A Global Women’s
Safety Frameworkin Rural Spaces:
INFORMED BY EXPERIENCE IN THE TEA SECTOR

1The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent theviews of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations.
Design: Blossom Italy© UN Women 2018
Manufactured in the United States
All rights reserved2

A Global Women’s
Safety Frameworkin Rural Spaces:
INFORMED BY EXPERIENCE IN THE TEA SECTOR

ENDING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN SECTION
UN WOMEN,With support of Unilever
New York, 2018

FOREWORD
Global Women’s Safety Framework in RuralSpaces: Informed by experience in the tea
sectorPhumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka
UN Under-Secretary-General andExecutive Director of UN Women

Every woman and girl has the right to be able to walk in her
community, ride on public transportation and attend school, workand social events without the fear of violence. This is just as true
for women and girls living and working in rural areas as it is for
those in bustling cities. In each case, it tends to be those who haveleast visibility, who are the least skilled and lowest paid, who are
the most vulnerable to abuse.
The new Global Women’s Safety Framework adapts UN Women’s
longstanding initiative on Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces
for women and girls through incorporating experience in thetea sector in rural spaces. With its strong focus on preventionof violence against women and girls in public spaces, includingharassment, the Framework helps to build a common
understanding in the tea sector that is applicable to othercommodity sectors in agricultural value chains. It explores themany manifestations and causes of violence against women andgirls, and sets out their impacts on women, communities andbusinesses. The Framework provides examples of how producers,
authorities and civil society groups can work together with links totools and organizations.
UN Women’s partnerships with Unilever and other producers andwomen’s rights groups have strongly informed the Framework.
It is my hope that its application will help to drive further bold
action across the global supply chain to support the safety andempowerment of all.

II

Violence is a horrifying reality for millions of women and girls, andone of the most widespread human rights abuses. At Unilever, we
work hard to provide a safe and inclusive environment. Women are
instrumental to the functioning of our business at every level – inour fields and communities, factories and offices and are 70% of ourconsumer base. Addressing issues such as harassment and violenceacross the entire value chain is critical, because without a safe
working environment, women cannot fully participate in society or in
the workplace if they fear for their safety or that of their daughters.

Marc Engel
Unilever Chief Supply Chain Officer

As well as a strong moral case, addressing these challenges
also makes enormous economic sense. Research from the UN
Foundation shows that women reinvest 90% of income into theirfamilies, compared with the 30–40% reinvested by men. If womenare empowered by providing equal access to land rights, finance,
education, jobs, training and pay, it will positively impact the global
economy.
Through partnerships such as with UN Women, Unilever is taking
action so that women across our value chain are safe and free fromdiscrimination. We have made some good progress, for example, in
our tea plantations in East Africa where we’ve instituted policies on
sexual harassment, child protection, and violence prevention andmanagement, all developed with the participation of local employees
and community representatives. And we have conducted different
types of training for management, employees, village elders andspecialised groups such as medical personnel. We’ve also improved
our grievance reporting process with a dedicated, confidential, freeand local language hotline. Once a month, our Friday Safety Talks on
the plantations, focus on sexual harassment and related topics.
But these issues are not unique to Unilever or East Africa. Manyother companies and our suppliers face similar challenges. Which is
why we expanded this work to India and why a Safety Framework for
women in rural spaces, particularly in agricultural chains is a priority
for us. Our hope is that this guidance and step by step approach willbring lasting change.
However, even with our very best efforts, some of our biggest
ambitions can often only be met if we get the whole industry to moveand that is what we hope to achieve with this framework.

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS“A Global Women’s Safety Framework in Rural Spaces: Informed by Experience in the Tea Sector” (GWSF) forms
part of a three-year women’s safety partnership (2016-2019) between the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality
and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) and Unilever to increase the safety of women in agricultural value
chains, starting in the tea sector, and expanding to other commodity sectors over time. The partnership includes:
1. strengthening the Unilever safety programme for women, girls and boys in Kericho, Kenya aimed at preventing
and responding to sexual harassment and other forms of gender-based violence in the work place and out
grower farms in a rural area; and2. developing a comprehensive approach aimed at preventing and responding to intimate partner violence andsexual harassment against women workers and girls in tea estates and in public spaces in a rural area in India.
The GWSF will be accompanied by further practical guidance to support producers in adapting and implementing
the Framework to be published in March 2019. It will contain additional case studies and examples of various
materials including training plans, guidance to support redressal mechanisms, etc.
Adaptation of the GWSF would not have been possible without:IV•

The courage of many women and girls living in rural spaces who have shared their experiences of violence andtheir insights on how to ensure women’s safety in all spaces in the tea sector, and support of those men who
stand with women to end gender-based violence.

•

Leadership from Unilever, including Unilever Tea Kenya (UTK), and Hindustan Unilever and other producersof large, medium and small-size tea companies, and tea associations working on their initiatives to preventand respond to sexual harassment and other forms of violence against women and girls on estates and insmallholder farms.

•

The commitment and input of agency representatives: Kalliopi Mingeirou, Laura Capobianco, Wangechi
Grace and Anju Pandey; Salina Wilson, Karin Fueg, Zebib Kavuma and Nishtha Satyam for their leadership incontributing to and coordinating inputs for the adaptation of content in the GWSF in rural spaces (UN Women),with technical inputs from members of the Global Team at Unilever, including: Katja Freiwald, Rachel CowburnWalden, Winfridah Nyakwara, Daleram Gulia, and Victoria Morton (Consultant); and consultant, Miho Watanabe,
for helping to finalize the current framework and coordinating the formatting and design process of the GWSF
with the company: Blossom Italy•

Time, insights, and sharing of tools and practices by participants in two Expert Group Meetings in September
2018 (in Kericho, Kenya, and Assam, India) and the consultation held in October 2018 (in South India) including
producers, NGO partners, women and men smallholder farmers, and tea associations working to increase thequality of life of women workers and smallholder farmers, and their families (See Annex 4).

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSCBOCommunity-based organization

CDF

Community Development Forum

CREAWCentre for Rights Education and Awareness

DFID

Department for International Development (United Kingdom)

ETP

Ethical Tea Partnership

EVAW

Ending violence against women

FGD

Focus group discussion

GBV

Gender-based violence

GEP

Gender empowerment platform

GVRC

Gender Violence Recovery Centre

GWSF

Global Women’s Safety Framework

IC

Internal committee

ICC

Internal complaints committee

ICPC

International Centre for the Prevention of Crime

IDH

Sustainable Trade Initiative

ILO

International Labour Organization

IPV

Intimate partner violence

ITC

International Trade Centre

KES

Kenyan shilling

KPI

Key performance indicatorNGO

Non-governmental organization

OHCHR

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

SC/SPS

Safe Cities/Safe Public Spaces

SDG

Sustainable Development GoalSH

Sexual harassment

V

VI

TOC

Theory of change

TOT

Training of trainers

TROT

The Republic of Tea

UN Women

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFPA

United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF

United Nations Children’s Fund

UNV

United Nations Volunteers programme

UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UTK

Unilever Tea Kenya

VAW

Violence against Women

VAWG

Violence against Women and Girls

WASH

Water, sanitation and hygiene

WHO

World Health Organization

WSA

Women’s safety audit

CONTENTS
THE GLOBAL WOMEN’S SAFETY FRAMEWORK IN BRIEF

1

1. INTRODUCTION

5

1.1 Background, purpose and audience for the Global Women’s Safety Framework

7

1.2 What is violence against women? Where does it happen? and Why?

10

1.3 Why it makes good business sense to act on violence against women and girls

13

1.4 How to use the Global Women’s Safety Framework

15

2. GLOBAL WOMEN’S SAFETY FRAMEWORK IN RURAL SPACES:INFORMED BY EXPERIENCE IN THE TEA SECTOR

17

2.1 Overview of the programme

18

2.2 Principles that underlie effective women’s safety action

21

2.3 GWSF Strategic Areas of Action. What can be done? By whom? How can it be measured?
What are some practices and tools?

24

3. NEXT STEPS: HOW TO GET STARTED46

3.1 Quick check in for producers47

3.2 Scenario A: Essentials for beginning women’s safety action

48

3.3 Scenario B: Essentials to strengthen women’s safety action

55

REFERENCES63
Annex 1 Terms and Concepts

64Annex 2 Links to Useful References

67

Annex 3 List of Some Organizations Working on Issues Related to Women’s Safety in the Tea Sector

69

Annex 4 List of Producers/Organizations in Expert Group Meetings (Kenya and India)

70

VII

THE GLOBALWOMEN’S
SAFETYFRAMEWORK
IN BRIEF

Why focus on women’ssafety in rural spaces inagricultural value chains?
Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is aviolation of human rights and is caused by genderinequality and norms on the acceptability of VAWG.
VAWG affects women and girls’ freedom of
movement, participation in school, employment,
leisure/recreation, and ability to safely politicallyorganize, and their right in all spaces to live freefrom fear and experience of violence.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual
harassment (SH) against women and girls inworkplaces, especially in the informal sector, andin public spaces are highly prevalent in urban andrural areas.
The tea sector, like many other work sectors
around the world, including those in agriculturalvalue chains, is not exempt from this problem.
This can be seen with the high presence of women
occupying low-paid and low-skilled jobs in the
sector with high risks of harassment and violence,increased media reporting of cases of VAWG
in the sector, and recent action taken by somecompanies to urgently respond.

1

Ending VAWG and gender equality
is a condition for sustainable
development, and for sustainableagriculture (e.g. tea production)

How can the Global
Women’s Safety Frameworkassist tea producers?

VAWG and gender inequality not only affects decent
work and the health and dignity of workers, bothalso affect the sustainability of tea production.

The GWSF can assist tea producers working in
partnership on women’s safety issues to:•

Better understand what VAWG is, the factorsthat contribute to and protect against it, and how
it impacts women, communities and businesses;

Efforts to prevent and respond to SH and other forms
of VAWG can lead to:•

Health and well-being impact, with less sickleave and issues related to continuous stress andtrauma of workers;•

Learn about the four GWSF action areas and the
key principles that underline effective women’s
and girls’ safety action in these areas;•

Enhanced performance/ productivity as anenabler of women´s economic empowerment/
investments in communities;•

Identify different contributions that: 1) producers;
2) government authorities and 3) women, youth
and community groups can make to end VAWG;•

Strengthened implementation of principles incertifications related to labour conditions andworker’s rights;•

Access tools and practices to prevent andrespond to SH and other forms of VAWG to help
guide action tailored to the local and country
contexts;•

Retaining and attracting women workers andconsumers.

•

Understand some key steps to help producers
get started on their journey; and•Explain key terms and concepts used in this area
(See Annex 1).

2

ESSENTIALS TO IMPROVEWOMEN’S SAFETY AND END VAWG
Engage partners with expertise on ending VAWG
to assist in raising awareness among managers,
workers and smallholder farmers on SH, IPV andother forms of VAWG. This is important as SH andother forms of VAWG are often normalized by men
and women, and many women and girls may not feelat ease in reporting their experiences of violence.

Diagnose the nature and extent of the problem

by supporting a scoping study to better understand
VAWG, where and when it may occur, and whatgroups of women workers, women smallholder
farmers, and girls are most vulnerable to it. It isalso important to identify the causes of VAWG, andthose individuals and organizations that may beworking on similar issues to partner with. The rangeof resources will vary, and small companies andsmallholder farmers can start to raise awareness on
the issue and make zero tolerance clear and ensure
its practice. They may consider how women’s safety
can be included in some of the existing initiatives
they may be involved in and participate in studies
that may be undertaken by NGOs, government, andother partners in rural spaces on VAWG. Some may
also be able to come together and reach out to larger
producers or a donor partner to support a multi-site
scoping study.

Assess and strengthen the capacities

of managers, supervisors and workers to prevent andrespond to VAWG, including through tailored training
and awareness-raising sessions.
This can help to improve their knowledge andskills to effectively implement workplace policies

3and procedures in relation to VAWG, and genderresponsive plans that integrate the issue of women’ssafety (e.g. in sanitation, housing, recreation,
economic development, etc.). Workplace policies
that promote gender equality, equal pay for work ofequal value, women’s representation in decisionmaking positions, and women’s access to decent
work, are essential to change social norms andgender stereotypes and contribute to a positive andrespectful work environment.

Ensure that complaints processes (formal andinformal) for SH and other forms of violence respondto the needs of, are accessible to, and trusted by
all victims/survivors, and make clear accountability
measures for perpetrators. These processes should
be clear, documented and known. Those who reportmust have multiple routes for reporting and beable to select amongst them and be protected from
retaliation.

Provide information and support (e.g. women’s

support groups and referrals to appropriate services
in the community) to those experiencing SH andother forms of violence, including assisting victims/
survivors of IPV to safely continue their employment(e.g. through paid leave and flexible work schedules).
The GWSF will be accompanied by further practicalguidance (Forthcoming, March 2019) that willcontinue to support producers in adapting andimplementing the GWSF with their partners. It willcontain additional case studies and examples ofvarious materials including training plans, guidance
to support redressal mechanisms, etc.

WOMEN’S SAFETY ACTION
IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINSA Global Women’s Safety Frameworkin Rural Spaces: Informed byExperience in the Tea Sector

A Practical Guide to
Support Women’s
Safety Action(December 2018)(Forthcoming, March 2019)4

1. INTRODUCTION

51.1
BACKGROUND, PURPOSE AND
AUDIENCE FOR THE GLOBALWOMEN’S SAFETY FRAMEWORK

1.2
WHAT IS VIOLENCE AGAINSTWOMEN? WHERE DOES IT
HAPPEN? AND WHY?

1.3
WHY IT MAKES GOOD BUSINESSSENSE TO ACT ON VIOLENCEAGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS

1.4
HOW TO USE THE GLOBALWOMEN’S SAFETY FRAMEWORK

6

1.1 BACKGROUND, PURPOSE
AND AUDIENCE FOR THE
GLOBAL WOMEN’S SAFETY
FRAMEWORK
Background
There is much written on crime prevention,
the prevention of violence against womenand girls (VAWG), and women’s safety byinternational experts and organizations
which have helped to support multiple
stakeholders to implement and advanceinternational norms and standards (SeeAnnex 2: Links to Useful References).
While there is increased attention toaddressing gender inequality and VAWG
in global supply chains1, it can be said
that action is often limited to activitydriven initiatives (e.g. awareness-raisingsessions and training for workers,
vocational skills training for youth, etc.)
without consideration of how these efforts
could contribute to an integrated andtransformative approach to end VAWG in
agricultural value chains, underlined by aclear theory of change (TOC).
Sexual harassment (SH), and other forms of
VAWG in urban and rural areas may not berecognized as violence by men and boys, andby some women, including in workplaces
and public spaces, and perceived as a“normal” part of everyday life.

Discriminatory attitudes and behaviours
that perpetuate gender stereotypes andinequality also act as a barrier to therecognition, prevention and adequate
response to VAWG. In countries where
there are laws and policies on workplace
violence they may not be consistently
implemented, or effectively enforced.
The lack of a holistic approach toprevent and respond to VAWG has
also in some contexts been affectedby low or poor cooperation among
different stakeholders (e.g. government
authorities, grassroots women, youth,
and other community groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), theprivate sector, media, etc.) to design andimplement women’s safety action. Some
individuals and companies may also
share that they may be hesitant to workwith partners on these issues.
Since 2011, UN Women, with local andnational authorities, grassroots women andwomen’s rights organizations, the private
sector, United Nations agencies and donor
partners have been implementing a Global
Framework on Safe Cities and Safe Public
Spaces (SC/SPS) in cities.

ILO -ITC (2017) Gender-based violence in global supply chains: Resource Kit, IDH (2017) Common Training Manual: Addressing Gender Based Violence in the
Kenyan Tea Industry.
1

7

This includes comprehensive programmesin over 25 countries, spanning 35 cities
aimed at preventing and responding toSH against women and girls in public
spaces and other forms of VAWG, including
in public work settings (e.g. markets,transport, industrial parks, etc.). These
country-led programmes underlined
by a TOC are guided by principles andadapt practical tools in UN Women’s SC/
SPS Global Initiative, the United Nations
Prevention Framework on Prevention ofViolence against Women2, and the United
Nations Essential Services Package for
Women and Girls Subject to Violence3.
Since September 2016, UN Women has
been working to strengthen the Unilever
Tea Kenya (UTK) Women, Girls’ and Boys’
Safety Programme piloted in five estatesin Kericho and Bomet counties in Kenya.
The UTK programme began in 2014 andaims to prevent and respond to intimate
partner violence (IPV) and SH in tea
gardens and public spaces. Interventions
have been developed to reach women
workers, smallholder farmers, and boys
and girls living and going to school in
the tea estates. Since January 2017, UN
Women, in collaboration with Unilever, isalso working with a large tea producer in
Assam, India, to develop and implement
a first-ever prevention programme
focused on IPV and SH against womenin tea gardens and in public spaces. The
programme is being piloted in six estatesin the Udalguri district of Assam.

The collaboration of UN Women with
Unilever and work with a range of
producers in partnership with government
authorities, tea associations, and women,
youth and community groups in these
initiatives in the tea sector has provided
an opportunity to adapt the SC/SPS Global
Initiative in agricultural value chains inrural settings, beginning with the tea
sector, in the development and launch of
the Global Women’s Safety Framework in
Rural Spaces: Informed by Experience in
the Tea Sector (herein referred to as theGWSF).
Given Unilever’s contribution todevelopment in global value chains,and its strong position in the tea value
chain, as one of the largest purchasersof black tea in the world, there isgreat opportunity to further leverage
partnerships to help build the GWSF toscale in the tea sector with additional
producers and in other commodity
sectors over time.
The GWSF will be accompanied byfurther practical guidance (Forthcoming,
March 2019) that will continue to support
producers in adapting and implementing
the GWSF with their partners. It willcontain additional case studies andexamples of various materials including
training plans, guidance to support
redressal mechanisms, etc.

2

Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/PreventionFrameworkNov2015.pdf

3Available at: http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/12/essential-services-package-for-women-and-girls-subject-to-violence8Purpose and Audienceof the GWSF
The GWSF is aimed at tea producers
working in partnership with otherstakeholders on women’s safety issues to:• Better understand what VAWG is, what
are the factors contributing to andprotecting against it, and how VAWG
impacts women, communities andbusinesses.
• Learn about the four GWSF action
areas and the key principles that
underline effective women’s and girls’
safety action in these areas.
• Identify different contributions that:
1) producers; 2) government; and 3)
women, youth and community groups
can make to end VAWG.

© UN Women/ Declan McCormack9• Access tools and practices to preventand respond to SH and other forms of
VAWG to help guide action tailored to
local and country contexts.
• Learn about and adapt key terms andconcepts used in this area.
• Explain key terms and concepts used inthis area.
Estate managers, welfare officers,
investigation officers, single proprietors/
smallholder farmers, human resources,
health and school staff, and women andyouth groups in estates, including small
and medium size businesses can draw on
the GWSF for ideas and inspiration. This
will help to strengthen and accelerate
women’s safety action, and develop valueadded partnerships with those working on
similar issues.

1.2 WHAT IS VIOLENCEAGAINST WOMEN? WHERE
DOES IT HAPPEN? AND WHY?
Violence against women (VAW) is any act ofgender-based violence (GBV) that resultsin or is likely to result in physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women,
including threats of such acts, coercion
or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in public or private life4. VAWG
is a violation of human rights, an abuseof power and a major barrier to achieving
decent and dignified work.
Women and girls experience and fear
various types of SH and other forms ofviolence in developed and developing
countries, from unwanted sexual remarks
and groping, to rape and femicide, whether
on streets or public transport, in parks,
on the way to schools and in and aroundworkplaces including in tea growing areas,in public sanitation facilities, at water andfood distribution sites, at home, or in theirown neighborhoods.
While women and girls of all socialand economic strata experience andfear violence, women and girls living inpoverty or belonging to socially excluded
or stigmatized groups (indigenous,
migrants, those living with disability or
HIV/AIDS, displaced persons, etc.) may
be more likely to experience violence,
especially because of experiences of
discrimination, inequality, and limitedaccess to information, services,
resources and justice.

4

The issue of limited access to quality
essential services must also be seen whenworking in the context of rural and remotesettings. While unique in geographic
location, these communities often sharea number of common characteristics,
including their small size (in terms of
population), market and labour supply,
their physical isolation from other, andparticularly larger urban centres, theirlack of economic diversification, a weakand declining economic base and limited
employment opportunities, high production
and servicing costs, and a limited range of
public and private services.
Based on the data available, IPV and nonpartner sexual violence are among themost prevalent forms of VAWG globally.
These forms of violence have serious
consequences for women and theirchildren, as well as for communities,
workplaces, and countries. While there
remains much to be learned, knowledge
and practice relating to these forms are
more advanced relative to other forms of
VAWG. For these reasons, the GWSF draws
from research and practice in addressingthese forms of VAWG. However, many of
the general principles and approaches,
identified (See Section 2) may also apply
to other forms of violence and harmful
practices against women, since many ofthese forms of violence are interrelated
and may share common risk factors.

United Nations, 1993.

10

30%

In Haiti, Jordan and Nicaragua, atleast 30 percent of workers said thatsexual harassment was a concern intheir factory.5
In a study conducted on cut flowers,
in which 62 farms were sampled in
Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and United
Republic of Tanzania, many women
workers said they had experienced
harassment on farms, or knew
someone who had experienced thisform of violence.6
In Sri Lanka, women in the exporttea and rubber industry said theyexperienced many forms of sexual
violence, from unwelcome verbal
remarks to attempted rape.7

5

11

45%

In Kenya, according to the 2014
Demographic Health Survey, almost
half (45 percent) of women aged 15
to 49 have ever experienced physicalviolence since age 15.8

80%

In the United States, 80
percent of women farmworkers
said that they have experienced
some form of sexual violenceon the job.9

35% =35 per cent of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or
sexual IPV or non- partner sexual assault.10

2/3 =In India, more than two thirds of young men, women and adolescent girls
feel that rural village public spaces are unsafe for women after dark.11“My husband beats me with his hands, feet
and whatever he finds in the house. He
abandoned me. I went back to my parent’s
house but had to come back for my children.
I have eight children. At that time, they werevery young. Since then I have been livingwith my alcoholic and abusive husband.”“Sexual harassment is a serious problem
because some men supervisors want you
to go beyond your work obligations andsatisfy their sexual needs, and if you don’t
do that they fake other charges against
you or give you too much work or allocate
you lonely or dangerous plucking zones.”(Woman Tea Worker, Assam)(Woman Tea Worker, Kenya)

Tufts University Study in International Labour Organization (2018b), p.17.

6

Wijayatileke and Zackaria (2001).

7

Cited in Jacobs et al. (2015), and Mlynska, et al. (2015).

8

Kenya 2014 Demographic Health Survey (DHS).

9

Waugh (2010).

10World Health Organization (WHO) (2013).

11

International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 2018 kNOw Fear: Making Rural Public Spaces Safe for Women and Girls pilot.

Why does it happen?
What are some of the known factors that place
women and girls at risk of GBV?

What are some of the known factors which makeit less likely women and girls will experience
violence?

•
•
•
•

•
•

•
•
•
•

•

•
•
•
•

Witnessing or experiencing abuse as a child;
Substance (including alcohol) abuse;
Low levels of education;
Limited economic opportunities, the presenceof economic, educational and employment
disparities between men and women in an
intimate relationship;
Conflict and tension within an intimate partner
relationship or marriage;
Women’s insecure access to and control overproperty and land rights;
Male control over decision-making and assets;
Attitudes and practices that reinforce female
subordination and tolerate male violence (e.g.
dowry, bride price, child marriage);
Lack of safe spaces for women and girls(survivors, and women to collectively organise
for their rights);
Normalized use of violence within the family orsociety to address conflict;
A limited legislative and policy framework forpreventing and responding to violence;
Lack of punishment (impunity) for perpetratorsof violence;
Low levels of awareness among service
providers, law enforcement and judicial andother actors.

•
•
•

•
•

Social norms that promote gender equality;
Completion of secondary education for girls(and boys);
Delaying the age at which girls marry to 18;
Women’s economic autonomy and access to
skills training, credit and employment;
Quality response services (judicial, security/protection, social and medical) staffed withknowledgeable, skilled and trained personnel;
Availability of safe spaces or shelters;
Access to support groups.

121.3 WHY IT MAKES GOOD BUSINESS SENS
The social and economic costs of violence against womenare substantial
The global cost of VAW (public, private and social) is estimated at approximately 2 percent of
global gross domestic product (GDP), or USD$1.5 trillion. It is estimated that by advancing genderequality across public, private and social spheres, $12 trillion could be added to global GDP by 2025.
Advancing gender equality is one of the most important ways in which VAWG can be reduced.
Studies on domestic violence have shown that it contributes to lost economic output and productivity,
increased sick leave, and lost jobs. It can result in anxiety, depression and feelings of powerlessness,
humiliation, and loss of self-esteem, work motivation, performance and ultimately attachment to
the workplace among women.
According to the Assam Human Development Report (2014), the Gender Inequality Index is 0.375,
suggesting that the existing gender disparity ensures that the State faces an approximate loss of
37 percent of potential human development, leading to high social and economic costs. Genderinequality in the spheres of education, health, employment, wage, labour force participation andother development indicators is leading to a slowdown of growth in the State of Assam.12
In Peru, companies lose more than $6.7 billion a year as a result of absenteeism, staff turnover andlost productivity resulting from domestic violence at work, the equivalent of 3.7 percent of GDP.13

Businesses increasingly recognize their role in promoting
human rights and in the implementation of global
agreements and principles
The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights was issued in June 2011 as
the first global framework to address the business impact on all human rights, and outlines theroles and responsibilities of businesses and governments for combatting risks to human rights
related to business activities.
In 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted and recognize the criticalimportance of partnerships among governments, business and civil society to implement humanrights-based approaches. Gender equality is also recognized as both an enabler and accelerator
for all SDGs. Given multiple challenges that governments and businesses may face in rural andurban areas in relation to poor infrastructure, violence, unemployment or skill shortages insome sectors, increasingly they are looking for integrated approaches that can assist them in
implementing multiple SDGs.
The GWSF provides a resource to producers and their partners looking to do just this, with its
explicit focus on SDG 4: Quality Education; SDG 5: Gender Equality; SDG 8: Decent Work andEconomic Growth; SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 16: Peace, Justice andStrong Institutions; and SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals.

13

12

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2014.

13

Vara-Horna, A., (2014).

The global
cost of violenceagainst women isestimated to be
US$1.5 trillion.

E TO ACT ON WOMEN’S SAFETY
Violence against women is a violation of human rights
with great impact on victims/survivors and their families.
Businesses must stand with others to support violencefree families and workplaces

Businesses
must stand withothers to support
violence-freefamilies andworkplaces.

Fear and experience of VAWG reduces women’s and girls’ freedom of movement, denying them thesame opportunities and right to cities and rural communities that men and boys enjoy. It reduces
their ability to participate in school, in formal or informal employment, and in public life. It limits
their access to essential services, and enjoyment of cultural and recreational opportunities. It also
negatively impacts their health and well-being.
In Kenya, the costs of GBV on survivors and their families is very high. The average cost in USD of
medical-related expenses per survivor and family amounted to $ 164.64. The productivity loss fromserious injuries amounted to $ 2,234.76 and the productivity losses from serious injuries were
estimated at $250 million, and from minor injuries at $80 million.14
In a study in Mexico, some women workers said that if they denied supervisors’ advances, theywould be refused a bus ride to the farm, leaving them unable to get to work.15
Women who experience violence may feel anxious, distracted, stigma, and may need to take time
off from work to attend court, or seek medical attention or other support available to them. Abusive
partners may also come to the workplace, putting the woman and other employees at risk.

Creating a safe and empowering workplace and addressing
GBV is critical for companies to function and prosper
Addressing GBV can assist companies to:• Contribute to the health and well-being of workers, with increased productivity.
• Strengthen their effective implementation of policies and legislation.
• Retain and attract women workers and consumers.
• Unlock opportunities for women’s economic empowerment, and investments in communities.
• Strengthen implementation of principles in certifications related to labour conditions andworker’s rights.
• Enhance performance/ productivity and reduce sick leaves and absenteeism of staff andworkers.

Creating
a safe andempowering
workplace is criticalfor companies tofunction andprosper.

14“Addressing sexual harassment and other forms of violence against womenis critical to our tea operations, and many sectors in global supply chains.”
Tea Producer in AssamNational Gender and Equality Commission (2016)

Arellano (2014) in Henry, C. and J. Adams. 2018. Spotlight on sexual violence and harassment in commercial agriculture: Lower and middle income
countries. Working Paper. No. 31. Rome: ILO.
15

14

1.4 HOW TO USE THE
GLOBAL WOMEN’S
SAFETY FRAMEWORK

15Familiarize

Review

yourself with WHAT,
WHERE, and WHY
VAWG

the theory of change(TOC), the fourareas of action, andkey principles that
underline effective
women’s safety
actionLearn about
what can be done in
the four main areasof action, the roles
and responsibilities
of different partners,
and good practices
and tools

Considerwhere to getstartedafter finishing
the check-in tool,and reviewing the
scenario that relates
to your experience

Continue yourjourneyin advancing the adaptationand implementation of
the GWSF by consulting
the additional Practical
Guidance that accompanies
the GWSF (forthcoming,
March 2019).

16

2. THE GLOBALFRAMEWORK ON WOMEN’S
SAFETY IN RURAL SPACES:INFORMED BY EXPERIENCE
IN THE TEA SECTOR

17

2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAMMETHEORY OF CHANGE
Goal Statement: Women and girls are socially, economically and politically empowered in rural spaces which are free fromsexual harassment and other forms of violence.
Link to explicit indicators of SDGs:
Goal 5 (Gender Equality)*
Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)**

OutcomeAreas of
ActionLocally owned
womens safety
solutions identified

Laws and policies
in place andimplemented

Safety andeconomic viabilityof spaces

Social norms,
attitudes andbehaviour that
promote womenand girls rights inrural spaces

Outputs

Capacity of partners
enhanced to end VAWG

Capacity and engagementof partners on legislationand policy on SH andother forms of VAWenhanced

Capacity of women
workers andsmallholder farmers andmanagement on genderplanning enhanced

Community mobilized
in favour of respectful
relationships, genderequality and safety inpublic spaces

Policies adopted andimplemented to preventand respond to SH andother forms of VAWbased on evidence
and good practicewith accompanying
financing, and oversightmechanisms

Gender-responsive plans,
inclusive of women’s
and youth economic
empowerment initiatives
and other measures inplace and implemented,
with accompanying
financing and oversightmechanisms

Transformative initiatives
developed and integrated
into formal and nonformal education andmedia messaging

Multi-stakeholder
partnerships established
Local data and action
plan in place

InputsTime and expertise of researchers at local and programme levels to collect data and conduct evaluation
Time and expertise of specialists to deliver technical support (for identified interventions)
Resources for identified interventions at local level, human resources (e.g. welfare officer, investigation officer,
implementing partners selected by partners when feasible)* Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15+ subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner, in the last 12
months; Proportion of women and girls aged 15+ subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner, since age 15 (Proportion of womenand girls subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner, since age 15 (in public spaces, sites of intervention).
** Target 7 (proxy): Proportion of women and girls subjected to sexual harassment in public spaces, sites of intervention, in the last 12 months.

18

The GWSF is based on a TOC approachthat is needed to develop solutions tocomplex problems. It identifies the theoryof a programme and the range of actionneeded to achieve the desired GWSF TOC
goal: All women and girls are socially,
economically and politically empoweredin rural spaces that are free from SH andother forms of violence.
There are four main areas of action
informed by global evidence that form
part of a holistic approach to prevent andrespond to SH and other forms of VAWG in
workplaces and public spaces.
These include:

Outcome 1: Locally owned
women’s safety solutions
identified
This action area focuses on building local
ownership of women’s safety action.
Producers may wish to look within thecompany to take stock of what is being
done to address women and girls’ safety,
identify gaps, and seek trusted partner (s)when possible to assist in strengthening
their approach to prevent GBV.
In developing a locally owned approach, itwill be important to create over time multistakeholder partnerships with women
beneficiaries/agents of change. Each partner
may have something to contribute to women’ssafety within their area of influence.
Collecting data to better understand thenature and extent of the problem of SH
and other forms of VAWG on estates andoutgrower farms and considering promisingand good practices will help producers andtheir partners identify solutions to SH andother forms of VAWG.

16

19

UN Women (2018), p.29

It is important to name the problem. For
example, that “SH is unwelcome sexual
conduct which can range from gestures togroping to rape.”16 A scoping study can leadto a deeper understanding of the local forms
of VAWG and the context in which it occurs
both on and off the tea estates in rural areas.
Programme design session(s) can engage
producers with other key stakeholders (e.g.
government authorities, women’s rights
groups and NGOs, faith leaders, schools,
the police, and local businesses) to discussand validate the findings of the scoping
study. This helps to ensure initiatives are
informed by evidence, and fosters sharedaccountability - where everyone feels they
have a stake in changed culture.
Single proprietors of farms may consider
engaging with trusted networks and/or lead companies in the supply chain
for inclusion in multi-site studies orprogramme initiatives. Furthermore,they will need to decide what areas of theframework and activities they can begin toadapt on their own, and those they would
need to engage partners on as part of anincremental approach.

Outcome 2: Laws andpolicies to preventand respond to sexual
harassment and otherforms of VAWG are inplace and implemented
This action area focuses on assessing andenhancing the capacity of local partners toensure that comprehensive legislation andpolicies to prevent and respond to VAWG aredeveloped, and effectively implemented- a
key role of national and local authorities.

It also includes strengthening the capacityof service providers and institutions, and tea
sector management in the development andimplementation of specific policies on SH,
as this may sometimes be covered undercode of conduct or safety policies. It may
mean reviewing the effectiveness of what isin place to bring about change. For example,
measures that are in place to: increase
reporting, ensure victims/survivors are awareof their rights, ensure prompt and appropriate
responses to reports of SH and other forms
of VAWG, how many reports may have gone toinvestigation, and what happened as a resultof the investigation, etc.).
It may also require looking at how SH
and ending other forms of VAWG can be
integrated in other training and awarenessinitiatives in tea estates, and those initiatives
that reach smallholder farmers.

Outcome 3: Safety andeconomic viability ofspaces enhanced
This action area focuses on transformative
activities in workplace settings that are
responsive to the needs of women and girls,
and men and boys.
It includes interventions focused on women’s
leadership, ensuring diversity in senior
positions and creating a culture in which
women are treated as equals, and there isrespect between colleagues.
It includes a focus on economic
development, by creating economic
opportunities for women and youth to protect
against the risk of victimization, and ensurethat women can exit violent relationships.
It also includes action designed to enhance
the capacity of government authorities in17

rural spaces, and producers who manage tea
plantations to be more responsive to genderin their planning. For example, providing
opportunities to include women’s and girls’
knowledge, expertise and recommendationsof safety measures in the upgrading of
infrastructure on estates, or in the designand construction of new housing lines.
Practical measures can be put in placesuch as: better lighting, safe and accessible
public transportation, sanitation and hygiene,
improvements in housing areas, andvocational skills training of women and youth.

Outcome 4: Social Norms,
attitudes and behaviour
that promote women andgirls’ rights in rural spaces
SH and other forms of GBV are based on
deep-rooted social norms and practices
that devalue women and their contributions
and skills. There is extensive evidence at
the international level to demonstrate that
VAWG can only be addressed through agender equality framework that addresses
social norms and unequal and stereotypicalgender roles and relations. This action
area focuses on changing social norms,
attitudes and behaviour to promotewomen’s and girls’ rights to enjoy ruralspaces free from violence. It includes
activities that engage girls and boys andother influential champions/leaders intransformative activities in schools, andother settings that promote respectfulgender relationships, gender equality andsafety in rural spaces.17
County governments working in partnershipwith NGOs and other partners in ruralspaces may be well placed to support
community mobilization and specific VAWG
prevention programming.

Adapted from UN Prevention Framework.

20

2.2 PRINCIPLES THAT UNDERLIEEFFECTIVE WOMEN’S SAFETY ACTION
A brief description is provided on themain principles that underlie effective
comprehensive approaches to prevent andrespond to SH and other forms of GBV in
the tea sector.

1. A rights-based andevidence-based approach
A human rights-based approach is oneof the main principles of the SDGs andrecognizes that States have a primary
responsibility to respect, protect, andfulfill the rights of women and girls.
VAWG is a violation of women and girls’
human rights, particularly her right to alife free from fear and violence, freedomof movement, safe housing, and securing
rights to enjoy and use public spaces.
Policies and action should prioritize
the safety and well-being of all womenand girls, and treat them with dignity,
respect and sensitivity. This approachalso calls for the highest attainable
standards of health, social, justice andpolicing services that are of good quality,
available, accessible, and acceptable towomen and girls. Policies and action
should be based on a broad foundation
knowledge given the different causesof VAWG, and on promising and provenpractices.

“For business, the most powerful contribution
to sustainable development is to embed respectfor human rights across their value chains…
Business respect for human rights is not a
choice, it is a responsibility.”(UN Working Group on Business and Human
Rights)21

2. Advancing gender equality andwomen’s empowerment
Gender inequality and discrimination, as both a cause anda consequence of VAWG, requires policies and practices
that respond to the needs of women and men andpromote women’s participation in all processes. Womenand girls are entitled to make their own decisions andto participate as agents of change in safety initiatives.
Women’s expanded access to participate in spaces free ofviolence can help transform social norms about women’sroles and enhance their contributions to work life, cities,
and rural communities.

© UN Women/ Declan McCormack

3. Culturally and age
appropriate and sensitive tocircumstances and experiences
Interventions must be culturally and age appropriate
and sensitive that respond to the individual
circumstances and life experiences of women andgirls. This means taking into account their age,
identity, culture, sexual orientation, gender identity,
ethnicity and language preferences. This is also inline with another main principle of the SDGs: Leave
No One Behind (LNOB). Interventions must respond
appropriately to women and girls who face multiple
forms of discrimination - not only because she is awoman, but also because of her race, ethnicity, caste,sexual orientation, religion, disability, marital status,
occupation or other characteristics – or because she
has been subjected to violence. It is also increasingly
recognized that strategic and effective prevention ofviolence requires the involvement of children and young
people throughout different stages of the process, fromdiagnosis of the problem to programme design andimplementation, monitoring action, evaluating services
for young people, campaigning, and evaluation.18

18

ICPC (2008)22

4. Survivor-centered approach
The survivor-centered approach is based on a set of principles and skills
designed to guide individuals in engaging with women and girls who haveexperienced sexual or other forms of violence. Victim/survivor-centred
approaches place the rights, needs and desires of women and girls as
the centre of focus in service delivery. This requires consideration of themultiple needs of victims and survivors and can ensure that services are
tailored to and respond to the wishes of all woman and girls.

5. Cooperation/partnerships
Cooperation and partnerships should be an integral part of effective
prevention, given the wide-ranging nature of the causes of crime andviolence and the skills and responsibilities required to address them.19
This includes partnerships working across government departments
and among different levels of government (national, local and regional),
and working with community organizations and NGOs, different divisions
in the tea sector (social impact, environment sustainability, humanresources), grassroots women, and other community members.

6. Perpetrator accountability
It is important to communicate clearly that violence is not acceptable,that it is a form of misconduct, and that perpetrators will be held
accountable for their actions. This includes ensuring a detailed and fair
independent investigation, setting out informal and formal disciplinary
procedures, taking account of the severity of the violence, the law,and the wishes of all victims/survivors. Disciplinary action should be
proportional to the severity of harassment and other forms of violenceand be implemented in a consistent way, helping to foster trust andconfidence in the reporting process. In serious cases and depending on
the provisions of the criminal and civil law code, a case may need to bereported to the police, and with the victim’s consent to take appropriate
criminal or civil law action. It is also important that support be given to
help women victim/survivors in the justice process.

19

23

Adapted from Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime, Economic’ and Social Council resolution 2002/13, Annex

2.3 GWSF STRATEGIC AREAS OF
ACTION. WHAT CAN BE DONE?
BY WHOM? HOW CAN IT BE
MEASURED? WHAT ARE SOME
PRACTICES AND TOOLS?
In reviewing the GWSF action areas on
the next page, it is important to notethat the last three outcome areas are
not implemented chronologically, sinceactivities undertaken in the first outcome
area (e.g. local assessment undertaken,
design process, etc.) by a producer in theirjourney on women’s safety will greatly
assist them and their partners to identify
where and when to focus in those areas.
Not all action areas are undertaken at
the same time, as this will depend on
strong leadership, level of resources
allocated over time, and the support andengagement of partners working within
their area of influence to contribute to the
expected results of the initiative.
As part of their journey, producers willneed to identify entry points to strengthen
their work on women and girls’ safety anddetermine the scope and scale of theirinterventions as part of the design process.
A list of partners with complementary
expertise on VAWG, gender and/or working
on issues related to improving the qualityof life of women and girls in the tea sector
is included in Annex 3.

24Outcome 1
Locally owned women’s safety solutions identified
OutputWhat are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

1.1

Producers

Capacity ofpartnersenhanced toend VAWG• Support training or other capacity-strengthening initiatives to raiseawareness on SH and other forms of GBV on and/or off tea estates.
• Training should be conducted in person, interactive, and tailored to context.
It should last several hours, and regularly be repeated.
• Document all training/awareness-raising initiatives according to topic,
name, organization, and title of the session (strong monitoring of key
performance indicators -KPIs).

Producers canpartner with:

Capacityenhancement
activities(training,
workshops) for
women’s youth,and community
groups on
evidence-based
approaches
to preventand respond
to VAWG, thatare informedby the local
evidence andby international
good practice
are conducted.

Government authorities• Implement training and other capacity-strengthening measures on key
principles of strategic and effective approaches on EVAWG in public andprivate spaces.
• Training should be conducted in person, interactive, and tailored to context.
It should last several hours, and regularly be repeated.
• Document all training/awareness-raising initiatives according to topic,
name, organization, and title of session.

Local expert
organizations
and NGOs
specialized inwomen’s andchildren’s rights,
United Nations
agencies orother partners.

Women’s, Youth, Tea associations, and other Community Groups• Participate in an awareness-raising and training session (s) on evidencebased approaches to prevent and respond to VAWG. This is an important
step given the normalization of VAWG and the lack of safe spaces for women
to gather and discuss these issues. This will help to ensure that women’svoices are heard, and that they are able to participate in the design of safety
interventions.

OutputWhat are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

1.2

Producers

Multistakeholder
partnerships
established• Participate in/ or set up a steering committee on women’s safety in the tea
garden.
• Participate in and/or support existing networks or the set-up of platforms inthe village or nearby city on gender and EVAWG. This can provide access togood practices, and may help to leverage partnerships of support.

Producers canpartner with:

Extent andquality ofpartnerships
and coordination
among local
partners.

Government authorities• Establish and co-chair a steering committee on women’s safety in rural spaces,and ensure wide participation of different government authorities, producers andlocal businesses, women’s groups, and United Nations partners.
Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, and other community
groups• Participate in a steering committee or other community committees orforums on women’s safety in rural spaces (on or off the estate).

25

Local expert
organizations
and NGOs
specialized inwomen’s andchildren’s rights,
United Nations
agencies orother partners.

Partnerships
in place that
include womenin decisionmaking
positions.

Output

What are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

1.3

Producers

Local data andaction plan inplace• Help support the implementation of a scoping study to increase
understanding of the problems in the plantation, include viewsof women beneficiaries/agents of change, analyze the local
context, appraise existing services and map organizations/otherproducers who are working on similar issues in rural spaces
so that linkages can be made. More information on the scoping
study can be found in Section 3. of the GWSF.
• The scoping study will help partners to make decisions on
where to focus resources, where best to leverage partnerships,
and what should be taken up in a shared programme or plan ofaction on women’s safety.

Producers canpartner with:

Scoping Study,
programme
document andbaseline study
available in theplantation.

Government authorities• Help support the implementation of a scoping study toincrease understanding of the problems in the village/county,
collate views of beneficiaries/agents of change, analyze thelocal context, map partners who could assist in the women’ssafety partnership.
• The scoping study will help partners to make decisions on
where to focus resources, where best to leverage partnerships
and what should be taken up in a shared plan of action that isdeveloped on women’s safety.
• Help support, provide a venue for planning workshops, andparticipate in the design of a women’s safety initiative on and/or off the estate.
• Help support the implementation of a baseline study inselected areas of the village/county including detailed
measurement of indicators relevant to the intervention (s)selected in the women’s safety initiative at the start of theinitiative that will be used to measure change over time.

Local expert/
researchorganizations andNGOs specialized
on women’s andchildren’s rights,
and United Nations
partners.

Scoping Study,
programme
document andbaseline study
available in thevillage.

Number of
Women’s, Youth andCommunity Groups
which participate in
the design of plans.

Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, and othercommunity groups• Share knowledge and views on the prevention and response
to VAWG in the tea sector (to inform the scoping study,
programme design and baseline process), including at theearliest stage so that questions can be well formulated in any
study conducted in estates settings.
• Lead sessions in a safe space (or in spaces where women
may gather already if available) to discuss gender, genderequality and SH and other forms of VAWG with women
workers and women smallholder farmers. It is also
important to gather views of different groups of women
who may more likely experience harassment and otherforms of VAWG, and actively involve them in women’s safety
discussions and programming.

26

Outputs 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 Case Study:
Enhancing the safety of women and girls in Unilever Tea Kenya (UTK)
EstatesWith an approximate 32 percent woman workforce at
UTK, safety for women, boys and girls is essential.
Unilever developed a “Safety for Women, Girls andBoys Programme” with the participation of womenand men in Unilever Tea Kenya. The programme
helps to equip women with skills in addressing all
forms of violence and contributes to the enhancementof worker productivity and reducing absenteeism.
The programme is anchored in four pillars:
prevention, detection, response and external
engagement. The prevention pillar is central to theprogramme, with the following interventions designed
in consultation with stakeholders such as workers,
managers, youth, school teachers, and students:• Peer education, a concept that involves building apool of champions from among workers who canbe trained and equipped to engage their peers on aregular basis.

• School programmes such as the Adopt a School
Initiative, integrated with existing student
engagement systems/programmes in which
managers are encouraged to adopt schools to
support through mentorship and life skills support.
• Diversity and inclusion workplace programmes
targeting women and children with different abilities
through modification of physical infrastructure toenhance access and the adoption of empowerment
measures Practical approaches within theworkplace to support safety and empowerment of
women, including rotating jobs, non-discriminatory
housing allocation processes, and shift patterns,
as well as capacity-building of key stakeholders(e.g. the housing committees and village elders),
improved lighting around the estates/communities,
and ensuring appropriate representation of womenat all levels of decision-making.

• Training and mentorship on gender and humanrights for different target groups, an intervention
that has proven to be more effective andsustainable when integrated with the existing
employee engagement systems.
• Male engagement/Men as champions, a strategy
that has been pivotal in the recognition of the role ofmen in promoting safe spaces for women and girls.
• Women economic empowerment projects delivered
through women leadership initiatives, such as
equipping women with leadership skills andprovision of day care and breastfeeding centres
to enhance women’s economic inclusion, andtraining women on financial literacy, life skills,
information and communication technology, andentrepreneurship.

27© UN Women/ Declan McCormackIn order to support the key need for a vibrant androbust detection system, the following are needed:
Dignity Enhancement Committees that reportconcerns and review progress on grievances;monitoring of trends and hotspot mapping; andreferral mechanisms to ensure that survivors and theirfamilies receive adequate clinical and psychosocial
support. Social impact assessments mitigate theeffects of the disciplinary process on the families ofsurvivors and perpetrators.
Collaboration and partnerships complement existing
efforts around addressing GBV, minimize duplication,
and advance engagement in national level advocacy
and response to emerging GBV incidences. Examples
are partnerships with the police, judiciary, children’s
departments, NGOs, United Nations agencies, andcommunity-based organizations. Building the capacityof the external stakeholders, such as the police, hasalso helped to drive a shared understanding on safety
for women and girls.

© UN Women

Six key learnings:

1

The strong participation of women and girls in the design, implementation, monitoring andassessment of women’s safety action is critical in ensuring a locally owned approach and its success.

2

Male engagement is critical to gender equality work, including men serving as champions of genderequality and prevention of SH.

3

The grievance mechanism should be accessible and engender trust with the community and with theworkers. A toll-free hotline that allows for anonymous reporting is necessary as fear of retaliation
serves as an impediment to reporting offences and resolution of grievances. Multiple channels forreporting is important.

4

It is important to partner with organizations that provide psychosocial support or to have an internal
psychosocial support mechanism for survivors and their families. This is often one of the mostneglected areas that requires attention.

5

Physical infrastructure plays a major role in enhancing the dignity and safety of the women and girls(e.g. security lights in villages, provision of sanitary facilities, etc.).

6

Equality in work plans and strategies enhances buy-in and support from business stakeholders,
including managers (e.g. SGBV learnings integrated into existing work forums and engagements).

As a result, Unilever sought to strengthen its model through a partnership with UN Women and local women’s
rights organizations in Kenya.
Source: https://www.unilever.com/Images/kericho-tea-estates-december-2013_tcm244-424953_en.pdf

28

Gender Empowerment Platform in Kenya:
Addressing issues related to GBV in the Kenyan
tea industry
Gender Empowerment Platform
To support the tea sector in Kenya to find ways and mechanisms to address SH and GBV issues, IDH-the Sustainable
Trade Initiative convened the Gender Empowerment Platform (GEP) in 2016. The GEP joins forces of different tea
supply chain players under the vision to become the first tea agricultural supply chain in Kenya that has addressed andhas developed solutions to GBV-related issues, by being effective in response but even stronger in prevention.
GEP members & activities
Private sector participants in the GEP include: Unilever Tea Kenya (UTK), James Finlay (Kenya), Sotik Tea Company,
Eastern Produce Kenya, and the Kenyan Tea Development Agency. Civil society members include: IDH, ETP, and
the Gender Violence Recovery Centre (GVRC). UN Women is a technical advisor to the Platform. The GEP comes
together four times per year and members commit to senior leadership involvement at least once a year. During
GEP meetings, members exchange experiences on joint activities aimed to reduce SH and GBV in the industry.
It provides an opportunity for peer-to-peer learning for companies, as well as facilitating the link between theindustry and CSOs working on gender and GBV issues. As convener of the platform, IDH also facilitates crosssector and cross-country learning, for example with the floral industry and provides funding for field-level projects
implemented by company members.
The following GEP activities are ongoing in collaboration with GEP members:
1. Support to the creation of a safe space in Kericho for victims/survivors, linked to service providers to provide
medical, judiciary, police and counselling support, in cooperation with GVRC and the county government.
2. Capacity-building at the plantations (community/household level) to address gender and GBV issues in line with thePlantation Roadmap (to be launched Q4 2018). A Training Manual has been developed for tea producers on genderand raising awareness on GBV.
3. Financial literacy training programme for smallholder farmers with a focus on financial decision-making anddivision of roles and responsibilities within the household.
4. The strength of the GEP is its partnership among tea supply chain members, NGOs, and expert organizations
around the universal challenge of GBV.
5. The IDH training manual is available at: https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/uploaded/2017/04/GBV-CommonTraining-Manual_April-2017.pdf”
6. The IDH Gender Toolkit provides case studies largely drawing on IDH projects that demonstrate how gender canbe integrated into supply chain approaches. It is available at: https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/publication/
gender-toolkit/

29

Plantation Community Empowerment Programme: Use of theCommunity Development Forum 20
The Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP), along with the support of producer companies, have piloted a Plantation Community
Empowerment Programme, where Community Development Forums (CDFs) are established in tea estates to facilitate
open dialogue and resolve issues between the tea estate management and the tea community. It is believed that
improved relationships have an overall impact on the well-being of the business and the tea community.
The CDFs give all groups from the estate and the local community the opportunity to influence decisions that
affect their lives. They bring together workers, management, estate residents, and the wider community toensure a shared understanding and ownership of the varied challenges faced by the groups represented and todevelop a constructive plan to prioritize and resolve these issues. The CDFs are also linked to existing structureson the estates, such as Mothers’ Clubs, trade unions, and Fair Trade Committees, to ensure the inclusion ofthese relevant bodies and maximize the impact and effectiveness of the CDF.
The CDF model was developed in Sri Lanka where 13 CDFs were set up through an initial partnership withCARE Sri Lanka, ETP, and producer companies. The CDFs proved highly successful in tackling issues fromwork stoppages and low productivity, lack of opportunities for women, alcoholism, ethnic tensions, anddomestic financial management. An independent study found that the programme secured a $26 returnon investment for every dollar spent, and a 25 percent increase in plucking productivity. The ETP has also
piloted CDFs in four estates of Assam, India, with an increased focus on women, youth and other socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

ETP (2017). Helping at the heart of tea communities Sri Lanka. Available at: http://www.ethicalteapartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/Helping-at-the-Heartof-Tea-Communities-Sri-Lanka.pdf
2030

Outcome 2
Laws and policies in place and implemented
OutputWhat are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

2.1

Producers

Capacity andengagementof partners
on legislationand policy on
SH and otherforms of VAWenhanced• Help support an assessment on the knowledge and skills of women,
men and youth on laws and policies to prevent and respond to VAWG.
This is important to engage local women and men in prevention
efforts and to identify and address barriers to reporting violence,
accessing services, advocating for rights, and other areas that cancontribute to the normalization of violence.
• Help support the implementation of training on key principles
of strategic and effective approaches on EVAWG for managers,
workers, and smallholder farmers.
• Document all training/awareness-raising initiatives according
to topic, name, organization, and title of the session as part ofmonitoring and assessing progress.

Producers canpartner with:

Number of womenand men trained,
and an attestationof each that s/
he participatedin the training,
and type of skills
and knowledge
enhanced (pre andpost test).

Government authorities• Conduct an assessment on knowledge and skills of authorities onlaws and policies to prevent and respond to VAWG.
• Develop a training plan which sets priority groups for training,timing of sessions, etc.
• Participate in targeted training that responds to the capacity
assessment, and increases awareness of authorities and otherpartners on VAWG legislation and policy in the community andworkplace settings.
• Help support an assessment on the knowledge and skills of
women, men and youth on laws and policies to prevent andrespond to VAWG.
• Implement training on key principles and strategic and effective
approaches on EVAWG in public and private spaces.
• Document all training/awareness-raising initiatives according to
topic, name, organization and title of the session.
Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, and othercommunity groups• Participate in targeted training that responds to the capacity
assessment and increases awareness on VAWG legislation andpolicy in the community and workplace settings.
• Women’s organizations, youth and/or other community groups
conduct outreach sessions with the wider community of women
workers and smallholder farmers on how to advocate for prevention
and quality essential services to end VAWG.
• Document all training initiatives according to topic, name oforganization and title of the trainer, as important for monitoring
progress and documenting results.
• Develop and disseminate clear messages to raise awareness on thelaws and policies on SH and other forms of VAW on and off estates(including use of social media, dance, theatre, songs, and murals at
the local level).

31

Local expert/
researchorganizations andNGOs specialized
on women’s andchildren’s rights,
and United Nations
partners.

Output

What are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

2.2

Producers

Policies
adopted andimplemented
to preventand respondto SH andother forms
of VAW basedon evidence
and good
practice withaccompanying
financing,and oversightmechanisms• Support an independent review of organizational policies froma gender perspective to understand the linkages with women’ssafety and ending VAWG.
• Develop, update and resource an action plan for the
implementation of the SH policy on the estate.
• Support an expert-led training session on building trust among
stakeholders on issues related to gender and VAWG.
• Develop a confidential reporting and grievance/redress
mechanism for cases of SH and other forms of VAWG on
estates. Ensure multiple reporting avenues, so that victims
have options from which to select what works best for them.
• Create awareness among workers on confidential reporting
and redress/grievance mechanisms in place.
• Help to support the establishment of safe accommodation for
women and girl survivors.
• Provide support for bystander engagement in incidents,
including but not only the enabling of immediate safety.
• Disseminate community outreach materials (e.g. list of service
providers, help lines, etc.) on essential services as appropriate
to the local context.

Producers canpartner with:

Number of womenand men authorities,
and service providers
trained on legislationand policies.

Government authorities• Support an independent review of government policies froma gender perspective to understand the linkages with ending
VAWG.
• Support a mapping of available essential services (health,police, justice, social services, shelter).
• Develop, update and resource an action plan for the
implementation of policies to prevent and respond to SH andother forms of ending VAWG.
• Establish and or strengthen safe accommodation for womenand girl survivors (temporary).
• Provide and strengthen existing essential services (health,police, justice, social services, shelter and coordination ofservices) for women and girls survivors of violence.
• Disseminate community outreach materials (list of service
providers, help lines, etc.) on essential services as appropriate
to the local context.

United Nations entities
with local expert
organizations andNGOs specialized on
women’s and children’s
rights.

Number oforganizational
plans developed
or strengthened
with the support ofpartners that are
gender-responsive
and address intimate
partner violence.
Number oforganizational
plans developed orstrengthened with thesupport of partners
that address SH
against women andgirls in workspaces
and public spaces.

32Output 2.1 Case Study:
Organizing Women Tea Estate Workers in Assam to End Sexual Violence
The selection also established representation from eachworker colony of the plantation to ensure that a Jugnoo
club member would be the first point of help for a woman
in distress in a colony.

© UN Women/ Declan McCormack“Since joining the Jugnoo club, I havebecome brave”(Tea worker, Assam, India)
The need for a separate group for women that worked on
issues of gender-based discrimination and violence was one of
the main recommendations women workers who were invited
to participate in a programme design workshop to informthe development of a Women’s Safety Programme in Assam.
This programme involves a partnership with UN Women,
McLeod Russel, Unilever, the United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
women’s rights NGOs, and other partners.
In November 2017, women tea pluckers and factory
workers, with support from UN Women, organized
themselves into collectives known as the Jugnoo clubs.
Jugnoo translates as “Fireflies,” indicative of the rolethat women play in transforming the lives of women andsymbolizing their own journey of empowerment.
The clubs operate in six tea estates in Assam and currently
have a membership of approximately 64 women tea estate
workers. The process considered representation of women
who were differently positioned in society including those
women with varied ethnic and social identities or religions,disabilities, or any other characteristic intrinsically linked to
exclusion or discrimination in society. This approach helped inunderstanding how women’s lived experiences of violence were
further heightened by intersectional identities, manifesting intoexperiences of individual and structural violence.
33“After joining the Jugnoo club, I am respected in my household and community.
Women who never spoke about violence intheir lives are now coming to the Jugnoo
club and sharing their experiences. Women are speaking about violence experienced by their daughters”(Woman Jugnoo club member, Assam)
UN Women strengthened the leadership of Jugnoo clubmembers and built their capacities to understand issuesof patriarchy, power, GBV, and laws and policies to address
those issues. A “Train the Trainer” model was adopted
wherein the trained Jugnoo members would impart theirlearnings to other workers, and community stakeholders.
Jugnoo Clubs provide a safe space for women and girls toshare their experiences and concerns and work to strategize
for collective voice and action to prevent SH and other forms
of VAWG at home, at work and in public spaces.

“Earlier our supervisors used to mistreat us using foul and sexist language. But
after the formation of the Jugnoo club,
male workers became more aware of how
they behave and the impact of their behaviour. We observe a change in the behaviour and language of our supervisors. I
can see an improvement in my overall status and decision-making. If I expe­rience
any harassment, I have the confidence tosay something. I no longer fear raising myvoice against these issues.”(Jugnoo club member, Assam)

The Role of workplace InternalCommittees in India 21
Workplace Internal Committees (ICs) on sexual harassment(SH) are required in India by the Sexual Harassment of Womenat Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
(which includes transport provided by the employer). Thisrequires that ICs will have as its Presiding Officer a senior
woman employee, and an external member from an NGO or
association ‘committed to the cause of women or a personfamiliar with the issues relating to SH. At least half of themembers of ICs have to be female.
In some workplaces, ICs have begun to play an importantrole in enabling new groups of workers to be trained andknow their rights, and for managers to see that preventing
violence and SH can bring benefits to the factory. In manycases, the Committees have proved to be an important earlystep towards giving workers some voice and suggesting
solutions to organizational issues. However, it is importantthat the committees are open to scrutiny if they are to function
effectively and not create further problems for complainants.
Since taking on the additional responsibility of participating
in anti-harassment committees, an increasing number ofwomen have been promoted to supervisory roles. There
have been other effects as well, as the establishment of acommittee can also be a first step for trade unions to play a rolein the workplace. One Indian factory owner believed that theestablishment of an IC had positive effects in the workplace.

21

Manual on Improving theWorking Conditions in the Cut
Flower Industry
The Manual on “Improving the Working Conditions in the
Cut Flower Industry” was produced by the International
Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering,
Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Association makes several
suggestions for training on how to address SH on flower
farms. These include:•

Companies should adopt a declaration that SH isstrictly prohibited;•

They should further define the meaning of SH;•

A clear procedure for reporting SH cases should be put
into place and a contact person designated.; and•Establish women’s committees and clearly define
their roles.

All workers should have an employment contract, thus giving
job security and making them less vulnerable to SH.
The employment contract should clearly spell out penalties
for SH, and these should include dismissing the perpetrator.

Cited in Morris & Pillinger (2016)

Source: ILO/ITC toolkit

34

Outcome 3
Safety and economic viability of spaces
OutputWhat are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

3.1

Producers

Capacity ofwomen workers
and smallholder
farmers andmanagement on
gender planningenhanced.

• Conduct a training needs assessment of managers andworkers.
• Support a training session that responds to the needs
assessment.
• Document all training initiatives according to topic,
name, organization, and title of the trainer (strong
monitoring of KPIs).
• Engage local expertise to review and/or develop
organization plans and policies that are responsive to all
women, youth and children in the estates.

Producers canpartner with:

Number of womenand men trained, andan attestation of eachgroup member that s/
he participated in the
training, and skills andknowledge enhanced.

Government authorities• Conduct a training needs assessment• Conduct a targeted training session that responds to theneeds assessment• Document all training initiatives according to topic,
name, organization and title of the trainer• Engage partners to review and/or develop organizationplans and policies that are responsive to all women,
youth and children
Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, andother community groups• Participate in targeted training session (s) that responds
to the needs assessment• Participate in consultation session, women’s safety
audit, or other measure to inform planning on and off theestate.

35

Local expert
organizations andNGOs specialized on
women’s and children’s
rights, United Nations
entities, and otherpartners.

Capacity developmenttraining for local
authorities, service
providers to develop
and implement
gender inclusive
public infrastructure/
economic development
plans including
component of
women’s economic
empowerment inpublic spaces, areconducted in the sites
of intervention.
Capacity developmenttraining for women’sand community
groups in genderinclusive site-planning,monitoring, andincome generation
strategies, in the sites
of intervention are
conducted.

Output

What are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

3.2

Producers

Genderresponsive
plans, inclusiveof women’s andyouth economic
empowerment
initiatives, andother measuresin place andimplemented,
withaccompanying
financing andoversight
mechanisms.

• Create and/or strengthen spaces for women workers, womensmallholder farmers, and girls to meet, discuss and input into
safety initiatives on and off the estate.
• Support informal or formal mentoring programmes for
women and youth.
• Help to support microfinance, vocational skills/soft skills
training, and job placement, each combined with genderequality training.
• Support strategies and skills development training that help
smallholder farmers diversify their farms as part of women’s
economic empowerment.
• Support awareness-raising sessions on ending VAWG andother quality of life issues on the estates following theTrain the Trainer (ToT) approach on and off the estate. For
example, support sessions can be held on: safe housing, SH
in work spaces and public spaces, safe public toilets, violence
prevention and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), safetyof domestic workers, safe mobility etc., as part of genderresponsive planning and the use of participatory theatre,
market days, or festivals.

Producers canpartner with:

Local development
plans that are
gender sensitive,
informed by
women’s safety
audits or othergender tools,
and inclusive of
women’s economic
empowerment
component are inplace.

Government authorities• Implement consultative, participatory processes in planning,budgeting processes with women, men, girls and boys.
• Create and/or strengthen opportunities for women in local
economic development.
• Support informal or formal mentoring programmes for
women and youth.
• Support microfinance, vocational skills/soft skills training, andjob placement, each combined with gender equality training.
• Support strategies and skills development training that help
smallholder armeria diversify their farms as part of women’s
economic empowerment.
• Conduct and partner with women’s, community and youth
organizations to implement awareness-raising sessions on
ending VAWG and other quality of life issues in the village
following the ToT approach. For example, conduct training
on: safe housing, SH in work spaces and public spaces,
safe public toilets, violence prevention and WASH, safety ofdomestic workers, and safe mobility, etc., as part of genderresponsive planning, and using participatory theatre, market
days, and/or festivals.
• Support the establishment of a monitoring mechanismof interventions in place that form part of an integrated
sustainability plan.

Local expert
organizations
on women’s andchildren’s rights,
United Nations
agencies andother partners,
for technicalaccompaniment.

United Nations
agencies that offer
technical support
and can convene
implementation
partners.

36

Output

What are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

3.2

Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, and othercommunity groups

Local expert
organizations
on women’s andchildren’s rights,
United Nations
agencies andother partners,
for technicalaccompaniment.

Local development
plans that are
gender sensitive,
informed by
women’s safety
audits or othergender tools,
and inclusive of
women’s economic
empowerment
component are inplace.

Genderresponsive
plans, inclusiveof women’s andyouth economic
empowerment
initiatives, andother measuresin place andimplemented,
withaccompanying
financing andoversight
mechanisms.

37• Utilize spaces for women workers, women smallholder
farmers, and girls to build the capacity of workers andsmallholder farmers on gender equality, women’s economic
development, and EVAWG.
• Act as mentors to other women, youth and children on
interpersonal skills, career development, health and hygiene,
etc.
• Participate in microfinance, vocational skills/soft skills
training, and job placement, each combined with genderequality training.
• Conduct awareness-raising sessions on ending VAWG andother quality of life issues on the estates following the ToT
approach on and off the estate. For example, training on safe
housing, SH in work spaces and public spaces, safe public
toilets, violence prevention and WASH, safety of domestic
workers, and safe mobility etc., as part of gender-responsiveplanning, and through the use of participatory theatre, market
days, or festivals.
• Participate in skills development training on and uptake
diversification of farms that benefit women and men
smallholder farmers.
• Document all training initiatives according to topic, name,organization and title of the trainer.
• Help to inform the development of a simple community-based
monitoring mechanism in the community to contribute toprogress reporting of interventions in place.

Output 3.1 Case Study:
Women’s Safety Audit Training in Public Spaces in Tea estates of Assam
Exploratory walks were created in 1990 in Toronto, Canada,by the Metro Action Committee on Public Violence against
Women and Children (METRAC); at the same time, theWomen’s Safety Audit Guide was drafted. The tool was
originally intended to improve safety for women in urban
environments but has since been used in other settings aswell. The Women’s Safety Audit (WSA) is a tool to evaluate anenvironment based on women’s experiences and perceptionsof safety. It includes documenting the hazards in the physicalenvironment and women’s experiences of abuse in that space.
The methodology used in a safety audit is participatory innature, and the audit findings are integral to conceptualizing
better planning and good governance.

“Workers’ club is a recreational spacefor both men and women workers, but
the men did not allow us to use the spacefor our meetings. Whenever we approach the men to give us the club key, they
dismiss us saying that women will breakthe chairs and make the place dirty. But
the women’s safety audit training mademe realize that women have a right toaccess any public space. We approachedthe management for our right and asked
to ensure make the club accessible to us.
UN Women has instilled confidence in us
to assert our right to equality”(Jugnoo club member, Tea Estate Assam)

Right to mobility is guaranteed under Article 19 of theConstitution of India as one of the basic freedoms entitledto a citizen. However, women and girls experience spaces
differently owing to their vulnerability to sexual violence, which
directly affects their mobility and access to public spaces. This
has a cumulative effect on women accessing education andeconomic opportunities.
The design of public spaces most often does not consider
women’s subjective experiences or perceptions of safety.
This factor leads to further exclusion of women and girls by
restricting their access to those spaces for education, work,commuting or even leisure.

Women tea workers participate in women’s safety audits identifying
spaces that are unsafe for women and girls, and can be transformed.
© UN Women/ Declan McCormack

38

UN Women conducted training on WSA in the tea estates ofAssam of women’s Jugnoo Clubs. The main principles of a
WSA that were emphasized during these training sessions,based on international good practice, include: a) knowing
where you are and where you are going; b) to see and be seen;c) hear and be heard; d) be able to escape and get help; e) live
in a clean and welcoming environment; and f) work together.
Jugnoo club members were trained using tools such as the
Snakes and Ladders game to help them understand social
norms that hinder girls’ and women’s access to public spaces.
The exercise also prompted women to share their fears andreflect on their gender restrictive norms when they send
their daughters and sons out to play or spend time with theirfriends. It was noted that a curfew of 7 p.m. was instilled forgirls, but there was none for boys.
The facilitators of the WSA training used differently coloredbindis (colored dot worn in the centre of the forehead) to identify
what spaces men and women use, and when. They identified
spaces such as alcohol shops as unsafe, and that more men
than women can be found around the shops, especially during
the night. More boys were identified to be in public parks
playing soccer, and women were found more in tea gardens,
factories and workers’ colonies during the day and were notaccessing public spaces after dusk.
The WSAs were conducted in factories, tea gardens, housingcolonies, bus stands, and common paths. In one of the WSAs
conducted in the plantation area, a woman tea plucker sharedthat during the day they access the gardens as many women
work together in these areas, but at night, they avoided taking
routes from the garden areas even if they are shorter routes toaccess nearby villages or markets, as those vast areas runningin hectares are completely deserted and unlit.

39

In a WSA conducted in a garden school, it was observed thateven though women had separate toilets, there was a common
path to the toilets used by boys and girls, and given the local
context and culture, some girls said they felt hesitant to cometo school during their periods, and others said they go to thebathroom in groups of girls in order to feel safe.

The broad parameters to assess safety
and inclusion for women in a WSA are:• Lighting: How well-lit is the area? Does it make one
feel safe/unsafe?
• Transport: How safe do women and girls feel accessing public transport? Many studies have shown thatreported and unreported cases of harassment andviolence inside public buses make transportation very
dangerous and difficult for women and girls.
• Maintenance: How well built are the roads/walk paths?
Do they get flooded? How effective is the drainage system? Does it contribute to one feeling safe/unsafe?
• Bus stop: How well designed is the bus stop? Is it welllit? Is it very secluded? Is it barrier-free?
• Entrapment area: Are there some secluded places
that seem like a trap or that blocks escape?
• Policing: How visible is the presence of police or othersecurity officers in the area? Is patrolling regular by
the line watchmen in the worker colony?
• How can authorities be contacted for help?

Building on existing initiatives to address risk factors
Improving Nutrition in
Tea Communities in Sri
Lanka, ETP
The Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP) is
managing a nutrition programme “TheTROT Women of Tea,” funded by The
Republic of Tea (TROT) and implemented
by the Participatory Action and Learning
Methodologies Foundation (PALM) in Sri
Lanka. The programme aims to improve
the nutritional health of 11,200 women,
men and children on six tea estates in
the Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districtsof Sri Lanka. This includes 2,800 primary
beneficiaries and 8,400 secondary
beneficiaries, including dependents (nonworkers). Poor nutrition also contributes
to low school retention rates, and poor
performance in school.
Employing strategies such as sensitization,
training, and in-kind support, thecommunities build the knowledge and skills
required to support sustainable behaviourchange, which leads to improved nutrition.
The TROT Women of Tea strategy uses
a process of participatory community
engagement, followed by targeted activities,
to lead tea workers and their dependents toa better understanding of the importanceof nutrition for health and well-being andequip them with the skills to address theseissues. The programme focuses on fourpillars, forming a holistic programme toimprove nutrition.

These are summarized as follows:
1. Increase nutritious food production
and consumption
Activities centre around organic homegardening, improving existing gardens,
and encouraging others to begin
cultivation so that dietary diversity isensured.
2. Improve knowledge of nutrition
through training and sensitization
Nutrition-awareness training sessions
and cooking demonstrations areorganized with a focus on the needsof women of childbearing age, infants
and young children. This has enabledmothers to avert malnutrition andlow weight in children by tracking
their growth and changing their dietaccordingly.
3. Improve hygiene and sanitation
practices and behaviours
Training sessions and campaigns areorganized relating to clean environment,
handwashing demonstrations, and safe
disposal of domestic wastes.
4. Enhance capacities in managing
household financesTraining sessions are organized on
alleviating the burden of debt.

40

Outcome 4
Social norms, attitudes and behaviour that promotewomen and girls rights in rural spaces
OutputWhat are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

4.1

Producers

Community
mobilized
in favour ofrespectful
relationships,
gender equality
and safety inpublic spaces• Conduct an independent review of organizational policies
to identify and address structures and practices that
may contribute to gender inequality and VAW, noting theimportance of institutional norms.
• Help to support sessions on and off the estates topromote critical reflection on gender norms, VAW andgender inequality. In the beginning, this may require
separate spaces for women and men.
• Help to support “Whole-of-School” interventions topromote gender equality, respectful relationships, andsafe, discrimination-free school environments (e.g.
through curriculum and policy reform, advocacy).

Producers canpartner with:

Proportion of women,men, girls and boys inthe sites of intervention
who received training,
and any outreach/educational activity informal and informal
settings on SVAWG
in public spaces asreported.

Government authorities• Conduct an independent review of policies to identify andaddress structures and practices contributing to genderinequality and VAW- Help to support sessions in the
county/village to promote critical reflection on gendernorms, VAW and gender inequality. In the beginning, thismay require separate spaces for women and men.
• Support “Whole-of-school” interventions to promote
gender equality, respectful relationships and safe,
discrimination-free school environments for example,
through curriculum and policy reform and advocacy.
Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, andother community groups• Participate in sessions on and off the estates to promotecritical reflection and dialogue on gender norms andbehaviour that encourage VAW and gender inequality.
In the beginning, this may require separate spaces for
women and men. This will assist in community groups
to identify the social norms of the community on genderequality, SH, and other forms of VAW in public and private
spaces.
• Help to develop messages on ending VAWG, and topromote respectful relationships, gender equality andsafety in public spaces.
• Identify and engage male champions on gender equality
and EVAWG.

41

Local expert
organizations on
women’s and children’s
rights, United Nations
agencies and otherpartners, technicalaccompaniment.

United Nations
agencies that offer
technical support
and can convene
implementation
partners.

Output

What are some of the things that can be done?
and by Whom?

Partners toEngageExamples ofIndicators

4.2

Producers

Transformative
initiatives
developed andintegrated into
formal andnon-formal
educationand media
messaging• Help to support or leverage support from a donor partner
programme to strengthen the skills of parents (both men andwomen) to promote gender equality and non-violence in theirparenting practices.
• Help to support or leverage support for social marketing
campaigns or “edutainment” group education that raises
awareness about VAWG and promotes egalitarian gendernorms.

Producers canpartner with:

Number of women,men, girls and boys inthe sites of intervention who received
training, and any
outreach/educational
activity in formal andinformal settings
on SVAWG in public
spaces.

Government authorities• Support programmes for young people to engage criticallywith media and popular culture representations of women andgender relations, often referred to as strengthening media
literacy.
• Support social marketing campaigns or edutainment plus
group education that raise awareness about VAWG promotessocial norms.
• Support programmes to mitigate the consequences of girls
and boys prior exposure to violence.
Women’s organizations, youth, tea associations, and othercommunity groups• Participate in and lead through TOT programmes that engage
the wider community on and off the estate, initiatives that
promote women and girls’ safety, including through festivals
such as: International Women’s Day (8 March), 16 days of
Activism on Ending Gender-Based Violence, International Dayof the Girl Child, and other events.
• Participate in women’s and youth leadership programmes thatbuild community awareness about the normalization of SH
and other forms of VAWG, and linkages with HIV/AIDS, sexual
health and reproductive rights, sexual exploitation.
• Participate in “Whole-of-School’ interventions to promote
gender equality, respectful relationships and safe,
discrimination-free school environments.

Local expert organizations on women’sand children’s rights.
United Nations
Agencies, technicalaccompaniment.

Proportion of women,men, girls and boys inthe sites of intervention who received
training, and any
outreach/educational
activity in formal andinformal settings
on SVAWG in public
spaces as reported.
Prevention andresponse to intimate
partner violence,
sexual harassment
in workspaces, andin public spaces,
informed by the local
evidence and by international good practice
is integrated in formal
education curriculum.

42Promising Practice Examples
Engaging men in theirsafe spaces to have candid
conversations on their role inpreventing SH and other formsof GBV in their community
As part of ensuring the sustainability of the Women’s,
Girls and Boy’s Safety programme in Kericho,
Kenya, awareness-raising sessions were brought
to the traditional spaces where Kenyan men meetover a common purpose. Traditionally, in mostcommunities in Kenya, men come together overgoat-eating sessions and discuss rites of passage of
their children, negotiate dowry, and during weddings
and other formal occasions. It is this model that the
project has adopted to hold conversations around
SH. These dialogues target men of diverse ages andsocial status in the community, including farmers,
traders, provincial administrators, and religious andcultural leaders (Kipkas). The idea of meeting as
they roast goat meat is an innovative and seamless
way of introducing difficult conversations in a closed
community. First, the men take up responsibility of
cooking the goat. Ordinarily, men will not take up
roles of preparing food in their home. This gives thegoat-eating dialogue a foundation for appreciating
and deconstructing negative masculinity and makemen understand that reproductive work can be
performed by both men and women.
These discussions begin to change men’s views
about care work. Secondly, as the goat is cooking,men begin to discuss SH and how it affects theircommunity. Through the assistance of a trainer,
and through a TOT approach, men undertake selfreflection and suggest ways through which they canplay active roles in preventing SH and GBV. They also
develop a plan of action for their community, including
how to reach out to their peers and other young men
in the village.

43

The engagement of men in this manner also
helps in interrogating cultural practices that are
retrogressive as well as bring to light some of thecurrent trends in SH and GBV. It gives the men an
opportunity to engage with experts on the existinglaws and policies that seek to eliminate SH and
GBV in Kenya.

“We are now able to speak against some ofthe harmful cultural practices such as sexual
harassment and gender-violence that have forlong time inhibited women to achieving theirfull potential.”(Male agent of change, Kericho)

Engaging men in their safe spaces to have candid conversations on theirrole in preventing sexual harassment and other forms of GBV in theircommunity© UN Women/ Declan McCormack

Sasa!
Is a successful community mobilizationintervention aimed at addressing HIV-related
risk behaviours and intimate partner violence.
The programme engages both women andmen, religious and community leaders, at thecommunity level to change related social norms.
SASA! was designed by Raising Voices, and it
was first piloted in Kampala, Uganda. It has been
adapted and used in other countries across theglobe. The programme was rigorously evaluatedand its findings reveal a significant impact on HIVrelated risk behaviours and reduction to intimate
partner violence by 52 per cent.

Talking Walls: Messages on
sexual harassment in Kerichoand Bomet Counties, Kenya

During the mural design process, discussions areheld with the community on the mural images andmessaging. The pictures depict information on how
to handle cases of defilement and domestic violence,
ensuring that survivors can be supported to accessjustice comprehensively. By having the murals inan open space where people are always on themove, community members are reminded on a daily
basis what to do and not do in responding to andpreventing GBV.
This community art project also employs a childcentered approach, with children developing
messages in the murals to increase awarenessamong other children about child abuse andhelping to increase their knowledge on how to
detect, report and prevent SH and all forms ofviolence against children.

In efforts to create awareness among children
and the community using informative, educationmaterials, artistic murals were developed and placedin strategic places. The pictures depict information on
how to handle cases of abuse and domestic violence,
ensuring that survivors can be supported to accessjustice comprehensively.
A participatory process was carefully facilitated toensure that community members, mostly womenand children, could illustrate forms of SH and otherforms of GBV, the essential comprehensive careservices that survivors of violence should receive,and how to contact institutions for support, including
the police, hospital, legal, and psychosocial services.

© UN Women/ Declan McCormack

44

Breaking the silence on sexual
harassment, India
The Apeejay Tea Group has constituted an InternalCommittee in all of its 17 tea gardens as per the
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act,
2013. It has carried out awareness raising on the
Right to Complain against Sexual Harassment
at the workplace –in locations where teams ofwomen pluckers are deployed. Such meetings, held
during work hours with supervisors and executives,
including with managers, has helped to breakthe silence through conversations. Awarenessraising has been conducted with women and men,reaching out to 12,000 permanent women workers
and 11,000 temporary women workers. Involving
frontline functionaries such as school teachers,
medical staff and female office staff to carry out
sensitization among workers has helped to inform
local messaging and amplify the impact.

Kings and Queens Clubs in thetea plantation, Kericho, Kenya
For children in Sambret Primary School in Kericho
County, Kenya, a safe environment for studying andphysical growth is the most important aspect of
their life.
As part of the Unilever Women, Girls and Boys Safety
Programme, the Kings and Queens Clubs werelaunched in the Kericho tea plantation in 2016 with
the Gender Violence Recovery Center (GVRC) aimed
at improving the lives and well-being of children inschool. In 2017, UN Women provided further support
to help partners strengthen this initiative. The clubs
have not only provided a platform for building life
skills for young boys and girls, it has also helped
to increase their awareness of GBV and childabuse at an early age, and identification of harmful
situations, and ways to ensure their own safety.
The children have learned how to report SH and45

use creative mechanisms such as the “speak out
boxes” in school, where they can anonymously write
down their questions, thoughts, and suggestions
and drop them in box. The box is opened in a forumwith the children and their leader, and they address
the issues raised together. For those matters thatcannot be addressed in this forum, they are thenescalated to the appropriate channels including
the school administration. Both teachers andstudents are equipped with skills to identify SH andother forms of GBV and how to report it, as well as
methods of sharing the information with others in
the community.
During the interaction with the children, boys
and girls are empowered and learn about criticalthinking, decision-making, assertiveness and self
esteem. The school’s head teacher has sharedsome of the positive changes that have taken place,noting that “Before the introduction of the clubs,
school performance was low compared to what weare recording now. The children are also confident
and able to speak or recite poems in front of theteachers and their fellow classmates, which was
uncommon years back.” Teachers and students
have shared that the clubs have helped to improve
the student-teacher relationship.

© UN Women/ Declan McCormack3. NEXT STEPS:HOW TO GET STARTED

46

The GWSF will be accompanied by further Practical Guidance that will assist producers in the implementationof women’s safety action, in particular in outcome areas 2,3 and 4. It is important to note that the range andscale of initiatives within and across the different areas of the GWSF will depend on the resources (financial,human) allocated and leveraged, and the range of partners engaged over time.
This last section provides a quick check-in tool for producers to help them decide WHERE to get started in theirjourney on women’s safety action in GWSF Action Area One. In completing the check-in tool, and dependingon the answers provided, producers will then proceed to one of the two scenarios (A or B) in the How to getstarted section. The GWSF outlines key steps and provides links to tools to help guide producers in beginning or
advancing their journey.
There is not a “one size fits all” approach, and discussions held in preparatory meetings among partners in
different localities will help to adapt the guidance below.

3.1 QUICK CHECK-IN FOR PRODUCERS
A few questions to ask yourself to decide where to get started.

1

Do you have data on sexual harassment (SH) and/or other forms of violence against women and girls

2

If you do not have data on SH or other forms of violence against women and girls (VAWG) in your estate,

3

Has anyone come to speak to you about SH or other forms of VAWG in rural spaces?

4

Would you feel comfortable engaging partners such as women’s groups, NGOs, United Nations, or any

5

Have you ever engaged partners such as government authorities or women’s rights NGOs, or any other

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

collected in your estates in the past 12 months?

would you say that these problems do happen in the tea community?

other individuals or organizations on women’s safety?

individuals or organizations specifically on initiatives in your estates (s) to prevent and respond to SH and/or other forms of GBV aimed at women workers, youth and children?

6

Do you have programming dedicated to women’s safety or the prevention and response to SH andother forms of VAWG on your estate (s) or in smallholder farms?

If you answered no to at least three of the questions, please proceed to learn about how to begin your journey on
women’s safety by beginning with Scenario A. If you have answered yes to at least four of the questions, pleaseproceed to Scenario B (see page 55).

47

3.2 SCENARIO A: ESSENTIALS FOR
BEGINNING WOMEN’S SAFETY ACTION
Company X says it is not aware of thenature and/or extent of sexual harassment(SH) and other forms of VAWG happening
in estates, tea pick up points or any otherspaces off the estate. The company has
many policies in place, and has global
and local certifications, but none of thesepolicies have been subject to a genderanalysis. The company is aware that there
are increased media reports on SH against
women workers in nearby tea estates,
and in the village’s public spaces, but
managers say they have not received any
reports of SH. The company has invested inseveral social development projects in thecommunity in which casual workers resideand has economic development schemesin place to diversify women workers’
income sources. The company has notdeveloped any specific programming on
women and girls’ safety and is not awareof any other agencies, NGOs or individuals
working on this issue in the ruralcommunity. The company wants to ensurethat not one woman or girl is subjected
to any form of harassment and violenceand has sought assistance and referrals
from tea associations and buyers to accesssupport and guidance to enable them tobegin their journey.

Establish

EngageDiagnose

Plan/Design48

Engage
Where to begin?
Invite an experienced and trusted local partner organization/agency with strong knowledge of the local context
to build awareness among women and men workers, managers and smallholder farmers about SH and VAWG.
This can take the form of a partnership building/pre-scoping visit.

Key Message(s)No agency, village or city is exempt from the problem of gender inequality, harassment and other forms
of VAWG.
It is important to provide a safe space where women and girls can come together and discuss theseissues. Often, women and girls will say “it is the first time someone has ever asked me about sexual
harassment and other forms of violence”.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
As SH and other forms of GBV are often normalized, it is important to hold awareness raising sessions
on harassment and VAWG among workers, smallholder farmers, and management as part of a prescoping visit to the plantation to help build trust and create community buy in for the initiative.
Conduct some preparatory meetings and discussions with a selected or referred partner (consultant,institutional partner, etc.) which has experience in working on SH and other forms of VAWG, including in
the tea sector.
Provide a safe and confidential space for scoping study consultant/organization to conduct interviews
with women and men workers, management, school and health staff, without the presence ofsupervisors or managers. It is important to hold focus group discussions (with no more than 8-12
participants), and it is important to hold these discussions separately with women and with men.

“It is important to work with the right and supportive partner on estates, and when feasible tohave a UN partner to technically support this partnership with NGOs, this requires much trust”(Tea Producer, Assam)

Links to Tools
To assist a producer or their implementation partner, please see:
Example of a partnership building/pre-scopingvisit agenda

49

Diagnose
Where to begin?
Conduct a scoping study on VAWG. It is a simple and easy process and can help producers and their partners todecide what, who where and with whom to focus their efforts on women and girls’ safety.
Decisions need to be informed by a good understanding of the problems that help make the case for the
initiative being developed with women and girls who are the intended primary beneficiaries/agents of change.
The range of resources will vary, and small companies and smallholder farmers can start to raise awarenesson the issue and make zero tolerance clear and ensure its practice. They may consider how women’s safety
can be included in some of the existing initiatives they may be involved in and participate in studies that may
be undertaken by NGOs, government, and other partners in rural spaces on VAWG. Some may also be able tocome together and reach out to larger producers or a donor partner to support a multi-site scoping study.

Key Message(s)Low or no reporting of sexual harassment and VAWG in the tea sector does not mean it is not
happening.
Harassment and other forms of violence against women and girls is not tolerated and we join the communityof champions in cities, villages, and companies around the world who recognize that we can end it.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
In conducting a scoping study, it is important first to take stock of available material on SH and otherforms of GBV in the plantation. This may be in the form of reports, policy documents, plans or statistics(‘secondary’ sources).
They may come from national or local government sources, from international agencies or other official
service providers, from academic sources or from NGOs.

“We were surprised by the findings of the scoping study on VAWG, but we accepted the facts,
which helped to make the case, and inform the development of solutions.”(Manager, Tea garden, Assam)
Where there are gaps in data that cannot be filled using existing sources in rural spaces, some primarydata collection will be necessary. It is suggested that two qualitative techniques are considered to help
build an understanding on the challenges facing women and girls in estates and smallholder farms:
key informant interviews(KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs).
Most researchers will be familiar with these methods, and there is extensive guidance available online
and elsewhere about their effective use, as well as their challenges and weaknesses.

50

A scoping study requires information about the following:• the local context in rural spaces, including governance, and services;• views of stakeholders;• identification of opportunities to partner with government and civil society by identifying existing
community resources;• resourcing possibilities; and• evidence about promising and effective practices.
It is important that potential partners that could bring added value to the work on women’s safety bemapped.
As part of this process it is important that: positions and priorities of significant stakeholders have been
ascertained, relevant existing services and projects have been identified and assessed, and especiallyfrom the perspective of intended women and girl beneficiaries/agents of change.
The scoping study will also profile the intervention area, and provide insight to their demographic,social, cultural, economic and other relevant characteristics development policies, plans and relevant
initiatives that have been analyzed.
It may be that the answers to some questions are considered so self-evident or ‘common knowledge’that further validation is unnecessary. However, there is a need to be cautious. Prevailing views
and opinions are sometimes based on misconceptions, distorted media reports or deliberate
misrepresentation, rather than reality. So careful consideration needs to be given to what mattersrequire further investigation.
All research conducted with women and girls relating to violence raises significant ethical issues
and risks for both the women and girls themselves and researchers undertaking this work, and it isimportant that Ethical Standards on Researching VAWG be reviewed and implemented.22

Links to Tools
To assist a producer in what main areas to include in a scoping study, or the types of experience needed to
conduct the study, please see:
• Content areas that can help to inform a Scoping Study Terms of Reference.
• Example: Scoping Study conducted in the Delhi Safe City Programme on Sexual Harassment in
Public Spaces.

Ethical and safety recommendations for intervention research on violence against women. Building on lessons from the WHO publication. Geneva: World
Health Organization. February 2016. Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Link toresource: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/251759/9789241510189-eng.pdf;jsessionid=89C8F51B6614CB4F64654E0755255426?sequence=1
2251

Establish
Where to begin?
It is important to establish partnerships over time with government authorities, NGO partners, United Nations
agencies or other partners with experience on gender equality, women’s empowerment and areas related topreventing and responding to harassment and VAWG.
This can help to encourage complementary efforts, avoid a duplication of efforts, and help to leverage resources.

Key Message(s)Women’s safety is not a sole woman’s issue.
All have a responsibility to prevent, respond and end SH and other forms of VAWG in rural spaces.
Coordination and multi sectoral partnerships are important for integrated action on women’s safety.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
Getting the right people involved in this effort is extremely important.
As part of the scoping study process, a stakeholder analysis will help to identify those individuals andorganizations that have an ‘interest’ in working on women’s safety.
They will obviously include the intended primary beneficiaries/agents of change (women and girls), as well asagencies likely to have a role in programme delivery.
That group will undoubtedly include various levels of government and providers of key services, such as health,transport and the police.
Civil society can also be an important partner to engage, and this will include community-based organizations
with women’s rights expertise, men’s and boys’ groups and youth groups, especially those working to end GBV
and tea associations with particular interests and credibility in the intervention area. Community elders, faithgroup leaders and organizations that operate at county, city or national levels, are also likely to be interested.
In conducting the analysis, attention should also be given to stakeholders who may be adversely affected by
the programme, or who may, for some reason, be likely to oppose it. At the very least, it will be important to beaware of their interests and prepared to engage with them if necessary.
It is important to note that the results of a partner analysis at this point should not be seen as ‘final’, and it canbe helpful to repeat the analysis when assessing progress. New stakeholders may well emerge over time, andstakeholders whose interests are marginal at the start may become much more significant later.

Links to Tools
There is a wide range of guidance on stakeholder analysis available online23 to assist the selectedconsultant/organization that will conduct the scoping study.
See, for example, “Stakeholder analysis”, in Tools for development. A handbook for those engaged in development activity. London: Department for International
Development (UK). Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/toolsfordevelopment.pdf “Stakeholder
Analysis”, in Transforming Health Priorities into Projects. Health Action in Crises. World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/
training/proj%20cycle&institutional%20context.pdf. Stakeholder mapping: http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/1113-stakeholder-mapping.html
2352

Plan/Design
Where to begin?
Review and share the findings with partners and support/host a design workshop to develop a local plan/
programme together, identifying clear roles and responsibilities.

Key Message(s)Women’s safety is not a women-only issue.
All have a responsibility to prevent, respond and end SH and other forms of VAWG in rural spaces.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
A strong programme document/plan of action that emerges from a design process will identify the
specific problems to be addressed in the plantation, set out what the programme will achieve, andexplain how this will be accomplished, including details of strategies (interventions) to be implemented.
This will need to be supported by a Theory of Change (TOC) as the GWSF provides for adaptation, andwhich makes clear how and why the proposed action will reduce SH and other forms of GBV. A moredetailed logical framework (logframe) will summarize these activities and list the indicators that will be
used to measure progress.
The design will make clear who is to be involved, who will manage and deliver the programme/plan ofaction, and it will provide an indicative timeline and resourcing plan.
The arrangements for monitoring and evaluation should be outlined, especially how partners involved inprogramme implementation will work collaboratively with those you may engage to assist in evaluating
efforts. But the programme design is not a detailed plan indicating what will happen from month tomonth. Such information is normally set out in an annual workplan.
Whilst the creation of the programme design (the destination) is the primary objective, the process by which
it is reached (the journey) is critically important. This is because it provides an opportunity to identify andbring together key stakeholders, including women and girls primary beneficiaries/agents of change.
A sound programme design will also be:‘owned’ by the stakeholders who have a part to play in its delivery as well as intended beneficiaries/agents ofchange, both groups being strongly committed to its success responsive to the concerns, needs and wishes of
the intended beneficiaries/ agents of change‘knowledge-led’ with the assessment of problems, selection of priorities and formulation of goals based on
the best available information.
evidence-based, with decisions about interventions and delivery processes informed by relevant experienceelsewhere and site-specific research evidence.
achievable, likely to deliver sustainable change, and suitable for building to scale, and capable of being
evaluated.
Producing a design to achieve this requires a development process that is inclusive, participative and open.
To be inclusive it must involve the intended primary beneficiaries/agents of change: women and girls in the53intervention areas, including representation of those groups of women and girls who are most vulnerable toviolence in the sector (e.g. domestic workers, women with disabilities, elderly women, adolescent girls).
The programme design should also include various actors in agencies and civil society who have a role toplay in the programme or who may be affected by it (e.g. CBOs, local authorities, private sector, etc.).
To be participatory, there must be real opportunities to listen to each other, share information, express views, andinfluence transparent decision-making from the beginning, with all contributions being respected and valued.
A programme design process can include the following sequence of sessions (see Diagram 1), but many ofthese sessions can also be combined into a one-day process.
As part of the design process, it is important to discuss a monitoring and evaluation strategy/mechanism
from the start to track progress on processes and outcomes related to the initiative over time, and to be able
to attribute results to prioritized action.
A Programme Steering Committee can help to inform the direction of the programme and makestrategic decisions to ensure local ownership and sustainability of the programme. This includes
ensuring appraising and validating the Programme’s annual work plans, results, and ensuring
comprehensive monitoring.
Some of the duties and responsibilities of Steering Committee Members can include:• Review programme progress and leverage efforts, including partnership, towards achieving theoutputs and outcomes.
• Provide guidance on lessons learned, identify new programmatic risks and agree on possible andcorresponding mitigation measures.
• Provide strategic perspectives on advocacy issues and thematic priorities of the initiative (women’s
economic empowerment, political participation, and EVAW).

Links to Tools
To assist a producer or their main implementation partner, please see example of content areas that canhelp to inform the development of a Terms of Reference for a Programme Steering Committee.

Diagram 1: Programme design sequence of sessions

Understanding
the problem andVisioning thefutureDeciding
how to getthere: A review
of GWSF Main
areas of Action

Validationof Design ofProgramme/
Plan of Action

Programme/Planof Action Drafted54

3.3 SCENARIO B: ESSENTIALSTO STRENGTHEN WOMEN’S
SAFETY ACTION
Company Y says it has been working to
implement a series of projects to increase
the wellbeing of women, youth and children
on their estate and in smallholder farms,
but they have not had a specific focus
to prevent and respond to VAWG and
are unaware of the nature or extent of
this problem on and off the estates. The
company has shared that most recently
there have been different partner agencies
and associations which have been invited to
implement activities and projects on theirestates on women’s livelihoods and would
like to know how this work could be linked
or built upon through a focus on womenand girls’ safety.
Company Z has had to urgently respond toreports of SH committed against women
workers on their estates. It commissioned
research into the problem and prepared a
proposal for the way forward. A packageof preventive measures was adopted
by management and implemented inpartnership with NGOs, a United Nations
agency, and consultants. Company Z

55

would like to better understand if andhow these projects have reached theirintended beneficiaries, and what would
be needed to extend their reach to other
women (e.g. smallholder farmers in thetea supply chain). The company would liketo consider the scope for strengthening
and extending this partnership by working
across different sectors (government,NGO) to end GBV. Managers would like tounderstand how this work could be better
coordinated and sustained as part of aholistic approach to deliver transformative
results in the lives of women and girls.
The following section may help to assist
producers to take the next steps on theirjourney to end SH and other forms of GBV.
This includes those producers who may
already have a women’s safety initiative (s) inplace, or those who may have implemented
other partnership initiatives in the sector
targeting women, youth and children throughother thematic areas such as nutrition,
health, sanitation, vocational skills training,
economic development, and recreation.

Engage
Where to begin?
Engage an experienced and trusted local partner organization/agency with strong knowledge of the local
context and women’s safety to conduct a partnership building/formative review of initiative(s).

Key Message(s)No agency, village or city is exempt from the problem of gender inequality, harassment and violenceagainst women and girls.
It is important to take stock of existing initiatives in order to identify what is going well, what may need
to be further strengthened, and how existing initiatives can benefit by integrating a women’s safety
approach.
Women and girls may say it is the first time someone has asked them about their views and experiencesof SH and other forms of violence.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
As SH and other forms of GBV are often normalized, it is important to hold some initial awarenessraising sessions on these issues among workers, smallholder farmers, and management as part of apartnership building/formative review visit to the plantation or smallholder farm(s).
To inform the formative review, it is important for the producer to hold some preparatory meetingsand discussions with a selected or referred partner (consultant, institutional partner, etc.) which has
experience in working on harassment and other forms of VAWG, including in the tea sector.
A formative review can:• provide an assessment of what has been achieved to date in women’s safety initiative(s), or examine
those initiatives focused on enhancing the quality of life of women, youth and children, and how they
may be built upon to integrate a women’s safety approach.
• highlight what is working well and identify opportunities for further development.
• gather information by a small review team through desk research, semi-structured and informal
stakeholder consultations and site visits during a short visit to the estate, outgrower farms, andpublic spaces in rural villages.
A formative review is not an audit or verification process.

“Our partnership with UN Women has helped us better deliver on results in the lives of womenand girls. It has helped us understand who has been reached by our programme, who we needto further reach out to in our supply chain, and where we need to deepen our efforts to ensurethat women and girls live lives free of sexual harassment and other forms of GBV.”(Welfare Officer, Unilever)56

It is important to ensure that during the formative review, a safe and confidential space is available
for the research team to conduct interviews with women and men workers, management, school andhealth staff, and smallholder farmers, without the presence of supervisors or managers.
If FGDs are held as part of the formative review (with no more than 8-12 participants in each FGD), it
is important that these are held separately with women and with men when discussing SH and otherforms of GBV.
The benefits of conducting a formative review to a producer include:• strengthening a company’s safety initiative with priority being given to preventing and responding toSH and other forms of violence against women workers and youth and children living on the estate.
• mobilizing other partners to contribute within their area of influence to deliver the same benefits towomen and girls living and working off the plantation and/or on outgrower farms.
• taking account of the views and needs expressed by consultees, especially women and girls, about
future actions avoid duplication of efforts among partners working in the tea supply chain that may
often be donor-driven or implemented in isolation from other producers or packer initiatives, and• ensure synergies and linkages when feasible contribute to the development and/or strengthening ofa rights and evidence-based approach to women’s safety, and the sustainability of the business.

Links to Tools
Link to an Example of a Partnership Building/ Progress Review Visit Agenda.

57

Diagnose
Where to begin?
The formative review can help producers decide on whether there is a need for a scoping study. For
example, the review can assist those producers who have not yet included outgrowers in their women’s safety
initiatives whether they can be included and explore the ways to do so. For those who may have broader qualityof life initiatives in place on estates, but no data on SH or GBV, a scoping study on VAWG should be conducted.
A scoping study can be conducted quickly and can help producers and their partners to decide what, who,
where and with whom to focus their efforts on women and girls’ safety, and how to build on some related
initiatives already in place. It deepens understanding about the nature and extent of SH and other forms of
VAWG.
The range of resources will vary, and small companies and smallholder farmers can start to raise awarenesson the issue and make zero tolerance clear and ensure its practice. They may consider how women’s safety
can be included in some of the existing initiatives they may be involved in and participate in studies that may
be undertaken by NGOs, government, and other partners in rural spaces on VAWG. Some may also be able tocome together and reach out to larger producers or a donor partner to support a multi-site scoping study.

Key Message(s)Low or no reporting of sexual harassment and VAWG in the tea sector does not mean it is not
happening.
Harassment and other forms of violence against women and girls is not tolerated and we join the communityof champions in cities, villages, and companies around the world who recognize that we can end it.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
Decisions need to be informed by a good understanding of the problems that help make the case for the
initiative being developed and with women and girls who are the intended primary beneficiaries/agents ofchange.
In conducting a scoping study, it is important first to take stock of available material on SH and other formsof GBV in the plantation. This may be in the form of reports, policy documents, plans or statistics (secondary
sources). They may come from national or local government sources, from international agencies or otherofficial service providers, from academic sources or from NGOs. It is essential to consider linkages at this pointof time.
Where there are gaps that cannot be filled using existing sources, some empirical information gathering will benecessary. To this end it is suggested that two qualitative techniques should be considered for use:
key informant interviews, and focus group discussions.

58

Most researchers will be familiar with these techniques and there is extensive guidance available online andelsewhere about their effective use, as well as their challenges and weaknesses.
A scoping study requires information about many other things, such as:• the local context in rural spaces, including governance, and services• the views of different stakeholders and opportunities• identification of existing community resources that can be built upon or inform relevant policies andprogrammes, as well as ongoing and planned initiatives in the community• resourcing possibilities• evidence about promising and effective practices.
Potential delivery partners should be located and appraised, andthe positions and priorities of significant stakeholders should be ascertained as to relevant existing services
and projects that have been identified and assessed, especially from the perspective of intended beneficiaries.
The scoping study will also profile the intervention area, and provide insight into the demographic, social,
cultural, economic, and other characteristics relevant to the development of policies, plans and relevant
initiatives.
It may be that the answers to some questions are considered so self-evident that further validation is
unnecessary. However, there is a need to be cautious. Prevailing views and opinions are sometimes basedon misconceptions, distorted media reports or deliberate misrepresentation, rather than reality. So carefulconsideration needs to be given to what matters require further investigation.
All research among women and girls relating to VAW raises significant ethical issues and risks for both
the women and girls themselves and researchers undertaking this work, necessitating a review andimplementation of Ethical Standards on Researching VAWG.24

Links to Tools
Example: Content areas that can help to inform a Scoping Study Terms of Reference.
Example: Scoping Study conducted in the Delhi Safe City Programme on Sexual Harassment in Public
Spaces.

Ethical and safety recommendations for intervention research on violence against women. Building on lessons from the WHO publication . Geneva: World
Health Organization. February 2016. Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Link toresource: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/251759/9789241510189-eng.pdf;jsessionid=89C8F51B6614CB4F64654E0755255426?sequence=
25

59

Examine
Where to begin?
Examine partnerships in current initiatives and consider how they can be further strengthened or expanded
upon in adapting the GWSF. This can help to avoid a duplication of efforts and encourage complementary
efforts and help leverage resources.

Key Message(s)Women’s safety is not a women’s only issue.
All have a responsibility to prevent, respond and end SH and other forms of VAWG in rural spaces.
Coordination and multi sectoral partnerships are important for integrated action on women’s safety.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
Getting the right people involved in this effort and investing in/managing partnerships over time is important.
As part of the scoping study process, it is important to examine the types of partners currently engaged in thewomen’s safety initiative(s), or those engaged in other partnerships related to the wellbeing of women, youth
and children. Stakeholder analysis will help to identify those individuals and organizations that have an interestin the programme:• The intended primary beneficiaries/agents of change (women and girls), as well as agencies likely to havea role in programme delivery various levels of government and providers of key services, such as health,transport and the police• Civil society, including CBOs, tea associations, and those with particular interests and credibility in theintervention areas, such as men’s and boys’ groups and youth groups, especially those working to end GBV
community elders, faith group leaders and organizations with relevant thematic interests, such as women’s
rights, that operate at city or national levels, are also likely to be interested.
• In conducting the analysis, attention should also be given to stakeholders who may be adversely affected by
the programme, or who may, for some reason, be likely to oppose it. At the very least, it will be important tobe aware of their interests and prepared to engage with them if necessary.
• Results of a partner analysis at this point should not be seen as final and it can be helpful to repeat theanalysis as part of assessing progress. New stakeholders may emerge over time and stakeholders whose
interests are marginal at the start may become much more significant later.

Links to Tools
There is a wide range of guidance on stakeholder analysis available online.25

See, for example, “Stakeholder analysis”, in Tools for development. A handbook for those engaged in development activity. London: Department for International
Development (UK). Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/toolsfordevelopment.pdf
25“Stakeholder Analysis”, in Transforming Health Priorities into Projects. Health Action in Crises. World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/training/proj%20cycle&institutional%20context.pdf. Stakeholder mapping: http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/1113-stakeholder-mapping.html

60Plan/Design/Shift/Priorities
Where to begin?
Review and share the findings of the progress review and scoping study with partners and support.
Host a session to develop or revise a local plan/programme together, identifying clear roles and responsibilities.

Key Message(s)Women’s safety is not a sole woman’s issue.
All have a responsibility to prevent, respond and end SH and other forms of VAWG in rural spaces.
It is important to examine how the sum of all the efforts can contribute to the common goal of women’ssafety, rather than focusing on activities in an ad hoc way.

What are some steps to get me on my way?
A strong programme document that emerges from a participatory design process will identify the specificproblems to be addressed in the plantation, set out what the programme will achieve and explain how thiswill be accomplished, including details of strategies (interventions) to be implemented. This will need to besupported by a TOC as provided by the GWSF. A more detailed logical framework (logframe) will summarize
these activities and list the indicators that will be used to measure progress.
The programme design will include involved parties, managers of the programme/plan of action, and an
indicative timeline and resourcing plan. Arrangements for monitoring and evaluation will be outlined,
especially with regard to collaborative work between partners and the local evaluator. Note: The programme
design is not a detailed plan indicating what will happen from month to month, as that will be included in theannual work plan.
While the creation of the programme design (the destination) is the primary objective, the process by which itis reached (the journey) is critically important as it t provides an opportunity to identify and bring together key
stakeholders, including primary beneficiaries/agents of change.
A sound programme design will also be:• owned by the stakeholders who have a part to play in its delivery as well as intended beneficiaries/
agents of change, both groups being strongly committed to its success and• responsive to the concerns, needs and wishes of the intended beneficiaries/agents of change. The
programme design will be:• knowledge-led with the assessment of problems, selection of priorities and formulation of goals
based on the best available information.
• evidence-based with decisions about interventions and delivery processes informed by relevant
experience elsewhere and site-specific research evidence.

61• achievable and likely to deliver sustainable change, and suitable for building to scale,• evaluable, that is, the impact of the proposed interventions should be capable of being evaluated.
As part of the design process to discuss a monitoring and evaluation strategy/mechanism from thestart to track progress on processes and outcomes related to the initiative over time, and to be able toattribute results to prioritized action.

“In learning about good practice that helps us take account of women’s needs and concerns, the women’s safety audit tool can serve multiple purposes in our effort to makeestate settings safe for all women and girls. In deciding how to improve sanitation, how toincrease access to recreation, how to make women comfortable in reporting their experiences, this is surely something we can include in helping us improve our operations
through a gender and women’s safety lens, and should be prioritized for management andworker training in our plan of action.”(Tea Estate Manager, Assam)
A Programme Steering Committee can help to inform the direction of the programme and make strategic
decisions to ensure local ownership and sustainability of the programme. The committee may include
diverse stakeholders, including the primary beneficiaries/agents of change.
Some of the duties and responsibilities of Steering Committee Members can include:• Review and monitoring of programme progress utilizing the annual work plans; leverage efforts,
including partnership, towards achieving the outputs and outcomes.
• Provide guidance on lessons learned and update programmatic risks, and agree on possible andcorresponding mitigation measures.
• Provide strategic perspectives on advocacy issues and thematic priorities of the initiative (women’s
economic empowerment, political participation, and EVAW).

Links to Tools
Link to strengthened initiative on women’s safety (UTK model and the GWSF).
Example of content areas that can help to inform the development of a Terms of Reference for a
Programme Steering Committee.

The GWSF will be accompanied by further practical guidance (Forthcoming, March 2019) that will continue tosupport producers in adapting and implementing the GWSF with their partners. It will contain additional casestudies and examples of various materials including training plans, guidance to support redressal mechanisms

62

REFERENCES
Anderson, A. (2005). The community builder’s approach to theory of change: A practical guide to theory and development. New York: The
Aspen Institute Roundtable on Community Change.
Asia Floor Wage Alliance (2006). Gender Based Violence in the H&M Garment Supply Chain. Workers Voices from the Global Supply Chain.
Fair Wear Foundation (2018). Breaking the Silence. The FWF Violence and Harassment Prevention Programme.
Global Network for the Right to Food and Nutrition (2016). A life without dignity – the price of your cup of tea: abuses and violations ofhuman rights in tea plantations in India.
International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW) (2000). A Summary Report of a Multi-Site Household Survey. Washington D.C.: ICRW.
International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (2008). International Compendium of Practice to Inspire Action Across the World.
Montreal: ICPC. Sustainable Development Trade (IDH) (Forthcoming). A Road Map to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence in
Tea Plantations in Kenya.
ILO (2018a). Ending violence and harassment in the world of work. Report V (2). ILO Geneva (Yellow Report).
IL0 (2018b). World of Work. Special Issue: Violence at Work.
Klugman, J.; Hanmer, L.; Twigg, S.; Hasan, T.; McCleary Sills, Jr.; Santamaria, J. (2014) Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girlsfor Shared Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
National Gender and Equality Commission (2016). Gender-Based Violence in Kenya. The Economic Burden on Survivors Report.
Sexual Harassment of Women Tea Garden Workers: Case Study in Barpani Tea Estate, Assam. Martha Farrell Foundation. Retrieved on
October 3, 2018: http://marthafarrellfoundation.org/uploaded_files/article_category/1532349606_Sexual_Harassment_of_Women_Tea_garden_Workers%20_%20Simanta_Mazumdar_Key%20Findings.pdf.
Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women (2001). Gender Mainstreaming. Strategy for Promoting
Gender Inequality.
Shaw, M.; Capobianco, L. (2004) Developing Trust: International Approaches to Women’s Safety. Montreal: International Centre for thePrevention of Crime.
General Assembly resolution 48/104. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. A/RES/48/104 (20 December 1993),
available from undocs.org/A/RES/48/104.
UN Women (2018). Towards an End to Sexual Harassment: The Urgency and Nature of Change in the Era of #METOO. New York:UN Women
UN Women, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Office of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights (OHCHR), World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). A Framework to Underpin Action to Prevent Violence against
Women. New York: UN Women.
UN Women, UNFPA, WHO, UNDP and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2015). Essential Services Package for
Women and Girls Subject to Violence Core Elements and Quality Guidelines. New York: UN Women.
WHO Department of Gender, Women and Health (2001). Putting women first: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on
domestic violence against women. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

63

ANNEX 1TERMS AND CONCEPTS
The following list has been prepared to help
all those working on women’s safety in ruralspaces to gain a common understanding ofmajor terms and concepts used in the global
framework. It is not intended to impose oreven suggest ‘universally agreed definitions’.
This would be very difficult because manyagencies and organizations, even at thehighest international levels, have their own
terminology and they are different.
Gender26
Gender – the social attributes andopportunities associated with being maleand female, the relationships between
women and men and girls and boys, aswell as the relations between women andthose between men. These attributes,
opportunities and relationships are sociallyconstructed and are learned throughsocialization processes. They are context/
time-specific and changeable.
Gender Based Violence
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is definedas “violence that is directed against awoman because she is a woman or that
affects women disproportionately, thereby
underlining that violence against women
is not something occurring to women
randomly, but rather an issue affecting thembecause of their gender. It includes actsthat inflict physical, mental or sexual harmor suffering, threats of such acts, coercionand other deprivations of liberty.” General

26

Recommendation 19 of the Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women specifies that
GBV may constitute a violation of women’shuman rights, such as the right to life; theright to equal protection under the law; theright to equality in the family; or the right tothe highest standard attainable of physicaland mental health.
Gender Inequality
The gender norms, roles, cultural practices,
policies and laws, economic factors andinstitutional practices that collectively
contribute to and perpetuate unequal power
relations between women and men. Thisinequality disproportionately disadvantages
women in most societies.
Gender Equality
The concept that all human beings,
regardless of sex, are equal in dignity andrights and free to develop their personalabilities, pursue their professional careersand make choices withoutdiscriminationand the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid
gender roles and prejudices.
Intimate Partner Violence
Intimate partner violence (IPV) – refers toany behaviour by a man or a woman, or aboy or a girl, within an intimate relationship,that causes physical, sexual or psychologicalharm to the other person in the relationship.
This is the one of the most common forms of

Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women (2001)64

violence against women. IPV may sometimes
be referred to as “domestic violence” or“family violence,” although these terms also
encompass violence by and against otherfamily members.
Protective Factors
Refers to a series of internationallyrecognized and research-based factors(e.g. women’s economic autonomy
and access to skills training, credit
and employment, access to support
groups, social norms that promote
gender equality) that help to reduce theprobability of the occurrence of crime andvictimization of women and girls.
Public Spaces
This refers to streets and other public
neighbourhood spaces (e.g. neighbourhood
squares, alleys and public spaces of work,
both in terms of women’s productive andreproductive roles and responsibilities (e.g.
markets, water distribution sites). It also
refers to pedestrian paths between different
parts of the district, which go throughunlit and unsettled wooded areas; public
transportation (e.g. buses, taxis, trains);routes to and from schools and educational
institutions; temporary public spaces (e.g.
carnivals, festivals); Internet cafes, publicparks and other recreational and sports
facilities (soccer fields, including for girls’
games); school grounds (essentially large
open spaces, unfenced), which potentiallycould be used for recreation; and otherpublic recreational spaces, such as key
public facilities and infrastructure (e.g.
public sanitation areas, toilets, washrooms).
Risk Factors
Refers to a series of internationallyrecognized and research-based factors
found to increase the chances thatsomeone will become involved in offending
27

65

UN Women (2011)

or victimization. They include a range ofindividual (e.g. low levels of education,
attitudes accepting of unequal genderroles and violence, exposure to intraparental violence and/or physical and/or
sexual abuse as a child), community (e.g.
acceptance of traditional gender roles, andenvironmental characteristics (e.g. poor
housing, weak legal sanctions against
violence/VAW), or services provision (e.g.
lack of access to social services).
Sexual Harassment
Generally, it includes unwelcome sexualcomments, attention, actions, or gestures.
Sexual harassment includes non-contact
forms, like: sexual comments about
a person’s body parts or appearance,
whistling while a woman or a girl is
passing-by, demands for sexual favors,
sexually suggestive staring following,stalking, and exposing one’s sexualorgans at someone. Sexual harassment
also includes physical contact forms,
like someone purposely brushing up
against someone else on the street or
public transportation, grabbing, pinching,slapping, or rubbing against anotherperson in a sexual way. Some elements ofsexual harassment may be covered within
criminal law; however, may elements may
require civic remedies, educational andadministrative responses.27
Sexual Violence
Refers to any sexual act committed against
the will of the other person, either inthe case when the victim does not givethe consent or when consent cannot begiven because the person is a child, has amental disability, or is severely intoxicatedor unconscious as a result of alcoholor drugs. It encompasses both sexual
harassment and other forms of sexualassault such as attempted rape, and rape.

It includes acts such as genital mutilation/
cutting, forced sexual initiation, forced
prostitution, trafficking for the purposeof sexual exploitation, and other sexually
motivated forms of violence.
Social Norms28
Social norms are a contributing factor andsocial determinant of certain practices
in a community that may be positive andstrengthen its identity and cohesion or may
be negative and potentially lead to harm.
They are also a social rule of behaviour thatmembers of a community are expected
to observe. This creates and sustains an
expectation that conditions the behaviourof individual community members, even if
they are not personally in agreement withthe practice. If individuals reject the social
norm they can risk ostracism, shunning,and stigmatization. This marginalization
may include the loss of important economic
and social support and social mobility. If
individuals conform to a social norm, they
expect to be rewarded, for example, throughinclusion and praise. Changing social norms
that underlie and justify violence and harmful
practices requires that such expectations arechallenged and modified.
Tea Sector29
It includes a focus on the tea work setting,including: public and private spaces in tea
gardens, places where the worker is paid,or takes a rest break or meal, commuting
to and from work, work related meetingsoutside of the estate, travel, training,
events or social activities, and work-related

communications enabled by information
communication technologies (email).
Theory of Change30
A tool for developing solutions to complex
social problems. A basic TOC explains how
a group of programme’s activities produces
early and intermediate accomplishments
which sets the stage for producing longrange results.
Victim/Survivor31
Victim / survivor refers to women and girls
who have experienced or are experiencing
gender-based violence to reflect both theterminology used in the legal process andthe agency of these women and girls inseeking essential services.
Violence against Women32
Any act of GBV that results in or is likely toresult in physical, sexual or psychologicalharm or suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty whether occurring inpublic or private life.
Women’s Safety33
Encompasses the range of preventive
approaches which can be used to promote
the safety of women whether in public
or private spaces, and reduce fear andinsecurity in a range of contexts.
Worker34
A worker is defined as a person in any
employment or occupation, irrespective of
their contractual status.

28

Adapted from UN Prevention Framework on Prevention, adapted from United Nations, 2014, p. 14

29Adapted definition from the ILO definition of the World of Work (UN Women and ILO, forthcoming)

30

Adapted from Anderson, A. (2005).

31

UN Women (2015)32

United Nations (1993)

33

Shaw and Capobianco (2004)

34

UN Women and ILO, 2018, p.97

66

ANNEX 2
LINKS TO USEFUL RESOURCES
Capobianco, L. (2005). The Roles of thePrivate Sector in Prevention. Montreal:International Centre for the Prevention of
Crime.United Kingdom Department forInternational Development (DFID) (2018).
Emerging Evidence from the What Worksto Prevent Violence against Women andGirls Global Programme.
Fulu, E., Kerr-Wilson, A. and Lang, J. (2013).
Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent
Violence Against Women and Girls: A
Summary of the Evidence. Fulu, E., Warner,
Kerr-Wilson, A. and Lang, J. (2014). Whatworks to prevent violence against womenand girls? Evidence review of interventions
to prevent violence against women andgirls. Pretoria: Medical Research Council.
Fulu, E., Warner, X., Miedema, S., Jewkes,
R., Roselli, T. and Lang, J/ (2013). Why Do
Some Men Use Violence against Womenand How Can We Prevent It? Quantitative
Findings from the United Nations MultiCountry Study on Men and Violence in Asiaand the Pacific. Bangkok: UNDP, UNFPA,
UN Women and the United Nations
Volunteers programme (UNV).
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H., Ellsberg,
M., Heise, L., Watts, C. (2005). WHO MultiCountry study on women’s health anddomestic violence against women. Geneva:
World Health Organization.

67

García-Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C.,
Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin,
A., Abrahams, N., Montoya, O., BhateDeosthali, P., Kilonzo, N. and Watts,
C. (2014). Addressing violence against
women: A call to action. 20 November
2014. The Lancet.
Heise, L. (2011). What works to prevent
partner violence? An evidence overview.
London: STRIVE.
International Centre for the Preventionof Crime (ICPC) (2008). Women’s Safety:
A Universal Concern. Compendium ofPractices and Policies. Montreal: ICPC.
ICPC (2008). International Compendiumof Crime Prevention Practices: To inspire
action across the world. Montreal: ICPC.
ILO–International Training Centre (ITC)(2017) Gender-based Violence in Global
Supply Chains: Resource Kit.
ILO (2018a). Ending Violence andHarassment in the World of Work. Report V(2). ILO Geneva (Yellow Report).
Jacobs, S., Brahic, B., Olaiya, M.M. (2015).
“Sexual harassment in an East African
agribusiness supply Chain,” in The
Economic and Labour Relations Review,Vol. 26: 3, pp. 393-410.

UN Women and ILO (forthcoming).
Handbook on Promising Practices inPreventing and Ending Harassment
against Women in the World of Work.
UN Women (2017). Safe Cities and Safe
Public Spaces: Global results. New York:UN Women.
UN Women, UNDP, ILO, UNESCO, UNFPA,OHCHR, WHO (2015). A Framework to
Underpin Action to Prevent Violenceagainst Women. New York: UN Women.
UN Women, UNFPA, WHO, UNDP and
UNODC (2015). Essential Services Package
for Women and Girls Subject to ViolenceCore Elements and Quality Guidelines.
New York: UN Women.

UN Women (2015). Proceedings Report UN
Women Safe Cities Global Leaders’ Forum2015. New York: UN Women.
Jewkes, R., Flood, M. and Long, J. (2014).
From work with men and boys to changesof social norms and reduction of inequities
in gender relations: A conceptual shift inprevention of violence against women andgirls. The Lancet.
Shaw, M; Capobianco, L. (2004), Developing
Trust: International Approaches to
Women’s Safety. Montreal: International
Centre for the Prevention of Crime.

68ANNEX 3
LIST OF SOME ORGANIZATIONSWORKING ON ISSUES RELATED TO
WOMEN’S SAFETY IN THE TEA SECTOR
Some United Nations agencies are currently working to support the safety of women, youth and children in thetea sector (e.g. UNICEF, UN Women, UNDP). A list of other organizations working on issues related to women’ssafety, gender and the prevention of VAWG in the tea sector is provided below. The GWSF is a living document,
and the list will be updated regularly as work advances.
African Women’s Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)
Website: https://femnet.org
BSR, a global non-profit organization
Website: https://www.bsr.org
Centre for Rights Education and Awareness (CREAW)
Website: https://creawkenya.org/ke/
Ethical Tea Partnership
Website: http://www.ethicalteapartnership.org/
Nairobi Women’s Hospital: Gender Violence and Recovery Centre, Kenya
Website: https://healthmarketinnovations.org/program/nairobi-womens-hospital-gender-violence-recoverycentergvrc
North East Network (NEN), India
Website: https://www.northeastnetwork.org/about-us/
Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH), Global
Website: https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/impact/gender-equality-and-empowerment/
Women Working Worldwide
Website: https://www.women-ww.org

69

ANNEX 4
LIST OF PRODUCERS/ORGANIZATIONSIN EXPERT GROUP MEETINGS(KENYA AND INDIA)
Kenya
An Expert Group Meeting was organized by UN Women in partnership with Unilever Tea Kenya (UTK) on 27 September
2018. Twenty participants attended, including tea producers, women’s right organization, associations and NGO
partners working in Kenya.

Producer/Association/Organization
Gender Violence Recovery Centre (GVRC) Kenya
UnileverName Alliance
CREAWJames Finlay
GVRC Kenya
Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA)
Finlays
WE Charity
IDH
Eastern Produce Kenya (EPK)70

IndiaThe Expert Group Meeting held on 5 September 2018 was organized by UN Women in partnership with Hindustan
Unilever. Twenty participants attended, including tea producers, tea associations, and NGO partners working in Assam.

Producer/Association/Organization
Indian Tea Association
Assam Tea Planters’ Association
Bharatiya Chai Parishad
Makaibari Tea Estate
Amalgamated Plantations
Apeejay Tea
Goodricke Group Ltd.
Warren Tea Limited
Luxmi Tea Co.
James Warren Tea
Jalan Industries
McLeod Russel
IDH Sustainability Initiative
Ethical Tea Partnership
Unilever71

The Consultation Meeting was organized on 30 October 2018 by UN Women in partnership with Hindustan Unilever in
Bengaluru. The meeting was attended by 23 participants representing tea, coffee, spice, and rubber producers and aplantation association based in Southern India.

Producer/Association/Organization
Tata Coffee Ltd.
Kanan Devan Hilla Plantations Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Ksehablu Estate
Kairbetta Estates, Kotagiri, Nilgiris
Havukal Tea & Producer Company Pvt. Ltd
Halivee Estate
Kolegur Coffee and Tea Estates
Alampally Estate
AV Thomas (Plantations Division)
Parry Agro Industries Limited
Woodbriar Group
United Planters’ Association of Southern India (UPASI)
United Nilgiri Tea Estates (UNTE) Company Limited, Chamraj Estate
Joint Secretary, UPASI, Nilgiris
Karikolli Estate
Chandragiri Estate
Havukal Estate
Agalatti Estate
Harrisons Malayalam
Hindustan Unilever Ltd.

72

UN WOMEN
UN Women is the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. A global champion for womenand girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide.
UN Women supports UN Member States as they set global standards for achieving gender equality, and works with governments
and civil society to design laws, policies, programmes and services needed to implement these standards. It stands behind
women’s equal participation in all aspects of life, focusing on five priority areas: increasing women’s leadership and participation;
ending violence against women; engaging women in all aspects of peace and security processes; enhancing women’s economic
empowerment; and making gender equality central to national development planning and budgeting. UN Women also coordinatesand promotes the UN system’s work in advancing gender equality.

220 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017, USA
Tel: 646-781-4400
Fax: 646-781-4444
www.unwomen.org
www.facebook.com/unwomen
www.twitter.com/un_women
www.youtube.com/unwomen
www.flickr.com/unwome
75