Special Feature

R&D to Create the Resonant
Communication Environment
Yuji Inoue, Senior Vice President,
Executive Director of Department III, NTT
Abstract
This article summarizes the speech given by Yuji Inoue, Senior Vice
President and the Executive Director of Department III, at the NTT
R&D Forum 2005 held in February 2005. He talked about NTT’s
R&D activities for achieving NTT Group’s medium-term management
strategy and creating a resonant communication environment.

1. Origin of NTT’s R&D

2. Medium-term management strategy and R&D

Within the main building of the NTT Musashino
R&D Center, stands a memorial on which is inscribed“Do research by drawing from the fountain of knowledge and provide specific benefits to society throughcommercial development.” (Photo). This memorial
was unveiled in the Center on December 1, 1950
when the scattered facilities of the Electrical Communication Laboratories were brought together atthis Center in Musashino, Tokyo. Fifty-five years on,
those words of Dr. Yoshida, the first Director of theElectrical Communication Laboratories, have notfaded. My interpretation of his words is that NTT’s
R&D should always aim to bring benefits. Specifically, its mission is to create new businesses, contributeto the advance of science and technology, and train
and produce world-class talent.

The medium-term management strategy of the
NTT Group, which was announced in November
2004, identifies the direction for specific actions up to
2010. The R&D unit is expected to be the primaryforce powering strategy. There are four main considerations related to the R&D development addressedby the strategy, as shown in Fig. 1. The first two werealready mentioned in the previous article by Norio
Wada, NTT President [1]. The third is how much our
R&D results, knowledge, and know-how can contribute to creating new revenue of 500 billion yen,including non-traffic services, and reducing capital
expenditure by 30% in order to make up for theshrinking revenue from existing services, such as
fixed-line telephony. The fourth is to promote universality and standards in order to be able to promotealliances with others because there are limits to what
the NTT Group can do alone.
3. Basic R&D principles

Photograph. The fountain of knowledge.

16

To fulfill the objectives of the R&D mission mentioned above, it is important to balance the resourcesof the three types of source that NTT’s R&D will
form, as shown in Fig. 2. As the source for businesscreation, R&D must identify specific business needs
and undertake commercial development. This meansthat it is necessary to create products that are or will
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Special Feature

be needed by the operating companies. Core technology development, which is central to R&D’s
role as the source of technicalcapabilities, is required to cover awide range of fields and generate
seeds for commercial development. As the source of knowle d g e , N T T ’s r e s e a r c h m u s t
address topics that can be identified by looking ten years ahead
a n d p r o d u c e r e v o l u t i o n a r y,
groundbreaking results. The
R&D resources will be distributed approximately equally
between activities that become
the source of business creation on
the one hand and technical capability and knowledge on the other,in order to ensure the growth of
sufficient seed ideas for future
development.
4. New organizational
mechanisms for R&D
The current organization of
NTT Laboratories is hierarchicalwith three Laboratory Groups at
the top. Such an organization issuitable for deepening R&D inindividual fields. However, it is
not agile enough these days when
it is necessary to arrange collaboration quickly between different
fields in order to respond to a
rapidly changing environment. I
believe that today it is necessary
to adopt a multi-angle approachto R&D. The three specific mechanisms being pursued to achieve
this purpose, shown in Fig. 3, areas follows.
4.1 Comprehensive producer
mechanism
Started about one and half years
ago, the comprehensive producer
mechanism is an R&D management approach that is supplemented by the infusion of the
viewpoints from the businessVol. 3 No. 4 Apr. 2005

To act as the primary force for achieving
the medium-term management strategy(1) Achieving e-Japan/u-Japan: the sustained development of Japan’s society• Declining birthrate and aging population • The environment(2) 30 million optical access customers by 2010 based on migration from telephone
to IP-based network and from metallic to optical fiber
Safe, secure, convenient, easy-to-use(3) New revenue of 500 billion yen (including non-traffic business)
Reducing CAPEX by 30% and OPEX by 800 billion yen(4) Universality and standardization: eliminating the digital divide
Policy for competing in the age of broadband, ubiquitous communication
CAPEX: capital expenditure
OPEX: operating expenditureFig. 1. Mission of the R&D development.

Source of businesscreation

Developments that
contribute to
the business

Source of technology

Source of knowledge

Sustained
basic R&D

World-leading
research into
leading-edge
technology• Understanding businessand customer needs• Reducing cost anddevelopment time
• Timely delivery of results• Exploration of new
businesses• Generating seeds
for commercial
development• Technical development
covering a wide rangeof fields

Commercial
development

Development ofcore technology• Research topics
identified by looking
ten years ahead• Revolutionary,groundbreaking
researchResearch

Fig. 2. R&D basic principles.

Multi-angle approachI. Comprehensive producer mechanism
R&D management supplemented by the infusion of
viewpoints from the business side
II. WAKATE committee & WAKATE project
The ideas and enthusiasm of individual young employees
are given full play by letting these people act as producers
III. “Chie-no-wa” (Intracommunity Site)
Activities to provide a forum for the free exchange of
information and opinions across organizational anddisciplinary boundaries

Fig. 3. New R&D mechanisms.

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Special Feature

Access network

Security
IC card businessNetwork strategy

DevicesResonant
communication
Hiromichi Shinohara

Yoshitaka Kagei
Hideo Iwaasa

Takashi Hanazawa
Kimiyoshi Yamasaki

Katsumi Teranaka,
Senior Vice President andDirector of Service
Development Division,
NTT Resonant

Environment
and energy

Video codecs
OSS

Business creation

Service platform

Kimiyoshi Yamasaki
Keiichi Yasuda
Hitoshi Shibagaki

Takao Kakizaki

Masahiko Hase
OSS: open source software

Fig. 4. Chief Producers and their areas of responsibility.

side. The mechanism was initially applied to seven
topics, but this number has since grown to eleven(Fig. 4). The Chief Producer for each topic bears the
responsibility for formulating plans, managing
progress, and producing results. This is meant toensure that the development team responds to business needs quickly.
(1) Optical network
Let me describe our network strategy and technicaldevelopment of the optical infrastructure, including
access networks and devices. Naturally, the construction of the optical infrastructure cannot be completed
in a matter of one or two years. The flow of technicaldevelopments to date related to the optical infrastructure is shown in Fig. 5. Although it includes only a
few representative R&D results, the figure is intended to indicate that the launch of the B-FLET’S service
in 2000 and the subsequent introduction of B-PON(broadband passive optical network) and more
recently GE-PON (gigabit ethernet PON) services
have resulted from 30 years of steady R&D on optical infrastructure, starting with the method of producing optical fiber, and continuing with the creationof optical devices and the introduction of opticaltechnology first to the core network and then toaccess networks. The technical development of infrastructure indeed requires considerable time andpatience.
18

NTT has announced a series of visions, from the
VI&P (visual, intelligent and personal) concept to thevision of the new optical generation, and then to lastyear’s medium-term management strategy. In 1996,
as part of the series of such visions, NTT disclosed
the mega-media initiative which aimed to provide a
10-Mbit/s optical access service at a monthly chargeof 10,000 yen by 2005. The fact that the charge for a
6.3-Mbit/s leased line service was 960,000 yen permonth at the time the vision was formulated goes toindicate how aggressive a research goal it was to provide a slightly higher rate at one-hundredth thisleased-line charge. However, this goal was not set
without a supporting technical basis. After only four
years, in 2000, NTT East and NTT West started toprovide such a service. The progress has continued
and this year a gigabit-class service will become
available for a few thousand yen. This example shows
how important it is to drive R&D with a well-established goal.
Figure 6 illustrates recent R&D results that support
the optical network. The optical cross connect (OXC)
to be used in the core network, the reconfigurable
optical add-drop multiplexer (R-OADM) whose
introduction to metro-networks is being studied, andthe optical splitter being used in access networks all
employ filters and switches based on NTT-developed
planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology, which
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Special Feature

writes optical waveguide circuits onto glass substrates. In addition, the optical transceiver to be usedin optical interfaces is built using laser diodes, forwhich NTT has been leading the world.
(2) High-definition video service
Next, I’ll introduce the main technologies related tovideo coding and related business creation. Figure 7
illustrates potential applications of a high-definition
video service with video quality four times higher
than conventional high-definition TV (HDTV). Since
Digital Cinema is mentioned in the previous article[1], I will describe a high-reality live service and thedevelopment of the video codec (coder/decoder) that
supports it.
If a soccer game is broadcast live, as shown in Fig.
7, approximately one hundred people in front of alarge high-definition display can enjoy the picturesand sound that provides them with a high sense ofreality, allowing them to feel as if they were at thesoccer stadium. Although such an application has
been imagined for a long time, it requires a hugeamount of equipment. In contrast, our newly developed super-high-resolution (SHR) system only
requires compact hardware, similar in size to a desk1979 INS concept
NTT’svisions

1996 10-Mbit/s access for
10,000 yen per monthby 2005(mega-media initiative)

top PC. Therefore, the system is easy to transport andcan provide live broadcasting at a variety of sites,
wherever access to an optical network is available.
In 2002, NTT developed VASA (versatile andadvanced signal processing architecture), a singlechip, HDTV-compatible LSI video codec. This isemployed by various HDTV codec system devices
used for a service for nationwide transmission of raw
video material, a program editing service, and a highcompression and transmission service, which together support terrestrial digital broadcasting and are provided on a core network as part of NTT Communications’ digital transmission service (Fig. 8). VASA is1994 Multimedia
2002 Vision of new optical generation
basic concept
2004 NTT Group’s medium1998 Information
term management strategy
1990 VI&P concept
sharing concept
30 million optical access customers by 20102005 Start of GE-PON service
3 waves of information sharing

Network
services2002 Start of B-PON service
2000 Start of FTTH (B-FLET’S) service by
NTT East and NTT West

Development of infrastructure requiresconsiderable time and patience!

1997 Start of ATM mega-link service (introduction of PON)
Start of CATV video transmission service
2001 Optical MPLS router (world’s firstsuccessful feasibility trial)
1996 1-Tbit/s WDM transmission trial
1989 Successful feasibility trial of optical amplification,
relay and transmission systems (world’s first)

Transmission/access1985 Introduction of optical fiber in access network at Tsukuba
Expo (high-speed digital transmission of video)
1981 World’s first introduction of single-mode optical fiber in long-distance network

Devices

1986 Establishment of1994 Commercial development of
PLC technology
AWG (70% of world share)
1987 Commercial development of SC connectors
1981 Continuous oscillation of DFB laser at room temperature
1977 Technology for mass production of high-quality optical fiber: VAD(share of VAD in optical fiber production in Japan: 100%; share in the world: 30%)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Privatization
Rise of the Internet

Fig. 5. Flow of technical developments related to optical infrastructure.

Vol. 3 No. 4 Apr. 2005

19

Special FeatureCore network

WDM transmission
equipment

AWG
OXC

Node equipment(OADM)

Metro network

Optical switch chip

R-OADM
Optical transceiver for OLT
R-OADM
sub-board

Access network

Optical transceiver for ONU

Optical splitter

WDM: wavelength divisionmultiplexing
OLT: optical line terminal
ONU: optical network unit
AWG: arrayed waveguide grating

Fig. 6. R&D that supports optical networks.

Highly realistic live broadcast service using a large super-high-definition
screen with 4000 × 2000 pixels, far more than HDTV
Digital Cinema: video delivery service

Live broadcast site(event hall)

SHR codec

SHR codec
Rugby
Super-high-definition
video, exceeding
HDTV quality

Ric
SHR codechbro video
adb
serv
and
i
netw ce makinork
cap g the m
abil
ost
ity
of
SHR codec

Live broadcast site
(outdoors)

Soccer

Soccer game site (stadium)Fig. 7. Deployment of high-definition video service.

20

NTT Technical Review

Special Feature

2002

2003

2004

Codec with built-in digital FPU

HDTV (1920 × 1080)

8 million pixels (4000 × 2000)

1 Gbit/s

Original volume
of information

4 Gbit/s

20–40 Mbit/s

Volume ofinformation
after MPEG
compression

80–160 Mbit/s
SHR system

VAS

A

Prime Minister’sAward, presented as
one of the Japan
Industrial Technology
Awards 2004

Postcard-sized board
with VASA mounted
VASA × 4
VASA/C × 8 + VASA/D × 4
3U-full-rack-size, 300 W
Codec for transmissionof raw video material

NTT-COMWorld’s first, small, and low-power consumption SHR codec
SHR codec cost also reduced to one-fifth of previous model

Live scene of Saito
Memorial Concert 2004

Fig. 8. Track record of the use of the video codec VASA.
Developmentof LSIsgy
ou nolo
u
n
i
h
nt ec
co g tSingle-chip H.264
of din gy
n o
codec
tio o c noloalu ide echmvtu
cc on ing
Single-chip HDTV LSI
r a vity kagaie t
for consumer use-y ac pac0
2 &D SI
L
R d
ISIL
an
Single-chip HDTV LSI
for professional use
MPEG-4Single-chip LSI for
VASA
standard TV (several ofthem are combined
RISCA
for application to HDTV)
Single-chip LSISuperENC-IIfor standard TV

Softwaredevelopment

Codec development

Full-scale resonant
TV communicator
H.264 software
codec

Delivery to mobile
terminals
Next-generation
HD-DVD
Next-generation DVC• Bidirectional codec(driven by NTT Resonant)• Digital video camera
PC communicator coding engine

WarpVision• Digital TV relay network• Screen larger than HDTV
(driven by NTT Resonant)Portable HDTV
encoder (world’s smallest)
PC card encoder

SuperENC

Fig. 9. Development of video coding technology and flow of products.

also mounted on the digital field pickup unit (FPU), asmall board used for wireless transmission of HDTV
video from a field site. Last year, NTT received thePrime Minister’s Award, one of the Japan Industrial
Technology Awards, for the development of VASA.
Using four VASA chips, the SHR system can provide
a 4000 × 2000-pixel screen, which is four times theresolution of HDTV. The SHR codec is one-sixth theVol. 3 No. 4 Apr. 2005

size of the previous model and its power consumption
is a quarter that of the previous model. Last year, atrial was carried out to enable the audience at a hall inTokyo to enjoy a live video of the Saito Memorial
Concert with the well-known conductor, Seiji Ozawa,
held annually in Matsumoto City.
As with the optical infrastructure, the video codec
is the culmination of continuous R&D activity span21

Special Feature

Use of OSS is promoted through collaboration between operating companies, OSS Support Center,
Laboratories, and the Intellectual Property Center under the control of a producer mechanism

NTT operating companies

OSS Support Center
NTT Laboratories

OSS
producers

Software-related
affiliate companies••••

OSS Laboratory
OSS application research teams
NTT Laboratories

Intellectual
Property
CenterOSS research teams
NTT Laboratories

Communities andinternational bodies

Overseas carriers

Universities andeducational institutions

Fig. 10. Establishment of NTT-Group-wide OSS-promoting organizations.

ning more than 20 years, as shown in
WAKATE committee
Established to create new organizations where younger
Fig. 9, or nearly 30 years if we include
researchers can fully apply their vitality without being
the very early days. Supported by theconstrained by existing organizational frameworks
emergence of the high-speed network,
the codec has now found specificapplications. At present, a single-chip
implementation of H.264, a coding
technology with a higher compression
WAKATE projectrate than MPEG-2, and a software
Projects driven by young employees on new original,
codec are being studied in order to prechallenging topics free of existing frameworks
pare for the full-scale deployment ofvoluntarily proposed by young employees
bidirectional video communication
Context Aware Project
services.
Dependable Computing Project(3) Open source software (OSS)
NextPVR Project
The third producer theme that I will
Fig. 11. WAKATE committee & WAKATE project.
mention is open source software(OSS). The use of OSS in larger systems is a policy adopted and pursued energetically by
progress has been made. At present, there are seven
the entire NTT Group. Under the OSS producer
projects in progress. I describe three of them below
mechanism, NTT Laboratories and software-related(Fig. 11).
affiliate companies have formed the OSS Support
The first is a service called “surprise message”
Center, which is backed by the OSS Laboratory,
which has emerged from the Context Aware Project.
which is fully supported by NTT Laboratories. ThisI initially found this service to be the hardest to
activity also involves NTT Intellectual Property Cenunderstand. However, following a successful joint
ter and alliances with external organizations (Fig. 10).
trial with an operating company, it is the closest service to commercial deployment. It takes advantage of
4.2 WAKATE committee and WAKATE project
mobile phone location information. For example, if
Since I reported on the WAKATE project in thisyou find a good pasta restaurant, you can leave a
Forum last year, one year has passed and considerable
photo and a message for your friends so that when
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Context Aware Projectes by thr passe y window
e
s
u
a
When
standbnt, theanges.
restaura ile phone chbomof hisCompatible terminal:
NTT DoCoMo’s
FOMA900i/901i series

If you are ready for lunch,try pasta here:
from Hitomi

KitchenFarm

Leave a photo and amessage at the locationof the restaurant

Kitchen
Farm

Joint trial with group operating companies has been conducted since March 2004.

Fig. 12. Surprise message.

they happen to pass by that restauEmotional interaction with “N-To-To”
rant on another day, the photo andthe message suddenly appear on the
Stroke, poke, or pullstandby window of their mobile
Synthesized
Intuitive video-based
phones (Fig. 12).
vocalization
manipulation.Response
Next is the Dependable Computchanges according to
Voice synthesis
manipulation speed.
ing Project, which has yielded anengine, FinalFluet,
inexpensive fault-tolerant system,
Hand over an item
is controlled using
PREGMA, using OSS. The system
JavaScript.
Types of item
• Cakecan be introduced without requiring• Toy drum
the replacement of existing facilities.
• Money
Speak into a microphone
The third is the NextPVR project,• Handkerchief
Respond with sensibility• Hammerwhich has produced technology forrecognized using ST• Glass of watertransmitting DVD-grade video stably even on a best-effort-based netFig. 13. Virtual Friend called “N-To-To”.
work, such as that used to provide
the B-FLET’S service (PVR: personal video recorder). The technology makes possiGoogle, which is said to conduct almost all businessble low-cost network transmission and time-shift
discussions by starting blog (Web log) threads. In theplaying of video with quality equivalent to that of a
Chie-no-wa website, free but responsible opinions
video-on-demand service using leased lines.
are exchanged vigorously and are yielding tangible
These projects are completely independent of existand useful results. As a part of this activity, we
ing laboratory organizations and entirely managed byencourage trips abroad to attend unique academic
the WAKATE committee.
events and workshops, which are unlikely to be considered in the ordinary conduct of business, or lec4.3 Chie-no-wa
tures by external speakers, so that researchers will
“Chie-no-wa” (Intracommunity Site) is an activity
have opportunities to review their own R&D activito provide a forum for the free exchange of informaties from different perspectives. One of the outcomestion and opinions across organizational and discipliof this activity is the birth of joint research withnary boundaries. It can be considered a kind of “intraA.G.I. Inc. [2], who is developing technology for theblog”. As far as I know, the company that has beencommunication of sensibility under the theme of
the most successful in using such an intra-blog is“From information technology (IT) to sensibility
Vol. 3 No. 4 Apr. 2005

23

Special Feature

5. Research

Goal: technology to create a people-driven lifestyle
Approach: artificial organs based on nanobiotechnology that can perform
communication that may be easily integrated with the normal
response of human organs; e.g., a nano-eye, nano-nose, etc.
• Rich communication expanding the functions of the five senses• Healthy and agreeable life
Phase I
Micromachining technology
Understand protein
Nano10 nm
Biotechnology
Gold source
functions
technology
Goldelectrodetechnology (ST)”.
The virtual friend called “N-ToTo” shown in Fig. 13 is a virtual creature capable of emotional dialog, an
outcome of the combination of theInteractive Reality Technology(CyberCoaster) [3] of NTT Laboratories and the vocal sensibility recognition technology (ST) of A.G.I. Inc.
The user can enjoy a variety of reactions that N-To-To is capable of producing, in response to the strength of
the user’s voice and finger-clicking.
Some results of the “Chie-no-wa”
activity were exhibited at the “ChieLabo” held in Akihabara, Tokyo on
March 25 and 26, 2005. They were
well received by ordinary people
who came to the event and operated
products as they liked.

Molecular wiring
Device based onmolecules and DNA

Conductive
molecules
Gold drain
Gold gateelectrodeelectrode
Moleculartransistor

Understand behavior ofproteins that determine thefunctions of living organs

FusionCreation of nanodevices adapted
to living organs

Interface technology(a) Phase I
Phase II
Odorsensitive
protein
NanoNOSE

Artificial organs createdLight-sensitive using nanobiotechnology
proteinNano-EYE

Molecular
circuit

NanoEYE

NanoEAR

NanoNOSE

Molecular
circuit• Medical diagnosis andNano-BRAIN
care system
Create rich communication• Personal databaseby expanding functions of
HumanAchieve healthy
Network
five senses
and agreeable life
Communication ofCustomized
five-sense-based
medical careinformation
Communication performed only by thinking
Ultimate information communication

Under the slogan of “Get over thewall”, NTT’s basic research is
exploring what needs to be done toget over the quantitative and physicalbarriers (such as the volume of information and transmission speed) andthe walls of the human senses (suchas those addressed by cranial nerve
science and cognitive science). Two
examples of such research activities aredescribed below.
The first is research in the field of
nanobiotechnology, one of the priority themes
being undertaken in NTT Basic Research Laboratories. Thanks to advances in micromachining technology, micro-processing with a granularity equivalent to the size of a protein molecule is now possible. A possible first phase inthis research may be to mount protein molecules, which might, for example, be sensitive
to light of a specific wavelength, on a substrate
produced using such nanotechnology, in orderto develop a device that can detect a faint current generated when exposed to a specific typeof light (Fig. 14(a)). As the second phase, it
may be possible to position several proteins,
each sensitive to a different light, in parallel, to
produce what might be called a “Nano-EYE”
that can react to different colors or to arrange
24electrode(b) Phase II

Fig. 14. Nanobiotechnology.

Nanobiotechnology research (Oxford University)
Use of protein functions for creating new devices
3.5 nmLightGold
Neuroscience research (University of Newcastle)
Myoelectric interface for clinical applications

Fig. 15. Joint research with the U.K.

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Special Feature

Understand the mechanism of human visual perception and study
efficient ways to transport visual information over the network

Human visual perception system amplifies the perceived
contrast of blurred, low-contrast images of a moving object

Varying the degree of blurring(50 out of 100 frames are blurred)

Original

Blurred video

Further blurred video

Video shows high contrast even if individual images are considerably blurred.

Fig. 16. Research into optical illusions.

Objective

External and objective evaluation of research plans and results interms of responsiveness to the needs of the time

Mechanism

Board members invited to Atsugi R&D Center for discussions withlaboratory members and to evaluate their results over a period ofseveral days

Board members
Nine world renowned researchers in fields relevant to NTT Basic Research Laboratories

Fig. 17. Advisory Board of NTT Basic Research Laboratories.

several proteins that are sensitive to different odors ina group to produce what might be called a “NanoNOSE” (Fig. 14(b)). NTT started a joint research
activity on this subject with Oxford University in the
U.K. in 2005 (Fig. 15).
Next, as an example of research into overcoming
the sensibility wall, I’ll describe the study of optical
illusions undertaken by NTT Communication Science Laboratories. The mechanism of human visual
perception is such that, even if 50 out of 100 video
frames are blurred, the perceived contrast is increased

Vol. 3 No. 4 Apr. 2005

so that the video image looks closer tothe real one. The images of a cheetah in
Fig. 16 appear blurred as still images
on paper, but the video projects realistic, lively motion. Human visual perception has several characteristics similar to this, known as optical illusions.
We believe that transport over the network of visual information, represented efficiently by making the most of
human characteristics, may become auseful transmission technology.
Finally, in order to ensure objective,
external evaluation of NTT’s basic
research, an Advisory Board has been
established (Fig. 17). NTT Communication Science Laboratories and NTT
Basic Research Laboratories take turns
in organizing annual board meetings.
This year, nine world-renowned
researchers were invited to NTT Atsugi R&D Center for several days for discussions with laboratory members
about their results.
Since the previous R&D Forum helda year ago, the comprehensive producer mechanism has been functioning
well and has produced a number ofresults that are likely to make significant contributions to NTT’s business.
In addition, as part of the multi-angle
approach to R&D, the activities of
WAKATE project and the Chie-no-wa
have also begun to yield specificresults. We are striving to create andreinforce such R&D activities to generate an even greater number of results.
References

[1]
[2]

[3]

N. Wada, “Actions to Achieve a New Broadband Society,” NTT
Technical Review, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 6-15, 2005.
S. Mituyoshi and R. Fuji : “The Sensibility Interface Function by Psycho-Quantum Computer,” IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2003.
T. Satou, H. Kojima, A. Akutsu, and Y. Tonomura, “CyberCoaster:
Polygonal Line Shaped Slider Interface to Spatio-Temporal Media,”
ACM Multimedia’99 Proceedings Part 2, p. 202 (Technical Demonstration), Orlando, Nov. 2-4, 1999.

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