Waste Management in Japan~Rules and Figures~

July 2023
Japan Industrial Waste Information Center1. Outline of the development of the legal and regulatory framework
relating to waste management in Japan
Title of the law (year of enactment)
Waste Sanitation Law (1900)

Public Cleansing Act (1954)

Key features••

Main target: night soil
Individual municipalities maderesponsible for the waste disposal•

Target changed from night soil to solid
waste (hereafter referred to as•“waste”).
Clearly stipulated that the purpose of
the law was to promote the speedy
removal of waste from places where
people are engaged in their daily life
In principle, waste should be incinerated•••
Waste Management and Public Cleansing
Law (1970)•
Amendment to Waste Management andPublic Cleansing Law (1976)

Background••

Clarification of the responsibility for
waste disposal➢ Industrial waste: waste generator➢ Municipal waste: municipality•
Setting criteria for waste disposal

Beginning of rapid
urbanization

Increase in the amountof waste being
generated as a result of
the economic revival
after the end of WorldWar II
Increase in the amountof, and change in of thequality of, the waste
derived from businessactivities, as a result ofJapan’s high economic
growthResponding toenvironmental
conservation measuresrelating to waste
disposal1Title of the law (year of enactment)

Key features

Amendment to Waste Management and Public
Cleansing Law (1991, 97)•
Basic Environment Law (1993)•
Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (1995)
Home Electric Appliances Recycling Law (1998)••

Dioxins Control Law (1999)

Background

Promotion of the reduction of waste
discharge, and also sorting and•recycling
Promotion of the construction ofsafe and appropriate facilities,
through public sector involvement •Thorough implementation of the
responsibility for waste disposal
Environmentally conscious andappropriate waste treatment

Growing concern withinsociety regarding theemission of Dioxins afterincineration
Pressing situation
regarding residual
volume of the final
disposal sites•
Promotion of the 3R(Reduce, Reuse
and Recycle) concept to support theestablishment of a sound materialcycle society
Strengthening the industrial waste
disposal measures•
Strengthening the anti illegal
dumping measures

Growing awareness ofthe need for effective
utilization of resources,and of the global scaleof environmental
pollution
Further deterioration in
the situation in regard
to the securing of final
disposal sites

Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle
Society (2000)
Construction Material Recycling Law (2000)•

Food Waste Recycling Law (2000)
End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling Law (2000)

Amendment to Waste Management and Public
Cleansing Law (2003-06, 10, 15, 17)••

Small Home Electric Appliances Recycling Law(2013)

2

Title of the law (year of enactment)

Key features

Background••
The Plastic Resource Circulation Act (2021)

This Act addresses whole lifecycle ofplastics (i.e., from designing products
to disposing plastic waste) andinvolves all stakeholders inpromoting “3R+Renewable”and•increasing circularity

In response to marine
plastic pollution, climatechange, and foreign
waste importregulations, domestic
circulation of plastic
resources is increasingly
importantSince plastics are usedin many varieties of
products, circulation
system for plastics
needs to be enhanced
comprehensively

32. Legislative Framework for Waste Management in JapanThe Basic Environment Law

Basic Environment Plan

Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society

Ensuring material cycle in society
Reducing consumption of natural resources
Lowering environmental load

Fundamental Plan for Establishing a sound material-cycle society

Waste Management Law

Law for the Promotion of Effective Use of Resources①Reduction of waste generation②Proper treatment of waste (including recycling)③Regulation for establishment of waste treatment facilities④Regulation for waste treatment operators⑤Establishment of waste treatment standards, etc.

①Repeated efficient use of resources②Ingenuity and innovation to create structures and use
materials to facilitate recycling③Labeling for separate collection④Promotion of effective use of by-products

Comprehensive legal system focusing on materials

The Plastic Resource Circulation Act Enforced in April 2022

Regulations targeting individual articles
Containers andPackaging
Recycling Law

Home ElectricAppliances Recycling
Law

Food Waste
Recycling Law

Enforced in April 2000

Enforced in April 2001

Enforced in May 2001

Partially amended inJune 2006

Bottles, PET
bottles, paper orplastic containers
and packages

Partially amended in
June2007

Air conditioners,
refrigerators,
freezers, TVs,
washing machines,
drying machines

Food residues

Construction
Materials
Recycling Law

End-of-Life
Vehicles Recycling
Law

Small Home
Electric Appliances
Recycling Law

Enforced in May
2002

Enforced in January
2005

Enforced in April
2013

Timber,concrete,asphalt

VehiclesGreen Purchasing Law （Initiative to promote the procurement of recycled items) Enforced in April 2001

WEEE

4

2. Legislative Framework for Waste Management in Japan (continued)"Sound Material-Cycle Society" means a society in which the consumption of natural resources will be conserved and theenvironmental load will be reduced to the greatest extent possible, by preventing or reducing the generation of wastes, etc. fromproducts, etc., by promoting proper cyclical use of products, etc. and proper disposal of waste. [Basic Act on Establishing a Sound
Material-Cycle Society] (Promulgated in June 2000, and put completely into effect in January 2001)

Control the input of
natural resources

Third: Recycle

Production(manufacture, distribution)

First: Reduce
Reduce the waste
generation

Consumption/use

Second: Reuse

Things, albeit not recyclable, areregenerated as resources

Reuse the usedmaterials repeatedly

Promotion of a
project forbuilding asound materialcycle society,through efforts
in coordination
with the central
government.

DisposalTreatment(recycling, incineration, etc.)

Fourth: Heat recovery
In the case of an unrecyclable waste, for which there is no otherway of treatment than incineration, the heat generated byincineration is recovered for power generation and the residual
heart thereof is used for other purposes

Fifth: Proper disposal
Final disposal

When there is no other means of disposal,
dispose of them in a proper manner

Formulate the basic promotion plan for the Sound Material-Cycle Society

Input of natural resources5

2. Legislative Framework for Waste Management in Japan (continued)

2.1 The Basic Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society(1) Purpose
Regarding the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society:1. to thoroughly articulate the basic principles underpinning theestablishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society

2. to clarify the responsibilities of the State, local governments, business
operators and citizens
3. to articulate fundamental matters regarding the formulation of policies
for the formation of a Sound Material-Cycle society, including thoserelating to the drawing up of the fundamental plan for Establishing aSound Material-Cycle Society
To promote comprehensively and systematically the policies for theestablishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society and thereby help ensure
healthy and cultured living for both the present and future generations of
the nation
6

2.1 The Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society(continued)(2) Outline
1. Clarifying the shape that the "recycling society" should take: a society inwhich the consumption of natural resources will be conserved and theenvironmental load will be reduced to the greatest extent possible

2. Defining those items within the scope of wastes, etc. regulated by the lawthat are deemed to be useful as "circulative resources“
3. Promoting the cyclical use of “circulative resources,” which are those
items within the scope of wastes, etc. regulated by the law that are
deemed to be useful
4. Establishing, for the first time, a legal basis for the setting of priorities inregard to waste processing:①Reduce, ②Reuse, ③Recycle, ④Heat recovery, and ⑤Proper disposal

72.1 The Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society(continued)
5. Clarifying the roles of the central government, local governments,
businesses and citizens➢ Businesses and people will bear the "responsibility as emitters"➢ Producers will continue to bear some degree of responsibility("extended producer responsibility") with respect to their products
after their products, etc. have been used and become waste.
6. Formulation by the government of the "Fundamental Plan for
Establishing a sound material-cycle society" every five years

7. Announcement of the measures being implemented by the state to bringabout the establishing a sound material-cycle society➢ Measures to reduce generation of waste, etc.
➢ Regulatory measures or the like for the thorough implementation of“discharge responsibility”➢ Measures based on the “extended producer responsibility”➢ Measures to ensure that, when obstacles to environmental
conservation occur, the responsible business enterprises bear thecost of restoration, etc.
82.1 The Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society(continued)(3) Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
So far, indices and goals have been set for (1) entrance, (2) circulationand (3) exit of the material flow to establish the recycling-based society
in which the measures for the reduction of waste discharge, reuse,recycling, etc. can be developed in a balanced manner.
Indices and Goals in the Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society

Section of thematerial flow

Index

Goal (target year)
1st Plan(2010)

2nd Plan 3rd Plan
(2015)(2020)

4th Plan(2025)

Resource productivity (10,000yen/t)(GDP/ inputs of natural resources, etc.)

37

42

46

49

(2-1) Circulation Recycling ratio (%) [Recycling Amount/(Recycling Amount + inputs of natural(resource base) resources, etc.)]×100

14

14-15

17

18

(2-2) Circulation Recycling ratio (%) [Recycling Amount/(Recycling Amount + inputs of natural(waste base)resources, etc.)]×100

-

-

45

47

2,800

2,300

1,700

1,300

(1) Entrance(3) Exit

Amount of final disposal (10,000t)(Amount of the final landfill)

The 1st Plan was formulated in 2005, the 2nd in 2010, the 3rd in 2015, and the 4th in 2018.

9

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law(1) Purpose
Basic legal framework for waste management
Maintenance of a clean living environment through therestriction of waste discharge, appropriate sorting, storage,
collection, transport, recycling, etc.

Conservation of the living environment and enhancement ofpublic health

Stipulating the following items: definition of waste,discharger responsibility, issuing of permits to waste
disposal contractors, issuing of construction permit for waste
disposal facilities, and waste disposal standards, etc.
102.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(2) Definition of waste – Waste subject to controls
Sludge, excreta and other filthy and unwanted matter, which are in solid or liquid state

The term “unwanted matter” is used to refer to things which have become needlessbecause one cannot use it oneself nor transfer it to another person for profit;
Whether unwanted matter can legally be classed as “waste” or not should generally be
determined on the basis of the following criteria:
State of the object, discharge situation, normal form of handling, presence or absenceof value for a transaction, and the intention of a possessor
Category

Industrial waste

Municipal waste

Definition

Designated in the Waste Management andPublic Cleansing Law (20 items)• all the wastes left as a result of businessactivity• wastes which might damage orcontaminate the environment unlessthey are treated appropriately. (toxic,
large quantities)

Waste other thanindustrial waste

Responsible
party

Waste generator

The municipalities (selfgoverning bodies of cities,
towns and villages)112.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)
Definition of waste –Industrial waste

20 items designated in the Law
Waste paper*Livestock excreta*

Waste wood*

Animal carcass*

Waste textile*

CinderAnimal and plant residues*

SludgeUnwanted animal solid matter*

Waste oil

Waste rubber

Waste acid

Waste metal

Waste alkali

Waste glass, concrete and ceramic

Waste plastics

Waste casting sand and slag

Dust

BricksWaste generated by the treatment of theabove 19 industrial wastes*denotes that there are restrictions depending on the type of industry thatthe waste-discharging enterprise belongs to.

12

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)
Definition of the waste –Municipal waste
Waste generated from households and urban activities:
The municipalities have the responsibility for taking the necessary actions (plannedcollection, and proper management and treatment)

Municipal refuse
Households

Urban activity (commerce,transportation, etc. )Household waste
Waste from businessestablishments

The municipalities
have responsibility
for management of
this category of
waste.

13

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)
Definition of the waste - Specially controlled waste
Explosive, toxic, infectious or of a nature otherwise harmful to human health or
the living environment.

Normal municipal waste

Specially controlledmunicipal waste

Industrial waste

Normal industrial waste

Specially controlledindustrial waste

With regard to specially controlled waste, stricter
controls for collection, transportation and disposal,
etc. are applied, in addition to the usual controls
applying to normal municipal solid waste andindustrial waste.

Harmful nature

Municipal waste

Harmful to humanhealth or the living
environment
14

Definition of the specially controlled municipal waste
Parts made using PCBs that are contained in discarded airParts made using PCBs conditioners, discarded television receivers and discarded
electronic ovens
Waste mercury

Waste mercury recovered from municipal waste derivingfrom products

Soot and dust

Soot and dust produced at waste incineration facilities,
which are collected by dust-collecting devices

Those containing more than 3ng/g of dioxins generated
Soot and dust, cinders
from waste incinerators that are classed as facilities
and sludge
specified by the Dioxins Control Law

Infectious municipal
waste

Municipal waste generated from hospitals, clinics, etc., inwhich a pathogen is contained or to which one adheres, or
waste in which a pathogen may be contained or to which it
may adhere

15

Definition of the specially controlled industrial waste
Waste oil

Gasolines, kerosene and light oils (excluding flame-retardant tar, pitch or the like)

Waste acid

Significant corrosive waste acid (less than pH2.0)

Waste alkali

Significant corrosive waste alkali (more than pH12.5)

Infectious industrial waste
Waste PCBs

Industrial waste generated from hospitals, clinics, etc., in which a pathogen is contained or to which one
adheres or waste in which a pathogen may be contained or to which it may adhere
Waste PCB and waste oil containing PCB
Sludge impregnated with PCB, waste paper to which PCB is applied or in which it soaks, waste wood or waste

PCB contaminated material

fiber to which PCB soaks, plastics or metal scrap to which PCB adheres or in which it is enclosed, waste

Specified hazardous industrial waste

ceramics or demolition debris to which PCB adhere

PCB handling materials

Waste mercury, etc.

Materials used in the handling of waste PCBs etc. or of PCB-contaminated materials are included within thescope of the controls applying to PCBs
① Waste mercury, etc. generated in designated facilities② Industrial waste containing mercury or compounds of mercury, and waste mercury recovered from industrial
waste deriving from products in the manufacturing of which mercury was used

Specific sewage sludge

Sludge specified ) in Article13-4 of the Cabinet Order for the Sewerage Law

SlagThose containing beyond a certain concentration of heavy metals

Those which are related to asbestos construction material removing companies or which are produced at a

Waste asbestos

place of business having a soot and dust generating facility as specified in the Air Pollution Control Law andwhich may scatter

Cinders

Those containing beyond a certain concentration of heavy metals and Dioxins

Soot and dustThose containing beyond a certain concentration of heavy metals, 1,4-dioxane and Dioxins

Waste oilThose containing organochlorine compounds and 1,4-dioxane

Sludge, waste acid or waste Those containing beyond a certain concentration of heavy metals, PCB, organochlorine compounds, pesticides,
alkali
1,4-dioxane and Dioxins162.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)
Definition of waste and waste classification system
Industrial waste (20 kinds of waste left as a result of business activity)

Waste

Specially controlled industrial waste (industrial wastes which
are explosive, toxic or infectious, etc.)

Municipal waste (waste other than industrial waste)
Night soil
Municipal
refuseWaste from business establishments (wastes
generated as a result of business activity otherthan industrial waste)
Household solid waste (waste generated fromhouseholds)

Specially controlled municipal solid waste (municipal solid
wastes which are explosive, toxic or infectious, etc.)172.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(3) The responsibility of industrial waste generator
1. Businesses shall bear the responsibility of properly managing wastematerials generated in their activities or entrust such management inwriting to licensed waste disposal businesses (i.e. collection andtransportation companies, and waste disposal businesses).
2. In case the waste generator commissions the waste disposal to others,in compliance with the manifest system, the generator is required tomaintain oversight over the flow of the waste to the final disposal by
paper manifest or e-manifest.
3. No one shall incinerate waste with the following exceptions:
Incineration of waste which is conducted in accordance with themunicipal solid waste disposal standards or other relevant standards
or where incineration is unavoidable for the public good or inaccordance with social customs, etc. as specified by Cabinet Order.

18

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(4) Waste manifest system
1. When a business (including contractors of intermediate treatment)
generating industrial waste as a result of his activities is to commission
waste processor to transport or dispose of his waste (including
industrial waste of intermediate treatment), he shall issue the waste
processor an “industrial waste control manifest” (hereafter referred toas manifest) at time of delivering his waste.
2. Manifest shall be transferred to the commissioned agents one after
another at the completion of each treatment of the waste and shallreturn a copy of manifest to the issuer within a period prescribed in
the Law.
3. When the issuer receives a copy of manifest, he must confirm eachcompletion of the treatments and keeps the copies of Manifest for aperiod specified in the Law.
4. Annual reporting of the record of issued manifests to a competent
governor is required.

19

Paper-based manifest

B-E
AIntermediate
C1 disposer

B1

Discharger
B2

B-E

C-E

Collection andTransportation company

C2

Discharger

Disposaltrustee

Disposal
entrustor

D

E

E

Posting to the manifest E

Classification
Discharger
Collection and Transportation company

Sending the manifest E

Intermediate disposer

Flow of the waste
Flow of the manifest

Final disposer

B1

A

Disposer

C-E
C1

Collection andTransportation company

B2

Final disposer

C2

D,E

as disposal trustee
as disposal entrustor

Manifest for archive
A, B2, D, E
C2
C1
A, B2, D, E
C1

20

Electronic manifest

wasteCollection andtransportation

Generator

waste

waste
Intermediate
treatment

3
2 3 7

1

1 The first manifest
registration(within 3 days fromthe date of wastedelivery)2
2 Report on thecompletion oftransportation(within 3days from the date of
the completion of thetransportation)

Final
disposer

Collection andtransportation

4

3 Report on the completionof intermediate
treatment(within 3 days
from the date of completionof intermediate treatment)

2,3,7
notification

waste

4 The second manifest
registration(within 3days from the date ofwaste delivery)

5,6
notification

Information Processing Center

5 6

7 Report on thecompletion of
final disposal

7

5

6 Report on thecompletion of final
disposal(within 3days from the dateof completion of
final disposal)

5 Report on thecompletion oftransportation(within 3days from the date of
the completion of thetransportation)

6archive and control of theinformation of the manifests
21

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(5) Controls relating to appropriate management
1. In the case where a firm wishes to undertake as a contractor to collect, transportand dispose of industrial waste, permission must be obtained from theprefectural or designated city governments. The permit must be renewed every 5
or 7 years. The capabilities of an applicant are requested to be complied with thepermit standards as specified in the law. Conditions to be satisfied include a)facilities to be used satisfy the technological standards specified, b) the
knowledge and skill of industrial waste, and c) financial feasibility.
2. In the case where a firm wishes to install the intermediate treatment disposal
facilities, permission must be obtained from the prefectural or designated city
Permission must also be obtained in the case where changes were made tofacilities.
3. An exception to the above is the case where wide-area management of waste(such as waste spring mattresses, etc. ) is implemented. For recycling specified
waste (e.g. to recycle waste rubber tires into cement raw material, etc. ), theabove permission is not required, as an exceptional case.

22

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(6) Responsibilities of a waste generator on the commission of waste treatment
A waste generator is responsible for managing his waste on a cradle-tograve base.
Three key responsibilities:
1. required to comply with the commission standards.
2. required to confirm the proper treatments of his
waste by a control manifest.
3. required to perform his necessary cares to ensure
the proper treatments of his commissioned waste.

23

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(7) Waste disposal standards
With regard to the operation of waste disposal facilities, the following
standards or references have been established. Industrial waste disposal
operators are required to comply with these.
1. Standards applying in the case where waste is stored for a given
period of time (waste storage standards)
2. Standards relating to collection and transportation
3. Standards relating to disposal or recycling (intermediate disposal)-Standards relating to operation and management of intermediate
disposal facilities-For incineration systems, etc., technical and maintenance guidelines
have been established
4. Landfill disposal references-Technical guidelines relating to sanitary landfill system, andmaintenance guidelines24

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(8) Supervision by administrative agencies
Prefectural and designated city governments (hereafter collectively
referred to as “supervisory authorities”) conduct spot inspections to guideand supervise the businesses in their respective administrative areas towhich they have granted permission for operation as industrial waste
disposal businesses or for installment of disposal facilities.
Spot inspection of the contractors after granting permission
Pre-operation test for the facility
Periodic spot inspection••

to check manifests, outsourcing agreements, account books and other documents
and items such as facility inspection markers, etc.
to confirm whether they are complying with the maintenance guidelines on site, andto confirm the state of facility installation, etc.

Periodic inspection••

Inspection of incineration facilities, treatment facilities for PCB waste, and facilities
such as final disposal sites, etc.
to check the adapting situation of technical standards (technical guideline)25

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(9) Administrative action
Supervisory authorities can order industrial waste management
contractors to adopt the following measures:With respect to industrial waste management contractors
・Order for Suspension of Business (to stop the waste disposal business in thecase of facilities used for commercial purposes, or where the capabilities ofthat contractor do not comply with the relevant standards, or when violations
are observed)
・Order for Improvement (to order the making of improvements at the facility inthe case where the facility is incompatible with the technical and maintenanceguidelines or where the capabilities of that contractor do not comply with therelevant standards, or when violations are observed)

・Failure to follow such instructions from the supervisory authorities ispunishable with penalties such as imprisonment and fines26

2.2 Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (continued)(10) Landfill facilities

Isolated Type Landfill
Indication board

Have a design toinspect visually.

Inspection ofgroundwater quality

Covering with waterproof and corrosionresistant material

Covering

Outer partition

Inner partition

27

Stabilized Type Landfill
Expansion
inspection
Storm water
discharge
equipment

Indication
board
Leachate collection
systemInspection ofgroundwater quality

28

Controlled Type Landfill
Inspection ofgroundwater quality

Leachate treatment
facility

Effluent

Indication
board

Regulating
reservoir

Groundwatercollection system

Water shutout system
Retained water collection
system29

2.3 Law for the Promotion of Effective Use of Resources
1. Strengthening of recycling measures such as the implementation of therecovery and reuse of products by businesses
2. Reducing waste generation by resource saving and through longer
service life of products
3. A new implementation of the measures for the re-use of parts fromrecovered products (reuse)
Through the above, the aim is to bring about the establishment of arecycling-oriented economic system.
Responsibility of business operators① 3R measures in the manufacturing phase of the
product (use of recycled raw materials, reductionof the amount of resources used, etc.)② Consideration of 3R at the design stage (easyto-recycle design of the products, etc.)③ Identification marks to facilitate separate
collection, and the putting in place bybusinesses of systems for voluntary collection
and recycling

A total of 10 types ofindustry and 69 articles
have been designated as
requiring 3R initiatives30

3. Waste related data in Japan

Data structure
1

Material cycle➢
Material flow of Japan➢
Material flow indicators

2

Gross emissions➢
Municipal waste➢
Industrial waste➢
Gross Emissions: Industrial waste by category➢
Gross Emissions: Industrial waste by sector

3

Waste treatment flow➢
Municipal waste➢
Industrial waste

4

Recycling rate➢
Municipal waste➢
Industrial waste

5

Final disposal and landfill➢ Final disposal amount➢ Remaining landfill capacity➢ Remaining landfill lifetime

6

Illegal dumping of waste31１Material cycle: Material flow in Japan (FY2020)
Imported Products

Total Materials
Input

ExportNet Additions to Stock

ImportEnergy Consumption
and Emissions from
Industrial Processes

Imported
Resources
NaturalResources, etc.
Input

Fertilizer
Food Consumption

Domestic
Resources

Returned to Nature

Final Disposal
Including
Water

Generation ofWaste, etc.

Reduction(See Note)

Unit: million tons

Amount of Cyclical Use(Note)
Including water: Input of water included in waste and the like (sludge, animal manure, human waste, waste acid, and waste alkali) andsediment and the like associated with economic activities (sludge from mining, building and water works and tailing from mining).

32

１

Material cycle: Material flow indicators

ten thousand yen/ton

Material flow indicators in Japan (A. resource productivity , B. cyclical use rate and C. final disposal
amount ) , set forth in the Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, show asteady progress toward their targets, due to implementation of the 3Rs.
A. Resource Productivity
GDP
DMI* (Input of natural resources , etc.)*DMI: Direct Material Input

Target:¥490,000(=$3,410/ton)*1=Y143.68(2023/7/6)

Amount of cyclical use (reuse + recycling)

Target:18%

C. Final Disposal Amount= Final disposal amount of waste

Target:47%

Amount of cyclicaluse(e (waste base)

DMI + Amount of cyclical use

Final disposal amountof waste(1 million tons)

B. Cyclical Use Rate =Amount of cyclicaluse(resource base)=Target:13 mil. tons

33

２

Gross Emissions: Municipal waste
Total volume of waste emissions
Average waste emissions per person per day
Average waste emissions per person per day (including foreign nationals)

48,000

994

1,000
976

976

979

47,000972
963

46,000

942

958
947
939

45,000925

920

44,000

919

918

900
901

43,000890

46,25045,360 45,430 45,230

44,87042,00044,32043,98043,17042,890 42,730 42,740

41,000

Average waste emissions per person per day(grams per person-day)Total volume of waste emissions (1,000 tons)

954
964

41,67040,95040,000

800

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

(FY)

34

２

Gross Emissions: Industrial waste

Total volume of industrial waste emissions (million tons)

450

400

350

400

406

412
400

393

417

422

418 419
404
390

386

381 379385

393 391

387 384

379

386
374

300
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

(FY)

35

２

Gross Emissions: Industrial waste by category
waste plastics,

waste scrap metal,

waste acid,other industrial waste,

6,150 , 1%

2,971 , 1%

11,007 , 3%

6,938 , 2%waste wood chip,

FY2020Total 373,817

7,790 , 2%waste glass, concrete and ceramics,

7,832 , 2%waste casting sand and slag,

10,778 , 3%soot and dust,

sludge, 163,648 , 44%

15,136 , 4%demolition waste,
59,713 , 16%

livestock corps, 81,855 ,

22%unit: 1,000 tons

36

２Gross Emissions: Industrial waste by sector
mining and quarrying,other industries,

8,234 , 2%

26,230 , 7%chemical industry,
8,902 , 2%

FY2020Total 373,817

food and beverage manufacturing,
8,925 , 2%cramics, and clay and stone products,

electricity, gas, heat

9,810 , 3%

supply, and water,
99,319 , 27%

iron and steel,
21,184 , 6%
pulp, paper and paper products,

30,632 , 8%
agriculture and forestry,
construction,

82,367 , 22%

78,214 , 21%

unit: 1,000 tons

37

3

Waste treatment flow: Municipal waste (FY2021)
Group
collection

Total
recycled

1,590

8,160
Directrecycling

Reclamation
after
treatment

1,890
Treatment
residue
Generation ofmunicipal
waste
40,950Plannedtreatment

Total
treatment

39,36039,420Intermediate
treatment
37,190

4,670

7,760

Reduction
29,430Landfillingafter
treatment

Domestic self
disposal

1

3,080
Landfill

Directlandfilling

3,420

340

Unit : 1,000 tons/year38

3

Waste treatment flow: Industrial waste (FY2020)
Total
recycled

Direct recycling
76,810199,022
Recyclingafter
treatment

Generation ofindustrial
waste
373,818

Intermediate
treatment

Treatment
residue
126,908

Reduction

Landfillingafter
treatment

165,708

4,697

292,615

Directlandfilling
4,392

122,211Landfill
9,089

Unit : 1,000 tons/year

39

Recycling rate: Municipal waste
Direct recovery of

Recycling afterGroupresourcesintermediate processing

collection

Recycling rate

Total quantity of resource recycling (10,000 tons)

1,400

24.0
20.5

20.8

20.6

20.5

20.6

20.6

1,200

20.4

20.3

20.2

19.9

19.6

20

19.9

21.0

18.0

1,000

15.0
800

279

273

268

265

258

250

239

227

217

206

191

164

159

12.0

600
9.0

400

447

455

455

450

457

455

458

456

457

460

461

476

Recycling rate (%)

4

467
6.0

200

3.0
224

217

215

212

212

208

203

196

194

189

188

192

189

0

0.0
2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

(FY)

40

4

Recycling rate: Industrial waste(million tons)

Total amount of waste

Total waste

Total final disposal

recycled

reduction amountamount450
400

Industrial waste emission volume

50

45

42

30

26

24

22

20

17

40

10
14

14

12

13

12

10

10

10

9

9

9

350
300
250

179

177 175 172180

180 170
180 179 182

169 167 169 158 168 173 174 173 174 171 173
166

200
150
100

171 184 183 182

219 215 219 217 207 205
201 211200 208 205 210 208 204 200 199 204 199

50

01999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

(FY)

41

5

Final disposal and landfill (Final disposal amount)
Municipal waste

Industrial waste

60,000

Final disposal amount (1,000 tons)

50,00040,00030,00020,00010,000

0
2005

2010

2015

2020

(FY)

42

5

Final disposal and landfill (Remaining landfill capacity)
Municipal waste final disposal sites
Industrial waste final disposal sites
400（million ㎥）

Remaining landfill capacity

300

200

100

0
2005

2010

2015

2020

(FY)

43

Final disposal and landfill (Remaining landfill lifetime)

30
Industrial waste final disposal sites
25

Remaining landfill lifetime (years)

5

Municipal waste final disposal sites

20

15

10

5

0
2005

2010

2015

2020

(FY)

44

6

Illegal dumping of waste

Amount (10,000 ton)

No. of cases
AmountNo. of cases
Some Particular
Issues(FY)45