JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

MOEJ/GEC JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014
Summary of the Final Report"Biomass Utilization in Cement Kiln"(Implementing Entity: Taiheiyo Engineering Corporation)
1．Overview of the Proposed JCM Project
Osumi Corporation: MRV related survey, preparation of proposed methodology
Study partners

Hello Laos: (Lao PDR) Interpreter during site survey, arrangement of meeting,accommodation and transportation.

Project site

Lao PDR

Category of
project

Waste, biomass
By utilizing agricultural biomass, abundant in Lao PDR as an alternative fuel to

Description ofproject

Expected project
implementer

cement manufacturing process, large amount of CO2 emission reduction can beachieved, as well as saving coal resources.

Japan

Taiheiyo Engineering Corporation

Host country

Lao Cement Co., Ltd.

Initial investment

200 mil. Japanese yen

Date ofgroundbreaking

Middle of 2016 FY

Annualmaintenance cost

60 mil. Japanese yen

Construction
period6 months

Date of projectcommencement

End of 2016 FY

Willingness toinvestment

Yes

Through the review and re-calculation of initial cost, due to price increase andchange of adopted equipment, initial investment cost has increased.
For initial cost, Equipment Support from Japanese side and own fund from
Laotian side is expected.
Financial plan ofproject

Annual maintenance cost is estimated as 3% of initial cost. It will be shoulderedby project owner.
Certain support within the project scheme should be considered for MRV
expense for third party entity.
21,281 (tCO2/year)

GHG emission
reductions

Emission reduction of 21,600 (tCO2/year) stated on the project proposal is in thecase of installing 2t/h of biomass utilization equipment, simple calculation wasmade that all biomass was utilized in place of fossil fuel.
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

21,333 (tCO2/year) stated in intermediate report was by using data collectedfrom site survey, considering CO2 emission from electricity consumption of
biomass feeding system and biomass transportation.
This time, by considering the comment from intermediate review, re-calculation
was carried out using fuel and electricity consumption which were moreconservative than BaU.

There is no big difference from calculating basis.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

2. Study Contents(1) Project development and implementation
1) Project planning
Project formation （Project plan and running plan）
Owner of this project is Lao Cement Co., Ltd., while Taiheiyo Engineering is expected to act as main
contractor.
Japanese side

Laotian side

Taiheiyo Engineering Corp.

Project supervision （ owner’s
consultant）
Optimization
after
project
implementation

Contractor
InstallationofequipmentCommissioning

Lao Cement Co., Ltd.

OperationofequipmentProcurement ofbiomass

Project owner’s management system and achievement
Lao Cement Co., Ltd. ( Vang Vieng II plant) was built by Chinese fund as one of the economic
corporation between China and Laos, being supported by the both government.
It produces and sells Portland Cement with the investment of Yunnan International Techno-Economicalcompany in Chinese side and Agriculture Industry Development Enterprise Imp - Exp & General Services(DAI ) in Laotian side.
Vang Vieng II Cement plantsells 200.000 - 300.000 tons of bulk cement and 50kg bagged cement

annually since 2002.Its quality is conformed of ASTM C-150, ISO 9001:2008 as well as

Chinese standard

GB 175-1999 (ISO 679○Evaluation of profitability of the project(Including adequacy of investment cost, sales income and profit, project IRR and payback period)
Breakdown of initial investment cost is shown on the table below.
(1,000 Japanese yen)
Civil and building

Machinery

E&I

Total

Manpower cost

4,845

1,479

6,324

Equipment cost

73,00022,00095,00020,0006,000

26,000Design Cost

3,000

900

3,900

Total Cost

100,845

30,379200,000

Installation cost

Total 68,776，

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final ReportComparing with the price stated on proposal and intermediate report, big investment coat increase wasanticipated because of the adoption of another type feeder and measuring system.
 Annual profit
For project profitability, profit is calculated from income (in this project, saved anthracite cost) and expectedrunning costs as shown the chart below.
Calculation of annual profit(1,000 Japanese Yen/year)
incomeIncome (saved anthracite cost)1.

Maintenance cost ofRunning cost

90,650biomass

6,000

utilization equipment
2.

Electricity

consumption

of

2,145

biomass utilization equipment
3.

Manpower cost

1,152

4.

Fuel cost of transporting trucks

1,192

Total cost

10,489Profit80,161Further study for additional cost not listed above should be conducted.
Payback Period

Simple payback period is calculated as follow;
200,000 / 80,160≒2.5years

IRR

Calculation ofUsing above figures, IRR is calculated. The result is shown below;

year
Initialinvestment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

IRR
-200,000
80,16180,16180,16180,16180,16180,16180,16180,16180,16180,161

-14%
10%
22%
29%
33%
35%
37%
38%
39%
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

As shown on above chart, IRR will turn positive from third year and goes up year by year up to 30%.
This shows that the profitability of the project is high. However, procurement of biomass as plan isessential condition.
○Financial plan for initial investment, O&M and MRV
The following scheme is being considered.


For initial investment, application to Equipment Support scheme of MOEJ is anticipated.

Project owner will invest for local fabrication part and civil work.

It is also considered to reduce investment from the project owner. Because investment cost has increased
from proposal.
For O&M expense, no public support is planned because the cost expected will be within the range of
normal maintenance cost.
For MRV, necessary data is accurate transaction records of raw materials, fuel, energy and products, no
special measurement is needed.
Necessary cost for MRV is initial capacity building. For capacity building, application to public fund is
expected.
Especially for the initial stage of MRV, audit to judge the adequacy of implementation and additional
capacity building to confirm sufficient number of skilled personnel are expected to be necessary. Also
for those purpose, application to public fund is expected.
○Risk analysis-Expected risk
The biggest anticipated risk is regarding biomass collection.
Currently, biomass (rice husks) is not utilized systematically. However, when utilization increases,
procuring enough amount of biomass may be more difficult.
-Effect to the project profitability
This will directly affect the project effect, leads less emission reduction and less profitability. Further
study to avoid this situation is necessary.

-Countermeasures
Business model for biomass procurement should be of ‘win-win’ model.
advantages other than elimination of biomass dumping site should be sought.
○Possibility of Project implementation considering the above risks
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For biomass producer, more

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Technically, it was proved that biomass can be utilized in Laotian cement kiln through the burning test.
The burning test carried out during this study was to burn 0.75 ton of bagged rice husks per hour for
temporary chute for three hours. During that study, no problem was found for burning of rice husks.
Burning efficiency of 98% was recorded, without adverse effect to the cement manufacturing process andproduct quality.
It was a good opportunity for Laotian Government staff and Lao Cement top management for witnessing
the effect of fossil fuel consumption reduction.

For smooth implementation of this project, procurement of sufficient biomass is most important because
procured biomass amount directly affect to the profitability of the project.

If a business model which benefits all of the three,--rice husk producer(rice mills) , user of rice husk user
(cement plant) and rice husk transporter (transportation organization)—can be established, this project
goes much closer to implementation.

2) Permits and License for the project development and implementation
In this project, biomass measuring / feeding system will be retrofitted to existing clinker manufacturing
plant.
Part of fossil fuel (anthracite) is substituted by agricultural biomass whose component is known.
Project plant has already equipped with ESP or electro static precipitator. Therefore, there will be almost
no adverse effect to environment.
For necessary approval / license including environmental impact assessment, further study should be incooperation with Laotian side.
After evaluating the result of biomass burning test, meeting with MONRE and MOIT should be held toconfirm any approval / license is necessary or not.
If necessary, the content and application procedure of necessary approval / license should be confirmed.

3) Advantage of Japanese technology
In Japanese cement manufacturing process, cost reduction and greenhouse gas emission reduction has
been achieved by utilizing various waste materials as alternative raw material or alternative fuel.
Since property of each waste material varies, it is essential to select and install pre-treatment equipment,
transportation equipment which fits property of the waste.
To minimize adverse effect to cement manufacturing process and quality fluctuation from waste materials
utilization, installation of measuring equipment is essential.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

1) Cost and efficiency comparison with competing product /technology (to be introduced if JCM is notapplied)
Expected primitive utilization of waste material is of manual feeding or of simple feeding point (manhole)and simple transportation system.
In these systems, feeding rate is not known. So, efficiency is much lower than proposed weighing
system developed in Japan.
Also, bigger adverse effect to cement manufacturing process is expected, it prevents smooth operation of
the process
However, the cost of installation is much lower because of simplicity. It may cost less than half ofJapanese system.

2) Current market situation in host country(Market share of competing product /technology)

In host country, there is no information for systemized waste material utilization. Therefore, competingproduct /technology have not introduced yet.

4) MRV structure1) MRV structure

Regarding MRV implementation structure, Taiheiyo Engineering Corporation plays the main role with thesupport of Osumi Corporation, as shown below figure.

MRV Advisory

Taiheiyo

Joint
Committee

Data

Engineering
ReportLao Cement

Corporation

Osumi
Validation

Corporation

2) MRV training (Capacity building)
The following training shall be conducted.


Selection of equipment necessary for monitoringCapacity building for measuring and monitoring record keeping through on the job training

5) Environmental integrity and Sustainable development in host country
1) Confirmation of environmental integrity

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Proposed Japanese waste utilization (including agricultural biomass) technology to be introduced in thisproject does not affect environment such as air pollution.

Considering this advantage, it is possible to implement dissemination and incentive program for Japanesewaste utilization (including agricultural biomass) technology.
It may include financial support like JCM equipment support or application of ODA fund.

With above program, Host country can achieve Environmental integrity and energy conservation, while

Japanese equipment manufacture can achieve technology export of waste utilization (including
agricultural biomass) technology and more business opportunity.
When crediting system is established, both countries can obtain credit.
2) Contribution to Sustainable development in host country
For the economic development of the host country, infrastructure development to meet economic
development is essential. For host country, cement is one of the few building materials which can be
manufactured only by domestic resources.
However, domestic fossil fuel is not abundant to meet increasing cement demand. This will affect thecontinuous development of host country.
Introduction of Japanese waste utilization technology which can achieve not only reduction of fossil fuelconsumption, but also greenhouse gas emission reduction greatly contributes the low carbon andsustainable development of host country.

6) Toward project realization (planned schedule and possible obstacles to be overcome)Planned schedule and possible obstacles to be overcome are as follow;

1) Estimated project implementation schedule
2014

Feasibility Study (FS)-- This report—

Explanation to concerned Laotian Government organization and Lao Cement,
Outline design of biomass utilization equipment
Trail burning
Consideration of biomass collection system

2015

Project study （PS）
Lao Cement’s decision for investment
Detailed design of biomass utilization equipment
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Confirmation of business scheme
Deeper consideration of biomass collection system and test-run

2016

Project implementation using equipment support
Installation of equipment and running
Commencement of MRV, capacity building2) Possible obstacles to be overcome and countermeasuresi) Lao Cement’s decision for investment

At the beginning of this study, explanation including equipment support scheme was made to Lao Cement
Top management. Understanding and consent were already given from them.
However, they are looking at the profitability of the project to decide their investment.
More explanation with burning test data is necessary to push their decision.

ii) Establishment of biomass collection system

Further study to confirm enough amount of biomass like confirmation of available rice mills, considerationof collecting system is necessary.
Establishing of biomass collecting business model along with its test run is also necessary.

Ideas for collecting cost responsibility of each party should be prepared. Advice and consultation from Lao
Cement and concerned Laotian Government Organizations should be taken into account.

(2) JCM methodology development
1) Eligibility criteria
This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Content
Criterion 1

The coal alternative fuel must be a biomass

Reason to be set as criterion andappropriatenessIn host country, majority of alternative

residue the agriculture system etc.

fuel to coal is biomass residue, especially
agricultural biomass.
Domestic

consumption

shouldbeconsidered.

Criterion 2

Should not be influenced on others in case theCurrently, there is no systematic rice husk

biomass residue (rice husk) has been used moreutilization; most of the rice husk goes to

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Criterion 3

Criterion 4

Criterion 5for other thing.

decay.

Should not be forced for agriculture to an

So, utilization of rice husk will not affectadditional load to etc. in the result of using theor cause burden to current small scalebiomass residue.

usage and agricultural system.

The rice husk feeding system must have

For alternative fuel utilization including

robustness and steady controls, causes nobiomass, stable operation and no adverse

adverse effect to the quality of manufactured

effect to cement manufacturing process isclinker.

essential.

Having sufficient performance for environment

It is not allowed to affect environment

protection

with utilization of biomass.



To satisfy environmental regulatory

Since proposed equipment in this project

standard and similar standard.

is equipped with dust collector which

Dust collector shall be installed.

fulfills regulatory environment standard,no adverse effect is expected.

2) Calculation of GHG emissions (including reference and project emissions)i) Calculation of reference emissions
Calculation of reference emissions are as follows;
REy = REcoal,y + REelec,y ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq-1
Where,
REy

Emission from reference activity without project t-CO2/ yactivity

REcoal,yEmission from reference activity from consumption of t-CO2/ ycoal for cement manufacturing without project
activity

REelec,yEmission from reference activity from consumption of t-CO2/ yelectricity for cement manufacturing without project
activity

Subscript indexes expressed in parameters means the following;
Coal: Coal for kiln
elec: Electricity

REcoal,y =

12

∑ FC

RE,y,i * EFcoal,CO2,y*fscale,y

i =1

=

12

∑ (ClinGN

PJ,y,i * SFC(C) RE,y,i) * EFcoal,CO2,y*fscale,y ・・・・・・・eq-2

i =1

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

SFC(C)RE,y,i = FCRE,y,i / ClinGNPJ,y,i ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq-3
CementGNPJ,y,i = ClinGNPJ,y,i + M(Gyp) PJ,y,i
M(Gyp) PJ,y,i = ClinGNPJ,y,i * M(Gyp)rate RE
ClinGNPJ,y,i = M(Lim) PJ,y,i + M(Iron) PJ,y,i ‐Loss, PJ,y,i
M(Iron) PJ,y,i = ClinGNPJ,y,i * M(Iron)rate RE

The mixed rate of Gypsum to Clinker is being decided.



The mixed rate of iron ore to the limestone is being decided.

The consumption quantity measurement of the limestone, the iron ore and thegypsam is enforced from the viewpoint of PDCA. Therefore, a result of
measurement isn't used for the calculation of the CO2 emissions.

REelec,y =
=

12

∑ EC

RE,y,ii =1
12*EFelec,CO2,y * felec,y∑ (ClinkerGN

PJ,y,i * SFC(E) RE,y,i) * EFelec,CO2,y * felec,y・・・・・・・・eq-4

i =1

SFC(E) RE,y,i =12∑

EC RE,y,i /

i =1

12

∑ ClinkerGN

PJ,y,i・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq-5

i =1

Where,FC RE,y,i（ On month i of year y ） Energy of coal Gcal/monthconsumptionforclinkermanufacturing

without project activity
FC RE,y,i ＝PFC RE,y,i× NCVc,y,i
PFC RE,y,i（On month i of year y）Consumption of coal for t-coal/monthclinker manufacturing without project activity

NCVc,y,i（On month i of year y）Net calorific value of GJ/t-coal
coal used for Clinker manufacturingfscale,yConservative coefficient.

-（In year y）The ratio of the lower limit value ofa standard for the Lao People's Democratic
Republic Agency for Standardization andMetrology

of

the

track

scale.

(For

conservative)
EFcoal,CO2,y（In year y）CO2 emission factor for coalt-CO2/Gcal

CementGNPJ,y,i （On month i of year y）Cement production t-cement/monthafter project implementation
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

ClinkerGNPJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Clinker production t-clinker/monthafter project implementation

SFC(C) RE,y,i（On month i of year y）Unit coal consumption Gcal/ t- clinker
for clinker manufacturing without project
activityM(Gyp) PJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Gypsum consumption

t-gypsum/t- clinker

for clinker manufacturing
M(Gyp)rateRE

Gypsum injection rate is decided.

-

M(Lim) PJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Limestone consumption t-limestone/t-clinker
for clinker manufacturing

M(Iron) PJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Iron ore consumption

t-iron ore/t-clinker

for clinker manufacturing
M(Iron)rateRE

Iron ore injection rate is decided.

-

Loss, PJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Clinker production loss t-clinker/monthafter project implementation

EC RE,y,i（On month i of year y）Electricity consumption MWh/monthfor clinker manufacturing without project
activity

EFelec,CO2,y（ In year y ） CO2 emission factor for grid t-CO2/MWhelectricity

felec,yConservative coefficient-（In year y）The ratio of the lower limit value ofa standard for the Lao People's Democratic
Republic Agency for Standardization andMetrology of the electric power meter. (Forconservative)
SFC(E) RE,y,i（ On month i of year y ） Unit electricity MWh/t-clinker
consumptionforclinkermanufacturing

without project activity
Subscript indexes expressed in parameters means the following;
CO2: CO2
PJ: Project
RE: Reference
scale: Track scaleelec: Electric power meter[Note]
An official approval by the standard of Truck Scale is being enforced one times every year.
Acceptance standard is the following.
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Instrument: Truck scale

Capacity and error: Max 50t±20kg,

Reference Standard : A set of National Standard Weights Class M1
Calibration Method : Weighing Performance Test
As for calculating the amount of the project emission, it is necessary to consider the amount of
the emission of GHG from the coal transportation of the clinker manufacturing, the electric
power using, and the biomass residue (rice husk) transportation. In other hand, the limestonetransportation is not included for the calculating because there is no difference between thereference and the project scenario. The coal transportation is not conservatively considered aswell.
The rice husk is secondarily generated as waste during year that lies growing of farm products in the amountof the emission, and it doesn't think here as an amount of the emission from the project.
As for the amount of yearly emission from farm products, it is not considered for the emission of
the project because the rice husk is product secondly.

Calculation of reference emission
Actual calculation of reference emission by methodology spreadsheet is as follow;

To confirm conservativeness for calculation (not BaU,) least unit fuel consumption of recent three years wasused.

CO2 emission from fossil fuel consumption

71,089t-CO2/year

CO2 emission from grid electricity consumption

19,465t-CO2/year

Total CO2emission

90,554t-CO2/yearii) Calculations of project emissions
Calculations of project emissions are as follows.
PEy = PEcoal,y + PEelec,y + PETr,y + PEBC,y・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq-6
Where
PEy

CO2 emission from project activity

t-CO2/ yPEcoal,yEmission from project activity from consumption of

t-CO2/ ycoal for cement manufacturing
PEelec,yEmission from project activity from consumption of

t-CO2/ yelectricity for cement manufacturing
PETr,yAmount of project emission according to rice husk
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t-CO2/ yJCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Reporttransportation
PEBC,yAmount of emission according to cultivation of

t-CO2/ yfarm products (Do not consider it. )Subscript indexes expressed in parameters means the following;
Tr : Truck
BC : Biomass Cultivation

PEcoal,y =
=

12

∑ FC

PJ,y,i * EFcoal,CO2,y

i =1
12

∑ (ClinGN

PJ,y,i * SFC(C)PJ,y,i) * EFcoal,CO2,y・・・・・・・・・・eq--7

i =1

SFC(C)PJ,y,i = FC PJ,y,i / ClinGNPJ,y,i ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq--8
Or,
PEcoal,y = REcoal,y － PERHusk,yPERHusk,y =12∑ (( M(Husk), y,i * NCVHusk,y,i) / NCVC,y,i )* EFcoal,CO2,y・・・・・eq--9

i =1

CO2 emission reduction from the coal substitution by the husk is calculate.


12

∑ EC

PEelec,y ==PJ,y,i * EFelec,CO2,y

i =1
12

∑ (ClinGN

PJ,y,i * SFC(E) PJ,y,i) * EFelec,CO2,y・・・・・・・・・・eq--10

i =1

SFC(E) PJ,y,i =

12

∑
i =1

PETr,y ＝12

EC PJ,y,i /12∑ ClinkerGN

PJ,y,i・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq--11

i =1

∑
i =1

M(Husks), y,i × AVD
・・・・・・・・・・・eq—12
Husks, y,i × EFtr,CO2
TL Tr, y,i

I In general, " AVD Chaff, y,i " is calculated by the round trip distance. However, it canbe almost disregarded levl in this project. The reason is why the rice husk iscollected from the rice milles along the national road on one's way back to thecement transportation in Vientiane city.
However, considering the maintainability, constant transportation distance isassumed (=20 km/truck).

PEBC,y ＝0・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・eq---13
It is not aimig to grow rice for the fuel using. And, the rice husk is alomost allabandoned without efficient use.

Energy of coal consumption for clinker manufacturing without project activity
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Where,FC PJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Expected energy of coal Gcal/monthconsumption for clinker manufacturing by project
activityFC PJ,y,i ＝ PFC PJ,y,i× NCVc,y,i

PFC PJ,y,i（On month i of year y）Expected coal consumption t-coal/monthfor clinker manufacturing by project activity（On month i of year y）Net calorific value of coal GJ/t-coal

NCVc,y,i
EFcoal,CO2,yClinkerGNPJ,y,i
SFC(C) PJ,y,i

EC PJ,y,i

EFelec,CO2,y
SFC(E)PJ,y,i

M(Husks), y,i

PERHusk,y,i
NCVHusk,yTL Tr, y,i
AVD Husks, y,i

EFtr, CO2

used for Clinker manufacturing（In year y）CO2 emission factor for coal
（On month i of year y）Clinker production after
project implementation（ On month i of year y ） Expected unit coalconsumption for clinker manufacturing after
project implementation（ On month i of year y ） Expected electricity
consumption for clinker manufacturing after
project implementation（In year y）CO2 emission factor for grid electricity（On month i of year y）Expected unit electricity
consumption for clinker manufacturing after
project implementation（On month i of year y）The amount of one monthrice husk using for the clinker manufacturing.
（ On month i of year y ） The amount of CO2
emission reduction of Rise Husk
Net calorific value of dried rice husk used for
Clinker manufacturing (Default value ispresumed.)（On month i of year y）Average load oftransportation track for rice husk
（On month i of year y）Average transportation
distance of additional track for the project activity
such as one way distance from rice husk exhaustfacilities to clinker manufacturing plant etc.
(20km/track; default value)
CO2 emission factor for truck (t- CO2/km)

t-CO2/GJ
t-clinker/montht-coal/t-clinker

MWh/montht-CO2/MWh
MWh/t-clinker

t-husks /montht-CO2/ month

GJ/t-husk

t-husks /truck

Subscript indexes expressed in parameters means the following;
Husks : Rice huskstr,: TrackCalculation of project emission
Actual calculation of reference emission by methodology spreadsheet is as follow;
Estimated project emission
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km /trucktCO2/km

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

CO2 emission from fossil fuel consumption（Reduction from rice husk utilization

49,640t-CO2/year

21,449t-CO2/year）

CO2 emission from grid electricity consumption

19,527t-CO2/year（rice husk utilization equipment also consumes electricity）
CO2 emission from rice husk transportation

106t-CO2/year distance 20km,one-way

Total CO2 emission

69,273t-CO2/yeariii) Emission reduction

Reference emission―Project emission ＝Emission reduction
90,554 －69,273 ＝21,281t-CO2/year

3) Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter
Iron

Description of data

ore Iron ore injection rate is decided Lao

SourceSet as the default

Cement Company Ltd. (Lao Cement).

value.
 Lao cement record

GypsumGypsum injection rate is decided Lao

Set as the default

injection rate

Cement.

:M(Gyp)rate

value.
 Lao cement record

Unit heat value （On month i of year y）Unit coal

Set as the defaultof coalconsumption for clinker manufacturing.

:SFC(C) RE,y,i(t-coal/t- clinker)

value.
 Lao cement record

injection rate
:M(Iron)rate

Unit heat value for coal is calculated by
the past data of amount of clinker
manufacture and the amount of coalconsumption. But, setting more boldly
than BaU conservative unit heat value.
CO2Emission（In year y）CO2 emission factor for coal.

Set as the default

factor for Coal

(t-CO2/Gcal):EFcoal,CO2,yDefault value from IEA CO2 Emissions

value.
 IEA CO2 Emissions
From Fuel
Combustion
Documentation for
Beyond 2020
 Lao cement record

From Fuel Combustion Documentationfor Beyond 2020
Proximate analysis of coal
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Unit value of（On month i of year y）Unit electricity

Set as the default

electricity

consumption for clinker manufacturing.

:SFC(E) RE,y,i(MWh/t- clinker)

value.
 Lao cement record

Unit value of electricity is calculated
from the past amount of clinker
manufacture and the amount of electric
power consumption.
Grid electricity（In year y）CO2 emission factor for grid

To be fixed ex ante

CO2 Emission

electricity. (t-CO2/MWh)beforefactorGrid electricity CO2 emission factor is as:EFelec,CO2,yfollow;

starts.
 Grid factor for Lao
People's
Democratic
Republic

0.5764 t-CO2/MWh
fscale,ytheproject（In year y）The ratio of the lower limit

Set as the default

value of a standard for an acceptability

value.

criterion of Lao People's Democratic

Lao cement record

Republic Agency for Standardization andMethodology of the track scale. (Forconservative)
felec,y（In year y）The ratio of the lower limit Set as the default
value of a standard for an acceptability value.
criterion of Lao People's Democratic Lao cement record
Republic Agency for Standardization andMethodology of the electric power meter.
(For conservative)

EFtr, CO2

CO2 emission factor for truck (t- CO2/km) Set as the default
value.
IPCC 2006

AVD Husks, y,i（On month i of year y）Transportation

Set as the default

distance from each rice mill by track

value.

(km/truck)
The rice husk is transported on one's way
back of the cement transportation toVientiane. Therefore, it conservatively
set 20km per track even though thetransportation distance is not generated.

I-29