Language in Japan Style Guide
This style guide is adapted from the Generic Style Rules for Linguistics, created by Martin Haspelmath andpublished with a CC-BY license, available at: https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/GenericStyleRules.pdf.

1
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8

2
2.1

Article components
An article (manuscript) consists of two components: the MAIN TEXT and the END
MATERIAL.
The main text begins with a title, immediately followed by the name and affiliation of theauthor. If there are multiple authors, each author name is followed immediately by theauthor’s affiliation.
The main text is subdivided into sections – numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. – each of which has aheading. Each section may also include subsections, the numbering of which also begins
with 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, etc., so that 0 never occurs in section numbering. Each subsection
also has a heading.
More than three levels of subsections should only be used in special circumstances. If thiscannot be avoided, unnumbered subsection headings are possible.
If a (sub-)section has (sub-)subsections, there must be minimally two of them, and theymust be exhaustive. This means that all main text in an article must belong to some section,
all text within a section must belong to some subsection, etc. A short introductory
paragraph is allowed by way of exception.
When cross-referencing other sections of the same paper, use the character § rather than
Section or section, as is done throughout this document.
Section headings are boldfaced, do not end with a period and have no special
capitalization (see §2.1).
The final numbered section of the main text is followed by the end material, which should
appear in the following order. Only the last one of these, References, is compulsory.
• Alphabetic list of Abbreviations• Acknowledgements• Appendix (A, B, etc.)• Alphabetic or chronological list of Primary Sources• Alphabetic list of bibliographical references (References: see §15).
Capitalization
Sentences, proper names and titles/headings/captions start with a capital letter, but there
is no special capitalization (“title case”) within English titles/headings, neither in thearticle title nor in section headings or figure captions. Book titles in the references do nothave special capitalization either, regardless of the usage in the original publication (butEnglish journal titles and series titles do, as these are treated as proper names). Thus, wehave:
1.1 Overview of the issues(NOT: Overview of the Issues)
Figure 3. A schematic representation of the workflow(NOT: A Schematic Representation of the Workflow)
Anderson, Gregory. 2006. Auxiliary verb constructions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(NOT: Auxiliary Verb Constructions)

1

2.2

Capitalization is used only for parts of the article (tables, figures, files, appendices, but
not sections: see §1.6) which are numbered:as shown in Table 5
more details are given in Appendix 3
this is illustrated in Figure 17

2.3

Capitalization is also used directly after the colon in titles (i.e., for the beginning ofsubtitles), both for the article title itself and for all items in the references:
Clyne, Michael (ed.). 1991. Pluricentric languages: Different norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton
de Gruyter.

2.4

Capitalization is used when spelling conventions of a language dictate that certain words
be capitalized, such as nouns in German:
Wenck, Günther. 1957. Japanische Phonetik [Japanese phonetics], vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Italics
Italics are used in the following cases:
For all object-language forms (letters, words, phrases, sentences) that are cited within the
text or in numbered examples (see §10), unless they are phonetic transcriptions in square
brackets or phonemicizations in slashes.
Phonemicizations may also be represented by italics without slashes if they are clearlysuch.
For book, journal, film, poem, song, play titles, etc.
When a technical term is referred to metalinguistically (in such contexts, English
technical terms are thus treated like object-language forms):
the term quotative is not appropriate here
I call this construction quotative.

3.6

For emphasis of a particular word that is not a technical term:This is possible here, but only here.

3.7
3.8
4
4.1

For emphasis within a quotation, with the indication [emphasis mine] at the end of thequotation.
Italics are not used for commonly used loanwords such as ad hoc, faute de mieux, e.g., etal., Sprachbund.
Small caps
Small caps are used to draw attention to an important term at its first use or definition:
On this basis, the two main alignment types, namely NOMINATIVE-ACCUSATIVE and ERGATIVE-ABSOLUTIVE,
are distinguished.

4.2

Small caps are also used for category abbreviations in interlinear glosses (see §10.6).
They may also be used to indicate stress or focusing in example sentences:(1) John insulted Mary and then SHE insulted HIM.

2

5
5.1
5.2

6
6.1

Boldface and other highlighting
Boldface can be used to draw the reader’s attention to particular aspects of a linguistic
example, whether given within the text or as a numbered example. An example is therelative pronoun dem in (4).
Full caps and underlining are not normally used for highlighting. Exceptionally,
underlining may be used to highlight a single letter in an example word, and in other cases
where other kinds of highlighting would not work.
Quotation marks
Double quotation marks are used when a passage from another work is cited in the text:
According to Takahashi (2009: 33), “quotatives were never used in subordinate clauses in Old Japanese”.

6.2
6.3

A block quotation (a long quotation or extract set off from the main text as an independent
paragraph) does not have quotation marks.
Double quotation marks are used when a technical term or other expression is mentionedthat the author does not want to adopt:This is sometimes called “pseudo-conservatism”, but I will not use this term here, as it could lead toconfusion.

6.4

Single quotation marks are used exclusively for linguistic meanings:
Latin habere ‘have’ is not cognate with Old English hafian ‘have’.

6.5
6.6

Quotes within quotes are not treated in a special way.
Quotations from other languages should be translated: inline if they are short, in a footnote
if they are longer.

7
7.1

Other punctuation matters
The n-dash (–) surrounded by spaces is used for parenthetical remarks – as in thisexample – rather than the m-dash (—). The n-dash is also used for number ranges, but
not surrounded by spaces (1995–1997).
Ellipsis in a quotation is indicated by [...].
Angle brackets are used for specific reference to written symbols: the letter <q>.

7.2
7.3
8
8.1
8.2
8.3

8.4

Abbreviations
Abbreviations of uncommon expressions should be avoided in the text. Language names
should not normally be abbreviated, unless they are referred to frequently.
The use of abbreviations is desirable for grammatical category labels in interlinear
morpheme-by-morpheme translations. The Leipzig Glossing Rules include a standard listof frequently used and widely understood category label abbreviations.
When a complex term that is not widely known is referred to frequently, it may be
abbreviated (DOC for “double-object construction”). The abbreviation should be given
both in the text when it is first used and at the end of the article in the Abbreviations
section.
Abbreviations of uncommon expressions are not used in headings or captions, and theyshould be avoided at the beginning of a major section.

3

9
9.1

In-text citations
Published works can be cited by including the author and year of the work as an elementin the main text (PRIMARY CITATION), as in the first example below, or by backgrounding
the author and year in parentheses (BACKGROUNDED CITATION), as in the second example
below.
Thomason & Kaufman (1988: 276–280) point out that the northern dialects of English show moremorphological innovations (and are morphologically more simple) than the southern English
dialects.
The notation we use to represent this is borrowed from theories according to which φfeatures occur in a socalled feature geometry (Gazdar & Pullum 1982).

9.2

9.3
9.4

The full bibliographical references corresponding to all citations are listed alphabeticallyas end material (see §16). The author-year consists of the author’s surname and the
publication year, followed by page numbers. The page numbers may only be omitted if
the citation concerns the entire work, the reference is an internet publication, or theoriginal work has been lost or bears no page numbers. In primary citations, the year (pluspage numbers) is enclosed in parentheses, while in backgrounded citations, theparentheses are omitted. A colon is placed between the year and the page numbers in bothprimary and background citations. No comma is placed between the author’s surname
and year in background citations.
Page numbers follow the year after a colon and a space, and are given as complete
numbers, with no digits omitted: (Irwin & Zisk 2019: 111-117), not (Irwin & Zisk 2019:111-7).
When there are two authors, the ampersand & (rather than and) is used, and when there
are more than two authors, the most normal author-year includes only the first surname
plus et al. (though the full list of authors may be given if this helps the reader).
Sperber & Wilson (1986)
Bannard et al. (2009)

9.5=

Bannard, Lieven & Tomasello (2009)

When multiple citations are listed in parentheses, they are separated by semicolons andthey are normally listed in chronological order.
Speakers rely heavily on formulaic chunks or “prefabs” during speech comprehension and production(Pawley & Syder 1983; Sinclair 1991; Erman & Warren 2000; Bybee 2006; see Wray 2002 for a broader
historical review).

9.6

When multiple works by the same author are cited, the author name need not be repeated,
and the years are separated by semicolons.
While Hawkins (2004; 2014) has argued for a Minimize Domain principle of language performance, otherauthors have tried to explain the observed effects in purely grammatical terms.
Previous empirical studies report that object fronting in these languages occurs under the same contextual
conditions for canonical transitive verbs and experiencer-object verbs (see Verhoeven (2008b; 2010a) for
Turkish and Chinese).

4

9.7

If two or more authors cited in the References have the same surname, include eachauthor’s initials when citing:
For those works approaching the subject from a diachronic perspective, see Wenck (1954–1959), Miller(1967), Martin (1987), Frellesvig (2010) or T. Takayama (2015).

9.8

If two or more authors cited in the References have the same surname and initials, include
each author’s given name when citing.
For those works approaching the subject from a diachronic perspective, see Wenck (1954–1959), Miller(1967), Martin (1987), Frellesvig (2010) or Tomoaki Takayama (2015).

9.9

Instead of page numbers, chapter numbers or section numbers may be given: (Auer 2007:
Chapter 7; Matras 2009: §6.2.2).

10 Numbered examples
10.1 Most linguistics articles use numbered examples. Example numbers are enclosed in roundbrackets.
(1) John insulted Mary and then SHE insulted HIM.

10.2 When there are multiple examples (“sub-examples”) under a single number, they are
distinguished by the letters a, b, etc. The text of numbered examples is normally in italics,
just like the text of in-line examples (§3.1).
(2)

a. She saw him.
b. He saw her.

10.3 When a numbered example is not glossed and translated (i.e. in English works, when it isfrom English), it may be in non-italics. Thus, (2a–b) could alternatively be printed in nonitalics.
10.4 Cross-references to examples use numbers in parentheses as well, but when a crossreference occurs inside parentheses, the parentheses around the numbers can be omitted.
As shown in (6) and (8–11), this generalization extends to transitive constructions, but (29b) below
constitutes an exception.
In all other environments, the stress is on the second syllable (see 15a-d).

10.5 If the manuscript is prepared in Microsoft Word, the cross-reference function (foundunder “References”) may be used to create dynamic cross-references. This is particularly
useful in manuscripts with large numbers of examples as the cross-references will be
automatically updated each time an example is added or deleted to the text.
10.6 Unless it is from English (or more generally, the language of the article), an example must
be glossed and translated, as in (3) from Icelandic. Glossing refers to the use of interlinear
word-by-word or morpheme-by-morpheme translations, as described in detail in the
Leipzig Glossing Rules. A gloss typically consists of three lines: the SAMPLE TEXT in thefirst line, an INTERLINEAR GLOSS (with word-by-word alignment) in the second line, andan IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION in the third line.

5(3) Storm-ur-inn
rak
bát-inn á land.
storm-NOM-DEF
drove
boat.ACC-DEF on land
‘The storm drove the boat ashore.’

10.7 The precise conventions for interlinear glossing are given in the Leipzig Glossing Rules.
The most important principle is that each element of the sample text corresponds to anelement in the interlinear gloss, and boundary symbols (especially the word-internalboundary symbol - and the clitic boundary symbol =) have to be present in both theselines. Abbreviated category labels are set in small capitals, and the idiomatic translation
is surrounded by single quotes.
10.8 Sample text which is a complete sentence usually has normal capitalization at the
beginning and normal punctuation (usually a period) at the end. The interlinear gloss has
no capitalization and no punctuation. The idiomatic translation has normal capitalizationand punctuation, as seen in (3). When the sample text is not a complete sentence, as in(4), there is no capitalization and no punctuation.
(4) das Kind,demthechild.NOM
who.DAT‘the child you helped’

duyou.NOM

geholfenhelpedhast
have

10.9 When the language is not normally used as a written language, as in (5) from Hatam, thesample text may lack initial capitalization and normal punctuation.
(5) a-yaibi-danimem
di-ngati
2SG-getto-mefor
1SG-seeQ‘Would you give it to me so that I can see it?’ (Reesink 1999: 69)

10.10 When the language is written in a script other than the Latin alphabet, as in (6) from
Western Old Japanese, an additional sample text line, containing the original written
form of the text, may be given directly above the Latin alphabet transcription.
(6) 此
岳尓
菜
採須
兒
家
吉閑名
ko2no2 woka=ninatumas-uko1
ipe
ki1k-ana
thishill=DAT
greens pick-HON-ADN childhouse
ask-DES‘Young maiden who picks greens on the hill, how I yearn to ask where you live.’(Man’yōshū, vol.1, no. 1)

10.11 When multiple languages are being considered, the name of a language may be given in
an independent line before the sample text and next to the example number, as in (7) or(9). It is not necessary to give the name of the language when this is apparent from themain text.
(7) Sakha:
a. En
bytaanbuol-uoq-uŋyouslow
be-FUT-2SG‘You will be slow.’ (Baker 2012: 7)
b.*En
bytaan-yaq-yŋ
you slow-FUT-2SG(‘You will be slow.’) (Baker 2012: 7)

10.12 Ungrammatical examples can be given a parenthesized idiomatic translation, as in (7b).

610.13 A literal translation may be given in parentheses after the idiomatic translation.
(8) tukue=no
ue=ni
hoN=gaar-u.
desk=GEN
top=DAT
book=NOM
exist-NPS‘There is a book on the desk.’ (lit. ‘At the top of the desk is a book.’)The sample text may be given in two lines, an unanalyzed (“surface”) line, and an analyzed line
which may contain a more abstract representation, as in (9) from Karbi.
(9) amatollakroikreloamāt=lolàkrōi-Cē-land.then=FOC thisagree-NEG-RL‘And then, she disagreed.’ (Konnerth 2014: 286)

10.14 Square brackets (to indicate omissible elements) are never set in italics, even when the
text is in italics.
(10) dokomo
yor-azu[ni]kaeQ-ta.
anywherestop.by.NSE
go.home-PST‘(She) went home without stopping anywhere.’

10.15 A source for the sample text, if it exists, is given directly after the idiomatic translation.
If this source is listed in the References, as in (11) from Luganda, it is enclosed in roundbrackets and follows the in-text citation rules in §9. If the source is instead listed in the
Abbreviations, an Appendix or in the Primary Sources, as in (12) from Jalonke, it isenclosed in square brackets. If the source is unique and long, it may be cited by meansof a footnote.
(11) Maamaa-wa-dde
taata
ssente.
Mother
she.PRS-give-PRF
fathermoney‘Mother has given father money.’ (Ssekiryango 2006: 67)(12) I
sig-aaxon-eema.
2SG go-IPFV stranger-DEF at‘You are going to the stranger.’ [Mburee 097]

10.16 If the source does not fit on the same line as the idiomatic translation, provide the sourceon the following line right-aligned, as in (6).
10.17 In addition to the Leipzig Glossing Rules, the Language in Japan editors have provided
a glossing standard for Japanese examples that authors may use as a point of reference.
For more details, see the Language in Japan website.
11 Tables, figures and files
11.1 Tables, figures (which include images) and files (used for article-external files, such as
media files or software applications, and for which the editors will add a hyperlink at
publication) are numbered consecutively: Table 1, Table 2; Fig. 1, Fig. 2; File 1, File 2,
etc. They must be mentioned in the running text and identified by their numbers. They
appear in the text as close as possible to the place where they are mentioned.
11.2 Each table and figure has a caption (files do not require one). The caption precedes a tableand follows a figure. Unless the caption is a complete sentence, it is not followed by aperiod.

7

11.3 Tables generally have a top line and a bottom line plus a line below the column headers:Table 3: Frequency of some English nouns (BNC)
SG
PL% OF SGperson24671
persons
4034
86%
house
49295
houses
9840
83%
hare
488
hares
136
78%
bear
1182
bears
611
65%
feather 487
feathers
810
38%

11.4 Footnotes within a table use the footnote reference characters a, b, c and are given
immediately below the table (not at the bottom of the page).
11.5 The words above and below should be avoided when referring to numbered tables, figuresand examples. Their position on the page may be altered during production.
12 Cross-references in the main text
12.1 Cross-references to tables, figures, files or footnotes use the capitalized names for these
items (Fig. 3, Table 2, File 5, Footnote 17).
12.2 If the manuscript is prepared in Microsoft Word, the cross-reference function(References > Cross-reference) may be used to create dynamic cross-references (see§10.5).
13 Footnotes
13.1 Use only footnotes (at the bottom of each page of the article). Do not use endnotes (at theend of the article).
13.2 Footnote numbers start with 1.
13.3 Numbered examples within footnotes use Roman numerals: (i), (ii), etc. If there are subexamples, they are numbered (i.a), (i.b), etc.
13.4 A footnote reference number in the main text follows any punctuation: Japanese is written
in a mixture of four scripts: kanji,23 which…, not Japanese is written in a mixture of four
scripts: kanji23, which….
14 Non-Latin scripts
14.1 All forms in languages that are not normally written with the Latin alphabet (such as
Japanese or Urdu) should additionally be given in transcription or transliteration.
14.2 Non-Latin forms need not be printed in italics.
15 List of references
15.1 General points
15.1.1 The list of references at the end of an article has the heading References (see §1.8).
15.1.2 Reference entries are listed alphabetically.
15.1.3 The formatting of the references follows the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics
provided by the Linguistic Society of America (https://www.linguisticsociety.org/
resource/unified-style-sheet) in almost all respects, other than a few minor differences
noted below. While the Unified Style Sheet limits itself to examples, the rules are
spelled out here.

815.1.4 It should be noted especially that:• the names of authors and editors should be given in their full form as in the cited
publication, without truncation of given names. However, authors who habitually use
initials only (J. K. Rowling, R. M. W. Dixon) count as full forms.
• page numbers are obligatory, but issue numbers of journals and series titles are
optional (though recommended)• journal titles are never abbreviated• main title and subtitle of cited publication are separated by a colon, not by a period.
15.2 Reference and Component types
15.2.1 There are five standard reference types: JOURNAL ARTICLE, BOOK, ARTICLE IN EDITEDVOLUME, THESIS and INTERNET CITATION. Works that do not fit easily into these types
should be assimilated to them to the extent that this is possible. Different reference types
make use of different components, as shown in Table 1.
15.2.2 A reference consists of the standard components given in Table 1 (bracketedcomponents are optional): author list, year, article title, editor list, publication title,
volume number, issue number, series, page numbers, location, publisher.
Table 1: Standard components of bibliographical references
Author year. Article Editor Publication volume
page
Location: Publisher. URL
list.
title. list.
title(.) number. numbers.
journalarticle

*

*

book

*

*

article ineditedvolume**thesisinternet
citation

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

date
accessed

*

( )

*

*

( )

*

*

( )

*

*

*

*

15.3 General formatting rules
15.3.1 Article titles are printed in non-italics, with no quotation marks around them.
15.3.2 Publication titles (both book titles and journal titles) are printed in italics.
15.3.3 Editors are followed by (ed.) or (eds.), depending on the number of editors.
15.3.4 The author list, the year number, the article title, the editor list, the volume number, thepage numbers and the publisher are followed by a period (as shown in the Table 1
headings).
15.3.5 The location of publication is optional, provided authors are consistent in their decision
to include or omit. When included, the location is followed by a colon. When a locationis ambiguous (e.g., Cambridge), a comma is used before a precision.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

15.4 Standard reference type examples
15.4.1 Journal article (journal title is immediately followed by the journal volume number):
Milewski, Tadeusz. 1951. The conception of the word in languages of North American natives.
Lingua Posnaniensis 3. 248–268.

915.4.2 Book (whether authored or edited, book title followed by a period). A reprinted work iscited in its most recent printing, with the original printing details appended to the end of
the reference, preceded by Reprinted from, all inside brackets.
Matthews, Peter. 1974. Morphology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lightfoot, David W. (ed.). 2002. Syntactic effects of morphological change. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Yoshizawa, Yoshinori (吉澤義則). 1927. Shinran shōnin-no shagohō (親鸞上人の写語法) [On the modeof inscription of the venerable Shinran]. In Kokugo kokubun-no kenkyū (国語国文の研究) [Studies on theJapanese language and literature], 371–384. Tōkyō: Iwanami shoten. (Reprinted from “親鸞上人の写語法”. 1922. Ryūkoku daigaku ronsō (龍谷大学論叢) 246. 1–13).

15.4.3 Article in edited volume (editor list is preceded by In and followed by (ed.) or (eds.) anda comma, book title is followed by a comma). The complete information about thevolume is included, even if other articles from the same volume are also listed in thereferences. There is no need to list the volume itself separately unless it is cited
separately. (This means that more space is needed, but it is otherwise much simpler thanthe old paper-saving convention of making some references sensitive to the existence ofother references in the list):
Erdal, Marcel. 2007. Group inflexion, morphological ellipsis, affix suspension, clitic sharing. In
Fernandez-Vest, M. M. Jocelyne (ed.), Combat pour les langues du monde: Hommage à Claude
Hagège, 177–189. Paris: L’Harmattan.

15.4.4 Thesis (university is treated as publisher, type of thesis/dissertation is mentioned inparentheses as a nonstandard component):
Yu, Alan C. L. 2003. The morphology and phonology of infixation. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia. (Doctoral dissertation.)

15.4.5 Internet citation. An internet source includes a DOI or other URL, beginning https:// or
http://. An unarchived work likely, or intended, to change is followed by an access dateformatted YYYY-MM-DD (e.g., 2022-12-31). Both the URL and date accessed areplaced in round brackets, with the latter prefixed by Accessed.
Poser, William. 1990. Evidence for foot structure in Japanese. Language 66(1). 78–105. https://doi.
org/10.2307/415280.
Maddieson, Ian. 2013. Tone. In Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.), The World Atlas ofLanguage Structures Online (version 2020.3) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://wals.info/chapter/13 (Accessed2024-02-25.)

15.4.6 Other kinds of publications should be treated like one of these to the extent that this ispossible. For example, published conference papers can be treated like articles in edited
volumes or like journal articles. Unpublished papers can be treated like journal articles,with information about the location given as a nonstandard component.

1015.5 Optional Components
15.5.1 Optional components may follow the standard components in round brackets:
Mayerthaler, Willi. 1988. Morphological naturalness. Ann Arbor: Karoma. (Translation ofMayerthaler 1981.)

15.5.2 The journal volume number may be followed by an issue number, given in parentheses:
Coseriu, Eugenio. 1964. Pour une sémantique diachronique structurale. Travaux de linguistique etde littérature 2(1). 139–186.

15.5.3 The book title may be followed by series information (series title plus series number),given in parentheses. Series titles have special capitalization, like journal titles (see §2.1):
Lahiri, Aditi (ed.). 2000. Analogy, leveling, markedness: Principles of change in phonology andmorphology (Trends in Linguistics 127). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

15.5.4 Books may include a volume number, separated from the book title by a comma:
Rissanen, Matti. 1999. Syntax. In Lass, Roger (ed.), Cambridge history of the English language, vol.
3, 187–331. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

15.5.5 Information may be included about the edition, following the book title:
Croft, William. 2003. Typology and universals. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

15.5.6 In unpublished conference papers, the conference is treated as a nonstandard component
in parentheses (but such unpublished papers should only be cited from recent
conferences, if it can be expected that the material will eventually be published):
Filppula, Markku. 2013. Areal and typological distributions of features as evidence for language
contacts in Western Europe. (Paper presented at the conference of the Societas Linguistica Europaea,
Split, 18–21 September 2013.)

15.6 Author surnames and given names
15.6.1 The author names appear in the order surname, given name in the list of references, inorder to make it unambiguously clear which elements of the author name belong to thesurname and which belong to the given name. If the second name in the following
example were given in the order given name, surname (Francisco José Ruiz deMendoza), the parsing would not be clear.
Pérez Hernández, Lorena & Ruiz de Mendoza, Francisco José. 2002. Grounding, semantic
motivation, and conceptual interaction in indirect directive speech acts. Journal of Pragmatics 34(3).
259–284.

15.6.2 When there are more than two authors (or editors), each pair of names is separated byan ampersand. No author name is omitted (i.e., et al. is not used in references).
Chelliah, Shobhana & de Reuse, Willem. 2010. Handbook of descriptive linguistic fieldwork.
Dordrecht: Springer.
Johnson, Kyle & Baker, Mark & Roberts, Ian. 1989. Passive arguments raised. Linguistic Inquiry
20. 219–251.

11

15.6.3 Surnames containing prefixes are not treated in a special way. Thus, Celtic language
surnames with the prefixes ab, ap, ferch, M’, Mac, Mc, Ní, Nic, O’, Ó, etc.; Germanic
language surnames with de, van, van de, van den, van der, vom, von, von dem, von den,von der, etc.; Romance language surnames with d’, da, de, de’, degli, del, de la, della,des, di, du, el, la, le, les, etc.; or Semitic language surnames with abu, bat, ben, bin, bint,
ibn, umm, etc. are alphabetized under the first part (the foregoing list is not exhaustive).
Upper and lower-case usage should follow the cited author’s preferred spelling. Thus,
the following names are sorted alphabetically (mechanically) as indicated:
Da Milano, Federica > de Groot, Casper > De Schutter, Georges > de Saussure, Ferdinand > van derAuwera, Johan > Van Langendonck, Willy > van Riemsdijk, Henk > von Humboldt, Wilhelm

15.6.4 When they occur in the main text, they are not treated in a special way either. They havelower case unless they occur at the beginning of a sentence (this is in line with the usual
French and German practice, but in contrast to the usual Dutch practice):
as has been claimed by van Riemsdijk & Williams (1981)

15.6.5 With classical authors whose surname contains a prefix, such as de Saussure or von
Humboldt, the first part of the name can be (and is often) omitted. But this is typicallynot possible with modern names (von Heusinger, not Heusinger).
15.6.6 Regardless of the system employed in the source language, hyphens, apostrophes anddiacritics, such as macrons, umlauts, accents or tildes, are ignored in alphabetical sorting.
Thus, O’Reilly sits between Oppenheimer and Ōsugi, not before Oates (Microsoft Word
sorts an apostrophe before a). Similarly, Özdemir sits between Owens andPapadopoulos, not after Zisk (some languages alphabetize Ä, Ö, Ü after Z).
15.6.7 Titles and honorifics, such as Chevalier, Dr., Father, Herzog, -ji, Justice, Lord, MajorGeneral, Mullah, PhD, President, Rev., Rabbi, Ritter, Senator, Sir, etc., are suppressed,
unless the person in question is being referred to in the main text (where suppression is
optional). Thus, Emperor Hirohito or Hirohito when the person is being discussed in themain text, but Hirohito (1967) if citing the publication A review of the hydroids of thefamily Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan (theJapanese imperial family has no surname).
15.7 Miscellaneous
15.7.1 If a publisher is associated with several cities, only the first is given: Berlin: De Gruyter
Mouton or Amsterdam: Benjamins.
15.7.2 Titles of works and journals written in a language other than English are accompanied
by a translation, written in non-italics and surrounded by square brackets. If the book or
article has an English title created by the author, use this as the translation; if the journal
has an official English title, use this as the translation. If not, use your own translation.
Haga, Yasushi. 1998. Nihongo no shakai shinri [Social psychology in the Japanese language].
Tokyo: Ningen no Kagaku Sha.
Li, Rulong. 1999. Minnan fangyan de daici [Demonstrative and personal pronouns in Southern Min].
In Li, Rulong & Chang, Song-Hing (eds). Daici [Demonstrative and personal pronouns], 263–287.
Guangzhou: Ji’nan University Press.
Nakajima, Yoshitaka. 2003. Kōnai kōdō: hassei kikan no dōtai bunseki ni okeru chōonpu imējingu
no yūyōsei [Inside the mouth: Using [sic] of ultrasonography for analyzing dynamics of the speechorgans]. Onsei kenkyū [Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan] 23. 55–66.
1215.7.3 No translation is required if the title contains a name, a Japanese word borrowed into
English (animé, sushi), or a Japanese term readily familiar to the Japanese linguist (kanji,rendaku).
15.7.4 If the title is not only in a different language, but also in a different script, it may be
given in the original script, in addition to the transliteration (following it in roundbrackets). Likewise, it may be preferable to give the name of the author in the original
script to help readers more accurately track down references. Authors should beconsistent in including or omitting original scripts for any given language:
Plungian, Vladimir A. (Плунгян, Владимир А.) 2000. Obščaja morfologija: Vvedenie v
problematiku (Общая морфология: Введение в проблематику) [General morphology:
Introduction to the issues]. Moskva: URSS.
Chen, Shu-chuan (陳淑娟). 2013. Taibei Shezi fangyan de yuyin bianyi yu bianhua (台北社子方
言的語音變異與變化) [The sound variation and change of Shezi dialect in Taipei city]. Language
and Linguistics 14(2). 371–408.
Tsukishima, Hiroshi (築島裕). 1963. Heian jidai no kanbun kundokugo ni tsukite no kenkyū (平安
時代の漢⽂訓読語につきての研究) [A Study on the language of kanbun kundoku in the Heianperiod]. Tokyo: Tōkyōdō Shuppan.

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