MIDWIFERY
IN

JAPAN

Japanese Nursing Association

Contents
Ⅰ. Perinatal Care System and Maternal and Child Health in Japan
1. Statistics
1) Trends in Indicators Concerning Maternal and Child Health33(1) Births

3(2) Maternal Mortality

3(3) Perinatal Mortality

4(4) Infant Mortality

4

2. Perinatal Care System

41) Perinatal Care System
3. Policies

451) Maternal and Child Health Act

52) Sukoyaka Oyako 21 (2nd Term)

53) Child and Childrearing Support Plan

64) Main Measures

6(1) Distribution of the Maternal and Child Health Handbook

6(2) Health/Home Guidance for Pregnant Women and Infants8* Home-visit Guidance Project for All Infants(3) Health Checks

881) Antenatal Check-ups

82) Postpartum Check-ups

83) Newborn/Infant Check-ups

8(4) Other Measures

91) Distribution of the Maternity Logo

92) Comprehensive Support Centers for Child-Rearing Generation

93) Antenatal & Postpartum Support Project / Postpartum Care Project94) Economic Assistance for Infertility Treatment

10

Ⅱ. Midwives in Japan
1. Midwifery Regulation

01 Midwifery in Japan11

Act on Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse

11

ICM Definition of the Midwife

111) Definition of the Midwifery Home (Medical Law, Article 2)

122) Registration of the Midwifery Home (Medical Law, Article 8)123) Collaboration with Medical Institutions (Medical Law, Article 19)124) Birth Control Instructor

125) Obligation to Confidentiality

12

2. Midwifery Education

121) Basic Midwifery Education

12(1) Midwifery Education System

12(2) Number of Midwifery Schools / Training Schools and Midwifery
Courses13(3) Midwifery Curriculum

14

3. Present Status of Midwives

161) Employment of Midwives

162) CLoCMiP® and Continuing Education

16(1) All-Japan Utilization of CLoCMiP® (Clinical Ladder for Midwifery
Practice)

16(2) Certification of “CLoCMiP® Level III Midwife”

17(3) Present Status of Continuing Education

17

4. Midwifery Practice191) Importance of Care by Midwives

192) Roles of Midwives in Re-modeling of Perinatal Medical Service System 193) Promotion of In-Hospital Midwife-Led Care and In-Hospital Midwifery
Clinic204) “Handbook for Introducing Unit Management of a Mixed-Divisions
Ward for Maternity and Other Patients”

215) The System Implementation at Facilities

22

Ⅲ. Recent Topics Requiring Special Attention
1. “Guide for Protocol Development for Delivery Facilities During Disasters” 23
2. Temporary Transfer System of Midwives23

3. Pregnancy and Diseases

241) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

242) HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1)

24

Midwifery in Japan 02

Ⅰ. Perinatal Care System andMaternal and Child Health in Japan
1. Statistics
1) Trends in Indicators Concerning Maternal and Child HealthPerinatal and infant mortality rates in Japan, commonly regarded as maternal and child health indicators, rank
among the lowest in the world. Special attention, however, should be directed in the future to measures for maternaland child health promotion and to improvement of perinatal medical service system.
(1) Births
In Japan, both the number of births and the birth rate have been decreasing since 1970. Although the total fertility
rate has shown a slight increase in the recent years, the increase is not large enough to overturn the ongoing issue oflow birth rate in Japan. The total fertility rate in 2015 was 1.45, lower than 2.08 required for population stability. The
total number of births in 2015 was 1.00 million, and if the current trend of decreasing birth rate continues, the projected
number of births for 2065 is expected to be approx. 0.55 million, about the half of the present level.1)
2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970
Hospitals

1975

1980

1985

Clinics

1990

1995

2000

Midwifery homes

2005

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Home, Others(Prepared by the Japanese Nursing Association based on the data of Demographic Survey 2016)2)

Fig. 1:

Number of Births by the Place of Birth (1950-2015)

The place of birth had been home until shortly after World War II. In 1950, childbirths at facilities (hospitals, clinics
and midwifery homes) took up only 4.6% of all childbirths. Under the post-war guidance by GHQ, Japanese people
shifted over from delivery at home to delivery at facilities. In 1970, childbirths at facilities (hospitals, clinics and midwifery
homes) increased to 96.1%, reversing the shares of childbirths at home and at facilities in about 20 years. At present,
most people give births at medical institutions, with hospitals taking up 54.3%, clinics 45.0%, midwifery homes 0.6%,
and home 0.2%.2)(2) Maternal Mortality
The maternal mortality rate in 2015 was 3.8 (per 100,000 childbirths), showing that Japan has one of the lowest
maternal mortality rates in the world. The major causes of maternal mortality are post-postpartum hemorrhage, obstetricembolism, etc.3) 4)
03 Midwifery in Japan

(3) Perinatal Mortality
Japanese perinatal mortality refers to stillbirths after the 22nd week of pregnancy and early neonatal deaths within
1 week after birth. WHO states in its International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10
that the “perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends seven completed days
after birth.” Based on this definition, the method of calculating perinatal deaths was revised in 1995 in Japan.
The perinatal mortality rate, which is the combined number of stillbirths after the 28th week of pregnancy and of
early neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births is also calculated to compare Japanese data with international data. Japan’s
perinatal mortality rate in 2015 was 2.5, which is among the lowest in the world.
There are two main causes of perinatal deaths concerning the fetus, which include “diseases generated during theperinatal period” (84.3%), and “congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities” (14.0%). The non-fetal factors
include “non-maternal based causes” (39.9%), “maternal diseases that may be unrelated to the current pregnancy” (25.9%),and “maternal complications occurring in the placenta, umbilical cord and fetal membrane” (24.2%).3)(4) Infant Mortality
The infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births was 1.9 in 2015, showing that Japan has one of the lowest infantmortality rates in the world. The leading cause of infant death is “congenital malformation and chromosomal
abnormality”, followed by “perinatal-specific respiratory disorders and cardiovascular disorders” and “sudden infant
death syndrome”. The first leading cause of neonatal deaths within 1 month after birth is “congenital malformation andchromosomal abnormality”, and the second is “perinatal-specific respiratory disorders and cardiovascular disorders”.
After the Second World War, the major causes of infant deaths continued to be infectious diseases including
pneumonia, bronchitis, enteritis, and other diarrheal diseases. Those causes have drastically decreased today. On theother hand, the number of infant deaths caused by congenital malformation and chromosomal abnormality, anddiseases generated during the perinatal period have not decreased dramatically. These causes warrant further attention
in the future.3)
Table 1:Year

Population

Live Births

Change in Maternal and Child Health Indicators
Birth Rate(per 1,000)

Infant Mortality
Rate

Maternal
Mortality Rate

Perinatal
Mortality Rate(per 1,000 live births)(per 100,000 live births)(International standard※)

Stillbirth Rate(per 1,000 births)

Total Fertility
Rate

1960

93,418,501

1,606,041

17.2

30.7

117.5

―

100.4

2.00

1965

98,274,961

1,823,697

18.6

18.5

80.4

―

81.4

2.14

1970

103,119,447

1,934,239

18.8

13.1

48.7

1975

111,251,507

1,901,440

17.1

10.0

27.3

1980

116,320,358

1,576,889

13.6

7.5

19.5

1985

120,265,700

1,431,577

11.9

5.5

15.1

1990

122,721,397

1,221,585

10.0

4.6

8.2

1995

124,298,947

1,187,064

9.6

4.3

6.9

2000

125,612,633

1,190,547

9.5

3.2

6.3

2005

126,204,902

1,062,530

8.4

2.8

5.7

2010

126,381,728

1,071,304

8.5

2.3

4.1

2015

125,319,299

1,005,677

8.0

1.9

3.8

2016

125,020,252

976,978

7.8

2.0

―

21.7
―
11.7
―
5.7
―
3.8

2.13
1.91

46.8

1.75

46.0

1.76

42.3

1.54

32.1

1.42

31.2

1.36

29.1

1.26

2.9

24.2

1.39

2.5

22.0

1.45

21.0

1.44

―

―

65.3
50.8

※ Indicator for international comparison. Sum of the number of stillbirths after the 28th week of pregnancy and the number of deaths in early infancy divided by the number oflive births, per 1,000 live births(Prepared by Japane Nursing Association based on the data of “Demographics of Japan 2018-Trends up 2016” and “Trends is National Health Vol. 64, No. 9. 2017 / 2018”)5) 6)

2. Perinatal Care System
1) Perinatal Care System
In Japan, prefectures formulate a “perinatal care redevelopment plan”, in combination with a “medical care plan”, anddesignate/certify facilities in each prefecture, thereby establishing their respective perinatal care systems.
Medical institutions that handle perinatal care include comprehensive perinatal medical centers, regional perinatal
medical centers, and other hospitals, clinics, and midwifery homes that handle deliveries.
Midwifery in Japan 04

Comprehensive perinatal medical centers have functions to provide care for pregnancies that involve high risks tomothers/infants, as well as advanced neonatal care and other perinatal medical care. Regional perinatal medical centers
have functions to provide relatively advanced medical care in the perinatal period. Other hospitals, clinics, and midwifery
homes that handle deliveries are required to safely undertake normal deliveries, and to establish a collaborative systemwith institutions for enabling emergency transportation. The perinatal care system in Japan pursues the division offunctions of medical institutions in accordance with the relevant risks.

3. Policies
1) Maternal and Child Health Act
The aim of the policies in Japan is to implement comprehensive maternal and child health care from adolescenceto pregnancy, childbirth, neonatal and infant periods. Pursuant to the Maternal and Child Health Act, the measures aredifferentiated for beneficiaries at different periods so that optimal services can be provided that suit their specific needs.
The Maternal and Child Health Act was established to maintain and promote maternal, newborn, and infant healthand to contribute to improve the national health by figuring out principles of maternal and child health. The act also
aims to provide mothers, newborns and infants health guidance and examination services and other medical measures.
It stipulates that it is the role of the municipalities to provide health guidance to pregnant and postpartum women andhealth check-ups for newborns and infants. The Act respectively defines “pregnant and postpartum women”, “newborns”,“infants”, and “neonates” as follows.

“Pregnant and postpartum women” refers to women who are pregnant or within
one year after childbirth.
“Newborns” refers to persons who are younger than one year old.
“Infants” refers to persons between one year old to before school age.
“Neonates” refers to newborns who are younger than 28 days after birth.

In 2016, following the partial revision of the Child Welfare Act, municipal governments were obliged to establish
comprehensive support centers for child-rearing generation, for the purpose of providing continuous support fromduring pregnancy to the child-rearing period.3) 7) 8)

2) Sukoyaka Oyako 21 (2nd Term)
Sukoyaka Oyako 21 (Healthy Parents and Children 21), a national campaign has been promoted since 2000
through the combined efforts of related organizations and groups working toward the common goals of systematizing
outstanding and new issues and guiding maternal and child health care on its pathway for the 21st century. This program
has four main challenges with 61 indicators as goals for the decade from 2001 to 2010. The four main challenges
include: reinforcement health measures during adolescence and promotion of health education; ensuring of a safe andcomfortable pregnancy/childbirth, and assistance for infertility; development of environmental systems to maintainand improve pediatric medical standards; promotion of the sound development of children and reduction of anxiety
concerning childrearing. An interim evaluation was conducted in 2005 and 2009 to review the program, and the final
evaluation was conducted in 2013. The results of the final evaluation indicated improvement in approximately 80% of the
69 indicators (74 items). Based on these indicators and challenges, “Sukoyaka Oyako 21 (2nd Term)” was initiated in 2015. “A
society where all children grow in good health” was specified as the goal for ten years later. In the 2nd Term, three basic
requirements were specified: “Seamless healthcare for expectant/nursing mothers and infants”, “Healthcare in schoolage, adolescence and adulthood”, and “Regional development to observe and nourish healthy growth of children”. As thetwo key requirements, “Support to care parents who find difficulty in child rearing” and “Child abuse prevention startingfrom pregnancy” were specified. Targets were set in steps, so that steady initiatives would be facilitated over the next ten
years, through the analysis of present status and expected future trends based on existing statistical surveys.3) 9) 10) 11)

05 Midwifery in JapanSukoyaka Oyako 21 (2nd Term)

For a society where all children grow in good healthSupport for child rearing & health[Key requirement 1]
Support to care
Persons to
Vaccination
Infertility parents who findconsultdifficulty in child
Low birth rearing
Postpartum
Declining
Healthweightdepression
birthrate
checksinfants[Basic requirement A]
Seamless healthcare for
expectant/nursing mothers and infants[Key requirement 2]
Child abuse
prevention startingfrom pregnancy

Sex

MentalhealthPhysical
activities

Dietary
education

Dentalcare

Smoking/
drinking

Obesity/underweight[Basic requirement B]
Healthcare in school age, adolescence andadulthood[Basic requirement C]
Regional development to observe and nourish healthy
growth of children

Fig. 2

Sukoyaka Oyako 21 (2nd Term)(Sukoyaka Oyako 21 HP)12)

3) Child and Childrearing Support Plan
As a specific implementation plan for key measures based on the Outline of Measures for Society with Decreasing
Birthrate, the national government formulated the “Child and Childrearing Support Plan” in 2004. In 2010, the Cabinet
decided to formulate a new outline of measures for a society with a decreasing birthrate, “Children and Childrearing
Vision -- for the Society Full of Smiling Children --”. The new outline stipulated the basic idea of “Children First (Children at
the center)” with the aim of building a society that values children.
In 2012, the Child and Childrearing Support Law was established to construct a new structure by unifying child andchildrearing support systems and their funds. It comprehensively promotes improvement in school education and childcare for toddlers, and community child and childrearing support. The law aims to achieve this goal through enhanced
regional support for children and childrearing, and the establishment of children and childrearing conferences.
Furthermore, the Cabinet decided to formulate the 3rd Outline of Measures for Society with Decreasing Birthrate in2015, stipulating detailed support in accordance with the stages of marriage, pregnancy, childbirth and childrearing.
The Outline of Measures for Society with Decreasing Birthrate, specifies the respective numerical targets, and will be
reviewed in about five years.13) 14)

4) Main Measures
The aim of the policies is to implement comprehensive maternal and child health care under a consistentsystem covering premarital preparation, pregnancy, childbirth and the neonatal and infant periods. The measures aredifferentiated for beneficiaries at different periods so that optimal services can be provided that suit their specific needs.
(1) Distribution of the Maternal and Child Health Handbook
A pregnant woman has to notify the municipality of her pregnancy (Maternal and Child Health Law, Article 15).
Upon registration of pregnancy, the Maternal and Child Health Handbook is issued to her (Article 16).
This notification is important as the starting point for the administration to recognize pregnancy, and to provide
consistent maternal and child care service from during pregnancy through to infancy.
The Maternal and Child Health Handbook originated from the Maternal Handbook first issued in 1942, which
established a system of pregnancy registration and provided pregnant and postpartum women with health care support.
Midwifery in Japan 06

Classifi- AdolescencecationMarriage

PregnancyChildbirth

Health checks

Health check for
expectantmothers

1 year old

Health check for
infants

2 years old

3 years old

Health check for
18-month old infants

Health check for
3-year old infants

Newborn screening• Inborn errors of metabolism• Hearing test
Health check for nursing mothers

Report of pregnancy & issuance of Maternal and Child Health Handbook
Distribution of maternity mark

Health guidance

Visiting guidance by public health nurses
Visits to all households with babies (“Hello Baby Project”)
Visiting support for child rearing
Consultation and guidance for maternal and child health(Parents class)(Child rearing class)
Lifetime support for women’s health(Women’s health support center / infertility consultation center / promotion of preventive measures against mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1)
Strengthened prevention of child accidents
Promotion of health measures for adolescence

Treatment aid

Promotion of dietary education

Specified treatment support for
persons troubled by infertility

Medical care aid
for premature baby
Rehabilitation of children with tuberculosis

Supply of special milk to children withmetabolic disorders
Comprehensive research project for the healthy development of next generation (MHLW Kakenhi grant)

Medicalmeasures

Comprehensive research project for overcoming development-related diseases (AMED research grant)

NoteState-subsidized
projects

Comprehensive support for pregnancy and childbirth (comprehensive support center for child-rearing generation / prenatal andpostnatal support / postnatal care, etc.)
Mental care network for children
Medical network for the prevention of childabuse
Projects on general
financeFig. 3

System of Measures for Maternal and Child Health(Trends in National Health Vol. 64, No. 9, 2017 / 2018)15)

The Maternal and Child Health Handbook functions as a health record to follow the development process, including
pregnancy, birth, and infant growth, as well as an immunization record prior to reaching school age. Furthermore,
the handbook can be used by the entire family for basic information on pregnancy, childbirth and child care. Suchinformation is extremely helpful for coherent maternal and child health care throughout the period of pregnancy,
childbirth and childcare. Various uses of the handbook are also effective in boosting awareness of the mother and thefather. The handbook also enables the provision of continuous and consistent care,even if maternal and child care service should be provided by different specialists indifference places and on different occasions.
As part of the measures to combat declining birth rate, the municipal subsidy
for antenatal check-ups has been increased and the Maternal and Child Health
Handbook now includes free coupons for 14 antenatal check-ups. The Maternaland Child Health Law also stipulates that the municipality provides health checkups to infants of 18-months and 3-years of age. Other benefits provided by certain
municipal governments include free coupons for health check-ups for infants andtoddlers.
In some municipalities, the handbook is available in a number of foreign
languages (English, Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Indonesian, Portuguese, Thai, andTagalog) for foreigners residing in Japan and for Japanese residing overseas. Brailleversions of the Maternal and Child Health Handbook are also being issued.3)
Maternal and Child Health Handbook(Mother and Child Health Organization HP)16)

07 Midwifery in Japan(2) Health/Home Guidance for Pregnant Women and Infants
Health guidance and home guidance concerning pregnancy, childbirth, and child care are mainly provided by themunicipality (Maternal and Child Health Law, Article 10). As needed, midwives, public health nurses, etc. visit the homes
and provide health guidance for pregnant and postpartum women, newborns, and premature babies (Articles 11, 17,
and 19).
In 2009, subsidization of antenatal check-ups during pregnancy was increased from five to about fourteen checkups, in order to upgrade the health management of pregnant women, and to reduce their economic burden. In 2017,
the postpartum check-up service was started to prevent postpartum depression and child abuse and provide necessary
support, at an early stage of two weeks after childbirth and upon one-month check-up.3)* Home-visit Guidance Project for All InfantsHome visits are made for all households with infants aged up to 4 months so that their caregivers can discussvarious problems or anxieties they have, and information on childrearing support can be provided. At the sametime, mental and physical conditions of parents and children, as well as the childcare environment can be grasped,
so that households that require support can be detected and appropriate services can be provided. In this way,
a home-visit, which is the first opportunity for the household rearing infants to have contact with the local
community, will help households keep away from being isolated and secure a sound childrearing environment.
This project is implemented by municipal governments. The visiting staffs consist of midwives, public health nurses,
nurses, maternal and child care promoting personnel, personnel who have experienced childrearing, and others.
The results of visits are discussed and shared at case meetings by related personnel. Appropriate and diverse
services are requested for households that are considered to require support, thereby strengthening networks for
local childrearing support activities.17) 18)(3) Health Checks3)
Health checks are important to identify diseases and abnormalities at an early stage, and to request health guidance
for any risks identified at an early stage in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases. Health checks for pregnant andpostpartum women and for newborns and infants were started in 1948. Health checks can be received in methods
specified by municipal governments, and consist of antenatal check-ups, postpartum check-ups, and newborn/infant
check-ups.
1) Antenatal Check-ups
Antenatal check-ups aim at identifying the health condition of pregnant women and the fetal course ofdevelopment, thereby identifying abnormalities at an early stage. Antenatal check-ups are partially subsidized, and
it is regarded desirable to receive about 14 check-ups during pregnancy.
2) Postpartum Check-ups
Postpartum check-ups are implemented for postpartum women shortly (two weeks and one month) afterchildbirth, in order to prevent postpartum depression and abuse of newborns. In 2017, the postpartum check-up
project was started for municipal governments to subsidize two postpartum check-ups.
3) Newborn/Infant Check-ups
Newborn/infant check-ups aim at identifying the development of newborns and infants, providing healthguidance when necessary, identifying diseases and disabilities at an early stage, and starting treatment andrehabilitation support at an early stage. The Maternal and Child Health Act obliges municipal governments toimplement newborn/infant check-ups for the following:i. Infants who are older than 18 months but younger than 24 months
ii. Infants who are older than three years but younger than four years
In addition to the above, some municipal governments implement health checks for three- to four-month
old infants, and for nine- to ten-month old infants. In addition, municipal public health nurses take the leadershipin providing continuous individual support following various health checks, and in holding childrearing supportclasses, which comprise important elements of maternal and child care.

Midwifery in Japan 08

(4) Other Measures
1) Distribution of the Maternity Logo
As part of the Sukoyaka Oyako 21 (Healthy Parents and Children 21)
campaign efforts, Maternity Logo was introduced in March 2006. The
Logo promotes an environment of safety and comfort for women during
pregnancy and child delivery period by promoting public recognition ofpregnant women. By displaying the logo while pregnant women use public
transportation, it is easier for them to show that they are pregnant, andthus the logo promotes the development of a friendly environment for
pregnant/postpartum women. Public administrations and private businesses
are actively engaged in increasing the distribution of Maternity Logos by
distributing Maternity Logos with Maternal and Child Health Handbooks, and”I’m Expecting A Baby.”by displaying posters about Maternity Logos.3)
Maternity Logo
2) Comprehensive Support Centers for Child-Rearing Generation
The Comprehensive Support Centers for Child-Rearing Generation have the role of identifying the conditions
19)of pregnant and postpartum women and newborns and infants in a continuous and comprehensive manner,
thereby enabling pregnant and postpartum women and guardians to consult public health nurses, midwives
and other specialists, while providing seamless support for pregnant and postpartum women and newborns andinfants through arrangements for necessary support and coordination with related institutions. The backgroundfor establishing these centers was as follows. 1) Variation occurred in the mutual help and cooperation power inlocal communities, due to diversified values and other factors. 2) Needs have risen for support related to pregnancy,
childbirth and childrearing, due to nuclearization of the family and social advancement of women. 3) Support
related to pregnancy, childbirth and childrearing had been provided on an institution basis, instead of continuousand comprehensive support.
Under these circumstances, all the municipalities were obligated to make a sincere effort in establishing
Comprehensive Support Centers for Child-Rearing Generation to provide necessary support in a comprehensive
manner. The centers are to be established in all municipalities by March 2020, in order to play important roles as thecore of local development for safe and secure pregnancy, childbirth and childrearing. The national government has
published the Operational Guidelines for Comprehensive Support Centers for Child-Rearing Generation, in order topromote this project.8)3) Antenatal & Postpartum Support Project / Postpartum Care Project
It has become different for pregnant and postpartum women to seek support related to pregnancy, childbirthand childrearing, due to nuclearization of the family, geographical distance from relatives, and other factors. Under
these circumstances, these projects have been implemented since 2015 for providing seamless support from during
pregnancy through to the childrearing period, in order to relieve pregnant and postpartum women of anxiety andburden. The national government has published the Guidelines for Antenatal and Postpartum Support Project
and the Guidelines for Postpartum Care Project, in order to promote these projects. The Antenatal and Postpartum
Support Project is targeted at pregnant and postpartum women who use the Comprehensive Support Centers forChild-Rearing Generation, and who are regarded as applicable for the support due to the absence of dependable
persons close to them or for other reasons. The Postpartum Care Project is targeted at postpartum women and theirchildren who cannot receive adequate assistance in childrearing and other aspects from their families, etc., and who
have ill mental/physical condition or concerns in childrearing, or otherwise require support.
Both projects are implemented by municipal governments. Care is provided by midwives, public health nurses,
and other nursing professionals.
Activities in the Antenatal and Postpartum Support Project consist of home visits, consultation service byphone or by e-mail, consultation service in person, group activities aimed at friend making and peer support, andothers.
The Postpartum Care Project consists of stay type, where postpartum care is provided during users’ stays at
facilities; outreach type, where health guidance and care are provided through visits to users’ homes; day service
type, where necessary care is available by visiting hospitals, clinics, midwifery homes and other facilities; and others.
09 Midwifery in Japan4) Economic Assistance for Infertility Treatment
In Japan, increasing persons are receiving infertility treatment due to marriages and childbirths at older ages.
Infertility treatment imposes substantial economic burden on users, because even expensive therapies are notcovered by medical insurance. Under these circumstances, part of expenses on infertility treatment have been
subsidized since 2004. Subsidized users increased from 17,657 in 2004 to 160,368 in 2015. The subsidy project wasreviewed in 2013, and subsidization of infertility treatment for males was also started.

Midwifery in Japan 10

Ⅱ. Midwives in Japan
1. Midwifery Regulation
The midwife and her activities are defined under the Act on Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse (No. 203)
established in 1948. The purpose of this law is to improve the quality of public health nurses, midwives, and nurses, andpromote medical care and public health. (In December 2001, the law was partially revised, and the title of the law inJapanese was changed slightly.)
Although the law had traditionally defined only professional roles, the revised law in 2006 added provisions
concerning the titles of midwives, nurses and assistant nurses (See Article 42 (3) of the Act on Public Health Nurse,
Midwife and Nurse).
Act on Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse (Acted in 1948, Revised in 2006)20)[Definition of midwife]
Article 3

Under this law, “Midwife” refers to a woman licensed by the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare,
who practices midwifery or provides health care to pregnant women, women in the postpartum

period, and newborn infants.
[Restrictions on midwifery activities]
Article 30

Only a Midwife licensed under Article 3 shall engage in these activities, except in situations where
those activities are performed in accordance with the provisions of the Medical Practitioners Act (ActNo. 201 of 1948).
[Restrictions on the use of titles]
Article 42 (3) 2. One who is not a midwife shall not refer to oneself as a midwife nor use other misleading titles.
The Japanese Nursing Association is a member association of the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM).
ICM defines midwife as follows.
ICM Definition of the Midwife (adopted in 2005, revised in 2011 and 2017, and subject to the next revision in 2023) 21)
A midwife is a person who has successfully completed a midwifery education programme that is based on
the ICM Essential Competencies for Basic Midwifery Practice and the framework of the ICM Global Standards
for Midwifery Education; and is recognized in the country where it is located; who has acquired the requisite
qualifications to be registered and/or legally licensed to practice midwifery and use the title ‘midwife’; and who
demonstrates competency in the practice of midwifery.
Scope of Practice
The midwife is recognised as a responsible and accountable professional who works in partnership withwomen to give the necessary support, care and advice during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period, toconduct births on the midwife’s own responsibility and to provide care for the newborn and the infant. This careincludes preventative measures, the promotion of normal birth as more physiological condition, the detection ofcomplications in mother and child, the accessing of medical care or other appropriate assistance and the carryingout of emergency measures.
The midwife has an important task in health counseling and education, not only for the woman, but also within
the family and the community. This work should involve antenatal education and preparation for parenthood andmay extend to women’s health, sexual or reproductive health and child care.
A midwife may practice in any setting including the home, community (including midwifery homes), hospitals,
clinics or health units.

11 Midwifery in Japan

Midwives and their activities are regulated as follows by the Act on Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse, as wellas other related laws, including the Medical Care Law and the Maternal Protection Law.

1) Definition of the Midwifery Home (Medical Law, Article 2)22)
A “Midwifery Home” is a place where a midwife provides midwifery services (excluding those given in a hospital or
clinic) to the general public and selective group of people.
2 The Midwifery Home may not consist of facilities that can accommodate 10 or more pregnant, parturient, or
puerperal women.

2) Registration of the Midwifery Home (Medical Law, Article 8)22)
When a midwife has established a midwifery home, she is required to notify the governor of the prefecture where it
is located, within ten days of beginning operations.

3) Collaboration with Medical Institutions (Medical Law, Article 19)22)
The organizer of a midwifery home shall provide for contract physicians and hospitals or clinics pursuant to theprovisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
2 In their contracts to undertake midwifery for pregnant women, midwives who only undertake their duties throughvisiting shall provide for hospitals or clinics to handle abnormalities in the relevant pregnant women, pursuant to theprovisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

4) Birth Control Instructor“Birth control” refers to the planned adjustment of pregnancy and childbirth through contraception. “Birth Control
Instructors” refers to persons who are designated by the governor of the prefecture to undertake the practice of
instructing women about birth control utilizing the contraceptive devices specified by the Minister of Health, Labourand Welfare. Those who may be designated by the governor of the prefecture are midwives, public health nurses ornurses who have finished the courses which the governor of the prefecture certifies according to the standard set by the
Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Nowadays, it is required to make efforts in a variety of places women and their families become aware of birthcontrol at each life stage in addition to consultation as family planning experts. Persons who play such a role were
nicknamed as “Reproductive Health Supporter” by JNA as of 2009.7)

5) Obligation to Confidentiality
Article 134 of the Penal Code states that physicians, vendors of pharmaceutical products, midwives, lawyers,
defendants and notaries, as well as those who previously engaged in these occupations, can be punished by
imprisonment for six months or less, or fined a maximum of 100,000yen, if they breached confidentiality without
legitimate grounds and disclosed others the clients’ information obtained through their practice.23)

2. Midwifery Education
1) Basic Midwifery Education(1) Midwifery Education System
An applicant for the midwife license is required to have acquired certification as a nurse either prior to or
simultaneously as acquiring the midwifery license. In addition, the person has to complete the prescribed midwifery
courses at college or training school to obtain a midwifery license. The prescribed midwifery course refers to 28 credits
described in “(3) Midwifery Curriculum.” When the applicant passes the national examination after completing 28 credits,
the midwifery license is given by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare. Since it is not necessary to renew the license
once it is obtained, the holder can continue midwifery practice indefinitely.

Midwifery in Japan 12

College of nursing
4 years (*1)
Graduatefrom highschoolGraduate school of nursing
2 years

Junior college of nursing
3 years

National
NursingExamination

Training school for nurses(e.g. vocational school for
nurses)3 or 4 years
Graduatefrom juniorhigh school

College of nursing, advanced/shortterm course(*2)
1 yearNational
Midwifery
Examination

Midwife

Junior college of nursing, advanced
course1 yearschool of 5-year nurse
training course

Training school for midwives
1 year*1 At colleges that have education programs for public health nurses and midwives, students are eligible to take the nursing examinations not only for nurses, but also for
public health nurses and midwives.
*2 The eligibility to enter an advanced course at a college is graduation from a college.

Fig. 4:

Outline of Midwife Education Courses(Prepared by Japanese Nursing Association)

As indicated above, diverse kinds of midwife education are available in Japan. There are eight types of midwife
education courses: schools that teach practical skills, vocational schools, junior college advanced courses, colleges,college advanced courses, college short-term courses, graduate schools, and professional graduate schools. Midwife
education courses are incorporated into the two years of schooling for graduate schools and professional graduate
schools, and the four years of schooling for four-year colleges. The period of schooling is one year or longer for otherkinds of schools.24)
JNA is making an effort to create a system that provides a 4-year basic nursing education in college/universities
unified midwifery education at the graduate level.
(2) Number of Midwifery Schools / Training Schools and Midwifery Courses
Schools and training schools with midwife education courses have been increasing recently, and an increasing
number of applicants are passing the National Midwifery Examination.
Professional graduate schools were opened in 2004, and graduate schools and college advanced courses wereopened in 2005, and the courses are gradually increasing. As of 2016, there are 35 graduate schools and professional
graduate schools (18%), 34 college advanced courses and short-term courses (17%), 81 colleges (41%), four juniorcollege advanced courses (2%), and 43 schools that teach practical skills and vocational schools (22%).24)

13 Midwifery in Japan

220

210

200
180

2,034

180

214

2,003
1,909

160

1,697

1,623

146

124

2000

1,579

1,498

1,483

140
120

2,500

206

1,619

1500

1,264
98

100
79

78
80

1000

70

60
500

40
20
0

1980

1985

1990

Graduate
Course1995

Professional
Graduate School

2000
University

2005
JuniorCollege2010
Midwifery
School2015
Total no of
educational
institution

2016

2017

0

No of passing
the national
exam(Prepared by Japanese Nursing Association based on the data of Japanese Nursing Association Publishing Company, “Nursing Statistical Materials”)25)

Fig. 5:The number of midwifery educational institutions and those passing the national examination(3) Midwifery Curriculum
In line with the 1997 revision of regulations controlling midwifery education, the current curriculum consists ofitems as indicated below.
As a result of the April 2008 revision of regulations controlling educational institutions of public health nurses,
midwives and nurses, the number of credits for clinical midwifery training will increase to nine in 2010. In addition, the2009 revision concerning extension of the total years of training in the Act on Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse
resulted in the increase in total number of credits for completing course from 22 to 28 for students starting the course in2012 or later. Moreover, births that can be assisted by midwifery students will be limited to full-term and vaginal births,
and cephalic and single births, within a period of from the first stage of labour to two hours later than completing thethird stages. Midwifery students are required to assist about ten deliveries. Midwifery practice is performed at hospitals,
clinics and midwifery homes.
Exact curriculum details for the educational programs may be set at the discretion of each school, depending upon
the school’s educational aims.
Table 2:
Subject

Midwifery Course Content

CreditContent

Fundamental of
Midwifery6○ To learn about basics of midwifery as an activity supporting women throughout their lifetime with a focus on reproductive
health○ To understand the midwife’s role to be responsible for respecting the life of mother and child at the same time and to learn
bioethics in depth○ To nurture the ability to support motherhood and fatherhood development placing particular importance on psychologicaland sociological perspectives of the family○ To learn about team approach and coordination/ liaison with the related institutions○ To learn about expertise of midwives, attitudes and stance required for midwifes

Midwifery Diagnostics
and Skills

8○ To nurture the ability to diagnose normal/abnormal pregnancy progression and acquire the latest skills that fit the diagnosis○ To ensure to acquire the essential midwifery skills required for implementing midwifery process, through improved andstrengthened practical training designed for thorough acquisition of essential basic midwifery skills○ To strengthen the ability responding to emergencies that can occur in childbirth (repair of perineorrhaphy and laceration,
neonatal resuscitation, hemostatic treatment and assistance to parturient women and the family of abnormal newborns, etc.)○ To strengthen assessment techniques of health conditions of pregnant/puerperant women and newborns and assistancetechniques based on the assessment result○ To nurture the ability to assist childbirth respecting the pregnant and parturient women’s initiative

Maternal and Child
Health in Community

1○ To nurture the ability to provide maternal and child health services meeting the various needs of citizens as well as the ability
to promote regional maternal and child health in cooperation and collaboration with the related persons in public health,
medical care, and welfare

Midwifery
Management2○ To learn about management of midwifery services, operation of maternity clinics, and the perinatal medical care system

Midwifery in Japan 14

SubjectCreditContent

Clinical Midwifery
Training

11○ To integrate clinical training in midwifery diagnostics and skills, maternal and child health care in the community, andmidwifery management. Births assisted by students will be limited, in principle, to full-term, vaginal, cephalic and single
births, during a period of from the first stage of labour up to two hours after the completion of the third stage○ To provide continuous care at least one case of woman from her mid-pregnancy to one month after delivery during thetraining period○ To include clinical training to strengthen the ability to assess pregnancy progression through antenatal health check-ups
support breastfeeding of puerperant women, and conduct newborn babies’ assessment

TOTAL

28

○ To provide at least 930 hours of lecture, practical training, etc.

*1 credit corresponds to 45 hours(Ministry of Health Labour and welfare, “Instructive Guidelines concerning the Operation of Nurse Training Institutions”)26)

Student Midwives Practice for Neonatal
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Student Midwives Practice for Ultrasound Examination

Student Midwives Practice for Birth AssistanceStudent Midwives Practice for Health Education

15 Midwifery in Japan3. Present Status of Midwives
1) Employment of Midwives<Uneven distribution of employment>
As of 2016, 39,613 midwives are employed. Approx. 60% are employed by hospitals, and approx. 20% by clinics. It is
supposed that many of licensed midwives are employed as non-midwife nurses (i.e. public health nurses and nurses), orare not employed at all (“potential midwives”).
Table 3:

Number of Midwives by Place of Employment

40,00036,00032,00028,00024,00020,00016,00012,000
8,000
4,000
0

1970

1980

Health centers /Municipalities

1990
Hospital

2000
Clinic2005
Maternity home

2010

2015

Nursing educational /research institutes

2016
Others(Prepared by Japanese Nursing Association based on the data of Japanese Nursing Association Publishing Company, “Nursing Statistical Materials”25)2) CLoCMiP® and Continuing Education(1) All-Japan Utilization of CLoCMiP® (Clinical Ladder for Midwifery Practice)Due to the decrease of child birth, obstetric facilities and maternity wards in both hospitals and clinics are
decreasing. This leads to the problem of midwives with less opportunities to attend childbirth and improve their
midwifery skills. Under these circumstances, JNA developed the Clinical Ladder for Continuing Education, and published“Guidelines for Applying Clinical Ladder of Competencies for Midwifery Practice (CLoCMiP®)”in August 2013. This clinicalladder categorizes competencies to be evaluated into “ethical understanding”, “maternity care ability”, and “professional
autonomy”. The development stages are divided into “Level Novice”, “Level I”, “Level II”, “Level III”, and “Level IV” (See thefigure 6). The utilization of CLoCMiP® enables both individual midwives and their employer organizations to have sharedrecognition of midwifery competencies, and to upgrade their skills in a planned and intended manner. At the same time,it enables competency evaluation using the common tool across Japan, thereby achieving the visualization of midwifery
competencies. This clinical ladder has been introduced and utilized in many facilities, and are used for continuing
education.

Midwifery in Japan 16

IV

1. Able to provide creative midwifery practice.
2. Able to play an instructive role in the in-hospital midwifery clinic.
3. Able to play an instructive role in the in-hospital midwifery care unit.
4. Able to provide instruction to staff in both low and high risk cases.

III

1. Able to responsibly provide midwifery care of the pregnant/puerperant woman and the newborn throughout the hospitalization period.
2. Able to autonomously provide individualized care in the in-hospital midwifery clinic.
3. Able to play an instructive role in the in-hospital midwifery clinic.
4. Able to autonomously provide care in the in-hospital midwifery care unit.
5. Able to detect transition from low risk to high risk symptoms in the early stage and to intervene when necessary.

II

1. Able to provide individualized care based on the midwifery process.
2. Able to provide care in the in-hospital midwifery clinic with support.
3. Able to provide midwifery care together with the senior midwives in the in-hospital midwifery care unit.
4. Able to judge whether the symptom is high or low risk and provide the initial intervention.

I

1. Able to provide midwifery care safely and securely, having acquired knowledge, skills, and a proper attitude to assist healthy living.
2. Know the contents of midwifery led care for inpatients and outpatients.
3. Able to understand the pathological conditions of high risk patients and proper way to cope with them.

NoviceFig. 6:Able to provide midwifery care safely and securely in accordance with instructions, the procedure, and guidelines.

The required status to achieve each level of Clinical Ladder of Competencies for Midwifery Practice(2) Certification of “CLoCMiP® Level III Midwife”
As a part of efforts to promote the utilization of CLoCMiP®, a certification system of midwives at “level III” of theclinical ladder was established to objectively certify their midwifery competency based on CLoCMiP®. The system
was started in August 2015. This system was collaboratively discussed and established by five associations related
to midwifery in Japan (JNA, Japan Midwives Association, Japan Academy of Midwifery, Japan Society of Midwifery
Education, and Japan Institute of Midwifery Evaluation). The “CLoCMiP Level III” competency certified by this systemrefers to ability to perform midwifery with autonomy and independence. Midwives who are certified by passing a
document review to prove practical experience required for certification, and an objective examination that questions
knowledge, are titled “Advanced Midwives”. The title should be renewed every five years.
In Japan, most midwives find jobs in hospitals and clinics. “In-hospital midwifery care” and “in-hospital midwifery
clinic” are promoted to enable midwives to provide autonomous care, even in hospitals and clinics where physicians
work. Advanced midwives are expected to exercise their competencies as personnel in charge of these functions.
(3) Present Status of Continuing Education
Following the publication of CLoCMiP®, it has been utilized by many facilities, implementing midwife education inaccordance with the perinatal medical care functions that individual facilities should perform.
The “Training Guidelines for Newly Graduated Midwives” has been utilized for novice midwives. These guidelines
were formulated based on the “Training Guidelines for Novice Nursing Professionals” 1), published by the Ministry of
Health, Labour and Welfare in December 2009, because “it was necessary that more facilities should implement trainingof specified quality, taking into account that training for novice nursing professionals lays the basis for improving theoverall quality of nursing force”. The JNA guidelines indicate achievement goals for the first year of novice midwives,
provide specific examples of annual education plans, and state the necessity of developing instructors. These guidelines
are utilized for establishing novice training systems.
While continuing education is mainly implemented by individual facilities, standardized education is increasingly
required across Japan, as CLoCMiP® is introduced and the CLoCMiP® Level III certification system is disseminated. Ondemand training service has also been started by the Japan Promotional Council for Midwifery Competency, which isconsisted of five associations related to midwifery in Japan, enabling students to receive training of the same content
anywhere in Japan.27) 28)

17 Midwifery in Japan

Information gathering
Assessment/Clarification of problems (needs)
Diagnosis
Planning

Maternity care ability

Diagnosis and care during pregnancy, child delivery,
puerperium, and newborn period/ Points to be considered during the child delivery period

Table 4:

Clinical Ladder for Continuing Education27)

Novice level

Level I

Level II

Level III

Level IVi) Able to understand information
required for healthy living
behavior diagnosis andpregnancy progress diagnosis
in pregnancy/child delivery/
puerperium/newborn periodwith support.
ii) Able to gather information
using the fixed form.
iii) Know the lacking information
and able to gather the
additional necessary
information with guidance.
iv) Able to record using correctterms and appropriate
expressions based on criteria
and procedures of midwifery
care.

i) Able to autonomously gather
information required for healthyliving behavior diagnosis andpregnancy progress diagnosis
in pregnancy/child delivery/
puerperium/newborn periodii) Know the lacking information
and be able to gather the
additional information.
iii) Able to sort out information
required for assessment withguidance.
iv) Able to make records using thecorrect terms and appropriate
expressions.

i) Able to gather all information
required for implementing
individualized midwiferycare among the information
required for healthy living
behavior diagnosis andpregnancy progress diagnosis
in pregnancy/child delivery/
puerperium/newborn periodii) Able to sort out information
required for assessment.

i) Able to gather information
required for healthy living
behavior diagnosis andpregnancy progress diagnosis
in pregnancy/child delivery/
puerperium/newborn period
based on theoretical reasons.
ii) Able to gather information inorder to conduct assessment
taking mental/social aspects
and family backgrounds into
consideration.
iii) Able to sort out the information
described in ii) consideringneeds and priority.
iv) Able to gather information
intentionally from the relevant
persons from different job
types.

i) Able to get the picture ofoverall situation concerning thetarget including individuality,
mental/social aspects, family
background, and selectively
gather information focused on
the required area.

Low riski) Know the normal values of vital
signs, various examinations andvarious physical measurements
of pregnant/puerperant womenand newborns.
ii) Able to understand anatomy
and physiology concerningobstetrics.
iii) Able to understand themeanings of measured values
with support.
iv) Able to analyze gathered
information of healthy living
behavior and the pregnancy
progress diagnosis withsupport.
v) Able to understand thepathological conditions ofmajor perinatal disorders.

Low riski) Know pregnant/puerperant
women’s normal chronologicalcourse, and able to understandnewborns’ physiology.
ii) Able to analyze gathered
information of healthy living
behavior and pregnancy
progress diagnosis withsupport.
High riski) Able to understandpathophysiology andexaminations of major
perinatal disorders (threatened
miscarriage/premature labor,
hyperemesis, pregnancy
hypertension syndromes,
gestational diabetes mellitus,
and placenta previa) and therisks of multiple pregnancies.
ii) Able to understand the proper
response to abnormality ofpregnant/puerperant womenand newborns, and how toassist them.

Low riski) Able to analyze the gathered
information of healthy living
behavior and the pregnancy
progress diagnosis.
ii) Able to clarify the needs ofpregnant/puerperant womenand newborns.
iii) Able to decide the priority
order of the needs.
High riski) Able to clarify problems
occurring to the pregnant/puerperant woman and thenewborn.
ii) Able to determine the prioritiesof the problems.

Low riski) Able to clarify the potential
needs.
High riski) Able to clarify potential
midwifery problems.
ii) Able to clearly distinguish the
midwifery problems from thegeneral problems*.

Low /high riski) Able to give a correct diagnosis
considering the risks of thetarget following the diagnosing
process (Able to sort women
eligible for in-hospital midwifery
care)ii) Able to explain the reasons forthe given diagnosis to othermidwives and the medical careteam members.
iii) Able to instruct junior
midwives so that they canmake a diagnosis following thediagnostic process.

i) Able to make an appropriate
diagnosis by analyzing
information on healthy living
behavior and pregnancy
progress with support.

i) Able to make an appropriate
diagnosis by analyzing
information on healthy living
behavior and pregnancy
progress with support asneeded.

i) Able to make an appropriate
diagnosis by analyzing
information on healthy living
behavior and pregnancy
progress.
ii) Able to consider the priority ofproblems based on the detailsof the diagnosis.

i) Able to make an appropriate
diagnosis by analyzing
information on healthy living
behavior and pregnancy
progress.
ii) Able to set the priorities whileconsidering whether providing
midwifery care only is enough,or medical intervention by thephysician is required based on
the details of the diagnosis.

i) Able to share the given detailsof the diagnosis with othermembers of the medical careteam including the pregnant/puerperant woman.
ii) Able to give guidance on
the details of the diagnosis
given and the priorities of the
problems.
iii) Able to gather required
information, do an assessment,
make a diagnosis, and set thepriorities in a short time during
an emergency.

i) Able to understand the current
conditions and needs of thepregnant/puerperant woman
and the newborn.
ii) Able to set goals according
to the needs of the pregnant/puerperant women and thenewborns with support.
iii) Able to make a consistentplan in terms of the conditionsof the pregnant/puerperant
women and the newborns, thelist of their problems, and thegoals with support.
iv) Able to make a specific planusing the 5W1H framework.
v) Able to utilize the midwiferycare criteria/standard midwifery
plan.

i) Able to set goals accordingi) Able to make a midwifery plan
to the needs of the pregnant/considering the individuality
puerperant women and theof the pregnant/puerperant
newborns.
women and the newborns.
ii) Able to make a consistent plan ii) Able to assess and revise thein terms of the conditions of the
midwifery plan.
pregnant/puerperant womeniii) Able to make a midwifery planand the newborns, the list ofwith the participation of thetheir problems, and the goals.
pregnant/puerperant womeniii) Able to make a specific planand their family members.
using the 5W1H framework.
iv) Able to make a midwifery planwith the participation of thepregnant/puerperant womenand their family members withsupport.

i) Able to make a midwifery planconsidering mental, social,and family conditions of thepregnant/puerperant womenand the newborns.
ii) Able to make a plan and revise
it depending on the conditions.
iii) Able to make a midwifery planwith the participation of thepregnant/puerperant womenand their family members, andrevise it.
iv) Able to make a plan including
the collaboration with otherrelated health/medical carestaff and revise it.

i) Able to make a plan using anappropriate method considering
the priorities of the pregnant/puerperant women and thenewborns and their midwifery
problems.
ii) Able to set appropriate goals(which can be reached/measured/ assessed) in orderto solve the target’s problems.
iii) Able to play an educational/
instructive role in the processof making a midwifery plan.

Midwifery in Japan 18

Practice
Evaluation

Novice level

Level I

Level II

Level III

Level IVi) Able to explain the midwifery
practice without fail before
starting it.
ii) Able to carry out the items tobe acquired during the novice
midwife training.
iii) Able to provide the pregnant/puerperant woman and thenewborn with care services
according to the midwiferycare plan with support.
iv) Able to conduct theobservations required fortreatment and diagnosis andto appropriately report it.
v) Able to conduct the indicatedtasks correctly and safely
following the midwifery carestandards and procedures.
vi) Able to correctly record thepractice carried out following
the midwifery recording
procedures.
vii) Understand how to cope within an emergency.
viii) Call others for help in an
emergency.
ix) Know what items are requiredin an emergency and preparethem according to theprocedures.
x) Able to understand the clinicalpathway when using it.

i) Able to explain the midwifery
practice without fail before
starting it.
ii) Able to use the basic midwiferyskills with support.
iii) Able to provide the targets
with midwifery care safely andsurely following the standards
and procedures according to
the midwifery care plan.
iv) Able to make records using
correct terms and appropriate
expressions following
midwifery care standards andprocedures.
v) Able to provide Basic Life
Support and Advanced Life
Support in an emergency(including neonatal
resuscitation).
vi) Able to conduct practicefollowing the clinical pathway
when using it.

i) Able to carry out midwifery
practice according to the
midwifery care plan.
ii) Able to provide the necessary
care considering conditions
and responses of the pregnant/puerperant women and thenewborns.
iii) Able to record new information
other than the needs andproblems on the list in a timely
manner and make an addition
or revision to the plan.
iv) Able to act properly as amember of the team in an
emergency.

i) Able to conduct practices
according to the plan while
checking the responses of thepregnant/puerperant woman
and her family members.
ii) Able to play a central rolein providing care to thepregnant/puerperant womenand newborns in the facility/
department overall.
iii) Able to play a central role in an
emergency.
iv) Able to play an educational/
instructive role in the inhospital midwifery clinic.
v) Able to conduct activities
properly in collaboration withother related health/medicalcare professionals.

i) Able to exercise creativity andinnovativeness in providing
midwifery practice.
ii) Able to provide nursing/midwifery care with various
approaches.
iii) Able to cope with an
emergency, and take theleadership.
iv) Able to play an educational/
instructive role at all times.
v) Able to support the staff playing
an educational/instructive role.

i) Able to accurately report theresult of the midwifery careprovided by the midwife herself.
ii) Able to tell what she did notknow during her midwifery
practice.

i) Able to ask questions regarding
her midwifery practice andsolve them.
ii) Able to assess the midwife’s
own midwifery practice on an
basis with support.
iii) Able to revise the plan for acontinuing problem.
iv) Able to record the summaryof the performed midwifery
practice.

i) Able to assess the result of the
midwifery care provided byherself on reasonable grounds.
ii) Able to assess the extent towhich the goal was achieved,
and to revise the plan.
iii) Able to explain and record thesummary of the care provided
by herself.
iv) Able to assess the variances
when using clinical pathways.

i) Able to assess if the midwiferycare provided by herself met
the needs of the pregnant/puerperant woman and thenewborn.
ii) Able to make self-evaluation
concerning whether she is agood role model for the junior
midwives and students.

i) Able to make qualitative/
quantitative evaluation of the
midwifery care provided byherself.
ii) Able to evaluate the midwiferycare provided by other staff
and give guidance.

4. Midwifery Practice1) Importance of Care by Midwives
Midwives must respect the wishes of the pregnant women and their families, and support them so that theycan enjoy safe, secure and comfortable pregnancy, delivery and puerperium, and successfully transit to parenthood.
Therefore, midwives must be able to make accurate diagnosis and offer appropriate care, and empathetically share both
joy and sorrow together with their patients.
In addition, besides supporting women during delivery, with respect for women’s reproductive health rights, it isvital that midwives continue to provide comprehensive measures to support women’s health throughout their lifetime.
JNA is developing a project with an aim to “providing midwifery care to all pregnant women, those in thepuerperium, and newborns.” As part of this project, the “Guidelines for Applying a Practical Midwifery Competency
Ladder (Clinical Ladder)” was developed in 2013, as a tool for midwives to evaluate their own midwifery capacity. Using
the tool, midwives can objectively evaluate their own midwifery experience, and understand their own level on theClinical Ladder. This is an innovative tool that enables standardized evaluation of midwives in Japan, making contribution
to skill upgrading of midwives. In 2016, JNA sorted out women’s health care abilities that are required for midwives into
11 items, and conducted a status survey on delivery facilities. The survey results indicated that all of these items were
implemented, though women’s health care that midwives could experience varied among delivery facilities. To enable all
midwives to upgrade their women’s health care abilities in an intended and planned manner, JNA indicated career paths
for midwives and the course for upgrading women’s health care, taking into account the nursing and midwife education
courses, and present status and requirements in perinatal medical care, in Japan.
The upgrading of standardized competency by midwives lead to the provision of standardized midwifery care to all
pregnant, postpartum and puerperal women and their families.

2) Roles of Midwives in Re-modeling of Perinatal Medical Service System
Ahead of measures by the national government, JNA has promoted in-hospital midwifery care and in-hospital
midwifery clinic in order for midwives to exercise their specialized skills, for the purpose of establishing safe and securechildbirth environment, despite decrease in delivery facilities due to shortage in obstetricians.
19 Midwifery in Japan

The Notification from the Director-General of the Health Policy Bureau in 2007, “Division of Roles and Collaboration
among Physicians, Midwives, Nurses and Other Professionals in Delivery” (March 30, 2007, Health Policy Bureau No.
0330061), and “Promotion of the Division of Roles among Physicians, Healthcare Professionals, and Clerical Staff”(December 28, 2007, HPB No. 1228001), promoted the division of roles between physicians and midwives, and theexercise of specialized skills of midwives. Subsequently, the government published the “Vision for Securing Safe andDesired Medical Care” (June 2008, MHLW), “Meeting concerning the Establishment of and Collaboration in Perinatal
Medical Care and Emergency Care: Report” (March 4, 2009, MHLW), and “Promotion of Team Care” (March 19, 2010,
MHLW), thereby promoting in-hospital midwifery care and in-hospital midwifery clinic. In response, the “Guidelines for
In-hospital Midwife-Led Care: Collaboration between Physicians and Midwives” were formulated, but the number of
newly opened in-hospital midwifery care mostly remains at the same level.
However, the circumstances that surround the perinatal period have been changing. While the number of live
births is declining, deliveries by women aged 35 years or older take up approx. 30% of all, resulting in the higher agesof mothers, and increased risks of pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus. Expectations arealso rising for intervention by midwives starting in the pregnancy period, due to perinatal mental health concerns, childabuse, and other problems.
Medical institutions are increasingly required to provide necessary care for pregnant and postpartum women, in
accordance with their risks, through collaboration between midwives and physicians.29)

3) Promotion of In-Hospital Midwife-Led Care and In-Hospital Midwifery Clinic
Ten years have passed since the formulation of the “Guidelines for In-hospital Midwife-Led Care: Division of Roles
and Collaboration between Physicians and Midwives” (hereinafter referred to as the “Guidelines”) in 2008. When the
Guidelines were formulated, operational burden on physicians was a serious problem in the medical settings. In-hospital
Midwife-Led care and in-hospital midwifery clinic were promoted to proactively utilize the midwifery force in theperinatal period, in order to relieve operational burden on obstetricians, and to respond to diverse needs of pregnant,postpartum and puerperal women. In the meantime, the “work style reform” that is currently promoted by the national
government indicates long working hours as one of the problems. By profession, the share of employees who work formore than 60 hours per week is the highest among physicians at 41.8%. In particular, the share of full-time physicians
employed by hospitals who work for 60 hours or longer per week is higher in Obstetrics (53.3%) than in other clinicaldepartments. It is required to establish in-hospital Midwife-Led care and in-hospital midwifery clinic, in order to promoteteam care where obstetricians and midwives can cooperate and collaborate, toward the resolution of urgent problems
concerning increase in high-risk pregnant and postpartum women and mental health care in the perinatal period.
Under these circumstances, JNA reviewed the Guidelines for the first time in ten years, and formulated the “Guidelines
for In-hospital Midwife-Led Care 2018” (hereinafter referred to as “Guidelines 2018”). Because in-hospital MidwifeLed care and in-hospital midwifery clinic are established in medical institutions capable of emergency response, theGuidelines 2018 strongly recommend that midwives should be engaged in all pregnant and postpartum women, andwork in collaboration with obstetricians in support for high-risk pregnant and postpartum women, rather than dividing
roles based on risk levels (i.e. high-risk pregnant and postpartum women handled by obstetricians, and low-risk by
midwives).

Midwifery in Japan 20

Deﬁnition of“In-Hospital Midwife-Led Care”

Deﬁnition of“In-Hospital Midwifery Clinic”

A system where midwives provide midwifery care
to pregnant and puerperal women, respecting their

A system where midwives divide roles withobstetricians, and undertake health checks andand their family’s intention, while recognizing normality
and abnormality from pregnancy through to the first
puerperal month, in a medical institution capable ofhealthcare guidance for pregnant and puerperal
women, respecting their and their family’s intention, ina medical institution capable of emergency response;

emergency response

This excludes cases where obstetricians undertake
health checks, while midwives only under takehealthcare guidance and breastfeeding outpatient care.

*In these Guidelines, the term “in-hospital maternity home” was replaced with“in-hospital midwifery care,” because the former term was suggestive of a“maternity home” under the Medical Care Act, implying the handling of only
normal deliveries and the necessity of establishing a dedicated facility. To
avoid this, the term “in-hospital midwifery care” was introduced. In the latest
definition, the period of providing care to pregnant and puerperal women was
indicated.

*In these Guidelines, the term “in-hospital midwifery clinic” was introduced,
so that it would be clear to pregnant and puerperal women, and other target
audience, that the outpatient clinic was led by midwives. The latest definition
also indicated that obstetricians and midwives would collaborate and cooperatewith target persons at the center.

Room for In-Hospital Midwife-Led Care

4) “Handbook for Introducing Unit Management of a Mixed-Divisions Ward for Maternity and Other
Patients”
The number of child delivery facilities is decreasing, partly due to the decrease in the number of children born andthe lack of obstetricians. Medical institutions handling fewer cases of child delivery are forced to hospitalize maternity
patients with patients from different divisions in the same ward (“Mixed-divisions ward”). Accordingly, newborns arefacing a higher risk of infection. JNA formulated a “Handbook for Introducing Unit Management of a Mixed-Divisions
Ward for Maternity and Other Patients” in September 2013, and it suggests that the staff should form isolated clusters totake care of maternity patients in the mixed-divisions ward.
The status survey conducted by JNA in 2016 showed no substantial difference from the previous survey in 2012.
However, the share of midwives in mixed-divisions wards who never took take care of patients from other divisions
decreased from the previous survey in 2012, while the share of midwives who simultaneously took care of postpartum
women and patients from other divisions significantly increased. It is required to undertake further dissemination
activities to improve the provision of childbirth environment.30)

21 Midwifery in Japan5) The System Implementation at Facilities

より充実した母子のケアのために

産科混合病棟The Guidelines 2018 stipulate that the scopes of practice for in-hospital
midwifery care and in-hospital midwifery clinic should be specified throughユニット
マネジメントconsultation between obstetricians and midwives, in accordance with thefunctions of the medical institutions and local needs. Midwives who provide
care during pregnancy have the roles to undertake the management of mothers,

導入の手引きCONTENTS
1 産科混合病棟の現況

5

2 ユニットマネジメントの提案

103

事例から学ぶ、
ユニットマネジメントへの道

12

4 産科病棟に必要な助産師の人数

15provide comprehensive support based on their familial backgrounds and living
environments, and request necessary support from related professionals and innecessary periods, so that mothers, children, and their families can live a safe andsecure life in their local communities.33)“Handbook for Introducing Unit Managementof a Mixed-Divisions Ward for Maternity andOther Patients”31)

Pregnant women

Obstetrics Outpatient Service
Health check-up by a physician
Health guidance by a midwife

PregnancytRisk assessmenttNeeds identification of the pregnant woman
and the family

check-ups at
various stages

Labor

Postpartum

Obstetrics
Outpatient Service
Health check-up by a physician
Health guidance by a midwife

Risks
increase/decrease

In-hospital
Midwifery Clinic
Health check-up and healthguidance by a midwife

Physician-led Birth AssistanceCare provided by a midwife

Risks increase

Midwife-led Birth Assistance
In-hospital midwifery care

Report to thephysicianAssistancefor Physician

Diagnosis/
Treatment by aphysicianObstetrics Outpatient Service
Pediatrics Outpatient Service

Childrearing

Postpartum Midwifery Care
Health check-ups and healthguidance of mothers andchildren by a midwife
Postnatal
healthcheck-up

Childrearing Assistancet5FMFQIPOFDPVOTFMJOHt Home-visits, “Konnichiwa Akachan (Hello baby)” project

Fig. 7:

Midwifery outpatient service
Health check-ups and healthguidance of mothers andchildren by a midwife
Breastfeeding consultation service

Risk-based Obstetric Care System(MHLW research grant (special research project), co-investigation report “Guidelines for In-hospital Midwife-Led Care: Dirision
or Roles and Collaboration between Physicians and Midwives” by Masao Nakabayashi, Co- investigator, 2009)32)

Midwifery in Japan 22

Ⅲ. Recent Topics Requiring Special Attention
1. “Guide for Protocol Development for Delivery Facilities During
Disasters”
In order to share the lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, JNA visited the affected areas andconducted an investigation to grasp the conditions of the delivery facilities of the affected areas. Survey results of thedelivery facilities suggested that only a few facilities had manuals for dealing with child delivery during disasters, andonly manuals for the entire hospital were prepared.
JNA prepared the “Guide for Protocol Development for Delivery Facilities During Disasters” in 2013, and has madebroad efforts for dissemination and awareness improvement, so that manuals would be prepared by more delivery
facilities, and training would be implemented on a facility, local community, and prefectural basis.
In the meantime, it was pointed out that a pediatric and perinatal medical care systems should be establishedduring normal times, so that such systems would be functional in the event of a Great East Japan Earthquake. In
response, pediatric and perinatal liaisons for disasters have been developed, and the Japan Society of Obstetrics andGynecology has developed a large-scale disaster information system, as a perinatal version of the wide-area Emergency
Medical Information System (EMIS) utilized by DMAT.
Following the Kumamoto earthquake in 2016, a hospital that had the advanced perinatal care functions ofComprehensive Perinatal Medical Center was afflicted for the first time. The pediatric and perinatal liaisons and the largescale disaster information system were utilized, and their effectiveness was confirmed.
In response, under the 7th Medical Care Plan, the “Policy concerning the Establishment of Medical Care System at
Disasters” included provisions concerning pediatric and perinatal liaisons at disasters, and business continuity plans (BCP)
against disasters.34) 35)

2. Temporary Transfer System of Midwives
JNA proposes a temporary transfer system of midwives as a system that contributes to correcting the uneven
distribution of midwives, and possibly strengthening midwives’ practical skills.
In the temporary transfer system of midwives, a midwife is transferred to a remote facility as a midwife forapproximately half a year to one year while being under the employment contract with the original employer. In addition
to amending the uneven distribution of midwives, the system can contribute to the local community by providing
midwifery care to all pregnant/postpartum women in need. Strengthening midwives’ practical skills through practice innormal child delivery assistance is another one of the system’s objectives.

23 Midwifery in Japan

om
ot

e

mo
te
Utilizing temporary transfer system orordinary transfer aimed for efficientdevelopment of abilities.
Possible without placing a burden oneach other’s facilities.

Fig. 8:Acquiring skills throughcollaboration of facilities
with different
characteristics.

Strengthening and supporting
the professional autonomy

Pro

Pr

Hospitals

Making the acceptance and dispatch of midwives easier for clinics andhospitals during clinical training and transfers.
Knowing what and to what extent of midwifery care an individual self
(or others) can perform.

Clinics

Leveling the quality of
midwifery care

Utilization of a temporary transfer system

Formulation and utilization of standard midwives’ clinical ladder

Visualizes midwives’ ability

Strengthening andsupporting maternity care skills

Utilization of Temporary Transfer System of Midwives

Utilization of Temporary Transfer System of Midwives(Prepared by Japanese Nursing Association)

3. Pregnancy and Diseases
1) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Since the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy advocated the global criteria for diagnosing
gestational diabetes mellitus in 2009, the definition and diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus were also
revised in Japan in July 2010.
The introduction of the new diagnostic criteria is said to have increased the incidence of gestational diabetes
mellitus 4-fold, from 2.92% to 12.08%. Considering the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetus, however,the new diagnostic criteria are important for safer perinatal management of the mother and child. Since midwives areprofessionals who can provide appropriate assistance during each period of pregnancy, they can promote both maternal
health as well as the health of the babies to be born, making their contribution to society significant.

2) HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1)“HTLV-1” is considered a virus to cause adult T-cell leukemia, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, and other diseases.
Although the presence of the virus is not necessarily accompanied by visible symptoms, one in every 1,000 persons
develops adult T-cell leukemia. In Japan, approximately 1% of the population are said to be carriers of the virus.
It was found that when a mother has HTLV-1, her baby can also be infected with HTLV-1 through breast milk. The
possibility of infection in case of long-term breast feeding is 15% - 20%, and even for babies who are not breastfed
a possibility of infection is approximately 3%. Although a preventive method of freezing breast milk at -20°C before
feeding has been proposed, there are still no absolute preventive measures.
In Japan, the HTLV-1 Antibody Test has been added to the standardized test items of health check-ups for pregnant
women since 2012. Accordingly, there are women who find out that they are carriers for the first time when they are
pregnant. Midwives are expected to provide HTLV-1 carrier mothers with various assistances, including consultation on
feeding methods and supporting their mental health.

Midwifery in Japan 24

References
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3) Health, Labour and Welfare Statistics Association, “Trends in National Health Vol.64, No.9, 2017/2018”4) Demographic Survey 2015 available atwww.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/youran/data28k/2-18.xls (accessed on 6 August 2018)
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http://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/search/elawsSearch/elaws_search/lsg0500/detail?lawId=323AC0000000203 (accessed on 6 August 2018)21) International Confederation of Midwives (ICM), “Definition of Midwife”, revised 2017 available athttps://internationalmidwives.org/assets/uploads/documents/CoreDocuments/ENG%20Definition_of_the_Midwife%202017.pdf (accessed on
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between Physicians and Midwives" by Masao Nakabayashi, Co-investigator, 2009 available athttps://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2009/11/dl/s1104-3k.pdf (accessed on 6 August 2018)33) Japanese Nursing Association, "Report of FY2008 Project of In-hospital Midwife-Led Care System Promotion", 200934) Japanese Nursing Association, "Guideines for Protocol Development for Delilvery Facilities During Disasters", 201335) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, "7th Medical Care Plan" available athttps://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10800000-Iseikyoku/0000159904.pdf (accessed on 6 August 2018)25 Midwifery in Japan

Midwives Division
Department of Health Promotion Policy
Japanese Nursing Association
5-8-2 Jingu-mae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001 JAPANURL: http://www.nurse.or.jp/jna/english/
E-mail: josanshi@nurse.or.jp
Publication year: 2018
No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form without the advance written permission of theJapanese Nursing Association. Short excerpts (under 300 words) may be reproduced without authorization, as long as
the source is clearly indicated.
Photo Credits: Student Midwives Practice (P. 15), Courtesy of Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences andOkinawa Prefectural College of Nursing; Room for In-Hospital Midwife-Led Care (P. 21), Courtesy of National Hospital
Organization Kanazawa Medical Center