
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
Y
No. 3-, p. -/ ./ ,**-

  *ῌ**ῌ

**Inﬂuence of Moisture Content on Soil Respiration in Acid Sulfate Soils
Kaoru UENO*, Tadashi ADACHI** and Hajime NARIOKA*** The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University,-ῌ+ῌ+ Tsushima-naka, Okayama 1**ῌ2/-*, Japan** Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University,-ῌ+ῌ+ Tsushima-naka, Okayama 1**ῌ2/-*, Japan
Abstract
The basic mechanism of acidiﬁcation on acid sulfate soils (ASS) was studied, but the relation
between matric potential (soil moisture) and the behaviour of microorganisms in ASS was still
unclear.

In this paper, the e#ects of drying on the mechanism of acidiﬁcation were identiﬁed,

especially in relation to di#erent microbial populations and soil respiration through soil incubation experiments.
Six soil moisture conditions were set by drying in the incubator at -*.

Soil pH, soil

respiration and total bacterial population, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (T. ferrooxidans) that had a
big role as a catalyst on the acidiﬁcation of ASS and other gram-negative bacteria were analysed.
It was determined that within the matric potential range of
respiration was active. Speciﬁcally at-/,,* kPa (pF ,.//-.-/), soil-/ kPa (pF ,.//), the main bacterial population in the soil

was T. ferrooxidans, while population of gram-positive bacteria decreased, though, total bacterial
population had a signiﬁcant relation to soil respiration.

Soil acidiﬁcation was e#ected not

because of the population of T. ferrooxidans but mainly due to the speed in their increase.
Carbon dioxide ﬁxation by T. ferrooxidans (per cell) and aerobic respiration (per cell) were active
in high matric potential range, but the high population of these bacterium were more e#ective inincreasing the amount of carbon dioxide ﬁxed and aerobic respiration.
Key words : acid sulfate soils, soil respiration, moisture content, acidity, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans+    J?@AB/]^,_$`abcdIef
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Fundamental physical and chemical
properties of sample soils(in subsoils Polder-Nakaumi, Shimane,depth ; +2/),+* cm)
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S A-0
pH .H, O ; + : /0
pH .H, O,0
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and Katoh, +33,0 ;d&* $%2N01 & kF& ;cO-hiab  j$%& .ab70*,,- ! #$%&'

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KG& UM mZn]F *./M-H,

SO. Aj .+** cc Etuiu0 +.* M-NaOH Aj ./* cc/G)* st()Etuiu0?

v , L Ewxy]FLM  -*I

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

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^

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6'9 ¤,Classiﬁcation of microorganisms based on types of respiration (except photorespiration)

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37

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.-D *8l #Q -*m 

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 +* mm vῌ vῌw6J-.

! T.

ferrooxidans 6q-&'drFs $ G@6qt3'V6HI)c

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38

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!"#$%



Fig. + Soil moisture curve during the drying process.
~ : lm!": ()changes in matric potential during the drying process : ;%:lm ()changes in matric potential of sample soils set at di#erent watercontent by drying

- 

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&'5- 67-

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 ῌ,  6 CO, RSTU5- 8-/ kPa :5. QKVWXHIYK:Z[ - 8-9+*- kPa :

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bc

ῌ,Fig. ,HIJK%
)DEF OCO, RSP (

Changes in soil respiration (CO, content) in di#erent culture periods.

\#

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U% ?p- kxy#$% DEFG45-o5 . Q?pHI5qr:;- DEaZXn

 &'zX#{G4YKWf|}1D : )# CMN

ῌ-

39

#$ %CO, &'( ),-Fig. - Changes in soil respiration (CO, content).
: 012 %without stir(: 12 %with stir(

 

OPQ)RS)TU VWX9BYZ[\TU
9>] ^J.  
--  _][\TU`:a%Penman,+3.*( 4-./ kPa 3b40.* kPa 3)cdSef] g)RS)TU hijklmK--+  CO,  !" #$ %CO, &'( )*+_]jnoBpG< f] 123 0123),-.ῌ- /0123)CO, &'4-/4,,*q rV)`osV+#tuAB

54-6+*- 54,6+*. 540.*54-./ kPa 3)7/vw xGH 4-/ kPa 3 0123)g89:,-$4-/54,,*54-6+*-540.*4-./ kPa

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:4-./ kPa

40.* kPa 3)IJK  L)MN; <= +, |}>; :`~ 4,,* kPa 3 ),Uf= /+* molῌkg )?+9B8

<_$V`D a 3- b Z,**-[

40

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-./$01

Fig. . Changes in population of bacteria.
Y : 5. Ztotal bacteria[\ : @ABPD. Zgram-positive bacteria[] : @ABCD. Zgram-negative bacteria[ ^ : RS1-. ZThiobacillus ferrooxidans[ -+*- kPa ,,* kPa   ,+*. kPa ABCD. @ABCD.$MNQ RS1-.

  ! "#$%& '()*+
--, 

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41

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   
!"#$% !"#$ &'()*+,% - !"#$./0
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8

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+*- kPa   +

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 pH

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Fig. /

Changes in pH of soil solution.

Fig. 0Changes in EC of soil solution.

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 . pH H ,,*7.45 ,,* kPa Wab - - 678. pH -.*,+*. kPa 

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5.% -./ kPa Wab0.* kPa  / 67

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,% ©\8  .a3,P

xy oK xy I,P|\+*. kPa  EC X@YZS



A 

E@¬Ct\+*. kPa H pH

 pH @

 EC 01ª«. -./ kPa Wab0.* kPa

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pH -./, 0.*, ,+*-EC  ©\P 

pH ,P,+*. kPa D&9 : 3- ¼ W,**-Y

42

. 
.+

J/[   < O

PGH ##(= [ CO, _7 bcdHCO, 

-/ kPa 

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

 

 CO,



CO, 

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% bcdH\]  CO, P#;% "#$% &'(#OPGH#

6O_/B,- < v# -/ kPa !

CO, )*+",- ./& pH CO,   GHz# 6O_  CO,

012 & EC 3" 0 mSῌcm 4

 P %) 567  89:;41#

,,* kPa !

 HN

/ -./< CO, &'()*+ $ kPa !0.* kPa !#* CO, ,- = >?# 6 CO,  2"#5=L4A ¡ <

&@AB6!iHj bcdH5= <H /

.,



 CO, 

$lz1# k% 4 CO, 

CO, 4% C-/ kPaDA ¡ F# 6OPGH¢

,E+*. kPa !FGHIJK CO, AL/z*+STA`,-<M -/ kPaD,E+*. kPa !FHN -/-E+*- kPa !  FHN /%OPGHzkPaD,,* kPa !OPGHN CO, QR#{""  ,,* kPa !#*STUQV WXῌ1 Xῌ2Y CO,   FH

 CO,   ,,* kPa ! [

N ZUQ OPGH UQ5[ & <  bcdHz{"% CO, W\]Y # FH CO, ^

WO_Y #OPGHQR6<` << >?FHN

/=1,- , $£CO, ¢/0  FHN . $#3A

abcdHeb

[ , $£OPGHhbcdfH

cdfHeOPGHg 5[ -/ kPa h bciz{6< OPGH¢/zdHij5[ bcdfHNk,,*OPGHhbcdf+,¤-GH W!uOP

kPa !l

GH¥.56Y # 6O_ z# 6bcdfHim

O

PGH5= < [ \] n#bcd
Ho O_ n#OPGH # 6",-
,E+*. kPa !

 FHN

-E+*-

,- O_  pq #k%rst6,kPa ! ["/%

-6!uOPGH"ov wx FOPGH

HN 3"/%z{"¦§¨/% OPGHh# 6"y=bcdfH ¨© ["k= CO,  3[ OPG

0.* kPa !  bcdH k

"% /0!ª4h P "«%ῌ

%rsz{" % OPGH -/ kPa5= <©# 6\]@ !#|}z{"A` l ~!#

-E+*- kPa ! ["% <'1  ¨GH-./ kPa&῍]#5=< bcdH\]"z{¬25[3A ¡t6­®¯°56<

@`± 

% OPGH#

6O_o CO,  ##%/=,- v# CO, P  OPGHO-/ kPa !  OPGHi"4% 3"O

PGHO_@A;% , $ CO,6,-0  OPGHN< #356< Nk #%&B l OPGHz{#bcdH [ \]# 6 CO,_ bcdH# 6 # =¦²)
 l ~GH@z{@  OP
GHz{

W56

pHY # %*+A³

6< =
56&'1& CO,3#/6B  ~&# "´ 6 Mielnich,- l[ CO,  t6

W,***Y'^z CO, ](6¸  56&'1 W*.,D*.- m-ῌm-Y 6, $##03A=,- / $

CO,  z µ4&#  CO,¶·#5=¸3B67¹ º» W+32*Y 48

¡¢ : O8POQ  £¤¥ 5678<BCD@Aῌ1

CO, ]^_+*. kPa

Fig. 1:; h-/ kPah,iῌ2Fig. 2

Relation between CO, content and population of total bacteria (-/ kPa,
+*. kPa).

ῌTable -CO, yOz{^_h,,* kPa{^43:; h-/ kPa

Relation between CO, content and population of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (-/kPa,,* kPa).

5678

Degree of respiration per bacteria

weekh-4/ kPa

h04* kPah-/ kPah,,* kPa

h-i+*- kPa

h,i+*. kPa

*
+
,
.
/
+,

*4+*4*2
*4*.
*4-+
*4*/
*4**
*4*+

*4*3
*4*/
*4*,
*4*,
*4*.
*4*+
*4/*

*420
+4,+
*4*+
*4*0
,4,.
*4.0
-4*.

-*
-./
+22
+,*
+
3

2
232
.+,
-20
+0
+3
.,0

13
2.
+*,
1.
,1
0
,30

(CO, content)/(Population of total bacteria )i+*/ *.0+., kg ῌ kg  kPa k l<?m nῌ-  opq^ efg56*.2+./ kgῌkg  CO, 

78rs tOuvwxyOz{^|?

  Sakamoto +33.  !" #$%} ~ῌ.  CO,&'( )*+,-./0 12345678)*

efg 8 {^ =>} CO,+,-./09 :;<=>?@ABCDEF G*49\ h,i+*. kPa k^

HIJK L( :M)*

efg5678}? ^_|?\<+N? O8POQ <RS T %&U

CO, Y*9'm(LVSWXL|?< opq

CO, vd <H  LyOz{^_` ab \ +*. cyCO, Y*9LZ:[\(L]^_`

x<?m L yOz{^ tOuv78

ab \ +*/ cd^ efg5678

op<L  opqyD h-i+*-jh,,*jh,i+*.jh-/jh0.* h-./Oz{^ 78} yOz{^< .-


Oz{^ tOuv78D nῌ.

DN ^ 3- ¼ =,**->

44

ῌ.
Table .

.

Degree of CO, ﬁxation per Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

week-4/ kPa

04* kPa

-/ kPa,,* kPa

-+*- kPa

,+*. kPa

*
+
,
.
/
+,

»
»
»
*4*»
*4*+
*4**+

»
»
*4*+
»
*4,
*4**/
*4*/

»
*4»
»
»
»
*4,

»
+*0*
.
/
»
»

»
»
13.
+*.2
»
-*
2

»
-/0,
»
+011
»
.+.
+.2/

(Decrease of CO,)/(Population of T. ferrooxidans)+*.
» ; increase of CO, -/ kPa / ! " # $ % ῌ&'( *%) ! +-lD:`D;G; DOP.< AB#=$ m% 0 >,- ./%;)c#Wh D#?% D@ 8D

012 34 5-

OP% <A(% D pHῌEC ;#B

6789% :;8 CO, < =Hicks
et al., ,**,> ?% @ AB#C D<ABE#

F'% D;G  -/H

89C

5DOP =CO, <>,,* kPa =pF ,.//H-.-/> 5IJ2KL  %<MNOP89QRN CO, S$TU -" % 8V3
#WV*89 CO, S# -"X$+

YZ2 

Dg

,

F

 CO, <% =1

> GH% IGH$- *a.3% D;G-/ kPa =pF ,.//> 5-9% ,+*. kPa =pF /.-+> 5*3..  pH EC
pH ![% "# =$ % ,**, b>"% [ D g 3h 

-/H,,* kPa =pF ,.//H-.-/> D;E+. <(% J53k%&\]*+% .,AB#`' % -/ kPa ^_` a!( pH ,.* b5![ 

<(

/

RD;G =-/ kPa ; pF

"% ;)cKa, <(2 " % ";,.//> 5 K3*d5-9% G5*d+ efgh " %  1{*% IGH/-*+ fgh " % i, jkAB  -lD5% -/ kPa ^D;G *a.5- m%

0L#b m- 9% K#M  &n3opq5-rsstu5-N¡&OD¢£N&P¤&<¥&% ¦Q§¨<(2% "89w-x- 9©R39b Sª«TU;¬OTcV­

Fe-v

 D5yz *% 67 D pH

W®¯°±²³´kµX¶·b$

QR![/3<{ =0#51
{>

|2



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EC  pH ![S

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Anderson, J.P.E. (+32,) : Methods of Soil Analysis,kPa ^ pH ![ 3k% 4s5Part ,, ,nd ed., pp. 2-+ῌ21+, American Society of



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Agronomy, Inc., Madison.

Y

Z°ῌ¸0¹[ῌo\[ =+33,> : D;gº]D-lD: TL : 4,4-;=!-; ¡+,%¢£ +0, : 23῍30.
  +330 : 

45bacterial biomass ratio on the relationship be-  

Darrell Kirk Nordstrom, et al, (+32,) : Acid Sulfate

tween CO, evolution and total soil microbial biomass. Biol. Fertil. Soils, +1 : -3῍...

Weathering, SSSA Special Publication Number

Sugahara, K. and Katoh, K. (+33,) : Comparative+*, pp. -1῍/0, Soil Science Society of America,

Studies on the Decomposition of Rice Straw andWisconsin.

Straw

Compostby

Plant

PathogensandDent, D.L. and Pons, L. J. (+33/) : A world perspective

Microbial Saprophytes in Soil I. Similarity inon acid sulphate soils. Geoderma, 01 : ,0-῍,10.

Respiration between the Pathoges and Sapro-

Hicks, W., Bowman, G. and Fitzpatrick, R. (,**,) : The

phytes, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, -2 : ++-geochemistry of Australian tropical acid sulfate
soils and their environmental hazard. +1th.
WCSS, World Congress of Soil Science ,**,X

Y ῌ Z[\]ῌ ^_`aῌ !bcdῌ Fe1f

gh +331 : 

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Paper No. ,-2.

ῌῌ῍+,,.

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012 +30+ : 345!6%7(89:-;<=>
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<FGH +330 : IJKL=MN= pp. +0.῍

+12 OPQ?RSTUVUW 
Penman, H.L. (+3.*) : Gas and vapor movement in soil
ῌ. the di#usion of vapors through porous solids,
J. Agric. Sci., -* : .-1῍.0,.
Sakamoto, K. and Oba, Y. (+33.) : E#ect of fungal to-=4,53}%&'(~ῌ!= ;=, 3+ : +/῍,-.

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