History and Current situation of wastewater treatment inJapan and legal framework of Johkasou
14th November, 2023

Mr. Ryoma SATO
Section Chief, Office for Promotion of Johkasou

Office for Promotion of Johkasou
Waste Management Division
Environmental Regeneration and Material Cycles Bureau
Ministry of the Environment
Government of JAPANhttps://www.env.go.jp/recycle/jokaso/

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1: History and Current situation of wastewater
treatment in Japan
Chapter 2: General Information of Johkasou

Chapter 3: Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan
Appendix 1: Other Information of Johkasou in Japan
Appendix 2: Subsidy for Johkasou
21. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan Water pollution in Japan during rapid economic growth
Dohkai Bay(Kitakyushu)
in the 1960s

SumidaRiver(Tokyo)in the1970s

Chofu Weir,
Tama River(Tokyo)in the 1970s

3

1. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan History of wastewater treatment and infectious diseases
 Up to the 1950s, night soil had been used as agricultural fertilizer and regarded as resource.
 From the late the 1950s, night soil had become “waste” due to introduction of chemical fertilizers andurbanization. Lack of night soil treatment facilities and hygienic treatment had become big problems.
 Spread of infectious diseases had continued until the rapid economic growth period of the 1970s.

(3)Yuzo Inoue, History and technology of night soil treatment in Japan, J. of Monthly Johkasou

41. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan Domestic wastewater issues and outcomes over time

Late 1950s to around 1970

Late 1970s/early
1980s

Present day

Water pollution is anenvironmental problem

Domestic wastewater
creates localized
pollution

Resolved by preventing
the spread ofcontaminated water

Widespread use of flush toilets
Mainly byfactory wastewater51. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan Achievement of water quality standards related to domestic environmental standard
100

Rivers 93.1%
Total 88.3%

90

Seas 78.6%

Achievement rate (%)

80
70
60

Lakes 53.6%

50
40

Measuring item
Rivers：BOD (Total 2,577 water-area)
Seas： COD (Total 590 water-area)
Lakes： COD (Total 192 water-area )

30
20
10
0

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 FY
Total

Rivers

Lakes

Seas

※Public waters water quality measurement results（2021）

Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan6

1. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan
Johkasou
浄化槽
installed area
（既整備区域）

Collective Rural
集落排水
Wastewater Facilities（未整備区域）
un-installed area

Sewage system
下水道
un-installed area

（未整備区域）

Collective Rural
集落排水
Wastewater Facilities（既整備区域）
installed area

T

T
Sewage system

下水道（既整備区域）
installed area

Johkasou
浄化槽
un-installedarea（未整備区域）

 Sewage System : managed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
 Collective Rural Wastewater Facilities : managed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries Johkasou: managed by the Ministry of the Environment

1. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan
Un-installed rate
汚水処理人口普及率

 Trend of Johkasou’s spread status by City size
100

(令和4年度末)

99.7%
95.8%

94.6%

80

未普及人口

88.5%

STP
99.4%

83.4%

下:99.4%

STP
89.4
%

下:89.4%

普70

Penetration rate

( 7.1%)（万人）

93.1% 単独・汲み取り

90

STP

下:86.5%
86.5%

STP

下:81.3%
81.3%

STP
54.3%

下:54.3%

及下水道
10,128(81.0%)

50

コミプラ

汚水処理施設（全体）1640(0.1%)

率

コ:0.3%

30

農:7.4%
20

農:3.8%(%)
10

農:0.9%

0

浄:5.8% 浄:7.2%

City
人口規模
Population

882“Un-installed”
means that old-type(7.1%)
Johkasou has been installed, or any
type of wastewater treatment has
普及人口
not been installed, or unidentified.
11,624
See next page.
(92.9%)

STP

下:68.5%68.5%

60

8.8 Million
全国平均：92.9%

100万人以上
More than

1.0 Million

農:2.2%

浄:9.4%

Johkasou
浄:16.0%
16.0%

Johkasou
浄:21.4%21.4%50～100万人 30～50万人
10～30万人
5～10万人
5万人未満
than
0.1 -0.3
0.5– 1 0.3 -0.5
0.05
-0.1 Lesser※東日本大震災の影響で調査不能な2市町村を除いた値。
MillionMillion Million
Million 0.05 Million

農集排等

■STP
302（sewage systems）(2.4%)■community
plant■collective rural wastewater
浄化槽
facilities
1,178■Johkasou(9.4%)

1. History and Current situation of wastewater treatment in Japan
 Current situation of population served for treating domestic wastewaterby different wastewater treatment facilities
Type of treatment facility

Population served(x 1,000 people)
End of FY2022

End of FY2021

101,280 (81.0%)

101,181 (80.6%)

including Facilities for fishing villages, Facilities for forestry
villages, Simple wastewater facilities

3,018 (2.4%)

3,103 (2.4%)

Johkasou

11,784 (9.4%)

11,758 (9.4%)

Municipal Johkasou Installation Program

825

831

Johkasou Installation and Maintenance Program

6,229

6,203

Other Johkasou

4,730

4,725

160 (0.1%)

171 (0.1%)

Total population served

116,242

116,213

Percentage of population served

92.9%

92.6%

Total population

125,065

125,540

Total population not served

8,823

9,327

Un-installed rate

7.1%

7.4%

Municipal sewage systems
Collective rural wastewater facilities,

Community plants, etc.

9

2. General Information of Johkasou
 “Johkasou” is categorized as decentralized wastewater treatment system for domestic wastewater discharged
by household, building and so-on.“
 Johkasou have a combined purification structure capable of treating both night soil (black water) andmiscellaneous wastewater (gray water)
 Johkasou attains high and stable performance as same as that of sewage treatment plant and it has been
installed totally more than 3.9 million unit in Japan.

Industrial wastewater, Domestic wastewater
Domestic
wastewater

Sewage treatment, Decentralized treatment
Septic tank, wetland,DEWATS, etc., Johkasou

Clean,
purifiedwater

BOD removal, Nitrogen and/or Phosphorous removal
Johkasou
Usually installed undergroundTypical layout of small scale Johkasou setup for household

102. General Information of Johkasou Domestic wastewater = Black water (Night soil) + Gray water(kitchen drainage, bath drainage etc

Current Johkasou in Japan

Current
JohkasouBoth Black water & Gray water are treated.

Less
impact withlow
pollutantload

Publicwaterway

Old type Johkasou in Japan
Only Black water is treated and have lowtreating ability⇒ Heavy impact with 8 times pollutant load

Old
JohkasouHeavy impact
with 8 times
pollutant loadWithout
treatment

In Japan, old type Johkasou are treatedas untreated domestic wastewater.
Discharge of untreated wastewater11

2. General Information of Johkasou
 Configuration of old & current type Johkasou

Number of Johkasou installed(person)

 Though new installation of old type Johkasou was prohibited in 2000, still approx. 3.6 million sets of oldtype Johkasou are used in Japan.
 It is necessary to promote the conversation to the current type of Johkasou.

Johkasou Act
enactedNational subsidy
program for Current
type Johkasou
established (forindividuals)

Total numbers ofJohkasouinstalled :7,527,615

New installation of old type
Johkasou was prohibited
except in special cases

Old Type Johkasou
3,569,862(47.4% of total)

Old type
Current type

Current TypeJohkasou
3,957,753(52.6% of total)

▲
1985

▲
1990

▲
1995

▲
2000

▲
2005

▲
2010

▲
2015

▲
2020 (year)123. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan Overall concept of water environment improvement
National Government

TargetEstablishment of Environmental Quality Standardsof Pollution 【Basic Environment Law】

・Establishment of Wastewater Standards【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Nationwide uniform standards

・Stricter regulation on Wastewater Standards

Industrial
Wastewater
Measures・Regulations on business operators【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Notification, measuring and recording ofwastewater, on-site inspection→ Penalties, improvement orders and otheradministrative guidances

・Investments, human resource developments, etc.
for pollution prevention
Domestic
Wastewater
Measures・Sewerage System Establishment 【Sewerage Law】
・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Act】 etc.

- Vision- Law & Regulations- Technical Standards- National Subsidies

Sharing Responsibility
Local Government- Treatment Master planand its implementation- Ordinance- Construction, Operationand Management ofsewerage facilities- Advice and guidance on
Johkasou operation andmaintenance13

3. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan History of Johkasou Act
Year

Item

1960 toWith increasing population of flush toilet, rapid installation of Tandoku (old type) Johkasou to treat blackaround 1980 water only

1983

Johkasou Act enacted (legislation introduced by a Diet member, came into force in 1985)

2000

Amendment: New installation of Tandoku-shori (old type) Johkasou was prohibited

2005

Amendment: Stricter water quality management systems introduced

2019

Amendment: Strengthening the authority of prefectural governors for conversion from Tandoku
Johkasou (old type) to Gappei Johkasou (current type) Clarification for proceeding Johkasou installation as a public works
 Others

 Purpose of Johkasou Act
 Promotion of domestic wastewater ( both black and gray water ) treatment by Johkasou for conservation ofwater quality in public water area
 Preservation of the living environment
 Improvement of public health143. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan
 Outline of each article from 1 (one) to 68 (sixty eight) and its jurisdiction in Johkasou Act
Ministry of theEnvironment(MOE)

General provisions (articles 1– 4):
Purpose/definitions
Johkasou installation(articles 5–7)

Johkasou operations/maintenance(articles 8–12)
Approval for johkasou desludging vendors(articles 35–41)

Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure,
Transportation
and Tourism(MLIT)(Articles on construction standards)
Approval for types of johkasou(articles 13–20)(Articles on wastewater treatment anddesludging)
Johkasou operators(articles 45–47)
Registration of maintenance and inspection vendors(article 48)

Registration for johkasou construction vendors(articles 21–34)
Johkasou installers(articles 42–44)

Miscellaneous provisions(articles 49–58)
Penalties(articles 59–68)

15

3. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan Johkasou Installation Procedure and reｌated Article of Johkasou Act

Installation notification (Article 5)(Certify under the Building Standards Act when necessary)••

Construction (Article 6)Johkasou contractor must register with the prefectural governor (Article 21)
Johkasou contractor must dispatch the certified installation technician oneach office (Article 29)(Can issue administrative recommendations when necessary)

Post-installation legal inspections (Article 7)～～
Discontinuance notification (Article 11-2)

16

3. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan
 Post-installation water quality inspection (Article 7)
Within 3 to 5 months after staring the operation

Inspection category1) Visual inspection

Inspection items(1) Installation status(5) Foul odors(2) Operational status(6) Usage of disinfectant(3) Direction of water flow(7) Mosquitoes, flies, etc.

(4) Usage status

2) Water quality inspection(1) Hydrogen ion concentration(5) Chlorine ion concentration(2) Sludge settling ratio(6) Residual chlorine concentration(3) Dissolved oxygen (DO)(7) Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD)(4) Transparency
3) Document inspection

Maintenance inspection record

173. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan
 Inspections and Maintenance

MOEJ “Night Soil Treatment and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System in Japan”

18

3. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan Johkasou corporate registration process【Certified Johkasou installation technician】
Person certified tosupervise Johkasou construction

Registration

Prefecture
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

National qualifications

Johkasouconstruction
company

Approval

Municipality
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Prefecture
or other

Johkasoudesludging
company【Certified Johkasou maintenance technician】
Person certified tosupervise Johkasou maintenance inspections

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Johkasoumaintenanceinspection company

19

3. Legal Framework of Johkasou in Japan
 For Johkasou Technicians by Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation (JECES) Johkasou technicians should acquire extensive knowledge on not only wastewater treatment/johkasou,
but also water environment conservation and public health.
 Curriculums for johkasou operator and johkasou installation worker are as shown below.

Johkasou Maintenance Technician
by Article 45








Fundamental of johkasou
Laws and regulations related with johkasou
Structure and function of johkasou
Introduction to installation of johkasou
Operation and maintenance of johkasou
Water quality management of johkasou
Introduction to desludging of johkasou
Total

Johkasou Installation Technician
by Article 42
8 H
4H
22 H
4 H
30 H
10 H
2 H

80 Hours(13 Days)







Fundamental of johkasou
Laws and regulations related with johkasou
Structure and function of johkasou
Management of johkasou installation
Introduction to O&M and desludging of johkasou
Total

8H
3H
15 H
8H
3H
37 Hours(5 Days)+Test 2 Hours+Test 2 Hours

20

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION.

At Kikuchi Gorge,Kikuchi City,Kumamoto Prefecture21

Appendix 1
Other Information of Johkasou

Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 Typical figure and performance of Johkasou
Small and middle size
(5 ～ 51 P.E.)

Box shape

Large size
(51 P.E.～)

Cylindrical shape The performance criteria of Johkasou’s performance evaluation system
BOD≦ Standard type 20mg/L, Option 15, 10, 5mg/L≦ Standard type (NIL), Option 20, 15, 10, 5mg/L
T-N (Total Nitrogen)
T-P (Total Phosphorous)≦ Standard type (NIL), Option 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1mg/L
23

Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 Comparison chart of Sewage, Johkasou and Septic tank
Sewage（STP)
Category

Centralized

Capacity(m3/day)Large

Application

City covering with pipeline
networkJohkasouSeptic tankDecentralized

Small to middle

Small

For household, building, housing complex, community,
hospital, school, public toilet, etc.

TargetBlack water & Gray waterBlack water

MethodAerobic (plus Anaerobic)

Anaerobic only

Treated water
quality- Good- BOD <20mg/L- Nitrogen & Phosphorous can be removed- Poor, BOD ≓ 100mg/L- Nitrogen and Phosphorous
can’t

Discharge

Clean discharge is discarded directly to the river, lake,sea and so-on.

- Dirty discharge is penetrated
into ground- Gray water is discarded
without treatment

Main body

Civil structure constructed
at siteCivil structure constructed at
site

Maintenance works
Total period for
operation start

FRP manufactured infactory

Checking and adjustment, desludging, inspection,changing spare parts
Long for planning, financing,
construction

Desludging only
(every 3 to 5 years)
Short

24
Johkasou can be recognized as a “prefabricated small scale sewage treatment plant” in wastewater management

Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 Application of Johkasou for domestic wastewater management(Ex. Poverty houses where frequent waterborn diseases are infected)f) Monumental Area
(Ex. For natural reserve, world heritage, etc.)

 Example of Johkasou installation overseas

Restaurant(China: 10m3/d)

Toilet in factory(Vietnam: 5m3/d)Canteen & toilet(Myanmar: 30m3/d)

Employee dormitory(Saudi Arabia: 530m3/d)

At the end of 2022, totally over 50,000 sets of Johkasou are installed overseas

25Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 Installation records in Overseas (Total)
United Kingdom ◇S 57units

India ◇S 123units, ◆M/L 379units

Pakistan ◇S 4units ◆M/L 1units

Nepal ◇S 1unit, ◆M/L 4units◇S 2units

Vietnam ◇S 930units, ◆M/L 530units

Germany ◇S 370units

Bangladesh ◇S 22units, ◆M/L 24units

GreeceMyanmar ◇S 756units, ◆M/L 274units◇S 10units

Hungary ◇S 3units
Italy

China ◇30,314units, ◆M/L 18units◇S 11units

Taiwan ◇S 1unit, ◆M/L 1unit

Lybia◆M/L 3units

Philippines ◇S 36units◆M/L 5units

Mali ◇S 1unit
Arab◇S 3unitsSouth Africa ◇S 45units

Saudi Arabia ◇S 6units◆M/L 1unit

Mozambique ◇S 1unit

Palestine ◇S 1unit

Tanzania◆M/L 1unit

Syria◆M/L 1unit

Kenya◇S 157units◆M/L 12units

Iraq◆M/L 2unit

Mauritius◇S 1unit

Korea◆M/L 1unit

Panama ◆M/L 1unit

Total 51 countries

Grenada ◇S 1unit

Sri Lanka ◇S 370units◆M/L 174units

Nigeria ◇S 16units◇S 1unit

Small size 48,325units
M/L size 1,856units
Total 50,181units

Honduras ◇S 1unit
Costa Rica ◇S 2units

Laos ◇S 2units, ◆M/L 4units

Algeria◆M/L 8units

Egypt

Mexico ◇S 15units

Thai ◆M/L 4units

Romania ◇S 209units 2022 recent (Total)

USA ◇S 6,551units, ◆M/L 19units

Oman ◇S 204units
Jordan ◇S 6units
Iran◇S 1unit Trend by years (Total)

Palau ◇S 17units, ◆M/L 3units
Malaysia ◇S 1unit
Singapore ◆M/L 4units

Papua
New Guinea◆M/L 1unit

Indonesia ◇S 200units,◆M/L 341units
Australia ◇S 7,832units, ◆M/L 39units
Kuwait◇S 2unit

Yellow colored : more than 100units◇S： Small-scale ( 5 PE ～ 50 PE)◆M/L ： Medium/Large-scale ( 51 PE ～ )Accumulated numbers

RussiaAs of the end of December 2022 (Total) by Johkasou System Association

Around
1.6timesin 3 years

26Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 Approval process for types of Johkasou (Johkasou Act, Article 13)
 Parties intending to manufacture Johkasou in production plants shall obtain approval from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for the type of Johkasou to be manufactured (does apply to test manufacturing) This process is suitable to Performance Evaluation System
Approval by the
Minister of Land,
Infrastructure,Transport
and Tourism

Performance
Evaluation Test

Model
Approval by
Johkasou Act

Inflow
Outflow
Disinfection

Sedimentation
tankAnaerobic
filter tankMoving bed
tank

Sedimentationtank

Put into
MarketPerformance
Ensured Johkasou’s
Performance
Evaluation System Detail of Johkasou’s
Performance
Evaluation System

https://www.bcj.or.jp/upload/rating/bizunit/hyoutei/joushi_hyoukahouhou.pdf

Sample of Performance Evaluation Type Johkasou

27

Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 Example of contents in Johkasou’s Performance Evaluation System

2) Inflow Pattern
30

Performance Criteria
Applicant (Johkasou manufacture) chooses
the application value for test criteria in below

Inflow ratio （％）1)

BOD [20, 15, 10, 5 ], T-N [20, 15, 10, 5 ], T-P [2,1,0.5,0.1 ]SS [20, 15, 10, 5 ], n-Hex [20, 10, 5, 3 ], COD [30, 15, 10 ]

25
20
15
10
5
0
1

3) Type of Performance Evaluation Test

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Times of Day
Time

Test Method

Duration (weeks)No. ofunit

Short period constanttemperature

Breeding - over 16 wks（13 & 20℃ 8 wks respectively）

1 or 2On-site test 1

Breeding＋over 48 wks

Over 1

On-site test 2

Breeding＋over 48 wks

Over 3

Duration (weeks)No. ofunit

Evaluation Points
Water Quality/Sludge/
Maintenance
Water Quality/Sludge/
Maintenance
Water Quality/Sludge/
Maintenance4) Other Test
Test Method

Evaluation Points

Maintenance evaluation
Over 1Ease of Maintenancetest
Sludge test
Over 1
SludgeBreeding＋over 12 wks
Note: In order to obtain approval, several tests are implemented in combination in the above tables.

28

Appendix 1. Other Information of Johkasou
 JIS A3302-2000 Estimation of population for wastewater purifier of buildings
1 P.E. = 200L/day, 40g BOD/day
Example General household【Formula】 If total floor area A (m2) ≦130m2 , Johkasou capacity (P.E.) shall be 5 P.E.
 Hotel with a wedding hall
【Formula 】 Johkasou capacity (P.E.) = 0.15 ｘ ( total floor area A (m2) ) Large hospitals with commercial kitchens or laundry facilities and more than 300 beds
【Formula 】 Johkasou capacity (P.E.) = 11.43 ｘ (number of beds B - 300) + 2,400
Large categories

Detail categories(Formulas)

1. A place where people
gatherTheater, etc. (3)2. Residence

Large categories

Detail categories(Formulas)

7. Parking

Highway rest area, etc. (7)8. School

Library, etc. (3)Apartment, etc. (6)9. Office

Office with canteen, etc. (2)3. HotelMotel, etc. (4)10. Work facility

Laboratory, etc. (2)4. Medical facility

Clinic, etc. (5)11.Others

Public toilet, etc. (6)5. Store

Restaurant, etc. (6)6. Amusement facilities

Disco, etc. (13)Total 11 large categories, 57 equations

29

Appendix 2
Subsidy for Johkasou

Appendix2. Subsidy for Johkasou
 Subsidy for Johkasou private installation for house ownerSubsidizes municipalities supporting their residents (private citizens)with current type Johkasou installation for Johkasou device fee and its installation fee

Public subsidy(40%)

User’s burden
60% (18/30)

Municipality
expenditure
8/30

Centralgovernment
expenditure(4/30)

1/3
In public subsidy In public subsidy
2/3

Owner of Johkasou is responsible for operation and maintenance.
Since 198731

Appendix2. Subsidy for Johkasou
Ref: over 300 projects as of 2016 ( total municipalities in Japan 1,718 as of 2021)

 Municipal Installation Project Municipalities install Johkasou as a public infrastructure like a Sewage treatment system Municipalities also carries out O&M works with collecting fee from house owners.
User’sburden10%（3/30）

Municipality expenditure(Local bond can be applied) (17/30)

Cost for in-house and effluent piping

Central government
expenditure (10/30)

Cost for all excluding in-house and effluent piping

Advantage
If applying this scheme, it would be easier to convert old type Johkasou to current one due tomunicipalities implement the conversion at once where many old type Johkasou are still
remained.
Disadvantage
Responsibility for finance and management would be a burden of Municipalities.

32

Appendix2. Subsidy for Johkasou

 Additional subsidy for installing in-housepiping works for conversion from oldtype Johkasou to current type Johkasou

 Furnishing the conversion manual

特定既存単独処理浄化槽に対する措置に関する指針

Generalguideline ofjudgement for
conversion
In detailMarch, 2020
令和２年３月２日
特定既存単独処理浄化槽の指定と合併転換の手法に関する手引き Subsidizes municipalities supporting theirresidents (private citizens) for in-housepiping work

Additional detailguidance forabove general
guideline byusing flow-chart,
figure, photo, etc..

April, 2021
令和３年４月33

Appendix2. Subsidy for Johkasou
 Application of Johkasou PFI project in Japan

Advantage of Johkasou PFI projects

Disadvantage of Johkasou
Municipal Installation Project

 PFI operators are responsible for installation, operation andmaintenance.
 Municipalities can utilize private financing, technology and knowhow on business.
 Decrease of overall project cost and workload on municipalities,
and improvement of residential services due to the bulk contractand implementation by private business.

 Increase of financial burden onmunicipalities
 Increase of workload onmunicipalities without enoughhuman-resource

Central government
agencyExample of Type of PFI scheme is “BTO” (Built, Transfer and Operate)

Subsidies,tax allocation

Municipality
Initial fee
Usage fee

Inspection fee

Residents
SPC (Special Purpose
Company) for PFI

Installation,
O&M works

Inspection(Initial, annual)

Inspection
agency34

Appendix2. Subsidy for Johkasou
28年度要求額
平成25年度予算
 Example of Municipal Subsidies for Maintenance and Operation 平成
10,100 百万円（
8,421百万円）○○百万円

M: Maintenance, C: Cleaning, LI: Legal Inspection
Name of Municipality
Fujisawa City, Kanagawa Pref.

Subjects of Subsidy Amount of Subsidy (Maximum Approx. US$)C

US$ 20 in case of 2m3 plus US$ 7 x ( α(m3) – 2m3)

Fukaya City, Saitama Pref.

M, C, LI

US$ 140

Fukuroi City, Shizuoka Pref.

M, C, LI

( M+C+LI of Johkasou) – Sewage usage fee (assuming)

Iida City, Nagano Pref.

C

US$ 110, or Half of Cleaning fee

Kakogawa City, Hyogo Pref.

M, C, LI

US$ 140

Kawagoe City, Saitama Pref.

LI

US$ 50Kiyosu City, Aichi Pref.

C

40% of cleaning fee

Kumagaya City, Saitama Pref.

M, C, LI

US$ 110 in case of 5P.E.

Machida City, Tokyo Metropolitan

M, C, LI

US$ 140 in case of 5P.E.

Matsumoto City, Nagano Pref.

C

US$ 140, or Half of Cleaning fee,

Mitoyo City, Kagawa Pref.

M, C, LI

US$ 210

Ogose Town, Saitama Pref.

M, LI

US$ 70

Tatebayashi City, Gunma Pref.
Yokkaichi City, Mie Pref.

Ref: Annual O&M fee of small
Johkasou for household in Japanis around US$430 including
Cleaning, Maintenance, Legal
Inspection Electricity.

C

US$ 70 in case of 5P.E.

M, C, LI

US$ 90 in case of 5P.E.

35

The Original is Japanese Yen and the rate is = 140 JPY / US$.