PROCEEDINGS of the
23rd International Congress on Acoustics
9 to 13 September 2019 in Aachen, Germany

Sound insulation between dwellings – Comparisonof national requirements in Europe and interaction withacoustic classification schemes
Birgit RASMUSSEN1
1

SBi, Aalborg University (AAU-CPH)

ABSTRACT
Most European countries specify limit values for airborne and impact sound insulation in housing. The
requirements are expressed by descriptors defined in ISO standards implemented also as European andnational standards. A comparative study investigating the regulatory requirements for airborne and impact
sound insulation between dwellings in 35 countries in Europe has been carried out. The comparison shows
considerable differences in terms of descriptors, frequency ranges and level of requirements.
Sufficient sound insulation between dwellings is important to protect against noise from neighbours and toprovide privacy and possibilities for activities without causing annoyance. In addition to acoustic regulations,more than one-third of the countries have developed acoustic classification schemes with classes reflecting
different levels of acoustical comfort/protection. In some countries regulations point to a specific acoustic
class, but are in other countries independent. The interactions will be described. All schemes have minimum
two classes above regulations, thus enabling specification of higher acoustic quality than regulations, but
typically only one class below regulations, implying that major parts of older housing cannot be classified. It
is concluded that acoustic classification schemes should preferably include classes covering all existing
housing, independent from construction year, thus allowing acoustic labelling in analogy to energy labelling.
Keywords: Sound insulation; Dwellings; Acoustic regulations, Classification

1. INTRODUCTION
Findings from national social surveys in several European countries have shown that noise fromneighbours’ activities annoy many people living in multifamily housing. Results from several countries havebeen compiled and published in 2009, see [1]. However, while health implications of traffic noise havebeen quite thoroughly investigated by WHO and the European Environmental Agency (EEA) for decades
and several reports published, neighbour noise is only addressed in a few studies like e.g. WHO LARES [2],where e.g. sleep disturbance from neighbour noise is reported as almost the same as for traffic, whileother noise sources are far below. References to other surveys newer than those included in [1] arefound in e.g. [3]. The far most extensive national studies have been made in UK, see [4,5], with very detailed
interviews and reporting. According to these surveys, adverse implications of neighbour noise on
home life seem to be the same as for traffic noise, i.e. sleep disturbances, use of rooms, quiet activities(reading, writing, resting), having a conversation, listening to music/radio/TV. The EU Environmental
Noise Directive (END), [6], requires national mapping of external noise and action plans every fifth year,
but there seems to be no European policies concerning sound insulation between dwellings.
Regulatory sound insulation requirements for dwellings exist in more than 30 countries in Europe.
In some countries, requirements have existed since the 1950s or even before, while in others, regulations
came later or do not yet exist. Comparative studies of descriptors and regulations in 2008 for 24 countries
in Europe are described in detail in [7,8] with result updates and extensions to 35 countries in 2013in [9]. Acoustic classification schemes are described in [10,11]. Findings show that descriptors, requirements
and classification schemes in Europe represent a high degree of diversity. Updates to April 2019 will be
included in this paper as well as interaction between acoustic regulations and classification schemes.
Since regulations apply to new housing, and a major part of the European housing stock has been built
before any national acoustic regulations existed, a tool for description of acoustic quality of old housing
is most often missing, if national acoustic classes do not exist or relevant classes are missing.
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2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology for collection of data for national acoustic regulations follows the principles
outlined in [7], i.e. the analysis is primarily based on direct access to the documents describing therequirements. Such documents could be building regulations or publications referred to in the building
regulations. In some cases, typically for countries with ‘‘difficult” languages, documents were accessed
mainly through contact persons. As indicated in [10], structures of legislation differ widely, including
contents, size and number of relevant documents. In some countries, the documents specifying therequirements are available at the web, but in many countries, they must be purchased from thestandardization organizations. The work builds on experience and contacts from previous surveys.
The major challenges were finding the right documents and sections and not least the language issue .
Concerning the acoustic classification schemes, the methodology and challenges were similar.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR SOUND INSULATION BETWEEN DWELLINGSIn this Section are found the results of a comparative study of sound insulation descriptors andrequirements in 35 countries in Europe. Acoustic regulations are most often for new-build only, andthe limits described in this Section apply to new housing. Detailed requirements and conditions arefound in the building regulations or in the documents referred to in the regulations .
The original main study for 24 countries is from 2008 and the findings described in [7-8]. In 20112013, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Luxembourg, Macedonia FYR, Malta, Romania, Scotland,
Serbia and Turkey were added as new countries, and requirements updated for the Czech Republic,
Iceland and Portugal due to revision of the building regulations. The findings from the updated andextended study to 2013 for 35 countries are described in [9] published in 2014, but the background,explanations and most details are found in [7-8]. Out of the 35 countries included in [9], five countries(Cyprus, Luxembourg, Macedonia FYR, Malta, Turkey) had no requirements.
For the current study, regulations have been updated with new/revised regulations for Poland(2015), Sweden (2015), Germany (2016), Finland (2018), Turkey (2018) and a mistake in theregulations for Romania corrected. For the updated list of 35 countries, four of the 35 countries(Cyprus, Luxembourg, Macedonia FYR, Malta) have no requirements.
The acoustic descriptors applied in building regulations are defined in the ISO standards [12,13] formeasurement and rating, although some countries apply additional national variants or conditions. Withinbuilding acoustics, ISO standards are usually implemented as European (EN) standards and national standards.
Sound insulation descriptors applied in national sound insulation requirements for dwellings areshown in Table 1 for 31 countries in Europe (since 4 of the 35 countries do not have acoustic
regulations). Based on the results presented in the Tab le 1, the diversity of descriptors applied inEurope is obvious. Sound insulation descriptors are defined in ISO 717 [ 12], which unfortunately
allows a high variety of descriptors. Detailed, comparative studies of sound insulation descriptors forregulations and classification schemes (housing) are described in [7,8]. Efforts were made and arestill made to promote harmonization of descriptors in Europe, see e.g. [ 9,14].
The main requirements for airborne and impact sound insulation in 35 countries are pres ented inTables 2 and 3. The results clearly indicate the diversity in Europe. The comparison reveals significant
discrepancies in descriptors and requirements for dwellings. For both airborne and impact soundinsulation, several descriptors are applied in Europe, see Tables 1-3.
Table 1 – Sound insulation descriptors applied for regulatory requirements
between dwellings in 31 countries in Europe. Status April 2019.
Airborne sound
Impact soundNo. ofcountries
15
7
3
3
1
1
1
?
?
?

Descriptor
R' w
D nT,w
R‘ w + C
D nT,w + C
D nT,w + C 50-3150
D nT,A (≈ D nT,w + C 100-5000 )D nT,w + C tr
Variants
Recommendations
Special rules

No. ofcountries
17
9
2
2
1
?
?
?

Descriptor
L’ n,w
L’ nT,w
L’ nT,w + C I
L’ nT,w + C I,50-2500
L’ w
Variants
Recommendations
Special rules

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Table 2 - Airborne sound insulation between dwellings.
Main requirements in 35 European countries (1)Requirements (1)Status April 2019

Multi-storey
Comments
housing
See notes
Country
Req. [dB] below table
Descriptor (2)Austria
DnT,w
≥ 55
(3)
Belgium
DnT,w
≥ 54
(3)
Bulgaria
R'w
≥ 53
(5)
Croatia
R'w≥ 52
CyprusN/A
N/A(8)
Czech Rep.
R'w
≥ 53
(3)
Denmark
R'w≥ 55
England & Wales DnT,w + Ctr
≥ 45
(10)
EstoniaR'w≥ 55
Finland
DnT,w≥ 55
FranceDnT,w + C
≥ 53
Germany
R'w≥ 53(3),(5)GreeceR'w≥ (50)(8),(9)Hungary
R'w + C
≥ 51
(3)
Iceland
R'w
≥ 55
(4)
Ireland
DnT,w
≥ 53
(5)
Italy
R'w
≥ 50
(6)
LatviaR'w≥ 54
Lithuania
DnT,w or R'w≥ 55(4)
Luxembourg
N/A
N/A
(8)
Macedonia FYR N/A
N/A
(8)
Malta
N/A
N/A
(8)
Netherlands
R'w + C
≥ 52
NorwayR'w≥ 55(4)
PolandR'w + C
≥ 50
(5)Portugal
DnT,w≥ 50
Romania
R'w≥ 51
Scotland
DnT,w
≥ 56
(10)
SerbiaR'w≥ 52
Slovakia
R'w or DnT,w≥ 53(3)
Slovenia
R'w
≥ 52
Spain
DnT,A ≈ DnT,w+C100-5000 ≥ 50
Sweden
DnT,w + C50-3150≥ 52
Switzerland
DnT,w + C
≥ 52(3),(7)
TurkeyDnT,w + C
≥ 52

Table 3 - Impact sound insulation between dwellings.
Main requirements in 35 European countries (1)Requirements (1)Status April 2019
Country

Descriptor (2)Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
CyprusCzech Rep.
Denmark
England &Wales
Estonia
FinlandFranceGermany
GreeceHungary
Iceland
IrelandItaly
LatviaLithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia FYR
Malta
Netherlands
NorwayPolandPortugal
Romania
ScotlandSerbiaSlovakia
Slovenia
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TurkeyL' nT,w
L' nT,w
L' n,w
L' w
N/A
L' n,w
L' n,w
L' nT,w
L' n,w
L’ n,w + C I,50-2500
L' nT,w
L' n,w
L' n,w
L' n,w
L' n,w
L' nT,w
L' n,w
L' n,w
L' n,w
N/A
N/A
N/A
L’ nT,w + C I
L' n,w
L' n,w
L' nT,w
L' n,w
L' nT,w
L' n,w
L' n,w or L' nT,w
L' n,w
L' nT,w
L’nT,w + CI,50-2500
L’ nT,w + C I
L’ nT,w

Multi-storey
Comments
housing
See notes
Req. [dB] below table
≤ 48
(3)
≤ 58
(3),(5)
≤ 53
≤ 68
(6)
N/A
(10)
≤ 55
(3)
≤ 53
≤ 62
(12)
≤ 53
≤ 53
≤ 58
≤ 50
(3)
≤ (60)(10),(11)
≤ 55
(3)
≤ 53
(4)
≤ 62
≤ 63
(8)
≤ 54
≤ 53
(4)
N/A
(10)
N/A
(10)
N/A
(10)
≤ 54
≤ 53
(4)
≤ 55
≤ 60
≤ 62
≤ 56
(12)
≤ 68
≤ 55
(3)
≤ 58
≤ 65
≤ 56
(7)
≤ 53
(3),(9)≤ 54

Notes(1) Overview information only. Detailed requirements and conditions

Notes(1) Overview information only. Detailed requirements and conditions(2) No generally applicable conversion between the different(2) No generally applicable conversion between the different

are found in the building codes.

descriptors exists, as the relations depend on characteristics ofrooms and constructions. Exact conversion can only be made in
specific cases.
(3) In AT, BE, CZ, DE, HU, SK, CH, 3-9 dB stricter limits apply for row
housing.
(4) Use of R’w + C50-5000 recommended. If applied, the limit value may
be reduced, see regulations.
(5) Horizontal, requirement for vertical is 1 dB higher (Bulgaria,
Germany, Poland) / lower (Ireland).
(6) The indicated limit values are for private housing. Requirementsfor public dwellings are 3 dB stricter (Class II in UNI 11367:2010).
(7) Flats for rent. If owned by occupants, limits are 3 dB stricter.
(8) No regulatory requirements.
In Luxembourg, most often limits from Belgium or otherneighbouring countries are applied, dependant on the consultant.
(9) Proposed requirements, not yet mandatory.
(10) Although England & Wales and Scotland are parts of UK, they
are listed as separate countries due to different requirements.

are found in the building codes.

descriptors exists, as the relations depend on characteristics ofrooms and constructions. Exact conversion can only be made in
specific cases.
(3) In AT, BE, CZ, DE, HU, SK, CH, 3-10 dB stricter limits apply forrow housing.
(4) Recommended that the same criteria are fulfilled by L’n,w + CI,50-2500.
(5) From “non-bedrooms” outside the dwelling to a bedroom ≤ 54 dB
is required.
(6) L'w not defined in ISO 717-2. It is assumed to be L'n,w.
(7) The same criteria shall also be fulfilled by L' n,w.
(8) The indicated limit values are for private housing. Requirementsfor public dwellings are 5 dB stricter (Class II in UNI 11367:2010).
(9) Flats for rent. If owned by occupants, limits are 3 dB stricter.
(10) No regulatory requirements.
In Luxembourg, most often limits from Belgium or otherneighbouring countries are applied, dependant on the consultant.
(11) Proposed requirements, not yet mandatory.
(12) Although England & Wales and Scotland are parts of UK, they
are listed as separate countries due to different requirements.

In order to facilitate a comparison between countries, all requirements have been converted into
estimated equivalent values of D nT,w and L’nT,w based on assumptions about rooms and construction
types, see [7]. In case of the equivalent D nT,w being an interval, the average value has been used. The
equivalent values are estimates only, as exact conversion is not possible. A graphical presentation of
the requirements for airborne and impact sound insulation are presented in Figures 1 and 2 , and it isseen that especially the requirements for impact sound differ considerably across Europe, since therange for airborne is about 7 dB, and for impact about 18 dB.

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Figure 1 – Overview of airborne sound insulation requirements between dwellings. Status April 2019.
Graphical presentation of estimated equivalent values of D nT,w.
Note: The equivalent values are estimates only, as exact conversion is not possible.

Figure 2 – Overview of impact sound insulation requirements between dwellings. Status April 2019.
Graphical presentation of estimated equivalent values of L’nT,w.
Note: The equivalent values are estimates only, as exact conversion is not possible.

4. ACOUSTIC CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES IN EUROPE − OVERVIEW
Acoustic classification schemes (ACS) define a number of quality classes reflecting different levelsof acoustic comfort and protection, see illustration in Table 4. The ACS are national and very different due tolack of coordination between countries. An overview of existing national acoustic classification schemesin Europe for dwellings, [15-28], is found in Table 5. For each scheme listed, the class denotations,
number of classes and the relation to the national building code are indicated. Information about thebackground for an international proposal is found in [29], and the ISO/FDIS in [30]. Table 5 also
includes number of classes below and above the national regu lations.
Table 4 – Range of acoustic quality classes using various, partly FICTIVE ranges and denotations---

High acoustic
protection andcomfortAcoustic quality class
A

B

C

III

II

I

A

D

E

F

a

b

c

d

B

C

D

///

Low acoustic
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Table 5 – European schemes for acoustic classification of dwellings, [15-28], relation to building
regulations and class information. ISO/FDIS 19488 (2018), [29], included for comparison.

The variety of airborne and impact sound insulation descriptors applied in the classification
schemes for housing in Table 5 are found in [11], Tables 5 and 6 (although Latvia is missing due to theauthor’s unawareness of the LV acoustic classes). Limit values, status 2012, are found in [31].
When considering the information in Table 5, some schemes may appear similar, e.g. NL and IT,
but they are very different, since sound insulation descriptors, class intervals, ranges and position ofquality classes vary between the countries. Several differences between the national acoustic classification schemes are found, see details described in e.g. [3,9,11,14]. From [11], it is seen that the quite
new Polish ACS [27] in the two upper classes applies the descriptor R’ w + Ctr for sound insulation
between dwellings, i.e. a similar approach as for regulations in England and Wales, but not applied byany other country in an acoustic classification scheme.
It is obvious that acoustic classification could be relevant for existing housing before renovationby using lower classes suitable for existing housing. From Table 5 it is seen that four (FI, IS, NO, SE)of the Nordic countries and Italy have one quality class below regulations, Lithuania and theNetherlands have two classes, Austria and Germany (DEGA 103) 1+npd. DK and TR have threeclasses below regulations, implying a much higher chance of classifying older housing. Germany (VDI
4100) has none, thus following the original idea of acoustic classes to be only/mainly for specifying
better acoustic conditions than regulations. To sum up briefly, the existing acoustic classification schemes
do in general not include acoustic classes fitting major parts of the existing housing stock. In [32], which
includes mapping of the Danish housing stock, i.e. number of dwellings according to construction year,
constructions and estimated sound insulation, it was suggested to extend the DS 490:2007 with two
lower classes E and F suitable for older housing, see also [10] and Figure 1 in [33]. An extension likethat could pave the road for a future acoustic labelling in a similar way as for the mandatory energy labelling
used also for existing buildings, including housing and many other building categories.
Comparing the data from the classification schemes in Europe, see Table 5, detailed class criteria
in [15-28] and descriptor tables in [11], several differences are found, e.g. the following:− Number of quality classes (3 to 6) and denotations. Note: “npd” not counted as a class.
− Descriptors used for sound insulation criteria.
− Use of low-frequency spectrum adaptation terms according to ISO 717:2013.
− Intervals between classes.
− Range of quality classes (a 6 to 22 dB for airborne, a 6 to 30 dB for impact) and position.
− Relation to regulatory requirements.

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Quality class intervals and actual limit values (not just descriptors) are found in [31], status 2012.
Use of low-frequency descriptors are dealt with in [11].

5. INTERACTION ACOUSTIC REGULATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
From Table 5 it is seen that in six countries (DK, IS, NO, LT, LV, TR), the BR refers to Class C in
the national ACS as the acoustic regulations. The same principle was applied in SE until 2015, where
the regulatory limit values instead were included in the BR, and the Class C columns in [19] included
no longer limit values, but defined the BR limit values as Class C. Thus, there is still a dependency
between BR and ACS in SE, although the other way. In the remaining six countries, the interactions
are more mixed, although in five of these countries, the BR limit values correspond approximately toa class, and in AT, they are the same as in Class C. Note: None of the acoustic classes C are the same.
As examples on interaction, the following explanations apply to the five Nordic countries:
DK: BR [34] refers to Class C in [15], which includes only housing.
FI: No interaction between BR [35] and ACS [16]IS: BR [36] refers to Class C in [17] for all buildings.
NO: BR [37] refers to Class C in [18] for all buildings.
SE: The ACS [19] has no limit values for Class C, which is defined as the actual regulations [38].
Considering the sound insulation requirements in more than 30 countries in Europe and the wholecollection of national acoustic classification schemes in 13 countries in Europe, the lack of harmonizationis regrettable for several reasons, one of them being difficulties with exchanging construction
solutions for various sound insulation performance levels .
An important topic is also the whole structure of a building codes and related documents. In many
countries, it is very difficult to get a complete overview of acoustic regulations, guidelines andrecommendations due to a complex variety of documents published by authorities, institutes, councils,
standardization organizations and various other organizations and with no joint document linking
those documents together. For many countries, it could be recommended to simplify considerably, e.g.
by having – as in Norway [18] – the acoustic part of the building code referring to a specific acoustic
class in a classification scheme, which should include all building applications and thus be the starting
point for the acoustic design of any building.
Some countries have separate, stricter regulatory limit values for row housing than for multi-storey
housing, see notes in tables 2-3. Correspondingly, one of the German classification schemes [23] hasa separate set of criteria for these two housing types. An untapped potential seems to be available, if
applying an ACS in e.g. the following way:
− Acoustic regulations for new row housing: Class B− Acoustic regulations for new multi-storey housing: Class C− Acoustic regulations for renovated housing, e.g. Class D− The lower acoustic classes for older housing for description of the acoustic quality as
information only or as basis for decision about renovation.
− Acoustic classes could also be applied as basis for acoustic evaluation in green building certification.
− Acoustic labelling according to the same principles as energy-labelling

6. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings from the comparative studies show as in previous studies considerable differences indescriptors and limit values. It’s also found that the structure of documents related to the regulations
often is very complex. Language issues often make it difficult to find the right paragraphs, but even
without language problems, it’s often a challenge.
It would be preferable to have a more harmonized acoustic classification scheme with classes
appropriate for both new and older buildings – and even as a tool for green building certification. A
system with the building regulations pointing to one document with all acoustic limit values forvarious buildings in separate sections, e.g. like in [18]. An overview of various acoustic classification
schemes, including other buildings than housing is found in [39].
Since acoustic conditions is a hidden quality, labelling would be useful to provide ‘visible’
information about the acoustic quality concerning protection against neighbour noise and at the sametime indication of own possibilities for activities without disturbing neighbours.
At last, it must be noted that the limit values included in this paper should not be applied directly,
but the original documents consulted, since details and conditions are found in these documents.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is grateful to the acoustic colleagues, who assisted by answering questions about thenational acoustic regulations, classification schemes or guidelines in their country. However, theauthor is solely responsible for errors in the paper, and any comments, corrections and updated
information will be appreciated.

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[30] ISO/FDIS 19488 (2018), Acoustics - Acoustic classification of dwellings. ISO, Geneve, Switzerland.
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[31] B. Rasmussen (2012), Sound classification of dwellings: Quality class ranges and intervals in national
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http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865974674&partnerID=tZOtx3y1[32] Rasmussen, B. & Hoffmeyer, D. (2015). Lydisolation mellem boliger i etagebyggeri – Kortlægning og

forbedringsmuligheder (Sound insulation between dwellings in multi-storey housing - Mapping andpossibilities for improvements). Copenhagen, SBi Report No. 2015:27.
[33] Rasmussen B & Ekholm O (2019). Is noise annoyance from neighbours in multi-storey housing associatedwith fatigue and sleeping problems? ICA 2019 proceedings, Paper 1521.
[34] Bygningsreglement 2018 (Building regulations 2018). Danish Transport, Construction and Housing
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[35] Miljöministeriets förordning om ljudmiljön i byggnader, 796/2017 (in Swedish). Miljöministeriet,
Helsingfors, 2017. https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2017/20170796)[36] Byggingarreglugerd 2012 - nr. 112/2012 med breytingum (Building regulations 2012 - No. 112/2012
with amendments, latest version 722/2017). https://www.reglugerd.is/reglugerdir/allar/nr/112-2012[37] Byggteknisk Forskrift (TEK17). Veiledning om tekniske krav til byggverk. (Regulations on technicalrequirements for building works). Direktoratet for byggkvalitet (Norwegian Building Authority).
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