Development of Eco-Compatible River BasinManagement toward Nature Restoration~ Case of Ise bay River Basin ~Yuji Toda and Tetsuro Tsujimoto
Nagoya University

Nature Restoration Projects of Japanese Rivers (2006)
Shibetsu River

Ishikari River

Kushiro River
Maruyama River
Iwaki River
Akagawa River
Mukawa River
Shinano River

Matsuura River

Mabechi River

Jinzu River

Tone River
Tenjin River
Ara River

Go-no River

Turumi River
Kano River
Tenryu River
Toyo River
YahagiRiver
KisoRiver
Yamato River
Yodo River
Kako River
Ibo RiverYoshii River
Shigenobu River
Shimanto River
Gokase River
Kikuchi River

Tama River

Restoration of Riparian Wetland by Flood
Plain Excavation (Matsuura River)

Restoration of Tidal Mud Flats (Mu River)

Re-meandering (Kushiro River)

Restoration of Sediment Continuity
along River(Image: from Pamphlet of Nature Restoration: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, JAPAN)

Mountainous Area
Restoration of Forest (Mt. Kunugi)
Preservation of Grassland (Mt. Aso)

Agricultural Area
Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer

Coastal Area
Preservation of Tidal Mad Flats (Sanban-se)(Image: from Pamphlet of Nature Restoration: Ministry of the Environment, JAPAN)

Each Project has own Objective
Each project might somewhat contribute the sustainability of our society,but- How can we measure the contribution of each project tosustainability?
- How can we design the eco-compatible and sustainablesociety?
Todayʼs my talk:Introduction of a Joint research project of Ise Bay EcoCompatible River Basin Research Project (from 2006 to 2011)
Nagoya Univ.,
National Inst. For Land and Infrastructure Management, Pubic Work Research Inst.,
National Inst. For Environmental Studies,
National Inst. Rural Engineering, National Inst. Fisheries Engineering, National Inst. Aquaculture

Reconstruction of sustainable society“sustainability”
Supported by “Eco-compatible” river basin management①②① Ecosystem provide proper “ecosystem service”⇔ fossil fuels② proper scale of national-land management
significance of “river basin”
Metropolises in Japan are located around a bay
composed of multiple river basins and sea area= “river basin complex”③Metropolitans in Japan

River basin is a unit of “Hydrological Cycle” for global surface
limited area by “divide”

What happens in “river basin”
Run-off process

Sediment

Precipitation – River flow – Evapo-transpiration
Flow regime
flux network of water
fluvial process---- morphology

Materials, in particular “biophilic elements”
Non-organic, Organic
Habitat support
nutrients
bio-mass
flux network of various materials
Energy support (food)
Biological aspect (individual, population, species richness, etc.)

Ecosystem

How to measure the degree of Eco-compatible?
1. Ecosystem reflects the soundness of water and material cycling
2. Ecosystem provides us Ecosystem Services
Restore or Enhance Ecosystem Services!

Ecosystem Services
Humankind benefits by natural ecosystems
Provisioning services• foods and spices• precursors to pharmaceutical and industrial products• energy (hydropower, biomass fuels)

Regulating services• carbon sequestration and climate regulation• waste decomposition and detoxification• nutrient dispersal and cycling

Supporting services• purification of water and air• crop pollination and seed dispersal• pest and disease control

Cultural services• cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration• recreational experiences• scientific discovery

Preserving services• genetic and species diversity for future use• accounting for uncertainty• protection of options

What is the “Ecosystem”?
How can we proceed research cooperation?

Strategy
toDisciplineCooperation

Ecosystem
A

Physical basement
FlowHabitat

Vegetation

Sediment
transport

Morphology

Peculiar landscapefor material cycle

C
Material Cycle

B
Bio aspect
Ecosystem function

life history
growth, breeding
Energy supply
Food webCompetition
Ecosystem function

assimilation
filtering(de)nitrification
decomposition

How does the ecosystem respond to human activities?
Homeland development and sustainability←Human activities
Ecosystem
AHabitatPhysical basement
FlowSedimenttransport

Impact Human Society(Human activities)
Peculiar landscape

Vegetation

Morphology

for material cycle

C
Material Cycle

B
Bio aspect
Ecosystem function

life history
growth, breeding
Energy supply
Food webCompetition
Ecosystem functionResponse

assimilation
filtering(de)nitrification
decomposition

Enhancement
and Damage

Model for mechanism (interactions)predicts Impact-Response relations

SafetyResources
Environments(Recreation, Amenity,Cultures,….)Local site Flux-in φRiver basin
Divide分水嶺
Natural Flux
自然フラックス網
Networks

River
Basin
流域

河川水系
River
Network
Artificial
Infrastructure→Functions
人工施設（機能）Coast
海域

景観→生態系サービス
Landscapeフラックス変化“Ecosystem”→Ecosystem service

Ecosystem
A Physical basement
Sediment

HabitatFlowtransport

Vegetation

Morphology

Peculiar landscapefor material cycle

CMaterial Cycle

B
Bio aspect
Ecosystem function

life historygrowth, breeding
Energy supply
Food webCompetition
Ecosystem function

assimilation
filtering(de)nitrification
decomposition

Artificial
人工フラックス網
Flux NetworkCoastal
沿岸域 Zone

Flux-out φ+∆φEcosystem
ServiceRiver basin is an assembly of networks of various materials
Driven by hydrological cycle.
In a river basin, there are various sites where original ecosystem exist.
It brings “ecosystem service” while the fluxes may change locally but
It propagates within a river basin through the flux network.
In modern age, we added facilities (instead of ecosystem service) and artificial
Flux networks (to strengthen).

River basin complex
River Basiin 2

River system
Natural flux-network
DivideRiver Basin 1
Artificial
channelArtificial
facility

Coast

Artificial
flux network(traffic)Bay

Landscape element tobring ecosystem service
River Basin 6Ocean

What isASSESSMENT for “eco-compatible” river basin-complex management
and how to do it

Each site ecosystem brings “Ecosystem service” (ES) there locally,
and it changes the fluxes (φ) there, and it (∆φ) propagates anywhere
inside the river basin.
ES should be evaluated locally for the local value of φ (output of flux network).
And, ES appearing locally in a river basin should be integrated.

∆φ imposing locally should be reflected to the flux network calculation, andFlux network calculation should be updated (Updated φ)Geography
Morphology
Land use
Artific Flux
Classify toCategorized
Landscape

Choice ofScenario

Precipitation
Tool Box 1
Flux network φ
Tool Box 2
Ecosystem service ES
Tool Box 3
Integrated assessmentof Eco-compatibility

Fluxchange∆φTool Box 1

Precipitation

Geography（Morphology)

Land use map
Material Sources

Runoff model& Transport eq.

Flux network of water
ArtificialNetworkφ

Transport equation
Material flux networkFlux network φInterface∆φTool Box 1

Flux Network
Land area: Hydrological ModelingSea area: Flow computation
Target Basin: Yahagi river

Sub-Basin49

Sub-Basin45
2FaPa rm
C dd lan
Baity y dO rreth ners

ForestSub-Basin51

3

Yahagi dam

Natural Flux Network

12

Sub-Basin80
Sub-Basin52

15

Reach/Reservoir
24

Artificial Flux Network

3941

29

Sub-Basin81

Meiji Weir

79
81
17078

その他

30

61
53
62
54
59

63

56

64

66

58
57

55
68

67

77

Hosokawa Weir
7176
75

74
73

72

Otogawa Weiru, v

17232860

80

164651

69

1832

214552333150653471942

43

49359202744

ForestPaddy
FarmlandCity
BarrenOthers

Other
BasinsOther
OtherBasins
Basins3640

264748373848611142225(Water Withdrawal& Distribution)

10135

Land Use (1997)
Forest
Paddy
FarmlandCity
BarrenOthers

Example of flux computation: Yahagi River Basin

φ=Water，Sediment，Nutrients, Organic
上流（矢作ダム）地点

Target Basin
1210

1315

39
41

29

28

2004/10/1

河川負荷量[kgCOD/hour]

河川負荷量[kg/hour]02004/10/31

4000
2000
0
2004/9/1

181617

2004/10/1

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2004/9/1

2004/10/31

2004/10/1

2004/10/31

中流（高橋観測所）地点
計算流量（左軸）

計算土砂負荷量（右軸）

全窒素

30

1000

10000

10000

800

8000

8000

600

6000

400

4000

200

2000

全リン

全COD
50000

635459

56

64

58

55
68

67

77
71

76
75

57

74
73

72

0
2004/9/1

河口

2004/10/1

0
2004/10/31

河川負荷量[kgCOD/hour]

5362

河川負荷量[kg/hour]

78

2000

6000

6000
4000
2000
0
2004/9/1

2004/10/1

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2004/9/1

2004/10/31

2004/10/1

2004/10/31

下流（米津観測所）地点

流量[m3/sec]

計算流量（左軸）

計算土砂負荷量（右軸）

全窒素

1000

10000

10000

800

8000

8000

600

6000

400

4000

200

2000

0
2004/9/1

2004/10/1

0
2004/10/31

全リン

6000
4000
2000
0
2004/9/1

全COD
50000
河川負荷量[kgCOD/hour]

170

4000

200

河川負荷量[kg/hour]

79

400

土砂負荷量[ton/hour]

80

81

6000

土砂負荷量[ton/hour]

4566

600

2360
65

8000

61

51

69

1946

50

52

8000

全COD
50000

73221424449

33312743

920
34

800

全リン

4

流量[m3/sec]

48

36 35

40

26
47

37
38

10000

86

1114

2224

25

5

全窒素
10000

0
2004/9/1

23

計算土砂負荷量（右軸）

土砂負荷量[ton/hour]

流量[m3/sec]

計算流量（左軸）
1000

2004/10/1

2004/10/31

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2004/9/1

Flux of each location can be evaluated by Tool Box 1

2004/10/1

2004/10/31

φ(x)Spatial variation of flux can be also evaluated by Tool Box 1
年間流量 [×106 m3/year]

2,500
2,000

明
治
頭
首
工

枝
下用
水岩
倉
頭
首
工

矢作
ダ
ム

明
治
頭
首
工

枝
下用
水岩
倉
頭
首
工

矢作
ダ
ム

明
治
頭
首
工

枝
下用
水岩
倉
頭
首
工

矢作
ダ
ム

1,500

Water

1,000
500
0

Target Basin
12

年間全窒素負荷量 [ton/year]

5,000

13

15

25

39
41

29

40

26

53
62
60

65
69

80
79
81
170
78

66

59

58

55
68

67

77
71

76
75
72

20

18
16

1,000 32

33

31

17030

12,00010,000

54

56

64

7

19

1128

45

63

92,00014,000

61

51

10486

Nutrient (Total-Nitrogen

2346

50

53,00021274452

34424349

35

年間全COD負荷量 [ton/year]

47

48

3738

36

23142224

4,000

74
73

57

8,000

Organic Material
(COD)

6,000
4,000
2,000
00

下流
Downstream

204060

最下流（米津観測所）からの距離 [km]

80

100
上流
UpstreamFlux network in the Bay area (Tool Box1)

加速
減速

偏差流速 (m/sec)

平均流速 (m/sec)
0.00

0.05

0.00

0.10

0.025

0.05 m/sec

0.10 m/sec(a)1988年2〜3月の平均流速(b)2003年2〜3月と1998年2〜3月の平均流速の偏差Local evaluation of Ecosystem Service (ES) and ∆φ← Based on the mechanism of “Ecosystem”= ToolBox 2

Divide分水嶺
Natural Flux
自然フラックス網
NetworksRiver
Basin
流域

河川水系
River
Network
Artificial
Infrastructure→Functions
人工施設（機能）Coast
海域

景観→生態系サービス
Landscapeフラックス変化“Ecosystem”→Ecosystem service

Artificial
人工フラックス網
Flux Network

Precipitation

Geography
Morphology
Land use
Artific Flux

Tool Box 1
Flux network φClassify toCategorized
Landscape

Choice of
Scenario

Tool Box 3
Integrated assessmentof Eco-compatibility

EcosystemA“Categorized landscape”
In each categorized landscape,the tools (method)
to evaluate ES and ∆φ aresimilar.

∆φEcosystem service ES

Coastal
沿岸域 ZoneIntroduction of the concept

Fluxchange

Tool Box 2Habitat

Physical basement
FlowSedimenttransport

Vegetation

Morphology

Peculiar landscapefor material cycle

C
Material Cycle

B
Bio aspect
Ecosystem function

life history
growth, breeding
Energy supply
Food webCompetition
Ecosystem function

assimilation
filtering(de)nitrification
decompositionNatural geography × Artificial Land Use
Ａ：山地・丘陵地
A:
Mountain and hill area

Segment classification
B:Ｂ：扇状地
Fluvial fan
Mountain river
Fluvial fan river
Alluvial river
C: Valley
Ｃ：谷底平野ｂEstuary
Ｄ：自然堤防帯
D: Alluvial plain

ａ

Ｅ：三角州
E: Deltaｃｃ

ａ：自然域
a: nature (unexplored)
ｃ：都市
c: urbanizedａb:farmland
ｂ：生産緑地ｄ：河川（ダムの影響無）d: without damｂ

Ｆ：海域
F: Coastal zone

e: with dame：河川（ダムの影響有）
G: Bay area

Tool Box 2

Inflow Flux

Morphological map

Hydraulic parameters

Fluvial hydraulics
with vegetation dynamics

PHABSIM by using
Preference curves

HGM to relate suitable
Area for material cycle

Habitat map
Population dynamics

Biomass map∆φ mapEcosystem service map

Geography
Morphology
Land use
Artific Flux
Classify toCategorized
Landscape

Choice ofScenario

Precipitation
Tool Box 1
Flux network φTool Box 2
Ecosystem service ES
Tool Box 3
Integrated assessmentof Eco-compatibility

Fluxchange∆φExamples of Tool Box 2(Evaluation of Ecosystem Services)
Water Purification (SupportingServices)①②① Forest Area③④

- Development of eco-system model of forest- Change of nutrient flux by forest management② River④ Coastal Area
- Ecosystem model in the Ise bay- Evaluation of Nutrient removal by the coastalecosystem- Development of eco-system model along river- Evaluation of self-purification of rivers under various
river management scenarios.
・Sg2-1 排砂制御と植生繁茂

・Sg2-2 流量制御と藻類一次生産
T1

平均生産量

濾過モデル
50

100(07 7/27) (8/28)(10/23)150(12/12)

日数200250(08 2/28)

3.0

V = V f f v (T )W dq
アサリ１個体の成長過程での濾過量変動から除去されるPON量（浄化量）が推定（216日間で155mg-N除去）

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.00.5

成果：水質浄化法の有効性の確認

0.0
0

50

100

150
日

200250(×106mg Chl.a /day)

2213

2203

2193

2183

2173

2163

2153

2143

2133

2123

2113

2103

全体的に堆積→100年後平衡
2093

2083

2073

2063

2053

2043

2033

2023

2013

2003

1993

0.11983[千m3]

排砂対策有り11973

成長モデルは実測値（赤丸）と適合

現状維持

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
40020001963

殻付湿重量（g）

2dW w= G w max f gT ( T )W w 3 − rw max f rT ( T )W w
dt

8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.00

濾過窒素量（mg-N）/個体

成長モデル

植生域上の土砂堆積量

基本データ：覆砂試験でのアサリ成長データ、水質データ（水温、PON等）

実測値

植生域上の土砂堆積量が激しく変動

0.01
18

15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127
T1③ Agricultural Area
- Nutrient flux control by agricultural policyAn example of ES evaluation in river
Example of sand bed river
Target Ecosystem
Estimation of ES
Biomass(106mg.chl.a/km)

Interaction of Flow and Ecosystems
Afterflood
No Biomass

1.6
1.4
1.2
1.00.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Presentcondition

010203040
TI (days)

5060

7080

5060

70

80

1.0Riverbed

Biomass growth
Attached
algae

Nitrogen Removal（×106 mg.N/km/day）

Ordinary
waterstage

ES (Org. Pro.)

0.8

ES

0.6
0.4

Present
condition

0.20010203040

Return periods of bed disturbance flood（day）

Numerical Modeling

Large

Small

Disturbance of River BedNumerical modeling of Ecosystems of River
Invertebrate

Fish

Bed topography, River discharge

Field measurement

Shallow water equations

Grain diameter

Attached algae

Shear stress

ττ >τ
*

Distribution of periphyton communities

Periphtyon biomass (mg/m2)

flow

Critical shear stress τ*c*

τ <τ

*c

*

Periphyton biomass M

Periphyton biomass M

M=0dM
⎛ M⎞
= µM ⎜1 − ⎟dt⎝ K⎠

Bottom shear stress

flow
flow

mField Measurement

Numerical Simulation*cGeography
Morphology
Land use
Artific Flux
Classify toCategorized
Landscape

Choice ofScenario

Precipitation
Tool Box 1
Flux network φ
Tool Box 2
Ecosystem service ES
Tool Box 3
Integrated assessmentof Eco-compatibility

Fluxchange∆φIntegration of Ecosystem Services （Tool Box 3)
Target: Development of sustainable society- Bottleneck: energy- Present situation: dependence on fossil fuels----> restoration or enhancement of Ecosystem Services

Tool Box 3
Evaluated Ecosystem Services at Each
Categorized Landscape (Tool Box 2)

Alternative Potential of Fossil Fuels
Integration over the River BasinEstimation of Alternative Potential of Fossil Fuels
ES1: Water purification
Amount of fossil fuels being costed to construct and to manage thesanitation facilities
ES2: Carbon Assimilation
Equivalent amount of fossil fuels in terms of carbon

ES3: Food Production, Material
Production
Amount of fossil fuels being costed to import the same amount offood/materials from the outside of the river basin……..

Research organization and Sub-topics
ST1
Research strategy, future vision

VisionSustainability

Nagoya Univ.

Strategy

ST2
Scenario of strategy, allocationof countermeasure
National Inst. For Land and InfrastructureManagement

ST3
Evaluation of Ecosystem Service
National Inst. For
Environmental Studies

Pubic Work
Research Inst.

ST4ST5Mechanisms of ecosystem in land area

Mechanisms of ecosystem in sea area

Pubilc Work
Research Inst.

Nagoya Univ.

National Inst. For
Rural Engineering

National Inst. Of
Fisheries
Engineering

National Inst. For
Env. Studies

National Inst. Of
Aquaculture

Conclusion
The framework for eco-compatible river basin management is introducedwith three tool boxes to support it.
A river-basin complex is considered to be composed ofcategorized landscapes connected one another by flux network,
natural and man made.
Tool Box 1 can describe flux network,
Tool Box 2 can evaluate ecosystem service for each landscape, andTool Box 3 is prepared for integrated evaluation through river basin.
Eco-compatibility should be evaluated among various scenarios
composed of several programs, andthe framework discussed here will be able to do so reasonably.

Special coordination fund for promoting science and technology forsustainable national land management (2006-2010), supported by MEX, Japan