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.,57, 2268 (1988)
37

Exotic ESR modes of spin liquid states
Alexander Smirnov㧔P. L. Kapitza Institute㧕
I will present experiments with frustrated and spin-gap antiferromagnetic systems. The frustrated pyrochlore
antiferromagnet Gd2Ti2O7 remains paramagnetic at the temperature far below Curie-Weiss temperature Ǒ=10 K. In
the molecular field approximation, due to a special geometry of exchange bonds, there is an infinite number ofdegenerate spin configurations with minimum energy. Correspondingly, a macroscopic number of local soft modes
gives rise to a large entropy at T ҋǑ. We tested these soft modes, at first, by a thermodynamic method, performing
effective cooling via the adiabatic demagnetization. Further, we detected these modes by the magnetic resonancespectroscopy: a wide band of low-frequency microwave absorption with a minor energy gap was found at low
temperatures. Another ESR problem of the frustrated systems is ESR of exotic ordered phases. Despite the fact thatthe exchange interaction can't stabilize a spin-ordered state, the ordering, however, occurs at T = TN Ѥ 0.1Ǒ. It isdue to weaker factors, like dipole-dipole interaction, fluctuations, single-ion anisotropy, etc. This ordering isaccompanied by the reconstruction of the ESR spectrum: a three-branch resonance spectrum with two energy gaps
appears below TN, and the wide band is surviving. The observed three-branch spectrum is typical for noncomplanar
exchange antiferromagnets. In contrast to conventional antiferromagnets, this ordered structure is soft in theexchange approximation, allowing additional low-frequency modes. This requires a new approach, aimed for the
dynamics of ordered exchange-correlated systems without the exchange rigidity.
Collective triplet excitations in the dimer spin-gap magnet TlCuCl3 and in the Haldane-like magnet PbNi2V2O8
present another example of new kind of spin dynamics. In both cases the spectrum of triplet excitations was found to
be temperature dependent, indicating a nonlinear renormalization of the excitations energy or an interaction
between the triplets. The 3D interdimer (interchain) coupling is known to allow the transition from a spin-liquid toan antiferromagnetic phase in a magnetic field, closing the spin gap. This ordering modifies the spectrum oftriplet
excitations both above and below the critical field. The measured spectrum of triplet excitations demonstrated astrong deviation from the perturbative approach for noninteracting chains.

Spin dynamics of structurally perfect S=1/2 Kagome antiferromagnet

ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 by high frequency ESR
Susumu Okubo㧔MPRC, Kobe University㧕
The possible realization of a spin-liquid state in ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2, which is called perfect S =1/2 Kagome AF lattice[1], has attracted much recent attention. There are many candidate materials were investigated as possible systemof a Kagome lattice for the last decade. However, they mostly exhibit a magnetically ordered or spin-glass-like state
at low temperatures. On the other hand, the new Kagome lattice substance ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 does not show magnetic
long range order or spin freezing in the magnetic susceptibility [2, 3], the specific heat [3], the neutron scattering [3],ǴSR [4, 5]. These data established that ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 remains paramagnetic down to 50 mK. Recently, NMR [6]measurements point out that the local spin susceptibility develops a large distribution below 125K. Low frequency
spin fluctuations grow toward T=0 without the signature of a critical slowing down. Our aim is to investigate thespin susceptibility and the spin fluctuations of perfect S =1/2 Kagome AF magnet by probing the electron spin
dynamics directly using ESR. The high frequency ESR measurements of powder sample have been performed from
300 to 1.8 K. Although we treat powder sample, a single absorption line is observed. There are no g-shift observed in
the temperature range from 300 to 1.8 K. Temperature dependence of the linewidth is almost constant for measured
temperature. These behaviors are similar to paramagnet. On the other hand, a famous Kagome AF system SCGO
shows g-shifts and linewidth broadening as the temperature decreases [7]. We will discuss the possible realization ofa spin-liquid state in Kagome lattice from ESR point of view.
[1] M. P. Shores et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 13462 (2005)38

[2] H. Kikuchi private communication[3] J. S. Helton et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 107204 (2007)[4] O. Ofer et al., arXiv:cond-mat/0610540[5] P. Mendels et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 77204 (2007)[6] T. Imai et al., arXiv:cond-mat/0703141[7] H. Ohta et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65, 848 (1996)

High frequency ESR Study on the frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnets


H. Kikuchi㧔University of Fukui㧕About two decades ago, Y. Ajiro et al. [1] measured X-band ESR of the frustrated Heisenberg triangular-lattice
antiferromagnets, ACrO2 (A = H, Li) and discussed the temperature dependence of the ESR linewidth in terms of theZ2 vortex excitation, which is a topological defect predicted for the Heisenberg triangular-lattice antiferromagnet [2].
Magnetic properties of HCrO2 is, however, not well have been studied because of difficulty in making the sample.
Recently, we synthesized powder sample of HCrO2 and measured high frequency ESR to investigate further detail ofthe spin frustration effect on the ESR linewidth.
[1] Y. Ajiro et al, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 57, 2268 (1988).
[2] H. Kawamura and S. Miyashita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 53, 4138 (1984).

Midgap States for Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interacting Systems
Under Magnetic Field in the Low Dimensions
Xiaoqun Wang㧔Renmin University of China㧕
For many materials, one finds that the Heisenberg interaction alone cannot sufficiently explain some anomalousand novel properties. It is necessary to consider effects from the symmetric feature of crystalline, the coupling of spinand orbital degrees, etc. These factors often lead to interactions such as anisotropic, next-neighbor and cyclic ones,
which is usually one order smaller than the Heisenberg interaction. In general, this kind of interactions is usuallyregarded as a perturbation, macroscopically resulting in neither distinguishable physical properties nor anomalous
phenomena. However, with the development in experimental equipments and theoretical studies in the last decade,some of those interactions are found to be non-perturbative and have importance effects. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya
interaction, which as a very interesting example has been a consequence of the spin-orbital coupling in the presenceof relativistic effects under peculiar symmetry of some crystalline, is a nontrivial interaction, but its effects can be
explicitly exhibited only when external magnetic field is applied. In particular, the neutron scattering experimentalgroup in Johns Hopkins university found that copper benzoate Cu(C6H5COO)2 3H2O [1] which is supposed to be
described by one dimensional Heisenberg model unexpectedly displays a gap in its spectrum when the sample is
exposed in external fields. This experimental discovery is found to be related to the DM interaction [2]. In this talk,we will present our numerical results for the interpretation of the experimental findings as well as possible midgap
states [3] in the connection with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, which is now found relevant to more andmore quasi-one dimensional materials such as Yb4As3, (CH3)2SO2CuCl2 㧘 BaCu2Si2O7, [PM-Cu(NO3)2 (H2O)2]n(PM=pyrimidine), etc.
[1] D. C. Dender, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1750 (1997).
[2] M. Oshikawa and I. Affleck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2883 (1997).
[3] J. Z. Zhao, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 207204 (2003); J.Z. Lou, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 217207 (2005).

39

Direct Numerical Estimation of the Line Shape of ESR
Seiji Miyashita㧔University of Tokyo㧕
In the strongly interacting spin clusters, phase transitions do not take place but the short range order develops.
There the ESR signal changes from paramagnetic type to the ordered one as a function of the temperature. In orderto study such a change, we need the full information of the energy spectrum. We have tried to perform a direct
numerical approach to this problem. [1,2,3,4] We have studied the temperature dependence of ESR line shape byusing direct numerical estimation of the line shape of ESR.
We studied the one-dimensional Heisenberg chain in which the line shape changes as a function the relative
locations of the magnetic fields (static and AC) and the chain direction. This problem was studied by Nagata andTazuke, and also by Yamada. We also studied ESR signals in various magnetic clusters, e.g. Ising-like
antiferromagnetic cluster, triangle cluster, dimer systems, and also for a nanoscale molecular magnet V15.
[1] S. Miyashita, T. Yoshino and A. Ogasahara, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 655 (1999).
[2] A. Ogasahara and S. Miyashita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 69, 4043 (2000).
[3] S. Miyashita and A. Ogasahara, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 2350 (2003).
[4] M. Machida and S. Miyashita, Physica E29, 538 (2005).

HEISENBERG MACHINE: A Numerical Method for ESR Spectrum of Strongly
Correlated Systems at Finite Temperatures
Toshiaki Iitaka㧔RIKEN㧕
We introduce an efficient and numerically stable method for calculating ESR spectrum of strongly correlated
systems at finite temperatures[1]. The method is a combination of numerical solution of the time-dependent
Schrodinger equation [2], random vector representation of trace [3], and Chebyshev polynomial expansion [4] of
Boltzmann operator. This method should be very useful for a wide range of strongly correlated quantum systems at
finite temperatures [5]. If we have time, we will introduce HEISENBERG MACHINE, a GPU cluster for thisnumerical method, which is now under construction.
[1] T. Iitaka and T. Ebisuzaki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 047203 (2003).
[2] T. Iitaka, Phys. Rev. E 49, 4684 (1994).
[3] T. Iitaka and T. Ebisuzaki, Phys. Rev. E 69, 057701 (2004).
[4] T. Iitaka, S. Nomura, H. Hirayama, XW. Zhao, Y. Aoyagi, T. Sugano, Phys. Rev. E 56, 1222 (1997); S. Nomura,T. Iitaka, XW. Zhao, T. Sugano, Y. Aoyagi, Phys. Rev. B 56, R4348 (1997).
[5] M. Machida, T. Iitaka and S. Miyashita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Suppl. 74, 107 (2005).
[6] http://www.iitaka.org/

Perturbation theory on the ESR shift and its applications
Yoshitaka Maeda㧔University of British Columbia㧕
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) has been studied extensively for both its experimental and theoretical interests fora long time. Much of the foundation of the widely used theoretical frameworks, most notably those by Kubo andTomita, by Mori and Kawasaki and by Nagata and Tazuke, were developed more than 30 years ago. However, therange of validity of assumptions and approximations utilized in these theories remain unclear, especially in the40systems with strong quantum fluctuations. In fact, recently, it has been pointed out that a straightforward
application of the Kubo-Tomita theory to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction yields an incorrect result. Recently,
on the other hand, a field theory approach and a direct numerical approach opened new directions of the ESR theory.
However, the former works only in one dimension and in the low energy (low temperature, low frequency) regime,
and the latter approach can handle only small systems.
Motivated by this situation, we develop [1,2] a new direct perturbation scheme for the ESR resonance frequency
shift in order to circumvent the previous non-trivial assumptions. We then exactly evaluate the first order of it for
the antiferromagnetic chain for arbitrary temperature and magnetic field by using Quantum Transfer Matrix
method. The resonance shift is given in terms of an integral equation, which can be solved numerically with a very
high precision. The obtained result shows a quite different behavior from the Nagata-Tazuke theory, which is basedon the classical spin approximation, especially at low temperature. In low temperature regime, logarithmic andsubleading correction terms are analytically obtained. Combing our results with the field theoretical results, we
can obtain the logarithmic corrections also in the ESR linewidth. We also compare ours result with experimental
data on LiCuVO4.
[1] Y. Maeda, M. Oshikawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 74, (2005) 283.
[2] Y. Maeda, K. Sakai, and M. Oshikawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 037602.

High field ESR and magnetization measurements on one-dimensional
Ising-like antiferromagnet BaCo2VO8
Shojiro Kimura㧔KYOKUGEN, Osaka University㧕
BaCo2VO8 is a quasi one-dimensional (1D) Co spin system, which crystallizes in the tetragonal I41/acd spacegroup. In this compound, edge-shared CoO6 octahedra form a screw-chain structure along the c-axis. The chains are
separated by non-magnetic V5+ and Ba2+ ion, resulting in 1D structural arrangement. The recent study by He et al.
revealed that this compound shows a peculiar phenomenon in magnetic field, namely the field-induced orderdisorder transition [1]. When the external magnetic field is applied to the c-axis, which is the easy axis of BaCo2VO8,
the magnetization curve at 2 K exhibits a steep increase above Hc Ѥ 4 T [1]. The heat capacity measurements showedthat the magnetic ordering temperature is rapidly lowered by the external field for H // c and no magnetic ordering
is observed down to 1.8 K in the field region above [1]. To gain deeper insights into the curious transition of
BaCo2VO8, we have performed high field magnetization and ESR measurements on this compound in magnetic
fields up to 50 T along the chain. The experimental results are explained well in terms of a one-dimensional S = 1/2
antiferromagnetic XXZ model in longitudinal fields. We show that the quantum phase transition from the N eel
ordered phase to the spin liquid one in the model is responsible for a peculiar order to disorder transition in
BaCo2VO8.
[1] Z. He, T. Taniyama, T. Kyomen and M. Itoh, Phys. Rev B 72, 172403 (2005).

High frequency ESR study of the field induced gap on
a ladder-like system (C5H9NH3)2CuBr4
S. Mitsudo㧔FIRC, University of Fukui㧕Low-dimensional quantum spin systems have attracted much interest as one of the useful models for investigatingstrongly correlated quantum many body systems from both the theoretical and experimental points of view. In
particular, the bosonization approach has been considered to describe the low energy physics in low dimensional spin
systems. One of the most fascinating properties in low-dimensional system is the research of the low energy physics
41

in zero temperature phase transition as in the case of two leg ladder materials. S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic two leg
ladders have a finite gap at zero temperature. However, a gapless phase can appear when an external field isapplied. The gapless phase is described by a one-component Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) using the bosonization
approach. Another low energy physics has been studied an unexpected magnetic field induced gap in the low-energy
excitation spectrum of Cu-benzoate and [Pyrimidine-Cu(NO)(HO)], quasi-one-dimensional spin chain materials.
Such a system of the field induced gap can be successfully described by the quantum sine-Gordon (SG) field theory,in which an effective staggered magnetic field induces the gap. In the real system, the alternating g tensor and the
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction in an external magnetic field are the candidate for the origin of thestaggered field.
ESR measurements have been performed on poly crystal sample of a Heisenberg antiferromagnetic ladder-likesystem (C5H9NH3)2CuBr4. At high temperatures, a broad ESR absorption line has been observed. With decreasing
the temperature below 10 K which corresponds the temperature of to the broad maximum of the susceptibility, we
have observed the damping of the EPR intensity and the development of new resonance absorptions. The resonancefield and the line width behaviors of ESR absorptions qualitatively correspond to the spinon and the breather
excitation in Cu-benzoate.

High-field ESR spectroscopy of the heavy-fermion system YbRh2Si2㧖
V. Kataev㧔Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden㧕
YbRh2Si2 is a Kondo-system with a Kondo temperature TK ѝ 25 K [1]. It is located very close to a quantum criticalpoint related to a very weak antiferromagnetic order below TN = 65 mK and a critical magnetic field of BC = 0.06 T at
ambient pressure. Surprisingly an ESR signal typical of a local Yb3+ spin has been observed below TK at fields B  0.7 T.
The occurrence of the ESR signal is unexpected because at T ҋTK the Yb3+ moments should be screened. In order toobtain a deeper insight in this unusual behavior we have performed ESR measurements on single crystals of
YbRh2Si2 at much higher fields (1.8 to 7.5T) at temperatures from 1.8 to 30K, i.e. in the region where one expects acrossover from a Non-Fermi liquid (NFL) to a Fermi-liquid (FL) phase. We observe a strongly anisotropic signal
which can be assigned to Yb3+ moments. The signal exhibits a pronounced dependence on temperature and themagnetic field. We discuss the puzzling controversy between the observation of ESR which shows properties
characteristic of a local Yb3+ moment and the Kondo state of YbRh2Si2.
 㧖 This work has been done together with U. Schaufuss and B. Büchner from IFW Dresden, and J. Sichelschmit,
C. Krellner, C. Geibel and F. Steglich from Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden.
[1] O. Trovarelli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 626 (2000)[2] J. Sichelschmidt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 156401 (2003)[3] K. Ishida et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 107202 (2002)

Pulsed and Multi-frequency ESR Investigation
for Low-dimensional Molecular-based Conductors
Toshikazu Nakamura㧔Institute for Molecular Science㧕We carried out pulsed and multi-frequency ESR investigation for low-dimensional molecular-based conductors toclarify the low-temperature electronic states and carrier dynamics. In this paper, we introduce our recent progress ofinvestigations for TMTTF and BEDT-TTTF low-dimensional organic conductors and related materials.
1) The organic conductors, (TMTTF)2X, are well-known quasi-one-dimensional conductors possessing various groundstates, such as spin-Peierls, antiferromagnetic and superconductivity states realized by applied pressure or variation42

of counter anions, X. [1] However, the recent progress in the investigation of charge ordering (CO) phenomena has
cast doubts on the validity of the simple Mott-Hubbard insulator scenario. [2] Hence, we performed pulsed ESR
measurements to clarify the low-temperature electronic state. We present possible charge redistribution transitions
observed in (TMTTF)2X.
2) Multi-frequency ESR measurements using X-(9.5GHz), Q-(34GHz), and W-(95GHz)bands microwaves, magnetic
measurement using SQUID and energy band calculation were carried out for Ǯ-(BEDT-TTF)2PF6(THF) andǫ-(BEDT-TTF)2PF6. The temperature dependence of the spin susceptibility of the two salts shows that of typicalparamagnetic insulators with low-dimensional antiferromagnetic interaction. The macroscopic magnetic behaviors
are apparently similar to each other, and the absolute values of the intra-chain antiferromagnetic interaction, Jintra,of the two salts are also close to each other. However, their ground states and microscopic behaviors indicate obvious
difference. Ǯ-(BEDT-TTF)2PF6(THF) undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at around 5 K, whileǫ-(BEDTTTF)2PF6 shows no magnetic long-range ordering down to 4 K. The ESR linewidth, ǍHpp, ofǮ-(BEDT-TTF)2PF6(THF)
is almost temperature independent in the paramagnetic region. On the other hand, theǍHpp of ǫ-(BEDT-TTF)2PF6
gradually decreases as the temperature decreases. The low temperature electronic states of these salts are discussed
in the aspect of the magnetic dimensionality.
[1] for example: T. Ishiguro, K. Yamaji and G. Saito, Organic Superconductors, 2nd Ed. (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin/Heidelberg, 1998).
[2] T. Nakamura, K. Furukawa and T. Hara: to appear in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76 (2007), and references therein.

Electron “Spin” Resonance in the large-N limit
Masaki Oshikawa㧔ISSP, University of Tokyo㧕
Except for a few lucky cases, theoretical calculation of ESR relies on nontrivial assumptions which are notnecessarily justified. In order to gain more insight into ESR, we would need more solvable examples. Here I discussa solvable generalization of the ESR problem. Physical spins are representation of SU(2); a generalized “spin” can be
introduced by considering SU(N) group instead of SU(2). Considering a SU(N) symmetric (“isotropic”) Hamiltonian,an external “magnetic” field coupled to one of the global SU(N) generator, and an “anisotropy” which breaks the
SU(N) symmetry, an SU(N) analog of ESR can be defined. The spectrum can be obtained exactly, in the limit ofN  . In the presence of a “staggered field”, main peak is broadened to a non-Lorentzian line shape, by akinematical reason, and satellite peaks appear.
The basic picture and the results are close to the theory of ESR in Haldane gap systems in Ref. [1], while there aresome differences.
[1] I. Affleck, Phys. Rev. B 46 (1992), 9002.

Elementary Excitations in Quantum Sine-Gordon Spin System KCuGaF6
Hidekazu Tanaka㧔Tokyo Institute of Technology㧕
Thermodynamic properties and elementary excitations in one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet KCuGaF6
were investigated by magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and ESR measurements. Due to the DzyaloshinskiiMoriya interaction with alternating D-vectors and/or the staggered g-tensor, the staggered magnetic field is induced
when subjected to external magnetic field. Specific heat in magnetic field clearly shows the formation of excitation
gap, which is attributed to the staggered magnetic field. The specific heat data was analyzed on the basis of thequantum sine-Gordon (SG) model. We observed many ESR modes including one soliton and three breather
excitations characteristic of the quantum SG model. Details of the present study are shown in Ref. [1].
[1] R. Morisaki, T. Ono, H. Tanaka and H. Nojiri, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 76 (2007) 063706.
43

Antiferromagnetic ground state in fullerene magnet with orbital ordering
Takashi Kambe㧔Okayama University㧕
We will discuss the antiferromagnetic ground state in the -TDAE-C60, where the orientation of C60 cage orders
ferro-rotatively along all neighboring directions. Field dependent magnetic torque responses indicate the existenceof antiferromagnetic ordering with TN ѝ 8 K and magnetic anisotropy. Using the low-frequency (f ѝ 3 GHz) and the
low-temperature (T ѝ 0.5 K) ESR, we succeeded in observing the antiferromagnetic resonance below TN. We will also
show the case of ferromagnetic-phase and discuss the correlation between the magnetism and the orbital orderingof fullerene cage.

Antiferromagnetic behavior below the valence ordering temperature in SmxC60
Takashi Kambe㧔Okayama University㧕
SmxC60 shows the negative thermal expansion below TVO = 32 K due to the temperature-induced valencetransition of Sm ion [1]. We will present ESR results of Sm2.75C60. Broad EPR signal disappears around TVO and,below TVO, ESR signals appear in a different magnetic field. These signals could not be ascribed to an isolated Sm3+.
We also observed weak decrease in the magnetic susceptibility below TVO. We will discuss possibility of an
antiferromagnetic ordering induced by the valence transition of Sm.
[1] J. Arvanitidis, et al., Nature, 425 (2003) 599

ESR Study of Spin System in Phosphorus Doped Silicon as
Candidate of Quantum Computing Device
K. Sugiyama㧔University of Fukui㧕
Recently the quantum computer is one of the most fascinating fields in the study of physics. Among many physicalsystems as the quantum computer device the spin system in phosphorus doped silicon (P-doped Si) is proposed as a
powerful candidate device. [1] In order to investigate the behavior of the spin system in P-doped Si, we are making
experiments of NMR on 31P nucleus and ESR on donor electron. Here, we report results of ESR experiment
performed under the high frequency and the high magnetic field. The ESR experiment of donor electron in P-doped
Si has already been carried out

in 1960's under low magnetic field at X-band microwave frequency region.

According to their results, for the sample with donor concentration less than 3×1017 cm-3 the spectrum of donor
electron consists of two lines. The separation of these two lines in 42 G caused by the hyperfine interaction was 31P
nucleus spin. The line width of each line is 2.5 G as the effect of hyperfine interaction with 29Si nuclear spins. For
the sample with donor concentration more than 3×1017 cm-3 the spectrum becomes a single line due to the hopping
motion or impurity conduction of donor electron.
The present ESR experiment was performed at liquid helium temperature in P-doped Si with donor
concentrations ranging from 2.8×1015 cm-3 to 6.7×1017 cm-3. The range of microwave frequency and the magnetic field
is from 35 up to 110 GHz and 1 to 3 T, respectively. The results were almost same as those reported previously, but asmall asymmetry in the spectral line observed under the high magnetic field whose origin is not clear at this point.
For the future work we are planning to investigate the effect of the electric field on the hyperfine interaction
between 31P nuclear spin and the donor electron spin by observing the ESR spectral lineshift with applied electricfield.
[1] B. E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998).

44ESR Study of Spin Dynamics for Organic spin-Peierls Systems
Ko Furukawa㧔Institute for Molecular Science㧕
In conventional cw-ESR measurements, spin dynamics of electron spin are usually discussed from the ESR
linewidth.However, it is hard to estimate individual spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation rate since the linewidth arecomposed of both contribution and also contain the inhomogeneous terms. On the other hand, pulsed-ESR
measurements possess a great advantage since we can directly obtain such kind of parameters which are importantto understand the electron spin dynamics in the solid-state functional materials.
Organic conductors, (TMTTF)2X, are extensively studied materials and are well-known quasi-one-dimensional
conductors possessing various ground states, such as spin-Peierls, antiferromagnetic and superconductivity states
realized by the application of pressure or the variation of the counter-anion, X. [1]. MEM(TCNQ)2 is also recognized
as a typical one-dimensional spin-Peierls system.
Firstly, we investigate the spin-dynamics of the spin-Peierls systems comparing between the (TMTTF)2PF6 andthe MEM(TCNQ)2. Secondly, we introduce the curious temperature dependence of the ESR relaxation rate in theproximity of the ground states for the (TMTTF)2PF6 (spin-Peierls) and the (TMTTF)2Br (antiferromagnet). In thispaper, we discuss the spin dynamics comparing these typical low-dimensional spin-systems in the proximity of thephase transition by cw- and pulse-ESR spectroscopy.
[1] T. Ishiguro, K. Yamaji and G. Saito, Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag (1998).

Temperature Dependence of ESR Width in TMTSF-SDW State
Kokichi Oshima㧔Okayama University㧕
The SDW state in the organic quasi-one-dimensional (TMTSF)2X system shows AFMR at low temperatures. [1]We show different temperature dependences of line widths above and below the spin-flop field. The line widths arecomparable at the lowest temperature (around 0.4 K) in both cases. But the width above the spin-flop broadens
linearly at higher temperatures, and it is five times larger than that below spin-flop field around 10 K. The possible
origin is the different dynamic responses of SDW states which had been considered to have similar incommensurate
nesting wave vectors. [2][3][1] M. Dumm et al., Phys. Rev. 62 (2000) 6512. And references therein.
[2] T. Takahashi et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 55 (1986) 1364.
[3] J.M. Delrieu et al., Physica 143B (1986) 412.

Evaluation of the exchange couplings in the Spin-Polyhedron system by ESR
Yugo Oshima㧔IMR, Tohoku University㧕
Recently, a huge progress has been made on the chemical synthesis of the frustrated spin-cluster systems whichhave a huge number of states. The most notable compound is the Mo72M30(M=V,Cr,Fe), where 30 magnetic ionsform an icosidodecadron (a polyhedron with a triangular and pentagonal network) structure, and we have studied
systematically its magnetic properties under the high magnetic field [1,2]. The Mo72V30 and its related substance
Mo75V30, which consists of V4+ ions with S = 1/2 , are the quantum version of these polyhedron systems, and a lot of
attention is paid in its ground states and its magnetic properties in the high magnetic field. Although the exchangeinteractions of both systems are expected to be strong, the evaluation of the exchange couplings is difficult in both
systems due to the Van-Vleck paramagnetism and the contamination of the magnetic impurities inside the45compound. Hence, we have performed ESR measurements, which can separate the intrinsic signal and the signal
from the impurities, and have succeeded to observe the ESR coming from the excited states. From our carefulanalysis of the ESR intensities and theoretical calculations, we will present our estimation of the gap and theelectronic state between the singlet and triplet states, and our evaluation of the exchange coupling constants
between the spins, of these spin-polyhedron systems.
[1] C. Schröder et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017205 (2005).
[2] Y. Oshima et al., JPS Annual Meeting 2006, 27aTE-8.

The Concept of Low-Symmetric Shift Appearing in Polarization
Dependence of ESR Spectrum for One-Dimensional Compound
Yuhei Natsume㧔Chiba University㧕
The Kubo-Tomita theory appearing at 1954 [1] has stood on the assumption of high symmetry of the magnetic
perturbation. Thus, ESR spectra are determined only by the angle between the static field and the crystal axis.
At 1979, this theory is extended [2] so as to discuss systems with low-symmetric perturbation, such as onedimensional magnetic compounds. The extended formula, which includes a new term arising from the onedimensionality of spin arrangement, is developed for the second cumulant of the correlation function of themagnetization. This gives the dependence of ESR spectra on polarization. In brief, the term causes a new dynamic
shift of resonance field which is essentially influenced by the angle  between directions of the chain of thecompound and the vibrational field. Observed features in TMMC coincide well with our theoretical prediction.
Another twenty years elapsed before this dynamic shift had been reexamined at 1999 on the basis of beautiful
numerical study by Miyashita et al [3]. In addition, at 2002 Oshikawa and Affleck have discussed this problem ofpolarization dependence in the scenario of the comparison between their excellent field theory and Kubo-Tomita
theory.
[1] R. Kubo and K.Tomita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 9, 888 (1954).
[2] Y. Natsume, F. Sasagawa, M. Toyoda and I. Yamada, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 46, 1949 (1979). 48 50 (1980), I. Yamada
and Y. Natsume, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 48 58 (1980), Y. Natsume, F. Noda, F. Sasagawa and H. Kanazawa, J. Phys.
Soc. Jpn. 52, 1427 (1983).
[3] S. Miyashita, T. Yoshino and A. Ogasahara, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 655 (1999).
[4] M. Oshikawa and I. Affleck, Phys. Rev. B65, 134410 (2002).

Triplet spin resonance of the Haldane compound with interchain coupling
A. I. Smirnov㧔P. L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, RAS㧕Collective triplet excitations in the Haldane-like magnet PbNi2V2O8 present an example of new kind of spin
dynamics. The spectrum of triplet excitations was found to be temperature dependent, indicating a nonlinear
renormalization of the excitations energy. The 3D interchain coupling allows here the transition from a spin-liquid
to an antiferromagnetic phase in a magnetic field, closing the spin gap. This ordering modifies the spectrum of
triplet excitations both above and below the critical field. The measured spectrum of triplet excitations demonstrated
a strong deviation from the perturbative approach for noninteracting chains [1], while is in agreement with amacroscopic approach implying the field-induced ordering at the critical field [2].
[1] O. Golinelli et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter 5, 7847 (1993).
[2]A.M. Farutin, V. I. Marchenko, JETP 131, 860 (2007).

46

Collective ESR in strongly correlated heavy fermion metal CeB
S.V. Demishev㧔A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, RAS㧕We report observation and detail study of a new magnetic resonance specific to the so-called antiferro-quadrupole(AFQ) phase of strongly correlated heavy fermion metal CeB6. The current theoretical understanding of this low
temperature magnetic phase implies orbital ordering effects. However, in contrast to manganites, where orbital
ordering leads to simultaneous lattice distortion and change of magnetic structure and thus modify the magnetic
resonance modes [1], it is supposed that for CeB6 (i) the low temperature orbital ordering occur without change ofthe lattice constant and no magnetic order develops at the boundary between paramagnetic and orbitally orderedphases; and (ii) orbital ordering precedes formation of an antiferromagnetic phase at low temperatures (see [2,3] andreferences cited therein).
It is found that in AFQ phase stable for T < TQ a new mode of the magnetic resonance, which is missing inparamagnetic phase at T > TQ , develops. Cavity measurements in the frequency range  / 2 = 40-100 GHz andquantitative analysis of the line shape together with the static magnetization data allowed concluding that theobserved mode is (i) EPR-like, (ii) has a collective nature and (iii) caused by a special contribution to magnetization
appearing in the orbitally ordered phase at T < TQ. The quasi-optical reflection measurements for the range  / 2 =100-360 GHz shows that the g-factor for this resonance increases with frequency from g ( / 2 = 44 GHz) ѝ 1.55 to g( / 2 > 250 GHz) ѝ 1.7. In addition to the orbital ordering resonance for the frequencies exceeding 200 GHz a newmagnetic resonance with the g-factor 1.2-1.3 is detected. We have also carried out anisotropy measurements of the gfactor. The obtained data are discussed using two models. The first one assumes the appearance at AFQ phaseboundary of a free dipole magnetic moments with magnitude ѝ 0.8 μB, which are missing in the paramagnetic phase[4]. The second model is based on the idea of ordering of complex orbitals, for which ground state is described bymagnetic octupole [5].
[1] D.Ivannikov, M.Biberacher, et al., Phys. Rev. B, 65, 214422 (2002)[2] S.V.Demishev, A.V.Semeno, et al., Phys. Stat. Sol. (b), 242, R27 (2005)[3] S.V.Demishev, A.V.Semeno, et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mat., 300, e534 (2006)[4] N.E.Sluchanko et al., ZhETF, 104, 120 (2007)[5] J. van der Brink, D.Khomskii, Phys. Rev. B, 63, 140416(R) (2001)47

໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼౴დٛ!

ġ඾শȇĳııĸාː࠮ˑ඾ĩ࿐Īġ ࡿࢃˍশĴı໦ȡࡿࢃˎশĳı໦ġાਫ਼ȇ໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ུ‫ ܁‬ķ ‫ٴ‬ġ ఱ࣒݅৒ĩłķĴĳĪġ
࣒঍ȇőųŰŧįġŋŰũůġŅįġœņőőŚġ
ĩōŢţŰųŢŵŰųźġŰŧġłŵŰŮŪŤġŢůťġŔŰŭŪťġŔŵŢŵŦġőũźŴŪŤŴġŢůťġŵũŦġńŰųůŦŭŭġńŦůŵŦųġŧŰųġŎŢŵŦųŪŢŭŴġœŦŴŦŢųŤũĭĪġ
ఴ࿒ȇ၄ͦ͂ࡥఘΰς;θː಼͈ၠ൲ેఠġါকȇġ
We report torsional oscillator supersolid studies of highly disordered samples of solid 4He.
In an attempt to approach the amorphous or glassy state of the solid, we prepare our samples by rapid freezing
from the normal phase of liquid 4He.
 Less than two minutes is required for the entire process of freezing and the subsequent cooling of the sample tobelow 1 K.
The supersolid signals observed for such samples are remarkably large, exceeding 20 % of the entire solid helium
moment of inertia.
 These results, taken with the finding that the magnitude of the small supersolid signals observed in our earlier
experiments can be reduced to an unobservable level by annealing, strongly suggest that the supersolid state exists
for the disordered or glassy state of helium and is absent in high quality crystals of solid 4He.
ġġ඾শȇĳııĸාː࠮ˑ඾ĩ࿐Īġ ࡿࢃˎশĴı໦ȡࡿࢃˏশĳı໦ġાਫ਼ȇ໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ུ‫ٴ˒܁‬ġ ఱ࣒݅৒ĩłķĴĳĪ㩷㩷ġ࣒঍ȇőųŰŧįġŔŦţŢŴŵŪŦůġŃŢŭŪţŢųġ
ĩōŢţŰųŢŵŰŪųŦġťŦġőũźŴŪŲŶŦġŔŵŢŵŪŴŵŪŲŶŦĭġņŤŰŭŦġŏŰųŮŢŭŦġŔŶűéųŪŦŶųŦĭġőŢųŪŴġĩŇųŢůŤŦĪȫġ
ఴ࿒ȇ಼ၠ൲ࡥఘ͂၄ͦġါকȇSupersolidity is the possible coexistence of superfluidity and crystalline order, a rather paradoxical phenomenon.
Although it was proposed nearly 40 years ago by Andreev and Lifshitz (1969), Chester (1969) and Leggett (1970)
that crystals could be supersolid, it is not until the 2004 experiments by Kim and Chan (Penn State University) thatexperimental evidence for supersolidity was presented in solid helium.
However, it appeared in 2006 that disorder played a major role in the observed phenomenon.
In particular, Rittner and Reppy (Cornell) showed that annealing helium crystals reduced the supersolid density
by several orders of magnitude.
At the ENS in Paris, we showed that grain boundaries in polycrystalline samples are necessary for mass superflow
through solid helium[1].
From more recent observations, we now show that grain boundaries are not sufficient to explain the whole set ofobservations.
I will summarize the present state of this controversial issue.
[1] S. Sasaki, R. Ishiguro, F. Caupin, H.J. Maris, and S. Balibar, Science 313, 1098 (2006).

48

඾শȇĳııĸාː࠮Ĳĳ඾ĩ࿐Īġ ࡿࢃˍশĴı໦ȡࡿࢃˏশġાਫ਼ȇ໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ུ‫ٴ˒܁‬ġ ఱ࣒݅৒ĩłķĴĳĪġ
࣒঍ȇŅųįġőŢŰŭŰġŎŰųŢŴġ
ĩŔŪůŤųŰŵųŰůŦġŕųŪŦŴŵŦġŔįġńįġűįġłįġťŪġŪůŵŦųŦŴŴŦġůŢŻŪŰůŢŭŦĭġŊŵŢŭźĪġ
ఴ࿒ȇˍষࡓ་಺̱̹ၾঊถ྄͈੔ࠫએഩঊેఠġါকȇġ
Ag films on GaAs(110) exhibit a one-dimensional quasiperiodic modulation, resulting in a Fibonacci sequence ofparallel stripes with two different widths.
Valence level photoemission shows that the Ag electronic states acquire a unique character along the quasiperiodic
direction, distinctively manifested by a hierarchy of energy level replicas and avoided crossings at characteristic intervals in reciprocal space.
These observations demonstrate the strong influence of the one-dimensional quasiperiodic potential on the Ag film
states.
ġ඾শȇĳııĸාˑ࠮Ĵı඾ĩକĪġ ࡿࢃˎশȡࡿࢃːশġાਫ਼ȇ໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ུ‫ٴ˒܁‬ġ ఱ࣒݅৒ĩłķĴĳĪġ
࣒঍ȇőųŰŧįġŅŢůŪŦŭġŌũŰŮŴŬŪŪġ
ĩŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵźġŰŧġŌŰŦŭůĪġ
ఴ࿒ȇμȜϋȆΞρȜე͂ˎ৪఼֚എ̈́ഩ‫ك‬ಉ੬ġါকȇġMott insulators with orbital degeneracy usually have an orbital ordering with corresponding Jahn-Teller distortion.
We show that close to a Mott transition, in a crossover region from localized to itinerant electrons, there exist anotherpossibility to lift orbital degeneracy: there can occur in such cases a spontaneous charge disproportionation, or chargeordering, after which at one site there are nominally 2 electrons, and at the other - 0, both states being nondegenerate.
We argue that this phenomenon takes place in ferrates (CaFeO3 etc), in nickelates RNiO3 and in some other systems. Our general arguments are confirmed by the ab-initio band-structure calculations and by the high-pressurestudies of nickelates. We also discuss the importance of small or negative charge transfer gap for this phenomenon.

49

૽! ম! ։! ൲!

‒
Ⱥম! ྩ! ໐Ȼ!
⅟‒ ࠯঺ ‣‫≚࠰ ‫‬உ≔ଐ˄ↀ≋᠃‒ Ј≌‒൞‒ ‒ ‒ Ӹ‒৑‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‫‒ޓ‬Ꮀ‒ ‒ Ӹ‒ီ‒ ‒ ѣ‒ ‒ ϋ‒ ‒ ܾ‒਀‒ ங‒ ʁ‒ ᨺ‒ ኺྸਃ࢘ᛢ‫ڎ‬ኖ⇧∞∆‒̞‒ ‒ ᧈ‒߻‫ܖ‬ኒ∝ऴ‫ܖ߻ྸإ‬ኒሁኺྸᛢᝠѦ⇧∞∆̞ᧈ↧‒೛‒ ஜ‒ ‫ ‒ܨ‬ʂ‒ ཋࣱᄂਃ࢘ᛢσӷМဇ̞‒ɼ‒ ‒ ˓‒ሇඬ‫∆⇬⇟⇝ܖٻ‬ऴ‫ܖ߻إ‬ሁૅੲܴ‫ٳ‬ᢿ᝻᣿‫ڎ‬ኖ̞ɼ˓↧‒ɼ‒ ‒ ˓‒Ҕ‫ܖ‬ᢿ᧽‫ޓ‬၏ᨈዮѦᛢʴʙіѦ⇧∞∆ɼ˓↧‒̞‒ ‒ Ճ‒ଐஜ‫ܖ‬ᘐਰᐻ˟ኺྸᛢ‫ڎ‬ኖ̞ɼ˓↧‒ዅɨ∝଀ᚨ⇖∑∞⇽ዅɨ∝଄ᝲ⇧∞∆‒̞‒ ‒ Ճ‒߻‫ܖ‬ኒ∝ऴ‫ܖ߻ྸإ‬ኒሁኺྸᛢᝠѦ⇧∞∆↧‒৑‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‫‒ޓ‬Ꮀ‒ ‒ Ӹ‒௎‒ ‒ ‒ ፦‒ ᣂ‒ ኺྸਃ࢘ᛢ‫ڎ‬ኖ⇧∞∆‒̞‒ ‒ ᧈ‒Ҕ‫ܖ‬ᢿ᧽‫ޓ‬၏ᨈҔʙᛢ‫ٳ‬ஹ⇧∞∆̞ᧈⅺ↸‒ɦ‒ ஭‒ џ‒ ʴ‒ ኺྸਃ࢘ᛢ‫ڎ‬ኖ⇧∞∆‒ɼ‒ ‒ ˓‒߻‫ܖ‬ኒ∝ऴ‫ܖ߻ྸإ‬ኒሁኺྸᛢᝠѦ⇧∞∆ɼ˓ⅺ↸ᡈ‒ ᕲ‒ ʶ‒ ፦‒ ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽ʴʙ⇧∞∆ɼ‒ ‒ ˓‒૙᫱‫ܖ‬ᢿሁ‫୿׋‬ᛢዮѦ̞ɼ˓ⅺ↸‒ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽іѦ∝‫ܤ‬μሥྸ⇧∞∆‒ɼ‒ ‒ ˓‒ෙබᄂኺྸᛢӮᚘ̞ɼ˓ⅺ↸‒‫ ‒ܤ‬ဋ‒ ദ‒ ‫ ‒܇‬ཋࣱᄂਃ࢘ᛢσӷМဇ̞‒̞‒ ‒ Ճ‒ෙබᄂኺྸᛢኺྸ̞ⅺ↸‒ɡ‒ ‫ ‒ރ‬᰺ᘘ‫ ‒܇‬ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽ʴʙ⇧∞∆̞‒ ‒ Ճ‒‫ܖ‬ဃᢿ‫ܖ‬ဃᛢዮѦ⇧∞∆ⅺ↸‒ዅɨ∝଀ᚨ⇖∑∞⇽ዅɨ∝଄ᝲ⇧∞∆‒̞‒ ‒ Ճ‒ᠾ‫ܖ‬ኒዮѦᛢʴʙ⇧∞∆ⅺ↸‒৑‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‫‒ޓ‬Ꮀ‒ ‒ Ӹ‒˙‒ ᕲ‒ ᒍ‒ ଢ‒ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽іѦ∝‫ܤ‬μሥྸ⇧∞∆‒‫ ‒ݢ ‒ޛ‬ᅎ‒ ʼ‒ ኺྸਃ࢘ᛢ‫ڎ‬ኖ⇧∞∆‒ࠊ‒ ߷‒ ᝮ‒ ٟ‒‒≋᠃‒ λ≌൞‒ ‒ ‒ Ӹ‒‫ ‒ޛ‬ӝ‒ ᝮ‒ ࢀ‒൨‒ Ӵ‒ Ӑ‒ ᘽ‒ီ‒ ‒ ѣ‒ ‒ ϋ‒ ‒ ܾ‒‒≋ᢿϋီѣ≌൞‒ ‒ ‒ Ӹ‒ီ‒ ‒ ѣ‒ ‒ ϋ‒ ‒ ܾ‒‫ ‒ٻ‬ຓ‒ न‒ ‫ ‒܇‬ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽‒‫ ‒ᧉ ‒ݦ‬Ճ‒ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽ɼ௹ⅺ↸‒ແ‒ ৎ‒ ፦ᬐ‫ܬܢ ‒܇‬ዴᄂਃ࢘ᛢዮѦ̞‒̞‒ ‒ ᧈ‒ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽ʴʙ⇧∞∆ɼ˓ⅺ↸‒Ҥ‒ ‒ ‒ ᨻ‒ ႇ‒ ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽ʴʙ⇧∞∆ɼ‒ ‒ ˓‒ૼ᪸؏ਃ࢘ᛢዮѦ̞ɼ˓ⅺ↸‒ɤ‒ ි‒ Ѩ‒ ദ‒ ૼ᪸؏ਃ࢘ᛢዮѦ̞‒̞‒ ‒ Ճ‒ʴʙ∝іѦ⇖∑∞⇽ʴʙ⇧∞∆ⅺ↸‒‒50

൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼‫࢖֥ޗ‬༡͈̮մඤ!

ਅ⸥ߦࠃࠅಎᢎ᝼ߩ౏൐ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩផ⮈‫ޔ‬Ꮧᦸ⠪ߩᔕ൐ࠍ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⸥㧝㧚⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ฬ෸߮౏൐ੱຬᢙ
㒝ዻ‛⾰⸳⸘⹏ଔᣉ⸳  ಎᢎ᝼ 㧝ฬ㧞㧚⎇ⓥౝኈ
ᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߩൻቇ‛ℂ‫ޔ‬㕖✢ᒻ࡮㕖ᐔⴧ♽‫↢ߪߚ߹ޔ࡯࠲ࡑ࠻ࡈ࠰ޔ‬૕࡮↢‛‛ℂߩ⸘▚‛ℂ⊛ᚻᴺߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥ‫▚⸘ޕ‬‛ℂߩᣂಽ㊁ࠍಾࠅᜏߊߣߣ߽ߦ‫ߣࡈ࠶࠲ࠬ⃻ޔ‬දജߒߡో࿖౒ห೑↪ࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߩㆇ↪߿⸘▚ᯏቶߩㆇ༡
ߦ޽ߚࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟㧚છ  ᦼ  એਅߩ႐วࠍ㒰߈છᦼߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬  ⌕છᓟḩ㧡㧡ᱦߦ㆐ߔࠆᐕᐲߩೋ߼ߦછᦼ೙ߦ౉ࠅ‫ޔ‬છᦼߪ㧡ᐕߣߒౣછߪ㧝࿁ࠍ㒢ᐲߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬  ߥ߅‫ޔ‬છᦼ೙ߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡߪ໧޿วߖవ߹ߢ߅዆ߨߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬㧠㧚౏൐✦ಾ  ᐔᚑ㧝㧥ᐕ㧣᦬㧞㧡ᣣ㧔᳓㧕ᔅ⌕㧡㧚ዞછᤨᦼ  ᳿ቯᓟߥࠆߴߊᣧ޿ᤨᦼࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧢㧚ឭ಴ᦠ㘃㧔ࠗ㧕ផ⮈ߩ႐ว ٤ផ⮈ᦠ ٤ጁᱧᦠ㧔⇛ᱧߢน㧕 ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߩᔕ↪‫౒߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ห೑↪ㆇ༡ߦ㑐ߔࠆᛴ⽶߽฽߻ߎߣ㧕㧔ࡠ㧕ᔕ൐ߩ႐ว
٤ጁᱧᦠ ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߩᔕ↪‫౒߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ห೑↪ㆇ༡ߦ㑐ߔࠆᛴ⽶߽฽߻ߎߣ㧕‫ޚ‬ᚲዻ㐳࡮ᜰዉᢎຬ╬ߦࠃࠆᧄੱߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⷗ᦠ㧔૞ᚑ⠪߆ࠄᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ߳⋥ㅍ㧕㧣㧚ᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ ‫ ޥ‬ජ⪲⋵ᨰᏒᨰߩ⪲       ᧲੩ᄢቇᨰ࿾඙ੱ੐࡮ഭോࠣ࡞࡯ࡊੱ੐࠴࡯ࡓ      㔚⹤  e-mail jinji@kj.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧤㧚ᧄઙߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧޿วࠊߖవ       ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㒝ዻ‛⾰⸳⸘⹏ଔᣉ⸳ಎᢎ᝼ Ꮉፉ⋥ノ       㔚⹤  e-mail kawashima@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp 㧥㧚ᵈᗧ੐㗄 ‫⹏⸘⸳⾰‛ޟ‬ଔᣉ⸳ಎᢎ᝼ᔕ൐ᦠ㘃࿷ਛ‫ޠ‬‫ޟߪߚ߹ޔ‬ᗧ⷗ᦠ࿷ਛ‫ߩޠ‬ᣦࠍᧇᦠߒ‫ޔ‬ㇷㅍߩ႐วߪᦠ⇐ߢㇷㅍߩߎߣ‫ޕ‬㧚ㆬ⠨ᣇᴺ  ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼ળߢክᩏ᳿ቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩߥ޿႐วߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯࠍ଻⇐޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬     ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬  ᣣ             ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㐳                  ਄ ↰ ๺ ᄦ51൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼‫࢖֥ޗ‬༡͈̮մඤ!

ਅ⸥ߦࠃࠅಎᢎ᝼ߩ౏൐ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩផ⮈‫ޔ‬Ꮧᦸ⠪ߩᔕ൐ࠍ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⸥㧝㧚⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ฬ෸߮౏൐ੱຬᢙ
㒝ዻ࿖㓙⿥ᒝ⏛႐⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᣉ⸳  ಎᢎ᝼ 㧝ฬ㧞㧚⎇ⓥౝኈ
ᭂ㒢⿥ᒝ⏛႐⊒↢ᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ޟ‬Ꮞ߈ࠦࠗ࡞ᴺ‫ޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠ‬㔚⏛Ớ❗ᴺ‫ޔߡ޿↪ࠍޠ‬100 એ਄ߩ⿥ᒝ⏛႐⊒↢ᣇᴺߩ⏕┙ߣ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᭂ㒢㗔ၞߢߩା㗬ᕈߩ㜞޿‛ᕈ⸘᷹ߩ㐿ᜏࠍⴕ߁‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᭂ㒢⿥ᒝ⏛႐㗔ၞߢߩᣂߒ޿‛ᕈಽ㊁ࠍಾࠅ㐿ߊ‫⧯ޔ‬ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪‫ޕ‬࿖ౝᄖߣߩ⿥ᒝ⏛႐ࠍ↪޿ߚ౒ห⎇ⓥࠍផߒㅴ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟㧚છ  ᦼ  એਅߩ႐วࠍ㒰߈છᦼߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬  ⌕છᓟḩ㧡㧡ᱦߦ㆐ߔࠆᐕᐲߩೋ߼ߦછᦼ೙ߦ౉ࠅ‫ޔ‬છᦼߪ㧡ᐕߣߒౣછߪ㧝࿁ࠍ㒢ᐲߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬  ߥ߅‫ޔ‬છᦼ೙ߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡߪ໧޿วߖవ߹ߢ߅዆ߨߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬㧠㧚౏൐✦ಾ  ᐔᚑ㧝㧥ᐕ㧤᦬㧝㧣ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ᔅ⌕㧡㧚ዞછᤨᦼ ᐔᚑ㧞㧜ᐕ㧠᦬⿞છࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧢㧚ឭ಴ᦠ㘃㧔ࠗ㧕ផ⮈ߩ႐ว ٤ផ⮈ᦠ ٤ጁᱧᦠ㧔⇛ᱧߢน㧕 ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕㧔ࡠ㧕ᔕ൐ߩ႐ว
٤ጁᱧᦠ ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤ᚲዻ㐳࡮ᜰዉᢎຬ╬ߦࠃࠆᧄੱߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⷗ᦠ㧔૞ᚑ⠪߆ࠄᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ߳⋥ㅍ㧕㧣㧚ᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ ‫ ޥ‬ජ⪲⋵ᨰᏒᨰߩ⪲       ᧲੩ᄢቇᨰ࿾඙ੱ੐࡮ഭോࠣ࡞࡯ࡊੱ੐࠴࡯ࡓ      㔚⹤  e-mail jinji@kj.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧤㧚ᧄઙߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧޿วࠊߖవ ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㒝ዻ࿖㓙⿥ᒝ⏛႐⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᣉ⸳ ᣉ⸳㐳 Ꭺጊᱜੑ㇢       㔚⹤  e-mail takeyama@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧥㧚ᵈᗧ੐㗄  ‫ޟ‬࿖㓙⿥ᒝ⏛႐⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᣉ⸳ಎᢎ᝼ᔕ൐ᦠ㘃࿷ਛ‫ޟߪߚ߹ޔޠ‬ᗧ⷗࿷ਛ‫ߩޠ‬ᣦࠍᧇᦠߒ‫ޔ‬ㇷㅍߩ႐วߪᦠ⇐ߢㇷㅍߩߎߣ‫ޕ‬
㧚ㆬ⠨ᣇᴺ  ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼ળߢክᩏ᳿ቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩߥ޿႐วߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯࠍ଻⇐޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬     ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬  ᣣ             ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㐳                  ਄ ↰ ๺ ᄦ52൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼‫࢖֥ޗ‬༡͈̮մඤ!
ਅ⸥ߦࠃࠅಎᢎ᝼ߩ౏൐ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩផ⮈‫ޔ‬Ꮧᦸ⠪ߩᔕ൐ࠍ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⸥㧝㧚⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ฬ෸߮౏൐ੱຬᢙ
వ┵ಽశ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷  ಎᢎ᝼ 㧝ฬ㧞㧚⎇ⓥౝኈ
ᒰㇱ㐷ߢߪ⍴ᵄ㐳㗔ၞߦ߅ߌࠆశ⑼ቇߩ᭴▽ࠍ዁᧪⸘↹ߩᩇߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁౏൐ߔࠆᚲຬߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᭂ㒢⊛ᕈ⢻ࠍᜬߟ࡟࡯ࠩ࡯߿ࠦࡅ࡯࡟ࡦ࠻エ X ✢శḮߩ㐿⊒ࠍⴕ߁ߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬శ⑼ቇߩᣂಽ㊁ࠍ㐿ᜏߔࠆ੐߇ⷐ⺧ߐࠇࠆ‫ߣ࡯ࠩ࡯࡟ޕ‬‛ᕈߦℂ⸃ߩ޽ࠆᗧ᰼⊛ߥ⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍᦸ߻‫ޕ‬㧟㧚છ  ᦼ  ਅ⸥ߩ႐วࠍ㒰߈છᦼߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬  ⌕છᓟḩ㧡㧡ᱦߦ㆐ߔࠆᐕᐲߩೋ߼ߦછᦼ೙ߦ౉ࠅ‫ޔ‬છᦼߪ㧡ᐕߣߒౣછߪ㧝࿁ࠍ㒢ᐲߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬  ߥ߅‫ޔ‬છᦼ೙ߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡߪ໧޿วߖవ߹ߢ߅዆ߨߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬㧠㧚౏൐✦ಾ  ᐔᚑ㧝㧥ᐕ㧤᦬㧟㧝ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ᔅ⌕㧡㧚ዞછᤨᦼ  ᳿ቯᓟߥࠆߴߊᣧ޿ᤨᦼࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧢㧚ឭ಴ᦠ㘃㧔ࠗ㧕ផ⮈ߩ႐ว ٤ផ⮈ᦠ ٤ጁᱧᦠ㧔⇛ᱧߢน㧕 ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕㧔ࡠ㧕ᔕ൐ߩ႐ว
٤ጁᱧᦠ ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤ᚲዻ㐳࡮ᜰዉᢎຬ╬ߦࠃࠆᧄੱߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⷗ᦠ㧔૞ᚑ⠪߆ࠄᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ߳⋥ㅍ㧕㧣㧚ᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ ‫ ޥ‬ජ⪲⋵ᨰᏒᨰߩ⪲ 
᧲੩ᄢቇᨰ࿾඙ੱ੐࡮ഭോࠣ࡞࡯ࡊੱ੐࠴࡯ࡓ      㔚⹤  e-mail jinji@kj.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧤㧚ᧄઙߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧޿วࠊߖవ       ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲవ┵ಽశ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ᢎ᝼ ᧃర ᔀ       㔚⹤  e-mail suemoto@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧥㧚ᵈᗧ੐㗄  ‫ޟ‬వ┵ಽశ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ಎᢎ᝼ᔕ൐ᦠ㘃࿷ਛ‫ޟߪߚ߹ޔޠ‬ᗧ⷗ᦠ࿷ਛߩᣦࠍᧇᦠߒ‫ޔ‬ㇷㅍߩ႐วߪᦠ⇐ߢㇷㅍߩߎߣ‫ޕ‬㧚ㆬ⠨ᣇᴺ  ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼ળߢክᩏ᳿ቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩߥ޿႐วߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯࠍ଻⇐޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬     ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬  ᣣ             ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㐳                  ਄ ↰ ๺ ᄦ53൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼‫࢖֥ޗ‬༡͈̮մඤ!

 ਅ⸥ߦࠃࠅഥᢎߩ౏൐ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩផ⮈‫ޔ‬Ꮧᦸ⠪ߩᔕ൐ࠍ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⸥㧝㧚⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ฬ╬߅ࠃ߮౏൐ੱຬᢙ
࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞‛ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷㧔ศା⎇ⓥቶ㧕 ഥᢎ㧝ฬ㧞㧚⎇ⓥౝኈ  ⴫㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠽ࡁࡔ࡯࠻࡞ࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߩේሶ࡮ಽሶߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬ߅ࠃ߮㔚ሶ‛ᕈࠍ‫ޔ‬ዪᚲࡊࡠ࡯ࡉᴺ࡮⴫㕙ಽశߥߤߩታ㛎⊛ᚻᴺߦࠃࠅ⎇ⓥߔࠆ‫౏ᧄޕ‬൐ߢߪ‫ޔ‬᷹ቯᴺߩ㐿⊒߿ੱᎿ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧߩ૞⵾ߥߤࠍ฽߼‫⴫ޔ‬㕙⑼ቇߦᣂߚߥ㗔ၞࠍ㐿ᜏߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮ቇ↢ߩᜰዉ߽Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦⴕ߁ᗧ᰼ߩ޽ࠆ⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟㧚ᔕ൐⾗ᩰ  ୃ჻⺖⒟ୃੌ‫ߣࠇߎߪߚ߹ޔ‬ห╬એ਄ߩ⢻ജࠍᜬߟᣇ‫ޕ‬㧠㧚છ  ᦼ  છᦼߪ㧡ᐕߣߔࠆ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ౣછߪนߣߒ㧝࿁ࠍ㒢ᐲߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧡㧚౏൐✦ಾ  ᐔᚑ㧝㧥ᐕ㧥᦬㧞㧤ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ᔅ⌕㧢㧚⌕છᤨᦼ  ᳿ቯᓟߥࠆߴߊᣧ޿ᤨᦼ
㧣㧚ឭ಴ᦠ㘃
㧔ࠗ㧕ផ⮈ߩ႐ว ٤ផ⮈ᦠ ٤ጁᱧᦠ㧔⇛ᱧߢน㧕 ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕‫ޚ‬ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧟✬⒟ᐲ㧕٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕㧔ࡠ㧕ᔕ൐ߩ႐ว
٤ጁᱧᦠ㧔⇛ᱧߢน㧕 ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕‫ޚ‬ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧟✬⒟ᐲ㧕‫ޚ‬ᚲዻ㐳࡮ᜰዉᢎຬ╬ߦࠃࠆᔕ൐⠪ᧄੱߦߟ޿ߡߩᗧ⷗ᦠ㧔૞ᚑ⠪߆ࠄᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ߳⋥ㅍ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕㧤㧚ᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ ‫ ޥ‬ජ⪲⋵ᨰᏒᨰߩ⪲㧡ৼ⋡㧝⇟㧡ภ᧲੩ᄢቇᨰ࿾඙ੱ੐࡮ഭോࠣ࡞࡯ࡊੱ੐࠴࡯ࡓ     㔚⹤   e-mail jinji@kj.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧥㧚ᧄઙߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧޿วࠊߖవ        ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞‛ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ᢎ᝼ ศା ᷕ㔚⹤   e-mail yoshinobu@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp
10㧚ᵈᗧ੐㗄‫‛࡞࡯ࠤࠬࡁ࠽ޟ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷㧔ศା⎇ⓥቶ㧕ഥᢎᔕ൐ᦠ㘃࿷ਛ‫ޟߪߚ߹ޔޠ‬ᗧ⷗ᦠ࿷ਛ‫ߩޠ‬ᣦࠍᧇᦠߒ‫ޔ‬ㇷㅍߩ႐วߪᦠ⇐ߣߔࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬11㧚ㆬ⠨ᣇᴺ
᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼ળߦߡክᩏ᳿ቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩߥ޿႐วߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯࠍ଻⇐޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬    ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬  ᣣ             ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㐳                  ਄ ↰ ๺ ᄦ54൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼‫࢖֥ޗ‬༡͈̮մඤ!





ਅ⸥ߦࠃࠅ․છ⻠Ꮷߩ౏൐ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩផ⮈‫ޔ‬Ꮧᦸ⠪ߩᔕ൐ࠍ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⸥㧝㧚⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ฬ෸߮౏൐ੱຬᢙ
᧲੩ᄢቇ⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪⥄┙ଦㅴࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦࠃࠆࡈࡠࡦ࠹ࠖࠕ⎇ⓥ࠴࡯ࡓ࡝࡯࠳࡯㧔․છ⻠Ꮷ㧕 㧞ฬ㧞㧚⎇ⓥౝኈ
‛ᕈታ㛎‫‛ޔ‬ᕈℂ⺰‫⾰‛ޔ‬วᚑߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥಽ㊁㧟㧚ᔕ൐⾗ᩰ  ඳ჻ภขᓧᓟ  ᐕ⒟ᐲએౝ
㧠㧚છ  ᦼ  㧞㧜㧝㧞ᐕ㧟᦬㧟㧝ᣣ߹ߢ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬છᦼḩੌᤨߦክᩏߩ߁߃‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲಎᢎ᝼ߣߒߡណ↪ߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ޽ࠅ‫ޕ‬㧡㧚౏൐✦ಾ  ᐔᚑ㧝㧥ᐕ㧤᦬㧟㧜ᣣ㧔ᧁ㧕ᔅ⌕㧢㧚ዞછᤨᦼ
᳿ቯᓟߥࠆߴߊᣧ޿ᤨᦼ
㧣㧚ឭ಴ᦠ㘃 ٤ጁᱧᦠ㧔⇛ᱧߢน㧕 ٤ᬺ❣࡝ࠬ࠻㧔․ߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߦ٤ශࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ㧕 ٤ਥⷐ⺰ᢥߩ೎೚㧔㧡✬એౝ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥᬺ❣ߩ᭎ⷐ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤⎇ⓥ⸘↹ᦠ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧜ሼ⒟ᐲ㧕 ٤ផ⮈ᦠ‫ߪߒ޿ߥޔ‬ᔕ൐⠪ߦߟ޿ߡෳ⠨ᗧ⷗ࠍ߁߆߇߃ࠆᣇ㧔㧞ฬ㧕ߩ᳁ฬ࡮ㅪ⛊వ࡮e-meil ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬ
㧤㧚ᦠ㘃ឭ಴వ  ‫ ޥ‬ජ⪲⋵ᨰᏒᨰߩ⪲         ᧲੩ᄢቇᨰ࿾඙ੱ੐࡮ഭോࠣ࡞࡯ࡊੱ੐࠴࡯ࡓ        㔚⹤  e-mail jinji@kj.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧥㧚ᧄઙߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧޿วࠊߖవ  ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㒝ዻ‛⾰⸳⸘⹏ଔᣉ⸳ᢎ᝼ ᑝ੗ༀੑ       㔚⹤  e-mail hiroi@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp㧚ᵈᗧ੐㗄  ‫⧯ޟ‬ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪⥄┙ଦㅴࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓᔕ൐ᦠ㘃࿷ਛ‫ޔߒᦠᧇߣޠ‬ㇷㅍߩ႐วߪᦠ⇐ߢㇷㅍߩߎߣ‫ޕ‬㧚ㆬ⠨ᣇᴺ  ᧲੩ᄢቇ⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪⥄┙ଦㅴࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓㆇ༡ᆔຬળߢክᩏ᳿ቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ㆡછ⠪ߩߥ޿႐วߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯࠍ଻⇐޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬     ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧣᦬㧞ᣣ             ᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㐳                  ਄ ↰ ๺ ᄦ55

஻ၛ61ਔාܱැমު͈̤౶̵ͣ!

᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߢߪഃ┙  ๟ᐕࠍ⸥ᔨߒߡએਅߩࠃ߁ߥ੐ᬺࠍ⸘↹ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫⊝ޕ‬᭽ߩᄙᢙߩ
ߏෳടࠍ߅ᓙߜߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼஻ၛ 61 ਔාȪ൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬஻ၛ 241 ਔාȫܱැমު඾೾!
ల֚඾࿒! ໹଼2:ා22࠮3:඾Ȫ࿐ȫȪ‫ !؃‬ฐ΅λϋΩΑȫ!
 Ώϋεΐ;θȶ‫ޑ‬௖‫۾‬ഩঊࠏ͈૧ജ‫ٳ‬ȷ㧔 ᤨ㨪 ᤨ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᄢ⻠⟵ቶ㧕  ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦΣ㧦㊂ሶࠬࡇࡦ♽  ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦΤ㧦ㆉᱧ♽㧔HF 㔚ሶ♽㧕  ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦΥ㧦ࠛࠠ࠱࠴࠶ࠢ♽㧔ಽሶዉ૕♽㧕 ೨ᄛ⑂ 㧔 ᤨ㧙 ᤨ‫ࠕ࡝࠹ࠚࡈࠞޔ‬㧕

లඵ඾࿒! ໹଼2:ා22࠮41඾Ȫ߄ȫȪ‫ !؃‬჋ུ࿐!ଽॐࡄ‫ݪ‬ఱ‫֭ڠ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬ȫ!
Ώϋεΐ;θȶ໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼ً͈‫ݲ‬Ȇ࡛हȆྚြȷ㧔 ᤨ㨪 ᤨඨ‫ޔ‬ᗐᶏᭈࡎ࡯࡞㧕‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߩᱧผߣ⃻⁁  ਄ ↰ ๺ ᄦ 㧔‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㐳㧕‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߩ዁᧪⸘↹   ኅ   ᵏ ᒄ 㧔‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ዁᧪⸘↹ᆔຬ㐳㧕‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߦᦸ߻   ‛ℂቇળࠃࠅ      㣮ఽፉ ⺈ ৻ 㧔᧲੩ᄢቇᢎ᝼㧕   ‛ᕈࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠃࠅ  ୖ ᧄ ⟵ ᄦ 㧔᧲ർᄢቇᢎ᝼㧕   ౒ห೑↪߆ࠄ      ⑺ శ   ⚐ 㧔㕍ጊቇ㒮ᄢቇᢎ᝼㧕㧔 ᤨ㨪 ᤨ‫ޔ‬ᗐᶏᭈࡎ࡯࡞㧕ΩΥσΟͻΑ΃ΛΏοϋȶ̭̥͈ͦͣ 61 ා͈‫͉ڠش‬ȉȷࡄࡀ࡝ࠬ࠻ዊችጊ   ብ 㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ✚㐳㧕૒ ୖ   ⛔ 㧔᧲੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ᖱႎቇⅣᢎ᝼㧕ศ ↰   ඳ 㧔ᄢ㒋ᄢቇ↥ᬺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼㧕ർ Ỉ ብ ৻ 㧔⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱ⑼ቇᛛⴚᝄ⥝੐ᬺ࿅ኾോℂ੐㧕ਛ ᧛ ᩵ ሶ 㧔JT ↢๮⹹⎇ⓥ㙚㐳㧕⨃ ᧁ ஜ৻㇢ 㧔࠰࠾࡯ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ⎇ⓥᚲ਄⚖⎇ⓥຬ㧕มળㅴⴕᩊ ጊ ల ᒄ 㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼㧕൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼஻ၛ 61 ਔා৆ങ  㧔 ᤨඨ㨪 ᤨඨ‫ޔ‬ᗐᶏᭈࡎ࡯࡞㧕൐‫ނ‬ఱ‫ڠ‬໤଻ࡄ‫ݪ‬ਫ਼஻ၛ 61 ਔාਿٖٛ 㧔 ᤨඨ㨪 ᤨඨ㧕㧔ᣈ ⿒ဈ ANA ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠦࡦ࠴ࡀࡦ࠲࡞ࡎ࠹࡞㧕56

σӷМဇဎᛪỉῆᾴᾱ҄ỆếẟềỉấჷỤẶᴾ
̪ ᐔᚑ20ᐕᐲ೨ᦼ౒ห೑↪㧔ᐔᚑ19ᐕ10᦬൐㓸ಽ㧕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ߅⍮ࠄߖߢߔ ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ౒ห೑↪ߩฃઃ੐ോ◲⚛ൻߩߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᐔᚑ 20 ᐕᐲ೨ᦼߩ౒ห೑↪↳⺧ࠃࠅ web ߦࠃࠆฃઃ
ࠍ㐿ᆎߒ߹ߔ‫⇐ޕ‬ቇ⎇ⓥຬ‫ޔ‬བྷ⸤⎇ⓥຬߦߟ޿ߡ߽หᤨᦼߦ web ߢߩฃઃࠍ㐿ᆎߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߚߛߒ‫ޔ࠲࡯ࡘࡇࡦࠦ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠬޔ‬ਛᕈሶ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᣉ⸳ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߤ߅ࠅߢᄌᦝߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬1㧚web ૭୏͈ၠͦ URL ╬ߪᡷ߼ߡࠕ࠽࠙ࡦࠬߒ߹ߔ‫ ޕ‬
2.2!IDȆΩΑχȜΡ͈৾ං!
ᜰቯ URL ࠍࡉ࡜࠙ࠩߢ㐿޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᔅⷐߥ⎇ⓥ⠪ᖱႎࠍ౉ജߒ߹ߔ‫౉ޕ‬ജߐࠇߚ e ࡔ࡯࡞ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬߦ ID ߣࡄࠬࡢ࡯࠼߇ㅍઃߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
2.3!૭୏ඤယ͈වႁ!
 ਄⸥ ID ߣࡄࠬࡢ࡯࠼ࠍ૶↪ߒߡ↳⺧ࡈࠜ࡯ࡓࠍ㐿߈‫ޔ‬ᔅⷐ੐㗄ࠍ౉ജߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
2.4!૭୏੥͈֣क़!
 ౉ജ߇ᱜᏱߦ⚳ੌߔࠆߣ‫ ߇ᦠ⺧↳ޔ‬Adobe pdf ࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߢ૞ᚑߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬૞ᚑߐࠇߚ↳⺧ᦠࠍශ೚ߒ‫ޔ‬ᚲዻ㐳‫ޔ‬ቇ↢ߩ႐วߪᜰዉᢎຬߩ⹺ශࠍฃߌߡߊߛߐ޿‫⹺ޕ‬ශࠍฃߌߚ↳⺧ᦠߪ‫౒ޔ‬ห೑↪ଥተߦㇷㅍ޿ߚߛߊ߆‫౒ޔ‬ห೑↪ߢ‛ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߦ᧪ᚲߩ㓙ߦ‫౒ޔ‬ห೑↪ଥߦ⋥ធߏឭ಴ߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬ĩĶĪġ ඪ֣Ʀဍ௣ྌ͉ೄ୪೹੄ġġ57

΄ρΑࢥै৒̥͈̤ͣ౶̵ͣ!

ࢥ ै տ ֥ ಿ! ! ྎࡓ! ! ഔ
΄ρΑࢥै৒! ! ࣽ֔! ಑ဎࠟ࡜ࠬᎿ૞ቶ߆ࠄ‫ޟ‬᳓⚛ࠟࠬዉ౉‫߅ߩߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬⍮ࠄߖߢߔ‫ޕ‬ ㄭᐕࠟ࡜ࠬᎿ૞ቶߢߪ⍹⧷ടᎿߩଐ㗬߇Ⴧടߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬᳓⚛ࠟࠬߢߩടᎿ߇ᦸ߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᐲ‫ޔ‬ᔨ㗿ߩ᳓⚛ࠟࠬዉ౉ߩ㈩▤⸳஻߇ᢛ޿‫߇↪૶ޔ‬น⢻ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࡠࠞޔࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬࡝࡯ߩ㜞޿᳓⚛ࠟࠬ߇૶߃‫ޔ‬ടᎿᤨ㑆߇ᄢ᏷ߦ⍴❗ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄢญᓘߩ߽ߩߩടᎿߥߤ߇ᄢᄌߒᤃߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࠬ࡜ࠟޔߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮏ૞ቶߢߩടᎿ‫⵾ޔ‬૞ߩౝኈ߅ࠃ߮▸࿐ࠍᐢߍࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ
ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ ฦ⎇ⓥቶߦ߅߆ࠇ߹ߒߡౕེ⵾૞ߩ㓙ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ടᎿᆔ⸤╬‫ޔ‬ᤚ㕖ߏ⋧⺣ਅߐ޿‫ޕ‬ ߎࠇ߆ࠄ߽ߎߩ┙ᵷߥ⸳஻ࠍ߅߅޿ߦߏᵴ↪㗂߈ߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠬ࡜ࠟޕ‬Ꮏ૞ቶࠍㅢߒߡ⊝᭽ߩ⎇ⓥߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻ᓎߣߒߡ㗎ᒛߞߡ޿ߊᚲሽߢߔߩߢ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃޔ‬㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
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༎ġ ਬġ ࢃġ ܱ⫳ߒᥤ޿ᣣ߇⛯޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬TX㧔ߟߊ߫ࠛࠢࠬࡊ࡟ࠬ㧕ߩ㐿ㅢᓟ‫ޔ‬ᨰࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߩ๟ㄝߢߪᑪ
⸳࡜࠶ࠪࡘߢߔ‫ࠬࡄࡦࡖࠠޕ‬ౝߦ߽ᣂߒ޿㘩ၴ߇ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦߔࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬㘑᥊߽ߛ޿߱ᄌࠊߞߡ߈߹ߒ
ߚ‫‛ޕ‬ᕈ⎇ⓥᚲߢߪᤓᐕᓟඨ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᶧ૕ࡋ࡝࠙ࡓଏ⛎ߦෂᯏ⊛⁁ᴫ߇⛯߈߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬㑐ଥ⠪ฦ૏ߩᓮദജߩ߅߆ߍߢ߶߷ቢోᓳᣥߒ‫৻ޔ‬ห⢷ࠍߥߢ߅ࠈߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߐߡ੹࿁ߩ‛ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬᫪వ↢ߩ⎇ⓥቶߛࠃࠅ߇╩㗡⸥੐ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᫪⎇ⓥቶߩᵴべߣ㔚⩄⒖േ㍲૕⎇ⓥߩᦨᣂേะ߇ࠃߊࠊ߆ࠆౝኈߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫✚ޔߚ߹ޕ‬㐳⾨ࠍฃ⾨ߐࠇߚ
㊁Ỉ‫ޔ‬࿯ደ‫ޔ‬㣕ጊฦ᳁ߦߪ‫ޔ‬㑐ㅪ⸥੐ࠍ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⌕છᤨ߅ࠃ߮㔌છᤨߩ⸥੐ߪ‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߩ‛ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߦߪឝタߐࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢߔ߇‫੹ޔ‬࿁ᓳᵴߐߖ߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ቄߩ‛ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߦߪ‫‛ޔ‬ᕈ⎇⌕છߩ᜿ᜦࠍᏱᰴవ↢‫↰᧻ޔ‬వ↢‫ޔ‬ᓼ᳗వ↢‫ޔ‬ᄢਭ଻ߐࠎ‫᦯ޔ‬ㇱߐࠎ‫ޔ‬㡨ᳰߐࠎ‫᧻ޔ‬ᨋߐࠎߦ‫ޔ‬㔌છߩ᜿ᜦࠍᄢ㆏వ↢‫ޔ‬ጊਅవ↢ߦ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ੱቴຬߩBhargavaవ↢ߦߪ‛ᕈ⎇ṛ࿷ਛߩශ⽎ߦ㑐ߒߡߩ⸥੐ࠍ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߩ߶߆ߦߪ‫ޔ‬5᦬21ᣣ㨪23ᣣߦ‛ᕈ⎇⻠⟵ቶߢⴕߞߚ⍴ᦼ⎇ⓥળߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸥੐߇ឝタߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᦨᓟߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‫੹ޔ‬࿁‛ᕈ⎇ߛࠃࠅߩේⓂࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߦ޽ߚࠅ‫߼✦ޔ‬ಾࠅ߹ߢᤨ㑆߇૛ࠅߥ߆ߞߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᔟߊේⓂࠍ߅ᒁ߈ฃߌߒߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ⪺⠪ߩ⊝᭽ోຬߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬႐ࠍ୫ࠅߡ
߅␞↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬↰ ፉ ⵨ ਯ