PHp - 15:DYHOHQJWK&RQYHUVLRQ0DWHULDO
³3KRVSKRU*ODVV&RPSRVLWHV´IRU+LJK3RZHU6ROLG6WDWH/LJKWLQJ1DRNL)XMLWD0DVDUX,ZDR6KXQVXNH)XMLWD0DVDKLNR2KML1LSSRQ(OHFWULF*ODVV&R/WG6HLUHQ&KRPH2WVXVKL6KLJD-DSDQ.H\ZRUGV*ODVVFRPSRVLWH:DYHOHQJWKFRQYHUVLRQ3KRVSKRU6ROLGVWDWHOLJKWLQJZHDWKHUUHVLVWDQFH$%675$&7
3KRVSKRU*ODVV &RPSRVLWHV LQ ZKLFKSKRVSKRUVDUHGLVSHUVHGKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG
7KHSKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHVDUHH[SHFWHGDV
WKHH[FHOOHQWZDYHOHQJWKFRQYHUVLRQPDWHULDOIRUKLJK SRZHU VROLGVWDWH OLJKWLQJ ZKLFK KDYHKLJKKXPLGLW\ UHVLVWDQFH ORQJ OLIHWLPH DQG
H[WUHPHO\VPDOOGHYLDWLRQLQHPLVVLRQFRORU
,1752'8&7,21
3KRVSKRU FRQYHUWHG/LJKW (PLWWLQJ 'LRGHV /DVHU'LRGHV SF/('V/'V KDYHEHHQDWWUDFWLQJPXFK DWWHQWLRQ DV QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ VROLGVWDWH
OLJKWLQJ GHYLFHV > @ ,Q FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKHFRQYHQWLRQDO LOOXPLQDWLRQ ODPSV SF/('V/'V
GHYLFHV KDYH D ORW RI DGYDQWDJHV VXFK DV KLJKHQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ ORQJ OLIHWLPH DQG VPDOOHQYLURQPHQWDOEXUGHQV5HFHQWO\ZLWKWKHKDYLQJLPSURYHGSHUIRUPDQFHRIERWK/('OLJKWVRXUFHV
DQG SKRVSKRUV SF/('V KDYH EHHQ XVHG IRUYDULRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV GLVSOD\ EDFNOLJKWLQJDXWRPRWLYH OLJKWV GDWDSURMHFWRUV DQG JHQHUDOLOOXPLQDWLRQOLJKWV &XUUHQWO\ PRVW FRPPRQ SF/('V FRQVLVW RI
&HGRSHG<$*SKRVSKRUVHDOHGLQUHVLQPDWUL[DQGDEOXH/('+RZHYHUWKHUHVLQPDWUL[WHQGV
WR EH GHWHULRUDWHG E\ KHDW IURP WKH KLJK SRZHUEOXH/(' OLJKW VRXUFH >@ 7KLV GHWHULRUDWLRQUHVXOWV LQ XQGHVLUDEOH FRORU FKDQJHV DQGGHIRUPDWLRQVRIWKHUHVLQPDWUL[WKHUHIRUHOLIHWLPH
RIWKHSF/('VLVVKRUW
7RVROYHWKHVHSUREOHPVZHKDYHGHYHORSHGDZDYHOHQJWKFRQYHUVLRQPDWHULDOµ3KRVSKRU*ODVV&RPSRVLWHV¶ >@ QDPHG /XPLSKRXV70  LQ ZKLFKSKRVSKRUVDUHGLVSHUVHGKRPRJHQHRXVO\$V WKH JODVV PDWUL[ RI WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV IRU H[DPSOH 6L2%252 5 0J&D6URU%D %2=Q252DQG6Q232JODVVV\VWHPV DUH DSSOLHG 7KHVH JODVV V\VWHPV DQGWKHLUJODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH 7J DUHVKRZQLQ 7DEOH  7J LV RQH SDUDPHWHU ZKLFK VKRZVWKHUPDO UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV *ODVV V\VWHP LV VHOHFWHG E\FRQVLGHULQJ UHIUDFWLYH LQGH[ GLIIHUHQFHV DQGUHDFWLYH SURSHUW\ EHWZHHQ WKH JODVV DQGSKRVSKRU SRZGHU )RU WKH SKRVSKRUV ZLWK ORZKHDWUHVLVWDQFHWKHJODVVV\VWHPVRIORZ7JDUHXVXDOO\DGRSWHGIRULQVWDQFH%2=Q252RU
6Q232 JODVV V\VWHPV 7KH GLIIHUHQFH RI
UHIUDFWLYH LQGH[ EHWZHHQ JODVV DQG SKRVSKRUPDNHV D ODUJH LQIOXHQFH RQ OLJKW VFDWWHULQJ RI
EOXHOLJKW/XPLQRXVHIILFLHQF\FDQEHHQKDQFHG
E\LQWURGXFLQJWKHSURSHUOLJKWVFDWWHULQJLQWRWKHSKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWH
3KRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHVHQWLUHO\FRPSRVHGRILQRUJDQLFPDWHULDOVKDYHDQXPEHU
RI DGYDQWDJHV LQ WKH XVH RI ZDYHOHQJWKFRQYHUVLRQ GHYLFHV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WHUPV RIKLJKKXPLGLW\ UHVLVWDQFHDQG VPDOO GHYLDWLRQ LQ
HPLVVLRQ FRORU ,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK ZH VKRZVXSHULRU SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV7DEOH *ODVV FRPSRVLWLRQV DQG WKHLU JODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH*ODVVFRPSRVLWLRQV\VWHP

6L2%252%2=Q2526Q2327J㻌㻔&㻕(;3(5,0(17$/352&('85(6,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK D 6L2%252 JODVVV\VWHP ZDV XVHG 3RZGHU RI WKH JODVV DQGSKRVSKRUVZHUHZHOOPL[HGXQGHUWKHSUHVFULEHG
FRQGLWLRQ 7KH PL[WXUH ZDV SUHVVHG LQWR HDFKVKDSHDQGKHDWWUHDWHGDWDWHPSHUDWXUHKLJKHUWKDQ 7J 7KH SKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWH
VDPSOHVZHUHSURFHVVHGLQWRWKHIRUPVRI[[PPDQG[[PPWRHYDOXDWH
WKHKXPLGLW\UHVLVWDQFHDQGWKHHPLVVLRQFRORU
7R LQYHVWLJDWH WKH KXPLGLW\ UHVLVWDQFH WKHVDPSOHV ZHUH VXEMHFW WR DQ XQELDVHG KLJKO\DFFHOHUDWHG VWUHVV WHVW +$67 7KH WHVWFRQGLWLRQ ZDV &   5+ DQG  DWP IRUISSN-L 1883-2490/20/0775 © 2013 ITE and SID

IDW ’13775

 KRXUV 7KH WRWDO OXPLQRXV IOX[ DQG WKHHPLVVLRQ FRORU ZHUH FDOFXODWHG IURP VSHFWUDOSRZHU GLVWULEXWLRQ PHDVXUHG LQ DQ LQWHJUDWLQJVSKHUH XQGHU  QP DQG  QP EOXH/('
H[FLWDWLRQDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUH
5(68/76$1'',6&866,21)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH FKDQJHV RI UHODWLYH WRWDOOXPLQRXV IOX[ GXULQJ WKH +$67 IRU WKHSKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWH DQG D SKRVSKRUUHVLQFRPSRVLWH /D6L1&H /61  >@ \HOORZSKRVSKRU ZDV GLVSHUVHG LQ ERWK VDPSOHV 7KHFRQWHQW RI WKH SKRVSKRU LQ WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHDQGWKHSKRVSKRUUHVLQFRPSRVLWHDUH
 ZW DQG  ZW UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHSKRVSKRUUHVLQ FRPSRVLWH ZDV PDGH E\ DFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHKHDWFXUDEOHVLOLFRQHUHVLQ
FXUHFRQGLWLRQ&KRXU $VVHHQLQ)LJ
WKH UHODWLYH WRWDO OXPLQRXV IOX[ RI WKH JODVVFRPSRVLWHVDPSOHGLGQRWFKDQJHDWDOOHYHQLIWKH
VDPSOHZDVH[SRVHGLQ+$67IRUKRXUV7KH
DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH VDPSOH DOVR GLG QRW FKDQJH
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHODWLYHWRWDOOXPLQRXVIOX[RI WKH UHVLQ FRPSRVLWH VDPSOH GHFUHDVHG ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ WHVW WLPH 7KLV GHFUHDVH LQ WRWDOOXPLQRXVIOX[PD\EHFDXVHGE\DGHWHULRUDWLRQRIVLOLFRQH UHVLQ LQ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KLJKKXPLGLW\HQYLURQPHQW>@㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㼘㼡㼙㼕㼚㼛㼡㼟㻌㼒㼘㼡㼤㻌㼇㻑㼉㻝㻜㻡㻝㻜㻜㻥㻡㻥㻜㻼㼔㼛㼟㼜㼔㼛㼞㻙㼓㼘㼍㼟㼟㻌㼏㼛㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼠㼑㻤㻡㻼㼔㼛㼟㼜㼔㼛㼞㻙㼞㼑㼟㼕㼚㻌㼏㼛㼙㼜㼛㼟㼕㼠㼑㻤㻜㻜㻡㻜㻝㻜㻜㻝㻡㻜㻞㻜㻜㻞㻡㻜㻟㻜㻜㼀㼕㼙㼑㻌㼇㼔㼉)LJ 7KH FKDQJH RI UHODWLYH WRWDO OXPLQRXV776

IOX[LQWKHSKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHDQGWKHSKRVSKRUUHVLQ FRPSRVLWH GXULQJ WKH KLJKO\DFFHOHUDWHGVWUHVVWHVWXQGHUWKHFRQGLWLRQVRI&5+DQGDWP 3KRVSKRU/61 

IDW ’13)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH HPLVVLRQ FRORUV RI WKHSKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHVZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWH
PL[ RI /61 DQG D6L$O21(X RUDQJHSKRVSKRU>@LQWKH&,(FKURPDWLFLW\GLDJUDP
,Q WKLV FDVH WKH HPLVVLRQ FRORU RI WKHSKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWHV FDQ EH IUHHO\FRQWUROOHG ZLWKLQ D UHJLRQ VXUURXQGHG E\ WKHFKURPDWLFLW\SRLQWRI/61D6L$O21DQGQP
EOXH/('H[FLWDWLRQ7KHHPLVVLRQFRORUVFDQEHHDVLO\ ILWWHG RQ WKH ORFXV RI WKH EODFNERG\UDGLDWLRQ E\ FKDQJLQJ D UDWLR RI /61 DQG
D6L$O21VKRZQLQ)LJ
/61 7KH ORFXV RI
WKH EODFNERG\UDGLDWLRQD6L$O21
%OXH/('QP )LJ 7KH HPLVVLRQ FRORUV RI WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH PL[ RI /61 DQG
D6L$O21 LQ WKH &,( FKURPDWLFLW\ GLDJUDP H[FLWDWLRQQP 7KH GHYLDWLRQ RI HPLVVLRQ FRORU LQ WKH 
VDPSOHV ZDV HYDOXDWHG /61 DQG D6L$O21
ZHUHXVHG$FRQWHQWRISKRVSKRULQWKHVDPSOHV
ZDV  ZW DQG WKH ZHLJKW UDWLR RI /61 WR
D6L$O21 ZDV  WR  7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
HPLVVLRQFRORUIRUWKHVDPSOHVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KHGHYLDWLRQRIFKURPDWLFLW\[LVZLWKLQDVPDOOUDQJHRI7KLVGHYLDWLRQIDOOVLQVLGHVWHS
0DF$GDPHOOLSVHXVHGDVDFKURPDWLFLW\FRQWUROVWDQGDUG7KLVLVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHKRPRJHQHRXVGLVSHUVLRQ RI WKH SKRVSKRU LQ JODVV PDWUL[ DQGSUHFLVHGLPHQVLRQDOFRQWUROLQSURFHVV

0DF$GDPVWHS

$PEHU

7KH ORFXV RI WKHEODFNERG\UDGLDWLRQ5HG

*UHHQ

PP 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI HPLVVLRQ FRORU IRU WKH)LJSKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV 7KH FRQWHQW RI WKHSKRVSKRUV/61DQGD6L$O21 LVZWWKHZHLJKWUDWLRRI/61WRD6L$O21LVWR)LQDOO\ D IRUPDELOLW\ RI WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV LV VKRZQ )RU H[DPSOH SODWH GLVN
URGGRPHDQGEDOOVKDSHGVDPSOHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ  7KH SKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWHV FDQ EH
SURFHVVHG E\ D YDULHW\ RI PHWKRGV VXFK DV
FXWWLQJJULQGLQJSROLVKLQJSUHVVLQJEHQGLQJDQG
VRRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\ D YDULHW\ RI HPLVVLRQ FRORUV RISKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWHV LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ 
7KHYDULRXVHPLVVLRQFRORUVFDQEHSURGXFHGE\VHOHFWLQJ D VXLWDEOH FRPELQDWLRQ RI JODVV DQGSKRVSKRU

3ODWH

5RG

PP

%DOO
'LVN

'RPHPP)LJ7KHH[DPSOHVRIIRUPDELOLW\RISKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWH

<HOORZ)LJ $ YDULHW\ RI FRORU FRRUGLQDWLRQ LQ SKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWHV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH
H[FLWHGE\89ODPS

6800$5<7KHKXPLGLW\ UHVLVWDQFHDQG WKH GHYLDWLRQRIHPLVVLRQ FRORU RI WKH SKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHV
ZHUH
HYDOXDWHG
7KH
SKRVSKRUJODVV FRPSRVLWHV VKRZHG H[FHOOHQWKXPLGLW\UHVLVWDQFHLQ+$67FRPSDUHGZLWKWKH
UHVLQSKRVSKRU FRPSRVLWH 7KH GHYLDWLRQ RIHPLVVLRQFRORUZDVVRVPDOOHYHQLIWZRNLQGVRISKRVSKRUVZHUHGLVSHUVHGLQWKHJODVVPDWUL[LWZRXOG EH GLIILFXOW WR FRQWURO WKH HPLVVLRQ FRORU
SUHFLVHO\ 7KHVH UHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKHSKRVSKRUJODVVFRPSRVLWHVDUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKHZDYHOHQJWKFRQYHUVLRQPDWHULDOVIRUKLJKSRZHUVROLGVWDWHOLJKWLQJ5()(5(1&(6>@ 6 1DJDKDPD ³+LJK /XPLQDQFH :KLWH /LJKW
6RXUFHE\XVLQJ1LWULGH6HPLFRQGXFWRU/DVHU
WK'LRGHV´ 3URF   0HHWLQJ RI 3KRVSKRU
5HVHUFK6RFLHW\RI-DSDQ  >@<,NHGD³+LJKEULJKWQHVV/LJKWLQJDSSOLFDWLRQRI OLJKW 6RXUFH 8VLQJ /'V DQG 3KRVSKRU´WK
3URF   0HHWLQJ RI 3KRVSKRU 5HVHUFK6RFLHW\RI-DSDQ  >@ +/XR-..LP()6FKXEHUW-&KR&6RQH DQG < 3DUN  ³$QDO\VLV RI KLJKSRZHU
SDFNDJHV IRU SKRVSKRUEDVHG ZKLWH OLJKWHPLWWLQJGLRGHV´$SSO3K\V/HWW
 >@56X]XNL0,ZDR6)XMLWDDQG02KML
³3KRVSKRU *ODVV &RPSRVLWHV IRU ZKLWH/('´ WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ
3KRWROXPLQHVFHQFHLQ5DUH(DUWKV3>@ 1.LMLPD76HWRDQG1+LURVDNL³$1HZ

IDW ’13777

<HOORZ 3KRVSKRU /D6L1 &H IRU ZKLWH/('V´(&67UDQV  >@6,&KDQ:6+RQJ.7.LP<*<RRQ-++DQDQG-6-DQJ³$FFHOHUDWHGOLIHWHVWRIKLJKSRZHUZKLWHOLJKWHPLWWLQJGLRGHVEDVHG
RQ
SDFNDJHIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPV´0LFURHOHFWURQLFV5HOLDELOLW\  >@5-;LH00LWRPR.8KHGD));XDQG
< $NLPXQH ³3UHSDUDWLRQ DQG /XPLQHVFHQFH
VSHFWUDRI&DOFLXPDQG5DUH(DUWK 5 (X7E
DQG3U &RGRSHGD6L$O21&HUDPLFV´-$P
&HUDP6RF  >@ - : + YDQ .UHYHO - : 7 YDQ 5XWWHQ +
0DQGDO + 7 +LQW]HQ DQG 5 0HWVHODDU
³/XPLQHVFHQFH 3URSHUWLHV RI 7HUELXP&HULXP RU (XURSLXP'RSHG D6L$O21
0DWHULDOV´ - 6ROLG 6WDWH &KHP   



778

IDW ’13