Global Change Observation Mission:
Sixth Research Announcement

Algorithm development, validation, application study, and multi-sensor
researchIssued: August 31, 2015
Proposal Due: November 1, 2015

Earth Observation Research Center
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Page 1 of 145

Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1

About the Fourth GCOM Research Announcement ........................................................... 1

1.2

GCOM and GCOM-C1 ....................................................................................................... 1

1.3

Targets of GCOM and Mission Success Criteria ................................................................ 2

1.4

Standard and Research Products of GCOM-C1 .................................................................. 5

1.5

RA Period and Development Phase .................................................................................... 5

1.6

Role of PI and the RA Process ............................................................................................ 7

2. Technical Descriptions............................................................................................................ 9
2.1

Purposes of RA ................................................................................................................... 9

2.2

Research Areas .................................................................................................................... 9

2.3

Science areas, product groups, and research issues .......................................................... 13

3. Instructions for responding to this RA.................................................................................. 29
3.1

Qualifications .................................................................................................................... 29

3.2

Research agreement conclusion ........................................................................................ 29

3.3

Research period................................................................................................................. 29

3.4

Resources .......................................................................................................................... 29

3.5

Obligations ........................................................................................................................ 30

3.6

Selection............................................................................................................................ 30

3.7

Late proposals ................................................................................................................... 30

3.8

Withdrawal of proposal ..................................................................................................... 31

3.9

Cancellation and postponement ........................................................................................ 31

3.10 Important dates.................................................................................................................. 31
3.11 Proposal submission and contact point ............................................................................. 31
4. Instructions for proposal contents......................................................................................... 32
4.1

General .............................................................................................................................. 32

4.2

Format ............................................................................................................................... 32

4.3

Proposal contents .............................................................................................................. 32

5. Description of research agreement ....................................................................................... 35
5.1

Contractual procedure ....................................................................................................... 35

5.2

Research agreement summary .......................................................................................... 35

APPENDIX A PROPOSAL COVER SHEET AND SCHEDULE ...................................................A-1
APPENDIX B RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... B-1
APPENDIX C OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATION MISSION (GCOM) .............. C-1
APPENDIX D COMMISSIONED RESEARCH AGREEMENT .................................................... D-1

Page 2 of 145

1.

Introduction

1.1. About the Sixth GCOM Research Announcement
In this sixth Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) research announcement (RA),the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is announcing the opportunity fordevelopment of algorithms for geophysical products, validation, and application researchusing GCOM-C (Climate), as well as researches with multi-sensors such as GCOM-W and
EarthCARE. The research period is three years from Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2016 (April2013) to 2018 (March 2019), and especially focuses on GCOM-C at-launch algorithm
preparation, algorithm improvement, product validation, and development of new
application schemes.
JAXA is conducting cross-cutting application researches in order to enhance synthetic useof multiple satellite data. The purposes of the cross-cutting application researches includes
generation of valuable products integrated by multiple satellite data and satellite-model
integrated use (data assimilation etc.), development of the prediction schemes using a model,
and enhancement of operational and public use. The current subjects of the cross-cutting
application researches are "water cycle and resources", "ecosystem monitoring", "climate
system radiation process", "marine environment monitoring", "atmospheric environment
monitoring", "infrastructure monitoring", "agriculture", and "public health." In this RA,
proposals which contribute to these researches mainly using GCOM-C data are also
recommended .
1.2. GCOM and GCOM-C
GCOM seeks to establish and to demonstrate a global, long-term satellite observation
system to measure essential geophysical parameters for understanding global climate change,
and the water cycle mechanism. Its ultimate objectives are to improve future climate
projection through a collaborative framework with climate model researches and todemonstrate the capabilities of operational applications by providing continuous data tooperational agencies. GCOM will assume the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II(ADEOS-II) mission and transition into long-term monitoring of the global environmental
changes. To achieve global, comprehensive, long-term, and homogenous observation,
GCOM will consist of two satellite series and three consecutive generations with a one-year
overlap, resulting in a 13-year observation period. The two satellites series are GCOM-W and
GCOM-C. The first generation satellite of GCOM for Water, GCOM-W satellite, will carry
the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) to provide a better
understanding of the water and energy cycle. The GCOM-C satellite will be equipped with theSecond-Generation Global Imager (SGLI) to observe the Earth’s atmosphere and surface toelucidate the carbon cycle and radiation budget.
SGLI will be equipped with wide spectral coverage from 380 nm to 12 m, a field of viewexceeding 1000 km succeeding ADEOS-II/GLI. New additional features include 12 bands(14 bands including special mode of thermal infrared bands) of high spatial resolution of 250
m; two-direction simultaneous observation along the orbit (two bands); and polarization
observation (two bands). The GCOM-C mission aims to improve our knowledge andprediction of the global carbon cycle and radiation budget through high-accuracy SGLI
observation of global vegetation, ocean color, temperature, clouds, aerosols, and polar1

regions.
The AMSR2 instrument on board GCOM-W is a multi-frequency, dual-polarized, passive
microwave radiometer for observing water-related geophysical parameters. AMSR2 wasdesigned and manufactured based on the experience of the AMSR aboard ADEOS-II and the
AMSR for EOS (AMSR-E). The GCOM mission statement, the satellite and sensor system
specification, and definition of the geophysical products are detailed in APPENDIX C.
1.3. Targets of GCOM and Mission Success Criteria
GCOM objectives, targets for the first generation, and mission success criteria are definedas Tables 1 and 2. This RA advertises research opportunities for achieving these targets andcriteria with the ultimate goal of successful completion of this mission in collaboration with
JAXA.

2

Table 1 GCOM Objectives and GCOM-C/W Targets
GCOM Objectives
GCOM-C Targets
Build a long-term observation
Produce and distribute
system that can observe effective
satellite-observed radiance, ninephysical parameters (e.g., sea
land, eight atmosphere, sevensurface temperature, soil moisture, ocean, and four cryosphereand so on.) continuously for 10 to products as standard products
15 years to solve the mechanism ofglobal climate change and water
cycle, and establish its usability.
Improve the prediction accuracy of Process and provide satellite data tolong-term climate change by
the Data Integration and Analysis
improving the process research on System established by thethe climate-change mechanism and University of Tokyo, JAMSTEC,
numerical models, and provide
and JAXA.
information service in support ofnational policy decisions throughcooperation with userorganizations that have climate
models.
Establish an Earth-observation
Improve the accuracy of climate
satellite system to obtain important change prediction by assimilating
physical parameters to assess thedata and improving model
global environment and seek
parameters with the cooperation of
integrative use with otherapplication research organizations.
observation systems.
Through the above activities,
confirm the quality of GCOM data
and demonstrate its ability tocontribute to predicting long-termclimate change. Contribute topredicting the global environment
response to climate change byobserving snow surface
temperature, snow grain size, oceanchlorophyll-a concentration, and soon.
Contribute directly to operational Improve fishery management by
fields, such as predicting intense
providing data to the Japan
weather that may bring disasters by Fisheries Information Service
distributing data to operational
Center within the required timeorganizations that provide weather frame.
forecasts, fishery information
service, sea-route information
control, etc.
Develop new products for
Produce five land, threeeffectively clarifying climate
atmosphere, seven ocean, and eightchange and the water cycle
cryosphere research products bymechanism, which is difficult to do cooperating with research andwith current analysis technology
application organizations.

3

GCOM-W Targets
Produce and distributesatellite-observed brightness
temperatures (Tbs), two land, threeatmosphere, two ocean, and one
cryosphere products as standard
products.

Process and provide satellite data to
the Data Integration and Analysis
System established by the
University of Tokyo, JAMSTEC,
and JAXA.

Improve short-term prediction
accuracy by assimilating data, such
as Tbs and water vapor, with thecooperation of application researchorganizations. Through the above
activities, confirm the quality of
GCOM data and demonstrate its
ability to contribute to predicting
long-term climate change.
Contribute to predicting the global
environment response to climatechange by observing sea ice
concentration, snow cover, sea
surface temperature, and so on.

Improve accuracy of weather
forecast including typhoons, andfishery management by providing
data to the Japan Meteorological
Agency and the Japan Fisheries
Information Service Center within
the required time frame.
Produce new research products bycooperating with research andapplication organizations.

Table 2 GCOM Success Criteria

GCOM-C
Success level
Assessment condition

Minimum success

Full success

Extra successComplete calibration and validation Achieve standard accuracies of all Achieve the target accuracy ofphase and start data distribution of standard products, within 5 years one or more products within 5
more than 20 products*3 achieving after launch,years after launch.
(Set release threshold/standard/ target accuracies) the release threshold accuracy*2
about 1 year after launch.

Standard product*1

data production*1

Research product(Set only target accuracy)

NA

NA

Achieve the target accuracy of
one or more products within 5
years after launch or add newimportant products for climatechange research.

data distribution

Real-time
availability

When the products achieve the Continue
required-time
data
release threshold accuracy, confirm distribution during the operation
ability to distribute the data within period from confirmation of thethe required time.
release threshold accuracy to 5
years after launch.

NA

Continuity

When the products achieve the Continue observation*4 and data
release threshold accuracy, confirm distribution from confirmation ofability to continuously observe and release threshold accuracy to 5
distribute products.
years after launch.

NA*1Standard products are defined as products that are especially important for achieving the mission goal, sufficiently confirm the application reality fromADEOS-II results etc., and are suitable for operational data distribution. Research products are defined as products still in the research phase ofdevelopment and application, or are unsuitable for operational data distribution.
Release threshold accuracy: Minimum accuracy for release as available for climate research
The threshold number of products, 20, corresponds to the number of ADEOS-II GLI standard products in the GCOM-C standard products.
This means to obtain observation data continuously during the planned Earth-observation operation period

*2
*3
*4

GCOM-W
Success level
Assessment condition

data production
data distribution
*1

*2
*3

Minimum success

Full success

Extra successComplete calibration and validation Achieve standard accuracies within Achieve the target accuracy ofphase and start data distribution 5 years after launch.
one or more products within 5(Set release threshold/about 1 year after launch. Achieve
years after launch.
standard/ target accuracies)
release threshold accuracy *2.

Standard product*1

Research product*1(Set only target accuracy)

NANA

Add new important products forclimate change research within 5
years after launch.

Real-time
availability

From the time of achieving the From the time of achieving therelease threshold accuracy until 4 release threshold accuracy until 5
years after launch*3, maintain years after launch, maintain ability
ability to distribute the data within to distribute the data within thethe required time.
required time.

NA

Continuity

From the time of achieving the From the time of achieving therelease threshold accuracy until 4 release threshold accuracy until 5
years after launch*3, maintain years after launch, maintain ability
ability to observe and distribute to observe and distribute products.
products.

NAStandard products are defined as products that are especially important for achieving the mission goal, sufficiently confirm the application reality fromADEOS-II results etc., and are suitable for operational data distribution. Research products are defined as products still in the research phase ofdevelopment and application, or are unsuitable for operational data distribution.
Release threshold accuracy: Minimum accuracy for release as available for climate research
Set the period until the GCOM-W2 launch.

41.4. Standard and Research Products of GCOM-C
To achieve mission objectives effectively, standard and research products are
determined by the GCOM Advisory Committee on the basis of three criteria: (1)centrality to the mission, (2) feasibility for algorithm development, and (3) effectivenessof data processing and distribution, which includes (A) data that are produced anddistributed as they are acquired, (B) data that should be disclosed after accumulationand processing for a given period of time, and (C) data that will be presented as researchfindings (APPENDIX C, Table 7).
For example, standard products are defined as elements of particular importance forachieving the mission goal, such as cloud and aerosol properties, sea-surface
temperature, ocean color, snow, and vegetation, that sufficiently confirm the application
reality from ADEOS-II results and are suitable for operational data distribution (A).
Research products are defined as elements still in the research phase of development andapplication or products that provide new important knowledge but are unsuitable for
operational data processing, such as (C).
(1), (2), and (3) may be altered through changes in social requirements or progress inresearch and development. In such cases, the GCOM Advisory Committee may
re-organize standard and research products or add new products by consultation withuser communities.
1.5. RA Period and Development Phase
This RA period is JFY 2016–2018, which corresponds to  and  in Fig. 1. This period
will include the satellite launch year; research will emphasize algorithm (processing code)development for post-launch operation, and validation observation for the algorithm
improvement and product evaluation, and development of new application schemes toachieve the GCOM-C objectives (Table 1).
Research plans for this RA are required to fit to the development phase  and .

5

Fig. 1 GCOM-C algorithm development phase and the RA periods
 Initial development phase (JFY 2009)

・ Select the candidates for algorithm and product development (Establishment &Implementation of Mission Requirements).
・ Consider the feasibility of the new product, and resolve remaining issues.
・ Validate and improve the algorithms by using satellite and in situ observation data.
・ Consider algorithms that address the impact of GCOM-C satellite and SGLI sensor
design evaluation.
 Performance development phase (JFY 2010–2012)
・ Evaluate and propose improvements for the performance of candidate algorithms(theoretical validity, accuracy against test data, and processing stability) by using test
inputs.
・ Collect the necessary fundamental data, and evaluate development, validation, andapplication.
・ Conduct pre-launch implementation test-1 (PLI-1) to evaluate algorithm fundamental
performance and satellite data applicability on the basis of the previously stated points.
・ Correspond to results of satellites and sensor development (e.g., evaluate the influenceon the products and adjust the algorithms).
・ Draft Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).
・ Select at-launch algorithms on the basis of the PLI-1 results (the selection will bereflected in the next RA).

6

 Launch preparation phase (JFY 2013–2016)
・ Develop, evaluate, and improve the selected operational codes.
・ Acquire fundamental data necessary for evaluation and improvement, and establish
the post-launch product validation method.
・ Conduct pre-launch implementation test-2 (PLI-2) to evaluate operational flow andperformance (e.g., memory and time).
・ Correspond to the performance of satellite and sensors.
・ Modify the ATBD.
(JFY 2016 GCOM-C launch) Post-launch development and improvement phase (JFY 2016–2021)
・ Perform initial validation and product improvement (version upgrades) by using real
SGLI data.
・ Perform intensive validation and improvement of algorithms as initial calibration
validation phase for the first product release one year after launch.
・ Obtain fundamental and validation data for improvement.
・ Develop, validate, and verify research products and new applications.
・ Achieve GCOM-C success criteria.
・ Adapt the new knowledge to the development of GCOM-C2 algorithms to achieve
success and consistency with the second phase (GCOM-C2).
1.6. Role of PI and the RA Process
JAXA plans to select 30 to 40 proposals under this RA, including both funded andnon-funded. The principal investigator (PI) of each selected proposal will become a scienceteam member of GCOM-C and, in some cases, GCOM-W. The PI will conduct frequentdiscussions and collaborations with JAXA Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) staffs
for the algorithm development, validation, and application studies. The PI must attend andpresent the research statuses at annual PI workshops. The science team leader will participate
in the GCOM Advisory Committee and SGLI application working group to feed back ouractivities to the GCOM overall objectives and mission requirements.
PIs will be able to receive prioritized distribution of the new version of the GCOM data, as
well as to use JAXA owned Earth observation satellite data and in-situ measurement data
free of charge (priority of the research areas is stated in the next section). Depending on its
budget status, JAXA plans to spend 130 million yen/year for total PI within the three years of
this RA period. The budget for each PI may change for the following year depending on the
results of PI research evaluation held at the annual GCOM workshop. JAXA may also selectnon-funded PIs for research without the requirement of additional costs for application study
and research not directly related to the success criteria of GCOM.
With the exception of students, all categories of domestic and foreign nonprofit andpeaceful organizations can apply under this RA. However, funding may differ for each7

research category and applicant. Funding by JAXA is essentially restricted to domestic PIs,
although some exceptions may be made for research necessary to achieve the GCOM mission
success criteria. Proposals will be selected on the bases of a peer-review process anddiscussions in science/project evaluation boards. JAXA plans to announce the selection
results in January 2016.
Collaboration with other RA such as GCOM-W, EarthCARE, and GPM etc. is encouraged.
However, researchers or research groups applying for multiple RAs must clearly state on the
proposal work distribution, budget (in case of a funded proposal), and effort ratio withrespect to the other RA. Similarly, the allocation and ratio of effort of research related toother externally funded studies must be clearly stated (Refer to “4.3 Proposal Contents”).

8

2.

Technical Descriptions

2.1. Purposes of this RA
GCOM aims to contribute to improvement of global change prediction accuracy andoperational application. This RA seeks to conduct research necessary for global, long-term,and highly accurate and efficient GCOM-C product development/evaluation, as well as
effective research on global change, by utilizing the achievements of previous GCOM-C RA(JFY2013–JFY2015) and by obtaining new knowledge and skills from domestic and foreign
researches.
2.2. Research Areas
This RA seeks research proposals in the following areas: algorithm development,
validation, application research, and multi-sensor application research basing GCOM-C data.
Because the research period will cover the GCOM-C launch, this RA funding emphasizes
algorithm development for post-launch regular processing, validation observation for
product evaluation at the first data release, and new application scheme development such assynthetic use with models, agricultural application and so on. Details are listed below.
2.2.1 Development of GCOM-C Algorithms
This area seeks research for standard and research algorithms for GCOM-C productdevelopment.
JAXA defines the GCOM-C algorithm product development objectives by thefollowing points. Proposals are expected to conform to these objectives.
・ Develop algorithms effectively by applying broad knowledge obtained through RA.
・ Develop algorithms efficiently by an in-house algorithm integration team following
the ADEOS-II/GLI experience, GAIT (Fig. 2).
・ Develop algorithms that consider construction of long-term, stable, and highly
accurate datasets.
・ Develop algorithms that consider research on the operational use of global
environmental changes.
・ By developing software to enable a stable process, perform data distribution and data
analysis studies quickly and smoothly.
・ By developing new data analysis and application schemes, enhance future possibilityof remote sensing in Earth environment observation.
・ By developing algorithm performance as a total observation system including
satellite/sensor design and manufacturing, improve data product quality andaccuracy, and feed the results to the next satellite and sensor development.

9

Fig. 2. Example of collaboration and sharing between PI and JAXA in algorithm development.
The map should be modified according to algorithm characteristics and volume of the code
(C or Fortran code).

Generally, GCOM-C algorithms will be developed through the following procedures,as shown in Figure 2: (1) definition of products; (2) construction of fundamental
database; (3) development of algorithm theory; (4) coding of radiative transfer(algorithm theory); and (5) implementation, testing, and optimization of the JAXA
operation system. This RA mainly covers procedures (2), (4), and (5) and may include(1) and (3) for research products and new product proposals. In particular, this RA seeks
proposals for implementation and improvement of steady algorithm processing,
expansion of the fundamental database from (2), and newly defined products andapplications that contribute to the GCOM-C mission objectives.
To directly succeed the results of research and development from previous the RA(FY 2013–2015), past algorithm PIs are encouraged to continue their researches, andthe yearly evaluation results will be considered in this RA selection as well as theirsubmitted proposals; Table 3 shows the PI in charge for current RA.
As shown in Figure 2, selected PIs will collaborate with JAXA to develop algorithms,
implement their codes, validate the output products, and update the algorithm andalgorithm theoretical basis documents. Details on currently defined standard andresearch products and expected research themes are listed in section 2.3.
APPENDIX C, Table 7 lists geophysical parameters to be produced as standard andresearch products of the GCOM-C mission; their accuracy targets are defined as themission success criteria. These accuracies were defined through consultation with users,
including the GCOM advisory committee and the SGLI working group, on the basis ofexperiences of application of existing satellites. The “release threshold accuracy” is10defined as the minimum accuracy for the first data release; “standard accuracy” isdefined as valuable and standard-level accuracy; and “target accuracy” includes
numerous challenges in improving algorithm performance and calibration accuracy andis to be achieved on a research basis. Algorithms accepted in this research area willproduce products that meet the requirements listed in APPENDIX C, Table 7 in theoperational phase of the GCOM-C mission.
Standard algorithms will produce products that meet requirements in the operational
phase of the GCOM-C mission: one year after the launch for release criteria and five
years after launch for standard and target accuracy. Thus, the proposals of algorithms
are required to include strategies for algorithm improvement in cooperation withvalidation activities.
Applicants may propose a new algorithm, categorized as a type of research algorithm
that produces a standard product at a higher quality than that of a standard algorithm
developed in the previous RA. Through comparative validation of performance, the newalgorithm may become the new standard algorithm at the point of product revision.
Therefore, research should meet the requirements of target accuracy. Theirperformances (accuracy, processing speed etc.) are expected to be at the same level asexisting standard algorithms.
Research algorithms will be evaluated by additional success criteria (target accuracy)
for five years after the satellite launch, and their development must meet requirements.
As noted in section 1.4, research products produced by these algorithms could become
new candidates for the standard products after completion of a specific evaluation
process.
To meet the GCOM objectives, algorithms require global applicability, robustness,and long-term stability. Algorithms that can be extended and applied for similar
microwave radiometers and historical data records are preferable for integrated
processing. Computationally efficient, fast-processing algorithms are important for
operational applications of the products.
As described in chapter 5, research on standard algorithms is generally supported
through a Commissioned Research Agreement, while research algorithms with many
research factors are supported through a Collaborative Research Agreement.

2.2.2 Validation Observation and Product Validation
This research area seeks proposals of validation observation and effective productvalidation through cooperation with other ground and satellite observation researches.
Table 4 details the definition and validation methods for each product.
The validation category proposals are required to consider the current validation plan
including observation parameters, instruments, and site locations (see Tables 8 and 9 in
APPENDIX C) which has been established by previous RAs.
The results must be applied directly to the post-launch in-situ data acquisition,
validation analysis, which includes evaluation of product accuracy for confirming
success criteria achievement, and the algorithm improvement.
Special emphasis will be placed on researches that effective validation dataacquisition and collaboration with JAXA’s validation analysis. Because GCOM-C is a
global observation mission, validation observation and analysis for accuracy evaluationand improvement on a global coverage is a particular requirement.
11

Proposals of in-situ data acquisition through collaboration with observation activities
by other funds are also encouraged for enhancement of in-situ data coverage for the
GCOM-C product validation. New observation plans, which include in-situ dataacquisition and product evaluation methods, and will improve the GCOM-C productevaluation, can be proposed in addition to the APPENDIX C Tables 8 and 9.
Error budget analysis for pixel error approximation and estimation of error-budget
models for each product are also important for products with limited points of observationor products that utilize numerical models.
Obtained in situ observation data and knowledge must be provided to JAXA and the PI
in charge of algorithms for application of algorithm improvement and post-launch
validation. Providers of in situ data can define the disclosure levels specified in Table 5:for EORC members only, EORC and PIs for algorithm development, calibration andvalidation, registered users, and public open. The provider will define the disclosure levelfor data and provide this information to EORC, which will share the data via
EORC/GCOM-C Web pages (The disclosure level is required to be open wider userlevels as much as possible). It is asked to provide in-situ data which was not funded by
JAXA, if the policy of the in-situ data is allowed with appropriate disclosure levels.
As described in chapter 5, this research theme is generally supported through a
Collaborative Research Agreement. Application is possible under subsection 2.2.1,
Development of GCOM-C algorithms, if the researcher is developing the algorithm inaddition to validation research.
2.2.3 Application ResearchThis research category seeks proposals on monitoring environmental changes,
improving future prediction, and research leading to the social benefits including
practical applications such as fishery use, agricultural use, biological carbon fixation,
environment and disaster monitoring, and so on. Contribution to the EORC cross-cutting
application researches is highly recommended. Development of new research products on
the basis of new concepts, social needs, and those combined with other in situ
observations and numerical models is also solicited.
Applicants should consider that JAXA is not a general funding body for the scientificcommunity. This RA seeks to accomplish the GCOM-C mission’s goals and to discover
new possibilities for utilizing GCOM-C data. Proposals should clearly describe plans for
GCOM-C data usage.
As described in chapter 5, this research theme is generally supported through a
Collaborative Research Agreement.
2.2.4 Multi-Sensor Research basing GCOM-C data
JAXA seeks proposals for multi-sensor research that uses data from multiple satellites
and sensors basing GCOM-C data. This includes algorithm development for new
research products and application research via multi sensor data basing GCOM-C data.
Examples of anticipated cases in this multi-sensor research field are detailed below:


GCOM-C and GCOM-W
Merged sensor research is strongly encouraged to utilize data from GCOM-C and
12

GCOM-W for research on climate, carbon cycle, and water cycle changes. If theresearch attempts to directly merge the data from both satellites, differences in orbit
and observation local time for each satellite must be accounted for through the use ofmodels and objective analysis.
Long-term data analysis by combined use of other optical sensor and GCOM-C
GCOM-C aims to observe climate changes over a period of more than 10 years
through three generations of satellites (GCOM-C–C2-C3). A highly accountableform of research on climate change can be expected through the continuous andcomplementary usage of both historical and contemporary data (e.g., MODIS,
SeaWiFS, AVHRR, VIIRS, OLCI, SLSTR, Himawari-8/AHI).



GCOM-C and JAXA Earth Environment Monitoring Satellites
EarthCARE, GPM, and GOSAT-2 will be operated simultaneously with GCOM-C;
thus, research that effectively uses these satellite data simultaneously will besolicited.

As described in chapter 5, algorithm development is generally supported througheither a funded or non-funded Collaborative Research Agreement, while application
study is supported through a non-funded Collaborative Research Agreement.
2.3. Science areas, product groups, and research issues
The science areas, product groups, and research items deemed particularly important inthis RA are described below. These categories do not require agreement with the research
unit of the RA, and research proposals on several products across these areas and groups
are accepted. Research proposals on single products or groups should include carefulconsideration of other products within the same group and between different groups.
Product definitions are described in Table 3. Definitions of new products not includedin Table 3, as well as their development and validation schemes, will be refined in detailthrough discussion among the users, PIs, and JAXA after the proposal is selected by the
PI in charge.
L.

Land

L-1

Precise Geometric Correction Group: Precise Geometrically Corrected Image[standard product] On the basis of results from previous RA, JAXA will take initiatives indeveloping algorithms for the GCP matching and their validations. Proposals of
the orientation algorithm using the GCP results and ORTHO collection
algorithm for the GCOM-C tile product (LTOA) are required.
 The algorithms have to show the interface condition to integrate to othergeometric correction algorithms which have been developed by JAXA.

L-2

Land Atmospheric Correction Group: Atmospherically Corrected Land Surface
Reflectance [standard product], Vegetation Index [standard product], Land Surface
Albedo [research product] On the basis of results from previous RA, JAXA will take initiatives in13

atmospheric correction algorithm development for standard products throughconsolidation of the PI’s knowledge of atmospheric correction.
 Research collaboration is desired that relates to appropriate identification ofcloud and snow areas, surface radiance, and multi-directional reflectance byvegetation, atmospheric radiance including aerosol dispersion and absorption,and establishment consistent with downstream products that use atmosphericcorrection reflectance products.
 Effective acquisition of sufficient ground surface observation data forcorrection and evaluation of directional reflectance and aerosol dispersion
constituents is needed.
 For the land surface albedo product, consideration of numerical model
parameters, such as spectrum and directionality, is expected, as is validation by amodel.
 Collaboration with activities of C-1 (cloud discrimination), C-2 (aerosol
correction), and C-5 (calibration) are desired.
L-3

Land Net Primary Production Group: Leaf Area Index [standard product], Fractionof Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation [standard product], Water Stress
Trend [research product], Land Net Primary Production [research product] Modeling of relationship between the satellite observed reflectance and theradiative transfer process of the vegetation in various conditions is needed.
 Data acquisition is needed for algorithm development and cooperation withground observation programs such as flux tower observation networks.
 Collaboration with studies of carbon cycle and ecological models (C-4) is
encouraged to estimate land CO2 fixation.
 Collaboration with activities of L-2, L-4, L-6, and A-3 is desired.
 Water stress trend should be in cooperation with L-5 if it derived using the land
surface temperature, and with evapotranspiration research if it has arelationship to the evapotranspiration. Collaboration with researches of
biological processes and agriculture is encouraged through knowledge ofvegetation water stress.

L-4

Above-Ground Biomass Group: Above-Ground Biomass [standard product],
Vegetation Roughness Index (VRI) [standard product], Shadow Index [standard
product]
 Modeling of three-dimensional structures and directional reflectance of thevarious shapes of canopies is needed.
 Collaboration is needed with a ground observation networks that continuously
measures of biomass such as the diameter at breast-height.
 Establishment of a method to estimate above-ground biomass from 3D laser
scanner measurements which have been conducted by JAXA and other groups
is needed.
 Comparison and validation between the temporal change of the biomass and
NPP (L-3) are desired.
 Collaboration with activities of the land cover group (L-6) is desired for global
applicability; VRI is expected to improve land cover classification.

L-5

Land Surface Temperature Group: Land Surface Temperature [standard product],14

Fire Detection Index [research product] In order to estimate the thermal infrared emissivity from the land surface,collaboration with visible and shortwave-infrared reflectance and land coverproduct is necessary.
 Real-time processing is needed for fire detection. In addition, collaboration withvisible and short-wave infrared reflectance and the land cover group (L-6) is
encouraged for the detection of burned areas.
 Fire detection product is expected to be used as an information of aerosol
source.
L-6

Land Cover Group: Land Cover Type [research product] Classification is needed that considers various applications such as NPP.
 Algorithms are desired that use 3D information (L-4) and time change analysis
by SGLI high-frequency observation.
 Effective construction of validation dataset and collaboration with AVNIR-2
high-accuracy land cover classification conducted by the EORC traverse-area
research activities are desired.

A.

Atmosphere

A-1 Cloud Product Group: Cloud Flag [standard product], Classified Cloud Fraction[standard product], Cloud-Top Temperature and Height [standard product], Water
Cloud Optical Thickness and Particle Effective Radius [standard product], Ice
Cloud Optical Thickness [standard product], Water Cloud Geometrical Thickness[research product] Collaboration with common subject C-1 is needed.
 Cloud Geometrical Thickness will be derived by O2A band, and used for theestimation of the downward long-wave radiation (A-3).
 Effective preparation of validation data and analysis methods is needed withrespect to time-space differences of satellite and in situ data.
 Validation study of cloud coverage using the all-sky camera system which has
been developed by JAXA is encouraged.
 Validation planning in collaboration with EarthCARE PI team which hassimilar products is encouraged.
 Cooperation such as research partnerships, work sharing, and participation inworkshops with EarthCARE, GPM, and GCOM-W is desired for investigating
the cloud radiative forcing by integrated analysis of the multiple satellite data.
 Development using the SGLI polarization observation is encouraged.
 Combined analysis with the numerical model through a radiative transfer
model and extension to model assimilation is desired.
A-2 Aerosol Product Group: Aerosol over the Ocean [standard product], Land Aerosol
by Near Ultra Violet [standard product], Aerosol by Polarization [standard
product]
 Algorithm development is needed with global applicability and considerations
for aerosol locality, as well as the global applicability.
 Contribution is needed in defining an aerosol candidate model and improving
and validating the radiative transfer process for aerosol correction over the land
15

and the ocean.
 Effective algorithms for unifying the ocean and land algorithms and for
estimating parameters such as aerosol size distribution and component ratio aredesired.
 For aerosol by polarization, including land aerosol estimation through SGLI
polarization observation, collaboration with POLDER research and polarizedradiative transfer research is desired.
 The algorithm should be optimized to SGLI sensor performance and sensor
operation characteristics, and it is encouraged to consider correction of thesensor-oriented errors such as spectral response and polarization sensitivity andso on.
 Cooperation with EarthCARE such as research partnerships, work sharing, andparticipation in workshops is desired for investigating cloud-aerosolinteraction.
 Synthetic analysis of SGLI and the geostationary satellite sensor,
Himawari-8/AHI, is encouraged to enhance the merit of the SGLI sensor
characteristics.
 Combined analysis with a numerical model through a radiative transfer modeland its extension to model assimilation are desired.
 Cooperation with calibration activities such as vicarious calibration (C-3) isnecessary.
A-3 Surface Radiation Flux Group: Short-Wave Radiation Flux [research product],Long-Wave Radiation Flux [research product] On the basis of results from previous RA, JAXA will take initiatives indeveloping algorithms for the satellite-basis downward shortwave radiation.
 Downward long-wave radiation will be estimated by using Cloud GeometricalThickness.
 Combined analysis with a numerical model through a radiative transfer modeland its extension to model assimilation are desired.
 Cooperation with products of cloud detection, cloud properties, aerosol
properties, surface reflectance, and surface estimation by other sensors (e.g.,
AMSR-2) is needed.
 Collaboration with a land flux site and in situ observation network such as an
oceanic observation buoy is needed for validation.
O.

Ocean

O-1

Ocean Atmospheric Correction Group: Normalized Water-Leaving Radiance[standard product], Atmospheric Correction Parameters [standard product],
Photosynthetically Available Radiation [standard product] Improvement in the treatment of aerosols and sea-surface reflection (sharing of
knowledge from C-2) corresponding to in-water algorithms is necessary.
 Improvement is needed in processing speed and stability for near real-timeprocessing
 Because ocean color requires particularly high calibration accuracy, algorithm
adaptation to SGLI sensor features and collaboration with calibration activities
including in situ observations for vicarious calibration and NWLR, C-5, are16

needed.
 Effective use of SGLI characteristics, such as the 380nm band, multi-angle,
and polarimetry, is encouraged.
 Acquisition and standardization of in situ optical measurements along with anocean color group parameter (O-2) is desired.
 Inter-comparison of international products and algorithms are encouraged tocontribute the ocean color ECV.
O-2

Ocean Color Group: Chlorophyll-a Concentration [standard product], Total
Suspended Matter Concentration [standard product], Colored Dissolved Organic
Matter [standard product], Inherent Optical Properties [research product],
Phytoplankton Functional Type [research product], Red Tide [research product] Coastal algorithm development is planned to be based on characterization of
IOP spectra observed in each coastal region. Therefore, a systematic
measurement of IOP is needed.
 Improvement in algorithms is desired that considers application to ONPP
estimation, redtide and in-land water, operational stability, and inter-sensor
consistency through construction of fundamental datasets, in-water opticalmodel development, and comparison of accuracy and methods in collaboration
with VIIRS and OLCI.
 Combined analysis with a numerical model through in-water bio-opticalmodels and its extension to model assimilation is encouraged.

O-3 Temperature Group: Sea-Surface Temperature [standard product] Stable and highly accurate algorithms are needed that consider operational
purpose and model research combined with other sensors such as AMSR-2.
 Algorithms and products that effectively use coastal 250 m and 500 m spatial
resolution of SGLI and numerical modeling research are desired.
 The combination of historical satellite sea-surface temperature data and the
production and analysis of a long-term time series with improved atmospherecorrection is promoted.
O-4 Primary Productivity Group: Ocean Net Primary Productivity [research product] Acquisition of highly accurate in situ data is needed.
 Combined analysis of a numerical model through in-water bio-optical models
and its extension to model assimilation are desired.
 In order to contribute to CO2 absorption estimation, cooperation with research
activities of carbon-cycle and marine-ecosystem models and in-situ
biogeophysical measurement programs(C-4) is desired.
O-5

Multi-Sensor Merged Product: Multi-sensor Merged Ocean Color Parameters[research product], Multi-sensor Merged Sea-Surface Temperature [research
product]
 A combination of products is desired that overcomes differences such as
channel wavelengths, sensor characteristics, algorithms, and data formats andutilizes SGLI features such as 250-m resolution and time frequency.
 Studies of GCPM-C data assimilation to bio-geo-chemical models areencouraged.
17

S.

Cryosphere

S-1 Snow Area Discrimination Group: Snow- and Ice-Covered Area [standard product],
Okhotsk Sea-Ice Distribution [standard product], Snow and Ice Classification[research product], Snow-Covered Area in Forests and Mountains [research
product], Ice Sheet Boundary Monitoring [research product] Contribution to other groups through C-1 activities such as discrimination
between cloud and snow/ice areas is needed.
 Acquisition of in situ data for effective validation and cooperation with in situ
monitoring by other groups is needed.
 Contribution to aerosol models and weather models (as a boundary
condition) is encouraged.
S-2

Snow-Surface Properties Group: Snow and Ice Surface Temperature [standard
product], Snow Grain Size of Shallow Layer [standard product], Snow Grain Sizeof Subsurface Layer [research product], Snow Grain Size of Top Layer [research
product], Snow Impurity [research product]
 Establishment of a highly accurate estimation method is needed for radiativetransfer from snow/ice surfaces.
 Because opportunities for in situ measurements are generally limited, productvalidation must be conducted through effective in situ measurement incooperation with domestic and foreign institutions, and theoretical evaluationof error budget.
 In order to contribute to research on Earth environment changes and climate
prediction, cooperation with research on snow/ice physical processes and albedo(S-3) with numerical models (C-4) is desired.

S-3 Snow Albedo Group: Snow and Ice Albedo [research product], Ice Sheet Surface
Roughness [research product] Cooperation with the S-2 group, which measures snow grain size and impurities
that significantly influence albedo, is desired.
 Developments that consider application by numerical modeling are needed.
C.

Common Issues

Common issues that encourage collaboration among PI activities are coordinated by
JAXA EORC.
C-1 Cloud and Snow/Ice Discrimination
・ A common task in most products and algorithms is to distinguish clear-sky, cloud,and snow/ice areas from SGLI TOA radiance data. However, the development of an
appropriate discrimination scheme specific to each application is necessary. JAXA
will encourage PI teams to share their knowledge of spectral features of eachobservation target and discrimination schemes and to effectively implement theindividual algorithms.
・ A mini workshop in 2011 was the basis for consolidation of the knowledge of each18

area for cloud discrimination algorithms and for evaluating the validation schemeby using whole-sky camera systems. The cloud amount was estimated with a highdegree of accuracy from whole-sky camera data; research that effectively integrates
such data into algorithm improvement and validation is encouraged.
C-2 Aerosol Correction
・ The light reflected from observation targets from atmospherically scattered lightmust be separated and corrected to estimate land, ocean, and snow surface
reflectance from satellite-observed radiances, particularly those related to aerosol
properties A-2. For this purpose, JAXA promotes sharing and exchange ofknowledge and processing techniques for the radiative transfer process of theatmosphere–surface system.
・ Direction of the development of an atmospheric correction algorithm has been
discussed in the mini-workshop in 2012 and we are developing the algorithm bycooperation among researches on the land surface and the atmosphere. This RA
will continue to promote activities for sharing knowledge of surface and aerosol
products from each area among JAXA and PI groups.
C-3 Polarization Study
・ Polarimetry is a unique function of SGLI. Besides aerosol estimation (A-2), thedevelopment of new products and their applications are encouraged throughpolarization observation.
・ Because polarimetry is a new function in sensor development, collaboration
between JAXA’s radiance calibration activity and the knowledge and skill on
atmospheric polarization process is encouraged.
C-4 Integrated Analysis of Global Environmental Change
・ Cooperation with research on monitoring and predicting the carbon cycle andradiative forcing is needed to achieve the GCOM mission targets. The newrequirements and knowledge from the researches should be reflected to the next
satellite product development.. This common group encourages exchange ofknowledge and skill from research of model assimilation and combined analysis ineach area and group.
C-5 Consideration of SGLI Calibration Performance・ Accuracy of products depends on combination between performance of the SGLI
sensor and the algorithm error. It is necessary, therefore, to develop algorithms
optimized for the SGLI performance along with the progress of SGLI
characterization and calibration. For example, cooperation is promoted between theteam evaluating the radiative transfer process in the algorithms and the teamconducting ground truth observations and vicarious calibration. In addition,
evaluation and correction of the impact of SGLI characteristics on geophysicalproducts are encouraged.

19

Table 3 Persons responsible for the products in the FY2009-2012 research period
Category

Product

Standard Precise geometric corrected radianceStandard Land atmospheric corrected reflectanceStandard Vegetation index
Standard Above-ground biomass
Standard Vegetation roughness index
Standard Shadow index
Standard Fraction of absorbed PAR
Standard Leaf area index
Standard Land surface temperature

Land

Research Land net primary production
Research Fire detection index
Research Land cover typeResearch Land surface albedo
Research Water stress trend
Evapotranspiration Index (CropNew
Coefficient)New
Phenology
New
Volcano monitoring
New
Land PAR
New

Land biological model

AtmosphereStandard Cloud flag
Classified cloud fraction,
Cloud top temp/height,
Standard
Water-cloud COT & CER,
Ice-cloud COT
Research Water cloud geometrical thickness
Aerosol over the ocean,Standard
Land aerosol by near-UVStandard Aerosol by Polarization
Research Long-wave & Short-wave radiation flux
New

Cloud phase by polarization
Normalized water leaving radianceStandard
Atmospheric correction param.
Standard Ocean PAR
Standard Chlorophyll-a conc.
Standard Total suspended matter conc.

Ocean

Cr
yo
sp
he
re

Standard Colored dissolved organic matter
Research Inherent optical properties
Research Euphotic zone depth
Standard Sea surface temperature
Research Ocean net primary productivity
Research Phytoplankton functional typeResearch Redtide
New
Absorption of PAR
New
Multiple sensor products
Snow and Ice covered area
Standard
Okhotsk sea-ice distribution

PI in charge
JAXA & Tokai-U
JAXA (PI team collaboration); Val: Honda (Chiba-U)
JAXA (PI team collaboration)
Kajiwara (Chiba-U); Val, model: Nasahara (Tsukuba-U)
Kajiwara (Chiba-U)
Moriyama (Nagasaki-U)
Y. Ono (JAXA); Specific-area: Suzuki (JAMSTEC); Val :Nasahara (Tsukuba-U) , Honda (Chiba-U)
Moriyama (Nagasaki-U)
Nasahara (Tsukuba-U) , Muramatsu (Nara Women’s-U),
Ichii (JAMSTEC), Mabuchi (Chiba-U)
Moriyama (Nagasaki-U) | Nakau (Hokkaido-U)
Fukue (Tokai-U) | Soyama(Tenri-U) ; Takagi (Kochi-U)
JAXA (TBD); Val: Honda (Chiba-U), Nasahara (Tsukuba-U)
Kajiwara (Chiba-U)
Tasumi (Miyazaki-U) ; Val: Nasahara (Tsukuba-U)
Nasahara (Tsukuba-U)
Kaneko (Tokyo-U)
JAXA & Frouin (SIO)
Nasahara (Tsukuba-U), Ichii (JAMSTEC), Mabuchi(Chiba-U)
Nakajima (Tokai-U)
Nakajima (Tokai-U); Ishimoto (particle scattering model)(MRI), Riedi (LOA); Val: Irie (Chiba-U), Yamazaki (MRI)
Kuji (Nara Women’s-U)
Inoue (AORI); Val: Aoki (Toyama-U), Irie (Chiba-U)
Sano (Kinki-U); Support: Riedi (LOA); Val: Aoki (Toyama-U)
JAXA (satellite base SW) | Inoue (AORI) (model
assimilation); Val: Nasahara (Tsukuba-U) , Hayasaka(Tohoku-U)
Riedi (LOA)
Toratani (Tokai-U); Support: Frouin (SIO)
JAXA & Frouin (SIO)
JAXA; Val: Ishizaka (Nagoya-U), Hirawake (Hokkaido-U)
Toratani (Tokai-U); Val: Ishizaka (Nagoya-U), Hirawake(Hokkaido-U) , Suzuki (Hokkaido-U)
Hirata (PML, Hokkaido-U) ; Val: Ishizaka (Nagoya-U),
Hirawake (Hokkaido-U) , Suzuki (Hokkaido-U)
Kurihara (JAXA)
Hirawake (Hokkaido-U) | Ishizaka (Nagoya-U)
Hirawake (Hokkaido-U) | Hirata (Hokkaido-U)
Ishizaka(Nagoya-U)
Frouin (SIO)
Franz (NASA), Wang (NOAA), JAXA
Stamnes (Stevens Institute of Technology); Val: JAXA

20

Research Snow and ice classification
Research Snow area in forest and mountain
JAXA
Standard Snow and ice surface Temperature
Stamnes (Stevens Institute of Technology); Val: Aoki (MRI)
Standard Snow grain size of shallow layer
Stamnes (Stevens Institute of Technology); Val: Aoki (MRI)
New
Bare ice area in the ice ceet
Aoki (MRI)Snow grain size of subsurface & top
Research layer
Stamnes (Stevens Institute of Technology) & Aoki (MRI)Snow impurity
Research Snow and ice albedo
Stamnes (Stevens Institute of Technology)
Research Ice sheet surface roughness
Aoki (MRI)
Research Ice sheet boundary monitoring
JAXA
New
Micro-alge concentration in the bare ice Aoki (MRI)New
Aerosol over snow area
Stamnes (Stevens Institute of Technology)
Bold characters show main developers for the standard products

Table 4 GCOM-C L1B and L2 product definitions and validation methods
Category

Product [Definition・Unit]

Accuracy*16

CommonReleaseSatellite-observed radiance(Data(Level-1B）
Def.:
Satellite-observaed releasethresh-old
radiances
which
are )

radiometricallyandgeometrically corrected withinter-bandregistration. StanCalibration information is dard
added.
Unit: W/m2/str/m

Land

Goal

Precise geometric correctedradiance (LTOA)
Def.: This product contains 1)
PGCP parameters whichindicate geometric biases
estimated using GCP, and 2)
radiance images which areprojected
tosinusoidal
projection plane with thecenter longitude of 0 degree
after the correction of thegeometric biases using the
PGCP.
Unit: W/m2/str/m
Land atmospheric correctedreflectance (LSRF)
Def.: Land surface reflectancecorrected for the effects ofatmospheric scattering andabsorption. Correction of
directional anisotropic effects
are also made for 8-day andmonthly composite products.
Unit: none
Vegetation index (VGI)
Def.: Indices indicating
vegetation cover and activity
such as NDVI and EVI

Cal/Val Method*11

5% (absolute )geometric accr.<1pixel

Accuracy of radiance is evaluated as RMS error basedon vicarious calibration, on-board calibrations withsolar diffuser and blackbody and so on.
Geometrical accuracy is evaluated using GCP as RMS
error of pixel position after systematic geometriccorrection.
except TIR: 5%(abs.*11), Accuracy of radiance is evaluated as RMS error based
1% (relative)on vicarious calibration, on-board calibrations with
TIR: 0.5K (@300K)
solar diffuser and blackbody, and maneuver
geometric accr.<0.5pixel operations for moon calibration and inter-band
calibration (yaw-direction maneuver).
Except TIR: 3%(abs.*11),
Geometrical accuracy is evaluated using GCP as RMS
0.5% (relative)
error of pixel position after systematic geometric
TIR: 0.5K (@300K)
geometric accr.<0.3pixel correction.

Release<1pixelStandard<0.5pixel

Goal<0.25pixel

Release0.3 (<=443nm), 0.2(>443nm) (scene)*8

Standard
Goal

0.1 (<=443nm), 0.05(>443nm) (scene)*8
0.05 (<=443nm), 0.025(>443nm) (scene)*8

ReleaseGrass land： 25%(scene),Forest： 20% (scene)

Accuracy of precise geometric correction is evaluatedas RMS error of pixel position using GCPs.

21

RMS error between satellite-derived reflectances andground truth measurements is estimated at a region
where aerosol optical thickness at 500nm is less than
0.25.
RMS error between satellite-derived reflectances andground truth measurements is estimated.

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived VI
with in-situ measured VI derived fromspectroradiometer data at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
Yatsuga-take tower site etc. and also with otherCUnit: none

satellite VI products.
Standard
Goal

Above-ground biomass (AGB)
Def.: Dry weight ofabove-ground vegetation
Unit: t/ha

ReleaseStandard
Goal
Vegetation roughness index(VRI)
Def.: An index indicating plantvertical structure observed
from multi-angle directions.
Unit: none

ReleaseShadow index (SI)
Def.: An index indicating
shadow fraction ofvegetation area inferredfrom spectral reflectance.
Unit: none

ReleaseFraction of absorbed PAR(FAPAR)
Def.: Fraction ofphotosynthetically active
radiation absorbed byvegetation
Unit: none

Leaf area index (LAI)
Def.: The sum of the one sided
green leaf area per unit
ground area.
Unit: none

Standard
Goal(scene)Grass land・Forest：
30% (scene)
Grass land・Forest：
20% (scene)
Grass land・Forest：
10% (scene)

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived VRIwith in-situ measured SI at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from spectoral
reflectance data acquired using tower and RC
helicopter and so on), or comparing with SI inferredfrom data of high spatial resolution optical sensor.

ReleaseGrass land： 50%,
Forest： 50%

Standard
Goal

Grass land：30%,
Forest：20%
Grass land：20%,
Forest：10%

ReleaseGrass land： 50%,
Forest： 50%

Stan- dard

Grass land：30%,
Forest：30%
Grass land：20%,
Forest：20%

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived FAPAR
with in-situ measured FAPAR at JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN, Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from data
of PAR meter or spectroradiometer data measuring
upward and downward PAR at forest canopy andfloor.), and with other satellite FAPAR products.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived FAPAR
with in-situ measured FAPAR at JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN, Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from data
of PAR meter or spectroradiometer data measuring
upward and downward PAR at forest canopy andfloor.).
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived LAI
with in-situ measured LAI at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from data oflitter trap or LAI-2000 and spectroradiometer datameasuring downward radiant flux etc. at forest floor.),and with other satellite LAI products.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived LAI
with in-situ measured LAI at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from data oflitter trap or LAI-2000 and spectroradiometer datameasuring downward radiant flux etc. at forest floor.).
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived LSTwith in-situ measured LST at the ground surface withuniform land cover and also comparing with othersatellite LST products.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived LSTwith in-situ measured LST at the ground surface withuniform land cover (TBD).
N/AStandard
Goal

Land

Goal

Land surface temperature (LST)
Def.: Temperature ofterrestrical land surface.
Unit: KelvinLand net primary production

Grass land: 20% (scene), RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived VI
with in-situ measured VI derived from
Forest： 15% (scene)
spectroradiometer data at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
Grass land： 10%
Yatsuga-take tower site etc.
(scene),Forest: 10% (scene)
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived AGBIO
Grass land： 50%,
with in-situ measured AGBIO at JaLTER, JapanFlux,
Forest： 100%
PEN, Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from direct
measurements of dry weight of grass at grass land,
indirect estimation with allometry equation asfunctions of tree diameter at brest height (DBH) andtree height, or 3-D laser scanner measurements atforest), and also with AGBIO derived from othersatellites and numerical ecosystem models.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived AGBIO
Grass land：30%,
with in-situ measured AGBIO at JaLTER, JapanFlux,
Forest：50%
PEN, Yatsuga-take tower site etc.
Grass land：10%,
Forest：20%
Grass land･Forest：40% RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived VRIwith in-situ measured VRI at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
(scene)Grass land・Forest：20% Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from spectoral
reflectance data acquired using tower and RC(scene)Grass land・Forest：10% helicopter and so on).

ReleaseLess than 3.0K (scene)

Stan- dardLess than 2.5K (scene)

Goal

Less than 1.5K (scene)

ReleaseN/A

22

(LNPP)
Def.: Net primary productivity
which is how much carbon
dioxide vegetation takes induring photosynthesis (GPP)
minus how much carbon
dioxide the plants releaseduring respiration or decay.
Unit: gC/m2/year
Water stress trend (WST)
Def.: An index to understandthe droughty state ofvegetation.
Unit: none

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

30％(annual ave.)

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived LNPP
with in-situ measured LNPP at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN
sites and also comparing with other satellite LNPP
products.

ReleaseStan- dard

N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

Goal

10%(as classification
error)*13

Fire detection index (FDI)
Def.: Location of fire hot spots
detected using thermal andshortwave infrared bands.
Unit: none

ReleaseStan- dard
Goal

N/A
N/A
20% (as classification
error)*14

Land cover type (LCT)
Def.: Land cover type classified
using vegetation indices andland reflectance.
Unit: none

ReleaseN/AClassification error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived WST with in-situ measured latent heattransport at flux sites (TBD).
N/A
N/AClassification error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived FDI with that derived from high spatial
resolution optical sensors which has shortwave andthermal infrared bands.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

30% (as classification
error)

Land surface albedo (LALB)
Def.: Ratio of upward reflectedenergy to downward solar
radiation energy.
Unit: none

ReleaseStan- dard

N/A
N/A

Classification error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived LCT with the ground truth derived from
Degree Confluence Project data on a global scale, andalso comparing with regional LCT (such as Japan area)
derived from high spatial resolution sensors.
N/A
N/A

Goal

10%

Cloud flag (CLFG)
Def.: Cloud discrimination flagincluding the classification ofcloud type and phase(liquid/solid).
Unit: none

Release10% (comparison with
sky-camera binary
image)

Stan- dard

Release

Evaluated as the cloud
fraction products.
Evaluated as the cloud
fraction products.
20% (as solar
radiation)*615%( as solar
radiation)*6
10%（as solar
radiation)*6
1K *1

Stan- dard3K *2 /2km *2

Goal

1.5K *2 /1km*2

Atmosphere

Goal

Classified cloud fraction(CLFR)
Def.: Cloud fractions for 9 cloudtypes which are classified
based on the ISCCP
classification rule.
Unit: percent
Cloud top temp/height (CLTTH)
Def.: Temperature and height ofcloud top layer.
Unit: Kelvin for temperature,
km for height

ReleaseStan- dard
Goal

23

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI-derived LALB
with in-situ measured LALB derived fromspectroradiometer data at JaLTER, JapanFlux, PEN,
Yatsuga-take tower site etc. (derived from spectoral
reflectance data acquired using tower and RC
helicopter and so on) and also with other satellite
LALB products.
Overall classification error is evaluated comparing
SGLI derived CLFG with those derived from othersatellite sensors, cloud amounts collected through
GTS (The Global Telecommunication System), andskycamera images.
Same as the classified cloud fraction.
Same as the classified cloud fraction.
Overall classification error is evaluated comparing
SGLI derived solar radiation which is monthly averagefor every 0.1 degree global grid with in-situ measured
solar radiation, skycamera images, and existing cloud
fraction climatology datasets such as ISCCP(theInternational Satellite Cloud Climatology Project).
The release criterion shown in the left column
indicates a threshold for SGLI TIR band brightness
temperature by which the ability to sense cloud top
temperature is evaluated indirectly. The accuracy of
TIR band is assessed through the product evaluation
process of sea surface temperature etc. Also
confirmed is the consistency of SGLI derived cloud top
temperature with object analysis data of air
temperature profile over ocean in daytime.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived CLTTH
with those derived from airbone and satellite borne
lidar and radiometer etc. for uniform liquid clouds
with moderate optical thickness.

Water-cloud optical thickness & Release
effective radius (CLOTER_W)
Def.: Optical thickness andeffective radius of water
Stan- dard
cloud droplets
Unit: none for thickness, m forradiusIce-cloud optical thickness(CLOT_I)
Def.: Optical thickness of ice
cloud.
Unit: none

Ocean

Atmosphere

Aerosol over the ocean (ARNP)
Def.: Optical thickness,Ångström exponent, andclassification of aerosol overocean estimated using visible
and near infrared band.
Unit: none

10%/30% (optial
thickess/radius) *3

100% (as cloud liquidwater*4)

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
CLOTER_W with those from other satellite sensors forclouds of mid- to low latitude regions (monthly
average).
RMS error is evaluated comparing cloud liquid water
converted from SGLI derived CLOTER_W with thosemeasured with microwave radiometer on the ground.
Overall RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived CLOTER_W with those derived frommicrowave radiometer and skyradiometer (for optical
thickness) and other satellite sensors (both param.).
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
CLOT_I with those from other satellite sensors forclouds of mid- to low latitude regions (monthly
average). .
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
CLOT_I with those from skyradiometers at groundobservation network and other satellite sensors.

Goal

50% *4 /20% *5

Release30% *3Stan- dard

70% *5

Goal
Release20 % *50.1(monthly ave. ofa_670, 865)

Stan- dard

Stan- dard

0.1(scene’s a_670,865)*70.05(scene’s a_670,
865)
0.15(monthly ave.
ofa_380)0.15(scene’s a_380) *7

Goal0.1(scene’s a_380 )Release0.15(monthly ave. ofa_670, 865)0.15(scene’s a_670,
865) *70.1(scene’s a_670,
865)

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived ARP
with those from skyradiometers at groundobservation network (Skynet, Aeronet) and othersatellite sensors for fine mode particles.

ReleaseStan- dard

N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

Goal

Overall RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived ARV with those from other satellite sensors
and climatology based on the past satellite
observations (monthly average).
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived ARVwith those from other satellite sensors and shipborne
in-situ observations (AERONET/Maritime Aerosol
Network).

Land aerosol by near-UV (ARNP)
Def.: Optical thickness and lightabsorption coefficient ofaerosol over land estimatedusing near-ultraviolet band.
Unit: none
Aerosol by Polarization (ARPL)
Def.: Optical thickness,Ångström exponent, andclassification of aerosol
estimated using polarization
bands.
Unit: none
Water cloud geometrical
thickness (CLGT_W)
Def.: Geometrical thickness ofwater cloud.
Unit: mRelease

Goal

300m

Long-wave radiation flux
(LWRF)
Def.: Longwave radiation flux at
the ground including
downward longwave
radiation flux and upward
longwave radiation flux.
Unit: W/m2
Short-wave radiation flux
(SWRF)
Def.: Shortwave radiation flux
at the ground including
downward shortwave
radiation flux and upward
shortwave radiation flux.
Unit: W/m2
Normalized water leaving
radiance (NWLR)
Def.: The upwelling radiancejust above the sea surface.

ReleaseN/A

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
CLGT_W with those measured at the ground and fromspace (satellite) with cloud radar and lidar
instruments.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

Downward flux:
10W/m2, Upward flux:
15W/m2 (0.1 deg.,monthly ave.）

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
monthly averaged LWRF with those from groundradiation observation network (ARM, BSRN), groundobservation network (JaLTER, JapanFLux, PEN, Fluxnetetc.), and other satellite sensors.

Release

N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

Stan- dard
Goal

Stan- dard

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived ARU
with those from skyradiometers at groundobservation network (Skynet, Aeronet) and othersatellite sensors.

Goal

Downward: 13W/m2,
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
Upward: 10W/m2
monthly averaged SWRF with those from ground(0.1deg. , monthly ave.） radiation observation network (ARM, BSRN), groundobservation network (JaLTER, JapanFLux, PEN, Fluxnetetc.), and other satellite sensors.

Release60% (443~565nm)

24

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived NWLR
with in-situ optical measurements conducted during
simultaneous ship observations campaign and also
comparing with other satellite products.

Unit: W/m2/str/um or 1/sr

Stan- dard

Release50% (<600nm)
0.5W/m2/str/um(>600nm)
30% (<600nm)
0.25W/m2/str/um(>600nm)
80% (a_865)

Stan- dard

50% (a_865)

Goal

30%

Release20% (10km/month)

Stan- dard

15% (10km/month)

Goal

10% (10km/month)

Release-60~+150% (open sea)

Stan- dard

-60~+150%

Goal-35~+50% (open sea),-50~+100% (coastal)

Release-60~+150% (open sea)

Stan- dard

-60~+150%

Goal-50~+100%

Release-60~+150% (open sea)

Stan- dard

-60~+150%

Goal
Release-50~+100%
0.8K (daytime only)

Stan- dard

0.8K

Goal

0.6K

Euphotic zone depth (EZD)
Def.: The sea depth where
photosynthetic available
radiation ( PAR) is 1% of its
surface value.
Unit: mReleaseN/A

Overall RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived SST with those derived from other satellite
sensors and also comparing with those from buoymeasurements (daytime only) obtained through GTS
and internet.
Overall RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived SST with those derived from other satellite
sensors and also comparing with those from buoymeasurements obtained through GTS and internet.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

30% (inferred fromextinction coefficient)

Inherent optical properties

ReleaseN/A

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived EZD
with those derived from simultaneous measurements
of in-water downward irradiance (in-situ EZD isdetermined from the slope of measured irradiance).
N/A

Goal

Atmospheric correction
param.(ACP)
Def.: Aerosol optical properties
for the atmosphericcorrection over ocean.
Unit: none

Photosynthetically Available
Radiation (PAR)Def.: Photon flux density within
the visible wavelength range(400 to 700 nm) over ocean
which is potencially available
to plant for photosynthesis.
Unit: Ein/m2/day or mol
photons/m2/day
Chlorophyll-a concentration(CHLA)
Def.: Concentration of thegreen pigment inphytoplankton in sea surface
layer.
Unit: mg/m3

Ocean

Total Suspended Matter
concentration (TSM)
Def.: Dry weight of suspended
matter in a unit volume of
surface water which is thesum of organics such as
phytoplankton and inorganics
such as soil.
Unit: g/m3
Colored dissolved organic
matter (CDOM)
Def.: Light absoption coefficientof organics dissolved insurface water.
Unit: 1/m
Sea surface temperature (SST)
Def.: Temperature of sea
surface.
Unit: C25

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived NWLR
with in-situ optical measurements conducted during
simultaneous ship observations campaign.

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
aerosol optical thickness with those from in-situ
measurements using radiometers during
simultaneous ship observations campaign and also
comparing with other satellite sensors.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
aerosol optical thickness with those from in-situ
measurements using radiometers during
simultaneous ship observations campaign.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
monthly averaged PAR with those derived frommooring buoy such as NDBC, TAO/TRITON etc. as solar
radiation or PAR.

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived CHLA
with those derived from sea water samples byfluorescence method or HPLC analysis and also withother satellite products.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived CHLA
with those derived from sea water samples byfluorescence method or HPLC analysis.

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived SSwith those derived from sea water samples byfiltration method and also with other satellite
products.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived SSwith those derived from sea water samples byfiltration method.

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived CDOM
with those derived from sea water samples by opticalmeasurements and also with other satellite products.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived CDOM
with those derived from sea water samples by opticalmeasurements.

(IOP)
Def.: Optical properties of sea
water such as spectral
absorption, scattering, andbackscattering coefﬁcientsfor characterizing the marine
optical environment andremote-sensing applications.
Unit: 1/m
Ocean net primary productivity(ONPP)
Def.: Net primary productivity
which is gross photosynthetic
carbon fixation minus the
carbon respired to support
maintenance requirementsof the whole plant.
Unit: mgC/m2/day
Phytoplankton functional type
(PHFT)
Def.: Conceptual groupings ofphytoplankton species, whichhave a ecological
functionality in common suchas nitrogen fixation,
calciﬁcation, siliciﬁcation,
DMS production and so on.
Unit: none

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

Absorption coefficient@440nm: RMSE<0.25
and backscattering
coefficient ofphytoplankton@550nm: RMSE<0.25

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived IOP
with those derived from simultaneous opticalmeasurements.

Release

N/A

N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

70% (monthly ave.)

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
monthly averaged ONPP with those derived fromsimultaneous in-situ measurements.

Release

N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

Classification error of
dominant/non-dominant spesies of large/small
phytoplankton: 20%, orclassification error of
dominant functional
type in a phytoplankton
group: 40%
N/A

Classification error is evaluated comparing with SGLI
derived PHFT with the dominant type ofphytoplankton group (such as Bacillariophyceae,
Chlorophyceae, and Haptophyta etc.) determinedfrom the plant pigment analysis of sea water samples
using HPLC.

N/A

N/A

20％ (as classification
error)Classification error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived RTD with the occurrence of red tide events
determined by eye during simultaneous shipobservations campaign.
N/A
N/A

Stan- dard
Goal

ReleaseRedtide (RTD)
Def.: Detection of a red tide Stan- dard
phenomenon known as an
Goalalgal bloom.
Unit: none

Cryosphere

Multi sensor merged ocean
color parameters (MOC)
Def.: Multi-sensor merged
chrollophyl-a concentration
product with higher temporal
resolution than that of SGLI
original product.
Unit: mg/m3
Multi sensor merged sea
surface temperature (MSST)
Def.: Multi-sensor merged
seasurface temperature
product with higher temporal
resolution than that of SGLI
original products.
Unit: C
Snow and Ice covered area
(SICA)
Def.: The extent of global snow
and ice cover.
Unit: none

ReleaseStan- dardGoal-35~+50% (Open sea),-50~+100% (Coastal)Same as the SGLI original product (CHLA).

ReleaseStan- dard

N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

Goal

0.8K

Same as the SGLI original product (SST).

Release10% (comparison with
Overall classification error is evaluated comparing
other satellite products) SGLI derived SICA with other satellites’ same products
and climatology of related geophysical parameters
derived from the past observations.
7%
Overall classification error is evaluated comparing
SGLI derived SICA with those derived from moderate
and high spatial resolution satellite sensors and also5%
with snow and ice information obtained at groundstations etc.
10% (comparison with
Overall classification error is evaluated comparing
other satellite products) SGLI derived OKID with other satellites’ same products
and climatology of related geophysical parameters
derived from the past observations.
5%
Overall classification error is evaluated comparing
SGLI derived OKID with those derived from moderate

Stan- dard
Goal

Okhotsk sea-ice distribution(OKID)
Def.: The extent of sea ice inOkhotsk Sea.
Unit: none

N/A
N/A

N/A

ReleaseStan- dard

26

Goal

3%

ReleaseStan- dard

5K (comparison withother satellite products
and meteorologicalmeasurements)
2K

Goal

1K

Snow grain size of shallow layer(SNGSL)
Def.: Grain size of snow ice
particle in shallow layer
derived mainly from SGLI
865nm band reflectance.
Unit: m

ReleaseStan- dard

100%(evaluated withclimatology oftemperature-snow
grain size relationship)
50%

Goal

30%

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI SNGSL withthose from in-situ radiometer measurements andsnow pit works.

Snow and ice classification (SIC)
Def.: Classification of snow andice cover types derived using
spectral reflectance andtemperature.
Unit: none

Release

N/A

N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

10%

Snow area in forest andmountain (SCAFM)
Def.: The extent of snow coverin forest and mountaneous
region.
Unit: none

ReleaseN/AClassification error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived SIC with those derived from other moderate
and high spatial resolution satellite sensors and alsowith snow and ice information obtained at groundstation etc.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

30%

Snow grain size of subsurface
layer (SNGSS)
Def.: Grain size of snow ice
particle in sub-surface layer
derived mainly from SGLI
1050nm band reflectance.
Unit: m
Snow grain size of top layer(SNGST)
Def.: Grain size of snow ice
particle in top-surface layer
derived mainly from SGLI
1640nm band reflectance.
Unit: m
Snow and ice albedo (SIALB)
Def.: Spectrally integrated
albedo of snow surface.
Unit: none

ReleaseN/AClassification error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived SCAFM with those derived from othermoderate and high spatial resolution satellite sensors
and also with snow information obtained at groundstation etc.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

50%

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI SNGSS withthose from in-situ radiometer measurements andsnow pit works.

Release

N/A

N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

50%

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI SNGST withthose from in-situ radiometer measurements andsnow pit works.

Release

N/A

N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

7%

Snow impurity (SNIP)
Def.: Mass fraction of snow
impurity mixed in snow layer
which is optically equivalent
to soot.
Unit: ppmw
Ice sheet surface roughness(ISRGH)
Def.: Surface roughness of ice
sheets defined as the ratio ofheight to width of aroughness pattern.
Unit: none

ReleaseN/A

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI SIALB withthose from in-situ radiometer measurements andsnow pit works.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

N/A

Goal

50%

ReleaseN/A

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI SNIP withthose from in-situ radiometer measurements andsnow pit works.
N/A

Stan- dard

N/A

Snow and ice surface
Temperature (SIST)
Def.: Temperature of snow andice surface.
Unit: Kelvin

Goal

0.05

and high spatial resolution satellite sensors and alsowith ice information obtained at ship etc.
Overall RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI
derived SIST with those from other satellite sensors,
air temperatures from GTS and ice buoys, andclimatology derived from the past observations.
RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI SIST withthose from in-situ radiometer measurements andsnow pit works, air temperatures from GTS and ice
buoys.
Overall error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived
SNGSL with other satellites’ products and climatology
derived from the past observations.

N/A
*15

RMS error is evaluated comparing SGLI derived ISRGH
with those derived from other moderate and highspatial resolution satellite sensors and with numericalsimulation results.

27

Cryosphere

Ice sheet boundary monitoring Release(ISBM)
Stan- dard
Def.: Boundary line between ice
Goalsheets and sea surface.
Unit: none

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

500m 以下

Overall bias of ice sheet boundary line is evaluatedcomparing SGLI derived ISBM with those derived fromother moderate and high spatial resolution satellite
sensors.
*Notes in this table are the same as those shown in Table 7 of the APPENDIX C.

EarthCARE PI

General users

Registered users

EORC researchers

Disclosure level(A-D) to be set bydata provider

GCOM PI

Table 5 Definition of the disclosure level (DL)(A)
EORC Internal use
only

OK

×

×

×

×

(B1)
GCOM related PIs
only

OK

OK

×

×

×

(B2)
GCOM &
EarthCARE PIs
only

(C)
Registered users

OK

OK

(D)
Open to the public OK(no limitation)

Usage1) Cal & Val of SGLI products and/or applications for Earth sciences (such as
scatter plots, statistics from which raw data cannot be reproduced) are
possible to be published. It is necessary to describe the use of JAXA’s
database and the organization of data acquisition in theacknowledgement *1
2) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.
1) Cal & Val of GCOM products and/or applications for Earth sciences are
possible to be published. It is necessary to agree with data provider about
how to acknowledge the favor (e.g., including data provider as a co-author
or in the acknowledgement) and to describe the use of JAXA’s database
and the organization of data acquisition in the acknowledgement*1.
2) Data use beyond the objectives of the GCOM mission is prohibited.
3) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.

×1) Cal & Val of EarthCARE products and/or applications for Earth sciences are
possible to be published. It is necessary to agree with data provider about
how to acknowledge the favor (e.g., including data provider as a co-author
or in the acknowledgement) and to describe the use of JAXA’s database
and the organization of data acquisition in the acknowledgement *1.
2) Data use beyond the objectives of the EarthCARE & GCOM mission isprohibited.
3) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.

OK OK OK×

1) User registration is required.
2) Applications for Earth sciences are possible to be published. It is necessary
to submit an application form to JAXA prior to the publication. Also, it isnecessary to to describe the use of JAXA’s database and the organizationof data acquisition in the acknowledgement*1.
3) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.

OK OK OK

1) It is necessary to describe the use of JAXA’s database when using the dataand publishing results. It is also necessary to report the results ofOKpublication to JAXA*1.
2) Redistribution of the raw data is prohibited.

OK OK

×

*1 follow the JAXA’s policy on data use

28

3. Instructions for responding to this RA
3.1. Qualifications
If the proposal is for peaceful purposes and has non-commercial objectives, researchers
from all categories of domestic and foreign organizations, including educational institutions,
government offices, public companies, private enterprises, and other groups can apply forthis RA (except for students).
3.2. Research agreement conclusion
After the proposals are selected, a research agreement should be made between JAXA
and the organization to which the PI belongs, using associated terms and conditions tobe prepared by JAXA. In principle, the associated terms and conditions of research
agreements attached in APPENDIX D will be used.
All applicants should read Chapter 5 carefully, which describes detailed informationon contract matters and the associated terms and conditions of the research agreement in
APPENDIX D.
3.3. Research period
The research period for this RA is three years, beginning in JFY 2016. The contractual
period for funded contracts is one year. Contract renewal for the following years will bedependent on performance evaluation described in the interim report released at the end ofeach JFY, which decides whether the research will continue.
The contractual period for non-funded contracts is three years. However, JAXA reserves
the right to cancel contracts in the event of research cancellation, which is determined on thebasis of the interim report released at the end of each JFY.
3.4. Resources(1) Funding
JAXA will reserve funds to support selected proposals. The basic policy for funding is asfollows:A) Based on the purpose of this RA, funding will be mainly available for GCOM-C
algorithm development and validation, within JAXA’s budget limitation. Proposals
submitted to other areas may be funded if they provide a substantial contribution to
the GCOM mission.
B) JAXA funding is basically restricted to domestic PIs, although some exceptions
may be made for research that is necessary to the success of the GCOM mission.
C) JAXA funding is restricted to the direct cost of research (“Direct Cost”) anddoes not bear any overhead costs, indirect costs, general costs, or whatsoever(“Overhead Cost”) of the organization to which an applicant belongs, provided
however that, if this is not acceptable to the research organization due to its
regulation, it may not be applied when an applicant fills in the prescribed
remarks column of the Resource Requirement (Appendix B) as such andpresents an evidential document, such as a copy of the regulation, for29

justification. In addition, JAXA does not approve the research organization toprovide JAXA funding for other PI (“Other PI”) selected through JAXA’s RA,
with exception that such Other PI acts as a CI under a research project of theresearch organization.

D) If funding is not available for an applicant, the applicant may be selected as a
non-funded PI upon consultation with JAXA.
(2) Earth observation satellite data by JAXA
Earth observation satellite data necessary for conducting research and owned by JAXA
will be provided free of charge within the limitations of the distribution capability of
JAXA. Available data are listed in APPENDIX B. Those who receive Earth observation
satellite data shall comply with the terms and conditions described in the chapter titled“Providing of Earth Observation Satellite Data by JAXA” in the research agreement.
3.5. Obligations
PIs have different obligations depending on their funding status.
(1) Funded PIs shall submit to JAXA a yearly report on the results at the end of each
JFY and a final report at the end of the entire research period. Furthermore, funded
PIs are required to participate in the workshop organized by JAXA once a year andpresent a status report. PIs must cover necessary travel expenses to participate in theworkshop within the funds provided by this RA.
(2) Non-funded PIs shall also submit a yearly report and a final report. However, suchreports can be substituted with papers published during the term. Participation in theworkshop is highly recommended. Support of travel expenses will be decided by
JAXA on a case-by-case basis depending on the research content, results, and its
progress.
3.6. Selection
Selection of proposals will be based on a peer-review process and discussions inscience/project evaluation boards. JAXA selection officials make the final decisions. The
principal elements considered in evaluating a proposal are its relevance to the objectives,
intrinsic merit, and cost. Evaluation of its intrinsic merit includes consideration of thefollowing equally important factors:(1) Overall scientific and technical merit of the proposal or unique and innovative methods,
approaches, or concepts demonstrated by the proposal(2) Proposer’s capabilities, related experience, facilities, techniques, or unique combinationsof these that are integral factors for achieving the proposal objectives(3) Qualifications, capabilities, and experience of the proposed PI and CI(4) Overall standing among similar proposals and/or evaluation against the state-of-the-art

30

3.7. Late proposals
Proposals or modifications received after the date specified in this RA may be considered if
the selecting official deems them to offer JAXA a significant scientific and/or technicaladvantage or cost reduction.
3.8. Withdrawal of proposal
Proposals may be withdrawn by the applicant at any time. To withdraw a proposal, theapplicant should notify JAXA immediately.
3.9. Cancellation and postponement
JAXA reserves the right to cancel or postpone this RA for reasons of JAXA’s own. In
addition, JAXA assumes no liability for canceling this RA or for postponing this RA
schedule.
3.10. Important dates
August 31, 2015

Fourth Research Announcement Issued

November 1, 2015

Proposal Due Date

January

Notification of Selection Results (TBD)

2016

3.11. Proposal submission and contact point
Proposals with complete sets of attachments, such as reprints of papers, should be
converted to PDF (Portable Document Format) and sent via E-mail to the GCOM RA
Office. The maximum file size acceptable by E-mail is 10 MB.
GCOM RA Office E-mail address: GCOM_RA@ml.jaxa.jp
In case of difficulty sending via E-mail, five copies each of the proposal and the complete
set of attachments should be sent via postal mail to:
GCOM RA Office
Earth Observation Research Center (EORC)
Tsukuba Space Center
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
The point of contact is:31

GCOM RA Office
Earth Observation Research CenterTel:+81-50-3362-6529
Fax:+81-29-868-2961
E-mail address: GCOM_RA@ml.jaxa.jp

32

4.

Instructions for proposal contents

4.1. General(1) Proposals received in response to this RA will be used only for evaluation purposes.
(2) The following types of proposals are not acceptable:A) Proposals that include restrictions from other institutions or have the potential
to infringe on third-party rights
B) Proposals that are restricted when distributed or published(3) Proposals will not be returned to applicants.
4.2. Format(1) It is highly recommended that applicants send their proposals and complete sets of
all attachments, such as reprints of papers, in PDF via E-mail.
(2) Forms for the cover sheet, work plan, effort allocation, and resource requirements
can be found in APPENDIX A and APPENDIX B. Only the following formatting is
mandatory in other parts of the proposal:
A) The page or paper size should be A4 or letter size.
B) The page number must appear at bottom center of each page, and the name of
the applicant must appear in the upper right corner.
C) Proposals should be word-processed documents in either English or Japanese,with a font size no smaller than 12 points.
(3) Proposals should be brief and to the point, concentrating on substantive material.
The main body of the proposal should not exceed 20 pages. Necessary detailed
information, such as reprints, should be included as attachments. A complete set of
attachments must accompany each copy of a proposal when submitting via postal
mail.
4.3. Proposal contents(1) Cover sheet
A) Research title
State your research title precisely and clearly. The title should be brief,reflecting an especially valid project intelligible to a science-literate reader andsuitable for use in the public process.
B) Research category
Choose a relevant category to which the proposal belongs.
C) Information of applicants- Identifying information of the PI
State the name, job title, organization, address, E-mail address, and telephone
and facsimile numbers of the PI.
- Identifying information of the Co-investigator
State the name, organization, telephone number, and E-mail address of each
Co-investigator (CI). JAXA doesn't use provided personal information except
for purposes relating to this research announcement.
One research team should consist of only one PI, or one PI and several CIs.
D) Budget
Provide a budget broken down by year and the total amount in Japanese yen.
33E) Endorsement
Provide a signature of a responsible official or authorized representative of the
proposing organization.

(2) Abstract
Include a concise, one-page abstract describing the objective, significance, methodof approach, and anticipated results.
(3) Description of proposal
This is the main body of the proposal and should not exceed 20 pages. This main
body shall be a detailed statement of the work to be undertaken, including its
objectives and significance, relation to the present state of knowledge, and relation
to previous work done on the project and to related work in progress elsewhere. The
statement should outline the plan of work, including the broad design ofexperiments to be undertaken and a description of experiment methods andprocedures. The project description should address the evaluation factors in these
instructions and any specific factors in the RA. Any substantial collaboration withindividuals not referred to in the budget or use of consultants should be described.
Subcontracting significant portions of a research project is discouraged.
(4) Work plan (Research schedule)
The research schedule should be outlined in the form indicated in APPENDIX A.
(5) Effort allocation
Provide effort allocation for currently proposed and/or ongoing research funding
including those of other JAXA satellite projects. Include the name of researchfunding, period, research title, role, budget, and difference from the present proposal
in the form in APPENDIX A. The effort allocation should be provided with apercentage of time allocation (%) necessary for implementing each research activity(assuming the entire yearly working time as 100%) for the research period of thisRA.
(6) Management approach
For large or complex efforts involving interactions among numerous individuals orother organizations, plans for distribution of responsibilities and arrangements for
ensuring a coordinated effort should be described.
(7) PersonnelA) Biographical information, experience, papers in related fields
A short biographical sketch, a list of publications, experiences related to this RA,
and professional qualifications of the PI should be included. Also provide
similar biographical information on each CI.
B) Role of CI
The PI is responsible for supervising the work and the CIs in the research. Stateeach CI’s role in the proposed research.
(8) Resource requirements
34

Resource requirements should be described in the form indicated in APPENDIX B.
Information regarding required resources will be considered during the selection
process. After deciding the total amount of funding for each PI, JAXA will senddetailed forms for resource requirements to selected PIs for the final adjustment offunding. Before the beginning of each subsequent year, JAXA will send the sameforms for resource requirements again. Instructions for the budget summary anddata request are also included in APPENDIX B.

35

5.

Description of research agreement

5.1. Contractual procedure(1) After selecting the proposal and the PI, JAXA will send the PI guidelines and an
application form for making an agreement. Please note that JAXA will make anagreement with the organization to which the PI belongs (“the Organization”), not to
the PI or CI.
(2) A research agreement will be made using associated terms and conditions, such as
those in APPENDIX D. The Organization should submit the application form with
the necessary documents according to the guidelines by the submission due date.
Submission of the application form will be regarded as definite intention of making
an agreement with JAXA in accordance with the terms and conditions as stipulated
in APPENDIX D, and the agreement will be effective upon issuance of theconfirmation sheet by JAXA.
(3) If JAXA determines that extension of a research project is qualified by the interim
report at the end of the JFY, the research agreement will be extended for 1 year, andup to March 31, 2019. Funded organizations should submit the continuing
agreement application form to JAXA at the beginning of every JFY.
(4) Organizations shall comply with the terms and conditions defined in the research
agreement.
(5) A special agreement will be contracted separately for cases in which certain articles
cannot be applied to foreign organizations and institutions owing to restrictions of
the respective countries.
5.2. Research agreement summary
There are two types of research agreements based on the applicable category of
research: a Commissioned Research Agreement and a Collaborative Research
Agreement. There are also two types of Collaborative Research Agreement: funded by
JAXA and not funded.
(1) Commissioned Research Agreement (Funded)- In principle, the Commissioned Research Agreement will be applied to research in the“GCOM-C algorithm development (standard algorithm)” category. The Organization
shall conduct the research according to the Statement of Work provided by JAXA.
- JAXA will provide the necessary funds and Earth observation satellite data to theOrganization to conduct the research as described in the Statement of Work.
- JAXA will own the research results required to be delivered by the Statement of Work
(Deliverable Research Results).
- JAXA will retain royalty-free rights to use research results other than the Deliverable
Research Results only for its own research and development purposes.
-

In the event JAXA provides prior written consent, the Organization may use theDeliverable Research Results for its own research and development purposes.

- If the Agreement is terminated, the Organization will refund to JAXA any unexpended36research funds that have already been paid by JAXA.
- JAXA will adjust the amount of the research funds based on a fiscal financial statement at
the end of a year-on-year contract.
(2) Collaborative Research Agreement (Funded/Non-funded)- In principle, the Collaborative Research Agreement will be applied to research in a
category “other than” GCOM-C algorithm development (standard algorithm).
- JAXA will provide the necessary funds (for funded cases) and Earth observation satellite
data to the Organization to conduct the research.
- In principle, the research results will be jointly owned by the parties.
- JAXA will retain the right to use all results including results belonging to theOrganization (if any), and the Organization will retain the right to use jointly-owned
research results only for its own research and development purposes, without priorconsent by the other party.
The difference between a funded agreement and non-funded agreement:-

Collaborative Research Agreement (Funded)
JAXA provides part of the research funds and the Earth observation satellite data.
JAXA adjusts the amount of the research funds based on a fiscal financial
statement at the end of a year-on-year contract. The Organization shall submit aninterim report and a final report to JAXA, and shall participate in the workshops toreport research progress. If this agreement is canceled, the Organization shallrefund to JAXA any unexpended funds that have already been paid by JAXA.

Collaborative Research Agreement (Non-funded)
JAXA provides the Earth observation satellite data. The Organization shallsubmit an interim report and a final report to JAXA. However, such reports
can be substituted with papers published during the research term.
Participation in the workshops is highly recommended.

(3) Publication of results
A PI who wishes to release his or her research results derived from these research
activities to a third party shall-

Provide JAXA with a copy of the publication before release and obtain JAXA’sconsent,
State in the publication that the results are obtained in this RA research, andGrant JAXA an irrevocable and royalty-free right to use the provided publications,
unless an academic society responsible for its publication requires the PI to transfer
the copyright to it.

37

APPENDIX APROPOSAL COVER SHEET AND SCHEDULE

A-1

Proposal Cover Sheet
JAXA GCOM Research Announcement
Proposal No.

(Leave Blank for JAXA Use)

Title
Research category (check one)
GCOM-C:
Algorithm (Standard)
Algorithm (Research)Multi-Sensor:
Algorithm
Application

Validation

Application

Principal Investigator
Name

Job Title

Department
Institution
Address
Country
E-mailTelephone
Facsimile

Co - Investigator
Name

Institution

Telephone

E-mailBudget (yen in thousands) (Direct Cost only)
JFY2016

JFY2017

JFY2018

TOTAL(Leave Blank for JAXA Use)

Authorizing Official:(Name and Title)

A-2(Institution)

Research Schedule
JFY
Month

2016
4-6

7-9

10-12

2017
1-3

4-6

Milestone

Activities

A-3

7-9

10-12

2018
1-3

4-6

7-9

10-12

1-3

Application for Research Funding, the Current State of Funding and Effort(1) Research Funding Applied for
Funding
Systeme.g., JAXA,JSPS etc.

Research Title(PI name)Rolee.g.,PI
or CI

Budget(throughout
the period)(thousandsof yen)Effort(%)(About this research)

GCOM 6th RA(JFY2016-18)(2) Research Funding to Be Provided(3) Other activities
Total

100
(%)

(Total of the effort in (1), (2) and (3) above)A-4

Differences in Research andReasons for Additional
Application for This Research

APPENDIX BRESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

B-1

BUDGET SUMMARY
Direct Cost only
1. Personnel Expenses
2016(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

2016

2017

2. Purchases
2.1 Computers / Peripheral Equipment
ITEM

2.2 Software
ITEM

2.3 Expendable Materials and Supplies
ITEM

3. Subcontracts
ITEM

B-2

(unit: yen in thousands)
2018
Total

4. Travel Expenses
Departure Point – Destination(number of travelers)(unit: yen in thousand)

5. Observation Equipment
ITEM

2016

2017

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

6. Satellite Data
Name of
Satellite /Sensors

Distributor

Distributor

Total(unit: yen in thousands)
Cost

Purpose

2016

2017

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
Cost
2017
2018
Total

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

7. Other Data
Name of
Data Sets

2018

Purpose8. Others
ITEM

2018

Total

TOTAL (unit: yen in thousands)* Remarks “Overhead Cost” (q.v. 3.4(1)C) of this RA )Please check either of the following boxes:□ Unnecessary□ Deductible with special procedures (e.g. submission of certain application form from JAXA)
B-3

□ Indispensable (Reason(s): )B-4

BUDGET SUMMARY (EXAMPLE)
1. Personnel Expenses

Part-time job for DSD data analysis

2016
320
(40x8)(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total
160
800
1280
(20x8)(100x8)2016(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

2016
50
100
15
2
50

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total
50
50
150
120
120
340
10
10
35
1
1
4
50

2016
1,500

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total
600
600
2,700

2. Purchases
2.1 Computers / Peripheral Equipment
ITEM

2.2 Software
ITEM

2.3 Expendable Materials and Supplies
ITEM
8mm tape (112m)
CD-R
MO (640MB)
A4 Paper (package of 500 sheets)
CD-RW Drive
3. Subcontracts
ITEM
Software development for DSD data
analysisB-5

4. Travel Expenses
Departure Point – Destination(number of travelers)Tokyo – Washington, D.C. (1 person)
Tokyo – Paris (1 person)
Tokyo – Paris (1 person)
Tokyo – Osaka (1 person)(unit: yen in thousand)
2016

2017

600
650

5. Observation Equipment
ITEM

2016

Micro Rain Radar

1,500

650
650

Distributor

Distributor

600
1,300
1,300
35

1,500

(unit: yen in thousands)
Cost

Purpose

2016

2017

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
Cost
2017
2018
Total

2016

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

7. Other Data
Name of
Data Sets

650
35

Total

(unit: yen in thousands)
2017
2018
Total

6. Satellite Data
Name of
Satellite /Sensors

2018

Purpose8. Others
ITEM

TOTAL (unit: yen in thousands) 4,787

B-6

2,241

2018

2,266

Total

9,294

JAXA DATA REQUIREMENTS
1. JAXA-Archived Satellite Datasets(JERS-1, ADEOS, TRMM, GPM, Aqua, ADEOS-II, GOSAT, GCOM-W, GCOM-C, ALOS,
ALOS-2)Name of Satellite / Sensor

Quantity(scenes)B-6

PurposeB.1 Instructions for budget summary
Provide a budget summary by cost element (Personnel Expenses, Computers/Peripheral
equipment, Software, Expendable Materials and Supplies, Subcontracts, Travel Expenses,
Observation Equipment, Satellite Data, Other Data, and Others), sorted by Japanese fiscal year
as in the example attached to this form. An annual summary budget should also appear on thelast line.
(1) Personnel expenses
Enter expenses for part-time workers here as the total cost calculated by multiplying the unit
cost per day by the number of days. For part-time workers, use your own cost estimates.
(2) Computers/peripheral equipment/softwareEnter the lease and rental cost of computers and/or peripheral equipment. Note that JAXA
has the right to change specifications of all equipment. Also enter the cost of software here.
(3) Expendable materials and supplies
Enter the quantity of each item, following the example.
(4) Subcontracts
Provide the cost of subcontracts to outside companies or organizations here.
(5) Travel expenses
Describe the proposed domestic and/or international travel including information ondestination and number of days/number of times (or travelers).
(6) Observation equipment
Enter costs of observation equipment including installation cost.
(7) Satellite data
Investigators requesting satellite data other than JAXA-owned or archived data (listed in thenext section) should provide cost information here.
(8) Other data
Enter costs for data other than satellite data.
(9) Others
Enter costs for publication and others here.
B.2 Instructions for data requirements
JAXA-owned satellite data includes TRMM data and other satellite data listed below. JAXA
will provide requested data judged necessary for the proposed research, subject to availability ofdata processing.
-Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) (global)
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS)
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) aboard EOS-Aqua
Satellite
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II)
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT)
Global Change Observation Mission - Water (GCOM-W)
Global Change Observation Mission - Climate (GCOM-C)
Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) (50 scenes per year from JAXA archives)
Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) (50 scenes per year from JAXA
archives)

Data availability can be checked on JAXA’s Earth Observation Satellite Data Distribution
Service (linked from EORC website, http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/about/distribution/index.html).
B-7

C-1

APPENDIX COVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATIONMISSION (GCOM)

C-1

1.

Introduction

Comprehensive observation, understanding, assessment, and prediction of global climate change arecommon and important issues for all mankind. This is also identified as one of the importantsocio-economic benefits by the 10-year implementation plan for Earth Observation that was adopted by
the Third Earth Observation Summit to achieve the Global Earth Observation System of Systems(GEOSS). International efforts to comprehensively monitor the Earth by integrating various satellites,
in-situ measurements, and models are gaining importance. As a contribution to this activity, the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) plans to develop the Global Change Observation Mission(GCOM). GCOM will take over the mission of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II)and develop into long-term monitoring of the Earth.
As mentioned in the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), warming of the climate system is unequivocal as is now evident from observations of increases in
global average air and ocean temperatures and widespread melting of snow and ice. However, climatechange signals are generally small and modulated by natural variability, and are not necessarily uniform
over the Earth. Therefore, the observing system of the climate variability should be stable, and should
cover a long term over the entire Earth.
To satisfy these needs, GCOM consists of two medium-size, polar-orbiting satellite series and multiple
generations (e.g., three generations) with one-year overlaps between consecutive generations forinter-calibration. The two satellite series are GCOM-W (Water) and GCOM-C (Climate). Two
instruments were selected to cover a wide range of geophysical parameters: the Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) on GCOM-W and the Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) on
GCOM-C. The AMSR2 instrument will perform observations related to the global water and energy cycle,
while the SGLI will conduct surface and atmospheric measurements related to the carbon cycle andradiation budget. This chapter presents an overview of the mission objectives, observing systems, and data
products of GCOM.
2.

Mission Objectives

The major objectives of GCOM can be summarized as follows.
- Establish and demonstrate a global, long-term Earth-observing system for understanding climate
variability and the water-energy cycle.
- Enhance the capability of climate prediction and provide information to policy makers throughprocess studies and model improvements in concert with climate model research institutions.
- Construct a comprehensive data system integrating GCOM products, other satellite data, and in-situ
measurements.
- Contribute to operational users including weather forecasting, fishery, and maritime agencies by
providing near-real-time data.
- Investigate and develop advanced products valuable for understanding of climate change and water
cycle studies.
Detailed explanations of the objectives are as follows.
(1) Understanding global environment changes
A) Establish and demonstrate a global, long-term Earth-observing system that is able toobserve valuable geophysical parameters for understanding global climate variability andC-2

water cycle mechanisms.
B) Contribute to improving climate prediction models by providing accurate values of model
parameters.
C) Clarify sinks and sources of greenhouse gases.
D) Contribute to validating and improving climate prediction models by forming acollaborative framework with climate model institutions and providing long-term
geophysical datasets to them.
E) Detect trends of global environment changes (e.g., global warming, vegetation changes,
desertification, variation of atmospheric constituents, wide area air pollution, and depletionof ozone layers) from long-term variability of geophysical parameters by extracting
short-term (three- to six-year) natural variability.
F) Advance process studies of Earth environmental changes using observation data.
G) Estimate radiative forcing, energy and carbon fluxes, and albedo by combining satellite
geophysical parameters, ground in-situ measurements, and models.
H) Advance the understanding of the Earth’s system through the activities above.
I) Contribute to an international environmental strategy utilizing the results above.
(2) Direct contribution to improving people’s lives
A) Improvement of weather forecast accuracy (particularly typhoon track prediction, localized
severe rain, etc.).
B) Improvement of forecast accuracy for unusual weather and climate.
C) Improvement of water-route and maritime information.
D) Provision of fishery information.
E) Efficient coastal monitoring.
F) Improved yield prediction of agricultural products.
G) Monitoring and forecasting air pollution including yellow dust.
H) Observation of volcanic smoke and prediction of the extent of the impact.
I) Detection of forest fires.
3.

Observing Systems

3.1. Overall concept
As mentioned in the previous section, the entire GCOM will consist of two satellite series spanning
three generations. However, a budget will be approved for each satellite. Currently, only the GCOM-W
satellite has been launched as the first satellite in the GCOM series. Both GCOM-W and GCOM-C
satellites will be medium-size platforms that are smaller than the ADEOS-II satellite. This is to reduce therisk associated with large platforms having valuable and multiple observing instruments. Also, since the
ADEOS-II problem was related to the solar paddle, a dual solar-paddle design was adopted for bothsatellites. To assure data continuity and consistent calibration, follow-on satellites will be launched so as
to overlap the preceding satellite by one year. The concept is summarized in Fig. 1.
May 18 2012

1-year
GCOM-W
GCOM-W2

LaunchGCOM-W3
GCOM-CGCOM-C2

LaunchGCOM-C3

Fig. 1. GCOM concept

C-3

3.2. GCOM-W and AMSR2 instrument
Figure 2 presents an overview of the GCOM-W satellite; its major characteristics are listed inTable 1. GCOM-W will carry AMSR2 as the sole onboard mission instrument. The satellite will
orbit at an altitude of about 700km and will have an ascending node local time of 13:30, to maintainconsistency with Aqua/AMSR-E observations.

Fig. 2. Overview of GCOM-W satellite

TABLE 1
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF GCOM-W SATELLITE
Instrument

Size

Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2)
Sun-synchronous orbit
Altitude: 700km (over the equator)
5.1m (X) * 17.5m (Y) * 3.4m (Z) (on-orbit)

Mass

1991kgPower

More than 3880W (EOL)

LaunchMay 18, 2012 by H-IIA Rocket

Design Life

5 years

StatusPhase-D

Orbit

Figure 1 presents an overview of the AMSR2 instrument in two different conditions. Also, basic
characteristics including center frequency, bandwidth, polarization, instantaneous field of view(FOV), and sampling interval are indicated in Table 2. The basic concept is almost identical to thatof AMSR-E: a conical scanning system with a large offset parabolic antenna, feed horn cluster torealize multi-frequency observation, external calibration with two temperature standards, andtotal-power radiometer systems. The 2.0m diameter antenna, which is larger than that of AMSR-E,
provides better spatial resolution at the same orbit altitude of around 700km. The antenna will be
developed based on the experience gained from the 2.0m diameter antenna for ADEOS-II AMSR
except the deployment mechanism. For the C-band receiver, we adopted additional 7.3GHz
channels for possible mitigation of radio-frequency interference. An incidence angle of 55 degrees(over the equator) was selected to maintain consistency with AMSR-E. The swath width of 1450km
and the selected satellite orbit will provide almost complete coverage of the entire Earth’s surface
C-4

within two days independently for ascending and descending observations.

Fig. 3. Sensor unit of AMSR2 instrument in deployed (left) and stowed (right) conditions.

TABLE 2
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF AMSR2 INSTRUMENT
Parameter

Performance and characteristics

Center Frequency (GHz)6.925/7.3

10.65

18.7

23.8

36.5

89.0

350

100

200

400

1000

3000

Bandwidth (MHz)Polarization

Vertical and Horizontal polarization

NET (K) 1< 0.34/0.43< 0.70< 0.70

Dynamic range (K)< 0.70< 1.20/1.40 2

2.7 to 340

Nominal incidence angle (deg.)x along-track

55.0/54.5 2

55.0

Beam width (deg.)
IFOV (km) Cross-track< 0.60

1.8

1.2

0.65

0.75

0.35

0.15

35x62

24x42

14x22

15x26

7x12

3x5

Approximate sampling interval (km)10

5Swath width (km)> 1450Digital quantization (bits)

12

Scan rate (rpm)40

3.3. GCOM-C and SGLI instrument
Figure 4 gives an overview of the GCOM-C satellite; its major characteristics are listed in Table 3.
GCOM-C will carry SGLI as the sole mission onboard instrument. The satellite will orbit at an altitude ofabout 800km; the descending node local time will be 10:30, to maintain a wide observation swath andreduce cloud interference over land.

C-5

Fig. 4. Overview of GCOM-C satellite
TABLE 3
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF GCOM-C SATELLITE
Instrument

Size

Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI)
Sun-synchronous orbit
Altitude: 798km (over the equator)
4.6m (X) * 16.3m (Y) * 2.8m (Z) (on orbit)

Mass

2093kgPower

More than 4000W (EOL)

Launch

JFY2016 by H-IIA Rocket

Design Life

5 years

StatusPhase-C

Orbit

The SGLI instrument has two major new features: 250m spatial resolution for most of the visible
channels and polarization/multidirectional observation capabilities. The 250m resolution will
provide enhanced observation capability over land and coastal areas where the influences of humanactivity are most obvious. The polarization and multidirectional observations will enable us toretrieve aerosol information over land. Precise observation of global aerosol distribution is a key for
improving climate prediction models.
SGLI consists of two major components: the Infrared Scanner (IRS) and the Visible and
Near-infrared Radiometer (VNR). An overview of the SGLI instrument is shown in Fig. 5 for theentire radiometer layout, IRS, and VNR components. Also, requirements for sensor performance arelisted in Tables 4 and 5. VNR can be further divided into two components: VNR-Non Polarized(VNR-NP) and VNR-Polarized (VNR-P). VNR-NP and VNR-P are the 11-channel multi-band
radiometer and the polarimeter with three polarization angles (0, 60, and 120 degrees). VNR-P has atilting function to meet the scatter angle requirement from aerosol observation. The IRS is an
infrared radiometer covering wavelengths from 1μm to 12μm. It consists of short infrared (SWI;
1.05 to 2.21μm) and thermal infrared (TIR 10.8 and 12.0μm) sensors. It employs a scanning mirror
system with a 45-degree tilted flat mirror rotating continuously to realize an 80-degree observation
swath and calibration measurement in every scan.
Through intensive discussions and optimizing studies, the number of SGLI channels wasdecreased from the 36 channels of GLI aboard ADEOS-II to 19 channels, while the number of
SGLI standard products will increase compared to those of GLI.
C-6

Fig. 5. Overview of SGLI radiometer layout (upper), IRS instrument (lower-left), and VNR radiometers(lower-right).
TABLE 4
SGLI MAJOR PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Item
Spectral Bands

Scan Angle
Swath width
Instantaneous field of view
(IFOV) at nadir
Observing direction
Quantization
Absolute Calibration Accuracy
Lifetime

Requirement
VNR-NP : 11CH 380-865nm
VNR-P: 2CH 673.5, 868.5nm / 0, 60, 120deg Polarization
IRS SWI : 4CH 1.05-2.21μm
IRS TIR : 2CH 10.8, 12.0μm
VNR-NP: 70deg (Push broom scanning)
VNR-P: 55deg (Push broom scanning)
IRS SWI/TIR : 80deg (45deg rotation mirror scanning)
1150km for VNR-NP/P
1400km for IRS SWI/TIR
VNR-NP: 250mVNR-P: 1000m
IRS SWI: 250m(SW3CH), 1000m(SW1,2,4CH)
IRS TIR: 500m (250m: option)±45 degrees in along track direction for VNR-P
Nadir for VNR-NP, IRS SWI, and IRS TIR
12bit
VNR : ≤3% IRS : ≤5% TIR : ≤0.5K
5 Years

C-7

TABLE 5
SGLI OBSERVATION REQUIREMENT DETAILSCH

VNR-NPVNR-PIRS SWIIRS TIR

4.

VN1
VN2
VN3
VN4
VN5
VN6
VN7
VN8
VN9
VN10
VN11
P1
P2
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
T1
T2

λ
Δλ
nm: VNR, IRS SWI
μm: IRS TIR
380
10
412
10
443
10
490
10
530
20
565
20
673.5
20
673.5
20
763
12
868.5
20
868.5
20
673.5
20
868.5
20
1050
20
1380
20
1630
200
2210
50
10.8
0.74
12.0
0.74

IFOV
m
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
1000
1000
1000
1000
250
1000
500/250500/250

SNR
SNR: VNR, IRS SWINEΔT(K): IRS TIR
250
400
300
400
250
400
400
250
1200 (@1kmIFOV)
400
200
250
250
500
150
57
211
0.2
0.2

L (for SNR)
W/m2/sr/μm
60
75
64
53
41
33
23
25
40
8
30
25
30
57
8
3
1.9
300 (K)300 (K)

Products

Geophysical products made available by GCOM-W and GCOM-C are listed in Tables 6 and 7.
There are two categories of data products: standard product and research product. A “standard”
product is defined as a product with proven accuracy that is to be operationally processed anddistributed. In contrast, a “research” product is a prototype for a standard product and is processedon a research basis. Both tables indicate standard products with shading.

C-8

TABLE 6
GEOPHYSICAL PRODUCTS OF GCOM-W

Product

Areas

Grid
(km)

Accuracy 1
Range

ReleasethresholdStandard

Goal

Integrated
water vapor

Global,over ocean

15±3.5 kg/m2±3.5 kg/m2±2.0 kg/m2

0-70 kg/m2

Vertically integrated (columnar) water vapor
amount. Except sea ice and precipitating areas.

Integrated
cloud liquid
water

Global,over ocean

15±0.10 kg/m2±0.05 kg/m2±0.02 kg/m2

0-1.0 kg/m2

Vertically integrated (columnar) cloud liquidwater. Except sea ice and precipitating areas.

Precipitation

Global, except
cold latitudes

15

Ocean ±50 % Ocean ±50% Ocean ±20%Land ±120 % Land ±120 % Land ±80 %0-20 mm/h

Surface precipitation rate. Accuracy is defined as
relative error (ratio of root-mean-square error toaverage precipitation rate) in 50km grid average.

Sea surface
temperature

Global,over ocean

50±0.5 °C±0.5 °C±0.2 °C-2-35 °C

Except sea ice and precipitating areas. Goal
accuracy is defined as monthly mean bias error in
10 degrees latitudes.

Sea surface
wind speed

Global,over ocean

15±1.5 m/s±1.0 m/s±1.0 m/s

0-30 m/s

Sea iceconcentration

Polar region,over ocean

15

±10 %

±10 %

±5 %

0-100 %Snow depth

Land

30

±20 cm±20 cm±10 cm0-100 cm

Except ice sheets and dense forest areas. Accuracy
is expressed in snow depth and defined as mean
absolute error of instantaneous observations.

0-40 %

Volumetric water content over global land areas
including arid and cold regions, except areas
covered by vegetation with 2kg/m2 waterequivalent. Accuracy is defined as mean absolute
error of instantaneous observations.

Soil moisture

Land

Except sea ice and precipitating areas.

50

±10 %

±10 %

±5 %

Accuracy is expressed in absolute value of sea ice
concentration (%).

1 Accuracy is defined as root-mean-square error of instantaneous values unless otherwise stated. Assumed validation methodologies
are not explained here.

C-9

TABLE 7
GEOPHYSICAL PRODUCTS OF GCOM-C (1/3)
Area Group

commonRadiance

Product

Category Developer

TOA radiance(including system geometric Standard
correction)

Precise geometric correction Standard
Surface
Atmospheric correctedreflectance reflectance (incl. cloudStandard
detection)<0.5pixel<0.25pixel

JAXA

DaytimeTile , Global (1, 8 days, month)250m

0.3 (<=443nm),
0.2 (>443nm) (scene) *7

0.1 (<=443nm),
0.05 (>443nm) (scene) *7

0.05 (<=443nm),
0.025 (>443nm) (scene)*7

DaytimeTile , Global (1, 8 days, month)Moriyama BothNasahara/
Daytime
Muramatsu

Tile , Global (1, 8 days, month)

500m

Grass: 25%, forest: 20% Grass: 20%, forest: 15%
Grass: 10%, forest: 10%(scene)(scene)(scene)Grass: 50%, forest: 50%
Grass: 30%, forest:20%
Grass: 20%, forest: 10%
Grass: 50%, forest: 50%
Grass: 30%, forest:30%
Grass: 20%, forest: 20%
Grass: 50%, forest: 100%
Grass: 30%, forest: 50%
Grass: 10%, forest: 20%
Grass and forest: 40% Grass and forest: 20% Grass and forest: 10%(scene)(scene)(scene)Grass and forest: 30% Grass and forest: 20% Grass and forest: 10%(scene)(scene)(scene)<3.0K (scene)<2.5K (scene)<1.5K (scene)

Global (month, year)

1km

N/A

N/A

Moriyama

Tile , Global (1, 8 days, month)

500m

N/A

N/A

Scene or Tile

500m

N/A

N/A

Global (month, season)

250m

N/A

N/A

30% (error judgment rate)

Tile , Global (1, 8 days, month)

1km

N/A

10%

Tile , Global（1, 8 day, month）

1km

Incl. below cloud amount

Incl. below cloud amountLand

Standard

Cloud

Atmosphere
Aerosol

DaytimeTile , Global (1, 8 days, month)

250m
1km

Kajiwara

1km
250m, 1km

N/A

Land surface albedo

Moriyama |Both*12
Nakau
Fukue |
Research
SoyamaDaytime/Takagi
Research JAXA/PI N/A

Cloud flag/Classification

Standard

Classified cloud fraction
Cloud top temp/height
Water cloud OT/effective
radiusIce cloud optical thickness
Water cloud geometrical
thickness

Standard
Standard

Land cover type

VNR,SWI: 3% (absolute),
0.5% (relative) *3
TIR: 0.5K (@300K)
Geometric<0.3 pixel<1pixelShadow index

Application Fire detection index

VNR,SWI Land/coast:
VNR,SWI: 5% (absolute),
250m,
offshore: 1km,
Radiometric 5% (absolute)*3 1% (relative) *3
polarimetory:1km
Geometric<1 pixel
TIR: 0.5K (@300K)
TIR Land/coast: 500m,
Geometric<0.5 pixel
offshore: 1km
250m

JAXA/PI
JAXA/PI

ResearchResearch

DaytimeNakajima Both
/Ishimoto/Riedi
Standard
DaytimeGlobal （1, 8 day, month）

Standard

DaytimeTile , Global（1, 8 day, month）

N/A
10% (with whole-sky
camera)20% (on solar irradiance)*91K*4
10%/30% (CloudOT/radius)*6
30%*6

Daytime

1km (Tile),
Tile , Global （1, 8 day, month）
0.1deg (global)

Research

Aerosol over the oceanStandard

Land aerosol by near UVStandard

Aerosol by Polarization

Standard

Target accuracy*2

Tile, Global (mosaic 1, 8 days,
month)

Standard
Standard
Standard

Water stress trend

Standard accuracy*2

Both

fAPAR
Vegetation Leaf area index
and carbon Above-ground biomass
cycle
Vegetation roughness index

Standard

Release threshold*2

JAXA

PI/JAXALand net primary production Research

Grid size

JAXA

Standard

Temperature Surface temperature

Production unit

TIR and land
2.2m: both,
Other VNR, SWI: Scene
daytime (+special
operation)

Vegetation index

Standard

Day/night

Both

Kuji
Inoue
Sano

Tile , Global （1, 8 day, month）
Tile , Global （1, 8 day, month）

DaytimeTile , Global （1, 8 day, month）

DaytimeTile , Global （1, 8 day, month）

DaytimeTile , Global （1, 8 day, month）

C-10

30% (yearly)
10% *13 (error judgmentrate)
20% *14 (error judgmentrate)

15% (on solar irradiance)*9 10% (on solar irradiance)*9
3K/2km (top temp/height)*5 1.5K/1km (temp/height)*5
100% as CLW*7

50%*7 / 20%*8

70%*8

20%*8

N/A

N/A

300m

0.1 (Monthly
a_670,865)*10
0.15 (Monthly a_380)*10
0.15 (Monthly
a_670,865)*10

0.1(scene a_670,865)*10

0.05 (scene a_670,865)

0.15 (scene a_380)*10

0. 1(scene a_380 )0.15 (scene a_670,865)*10 0.1 (scene a_670,865)

RadiationbudgetLong-wave radiation flux

Research

DaytimeTile , Global （1, 8 day, month）

N/A

N/A

Short-wave radiation flux

Research JAXA | Inoue Daytime

Tile , Global （1, 8 day, month）

N/A

N/A

TBD

C-11

Downward 10W/m2, upward
15W/m2 (monthly)
Downward 13W/m2, upward
10W/m2TABLE 7
GEOPHYSICAL PRODUCTS OF GCOM-C (2/3)
Area Group

Product
Category Developer Day/night
Normalized water-leaving
radiance (incl. cloudStandard
Toratani /detection)
DaytimeFrouinAtmospheric correction
Standard
Ocean color parameter
Photosynthetically available
JAXA/
Standard
Daytimeradiation
FrouinEuphotic zone depth

Research

HirataDaytime

Production unit

Grid size

60% (443~565nm)

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

80% (AOT@865nm)
Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)
Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

20% (10km/month)
Coast: 250m
Offshore: 1km
Global: 4-9km

Chlorophyll-a concentration Standard JAXA/PI

In-water

Total suspended matter
concentration
Colored dissolved organic
matter

Ocean

Inherent optical properties
Temperature Sea-surface temperature
Ocean net primary
productivity

Standard

Toratani Daytime

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

HirataResearch

HirataDaytime

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

Standard

JAXA

Both

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

Ishizaka |Research
Daytime
Hirawake

Research

Hirawake |Daytime| Hirata

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

Coast: 500m
Others: Same as above
Coast: 500m
Others: Same as above

Red tide

Research Ishizaka Daytime

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

Coast: 250m
Others: Same as above

Application

Research

DaytimeCryosphere

multi sensor merged SST
Research
Both
Snow and Ice covered area
Standard
Daytime(incl. cloud detection)
Stamnes /Okhotsk sea-ice distribution Standard JAXA Daytime
Area/
distribution Snow and ice classification Research
DaytimeSnow covered area in forests
Research JAXA Daytime
and mountains
Snow and ice surface
Standard
DaytimeTemperature
Snow grain size of shallow
Standard
Daytimelayer
Stamnes /Surface
Aoki
Snow grain size ofproperties
Research
Daytimesubsurface layer
Snow grain size of top layer Research
Snow and ice albedo

60 to +150% (offshore)60 to +150% (offshore)

Scene, Global (1, 8 days,
month)

Phytoplankton functional
type

multi sensor merged ocean
color

N/A

60 to +150% (offshore)Standard

JAXA,
Franz,Wang
TBD

Release threshold*2

DaytimeResearch Stamnes Daytime

Area, Global (1, 8 days, month)

Coast: 250m
Offshore: 1km

250m (Tile), 1km
Tile, Global (1, 8 days, month)(global)Area (1day)
250m
Global (8 days, month)
1km
Area (1, 8 days)

250m

Standard accuracy*2
Target accuracy*2
50% (<600nm)
30% (<600nm)
0.5W/m2/str/um (>600nm) 0.25W/m2/str/um (>600nm)
50% (AOT@865nm)
15% (10km/month)

30% (AOT@865nm)
10% (10km/month)

N/A

30%

60 to +150%

35 to +50% (offshore), 50
to +100% (coast)60 to +150%
60 to +150%

50 to +100%
50 to +100%

N/A

N/A

a (440): RMSE<0.25, bbp(550): RMSE<0.25

0.8K (daytime)

0.8K (day & night time)

0.6K (day and night time)

N/A

N/A

70% (monthly)

N/A

N/A

error judgment rate of large/
small phytoplankton
dominance<20%; or error
judgment rate of the dominantphytoplankton functionalgroup <40%

N/A

N/A

error judgment rate <20%

N/A

N/A

35 to +50% (offshore), 50
to +100% (coast)

N/A

N/A

0.8K (day & night time)

10%
10%
N/A
N/A

(vicarious val
other sat. data)with 7%

5%

5%
N/A

3%
10%

N/A

30%

500m (Tile), 1km
Tile, Global (1, 8 days, month)(global)250m (Tile), 1km
Tile, Global (1, 8 days, month)(global)

5K (vicarious val with other2K
sat. data and climatology)
100% (vicarious val. with50%
climatology between temp-size)

Tile, Global (1, 8 days, month) 1km

N/A

N/A

50%

N/A

N/A

50%

N/A

N/A

7%

250m (Tile), 1km
Tile, Global (1, 8 days, month)(global)Global (1, 8 days, month)
1km

C-12

1K
30%

TABLE 7
GEOPHYSICAL PRODUCTS OF GCOM-C (3/3)
Area Group

Cryosphere

Surfaceproperties
Boundary

Product

Category Developer Day/night
Stamnes /Snow impurity
Research
DaytimeAoki
Ice sheet surface roughness Research
Aoki
DaytimeIce sheet boundary
Research JAXA Daytime
monitoring

Production unit

Grid size
250m (Tile), 1km
Tile, Global (1, 8 days, month)(global)Area (Season)
1km
Area (Season)

250m

Release threshold*2Standard accuracy*2

Target accuracy*2

N/A

N/A

50%

N/A

N/A

0.05 *15

N/A

N/A

<500m

Common notes:*1. Heritage levels from ADEOS-II/GLI study are shown by A-C; A: high heritage, B: Remaining issues, C: new or many issues remaining to be resolved*2. The “release threshold” is minimum levels for the first data release at one year from launch. The "standard" and "research" accuracies correspond to full and extra success criteria of the mission. Accuracies
are basically shown by RMSE.
Radiance data notes:*3. Absolute error is defined as offset + noise; relative error is defined as relative errors among channels, FOV, and so on. Release threshold of radiance is defined as estimated errors from vicarious, onboard
solar diffuser, and onboard blackbody calibration because of lack of long-term moon samples
Atmosphere notes:*4. Vicarious val. on sea-surface temperature and comparison with objective analysis data
*5. Inter comparison with airplane remote sensing on water clouds of middle optical thickness*6. Release threshold is defined by vicarious val. with other satellite data (e.g., global monthly statistics in the mid-low latitudes)*7. Comparison with cloud liquid water by in-situ microwave radiometer*8. Comparison with optical thickness by sky-radiometer (the difference can be large due to time-space inconsistence and large error of the ground measurements)*9. Comparison with in-situ observation on monthly 0.1-degree*10. Estimated by experience of aerosol products by GLI and POLDER
Land data notes:*11. Defined with land reflectance~0.2, solar zenith<30deg, and flat surface. Release threshold is defined with AOT@500nm<0.25*12. Night time 250m product can be produced by special observation requests of 1.6m channel*13. Evaluate in semiarid regions (steppe climate, etc.)*14. Fires >1000K occupying >1/1000 on 1km pixel at night (using 2.2um of 1 km and thermal infrared channels)
Cryosphere notes:*15. Defined as height/width of the surface structures

C-13

TABLE 8 Reference data for the validation of GCOM-C/SGLI standard products
Category

Product [Unit]
Satellite‐
observed
radiance (Level‐
1B)
2[W/m /str/μm]

Accuracy
Targets

Val. Data Type
(Main/Auxiliary)

Algorithm
PIs

Validation
PIs

Release: 5％(Abs. *11)
Geometric:<1pixelIn-situ & various
cal.data(Main)

JAXA
(NEC)

JAXA

In-situ Data

Instruments

Observation Sites

Period, Frquency,
Obs. Cycles

Ground reflectance data,
MOBY data etc.
(cooperation with NOAA)
Onboard calibration data

Spectrometer

CEOS cal sites

Year-round

MODIS(MOD02,MYD02)
CAI(L1,L1B)
ASTER(L1B)

GlobalYear-round

Spectrometer

CEOS cal sites

Year-round

MODIS(MOD02,MYD02)
CAI(L1,L1B)
ASTER(L1B)

GlobalYear-round

GCP database derived from
AVNIR-2 etc.

MODIS（MCD43C4)CAIAVNIR-2(Defined in GCP
library)

GCP database derived from
AVNIR-2 etc.

MODIS（MCD43C4)

Other satellite data (TBD)

CommonLand

Precisegeometriccorrected
radiance[W/m2/str/μm]

Standard:
VIS-SWIR: 5％(Abs.*11), 1％(Relative)
TIR: 0.5K(@300K)
Geometric:<0.5pixel
Goal: VIS-SWIR :
3％ (Abs.*11),
0.5% (Relative)
TIR: 0.5K(@300K)
Geometric:<0.3pixel
Release: <1pixel

Standard:<0.5pixel
Goal: <0.25pixel

In-situ & various
cal.data(Main)

Ground reflectance data,
MOBY data etc.
(cooperation with NOAA)
Onboard calibration data
Other satellite data (TBD)

Other satellites(Main)

Other satellites(Main)JAXA(RESTEC,
Tokai U.)

JAXA

SGLI

SGLI

CAI

C-14

Year-roundLand
atmosphericcorrected
reflectance [―]Vegetation
index
[―]

Release :0.3 (<=443nm),
0.2 (>443nm)(scene)(*8)

In-situ(Main)JAXA(Sano)

Honda-Kajiwara

Spectral reflectance (incl.
BRDF) data measured from
UAV

FieldSpec, MS-720
Hyperspectral Camera

Yatsugatake

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Nasahara

Spectral data measured
from Tower
Spectral data measured
from UAV (combined withBiRS simulations foruniform surfaces)
L2 atmospheric crrectedreflectance product(MOD09, MYD09)

MS-700MS-720JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Year-round

MODIS of Terra & Aqua

Global but every
typical LCC (TBD)

Year-round or
SeasonallyFieldSpec, MS-720
Hyperspectral Camera

Yatsugatake

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

MS-700MS-720JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Year-round

FieldSpec, MS-720
Hyperspectral Camera

forest：Yatsugatake

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

MS-700MS-720grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Year-round

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
JASMESCAI

GlobalYear-round

Spectral data measured
from UAV

FieldSpec, MS-720
Hyperspectral Camera

forest：Yatsugatake

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Spectral data measured
from Tower
Spectral data measured
from UAV

MS-700MS-720grass, forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Year-round

Other satellites(Auxiliary)(JAXA)

Standard: 0.1(<=443nm), 0.05(>443nm)(scene)(*8)
Goal: 0.05(<=443nm),
0.025 (>443nm)(scene)(*8)

In-situ(Main)

Honda-Kajiwara

Spectral data measured
from UAV

Nasahara

Spectral data measured
from Tower
Spectral data measured
from UAV

Release:grass： 25%(scene),forest： 20%(scene)In-situ(Main)

Honda-Kajiwara

Spectral data measured
from UAV

Nasahara

Spectral data measured
from Tower
Spectral data measured
from UAV
L2 VI products(MOD13,MYD13)

Standard:
grass： 20%(scene),forest： 15%(scene)Goal:
grass： 10%(scene),forest： 10%(scene)

JAXA(Huete,Miura,
Furumi)Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

In-situ(Main)

Honda-Kajiwara

Nasahara

C-15

Above‐groundbiomass[t/ha]

Release:grass： 50%,
forest： 100%

Standard:
grass：30%,
forest：50%
Goal:grass：10%,
forest：20%

Vegetation
roughness
index
[―]

Release: grass･
forest： 40%(scene)In-situ(Main)

Honda-KajiwaraNasahara

AGBIO estimated from
Every Tree Measurements(DBH, Tree Hight, Tree
Density etc.)

Tree (direct) measurements

Honda-Kaji
waraJAXAAGBIO estimated from
3D-Laser Scanner datameasured at ground

3D-Laser Scanner

Other satellites(Main)

Honda-Kajiwara

PALSAR-2, ISS/MOLI (L+5yr),
ISS/GEDI (L+5yr)

model(Main)

Sasai

L2-L3 AGBIO products
derived from satellite borne
lider and SAR
Output of eco-system
model

BEAMS (Sasai)

Global but every
typical LCC (TBD)

Year-roundIn-situ(Main)

Honda-KajiwaraNasahara

AGBIO estimated from
Every Tree Measurements(DBH, Tree Hight, Tree
Density)

Tree (direct) measurements

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Honda-Kaji
waraJAXAAGBIO estimated from
3D-Laser Scanner datameasured at grou

3D-Laser Scanner

Honda-Kajiwara

VRI derived from 3D-Laser
Scanner data measured
from UAV or near surface(Tower)3D-Laser Scanner

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
Mine site (GOSAT2)
of Australia、
Fuji-hokuroku,
Tomakomai, Uryuu,
Mase, Alaska(boreal, 200m sq
scale), Pasoh/
Malaysia(Tropical-rain)
forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

In-situ(Main)

Kajiwara

Kajiwara

C-16

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
Mine site (GOSAT2)
of Australia、
Fuji-hokuroku,
Tomakomai, Uryuu,
Mase, Alaska(boreal, 200m sq
scale), Pasoh/
Malaysia(Tropical-rain)
forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Year-roundCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Shadow index[―]

Standard: grass・
forest： 20%(scene)Goal: grass・
forest： 10%(scene)Release: grass･
forest： 30%(scene)In-situ(Main)

In-situ(Main)Moriyama

Honda-Kajiwara

VRI derived from 3D-Laser
Scanner data measured
from UAV or near surface(Tower)3D-Laser Scanner

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Honda-Kajiwara

Spectral reflectance from
UAV
3D-Laser Scanner data &images from UAV

FieldSpec, MS-720
3D-Laser Scanner
Digital camera etc.

forest：Yatsugatake,
Gotograss・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Spectral reflectance from
Tower
Spectral data measured
from UAV

MS-700MS-720forest：Yatsugatake,
Gotograss・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
grass：
forest：Goto Is.

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Nasahara

Standard:
grass・forest：
20% (scene)Goal:grass･forest：
10% (scene)

Other satellites(Auxiliary)Moriyama

L1 radiance of high-rsol.
satellite imagers

Landsat8

In-situ(Main)

Honda-Kajiwara

Spectral reflectance from
UAV
3D-Laser Scanner data &images from UAV

FieldSpec, MS-720
3D-Laser Scanner
Digital camera etc.

forest：Yatsugatake,
Gotograss・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Spectral reflectance from
Tower
Spectral data measured
from UAV

MS-700MS-720Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Moriyama

L1 radiance of high-rsol.
satellite imagers

Landsat8

forest：Yatsugatake,
Gotograss・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
grass：
forest：Goto Is.

Honda-KajiwaraNasahara

PAR derived with PAR meteror spectrometer (incident,
reflercted, transmitted PAR)measured from Towers

PAR meters
MS700 Spectrometer

Year-round

Combine canopy model. <=Ground LIDER+
Heli DSM

3D-Laser Scanner
Digital camera etc.

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites, Australia,
Fuji-hokuroku,
Tomakomai, Uryuu,
Mase

Nasahara

Other satellites(Auxiliary)
Fraction ofabsorbed
photosynthetic
ally active
radiation (PAR)[―]

Release:grass： 50%,
forest： 50%

Year-roundIn-situ(Main)Nasahara(Ono)

500m square sites

C-17

Year-roundLeaf area index[―]

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

L2 FPAR products (MOD15,
MYD15)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua

GlobalYear-round

Standard:
grass：30%、
forest：20%
Goal:
grass：20%,
forest：10%

In-situ(Main)

Honda-KajiwaraNasahara

PAR derived with PAR meteror spectrometer (incident,
reflercted, transmitted PAR)measured from Towers

PAR meters
MS700 Spectrometer

Year-round

Combine canopy model. <=Ground LIDER+
Heli DSM

3D-Laser Scanner
Digital camera etc.

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
Australia,
Fuji-hokuroku,
Tomakomai, Uryuu,
Mase

Release:grass： 50%,
forest： 50%

In-situ(Main)

Honda-KajiwaraNasahara

In-situ measured LAI (frominstrument (indirect) or
grass cutting (direct)
method)LAI-2000
Litter trap etc.

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

L2 LAI products (MODIS)MODIS of Terra & Aqua

In-situ(Main)

Honda-KajiwaraNasahara

Standard:
grass：30%、
forest：30%
Goal:
grass：20%,
forest：20%

JAXA
(Ono)

In-situ measured LAI (frominstrument (indirect) or
grass cutting (direct)
method)

C-18

LAI-2000
Litter trap etc.

500m square sites
forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
Australia,
Fuji-hokuroku,
Tomakomai, Uryuu,
Mase Alaska(boreal, 200m sq
scale), Pasoh/
Malaysia(Tropical-rain)(500m square sites)
Global but every
typical LCC (TBD)
forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：
JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
Australia,
Fuji-hokuroku,
Tomakomai, Uryuu,
Mase Alaska(boreal, 200m sq
scale), Pasoh/
Malaysia(Tropical-rain)(500m square sites)

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Year-roundCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Land surface
temperature [K]Release:
3.0K 以下(scene)Standard:
2.5K 以下(scene)Goal:
1.5K 以下(scene)Cloud flag [―]Release: 10%(comparisonwit
h sky-camera
binary image)

AtmosphereStandard&Goal:
Eavaluated as
the cloudfraction
products

In-situ(Main)MoriyamaMoriyama

in situ BT measured fromgroundIR thermometer

Railroad Valley, ND& Ivanpah playa, CA
Yatsugatake

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)
Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Honda-Kajiwara

In-situ BT measured fromUAV

IR thermometer

Nasahara

In-situ BT measured fromTower

IR thermometer

JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites

Year-round

JAXA

LST converted from Tairobtained at Fluxsite, GTS,
GSOD or other sites
L2 LST products (MOD11,
MYD11)
L2 LST products from
Sentinel-3
in situ BT measured fromgroundThermometer

Fluxnet, GTS sites

Year-round

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
Sentinel-3

Global but every
typical LCC (TBD)

Year-roundIR thermometer

Railroad Valley, ND& Ivanpah playa, CA
Yatsugatake

Honda-Kajiwara

In-situ BT measured fromUAV

IR thermometer

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)
Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Nasahara

In-situ BT measured fromTower

IR thermometer

JaLTER, JapanFlux,
PEN sites
GTS sites

Year-round

JAXA

Tair obtained from Fluxsite,
GTS, GSOD or other sites
Cloud amount derived fromskycamera

Thermometer

GTS cloudiness

Human-eyeOther satellites(Main)

L2 cloud flag product(MOD35, MYD35)MODIS
VIIRS etc.

In-situ(Main)

same as CLFR

same as CLFR

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

In-situ(Main)Moriyama

In-situ(Main)

Nakajima(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

Irie
Nakajima
Kuji

C-19

Sky-Camera

Year-roundKumamoto,
Greenland, Abashiri,
Tsukuba, Shirase,
Noto, Yoyogi,
Iriomote, Osaka,
Polar region(Sbalvard, Syowa
St.)
GlobalYear-roundYear-roundClassified cloud
fraction [%]Cloud top temp
& height[K], [km]Release: 20% (assolarradiation)(*6)

In-situ(Main)

Nakajima(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

BSRN solar radiation data

Solar radiation base

BRSR etc.

Year-round

Whole sky image data

Sky-Camera (supplemental)

Year-round

Climatology(Main)

ISCCP climatological dataset

Various satellites

Kumamoto,
Greenland, Abashiri,
Tsukuba, Shirase,
Noto, Yoyogi,
Iriomote, Osaka,
Polar region(Sbalvard, Syowa
St.)
GlobalStandard:
15%( as solar
radiation )(*6)
Goal: 10%（ as
solar
radiation )(*6)

In-situ(Main)

BSRN solar radiation data

Solar radiation base

BRSR etc.

Year-round

Whole sky image data

Sky-Camera (supplemental)

Year-round

Release: 1K(*1)

Climatology(Main)(JAXA)

ISCCP climatological dataset

Various satellites

Kumamoto,
Greenland, Abashiri,
Tsukuba, Shirase,
Noto, Yoyogi,
Iriomote, Osaka,
Polar region(Sbalvard, Syowa
St.)
GlobalStandard:
3K(*2)/2km(*2)
Goal:
1.5K(*2)/1km(*
2)

In-situ(Main)

Irie(Takano)Data measured withground-based radar

FALCON(radar)

Chiba, etc., Nieolson(Contact to
Shiobara-san (Irie))

Year-round

Data measured withairborne lidar

NASA Airborne lidar

Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)

Campaigns

Data measured withsatellite-borne lidar

Satellite borne lidar

GlobalYear-roundL2 Cloud effective radius
prd. (MOD06, MYD06)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua

Mid- to Low latitude
area

Year-round

Nakajima(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

Other satellites(Main)
Water‐cloudopticalthickness &effective radius[―], [μm]Release:10%/30%( optial
thickess/radius )(*3)

Other satellites(Main)

Hayasaka(JAXA)
Nakajima(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

Irie

C-20

Year-roundYear-roundStandard: 100%( as cloud liquidwater: *4)

Goal: 50% (*4)/20% (*5)

In-situ(Main)

In-situ(Main)

Other satellites(Main)
Ice‐cloudopticalthickness[―]

Release:30%(*3)

Other satellites(Main)

Standard:
70%(*5)
Goal: 20 %(*5)

In-situ(Main)

Nakajima(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

Irie

Other satellites(Main)
Aerosol over
the ocean[―]Release:0.1( monthly
ave. of τa_670,
865)

In-situ(Auxiliary)Inoue(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

Aoki, K.,
Kobayashi,
NASA
Sano
(Shinozuka)

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

Cloud liquid water datafrom Ground based passive
microwave radiometer(PMR)

Microwave radiometer

Cloud liquid water datafrom ground based passive
microwave radiometer(PMR)
Cloud optical thickness datafrom skyradiometer
L2 Cloud effective radius
prd. (MOD06, MYD06)

Microwave radiometer

MODIS of Terra & Aqua

GlobalYear-roundL2 Cloud optical thickness
prd. (MOD06, MYD06)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua

Mid- to Low latitude
area

Year-round

SKYNET data

Skyradiometer

Year-roundL2 Cloud optical thickness
prd. (MOD06, MYD06)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua

Thai, Gouhi, Chiba,
Fukue, Hedo (Skynet
super sites)
GlobalSkyradiometer data on
Mirai, Shirase etc.

Skyradiometer

Cruise route ofMirai, Shirase etc.
Various sites

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)
Campaign

Microtops data from
Maritime Aerosol Network

Microtops

Airbone Sunphoto

Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)

Campaigns

Airborne Sunphoto data by
NASA Ames
L2 Aersosol products(MOD04, MYD04)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
CAI
VIIRS

GlobalYear-roundC-21

Fukue, Hedo, Chiba(Skynet supersites)

Year-round

PMR by NICT＠Okinawa (TBD)
Fukue, Hedo, Chiba(Skynet supersites)
Thai, Gouhi, Chiba,
Fukue, Hedo

Skyradiometer

Year-roundYear-roundYear-roundStandard:
0.1(scene’sτa_670, 865)(*7)
Goal:0.05(scene’sτa_670, 865)

In-situ(Main)

Aoki, K.,
Kobayashi,
NASA

Skyradiometer data on
Mirai, Shirase etc.

Skyradiometer

Cruise route ofMirai, Shirase etc.
Various sites

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)
Campaign

Microtops data from
Maritime Aerosol Network

Microtops

Airborne Sunphoto data by
NASA Ames

Airbone Sunphoto

Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)

Campaigns(JAXA)

L2 Aersosol products(MOD04, MYD04)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
CAI
VIIRS

GlobalYear-round

Aoki K.
Sano
Yamazaki
Various
PI/CI
Sano(Shinozuka)

SKYNET (Aoki),
AERONET (Sano),Skyradiometer (Yamazaki,
etc.)
Microtops data
Airborne Sunphoto data by
NASA Ames

Skyradiometer
AeronetSkyradiometer
Microtops
Airbone Sunphoto

Year-roundYear-roundYear-roundCampaigns
Campaigns(JAXA)

L2 Aersosol products(MOD04, MYD04)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
CAI
VIIRS

Many Skynet sites(<100)
Many Aeronet sites(<100)
MRI sites
Various sites
Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)
GlobalOther satellites(Main)

In-situ(Main)

Aoki K.
Sano
Yamazaki
Various
PI/CI
Sano(Shinozuka)

SKYNET (Aoki),
AERONET (Sano),Skyradiometer (Yamazaki,
etc.)
Microtops data
Airborne Sunphoto data by
NASA Ames

Skyradiometer
AeronetSkyradiometer
Microtops
Airbone Sunphoto

Year-roundYear-roundYear-roundCampaigns
Campaigns

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

L2 Aersosol products(MOD04, MYD04)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
CAI
VIIRS

Many Skynet sites(<100)
Many Aeronet sites(<100)
MRI sites
Various sites
Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)
GlobalSano(Shinozuka)

Other satellites(Main)

Land aerosol bynear‐UV [―]Release:0.15( monthly
ave. of τa_380)

Standard:
0.15(scene’sτa_380) (*7)
Goal:0.1(scene’sτa_380 )In-situ(Main)

Inoue(main),
Ishimoto,
Riedi

C-22

Year-roundYear-roundAerosol by
Polarization[―]

Release:0.15( monthly
ave. of τa_670,
865)

Standard:
0.15(scene’sτa_670, 865)(*7)
Goal:0.1(scene’sτa_670, 865)

Normalized
water leaving
radiance[W/m2/str/μm
or 1/sr]Release: 60%(443~565nm)

In-situ(Main)

Aoki K.
Sano
Yamazaki
Various
PI/CI
Sano(Shinozuka)

SKYNET (Aoki),
AERONET (Sano),Skyradiometer (Yamazaki,
etc.)
Microtops data
Airborne Sunphoto data by
NASA Ames

Skyradiometer
AeronetSkyradiometer
Microtops
Airbone Sunphoto

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

L2 aersosol products(MOD04, MYD04)

In-situ(Main)

Aoki K.
Sano
Yamazaki
Various
PI/CI
Sano(Shinozuka)

SKYNET (Aoki),
AERONET (Sano),Skyradiometer (Yamazaki,
etc.)
Microtops data
Airborne Sunphoto data by
NASA Ames

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
CAI
VIIRS
Skyradiometer
AeronetSkyradiometer
Microtops
Airbone Sunphoto

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

L2 aersosol products(MOD04, MYD04)

MODIS of Terra & Aqua
CAI
VIIRS

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Kobayashi,
Hirata,Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

In-situ measured optical
data(JAXA)

MOD18

In-situ(Main)

Ocean
Other satellites(Main)

Sano(main),
Riedi

Toratani

C-23

Many Skynet sites(<100)
Many Aeronet sites(<100)
MRI sites
Various sites
Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)
GlobalYear-roundYear-roundYear-roundCampaigns
Campaigns

Many Skynet sites(<100)
Many Aeronet sites(<100)
MRI sites
Various sites
Flight courses (TBD,
Shinozuka-san (CI ofSano PI) has info.)
GlobalYear-roundYear-roundYear-roundCampaigns
Campaigns

PRR (Hirawake, etc.)
TRIOS (Ishizaka, etc.)
C-OPS (Suzuki)

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,SetoInland sea, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific,
Ise-bay,
Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)AQUA/MODIS,NPP/VIIRS

GlobalYear-roundYear-roundYear-roundAtmosphericcorrection
param.
[―]

Photosynthetic
ally Available
Radiation
2[Ein/m /day ormol
2
photons/m /day]Standard: 50%(<600nm)
0.5W/m2/str/um (>600nm)
Goal: 30%(<600nm)
0.25W/m2/str/um (>600nm)

In-situ(Main)

Release: 80%(τa_865)

In-situ(Main)Toratani,
FrouinHirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Kobayashi,
Hirata,Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

In-situ measured opticaldata

PRR (Hirawake, etc.)
TRIOS (Ishizaka, etc.)
C-OPS (Suzuki)
Aeronet-OC

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,SetoInland sea, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific,
Ise-bay,
Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Kobayashi
TorataniNASA

Aerosol optical thickness
data
Aerosol optical thickness
data
Aerosol optical thickness
data

Skyradiometer
AERONET/maritime(NASA)

Cruise track of
Shirase etc.
Many Aeronet sites(<100)
GlobalCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Aerosol optical thickness
data

Skyradiometer
AERONET/maritime(NASA),
SKYNET

Cruise track of
Shirase etc.
Many Aeronet sites(<100)

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Buoy: NDBC, TAO/TRITON
etc.
Ship: PRR data

PRR

Year-roundCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Buoy: NDBC, TAO/TRITON
etc.
Ship: PRR data

PRR

Buoy sites
ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay, Coast of
Oita, Chukchi Sea,
Bering Sea, North
Pacific
Buoy sites
ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay, Coast of
Oita, Chukchi Sea,
Bering Sea, North
Pacific

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

Standard: 50%(τa_865)
Goal: 30%

In-situ(Main)

Release: 20%(10km/month)In-situ(Main)

Kobayashi,
Toratani,
etc.
NASA，
Cooperati
on withAtmos. Gr.
Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Hirata,Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

Standard: 15%(10km/month)
Goal: 10%(10km/month)In-situ(Main)JAXA &
FrouinC-24

AQUA/MODIS、
NPP/VIIRS

Year-roundYear-roundCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Chlorophyll‐aconcentration
3[mg/m ]

Total
suspendedmatterconcentration
3[g/m ]

Coloreddissolved
organic matter-1[m ]Release:-60~+150%(open sea)In-situ(Main)

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

Pigment concentration datameasured with fluorescense
method and HPLC at Ship

Fluorescense method, HPLC

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,SetoInland sea, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific,
Ise-bay,
Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)

MOD20, MOD21

AQUA/MODIS、
NPP/VIIRS

GlobalYear-round

Standard:-60~+150%
Goal: -35~+50%(open sea),-50~+100%(coastal)

In-situ(Main)

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

Pigment concentration datameasured with fluorescense
method and HPLC at Ship

Fluorescense method, HPLC

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Release:-60~+150%(open sea)In-situ(Main)

Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
SeaBASSDry weight of filtered SS
sampled at Ship

Sampling and filtering

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,SetoInland sea, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific,
Ise-bay,
Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay
ECS, Tokyo-bay

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)MOD23

AQUA/MODIS、
NPP/VIIRS

GlobalYear-round

Standard:-60~+150%
Goal:-50~+100%In-situ(Main)

Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
SeaBASSDry weight of filtered SS
sampled at Ship

Sampling and filtering

ECS, Ariake,
Tokyo-bayCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Release:-60~+150%(open sea)In-situ(Main)

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
SeaBASS

Ship: Absorption data ofsampling water

Absorption meter

ECS, Ariake,
Tokyo-bay, Ise-bay,
Chukchi Sea, Bering
Sea, Akkeshi-bay

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)(JAXA)MOD24

AQUA/MODIS

GlobalYear-round

Other satellites(Main)JAXA,
Toratani,
HirataJAXA,Toratani,
HirataJAXA,Toratani,
HirataC-25

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

Sea surface
temperature[℃]

Standard:-60~+150%
Goal:-50~+100%In-situ(Main)

Release: 0.8K
(daytime only)

In-situ(Main)

Sakaida,(JAXA)

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
SeaBASS

Ship: Absorption data ofsampling water(JAXA)

GTS
iQuam (buoy data for
AMSR2 val)
In-situ measured SST
Bucket SST, Nautical SST,
Argo float SST, etc.

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

Standard: 0.8K
Goal: 0.6K

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)GTS sites

Year-round

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,SetoInland sea, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific,
Ise-bay,
Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay
GlobalCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)(JAXA)MOD28
SST of AMSR2

MODIS
AMSR2

In-situ(Main)(JAXA)

GTS
iQuam (buoy data for
AMSR2 val)
In-situ measured SST
Bucket SST, Nautical SST,
Argo float SST, etc.

thermometer onboard buoy

GTS sites

Year-round

Bucket, thermometer

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)(JAXA)MOD28
SST of AMSR2

MODIS
AMSR2

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,SetoInland sea, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific,
Ise-bay,
Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay
Global(JAXA)

In-situ snow depth from
WMO(GSOD),
In-situ snow depth fromNOAA(GHCND)
L2 snow cover prd.
(MOD10、MYD10)
L2 snow cover productL1 radiancesupersonic or laser
supersonic or laser

GTS sites
GTS sites

Year-round

MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

GlobalYear-round

Other satellites(Main)

Cryosphere

Release: 10%(comparison
with othersatellites
products)

Bucket, thermometer

ECS, Tokyo-bay,
Ise-bay, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea,
Akkeshi-bay

Other satellites(Main)

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SEABASS

Snow and Ice
covered area[―]

Absorption meter

In-situ(Auxiliary)

Other satellites
Climatology(Main)

Stamnes(JAXA)

C-26

Year-roundYear-roundStandard：7%
Goal：5%

Okhotsk sea‐ice
distribution[―]

Snow and ice
surfaceTemperature[K]

Release: 10%(comparison
with othersatellite
products)
Standard：5%
Goal：3%

Release: 5K( comparison
with othersatellite
products andmeteorologicalmeasurements )In-situ(Auxiliary)(JAXA)

In-situ snow depth from
WMO(GSOD),
In-situ snow depth fromNOAA(GHCND)
L2 snow cover prd.
(MOD10、MYD10)
L2 snow cover productL1 radiancesupersonic or laser
supersonic or laser

GTS sites
GTS sites

Other satellites
Climatology(Main)(JAXA)MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

Global(JAXA)

L2 sea-ice cover product(MOD10、MYD10)
L2 sea-ice cover productL1 radiance

MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

Sea of Okhotsk

Dec.-May

In-situ(Auxiliary)

TBD

Sea ice conc. measured
from ground, airplane etc.

Human-eye, Camera

Sea of Okhotsk

Dec.-May

Other satellites
Climatology(Main)(JAXA)

L2 sea-ice cover product(MOD10、MYD10)
L2 sea-ice cover productL1 radiance

MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

Sea of Okhotsk

Dec.-May(JAXA)

In-situ Tair obtained from
GTS, GSOD, GC-Net etc.

Thermometer at GTS and
GC-Net sites or ocean bouys

GTS sites etc.
GC-Net sites on
GreenlandYear-round(JAXA)

GLI snow surface temp.
(Climatology)
MODIS snow surf. temp.
(Climatology)
VIIRS snow surface temp.
Landsat8 snow surface
temp. (High resol.)

GLI
MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

Global, Greenland,
Antarctica etc.

Year-round

Thermometer at GTS sites
or ocean bouys

GTS sites etc.

Year-round

Thermometer at GTS and
GC-Net sites or ocean bouys
IR thermoeter, FT-IR,
Thermometer etc.

GTS sites etc.
GC-Net sites on
Greenland
Hokkaido,
Greenland,
Antarctica etc.

Year-round

Other satellites(Main)

In-situ(Main)

Other satellites(Main)

StamnesStamnes

Climatology(Main)

Standard：2K
Goal：1K

In-situ(Main)

Aoki

Climatology of Tair etc.
In-situ Tair obtained from
GTS, GSOD, GC-Net etc.
In-situ Tsnow and Tair data

C-27

Year-roundYear-roundCampaign(Period/Freq: TBD)Snow grain sizeof shallow layer[μm]

Release: 100%
(evaluated withclimatology oftemperature‐snow grain size
relationship)Standard：50%
Goal：30%

Other satellites
Climatology(Main)

Stamnes(JAXA)

In-situ(Main)

Aoki

Other satellites
Climatology(Auxiliary)(JAXA)

GLI snow grain size
(Climatology)
MODIS snow grain size
(Climatology)
VIIRS snow grain size
Landsat8 snow grain size
(High resol.)
SGLI SIST product

GLI
MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.
SGLI

Global, Greenland,
Antarctica etc.

In-situ Tair obtained from
GTS etc
Snow grain size derived
from in-situ snow pit dataand optical measurements(reflectance, SSA etc.)
GLI snow grain size
(Climatology)
MODIS snow grain size
(Climatology)
VIIRS snow grain size
Landsat8 snow grain size
(High resol.)

Thermometer at GTS

GTS sites etc.

Snow Pit Work Tools,
FieldSpecFR, NIR Camera,
IceCube etc.

Hokkaido,
Greenland,
Antarctica etc.

Campaign(Period/Freq: TBD)

GLI
MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 など

Global, Greenland,
Antarctica etc.

Year-round*Notes in this table are same as Table 7.

C-28

Year-roundTABLE 9 Reference data for the validation of GCOM-C/SGLI research products
Categor
Product [Unit]yLand net
primary
production[gC/m2/year]

Accuracy Targets

Val. Data Type
(Main/Auxiliary)

Goal: 30％
(annual ave.)

In-situ(Main)

Period, Frquency,
Obs. Cycles

Algorithm PIs

Validation PIs

In-situ Data

Instruments

Observation Sites

Nasahara

Nasahara

LNPP data derived
from various variables
measured at flux tower
sites
LNPP products derived
from other satellites

Thermometer,
spectrometer,pyranometer etc.

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：JaLTER,
JapanFlux, PEN sites

Year-round

MODIS
VIIRS etc.

Global covering every
typical LCT

Year-round

Other satellites(Main)

Land

Water stress
trend [―]

Goal: 10% (asclassification
error)(*13)

In-situ(Main)

Kajiwara

Nasahara

Latent heat flux
Eddy Correlation Flux
measured at flux tower Measurement System
sites

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：JaLTER,
JapanFlux, PEN sites

Campaign/Year-round

Fire detection
index [―]

Goal: 20% (asclassification
error)(*14)

Other satellites(Main)Moriyama
Nakau

Moriyama
Nakau

Hotspots data derived
from other satellites

Global covering every
typical vegetation typeYear-roundIn-situ(Main)

Fukue
SoyamaTakagiNasahara

Sasai
SoyamaNasahara

Degree Confluence
Project (DCP) data

Global covering every
typical LCT

Every year (TBD)

SoyamaNasahara

L1 radiance data ofLandsat8high resolution satellite AVNIR-2
etc.
Google Earth

Global covering every
typical LCT

Seasonally (TBD)

Honda-Kajiwara

Spectral reflectancedata measured atflux tower, RC
helocopter etc

Spectometer

forest：Yatsugatake,grass・forest：JaLTER,
JapanFlux, PEN sites

Campaign/Year-round(JAXA)LALB products derived
from other satellites

MODIS
VIIRS
etc.

Global covering every
typical LCT

Year-round

Irie,
Kuji

Cloud profile data

Falcon radar

Falcon sites

Year-round

Cloud bottom heightobtained withceilometer onboard
ShiraseCeilometer

Cruise course of Shirase
between Japan and theAntarctica

Campaign

Land cover type Goal: 30% (as[―]classification
error)

Other satellites(Main)

Land surface
albedo [―]Goal: 10%In-situ(Main)JAXA

Nasahara

Other satellites(Main)

Atmosphere

Water cloud
geometrical
thickness[m]

Goal: 300m

In-situ(Main)

Kuji

C-29

MODIS
Landsat8

Other satellites(Main)
Long‐wave
radiation flux
[W/m2]

Goal: Downward In-situ
2
flux: 10W/m , (Main)
2
Upward: 15W/m(0.1deg.,monthly ave)

Hayasaka

Cloud top height dataetc. measured fromspace
Longwave radiation
data from radiation
network
Longwave radiation
data from from flux
networkClouds and aerosol
data
Global radiative flux
data (ISCCP-FD)
Surface Radiation
Budget (GEWEX-SRB)
Longwave radiation
data from radiation
network
Longwave radiation
data from from flux
networkClouds and aerosol
data
Global radiative flux
data (ISCCP-FD)
Surface Radiation
Budget (GEWEX-SRB)
In-situ measured
optical data

Hayasaka

Other satellites
Climatology(Main)

Short‐wave
radiation flux
[W/m2]

Goal: Downward: In-situ
2
13W/m ,
(Main)
2
Upward: 10W/m(0.1deg.,monthly ave)

Hayasaka

Hayasaka

Other satellites
Climatology(Main)

Euphotic zone
depth
[m]

Goal: 30%
(inferred fromextinction
coefficient)

Ocean

In-situ(Main)

HirataHirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku,
Tohoku,SeaBASS

Inherent optical Goal: Absorption In-situ
properties
coefficient(Main)[1/m]@440nm:RMSE<0.25 andbackscattering
coefficient ofphytoplankton@
550nm:
RMSE<0.25

HirataHirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki,
Frouin, SeaBASS

Calipso etc.

GlobalYear-roundNet radiometer etc.

BSRN, Skynet, JMA etc
sites

Year-round

JaLTER, JapanFLux, PEN,
Fluxnet sites
MODIS
ISCCP
GEWEX

GlobalYear-roundNet radiometer etc.

BSRN, Skynet, JMA etc
sites

Year-round

JaLTER, JapanFLux, PEN,
Fluxnet sites
MODIS
ISCCP
GEWEX

GlobalYear-round

PRR (Hirawake, etc.)
TRIOS (Ishizaka, etc.)
C-OPS (Suzuki)

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,Seto Inlandsea, Chukchi Sea, Bering
Sea, North Pacific,
Ise-bay, Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay

Campaigns

Pigment concentration Fluorescense method,data measured withHPLC
fluorescense methodand HPLC at Ship

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay,Seto Inlandsea, Chukchi Sea, Bering
Sea, North Pacific,
Ise-bay, Akkeshi-bay,
Toyama-Bay

Campaigns

C-30

Ocean net
primary
productivity[mgC/m2/day]

Goal: 70%
(monthly ave.)

In-situ(Main)

Hirawake,
Ishizaka

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
SeaBASS

ONPP derived fromin-situ measurements

Phytoplankton
functional type
[―]

Goal:
In-situClassification(Main)
error ofdominant/non‐dominan t
spesies oflarge/small
phytoplankton:
20%, orclassification
error ofdominant
functional type ina phytoplankton
group: 40%
Goal: 20% (asIn-situclassification(Main)
Error)

Hirawake,
HirataHirawake,
Ishizaka,
Suzuki

Pigment concentration Fluorescense method,data measured withHPLC
fluorescense methodand HPLC at Ship

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Campaigns
Funka-bay, Tokyo-bay,
Coast of Oita, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea, North
Pacific, Okhotsk, East andwest of tohoku, east
setonai-kai, Ise-bay

Ishizaka

Ishizaka

Existence of red tide
observed by humaneyes

Funka-bay, Tokyo-bay,
Coast of Oita, East andwest of tohoku, east
setonai-kai, Ise-bay

Multi sensor
merged oceancolor
parameters[mg/m3]

Goal:-35~+50%(open sea),-50~+100%(coastal)

In-situ(Main)

JAXA

Hirawake,
Ishizaka,
Kobayashi,
Saikaiku etc.

Pigment concentration Fluorescense method,data measured withHPLC
fluorescense methodand HPLC at Ship

Multi sensor
merged sea
surfacetemperature[℃]

Goal: 0.8K

Other satellites(Main)

SakaidaSakaidaL2 SST products

MODIS, VIIRS

ECS, Ariake, A-line,
Campaigns
O-line, Funka-bay,
Tokyo-bay, Coast of Oita,
Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea,
North Pacific, Okhotsk,
East and west of tohoku,
east setonai-kai, Ise-bay
GlobalYear-round(JAXA)

GTS
iQuam (buoy data for
AMSR2 val)

Thermometer

GTS sites

Year-round

Snow and iceclassification[―]

Goal：10%(JAXA)

L2 snow cover prd.
(MOD10、MYD10)
L2 snow cover productL1 radiance

MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

GlobalYear-round

Redtide [―]In-situ(Main)

Cryosphere

Other satellites(Main)

Stamnes

C-31

FRRF

Human eye

ECS, A-line, O-line,
Funka-bay, Tokyo-bay,
Coast of Oita, Chukchi
Sea, Bering Sea, North
Pacific

Campaigns

Campaigns

In-situ(Main)Snow area inforest andmountain[―]

Goal：30%

Other satellites(Main)(JAXA)JAXA(Stamnes)

In-situ(Auxiliary)(JAXA)(JAXA)

In-situ photographtaken at Buoy, Ship,etc.
Photograph taken from
Airplane
L2 snow cover prd.
(MOD10、MYD10)
L2 snow cover productL1 radianceWeb camera etc.

Buoys, Ships, etc.

Year-round

MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

GlobalYear-roundIn-situ photographtaken at ground sites
etc.
Photograph taken from
Airplane
Snow grain size derived
from in-situ snow pit
data and opticalmeasurements

Web camera etc.

Mountain and forestsites, etc.

Year-round

Snow Pit Work Tools,
Hokkaido, Greenland,
FieldSpecFR, NIR
Antarctica etc.
Camera, IceCube etc.

Campaign

Snow grain size Goal：50%
of subsurface
layer [μm]In-situ(Main)

Stamnes, Aoki

Aoki

Snow grain size Goal：50%
of top layer[μm]

In-situ(Main)

Stamnes, Aoki

Aoki

Snow grain size derived Snow Pit Work Tools,
Hokkaido, Greenland,
from in-situ snow pit
FieldSpecFR, NIR
Antarctica etc.
data and optical
Camera, IceCube etc.
measurements

Campaign

Snow and ice
albedo [―]Goal：7%In-situ(Main)

Stamnes, Aoki

Aoki

Albedo calculated
Snow Pit Work Tools,
Hokkaido, Greenland,
based on in-situ
FieldSpecFR, NIR
Antarctica etc.
measured optical data Camera, IceCube etc.
and snow pit work data

Campaign

Snow impurity[ppmw]

Goal：50%In-situ(Main)

Stamnes, Aoki

Aoki

Spectrometer
Hokkaido, Greenland,(FieldSpecFR etc.),
Antarctica etc.
Snow Pit Work Tools,
Snow filteration system

Campaign

Ice sheetsurfaceroughness [―]Goal：0.05 (*15)

Other satellites(Main)Aoki

Aoki

Snow impurity
concentration
estimated from in-situ
measured optical data
and also directly
measured by filtering
methodRoughness estimatedfrom other satellite
data

MODIS, MISR, VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

Greenland, Antarctica

Annually

Roughness estimatedthrough simulations ofsnow BRDF using
radiative transfer code

Radiative transfer code Greenland, Antarctica(ARTMASS)
etc.

Annually

Model(Main)

C-32

Ice sheet
Goal：<500m
boundarymonitoring [―]Other satellites
Climatology(Auxiliary)

JAXA(JAXA)

L1 radiance data

*Notes in this table are same as TABLE 7.

C-33

MODIS
VIIRS
Landsat8 etc.

Antarctica etc.

MonthlyAPPENDIX DASSOCIATED TERMS AND CONDITIONSOF RESEARCH AGREEMENTS(FOR THE GCOM RESEACH ANNOUNCEMENT)COMMISIONED RESEARCH AGREEMENT FOR THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATIONMISSION BETWEEN THE JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY AND THE
RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (D-2 ~ D-22)

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AGREEMENT (FUNDED) FOR THE GLOBAL CHANGEOBSERVATION MISSION BETWEEN THE JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCYAND THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (D-23 ~ D-42)

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AGREEMENT (NON-FUNDED) FOR THE GLOBALCHANGE OBSERVATION MISSION BETWEEN THE JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATIONAGENCY AND THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (D-43 ~ D-60)

D-1

COMMISSIONED RESEARCH AGREEMENTFOR THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATION MISSIONBETWEEN THE
JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY (JAXA)AND
THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION(FOR THE RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENT)

JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY

D-2

6th GCOM SCIENCE RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTCOMMISSIONED RESEARCH AGREEMENT

This agreement ("Agreement") is entered into between the Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency, established under the provision of the Law Concerning the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency on October 1, 2003, represented by its President andhaving its principal office at 7-44-1 Higashimachi, Jindaiji, Choufu-shi, Tokyo, Japan("JAXA") and a research organization ("Research Organization") that submitted an
application form for the below described research activities to JAXA, hereinaftercollectively referred to as "the Parties."
WITNESSETH
WHEREAS, the Global Change Observation Mission ("GCOM") aims to construct, use,and verify systems that enable continuous global-scale observations of effective
geophysical parameters for clarifying global climate change and water circulation
mechanisms;
WHEREAS, JAXA issued the Research Announcement ("RA") to engage in research
activities directly related to retrieval algorithms for geophysical products, productvalidation, and data application of GCOM, and the Research Organization applied
pursuant to such RA;
WHEREAS, JAXA accepted the Research Organization's proposal that was in responseto the RA, delivered the confirmation sheet and JAXA further desires to utilize suchproposal in JAXA's project; andWHEREAS, JAXA desires to commission the Research Organization to engage in theabove research activities.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements hereinafter set forth,and for other good and reasonable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are
hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereby agree as follows:

D-3

Article 1. Definition
1. The following capitalized terms in this Agreement shall have the following
meanings.
(1) “Research Results” means the technical results and scientific knowledge derived
from the implementation of the Research Projects pursuant to this Agreement,
including all inventions, ideas, designs, literary works, algorithms (e.g.
Technological development accompanied by Program/Data to embody suchalgorithms), and technical know-how.
(2) "Intellectual Property Rights" generated in the course of implementation of theAgreement means the following:(i) Industrial Property Rights (as defined below);(ii) Potential Industrial Property Rights (as defined below); and(iii) Program/Data Copyrights (as defined below).
"Industrial Property Rights" means all domestic and foreign patents, utility models,and industrial designs.
"Potential Industrial Property Rights" means all domestic and foreign applicationrights for patents, utility models, or industrial designs.
"Program/Data Copyrights" means all domestic and foreign copyrights related tocomputer programs, software and databases.
(3) “Commissioned Research Plan” means the plan described in Attachment 1 of the
Application Form for the GCOM Research Announcement Commissioned Research
Agreement (hereinafter “Application Form”).
(4) “Research Period” means the research period as described in the Commissioned
Research Plan. In accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, in the eventthat the Agreement ended prior to the completion date of the research originally set,
the date the Agreement ends shall be read as the research period.
(5) “Annual Evaluation” means JAXA’s annual review, which is carried out by JAXA
before the end of the Japanese fiscal year during which the Agreement was
concluded. At the end of each fiscal year, the review is conducted through the RO’s
presentation at workshops and meetings as well as based on the Progress Report.
(6) “Earth Observation Satellite Data” means data sets obtained from satellites, which
are retained by JAXA at the time of execution of this Agreement. The available data
sets including names of satellites or sensors, observation period that can be offered,and observation areas listed in the Attachment of this Agreement.
(7) “Meteorological Data” means the data provided by the Japanese Meteorological
Agency.

D-4

2. In this Agreement, “Invention etc.” contains multiple meanings: When it is asubject of patent rights it refers to an invention; when it is a subject of a utility
model it refers to an idea; when it is a subject of the rights for industrial design,
literary work of program and database, it refers to a creation; when it is a subjectof algorithm and technological know-how it refers to proposition.
3. In this Agreement, “utilization” of Intellectual Property Rights and Research
Results refer to the acts specified in paragraph 3 of Article 2 of the Patent Act,
paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the Utility Model Act, paragraph 3 of Article 2 of the
Design Act, and Article 21 and 27 of the Copyright Act (including the use of thesecondary publication created by JAXA), as well as the use of algorithm andtechnical know-how.
4. In this Agreement, “PI” (Principal Investigator) refers to the person who submitted
the research proposal to this Research Announcement and who is also the RO
employee selected to be responsible for the implementation of the accepted
Research Project. “CI” means “Co-Investigator” who supports the research
activities represented by the PI. Name of the PT and CI (hereinafter“Commissioned Researchers”) and their affiliated organization will be show in the“Commissioned Research Plan”.
Article 2. Purpose and Scope of Research Projects
The RO shall implement the following tasks.
(1) The RO shall conduct the research activities (“Research Projects”) in accordancewith the Statement of Work issued by JAXA (“Statement of Work”) and theCommissioned Research Plan.
(2) The RO shall respond to requests from JAXA and attend required meetings hosted
by JAXA such as the workshop at the end of each fiscal year.
(3) The RO shall report the Research Results and progress of the research at the annual
workshops and meetings hosted by JAXA.
(4) Each year before the end of the Agreement Period, the RO shall deliver JAXA the
Research Results acquired during the effective term of the Agreement in the form of
a Progress Report in accordance with the Statement of Work. The Progress Reportshall contain the deliverable Research Results specified in the Statement of Work.
In addition, upon the completion of the research period, the RO shall deliver JAXA
the Progress Report regarding the Research Results acquired during the whole ofthe commissioned research period. In such a case, the RO will not be required todeliver another Progress Report for the final year of the Agreement.

D-5

Article 3. Effective Term and Renewal
1. The Agreement shall be concluded upon the acceptance through the issuance of theConfirmation Sheet by JAXA for the application submitted by the RO using theapplication form, and the Agreement shall become effective as per the dateprescribed on the Confirmation Sheet issued by JAXA and shall continue to be ineffect until the end of the present Japanese fiscal year (“Agreement Term”). In caseof a conflict between the Confirmation Sheet and this Agreement, the terms andconditions stipulated in the Confirmation Sheet will supersede this Agreement.
2. The Agreement Term shall be renewed for one Fiscal Year provided that JAXA
approves an extension of the research period in the Annual Evaluation; provided,
however, that the Parties mutually agree upon the amount to be paid by JAXA forthe extended period; further provided, however, the RO shall submit a renewal
Application Form to JAXA and JAXA shall approve by issuing a new Confirmation
Sheet. Thereafter the procedure shall be the same as above.
Article 4. Annual Evaluation
1. JAXA shall conduct an Annual Evaluation regarding the contents of the Agreement
fairly at the end of the Agreement Term.
2. In the event that the results of the evaluation was a fail in the Annual Evaluation,
the provisions in Article 29 (“Incompleteness of Performance”) shall be applied.
Article 5. Commissioned Researchers
1. The RO shall let the researchers listed in the Commissioned Research Plan engage
in this commissioned research.
2. The RO shall undertake necessary measures to ensure that all the commissioned
researchers comply with the contents of the Agreement.
3. In the event that the RO intends to add new CIs, the RO shall obtain prior writtenconsent from JAXA and the RO shall undertake necessary measures to ensure thatsuch personnel comply with the contents of the Agreement.
4. In the event that the PI dies, retires from the RO, takes a leave of absence fromwork, or can no longer engaged in the RO for any other reasons, JAXA may
terminate this Agreement. Provided, however, if the RO designates a researcher
who belongs to the RO as the PI’s successor and JAXA approves the succession, theparties may amend this Agreement, with the succeeding researcher being a new PI.

D-6

The terms and conditions of the amendment to this Agreement shall be determined
separately upon mutual consultation and consent.
Article 6. Prohibition of Re-commission
1. The RO shall not commission the whole Research Projects to a third party(hereinafter “Subcontract”). The RO may, however, subcontract part of it upon priorwritten application to JAXA and approval from JAXA. Should there be a case where
subcontractors further re-commission the Research Projects to a third party, thecompany name, address and scope of business of such third party are required to besubmitted to the RO in writing.
2. If the RO subcontracts the Research Projects in accordance with the preceding
paragraph, any act of all the third parties involved in the subcontract, which
includes a contractor and commissioned party of the RO, re-commissioned party,
subcontractor and supplier at any tier, in connection with the subcontractor shall bedeemed to be an act of the RO and the RO shall be responsible therefor.
3. In the event that the RO subcontract part of the Agreement, the RO shall enter anagreement with the subcontractor regarding the items necessary for the RO tocomply with the contents of the Agreement as well as the items specified by JAXA.
Article 7. Research Funding
1. JAXA shall make advance payment of the “Research Funding” stated in the
Confirmation Sheet or Continuous Confirmation Sheet, which is issued inaccordance with Article 3, to the RO as a necessary research expense to carry out
the Agreement.
2. JAXA shall, within thirty (30) days from the date when they receive an invoice duly
issued by the RO, make payment for the Research Funding described in theprevious paragraph.
3. If RO wishes to reallocate expenses between Expense Item Categories for morethan 50% increase or decrease (3,000,000 Japanese yen, in case the amount of 50%
is less than 3,000,000 Japanese yen), RO shall obtain a written approval fromJAXA in advance.
4. Provided, however, that the RO shall not conduct the reallocation of budget
between the general administrative expenses and the direct expenses.
5. In case that JAXA fails to pay the Research Funding within the above period, theRO may request JAXA to pay default interest of six (6) percent per annum on such
unpaid amount for the period from the immediately succeeding day of due date forpayment to the date of actual payment.

D-7

6. If the interest on late payment calculated following the preceding paragraph is lessthan 10,000 Japanese yen, JAXA shall be exempt from payment of such interest.
Where there is a fraction of that amount and if it is less than 1,000 yen, such afraction shall be omitted.
Article 8. Accounting
RO shall conduct accounting of the Research Funding stipulated in Article 7.1. ROshall maintain books to record expenses according to items and store documents toprove such expenses. In addition, RO shall keep all the accounting documents for seven(7) years after the end of the contract counting from next fiscal year. JAXA may request
RO to submit a copy of such books and documents to clarify the expenses, and RO shall
respond to such requests from JAXA.
Article 9. Submission of Completion Notice and Performance Report
1. Upon the completion of the tasks stipulated in Article 2, the RO shall create acompletion notice and submit it to JAXA before the end of the Agreement Period.
2. In the event that the research expenses, stated in paragraph 1 of Article 7, exceed
one (1) million Japanese yen, RO shall submit a Financial Report containing theexpenses breakdown to JAXA within 61 days after the end of contract.
Article 10. Determining the Contract Amount
1. Upon the receipt of the Performance Report stipulated in paragraph 2 in theprevious Article, JAXA shall adjust the expenses within the limit of the originalcontract amount in accordance with the present Article, Article 11 (Investigation ofActual Expenses) and Article 12 (Return of Paid Research Funding), determine andnotify the RO of the final contract amount.
2. In the calculation of the actual expenses, the general administrative expenses ratio
shall be calculated by using the ratio applied at the time the contract was
concluded.
Article 11. Investigation of Actual Expenses
In determining the contract amount stipulated in paragraph 1 in the previous Article,
JAXA shall investigate whether the actual expenses conform with the contents of thecontract and accompanied conditions, and if necessary, request that the RO submit
reports or materials to be referenced, or provide consent for JAXA to enter the RO’s
office to inspect the books and relevant documents.

D-8

Article 12. Return of Paid Research Funding
1. After the payment by the method stipulated in paragraph 1 and 2 of Article 7, if
the amount already paid exceeds the final contract amount determined throughthe process stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 10, JAXA shall reclaim the excess
amount from the RO.
2. In the case of the previous paragraph, the RO shall remit such funds within thirty(30) days from the date when the RO receives an invoice issued by JAXA withregard to such funds.
3. In the event there is no return made by the RO within the set time limit as
described in the preceding paragraph, the provisions of paragraph 5 and 6 of
Article 7 shall be applied.
Article 13. Ownership of the Rights to the Acquired Equipment
1. The ownership of the equipment acquired with the Research Funding in accordancewith paragraph 1 of Article 7 shall be retained by JAXA. However, upon mutual
agreement between JAXA and the RO the ownership of the equipment may betransferred to the RO.
2. The RO shall create a ledger for the equipment mentioned in the previous
paragraph and manage the equipment with the care of a good manager. When thecontract ends, the RO must submit to JAXA a list of acquired property.
Article 14. Providing of the Earth Observation Satellite Data and Rights
1.

JAXA will provide the RO with the Earth Observation Satellite Data necessary
for the implementation of the Agreement free of charge via internet.

(1) JAXA may not provide all of the Earth Observation Satellite Data, which the RO
may request due to limitations on the capacity of the JAXA equipment or
resources; Amongst the Earth Observation Satellite Data, which the RO may
request JAXA, the each standard data collected from the Advanced Land
Observing Satellite (ALOS) and the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2(ALOS-2) shall be limited to fifty scenes every fiscal year;(2) JAXA does not guarantee a specific quality or the timely provisions of the Earth
Observation Satellite Data and will not be liable for any deterioration of qualityand delay in providing the Data;(3) JAXA will not be liable for any situation whereby the Earth Observation Satellite
Data cannot be supplied to the RO due to faults relating to the satellites,

D-9

limitations on their operations, or for any other reason;(4) RO shall bear the costs of media and shipment if RO requests to provide the Earth
Observation Satellite Data via media.
2. With respect to the handling of the Earth Observation Satellite Data provided by
JAXA, the RO shall follow the conditions below:(1) RO may not duplicate the Earth Observation Satellite Data for any purpose otherthan creating a backup. However, this excludes the duplication to provide for thecollaborating research organizations stated in Article 5 and the re-commissioned
party (hereinafter “PI etc.”) stated in Article 6 that are necessary for the
implementation of the Agreement;(2) The RO may not disclose the Earth Observation Satellite Data except the PI etc.
(3) The RO shall use the provided the Earth Observation Satellite Data solely for the
purpose stipulated in the Agreement;(4) The RO shall return or otherwise appropriately keep the Earth Observation
Satellite Data in accordance with the instruction of JAXA upon the termination ofthis Agreement.
3. Any rights relating to the Earth Observation Satellite Data provided by JAXA to
the RO shall confirm to the following;a) JAXA retains the intellectual property rights of all the Earth Observation
Satellite Data, except for ALOS PALSAR data of which METI is the joint
owner;b) If value-added products(modified products with high-level processing which are
irreversible to standard data. High-level data processing includes data analysis
or combining multiple-satellite data, image processing based on external
information, and physical quantity conversion.)are solely developed by RO out
of Earth Observation Satellite Data, in the course of executing the Research
Projects, RO retains the intellectual property rights of such value-added
products;c) Except for cases under paragraph b), all Intellectual Property Rights of thedata or product developed by modifying the Earth Observation Satellite Data
shall be owned by JAXA;d) In case RO uses the modified Earth Observation Satellite Data for commercial
purposes, RO shall notify JAXA and comply with a license condition to be set by
JAXA.

D-10

Article 15. Providing of Meteorological Data and Rights
1. JAXA will provide the RO with the Meteorological Data necessary for the
implementation of the Agreement free of charge.
2. The rights concerning the Meteorological Data provided by JAXA shall not betransferred to the RO through the supply. In addition, for the handling of the Data,
the RO will follow the instruction of JAXA.
3. The RO may not disclose the provided Meteorological Data to any third party.
4. The RO shall use the provided Meteorological DATA solely for the purpose of theAgreement.
5. The RO shall return or otherwise appropriately keep the Meteorological Data inaccordance with the instruction of JAXA upon the termination of this Agreement.
Article 16. Providing of Technical Data
1. JAXA will provide the RO with the technical data such as satellite operation dataand ground verification data owned by JAXA as well as Program/Data, excluding
the Earth Observation Satellite Data and the Meteorological Data (hereinafter“Technical Data”) that are necessary for the implementation of the Agreement freeof charge, allow the RO to use it, and provide advice when required.
2. The RO shall not use the Technical Data provided by JAXA for any other purpose
than to fulfill the purpose of the Agreement, and must not disclose it to anyone but
the PI etc.
3. After the completion of the research period, the RO shall return or otherwise disposeof the Technical Data provided by JAXA following the instruction from JAXA.
Article 17. Ownership of the Research Results
1. Of the Research Results that the RO acquired through the implementation of theAgreement, the ownership of the Research Results specified by JAXA in theStatement of Work shall belong to JAXA. Such Research Results do not include thedata that is proved to have had been possessed by the RO at the time of concluding
this Agreement.
2. The copyright of the documents, which include the rights regulated in Article 27 and
28 of the Copyright Act, that JAXA specified to be delivered by the RO shall betransferred to JAXA at the point of delivery. In this case, the RO shall not exercise
the moral rights.
3. In addition to paragraph 1, for the purpose of confirming the progress of the
Research Projects, JAXA may demand to show all the Research Results acquired

D-11

through the implementation of the Agreement.
4. JAXA shall obtain the prior written consent of the RO in case JAXA plans to disclose
the Research Results (excluding the delivered Research Results) that was presented
or submitted by the RO.
5. The RO shall obtain the prior written consent of JAXA if the RO plans to disclose
the Research Results, the ownership of which belongs to JAXA, to a third party.
Article 18. Usage of the Research Results
1. Of the Research Results acquired through the implementation of the Agreement,
JAXA may use the Research Results other than the one specified in paragraph 1 ofthe previous Article free of charge only for the purpose of its research development
including the case for allowing a third party, which includes partners of joint
research projects, to use the Research Results for its own purpose, as well as for its
own peaceful and non-commercial purposes.
2. Of the Research Results acquired through the implementation of the Agreement,
the RO may use the Research Results other than those delivered in accordance withparagraph 1 of the previous Article free of charge only for the purpose of its researchdevelopment including the case for allowing a third party to use the Research
Results for its own purpose, as well as for its own peaceful and non-commercial
purposes, upon the prior consent of JAXA.
Article 19. Industrial Property Rights
1. The RO shall report the existence of Potential Industrial Property Rights generated
in the course of the Research Projects, if any, and submit a document with suchinformation to JAXA without delay, as well as taking a procedure to apply for its
Industrial Property Rights following JAXA’s instructions. If the RO is successfully
granted such Industrial Property Rights, it shall notify JAXA without delay.
2. The RO shall consult JAXA each time regarding important matters concerning theapplication procedure for the Industrial Property Rights described in the previous
Article.
3. The expense incurred in applying to the Industrial Property Rights as described inparagraph 1 shall be JAXA’s responsibility.
4. In the event the invention etc. that are generated by the commissioned researchers
stipulated in Article 5 are properties subject to registration for the Industrial
Property Rights under the name of the duty of the commissioned researchers, theRO concludes the Agreement that stipulates the right to apply for the Industrial

D-12

Property Rights concerning such invention belongs to the RO shall be concluded
with the commissioned researcher, or set the rules for regulating the duties of theemployees regarding such a matter.
5. If the technology developed by the RO due to the implementation of the Research
Projects is recognized as an invention, JAXA, if necessary, may succeed the right toapply for the Industrial Property Rights from the RO and make an application forsuch Potential Industrial Property Rights to be registered Industrial Property
Rights in JAXA’s name, after receiving the materials required for the applicationfrom the RO.
Article 20. Foreign Application for Industrial Property Rights
The provisions of the previous Article shall be applied to the application for Industrial
Property Rights abroad and the preservation of rights.
Article 21. Ownership of Industrial Property Rights
1. The RO shall transfer the Industrial Property Rights obtained in compliance withparagraph 1 of Article 19. In this case, the cost for the transfer shall be included in
the Research Funding stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 7.
2. If the RO requests a license to use the Industrial Property Rights assigned to JAXA
under the preceding paragraph or applied by JAXA under paragraph 5 of Article 19,
JAXA will grant the RO such a license unless it is reasonable for it to be deemed to
be inappropriate. The conditions for the approval shall be determined by mutual
agreement between the Parties as necessary.
3. With regard to the Industrial Property Rights stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article
19, if the RO, before obtaining the Rights, wishes to use it for any purpose otherthan that of the Agreement, or wishes to grant its use to a third party, shall consult
JAXA as necessary.
4. In accordance with the provisions in paragraph 1, JAXA, based on the criteria
determined by JAXA, shall bear the total or a portion of the costs, which the RO
should pay the commissioned researcher who created the technology, which is
subject to the Industrial Property Rights transferred from the RO and the Right toreceive the transferred Industrial Property Rights from the RO stipulated inparagraph 5 of Article 19.
Article 22. Ownership of Program/Data Copyrights
1. Upon the completion of the Agreement, the RO shall notify JAXA without delay in

D-13

the event that the RO creates a program and/or database (hereinafter“Program/Data”) that may potentially constitute the Program/Data copyrights. In
this case, the Program/Data that the Statement of Work specifies its delivery shallbe excluded from the notification stipulated in this Article.
2. The RO shall transfer the copyrights of the Program/Data, including the rights
stipulated in Article 27 and 28 of the Copyrights Act, acquired through theimplementation of this Agreement to JAXA. The cost for this transfer shall be
included in the Research Funding stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 7. Regarding
the Program/Data of which the RO already had its rights prior to the conclusion of
the Agreement as well as among the know-how, routine, subroutine and modules
that are commonly used by similar program the RO specified, copyrights of suchproducts are retained by the RO but not transferred to JAXA.
3. In the event that the RO transfer copyrights to JAXA, if the product subject to the
copyright is created by the RO, the RO waives any related moral rights. If it iscreated by a third party but not by the RO, the RO shall take measures to preventthe third party from using any related moral rights.
4. If the RO requests a license to use the Program/Data copyrights assigned to JAXA,JAXA will grant the RO such a license unless it is reasonable for it to be deemed to
be inappropriate. The conditions for the approval shall be determined by mutual
agreement between the Parties as necessary.
5. In the event that programs are modified/adapted not by JAXA or the RO but by athird party, JAXA shall bear the responsibility related to the use of such programsand the RO shall not be responsible for any liability caused by such programs.
6. With regard to the know-how, routine, subroutine and modules utilized commonly
by similar programs, the copyrights of which are retained by the RO in accordancewith paragraph 2 of this Article, the RO shall approve JAXA of a royalty-free rightto use such products in the form of the program acquired through theimplementation of the Agreement without consent from the RO. Such used by JAXA
shall include the right of JAXA to grant a third party the right to use the know-how,routine, subroutine and modules without paying any royalties to the RO.
Article 23. Use of Facilities
1. The RO may use JAXA’s facilities and equipment (hereinafter “Facilities”) free ofcharge upon the prior consent of JAXA if there is a necessity for the
implementation of the Agreement.
2. In the event of using JAXA’s Facilities, the RO shall use the Facilities in

D-14

compliance with all the regulations stipulated by JAXA.

Article 24. Bringing in Instruments
If necessary for the implementation of the Agreement, the RO may bring instruments
and other items into JAXA’s facilities with the prior consent of JAXA. In such a case
the RO shall be in compliance with all the regulations stipulated by JAXA.
Article 25. Delivery of Rental Items, Storage and Return
1. If required to implement the Agreement, JAXA shall lend the RO any instruments
and other items owned by JAXA.
2. At the time of delivery of the instruments and items for lending (hereinafter “Rental
Items”) in accordance with the preceding paragraph, JAXA shall submit a delivery
note to the RO and the RO shall submit a receipt to JAXA.
3. In the event that the RO received the delivery of the Rental Items, the RO shallconfirm the presence of any abnormality regarding the list of articles and numbers.
If a lack of quantity or abnormality including inappropriate quality and standard foruse, with the Rental Items is found, the RO shall notify JAXA of the matter
immediately and seek further instruction.
4. The RO shall manage and use the Rental Items delivered with the care of a goodmanager and shall use items solely for the purpose of the Agreement.
5. The RO shall maintain books of receipts and shipment as well as management
regarding the Rental Items delivered, record and organize the receipts, and always
make the situation of the Rental Items clear.
6. In the event that the Rental Items are lost or damaged, the RO shall report this tothe lender without delay.
7. In the event that all or part of the Rental Items become unnecessary due to thecompletion of the whole or part of the Agreement as well as of any amendment or
termination of the Agreement, the RO shall notify JAXA and undertake a procedure
to return the Rental Items in compliance with JAXA’s instruction without delay.
Article 26. Confidentiality
1. In this Agreement, “Confidentiality Information” means those that are applicable toany of the following items.
(1) Amongst the outcome as a result of the Agreement, any documents with anindication of confidential notice, tangible objects such as samples, or regardless of

D-15

its form in tangible or intangible, any items that have been confirmed in writing as
Confidential Information by JAXA and the RO.
(2) Any information that a party discloses or presents as confidential in the forms of
document, drawing, photograph, test piece, sample, magnetic tape, and floppy disk.
2. JAXA and the RO must manage Confidential Information properly and may notleak or disclose to anyone other than those involved in the Agreement. However, any
information that is applicable to any of the following items may be an exception:(1) Information that is already known to the public when disclosed by the disclosing
party;(2) Information that becomes known to the public after the disclosure by the disclosing
party without intentional misconduct of the receiving party;(3) Information that the receiving party already had before the disclosure by thedisclosing party and that is able to verify this fact;(4) Information with proof that the receiving party acquires legally from a duly
authorized third party not subject to confidentiality obligations;(5) Information and materials that the receiving party independently acquire without
utilizing information obtained from the disclosing party and that are able to verify
this fact;(6) Information with written consent from the disclosing party for the disclosure andthe publication; or(7) Information that is required to be disclosed by applicable laws, judgment or order of
a competent court. In this case, the receiving party shall promptly notify thedisclosing party of the necessity of disclosure.
3. The confidentiality obligation under paragraph 2 shall remain effective for a periodof five (5) years after the termination of the Agreement. However, this period of
keeping confidentiality may be extended or shortened by mutual agreement
between JAXA and the RO.
Article 27. Publication of Research Results
1. The RO shall be able to present or publish the Research Results, which wereacquired through the implementation of the Agreement and delivered in accordancewith paragraph 1 of Article 17; provided, however, in compliance with the obligationof Confidentiality Information stated in Article 26 (hereinafter “publication of
Research Results”).
2. In the case of the preceding paragraph, the RO shall notify JAXA with a written
document and obtain written consent from JAXA prior to the publication of

D-16

Research Results. JAXA will not unreasonably withhold consent from thepublishing party’s request.
3. When JAXA receives the notification mentioned in the previous paragraph, if thejudgment that the notification contains contents, which potentially cause a loss ofanticipated benefit by being published, JAXA shall notify the RO in writing, and the
RO shall consult with JAXA. The RO may not publish the part that has been
notified as contents, which potentially cause a loss of anticipated benefit by being
published as described in this paragraph without consent from JAXA.
4. The RO shall state in the publication of the Research Results that such results havebeen obtained pursuant to this Agreement and identify the owner of the rights tothe Earth Observation Satellite Data and Meteorological Data used in such
publication.
5. After disclosing or publishing the Research Results that belong to the RO, the RO
shall provide JAXA with a copy of the publication as soon as possible. JAXA isentitled to a royalty-free right to use, photocopy and distribute the provided
publications unless the copyright of such publication is owned by an academic
society.
Article 28. Security
Upon the implementation of the Agreement, the RO shall take security measures inaccordance with the JAXA’s regulations and must follow JAXA’s instruction.
Article 29. Impossibility of Performance
1. In the event it becomes impossible for the RO to carry out all or any part of theAgreement due to reasons attributable to the RO, JAXA may terminate all or any
part of the Agreement.
2. In the case of the termination of the Agreement following the previous paragraph,
JAXA shall apply the provisions in paragraph 1 of Article 12 mutatis mutandis anddemand the restitution of the disused amount.
3. In the case of the termination of the Agreement in accordance with Article 1, JAXA,
based on paragraph 3 of Article 32, shall be able to demand the RO incur a penalty.
Article 30. Incompleteness of Performance
1. If the performance of the RO for the Agreement is confirmed not to be following the
purpose of the Agreement due to the liability of the RO, JAXA may claim the RO
subsequent completion by setting an appropriate period.

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2. In the event that there is no prospect of the completion of the performance by the
RO in accordance with the Agreement despite the claim made for the subsequent
completion stipulated in paragraph 1, JAXA may terminate all or part of thisAgreement.
3. In case the termination of the Agreement is performed in accordance with thepreceding paragraph, JAXA shall apply the provisions in paragraph 1 of Article 12
and claim a return of the amount of Research Funding that becomes unnecessary.
4. In case the termination of the Agreement is performed in accordance withparagraph 2 above, JAXA may claim the RO incur a penalty in accordance withparagraph 3 of Article 32.
Article 31. Extension of the Delivery Deadline
1. In case there is an acceptable reason for not fulfilling the obligation until thedelivery deadline, the RO may in advance propose JAXA such a reason and planneddelivery date and apply for an extension to the delivery deadline in writing. In thiscase, if the extension of the delivery deadline is approved as not to hinder theachievement of the objective of the Agreement, JAXA may approve the extension.
2. In the event the RO does not fulfill the obligation by the scheduled delivery date,
JAXA may terminate all or any part of the Agreement.
3. If the Agreement is terminated as set forth in the preceding paragraph, JAXA shallapply the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 12 and claim a refund of any
unexpended Research Funding.
4. If the Agreement is terminated as set forth in paragraph 2, JAXA in compliancewith paragraph 3 of Article 32 shall claim the RO incur a penalty.
Article 32. Termination of the Agreement
1. In the event of any of the following conditions, JAXA and the RO may terminate
the Agreement.
(1) Upon the consent of both JAXA and the RO.
(2) When the other party commits a dishonest or inequitable act and the breaching
party fails to offer any satisfactory remedial measures within seven (7) days after
receiving demands for corrective action.
(3) When the other party violates any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement
provided that the breaching party fails to offer any satisfactory remedial measures
within seven (7) days after receiving demands for corrective action.
(4) When the events stipulated in paragraph 5 (transfer of the PI) of Article 4 occurs

D-18and there is no one who engages in this joint research project at the RO.
(5) When unavoidable circumstances occur such as natural disasters
2. Upon the termination of the Agreement, the RO shall submit to JAXA all work inprogress and completed work based on the research carried out prior to thetermination.
3. In the event that the Agreement is terminated in accordance with number 2 or 3 ofparagraph 1, JAXA and the RO may claim the other party a penalty equivalent to
10% of the Research Funding stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 7, whichcorresponds to the contents of the termination above. However, if the amount of thepenalty is less than 10,000 Japanese yen, the payment of such penalty is not
required. Where there is a fraction of that amount and if it is less than 1,000 yen,such a fraction shall be omitted.
4. Neither JAXA nor the RO shall claim any compensation in case the termination of
the Agreement is exercised in accordance with number 5 of paragraph 1 of thepresent Article.
Article 33. Effective Term of the Agreement
1. Effective Term of the Agreement shall be the period stipulated in Article 3.
2. Even after the end of the Effective Term of the Agreement stipulated in the previous
paragraph, provisions in paragraph 2 to 4 of Article 14 (Providing of the Earth
Observation Satellite Data and Rights), paragraph 2 to 5 of Article 15 (Providing ofMeteorological Data and Rights), Article 16 (Providing of Technical Data), Article 18(Usage of the Research Results) to 22 (Ownership of the Copyrights ofProgram/Data), and Article 27 (Publication of Research Results) continues to beeffective for the duration of the continuance of the rights stated in the present
Article. Provisions of Article 26 (Confidentiality) and Article 27 (Publication of
Research Results) posses the terms effect stipulated in the present Article.
Article 34. Amendment of the Agreement
1. JAXA can amend the contents of this Agreement. In such a case, JAXA announces
the amended contents by posting it to the website operated by JAXA, and thereafter
the Agreement is handled based on the amended contents.
2. In the case the RO has a legitimate reason for not agreeing with the amendment of
the previous paragraph, the RO may terminate the Agreement by notifying JAXA inwriting within thirty (30) days from the date the amended contents were posted on
the website.

D-19

Article 35. Governing Law
The Agreement shall be governed and interpreted under the laws of Japan.
Article 36. Language
All communications between JAXA and the RO under this Agreement shall be either inJapanese or English.
Article 37. Consultation
In the event that any doubt arises with regard to provisions that are not included in
the Agreement, it shall be resolved upon mutual agreement between JAXA and the RO
as necessary.

D-20

Attachment “Earth Observation Satellite Data”
Name of Satellite or Sensor

Observation Period

Observable Area(YYYY/MM/DD)
JERS

1992/09/01~1998/10/11

Global1996/10/15~1997/06/29

Global2003/01~2003/10

Global

2006/05/16~2011/04/22

Global2014/08/04~

Global2012/7~

Global1997/12~2015/04

Global(Japanese Earth Observation
Satellite)
ADEOS(Advanced Earth Observation
Satellite)
ADEOS-II(Advanced Earth Observing
Satellite-II)
ALOS(Advanced Land Observing
Satellite)* Limited to 50 scenes per year
ALOS-2(Advanced Land Observing
Satellite-2)* Limited to 50 scenes per year
GCOM-W(The Global Change
Observation Mission - Water)
TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring(PR: Approximately

Mission)36°S-36°N. TMI andVIRS: Approximately
38°S-38°N)

AMSR-E

2002/06/19~2011/10/04

Global2009/04/23~

Global(Advanced Microwave ScanningRadiometer for EOS-Aquasatellite)
GOSAT(Greenhouse Gases Observing
Satellite)

D-21

GPM

2014/03~

Global(Global Precipitation(DPR: Approximately

Measurement）

66°S-66°N.
GMI: Approximately
68°S-68°N)

GCOM-C

2018/01~

Global(Global Change Observation
Mission – Climate)* EarthCARE will be added by revision of the Agreement pursuant to Article 34 whenprovision of data becomes available.

D-22

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AGREEMENT (FUNDED)FOR THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATION MISSIONBETWEEN THE
JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY (JAXA)AND
THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION(FOR THE RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENT)

JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY

D-23

6th GCOM SCIENCE RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTCOLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AGREEMENT

This agreement ("Agreement") is entered into between the Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency, established under the provision of the Law Concerning the Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency on October 1, 2003, represented by its President and having its
principal office at 7-44-1 Higashimachi, Jindaiji, Choufu-shi, Tokyo, Japan ("JAXA")
and a research organization ("Research Organization") that submitted an application
form for the below described research activities to JAXA, hereinafter collectively
referred to as "the Parties."
WITNESSETH
WHEREAS, the Global Change Observation Mission ("GCOM") aims to construct, use,and verify systems that enable continuous global-scale observations of effective
geophysical parameters for clarifying global climate change and water circulation
mechanisms;
WHEREAS, JAXA issued the Research Announcement ("RA") to engage in collaborative
research activities directly related to retrieval algorithms for geophysical products,
product validation, and data application of GCOM, and the Research Organization
applied pursuant to such RA;
WHEREAS, JAXA accepted the Research Organization's proposal that was in responseto the RA, delivered the confirmation sheet to the Research Organization and JAXA
further desires to utilize such proposal in JAXA's project; andWHEREAS, JAXA desires to engage in the above research activities in collaboration
with the Research Organization.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements hereinafter set forth,and for other good and reasonable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are
hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereby agree as follows:
Article 1.

Definitions

1. The following capitalized terms shall have the following meanings:

D-24

(1) "Research Results" means the technical results and scientific knowledge derived
from the implementation of the Research Projects pursuant to this Agreement,
includingallinventions,

ideas, designs,

literary

works,

algorithms,

andtechnological developments, such as programs, that can execute the algorithm(s).
(2) "Intellectual Property Rights" generated in the course of implementation of theAgreement means the following:(i)Industrial Property Rights (as defined below);(ii)Potential Industrial Property Rights (as defined below); and(iii)Program/Data Copyrights (as defined below).
"Industrial Property Rights" means all domestic and foreign patents, utility models,and industrial designs.
"Potential Industrial Property Rights" means all domestic and foreign applicationrights for patents, utility models, or industrial designs.
"Program/Data Copyrights" means all domestic and foreign copyrights related tocomputer programs, software and databases.
(3) "Collaborative Research Plan" means the plan described in the Application for
Collaborative Research Agreement for the GCOM (“Application”).
(4) “Research Period” means a period described in the Collaborative Research Plan.
Based on the regulations of this Agreement, in case this Agreement is terminatedbefore the completion date of the Research Period, such date of termination of theAgreement shall be the final date of the Research Period.
(5) "Annual Evaluation" means evaluation by JAXA for the results achieved within theyear in which this Agreement was concluded. JAXA evaluates the results by reports
presented at the research presentation meeting by the Research Organization andResearch Results Report (as defined below).
(6) "Earth Observation Satellite Data" means data sets obtained from satellites which
are retained by JAXA at the time of execution of this Agreement. The available data
sets (including names of satellites, sensors, observation period that can be offered,and observation areas) are listed in Attachment A of this Agreement.

D-25

(7) “Meteorological Data” means data sets provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency
pursuant to the agreement between JAXA and the Japan Meteorological Agency.
2. In this Agreement, “Invention, etc.” means an invention in terms of a subject ofpatent rights, a utility model in terms of a subject of utility model rights, a creationin terms of a subject of copyrights such as design rights and programs, and ideas interms of a subject of algorithm and know-how.
3. In this Agreement, “utilization” of the intellectual property rights and Research
Results means act defined in Article 2, Paragraph 3 of the Patent Act, act defined in
Article 2, Paragraph 3 of the Utility Model Act, act defined in Article 2, Paragraph 3of the Design Act, enforcement of right defined in Articles 21 and 27 of CopyrightAct (including utilization of secondary work created by JAXA or the Research
Organization), and use of algorithm and know-how.
4. In this Agreement, “Principal Investigator” ("PI") means the Research Organization
employee who submitted the proposal in response to the RA and was selected to be
responsible for the Research Projects. "Co-Investigator" ("CI") means a person who
supports the PI in performing the Research Projects with approval by JAXA. Names,
affiliation, and other information concerning PI and CI (collectively “Collaborative
Researchers”) shall be described on the Collaborative Research Plan.
Article 2.

JAXA's Performance for Research Projects and the Research

Organization's General Responsibilities for Research Projects
1. JAXA shall make reasonable efforts to perform the following tasks related to the
Research Projects:a) Deliver the Earth Observation Satellite Data and Meteorological Data required for
performing the Collaborative Research to the Research Organization free of charge;b) Hold research presentation meetings for checking progress of the research and othernecessary meetings;c) Evaluate the Research Result Report submitted at the end of fiscal year for the
Annual Evaluation.
2. For the purpose of ensuring the Research Organization's performance of the above
obligations, the Research Organization shall perform certain actions including, but
not limited to:a) The Research Organization shall conduct and complete the Research Projects inaccordance with the Collaborative Research Plan.
b) Participate in necessary workshops and meetings for the Research Projects such as

D-26

the research presentation meeting hosted by JAXA at the end of the fiscal year;c) Participate in the research presentation meeting hosted by JAXA every year toreport on the the Research Results and progress of research to JAXA; andd) Deliver the reports as a report of all the Research Results obtained during the fiscal
year by the end of such fiscal year to JAXA. Furthermore, at the completion of theresearch period, the Research Organization shall report all the Research Results
obtained throughout the entire period of the Collaborative Research in the Final
Report and submit it to JAXA. In this case, the Research Organization does not needto separately submit an annual report for the final year of the term. Any report
stipulated in this paragraph shall be sent by mail in the form of one hard copy andone CD-ROM containing such report in PDF format.
Article 3.
1.

Finalization and Renewal of the Contract

The Agreement shall become effective as of the date of the issuance of theConfirmation Sheet prescribed by JAXA in response to an application by the Research
Organization. Period of the Agreement shall be the period described in the Confirmation
Sheet issued by JAXA. In case of a conflict between the Confirmation Sheet and thisAgreement, the terms and conditions stipulated in the Confirmation Sheet willsupersede this Agreement.
2. The Research Organization may renew the Agreement by one fiscal year, provided
that JAXA approves an extension of the research period in the Annual Evaluation and
the Parties mutually agree upon the amount to be paid by JAXA for such extended
period; further provided, however, the Research Organization shall submit a renewal
Application Form to JAXA and JAXA shall issue a new Confirmation Sheet.
Thereafter the procedure shall be the same as above..
Article 4.

Researchers

1. The Research Organization shall cause the Collaborative Researchers listed on the
Collaborative Research Plan to participate in the Collaborative Research.
2. JAXA shall allow those who are listed on the Collaborative Research Plan toparticipate in the Research Projects.
3. The Research Organization shall ensure all the Collaborative Researchers engaging
in the Research Projects act in accordance with the terms and conditions of theAgreement.
4. In the event that the Research Organization intends to newly select or add CIs, theResearch Organization shall first notify to JAXA by a written form in advance andD-27

obtain the consent of JAXA for such personnel. The Research Organization shalltake necessary measures to cause such CI to follow the Collaborative Research
Agreement.
5. In the event that the PI dies, retires from the Research Organization, takes a leaveabsent from work, or come to be no longer engaged in the Research Projects, theResearch Organization shall immediately notify to JAXA as such and JAXA may atits sole discretion terminate this Agreement; provided however, if the Research
Organization designates a researcher who belongs to the Research Organization as
the PI’s successor and JAXA approves the succession, the Parties may amend thisAgreement, with the succeeding researcher being a new PI.

The terms andconditions of the amendment to this Agreement shall be determined upon mutual
consultation and consent.
Article 5.

Subcontract

1. The Research Organization shall not re-commission the whole Research Projects toa third party (“Subcontract”). Provided, however, that the Research Organization
may re-commission part of it upon a written prior application to JAXA and a priorwritten approval of JAXA.

Should there be a case where subcontractors

re-commission part of the Research Projects to a third party, the company name,address and scope of business of such third party are required to be submitted to the
Research Organization in writing.
2. If the Research Organization re-commissions the Research Projects to a third party
at any tier (contractor or subcontractor, including any company of any stage of the
Projects in connection with the subcontract) of the Research Organization, act ofsuch subcontractor, or, any act of such third party in connection with thesubcontract shall be deemed to be an act of the Research Organization and the
Research Organization shall be fully responsible therefor.
3. If the Research Organization re-commissions part of the Research Projects to a third
party, the Research Organization shall conclude an agreement with thesubcontractor on issues necessary for the Research Organization to comply with theAgreement and on issues designated by JAXA.
Article 6.

Research Funding

1. The Confirmation Sheet issued on the basis of Article 3 identifies the amount offunding to be provided by JAXA to the Research Organization for the Research
Projects ("Research Funding") and JAXA shall pay such amount to the Research

D-28

Organization in advance.
2. JAXA shall, within thirty (30) days from the date when JAXA receives an invoice
duly issued by the Research Organization, make payment for the Research Funding.
3. If RO wishes to reallocate expenses between Expense Item Categories for more than
50% increase or decrease (3,000,000 Japanese yen, in case the amount of 50% is lessthan 3,000,000 Japanese yen), RO shall obtain a written approval from JAXA in
advance.
4. Provided, however, that the Research Organization shall not conduct thereallocation of budget between the general administrative expenses and the direct
expenses.
5. In case that JAXA fails to pay the Research Funding within the above period, theResearch Organization may request JAXA to pay default interest of six (6) percent
per annum on such unpaid amount for the period from the immediately succeeding
day of due date for payment to the date of actual payment.
6. If the interest on late payment is less than 10,000 yen, JAXA shall be exempt frompayment of such interest and if there is any amount less than 1,000 yen, suchamount shall be rounded off.
Article 7.

Accounting

RO shall conduct accounting of the Research Funding stipulated in Article 6.1. RO shallmaintain books to record expenses according to items and store documents to prove
such expenses. In addition, RO shall keep all the accounting documents for seven (7)years after the end of the contract counting from next fiscal year. JAXA may request RO
to submit a copy of such books and documents to clarify the expenses, and RO shall
respond to such requests from JAXA.
Article 8.

Submission of Financial Statement

In the event that the research expenses, stated in paragraph 1 of Article 6, exceed one(1) million Japanese yen, RO shall submit a Financial Report containing the expenses
breakdown to JAXA within 61 days after the end of contract.
Article 9. Determination of Contract Amount
1. Upon the receipt of the Performance Report stipulated in paragraph 2 in the previous
Article, JAXA shall adjust the expenses within the limit of the original contract
amount in accordance with the present Article, Article 10 (Investigation of Actual
Expenses) and Article 11 (Return of Paid Research Funding), determine and notify

D-29

the Research Organization of the final contract amount.
2. In the calculation of the actual expenses, the general administrative expenses ratio
shall be calculated by using the ratio applied at the time the contract was concluded.
Article 10. Investigation of Actual Expenses
For determination of contract amount stipulated in Paragraph 1 of the previous Article,
JAXA shall check whether the amount spent matches the content and conditions of theAgreement. If necessary, JAXA requests the Research Organization to submit referencematerials or report, or to investigate books and relevant documents in the offices of the
Research Organization.
Article 11. Return of Paid Research Funding
1. After the payment by the method stipulated in paragraph 1 and 2 of Article 6, if theamount already paid exceeds the final contract amount determined through theprocess stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 9, JAXA shall reclaim the excess amountfrom the Research Organization.
2. In the case of the previous paragraph, the Research Organization shall remit suchfunds within thirty (30) days from the date when the Research Organization
receives an invoice issued by JAXA with regard to such funds.
3. In the event there is no return made by the Research Organization within the set
time limit as described in the preceding paragraph, the provisions of paragraph 5
and 6 of Article 6 shall be applied.
Article 12. Ownership of the Rights to the Acquired Equipment
1. The ownership of the equipment acquired with the Research Funding in accordancewith paragraph 1 of Article 6 shall be retained by JAXA. However, upon mutual
agreement between JAXA and the Research Organization the ownership of theequipment may be transferred to the Research Organization.
2. The Research Organization shall create a ledger for the equipment mentioned in theprevious paragraph and manage the equipment with the care of a good manager.
When the Agreement ends, the Research Organization must submit to JAXA a list of
acquired property.
Article 13. Providing of Earth Observation Satellite Data by JAXA
1. JAXA will provide the Research Organization with the Earth Observation Satellite
Data for the Research Projects free of charge via internet in accordance with Article

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2, Paragraph 1, Item 2 subject to the following conditions:a) The Research Organization agrees and accepts that JAXA may not provide all the
Earth Observation Satellite Data which the Research Organization may request due
to restrictions in the allowance range of JAXA’s equipment and in resources.
Note that amongst the Earth Observation Satellite Data, which the Research
Organization may request JAXA, the each standard Data collected from theAdvance Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and the Advance Land Observing
Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) shall be limited to fifty scenes every fiscal year;b) JAXA does not guarantee a specific quality or the timely provisions of the Earth
Observation Satellite Data and does not take responsibility for quality and delay ofprovisions of such data;c) JAXA reserves the right to curtail or suspend Earth Observation Satellite Data
supply to the Research Organization due to faults or difficulties relating to thesatellites, limitations on their operations, or any other reasons and JAXA shall be
exempt from any responsibility for such curtailing and for suspension; andd)Research Organization shall bear the costs of media and shipment if Research
Organization requests to provide the Earth Observation Satellite Data via media.

2. With respect to the Earth Observation Satellite Data provided by JAXA, theResearch Organization shall:a) Not duplicate the Earth Observation Satellite Data except for the purpose of backup.
However, this excludes duplication for distributing to authorized Collaborative
Researchers stipulated in Article 4 and subcontractors stipulated in Article 5 (“PIs,etc.” collectively) which are necessary for the Collaborative Research Project.
b) Not provide or disclose the Earth Observation Satellite Data except to PI;c) Only use the Earth Observation Satellite Data for the singular purpose of advancing
the efforts of the Research Projects; andd) Return or otherwise appropriately manage the Earth Observation Satellite Data
upon completion of this Agreement, according to the directives of JAXA.
3. Any rights regarding the Earth Observation Satellite Data provided by JAXA shallconform to the following:a) JAXA retains the intellectual property rights of all the Earth Observation Satellite
Data, except for ALOS PALSAR data of which METI is the joint owner.
b) If value-added products(modified products with high-level processing which are
irreversible to standard data. High-level data processing includes data analysis or
combining multiple-satellite data, image processing based on external information,and physical quantity conversion.)are solely developed by Research Organization

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out of Earth Observation Satellite Data, in the course of executing the Research
Projects, Research Organization retains the intellectual property rights of suchvalue-added products.
c) If Research Organization and JAXA jointly modify the Earth Observation Satellite
Data which is provided by JAXA and develop any value-added products, Research
Organization and JAXA will discuss the allocation of rights to the value-added
products in consideration to degree of contribution or other factors to be considered;d) Except for cases under paragraph b) and paragraph c), all Intellectual Property
Rights of the data or product developed by modifying the Earth Observation
Satellite Data shall be owned by JAXA and;e) In case Research Organization uses the modified Earth Observation Satellite Datafor commercial purposes, Research Organization shall notify JAXA and comply witha license condition to be set by JAXA.
Article 14. Providing of Meteorological Data by JAXAFor the purpose of performing the Research Projects, JAXA will attempt to provide the
Research Organization with the Meteorological Data based on Article 2, Paragraph 1,
Item 1.
Any rights relating to the Meteorological Data provided by JAXA to the Research
Organization shall not be transferred to the Research Organization by such provisions.
In terms of the intellectual property rights of the data, the Research Organization shallfollow instructions of JAXA.
The Research Organization may not disclose the provided Meteorological Data to any
third party except for PIs, etc.
The Research Organization shall use the provided Meteorological Data solely for the
purpose of conducting the Research Projects.
The Research Organization shall return or otherwise appropriately keep theMeteorological Data in accordance with the instructions of JAXA upon the terminationof this Agreement.
Article 15. Disclosure of Technical Data
1. To the extent feasible, each party shall disclose and allow use of all necessary
technical information, programs, etc. ("Technical Data"), which does not include theEarth Observation Satellite Data and the Meteorological Data, necessary for
performing the Collaborative Research free of charge. The Parties will undertake tohandle expeditiously any request for the Technical Data presented by the otherD-32

party.
2. The Technical Data shall be used by the receiving party only for the purpose offulfilling the receiving party's responsibilities under this Agreement and shall not
be disclosed to any third party except for PIs, etc.
3. According to directives of the furnishing party, the receiving party shall return orotherwise dispose of Technical Data provided under the Agreement upon completionof the activities under the Agreement.
Article 16. Usage of Research Results
1. All Research Results obtained through the course of the Collaborative Research may
be used for non-commercial and peaceful purposes by the Parties (or by the third
party including for JAXA or the Research Organization) ("Jointly-Owned Research
Results") without consent of the Research Organization.
2. With regard to copyrights in the Final Reports submitted by the Research
Organization to JAXA, JAXA may freely use, edit, copy, and distribute such reports.
In this case, the Collaborative Researchers shall waive any related moral rights tothe copyrights in the Final Reports.
Article 17. Ownership of Research Results
1. Both Parties shall solely own the rights of the Research Results if JAXA or the
Research Organization solely generates such Research Results in the course of the
Research Projects.
2. The Parties shall jointly own the rights to the Research Results obtained throughthe course of the Collaborative Research and the ownership of such results shall be
determined upon mutual agreement between the Parties, taking into consideration
the degrees of contribution by JAXA and the Research Organization.
Article 18. Application etc. of Intellectual Property Rights
1. JAXA or the Research Organization shall give the other party prompt written noticeof Intellectual Property Rights generated, such as the Invention, Utility Model, andCreation, in the course of the Collaborative Research and discuss the ownership ofsuch generated Intellectual Property Rights, as well as whether it is necessary tosubmit an application for registration of such Intellectual Property Rights.
2. JAXA and/or Research Organization shall take any necessary procedures for any
Industrial Property Rights owned by and/or held by each Collaborative Researchers(including invention etc. jointly generated by such Joint Researcher and JAXA or

D-33

the Research Organization) to be transferred by such Joint Researcher to JAXA or
the Research Organization.
3. If JAXA or the Research Organization solely generates Potential Intellectual
Property Rights in the course of the Research Projects ("Solely-Owned Intellectual
Property Rights"), the party may take steps to apply for the registration of theresulting Intellectual Property Rights as solely-owned ones, provided that it shallobtain prior confirmation of the other party. In this case, expenses for application
and rights preservation shall be borne by the party solely holding the Intellectual
Property Rights.
4. In the event that the Parties jointly generate an invention etc., and submit anapplication for Intellectual Property Rights to such invention, the Parties shallenter into a separate joint ownership agreement ("Joint Ownership Agreement")
and jointly perform submission of the application and other procedures according to
the Joint Ownership Agreement. In this case, expenses for application and rights
preservation shall be borne by the both JAXA and the Research Organization
depending on the degree of ownership.
Article 19. Application of Intellectual Property Rights Overseas
1. Regulations of the previous Article shall apply to the case of application and rights
preservation of the Intellectual Property Rights in foreign countries.
2. In the event of an application of the Intellectual Property Rights jointly owned by
the Parties pursuant to Paragraph 4 of the previous Article, the Parties shalldiscuss whether it is necessary to submit an application for registration of such
Intellectual Property Rights.
Article 20. Utilization of Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights
In case either of the Parties utilizes the Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights,
such party shall obtain a consent from the other party in advance and pay utilization fee
as set forth in a separate utilization agreement, except for the case stipulated in Article
16.
Article 21. License of Utilization of Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights to Third
Party
1. The Parties may grant to any third party a license to use the Jointly-Owned
Intellectual Property Rights, provided, however that the relevant party shall obtain
the written prior consent of the other party, and determine the licensing terms afterD-34

discussion with the other party.
2. In the case of granting a license to use the Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property
Rights to a third party as in the previous Paragraph, the relevant party shall collectthe usage fee from such third party as set forth in the separate usage agreement.
The usage fee to be collected from the third party shall be distributed between theParties pro rata in proportion to their respective interests in those rights.
Article 22. Transfer of Interests to Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights
1. The Parties may transfer their respective interests to the Jointly-Owned Intellectual
Property Rights generated in the course of the Collaborative Research only to theirrespective designees after discussion between the Parties. Such transfer may be
carried out pursuant to a separate transfer agreement. In this event, the Parties
shall cause its designee to succeed to all of its rights and obligations with respect tothose Intellectual Property Rights.
2. If JAXA or the Research Organization disclaims its interests in the Jointly-Owned
Intellectual Property Rights, the relevant party shall give the other party priornotice thereof and transfer its interests to the other party, only if the other party
wishes to acquire it.
Article 23. Improved Invention
If JAXA or the Research Organization alters or improves the Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property withinone (1) year from the application for registration of the original Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights,
the party shall provide a written notice without delay to the other party describing the alterations or
improvements. Ownership and other issues of the Intellectual Property Rights concerning the altered or
improved invention shall be determined through discussion between the Parties.
Article 24. Designation of Know-How
1. After mutual agreement by the Parties, JAXA and the Research Organization shallpromptly designate as know-how the Research Results which are appropriately to
be treated as know-how ("Know-How").
2. For designation of Know-how, a period during which the Research Results aredesignated to be Know-How shall be specified.
3. After designating the Know-How, such Know-How shall be kept in confidence inprinciple, for five (5) years commencing on the day immediately following the date of
the completion of this Agreement; provided, however, that JAXA and the Research
Organization may extend or shorten that period upon mutual agreement.

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Article 25. Utilization of Facilities, etc.
1. The Parties may use facilities and equipment (“Facilities”) of the other party free ofcharge with a prior consent from the other party if it is necessary for
implementation of the Research Projects.
2. The Parties shall follow rules and regulations of the other party in case of using the
Facilities of the other party.
Article 26. Installation of Equipment
1. The Parties may, if necessary for implementation of the Research Projects, installnecessary equipment and other materials into the facility of the other party with aprior consent from the other party. In this case, the party which installs such
equipment shall follow the rules and regulations of the other party.
2. In the event that JAXA or the Research Organization uses the material etc.
installed by the other party (Installed Material), such party shall obtain a priorconsent of the other party and shall not use the Installed Material for otherpurposes than the Research Projects.
3. In the event that JAXA or the Research Organization loses or damages the Installed
Material, such party should immediately notify the other party such fact
irrespective of the reason.
Article 27. Delivery, Storage, and Returning of Lent Equipment
1. The Parties may lend machinery or other material to the other party if it is requiredfor implementation of the Research Projects.
2. Upon delivery of the machinery or other material (“Lent Equipment”) lent inaccordance with the previous Paragraph, owner of the Lent Equipment (“Lessor”)
shall submit the other party a Note of Delivery and the other party shall submit the
Lessor a receipt.
3. The Parties shall confirm items, amount, etc. of the Lent Equipment upon deliveryof the Lent Equipment and if there is a shortage in the amount or any defect(including ones whose quality and/or specification does not meet the requirement),
JAXA or the Research Organization shall notify such fact to the Lessor and receive
an instruction from the Lessor.
4. JAXA and the Research Organization shall manage and use the Lent Equipmentwith the care of a good manager and should not use the Lent Equipment for the
purposes other than the Research Projects.

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5. JAXA and the Research Organization shall keep the record of usage andmanagement of the Lent Equipment to record delivery, usage, and returning of theLent Equipment for the purpose of clarifying the condition of the Lent Equipment.
6. In the case of loss or damage to the Lent Equipment, JAXA and the Research
Organization shall immediately notify the fact to the Lessor without delay.
7. The party shall notify the Lessor if any of the Lent Equipment becomes unnecessary
due to the reasons such as completion, change, or termination of whole or part of the
Research Projects and shall take returning procedures according to the instruction
from the Lessor.
Article 28. Confidentiality
1. In this Agreement, "Confidential Information" means any information that
corresponds to any of the following:(1) Any information that includes documents classified “Confidential”, any material
object such as a sample, or any information, either material or immaterial, which
JAXA and the Research Organization agreed to handle as the Confidential
Information by a written agreement, obtained in the course of these Research
Projects; and(2) Any information disclosed or distributed to the other party as Confidential
Information in the form of a document, a drawing, a photograph, a specimen, asample, a magnetic tape, a floppy disk, or the like for the purpose of the Research
Projects.
2. The Parties shall appropriately keep the Confidential Information secret, and shallnot disclose or divulge any Confidential Information to any party other than those
who engage in the Research Projects; provided, however, that any information whichcorresponds to any of the following is not included in the Confidential Information.
a) Information that is already known to the public when disclosed by the disclosing
party;b) Information that becomes known to the public after the disclosure by the disclosing
party without intentional misconduct or negligence of the receiving party;c) Information that the receiving party already had before the disclosure by thedisclosing party;d) Information that the receiving party acquires from a dully authorized third party
not subject to confidentiality obligations;e) Information that the receiving party independently develops without utilizing
information obtained from the disclosing party;

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f)

Information with a prior written consent of the disclosing party for the disclosureand the publication; org) Information that is required to be disclosed by applicable laws, judgment or order of
a competent court. In this case, the receiving party shall promptly notify thedisclosing party of the necessity of disclosure.
3. The confidentiality obligation under this Article shall remain effective for a period offive (5) years after the termination of the Agreement. However this period of
keeping confidentiality may be extended or shortened by mutual agreement
between JAXA and the Research Organization.
Article 29. Publication of Research Results
1. The Parties may disclose or publish the Research Results obtained in the course of
the Research Projects (Publication of Research Results”) provided that such
publishing party follows the obligations stipulated in Article 28.
2. In the case of the previous Paragraph, before publishing, JAXA or the Research
Organization (“the publishing party”) shall provide the other party with a written
document regarding the description of the subjected Research Results to be
published and request a written consent of the other party. The other party will
not unreasonably withhold consent from the publishing party's request for such
publication.
3. The other party, upon receiving the notice, will request correction of the content of
the publication in a written form if it is judged that such content includes a portion
which may lead to the loss of the future interest of the other party and the
publishing party shall consult with the other party about such portion. The
publishing party may not publish the portion which the other party notified ashaving possibility of resulting in the loss of the future interest of the other party
without consent of the other party.
4. The Research Organization shall state in the publication that such Research
Results have been obtained pursuant to this Agreement and identify the owner ofthe rights to the Earth Observation Satellite Data and Meteorological Data used insuch publication.
5. The period during which the notification pursuant to Paragraph 2 is required shallbe one (1) year from the day following the day of termination of the Agreement.
However this period may be extended or shortened by mutual agreement between
JAXA and the Research Organization.
6. JAXA and the Research Organization shall provide the other party with a copy of

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the publication immediately after the disclosure or publishing of such publication.
Each party is entitled to an irrevocable and royalty-free right to use the provided
publications, unless the copyright of such publication is owned or held by anacademic society.
Article 30. Security
In the course of the Collaborative Research, the Parties shall take necessary procedures
for maintaining an order in the areas managed by each party, ensuring appropriate andsmooth operation of the research, and ensuring protection of important assets andinformation (security).
Article 31. Termination of the Contract
1. The Parties may terminate the Agreement in any case that corresponds to any oneof the following. In such a case, the Parties agree to waive any claim against theother.
(1) Upon the consent of both JAXA and the Research Organization;(2) When the other party commits a dishonest and/or inequitable act; provided, thatbreaching party fails to offer any effective and satisfactory remedial measures
within seven (7) days after receiving demands for corrective action from the harmed
party;(3) When the other party breaches the Agreement; provided, that breaching party fails
to offer any effective and satisfactory remedial measures within seven (7) days after
receiving demands for corrective action from the harmed party;(4) When the Research Organization loses a person who engages in the Research
Projects due to the reasons described in Paragraph 5 of Article 4 such as transfer of
the PI; and(5) When an inevitable reason such as the natural disaster arises.
2. In a case where the Agreement is terminated due to the reasons described in theprevious Paragraph, JAXA shall request refund of the funding which is no longer
necessary pursuant to Paragraph 1 of Article 11.
3. The Parties shall waive any claim against the other if the Agreement is terminatedpursuant to Paragraph 1, Item 5 of this Article.
4. Upon the termination of the Agreement, the Research Organization shall promptly
deliver to JAXA all work including, but not limited to, all works in progress and all
work that is completed and otherwise ready for delivery.

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Article 32. Effective Term
1. The effective term of the Agreement shall be the period set forth in Article 3.
2. Termination of this Agreement shall not affect a Party’s continuing obligation underParagraph 2 and 3 of Article 13 (Providing and Rights of Earth Observation
Satellite Data by JAXA), Paragraph 2 to 5 of Article 14 (Providing and Rights ofMeteorological Data by JAXA), Paragraph 3 of Article 15 (Exchange of Technical
Information etc.), and Article 16 (Usage of Research Results) through Article 22(Transfer of interests to Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights) during theeffective period of rights set forth in each Article and Paragraph while Article 23(Improved Invention), Article 24 (Designation of Know-How), Article 28(Confidentiality) and Article 29 (Publication of Research Results) shall be effective
during the period set forth in each Article.
Article 33. Amendment of the Agreement
1. JAXA can amend the contents of this Agreement. In such a case, JAXA announces
the amended contents by posting it to the website operated by JAXA, and thereafter
the Agreement is handled based on the amended contents.
2. In the case the Research Organization has a legitimate reason for not agreeing withthe amendment of the previous paragraph, the Research Organization may
terminate the Agreement by notifying JAXA in writing within thirty (30) days fromthe date the amended contents were posted on the website.
Article 34. Governing Law
The Agreement shall be governed and interpreted under the laws of Japan.
Article 35. Language
All communications between JAXA and the Research Organization under thisAgreement shall be either in Japanese or English.
Article 36. Consultation
In the event that any doubt arises with regard to provisions that are not included in theAgreement, it shall be resolved upon mutual agreement between JAXA and the
Research Organization as necessary.

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Attachment “Earth Observation Satellite Data”
Name of Satellite or Sensor

Observation Period

Observable Area(YYYY/MM/DD)
JERS

1992/09/01~1998/10/11

Global1996/10/15~1997/06/29

Global2003/01~2003/10

Global

2006/05/16~2011/04/22

Global2014/08/04~

Global2012 /07~

Global1997/12~2015/04

Global(Japanese Earth Observation
Satellite)
ADEOS(Advanced Earth Observation
Satellite)
ADEOS-II(Advanced Earth Observing
Satellite-II)
ALOS(Advanced Land Observing
Satellite)* Limited to 50 scenes per year
ALOS-2(Advanced Land Observing
Satellite-2)* Limited to 50 scenes per year
GCOM-W(The Global Change Observation
Mission - Water)
TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring(PR: Approximately

Mission)36°S-36°N. TMI andVIRS: Approximately
38°S-38°N)

AMSR-E

2002/06/19~2011/10/04

Global2009/04/23~

Global(Advanced Microwave ScanningRadiometer for EOS-Aquasatellite)
GOSAT(Greenhouse Gases Observing
Satellite)

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GPM

2014/03~

Global(Global Precipitation(DPR: Approximately

Measurement)

66°S-66°N.
GMI: Approximately
68°S-68°N)

GCOM-C

2018/01~

Global(Global Change Observation
Mission – Climate)* EarthCARE will be added by revision of the Agreement pursuant to Article 33 whenprovision of data becomes available.

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COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AGREEMENT (NON-FUNDED)FOR THE GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATION MISSIONBETWEEN THE
JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY (JAXA)AND
THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION(FOR THE RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENT)

JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY

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6th GCOM SCIENCE RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTCOLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AGREEMENT (NON-FUNDED)

This agreement ("Agreement") is entered into between the Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency, established under the provision of the Law Concerning the Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency on October 1, 2003, represented by its President and having its
principal office at 7-44-1 Higashimachi, Jindaiji, Choufu-shi, Tokyo, Japan ("JAXA")
and a research organization ("Research Organization") that submitted an application
form for the below described research activities to JAXA, hereinafter collectively
referred to as "the Parties."
WITNESSETH
WHEREAS, the Global Change Observation Mission ("GCOM") aims to construct, use,and verify systems that enable continuous global-scale observations of effective
geophysical parameters for clarifying global climate change and water circulation
mechanisms;
WHEREAS, JAXA issued the Research Announcement ("RA") to engage in collaborative
research activities directly related to retrieval algorithms for geophysical products,
product validation, and data application of GCOM, and the Research Organization
applied pursuant to such RA;
WHEREAS, JAXA accepted the Research Organization's proposal that was in responseto the RA, delivered the confirmation sheet to the Research Organization and JAXA
further desires to utilize such proposal in JAXA's project; andWHEREAS, JAXA desires to engage in the above research activities in collaboration
with the Research Organization.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements hereinafter set forth,and for other good and reasonable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are
hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereby agree as follows:
Article 1.

Definitions

1. The following capitalized terms shall have the following meanings:

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(1) "Research Results" means the technical results and scientific knowledge derived
from the implementation of the Research Projects pursuant to this Agreement,
includingallinventions,

ideas, designs,

literary

works,

algorithms,

andtechnological developments, such as programs, that can execute the algorithm(s).
(2) "Intellectual Property Rights" generated in the course of implementation of theAgreement means the following:(i) Industrial Property Rights (as defined below);(ii) Potential Industrial Property Rights (as defined below); and(iii) Program/Data Copyrights (as defined below).
"Industrial Property Rights" means all domestic and foreign patents, utility models,and industrial designs.
"Potential Industrial Property Rights" means all domestic and foreign applicationrights for patents, utility models, or industrial designs.
"Program/Data Copyrights" means all domestic and foreign copyrights related tocomputer programs, software and databases.
(3) "Collaborative Research Plan" means the plan described in the Application for
Collaborative Research Agreement for the GCOM ("Application").
(4) “Research Period” means a period described in the Collaborative Research Plan.
Based on the regulations of this Agreement, in case this Agreement is terminatedbefore the completion date of the Research Period, such date of termination of theAgreement shall be the final date of the Research Period.
(5) "Annual Evaluation" means evaluation by JAXA of the research results achieved at
the end of each Japanese fiscal year, in order to assess the progress of the research.
(6) "Earth Observation Satellite Data" means data sets obtained from satellites which
are retained by JAXA at the time of execution of this Agreement. The available data
sets (including names of satellites, sensors, observation periods that can be offered,and observation areas) are listed in Attachment A of this Agreement.
(7) "Meteorological Data" means data sets provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency
pursuant to the agreement between JAXA and the Japan Meteorological Agency.

D-45

2. In this Agreement, "Invention, etc." means inventions in terms of items subject topatent rights, utility models in terms of items subject to utility model rights,
creations in terms of items subject to copyrights such as design rights and programs,
and ideas in terms of items subject to algorithms and know-how.
3. In this Agreement, "utilization" of the intellectual property rights and Research
Results means activities defined in Article 2, Paragraph 3 of the Patent Act,
activities defined in Article 2, Paragraph 3 of the Utility Model Act, activities
defined in Article 2, Paragraph 3 of the Design Act, enforcement of rights defined in
Articles 21 and 27 of the Copyright Act (including utilization of secondary work
created by JAXA or the Research Organization), and use of algorithms andknow-how.
4. In this Agreement, "Principal Investigator" ("PI") means the Research Organization
employee who submitted the proposal in response to the RA and was selected to be
responsible for the Research Projects. "Co-Investigator" ("CI") means a person who
supports the PI in performing the Research Projects with approval by JAXA. Names,
affiliation, and other information concerning the PI and CI (collectively"Collaborative Researchers") shall be described in the Collaborative Research Plan.
Article 2.

JAXA's Performance for Research Projects and the Research

Organization's General Responsibilities for Research Projects
1. JAXA shall make reasonable efforts to perform the following tasks related to the
Research Projects:a) Deliver the Earth Observation Satellite Data and Meteorological Data required for
performing the Collaborative Research to the Research Organization free of charge;b) Hold research presentation meetings (Research Presentation Meeting) to checkprogress of the research and other necessary meetings;c) Carry out an Annual Evaluation based on the report made in the ResearchPresentation Meeting stipulated in the previous Paragraph, or written reports
similar to the one stipulated therein.
2. For the purpose of ensuring the Research Organization's performance of the above
obligations, the Research Organization shall perform certain actions including, but
not limited to:a) Conduct and complete the Research Projects in accordance with the Collaborative
Research Plan.
b) Participate in the Research Presentation Meeting hosted by JAXA every fiscal year

D-46

in response to the request from JAXA;c) Report on the Research Results and progress of research in the ResearchPresentation Meeting stipulated in the previous Paragraph, or submit in a written
form to JAXA by the day before the Annual Evaluation that JAXA implements every
fiscal year;d) Deliver the reports as a report of all the Research Results obtained during the fiscal
year by the end of such fiscal year to JAXA. Furthermore, upon completion of theresearch period, the Research Organization shall report all the Research Results
obtained throughout the entire period of the Collaborative Research in the Final
Report and submit it to JAXA. In this case, the Research Organization does not needto separately submit an annual report for the final year of the term; ande) Alternatively may substitute the submission of a thesis published during the
Research Period for the submission of the report of Research Results.
Article 3. Finalization of the Contract
1.

The Agreement shall become effective as of the date of the issuance of theConfirmation Sheet prescribed by JAXA in response to an application by the Research
Organization. The period of the Agreement shall be the period described in the
Confirmation Sheet issued by JAXA. In case of a conflict between the Confirmation
Sheet and this Agreement, the terms and conditions stipulated in the Confirmation
Sheet will supersede this Agreement.
Article 4.

Researchers

1. The Research Organization shall ensure that the Collaborative Researchers listed in
the Collaborative Research Plan to participate in the Collaborative Research.
2. JAXA shall allow those who are listed in the Collaborative Research Plan toparticipate in the Research Projects.
3. The Research Organization shall ensure that all the Collaborative Researchers
engaging in the Research Projects act in accordance with the terms and conditions of
the Agreement.
4. In the event that the Research Organization intends to newly select or add CIs, theResearch Organization shall first notify JAXA in written form in advance and obtainthe consent of JAXA for such personnel. The Research Organization shall takenecessary measures to cause such CI to follow the Collaborative Research
Agreement.
5. In the event that the PI dies, retires from the Research Organization, takes a leave

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of absence from work, or comes to be no longer engaged in the Research Projects, theResearch Organization shall immediately notify JAXA as such and JAXA may at its
sole discretion terminate this Agreement; provided however, that if the Research
Organization designates a researcher who belongs to the Research Organization as
the PI's successor and JAXA approves the succession, the Parties may amend thisAgreement, with the succeeding researcher being a new PI. The terms andconditions of the amendment to this Agreement shall be determined upon mutual
consultation and consent.
Article 5.

Research Funding

Each party shall bear the necessary costs of fulfilling its own responsibilities under thisagreement.
Article 6.

Ownership of the Rights to the Acquired Equipment

Equipment acquired by each party in the course of the Research Projects shall be ownedby the party who purchased such equipment.
.
Article 7. Providing of Earth Observation Satellite Data by JAXA
1. JAXA will provide the Research Organization with the Earth Observation Satellite
Data for the Research Projects free of charge via internet in accordance with Article
2, Paragraph 1, a) subject to the following conditions:a) The Research Organization agrees and accepts that JAXA may not provide all the
Earth Observation Satellite Data which the Research Organization may request due
to rights restrictions of JAXA's equipment and resource limitations.
Note that amongst the Earth Observation Satellite Data, which the Research
Organization may request JAXA, the each standard Data collected from theAdvanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and the Advance Land Observing
Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) shall be limited to fifty scenes every fiscal year;b) JAXA does not guarantee a specific quality or the timely provision of the Earth
Observation Satellite Data and does not take responsibility for the quality or any
delay of provision of such data;c) JAXA reserves the right to curtail or suspend Earth Observation Satellite Data
supply to the Research Organization due to faults or difficulties relating to thesatellites, limitations on their operations, or any other reasons, and JAXA shall be
exempt from any responsibility for such curtailing or suspension; andd) Research Organization shall bear the costs of media and shipment if Research

D-48

Organization requests to provide the Earth Observation Satellite Data via media.
2. With respect to the Earth Observation Satellite Data provided by JAXA, theResearch Organization shall:a)

Not duplicate the Earth Observation Satellite Data except for the purpose of
backup. However, this excludes duplication for distributing to authorizedresearchers engaged in the Research Project as stipulated in Article 4 andsubcontractors stipulated in Article 4 ("Collaborative Researchers" collectively)
which are necessary for the Collaborative Research Project.

b)

Not provide or disclose the Earth Observation Satellite Data except to the PI;

c)Only use the Earth Observation Satellite Data for the singular purpose ofadvancing the efforts of the Research Projects; andd)Return or otherwise appropriately manage the Earth Observation Satellite Data
upon completion of this Agreement, according to the directives of JAXA.

3. Any rights regarding the Earth Observation Satellite Data provided by JAXA shallconform to the following:a) JAXA retains the intellectual property rights of all the Earth Observation Satellite
Data, except for ALOS PALSAR data of which METI is the joint owner.
b) If value-added products(modified products with high-level processing which are
irreversible to standard data. High-level data processing includes data analysis or
combining multiple-satellite data, image processing based on external information,and physical quantity conversion.)are solely developed by Research Organizationout of Earth Observation Satellite Data, in the course of executing the Research
Projects, Research Organization retains the intellectual property rights of suchvalue-added products.
c) If Research Organization and JAXA jointly modify the Earth Observation Satellite
Data which is provided by JAXA and develop any value-added products, Research
Organization and JAXA will discuss the allocation of rights to the value-added
products in consideration to degree of contribution or other factors to be considered;d) Except for cases under paragraph b) and paragraph c), all Intellectual Property
Rights of the data or product developed by modifying the Earth Observation
Satellite Data shall be owned by JAXA and;e) In case Research Organization uses the modified Earth Observation Satellite Datafor commercial purposes, Research Organization shall notify JAXA and comply witha license condition to be set by JAXA.

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Article 8.

Providing of Meteorological Data by JAXA

1. For the purpose of performing the Research Projects, JAXA will attempt to provide
the Research Organization with the Meteorological Data based on Article 2,
Paragraph 1, a).
2. Any rights relating to the Meteorological Data provided by JAXA to the Research
Organization shall not be transferred to the Research Organization by suchprovisions. In terms of the intellectual property rights of the data, the Research
Organization shall follow the instructions of JAXA.
3. The Research Organization may not disclose the provided Meteorological Data to
any third party except for Collaborative Researchers.
4. The Research Organization shall use the provided Meteorological Data solely for the
purpose of conducting the Research Projects.
5. The Research Organization shall return or otherwise appropriately keep theMeteorological Data in accordance with the instructions of JAXA upon thetermination of this Agreement.
Article 9.

Disclosure of Technical Data

1. For the purpose of performing the Research Projects, JAXA will attempt to provide
the Research Organization with the meteorological data provided by the Japan
Meteorological Agency pursuant to the agreement between JAXA and the Japan
Meteorological Agency ("Meteorological Data"). The Research Organization agrees
that JAXA's provision of the Meteorological Data may be limited or otherwise
affected by the fact that some rights to the Meteorological Data belong to the Japan
Meteorological Agency.
2. The Research Organization shall use the provided Meteorological Data solely for the
purpose of conducting the Research Projects. The Research Organization may notdisclose the provided Meteorological Data to any third party.
3. The Research Organization shall return or otherwise appropriately keep theMeteorological Data in accordance with the instructions of JAXA upon thetermination of this Agreement.
Article 10. Usage of Research Results
1. All Research Results obtained through the course of the Collaborative Research("Jointly-Owned Research Results") may be used for non-commercial and peacefulpurposes by the Parties (or by a third party including for JAXA or the Research
Organization) without prior consent of the other party.

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2. With regard to copyrights in the Final Reports submitted by the Research
Organization to JAXA, JAXA may freely use, edit, copy, and distribute such reports.
In this case, the Collaborative Researchers shall waive any related moral rights tothe copyrights in the Final Reports.
Article 11. Ownership of Research Results
1. Both Parties shall solely own the rights of the Research Results only if JAXA or the
Research Organization solely generates such Research Results in the course of
Research Projects.
2. The Parties shall jointly own the rights to the Research Results obtained throughthe course of the Collaborative Research and the ownership of such results shall be
determined upon mutual agreement between the Parties, taking into consideration
the degrees of contribution by JAXA and the Research Organization.
Article 12. Application, etc., of Intellectual Property Rights
1. JAXA or the Research Organization shall give the other party prompt written noticeof Intellectual Property Rights generated in the course of the Collaborative
Research, such as Inventions, Utility Models, and Creations, and discuss theownership of such generated Intellectual Property Rights, as well as whether it isnecessary to submit an application for registration of such Intellectual Property
Rights.
2. JAXA and/or the Research Organization shall take any necessary procedures for
any Industrial Property Rights owned by and/or held by each Collaborative
Researcher (including inventions, etc., jointly generated by such Joint Researcher
and JAXA or the Research Organization) to be transferred by such Joint Researcher
to JAXA or the Research Organization.
3. If JAXA or the Research Organization solely generates Potential Intellectual
Property Rights in the course of the Research Projects ("Solely-Owned Intellectual
Property Rights"), the party may take steps to apply for the registration of theresulting Intellectual Property Rights as solely-owned ones, provided that it shallobtain prior confirmation of the other party. In this case, expenses for application
and rights preservation shall be borne by the party solely holding the Intellectual
Property Rights.
4. In the event that the Parties jointly generate an invention, etc., and submit anapplication for Intellectual Property Rights to such invention, the Parties shallenter into a separate joint ownership agreement ("Joint Ownership Agreement")

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and jointly perform submission of the application and other procedures according to
the Joint Ownership Agreement. In this case, expenses for application and rights
preservation shall be borne by both JAXA and the Research Organization inaccordance with the degree of ownership.
Article 13. Application of Intellectual Property Rights Overseas
1. Regulations of the previous Article shall apply to the case of application and rights
preservation of the Intellectual Property Rights in foreign countries.
2. In the event of an application of the Intellectual Property Rights jointly owned by
the Parties pursuant to Paragraph 4 of the previous Article, the Parties shalldiscuss whether it is necessary to submit an application for registration of such
Intellectual Property Rights.
Article 14. Utilization of Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights
In case either of the Parties utilizes the Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights,
such party shall obtain the consent of the other party in advance and pay a utilization
fee as set forth in the separate utilization agreement, except for the case stipulated in
Article 10.
Article 15. License of Utilization of Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights to Third
Party
1. The Parties may grant to any third party a license to use the Jointly-Owned
Intellectual Property Rights, provided, however that the relevant party shall obtain
the written prior consent of the other party, and determine the licensing terms after
discussion with the other party.
2. In the case of granting a license to use the Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property
Rights to a third party as in the previous Paragraph, the relevant party shall collectthe usage fee from such third party as set forth in the separate usage agreement.
The usage fee to be collected from the third party shall be distributed between theParties pro rata in proportion to their respective interests in those rights.
Article 16. Transfer of Interests to Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights
1. The Parties may transfer their respective interests to the Jointly-Owned
Intellectual Property Rights generated in the course of the Collaborative Research
only to their respective designees after discussion between the Parties. Suchtransfer may be carried out pursuant to a separate transfer agreement. In this event,D-52

the Parties shall cause its designee to succeed to all of its rights and obligations withrespect to those Intellectual Property Rights.
2. If JAXA or the Research Organization disclaims its interests in the Jointly-Owned
Intellectual Property Rights, the relevant party shall give the other party priornotice thereof and transfer its interests to the other party, only if the other party
wishes to acquire it.
Article 17. Improved Invention
If JAXA or the Research Organization alters or improves the Jointly-Owned Intellectual
Property within one (1) year from the application for registration of the original
Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights, the party shall provide a written noticewithout delay to the other party describing the alterations or improvements. Ownershipand other issues of the Intellectual Property Rights concerning the altered or improved
invention shall be determined through discussion between the Parties.
Article 18. Designation of Know-How
1. After mutual agreement by the Parties, JAXA and the Research Organization shallpromptly designate as know-how the Research Results which are appropriately to
be treated as know-how ("Know-How").
2. For designation of Know-How, a period during which the Research Results aredesignated to be Know-How shall be specified.
3. After designating the Know-How, such Know-How shall be kept in confidence inprinciple, for five (5) years commencing on the day immediately following the date of
the completion of this Agreement; provided, however, that JAXA and the Research
Organization may extend or shorten that period upon mutual agreement.
Article 19. Utilization of Facilities, etc.
1. The Parties may use facilities and equipment ("Facilities") of the other party free ofcharge with the prior consent of the other party if it is necessary for implementationof the Research Projects.
2. The Parties shall follow the rules and regulations of the other party in case of using
the Facilities of the other party.
Article 20. Installation of Equipment
1. The Parties may, if necessary for implementation of the Research Projects, installnecessary equipment and other materials into the facility of the other party with

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the prior consent of the other party. In this case, the party which installs such
equipment shall follow the rules and regulations of the other party.
2. In the event that JAXA or the Research Organization uses the materials, etc.,
installed by the other party (Installed Material), such party shall obtain the priorconsent of the other party and shall not use the Installed Material for otherpurposes than the Research Projects.
3. In the event that JAXA or the Research Organization loses or damages the Installed
Material, such party should immediately notify the other party of such fact
irrespective of the reason.
Article 21. Delivery, Storage, and Returning of Lent Equipment
1. The Parties may lend machinery or other materials to the other party if it isrequired for implementation of the Research Projects.
2. Upon delivery of the machinery or other materials ("Lent Equipment") lent inaccordance with the previous Paragraph, the owner of the Lent Equipment("Lessor") shall submit to the other party a Note of Delivery and the other party
shall submit to the Lessor a receipt.
3. The Parties shall confirm the items, amount, etc. of the Lent Equipment upondelivery of the Lent Equipment and if there is a shortage in the amount or any
defect (including ones whose quality and/or specification does not meet therequirements), JAXA or the Research Organization shall notify such fact to theLessor and receive an instruction from the Lessor.
4. JAXA and the Research Organization shall manage and use the Lent Equipmentwith the care of a good manager and should not use the Lent Equipment for
purposes other than the Research Projects.
5. JAXA and the Research Organization shall keep a record of usage and managementof the Lent Equipment to record the delivery, usage, and returning of the Lent
Equipment for the purpose of clarifying the condition of the Lent Equipment.
6. In the case of loss or damage to the Lent Equipment, JAXA and the Research
Organization shall immediately notify the fact to the Lessor without delay.
7. The receiving party shall notify the Lessor if any of the Lent Equipment becomes
unnecessary due to reasons such as completion, change, or termination of whole orpart of the Research Projects and shall take procedures to return the Lent
Equipment according to the instructions of the Lessor.
Article 22. Confidentiality

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1. In this Agreement, "Confidential Information" means any information that
corresponds to any of the following:(1) Any information that includes documents classified "Confidential", any material
object such as a sample, or any information, either material or immaterial, which
JAXA and the Research Organization agreed to handle as Confidential Information
by a written agreement, obtained in the course of these Research Projects; and(2) Any information disclosed or distributed to the other party as Confidential
Information in the form of a document, a drawing, a photograph, a specimen, asample, a magnetic tape, a floppy disk, or the like for the purpose of the Research
Projects.
2. The Parties shall appropriately keep the Confidential Information secret, and shallnot disclose or divulge any Confidential Information to any party other than those
who engage in the Research Projects; provided, however, that any information whichcorresponds to any of the following is not included in the Confidential Information.
a) Information that is already known to the public when disclosed by the disclosing
party;b) Information that becomes known to the public after the disclosure by the disclosing
party without intentional misconduct or negligence of the receiving party;c) Information that the receiving party already had before the disclosure by thedisclosing party;d) Information that the receiving party acquires from a duly authorized third party not
subject to confidentiality obligations;e) Information that the receiving party independently develops without utilizing
information obtained from the disclosing party;f)Information with prior written consent of the disclosing party for disclosure or
publication; org) Information that is required to be disclosed by applicable laws, judgment or order of
a competent court. In this case, the receiving party shall promptly notify thedisclosing party of the necessity of disclosure.
3. The confidentiality obligation under this Article shall remain effective for a period offive (5) years after the termination of the Agreement. However this period of
maintaining confidentiality may be extended or shortened by mutual agreement
between JAXA and the Research Organization.
Article 23. Publication of Research Results
1. The Parties may disclose or publish the Research Results obtained in the course of

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the Research Projects ("Publication of Research Results") provided that such
publishing party follows the confidentiality obligations stipulated in Article 22.
2. In the case of the previous Paragraph, before publishing, JAXA or the Research
Organization ("the publishing party") shall provide the other party with a written
document regarding the description of the Research Results to be published andrequest the written consent of the other party. The other party will not
unreasonably withhold consent from the publishing party's request for such
publication.
3. The other party, upon receiving the notice, will request correction of the content of
the publication in written form if it is judged that such content includes a portion
which may lead to the loss of the future interest of the other party and the
publishing party shall consult with the other party about such portion. The
publishing party may not publish the portion which the other party has notified ashaving the possibility of resulting in the loss of the future interest of the other party
without the consent of the other party.
4. The Research Organization shall state in the publication that such Research
Results have been obtained pursuant to this Agreement and identify the owner ofthe rights to the Earth Observation Satellite Data and Meteorological Data used insuch publication.
5. The period during which the notification pursuant to Paragraph 2 is required shallbe one (1) year from the day following the day of termination of the Agreement.
However this period may be extended or shortened by mutual agreement between
JAXA and the Research Organization.
6. JAXA and the Research Organization shall provide the other party with a copy ofthe publication immediately after the disclosure or publishing of such publication.
Each party is entitled to an irrevocable and royalty-free right to use the provided
publications, unless the copyright of such publication is owned or held by anacademic society.
Article 24. Security
In the course of the Collaborative Research, the Parties shall take necessary procedures
for maintaining order in the areas managed by each party, ensuring appropriate andsmooth operation of the research, and ensuring the protection (security) of important
assets and information.
Article 25. Termination of the Contract

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1. The Parties may terminate the Agreement in any case that corresponds to any oneof the following. In such a case, the Parties agree to waive any claim against theother.
(1) Upon the consent of both JAXA and the Research Organization;(2) When the other party commits a dishonest and/or inequitable act; provided that thebreaching party fails to offer any effective and satisfactory remedial measures
within seven (7) days after receiving demands for corrective action from the harmed
party;(3) When the other party breaches the Agreement; provided that the breaching party
fails to offer any effective and satisfactory remedial measures within seven (7) days
after receiving demands for corrective action from the harmed party;(4) When JAXA determines that it cannot continue the Research Projects with the
Research Organization as a result of the Annual Evaluation stipulated in Article 2,
Paragraph 1, c).
(5) When the Research Organization loses a person who is engaged in the Research
Projects due to the reasons described in Paragraph 5 of Article 4, such as transfer of
the PI; and(6) Due to an unavoidable occurrence such as a natural disaster.
2. Upon the termination of the Agreement, the Research Organization shall promptly
deliver to JAXA all work including, but not limited to, all works in progress and all
work that is completed and otherwise ready for delivery.
3. The Parties shall waive any claim against the other if the Agreement is terminatedpursuant to Paragraph 1, Item 6 of this Article.
Article 26. Effective Term
1. The effective term of the Agreement shall be the period set forth in Article 3.
2. Termination of this Agreement shall not affect a Party's continuing obligation underParagraph 2 and 3 of Article 7 (Providing and Rights of Earth Observation Satellite
Data by JAXA), Paragraph 2 to 5 of Article 8 (Providing and Rights ofMeteorological Data by JAXA), Paragraph 3 of Article 9 (Exchange of Technical
Information etc.), and Article 10 (Usage of Research Results) through Article 16(Transfer of interests to Jointly-Owned Intellectual Property Rights) during theeffective period of rights set forth in each Article and Paragraph while Article 17(Improved Invention), Article 18 (Designation of Know-How), Article 22(Confidentiality)and Article 23 (Publication of Research Results)shall be effective
during the period set forth in each Article.

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Article 27. Amendment of the Agreement
1. JAXA can amend the contents of this Agreement. In such a case, JAXA announces
the amended contents by posting it to the website operated by JAXA, and thereafter
the Agreement is handled based on the amended contents.
2. In the case the Research Organization has a legitimate reason for not agreeing withthe amendment of the previous paragraph, the Research Organization may
terminate the Agreement by notifying JAXA in writing within thirty (30) days fromthe date the amended contents were posted on the website.
Article 28. Governing Law
The Agreement shall be governed and interpreted under the laws of Japan.
Article 29. Language
All communications between JAXA and the Research Organization under thisAgreement shall be either in Japanese or English.
Article 30. Consultation
In the event that any doubt arises with regard to provisions that are not included in theAgreement, it shall be resolved upon mutual agreement between JAXA and the
Research Organization as necessary.

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Attachment “Earth Observation Satellite Data”
Name of Satellite or Sensor

Observation Period

Observable Area(YYYY/MM/DD)
JERS

1992/09/01~1998/10/11

Global1996/10/15~1997/06/29

Global2003/01~2003/10

Global

2006/05/16~2011/04/22

Global2014/08/04~

Global2012/07~

Global1997/12~2015/04

Global(Japanese Earth Observation
Satellite)
ADEOS(Advanced Earth Observation
Satellite)
ADEOS-II(Advanced Earth Observing
Satellite-II)
ALOS(Advanced Land Observing
Satellite)* Limited to 50 scenes per year
ALOS-2(Advanced Land Observing
Satellite-2)* Limited to 50 scenes per year
GCOM-W(The Global Change
Observation Mission - Water)
TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring(PR: Approximately

Mission)36°S-36°N. TMI andVIRS: Approximately
38°S-38°N)

AMSR-E

2002/06/19~2011/10/04

Global2009/04/23~

Global(Advanced Microwave ScanningRadiometer for EOS-Aquasatellite)
GOSAT(Greenhouse Gases Observing
Satellite)

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GPM

2014/03~

Global(Global Precipitation(DPR: Approximately

Measurement）

66°S-66°N.
GMI: Approximately
68°S-68°N)

GCOM-C

2018/01~

Global(Global Change Observation
Mission – Climate)* EarthCARE will be added by revision of the Agreement pursuant to Article 27 whenprovision of data becomes available.

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