Nuclear Physics
at Univ. of Tsukuba• Two Major Activities;• Nucleosynthesis at Tandem & RIBF
• Quark Gluon Plasma at RHIC & LHC

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

Yasuo MIAKE, Univ. of Tsukuba
三明康郎、筑波大学
1

Nuclear Physics andHistory of Universe
ＱＧＰ

軽元素合成

✦ Quark-Gluon Plasma in early universe✦ Nucleosynthesis right after the big bang or in asuper nova

✓Important to have common view point inresearch/education✓Main facilities we use are,

重元素合成

✦ Tandem van de graaf at Tsukuba,✦ RIBF at Riken,✦ RHIC at BNL,
✦ LHC at CERN

Members @ Tsukuba
Low Energy Group(nucleosynthesis)
Staff

Akira Ozawa

小沢顕

Yasuo Miake

三明康郎

Ichiro Arai新井一郎

Shinichi Esumi

江角晋一

Tatsuya Chujo

中條達也

Tetsuo Komatsubara
Kimikazu Sasa
RA/PD

High Energy Group
(QGP)

小松原哲郎
笹公和

Hiroshi Suzuki

Maya
Shimomura
鈴木宏

Daisuke Nagae

長江大輔 Takuma Horaguchi 洞口拓磨

G.S.
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

10

下村真弥

14
3

Tandem van de Graaf (12MV)
筑波大応用加速器部門✓ Nuclear physics• Magnetic moment 20F, 40Sc, 25 Al(p, γ)26 Si✓ Test beam facility• Detector R&D✓ Analysis Tools• Elementary analysis➡ Accelerator Mass Spectr.

• Hydrogen analysis
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA➡ Elastic Recoil Coinc. Spectr.
➡ Proton Induced Xray Emission

Accelerator Mass Spectrometerusing Tandem VDG
Gas ΔE- SSD E detector

2nd stripper
foil

K. Sasa

8 ° electrostatic
deflector

Iso-butane
gas flow ∼670 Pa

45 ° magnet
ΔE-E detector✓ Nuclei by cosmic ray induced reaction••

14C (T1/2= 5,730 yr), 26Al (701 kyr), 32Si (140 yr),
36Cl (301 kyr), 41Ca (103 kyr), 129I (15.7 Myr),

宇宙線生成核種 36Clの測定スペクトル
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

同位体比36Cl/Cl∼10-16の測定

Rare RI Ring
Project
Akira OZAWA

Isochronous
Storage Ring

✓ Precision measurement of mass ofrare isotope using isochronous
storage ring

RI beam✓ Study of Rapid process of
Nucleosynthesis• Design works, simulations anddetector R&D in progress
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

KickerQuark-Gluon Plasma
RHIC(200GeV)
since 2000

LHC(5.6TeV)
soon✓Physics of QCD in extremeT, ρ and small x✓Nucleus-Nucleus collisions
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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What we learned at RHIC
3

�QGP ∼ 2 [GeV/fm ]
�QGP
2GeV
< nq,q̄ > ∼∼∼5< mT >
0.4GeV
1
λq =
nσqq
1
∼
= 0.5 [fm]5 × 0.4
λq � Rsystem• Strongly interacting QGP• Statistical nature & space/time evolution of collisions
well established➡Hadro-chemical equilibrium (T, μ）➡Kinematical equilibrium (T, β)➡Universal pt&azimuthal distributions of quarks(Quark coalescence model)
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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What we learned at RHIC
3

�QGP ∼ 2 [GeV/fm ]
�QGP
2GeV
< nq,q̄ > ∼∼∼5< mT >
0.4GeV
1
λq =
nσqq
1
∼
= 0.5 [fm]5 × 0.4
λq � Rsystemwell established➡Hadro-chemical equilibrium (T, μ）➡Kinematical equilibrium (T, β)➡Universal pt&azimuthal distributions of quarks(Quark coalescence model)
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

w So
el f
lu tp
(I nd hyth e siin rs csk) tood

• Strongly interacting QGP• Statistical nature & space/time evolution of collisions

8

What we learned at RHIC
3

�QGP ∼ 2 [GeV/fm ]
�QGP
2GeV
< nq,q̄ > ∼∼∼5< mT >
0.4GeV
1
λq =
nσqq
1
∼
= 0.5 [fm]5 × 0.4
λq � Rsystemwell established➡Hadro-chemical equilibrium (T, μ）➡Kinematical equilibrium (T, β)➡Universal pt&azimuthal distributions of quarks(Quark coalescence model)
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

w So
el f
lu tp
(I nd hyth e siin rs csk) tood

• Strongly interacting QGP• Statistical nature & space/time evolution of collisions

8

What we learned at RHIC
3

�QGP ∼ 2 [GeV/fm ]
�QGP
2GeV
< nq,q̄ > ∼∼∼5< mT >
0.4GeV
1
λq =
nσqq
1
∼
= 0.5 [fm]5 × 0.4
λq � Rsystemwell established➡Hadro-chemical equilibrium (T, μ）➡Kinematical equilibrium (T, β)➡Universal pt&azimuthal distributions of quarks(Quark coalescence model)
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

w So
el f
lu tp
(I nd hyth e siin rs csk) tood

• Strongly interacting QGP• Statistical nature & space/time evolution of collisions

8

What we learned at RHIC
3

�QGP ∼ 2 [GeV/fm ]
�QGP
2GeV
< nq,q̄ > ∼∼∼5< mT >
0.4GeV
1
λq =
nσqq
1
∼
= 0.5 [fm]5 × 0.4
λq � Rsystemwell established➡Hadro-chemical equilibrium (T, μ）➡Kinematical equilibrium (T, β)➡Universal pt&azimuthal distributions of quarks(Quark coalescence model)
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

w So
el f
lu tp
(I nd hyth e siin rs csk) tood

• Strongly interacting QGP• Statistical nature & space/time evolution of collisions8Jet quenching3

Big surprise!“Jet Quench”-perturbatively into a set of final-state hadrons. The characteristic colliray of hadrons resulting from the fragmentation of an outgoing parton isjet”.

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

✓Two quarks suffer a hard
scattering in AA collision28• One goes out to vacuum

creating jet,
• but the other goes
through the QGP suffering
energy loss due to gluon✓Manifestation:• attenuation/

disappearance of jet
quenching” in a head-on nucleus-nucleus collision. Two quarks suffer
asuppression
hard scatof high pt•
goesout directly
to the vacuum, radiates ina fewnucleusgluons and hadronises, the other“Jet
quenching”
hadrons
gh the dense plasma created (characterised by transport coefficient q̂, gluon density
nd temperature Tnucleus), suffers energy collision.
loss due to medium-induced gluonstrahlung
andof jet frag.
• modification

ments outside into a (quenched) jet.
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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near side

Modification of
back-to-back corr.

Star; P.R.L. 91, 72304 (2003)
away side
pTtrig = 4˜6 GeV/cpTassoc > 2 GeV/cpedestal and flow
subtracted

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA✓Direct evidence ofloss of ʻjetʼ✓Azimuthal
correlation w.r.t. highpt leading particle(trigger).
pp ; clean di-jetdAu; similar to pp



Au+Au; Similar on thesame side (suggesting
jet-like mechanism), but bto-b disappeared Effect is not in initial
but in final stage
 Energy loss of partonsin dense mattercreated in Au+Au

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Suppression of high pt
particles
NuclearModification
Factor”hot/dense QCDmedium”
dnAA /dpT dy
RAA ==”QCD vacuum”
�Nbinary � · dnpp /dpT dy

Scaled pp
spectraCentralPeripheral~ 0.2✓Pions are suppressed, direct photons are not
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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near side

Change of shapein the away-sideaway side

pTtrig = 3˜4 GeV/cpTassoc
PHENIX, arXiv:0705.3238 [nucl-ex]

e
d
i
-s

y
a
w

s
s
Lo

a
f
o

✓From broad/none to distinct two shoulders at
ΔΦ＝π

1 with decreasing momentum• Discussed in terms of Mach Cone, Cherenkov Em.

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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Jet quench as a
homework to LHC
V.S. Pantuev, arXiv:hep-ph/0701.1882v1✓Is it indeed a Mach cone?
✓What is "ridge"?
✓Jets at RHIC are too low.
• Effects are 1-3 GeV
regions where many QCD
backgrounds✓Jet Quench as a
homework to LHC• CMS@LHC claims ridge
structure in high mult. pp.
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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RHIC vs LHC

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

RHIC

LHC

√ sNN (GeV)

200

5500

T/Tc

1.9

3.0-4.2ε(GeV/fm3)

5

15-60

τQGP (fm/c)

2-4

>10

28

✓Home work to the LHC, physics of jet quench➡ LHC has superior advantage in hard probes
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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ergy losses in QEDEnergy loss in QED

an illustrative example, we show in Fig. 4 the stopping power of muons in copAt low and high energies, the collisional (aka “Bethe-Bloch”) and the radiativergy losses dominate respectively.

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

Stopping power [MeV cm2/g]

Energy loss of charged particle in a matter

Bremsstrahlungµ+ on Cuµ(

10LindhardScharff

100

Bethe-BlochCollisional✓Bethe-Bloch28

Radiative

AndersonZiegler

Eµc
Minimum
ionization

NuclearlossesRadiative
lossesRadiative
effects
reach 1%

Without %
1
0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.1

1

10

100

1

[MeV/c]

&'

100

1000

10 4

10 5

10 6

10

100

1

10

100

[GeV/c]Muon momentum

Radiative✓Bethe-Heitler(thin; L<<λ)✓LandauPomeranchukMigdal(thick; L>>λ)[TeV/c]✓

4. Stopping
power, −dE/dl, for positivein coppergives
as a functionof &' = p/Mc
Measurements
ofmuonsdE/dx
prop.
of (ormattermentum p). The solid curve indicates the total stopping power [15].

• Energy loss in QED plasma gives T & mD info.

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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the particle per unit-time (related to the transport coefficient as ( ≈ q̂ v) – and"byg &gg ) # 0.45 fm (the quark mean-free-path ismomentum drag coefficient )D .
/Cthe
F = 9/4 is the ratio of gluon-to-quark colouris therefore q̂ # m2D /'g # 2.2 GeV2 /fm. Notebeenobtained witha LO expression
in loss!s forMechanisms
of in-medium
energyHigher-order scatterings (often encoded in a
ault
generalway,
the values
total energy
in muchlargerof q̂. loss of a particle traversing a medium is the sum of
4 : *E = *Elisionalthe
anddynamics
radiativeofterms
erisingheavy
non-relativisticcoll + *Erad . Depending on the kinematic
5ion, a (colour)chargelose energy
a plasma with temperature T mainly byaversing
the plasma,is canconnected,
via theinEin6
o mechanisms .
T 2 /( = T /(M )D )(3)

Energy Loss in QCD

E-!E
ent ( – theEaverage momentum
squared gained
ed to the transport coefficient as ( ≈ q̂ v) – andE.
!E

gy loss

Collisional

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

!E
E-!E
28

of a particle traversing a medium is the sum ofX= *Ecoll + *Erad . Depending on the kinematic (medium)rgy5 in a plasma with temperature T mainly by. 3. Diagrams for collisional (left) and radiative (right) energy losses of a quark of energy
raversing a quark-gluon medium.

E!E

Collisional energy loss through elastic scatterings with the medium constituents(Fig. 3, left) dominates at low particle momentum. The average energy loss inRadiative

E-!E by powers of ! c # 0.2 GeV fm (other useful equalities:
For unit conversion, multiply
10 mb = 1 fm2 , and 1 GeV−2 = 0.389 mb).
X
In addition, synchrotron-,Čerenkov- and transition-radiation energy losses can take place(medium)
respectively if the particle interacts with the medium magnetic field, if its velocity is greaterthan the local phase velocity of light, or if it crosses suddenly from one medium to another.
radiative (right) energy losses of a quark of energy
Also, plasma instabilities may lead to energy losses. Yet, those effects – studied e.g. in [11,12, 13, 14] for QCD plasmas – are generally less important in terms of the amount of Eloss .
Note that if the energy of the particle is similar to the plasma temperature, E ∼ O(T ), theparticle can also gain energy while traversing it.
asticthatscatterings
with themediumconstituentsNotethe separation
is notso clear-cut
since the diagrams assume well-defined asymprticle
momentum.
Theoutgoingaverageparticles
energymay
lossstillin be in the medium and further rescatter.
totic outstates, but the✓Many theories on• Collisional loss
• Radiative loss

wers of ! c # 0.2 GeV fm (other useful equalities:mb).
nd transition-radiation energy losses can take placeh the medium magnetic field, if its velocity is greaterr if it crosses suddenly from one medium to another.
nergy losses. Yet, those effects – studied e.g. in [11,erally less important in terms of the amount of Eloss .
s similar to the plasma temperature, E ∼ O(T ), theversing it.
cut since the diagrams assume well-defined asympes may still Yasuo
be in theMIAKE,
medium andfurther rescatter.
October,
2010, ISNPA➡Bethe-Heitler regime➡LPM regime➡“dead-cone”effect∆E ∝ αS CR �q̂�L2(Executive) Summary
Radiative loss is dominantEﬀects are;•suppression of high pt hadron•unbalanced back-to back•modiﬁcation of jet fragmentation
softer, larger multiplicity,
angular broadening∆Egluon > ∆Equark > ∆Echarm > ∆Ebottom 16

Probes for the study

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

γ-Jet

Di-jetπ0-Jet28✓Quark Jet✓Mostly Gluon Jet✓Small Xsection ✓Larger Xsection✓Experimentally ✓Interpretation
challenging

is complicated0 trigCleanπ✓✓Large Xsection✓Important for
DCal

Systematic meas. of these processes for modelcomparison provides at high precision level.
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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DiJet Calorimeter@ALICE
initiated by Tsukuba-Wuhan✓For better performanceIV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

of back-to back capability

ALICE EMCAL➡Define back-to back jets
➡Trigger back-to back jets

28

✓Progress• Proposed in Feb.,09• Discussed w. IN2P3 in May,

09
• Discussed in March,09
Extension
proposed
DiJet
Calorimeter• Proposal in May, 09• Partial approval in July, 09• Full approval by ALICE in
Oct. 09✓Construction started !
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA
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DiJet Calorimeter now withJapan-China-France-Italy-USA

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

科研費基盤Ｓ(三明）

Assembled in Japan/
Italy

Dijet Cal assembly
APD tested in Italy

Stack and press 77
scintillators/lead tiles
˜1 stack/day

E DCal Proposal Revision 0.0

Assembled in Grenoble/
NantesMarch 2010

Tsukuba ˜300 modules

Installed at CERN

Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
ISNPAproject
ussed in the text,Yasuo
the supportMIAKE,
structure is aOctober,component of 2010,
the full international

Tested in Nantes

20

Our works at Tsukuba &Catania✓&
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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学

間
協

定

・
部

局

間
協

定

Summary✓We like to collaborate in
Tandem, RIBF and/or
LHC.

大✓Let us start with anagreement between
Universities.

• pure academic• no money issue• no obligation➡still useful to start up
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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What we expect;
Reach of Jet Energy

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

G
00
~1

~2

00

G

eV

eV

28

✓For 104 events/year in Pb+Pb@5.5TeV,• Inclusive jet up to 200 GeV• Di-Jet to 100 GeV

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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E1JET

What we expect;sensitivity!

IV.2 Perspective view of the DCal and PHOS integrated on a common support. As
discussed in the text, the support structure is a component of the full international project
scope. Five PHOS modules are shown although only three, those contiguous with theproposed DCal, are installed in ALICE at the moment and considered part of DCal.

E1JET − E2JETBalance ≡1/2(E1JET + E2JET )

28

E2JET

hing” in a head-on nucleus-nucleus collision. Two quarks suffer a hard scatout directly to the vacuum, radiates a few gluons and hadronises, the otherdense plasma created (characterised by transport coefficient q̂, gluon density
erature T ), suffers energy loss due to medium-induced gluonstrahlung andoutside into a (quenched) jet.

Figure II.7 Distribution of di-jet energy balance ! for quenche(qhat = 50 GeV2/fm), for DCal jet energy threshold of 100 GeVbars show the statistical precision of the signal for 0.5 nb-1 offirst proposed “smoking guns” of QGP formation was “jet quenchattenuation or disappearance of the spray of hadrons resulting fromon of a parton having suffered energy loss in the dense plasma proction (Fig. 2). The energy lost by a particle in a medium, !E, protal information on its properties. In a general way, !E depends both
istics of the particle traversing it (energy E, mass m, and charge) androperties (temperature T , particle-medium interaction coupling1 ",), i.e. !E(E, m, T, ", L). The following (closely related) variables are
l to characterise the interactions of a particle inside a medium:ee path # = 1/($%), where $ is the medium density ($ & T 3 for an
nd % the integrated cross section of the particle-medium interaction2,
N = L/# or number of scatterings experienced by the particle in ahickness L,
ass mD (T ) ∼ g T (where g is the coupling parameter) is the inverse ofg length of the (chromo)electric fields in the plasma. mD characterises
Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

Pb+Pb (0-10% central collisions). Solid line represents a fit totruncated Gaussian function.
!
!
!
!

✓ Sensitiv
ity indata of1 year!

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Good textbook on QGP!

Yasuo MIAKE, October, 2010, ISNPA

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