“Human Security”
and JICA
April 2005

Koji Makino
Team Director and Senior Economist
for Human Security, JICA

1Perspective of Human Security
Position on Human Security (HS):One of basic policies in Japan’s“Official Development Charter”
Now upgraded !
A supreme concept in Japan’s New“Medium-term Policy on ODA”, justreleased in February 200521

Background of Human Security
Rapid globalization
Increase in transnational threats suchas terrorism, environmental
degradation, the spread of infectious
diseases (including HIV/AIDS),
economic crises and civil wars
Introduction of HS, focusing onindividual human beings, as acomplement to “State Security”
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What is Human Security?
Aim: Freedom from two interchanging threats① Freedom from “fear” of shocks/risks, suchas conflict, terrorism, crime, disease
epidemics, environmental degradation,
economic crises and natural disasters② Freedom from “want,” including freedom
from poverty, hunger, and a lack ofeducation and health services
Basic measures:① Protecting of people② Empowering of people
42What is the reality of people in avulnerable situation?
■Originally described as HS = Complement of“State security”
On the other hand……..
■Recent findings through Participatory Poverty Assessments;- People greatly fear “insecurity” in their future.
- The causes of “insecurity” are the shocks/risks (conflict,disaster, accident, etc.), which continually attack the lives ofpeople.
- The poor are more vulnerable to risks, possibly making
them poorer or ending their lives.
If “development” is to create HOPE for the people, risks
causing the deepening of poverty are the most serious!!!

HS focuses on the situation of the poor who areespecially vulnerable to risks that may worsen theirsituation in the future.
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Vicious Circle of “Want” & “Shock/Risk”
Risk factors （External Shocks）

Ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ

Conflict, Natural Disaster, Infectious
disease, etc.

Cut the link

ＣｏｐｉｎｇCut the link

Chronic
Fear

Vulnerability
The vulnerable
poor（Countries)
Ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ

Downside Risks
Deepening Poverty

Bottom Up

Downside Risks
Deepening Poverty

HumanDevelopment

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“Promotion” of Human Development &Enhancing Social Opportunity
Measures for Assistance……..
Pro-poor growth including employment
creation and equal income distribution
Expansion of public policy such as BHN
Improvement and strengthening ofgovernanceIn the case of Fragile States; reestablishment of a functioning government
7“Prevention/Mitigation” ofFear/Risk
Measures for Assistance………
Conflict prevention efforts, including peacebuilding
and safety
Macroeconomic stabilization
Protection of environment as well as challenges toeliminate the causes of environmental degradation
Establishment of a disaster prevention system
Prevention of infectious diseases beyond borders
Coping with chronic violence84

“Coping” with Fear and Risk
Measures for assistance…….
Strengthening of social safety net
Establishment of the government fundfor emergency events, as well as legal
preparation
Focusing on and strengthening theroles of volunteers and the media
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HS and Capacity Development
Observation on the measure of HS Approach
Necessity of “Strong Actions” forembodiment of HS• Strengthening of “vertical relationship,” linking theapproaches of “protection” by the government, etc.,and “empowerment of people & communities”• Strengthening of “horizontal relationship,” bycollaboration of various actors such as CBOs, govt.
agencies, NGOs, international society, etc.

That is the approach of “Capacity Development”....in terms of the approach, targeting the individual
and institutional levels, wider society and its system,etc.
105Seven Focuses of HS
1. Reaching those in need with a human-centered approach.
2. Placing emphasis on the benefit of vulnerable people
who’s survival, livelihood and dignity are at risk.
3. Perceiving people not only as recipients of assistance but
also as future leaders of development, and empowering
them accordingly.
4. Focusing both on ”freedom from want” and “freedomfrom fear.”
5. Analyzing and resolving threats to people, using
comprehensive and inter-sectoral approaches.
6. Enabling both government (central and local) and local
communities/people to realize sustainable development
for their countries.
7. Cooperating with various actors, donors and NGOs indeveloping countries for higher impact of assistance.

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PRSP, MDGs and Human Security
HS stresses the dimension ofvulnerability / risk of downside in thedevelopment.
HS aims effectively to achieve MDGs
and objectives of PRSP by not only
freedom from want (chronic poverty),
but freedom from fear (conflict, crime,
disaster, etc.).
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Contribution to MDGs and PRSP

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What is JICA going to do then!?!?

13How can JICA integrate HS Approach
into JICA Programs?
JICA focuses on……..
1) A human/community-centered approach2) Freedom from fear (focus on risks
deepening poverty)3) Challenges facing vulnerable people andStates
4) Strong and quick actions
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Challenges facing New Frontier
Based on HS
1. Strategy by country and region,
2. Formulating Model Programs as goodpractices
3. Institutionalizing the HS approach
4. Mainstreaming the concept into all
assistance
15JICA Country / Regional Programswith HS focuses
PointsConsider the “vulnerable part” of the target country“Promote” the human development & enhancement ofsocial opportunities
Combine the “Prevention” of & “Coping” with fear andrisk
Design flexible measures depending on the condition ofthe country

For Example
・The major target for Country “A” is enlarging

employment opportunities by promoting small-scale
firms, assistance toward minority group, and disasterprevention.
・According to the plan of Country “P,” one of the aid
issues is “science & mathematic education.”
Considering the HS focuses, the target includes
disabled children.

168Formulating Model Programs as
good practices
What is a “Model Program”?
A program that considers the Seven Focuses ofJICA’s HS approach
The program should specifically consider a humancentered approach and collaboration among various
related actors for fighting against vulnerability
Advantages of setting Model Programs:
Model programs incorporating the HS focuses will
make it easy to have a common understanding of the“HS approach,” and to mainstream the concept in a
pragmatic way
17For example………
Measures against the serious risks which people &States encounter
Assistance for recovering from the earthquake and Tsunami
disaster in Sumatra and the Indian Ocean- Largest scale ever, quick action for the relief of victims(2days after the disaster), continuous assistance with the viewof medium- and long-term restoration & rehabilitation.
Assistance for peacebuilding (in Afghanistan, Angola, etc.)
Assistance for securing the safety of people

Measures for protecting vulnerable groups
Empowerment of disabled people
Education and care for the children affected by internal conflict
Livelihood improvement of the people in poverty areas such as
mountainous regions, etc.

189Points to be considered in each stage-Institutionalization of the HS approachRe-recognition→Focus on People & Community

1.Project Planning Stage
Understand the society, politics & economy of thepeople/community (including vulnerability)

2.Project Implementation Stage
Assist people & communities by responding to theirneeds flexibly and deliberately (PDM should be usedflexibly)

3.Monitoring & Evaluation Stage
Find the “buds” & “signs” of changes as outcome
Understand the mitigation of vulnerability using
pragmatic measures19

Thank you very much!
Merci beaucoup!
Muchas gracias!

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