Provisional Translation

1

2

It has been 8 years since the National Information Security Center (NISC) wasestablished in the Cabinet Secretariat in April of 2005 and the Information
Security Policy Council (ISPC) was established in the Strategic Headquarters for
the Promotion of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network
Society (IT Strategic Headquarters) in May of the same year for the purpose of
drastically strengthening measures for information security issues.
During this time, the ISPC determined the "First National Strategy on
Information Security", the "Second National Strategy on Information Security"and the "Information Security Strategy for Protecting the Nation", working
towards improving the level of information security within Japan whilebalancing between assuring free flow of information and precisely dealing withrisks.
The information security environment changes extremely quickly. In the 3
years since the determination of the previous strategy, risks have become
increasingly serious, more diffuse and more globalized. "Cyber attacks" against
government institutions and critical infrastructures have become a reality andhave become both "national security" and "crisis management" issues. At
present, the introduction of the best possible measures for protecting thegovernment institutions and critical infrastructures has become essential.
We are entering an age, where everything is connected to the internet, called
the Internet of Things. This is an age where everything faces information
security risks. Risks are also increasing even for control systems which are notconnected to the internet. Accordingly, this means that information security
measures are becoming essential for every aspect of people's daily lives.
Information security has become an issue directly linked to the "stability ofpeople's daily lives" and "economic development".
Our country is working towards constructing a "world's most advanced IT
nation". The world's most advanced IT nation must also realize a "safecyberspace" suited to the title. In order to construct a safe cyberspace within thisfast changing environment, not only is ensuring information security by eachindividual stakeholder necessary as ever, but the contribution of every
stakeholder related to cyberspace has also become necessary.
3

Thus, this strategy has been named the "Cybersecurity Strategy" in order tomake clear the necessity to widely promote measures related to cyberspace andapproach of these measures as distinguished from efforts for assuring"information security" up until now.
As this strategy recognizes that a level of measures is required greater thanthose that came before, it presents a variety of new issues. We expect that thisstrategy, including these issues, will be steadily implemented, and that this willlead to the fast realization of a "Cybersecurity Nation" with a "world-leading,resilient and vigorous cyberspace".

4

① "Merger and integration" of cyberspace and real-space"Cyberspace," global virtual spaces such as the internet, composed of
information systems, information communications networks and similar systems
and which circulate large quantities of a large variety of information, have
rapidly expanded and begun permeating real-space. At present, cyberspaceserves as an indispensable brain and nervous system for nearly every activity
including peoples' daily lives, socioeconomic activities and governmental
activities, and the merger and integration of cyberspace and real-spacecontinues.1
The expansion and penetration of cyberspace is a result of the propagation
and advancement of information communications technologies and the progressof the use and application of those technologies. Specifically this includes the
spread of broadband infrastructure to every region of the country, as well as the
propagation and advancement of smart devices, IPv6, M2M2/sensor networks,
cloud computing services and others.3 and the use and application of these in avariety of fields including electronic commerce, medical, educational,transportation, social infrastructure management and e-government.

1

For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications "2012 White Paper on Information
and Communications in Japan" (Hereinafter "White Paper on Information and Communications") states,"The internet has become an essential infrastructure for socioeconomic activities in global society", theNational Police Agency "White Paper on Police 2012" states, "the internet has become established as an
essential social infrastructure for citizens' daily lives and socioeconomic activities", and the Ministry of
Defense "Defense of Japan 2012" states, "For the military, information communications serve as an
infrastructure for command and control from the central command to detached units, and the IT revolution
has resulted in and even greater level of reliance on information communications networks by the military."
2
Machine to Machine. Systems where devices connected via a network reciprocally exchange information
without the intervention of a human user and automatically execute the optimal controls. For example, avariety of sensor devices (home information appliances, automobiles, vending machines, buildings,
smartphones, etc.) cooperate via a network to realize provision of energy management, facility management,
deterioration monitoring, disaster prevention, welfare and a variety of other services in various fields.
3
For example, the Information-technology Promotion Agency (Hereinafter "IPA"), independentadministrative institution, "Information Security White Paper 2012" states, "System environments have alsochanged greatly in the past few years. New devices have emerged, and there have also been changes inservice structure such as the opening of control systems and systems like cloud computing."

5

Cyberspace is essential to strengthen Japan's growth potential, and a greaterlevel of expansion and penetration is expected in the future. For example, ITS4
and smart grids which utilize open data and big data are necessary in order torealize the supply and demand of clean and economic energy as well as safe,
convenient and economic next generation infrastructure which are vital forstrengthening growth potential. The information systems, information
communications networks and similar systems of which these are composed,
will bring about even greater expansion and penetration of cyberspace.
In addition, cyberspace is expected to expand and penetrate even more on a
global scale, and is receiving attention worldwide as a force for inducing
national growth as indispensable for promoting economic growth and innovation,
resolving social issues and other for other purposes.5② “Increasingly serious risks” surrounding cyberspace
Cyberspace has a high degree of anonymity, with little traceable evidence,
suffers from very little geographical or temporal limitations, and is capable ofaffecting large numbers of unspecified individuals within a short period of time.
For these reasons, the threat of so-called "cyber attacks" has continued togrow, including unauthorized intrusions via cyberspace, theft, alteration anddestruction of information, information system outages and incorrect operations,malicious program execution and DDoS attacks,6 through abuse of information
communications networks, information systems and similar systems.
Among early cyber attacks, many of the threats were crimes for pleasure forthe purpose of showing off, making an example, harassment and similarreasons. 7 However, attacks for financial and threat purpose soon began to4Intelligent Transport Systems. Systems aimed at improving road user convenience, eliminating traffic
accidents and traffic congestion, optimizing transport network management and other purposes by
networking individuals, vehicles and roads. Navigation systems and automatic toll collection systems havealready become commonplace. In the future the practical application of safe driving, automated driving andother systems through vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-road communications is expected.
5For example, the G8 Summit of Deauville “G8 Declaration Renewed Commitment for Freedom and
Democracy” (May, 2011) states, "All over the world, the Internet has become essential to our societies,
economies and their growth. (abridged) The Internet has become a major driver for the global economy, its
growth and innovation."
6
Distributed Denial of Services attacks.
7
For example, the "love letter" worm, which was spread through email infections and destroyed data on

6

appear8, and recently attacks aimed at stealing national and business secrets9
and aimed at destroying critical data and systems 10 have begun to appear.
Further, overseas, cyber attacks have been indicated which have been said to belinked with military operations, and it is said that a large number of foreign
militaries are developing their offensive capabilities on cyberspace, and that
intrusions have been made into the information communications networks andsystems of other countries in order to gather information.
The techniques for cyber attacks are also becoming increasingly more
complex and sophisticated. For example, in addition to website falsification and
DDoS attacks aimed at stopping online services,11 such attacks have also started
to appear as drive-by download attacks using web-based infection viruses,12
attacks on closed controlled networks which do not connect to the internet orother external networks carried out using USB memory or other means,13 MITB
attacks where malware hijacks a web browser and alters communications,14 andtargeted attacks consisting of a combination of facets including zero-day
exploits and social engineering like so-called "Yari-tori type."15 These attacks
include some for which it has been pointed out that the advanced technical leveland planning likely required the contributions of a government.
In addition, the scope of targets for cyber attacks has also grown from private
PCs in the first half of the 2000's.
8
For example, statements from so-called "hacktivists" criticizing the Copyright act when illegal
downloads were criminalized around June of 2012, and a variety of damages occurred including website
defacement and DoS attacks on government facilities, political parties and related organizations.
9
For example, the discovery of virus infections resulting from targeted attacks on the Diet, government
institutions, defense related businesses, etc. since September of 2011.
10
For example, the "Shamoon" virus cyber attacks which rendered computers incapable of booting byusing a technique of altering the master boot record (MBR) of infected computers overseas.
11
For example, the website defacement and DDoS attacks against government institutions and othertargets which occurred in around September of 2012.
12
For example, "Gumblar" and other attacks which struck ferociously from 2009 to 2010, aimed at web
browser and OS vulnerabilities, downloading unauthorized programs such as viruses to PCs without theuser's intent when browsing websites.
13
For example, in addition to "Stuxnet," which was used for cyber attacks against uranium enrichment
facilities via the internet, infection was also possible through USB memory stick connected to infectedcomputers, making intrusions possible even into stand-alone systems isolated from the internet.
14
Man In The Browser attack. Attacks where malware infecting a user's PC hijacks a web browser andtakes advantage of a normal session to embed unauthorized operations. For example, unauthorized
operations where when a user carries out a normal operation in online banking, the recipient of transferredmoney is changed behind the scenes.
15
Ways to send targeted attack emails after pretending natural situations not by sending targeted attack
email from the beginning, but by several exchanges of regular emails disguised as an association withbusiness. See, the National Police Agency “Cyber attacks situation in 2012 year” (February 28, 2013)7

spaces such as individuals and households to public spaces such as social
infrastructure. Information communications equipment is being distributed to avariety of people, things and places through situations such as ownership ofmore than one device by individuals, the rapid increase in the number ofindividuals who bring smart devices such as smartphones, the propagation of
information appliances which can be remotely operated from outside the home,
BYOD16 and use of copy machines and other multi-functional products in theworkplace, installation of POS terminals and security cameras in shops andutilization of sensors and other equipment in social infrastructure and similar
settings.
In Japan, up until now, in addition to risks of destruction of equipment due tonatural disasters and accidents, and leaks of information and incorrect operationsof systems by authorized users, measures have been implemented for dealing
with cybercrimes and cyber attacks. However, risks related to cyber attacks havereached a level greatly exceeding previous expectations due to changes inpurposes, techniques and other aspects. In particular, risks have continued to
become remarkably more "severe", "widespread" and "globalized" and we arefacing a new situation of "increasingly serious risks", which affects not only
national security and crisis management but also greatly affects international
competitiveness and present a fear of instilling a severe sense of anxiety andinsecurity in people.

[More severe risks]
Risks which are a threat to national security as well as the lives, bodies,
properties and other interests of people have appeared. The actualization of
threats of targeted attacks thought to be aimed at the theft of technological andconfidential information from Japanese government institutions, the defense
industry, critical infrastructure providers, research institutions and other entities
have also been indicated.17
16

Bring Your Own Device. A situation where, in a business or other setting, employees access company
information systems by their own private smartphones or other information devices, using their personal
information devices to view, edit and otherwise manipulate the required information for work.
17
For example, in addition to footnote 9, cases where TPP related information may have been leaked fromgovernment institutions, cases where issues arose related to the possible theft of technical information, etc.

8

In these types of incidents, there were cases where the victim was not evenaware of the attack and damages, such as cases where at the point they werediscovered, the information had already been stolen years earlier.18 Further, it
can also be assumed that even in some cases where damages from cyber attacks
were recognized, they were not disclosed in order to prevent even further
damages arising and effects on reputation and stock prices. That is to say, thecases that are currently clearly known about are only the tip of the iceberg, and it
is possible that critical information related to the maintenance of the nation andbusinesses is even now still being thieved.
Overseas, cyber attacks aimed at traffic message display signal devices19 andcyber attacks aimed at systems in critical infrastructures like control systems,with a degree of complexity and sophistication that raises suspicions about the
involvement of government level organizations, have occurred and the risk ofsuch attacks causing widespread and far-reaching social turmoil has become areal issue.
In the future, it can be expected that the propagation of SDN20 intelecommunications infrastructure, ITS in transportation infrastructure and smart
grids in power infrastructure will result in a variety of social infrastructure being
always connected to networks, and managed and controlled by software. It canthus be hypothesized that there is potential for cyber attacks targetingvulnerabilities in the software of these systems to directly result in obstruction ofcommunications, transportation disorder, blackouts and other large scale social
turmoil and possibly even deaths.21

from critical infrastructure providers, and cases where problems arose from the possible theft information
related to space station specifications, etc. from independent administrative agencies carrying out
aeronautical research and development.
18
For example, cases where the PCs used by employees at government institutions were infected by viruses
for several years resulting in leaked information.
19
For example, in January of 2009, cyber attacks on system vulnerabilities changed the messages on signal
devices in several US states to read "Zombies Ahead."20
Software Defined Networking. A technique for using software to create a virtual network. Allows forcreation of a separate virtual network on top of a physically connected network.
21
There has been a trend of increasing numbers of incidents each year with SCADA (Supervisory Control
And Data Acquisition) which carry out system monitoring and control via computers and other types ofindustrial control systems, with reports of information security incidents resulting in damages both in Japanand overseas. The IPA "Report on Critical Infrastructure Control System Security and IT Service
Continuance" (March, 2009), the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry "Cyber Security and Economy
Research Committee Interim Report" (August 5, 2011).

9

[More widespread risks]
While the risks surrounding cyberspace become more severe, the risks arealso rapidly becoming more widespread. The rapid propagation of smartphones
and other devices among people,22, expansion of M2M/sensor networks, theadvent of conditions where everything is connected to the internet (Internet ofThings) and other situations, have increased the spread of the risks byintroducing conditions where the devices which can be targeted by cyber attacks
are present in every possible place and situation around us.
Smart devices, with advanced processing functions such as smartphones,
which are always turned on and connected to the internet while carried aroundby users, have rapidly propagated among general users. Because these devices,
can use public wireless LAN and have because OS structural restrictions limit
the effectiveness of security software, there have been cases23 where users'
positional information, address book information, conversational informationand other information have been transmitted to external recipients via malicious
applications. Offices are also faced with the same threats due to the increasing
propagation of BYOD such as smartphones and other devices.
In addition, the propagation of M2M/sensor networks has spread the risks tohome electronics, automobiles, multi-functional products such as copy machines,
security cameras and variety of other equipment. Devices which had notformerly been intended to be connected to a network now connect to the internet
and carry out control and other functions through exchange of information
without any human intermediaries, presenting risks that cyber attacks against
these devices could cause unexpected and unanticipated operations.
For example, there were cases where DDoS attacks against foreign

22

Household penetration rate of smartphones is a 20 points over the previous year, a nearly 30% rapid
propagation. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications "Communications Usage Trend Survey in2011" (May 30, 2012. Hereinafter "Communications Usage Trend Survey.")23
For smartphones, malware has been verified which makes illicit fee collections, captures administrator
privileges, makes telephone calls without user input, steals data or eavesdrops on communications via
remote operation, transmits the personal information stored in user’s contacts to external recipients, notifies
third parties of location information without consent, etc. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications:“Smartphone/Cloud Security Research Committee Final Report” (June 29, 2012).

10

government institutions, etc.,24 used a security camera installed in a convenience
store in Japan as a springboard. It has also been pointed out that there are risksof life related information and positional information including places visited
being leaked through cyber attacks targeting home electronics and automobiles
connected to the internet, and risks of business related and other information
being leaked through use of copiers and other multi-functional devices being
used as a hub for information theft in offices.25
Moreover, it is not only information systems connected to the internet, butalso information networks and other closed, independent systems isolated fromexternal networks such as information networks, which are subject to cyberattacks. For example, the infection with malware of control systems in criticalinfrastructure through USB memory sticks, resulting in inoperable infrastructure
equipment, has become a real issue.26
It is not just the above scope of attacks that has broadened, but also the scopeof who can carry out attacks in cyberspace. There are tools available whichallow even individuals without significant capital or knowledge to easily carryout advanced cyber attacks, creating an environment where even non-specialists
can carry out cyber attacks.

[More globalized risks]
The risks surrounding cyberspace are becoming borderless. One third of theworld's population is internet users,27 and the internet continues to propagate inboth newly emerging nations as well as developing countries. In Japan, a greaterlevel of handling is required for these borderless, globalized risks as many
activities in real-space come to depend upon cyberspace.
For example, in Japan, in DDoS attacks against foreign government
institutions overseas, cases have been found that personal owned home PCs
24

The DDoS attacks against 40 government institutions and other webservers targets which occurred inSouth Korea in March of 2011.
25
IPA “Report on Digital Multi-functional Devices in FY2012” (March 12, 2013)
26
IPA "Report on 'New Types of Attacks'" (December 17, 2010)27
As of 2011, the worldwide number of the internet users was 2.265 billion individuals, 32.5% of the
global population. The ITU Statistics “Individuals using the Internet per 100 inhabitants, 2001-2011,” &“Global numbers of individuals using the Internet, total and per 100 inhabitants, 2001-2011.”

11

were used as the springboards for attacks, using the PCs as servers to direct theattacks.28 In another large-scale overseas case, at the same time as the attacks
occurred, the unauthorized programs used in the attacks were also found inJapan.29 In addition, there were also cases where advanced anonymization
techniques using multiple nodes and other devices overseas, resulted in the
spoofed PC owners being erroneously arrested.30
Overseas, issues have arisen where there is suspicion of the involvement of
national governments in targeted attacks aimed at stealing secret informationsuch as trade secrets.31 It is not unthinkable that cyber attacks against Japan
involving the participation of foreign governments could occur in the future. In
addition, there are also fears of attacks on one point in a global supply chain
affecting other points.
Means to commit cyber attacks can be easily obtained, and in addition to awide variety of actors, not just nations, carrying out concealment, impersonationand other acts, these attacks can be effected from anywhere in the world. If
cyber attacks can be carried out directly to Japan, then they can also be carriedout in cyberspaces related to other countries and can be carried out using
cyberspaces affiliated with Japan as a springboard for attacks elsewhere. Thereis still no accepted international common opinion on the relationship between
cyber attacks and armed attacks, however the possibility of cyber attacks
corresponding to armed attacks being carried out in this way is undeniable.

28

In the DDoS attacks against 40 webservers at government institutions, etc. which occurred in South
Korea in March of 2011, the household PCs of general users were utilized as springboards for the attack.
The National Police Agency “Response to the Cyber Attacks against the South Korean Government
Institutions and others in March” (September 22, 2011)29
According to the IPA "Computer Virus/Unauthorized Access Report Conditions and Consultation
Reception Conditions [1st Quarter 2013 (January – March)] (April 16, 2013)", "Reports on the unauthorized
program Trojan/MBRKill (Report name: Trojan.Jokra [2 reports/detections known cases 3]) used in thelarge-scale cyber attacks against South Korea were received in March 2013. If infected by this unauthorized
program, it is possible the hard drive contents will be erased. It is estimated that the same unauthorized
program was at least present in Japan at the same time as the occurrence of the damages in South Korea."
30
Case where general users were impersonated by remote controlling the PCs of general users infectedwith the "iesys.exe" remote control virus, and their identities used to post massive amounts of death threads
on internet bulletin boards and other systems. The advanced anonymizing technique Tor (The Onion
Router) was maliciously used in this case.
31
For example, “the Administration Strategy on Mitigating the Theft of U.S. Trade Secrets” (White House,
Feb. 2013) and “the Annual Report to Congress” (Department of Defense, May 2013).

12

In Japan, the National Information Security Center (Hereinafter abbreviatedas "NISC")32 has been established in April 2005 within the Cabinet Secretariat
as the command post for information security policy, to carry out the planning,proposal and general coordination related to planning of basic strategy and othercentralized/cross-cutting promotion of information security measures for the
public and private sectors. In addition, the Information Security Policy Council(hereinafter abbreviated as the "ISCP")33 has been established in the Strategic
Headquarters for the Promotion of an Advanced Information andTelecommunications Network Society
in May of the same year for
centralized/cross-cutting promotion of information security measures for the
public and private sectors, and works towards improving the level of
information security and strengthening ability to deal with cyber attacks forgovernment institutions and critical infrastructure providers.
In the ISPC, the strategies were determined over the 3 stages comprehensive
mid to long term plan, starting with the First National Strategy on Information
Security (Hereinafter abbreviated as the "First Strategy").34
In the First Strategy, information security is positioned as a national goalconsisting of sustainable economic development through the use and applicationof information communications technologies and the guarantee of safety against
threats which arise from such, and promoted the shift from reacting to actualized
issues to measures for preventative handling of issues from a viewpoint offorging a solid footing to deal with information security issues. In addition, theplan established a framework for various actors, including government
institutions, critical infrastructure providers and business operators, where rather
than each actor carrying out their own handling of issues in a vertically divided
structure, each actor would maintain awareness of their own responsibilities andappropriately divide roles in accordance with the positions, situations andcapacities of each actor.
32

In accordance with Article 12 of the Cabinet Secretariat Organization Ordinance (1957 Government
Ordinance No. 219) "Statute on the Establishment of the National Information Security Center" (Prime
Minister, February 29, 2000).
33"On the Establishment of the Information Security Policy Council" (May 30, 2005 The Chair of theStrategic Headquarters for the Promotion of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network
Society) in accordance with Article 4 of The Strategic Headquarters for the Promotion of an Advanced
Information and Telecommunications Network Society (2000 Government Ordinance No. 555).
34
February 2, 2006 Information Security Policy Council

13

The Second National Strategy on Information Security (Hereinafter
abbreviated as the "Second Strategy"),35 the existing preventative measures weresteadily promoted while strengthening after the event handling capacities in an"accident assumed society" where promotion of rapid response and measures inthe event of an emergency, would ensure business continuity.
While continuing to maintain these measures, the "Information Security
Strategy for Protecting the Nation" (Hereinafter abbreviated as the "Strategy forProtecting the Nation")36 also sets as objectives, from security and crisis
management viewpoints, the achievement of capabilities, at the highest standard
in the world, to respond to all cyberspace threats, and promotes the handling ofenvironmental changes, such as the occurrence of large-scale cyber attacks
overseas, the preparation of a system for managing such situations, and theconstruction and strengthening of a system for regular collection and sharing of
information.
It can thus be said that, since the establishment of information security policy
through the First Strategy, the construction of a use an application environment
for information communications technologies to promote sustainable economic
development and resolve social issues, strengthening of measures from security
and crisis management viewpoints and implementation of "accident assumed
society" measures, appropriate handling of new environmental changes, andmeasures based on each of these strategies, have been, in general, realized.37
However, cyberspace continues to rapidly expand and penetrate, and the risks
surrounding cyberspace continue to increase seriously, becoming more severe,
more widespread and more globalized, and as such, an entirely new level ofmeasures is becoming necessary.

In international bodies such as international conferences, the United Nations,35

February 3, 2009 Information Security Policy Council
May 11, 2010 Information Security Policy Council
37
For example, “ Evaluation for Information Security Policy in FY2011” (July 4, 2012 NISC),“Evaluation for Information Security Policy in FY2010” (July 8, 2011 NISC) & “Evaluation for
Information Security Policy in FY2009” (July 22, 2010).
36

14

regional organizations, and other organizations where a wide variety of public
and private actors participate,38 active debate is being held on codes of conduct
for cyberspace, application of international laws and internet governance for acts
using cyberspace and other aspects of functions, roles and circumstances ofcyberspace.
Other countries are also establishing national strategies on "cybersecurity"39
in order to deal with the risks surrounding cyberspace from such viewpoints as
national security and economic growth. The functions, roles and circumstancesof cyberspace have quickly become a common international issue, and as such itis necessary to tackle this issue from a global point of view.

[United States]
In the United States, cybersecurity has been considered one of the mostserious economic and national security issues facing the country,40 and threats
related to cybersecurity are treated as the most serious challenges for national
security, public safety and economic development in the country's "National
Security Strategy."41 Based on this, the country established strategies for eachindividual field in 2011.
For example, the country has established the "International Strategy for
Cyberspace,"42 which presents a future vision of international development for38

For example, APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Ministerial Meeting on Telecommunications
and Information Industry (October 2010, Okinawa), OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment) High Level Meeting on the Internet Economy (June 2011, Paris), APT (Asia PacificTelecommunity) Cybersecurity Forum (December 2011, Tokyo), International Conference on Cyberspace(November 2011, London; October 2012, Budapest), ITU (International Telecommunications Union) World
Conferences on International Telecommunications (WCIT. December 2012, Dubai), NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) CCD COE（Cooperative Cyber Defense Center Of Excellence）and The First
Committee of the UN General Assembly (in charge of international security affairs and disarmament) "Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security"
government specialist group (2012-).
39
At present there is no common definition of "cybersecurity" shared among various nations. For example,
the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) "National Cyber Security Strategies Practical Guide on Development and Execution" (December 2012) states, "There is no uniform definitionof 'cyber security' at the EU or international levels".
40
The Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (White House, Jan. 2008), The Cyberspace Policy
Review (White House, 2009).
41
National Security Strategy (White House, May 2010).
42International Strategy for Cyberspace (White House, May 2011). Activity regions for policies indicatedas priority policies requiring domestic and international as well as private and public sector cooperation
include (1) economics, (2) protecting our networks, (3) law enforcement, (4) military, (5) internet

15

cyberspace which supports international trade, strengthens international security,
promotes freedom of expression and innovation, is open and interoperable, as
well as secure and reliable; the strategy for protecting economic and social
values without impeding innovation in the internet business field;43 the"Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace"44 which adds
cyberspace to the preexisting land, sea, air and outer space regions; and "TheCybersecurity Strategy for the Homeland Security Enterprise",45 which aims fora cyberspace which supports secure and resilient infrastructure, brings about
innovation and prosperity and protects citizen's freedoms such as privacy fromthe initial design stages, and also plans for the establishment of protections forcritical information infrastructure and cyber-ecosystems.

[EU]
In the EU, in addition to natural disasters, terrorism and other situations, newtransnational threats of economic espionage or state-sponsored cyber attacks
have led to an awareness of the growing frequency and scale of cybersecurity
governance, (6) international development, (7) internet freedom.
43
Cybersecurity, Innovation and the Internet Economy (The Department of Commerce Internet Policy Task
Force, June 2011). Proposals have been made for the following as candidates for "internet/information
innovation fields" for small and medium-sized enterprises providing online services and large businesses
only operating on the internet, etc. which are not classified as critical information infrastructure: (1)creation of governmental approaches for minimizing vulnerabilities through creation of guidelines, etc., (2)creation of incentives for incident reporting, information sharing, etc., (3) education, research anddevelopment, (4) international cooperation including international standardization and sharing of bestpractices.
44
Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace (July 2011). The following were indicatedas initiatives, (1) Treat cyberspace as an operational domain to organize, train, and equip so that DoD cantake full advantage of cyberspace’s potential, (2) Employ new defense operating concepts to protect DoD
networks and systems, (3) Partner with other U.S. government departments and agencies and the private
sector to enable a whole-of-government cybersecurity strategy, (4) Build robust relationships with U.S.
allies and international partners to strengthen collective cybersecurity, (5) Leverage the nation’s ingenuity
through an exceptional cyber workforce and rapid technological innovation.
45
Blueprint for a Secure Cyber Future - The Cybersecurity Strategy for the Homeland Security Enterprise(Department of Homeland Security, Nov. 2011). The purposes of the strategy for protecting criticalinformation infrastructure are (1) identify and harden critical information infrastructure, avert risk throughtechnical innovation, etc., (2) ensure priority response and recovery by preparing for contingencies, (3)maintain shared situational awareness through information analysis, sharing and specialized cybersecurity
training, (4) increase resilience to system failures, and for strengthening the cyber ecosystem are (1)improve literacy through public and private sector personnel training and outreach and awareness raising,(2) reduce vulnerabilities, improve product trust by improving usability, (3) improve interoperability
between devices, build collaborative systems through security process automation, etc., (4) widely share
information on security hazards, analogous to how information about wellness and disease is reported bypublic health officials, share information on certified equipment, etc., maintain transparency throughincentives and other means.

16

incidents and the potential they have for inflicting major damage on nationalsafety and economy including interrupting supply in critical services such as
healthcare, power supply and automobiles, leading to the establishment of the"Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union,"46 which presents acomprehensive future vision related to cyber attack prevention and response, inFebruary of 2013.
This strategy states that in order for cyberspace to remain open and free, thefundamental principles and values of fundamental human rights, democracy andrule of law should be applied in the same manner as offline, while thegovernment should play a critical role in providing protection from incidents
and malicious activities.

[UK]
In the UK, "The National Security Strategy"47 was established in 2010 topromote growth via the internet while recognizing that as critical data andsystems become more dependent on cyberspace, these circumstances bring withthem new risks consisting of difficulties in detection and defense, and based on
this recognition, positions cyber attacks as a threat of the highest priority.
In 2011, in order to respond to the threat of cyber attacks, the country
established "The UK Cyber Security Strategy"48 which presents a future vision
enhancing prosperity, national security and a strong society under core values ofliberty, fairness, transparency and the rule of law, and which draws considerable
46

Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace (European
Commission & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Feb. 7, 2013). (1)Achieving cyber resilience, (2) Drastically reducing cybercrime, (3) Developing cyberdefence policy andcapabilities related to the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), (4) Develop
industrial and technological resources for cybersecurity, (5) Establish a coherent international cyberspacepolicy for the European Union and promote EU core values, are given as priority items.
47
A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy (Cabinet Office, Oct. 2010).
48
The UK Cyber Security Strategy Protecting and Promoting the UK in a Digital World (Cabinet Office,Nov. 2011). States (1) Tackling cybercrime and making the UK one of the most secure places in the world
to do business, (2) Making the UK more resilient to cyber attacks and better able to protect our interests incyberspace through strengthening defences in cyberspace and improving ability to detect threats incyberspace, (3) Helping to shape an open, vibrant and stable cyberspace which the UK public can use
safely and that supports open societies through promoting an open and interoperable cyberspace, (4)Building the UK’s cross-cutting knowledge, skills and capability to underpin all cyber security objectives
through building a coherent cross-sector research agenda, deepening understanding of the threats,vulnerabilities and risks, and increasing ability to respond to incidents, as objectives.

17

economic and social value from a vibrant, resilient and secure cyberspace.

[France]
In France, "The French White Paper on Defense and National Security,"49 astrategy on national security presented in 2008, treats cybersecurity as a newvulnerability and a key theme.
In 2011, based on this national security strategy, the "Information Systems
Defense and Security Strategy"50 was established for the purposes of making
France a powerful global cyber defense nation, protecting the nation's decision
making capabilities by protecting information related to state sovereignty,
strengthening the cybersecurity of the nation's critical infrastructure and assuring
information security in cyberspace.

[Germany]
In Germany, "The Cyber Security Strategy for Germany"51 was established in
February of 2011 to maintain and promote economic and social prosperity basedon an understanding that the availability of cyberspace and the integrity,
confidentiality and other factors of data within that cyberspace are among themost critical of issues for the 21st century and that the maintenance ofcybersecurity is, both domestically and internationally, a common issue that49

The French White Paper on Defense and National Security (Conseil d'État, 2008).
Information systems defense and security - France’s strategy (ANSSI, Feb. 2011). Identifies (1)Effectively anticipate and analyse the environment in order to make appropriate decisions, (2) Detect andblock attacks, alert and support potential victims, (3) Enhance and perpetuate our scientific, technical,
industrial and human capabilities in order to maintain our independence, (4) Protect the information
systems of the State and the operators of critical infrastructures to ensure better national resilience, (5)Adapt French legislation to incorporate technological developments and new practices, (6) Developinternational collaboration initiatives in the areas of information systems security, cyberdefence and fightagainst cybercrime in order to better protect national information systems, (7) Communicate, inform andconvince to increase the understanding by the French population of the extent of the challenges related to
information systems security, as areas of action.
51
The Cyber Security Strategy for Germany (Federal Ministry of the Interior, Feb. 2011). Identifies (1)Protection of critical information infrastructures, (2) Secure IT systems in Germany, (3) Strengthening IT
security in the public administration, (4) National Cyber Response Centre, (5) National Cyber Security
Council, (6) Effective crime control also in cyberspace, (7) Effective coordinated action to ensure cybersecurity in Europe and worldwide, (8) Use of reliable and trustworthy information technology, (9)Personnel development in federal authorities, (10) Tools to respond to cyber attacks as strategic objectives
and measures.
50

18

should be jointly handled by the nation, businesses and society.

[Korea]In Korea, the "National Cyber Security Masterplan"52 was established inAugust of 2011 in order to protect cyberspace by attempting to clarify the rolesof relevant government institutions and preparing a system for handling cyberthreats of a national level, which are becoming ever more intelligent andadvanced, based on a recognition that cyber attacks have become a threat to boththe people's properties and national security.

As cyberspace is connected globally, it has become critical to secure thesustainability and expansivity of cyberspace aimed at both handling theincreasing serious risks surrounding cyberspace and keeping pace with thecontinued merger and integration with real-space for the national security andcrisis management, socioeconomic development, and to assure the safety andsecurity of the people.
For these reasons, Japan aims to construct a "world-leading," "resilient" and"vigorous" cyberspace, and incorporate this cyberspace as a social system torealize a "cybersecurity nation" as a society that is strong against cyber attacks,
full of innovations and of which its people will be proud.

52

National Cyber Security Masterplan – Protecting national cyber space from cyber attacks (National
Cyber Security Center, Aug. 2011). Identifies (1) Establishing cyber threat early detection and response
system, (2) Improving the level of security for critical information and facilities, (3) Developing platformthat would enable a stronger cyber security, (4) Establishing deterrence against cyber provocation andstrengthening international cooperation, (5) Elevating the level of security management of criticalinformation and facilities, as major imperatives.

19

The basic principles for realizing a cybersecurity nation in Japan are as
follows.

① Ensuring free flow of information
Japan has worked towards constructing a safe and reliable cyberspace inwhich free flow of information is ensured by ensuring openness andinteroperability of cyberspace without excessively administering or regulating it.
As a result, cyberspace has provided us a variety of positive benefits
including innovation, economic growth and solutions for social issues while still
ensuring freedom of expression and protection of privacy.
This strategy also bases its basic principles on this ensuring free flow of
information, and is imperative to counter the increasing serious risks
surrounding cyberspace.

② Responding to increasingly serious risks
The risks surrounding cyberspace continue to increasingly become serious
and immediate response has become necessary. In particular, the existingmeasures and initiatives that have been implemented in the previous strategies
up until now are no longer capable of responding to these more severe,widespread and globalized risks.
If cyberspace is vulnerable to cyber attacks and other threats, it will not only
prove difficult to ensure free flow of information, but it can also be assumed that
it will make it impossible to maintain people's confidence in cyberspace.
For these reasons, in addition to the individual handling measures up until
now, consisting of advance and after the event measures and preparation of
response systems, a new mechanism through multi-layered efforts is necessary
as a social system that can promptly and appropriately address the changing
risks associated with the revolution in information communications technologies
and other factors.

20

③ Enhancing of risk-based approach
Up until now Japan has pursued a policy of having each individual actor,
including government institutions, critical infrastructure providers, businesses
and individuals, exert the maximum efforts to each handle their own information
security for the purpose53 of elevating the capabilities to deal with all threatssurrounding cyberspace to highest level in the world.
However, as the critical information and information systems which need to
be protected become more and more dependent on cyberspace, the threat posedby cyber attacks is also increasing as techniques become more complex andsophisticated. In these conditions, it is necessary to continue the measures being
carried out by each individual actor, while also dynamically implementing
handling with appropriate and timely allocation of resources as a social
mechanism for responding to ever-changing risks.54
Such actions as improving the recognition and analysis functions for incidents
related to cyber attacks, integrating these functions, advancing threat analysis
capabilities by promoting information sharing, strengthening of cooperation
between CSIRT55 for each actor and between international CSIRT56 are all
critical, and it is necessary to strengthen risk-based approach based on thecharacteristics of the risks through dynamically responding capabilities brought
about by these actions.

④ Acting in partnership based on shared responsibilities
53“The Strategy for Protecting the Nation” states "Concretely, Japan must improve its ability to respond to
all types of ICT threats, including cyber attacks, to the world’s highest level" as one of its “Targets toAchieve”.
54
For example, carrying out quick and well-informed "dynamic defense process collaboration" (OODA
loop) through repetition of a pattern of Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act. Refer to the "Proposal for
Promotion of Information Security Policy in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications" (April 5,2013 Information Security Advisory Board).
55
Computer Security Incident Response Team. A system at businesses and government organizations formonitoring to check if any security issues exist with information systems and for carrying out
investigations including cause analysis and extent of impact in the event an incident occurs.
56
JPCERT Coordination Center (Japan Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center,hereinafter abbreviated as "JPCERT/CC") works to further cooperation between both domestic andinternational CSIRT and carries out incident response.

21Diverse entities such as the government, public, academic, industrial andprivate sectors in Japan have enjoyed the benefit of the expanding cyberspace on
which every activity in real-space is dependent.
Accordingly, as the risks surrounding cyberspace have become increasingly
serious, it becomes necessary for each entity to carry out their own information
security measures in an independent and proactive fashion as part of their social
responsibilities to realize a world-leading, resilient and vigorous cyberspace.
Especially, as risks become more widespread, the extent of damages canspread far and wide through cyberspace, and in addition to measures by eachindividual actor, it is important that the whole of society participated in the"cyberspace hygiene" as a preventative information security measure against
unauthorized intrusions, malware infections, vulnerabilities as factors for theseincidents and other risks.
In this regard, the multi-stakeholders in cyberspace need to fulfill each
responsibilities corresponding to their respective roles in the society while
mutually cooperating and assisting with each other including international
cooperation and cooperation between the public and private sectors.

In the previous strategies, each actor would maintain awareness of their own
responsibilities and appropriately divide roles in accordance with their positions,situations and capacities. Specifically, information security measures were
promoted by indicating the roles and methods57 expected of the "Measure
Implementation Entities," who actually applied and implemented theinformation security measures for their own, and the "Entities to Promote
Understanding and Solutions to Issues," who provided support for the measures
57

From the First Strategy onward, as a "New Public-Private Partnership Model", a framework was
constructed consisting of "Measure Implementation Entities", which in turn consist of (1) "Central
Government/Local Governments", (2) "Critical Infrastructures", (3) "Businesses" and (4) Individuals", and"Entities to Promote Understanding and Solutions to Issues", in turn consisting of (1) "Central
Government/Local Governments" as Policy Implementing Entities, (2) "Educational Institutions/ResearchInstitutions" including elementary and secondary schools, higher education institutions, research anddevelopment institutions and technological research institutions, (3) "Information-Related Businesses"
which provide information system construction, communications services and other IT foundation
construction and provision, and (4) "Media."22

in technical and environmental arrangement aspects and promoted issue
understanding and resolution.
In addition to the actors above, from the Second Strategy onward, measures
were promoted which also focused on "Entities to Entrust Information," whoentrust their own information etc., and "Entities to Maintain Information," whowere entrusted with said information etc., seeking to break individual andsociety away from the pursuit of absolution for the information security,58 for theestablishment of strong “individual” and “society” to spontaneously think issues.
Based on the new situation of the advanced merger and integration of
cyberspace and real-space and the increasing serious risks surrounding
cyberspace, this strategy seeks to break away from the previous framework
based on a premise of each actor existing in a vertically divided structure, andinstead indicates the roles of each stakeholder based on a view that each actor
dependent on cyberspace is both a measure implementer and at the same time
also an entity to promote understanding and solutions to issues.
It is thus imperative to strengthen the dynamic response capabilities of society
as a whole by having the wide variety of actors who depend on cyberspace toeach continue to perform their own roles while also mutually cooperating andproviding mutual aid.

① Roles of government
The government must strengthen the basic functions of the nation related tocyberspace. Specifically, it is necessary for the nation to implement cyberspacecrime countermeasures and "defense of cyberspace" to protect the cyberspace
related to the nation from cyber attacks involving the participation of foreign
governments, etc., beginning with cyberspace related diplomacy such as actively
participating in the formation of relevant international rulemaking.
In addition, as an actor which operates information systems containing its
58

In the Second Strategy "Entities to Entrust Information" "include both parties that actually provide
information and parties that may potentially provide information", and "all actors are potential information
providers". In addition, "Entities to Maintain Information" "essentially refers to the same scope as"Measure Implementation Entities."23

own critical information and implements information security measures closely
worked with the promotion of e-government, the nation is responsible forstrengthening of measures for government institutions, closely related
independent administrative agencies, government affiliated corporations andother similar organizations as well as using those measures to provide leadershipand guidance for the measures of other actors. At the same time, the nation mustalso strengthen and enhance the ability to cope with cyber attacks and work toensure that damages are minimized in the event government institutions andothers are targeted by cyber attacks.
Furthermore, in order to ensure that other actors, including government
institutions themselves, can fulfill their roles to the greatest possible extent, thegovernment must work to strengthen the functions of the NISC as a command
post, promote collaboration among relevant actors including between ministries,
while also proactively preparing new systems, developing advanced
technologies, carrying out demonstration project, cultivating high level humanresources, improving literacy and others.

② Roles of critical infrastructure providers
Any impairment or disruption of the functions of "critical infrastructure,"59
which is the basis of people’s social lives and economic activities formed bybusinesses that provide services which are extremely difficult to be substitutedby others, due to cyber attacks and others, has the potential to cause serious
damages the lives of people and so on.
For this reason, presently, Japan requires initiatives for "critical infrastructure
providers" in the 10 fields of information and communications, finance, aviation,
railways, electricity, gas, government and administrative services (including
local public authorities), medical services, water and logistics, in accordancewith measures in government institutions and others. It is necessary to evenfurther strengthen measures at these and other providers in hereafter.
59

Defined as "the basis of people’s social lives and economic activities formed by businesses that provide
services which are extremely difficult to be substituted by others. If its function is suspended, deteriorated
or become unavailable, it could have significant impacts on people’s social lives and economic activities."in the "The Second Action Plan on Information Security Measures for Critical Infrastructures" (February 3,
2009 Information Security Policy Counci, amended April 26, 2012).

24

In addition, there are fields which have not been considered criticalinfrastructure within Japan up until now, but for which any impediment or
disruption of the information systems for the relevant services, etc., has thepotential to have a major effect on the lives of people and socioeconomic
activities. Specifically these include smart cities and smart towns, ITS and othertransportation control systems and other new network type systems, as well as
the defense industry and energy related industries, etc. which are considered
critical infrastructures in the United States.60
Hereafter, the government must, based on the positioning of the information
systems in these fields which have not been considered critical infrastructure up
until now, consider the measures for these fields based on the scope of criticalinfrastructure and the characteristics or each field, and if the scope of criticalinfrastructure is revised, ensure that the necessary measures are implemented inthese systems, etc. which are newly designated as critical infrastructure
providers.

③ Roles of private companies, educational institutions and research institutions
Private companies, educational institutions and research institutions possess
intellectual property related information such as technological information,
financial information, manufacturing technology information and drawings, aswell as personal information such as client lists, personnel information andeducational information, and other critical information.
There is potential for the socioeconomic development of Japan to be hinderedin the event that these critical information, which is also the source of Japan's
international competitiveness, is theft, destroyed, etc. as the result of a cyberattacks and others. Consequently, in addition to individual information security
measures at private companies, educational institutions and research institutions,collective measures, such as sharing of information, etc. related to cyber attacks
through industrial organizations and other hubs, are expected. Furthermore, it is60

Applicable to 18 fields and defined as "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to theUnited States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact
on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of thosematters" in the Critical Infrastructure Protection Act of 2001.

25

expected that measures will be improved by obtaining assessments, audits andmanagement standards from third party specialist agencies when each individual
actor implements information security measures.
In addition, as the actors serving as the core for technology development andhuman resource cultivation, it is expected that private companies, educational
institutions
andresearch
institutions
will
work
togetherinindustry-government-academia collaboration to provide the advanced
technologies and high level human resources that will constitute a world-leading,resilient and vigorous cyberspace in Japan.

④ Roles of individual users, small and medium-sized enterprises
General users and small and medium-sized enterprises, which make up the
majority of businesses in Japan61 and serve as the core of the supply chain makepractical use of new information communications technology services every day
in order to improve convenience, make operations more efficient and speed upservice provision and others.
Fact such as approximately 80% of the total population are internet users62,
and the internet usage of all businesses is nearly 100%,63 show that the scope of
requirement for information security measures is extremely wide, however thesuch devices as smartphones and PCs used by general users, etc. are security
holes and if targeted by cyber attacks, have the potential to inflict damages onother stakeholders through cyberspace.
Up until now, measures for general users have been carried out throughindependent effort. Hereafter, it is important that in addition to theunderstanding that "they are responsible for protecting themselves,"64 general
61

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications "2009 Economic Census – Basic
Study," the number of small and medium-sized enterprises (number of companies and sole proprietorships)
is 4,201,000 businesses, making up 99.7% of all businesses, and the number of small and medium-sizedenterprises is 1,775,000, making up 99.3% of all companies.
62
According to the Communications Usage Trend Survey, the number of individuals estimated to have used
the internet in 2011 was 96,100,000, making up 79.1% of the total population.
63
According to the Communications Usage Trend Survey, the business internet usage rate at the end of
2011 was 98.8%.
64
In the First Strategy, for the roles of individuals as Measure Implementation Entities it is stated "it isnecessary to cultivate awareness about information security to the same level as a general safety rule like'you should not talk to strangers'. Individuals are expected to act with clear recognition of basic principle of26

users must also make efforts to implement measures based on an awareness of"not bothering others."65 As such, it can be expected that among general users,
there will be continued utilization of the activities of each actor, and that
fomenting this awareness and improving literacy will lead to autonomous
implementation of measures.
In addition, for those small and medium-sized enterprises which are involvedin the handling of Japan's critical information and systems through such
relationships as contracts with critical infrastructure providers or businesses withleading-edge technology, etc., in addition to each business' individual
information security measures, measures for sharing information related to cyberattacks, etc. are expected.

⑤ Roles of cyberspace-related operators
The majority of the device manufacturers, internet access providers, network
operators, software developers and other organizations responsible for theequipment, networks, applications, etc. that make up cyberspace, are private
sector. In addition, the majority of organizations responsible for providing thetools for handling risks surrounding cyberspace are also private sector.
In the strategies up until now, the "information related businesses", which
actually provide direct tools to each entity for the implementation of information
security measures, have been responsible for eliminating any vulnerabilities in
the products and services they provided to the greatest extent possible, in
addition become positioned increasingly as important actors from a viewpoint ofproviding safer, more reliable products and others to improve international
competitiveness.66
protecting themselves on their own."
65
The message of the Director of the Secretariat during the implementation of International Cyber Security
Campaign of September 28, 2012, states, "Being lax about information security measures does not result indamages to just yourself, but also to other people. Use smartphones and computers safely and in peace ofmind by steadily implementing information security measures."
66
The First Strategy states, "Information-related businesses are ones that actually provide direct services tocentral government and local governments, critical infrastructures, businesses, and individuals for the
implementation of measures, and assume a role to help the enhancement of information security
infrastructure of Japan. Therefore, they need to re-acknowledge that they are responsible for eliminating thevulnerability of their products and services as much as possible and make efforts to offer safer and moresecure products and service. In doing so, the information-related businesses should have a positive27

However, it is difficult to eliminate all software vulnerabilities in products,
etc., during the development stage, and it is difficult to handle every aspect of
the risks diffused through cyberspace, upon which various actors depend, simply
through measures implemented by each actor, such as general users.
Accordingly, it is expected that in addition to the "cyberspace-related
operators", who provide the products, services, technologies, etc. related tocyberspace, endeavoring to ensure that no vulnerabilities are created in theseproducts, services, technologies, etc. at the time of development, that they will
also implement measures to maintain the cyberspace hygiene by preventing the
spread of damages through eliminating vulnerabilities by implementing
appropriate countermeasures when such vulnerabilities are discovered after
development and by such measures as recognizing and analyzing incidents
related to cyber attacks.
In addition, at present there is a large degree of dependence on foreign
providers for products etc. related to information security measures., and ashortage of security personnel within Japan, and thus it is important forcyberspace-related operators to create a market through development ofadvanced technologies and products, cultivation of human resources with highabilities and the use and application of these resources for information security
measures in order to strengthen the international competitiveness of Japan's"cybersecurity industry" .

In order to construct a world-leading, resilient and vigorous cyberspace, andrealize a cybersecurity nation, the government will continue to implement
measures appropriate to an "accident assumed society" , continue to collaborate
with other actors domestically, and relevant other countries and internationalorganization, etc. and promote the measures stated below in the 3 year period
until FY2015.
Specific objectives for proceeding with the following measures include
perspective that the provision of safe and secure services would eventually lead to the improvement of theirinternational competitiveness."

28

increasing the coverage of cyber attacks related information sharing networks ingovernment institutions and critical infrastructure fields, improving CSIRT
installation, malware infection67 and people’s anxieties,68 in addition increasing
the number of nations possible of participating in international incident
coordination69 and the numbers of partners such as nations for international
collaboration and dialog on response to cyber attacks by 30% increase by
FY2015. Also, doubling the size of domestic information security market70 andhalving the deficiency ratio in security professionals as goals for 2020.
In addition, as cybersecurity has become a common global issue, it isnecessary to investigate and analyze overseas trends in policy, etc. related tocyber-attack incidents and cybersecurity while also exchanging information andcarrying out other collaboration with various other foreign governments andcountries when implementing the following measures.
The government will revise the "Groups of Standards for Information
Security Measures for Central Government Computer Systems",71 "The Second
Action Plan on Information Security Measures for Critical Infrastructures"(hereinafter abbreviated as the "Second Action Plan"),72 the "Information
Security Research and Development Strategy",73 the "Information Security
Human Resource Development Program"74 and the "Information Security
Outreach and Awareness Program"75 and other policy documents, establish new67

For example, in Microsoft's "Security Intelligence Report", a CMM (Computers Cleaned per Mille.
Indicates the number of PCs for which malware or unwanted software was removed per 1,000 executionsof malicious software removal tools.) index is used to compare the conditions of various countries
throughout the world. Japan's infection rate for the year of 2012 was 1 or less (0.7-0.9).
68
For example, in the White Paper on Information and Communications, in regards to anxiety about
internet usage, in 2011 the rate of household respondents who answered "I am worried about virus
infection" was 72.8% and the rate of business respondents who answered "We have concerns about virus
infection" was 41.4%, the highest ever for either of these responses.
69
For example, currently at JPCERT/CC , there are approximately 80 countries with whom direct
cooperation for incident coordination can be carried out between contact CSIRT.
70
For example, in current conditions, the scale of the Japanese information security market (products andservices) is 5,853,000,000 dollars (2010), 2nd place following the United States, making up 0.107% ofJapan's GDP for 2010), a level closely matching that of the United States and the UK. In addition, inregards to the structure of the market, in Japan the market for services (4,425,000,000 dollars) is largest
than the market for products (1,428,000,000 dollars). The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry"Information Security Market Survey."71
Includes the "Standards for Information Security Measures for Central Government Computer Systems"
April 21, 2011, Information Security Policy Council, Amended April 26, 2012), etc.
72
February 3, 2009 Information Security Policy Council, amended April 26, 2012.
73
July 8, 2011 Information Security Policy Council
74
July 8, 2011 Information Security Policy Council
75
July 8, 2011 Information Security Policy Council

29

plans, etc. as is necessary.

In order to maintain the sustainability of cyberspace, in addition to reinforcing
measures for responding to cyber attacks, Japan aims to construct "resilient"cyberspace and enhance its defensive and recovery capabilities against cyberattacks and other cyber incidents by improving such functions as for recognition
and analysis of cyber attacks and for information sharing related to incidents .

① Measures in government institutions
Government institutions and other related organizations will improve the levelof information security related to information and information systems and also
strengthen and enhance its preparations to cope with cyber attacks.

[Improvement of the level of information security related to information andinformation systems]
A unified mechanism shall be strengthened at government institutions in order
to emphasize information security measures according to their degree ofimportance and other factors for information such as state secrets andinformation systems, by establishing risk assessment methods related to
management of cyber attacks such as targeted attacks. Further, an environment
will be arranged to assure appropriate information security suited to the diverse
working arrangements of government employees, including telework and
BYOD, while continuing to adhere to disciplines. Additionally, usage of SNS
will be allowed when providing important information to people with Japan
bearing responsibility and enforcing discipline.
The government shall strengthen the measures for its government-wide
information system. Specifically, a government information systeminfrastructure which is resilient against cyber attacks and large scale disasters
shall be constructed through such measures as converting government30

information systems into the government common platform as its cloudcomputing service.76 Moreover, for the social security and tax number systems,
strengthening of information security shall be promoted for the information
sharing infrastructure system and related systems77 managed and operated bygovernment institutions, local authorities and related organizations. In addition,measures shall be implemented to assure information security for promoting
open data in e-government.78
For government institution information systems, information security
technological standardization and results of conformity with such are required at
the design, manufacturing, installation and other stages, and strengthening of
measures for existing known but unresolved vulnerabilities, use of compromised
technologies, malware embedding and other supply chain risks. Specifically,
these should be examined within the scope of approved in international
agreements for the conditions of government procurement including utilizationof conformity assessment systems based on international standards79 andapplication of required measures for assuring national security80 in theAgreement on Government Procurement. The use of technologies which haveundergone safety assessment81 shall be promoted for encryption technologies.
Additionally, information security measures shall be promoted in close
collaboration with promotion of e-government.
Information security shall be strengthened for handling of the criticalinformation on national safety by operators other than the government
institutions. For this type of information, information security conditions areguaranteed for outsourcing to information processors, standard procurement and76

Began operations starting in March 2013.
"Act Related to the Usage of Numbers for Identification of Specified Individuals in Administrative
Procedures" (Number System Act) established at the Diet on May 24, 2013.
78"E-Government Open Data Strategy" (July 4, 2012, IT Strategic Headquarters).
79
An example of IT security evaluation and certification schemes for international trade is CCRA
(Common Criteria Recognition Agreement).
80
WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. One of several agreements attached to the WTO
agreement which came into force in January of 1995, binding only for the WTO member nations who
separately ratified it. Exclusions of application are prescribed in Article 23 for cases of protecting serious
profits for reasons of national security, etc.
81
The " e-Government Recommended Ciphers List" (CRYPTREC (Cryptography Research and Evaluation
Committees) Ciphers List) was decided in March of 2013 through assessment of the encryption
technologies used in e-Government in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and theMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
77

31

subsidiary businesses,82 however in addition to this, reporting of incident
information related to cyber attacks to the ordering ministries and sharing of
information between the operators shall be promoted. In addition, a framework
shall be constructed allowing for the utilization of risk assessment methods inthe above-noted government institutions.
For independent administrative agencies, government affiliated corporations
and other entities with a close relationship to the government, information
security will be strengthened for supply chain risks based on government
institution measures. Reporting of incident information to ministries withjurisdiction over the entity, voluntarily reporting to ministries handling the caseand sharing of information with related institutions shall be promoted in order toprevent spread of damages while strengthening functions for recognizing cyberattacks related incidents.

[Strengthening and enhancement of preparations to cope with cyber attacks]
Drastic improvements shall be made to capabilities for recognizing andanalyzing cyber attacks at government institutions, etc. and countermeasures inthe event of incidents shall be strengthened and enhanced.
Specifically, the GSOC83 shall be fundamentally strengthened, and items
subject to monitoring expanded further, technologies and organizationalframeworks shall be prepared for effective collection and advanced analysis ofincident information from monitored sites, and a system will be prepared to use
the results of attack method analysis etc. in order to improve risk assessment
methods above mentioned. In addition, a system shall be established to share thecollected incident information, analysis results and other information withgovernment institutions being monitored, as well as with critical related
institutions such as critical infrastructure providers.
82"Regarding Notation of Information Security Requirements in Procurement" was released to the various
ministries, etc. on January 24, 2012 based on the results of the studies of the "Subcommittee forStrengthening Public-Private Collaboration" established in the Information Security Measure Promotion
Council (CISO Council) which is in turn established in the Information Security Policy Meetings.
83
Government Security Operation Coordination team. Formed in order to strengthen government
institutions capability to deal with emergencies related to information security issues such as external cyberattacks and put into operation in April of 2008.

32

The collaboration among the GSOC, the CYMAT84 and the CSIRT of eachgovernment institution at the time of incident occurrence shall be strengthened
in order for immediate sharing of incident information and a full readinesssystem by the government together. In addition, in anticipation of large-scale
cyber attacks85 and these possibilities countermeasures for the occurrence ofincidents, such as initial response training, have been established86 in Japan
already, and attempts have been made to strengthen information collection andaggregation systems for both normal and incident occurrence circumstances.
Hereafter, further strengthening of countermeasures, such as annual
implementation of training for handling of large-scale cyber attacks withparticipation of relevant government institutions and other related entities shallalso be carried out.
In addition to strengthening the handling capabilities of the government for
both normal and emergency situations, it is also necessary to engage in the
securing and cultivation of human resources in order to promote international
collaboration. Specifically, proactive employment of outstanding external
human resources, promotion of personnel exchanges between public and private
sectors and among ministries, and improvement of continual development ofcapabilities through personnel rotations. Additionally, the cultivation such as
trainings of the personnel in both the CSIRT in each government institution, etc.
and the CYMAT should be strengthened in order to carry out prompt and precise
response.
While information gathering activities are actively carried out against Japan,
recently methods of using targeted attacks by email to steal information fromgovernment institutions, etc., have become more complex and sophisticated, andthe risks of critical information in government institutions being leaked is84

CYber incident Mobile Assistant Team (Information security emergency support team). Established in
the NISC in June of 2012, and provides technical support and advice related to preventing spread ofdamages, recovery, cause investigation and recurrence prevention in the event of cyber-attacks against
ministries or other agencies under the National Information Security Center director who is the government
CISO.
85
Refers to cyber-attack conditions or potential conditions which result in serious harm to the lives, healthor finances of citizens, or to national territory, or poses the thread of causing such harm. For example,
conditions such as cyber-attacks resulting in injury or loss of life or serious interruptions in the supply ofcritical infrastructure services.
86
Based on "The Government Initial Response System for Emergencies" (November 21, 2003, Cabinet
decision), "The Initial Response for Large-scale Cyber Attacks" (March 19, 2010, Deputy Chief Cabinet
Secretary for Crisis Management) etc.

33

increasing. Therefore construction of a stronger information assurance system
is necessary by such measures as intensified cooperation with foreign
institutions while greatly promoting measures for gathering, analysis and sharingof counter-intelligence related information in cyberspace with each government
institution working closely.

② Measures in critical infrastructure providers
In the critical infrastructure field, it is necessary to ensure that people's lives,socioeconomic activities, government activities and all activities can stably andreliable continue, and thus it is necessary to implement information security
measures in accordance with such as government institutions do based on thecharacteristics of the information systems requiring protection.
Specifically, for critical infrastructure, in order to focus on information
security based on risk assessment methods for critical infrastructure providers
and other related organizations, it is necessary to extract risks desirable to takemeasures in a cross-cutting fashion across fields through understanding andassessment of the establishment and changes of the latest safety standards ineach infrastructure field87 and through risk analysis, and to establish processes toreflect these results in the guides88 for safety standards in each field.
The sharing such information as failures, cyber attacks, threats andvulnerabilities between critical infrastructure providers and CEPTOAR89 shallbe continuously promoted. About information on targeted attacks for whichsharing across industries is difficult, a confidentiality agreement-based
information sharing system shall be developed and expanded.90 In addition, for87"Safety standards" refers to documents specified as reference materials or standards when criticalinfrastructure providers make determinations and carry out actions (The Second Action Plan).
88"Guides" refers to "Principles for Formulating of 'Safety Standards, Guidelines, etc.' concerning
Assurance of Information Security of Critical Infrastructures" and the "Countermeasures Edition" of thesame as well as follow-up documents.Capability for Engineering of Protection, Technical Operation,
Analysis and Response (CEPTOAR). System for sharing and analyzing information in the 10 criticalinfrastructure fields.
89
Capability for Engineering of Protection, Technical Operation, Analysis and Response (CEPTOAR).
System for sharing and analyzing information in the 10 critical infrastructure fields.
90
For example, the J-CSIP：Initiative for Cyber Security Information Sharing Partnership of Japan, is ameasure by IPA and private organization for the countermeasures against targeted cyber attacks as measuresrelated to critical infrastructure providers.

34rapid reporting by critical infrastructure providers to the ministries withjurisdiction over their places of business, voluntarily reporting to ministries
handling the case, and information sharing with related organizations, promotion
shall be carried out with regard for personal information and confidential
information. Moreover, promotion shall be carried out for cyber exercises
between critical infrastructure providers, cyberspace-related operators and such
related entities as relevant CSIRTs based on a premise of confidential
relationships between private organizations, in order to strengthen collaborative
response capabilities for cyber attacks.
In addition to strengthening handling of supply chain risks in criticalinfrastructure fields, it is also important to introduce evaluation and certificationof information security. Specifically, promotion of collaboration throughinformation sharing of vulnerability information and attack information, etc.
between critical infrastructure providers and cyberspace-related operators,
examination of how to introduce evaluation and certification modeled oninternational standards for procurement and operation of SCADA and othercontrol system equipment and systems, and promotion of measures aimed at
establishing institutions for evaluation and certification of control systemequipment and systems.
There are fields which are not currently considered critical infrastructure
fields in Japan, but for which any failure of the information systems has thepotential to have as a great an effect on the lives of people and socioeconomic
activities as any such failure in the existing 10 critical infrastructure fields.
Hereafter it is necessary to examine the scope of critical infrastructure andmeasures according to the characteristics of each field based on the positioningof the information systems in the relevant infrastructure.
Based on the above, a new action plan will be determined once the Second
Action Plan is reviewed.
In addition, on the assumption of large-scale cyber attacks countermeasures
for the occurrence of incidents, such as initial response training, have been
established in Japan already, and attempts have been made to strengthen
information collection and aggregation systems for both normal and incident
occurrence circumstances. Hereafter, in order for the public and private sectors

35

to be able to collaborate and carry out appropriate measures in the event oflarge-scale cyber attacks, further strengthening of countermeasures, such as
annual implementation of training for handling of large-scale cyber attacks shallalso be carried out by relevant parties, using cases in other countries as reference
where necessary.

③ Measures in private companies, educational institutions and research
institutions
Recognition and analysis capabilities for such incidents as cyber attacks while
sharing of such information shall be strengthened at private companies,
educational institutions and research institutions which handle criticalinformation such as important trade secrets and other business secrets,
intellectual property information and personal information, which is the sourceof Japan's international competitiveness. In addition information security
measures at overseas destination of the businesses shall be promoted.
For small and medium-sized enterprises, for which the ensuring of
information security specialist personnel and sufficient investment is becoming
difficult, it is necessary to arrange an environment for strengthening such cyberattack related functions as incident recognition capabilities. Specifically, systems
will be arranged for sharing of information and consultations between small andmedium-sized enterprises, tax systems which promote information security
investment and other incentives will be examined, guidelines and tool which areeasy to use to improve information security will be prepared, and transition to acommon usage system with guaranteed information security by suchtechnologies as cloud computing will be promoted.
In addition to promoting the analysis of information on incidents recognizedat small and medium-sized enterprises as well as sharing of countermeasure
information etc., implementing practical defense exercises which examine
defense models for cyber attacks and utilize practice test beds for not just large
scale companies but also for small and medium-sized enterprises and so on, will
improve capability to respond to and deal with cyber attacks.
Capability to respond dynamically in the event of incidents to prevent the36spread of damage will be improved at private companies, research institutions
and other related organizations, construction of CSIRTs will be promoted, andthe capability to respond collaboratively between CSIRTs will be strengthened.
As management uncertainty increases for businesses as a result of intensifyingof the risks surrounding cyberspace, for the possibility and other factors ofincidents related to cyber attacks in listed companies, the possibility of
disclosing business risks to investors will be examined while continuing to giveconsideration to maintaining fair competitive conditions. During thisexamination, the potential and conditions for a framework for promoting
incentives to disclose including sharing relevant information, will also be
considered.
In addition, for educational institutions, in order to reduce the work, increase
efficiency and improve the quality of educational activities in elementary andmiddle school education, the usage and application of information
communications technologies continues to progress as a result of increased
informatization in such fields as school affairs. Therefore propagation andeducation related to information security will be promoted to the actors
responsible for establishing schools such as local public authorities in order toassure information security, including response to cyber attacks.

④ Cyberspace hygiene
As the merger and integration of cyberspace and real-space continues, it is
becoming more important for preventative measures to be implemented against
unauthorized intrusions, malware infections, and other events by the various
actors who mutually depend on cyberspace. However, as risks continue toincrease seriously, it is becoming more difficult for general users such asindividuals to carry out measures through independent efforts alone, and theactive support of other actors is necessary to reinforce those measures.
For comprehensive and intensive outreach and awareness raising aimed at
cultivating awareness in general users such as individuals and businesses,
relevant events are held as part of "Information Security Awareness Month",which is held in February of every year, and the "International Cyber Security

37

Campaign", held in October of every year. Hereafter, in addition to carrying out
measures throughout the entire government, measures will be carried out aimed
at fomenting an increased awareness in general users in order to makecyberspace hygiene a national movement as one part of this endeavor, suchmeasures will include, for example, coordination with software education, whichforms the basis of information security, such as the Open University of Japan"Informatics Course,"91 issuing of awards for distinguished services as a part of
newly established "Cyber Clean Day" (provisional name).
Further, for daily effective outreach and awareness, in addition to carrying out
such measures as promotion for collection of vulnerability related informationand cooperation with various internet fixed point observation systems,
frameworks will be examined for visualizing the degree of vulnerability ofJapan's cyberspace, degree of malware infections and other overall trends, aswell as for carrying out appropriate outreach to general users.
It is necessary to improve the capability to respond to attacks for cyberspace
as a whole, and provide effective precautions and other useful measures togeneral users through cooperation between government institutions andcyberspace-related operators and improvement of functions for recognizing andanalyzing cyber attacks related incidents. Specifically, through such activities as
the "Cyber attacks Analysis Council,"92 in addition to mobilizing each
institution's specialist capabilities and collected information and carrying out
advanced analysis while maintaining the confidential relationships with theincident information providers and other related players, capability to respond to
cyber attacks will be strengthened by utilizing the information in carrying out
various measures, for example, individual incident handling, providing
precautions to general users, examination of mid to long term countermeasuresand research and development.

91

The Informatics Course has been established, starting from April of 2013, in order to provide students
with the skills to solve problems from an information point of view in addition to learning on information
processing, from the 5 areas of software, information mathematics, multimedia, human interface andintelligence infrastructure.
92
Composed of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry, the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (Hereinafter abbreviated as"NICT"), the IPA, Telecom-ISAC Japan, and JPCERT/CC in order to implement the advanced analysis
necessary for defense against cyber-attacks.

38

As countermeasures against network type bot viruses, at the CCC,93 which isa public/private partnerships implemented with the cooperation of ISPs,94
measures were carried out to provide general users with precautions. Hereafter, aframework will be constructed for the implementation by ISPs and other related
entities of the creation of a database for storing information on malicious sites
which distribute malware and providing precautions to general users who
attempt to access malicious sites and other measures. In addition promotion will
be carried out for advancement of database functions including strengthening offunctions for detecting malicious sites.
For the behavior of potential malware, in addition to carrying out
development of technologies for quick and advanced detection, based on theincreased complexity and sophistication of cyber attacks and other increasing
serious risk surrounding cyberspace, examinations will be carried out on
flexible operations of relevant systems with consideration for confidentiality ofcommunications and other interests such as the potential for communication
analysis for information security purposes.
In an environment where components of home information appliances,medical equipment, automobiles, and social infrastructure such ascommunications networks are controlled by embedded software, there is apotential threat to people's lives if there is any troubles such as failures in thesesoftware. Taking these conditions into account, and while attempting to maintaininternational coordination, in addition to examining systems for handlingvulnerabilities in software related to these items, promotion will be carried out
for strengthening of the explanatory capabilities for software quality so thatcyberspace-related operators who provide these devices and services are able toprovide users with sufficient explanations of software quality.

⑤ Crime Countermeasures for Cyberspace
In order to be able to respond to the various situations that may potentially93

Cyber Clean Center. Implemented as a project from FY2006 to FY2010 through the cooperation of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,
Telecom-ISAC Japan, JPCERT/CC and the IPA.
94
Internet Service Provider. Internet connection service providers who provide internet connections togeneral user and business customers utilizing fiber optic lines and other means.

39

occur in cyberspace in the future, it is necessary to strengthen the
countermeasures against cyber attacks which may affect the national security
and crisis management by strengthening capabilities to deal with cybercrimes
and utilizing the knowledge and capabilities of private sector operators.
Specifically, in addition to strengthening investigative and analysis
capabilities through the employment of personnel with specialized knowledge
and capabilities and carrying out effective education and training and researchon new technologies, system preparation will be carried out through expansionof organizations such as the Cyber Attack Analysis Center, the Cyber Attack
Special Investigations Unit and the Unauthorized Program Analysis Center,
information collection and analysis equipment will be enhanced andstrengthened and preparation of equipment including the advancement ofinternet monitoring systems, will be carried out.
For strengthening of measures utilizing the knowledge and capabilities ofprivate sector operators, starting with the creation of the Japanese NCFTA,95
new information sharing frameworks will be constructed with anti-virus vendors
related to new types of viruses, measures for sharing information throughcooperation with the private sector, including the "Council to Prevent
Unauthorized Communications as a Cyber Intelligence Measure,"96 shall bestrengthened, and cooperation related to sharing of technical information forelectronic devices subject to analysis will be strengthened as means ofpromoting information sharing. Moreover, in addition to promoting joint private
and public sector cybercrime prevention measures, such as strengthening cyberpatrols and promoting measures to prevent damages related to smartphone95

National Cyber-Forensics and Training Alliance. A non-profit organization established in the UnitedStates and made up of members from the FBI, private sector businesses and academic institutions. Carries
out training of personnel for investigatory agencies, including those overseas, related to cybercrime related
information collection and analysis.
96
In addition to the "Council to Prevent Unauthorized Communications as a Cyber Intelligence Measure",
which carries out sharing of information, etc., related to cyber attacks thought to be planned to steal
information from operators providing services for dealing with security matters or security monitoring
services, other examples include the "Cyber-terrorism Countermeasures Council", provides information
related to cyber-terrorism from the police, talks by private sector experts, opinion exchanges between
member operators and information sharing and is composed of critical infrastructure providers and othermembers from every prefecture. In addition, the "Cyber Intelligence Information Sharing Network" hasbeen formed as a network for sharing information related to cyber-attacks thought to be planned in order tosteal information, and the "Unauthorized Program Countermeasures Council" has been established to carryout sharing of information related to unauthorized program countermeasures between anti-virus software
providers, etc.

40

applications, efforts will also be made to utilize private sector knowledge andcapabilities in investigations such as commission of method analysis to private
sector operators.
Consideration will be given to measures for preserving logs such ascommunication histories, and promotion of digital forensics at relevant operatorsin order to assure traceability for cybercrimes after the fact. Regarding saving ofcommunication histories in particular, consideration will be carried out on theiruse in cybercrime investigations with due consideration given to theconfidentiality of communications, types of effective communication histories
for security, burdens of the communications operator saving the logs, storage
periods of logs in foreign countries, and the diverse opinions of people as
general users,.
For criminal investigation and police fields, systems for control and otherfunctions will be strengthened through human resource development and othermeans in order to appropriately deal with cybercrimes.

⑥ Defense of Cyberspace
It is important for Japan to strengthen overall response capabilities for the
event of targeted attacks aimed at theft or destruction of critical informationsuch as national secrets, cyber attacks carried out as part of an armed attack byforeign governments97 and other national level cyber attacks for which the
involvement of foreign governments is suspected.
Specifically, in addition to clarification of the roles of institutions andstrengthening of systems related to functions such as recognition of incidents
related to ordinary cyber attacks, collection and sharing information such as
incident information, and advanced analysis of collected and shared information
which can contribute to the identification of the actors behind attacks, thecollaboration between these institutions shall be strengthened.
Cyberspace is a new "domain" just as land, sea, air and space in which a
97

The Prime Minister's response to the Lower House plenary session on March 4, 2013 stated, "a variety of
discussions and debated are still ongoing regarding the relationship between cyber attacks and an armed
attack and others, and it is difficult to provide a categorical answer at this time."

41

variety of activities, such as intelligence, offence and defense, are carried out byorganizations such as the Self Defense Force and the effective use of thisdomain is important, and as a vital infrastructure which support various
activities in the actual domain such as land, utilized for policy making and unit
mobilization and other tasks, the secure use of cyberspace is critical.
Above all, in the event that cyber attacks are carried out as part of an armed
attack, the Ministry of Defense and the Self Defense Force are tasked withresponding to these, and in order to execute this, the Self Defense Force mustfirst ensure that appropriate measures against cyber attacks are implemented on
its own systems. Specifically this means implementing measures aimed atstrengthening the Self Defense Force's capabilities and preparedness incyberspace, including improving of surveillance abilities in DII98 networks,
realistic exercises in an environment that simulates conditions of the MOD
systems, alert capabilities by improving such functions as of the security andanalysis devices for cyber defense, establishing organization through the newaddition of a Cyber Defense unit (provisional name), steadily retaining talented
personnel with advanced expertise, and carrying out advanced research anddevelopment.
The roles of the relevant organizations during times of emergency including
the way of mutual support shall be arranged, for example, the roles of the
Ministry of Defense, the Self Defense Force and other government institutions
regarding cyber attacks against such information systems as criticalinfrastructure systems other than defense related systems, and the roles ofcyberspace-related operators regarding unauthorized communications fromoverseas, while preparation of organizations, frameworks for sharing of
information including classified information and systems shall be carried out.
During this examination, the application of individual specific international laws
will be considered.

In order to maintain the expansivity of cyberspace, Japan aims to construct
98

Defense Information Infrastructure.

42

"vigorous" cyberspace through the activation of industry which plays a central
role in responding to cyber attacks, developing advanced technologies, carryingout training and fostering of human resources and literacy, and other measures,
and aims to strengthen the creativity and knowledge which will allow it toindependently respond to the risks surrounding cyberspace.

① Activation of industry
In order to promptly and appropriately respond to new risks while taking in
new growth markets and gathering information on cyber attacks and other useful
information in overseas markets, it is necessary to strengthen the international
competitiveness of Japan's cybersecurity industry, which is highly dependent on
foreign technologies, services and products.
Advanced technology, products, and services and the leading researchers andtechnical experts who create them constitute vital infrastructure for the
propagation and advancement of information communications technologies aswell as the development of their use and application. As the usage andapplication of information communications technologies becomes more
important in the improvement of innovation and productivity in a variety offields through the expansion of the base of information communication
technologies utilization and in the use of big data to create new businesses,
advanced research and development on information security as an integral partof these utilization and preparation of systems including international
standardization and evaluation and certification, are necessary.
Specially, efforts will be made to strengthen research and development insuch as M2M-based smart community, smart grid, smart city and smart town
related information security technologies, advanced secure device technologies
for promoting new services utilizing personal data, anonymization andencryption technologies, technologies for controlling entire networks throughlarge quantities of various types of data by software, and technologies for
identifying individuals in cyberspace.
Hereafter, products and services which utilize information communication
technologies will be faced with requirements for cybersecurity related reliability

43

in international transactions, and it can be assumed that the importance ofinternational standardization, evaluation and certification, and information
security auditing will grow in order to provide proof of this reliability. For thisreason, it is necessary for Japan to proactively participate in and work on
international standardization and the creation of international mutual recognition
frameworks for evaluation and certification99 in order to ensure that Japan's
businesses are in an advantageous position in international trade.100 In addition,
it is necessary to support related private sectors and to develop a function forevaluation and certification in Japan. Specifically, progress should be made ininternational standardization of cloud computing services, enactment ofcommon international security requirements for multi-functional devices, andpreparation of evaluation and certification bodies for industrial control systems
focusing on security verification facilities.101
Having the government proactively carry out the procurement of products
which utilize new technologies promotes private sector businesses, productdevelopment, practical application and acquisition of overseas markets while
also fostering venture businesses. In addition, promotion will be carried out forcooperation which overcomes the boundaries between industry andorganizations and global development of businesses with latent potential inorder to have companies in Japan which are strong enough to stand on an equal
footing with global competition in the cybersecurity field.
The clarification of the application of copyright laws regarding reverse
engineering for security purposes, and the reform of laws and regulations which
may hinder industrial activation such as the realization of advanced services
through analysis of big data, are critical.

② Research and development
The risks surrounding cyberspace are expected to change rapidly as a result of99

For example, footnote No.79.
ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System (ISMS) is a major cyber security
international standard and approximately 4,000 organizations have been certified in Japan in the 10 years
since 2002.
101
The Technological Research Association Control System Security Center (CSSC) was established on
March 6, 2012.
100

44

the increasing complexity and sophistication of cyber attacks, and preexisting
information security measures may result in delays in establishment andimplementation of effective measures and suffer from rapid decreases in efficacy.
For this reason, it is important to create information security technologies thatare creative and imaginative to counter these changing risks.
Specifically, for the purposes of Japan maintaining and improving its own
leading research and development, the research and development and practical
testing of technologies aimed at improving the cyber attack detection andadvanced analysis functions at research institutions and relevant organizations102
shall be accelerated.
In particular, in addition to introducing theoretical approaches to information
security research such as encryption research in order to allow for theestablishment of effective and innovative technologies for dealing with thediversifying and more advanced cyber attacks, such as latent malware. In
addition development will be carried out on leading technologies for countering
near future cyber-attacks. Development of semiconductor devices which support
security is also important.
Further, in order to protect people's information and rights, social systems,
leading technologies aimed at establishing information security measuretechnologies related to inhibiting IC operation errors will be developed.
Research and development will also be carried out on technologies for assuring
the reliability of entire network systems which include the various individual
data of which big data is realized through the propagation of SDN, as well as thesoftware used to process these data.
The knowledge obtained through this research and development will beshared between industry, academia and the government, and used to promote theimprovement of Japan's defensive capabilities. In addition, these measures canalso be expected to contribute to the cultivation of advanced information
security personnel throughout all of Japan, and because these technologies could
potentially become something that could be deployed worldwide, this could also102

For example, "CYREC" (CYbersecurity REsearch Center), a cybersecurity research and developmentbase collecting information from all of Japan, was constructed and put into full operation in April 2013
aimed at improving analysis capabilities at the NICT.

45

lead to the creation of a new industry starting in Japan, leading to economic
growth.

③ Human resource development
In these conditions where all of Japan's activities are dependent on cyberspace,
it is difficult to handle increasing serious risks simply through the cultivation ofhuman resources to carry out countermeasures to protect one's own
organizations at measure implementation entities such as the government
institutions and businesses. As such, it is necessary to widen the base of theseadvanced and international personnel due to the expansion of the use andapplication of information communication technologies through the expansion
and penetration of cyberspace.
At present, it is said that approximately 265,000 individuals are employed in
information security within Japan, however there is a potential deficiency ofapproximately 80,000 such security personnel. In addition, of these 265,000
individuals, the number of individuals who actually possess the required level ofskills is thought to be slightly over 105,000, meaning that some sort of education
or training is necessary for the remaining 160,000 individuals.103
In addition to it being necessary to resolve this deficiency in the number of
security personnel that can be utilized in existing information communications
technology, the expansion of information communication technologies
accompanying the expansion and penetration of cyberspace will become anissue that must be dealt with, resulting in an even greater deficiency of security
personnel in the future, making the recruitment, training, and use of these
personnel even more necessary.
In addition to proactive measures being required to handle this deficiency inpersonnel, another large issue is the ensuring of personnel who possess
exceptional capabilities which cannot be acquired through training alone. In
regard to this securing of personnel, private and public sectors will collaborate
to implement training camps to discover and cultivate the outstanding
individuals who have not only creative and original ideas and technologies in the103

IPA estimate.

46

software related fields, but also the capabilities to apply them, as well ascompetitions which will test the practical skills of information security
personnel.
In order to raise the skill level of cybersecurity professionals within Japan,
and to discover and cultivate exceptional personnel in the field, a framework isnecessary for practical application of training throughout all of society.
Specifically, there are a wide variety of personnel labeled information security
personnel, and the skills required vary greatly depending upon the attributes ofthe specific personnel, so the required skills and knowledge will be clarified
through improvement and utilization of skill standards.
Consideration, will be carried out, in accordance with the diversity of needs
for information security personnel, about such issues as aqualification/capability assessment system based on security levels, which
include enhancing specialized educational curriculums at universities and otherlearning institutions for practical training programs, strengthening of industry
and academia cooperation, and the need for improvement and new establishment
of official certification and skill assessment systems, while utilizing the skill
standards.
Because the training of personnel who can perform globally is important, in
addition to supporting participation in international conferences and study
abroad at specialist graduate schools and other related organizations overseas,
invitations to and holding of international conferences within Japan will also be
promoted.
It is also necessary for the discovery and training of personnel to lead directly
to their employment and utilization. For this purpose, government institutions
shall take the initiative in appointing external information security personnel.

④ Literacy Improvement
In Japan, cyberspace is expanding and penetrating into every generation fromthe youth bracket to the elderly, every situation including individuals, families,
workplaces and public facilities, and everyday life and socioeconomic activities47

of real-space. In this way, all general people coexist with cyberspace, and it isthus necessary to continually work to improve the literacy of very broad base ofgeneral people. In addition, this also contributes to creating a foundation for thecultivation of advanced personnel.
Specifically, it is necessary to plan awareness raising activities starting fromthe elementary and middle school education stages, and implement participatory
awareness raising projects such as motto and poster contests. At the elementaryand middle school education stages, depending upon the development stages ofthe student children, learning activities have be enhanced so that computers andinformation communications networks and other information tools can be used
for instruction in each subject, positive promotion has be carried out for
education on information morals, including information security. Hereafter,
practical measures united with the utilization of information communication
technologies in various fields of education, such as use of digital textbooks forstudents and education on software programming, will be promoted.
Information security measures for the elderly will so become even more
important in the future, so environments will be prepared for the cultivation andutilization of information security related supporters and detailed follow up forthe elderly.
Smart devices, especially smartphones, which are always turned on andconnected to the internet while carried around by users, handle a variety of
information about the user such as position information, however structural
restrictions limit the effectiveness of information security software, so further
improvement of individual literacy is required.
Specifically, with the shift to smartphones, the majority of the expanded usage
rates are for SNS,104 and it is planned to collaborate with relevant operators to
implement effective measures for smartphone use. In addition, a framework will
be constructed which allows users to understand the risks of smartphone
applications and make determinations regarding these use on their own.
Taking into account the rapid progress of information communication
104

According to the White Pater on Information and Communications, the changes in usage rates before
and after the shift to smart phones for SNS increased greatly from 37.9% before the transition to 62.6%
after the transition.

48

technologies, it is necessary to update information related to measures toimprove the literacy of general users in a timely fashion. For this reason, it isimportant that government institutions collect information through measures forresponding to cyber attacks, analyze this information and then provide theinformation nationwide in a format that is easy to understand for general users.

In order to keep up with a global cyberspace, "world-leading" cyberspaceshall be constructed and attempts shall be made to strengthen contribution andoutreach capabilities in the global strategic space by strengthening ministerial
level dispatches, active participation in the international rulemakings, active
outreach into overseas markets, capacity building support and confidencebuilding measures.

① Diplomacy
In Japan, free flow of information in cyberspace is a basic policy, and thebasic values such as freedom of expression are assured through this policy,
providing a variety of benefits including economic growth.
Because it is impossible for Japan to handle risks which have expanded to a
global scale on its own, it is important to multilaterally build and strengthen
partnerships with other nations and regions which share the same basic values
including the basic policy, democracy, respect for basic human rights, and therule of law. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out diplomacy which
promotes a balanced approach to constructing a safe and reliable cyberspace inby not applying excessive administration or restrictions by the state while
maintaining its openness and interoperability.
For the application of international laws to acts using cyberspace, it isimportant that existing international laws continue to be applied to acts using
cyberspace in terms of maintaining a degree of order in cyberspace, and thedeliberation will continue on how to apply specific international laws such as theCharter of the United Nations and the International Humanitarian Law to49

conducts in cyberspace.
While cyber attacks for which the involvement of foreign governments issuspected have actually occurred overseas, because it is difficult to identify
perpetrators of cyber attacks, it is necessary to steadily implement confidencebuilding measures in order to avoid unexpected escalation that are not intended
by parties, for instance as a result of misidentification of attackers.
In addition to continuing discussions and dialogs with countries with whom
Japan has carried out bilateral discussions and dialogs so far, Japan will also
expand to holding discussions and dialogs or opinion exchanges with othercountries and regions as well. In addition, the country will actively participate inmulti country discussions and meetings including regional frameworks such as
the ARF105 and other related committees in the United Nations, in addition tovarious cybersecurity related conferences with participation from multiple
stakeholders other than just government institutions and "face to face"participation in the global community.
In order to rapidly and appropriately respond to cyber attacks, cooperation
with the United States, in which Japan is in an alliance based on the Japan-U.S.
Security Arrangements, is vital. Based on the understanding that the variety ofissues surrounding cyberspace recently are pressing matters for both national
security and economy, further discussion on sharing threat information, detailed
measures including joint training exercises for critical infrastructure protection
and other area, and creation of international rulemakings, shall be carried out
through future dialogs such as the Japan-U.S. Cyber Dialogue.

② Global outreachIn a global cyberspace, vulnerable countries and regions are targeted as
springboards from which to launch cyber attacks. The conditions, related tocybersecurity such as technological capabilities for responding to incidents
including cyber attacks, are various from country to country. Therefore it isexpected that each is construction a given capabilities such as for handling
105

ASEAN Regional Forum. A forum aimed at improving the security environment of the Asia-Pacificregion through dialogs and cooperation related to political and security issues.

50

incidents, in terms that this will lead to the formation of a common
understanding in international society and serve as a deterrent for cyber attacks.
Consequently, it is important to build relationships in with newly emerging
nations as well as developing countries in ASEAN and other regions in whichthose countries and Japan can develop together, and actively provide support forbuilding the capabilities to deal with cyber attacks against these countries andregions.
Specifically, this includes providing support for the building of CSIRT in eachnation, security management knowhow support, international awareness raising,developing a network to collect information about cyber attacks by collaboratingwith other nations, then implementing research and development projects ontechnologies for prediction and quick response to cyber attacks and expanding
the participant countries.
Also, introduction of best practices such as the botnet countermeasureprojects through public-private partnership, implementation of joint projects,
and conducting tabletop exercises with overseas operators, will be promoted.
About the encryption assessment project106 working to assure safety andreliability in electronic government and other fields, the results will beannounced both domestically and abroad, while the use of encryption
technologies will be promoted.
In addition, in international trade, cybersecurity safety is coming to berequired for products and services which utilize various information
communication technologies. Therefore in order to ensure that Japan does notfind itself at a disadvantage in its strong fields, such as multi-functional devices
including copiers and control systems, Japan will actively participate in andwork on international standardization of security and the creation ofinternational frameworks for mutual recognition of evaluation and certification,from a viewpoint of activation of industry,.
Further, Japan will require that the practices often seen in newly emerging
nations and other regions of using information security as an excuse for import
restrictions and measures for giving preferential treatment to domestic goods be
106

CRYPTREC.

51

made to conform to international trade rules. Also, Japan will work towards thepromotion of the international development of Japanese businesses by working
to assure the compliance with relevant domestic and overseas systems. For
example, consideration will be held for actively contributing to theestablishment of harmonized international rules through the support ofpreparation of systems in newly emerging countries and other region, anddomestic systems for international distribution of personal data.

③ International cooperation
Attempts will be made to strengthen international collaboration in order toeffectively respond to cybercrime, which can easily be carried out acrossnational borders. Specifically, information related to cybercrimes will be
continuously exchanged with foreign investigating organizations in addition todispatching staff to improve collaboration with foreign investigation agencies aswell as to learn the latest in investigative techniques.
In the event the cooperation of foreign investigation agencies is required inorder to gather evidence, mutual legal assistance will be proactively requested ofthese agencies and an international investigation promoted in an appropriatemanner.
Regarding international cooperation related to cybercrime countermeasures,Japan has ratified the Convention on Cybercrime,107 and will work to strengthen
rapid and effective mutual investigations and other cooperation between law
enforcement agencies including increasing the number of countries party to theconvention.
In addition, the promotion of sharing of information through international
collaboration, and understanding of international trends in incidents related tocyber attacks is important. Specifically, in addition to strengthening
collaboration108 at the operation level for promotion of sharing of incident
107"Convention on Cybercrime." Ratified in the Japanese Diet in April of 2004, coming into effect on
November 1, 2012 through the enactment of the "Law for Partial Revision of the Penal Code, etc. to
Respond to Increase in International and Organized Crimes and Advancement of Information Processing"(2011 Law No. 74, the so-called "Cyber Penal Code") in June of 2011.
108
For CSIRT international cooperation, there is the international conference FIRST (Forum of Incident
Response and Security Teams), with participation from the NISC, the National Police Agency Cyber Force52

information related to cyber attacks between CSIRTs, supporting the cultivationor human resources related to cybercrime investigations and prosecution as wellas the preparation of the criminal justice systems in various countries.
In order to avoid unexpected situations arising out of mutual distrust, it isimportant to implement confidence-building measures. For this reason, Japan
shares its basic stance and best practices. Further, in addition to maintaining amutual contact system for incident occurrence from times of peace,collaborative international research projects and responding exercises on cyberattacks among multiple nations shall also be implemented.
Moreover, this will also contribute to international collaboration with thevarious countries, promoting the preparation of an international network throughredundancy of international connects between Japan and overseas.

The NISC is strengthening its functions as Japan's command post for
constructing a world-leading, resilient and vigorous cyberspace. Specifically, in
addition to drastically strengthening of the GSOC, the organization will also
strengthen its collection of information such as incidents which are related tocyber attacks, analysis and publicity related to the current situations of relevantmeasures of governments and actual circumstances of domestic and overseas
cybersecurity related trends, and dynamic ability to respond to through organic
collaboration among the various functions distributed throughout related
specialist organizations such as government institutions, independentadministrative agencies and others. When implementing these changes, CSIRT
functions, which serve as the point of contact for international incident handlingwithin Japan, will also be considered.
Based on the above, the NISC will be the "Cybersecurity Center" (tentative)
Center, IPA, JPCERT/CC for cooperation between CSIRT from various countries, and APCERT (Asia
Pacific Computer Emergency Response Team) for cooperation between CSIRT in the Asia-Pacific region.

53

around FY2015 by preparing the required organizational structure, including
authorities and securing of human resources through personnel management
such as employment and cultivation of specialist personnel.
The promotion of information sharing related to cyber attacks is necessary as
a basis for the organic collaboration between relevant organizations including
government institutions and critical infrastructure providers. On these occasions,a framework will be prepared to maintain confidentiality of information, in
accordance with the purposes of sharing information, the details of the shared
information, and the scope of the parties sharing the information while
continuing to use existing frameworks as well.

In order to ensure the appropriate implementation of the various measures
implemented in accordance with this strategy, and to ensure organic
collaboration between the measures, a management aimed at the achievement of
the mid to long term goal of realizing a cybersecurity nation will be carried out,
while, based on this strategy, the annual plans for each year starting from
FY2013 and an international strategy on cybersecurity will be developed.
In addition, in order to appropriately respond to domestic and overseas
environmental changes and to maintain the continued improvement of thisstrategy, any measures based on this strategy and objectives management,
evaluation for this strategy and the annual plans shall be carried out. During theevaluation, the progress of the various measures and others will be evaluatedfrom a people's point of view.

54