"This article appeared in the First Edition of
Global Legal Insights - Corporate Real Estate;published by Global Legal Group Ltd, London.”Corporate Real Estate

First Edition

Contributing Editor: John Condliﬀe
Published by Global Legal GroupCONTENTS
PrefaceJohn Condliffe, Hogan Lovells International LLP

Belgium

Alexandre Emond & Jeroen Versnick,
Liedekerke Wolters Waelbroeck Kirkpatrick

BrazilCamila Mendes Vianna Cardoso, Alexandre Sales Cabral Arlota &Tereza Cristina de Almeida Marins Gorito, Kincaid Mendes Vianna Advogados

Colombia

1

11

Francisco Uribe, Isabel Rojas & Juanita Bermúdez,Brigard & Urrutia Abogados S.A.S.

20

DenmarkHans-Peter Jørgensen & Jesper Avnborg Lentz, Gorrissen Federspiel

30

England & WalesJohn Condliffe, Anthony Newton & Jamie Hyams,
Hogan Lovells International LLP

40

Finland

Antti Laaksonen, Panu Penttilä & Sakari Lähteenmäki, Project Law Attorneys Ltd

50

FranceCatherine Saint Geniest, Paul-Henri de Cabissole & Laura Viale,
JeantetAssociés A.A.R.P.I.

Germany

58

Dirk Mackeprang & Hendrik Sandmann,
FPS Partnerschaftsgesellschaft von Rechtsanwälten mbB

65

GreecePanagiotis Drakopoulos & Maria Eliza Kyparissi, Drakopoulos Law Firm

76

Ireland

Jim Murphy, Richard Leonard & Jennifer Halpin, McCann FitzGerald

81

Italy

Luigi Croce & Christian Mocellin, NCTM Studio Legale Associato

90

Japan

Junko Ogushi, Russell K. Kawahara & Shuji Koyama, Atsumi & Sakai

100

Luxembourg

Léon Gloden & Max Becker, Elvinger, Hoss & Prussen

107

Netherlands

Leon Hoppenbrouwers & Niels Molenaar, Allen & Overy LLP

117

NorwayThomas R. Håkonsen & Maren Müller, Advokatfirmaet Schjødt AS

127

Paraguay

Ana Añazco, Juan Carlos Boggino & Paolo Doria,
Peroni Sosa Tellechea Burt & Narvaja

136

Romania

Florian Nițu & Ela Marin, SCA Popovici Nițu & Asociații

143

RussiaAlyona Kucher, Natalia Putilina & Dmitry Stakheev, Debevoise & Plimpton LLP

154

Spain

Andrés Monereo, Michael Fries & Mónica Regaño,
Monereo Meyer Marinel-lo Abogados

Switzerland

166

Wolfgang Müller, Walter Häberling & Christian Eichenberger,
Meyerlustenberger Lachenal

176

JapanJunko Ogushi, Russell K. Kawahara & Shuji Koyama
Atsumi & Sakai
Introduction
In Japan, most leases are governed by the Act on Land and Building Leases (Act No. 90 of
October 4, 1991) (the “ALBL”) as amended by the Law to Facilitate the Supply of HighQuality Housing for Rent of 1999, which became effective in April 2000 (the “1999 Law”,
and the ALBL as amended by the 1999 Law, the “Act”) and the Civil Code. Prior to theenactment of the 1999 Law, the laws governing leases, and the court interpretation of leases,
were reflective of the relative shortage of housing in Japan and generally sympathetic totenants (e.g., making it difficult for a landlord to terminate a lease). The 1999 Law rebalanced the scales somewhat and made it possible for building owners to have morecertainty about the term of leases (as discussed further below).
The Act applies to land leases for land on which a separately owned building is situated andto building leases, including space leases for space within buildings (both commercial andresidential). The Civil Code applies to leases not governed by the Act (such as temporary
structures, agricultural leases, open land, etc.) and covers matters not covered by the Act(such as formation, breach of lease, etc.). Leases created prior to 1991 continue to be
governed by the predecessor to the ALBL, the Land Lease Act and the Building Lease
Act. However, the discussion in this chapter will primarily discuss the state of the law asreflected in the Act and, to a lesser extent, the Civil Code.
In Japan, buildings and land are separate estates. Unless otherwise noted, in this chapter,
we shall use the term “landlord” to refer to a building owner.
Key leasing provisions
Length of term
The length of term of a lease will depend on whether the lease is for land or for building, andwhether the lease is an ordinary lease (sometimes referred to as a “standard” or “traditional”
lease) or a fixed term lease. If an ordinary building lease has a stated term1, theoretically,neither party can terminate the lease prior to the stated termination date unless either party
has reserved such right to terminate prior to the stated termination date (in which case,statutory rules will govern). On the other hand, if an ordinary building lease does not havea stated term or is deemed to not have a stated term, the tenant would be able to terminate
upon giving notice to the landlord three months in advance, while a landlord may be able toterminate the lease by giving the tenant notice six months in advance, but the landlord musthave “justifiable reasons”, as discussed below.
Moreover, even if an ordinary lease has a stated term, unless the tenant gives notice of its
desire to not renew the lease, the lease will automatically renew on the same conditions,
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except that the lease shall be regarded as not having a stated term. Prior to 1999, it wasdifficult for a landlord to terminate a building lease upon the expiration of the stated term(or earlier than the stated term) because regardless of the stated term of a lease, unless thetenant elected not to renew the lease or unless the landlord had a “justifiable reason” (seito
jiyu, a factual determination based on factors discussed below) to reject the tenant’s request
to renew the lease, the term would be renewed (or the landlord’s desire to terminate would
not be recognised).
The 1999 Law created a new type of lease, the so-called “fixed term building lease”, which
was made available for building leases. In contrast to the ordinary building lease, a fixed term
building lease, as defined in Article 38 of the Act, definitively terminates without renewal
upon expiry of the term specified in such lease agreement, so long as certain requirements
are fulfilled. Neither party may terminate a fixed term building lease prior to the expiry of
the stated term (except that a fixed term lease for residential purposes of a leased space ofless than 200 square metres may be terminated by the tenant on notice given one month inadvance, if it is necessary to terminate for unavoidable circumstances, such as job transfer,receiving of medical care or need to provide care to a relative). However, if upon the expiry of
the term, both parties agree to continue using the subject space or building, a new agreement
may be executed and the subject space or building may continue to be used. If the term of the
fixed term building lease agreement is one year or longer, the landlord is required to notify
the tenant of the termination of the agreement during the period one year to six months prior
to expiry. However, even if the landlord fails to give such notice, the landlord can at any
time before the scheduled termination date notify the tenant of the termination of the lease.
In such case, the contractual relationship will definitively terminate after the passage of six
months from the date on which such notice is given.
The following is a summary of the length of term of various types of leases:(i) Ordinary Land Lease for Building.2 3 An ordinary land lease will have an initial termof at least 30 years, unless a longer term is specified in the agreement. Such leases
will renew for a renewal term of 20 years, and thereafter for renewal terms of 10
years or such longer period as the parties agree upon. Prior to the expiration of eachscheduled term, the tenant will have the right to elect whether or not to renew the lease.
The landlord4 may not object except for “justifiable reasons”. To determine whether
a landlord has “justifiable reasons”, the following factors will be considered: (a) the
landlord’s need to use the land for its own purposes; (b) the prior history of the lease; (c)the present use of the land and the condition of the building situated on the land; and (d)any economic consideration that the landlord is willing to pay to the tenant to surrender
the land. At the expiration of the term of the lease, the tenant has the right to require
the landlord to purchase the building situated on the land at current market value.
(ii) Fixed Term Land Lease. There are four types of fixed term land leases: (a) ordinary
fixed term land leases which must have a term of 50 years or more; (b) fixed term leasefor business use which will have a term of at least 30 years but less than 50 years; (c)fixed term lease for business use which will have a term of at least 10 years but less than
30 years5; and (d) fixed term land lease with special provision for transfer of building
must have a term of at least 30 years6.
(iii) Ordinary Building Lease. The parties are free to agree to the length of the term of
the lease, as long as the agreed upon term is at least one year or longer. Unless either
party gives notice at least six months and not more than one year in advance of the
expiry of the lease term of its desire not to renew or not to renew unless the terms arechanged, the lease will be automatically renewed on the same terms and conditions,
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except that the lease will thereafter be deemed to be a lease without a stated term(in which case, the tenant can terminate upon notice given three months in advance,
and the landlord may be able to terminate upon notice given six months in advance)7.
However, as mentioned above, a landlord cannot give notice of non-renewal unlessthere is justifiable reason.
(iv) Fixed Term Building Lease. This type of lease may have a lease term of any length
as agreed by the parties, and the term will not be automatically renewed. Prior to
executing the lease, the landlord is required to explain to the tenant in writing (separate
from the lease agreement) that the lease term will not be renewed and provide sufficient
explanation of the lease term to the tenant. In addition, in the case where the leaseterm is one year or more, at least six months and no more than one year prior to the
expiration of the lease term, the landlord is required to give a reminder to the tenant of
the expiration of the lease.
Rent (frequency, basis of calculation)
Rent is typically paid on a monthly basis. Often a lease will provide that in addition to rent,
the tenant is required to pay a portion of the common area expenses (kyoekihi). The rent
and these common area expenses are often set forth in the original lease agreement. The
amount of rent may be adjusted (see “Rent review” below). The common area expenses aresupposed to reflect operating expenses of the common areas of a building.
Remedies for non-payment of rent and breach of other covenants (including forfeiture)
A failure to pay rent or material breach of another covenant of the lease such as the permitted
use would typically constitute an event of default (many leases provide for a brief cure
period). Generally speaking, assignment and subletting are considered material breaches
which are not curable. If the event of default not being cured within the cure period, if any,
and if the nature of the default is such as to destroy the relationship of mutual trust between
the landlord and the tenant, a landlord will be entitled to terminate the lease and obtain acourt judgment evicting the tenant if the tenant does not voluntarily surrender the premises.
Rent review
Under Article 32 of the Act8, either party of a building lease has the right to request an
adjustment of rent if the amount of rent has become unreasonable as a result of an increaseor decrease of taxes and other burdens on the land or the building, a rise or decline in priceof the land or building, or fluctuation of any other economic circumstances, or in comparison
to the rent of neighbouring properties similar in nature. If the parties cannot agree upon theadjustment of the rent, the party desirous of the rent adjustment can commence litigation,
preceded by mandatory mediation (chotei). In the case of a request for an increase of rent,
pending the determination of rent, the tenant can continue to pay rent in the amount it believes
to be reasonable, but at least equal to the current rent. After the determination of the newrent has been made, if the tenant has underpaid rent compared with what would have been
appropriate, the tenant will be obligated to pay to the landlord an amount of the shortage plus
interest calculated at the rate of 10% per annum. In the case of a request for a decrease ofrent, pending the determination of rent, the landlord will have the right to require the tenant to
pay rent in the amount the landlord believes to be reasonable, but at most equal to the current
rent. After the determination of the new rent has been made, if the tenant has overpaid rent
compared with what would have been appropriate, the landlord will be obligated to refund
the overpaid amount plus interest calculated at the rate of 10% per annum.
Any provision of an ordinary building lease that purports to exclude the right to request adecrease of rent under Article 32 of the Act would be null and void; however, if a landlord
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has agreed not to raise the rent under an ordinary building lease, such agreement will bevalid. On the other hand, in the case of a fixed term building lease agreement, the right torequest a decrease in rent or an increase in rent can be excluded by way of special agreement(which fixes the rent or establishes an objective standard by which to adjust the rent), in
accordance with Article 38 of the Act.
We note that in Japan there is a system by which, instead of making a payment to a creditor,a debtor can elect to deposit its payments with the local Legal Affairs Bureau (kyotaku). In
the process of rent adjustment, the kyotaku can be used if the landlord refuses to receive rent
payment or cannot receive the same.
Break rights
Please see the discussion in the section, “Length of term”, above.
Maintenance and repair
Unless the lease agreement provides otherwise, landlords are responsible for making all
maintenance and repairs to the leased premises. Most leases do not change this allocation of
responsibility for residential properties. However, leases for commercial use may provide
maintenance and repairs as tenants’ obligations.
Alterations
Commercial space lease is often provided by landlords to tenants in a shell or core condition
where the tenant is responsible for the cost of building out the space. However, dependingon market conditions and/or the negotiations between the parties, some landlords may
provide a build-out allowance or make other concessions in favour of tenants.
Reinstatement
At the time of surrender of the premises, the tenant will be required to restore the premises tothe original condition as of the time of commencement of the lease (genjo kaifuku), subject toordinary wear and tear. This applies to both commercial and residential leases. There havebeen many disputes as to how to allocate the cost of restoring the premises (including what
constitutes ordinary wear and tear), especially in the residential lease context. As a result, thenational and some local governments have produced guidelines on how such costs should beallocated where the lease agreement is not clear.
Assignment and subletting
Typically, leases prohibit the assignment of a lease or subletting without the consent of thelandlord. When a building is owned in trust, the trustee (usually a trust bank) will generally
require that the entire building be master-leased to a master lessee who in turn will sublet
space in the building to subtenants. When overseas investors acquire real estate in Japan,
they will often use a master lease structure even if the property is not entrusted. This isbecause if a tenant were to make a rent payment directly to an overseas owner, the tenant
would be burdened with the trouble of withholding tax from each monthly rent payment.
On the other hand, if there is a domestic entity which is acting as master lessee of the entire
building, the subtenants (the actual occupants of space) will not need to be concerned withthe withholding tax procedures when making their respective rent payments. Instead, themaster lessee will handle all such withholding tax procedures in connection with payments
to the overseas property owner.
Sale by landlord
If a landlord sells its land or building, the successor landlord automatically succeeds
to the position of landlord under any existing leases, including the obligation to refund
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security deposits to the tenants (please see “Security provided to landlords (parent company
guarantees, bank guarantees, rent deposits)”, below). In other words, it would not benecessary to obtain consents from the existing tenants to the change in landlord.
As mentioned above, it is not unusual for a master lease structure to be used. If there
is an existing master lease, the successor landlord automatically succeeds to the positionof master landlord under the master lease without the consent of the master lessee, andthe existing subtenants automatically continue to be subtenants under their subleases.
However, frequently in connection with the sale of the property, even if the master lessee
is not changed, the person holding the security deposits and having the obligation to refund
security deposits for the subleases will change. In such case, it will be necessary to obtainthe consents of the subtenants in order to release the existing obligor from such obligation.
In addition, it is often the case that the existing master lessee is affiliated with the former
landlord of the property. In such case, the new landlord will usually need to change themaster lessee and it will be necessary to obtain the consents of the subtenants to the changes
associated with this.
Permitted use
Tenants are permitted to use the leased premises in the manner specified in the leaseagreement. Other uses of the leased premises may constitute a breach of the lease, giving
rise to a right of the landlord to terminate.
Insurance, including insurance during fit out by an occupier
Typically, leases do not specify insurance requirements. However, landlords will generally
maintain property and casualty insurance on the property (other than for the personal
property of the tenant), liability and rental income insurance.
Security of tenure, renewal rights, extensions of contractual term
In the case of land leases, at the commencement of the lease, the tenant will pay a nonrefundable concession fee (kenrikin) to the land owner to secure its right to the leasehold.
Depending on the size and location of the land, the amount of concession fee may easily
amount to millions of dollars. After payment of the concession fee, it will be difficult for
the land owner to terminate or interfere with the tenant’s rights to the land, and the tenant
may feel confident in proceeding to construct its building on the land. When the term of aland lease is extended, the tenant will be required to pay the land owner an extension fee(koshinryo).
In some, but not all, building leases, when the tenant extends the term of the lease, it will be
required to pay the landlord an extension fee.
Please see section “Length of term”, p100, for further discussion.
Security provided to landlords (parent company guarantees, bank guarantees, rent deposits)
It is common for a landlord to require a tenant to pay a security deposit (shikikin) prior to
taking occupancy of leased premises to secure the tenant’s obligations under the lease. In
the Tokyo area, the security deposit for residential leases is typically in an amount equivalent
to one to two months’ rent, while for commercial leases, amounts of six months to one year
are not unusual. The security deposit is refundable upon surrender of the premises in goodcondition. If, when the premises are surrendered, they have not been restored to the same
condition as when originally delivered, the landlord will apply the security deposit to pay
the cost of such restoration and only return to the tenant the balance, if any, of the security
deposit. Residential landlords commonly require a tenant to have a guarantor − usually arent guarantee company that, for a fee, guarantees payment of the rent by the tenant.
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There is no obligation for a landlord to keep security deposits segregated. The obligation
to return the security deposits is an unsecured obligation of the landlord or, upon sale of thepremises, its successor.
In addition to security deposits, some landlords require key money (reikin) in an amountequivalent to one or two months’ rent. This amount is non-refundable.
Taxes and other occupational costs
In principle, except in the case of rental payments for land (other than certain types ofparking lots etc.) and for residential properties, rental payments are subject to consumption
tax.
***
Endnotes
1. An ordinary building lease that has a stated term of less than one year will be deemed
not to have a stated term.
2. Leases created prior to the enforcement date of the ALBL (August 1, 1992) and thus
governed by the Land Lease Act follow a different mechanism of renewal from those
governed by the Act and discussed herein.
3. Land lease not for building, such as for land to be used for solar power-generating
panels, are governed by the Civil Code which will limit the term of the lease to 20 years
or less.
4. “Landlord” in (i) and (ii) means a land owner.
5. While land leases of type (a) and (b) require special provisions to eliminate theapplication of the statutory renewal mechanism, land leases of type (c) automatically
exclude such application.
6. In the case of (d), the landlord is required to buy the building on or after 30 years havepassed since the creation of the land lease. However, in the case of (a) and (b), thetenant’s right to require the landlord to buy the building at the end of the term can beeliminated, and in the case of (c), such right is automatically eliminated.
7. A special agreement contrary to this sentence which is not disadvantageous to thetenant will be valid.
8. For a land lease, see Article 11 of the Act.

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Junko Ogushi
Tel: +81 3 5501 1167 / Email: junko.ogushi@aplaw.jp
Junko Ogushi is a partner of Atsumi & Sakai, where her practice focuses onreal estate transactions (including transactions in Southeast Asia), structured
finance transactions, insurance, business restructuring, energy and international
arbitration. She served as a member of the Legislative Council of the Ministryof Justice of Japan for the Insurance Law Reform from 2006 to 2008. Ms.
Ogushi earned her B.A. in Liberal Arts from The University of Tokyo in
1984, majoring in science and international relations. She studied ItalianContemporary History at The University of Milan (Universita’ degli Studi diMilano) from 1986 to 1987. She was admitted to practise law in Japan in 1998.
Prior to becoming a lawyer, she worked in a U.S. based bank in Tokyo and aJapanese trading company in Milan.
Russell K. Kawahara
Tel: +81 3 5501 1054 / Email: russell.kawahara@aplaw.jp
Russell K. Kawahara is a partner of Atsumi & Sakai, where his practice focuseson the representation of corporate, financial institution and investment fundclients in connection with cross-border real estate transactions, including
acquisitions and dispositions of commercial, residential, retail, hotel, and resort
properties; secured financings structured as loans or TMK bond issuances; joint
ventures and investment structuring; workout and distressed asset transactions,and asset management issues. He has been consistently ranked as one of theleading foreign real estate lawyers in Japan, including by Chambers Asia
Pacific and Asialaw Profiles. He serves as Vice Chairman and Executive
Committee Member of Urban Land Institute (Japan Chapter), a Director of U.S.
Japan Council (Japan), and a Director of the Japan Stanford Association. Mr.
Kawahara earned his B.A. from Stanford University with distinction in 1979,and his J.D. from The University of Chicago Law School in 1982. He has been
licensed to practise law in the State of California since 1982 and registered inJapan as a Foreign Registered Lawyer (gaikokuhojimu bengoshi) since 2002.
Shuji Koyama
Tel: +81 3 5501 1138 / Email: shuji.koyama@aplaw.jp
Shuji Koyama is a partner of Atsumi & Sakai, where he focuses his practice onreal estate transactions and M&A finance. His practice includes: (i) acquisitionsof office buildings, shopping centres, apartments, hotels, nursing homes andwarehousing facilities, development-type real estate securitisation transactions
utilising TMKs, leasing, dispositions and financing as equity investors’ counsel;(ii) lending to SPVs and J-REITs, subscription for TMK bonds, mezzanine
financing, workouts and restructuring as debt investors’ counsel; and (iii)formation of real estate trusts and securitisation of loans and/or bonds astrustees’ counsel. Prior to joining Atsumi & Sakai in December 2010, he waswith the Tokyo office of Jones Day and the Tokyo, San Francisco and New York
offices of Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP. He also served as an academic
advisor at Waseda Law School from 2004 to 2008. He earned his LL.B. and
LL.M. from Waseda University and has been licensed in Japan since 2003.

Atsumi & Sakai
Fukoku Seimei Bldg. (Reception: 12F), 2-2-2 Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011, Japan
Tel: +81 3 5501 2111 / Fax: +81 3 5501 2211 / URL: http://www.aplaw.jp
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