ISCIU10- The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University -Diversity
November 15 - 16, 2014
Mito Campus
Ibaraki University

Proceedings of
The 10 International Student Conference at Ibaraki Universityth- ISCIU10 Organizer
Ibaraki University

Diversity

November 15th – 16th, 2014
Mito Campus, Ibaraki University

PREFACE

This Conference Proceeding volume contains 36 papers selected for presentation in the 10th
International Students Conference at Ibaraki University (ISCIU10). The 10th edition of ISCIU
took place in Mito, Ibaraki, Japan for November 15 - 16, 2014. The conference is organizedunder the auspices of graduates from Ibaraki University and in close supervision and supportof professors committee.
ISCIU10 features oral and poster sessions on diverse range of topics within the field ofScience and Engineering, Agriculture, Health, Culture and Society. The aim of thisconference is to provide a platform where representatives from domestic and international
universities can discuss and promote their research ideas.
We have decided the theme for this year’s conference to be “Diversity”. Various ideas,
methods and different ways to approach problems have undoubtedly contributed to change
and improve the quality of our social life. Diversity can give rise to curiosity which
eventually brings prosperity and therefore science depends on it. If scientists were all thesame, contrasting ideas and controversies in science would be rare, but so would be scientificprogress. That's why it is important to promote diversity, not only to create a realistic way of
thinking but also to encourage people to grow outside their boundaries and learn something
new with which they may not be familiar. Thereby despite the diversity, all of the individual
scientists are part of the same scientific community and provide valuable contribution to thescientific world.
In addition, regarding the concept of diversity, the unique property of this conference is thateach session includes presentations from rather different fields of study and fruitful
discussions for two consecutive days. We hope that every participant finds some new
inspiration and gets acquainted to each other. Herewith, the organizing committee would liketo express sincere gratitude to the authors who offered their latest research products anddiscoveries to contribute in ISCIU10.
We are looking forward to hosting the 11th International Student Conference at Ibaraki
University (ISCIU11) with much vigor in autumn 2015 at Ibaraki University. We hope that it
will be as productive and enjoyable as the ones organized in the past. Thank you for yourcontinued support and cooperation.
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  

Anjeza ALAJ

Committee Chairperson ISCIU 10Map
To Utsunomiya

To Hitachiota

JR Suigun Line

To Daigo

Mito Campus
Naka River

2

12

3
4

To Oyama
Sports park
JR Joban Line

5
6

7

Kairakuen
10

8
13

Senba Lake
Senba Park911

To Oarai①“Ibadai-Mae”②Affiliated Junior High School③School for the blind④Junior high school
High school⑤Gas station⑥Ibaraki Prefectural Museum of History⑦Art Tower Mito
⑧Kodokan⑨Affiliated Elementary School
Affiliated Kindergarten⑩Kairakuen station⑪Mito station⑫Hitachiaoyagi station⑬Mito station bus terminal

Mito Campus 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan

Take the Ibaraki-Kotsu bus bound for Ibadai (via Sakae-cho) from JR Mito Sta.
(North Gate) Bus Terminal 7, and get off at "Ibadai-Mae" (about 30 min.)The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University-ISCIU10! Theme“Diversity”! Topics" Agriculture" Engineering and Science" Health" Culture and Society" Other! Venue
Mito Campus of Ibaraki University (2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito.)! Schedule
ISCIU10 1st Day (November 15th, 2014)

10:00
10:30

Opening Ceremony

Speaker of each poster will give a very short flush talk for 60 seconds without any visual aidsin the opening ceremony.

10:30
11:30

Poster Session

Speakers give short talks on the posters of the A1 size followed by discussions withparticipants.

11:30
13:00

Lunch Time

Oral Session A
13:00

A01
Stabilizing Sliding Mode Control Design and Application for a DC Motor : Speed Control○M. Meryl Rino

13:20

A02
RF Design of Wideband Fast Switching Device of High Power Millimeter Wave
○Koji Nagashima, Keita Takii, Kenji Sekiguchi, Mikio Saigusa, Yasuhisa Oda and Keishi Sakamoto

13:40

A03
A Proposal of CAPTCHA Using Rotating Prismatic Objects○Yuki Kimura and Yasuhiro Ohtaki

14:00

A04
Compressive Strength of High Fluidity Concrete Using Fine Powder of Melt-Solidified Slag From
Municipal Waste as an Admixture○Tohru Kimura, Tatsuya Numao and Kimio Fukuzawa

14:20
14:40

Short BreakOral Session B
14:40

B01
Ohmic Loss Estimation of a High Power Millimeter Wave Fast Switching Device by Numerical
Calculation○K. Takii, T. Yamaguch, K. Nagashima, K. Sekiguchi, M. Saigusa, Y.Oda and K. Sakamoto

15:00

B02
Research and Development of a Portable Underwater Sensing System Using Electrolocation○Sayaka Endo, Kango Tsuyuki, Kyousuke Yamagata, Kenta Suzuki, Naoyuki Horie and Mikio Saigusa

15:20

B03
Interactive Animation Authoring Platform Based on State-Transition Diagrams that Runs on Android
Devices○Erjing Zhou, Michitoshi Niibori, Shusuke Okamoto, Masaru Kamada and Tatsuhiro Yonekura

15:40

B04
Effects of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties of Tungsten at Elevated Temperature○Nobuatsu Tanou, Junya Kobayashi, Goroh Itoh, Akira Kurumada and Shingo Mukae

ISCIU10 2nd Day (November 16th, 2014)
Oral Session C
9:00

C01
Research and Development of a High Power Millimeter Wave Wideband Polarizer○Fumiaki Matsubara, Keita Takii, Takuma Sai, Yoshitaka Ishida and Mikio Saigusa

9:20

C02
Practical Dynamic SSE with Forward Privacy○Hirotoki Sato and Yasuhiro Ohtaki

9:40

C03
Development of Virtual File Manager for Organizing Files○Yoshihiro Ito and Masaru Kamada

10:00

C04
Development of Cost Effective WSN System for Accurate Land Displacement Disaster Prevention○G.Anne Nisha and Atsushi Minato

10:20
10:40

Short BreakOral Session D
10:40

D01
The Relationship Between the Thrombogenicity and the Generated Flow around 3-Dimentional Micro
Geometrical Structures on the Bio-material - Investigation of Micro Flow ○Akiko Ota-Ishigaki, Toru Masuzawa and Takayuki Shibata

11:00

D02
Turbidity Monitoring of Water Bodies Using Color Measurement System○S.H.P.K. Lakesh, D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka, Jiazhenzhen and Atsushi Minato

11:20

D03
Proposal of Android Application for Waiters to Enable Service Like Fancy Restaurant○Yuji Fujishima and Masaru Kamada

11:40

D04
Evaluation of Band-to-Band Position Gaps in ASTER Thermal Infrared Bands○Atsushi Kato and Hideyuki Tonooka

12:00
13:00

Lunch Time

Oral Session E
13:00

E01
Diversity of the ABO Blood Group Genes in the Human Population○Masaya Itou and Takashi Kitano

13:20

E02
Social Consciousness Study Concerning Rational Use of Energy in the City Districts Based on the
Research in the Area of Kashima City
○Kazuki Tanabe and Toshiaki Kin

13:40

E03
Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash for Achieving Properties of High Performance Concrete○Anjeza Alaj and Tatsuya Numao

14:00

E04
Comparative Analysis of Different Atmospheric Sources Input to the ASTER/TIR Standard Atmospheric
Correction○Takahiro Uehara and Hideyuki Tonooka

14:20
14:40

Short BreakOral Session F
14:40

F01
A Coloring System for Monochrome Images with Human Faces○Chisato Nagayama and Nobuyuki Umezu

15:00

F02
Cardio Vascular Circulation Simulator to Evaluate Ventricular Assist Effect○Wataru Kurosaki and Toru Masuzawa

15:20

F03
Extending Infinite Series Representation of Napier's Constant○ Kunimitsu Takahashi

15:40

F04
Determination of Distribution of Heavy Metals from Motor Vehicle Include a Complex Mixture of Metal
from Tires, Brake Wear and Resuspended Road Dust
○S.P.I.P. Kumara

16:00
16:30

Closing Ceremony

ISCIU10 1st Day (November 15th, 2014)
Poster Session Program

P01

Mobile Radiation Monitoring with GPS Module○Nguyen Cao Thang, Nalin Warnajith and Atsushi Minato
P02

Synthesis of Gd-DTPA Immobilized SiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Imaging Ability○Yuta Shindo and Yoshio Kobayashi

P03

Fabrication of Alumina Thin Films Crystallized at Low Temperature○Katsumi Yamamura and Yoshio Kobayashi

P04

Development of Techniques for Fabricating of Platinum-Immobilized Titania Particles by Electroless
Plating Process○Masataka Sakai and Yoshio Kobayashi

P05

Water Color Monitoring System Using Bluetooth○Jia Zhenzhen, S.H.P.K. Lakesh and Atsushi Minato

P06

Investigation of the Diffusion Behavior of Hydrogen in a Ferritic Steel by Means of Hydrogen
Microprint Technique○Sugawara Atsushi and Itoh Goroh

P07

Inclination Measurement Using Camera and Bubble Tube
○Gu Zhenghe, Anne Nisha and Atsushi Minato

P08

Development of Efficient Algorithm for Ion-Mobility Spectrometry○Ryodai Suzuki and Masaru Kamada

P09

Study on Grinding Characteristics of Grinding Wheel Containing Conductive Rubber Balls○Shimon Hagiwara, Nobuhide Itoh, Takashi Matsuzawa, Hitoshi Ohmori, Teruko Kato, Hiroshi Kasuga,
Takeshi Yoshimiya, Yuji Hasegawa and Naoki Maebayashi

P10

A Refugee Prediction about University at the Catastrophes on the Basis of the Actual Refuge Situationon the East Japan Great Earthquake - A Case Study of the Ibaraki University ○Jing Ning and Toshiaki Kin

P11Visualization of Hydrogen in Electrolytically Charged Cold-rolled Austenitic Stainless Steels○Yukimasa Ichimura and Goroh Itoh

P12

Development of ELID Grinding Wheel by PELID and 3D-printer○Daiki Yamamoto, Nobuhide Itoh, Nozomu Yamada, Hitoshi Ohmori, Teruko Kato and Shinjiro Umezu

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014

A01

STABILIZING SLIDING MODE CONTROL DESIGN AND
APPLICATION FOR A DC MOTOR: SPEED CONTROL
M.MERYL RINO
DEPT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING.ST.JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OFENGINEERING,CHENNAI
E-Mail: meryl_rino@yahoo.in
Keywords: Sliding mode control, Lyapunov stability, PID controller, DC motor.

ABSTRACTThe regulation by sliding mode control (SMC) is
recognized for its qualities of robustness anddynamic response. This article will briefly talkabout the regulation principles by sliding mode as
well as the application of this approach to theadjustment of a speed control DC motor benchusing the TY36A/EV unit. This unit, from
Electronica Veneta products, uses a PID controller
to control the speed and position of the DC motor.
Our purpose is to improve the set time answer andthe robustness of the system when disturbancestake place. The experimental results show very
good performances of the proposed approach
relatively to the PID.

Figure 1 The electromechanical process

3. PROCESS MODELLING
1. INTRODUCTION
The electrical servomechanisms for DC motors arenowadays, widely used in several robotic
applications and electrical engineeringThis device
is composed by two elements: the module
G36A/EV and the mechanical process TY36A/EV.
The training of experimental programs enables thedevelopment of exercises concerning the:• Study of electrical servomechanisms for
DC motors• The speed and position control of a DC motor• Study of DC motors

2. THE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The process TY36A/EV based on a DC Motor iscontrolled by the electronic device mod.G36A/EV
from Electronica Veneta products (Figure 1). The
main circuit blocks of the board mod.G36A/EV
are:• Set-point;• Error Amplifier;• PID controller;• Signal conditioners for transducers.

The system based on the DC motor isconsidered as a benchmark for the study andanalysis of speed and position problems.This
mechanical process TY36A/EV is composed of:· DC permanent magnet motor;· Optoelectronic transmission sensor;·Transparent and opaque disk for fork
optoelectronic transducer;

In this example, we consider that k1 = k2 = k.
Ω(s)=

(
(

U(s) –

)

cr(s)

)

In this work we consider that f and cr are null, from
where we conclude (5).
[
W=[

] =[
] [ ]+[0]u] [ ]+[]uThe 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014

A01
conclude that the sliding mode control is morerobust and present more speed response that gives
the desired evolution of the system output.

Figure:Bloc diagram of a DC motor regulation

4. THE SLIDING MODE
CONTROL
4.1 The sliding mode approach
In this kind of regulation (SMC), the system state
defines the position control unit. The idea is todivide the state space by a sliding surface, which
delimit two spaces corresponding in two possible
states control unit. This principle of commutation
law consists on the use of a discontinuous control
having
as function the state maintain on the sliding surface
and the disturbances rejection.

4.2 A sliding mode control synthesis
For this type of study, we consider the case ofcommutation on the control unit with addition of
the equivalent control. Other ways, we present theelectronic design of this sliding surface that may be
implemented to control the process in the testing
phase .
u=-(CB)-1CAx-K sign(s)̇ =C ̇ =CAx+CBueq

Figure : Control unit with addition of the equivalent
control

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In the beginning, we start by fixing the set
point (1V≈ 660 RPM).This controller allowed us toreach the desired DC motor speed but with late
response. Also, the PID controller showed a nonrobustness to disturbances.The control level andcommutation frequency are also lower. Other way,
the perturbation that exists in the sliding surface isdue to the abrupt injection of the friction force f. we

Figure : Sliding surface evolution

6. CONCLUSION
In this work, we approached the synthesis methodof a stabilizing control law by sliding mode using anonlinear sliding surface. We start by designing thesliding surface and representing the implementationof the electronic card that may be connected to the
TY36A/EV unit. Then, multiple tests were done tocontrol the process and to show differences
between the old controller used, PID, and our new
proposition that gives better results in lack and in
the presence of disturbances. We conclude that thesliding mode control is more robust and gives
quick reply to the system.

REFERENCES[1] A.Sellami, R.Andoulsi, R.Mhiri, and M.Ksouri,“Sliding Mode Control Approch for MPPT of a
Photovoltaic Generator Coupledto a DC Water
Pump”, JTEA, Sousse, 2002.
[2] B.Singh and V.Rajagopal, “Decoupled Solid
State Controller for Asynchronous Generator in
Pico-hydro Power Generation”, IETE Journal of
Research, pp. 139-15, Vol. 56, 2010.
[3] B.Singh and G.Kasal,”An improved electronicload controller for an isolated asynchronous
enerator feeding 3-phase 4-wire loads”, IETE
Journal of Research, pp 244-254, Vol. 54, 2008.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
A02

RF design of wideband fast switching device of high power millimeter wave
○Koji Nagashima*, Keita Takii*, Kenji Sekiguchi*, Mikio Saigusa*,
Yasuhisa Oda**, Keishi Sakamoto*** College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, ** Japan Atomic Energy Agency
E-Mail: 13nm618n@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: diplexer, NTM, ECCD, fast switching device

1. Introduction
Neo-classical tearing modes (NTMs) deteriorate energy
confinement of fusion plasma in tokamaks [1]. Electron
cyclotron current drive (ECCD) using high power
millimeter wave could suppress NTMs [2]. It is usefulthat local current drive into O-point of a magnetic islandof NTM for stabilization. Recently, for improving thestabilizing efficiency of NTM, the diplexer like a fastswitching device has been developed [3]. It makes theduty of ECCD system to 100% by fast switching beam
direction for tracking the rotating O-point of a magnetic
island of NTM. For a frequency tunable ECCD system,
the new wide band diplexer as a fast switching device wasproposed [4,5]. The switching operation of a wideband
diplexer was confirmed by numerical simulations, lowpower tests and high power tests. In this paper, simulation
results of the high-frequency characteristics of the ring
resonator and the T-shaped switching device arereported.

Fig. 1. Principle of fast switching using a diplexer byshifting the frequency.

2. Principle of diplexer
The proposed diplexer consists of two cross circular
corrugated waveguides, two miter bends and two half
mirrors as shown in Fig. 1.
A propagation mode is the HE11 mode of whichtransmission loss is very low. Input power is divided into
the reflected power to P2 and the transmitted power toring resonator by a half mirror1. The transmitted
electromagnetic wave is entered in a ring resonator.
When the frequency of the electromagnetic waves is theresonance frequency of the ring resonator, rf power isaccumulated in a ring resonator and the output powerfrom P4 increases. On the other hand, when thefrequency is not the resonance frequency of the ring
resonator, the output power from P4 increase. So, output
power can be switched by shifting a frequency.
The output powers from P2 and P4 can be shown inEqs.(1) and (2), respectively [6], where “a” is powerreflection coefficient of half mirror, L is resonant ring
length, λ is wavelength of an incident wave, K is loss
coefficient including mode conversion loss and Ohmicloss of single pass from port 1 to port 4, δ is loss
coefficient including mode conversion loss andohmic loss of the one turn pass in a ring resonator, and φis phase shift of passing through a half mirror.
P2 

P4 

a 1  1  a exp i 2   a  exp i 2L  
1  a 2  2a  cos2L  

1  a 2 K

1  a   2a  cos2L  
2

2

(1)
(2)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig.2. The output powers from the port 4 normalized by input
power into the port 1. (a) Frequency dependence of P2 and P4
output powers, (b) dependence of P4 maximum output poweron the loss of one turn, (c) dependence of P4 minimum output
power on the loss of one turn.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014A02

3. Numerical simulations

4. T-shaped switching device

Constraints from the operation band gyrotron, it isnecessary to increase the Q value of the resonance.
Therefore, it is considered to increase the resonant ring
length L.
The P4 can be written by Eq. (3) from Eq. (2), where
K and δ are assumed to be one. Figure 3 shows thetheoretical prediction with Eq. (3). The switching is sharp
when the resonant ring length L is 1000 mm.

A simple the T-shaped switching device is proposed.
Figure 5 shows a conceptual view of a T-shaped
switching device. T-shaped switching device has astructure in which a corrugated waveguide T-shaped, put
two mirrors spaced a gap of λ / 2 or less. By adjusting
the gap length between the mirrors, the electromagnetic
wave that is reflected by the first mirror, theelectromagnetic wave is reflected by the second mirror iscanceled and it is possible to switch the output of the P3
and P2. To confirm this principle, the electromagnetic
field in the T-shaped switching device with sapphire
mirrors has been simulated using FDTD method. It was
confirmed that it can be switched, as shown in Fig. 6.

P4 

1  a 2
1  a 2  2a cos t(3)t  2f f(4)

f  c / L(5)

Mirror 2

Mirror 1

Fig. 5. Conceptual view of a T-shaped switching device

Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of the output power from P4 at
the resonant ring length L of 1000 mm and 650 mm,
respectively.
(Theoretical prediction with Eq. (3).)

The electromagnetic field in the fast switching device
with diamond mirrors has been simulated using FDTD
method.
The longer the resonant ring length L of the ring
resonator is, the sharpener frequency dependence of thefast switching device output power is. This is useful to
optimize the design of the diplexer due to the frequency
modulation of the gyrotron.
Figure 4 shows the numerical simulation result.

Fig. 6. Dependence of output powers from P2 and P3 ports on
the gap length between the two mirrors.

5. Summary
To improve the confinement of fusion plasma intokamaks, new fast switching device of millimeter wave
is proposed and improved. From result of numericalsimulation with FDTD method and theoretical prediction,
the design of the resonant ring length L was examined.
This paper proposes a T-shaped switching device on the
new principle. It was performed to confirm the principle
by Numerical simulation with FDTD method. In the
future, the principles of T-shaped switching device will
be confirmed by low-power test .

References
Fig. 4. Frequency dependence of the output powers from P2and P4 at the resonant ring length L of 220.2 mm and 169.2 mm,
respectively.
(Numerical simulation with FDTD method)

[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].

Z. Chang, et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 74 (1995) 4663.
H. Zohm, Phys. Plasmas 4 (1997) 3433.
W. Kasparek et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 84 (2009) 1002.
M. Saigusa, et al., Proc. of 13th AMPERE Toulouse (2011)285.
[5]. M. Saigusa, et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 88 (2012) 964.
[6]. M. Saigusa, et al., Proc. of 20th Topical Conference 1580
(2013) 564.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
A03

A Proposal of CAPTCHA using Rotating Prismatic Objects○Yuki Kimura*, Yasuhiro Ohtaki***Major in Computer and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University**Center for Information Technology, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *y.kimura1226@gmail.com, **y.ohtaki@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: CAPTCHA, 3D Objects

1. Introduction
Today, we can find many web-based services with
input forms. These web services are suffering from massaccess using automated form submission programs. For
example, attackers try to acquire many dummy mailaddresses by submitting random names and passwords
using such a program to a user registration form. Anotherattack is to mess up victim’s blog site by submitting
hundreds of SPAM messages.
To prevent these mass submissions by an automatedprogram, CAPTCHA has been developed to distinguishbetween a human and a computer program. CAPTCHA
is an acronym of “Completely Automated Public Turing
test to tell Computers and Humans Apart”. Typically,
CAPTCHA adds a question and an input field to the
input form. A good CAPTCHA should satisfy two
requirements. One is the ability to generate a large
number of questions with variation automatically. The
second is that it must be hard to create a program thatcan solve the question.
A well-known classic CAPTCHA called ‘Gimpy’shows an image of distorted words to a user. The user is
supposed to type in the word in the answer field. Gimpy
worked fine in 1997, because OCR technology in thosedays couldn’t recognize distorted letters. However,recent OCRs have become smart enough to recognize
these distorted letters. As a countermeasure, thedistortion in the question image becomes stronger andmore noises are added to the background. As a result,even human are not able to read the word.

Fig. 1. CAPTCHA image by Gimpy

As a successor of Gimpy, many different kind of
CAPTCHA have been proposed. “Pix” is to answer an
object which appears in every image. “Bongo” is to finda characteristic that divides two groups of object images.
“Sound” uses audio output as a question.
In late years, CAPTCHAs using rendered image of 3D
objects have been studied [2,3]. These methods assume
that it is easy for human to imagine the original 3D
object from the rendered image, but is a difficult task fora program. These 3D object based CAPTCHAs havesome weakness according to the answering style. In thispaper, we propose a new CAPTCHA using rotating 3Dprismatic objects, which can overcome the weakness.

2. Related Research
In this section, we describe some CAPTCHAs basedon 3D objects.
Fujita et al. proposed a CAPTCHA based on“strangeness of merged objects” [2]. This method

generates an image of many 3D objects. Every object isseparately placed on a single plane, but only one object isplaced on a same location with another object. This
results as a weird “merged object”. Such merged objects
deviates from common sense of human, so human caneasily recognize and tell which object is the merged one.
This is a hard task for a computer. A user is supposed toanswer the question by clicking the “merged object” inthe image.

Fig. 2. CAPTCHA image using “merged objects”

Ikeya et al. proposed a CAPTCHA based on “mental
rotation” [3]. Mental rotation is one of the human ability.
When looking at two images of same 3D object from adifferent point of view, human can tell how to rotate theobject from one image to obtain the other image. The
CAPTCHA shows two image of an object from different
direction. The object in the images may be the same, ordifferent object that have a common structure (e.g. ahorse and a cat). In one image, a marker is shown on theobject (e.g. right ear). A user is supposed to click thesame corresponding point on the object in the otherimage. A human can find the corresponding point easily
by using “mental rotation”. He/she can answer even if
the corresponding point sneaks around to the back. But
this is a hard task for a computer.

Fig.3. CAPTCHA image using “mental rotation”

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
A03

Fig.5. A snapshot of CAPTCHA movie by the proposed method.

3. Security against random guess

attackIn this section, we show that previous CAPTCHAs
have a common weakness.

In both methods, a user answers the problem byclicking inside the image. By simply returning arandom location, we can “break” these CAPTCHA
with the probability of s/S. Here, s is the area ofcorrect answer and S is the area of the whole image.
Since the system has to allow some redundancy, thearea treated as a correct answer becomes large. If thearea of the correct answer is 10x10 pixels and that ofwhole image is 200x200 pixels, then the probability
becomes 1/400. To the contrary, the probability to
break Gimpy with 5 letters by random guess attack is
1/265. Thus these 3D CAPTCHAs are terribly weakagainst random guess attack. To achieve the same
security as Gimpy in these 3D CAPTCHAs, The size ofwhole image must be larger than 4000x3000 pixels.

4. Proposed method
In this section, we propose a new CAPCHA using 3D
object. We designed the CAPTCHA to use the sameanswering method with Gimpy: the user answers asequence of letters. The task is to answer the shape ofcross section of a prismatic object, which should berecognized as a letter. If we can see the whole image of aprismatic object, it is easy to tell the shape of crosssection from the view of ends. Thus we clipped theimage with a viewport so that both ends are locatedoutside of the image (Fig.4).

Fig. 4. Prismatic object of letter ‘A’ and the viewport.

Without both ends, the only information the user canuse is the slant of side planes, which are recognized by
the luminance. In order to emphasize the slant, a roughtexture image is mapped on every side plane. To show allside planes, the prismatic object rotates slowly, i.e., theimage is shown as a movie. The shapes of the rotating
prism are chose from upper case alphabets. The letters“M”, “N”, “W” and “Z” are excluded, because it is hardto distinguish between "M" and "W", or "N" and "Z". We
display five objects at random as shown in Fig.5. Moviesof 5 letters are combined as a single movie file to prevent
guessing each letter by the characteristic of each 5
separated movies.
The probability of guessing the correct answer by arandom guessing attack becomes 1/225, which is quite
close to Gimpy.
To solve the problem with a computer, we have toreconstruct the original shape of each prism from themovie, using the illumination differences obtained fromeach frame. This is considered to be a hard problem inthe field of computer vision [4].

5. Conclusion
In this paper, we proposed a new CAPTCHA method
using 3D objects. The task is to answer the shape ofcross section of 5 rotating prismatic objects. The crosssection of each object is chosen from 22 capital letters.
The method has enough security against random guess
attack.

References[1]L.von Ahn, Manuel Blum, John Langford, “Tellinghumans and computers apart (automatically)”, CMU
Tech Report CMUCS-02-117, 2002.
[2]Masahiro Fujita, Yuki Ikeya, Junya Kani, Masakatsu
Nishigaki, “A Proposal of CAPTCHA using
Strangeness in Merged Objects”, Proc. of 31st
Symposium on Cryptography and Information
Security, 2014.
[3]Yuki Ikeya, Masahiro Fujita, Junya Kani, Yuta
Yoneyama, Masakatsu Nishigaki, “An Image-based
CAPTCHA Using Sophisticated Mental Rotation”,
HCI(24), pp.57-68, 2014.
[4]Carlos Hernandez, George Vogiatzis, Roberto Cipolla,“Multi-view Photometric Stereo”, IEEE Transactions
on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.30,
Issue 3, pp.548-554, 2008.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
A04

Compressive strength of high fluidity concrete using fine powder ofmelt-solidified slag from municipal waste as an admixture○Tohru Kimura*, Tatsuya Numao**, Kimio Fukuzawa**** , ** , *** Dept. of Urban and Civil Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *kimura@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp, **numao@ mx.ibaraki.ac.jp, *** fukuzawa@ss.iij4u.or.jp
Keywords: melt-solidified slag made from municipal waste, latent hydraulicity, high fluidity concreteThis paper describes the compressive strength of highfluidity concrete containing fine powder ofmelt-solidified slag utilizing the latent hydraulicity as an
admixture.

1. INTRODUCTION
In Japan, part of municipal waste is fused at a hightemperature more than 1,200℃ to adapt the upper limitof dioxins in the residual material, in accordance with the"Law concerning special measures against dioxins"
enforced on January 2000. Production volume of
melt-solidified slag made from municipal waste is about
850,000,000kg every year. Some of the melt-solidified
slag made from municipal waste is effectively utilized as
the fine aggregate of concrete. The usage as fineaggregate has increased after registration of JIS A 5031
"Melt-solidified slag aggregate for concrete derived frommunicipal solid waste and sewage sludge" in 2006. The
melt-solidified slag made from municipal waste has thelatent hydraulicity because it is made through quenchingprocess.[1] [2] The research on slag utilization as fineaggregate for concrete has been conducted by many
researchers. [3]Considering that a large amount of energy is used to
produce the slag, a higher price material should be
replaced by the slag.

Table.1 Materials
Density(g/cm3)FinenessmodulusSpecificsurface area
(cm2/g)

3.15

-----

3280

3.04

-----

3820

Fine aggregate

2.62

2.92

-----

Coarse aggregate

2.96

6.50

-----

1.04～
1.08

-----

-----

1.04～
1.08

-----

-----

Location

Density(g/cm3)Specificsurfacearea(cm2/g)

a

2.81

4560

b

2.81

4550

c

2.76

5780

d

2.78

4590

e

2.79

4460

e

2.79

6070

Content
Ordinary portland
cementType B portland
blast-furnace slag
cementHigh-range
water-reducing
admixture
Air-entraining
admixture

Table.2 Manufacturing method and location of melt-solidified slag
Melt-solidified method
ManufacturingmethodMelting
furnacemethodMiddleclassification

Classification

A

Gasification
melting
furnace

Integration
type

Shaft furnace type gasification
melting furnace

B

Electric resistance type ash melting furnaceAshmelting
furnaceC
C(4500)Electric
resistancetype

Plasma type ash melting furnace

C(6000)

Table.3 Mixture proportion of high fluidity concrete
W/C
(%)

s/a
(%)

Water
(kg/m3)

Cement(kg/m3)

Meltsolidified
slag(kg/m3)Fine
aggregate(kg/m3)Coarseaggregate(kg/m3)High-range
water-reducing
admixture(kg/m3)

Airentraining
admixture(kg/m3)

Base*

28.3

46.0

170

600**

---

755

888

3.4

0.009

A-a

27.8

45.9

167

300***

300

752

885

3.9

0.012

A-b

27.8

45.9

167

300***

300

752

885

3.6

0.009

30.0

46.0

180

300***

300

734

861

4.8

0.006

27.8

46.0

167

300***

300

752

882

3.6

0.009

C-e(4500)-40

28.3

46.0

170

360***

240

752

882

4.2

0.009

C-e(4500)-50

28.3

45.9

170

300***

300

747

879

4.2

0.009

Ce(6000)

28.3

45.9

170

300***

300

747

879

4.2

0.009

Mix

B-c
C-d

Slump
flow
(mm)

680
±50

Air
(%)

4.5
±1.0

*”Base” means a high fluidity concrete used portland blast-furnace slag cement, **Type B portland blast-furnace slag cement, ***Ordinary portland Cement

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014A04

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Table.1 shows the materials used in the experiments.
Table.2 shows the melt-solidified slag made frommunicipal waste used in this study. Manufacturingmethod of the melt-solidified slag written in the table isbased on JIS A 5031. Table.3 shows the mixture
proportion of high fluidity concrete. The base mix is ahigh fluidity concrete using Type B portland blast-furnace
slag cement at a content of 600kg/m3. Ordinary portland
cement was used for mixes except the base mix. And
total amount of portland cement and melt-solidified slag
was 600kg/m3. The sign of mix expresses manufacturingmethod and location of the melt-solidified slag. All
concrete was steam cured and its compressive strength
was measured at the age of 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days.

Table.4 Slump flow, air content and density in over-dry
condition
Air ontent
Slump flow
DensityType(mm)(g/cm3)
(%）
base

725

3.5

2.42

A-a

725

4.2

2.46

A-b

635

3.9

2.32

B-c

735

5.0

2.38

C-d

630

4.2

2.41

C-e(4500)-40

660

4.5

2.28

C-e(4500)-50

650

4.5

2.27

C-e(6000)

660

4.0

2.30

3. RESULTS
3.1. Slump flow, air content and density inover-dry condition
Table.4 shows the results of slump flow, air content anddensity of high fluidity concrete used in this study. All
High fluidity concrete showed good flowability. Mix C-e
expanded after forming as shown in Figure.1. The
expansion seems to be caused by the chemical reaction
between the metallic aluminum in slag C-e and Ca(OH)2
produced through hydration. [4]3.2. Compressive strength of concrete
Figure.2 shows the relation between compressive strengthand age. The compressive strength of mix A-a which isused a slag manufactured by shaft furnace typegasification melting furnace was nearly equal to that ofbase mix which was used portland blast-furnace slag
cement. The compressive strength of concrete made fromother slag was lower than that of mix A-a and base mix.
The compressive strength of concrete used slag C-e wasmarkedly low.
Figure.3 shows the relation between compressive
strength and density at the age of 28 days. It is shownthat the compressive strength of concrete increases with
the increase of density.

Figure.1 Concrete used C-2 after forming

4. CONCLUSIONS
1. High fluidity concrete used a kind of melt-solidified
slag manufactured by the shaft furnace type gasification
melting furnace can obtain the same strength as highfluidity concrete made from portland blast-furnace slag
cement.
2. Compressive strength of high fluidity concrete used
melt-solidified slag as admixture increases with theincrease of density in over-dry condition.

Figure.2 Relation between compressive strength and age

References
[1].

[2].

[3].

[4].

Kimio Fukuzawa et al. (2007). “ Strength of mortar and concrete using fine
powder of molten slag made from municipal waste as a cementitious
material” Sustainable Construction Techno., pp. 333-337.(in Japanese)
Kazuyuki Torii et al.(2003). “Physical-chemical properties and alkali-silica
reactivity of molten slags” Proceedings of the Japan Concrete InstituteVol.25,No.1., pp. 623-628.(in Japanese)
Masafumi Kitatsuji et al.(2002).“Utilization of the gasification-Melting
slag from municipal solid waste as fine aggregate for concrete” Concrete
research and technology Vol.13(2)., pp.89-98, (in Japanese)
Masafumi Kitatsuji (2013). “Influence of expanding concrete by Free-CaO
and metallic aluminum” Environment Solution Technology., pp.35-42.(inJapanese)

Figure.3 Relation between compressive strength anddensity

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15- 16, 2014
B01

Ohmic loss estimation of a high power millimeter wave fast switching device bynumerical calculation○K. Takii*,T. Yamaguch*,K. Nagashima*,K. Sekiguchi*,M. Saigusa*,Y.Oda**,K. Sakamoto***Ibaraki Univ., **JAEA
E-Mail: * 13nm616a@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: fusion, tokamak, millimeter wave, Ohmic loss, FDTD method

1. Introduction

3. Principle of Diplexer

The Tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactor is one
method that can solve an energy problem. However,there are many disabilities in realization. Above all,Neo-classical tearing modes (NTMs) are known as oneof the problems. NTMs with rotate at 5-10 kHz
deteriorate energy confinement of fusion plasma intokamaks [1] as shown in Fig. 1. Electron cyclotron
current drive (ECCD) using high power millimeterwave could suppress NTMs [2]. Local current drive
into O-point of a magnetic island of NTM is useful for
NTM stabilization. Especially, a fast directional switch
makes the duty of ECCD system to 100% by switching
beam direction for tracking the rotating O-point of amagnetic island of NTM [3]. For a frequency tunable
ECCD system, the new wide band diplexer as a fastswitching device was proposed [4]. The switching
operation of a wideband diplexer was confirmed bynumerical simulations and by low power tests [5, 6].
In this paper, the results of numerical simulations of
Ohmic loss of diplexer.

The proposed diplexer consists of a circular
corrugated wavegaides, two miterbends and two half
mirrors as shown in Fig. 3. These two pieces of half
mirror is made of the Oxygen Free High Conductivity
Copper (OFHC) with many slim slots. The incident
wave is divided into the reflected wave and thetransmitted wave by the half mirror 1. The transmitted
millimeter wave is entered in a ring resonator. If it is aresonance frequency of a ring resonator, rf power are
accumulated in a resonant ring and the output powerfrom P4 increases. On the other hand, in the case of noresonance, most power goes to P2. So, the output power
can be switched by shifting a frequency.

The line of magnetic force

Toroidal coilO-point

X-point
Poloidal coilTokamakFig. 1O-points and X-points of NTM in the tokamak
plasma2. Current drive system
The ECCD system in tokamak is shown in Fig. 2. A
Gaussian beam of high-power millimeter wave
generated by a gyrotron is transformed to HE11 modethat is a transmission mode by MOU. This millimeterwave propagated in a circular corrugated wavegaideand it is switched by our fast switching device into
each output.
A circular corrugated wavegaide

Fig. 3The output powers from P2 and P4 can be shown inEqs.(1) and (2), respectively [7], where “a” is powerreflection coefficient of half mirror, L is resonant ring
length, λ is wavelength of an incident wave, K is loss
coefficient including mode conversion loss and Ohmicloss of single pass from port 1 to port 4, δ is loss
coefficient including mode conversion loss andOhmic loss of the one turn pass in a ring resonator, andφ is phase shift of passing through a half mirror.
P2 

The tokamak plasma

P4 

MOU

The fast switching device
Fig. 2GyrotronConceptual view of ECCD system

Structure of the resonator and HE11 modea 1  1  a exp i 2   a  exp i 2L  
1  a 2  2a  cos2L  

1  a 2 K

1  a 2  2a  cos2L  

2

(1)
(2)

4. Numerical Simulations
4.1.

A principle and parameter

The electromagnetic field in the diplexer has been
simulated with our developed code using FDTDThe 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15- 16, 2014
B01
method as shown in Fig. 4. The FDTD method
performs numerical analysis by building a part inYee cell. The slotted metal plates are used as the half
mirrors installed in the ring resonator. Long slotted
metal half mirror made of OFHC is assumed in thissimulation. The slot period is 1.5 mm (Air: Metal =0.6 mm: 0.9 mm) as shown in Fig. 5, which issmaller than a wavelength: 1.76 mm at an input
frequency of 170 GHz. The used cell size is smaller
than one tenth of a wavelength of an incident wave.
The circular corrugated wavegaides inner diameteris assumed to be φ21 mm which was 1/3 of fullscale from a limit of the memory (18GB) of thecomputer. The main analysis parameters are shownin table 1.

1
2
P  Rs  H t [ W m 2 ]
2
P4

P2

Fig. 6(3)

Output of P2 and P4 at the resonance

Ohmic loss profiles of the four mirrors are shown in
Fig. 7. It is clear that all components have a large
Ohmic loss of the center from these figures.

Electric field
Magnetic field

y
z
x

.
Fig. 4Structure of the Yee cell

0.9mm

Fig. 71.5mm

Profiles on the mirrorsss Ohmic loss

Table 2 shows the Ohmic loss of each component
normalized by input power in the case of resonanceand the non-resonance, respectively.
Table 2

Fig. 5

Slot structure of the half mirror

Table 1

Resonance
Non-resonance

Incident side
0.0868 %0.14 %

Half mirror 1
Slot inside
0.571 %
0.193 %

Output side
0.32 %
0.0164 %Resonance
Non-resonance

Incident side
0.0778 %0.00271 %Half mirror 2
Slot inside
0.698 %
0.0186 %Output side
0.495 %
0.014 %

Main analysis parameters

Cell size [mm]Number of the total cells
Time steps [s]Frequency [GHz]
Slot period [mm]Slot thickness [mm]Electrical conductivity of half
mirror [S/m]

4.2.

Ohmic loss of each component

0.15×0.15×0.15
182×462×462
2.86×10-13
170
1.5
1.69
σ=5.76×107

Result of simulation

The simulation results at the resonant frequency are
shown in Fig. 6. This figure shows Pointing vector andrelations of the time. The output from P4 increases andthe output from P2 decreases. This result shows that theoutput is replaced by P4 from P2 output at the time of
the non-resonance of the diplexer. When a diplexer
performs resonance, the biggest Ohmic loss occurs tocomponents. Ohmic loss is a thing by the metal minuteresistance caused by the electric current which is
generated by a high-power millimeter wave being themetal surface. Rs is a rf sheet resistance when an
electric current flows through the metal surface by skineffect. Ht is a tangential magnetic field on the metal
surfaces.

Resonance
Non-resonance

Miterbend 1
0.291 %
0.0177 %Miterbend 2
0.264 %
0.0161 %Because the electricity is not accumulated to theresonator at the time of the non-resonance, the internal
losses decrease. The loss of slot inside is particularly
higher than other components at the time of theresonance.

5. Summary
Ohmic loss of the metal half mirror of a high power
millimeter wave fast switching device was evaluated.
The Ohmic loss of all components is estimated to beabout 2.8% of incident power at resonance conditions.

References[1] Z. Chang et al. , Phys. Rev. Let. 74, 4663 (1995).
[2] H. Zohm, Phys. Plasmas 4, 3433(1997).
[3] W. Kasparek et al. , Fusion Eng. Des. 84, 1002 (2009).
[4] M. Saigusa et al. , Proc. of 13th AMPERE Toulouse (2011).
[5] K. Atsumi et al. , “Research and Development of High Power
Wideband Diplexer for ECCD System” Plasma Conference 2011,
Kanazawa, 23P099-P.
[6] M. Saigusa et al. , Plasma Fusion Res. 7, 2405099 (2012).
[7] M. Saigusa, et al., Proc. of 20th Topical Conference. 1580 (2013)
562.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
B02

Research and development of a portable underwater sensing system using
electrolocation○Sayaka ENDO, Kango TSUYUKI, Kyousuke YAMAGATA, Kenta SUZUKI, Naoyuki HORIE, Mikio SAIGUSA
College Engineering Ibaraki University
E-Mail: 13nm604y@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: underwater sensor, electrolocation, weakly electric fish

1. Introduction
Fish called weakly electric fish living in Africa andSouth America, has an electric organ in the body, it canbe a discharge of a few milli-volt. They form a electricfield around by this discharge, distortion occurs in theelectric field when the biological object or different
electrical characteristics and the surrounding water ispresent in an electric field. There are countlessinstitutions sensitive to the body surface of the weakelectric fish, by sensing the electric field distortion, it ispossible to grasp the situation of the surroundings. Thissensing method is called electrolocation, and it isconsidered to be the ability to wearing in order tosurvive in water turbid weakly electric fish is whiteout[1].
The principle of electrolocation is shown in Fig. 1. In
this horizontal section through a simplified electric fish,
the black bar indicates the location of the electric organ.
This organ is discharged at a regular rate under thecommand of the pacemaker nucleus in the fish's
hindbrain (not shown). Electroreceptors are found inpores of the body surface, and their density is highest
in the rostral region. The interior of the body is ofrelatively low resistance, while the occupied byelectroreceptors. Internal shunting of current isprevented by insulating tissue that wraps the electricorgan and surrounds it tightly within the narrow tailfilament. An object with an impedance different fromthat of the surrounding water will alter the pattern oftransepidermal voltage, and this alteration represents
the electric image of the object[2].
In this study, it is an aim to develop underwater
sensingsystems
engineering
applications
electrolocation. A proposal of the sensor, a trial product,
experiment, and production of the instrument arereported.

Electrode rods for measuring electric field are locatedin a circle between two oscillating electrodes. The
measuring electrode was made of silver. Each electrodeis fixed by the jig acrylic.

Fig. 2. Electrolocation sensor.

2.2. Experiments of electrolocation
Position detection experiment and characteristic
detection experiment of the measurement object weredone by a measuring apparatus utilizing the principleof electrolocation,
First, apparatus of position detection experiment isshown in Fig. 3. Electrolocation sensor is installed in
the center of the tank containing the tap water. The
signals are oscillated the center of the electrode which
has a coaxial structure from the function generator, andan electric field is formed within the sensor. Put themeasuring object in the electric field, and moves by 10
degrees counterclockwise while maintaining a fixed
distance from the center electrode. A potential changeof each channel by the position of the object ismeasured using oscilloscope and handmade lock-in
amplifier by the differential. In addition, the 40 mm
cube made of aluminum was used as the object to bemeasured.

Fig. 1. The principle of electrolocation.

2. Experiments of electrolocation
2.1. Electrolocation sensor
A new sensor of electrolocation has been developed
as shown in Fig. 2. Oscillating electrodes, which work
like an electric organ of weakly electric fish, have a
coaxial structure. Oscillating electrodes are fixed
concentrically so that the electric field is distributed
evenly. This oscillating electrode was made of copper.

Fig. 3. Position detection experimental apparatus
conceptual diagram..

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
B02
Next, experimental apparatus of characteristic
detection experiment is shown in Fig. 4. Like theposition detection experiment established the sensor in
the center of the tank containing tap water, and anelectric field is formed from the center of thecylindrical electrode. The measured object is moved by
10 degrees, the potential change is measured in thesensor. As the object to be measured, a total of six
kinds of cube were used. (copper, aluminum, brass,iron, acrylic, synthetic rubber)(b) measurement results of characteristic detection
Fig. 5. Measurement result.

3. Visualization of sensing results
In previous experiments, it has been detected theposition and characteristics of the object byrepresenting the measurement results the graph.
However, the output in real time is needed practically.
Therefore, the display is added to handmade lock-in
amplifier. The display is ten levels LED meter.
Moreover, the experimental results were transferred to
the PC via the A/D converter board and then it will be
displayed on monitor.
Fig. 4. Characteristic detection experiment conceptual
diagram.

2.3. Experimental results
Measurement results of position detection
experiment and characteristic detection experimentwere shown in Figs. 5(a) and 5(b),From Fig. 5(a), it is shown that potential has a peakvalue when the object is closest to the electrodes in eachchannel. Also, there is a change in the potential fromwhen an object came to a position away about 40
degrees from the electrode.
From Fig. 5(b), it is shown that potential is higher
than the state there is no object in the conductor, thepotential is low in the insulator.
In addition, in the measurement of this time, thepotential change due to a difference in some of theelectrical conductivity of the conductor to each otherwas not gotten.

Fig. 6. Measurement system conceptual diagram.

4. Summary
The position detection experiment of themeasurement object, it was found that the voltage
difference is higher object approaches the electrode in
any channel. However, differences were observed in theamount of change and the peak value of the voltage by
the channel. The cause is the distortion of the electrode.
In characteristic detection experiments, it was able todistinguish between the conductors and insulators, but
the distinction of the electrical conductivity between the
conductors could not. This is because the electricalconductivity of the conductor is very high compared tothat of tap water.
Future, to real-time visualization of the measurement
results, as well as proceed with the construction of asystem capable of object detection at the same time as
the measurement, is working on improving the sensor
based on the results of this time.

References(a) Measurement result of position detection[1]. Kowatari Yoichi. “Technological Research about Sensing
System of Weakly Electric Fish” Master's thesis Iibaraki
University, pp. 1-3. (2010).
[2]. Walter F. Heiligenberg. “Neural Nets in Electric Fish” A
Bradford Book. (1991).

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
B03

Interactive Animation Authoring Platform Based on
State-Transition Diagrams that Runs on Android Devices○Erjing Zhou*, Michitoshi Niibori*, Shusuke Okamoto**, Masaru Kamada***, Tatsuhiro Yonekura****Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,**Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University,***Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *zj13924@gmail.com, **okam@st.seikei.ac.jp, ***m.kamada@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Android, interactive animation, state-transition diagram, Islay

1. Introduction
An interactive animation is a presentation of moving
pictures that behave dynamically according to the input
from users. It can be composed of animation charactersmodeled as finite-state machines. Based on this, aninteractive animation authoring tool called Islay has beendeveloped[1][2]. Islay allows users to create interactive
animation simply by drawing state-transition diagrams
on a GUI-based editor. Figure 1 shows the editor of Islayand the player which is used to play the animation
created by Islay. Up to now Islay basically runs on PC,
and we cannot use it on the portable devices that havebecome popular recently. Therefore, in this research, wedeveloped a new version of Islay that takes advantage ofthe multi-touch features on Android[3] devices on thebasis of the previous version.

representing transitions. On the other hand, Android
accepts multi-touch gestures. So selection of a transition
by mouse pointing was changed to selection of the twostates being source and destination of the transition by a
2-point touch gesture.

Fig. 2: User interface of Islay editor for Android

3.2. Player

Fig. 1: Islay editor and Islay player

2. Islay for Android
The system is implemented as an Android application
made up of an editor for creating animations and a player
for executing animations. It extends the basic features ofthe previous version of Islay that runs on PC and isdesigned to support various types of touch gestures
which can be performed on tablet devices.

The player reads the animation definition file created by
the editor, and then interprets the content of that file. After
extracting the components of the animation, the player
starts to execute the animation. During the execution of
the animation, the operations from the user are being
obtained as external events, and the player checks theevents whenever the transition happens. Figure 3 shows asample of animation being played on an Android device.

3. Implementation
3.1. Editor
The editor runs on Android platforms where operations
performed by using mouse are not available. Therefore,
the operating method as well as the user interface had tobe redesigned in order to make the editor as usable as theversion that runs on PC or even more usable. Figure 2
shows the interface of the editor which is currently in theprocess of its development.
The selection of states which requires a left-click onmouse can be simply replaced by a single tap on screen.
The property specification dialog which appears after aright-click in the PC version was replaced by the property
specification bar on the bottom of the screen.
Compared with the mouse pointer used for selecting
transitions in the PC version, touch gestures on the screen
is hard to point accurately a small target like the arrows

Fig. 3: Sample of animation played on Android device

3.2.1. Realization of the parser
In this research, the classes in Java platform[4] which
deal with the processing of regular expressions are used
for the interpreting of animation definition file. Matches
between the file content and the previously composed
patterns of regular expression are performed on two levels.
The first level performs an overall match throughout thefile, and additional matches which focus on each

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component will be performed later on the second level.

Fig. 4: Sample of animation component extraction by using
regular expression

The components of animation definition file whichmatch the pattern of regular expressions are divided into
different groups, and the group method of the Matcher
instance is then called in order to extract the content ofeach group[5]. Figure 4 shows an example of animation
component extraction on the second level by means ofpattern matching. The animation components extracted bypattern matching are instantiated as the instances of theplayer class which will be mentioned later.

3.2.2. Details of the player
The player was designed on the basis of object-oriented
model. Figure 5 shows the structure of each player class.
The inclusions shown on the figure are to illustrate therelation that the instances of the classes inside can bereferred to by the classes outside. Each class isinstantiated separately and was independent from others.

Fig. 5: Structure of player classes

IslayStage class is the foundation of the player.
Instances of any other class can be referred to within it.
The classes other than IslayStage correspond to thesections of the animation definition file. Instances of eachclass are created as their constructors are called by theparser with the extracted animation components asparameters. The parser passes the name and content ofimages in the section of image data and image
specifications to an instance of the IslayObject class thatmanages the images appears on the animation. A
state-transition diagram in the section of states andtransitions is passed to an instance of the IslayTransition
class. Within the IslayTransition class, there are usually
several instances of the IslayState class which further
include instances of the IslayAction and IslayCondition
classes. A group in the section of group specification ispassed to an instance of the IslayStage class. The systemparameters are set to the IslayInfo class. HashMap class ofJava is used on the data fields of each player class when it
is necessary to hold more than one instance of the sameclass.
The characters that appear on the animation arepresented by instances of the IslayTransition class. During
the main loop, the transit method in IslayTransition classis called periodically. The transit method then goes
through all the character instances held in the data field of
IslayStage class, and calls doAction method as well as
doTrans method for each of them. Furthermore, theactExec method will be called by the doAction method, inwhich the current state will be updated after the check oftransition conditions. By means of the procedure above,
the implementation of a finite-state machine is realized.

4. Conclusion
In this research, an interactive animation authoring
platform based on state-transition diagrams was designed
for the portable Android devices. The user interface wasadapted to be usable on the devices with smaller screens
and with multi-touch operations.

References[1]. Shusuke Okamoto, Masaru Kamada and Takashi Nakao,
Proposal of an interactive animation authoring tool
based on state transition diagram, IPSJ Trans. On
programming, Vol.46, No.SIG1, pp.19-27, Jan. 2005.
[2]. Masayuki Nakagawa, Shusuke Okamoto, Masaru Kamada
andTatsuhiro Yonekura: Flash movie authoring
environment based on state diagram, Proceedings of theFifth Workshop on Network and System Support forGames 2006, (NetGames 2006), Singapore (Oct. 2006.)[3]. Android, http://www.android.com/ (Accessed on Aug 29,
2014)[4]. java.util.regex,
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/package-summary.html (Accessed on Aug 29, 2014)[5]. Matcher,
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/M
atcher.html (Accessed on Aug 29, 2014)

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
B04

Effects of strain rate on tensile properties of tungsten at elevated temperature○Nobuatsu Tanou*, Junya Kobayashi**, Goroh Itoh***, Akira Kurumada****, Shingo Mukae****** Graduate student, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Japan,**,***,****Department of mechanical Engineering, Ibaraki University, Japan, *****Nippon Tungsten Co. , Ltd.,
E-Mail: *14nm431x@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp,**jkoba@mx.ibarki.ac.jp, ***gitoh@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp,****kurumada@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp, *****mukae@nittan.co.jp.
Keywords: tungsten, strain rate, elevated temperature, tensile properties.

1. Introduction
Tungsten has very higher melting point than othermetal and a large electrical resistance. Therefore,
tungsten is applied to the filament and the electrode forresistance welding. The electrode for resistance weldingof tungsten are mainly used for fusing joining so that it
has high heat resistance and be hard to alloy with workpieces. However, the cracks on electrode surface areoccurred by welding any times.
Iijima et al. [1] reported about elevated temperaturetensile properties of unrecrystallized and recrystallized
tungsten. Results from tensile tests, the tensile stress of
unrecrystallized tungsten reached a maximum stress at an
early stage in stress–strain curve. The recrystallized
tungsten had a lower yield stress than theunrecrystallized tungsten. At the testing temperature
below 300°C, the recrystallized tungsten fractured before
reaching the maximum stress. On the other hand, above
400°C, the test piece showed large local elongation. In
this report, tensile test (strain rate 1.4×10-3 s-1) was
conducted at a temperature range between 200°C and
600°C in the two different microstructures (Theunrecrystallized tungsten are hot rolling after sintering.
The recrystallized tungsten are annealing at 1800°C after
hot rolling.) of tungsten.
Although the high temperature characteristics oftungsten were investigated as a mentioned above, there is
not the report about the effect of the strain rate on atensile properties of tungsten at elevated temperature. In
this study, to investigate the effect of strain rate on thehigh temperature deformation characteristics of tungsten,tensile tests were carried out with varying strain rate athigh testing temperatures. Then, the relationship between
the microstructure and the deformation as well as processof fracture was discussed.

2. Specimens and Experimental
Procedures
2.1. Specimens
Tungsten powder was sintered and hot rolled, andformed plate of thickness 2mm. Part of this plate wasrecrystallized by annealing at 1800°C in a hydrogen
atmosphere. Tensile test pieces were cut by wire electric
discharge machine from the plate, as shown in Fig. 1.
Two type microstructures are shown in Fig. 2.

2.2. Experimental Procedures
Tensile test was carried out at strain rate 1.4×10-2 s-1
and a temperature range (every 100°C) between 300°C
and 600°C. The test piece fixes the shoulder region ofboth ends in a jig. In order to accurately measure testing
temperature, thermocouples (K type) were used. The
tensile testing equipment used all-around model tensile
testing equipment (AG-G autograph, Shimadzu Co.). The

high temperature tensile testing was started after holding
15 minutes after reaching a predetermined temperature.

Fig. 1 Dimension in mm and morphology of tensile test piece.
(a)

(b)

50m

Fig. 2 Optical microstructures of the two specimens(a) unrecrystallized, (b)recrystallized.

3. Results and Discussion
Stress–strain curves at each temperature ofrecrystallized and unrecrystallized tungsten are shown in
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 3, the recrystallized
tungsten fractured before reaching maximum stress attesting temperature 300°C. On the other hand, at thetesting temperature above 400°C, the recrystallized
tungsten had large elongation. In the unrecrystallized
tungsten, a 0.2% proof stress was higher than that ofrecrystallized tungsten. In addition, it shows the
maximum stress at a low strain in comparison withrecrystallized tungsten. Unrecrystallized tungsten is amaterial obtained by rolling after sintering tungsten
powder. Therefore, the microstructure had already been
work-hardened by rolling. Thus, it is considered that theunrecrystallized tungsten was hardly work-hardened
during tensile test. On the contrary, a large elongation ofrecrystallized tungsten is caused by the microstructure ofrecrystallized tungsten consisted of microstructure
without strain by recrystallization.
The 0.2% proof stress, tensile strength and total
elongation of recrystallized and unrecrystallized tungsten
as a function of testing temperature are shown in Fig. 5
and Fig. 6, respectively. Fig. 7 shows the tensile strengthand 0.2% proof stress of recrystallized tungsten,
comparing with the data of Iijima et al [1]. As shown in
Fig. 5, the recrystallized tungsten tested at 300°C had lessthan 10% of total elongation. On the other hand, at
testing temperature above 400°C, the total elongation ofrecrystallized tungsten was over 60%. The tensile

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
B04
strength and 0.2% proof stress decreased with increasing
testing temperature. The sharply increase of total
elongation at testing temperature above 400°C wascomported with a result of Bechtold [2] that a reduction ofarea in tungsten changed rapidly between 400°C from
300°C. In Fig. 6, the tensile strength and 0.2% proof
stress of unrecrystallized tungsten decrease withincreasing testing temperature, being similar torecrystallized tungsten. This can be explained from thefact that the deformation resistance of the metal
decreases at the high temperature in general [3]. From
Fig. 7, at the testing temperature above 400°C, the tensile
strength of recrystallized tungsten in the present study
was slightly higher than the data of Iijima et al [1]. Thismay be caused by higher deformation resistance due tohigh strain rate [4]. At high strain rate, the increase of
deformation resistance in recrystallized tungsten may
overcome softening by recovery during tensile test atelevated temperature.

Fig.

4 Stress-strain curves of the specimens with
unrecrystallized microstructure at various temperatures.

4. Conclusion
Tungsten which had two kinds of different
microstructure of recrystallized and unrecrystallized
microstructure were examined at strain rate 1.4×10-2 s-1
and testing temperature between 300°C and 600°C,
comparing with the report of Iijima et al. [1] that is resultof strain rate 1.4×10-3 s-1. Main results are followings.
1) The recrystallized tungsten fractured before reaching
maximum stress at testing temperature of 300°C. On theother hand, at the testing temperature above 400°C, therecrystallized tungsten had large elongation. The 0.2%
proof stress of unrecrystallized tungsten was higher thanthat of recrystallized tungsten.
2) The tensile strength of recrystallized tungsten at testing
temperature above 400°C was slightly increased byincreasing strain rate.
3) It is considered that the increase of tensile strength iscaused by higher work-hardening due to increase instrain rate.

Fig. 5 Temperature dependence of the tensile properties of thespecimens with recrystallized microstructure.

References[1]. Iijima et al. (2014). “ Tensile Properties of Tungsten at
Elevated Temperature” JSTP, pp. 285-286.
[2]. F. H. Bechtold, (1955). “ Tensile properties of annealed
tantalum at low temperatures” Acta Met, pp. 249-254.
[3]. Ohga et al, (2004).“ Kiso Sosei Kakoh Kogaku” Morikita
publisher.
[4]. Yumoto et al. (1980). “ Kihon Kikai Kousaku ()” The
Nikkan kogyo shinbun.

Fig. 6 Temperature dependence of the tensile properties ofthe specimens with unrecrystallized microstructure.

1.4×10-2s-1
1.4×10-3s-1

Fig. 3 Stress-strain curves of the specimens withrecrystallized microstructure at various temperatures.

Fig. 7 Temperature dependence of the strengths of thespecimens with recrystallized microstructure at two
strain rates.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
C01

Research and development of a high power millimeter wave wideband polarizer○Fumiaki Matsubara*, Keita Takii*, Takuma Sai*, Yoshitaka Ishida, Mikio Saigusa*,
Takayuki Kobayashi**, Shinichi Moriyama***College Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan,**Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan
E-Mail:13nm623n@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: millimeter wave, polarizer, JT-60SA, Ohmic Loss

1. Introduction
An Electron Cyclotron Current Drive (ECCD) is
one of the additional heating and current drive methodsof fusion plasma. High efficient operations for thismethodneed
theobliquely
propagating
electromagnetic wave with the specified ellipticalpolarization [1]. Polarizer is used to convert theelliptically polarization from linearly polarization. Up
to now, the high power all metal polarizer has beenused for narrow frequency band. In recent years, thedual-frequency gyrotron developed by JAEA would bepossible to change the frequency (110 GHz / 138 GHz).
If a wide band polarizer can be developed and installed
in a transmission line, this system can be simplified.
In this paper, the development of a wide band
polarizer with the development of dual-frequency
gyrotron for JT-60SA, is reported (Fig.1.). Thermal
stress analysis of the polarizer has been performed
using the Finite Element Method. Determining thematerial of the polarizer from the analysis result, highpower test was performed for evaluating Ohmic Loss.

The linearly polarized wave, which is injected at a
specified incident angle to a grooved mirror, can bedivided into the two polarizations. One is the fastpolarization: FP and the other is the slow polarization:
SP, where the z component of magnetic field of FP and
the z component of electric field of SP must be zero. The
former is reflected on the top of the groove, the latter isreflected at a bottom of it as shown in Fig. 3.
In order to suppress high order diffraction waves, theperiod a must be given bya
1  sin  cos (2.1)

where ψ is a incident angle, φ is a rotation one in Fig. 3,
and λ is a wavelength [2].

Fig. 3. Schematic view of grooved mirror.
Fig.1. Research flow.

2. The principle of polarizer
The principle of polarizer is the application of thephase difference between a fast polarization and slow
polarization in metal grooved mirrors. The high power
all metal polarizer is composed of the two rotatablegrooved mirrors installed in miter-bends in atransmission line (Fig.2.).

A universal polarizer generally consists of a pair ofgrooved mirrors. The groove depth of the one mirror isabout quarter wavelength, so that the phase difference
between two reflected polarization waves is about πradians. The groove depth of the other one is about 1/8of the wavelength, and the phase difference between
two reflected polarization waves is about π/2 radians.
Arbitrary elliptical polarized wave can be generated byrotating these two grooved mirrors.

3. Thermal stress analysis
3.1. Analysis modelFig. 2. Schematic view of Polarizer.

Linearly polarized Electromagnetic waves fromgyrotron are converted by two rotatable grooved
mirrors (Twister / Circular Polarizer) to specified
elliptically polarized wave.

To determine the material of the polarizer, thethermal stress analysis must be needed. Candidate of
the material is Oxygen Free Copper, Chromium Copper(SH-1), and Oxide dispersion strengthened cupper(Glidcop, AL-15). Analysis model of which sizes are
the same of actual polarizer is shown in Fig.4. Calorificvalues which are calculated by Eq. (2.2) are given to
the grooved mirror surface. Furthermore, theconstraints as shown in Fig.5 are assumed.

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Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
C01

Fig. 6. High power test stand.

4.2. High power test results

Fig.4. Analysis model.

Result of high power test is shown in Table 2.
Ohmic Losses of the Polarizer agree with theoreticalpredictions. However, Ohmic Loss of Arc sensor withmiter-bend was larger than the prediction. This isbecause the diffraction loss is included in theexperimental results.
Table.2. High power test results.

Polarizer
A [deg.]B [%]Fig. 5. Restraint condition.

Ohmic Loss Rs
1.17  0.85  2
 4  1.5 
Z0
1.17

0
0.45

Theory(2.2)

Where Rs is a Resistance and Z0 is a characteristic
impedance.

Test result

45
0.63

Miter bend90
1.1

Iincrease
1.4
2.4
times times

0
0.23

45
0.28

2 times
1.2
times

90
0.23
2 times
1.2
times

Where “A” is a rotation angle of the diffraction grating and“B” is a Ohmic loss.

4.3. Comparison of Analysis and Test

3.2. Analysis results
In determining the material of the polarizer, there
are following two conditions :①Stress does not exceed the yield stress②Side temperature of polarizer is less than 80℃
The analysis results show the cooling (Flow rate) of theorder to satisfy this condition (Table.1.). From theanalysis result, the material of the polarizer was
decided to Chromium-copper.

Comparison of Thermal analysis and High power
test is shown in Fig.7. In theory, h=12,000 W/m/K is
consistent with experimental result. Difference
between theory and experiment is measurement error.

Table.1. Analysis results.

①

②
h
Q
Oxygen-Free-Copper
2,000 1.32
Chromium-Copper
3,000 1.98
5,000 3.30
Glidcop (AL-15)
2,000 1.32
Where h [W/m2/K] is a heat transfer coefficient and Q[L/min] is a flow rate.
h
7,000

Q
4.62

4. High power test
4.1. High power test standHigh power test was performed in order to evaluate
the Ohmic loss of the polarizer. Here, the twister which
generates a large amount of heat is used.
Electromagnetic wave from the gyrotron is propagatedin the HE11 mode to the polarizer via MOU and the
directional coupler as shown Fig.6. Then, it of RF
wave is converted polarization by the polarizer, and the
RF power is absorbed by the dummy load at the end.

Fig. 7. Time evolution of polarizer temperature.

5. Summary
From the results of thermal stress analysis, thematerial of the polarizer was decided to chromium
copper. High power test was performed in the twister.
The dependence of Ohmic loss of polarizer inexperiment agree with theoretical predictions.

References[1]. M.I. Petelin, 1st International Workshop on ECRH
transmission System, Florida, 1990.
[2]. N.Sugiyama, et al., (2011), "Research and Developmentof High Power Wide-band Polarizer for ECCD System"
Plasma Conference 2011, Kanazawa, 23P098-P.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
C02

Practical Dynamic SSE with Forward Privacy○Hirotoki Sato*, Yasuhiro Ohtaki***Major in Computer and Information Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,**Center for Information Technology, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *13NM711Y@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp, **y.ohtaki@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Searchable Symmetric Encryption

1. Introduction
Cloud storage services have become very convenient in
our lives. These storages have a possibility of being
cracked by a third party. In order to prevent sensitive
information from leaking, we may encrypt all of files
before uploading to the storage server. However, a simple
encryption will make it difficult to find and retrieve thefiles that you need. Searchable Symmetric Encryption(SSE) can prevent information leakage without losing theconvenience of the cloud storage.
A basic SSE scheme consists of a store phase and asearch phase. In the Store phase, the client builds an index
that describes the correspondence between the files andkeywords. The client stores the encrypted index whenstoring the encrypted files to the server. In the Searchphase, the client sends an encrypted keyword to the server.
The server can determine the files that contain the
keyword without decrypting the encrypted keyword andthe index. The server learns nothing about the keyword
and the files.
Dynamic SSE is a SSE scheme that allows client to add
or update files after the production of the encrypted index.
SSE schemes that are not dynamic are called static SSE.
In dynamic SSE scheme, we have to consider a property
called “forward privacy”. In this paper, we proposed apractical dynamic SSE that satisfies the requirements forforward security.

Fig. 1. Store Phase

Fig. 2: Search Phase

2. Related works
In 2006, Curtmola et al. proposed two static SSE
schemes called SSE-1 and SSE-2 [1]. The encryptedindex of SSE-1 is built as a linear list. SSE-1 is
CKA1-secure. The index of SSE-2 is built as a look-up
table. SSE-2 is CKA2-secure. Curtmola defined theclassification of leakage information allowed in SSE, andformulated its security requirements.

In 2012, Kamara et al. proposed a dynamic SSE scheme[2]. In their approach the encrypted index is build byextending the linear list in SSE-1. The scheme is
CKA2-secure. However, the structure of the index is toocomplicated and is hard to implement. It also has somedrawbacks. When updating the index, partial information
stored in the list structure are leaked to the server.
In 2013, Kamara et al. proposed another dynamic SSE
scheme that supports parallelizing [3]. The index of thisapproach is built as red-black tree. This scheme is also
CKA2-secure.
In 2013, Ogata et al. proposed a dynamic SSE scheme
called SSE-1’ [4]. They relaxed the security requirementsof SSE-1 and proposed a lightweight version of it. First
they show three requirements to be “practical”, which are“efficient search”, “reasonable index size” and“scalability”. They also formulated additional security
requirements to the one formulated in [1], which permits
additional leakage from the practical point of view.

3. Forward Privacy in SSE
In a dynamic SSE, the following information are
allowed to leak:1.
Encrypted keyword used for keyword search.
2.
Document identifiers of documents that matchedin a specific keyword search.
3.
Document identifiers of added or deleted
documents in the update phase.
4.
Index size
Ideally, any other information must not leak throughsearch or update operations.
Related to the second leakage information, there is an
important issue called “Forward privacy”. That is, if wesearch for a keyword w and later add a new document
containing keyword w, the server does not learn that the
new document contains the keyword w.
When “updating” the index in dynamic SSE, there are
two approaches. One is to add information related to the
new file inside the existing index and update the structural
information. In this paper, we call this approach as “index
update type”. This update method does not satisfy forward
privacy. Another approach is to generate and add a newindex, which contains information according to the new
file. So the whole index consists of many indexes ofdifferent generation. In this paper, we call this approach as“index-adding type”. This approach satisfies forward
privacy if we change the master encryption key to build
each generation of index. However this approach has adrawback. We have to send many encrypted keywords inthe search phase. That is, we have to send keywords tosearch through each generation of index. Thus the numberof encrypted keyword sent to the server increase as we
update the index. If the index has been updated 100 times,
then the client have to send 100 search keyword tokens
t1(w),…,t100(w) .

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4. Proposed scheme
In this section, we propose a new dynamic SSE byextending the construction of SSE-2. This is because
SSE-1 is inferior to SSE-2 from the aspect of security;
SSE-2 is CKA2-secure while SSE-1 is CKA1-secure. The
basic structure of the index is a set of lookup table, which
implementation is easy. Thus there is little leakage
information to the server when “updating” the index. We
can obtain the same security as other dynamic SSE shownin [3][4].

4.1. Structure of the Index
The basic structure of the index is shown in Fig.3. To
achieve forward privacy, the index is designed as“index-adding type”. Each generation of index consists offour tables: Tw, Ts, Tf and Td.
Fig. 4. Generation key management

Fig. 3: Index of proposed scheme

Tables Tw and Ts are used in the search phase. The
server first lookups Tw to find the number of file related tothe search token t(w). Let nw denote this. Then the server
generates nw search data to lookup Ts and obtain a set of
document ID.
Tables Tf and Td are used when deleting a file in the
update phase. On file deletion, entries in Ts related to thefile should be removed. Tf and Td are used to find thelocation of the entry in Ts without decrypting Ts. The
server receives an encrypted file ID from the client andlookups Tf to find the number of keywords related to thefile. Then the server generates search data to lookup Td.
The server can know the address of entry in table Ts bylooking up Td. To keep consistency, the number of files
recorded in Tw should be also updated. This update isdone when an inconsistency is found in the search phase
performed latter.

4.2. Generation key management

As mentioned before, “index-adding type” SSE has aproblem that the number of the encryption key increases
according to each update. To solve this problem, wedeveloped a generation key management scheme. Insteadof maintaining encryption keys for each generation, we
designed to calculate each generation key using public
key encryption and a counter. For example, the searchtoken t3(w) for the third index is calculated as follows:
t3(w)=H(EK1(EK1(EK1(w))))(1)
Here, K1 is the private key of public encryption schemeand H() is a cryptographic one-way hash function.
Assume that the third generation is the latest. In the
search phase, the client calculatess3 = EK1(EK1(EK1(w)))(2)
and send it to the server. The server can calculate theencrypted search keyword for every generation of index
as follows:

t3(w)= H(s3)=H(EK1(EK1(EK1(w))))t2(w)= H(D(s3))=H(EK1(EK1(w)))(3)
t1(w)= H(D(D(s3)))=H(EK1(w))
Here, D() denotes decryption using a public key.
Upon adding a new file, the forth generation index iscreated. Each entry in the tables of the forth index are
encrypted by the scheme mentioned above.
Thus the client only has to send a fixed number of search
keyword.

5. Conclusion
In this paper we proposed a new practical dynamic SSE
scheme. The basic structure of the index is based on
lookup table and is easy to implement. Our scheme isdesigned as index-adding type and thus satisfies forward
privacy. In order to reduce the number of encrypted
keywords sent in the search phase, we also developed a
new generation key management scheme.

References[1]. Reza Curtmola, Juan Garay, Seny Kamara, Rafail Ostrovsky,‘‘Searchable symmetric encryption: improved definitions
and efficient constructions’’, Proc. of CCS’06, pp. 79-88,
2006.
[2]. Seny Kamara, Charalampos Papamanthou, Tom Roeder,‘‘Dynamic Searchable Symmetric Encryption’’, Proc. of
CCS’12, pp. 965- 975, 2012.
[3]. Seny Kamara and Charalampos Papamanthou, ‘‘Parallel andDynamic Searchable Symmetric Encryption’’, Proc. of the2013 Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2013.
[4]. Wakaha Ogata, Keita Koiwa, Akira Kanaoka, Shin'ichiro
Matsuo, ‘‘Toward Practical Searchable Symmetric
Encryption’’, Proc. of the Advances in Information andComputer Security, LNCS Vol. 8231, pp .151-167, 2013.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
C03

Development of Virtual File Manager for Organizing Files○Yoshihiro Ito*, Masaru Kamada**Department of Computer and Information Science, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: 14nm701r@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: file manager, organize files, virtual

1. Introduction

3. System Overview

This study aims at a file manager by which the user
can organize files fast by virtual file operations forrenaming, copying and moving. The user can organize
files smoothly even when moving large files because
the files will not be moved physically until the userpresses the “commit” button. In addition, files canbe organized like a file manager that we are familiar
everyday use in appearance.
File operations on the virtual file manager is
executed together after the file organization is over.
The time is not applied to the file operation since it issummarized in the last time-consuming processing.
This software has been created as a Windows
application by using the Windows form of .Net
framework.

This section describes the overview of the system
depicted in Fig. 2. This system is intended to offer afast means of rearranging the files and folders in termsof graphical user operations (unlike the text-based
interface of XADisk) but not to remember all thehistorical states of the file system (unlike thetime-machine computing).
On boot, the system creates a virtual file system, i.e.,a virtual copy of the real file system. If we would makea complete virtual copy of all the files on the computerat a time, the user would be kept waiting for a longtime until he can start operating on the virtual filesystem. Instead, the system makes the virtual filesystem dynamically and incrementally, i.e., the real
files and folders are made virtual only when they are
touched by the user. This makes it possible to preventthe user from waiting for the virtual file system to becompleted. Since the virtual files do not have theircontents on the physical drives, all file operations on
the virtual file system can be performed at a highspeed.
Every time the user applies an operation on a virtual
file or folder in the virtual file manager, the system
pushes it into the operation history queue. After a seriesof virtual operations, the user presses the “commit”
button to activate the real file operations. Each
operation is taken out one by one from the operation
history queue and applied to the real file system in theorder they are pushed in the operation history queue.
That is how the file operation on the virtual file system
is consistently applied to the real file system.

2. Related Works
2.1. XADisk
XADisk [1] is an open source software that Nitin
Verma developed in Java. This is possible to access thefile system by using the transaction to transfer multiple
files at a time while keeping the ACID properties of thefiles. However, it does not offer a graphical userinterface but a text-based interface.

2.2. Time-Machine Computing and TimeSpace
Time-machine computing is a computer desktop
environment based on the concept of time-centric userinterfaces by Junichi Rekimoto [2] that theaccumulated history of user operations enables us to go
visually back to the state of computer desktop at any
time in the past. Apple computer’s Time Machine canbe regarded as a descendant of this time-machine
computing. On the basis of this invention, a software
product named TimeSpace has been developed. It
offers the pseudo desktop such as shown in Fig. 1.
TimeScape allows for file organizations along thetime-space dimensions. It works as a backup tool aswell as a quick search tool.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a system of virtual file
manager.
Fig. 1. The main screen of the Time Space.

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4. Functions

5. Conclusion

This Section describes the functions of the virtual
file manager.
The user see the main screen as displayed in Fig. 3
when the user starts the virtual file manager. The user
operates files and folders on this virtual file manager.
Real application of the operations to the real filesystem will be delayed until the user press the“commit” button.

We developed a virtual file manager that a file
operation on the virtual file. It will improve theefficiency of file organization because the user canoperate files smoothly without waiting for the real filesystem to finish he real file operation in the process offile organization.

4.1. Cut[1] Nitin Verma. (2010). “Transaction with File
System in Java |XADisk” <https://xadisk.java.net>(Accessed 11.08.14)[2] Junichi Rekimoto. (1999). “Time-Machine
Computing:Towards
Time-centric
User
Interfaces”, Workshop on Interactive System andSoftware '99 (WISS '99).

This function is intended to move a virtual file orfolder to another folder. After this operation, the user is
supposed to select the folder to which the user plans tomove the cut file.

4.2. Copy
This function is intended to copy a virtual file. After
this operation, the user is supposed to select the folder
to which the user plans to make a duplicate copy of thefile.

4.3. Paste
This function is intended to paste the cut or copied
file into a specified folder.

4.4. Remove
This function is intended to remove the specified
file.

4.5. Rename
This function is intended to rename the specified
file.

4.6. Create new Folders
This function is intended to create a new folder andgive a name to it.

4.7. Undo
This function is used to retrieve the last operation.

4.8. Redo
This function is used to start over the operation justretrieved.

4.9. Commit
This function is executed by pressing the "commit"
button. It is intended to apply all the virtual file
operations to the real file system so that the structure of
the real file system be the same as that of the virtual
file system.

Fig. 3. Main screen of the virtual file manager.

References

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Development of cost effective WSN system for accurate land displacement
disaster prevention
G.Anne Nisha1, Atsushi Minato1
Department of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University(4-12-1, Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan)
E-Mail: 1annenishag@gmail.com, 1minato@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: bubble tube, landslide prevention, disaster measurement, WSN, Raspberry Pi
1Landslide is a major disaster causing natural
catastrophes frequently. Monitoring the inclination ofland is important to prevent and reduce the negative
effects of landslide. While considering the large scaleinstallation, the monitoring system should be stable andinexpensive. This paper deals with the development of a
new low cost inclination measurement system and its
application to a wireless sensor network for disasterprevention. The achieved resolution was 0.000153°/pix
using bubble tube level with a radius of curvature of
20000mm. Measurement data was compared with thedata from commercial inclinometer.

be defined as ΔX = Rθx(1)
Where R: RoC, θx: device tilted angle in X direction.
If the change in the X-axis direction of the pixel valueon the image Δix and assuming ‘a’ as the real space of
one pixel, θx= (a/R) Δix(2)
The same technique can be applied to the Y direction.
In this system, the image data of the bubble is captured
by using a digital camera. Shooting instruction for thecamera was performed using microcomputer or
personal computer.
The proposed method is to calculate the angle and tilt
direction of the apparatus from the position of the
bubble center.

2. Introduction

3. Evaluation experiment

1. Abstract

2.1.1. Research backgroundLandslide hazard monitoring and analysis can provide
useful information for the catastrophic loss reduction
and assist in the development of guidelines for asustainable land use planning
In the devastated area with a risk of landslide,monitoring the ground movement is necessary to predictthe risk of landside. At present, there are several
commercial equipments, which can detect changes ofthe land area. Even though these equipments can beused to obtain more accurate information, their cost isvery high [1] [2]. So the development of inexpensive andreliable equipments has become a social requirement atpresent.

2.1.2. System description & Principle ofmeasurement
This system has a USB web camera, a calibrated
cylindrical bubble tube with 20000mm radius ofcurvature for greater precision and an XBee wirelessmodule for real time monitoring. The bubble tube iscontinuously monitored by the USB camera, the angle
and direction of inclination is measured by the change inbubble position. A GNL18/M model THORLABS
goniometer was used to record the inclination (Fig. 1).

3.1.1. Basic experiment
The vial is set on top of the goiniometer and adjusted insuch a way that when the base is horizontal the bubble
tries to remain at the highest point of the tube and moves
along the scale. If the base is tilted to an angle in therange of +/-0.5°, the bubble will move to a distance.
Inclination of the device changes to 0.000153° for the
bubble of one pixel. The number of pixels was set to640x480.

3.1.2. Continuous measurement
Continuous measurements at particular time interval
are required to understand the characteristics of the
bubble movement and land displacement. For thispurpose, a sensor network system was developed basedon the basic system description discussed in section
2.1.2. The basic configuration of the sensor network isshown in Fig.2.

Fig. 2. Sensor network setup

Fig. 1. Conceptual diagram of the measurement techniqueAmount of shift in the bubble’s center position ΔX can

For wireless module either Blue tooth or Xbee module
can be used based on the distance between the locationsof the sensors. Here, we used class 1 bluetooth module
which has about 100m range of communication. For
higher distances XBee communication module can beused (Which has a range of 1km communication).
The measurement was done simultaneously by using a
Raspberry Pi computer for validation purpose. A
12V/5Ah battery with DC-DC converter is used toobtain the 5V power supply for the system. Linux based
Python is used as a controlling program for

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Raspberry-Pi. Cron-tab technique is used to execute theprogram automatically when Raspberry Pi is turned on.
Basic configuration of the network is shown in Fig.3.

distortion and pincushion distortion. Distortion is tested
with a graph sheet plotted with plots and the image data
captured. The result was checked for how it appears on
the optics, when conducted result shows error of 1-2%.
Left part of the image is distorted comparing to the rightpart of the image (Fig. 6).

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of Raspberry Pi network

3.1.3. Experiment results and validation
Sensitivity of the bubble tube is expressed as the angleof tilt for which the bubble will move in the bubble tube.
The sensitivity is directly related to the radius ofcurvature of the vial, longer the radius more sensitivethe vial will be. Bubble tube with high radius ofcurvature is difficult to manufacture and it has someerror due to flatness. It is necessary to calibrate the vialwith goniometer to determine the sensitivity.
Bubble tube sensitivity θ is calculated by taking radiusof curvature as 20000mm
θ = (pi/180)*20000 =349mm/deg.
(3)
The below graph shows the change in pixel value withrespect to the angle of inclination (Fig. 4).

Fig. 6. Distortion graph obtained from the camera image

Continuous measurement of data with 10minutes timeinterval was taken automatically with interval shot web
camera and the change in bubble tube was noted. Below
figure shows the results obtained from continuous
measurement of the bubble (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Results of continuous measurement of the bubble.

4. conclusion
Fig. 4. Sensitivity graph (deg Vs pixel)

From the figure it is shown that Y = mx+c; where m is
the slope. Hence sensitivity is calculated as 6460°/pix.
m=6460.
The below figure shows the change in the bubble
position from the center in mm with respect to the angle
of inclination (Fig. 5).

Even small changes in land position can be measured
successfully from this experiment and the obtained
measurements were proven reliable. As the setup cost isvery low, it can be implemented in large scale. The
major advantages of the proposed method are that it is
not affected by electrical noise and it is less susceptible
to temperature changes.
Anyhow, measurement cannot be done when the liquid
inside the bubble tube is inflated at high temperature orwhen it is frozen at low temperature causing thedisappearance of the bubble. Hence field observations
in such extreme hot or cold regions should be done witha temperature control device.
The analysis is used to evaluate the factors related toland displacement measurement, formulate themeasurement technique and to predict the landslide
hazard in future.

References

Fig. 5. Sensitivity graph (deg Vs mm)

The real time sensitivity of the bubble tube is 334mm/°
which is closer to the bubble tube sensitivity.
Geometric distortion has to be considered for theimage data. Two common types of distortion are barrel[1]. Sasahara Katsuo, Tamura Keiji (2010) “Simulation model ofsurface displacement of steep slope made of granite soil under
middle scale rainfall”, Journal of the Japan LandslideSociety : Landslides 47(3), 155-160.
[2]. Mo Yang, Masanori Itaba, Atsushi Minato, Satoru Ozawa(2013) “Development of perpendicular sensor and Its
Application for Raging”, ISCIU6, 75-76.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
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D01

The Relationship between the Thrombogenicity and the Generated Flowaround 3-Dimentional Micro Geometrical Structures on the Bio-material-Investigation of Micro Flow○Akiko Ota-Ishigaki*, Toru Masuzawa*, Takayuki Shibata**,Takahiro Kawashima**, Osamu Maruyama****Ibaraki University, **Toyohashi University of Technology,*** National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
E-Mail: *11nd209s@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp, ** shibata@me.tut.ac.jp, *** osamu.maruyama@aist.go.jp
Keywords: Thrombogenicity, Surface Roughness, Micro Geometrical Structure, Micro Flow,

1. Introduction
The problems of blood compatibility haveresearched to develop artificial hearts and artificial
valves for long time. However, many researches havefocused on the effect of electrical and chemical
property of bio-materials on blood compatibility [1].
But, Biological reaction on bio-materials arecomplicated and have not yet revealed.
To develop artificial hearts, thrombus formation on
artificial heart surface is a serious problem to prevent
infarct [2]. The cause of thrombogenicity, that areelectrical and chemical nature on artificial material,
blood property, shear flows in an artificial heart andsurface roughness [3], are reported in a lot of study.
However, several factors are intricately interrelated
and have not yet revealed completely. Especially, thecontributions of surface roughness on the bloodcompatibility are reported that not only to cause
thrombogenicity but also to inhibit thrombogenicity as‘textured surface’ [4]. The complicated reaction inthrombogenicity process on the rough surface has to beinvestigated for improvement of blood compatibility inartificial organs. It is considered that the shear flowin micro level cause thrombogenicity on a roughsurface. The irregularities on the rough surface
generates complex flow on rough surface, and it isdifficult to evaluate relationship between micro shear
flow around irregular pattern and thrombogenicity.
Therefore, we focused on 3-dimentional microgeometrical structures composed of roughness surface.
The objective of this study is to investigate therelationship between the thrombogenicity and thegenerated flow around 3-Dimentional microgeometrical structures on the material.
Flowconditions around 3D micro geometrical structures on asilicon surface are reported in this paper as a basic study.

Fig. 1. CFD model and CFD mesh model

Table 1. CFD conditions
SoftwareANSYS
CFX Ver.14
Flow in
0.1 L/min
Boundary
Flow out
0.1 L/minConditionWall
No slip
Viscosity(blood)
0.003 Pa*s
Working
Fluid
Density(blood)1050 kg/m3
The number of mesh components
About 10,000,000
Analysis model
Laminar flow model

2.2. Experimental Flow visualization
Silicon test pieces with 3D micro geometricalstructures are constructed by Micro Electro Mechanical
Systems (MEMS) as shown in Figure 2. The test
piece size is 10  10 mm, and 9 rows 5 columns of
micro cylindrical structures are set at backward of flow
region. The cylinder has a diameter of 10 mm and aheight of 50  m.
The distance between eachcylinders are set to 1000  m to avoid flowinterference.

2. Method
2.1. CFD analysis for flow visualization
The flow condition around micro cylinders on a test
piece are analyzed with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis. The range of 20 mm square flow partas Figure 1 is built for CFD model. The flow partwas modeled using about 10,000,000 hexahedral
elements. The analysis was calculated with laminarflow model. The condition for the CFD analysis isshown in Table 1.

Fig. 2. Test piece with 3D micro geometrical structures

Figure 3 shows a perfusion chamber that is designed
as widen inlet and narrow outlet to prevent secondary
flow and eddy flow in the chamber. The fluid channelheight is 1 mm. The test piece is set at 11 mm squaregroove of the chamber. There is a clearance between
the 11 mm square groove and the 10 mm square test

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piece for priority setting of the test piece.

test piece. Slow flow is shown near the cylinder root
compare with the middle point of cylinders.

3.2. Experimental result
Figure 6 is shown the observed result of perfusion
with the mixed polyvinyl alcohol in the water. The
left picture shows the bellows half of cylindricalline-columns photographed by a 2.5 times lens, and theright picture shows one cylinder photographed by a 50
times lens. Agglomeration of a polyvinyl alcohol wasobserved around the root of cylinders. However,irregular adhesion was shown on the overall test piece.

Fig. 3. Perfusion chamber

A perfusion test circuit are assembled for flow
visualization to evaluate flows which are generated
around the micro 3D geometrical structures (Figure 4).
The chamber connected to a peristaltic tube pump(RP-2100, Tokyo RIKAKIKAI co.) and a 200 mL
beaker with connecting silicon tubes.
A polyvinyl alcohol (NA-150 YAMATO) as a tracer
particle are mixed in the water. The mixed water was
filled in the circuit and perfused in the circuit at 200 S-1(Flow rate is about 0.1 L/min) on the test piece thatwas controlled with the peristaltic pump for 20 min.
After perfusion, test piece was removed and observed
pigment adhesion around the geometrical structures byusing a 3D laser measuring microscope (LEXT
OLS4000-SMT, Shimadzu Co.).
50μm

Fig. 4. Perfusion test circuit for flow visualization

3. Result3.1. CFD result

Fig. 6. Observation on the silicon surface and around thecylinder with mixed polyvinyl alcohol

4. Discussion
A polyvinyl alcohol was shown aggregation by theroot of cylinder as the result of experimental flow
visualization. Adhesion of the polyvinyl alcohol at
the cylinder root may have been due to small flow
velocity at the root compare with the middle point ofeach cylinders as shown in the result of CFD analysis.
On the other hand, the polyvinyl alcohol irregularly
adhered at overall on the test piece as shown in theexperimental result.
It is considered that theclearance, between the groove and the test piece,
generate turbulent flow cause of fluctuation of the test
piece during perfusion. And also, peristaltic tube
pump might generate pulsatile flow in the chamber.
The blood cell adhesion could be shown at the root ofcylinder in the experiment with blood, however, it isneed to improve the experimental chamber for
inhibition of flow turbulence in the experiment withblood.

References

Fig. 5. Velocity vector

Figure 5 is shown the CFD result as velocity vector.
The left and right pictures show overall of the CFD
model and close up of one cylinder, respectively. The
flow between each cylinders didn’t interact each otheras a left picture. No turbulence flow shown on the1]. Lindsey E. Corum et al. (2010). “Screening
platelet–surface interactions using negative surface charge
gradients” Biomaterials 31(12):3148-3155
2]. Kirklin JK et al. (2013). “Fifth INTERMACS annual
report: risk facto r analysis from more than 6,000 mechanicalcirculatory support patients.” J Heart Lung Transplant.
32(2):141-156
3]. Furukawa KS. et al. (2000). “Effect of shear stress onplatelet adhesion to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, asilicone sheet, and an endothelial cell monolayer”, ASAIO
46(6): 696-701.
4]. Yukiko Yamada et al. (2011). “Neo intima-inducing
inflow cannula with titanium mesh for left ventricular assist
device”, Artificial Organs 14: 269-275.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
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D02

Turbidity monitoring of water bodies using color measurement system○S.H.P.K. Lakesh*, D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka, Jiazhenzhen, Atsushi Minato
Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Ibaraki University, Japan
E-Mail: * lakeshk77@yahoo.com
Keywords: Secchi disk, Turbidity, Water color, Water body
We developed water color measuring system using
threecolor LED and phototransistor.
1. Introduction
In
this study, we used the Arduino (Atmega 328), theTurbidity is a parameter of water clarity to a degree
threecolorsLED (OSTA71A1D-A; Red, Blue and Greento which the water loses its transparency due to theLED)andphototransistor(KPT08IM31). Here we fixed
presence of suspended particulates. Suspended materials
thephototransistor
and
three
colors LED in a distance ofinclude soil particles (clay, silt, and sand), algae, plankton,
15cm
each
other
besideaplastic
black box. The size of
microbes, and other substances. Turbidity can affect the
the
box
is:
20cm
x
3cm
x
3cm.
In order to avoid thecolor of the water and therefore water color is essential
current leak, the both leads of LED and phototransistor
parameter to evaluate turbidity. Higher turbidity also
are proofed with the water proof adhesive. In addition,
reduces the amount of light penetrating the water, which
the Bluetooth devise(RN/41) is also connected, in order
reduces photosynthesis and the production of dissolvedto access the system remotely and powered the system
oxygen (DO). Turbidity can be useful as an indicator ofusing the three rechargeable batteries (AA 1.2V;
the effects of runoff from construction, agricultural
2400mAh) and the current is supplied thorough highpractices, logging activity, discharges, and other sources.
efficient single inductor buck-boost converter 1.8-A
Turbidity often increases sharply during a rainfall,
switched with DC to DC converter (TPS6300) and theespecially in developed watersheds, which typically have
5V output voltage is given to the system. The Figure.1
relatively high proportions of impervious surfaces [1], [2],shows the system design.
[3].
Turbidity is generally measured by using a turbidity
meter. Another approach is to measure transparency (anintegrated measure of light scattering and absorption)
instead of turbidity. Water clarity/transparency can bemeasured using a Secchi disk. The Secchi disk can only be
used in deep, slow moving rivers. Both methods haveseveral advantages and disadvantages [4], [5], [6].
Table 1. Comparison of commercial available Turbidity
meter with Secchi Disk.

Turbidity Meter
High accuracy
High cost
No Personnel errors

Secchi disk
Low accuracy
Low cost
Personnel errors of thereading
No effect from sun's glare
errors because of the sun's
glare on the water
Can be used any time
Can be used day time only
Therefore to avoid these disadvantages we proposed a
simple and inexpensive instrument for water color
monitoring.

Fig.2. Test Circuit device.

2. Experimental Design

Fig.3. Circuit design of the system

Fig.１. Diagram of Water color monitoring system.

Three color LED illuminates in short time. The voltageof phototransistor corresponds to the intensity of threecolor lights. These values depend on the absorption ofwater color between the LED and the phototransistor. In
addition, it is capable of sending data to the PC or

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Tablets wirelessly via Bluetooth communication. Here
we used the android tablet to get RGB data in wirelessly.
Figure 2, 3 depict the test circuit device and circuitdesign of the system. Figure 4 shows the measuring ofwater transparency using Secchi disk during our previous
studies in Lake Senba, Mito, Japan. Commerciallyavailable turbidity meter (TN-100), which we used in our
experiment works given in figure 5.

that the blue green and red signals are stronger at eachcolored water.
At the present stage of experiment, we got thetransmittance of clear water. The transmittance of RGB
value in the pond water was at high level comparing withclear water. Turbidity can be calibrated comparing withclear water. According to this experiment we understoodthat, it is possible to develop accruable and standard
water color parameter for turbidity monitoring bycomparing with RGB transmittance value of clear water,
reading of both Secchi disk and TN-100 commerciallyavailable turbidity meter.

4. Conclusion

Fig.4. Measuring water transparency using Secchi disk at
Senba Lake, Japan during our previous studies.

The proposed mobile water color monitoring system
can be applied to the measurement of water color whichused for turbidity and Chlorophyll-a calculation of thewater environment. In addition, we plan to conduct
continues monitoring and get data at the actual water
environment in the next experiment stage. Our previous
studies we used the expensive turbidity meters as well as
simple Secchi disk methods for the water quality
measurements.
Since there are disadvantages ofcommercially available turbidity meters and traditional
methods like Secchi disk, we realized that thedevelopment of a low-cost portable water color measuringsystem is necessary to use in monitoring programs ofdeveloping countries.

References

Fig.5. Commercially available Turbidity meter (TN-100).

3. Experiment
For this experiment we used the technique oftransmittance between three color LED andphototransistor. According to the water color, thetransmittance of RGB value will be change. By getting
transmittance RGB value from clear water and different
colors (Red, Green and Blue), it is possible to develop
accruable and standard water color parameter forturbidity monitoring in the water environment.
At first we put the test box in to the clear water (Tapwater) and got the transmittance of the RGB value. Afterthat we got the transmittance of RGB value from a pond
(Ibaraki University pond; Lon: 36.57406°N|Lat:140.64251°E).
In the previous studies, we had done the fundamental
test using three colors of water and tested thetransmittance RGB value and compared it withcommercially available spectrometer (SP-300).
According to the data comparison, we understood[1]. APHA. (1992). “Standard methods for theexamination of water and wastewater“. 18th ed.
American Public Health Association, Washington,DC.
[2]. Mississippi Headwaters River Watch. (1991).
“Water quality procedures“. Mississippi Headwaters
Board. March.
[3]. Mitchell, M.K., and W. Stapp. “Field manual forwater quality monitoring“. 5th ed. Thompson Shore
Printers.
[4]. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). (1995)(draft). “Clean Water Initiative Volunteer Stream
Monitoring Methods Manual“.TVA, 1101 Market
Street, CST 17D, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2801[5]. USEPA. 1991. Volunteer lake monitoring: A
methods manual. EPA 440/4-91-002. Office of Water,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,DC.
[6]. White, T. (1994). Monitoring a watershed:
Nationwide turbidity testing in Australia. Volunteer
Monitor. 6(2):22-23.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
D03

Proposal of Android Application for Waiters to Enable Service Like Fancy
Restaurant○Yuji FUJISHIMA*, Masaru KAMADA*** Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, ** Computer and Information Sciences Ibaraki
University
E-Mail: 14nm718h@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp,
Keywords: Android, POS system, Human recognition, Voice recognition, System enhancement

1. Introduction
Casual restaurants are a resort for families andyoung people. They offer inexpensive dishes withreasonable quality. In order for better service at lower
cost, many restaurants are equipped with apoint-of-sale (POS)[1] system for ordering, kitchenscheduling, stock management, billing, and accounting.
The current system processes data by the unit of a table
and lacks the ability to serve personally each of theguests sharing the table.
We have been developing a software productprototype that converts a Google Android[2] tablet into
a POS terminal that is capable of serving guests
personally. In this report, we will describe themotivation for this product, its overview and possible
impact on the management of casual restaurants.

2. Motivation
We shall review the current restaurant POS systems
from the guest’s point of view to highlight theirproblems.
Sitting on a table at a casual restaurant, guests arewelcome by a waiter with a handy terminal in his hand.
Each guest individually tells the waiter what to haveunless the party has a strong leader who is willing tocontrol everything. The waiter inputs the orders one by
one as told into the handy terminal. In case the dishoffers some optional choices, the terminal prompts thewaiter to ask the quest to choose an option.
After taking all the orders for dishes, the waiter says’“Is that all? I repeat what is ordered.” Then he starts
reading the list of ordered dishes that appears on theterminal. Currently the list is not arranged individuallyfor each guest or in the time-series of orders. The list isrearranged in the order favorable for kitchen schedulingand billing. The bureaucratic declamation of the list isfollowed by the message “Is that right?” Suppose, forexample, that three out of five guests on the same tableordered hamburger stake individually. Each guest
remembers what he is going to have. But they cannot
calculate easily that there are exactly three hamburger
stakes that the party will have as a whole. The guests
have no choice other than confirming theincomprehensive list. Otherwise the waiter runs into a
deadlock state and the dishes will never be served.
This bureaucratic list in favor of kitchen staff andcashers causes no troubles with the waiter. He has only
to ask the same thing every time he brings a dish to thetable, “Who is going to have this dish?”
Personalized service makes a restaurant comfortableand even look classy. It would be nice if a waiter takes
orders personally, remembers which guest will have
which dishes, and brings the dishes straight in front ofeach guest. That has been practiced for a ling time at
the first class restaurants.
A similar personalized service can be practiced evenat casual restaurants with a little help from a little more
intelligent POS terminal. It is not at all difficult for acomputer system to rearrange the list of dishes in the
personal form, in the order of kitchen operation, or inany form suitable for a task. The personalized list ofdishes is useful even at the casher in case the party
wants to go Dutch.
In this study, we concentrate our consideration on thewaiter’s interface of the handy terminal so that it allow
for personalized services.

3. Related work
3.1. Cross i"Cross i" is the iPad self-ordering system that
CROSS-DREAM Inc. has developed.Waiter is unable
to identify the person who ordered because this systemaggregates the order by the unit of table.

3.2. China fire pot shop small fertilizer
sheep“China fire pot shop small fertilizer sheep” is asmartphone app that webCrew Inc. has developed. Thisapp identifies the location of the table by using the QR
code and iBeacon. Also customers can individuallyorder from their smartphones. So this system canidentify the terminal that has placed the order but thewaiter does not know it.

4. System Overview
The proposed system is an application that runs on
Android devices. System overview is shown in (Fig.
1.). The waiter enter ordered items together with theperson who ordered in the Android terminal, and thesystem stores the information. Bringing dishes to thetable, the waiter checks the terminal see whom to serve
the dishes.

Fig. 1. System overview.

The next section explains the functions of the proposedsystem.

5. Functions of the system
5.1. Setting the table layout
The user can layout the tables according to each

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restaurant. By checking the state of tables in restauranton the screen such as (Fig. 2.), the waiter can see thestatus of each table.

5.7. Serving the dishesThis feature enables a waiter to know at a glance
whom he should serve the dish currently in his hands.

5.8. Accounting
This allows the verification of the ordered items andaccounting of the orders of each individual and theentire table.

6. Conclusion
A handy terminal with the proposed user interface
will transform an ordinary waiter a skilled one such as
working at classy restaurants. This software system isstill under development and will hopefully be
integrated into the existing POS system for restaurants.

Fig. 2. Screen of checking the state of tables.

5.2. Setting the menu
Function to set items, prices and categories in themenu.

5.3. String with the seat and humans by
person recognition
The waiter takes a picture of the guests on the tableby the terminal that has a built-in camera when guests
have arrived at the table. Then the system extracts
persons out of the photo and remembers who is sitting
each seat.

5.4. Speech recognition of orders
The terminal analyzes the voice uttered from acustomer or a waiter at the time of repetition by voicerecognition to pick up the ordered item from the menu.

5.5. Registration of orders
The waiter drags the selected item and drops it onto
the guest on the group photo of the table as shown in(Fig. 3.).

Fig. 3. Order registration by dragging and dropping theitem onto the guest.

5.6. Table status view
The waiters and the manager can check the status ofeach table.
State of the table and their description are shown in(Table. 1.).
Table. 1 State of the table and their description.

State of the table
Empty
Waiting for orderNow catering
Now cleaning

Description
The table is empty and clean for
new guests.
We are waiting for the orders.
We are serving the dishes.
The table is to be cleaned.

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
CROSS DREAM (2010). “Cross i”
WebCreaw Inc. (2014). “China fire pot shop small fertilizer
sheep”

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
D04

Evaluation of band-to-band position gaps in ASTER thermal infrared bands○Atsushi Kato*, and Hideyuki Tonooka**Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *14nm706g@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: band-to-band registration error, temperature and emissivity separation, phase only correlation

1

Introduction

At-sensor radiances of five ASTER thermal infrared(TIR) bands are converted to surface temperature andthe surface emissivities of the five bands throughatmospheric correction and temperature and emissivity
separation (TES)1. In this processing, band-to-band
position gaps due to the sensor architecture willproduce significant errors. Though band-to-bandregistration is performed in the level-1 processing, its
designed accuracy is 0.1 pixel2), which may be accurateenough in radiance or temperature-based usage but notin spectral emissivity-based usage, because TES
enhances such errors in spectral emissivity images. In
the present study, we therefore evaluate band-to-band
position gaps on level-1 images using the phase only
correlation (POC) method.

2

Methodology

The latitude and longitude at each lattice point (70pixel interval) are calculated for each band in thelevel-1 (L1) processing, and stored in each level-1A(L1A) product3). Thus, we calculated band-to-bandgaps in L1A products using this information (referred
to as the method 1). In level-1B (L1B) products, thesegaps have been already removed by geometriccorrection in the L1 processing.
In addition, we applied the phase only correlation(POC) method4) to L1A and L1B products in order toevaluate more accurate band-to-band gaps (referred toas the method 2).

3

Results

3.1

Test scenes

The two methods were applied to several scenes withvarious conditions, particularly in latitude and pointing
angle. Fig. 1 shows an L1A image at band 11 around
Los Angeles as an example of the test scenes used.

3.2

Results for L1A products

The left in Fig. 2 shows the cross-track profiles ofband-to-band gaps between the L1A images of bands
11 and 13 for 11 different along-track positions using
the method 1, indicating arrhythmic changes dependent
on the along track positions. The center in Fig. 2
displays those for 69 different along-track positions
using the method 2, showing similar to but moredetailed and precise gaps than the method 1’s results
though some small deviations caused by mismatchingin the POC method can be seen. It is likely that themean profile of the results by the method 2 is the actual
band-to-band position gaps due to the sensor
architecture.

Fig. 1: L1A test image observed at band 11 on 23 January2005 around Los Angeles, USA.

3.3

Results for L1B products

As mentioned, L1B products which the geometriccorrection have been applied have the designed
accuracy of 0.1 pixel in band-to-band registration, butsuch errors can give an impact to TES. We therefore
applied the method 2 to the L1B image generated fromthe L1A image used in 3.2. The right in Fig. 2 shows
the results, which indicates that position gaps arealmost within ±0.1 pixel as expected from the sensor
design.

3.4

Impact analysis to TES

Next, we analyzed an impact of the above
band-to-band position gaps to TES as follows:(1) Retrieve surface temperature image by applying
atmospheric correction and TES to the L1B image
used in 3.3 (ST1 image)(2) Simulate surface radiance image of each band bycombining an ST1 image shifted in the cross track
direction and an emissivity of unity, where thequantity of shifting is determined for each band
based on the maximum band-to-band position gapof each band(3) Retrieve surface temperature image (ST2) andspectral emissivity images by applying thenormalization method, one of TES algorithms,
with the maximum emissivity of 1 to the simulated
radiance images of the five bands (if there is no
position gaps, ST2 will be identical to ST1, and allemissivity values will be unity. Actually, this is
not true due to the position gaps given)(4) Generate the max-min difference (MMD) image ofthe retrieved emissivity images of the five bands(if there is not position gaps, MMD will be zero atall pixels. Since the gaps exist in actual, the MMD
image can be used for evaluating the impact ofsuch gaps to TES.)The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
D04

Fig. 2: Position gap profiles between bands 11 and 13 in the cross-track direction (left: method 1 for L1A, center: method 2
for L1A, right: method 2 for L1B)

Fig. 3: Obtained MMD image (left). Center is an enlarged image for the white box area on the left image.
Right is the Google Earth image for this area.
Fig. 3 shows the MMD image obtained, where alarger MMD indicates a larger spectral distortion inemissivity. Though MMD values are not so large in thewhole, they are slightly higher around mountains
probably because spatial variation of surface
temperature is larger due to topographic effects in theseregions. Some urban areas including large-scalebuildings also show large MMD values, because suchbuildings can be distinguished by ASTER/TIR.
MMD values are about 0.03 in typical, and ±0.065 at
maximum. Since the requested accuracy of TES is
0.015 in emissivity, these values are not small in TES.

4

Conclusion

Band-to-band position gaps in L1A and L1B images
were analyzed using the two methods, and their impact
to TES was evaluated using the actual ASTER/TIR
image. As a result, position gaps in L1B images arealmost within ±0.1 pixel, but they may give some
impacts to TES accuracy. In addition, position gaps
stored in L1A products showed unexplainablefluctuation in the band-to-position position gaps at thelattice points. Since the current geometric correction in
the L1 processing is performed using these gaps, it may
be affected by the fluctuation. Since the POC methodin the present study can estimate more accurate
band-to-band position gaps, it may be able to improve
the accuracy of geometric correction in the L1processing.

【Reference】
1) A. Gillespie, S. Rokugawa, T. Matsunaga, J. S.
Cothern, S. Hook, and A. B. Kahle: A Temperature andEmissivity Separation Algorithm for Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer (ASTER) Images, IEEE TGARS, 36 (4),1113-1126, 1998.
2) A. Iwasaki, and H. Fujisawa: ASTER Geometric
Performance, IEEE TGARS, 43 (12), 2700-2706,
2005.
3) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for
ASTER Level-1 Data Processing Ver. 3.0, ERSDAC,
1996.
4) Y.Sasaki, K.Tanaka, T.Aoki, T.Higuchi, andK.Kobayashi: High-Precision Image Registration
Based on Phase-Only Correlation, TECHNICALREPORT OF IEICE, 102 (13), 49-54, 2002.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
E01

Diversity of the ABO Blood Group Genes in the Human Population○Masaya Itou*, Takashi Kitano***Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, **Department of Biomolecular Functional
Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *13nm502y@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp, **tkitano@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: ABO Blood, Gene, Evolution, Phylogeny, Recombination

1. Introduction
The human ABO blood group consists of three major
types, A, B, and O [1]. These alleles code forglycosyltransferases, with the terminal sugar chain
modifications varying between types. The enzyme
encoded by functional alleles of type A and B transfer a
GalNac or a Gal on the precursor. The nucleotide
sequences of the human ABO genes have been
determined and the molecular basis of these differences
has been revealed [2, 3]. The alleles A and B differ inexon 7 by four nonsynonymous mutations, and two of
which are critical for the sugar specificity (codons 266
and 268 encode L-G for A and M-A for B). The major O
allele has a single nucleotide deletion (Δ261) in exon 6[4] that induces a frameshift, resulting in a truncatedprotein deprived of any glycosyltransferase activity.
Major haplogroups (A101, B101, O01, and O02) exist
in the human ABO genes [5, 6]. A101 and B101 are themain haplogroups for the A and B alleles, respectively.
O01 and O02 are the main haplogroups of the O type. A
series of nucleotide differences have been observed
between O01 and O02 [5-7].
Several studies have examined the evolution of thehuman ABO genes [5, 7–11]. These studies haveidentified that the A allele is the most ancient, because
the chimpanzee, which is the closest relative of humans,
has A and O alleles. The O allele of the chimpanzee has
evolved by a different mechanism compared to humans[9, 11]. The B allele diverged from the A allele, with
nucleotide substitutions on the two critical residues inexon 7. The O02 allele diverged from the A allele with asingle nucleotide deletion (Δ261) in exon 6, after which
the O01 allele diverged from the O02 allele. In contrast,
there are some studies [12, 13] that argue trans-species
polymorphism of the A and B alleles. In any case, thesestudies suggested that these alleles have been maintainedby balancing selection.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Datasets
We retrieved two kinds of phased haplotype datasets
for the ABO genes from the HapMap Project [14]. The
first was the three population dataset (3pop_data) that
included the Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Utah
residents with ancestry from northern and western
Europe (CEU), Japanese in Tokyo, Japan, and Han
Chinese in Beijing, China (JPT+CHB). The other dataset
contained eleven populations (11pop_data) including
African ancestry in Southwest USA (ASW), Chinese inMetropolitan Denver, Colorado (CHD), Gujarati Indiansin Houston, Texas (GIH), Luhya in Webuye, Kenya(LWK), Mexican ancestry in Los Angeles, California(MEX), Maasai in Kinyawa, Kenya (MKK), Toscans in
Italy (TSI), YRI, CEU, CHB, and JPT.

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic networks were constructed manuallyfollowing the procedures of [8, 15]. A chimpanzee
sequence data was used as an outgroup.

2.3. Detection of Recombinant
We attempted to detect recombinants from thephylogenetic network analysis following the procedureof [16]. We used model data to explain how to infer arecombination event from a phylogenetic network (Fig.
1).

Fig. 1. Explanation of a recombination event in aphylogenetic network using model data. A nucleotide
sequence (a) and a corresponding phylogenetic network (b)are shown.

First, an ancestry sequence (o) produces two different
sequences (p1 and p2) (Fig. 1a). The p1 has five
substitutions (2, 4, 5, 9, 15), and the p2 has four
substitutions (1, 6, 8, 11), from sequence o. Then, if
recombination occurred between sites 6 and 7 for p1 andp2, two recombinants (r1 and r2) exist. After therecombination, three nucleotide substitutions at sites 7,12, and 13 accumulate to p1, p2, and r1, respectively, andthree nucleotide substitutions (3, 10, 14) also accumulate
to produce an outgroup (o’) from sequence o. Assumingthat r1 and r2 were produced by a single recombination
event, transmission of both recombinant alleles to thenext generation is highly improbable. Therefore, we
assumed that r2 had disappeared. Fig. 1b is thephylogenetic network represented by Fig. 1a at the time.
The phylogenetic network (Fig. 1b) indicates therelationship between the extant alleles (p1, p2, and r1)
and an outgroup (o’). Two parental alleles (p1 and p2) arelocated on opposing vertices of the rectangle and have
longer (compared to that of the recombinant allele)external branches, while the recombinant allele (r1) islocated on the vertex opposing the outgroup allele (o’)
and has a shorter (compared to those of parental alleles)
external branch. “External branch” means a single line
extended from reticulations to an external node here.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
E01

3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Human
ABO Blood Group Genes
Fifty-four and 36 SNPs for 3pop_data and 11pop_data,
respectively, were retrieved from the HapMap Project,
and we predicted ABO types for each haplotype by using
haplotype-specific SNPs, following data of [5].
Fig. 2a describes a phylogenetic network using
3pop_data.

ancestral A allele exists in the human population, it
should be located near the common ancestral position
with a longer external branch in a phylogenetic network.
We observed the v haplotype, which is located near thecommon ancestral position in a phylogenetic network.
Since this haplotype consists of individuals from ASW,
CEU, GIH, MEX, and TSI, it seems to have been formed
prior to migration out of Africa. Thus, it is possible toexpect that the v haplotype may be the ancestral A
haplotype, that is, the most ancient haplotype [18].

References

Fig. 2. The phylogenetic network constructed from
3pop_data.

The O01 haplogroup is thought to be a recombinantlineage, where the O02 and B101 haplogroups are its
parental allele lineages (Fig. 2b). Seven sites support
O01 and B101 haplogroup clustering, while five sites
support O01 and O02 haplogroup clustering. The
recombination point is estimated to be between intron 2
and intron 3. It is also thought that the A101 haplogroupis a recombinant lineage, where its parental lineages are
the O01 and B101 haplogroups (Fig. 2c). We can expectthat the recombination point is located in exon 6, because
A101 should not have Δ261.
We also used 11pop_data, which contains data from
993 individuals from the world, but the number of SNPs
is lower at 36 compared to 54 in 3pop_data. The
phylogenetic networks indicated similar results to 3pop
data. Since each haplogroup consists of individuals fromseveral populations, it is suggested that they had been
formed before divergences of human populations, that is,prior to migration out of Africa. In addition, we observed
the v haplotype, which is a rare haplotype, and this
haplotype could not be predicted as a known haplogroup.

3.2. Evolutionary History and Diversity of
the Human ABO Blood Group Genes
We assume A as an ancestor in humans, because
chimpanzees mainly have A alleles [9, 11, 17]. B101 thendiverged from A, followed by substitutions for the two
critical sites, and O02 diverged from A with Δ261. O01
might be formed by a recombination coupled with geneconversions between B101 and O02 [6]. A101 is therecombinant product with the intact exon 6 from B101
and two critical A type sites inexon7 from O01 that had
been joined to form the functional A allele. The resultsfrom this study, using the HapMap data, mirror the
results of [6]. A101 should be distinct from the ancestral
A allele, which produced the B101 and O02 haplogroups.
It is not clear whether the ancestral A allele coexistedwith other haplogroups in modern humans. If the[1]. K. Landsteiner (1901) “Uber Agglutinationserscheinungennormalen menschlichen Blutes” Wien Klin Wochenschr 14:1132-1134.
[2]. F. Yamamoto et al., (1990) “Molecular genetic basis of thehisto-blood group ABO system” Nature 345: 229-233.
[3]. F. Yamamoto et al., (1990) “Sugar-nucleotide donor
specificity of histo-blood group A and B transferases isbased on amino acid substitutions” J Biol Chem 265:
19257-19262.
[4]. F. Yamamoto (2000) “Molecular genetics of ABO” Vox
Sang 78: 91-103.
[5]. F. Calafell et al., (2008) “Evolutionary dynamics of thehuman ABO gene” Hum Genet 124: 123-135.
[6]. T. Kitano et al., (2012) “The functional A allele wasresurrected via recombination in the human ABO bloodgroup gene” Mol Biol Evol 29: 1791-1796.
[7]. F. Roubinet et al., (2004) “Evolution of the O alleles of thehuman ABO blood group gene” Transfusion 44: 707-715.
[8]. N. Saitou et al., (1997) “Evolution of primate ABO bloodgroup genes and their homologous genes” Mol Biol Evol
14: 399-411.
[9]. N. Kermarrec et al., (1999) “Comparison of allele O
sequences of the human and non-human primate ABO
system” Immunogenetics 49: 517-526.
[10]. A. Seltsam et al., (2003) “The nature of diversity anddiversification at the ABO locus” Blood 102: 3035-3042.
[11]. K. Sumiyama et al., (2000) “Gene diversity of chimpanzee
ABO blood group genes elucidated from exon 7
sequences” Gene 23: 454-461.
[12]. J. M. Martinko et al., (1993) “Primate ABO
glycosyltransferases: evidence for trans-species evolution”
Immunogenetics 37: 274-278.
[13]. L. Ségurel et al., (2012) “ABO is a trans-species
polymorphism in primates” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:
18493-18498.
[14]. The International HapMap Consortium (2003) “TheInternational HapMap Project” Nature 426: 789-796.
[15]. H. J. Bandelt (1994) “Phylogenetic networks” VerhNaturwiss Vereins Hamburg 34: 51-71.
[16]. T. Kitano et al., (2009) “Relic of ancient recombinations ingibbon ABO blood group genes deciphered throughphylogenetic network analysis” Mol Phyl Evol 51:
465-471.
[17]. A. Blancher et al., (1997) “Molecular biology andevolution of blood group and MHC antigens in primates”
Springer.
[18]. M. Itou et al., (2013) “Analysis of a larger SNP dataset
from the HapMap project confirmed that the modern
human A allele of the ABO blood group genes is a
descendant of a recombinant between B and O alleles”
Inter J Evol Biol 2013: 406209.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki,Japan,November 15-16,2014

E02

Social consciousness study concerning rational use of energy in the city districts
based on the research in the area of Kashima city
〇Kazuki TANABE＊, Toshiaki KIN＊＊＊

Ibaraki University Science & Technology Division City E&E System Major Dr.course
Ibaraki University Science & Technology Division City E&E System Major PhD.Professor
E－Mail：*12nd305r@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp、**tkin@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: cities and districts, rational use of energy, human activities, correspondent consciousness gap＊＊

equipments. For the global warming protection, local
governments lead the measures with regional universities,
experts, suitable organization representatives. But it ispresumed that the action to the residents who are theleading role in a city area is extremely insufficient

1. Introduction
The direction for the rational use of energy in many
cities and districts is positively recognized and actively
promoted by the responsible officials in recent years
mainly by introducing innovative hardwires. However,
the effect of human activities is still unknown and there
exist correspondent consciousness gap between theofficials and residents.

Table 2.Implementation structureThis table is the writer creation from responsible officials & city
homepage publicity matters

2. Background of StudyAs the energy saving policy, application of the law
about rational use of energy has been widely expandedfrom the industry to the residential and transportation
sectors from 1998 till today. But the increase of energy
consumption in the city districts is gettung very big. For
this reason, many support enterprises to the city areas
such as smart community, environment model city, futurecity and total energy treating model project including tocreate/store/conserve energy, are undertaken by the
responsible relative ministries, from 2008 and afterwards.
Moreover, the environmental law was revised1) and the
duty to promote global warming protection measure forall local government bodies was imposed. However, suchas enterprises or measures have not yet been carried out inmany local governing bodies, as shown in Table 1

4. Purpose of Research

Even the support enterprises and the global warming
protection measures are promoted or not, it is thought
there is a big gap of information between the promotersand the residents about the consciousness of autonomous
cooperation. The purpose of this research is to make clear
the existence of the gap at Kashima city, as a typical city
without promoting both the enterprise and measures, andto propose a suitable method to fulfill the gap. It will beapplicable not only many cities in Japan but also the cities
of foreign countries who want to promote residential
sectors energy conservation.

Table 1.Number of support enterprises and global
warming measures implementation cities

5. Present Problem

The following problems are recognized from the above
mentioned contents.
(1) The number of local governing bodies who are
enforcing the enterprises and measures is very small size
comparing the total number of local governing bodies.
(2) Furthermore, for the enterprises and measures
promotion, instead of official members the number ofparticipants from residents is very insufficient.
(3) In these situation, for the residents, it is presumed
that there are a few opportunities to receive suitable
information of rational use of energy.
Therefore there exists the gap, or insufficient supply of
information between the promoters and the residents
beyond the attitude formation2) of rational use of energy
conservation.

This table is the writer creation from the ministries  ‘official information

3. Promotion organization outline
About the promotion organization, according to theregional characteristic situation, the subjects aremainly promoted by a respective local governing body,companies and experts, by introducing mainly every
type of energy management systems, new transportation
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The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
E03

Optimum utilization of fly ash for achieving properties of high performance
concrete○Anjeza Alaj*, Tatsuya Numao***PhD student Ibaraki University, **Professor, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *anjezalaj@gmail.com, **numao@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp.com
Keywords: fly ash, compressive strength, chemical analyses, optimization.

1. Introduction
Coal fly ash is obtained as final product by combustionof coal in power plants during process of producing
electrical energy. In conventional power plants the
combustion of coal usually takes place at temperature(1200-1700)ºC and these ashes is major part of all
remnant after producing energy.
In Kosovo electricity production and its generation isdependent largely based on coal burning power plants.
Currently 97% of electrical energy is produced only fromcoal and based on reserves of this mine and the situationof other resources it seems that for long time coal will be
the only source of energy. As result average of coal fly
ash is around 1,16 million t/year [1].
So, considering this situation, idea of substituting
different percentage of cement with coal fly ash inproducing concrete will help to reach the point ofrecycling waste material, reducing amount of cement
production, increasing quality of concrete, protecting
environment and it has positive effect in economical
aspect too
The literature is rich in publications regarding
influence of fly ash in concrete, especially for
low-calcium fly ash (less than 10% of CaO) [2-4] but
suitability of high-calcium fly ash in concrete still isanticipated with skepticism [5]. These happen especiallyrelated to chemical compositions high content of CaO
and SO3 can affect volume stability and concrete stability[6,7,8].
Following this approach, an experimental investigationof quality of concrete with different percentage ofhigh-calcium fly ash content is carried out. In focus ishigh performance concrete C 50/60 and all work took
place in concrete lab in Prishtina according to EN 206-1.
Table. 1. Physical properties of fly ash.

Fineness
 0.200mm
 0.090mm
 0.063mm
 0.043mm

0.1
4.9
8.1
12.5

Capacity mass g/cm³
Specific surface cm²/g

2.83
6 600

Pozzolanity MPA
 Flexural Compressive

4.5±0.3
21.1±0.7

2. Materials, mixture proportions andexperiment procedures
Table 1 and 2 shows physical properties and chemicalcompositions and of fly ash and cement. Table 3 showsmix compositions for eight different mix design
including control concrete with 440 kg/m³ cement
content until 50% cement replacement with fly ash. All
specimens were removed from molds after 24 hours andcured in 22ºC and 99% relative humidity until
examination day, after 3, 7, 21, 28, and 56 days.
It must be emphasized that to reach results ofcompressive strength of concrete was applied European
standard EN 206-1 and used specimens were in cubic
shape (15x15x15)cm and each value was average ofminimum three results from different samples in different
period of curing.
Table. 2. Chemical compositions of cement and fly ash.

Elements
SiO2 %
Al2O3 %
Fe2O3 %
CaO %
MgO %
SO3 %
Na2O %
K2O %
MnO %
LOI %
Chromium VI mg/l
Moisture 105ºC %CO2 %Insoluble residue in
HCL/Na2CO3 %Insoluble
residue
HCL/KOH %Reactive CaO %Reactive SiO2 %Cement
19.79
6.13
2.73
63.86
2.42
2.98
0.19
0.68

0.59
0.20

Fly ash
19.28
5.67
4.85
42.92
4.31
19.41
0.58
0.36
0.08
2.30
0.395
0.29
0.70
11.05

0.10

6.58

1.50

28.44
15.69

4.14

3. Results and discussions
During conducting the experiment it was observed that
content of fly ash can effect on some properties of fresh
concrete. Increasing of fly ash content the workability ofconcrete was increased. Mass of fresh concrete wasstickier even more bleeding and segregation was notobserved.
Workability was measured by slump test, and it was
kept constant according curve S3 based on European
standards, see table 3.
The compressive strength of all different mixing of fly
ash concrete at early ages was lower than control

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
E03
concrete, the strength decrease gradually by increasing
fly ash content. At 3 days old, specimens show thecompressive strength of M2-M8 of mix designs were (57– 31.2) MPa, while for M1 it was 59MPa. By the timecompressive strength of fly ash concrete was increased,
so after 56 days M2 – 10% fly ash content reached75.2MPa. Respectively 101% compared to control
concrete. See fig 1.
Fig. 1. Compressive strength of concrete against fly ash.

Table.3. Mixture proportions
performance concrete C 50/60

for

1m

³high

1/2
Materials
Cement (kg)Fly ash (kg)
Sand (kg)Gravel (kg)
Water (kg)
Additive (kg)W/C ratio
Slump (vm)

M1
440
0
790
965
176
4.40
0.34
12

M2
396
44
783
958
176
4.40
0.41
11.5

M3
374
66
780
954
176
4.40
0.38
15

M4
352
88
777
951
176
4.40
0.35
15

2/2
Materials
Cement (kg)Fly ash (kg)
Sand (kg)Gravel (kg)
Water (kg)
Additive (kg)W/C ratio
Slump (vm)

M5
330
110
774
946
176
4.40
0.34
13

M6
308
132
771
943
176
4.40
0.34
11

M7
264
176
775
952
176
4.40
0.40
14

M8
220
220
778
958
176
4.40
0.40
15

4. Conclusion
Results proved that it is possible to achieve highperformance concrete by replacing cement with fly ash.
It effects in increasing workability in fresh concrete
especially together with suitable superplasticizier. The
simple optimum percentage of replacing cement with fly
ash is proposed to be 20%, based in this short term of
examination. But, the study showed that the efficiency
factor is not constant, it depend from different parameters
including curing time, amount of cement content,chemical and physical properties of fly ash, replacement
ratio.
According to this middle time examination replacementof cement with more than 30% of fly ash will indicate todevelop moderate strength in concrete. However, it
becomes a possible alternative to use for application oflean concrete, subbase, etc.

References[1]. Kosovo Government, Ministry of environmental andSpatial Planning (2011). Areas of particular interest – thenew mine fields. Institute of Spatial Planning.
[2]. P.K. Mehta (1989). Pozzolanic and cementitious
by-products in concrete-another look. Proceedings of 3rdInternational Conference on the Use Of Fly Ash, Silica
Fume, Slag and natural Pozzolanic in Concrete, V.M.
Malahotra (ED), ACI, pp. 1-43 (ACI SP-114, Trondhemi).
[3]. R.Sersale (1983). Aspect of the chemistry of additions.
Elsevier pp.432-438.
[4]. S.N. Ghosh (Ed) al. (1998). Advances in cement
Technology. Pergamon. pp. 537-567[5]. ACI Committee 226 (1987). Use of fly ash in concrete.
ACI Mater J 84:382-409.
[6]. Y. Fu, J. Ding, J.J. Beudoin (1997). Expansion of Portland
cement mortar due to internal sulfate attack. Cem ConcrRes 27:1299-1306.
[7]. Y. Zhang, W. Sun, L. Shang (1997). Mechanical propertiesof high performance concrete made with calcium highsulfte fly ash. Cem Concr Rws 27: 1093-1098.
[8]. Papadakis VG (1999). Effect of fly ash on Portland cement
systems Part I: Low-calcium fly ash. Cem Concr Res
29:1727-1736.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
E04

Comparative analysis of different atmospheric sources input tothe ASTER/TIR standard atmospheric correction○Takahiro Uehara*, and Hideyuki Tonooka** Ibaraki University
E-Mail: 13nm702a@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: atmospheric correction, ASTER, GDAS, GSM, MODTRAN

1. Introduction
The ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) standard
atmospheric correction is based on radiative transfer
calculation by the MODTRAN code combined with
National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)’s Global Data Assimilation System products
which have a spatial resolution of 1-degree grid.
Atmospheric correction parameters like transmittanceand path radiance are spatially interpolated on a
pixel-by-pixel basis from surrounding grid points, but
local weather phenomena induced by topography,
atmospheric instability and so on are not considered inthis approach, which will give some impacts toaccuracy in atmospheric correction. In the present
study, we therefore evaluate this issue using Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s Global Spectral
Model (GSM) with a higher spatial resolution than
GDAS.

2. Objective analysis data
2.1. GDASThe GDAS is one of the data assimilation systems
operated by NCEP, and its products are used as
standard inputs for ASTER/TIR standard atmosphericcorrection. They cover the whole of the world with ahorizontal grid of 1 degree by 1 degree.

2.2. GSM (Japan Region)
Global Spectral Model (GSM) is one of the numerical
weather prediction models operated by JMA. GSM
products are used as initial values for the short-term
weather forecast of the numerical weather prediction,
the week weather forecast, and the typhoon forecast.
The GSM (Japan Region) referred to as GSM_JPN isa sub-model which covers only Japan and surrounding
areas (N20 to N50 & E120 to E150) with a horizontal
grid of 0.2 degree by 0.25 degree.

3. Methodology
In the present study, we evaluated ASTER/TIR
atmospheric correction by a simulation study withdifferent atmospheric sources of GDAS and
GSM_JPN for a given time as follows:[1] In each grid point of GSM_JPN at a given time,surface air temperature included in GSM_JPN isderived for using it as the surface temperature in
the following calculation.
[2] Surface radiance at that grid point at that time iscalculated for each ASTER/TIR band bycombining the above surface temperature and anemissivity of unity.
[3] The surface radiance is converted to the
top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) radiance using
MODTRAN combined with air-temperature,humidity, and geopotential height profiles
included in GSM_JPN.
[4] Atmospheric correction with GDAS profiles atthat grid point at that time is applied to the above
TOA radiance for retrieving a surface radiance ateach ASTER/TIR band, where the GDAS profiles
are interpolated in space if the grid point is notmatched with grid points of GDAS (thisinterpolation is performed also in the actual
processing).
[5] Surface temperature is estimated from the surface
radiance by the ASTER Temperature andEmissivity Separation (TES) algorithm.
[6] The surface temperature obtained in [5] iscompared with that given in [1].

4. Results
GDAS and GSM_JPN products at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z,
and 18Z from 1 September to 31 December in 2009were used in the present study (the number of times is484).
Fig. 1 shows the root mean square (RMS) of thesurface temperature difference images derived from all
grid points (see [6]). In the figure, larger values arefound in some areas such as the North Kanto district,
the Seto Inland Sea, which indicates that GDAS and
GSM_JPN profiles gave a large discrepancy inradiative transfer calculations.
The Seto Island Sea showed a larger RMS in
September than in other months (the RMS for
September is 3.1 K, while that for four months is 1.9
K). This region is surrounded by mountain ranges, sothat it has a drier climate in summer than other areasin Japan (e.g., a typical humidity in September is 70%
in Okayama City, while it is 78% in Tottori City and
80% in Kochi City). Since such a localized climate is
not easy to express in a numerical forecast, it cancause some discrepancy between GDAS and
GSM_JPN. This region was also investigated using
ASTER images observed around Okayama City at
01:58 on 12 October 2009. Fig. 2 displays thedifference image between the surface temperature
image retrieved with GDAS and that with GSM_JPN,
indicating that the surface temperature in the urban
area of the city is about 3 degree C higher in GDAS
than in GSM_JPN. Fig. 3 is an image observed by

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
E04

MODIS band 2 on the same time, showing that thewest of Japan was partially covered by isolated clouds.
Fig. 4 shows the mean surface temperature differences
between GSM and GDAS for 10 by 10 pixels in eachof five cities of Tottori, Tsuyama, Okayama,
Marugame, and Kochi in the following three cases:
ASTER retrievals, the RMS results on 12 October
2009, and the RMS results for the four months. These
results indicate that the largest discrepancy probably
due to localized climate can be found for Okayama
City located in the Seto Inland Sea.

5. Conclusions
In the present study, two kinds of atmosphericsources for the ASTER/TIR standard atmosphericcorrection, GDAS and GSM_JPN, were first evaluatedby the simulation study for Japan and surrounding
areas from September to December in 2009, whichindicated that some areas like the Seto Inland Sea havea larger discrepancy between GDAS and GSM_JPN
probably due to localized climate effects. Then, thetwo atmospheric sources were compared aroundOkayama and some near cities using ASTER images

References[1]. F. Palluconi, G. Hoover, R. Alley, M. J. Nilsen, andT.Thompson, “An atmospheric correction method for
ASTER thermal radiometry over land”, Jet Propulsion
Lab., ASTER Algorithm Theoretical Basis Doc., Pasadena,CA, revision 3,1999.
[2]. H. Tonooka, and F. D. Palluconi, Validation of
ASTER/TIR standard atmospheric correction using water
surfaces, IEEE TGARS, 43 (12),2005.Author3. (Date oflast update). “Web site Title” <URL> (Accessed Date).
[3]. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/menu/menureport.html[4]. T. Uehara, and H. Tonooka, Accuracy reduction of
ASTER/TIR standard atmospheric correction around Seto
Inland Sea, Proc. of the 56th conference of RSSJ,
pp.99-100, May 2014

Fig. 2: Difference of surface temperature images
retrieved with GDAS and GSM_JPN from the ASTER
image observed on 12 October 2009.
between GSM and GDAS for four months

Temperature difference [K]Fig. 1: RMS of surface temperature difference
between GDAS and GSM_JPN for four months of
September to December, 2009.

observed on 12 October 2009, showing a surface
temperature difference of 3 K between GDAS and
GSM_JPN around Okayama. These results indicatethat the accuracy of the ASTER/TIR standard
atmospheric correction depends on localized climates
for which objective analysis data can produce somediscrepancy. For higher accuracy, such a localized
climate should be considered in the atmosphericcorrection.

Fig. 3: MODIS image observed on 12 October 2009.

Fig. 4: Difference of surface temperatures between GDAS
and GSM_JPN for five cities in the three cases of ASTER
retrievals, RMS results on 12 October 2009, and RMS
results for four months.
GDAS
between GSM and GDAS for four months

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
F01

A Coloring System for Monochrome Images with Human Faces○Chisato Nagayama*, Nobuyuki Umezu***Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *14nm918l@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp, **umezu@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Coloring, Face Detector, Image Processing

1. Introduction
The technology of photography was introduced into
Japan in 1848. Photograph materials were monochrome
up to 1960s. Since amount of color picture’s information
has more than monochrome photo’s [1], research oncoloring technology using image processing has beenprospering recently [2].
Value of a monochrome image is increased bycoloring a face because a face has much amount of
information for man. In this study, we develop a systemthat especially colors a face region in a monochromeimage with high precision.

region 1 and 4 to paint mouths in images. The colors inregions 2 and 3 are of facial skins (Fig. 1) and unsuitablefor painting mouths.

2. Coloring Human Faces
2.1. Skin Area Extraction
Coloring procedures of skin area using the referencecolor of skin are summarized as follows.
1.
Typical skin color is extracted from facial
images.
2.
The reference color of skin is determined.
3.
Our system compares the intensity of eachpixel in input monochrome image with it of the referencecolor.
4.
The skin area is extracted and colored using
the reference color.
5.
Regions outside the face are colored using theexisting technique [3].

2.2.

Fig. 1. Skin Color Extraction

Reference Skin Colors

In this study, the target of skin color extraction islimited to images with one person younger than 20 years
old. 90 images were collected from internet and an image
collection DVD. These images are arbitrary sizes.The
computational environment is as follows; Mac OS X
10.7.5, CPU Intel Core i5 2.7GHz, and Memory 4GB.
We use HSV color space [4]. We obtain skin colors that alight source state is not influenced by using it.
A distribution of hue and saturation values in rectangle
areas including faces are recorded with 90 portrait
images (Fig. 1). Hue value varies between 0 to 360
degrees and represents the angle of polar coordinates inFig. 1. Saturation, whose value is between 0 to 1,
represents the radius of polar coordinates in Fig. 1. The
intensity of the graph represents the frequency of its
corresponding color in the images.
The range of the reference skin color is decided byusing a threshold calculated from the histogram of skincolor. Our system uses the ranges of region 1, 2, 4 and 6
in Fig. 1 as skin color. The regions 3, 5 and 7 are notsuitable for skin color because the area 3 corresponds toalmost white in HSV color space and the domains 5 and
6 to pink.
The method above also can be used to determine thereference color of mouth. Our system uses the colors in

Fig. 2. Mouth Color Extraction

2.3. Skin Coloring
Our system compares the intensity extracted from eachpixel in input monochrome image with it of the referencecolor. A skin pixel is extracted from the skin area in the
monochrome image. Then the chromatic component of
the reference color with the most similar intensity to it of
the pixel, is transferred to color the pixel.
We get the coordinate of a square area including a facein the input image by using face-recognition API of Mac
OS. The region is regarded as skin if the following two
conditions are satisfied.
1.
It has the largest area.
2.
The average intensity is within the limits.
A monochrome image has only intensity values, hueand saturation are not included. Our system locates asquare area including a face from color images such as
Fig.3. The intensity of each pixel in the color image is
extracted when the pixel in the square area is close to thereference color of skin. When the intensity of a
monochrome pixel is between 0.25 and 0.85, our system
leaves only the intensity information and transfers theThe 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
F01
reference skin color in Fig. 1. Fig. 4(b) shows a result
example.
Our current system colors only in the square area
including a face. The pixels are colored using only thecomparison between the intensities, coloring is
performed over regions outside the face. We need to
implement two aforesaid conditions.
The eyes and the mouth are colored in the same skincolor because our current implementation handles asingle skin color. After painting the eyes and the mouthwith the skin color, those regions are painted with more
appropriate colors. We locate rectangles on the eyes andon mouse according to the average size and locations
calculated by MacOS face recognition APIs (Fig. 5). We
determine the reference colors to paint eyes and mouths
according the characteristics of those rectangles. We
paint bright pixels in the eye region with white and themouth region with red colors.

Fig. 3. Skin region including a Faceoriginal image and our coloring result are used (oneexample in Fig. 4) and color difference is calculated foreach pair. The average accuracy is 89.6 % for 5 pairs.
The precision is reason that the colored area is large. A
face is always occupied about 90% in a square area
including face. An accuracy judgment is made now onlyin the square area including a face. Whole image will becolored and judged an accuracy.

3.2.

Evaluation by Examinees

The nature of our coloring result was estimated by 16
students in our laboratory. The coloring result of oursystem is presented to the examinees and they evaluate
the result using the four-level scale. Larger values
represent better evaluation. In this study, we aimed at the
average evaluation value to be 3.5 or lager. It was 2.6
and smaller than the expected value.
The opinion that flesh color is brighter was acquired
through the experiment. The skin color reminded usuallyis brighter was acquired through the experiment. The
skin color reminded usually is brighter than the color of
Fig. 4. Man is considered that information is transmitted
to a brain after the belief has rectified some brightly
rather than the actual color. However, this reason is not
only a reason of a fixed concept. The answer images
were shown to the subjects. The subjects were made tocompare with the coloring result of this system. As aresult, the color of an actual skin answered, when thecolor brighter than a coloring result was carried out.

4. Conclusion and Future Work

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4. Example of images used in Experiment(a) Original image (b) Coloring result with only intensity
comparison

We focused skin color using the distribution model ofhue-saturation space. Our system compared the intensityof each pixel in input monochrome image with it of thereference color and colored the pixels. We proposed theextraction method of skin region using the area andintensity average.
Future work includes the reference color spread in H-Sspace and coloring of the whole input image.
Implementation of a region-segmentation and the
proposed criteria is also required. We first manuallyspecify the face boundaries of many images to collectface pixels.

References

Fig. 5. Rectangles for the eyes and for the mouth

3. Evaluation of Coloring System
3.1. Evaluation of Coloring Accuracy
We evaluated coloring accuracy using the correct
answer images. A color image is converted into
monochrome and used as an input image. We cancompute a similarity between the coloring result of oursystem and the original color image. We use the HDTV
type monochrome transform technique. HDTV looks themost natural when it is transformed into monochromeand it is used by the global standard. Five pairs of an[1]. C.Morita et al.(2006). "Web Image Retrieval
Considering Color Tendency for Colorization ofGrayscale Images", Proceedings of the 17th Data
Engineering Workshop, 5B-i9[2]. T.Horiuchi(2007). "Colorization of Monochrome
Pictures", Journal of Color Science Association ofJapan, Vol.98, No.4, pp.298-303[3]. T.Welsh et al.(2002). ”Transferring Color to
Greyscale Images”, Proceedings of ACM
SIGGRAPH, Vol.20, No.30, pp.277-279[4] J.M.Chaves-Gonzalez,
M.A.Vega-Rodriguez,
J.A.Gomez-Pulido, J.M.Sanchez-Perez(2010).
”Detecting skin in face recognition systems: A color
spacesstudy”, Digital Signal Processing 20,
806-823

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
F02

Cardio vascular circulation simulator to evaluate ventricular assist effect○Wataru Kurosaki*, Toru Masuzawa***Ibaraki University, **Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *kurosaki@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp, **masuzawa@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Heart failure, Ventricular assist device, Coronary circulation, Mock circulation simulator

1. Introduction
Cause of death of the 20% world’s population isheart failure [1]. An artificial heart used in thetreatment of heart failure is often required tocompensate limited the total amount of donor hearts andit has been saving many lives to use as "bridge totransplantation" and "destination therapy". Currently,
ventricular assist devices are applicable to clinically,
and their multifaceted applications have been extended.
One of applications is a therapeutic extracorporeal
blood pump which aim to recovery of natural heart ofacute heart failure patients. The therapeutic bloodpump enhances coronary flow rate of the natural heartand reduces heart load corresponding to the patient
condition by regulating pump driving in synchronism
with natural heartbeat. The efficacy of treatment withthe therapeutic blood pump and the effect of differencein pump driving modes on coronary circulation havebeen evaluated with animal experiments and it is foundthat hemodynamic is significantly varied in response tochange in pump driving modes.
But, animal
experiments are difficult to gather quantitative datawith reproducibility.
The aim of our study isdevelopment of a cardio vascular circulation simulator(CCS) for evaluation of the acute heart failure treatment
methods utilized the therapeutic blood pump in vitro.
The CCS which is mimic the coronary circulation basedon the “myocardium pump model” has been developed
to evaluate acute heart failure treatment methods
utilized the therapeutic blood pump and theperformance of it is displayed.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mock circulation systems
The configuration of the CCS with mimic coronary
circulation is shown in Fig. 1. The CCS consists of two
atrial chambers to emulate left and right atrial, two sacktype pumps for ventricles, and resistances andcompliance chambers to mimic systemic, pulmonary
and coronary vasculature components. The ventricular
sack made of silicon is semi-ellipsoid shaped, and has
an un-stretched volume of 600 ml. Jellyfish valves
with a diameter of 30 mm are set at inlet and outlet ofthe sack pumps to mimic the cardiac valve.
Compressed air is supplied from the pneumatic control
device to the ventricle chamber during systole tocompress the ventricle sack and to eject the fluid. The
compressed air is vented out to atmosphere during thediastolic phase and the fluid in the atrial chamber is flow
into the ventricular sack. Pulsatile flow is generated
and the Starling’s law of the heart is reproduced by thismechanism.
The systemic and pulmonary vasculatures aremodeled based on the Windkessel model. Systemic
and pulmonary vascular resistances are emulated withpinch valves and the vascular compliance is emulatedwith chambers to seal air. The compliance is normally

set at 10 ml/mmHg for the systemic venous chamber, 1
ml/mmHg for the pulmonary arterial chamber, 5
ml/mmHg for the pulmonary venous chamber, and 1
ml/mmHg for the systemic arterial chamber. The
compliances of systemic and pulmonary arterial are
adjustable by controlling the sealed air volume with
operating the piston position in the chamber.
Flow meter
Pressure meter
Pinch valve
Jellyfish valve

Fig.1 Configuration of the CCS
PVC, pulmonary venous chamber; PAC, pulmonary arterial
chamber; RAC, right atrium chamber; RVC, right ventricle
chamber; LAC, left atrium chamber; LVC, left ventricle
chamber; CaC, coronary artery chamber; SVC, systemic
venous chamber; AoC, aortic chamber; SVR, systemic. vessel
resistance; PVR, pulmonary vessel resistance.

2.2. Coronary circulation model
The electrical model of coronary, cross-section
and overall view of coronary circulation chamber andare shown in Fig. 2.
The coronary circulationchamber and electrical model are designed on the basisof “intramyocardial pump model” [2] and constructedfrom acrylic chamber, diaphragm sheet and piston.
The chamber made of acrylic is divided into water andair room by using the diaphragm sheet. The air room isconnected to the left ventricle chamber to synchronize
the timing of coronary vascular compression with theleft ventricular contraction, and the water room isconnected between aorta root and vein. Pinch valves at
the inlet and outlet ports of the coronary circulationchamber reproduce the coronary artery and vein
resistance. The coronary artery compliance is adjusted
by changing sealed air volume with the piston as withthe compliance of systemic and pulmonary arterial.

③
④

H

①
W

(a)electrical mode lL(b) Overall view⑤②

(c) Cross-section

Fig.1 Coronary circulation chamber①, inlet port (coronary artery) ②, pneumatic device
connection ③, piston ④, diaphragm ⑤, outlet port
(Chamber size; 120×120×370 mm )

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
F02
result. The both results showed a dominantly flow ofcoronary artery in the diastolic phase, and showed
regurgitant flow to aorta during the systolic phase.
These features are typical characteristics of the coronary
artery flow.

2.3. Evaluation of the newly incorporated
coronary circulation model in CCS
To evaluate the performance of the newly
incorporated coronary circulation system in CCS, we
confirmed whether the mimic coronary flow rate
waveform is possible to reproduce the physiologicalcoronary circulation characteristics. Typically, thephysiological coronary circulation flow varies
according to differential pressure between left
ventricular and aorta, it is dominantly in the diastolic
phase and occurs regurgitation into aorta during thesystolic phase. In evaluation experiment of coronary
circulation system performance, the CCS was set at thehealthy resting condition. The setting conditions of
the CCS were set at 120 mmHg for maximum left
ventricular pressure, 100 mmHg for mean aorticpressure, 60 bpm for heart rate, and 40 % for ratio ofsystolic phase to cardiac cycle.

CoF [L/min]

CoF

Synchronous signal

2

150

2

1

75

1

0

0

0
0

1

-1
-2

Time [s]

2

75
0
0

1

-75 -1-150 -2

150

2
-75

Time [ s ]-150(a) CCS simulator(b) Numerical simulator
Fig.4 CoF and DP

4. Discussion
The newly developed mock circulation simulator wasable to reproduce the coronary flow waveforms. The
coronary flow in Fig. 4 is superiority during the diastole
phase. Regurgitant flow to aorta, which have been wellknown phenomenon as “translocation” was observed
during the systolic phase. The coronary flow wassynchronized with the differential pressure between
aorta and left ventricular. The mimic coronary
circulation system based on “Intramyocardial pumpmodel“ in our CCS can simulate characteristics ofcoronary flow in the physiological. We compared
CCS and numerical simulation based on electrical
network to confirm if the coronary circulation model in
CCS is corresponded correctly with “intramyocardialpump model”. The result of it was consistent withtrend of waveform obtained from the CCS, and we
confirmed that the coronary circulation systems in CCS
correspondwiththeelectricalmodelof“intramyocardial pump model”. On the basis of theseresults, we will combine numerical simulation withphysical model to emulate the physiological responsewhichautomaticallyregulated
hemodynamic
parameters.

2.4. Comparison the coronary circulation
system in CCS and numerical simulator
The coronary flow rate waveform of CCS wascompared with result of numerical simulation toconfirm whether the coronary circulation model isincorporated correctly in CCS. The numericalsimulation is constructed on the digital simulator basedon the differential equations of electrical network to
mimic the cardiovascular system. The configurationof electrical network with mimic coronary circulation
system is shown in Fig. 3. The ventricular contractility
is represented by time-varying capacitances, andvascular resistance and compliance are modeled byelectric resistances and capacitors. In comparison test,
the each parameters of electric parts (resistance,
capacitance and coil) were set to correspond to theexperiment conditions of CCS evaluation test.
Vascular resistance
Vascular complianceHeart valve

5. Conclusion
The mimic coronary circulation system was newly
incorporated in our CCS to evaluate the cardiac failure
treatment method with therapeutic blood pump. The
coronary circulation system incorporated in CCS
reproduced target physiological hemodynamics
characteristics of coronary circulation such as"translocation" and "superiority flow in the diastole
phase". These results showed similar findings to thenumerical simulator results.
We will promote
investigation regarding auto regulation of hemodynamic
parameters, and combine numerical simulation withphysical model to improve our CCS to be capable toreproduce more accurately.

Blood inertia

Fig. 3 Electrical network with coronary circulation

3. ResultFig. 4 shows the coronary flow waveform (CoF) anddifferential pressure waveform (DP) between aorta andleft ventricular at healthy resting condition. Fig. 4(a) isresults of CCS and Fig. 4(b) is numerical simulator
results. The high state of the synchronous signal
indicates systolic phase and the low state of it indicatesdiastolic phase. The DP of CCS and numericalsimulator changed from -38 to 92 and from -30 to 83
mmHg, respectively, in a maximum left ventricularpressure of 120 mmHg and mean aortic pressure of 100
mmHg. The mean coronary aortic flow rate was 310
ml/min and the mean regurgitant flow rate was 340
ml/min in the result of CCS, on the other hand they are
220 ml/min and 82 ml/min in numerical simulator

DP

References
[1].

[2].

Daniel L. Timms, Shaun D. Gregory, Nicholas A. Greatrex, Mark J.
Pearcy, Jhon F. Fraser, and Ulrich Steinseifer, “A Compact Mock
Circulation Loop for the In Vitro Testing of Cardiovascular Devices,”
Artificial Organs, vol. 35, 2010, pp. 384–391
Shigeru Ohta, Yasuo Ogasawara, Takeshi Matsumoto, Osamu
Hiramatsu, Hiroshi Nakamoto, Takuji Okamoto, Fmihiko Kajiya“Analysis of Coronary Haemodynamics by Coronary Circulation
Model with Three Layered Myocardium” IEEE vol. 1995

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
F03

Extending Infinite Series Representation of Napier's Constant○ Kunimitsu Takahashi**Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *14nm714l@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Napier's constant, approximation, convergence, infinite series

1. Introduction
Napier's constant is defined as the limit of theconvergent sequencene= lim (1+ 1 )n→∞n
and can be represented in the form of an infinite series
∞
1
1
1 1
1
1
e= ∑ = + + + + + ....(1)
k
!
0!
1!
2!
3!
4!
k= 0
This infinite series for Napier's constant can be
modified to converge more faster to Napier's constant.
This article proposes three new infinite series
converging to Napier's constant faster than ever anddescribes a possible means of their further
generalization.

2. Extending Infinite Series
2.1.

Infinite series compression

The following two infinite series are alreadyknown[1].
∞2k + 22
4 6
8e= ∑= + + + + ....( 2)1! 3! 5! 7!
k= 0 ( 2k + 1)!
∞

2

Equality (4) is derived form (1) by aggregating
every four adjacent terms as follows :1 +1 + 1+
1 = n3 + n2+ n+ 2 .
(n− 2)! ( n− 1)! n! ( n+ 1)!
(n+ 1) !
Because this resulting single term represents four termsin (1), we obtain (4) by replacing n by 4k.
Equality (5) is derived form (1) by aggregating
every five adjacent terms as follows :
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ +
+
(n− 2)! ( n− 1)! n ! (n+ 1) ! (n+ 2)!
n4 + 3n3+ 3 n2+ 4 n+ 5=.
(n+ 2)!
Because this resulting single term represents five termsin (1), we obtain (5) by replacing n by 5k.
Equality (6) is derived form (1) by aggregating
every seven adjacent terms as follows :
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
+
(n− 3) ! (n − 2)! (n− 1)! n ! (n+ 1) ! (n+ 3)!
n6 + 4n5+ n4− 3 n3+ 17 n2+ 29 n+ 16=.
(n+ 3) !

e= ∑ 9 k + 1 = 1 + 10 + 37 + 82 + ....(3)0! 3! 6! 9!
k= 0 (3k )!
Equality (2) is derived from equality (1) byaggregating every two adjacent terms as follows :
1
1
n+ 2
+
=
.
n ! (n+ 1) ! (n+ 1) !
Because this resulting single term represents two terms
in equality (1), we obtain equality (2) by replacing n by
2k.
Equality (3) is derived from equality (1) byaggregating every three adjacent terms as follows :1 +1 + 1 = n2 + 1 .
(n− 2)! ( n− 1)! n!
n!
Because this resulting single term represents three terms
in equality (1), we obtain equality (3) by replacing n by
3k.

Because this resulting single term represents seventerms in (1), we obtain (7) by replacing n by 7k.
Table 1 below shows how many terms are required
to approximate e up to 1, 10, 100, 1000 decimal digits
by equalities (1)~(6).
Table 1Equality 1 digit 10 digits 100 digits 1000 digits

2.2. Extending infinite series

3.

This article presents three new infinite series, whichconverge faster than (2) and (3), from the algebraic
point of view as follows :∞3
2
64 k + 16 k + 4 k+ 2
e= ∑( 4k + 1)!
k=0
2 86 586 1886
= + +++ …(4)
1! 5! 9!
13!
∞
4
3
2
e = ∑ 625k + 375 k + 75 k + 20 k+ 5
(5 k+ 2) !
k= 0
5 1100 13345= +++ …(5)
2!
7!
12!

3.1. Sequence of numerator∞e = ∑ 117649k + 67228 k + 2401 k − 1029k + 833 k + 203 k+ 16(7k + 3)!
k= 0
16 187301 9714770= +++ .... (6)
3!
10!
17 !
6

5

4

3

2

(1)

5 terms

15 terms

71 terms

451 terms(2)

3 terms

7 terms

36 terms

226 terms(3)

3 terms

6 terms

25 terms

151 terms(4)

2 terms

4 terms

18 terms

113 terms(5)

2 terms

4 terms

15 terms

91 terms(6)

2 terms

3 terms

11 terms

65 terms

Possibility of Generalization

Equality (2) aggregates every two adjacent terms.
By an aggregating a different set of two adjacentterms by1
1 n+ 1+ =,(n− 1) ! n!
n!
we have∞
2 k+ 1 1
3
5
7
e= ∑
= + +
+ + ...(7)0! 2! 4! 6!
k= 0 (2 k) !
by replacing n by 2k.
Then taking the sum of (7) and (2), we have
1 2
3
4
5
6
2e= + + + ++ + ....(8)0 ! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
In the same way, even for aggregation of three terms andfour terms, we obtain

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014F03
1
2
5 10 17 26+ + ++ + + ... ,( 9)0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
1
2 5 16 41 86
4 e= + + + ++ + ....(10)0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
We analyze the sequence appearing in thesenumerator in the next subsection.
3e=

3.2.
General term of the sequence ofnumerator
Solving for the general term of the sequence ofnumerator in equalities (8), (9), (10) and also others, wefind their general term of the sequence of numerator as
listed in Table 2.
Table 2
Left side
The general term of the sequence ofnumerator
e

1

2e

k+1

3e

k2+1

4e

k3-2k2+2k+15e

k4-5k3+9k2-4k+1

6e

k5-9k4+30k3-41k2+20k+1

7e

k6-14k5+76k4-195k3+233k2-100k+1

3.3. Possible means of generalization of n×e in
infinite series
It is expected that general term in Table 2 can be
represented as n is the coefficient of e as follows:nk!
f (n)= ∑....(11)(k−i+ 1) !
i= 1
Therefore we can represent natural number multiples of
e by the infinite series∞f (n)n× e= ∑,
k= 0 k !
we have the numerator is given by equation (11).

4. Conclusion
We presented more advanced infinite series
representation of e by extending the known infinite
series. The new ones converge to e more faster.
In addition, we presented a possible means offurther generalization. It is yet to see if this further
generalization is useful in computation.

References[1] Representation of Napier's constant<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_representations_of_e>The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
F04

Determination of distribution of heavy metals from motor vehicle include a complex mixture ofmetal from tires, brake wear and resuspended road dust
○S.P.I.P. Kumara
University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
E-Mail: kumara.spip@gmail.com
Keywords: Metal dusts, Atomic Absorbance, Spectrometry, Environmental sustainability

1. Introduction
Dust fall is one of the most complex andhazardous pollutants in the atmosphericenvironment [1] due to the presence of trace
heavy metals. The accumulation of heavy metals
in dust caused by particulate matter (PM)emitted from motor vehicles include complex
mixtures of metals from tires, brakes and parts
wear. Both tire treads [2] and tire [3] containsignificant amounts of Zinc (Zn). Brake housing
dust and crushed brake pads analyses indicate
high concentrations of Iron (Fe) and Copper(Cu) [3] High levels of metals, such as Cu, lead(Pb) and Zn, in urban street dust have beenreported in many countries and linked to thehigh motor vehicle traffic in these areas [4].
Road dust is an increasing problem indeveloped and developing countries and it is asource of various diseases. Heavy metals in dust
can be accumulated in the fatty tissues andinternal organs of the human body via direct
inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact
absorption [5] and pose potentially deleterious
effects on human health [6] e.g. affecting thecentral nervous system and acting as cofactors,
initiators, or promoters in other , especially foryoung children who were more sensitive thanadults [7]. Dust derived from natural sources
and anthropogenic sources can be carried by thewind into sensitive environments [8], e.g.
kindergarten and elementary school. Therefore
analyzing the heavy metals in the road dust andquantifying them is essential.

2.

samples. Then the analysis is carried out using
FAAS (flame atomic absorption spectroscopy).
The technique makes use of absorption
spectrometry to determine the concentration ofan analyte in a sample. It therefore relies heavily
on the Beer-Lambert law. When the metallic
salt solution is aspirated into the path of theflame, metal atoms into gaseous state are
obtained. Some of the metallic atoms absorb
thermal energy and get excited.However,majority of the atoms remains in the groundstate. These ground state metallic atoms areabsorbing radiation of their own specificwavelength. When radiation from an externalsource (hollow cathode lamp) emitting aspectral line that corresponds that corresponds
to this characteristic wavelength, is allowed topass through a flame containing free, unexcitedatoms (Fig 1); part of that radiation is absorbed,
depending on the population of the ground state
the absorption of the radiation by ground state
atoms follow Lamberts Beers Law.

A = ε*b*cAabsorbanceεmolar absorbtivity with units of L mol-1cm-1bpath length of the sample (cuvette)
C
Concentration of the compound in solution,
expressed in mol L-1

Concept

The aim of this study is to assess metals inroad dust associated with motor vehicle traffic,
and to determine which metals are associatedwith brake and tire wears and analyze the top
soil and the roadside dust in urban areas which
are known to be contaminated with heavy metals
from atmospheric deposition. Reflux method,chemical digestion using a sonicator andmicrowave digester are used to digest the

Figure 1 Experiment methodology outline

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014F04

3.

Sample 08

Methodology

The sample was collected in urban roadside innear to the Kelaniya university, Sri Lanka. Thensample sieved by using small stainless sieve set(<2mm) (Fig 2). The sample was Oven dried 72
hours at 45 C0.Dust (2.0g) sample Digested withcon. HNO3, HCl and H2O for 1 hour at 95
C0.Then Filtered Sample Use to determine theamount of Heavy Metals (Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb) by using
AAS(Atomic Absorbance Spectrometry). We
use a Graph which plotted by using values ofConcentration and Absorbance of stranded
samples, to determine the concentration of each
Metal.

Figure 2 Sieving process of the sample

4. Results
The following tables show the experimental
results obtain from this research;
Table 1 Concentration and Absorbance of Cr

SampleSample 01
Sample 02
Sample 03
Sample 04
Sample 05
Sample 06
Sample 07
Sample 08

Concentration
1.423
1.019
1.173
1.287
1.523
1.546
1.687
1.662

Absorbance
0.158
0.123
0.135
0.140
0.165
0.168
0.172
0.170

Table 2 Concentration and Absorbance of Cu

SampleSample 01
Sample 02
Sample 03
Sample 04
Sample 05
Sample 06
Sample 07

Concentration
4.096
3.968
3.758
3.652
4.652
4.068
4.224

Absorbance
0.152
0.147
0.138
0.131
0.168
0.146
0.185

4.158

0.172

5. Conclusion
The proposed method successfully can beused to determine the heavy metal particles inroad dust. The same process is planned to carryout in various locations including urban andrural areas.

6. References[1]. Joshi UM et al. (2009) Elemental composition of urban
street dusts and their dissolution characteristics in various
aqueous media. Chemosphere 77:526–533[2]. Fauser, P et al. (1999. Quantification of tire-tread particles
using extractable organic zinc as tracer. Rubber Chemical
Technology 72, 969-977[3]. Adachia, K., Tainoshob, Y., 2004. Characterization ofheavy metal particles embedded in tire dust. Environment
International 30, 1009-1017.
[4]. Culbard, E.B et al.1988. Metal contamination in British
urban dusts and soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 17,
226-234[5]. Lu X et al. (2009a) Contamination assessment of mercury
and arsenic in roadwaydust from Baoji, China. Atmos
Environ 43:2489–2496.
[6]. Faiz Y et al. (2009) Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb
and Zn along Islamabad Expressway, Pakistan.
Microchem J 92:186–192[7]. Kong S, Lu B, Ji Y, Zhao X, Chen L, Li Z, Han B, Bai Z(2011) Levels, risk assessment and sources of PM10
fraction heavy metals in four types dust from types dust
from a coal-based city. Microchem J 98:280–290[8]. Meza-Figueroa D, De la O-Villanueva M, De la Parra ML(2007)Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary
schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, Me´xico. Atmos Environ
41:276–288

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P01

Mobile Radiation Monitoring with GPS Module○Nguyen Cao Thang, Nalin Warnajith, Atsushi Minato
Institute of Applied Beam Science,Ibaraki University, Japan
E-Mail: thangtict88@yahoo.com, nwarnajith@gmail.com, minato@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Dose Meter, GPS, RaspberryPi, XBee, Google Map

1. Introduction
After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in 2011,
measuring the radiation concentration has become an
important issue in environmental sustainability. The
concentration of the radiation is higher than normal in awide range not only Fukushima area, but also in the eastpart of Japan. This research proposes a measuringmethod and portable measuring device that can record
the radiation location, time and mapping them.
.

Radiation MeterSD

Raspberry Pi

card
FT232
リアル
変換モ
FT232

2. Methodology of the system

Radiation Meter
Raspberry Pi

card
FT232

R8C

リア
ル変

GPS

換モ

S

ジュGPS sensor andFig. 1. Concept of the system with

Raspberry Pi

ール

GPS

FT232
ジュー
ル

Developed system consists of a wirelesscommunication device XBEE, GPS sensors, a small
computer Raspberry Pi and radiation measuring
instrument. The goal of this study is to measure radiationdose reading and location information from a remotelocation by using wireless communication methods. Also
the retrieved information can be mapped or graphed using
these readings along with the GPS information. The
power consumption of this proposed whole system is very
low, therefore the system is capable long term measuring.
Raspberry Pi is a small personal computer with low
power consumption. Also, Raspberry Pi is one-tenth theprice of a normal PC inexpensive. Also, it can bemeasured by automatically at the startup of the Raspberry
Pi and from this feature the video display unit (monitor)
can be removed from the system which consumes a lot of
power supply.
Dose meter TA100 of Techno AP was used formeasurement. This device can be controlled by USB serialInterface
The proposed system configured in two methods
according to the intended use. The first one consists a GPS
sensor and Raspberry Pi (Fig 1) and the next is withwireless configuration via XBEE (Fig 2).

SD

R8C

XBee

XBee

PC

Fig. 2. Concept of the system with Xbee

Fig. 3. Developed system
The R8C microcontroller unit works as the intermediate
interface between GPS sensor and the Raspberry Pi. It
converts signals that receive from GPS sensor into theserial communication UART system.
Raspberry Pi (Linux board) works as the main hub of
this system. GPS and radiation measurements arerequested by Raspberry Pi through a Python programming
interface from the sensors. The flow chart of the Python
program is shown in figure 4. The obtained information
can be viewed via XBEE in the wireless configuration.

3. Experimental data
To create a map as shown in the figure at the google map
data that has been acquired. Where map at a glance what
dose intuition.

Also, it is possible to manage the dose of each time using
the wireless communication.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P01
Xbee is a short-range wireless communication device.
We have demonstrated up to 550m and it cancommunicate in the experiment.

Start

GPS Data recording (SD)
10 seconds

Radiation Data recording
10 seconds (Average of 10 times)

Transfer data to XBEE

Sleep (5)Fig. 4. Flowchart of Program

Fig. 5. Mapping by Google Map

4. Conclusion
This research made a device that can be measured inradiation data and GPS data through wireless using the
Raspberry Pi. In future, We want to use this device tomeasure the data actually useful.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P02

Synthesis of Gd-DTPA immobilized SiO2 Nanoparticles
and Their Imaging Ability○Yuta Shindo, Yoshio Kobayashi
Collage of Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: 14nm5151f@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Gd-DTPA , nanoparticle , silica , imaging

1. Introduction
Complex compounds of gadolinium (Gd) ions havebeen commonly used as a contrast agent for magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) because of their excellent
paramagnetic properties [1]. The Gd has the ability toabsorb X-ray due to its large atomic number [2].
Accordingly, the Gd is available as a contrast agent for not
only MRI but also X-ray computed tomography (CT).
Gd-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA),
which is a typical, commercial Gd-based contrast agent, is
an aqueous solution of Gd complex molecules. The
Gd-DTPA molecules have a short residence time in blood
tube because of their small size in molecular order, which
provides difficulty realizing steady imaging of focal sites.
Immobilization of Gd-DTPA on nanoparticle substrate ispromising to solve the problem. Nanoparticles are larger
than molecules, and receive remarkable fluid resistance inblood. Consequently, their residence time increases,
which improves the ability for contrast agents. The
present study attempts to immobilize Gd-DTPA on SiO2
particles that are colloidally stable and inert to living
bodies.

2. Experimental
2.1. Preparation of SiO2 particles and surface
modification of them
Colloid solutions of SiO2 particles were prepared byreacting tetraethoxysilane and H2O in EtOH solution
containing NaOH aq. for 24 h. After centrifuging the
SiO2 particle colloid solution and replacing the solventwith water, the SiO2 particles were surface-modified withamino-groups (amination). A chemical used for theamination was (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.
Thereaction time was 24 h (SiO2-NH2).

2.2. Immobilization of Gd-DTPA
Gd-DTPA used was Magnevist (Bayer, YJ code:
7290405A4031).
Immobilization of Gd-DTPA on
particles was performed by mixing the SiO2-NH2 particles
and Gd-DTPA. The pH of the solution during theimmobilization was adjusted to 3 by adding HCl aq. The
reaction time was 24 h (SiO2-Gd-DTPA).

2.3. Characterization
The obtained particles were observed with transmission
electron microscope (TEM). Properties of particle
surfacewere
investigatedbyelectrophoretic-light-scattering
(ELS)
and
X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Their imaging
ability was studied by an MRI instrument and a CT
instrument by using laboratory animals.

3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology of particles
TEM observation revealed production of spherical SiO2
particles with a size of 101.1±12.3 nm.
Suchmorphology did not change even after the Gd-DTPA

immobilization, which indicated no damage to SiO2
particles even with the pH adjustment.

3.2. Surface-modification
The ELS revealed that the SiO2 particles had an
iso-electric point (IEP) of ca. 3.0, which corresponded tothat reported in the previous work [3]. For efficient
immobilization of anionic Gd-DTPA on the anionic
particle surface, the amination was performed for the SiO2
particle surface. After the amination, the IEP shifted to
5.6, which indicated successful amination. N element was
detected on the SiO2-NH2 particle surface by XPS, which
supported the presence of amino groups on particle
surface. After immobilization of Gd-DTPA, the IEPs
were 5.6 and 4.0 for the solutions with no and with pH
adjustment, respectively. The IEP for the pH adjustment
was lower than that of SiO2-NH2 particles, whichindicated that the pH adjustment was useful for efficient
immobilization of Gd-DTPA on particle surface. The pH
adjustment decreased the value of negative charge onparticle surface, which made the Gd-DTPA molecules
approach the particle surface easily [4].

3.3. Imaging ability
MRI imaging ability is evaluated with r1 value. The r1
values were ca. 0 and 1.0 mM-1/s for SiO2 andSiO2-Gd-DTPA particle colloid solutions, respectively.
Their CT values were 66 and 187 HU, respectively. The
Gd-DTPA immobilized particle colloid solution had bothabilities for MRI and CT imaging superior to the SiO2
particle colloid solution.

4. Conclusion
In this work, fabrications of various particles such as
the SiO2, SiO2-NH2 and SiO2-Gd-DTPA were performed.
Each morphology of particles was spherical andmonodisperse. The SiO2-Gd-DTPA particle colloid
solution exerted the MRI and CT abilities. Accordingly,
it is expected to be used as a new MRI and CT contrast
agent with a long residence time in living bodies.

References[1]. Montri Ratanajanchai et al. (2014). “Photo-cured
PMMA/PEI core/shell nanoparticles surface-modified
with Gd-DTPA for T1 MR imaging” J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 415, pp. 70-76.
[2]. Ji-Ae Park et al. (2010). “Gold nanoparticles
functionalized by gadolinium-DTPA conjugate of cysteine
as a multimodal bioimaging agent” Bioorg Med Chem
Let. 20 , pp. 2287-2291.
[3]. Marcell Palmai et al. (2013). “Preparation, purification,and characterization of aminopropyl-functionalized silicasol”J. Colloid Interface Sci. 390, pp. 34-40.
[4]. Hang-Deok Oh et al. (2013). “Facile synthesis of
QD-anchored composite particles with magnetic cluster
cores”Mater Res Bull. 48, pp. 2191-2195.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P03

Fabrication of Alumina Thin Films Crystallized at Low Temperature○Katsumi Yamamura, Yoshio Kobayashi
Collage of Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: 14nm519y@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Alumina, Crystallization, Film, Low temperature, Seeding, Hydrothermal

1. Introduction

2.4. Characterization

Thin films have penetrated deeply into our daily life asmaterials that are required to compose various electronic
devices like semiconductor device. Alumina, which is a
representative material for thin film, has excellent thermal
conductivity and electrical insulation, so that it can beapplied to an integrated circuit [1]. There are various
crystal structures in the alumina. Among the crystal
structures, a crystal structure of alumina that has theexcellent properties is α-type. Because the alumina iscrystallized to α-type by annealing at high temperature(1100oC), selection of substrates is limited for productionof α-alumina films.
Recent years, researches on
low-temperature crystallization to α-alumina have been
intensively performed [2-3].
The present work proposes a method for preparingalumina sol from aluminum salt by utilizing ahomogeneous precipitation method.
Effects ofhydrothermal treatment and seeding of crystallites on
crystallinity of alumina were investigated for lowering its
crystallization temperature. Fabrication of alumina films
was also performed.

Crystal structures of the alumina gel werecharacterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD).
A
section of the alumina thin film was observed withscanning electron microscope (SEM).

2. Experimental
2.1. Fabrication of alumina films
Alumina sol was prepared with the same method as
performed in our previous work [4]. Precipitate ofaluminum hydroxide was prepared by the homogeneous
precipitation method, or by the following procedure.
Al(NO3)3 and urea were dissolved in water in a glass
bottle. The mixture was stirred at 80oC for 8 h, which
produced white precipitate. The obtained precipitate waswashed by repeating centrifugation, removal ofsupernatant, addition of the water and sonication overthree times, and then peptized at 25oC (roomtemperature) with the addition of acetic acid. The
precipitate was transformed to the alumina sol after the
peptization.
Alumina films were fabricated by
dip-coating the alumina sol on sodium glass substrates
and then drying it for gelation.

2.2. Hydrothermal treatment of alumina sol
The hydrothermal treatment was carried out in an
autoclave. The autoclave containing the alumina sol
was sealed tightly and heated in dry oven. Once thetemperature reached 100oC, the temperature was kept for
1 h.

2.3. Preparation of alumina gel seeded with
α-Al2O3 particles

Commercially-available α-Al2O3 particles weredispersed in the alumina sol after the hydrothermal
treatment. The sol was casted onto a petri dish. Drying
in air at room temperature converted the sol into solid
alumina gel. The solid gel was pulverized with a mortar
into powder, and then annealed in air at various
temperatures of 500-900oC.

3. Results and discussion
3.1. Alumina gel
The precipitates composed of fine Al(OH)3 particles,
which were produced with the homogeneous precipitation
method, formed alumina sol transparent in visible region
with the peptization. An alumina gel obtained by drying
the sol was amorphous. The alumina was crystalized toγ-alumina by annealing at 900oC, and not to α-alumina.
The gel produced from the hydrothermal treated sol wastransformed to α-alumina by annealing at 900oC. The
presence of fine and uniform crystalline particles, whichwere produced in the solution during the hydrothermal
treatment, probably promoted the crystallization. The
seeded alumina gel was transformed to α-alumina at
700oC. Surface of the seed crystallites was considered tofunction as staring points for crystallization of alumina.
Transformation to α-alumina usually requires annealing at
ca. 1100oC. In contrast, the α-alumina was produced at
the temperature as low as 700oC in the present work,
which was 400oC lower than the conventional
crystallization temperature of 1100oC.

3.2. Alumina film
According to the SEM observation, the alumina film
was successfully fabricated. A thickness of the film was
ca. 300 nm.

4. Conclusion
The alumina gel treated with hydrothermal treatment
and seeding of crystallites was crystallized by annealingat the temperature lower than that for the non-treatedalumina gel. The alumina thin film was successfully
fabricated by the dip-coating technique. Accordingly, thinfilms of the alumina fabricated by the processes ofhydrothermal treatment and seeding are expected to be
used as electrically-insulated materials.

References[1]. L. Juhász et al. (2009). “Humidity sensor structures withthin film porous alumina for on-chip integration” Thin
Solid Films. 517, pp. 6198-6201.
[2]. W. Wang et al. (2009). “Low-temperature synthesis of
BaTiO3 powders by the sol–gel-hydrothermal method”
Ceram. Int. 50, pp. 276-282.
[3]. T. Yamaguchi et al. (2011). “ Low-temperature formationof α-alumina from various polyhydroxoaluminum-hydroxy acid composite gels” Ceram. Int. 37, pp.
201-216.
[4]. K. Inoue et al. (2013). “ Fabrication of transparent
self-supporting alumina ﬁlms by homogeneous
precipitation process” J. Ceram. Soc. Japan. 121, pp.
494-497.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P04

Development of techniques for fabricating of platinum-Immobilizedtitania particles by electroless plating process○Masataka Sakai, Yoshio Kobayashi
Collage of Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: 14nm509h@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: platinun , nanoparticle ,electroless plating process

1. Introduction

3. Results and Discussion

Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles function as catalyst in fuelcell electrode and catalyst cleaning exhaust gas produced
from automobile because of its excellent catalytic
performance. Since Pt is one of the rarest metals in rare
metal, its amount used is desired to be reduced. And so,
Pt nanoparticles are expected to increase their catalytic
activity and decrease amount of Pt. Nanoparticles tend
to aggregate, which deteriorates their unique propaties
derived from the size effect.
Immobilizing of
nanoparticles on supports such as plates and particle is acandidate to prevent the aggregate. The present work
draw on method of forming a metal thin film on theinsulating material, that electroless metal plating
technique [1-3], and develop technique for producing Pt
nanoparticles-immobilized support of TiO2 nanoparticles.
This method was combined with the electroless metal
plating technique to develop a method for fabricating
Pt-coated particle.

3.1. Annealing TiO2 particle

2. Experimental
2.1. Preparation of TiO2
TiO2 particles were prepared by a sol-gel process.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) (TiO2 soruce)
dissolved in 2-propanol (2-PrOH) was added to a mixtureof water (Initiator),
CH3CN (base catalyst), andCH3NH2/2-PrOH. Then the resultant particles wereannealed at 100℃ and 300℃.

2.2. Pt-Immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles
Pt-Immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles were preparedby a electroless metal plating technique. The annealed
TiO2
particles
were
surface-modified
withpolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Then sensitization andactivation of TiO2 particles surface were performed to
add an Sn solution and an Pd solution in turn , respective.
Pt nano particles supports on TiO2 particle surface toorder of addition H2PtCl6 and hydrazine hydrate.

2.3. Fabrication of Pt-coated particle
This method was combined with the electroless metal
plating technique to develop a method for fabricating
Pt-coated particles.

2.4. Characterization
The obtained particles were observed with transmission
electron microscope (TEM).
In order to analyze
structural characteristics, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used.

According to XRD of approach similar to TiO2,
annealing transformed the crystalline phase of TiO2 toamorphous (100℃) and anatase (300℃). And TEM
observation, the TiO2 particles were sintered and grownby heat-treatment.

3.2. Pt-Immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles
According to TEM observation, the TiO2 particles were
spherical and supported Pt. For 100 ℃ and 300 ℃
annealing, the particle size were 196±82 and 190±51
nm, respectively. Pt was supported more 100℃ than
300℃ annealing. This indicated that hydroxyl groups
were remained on the TiO2 particles surface. Therefore,
each metal ions of adsorbed amount was increased.

3.3. Fabrication of Pt-coated particle
TEM observation revealed that the amount of Pt
immobilized on the particles increased with the Pt-coatingprocess compared to the Pt-immobilized particles. Pt
was considered to be immobilized on the Pt particle
surface on the Pt-immobilized particles by anautocatalytic reaction in the electroless plating method.

4. Conclusion
The present work performed the preparation of
Pt-supported particles by electroless metal plating method.
Pt shell thickness was increased to repeat several times
electroless plating process.
Pt-supported particles
possessing a small particle size, acid resistance, heat
resistance and catalytic activity are required to be studied
to realize fuel cell electrode.

References[1]. Yoshio Kobayashi et al. (2014). “Fabrication of TiO2/Pt
core–shell particles by electroless metal plating” Colloids
and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects 448, pp. 88-92.
[2]. M.L. Bosko et al. (2013). “Controlled Pd deposition on
fibers by electroless plating. The effects of the support on
the reduction of nitrite in water” catalysis Today 212,
16-22.
[3]. G. Mondin et al. (2013). “Metal deposition by electrolessplating on polydopamine functionalized micro- andnanoparticles” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
411, pp.187-193.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P05

Water color monitoring system using Bluetooth
Jia Zhenzhen*,

S.H.P.K.Lakesh,

Atsushi Minato

E-mail:13nm021t@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp
Key word: Low cost, LED, phototransistor, water color, water environment.

１． Introduction
Currently, the world faces unprecedented challenges inwater environmental monitoring. Therefore, the target is tocollect and analyze water environment data in order toavoid any water pollution risk. In that case, water color isessential parameter to evaluate turbidity or phytoplankton.
Commercially available water monitoring system is big insize as well as very expensive. Therefore, we developed asimple and inexpensive instrument for water color
monitoring.

2. Content of research
2.1 Experimental Design
Figure.2 Test Circuit device

Figure.１Water color monitoring system .

In this study, we used the Arduino (Atmega 328), threecolor LED (Red, Blue and Green), phototransistor andliquid crystal (LCD). Here we fixed the phototransistor
and three color LED beside the plastic tube and keep the
20cm distance between LED and Phototransistor. The
Bluetooth device is also connected to microcomputer.
Figure.1 shows the system design.
Three color LED illuminates in short time. The
voltage of phototransistor corresponds to the intensity of
three color lights. These values depend on the absorption
between the LED and the phototransistor. In addition, it iscapable of sending data to the PC or wireless Tablets via
Bluetooth communication.

Fidure.3 Phototransistor measuring device circuit

3. Experiment Result
Colored liquids (L1, L2 and L3) were prepared for thefundamental test. L1, L2 and L3 are Blue, Green and Red
waters. The absorption of these liquids measured byspectrometer (SP-300) is shown in Fig. 4. The RGB values
measured by developed system is also shown in the figure.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P05
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50

BGR

Transmittance

L1(15,14,4)
L2(31,45,15)
L3(25,15,39)

300

500

700

wavelenght(Nm)

900

ｎｍ

Figure.4 Absorption spectrum of test liquids (Red, Green andBlue) data.

4．Conclusion
The proposed color monitoring system can be applied tothe measurement of turbidity and phytoplankton in thewater environment. In addition, we are planning toconduct monitoring actual water environment in the next
experiment stage.

5. Reference[1].StacyA.C.NELSON*,Patricia.SORANNO,Kendra
Spence CHERUVELIL,SamA.BATZLI & David
L.SKOLE（2013）. Regional assessment of lake water
clarity using satellite remote sensing. Bolsena
Conference(2002).
Timeinlakes:Science,Management,Education
J.Limnol.,62(suppl.1):27-32,2003.
[2].Atmel Corporation Atmega328 Date sheet(2010)＜
http://akizukidenshi.com/download/mcu/avr/atmega4
8-88-168-328_A_P_PA.pdf＞(10.8.2014).

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P06

Investigation of the diffusion behavior of hydrogen in a ferritic steel by means ofhydrogen microprint technique○Sugawara Atsushi* and Itoh Goroh***Graduate Student, Graduate school of Science and Enginnering, Ibaraki University,**Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *13nm424f@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp, **gitoh@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords:feritic steel, hydrogen microprint technique, stress, hydrogen embrittlement, cathodic electrolytic charging,hydrogen diffusion, hydrogen invasion, hydrogen emission,

1. Introduction
The use of hydrogen energy is demanded to solve theproblem of the global warming, but a phenomenon calledhydrogen embrittlement must be taken into account when
we use hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement causes a dropof strength and elongation of metallic materials arisingfrom invasion of hydrogen. This phenomenon is easy tooccur in high-strength materials. Therefore, in the case ofuse of high-strength steel, elucidation of the hydrogen
embrittlement mechanism is very important. However,
the mechanism of the embrittlement and the behavior ofhydrogen in steels have not been clarified yet.
Hydrogen in metals is classified into two types
introduced in the material either during the service or in
the course of production process. The former type isreferred to as environmental hydrogen and acts a majorrole in the hydrogen embrittlement.
In this study, the behavior of hydrogen in a stressloaded SPFC (Steel Plate Formability Cold) steels wasinvestigated in stress loading by mean of the hydrogenmicroprint technique (HMPT).

with photographic emulsion by the wire loop method.
Then, when hydrogen atoms with strong reducing power
are emitted from the interior of the specimen, silver
bromide contained in the emulsion changes into metallic
silver.
Ag＋+ H →Ag + H+	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  (3)
Here, unreacted silver bromide is dissolved and removedby the fixing treatment. On the other hand, metallic
silver produced is retained in the gelatin layer of theemulsion, so that position of the hydrogen emission is
the position of the metallic silver. After rising and drying,
the location of the hydrogen emission can be observed
together with the microstructure of the specimen using ascanning electron microscope (SEM).
The amount of emitted hydrogen can be assessed fromthe amount of metallic silver.

2. Specimens and Procedure
2.1. Cathodic electrolytic charging
The principle of cathodic electrolytic charging is
schematically shown in Fig.1. The metal specimen and aplatinum foil are placed in the cathode and anode,
respectively. The following reactions (1) and (2), i.e.,electrolysis reactions of water, occur concurrently.
Anode(+) : 4OH-→2H2O+O2+4eCathode(-) : 4H++4e-→2H2(1)
If hydrogen recombination poison such as NH4SCN is
added to the electrolysis solution, a recombination
reaction at the cathode can be inhibited and some ofhydrogen can invasion the metal in the atomic state.

Fig.2. Principle of hydrogen microprint technique (HMPT).

2.3. Specimens
The specimen used in this study is a 1.0mm thick sheetof SPFC steel. Table 1 shows its chemical composition.
Samples of 50mm×10mm were cut from the sheets,
wet-ground with #2000 abrasive paper, and thenmirror-finished with alumina and silica particles. To
investigate the effect of the stress loading, we compared
the sample which gave 20% of tensile deformation anddidn’t give.
Table 1. Compositions of the specimen in mass%.

Fig.1. Schematic for cathodic electrolytic charging technique.

2.2. Principle HMPTThe HMPT is a way to visualize the hydrogen emitted
from a metallic material using photographic emulsion.
Fig.2 shows the schematic diagram of the principle of
HMPT. First, the surface of the specimen is covered

C

Si

Mn

P

S

0.15

0.02

0.97

0.013

0.004

2.3. Experimental Procedures
To investigate the effect of stress loading as well ascathodic hydrogen charging, four kinds of specimens
were prepared: (A) without electrolytic hydrogencharging without stress loading, (B) without electrolytichydrogen charging withstress loading, (C) withelectrolytic hydrogen charging without stress loading,The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P06(D) with electrolytic hydrogen charging with stressloading.
The cathodic electrolytic charging was performed fromone side of the sample. In a sulfuric acid aqueous
solution pH=2.5 with 0.1mass% NH4SCH at a current
density and voltage of 10mA/cm2 10V, respectively for
30min at room temperature. After the sample was rinsed
with water and then acetone, either the same or the
opposite side of the sample was covered with thephotographic emulsion (Ilford Scientific Product diluted
to 4 times with distilled water) by the wire loop method.
The sample with the emulsion layer was dried, held at
24h in a darkroom to allow the hydrogen to be emitted,
fixed in an aqua solution with 15% of sodium thiosulfate
for 15min, immersed in an aqua solution with 10% of
sodium nitrite for 30 minutes dried naturally, and finallyobserved with an SEM together with energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopic (EDXS) analysis to confirm whether
the particle observed was silver.

3. Results and Discussion
An example of HMPT/SEM images of the SPFC steel isshown in Fig. 3 where observation was made on thehydrogen-charged side. Hydrogen is not detected in thesample without hydrogen charging, Figs. 3 (A) and (B),which means that there is no effect of the hydrogen
introduced during the production process of material. In
contrast, hydrogen is detected in the samples withhydrogen charging, Figs. 3 (C) and (D).In the sample
with hydrogen charging without stress loading, Fig. 3 (C),the silver particles exist inside the grain, grain boundaryand pearlite, while in the sample both with hydrogencharging and stress loading, Fig.3 (D), major portion ofsilver particles are on the grain boundary with minor
portion on the slip line. Thus, grain boundary, slip line
and pearlite were the diffusion paths for hydrogen.
Although the applied stress in the present study is underthe yield stress, local plastic deformation is known tooccur resulting in the dislocation motion forming the slipline.
In the sample both with hydrogen charging and stressloading, hydrogen charging time was decreased to 10min.
The resultant HMPT/SEM images are shown in Fig. 4.
Silver particles on the grain boundary especially at the
triple points are still observed, while there is no particle
on the slip line.
To investigate the diffusion behavior of hydrogen morein detail, permeation side (the other side than thehydrogen-charged side) was observed. An example ofresultant HMPT/SEM images is shown in Fig. 5.
Hydrogen is detected only from the grain boundary in thesample without stress loading. On the other hand,hydrogen is also detected inside the grain especially on
the slip line. The latter type of hydrogen can be attributed
to the transport of hydrogen by the moving dislocations,inside the grains.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)
g
g

A

A

g

A

A

g

Fig. 3. HMPT/SEM images of the SPFC samples(A) without hydrogen charging without stress loading,(B) without hydrogen charging with stress loading,(C) with 30min hydrogen charging without stress loading,(D) with 30min hydrogen charging with stress loading.

(A)

(B)

g

A

A

g
g
g

A

A

Fig.

4. HMPT/SEM images ofhydrogen-charged for 10min.
(A) without stress loading,(B) with stress loading.

(A)

the

SPFC

samples(B)

Fig. 5. HMPT/SEM images on the permeation side

without(A) and with(B) stress loading.

4. Conclusion
The behavior of hydrogen in SPFC steel wasinvestigated, and the following results were obtained.
1. Grain boundary, slip line and pearlite were the paths
where hydrogen is easy to diffuse.
2. Diffusivity can be thought to be largest along thetriple point of grain boundary and next along grainboundary.
3. It is considered that hydrogen detected inside thegrain especially along the slip line is transported by thedislocations.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15- 16, 2014
P07

Inclination measurement using camera and bubble tube
Gu Zhenghe1 , Anne Nisha and Atsushi Minato1
Department of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University(4-12-1, Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan)
E-Mail: 113nm023g@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: R8c, bubble tube, Bluetooth, Microcontroller

1

1. Abstract
Monitoring of inclination of land is important toprevent damage from landslide. Low cost and stablesystem is necessary for this purpose. This paper presents
a new inclination measurement system and its
application to sensor network of disaster prevention.
This system has a cylindrical bubble tube and a USB
web camera. The angle and direction of inclination ismeasured from the photo of bubble tube with radius ofcurvature 20000mm. A GNL18/M model THORLABS
goniometer was used to record the inclination.

2. Introduction
According to the report of the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport, during the 10 years period(2013-2012), average number of natural disasters likeearthquakes, torrential rain, snow melting, and typhoons,landslides, and landslides amount to 1180 cases in Japan.
It was also revealed that the number of deaths andpeople missing by such accidents are about 30 people
every year.
Landslides cause extensive property damage, injury,
death and adversely affect a variety of resources likewater supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems,
forests, dams and roadways. Recently, the Kedarnath
land slide on 16 June 2013 caused the death of 5,700
people in India.
Landslide hazard monitoring and analysis can provide
useful information for catastrophic loss reduction andassist in the development of guidelines for sustainable
land use planning
In order to minimize the damage caused by landslides,
monitoring measures in advance and rapid response
after the earthquake is essential. Development of theinexpensive and reliable equipment has become a majorsocial requirement.

3. System description and Principle ofmeasurement
This system has a JPEG camera, Renesas R8C
microcontroller (M11A), a calibrated cylindrical bubble
tube with 20000mm radius of curvature and a wirelessmodule for real time monitoring.

Fig. 2. Circuit of experimental system

3. ExperimentFig. 3.Example of measured data

Figure 3 shows an example of measured data. The
microcontroller takes photo every 10 min and JPEG
data is sent via Bluetooth to a windows PC. A
processing program on the PC stores data as JPEG file.
The movement of bubble and the diameter are shownin Fig. 3.

4. conclusion
Test system for inclination monitoring using bubble
tube was developed. The system works using wirelesscommunication. Class 1 Bluetooth module was used.
The range of communication is 100m in the open air.

References

Fig. 1. Experimental setup[1]. Sasahara Katsuo, Tamura Keiji (2010) “Simulation model ofsurface displacement of steep slope made of granite soil under
middle scale rainfall”, Journal of the Japan Landslide Society :Landslides 47(3), 155-160.
[2]. Mo Yang, Masanori Itaba, Atsushi Minato, Satoru Ozawa(2013) “Development of perpendicular sensor and Its
Application for Raging”, ISCIU6, 75-76.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P08

Development of Efficient Algorithm for Ion-Mobility Spectrometry○Ryodai Suzuki*, Masaru Kamada**Department if Computer and Information sciences Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *14nm711g@ vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: sparse approximation, efficient algorithm, Matching pursuit

Abstract—Employing discrete B-splines insteadof the Gaussian distribution, we construct analgorithm for the analysis of ion-mobility
spectrometry profiles. The algorithm is suitable for
hardware implementation because the discrete
B-splines are supported by a simple digital filter tocompute their weighted sum and their correlations
with a given signal. Minutely shifted discrete
B-splines are deployed of which weighted sum is toapproximate a given profile with non-negative
weights. Closely neighboring discrete B-splines arealmost linearly dependent so that they may cause
numerical instability in the approximation process.
But numerical experiments deny this anxiety atleast for the final results. Varying the width of
discrete B-splines, we obtain a number of different
approximations. Out of sufficiently precise
approximations, we choose the sparse one in thesense that it comprises few discrete B-splines withlarge weights.

1. INTRODUCTION
Ion-mobility spectrometry [1] is a method of
discriminating chemical molecules in the atmosphere.
Its capability of identifying tiny amounts of various
chemicals has made it possible to analyze odor andflavor and to detect poisons, drugs and explosives. The
analysis is mainly composed of physical andcomputational processes.
The physical process proceeds in this way: (i)Chemical molecules are ionized and injected near thecathode as shown in Fig.1 (a). (ii) The ions movetoward the anode with the acceleration proportional totheir charge-mass-ratio as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). Light
ions reach the anode earlier than the heavier ones on
the average. The ions bump and bounce against air andother molecules during their travel so that even ions of
the same kind arrive at the anode in different travelingtimes. (iii) The ions give their charges to the anode
which constitute the electric current called profile likethe curve in Fig. 2(a). The profile is modeled as aweighted sum of several distributions as schematizedin Fig. 2(b). Each distribution is traditionally supposed
to be Gaussian because any random displacements ofions by their collision with other molecules amount toa Gaussian distribution if they happen infinitely manytimes.
The computational process identifies each different
distribution in a given profile. Its weight and averagetell, respectively, how much and what kind of ions arepresent. The standard algorithm employs the steepest
descent method to search for locally optimal values of
unknown parameters such as average, variance andweight of an unknown number of Gaussian
distributions. This search has to be conductedsequentially so that it consumes much time even on thelatest fast CPUs.
While a tiny chip from Owlstone Nanotech [2] and asystem solution from ATONARP [3] have alreadymade it possible to complete the physical process in a
few milliseconds, the computational algorithm is still
sequentially searching for local optima at muchcomputational cost. In this paper, we shall approach a
new algorithm which matches up to the compact andfast physical system. This approach is characterized by
the following four features:(i) Instead of the Gaussian distribution, we use theB-spline [4] of order m that is defined as the m-foldconvolution integral of a uniform distribution andrepresents the distribution of ion position after mcollisions if one causes a uniformly random
displacement. The B-spline is a good substitute since it
tends to the Gaussian at the limit m → ∞. We can evensay that the Gaussian was not the perfect choicebecause it has infinitely long tails that never exist in
reality. We had better take a large m but do not have to
make it infinity.
(ii) For the sake of simpler computation, theB-splines are further replaced by their discrete version1
defined as the m fold discrete convolution of theuniform discrete distribution. The discrete B-splines
can be generated by only additions and subtractions [6].
There is also a fast digital filter to compute theircorrelations with a given signal [7].

(a)Initial state(b)Analyzing process
Fig.1 Schematics of the ion-mobility spectrometry(a)Profile(ion current)(b)Composite modelFig.2 Ion-mobility spectrometry profile(iii) We dare to deploy the discrete B-splines shiftedby a minute interval as analyzing components of whichweighted sum is to approximate a given profile eventhough we risk numerical instability in theapproximation process due to the almost linear
dependency among the overcrowding components.
Otherwise, the algorithm would fall back to the slow
sequential search for an unknown number of arrival
times. The weights are constrained to be non-negative
since ion counts cannot be negative numbers.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014P08

2. ALGORITHM
The B-spline of order m is composed of1b m[ k ]= (bm− 1 [ k ]+ b m− 1[ k− 1]) ,(m= 2,3,4 …)(1)2
which on the basis of the discrete B-spline on the first
order
(2)
b 1[ k ]= 1/ 2 k= 0,10 otherwise .
{b m [・ − j ]}Nj =−01 (m= 1,2,3,4,⋯ , M )The set of functions are composed by shifting (1) andthey are referred to as the dictionary.
Then the problem is to findCi ≥ 0 , j and mi (i= 1,2,⋯ , I ) ,so that
i

{

N− 1

I

E 2= ∑ ( P[ k ]− ∑ ci b m [k − j i ])

2

(3)
.
is minimized for the given profile p[k].
We employ the orthogonal matching pursuit [8] to solve
this problem with the nonnegative least squares
approximation algorithm [9].
We also have to determine an optimal I somehow
because approximation error E2 is always smaller islarger.
It holds good that
i

k=0

i= 1

∞

I

∑ ci bm [ k− ji ]= ∑ cii

k= − ∞

i= 1

(4)
.

b m [ k]≥ 0∞∑ bm [ k ]= 1
k= − ∞

because, ci ≥ 0 and
In addition, (4) becomes constant :
i

I

N−1

i= 1

k= 0

i

.

∑ ci ≒ ∑ p [k]= constant(5).
when E2 is small enough Therefore, a criterion for thesparsity of the approximation is evaluated by
I(∑ C i )E 1= log(6)∑ C 2ii= 0

We take

2

i=0
I

.
I that minimizes E1+ E 2 .

3. CONCLUSIONSThis paper developed a fast algorithm of discrete
B-splines approximation for the ion-mobility
spectrometry. We are yet to verify the performance byapplying it to many data.

References[1] P.W. Purves, R. Guevremont, S. Day, C. W. Pipich andM.
S.
Maty-jaszczyk,
Massspectrometriccharacterization of a high-field asymmetricwaveform
ion mobility spectrometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 69,
4094-4105,1998.
[2] Owlstone Nanotech, Inc.
http://www.owlstonenanotech.com/technology/[3] ATONARP, Inc. http://www.atonarp.com/en/[4] M. Unser, Splines: A perfect fit for signal and image
processing, IEEE Signal process. Magazine, 16(6),22–38,1999.

[5] K. Ichige and M. Kamada, An approximation for
discrete B-splines intime domain, IEEE Signal Process.
Lett., 4, 82–84, 1997.
[6] T. Saramaki, Y. Neuvo and S. K. Mitra, Design ofcomputationally efficient interpolated FIR filters, IEEE
Trans. Circuits & Syst., 35(1),70– 88, 1988.
[7] .K. Ichige, M. Kamada and R. Ishii, A simple scheme ofdecomposing and reconstructing continuous-time
signals by B-splines, IEICE Trans.Fundamentals, E81-A,
2391–2399, 1998.

[8] Y. Pati, R. Rezaiifar, P. Krishnaprasad, in Asilomar Conf.
Recursive function approximation with application to
wavelet decomposition", on Signals, Systems andComput., 1993
[9] C.L.Lawson and R.J.Hanson,solvingLeast Squares
Problems, SIAM, 1987.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P09

Study on Grinding Characteristics of Grinding Wheel Containing Conductive
Rubber Balls
Application to Grinding Mold Materials○Shimon HAGIWARA*,Nobuhide ITOH*, Takashi MATSUZAWA**, Hitoshi OHMORI***, Teruko KATO***,
Hiroshi KASUGA***, Takeshi YOSHIMIYA****, Yuji HASEGAWA*****, Naoki MAEBAYASHI**Ibaraki University, **Ikegami Mold Co.,Ltd, ***RIKEN(The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research),****Daiwa Kasei Co., Ltd, *****Ibaraki National Collage of Technology
E-Mail: *13nm431r@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp, *itoh@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: ELID, Electro-Conductive rubber bonded wheel, Composite bond grinding wheel, Electrolytic dressing

1. Introduction
In recent years, advanced technological innovation in
the areas of telecommunications, optics, and electronics
has led to the emergence of high performance, highly
functional, and lightweight products. In addition tosophisticated functions, added values such as aesthetic
qualities are also sought, which requires the further
improvement in the precision of the various optical parts
making up these products. Generally, the finishing ofsuch parts is often carried out by hand using loose
abrasives. However, various problems are faced in this
aspect such as lack of experienced technicians. To
respond to such social needs, the authors have beendeveloping ELID grinding techniques applying
conductive rubber-bonded grinding wheels 1). Results ofinvestigations to date have confirmed that ELID grinding
using conductive rubber-bonded grinding wheels
improves ground surface roughness compared to thecommonly used cast iron-bonded grinding wheel andmetal resin-bonded grinding wheel. Effects of ELID for
maintaining grinding performance seen in other grinding
wheels have also been confirmed. However, conductive
rubber-bonded grinding wheels have drawbacks such as
poorer electrolytic dressing characteristics and stability
during grinding compared to generally used ELID
grinding wheels. In the aim to resolve these problems
and put the conductive rubber-bonded grinding wheel topractical application, we are currently developing agrinding wheel containing conductive rubber balls. This
report reviews the application of the developed grinding
wheel to mold materials, and reports the results ofinvestigations conducted on this.

2. Development of grinding wheel
containing conductive rubber balls
The metal resin-bonded grinding wheel containing
conductive rubber balls is a grinding wheel containing
0.5 to 1 mm conductive rubber balls filled with WA＃
1200 abrasives, which are held together using metal resinbond. This grinding wheel is able to improve the groundsurface roughness, which is a characteristic of rubber
bond, and at the same time maintain the removal
performance by ELID of the metal resin bond, in the aim
to realize stable high quality ground surfaces. Figure 2
shows the external view of the developed conductive
rubber ball and the surface composition. [2] It can be seenthat the ball contains WA abrasives. Figure 3 shows theexternal view of the metal resin-bonded grinding wheel
containing the conductive rubber balls. Observation of
the composition confirmed that rubber ball grinding
wheel and the metal resin bond (metal 7: resin 3) are
adhered closely to each other. In this study, copper wasused as the metal.

3. Experimental Method
In the experiments, an ELID rotary suraface grinder
and the FUJI ELIDER 910 power supply were used. The
grinding wheels employed were WA1200 metal
resin-bonded grinding wheel and metal resin-bonded
grinding wheel containing WA1200 conductive rubberballs (conductive rubber ball content rate of 20%，40%，55%） to investigate the effects of the conductive rubberballs and the content rate on
the finish of theworkpieces. Cup-shape grinding wheels with a diameterof φ143×width t3.5 were used. To determine the grinding
characteristics for mold materials, SUS420J2 was used as
the workpiece. The grinding conditions and ELID
conditions set in grinding experiments were work axis
rotational speed 300min-1，grinding wheel axis rotational
speed 2000min-1，feed rate 1μm/min，depth of cut 20μm，non-load voltage 60V，peak current 5A，and pulse 0n/0ff
2/2μs. The experiments were carried out by first truing
the grinding wheel used, then initial electrolyticaldressing, followed by the investigation of the grinding
characteristics. The grinding characteristics reviewed
were changes in spindle load during grinding, surface
roughness of the workpiece, and three-dimensionalsurface properties.
・Blocking reduction of the wheel
・Scratch reduction of the work

Super
wheel

Conductive
Rubber BallsmoothingNonconductor film

Metal-resin bonded wheel

Fig.1 Image of the grinding in the grinding wheel
containing Conductive rubber balls

abrasives

Fig.2 Developed conductive rubber ball and surface
composition

1mm
Fig.3 Developed grinding wheel containing Conductive
rubber balls and surface composition

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P09

4. Experimental Results

14

Figure 4 shows the change in current with time duringinitial dressing. In all four grinding wheels used in theexperiments, the actual current decreased with the elapseof the electrolytical dressing time. This confirms that themetal resin-bonded grinding wheel containing conductive
rubber balls can be electrolytically dressed without
problems.

12.4424

12

Dressing

10
Ra nm

4.1. Initial
Electrolytical
Characteristics

8.7905

7.63728

7.09966
4
2
0WA1200
Metal-resinbonded wheel

WA1200MR-b
all wheel(20%)

WA1200MR-b
all wheel(40%)

WA1200MR-ballwheel(55%)

Fig.6 Effect of bonded material on surface roughness

4.2. Grinding Axial Load
Figure 5 shows the changes in the axial load during
grinding. Although slight changes in the axial load wereseen, it did not rise in all the grinding wheels, confirmingthat stable grinding is realized.

4.3. Grinding
Material

Characteristics

of(a)WA1200MR bonded wheel

Mold

Figure 6 shows the results of measuring the surface
roughness of the workpieces. It can be seen that when thesurface roughness improves when the content rate of the
conductive rubber balls is above 40%．With metal resinbonded grinding wheel containing conductive rubberballs, the metal part is etched by the dressing, causing therubber bond to protrude out. In grinding wheels withrubber ball content rate of 20%, the low abrasive rate isthought to aggravate the surface roughness due to thebond material. Figure 7 shows the three-dimensionalsurface properties of the workpieces ground using thefour grinding wheels. It can be seen that metal
resin-bonded grinding wheels, containing 40%, 55%
rubber balls produce smoother surfaces than normal
metal resin-bonded grinding wheels. Figure 8 shows thesurfaces of the workpieces after grinding.

(b)WA1200 MR-ball wheel (20%)(c)WA1200 MR-ball wheel (40%) (d) WA1200 MR-ball wheel (55%)

Fig.7 Obtained surface roughness of SUS420J2(a)WA1200
Metal-resinbonded wheel(b)WA1200
MR-ball wheel(40%)(c)WA1200
MR-ballwheel
Fig.8 Photograph of work piece after
grinding with(55%)

Current

A

Metal-resin bonded wheel and MR-ball wheel
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

WA1200 Metal-resin bonded wheel
WA1200 MR-ball wheel (20%)

WA1200 MR-ball wheel (40%)
WA1200 MR-ball wheel (55%)
0

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Electrolysis time min

Fig.4 Change of the current in the initial electrolysis
dressing

Axial loading

kW

0.06

WA1200 Metal-resin bonded wheel

0.05

0.04

5. Conclusion
A study was conducted on the grinding characteristics
of a grinding wheel containing conductive rubber balls
for mold materials, and the following results wereobtained.
1) Metal-resin bonded grinding wheels containing
conductive rubber balls could be electrolytically dressed
without any problems.
2）Grinding wheels containing conductive rubber balls
were able to stably grinding mold materials without
increase in the axial load.
3) Better ground surfaces were obtained when groundwith the grinding wheel containing conductive rubberballs compared to the metal-resin bonded grinding
wheel..

References

0.03

WA1200 MR-ball wheel(conductive rubber ball content rate of 20%，40%，
55%)

0.02
0.01
0
0

5

10
Grinding time min15

Fig.5 Change in axial loading dug grinding

20[1]. Tsukakoshi, Itoh, Ohmori et al.(2008).”Development of
Conductive Rubber-Bond Grinding Wheel for ELID
Grinding and Grinding Characteristics-Report 2:ELID
Mechanism of Conductive Rubber-Bond Grinding Wheel”
Journal of the Japan society for Abrasive Technology,
pp339-342.
[2]. Hagiwara, Itoh Ohmori et al.(2013). “Characteristic
Investigation of Conductive Rubber Ball Containing
Metal-Resin bonded wheel” Proceedings of the Japansociety for Precision Engineering.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P10

A REFUGEE PREDICTION ABOUT UNIVERSITY AT THE
CATASTROPHES ON THE BASIS OF THE ACTUAL REFUGE SITUATIONON THE EAST JAPAN GREAT EARTHQUAKE-A CASE STUDY OF THE IBARAKI UNIVERSITY○Jing NING*, Toshiaki KIN *** Major of Information and Systems Sciences, Ibaraki University(4-12-1, Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan),** Department of Urban and Civil Engineering, Ibaraki University(4-12-1, Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan),
E-Mail: *12nd309n@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp, ** tkin@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: the Great East Japan Earthquake, actual refuge condition, the catastrophes,a refugee prediction, the needs of storing goods

1. Introduction
At 14:46 JST(Japan Standard Time)on Friday, 11
March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea mega thrustearthquake hit Japan and devastated northeastern regionof the country, which is called the Great East Japan
Earthquake. It is the worst disaster in the recorded historyof Japan, causing 15,560 people dead, 5689 people
injured, and 5329 people missing (as of July 13,according
to the National Police of Agency) due to the quake andresultant tsunami [1].
In the Hitachi district, earthquake registered an
intensity of 6 more on the Japanese scale, also the mostpowerful earthquake in this area. Electricity, gas andwater were disconnected in many days. Roads, railways,
airports, and other infrastructure were also severely
damaged. In the first three days from 11 March to 13th
March, over 13,000 people toke shelter in the 69
evacuation shelters every day. And there was a big lack offood, water, blanket and gasoline in those days.

2. Background of Study
Fortunately, the dead were not reported in Hitachi, butthere were a lot of problems constantly arose such as
stockpile shortage, dearth of information, confusion andenvironment deterioration in the shelters, etc. Such acatastrophic disaster was not consider to occur and it was
not fully prepared to give the citizens a fair and sufficient
support and protect them from a catastrophic disaster.1)
The College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, which
is a large-sized public educational establishment in
Hitachi, has many students in the school when theearthquake occurred. Many of them could not back homeor stay at home safely. Immediately after the earthquake,they went to the nearby shelter to take a short-term
refuge. But actually, some of them could not get food to
eat or get clothing to protect against the cold, even someof them were refused by being crowed. On the other hand,
there was no maintenance of food and refuge spaceprovided for students on the university side, and it can besaid that the measure against refuge was insufficient.

3. Purpose of the study
A lot of problems about the refuge life and themeasure against refuge were arisen on this earthquake.
Then, in order to build a safe city to against catastrophic
disasters, it is considered to be an important subject totake in the measure against refuge by grasping the refuge

situation of the earthquake correctly and predicting thenumbers of refugee and requirements for reserve.
In this research, situation in the College of Engineeringof Ibaraki University in Hitachi was focused, where thereality of evacuation life about the students was tried to be
grasped. The purpose of this study was to predict the
numbers of refugee and requirements for reserve andprovide scientific data for help to find the way to deal
with the evacuation in university.

4. Investigation
In order to grasp the reality of evacuation life about thestudents, we pay attention to the three days from March
11 to the 13th immediately after the earthquake, when thelifeline could not be used at all.
Table. 1. The investigation to the college of Engineering,
Ibaraki University.

Object ofinvestigation
Time ofinvestigation
Recovery rate
Method ofinvestigation

Surveycontent ofinvestigation

1901 students who were on the registerin the College of Engineering, Ibaraki
University, in case of the earthquake
disasterJune, 2011 ---November,201162.2% (1182 votes were collected)
Hearing investigation &Questionnaire(Questionnaire votes and the answer
sheets for replying are distributed andcollected.)・Individual basic information:(Belonging, sex distinction, means oftransportation, resident status, etc.)
・The situation at the time of theearthquake(From the earthquake
occurrence to the 13th: The refuge
situation, The time and situation about
Moving to an evacuation area, etc.)
・Evacuation behavior and refuge
consciousness(What kind of place did
you take refuge, The reason that you
did not take refuge in a shelter, etc.)
・The situation of getting food anddrinking water・Trouble, opinion, proposal, request,
etc.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P10
From June to November of 2011, a hearing
investigation and a questionnaire research were
performed to the students who were on the register of theCollege of Engineering, Ibaraki University, in case of theGreat East Japan Earthquake (Table. 1.).
According the hearing investigation, we knew that
there were only a refuge drill and a safety check as themeasure against refuge of the College of Engineering,
Ibaraki University, before the Great East Japan
Earthquake. Maintenance of reserve, such as drinking
water and food, or a short-term evacuation area was in thesituation which is not carried out.
About the correspondence after the earthquake, adirection from the school side was issued immediately
after the earthquake that all the students should evacuate
to the ground. And after carrying out the safety check andchecking all the members' safety, a going-home direction
was issued.
According the questionnaire research, it was shownthat 63% of students (741 in 1182 respondents) were in
Hitachi at the time of the earthquake occurrence. For thethree days (3.11-3.13), 404-447 persons had taken refugein the house or the parents' home in Hitachi, who haveaccounted for the biggest rate. There were 180-207
persons who had taken refuge in a friend's house or a
relative's house. At the night on March 11, the students
who had taken refuge in the city appointed shelter were
93 persons, which was the most within for the three days.
Also, there were 9 persons who had taken refuge in theCollege of Engineering, Ibaraki University.Among thepersons who did not take refuge in a shelter, about twenty
percent of people had the request to take refuge in a
shelter. It can be guessed that refuge in a shelter was
stopped owing to the ignorance of an evacuation area,
crowded refuge space, and bad refuge environment.

Table. 2. The view and result of refugee rate calculation by apart stage.

Refuge request
Evacuationarea
In the house or theparents' homenoshelterrefugerequeststrongshelterrefugerequestGroup C:
16%

Group B:
13%○

In the car
In a friend's houseor a relative's houseweak
shelterrefugerequest○In the city
appointed shelter or
the College ofEngineering, Ibaraki
University

Group A:
18%

Table. 3. Calculation of each refugee rate of a part stage.

Level
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3

RefugeeGroup AGroup A + Group B
Group A + Group B+ Group C

Rate
18%
18％+13％＝31%
18％+13％+16％＝47%

Maintenance of a stockpile is also divided into threesteps: "basic maintenance", "strengthening maintenance",and "full maintenance" (Fig.1.).
Maintenance for corresponding to "Level1" wasconsidered as "basic maintenance", maintenance forcorresponding to "Level2"" was considered as"strengthening maintenance", and maintenance forcorresponding to "Level3" was considered as "fullmaintenance."

5. Data analysis and Refugee prediction
In order to extract the factor which affected evacuation
behavior and refuge consciousness, a simple totaling,cross tabulation analysis, and a chi-squared test were
performed in consideration of sex distinction, place ofresidence, resident status, and means of transportationand so on.
As a consequence, a place of residence (In Hitachi oroutside of Hitachi) and resident statuses (living alone orliving with family) are considered to be the main factors.
So, in this research, refuge consciousness andevacuation behavior are performed using the method of apart stage focusing on "153 of the students who were
living alone in Hitachi and in the campus of the College
of Engineering, Ibaraki University at the time of theearthquake occurrence (Table. 2.) " . It is divided into
three steps, "Group A", " Group B ", and " Group C",
As a result of analyzing the refuge actual condition,
18% of the students who were in the campus of theCollege of Engineering, Ibaraki University at the time ofthe earthquake occurrence had taken refuge in the shelter.
When the students with the hope to take refuge in a
shelter and the students refused by the shelter were taken
into consideration, the students' short-term refugee rate
will become to 31% -47%. It is divided into three steps,"Level1", "Level2", and "Level3", and the refugee rateby refuge request is displayed in Table. 3.

Fig. 1. Refugee prediction and maintenance prediction(three steps) .

6. Result
It showed that about 18-47% members need refuge for athree-day short-term. It means that 560～1460 of 3100
students in the College of Engineering, Ibaraki University
need reserve for about three days, and requirements forreserve were about 1120～2920 people per day.
Using this result, several proposals can be suggested
for the evacuation related to university and cooperation
with the local community.

References[1]. Hitachi. (2011.9). “ Hitachi earthquake disaster recovery
program~ relief and vitality to the future.”, pp. 2,pp 19.
[2]. Hitachi formal homepage(2014.8):
http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/index.html

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P11

Visualization of hydrogen in electrolytically charged
cold-rolled austenitic stainless steels○Yukimasa Ichimura*, Goroh Itoh***Graduate Student, Graduate school of Science and Enginnering, Ibaraki University,**Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ibaraki University
E-Mail: *14nm410x@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp, **gitoh@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: stainless steel, hydrogen microprint technique, stress, hydrogen embrittlement, cathodic electrolytic charging,hydrogen diffusion, hydrogen invasion, hydrogen emission,

1. Introduction
In recently years, environmental problems such as
global warming and exhaustion of fossil and air pollution
have been growing into serious problems. This is causedby the fact that energy sources depended on fossil fuelsuch as the gasoline. Therefore, an energy source tobecome the substitute is necessary, and using hydrogenas clean energy has been paid attention to. And, thechance of metallic material such as stainless steels isused in hydrogen environment increase.
However, hydrogen energy using have a problem
called the hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen
embrittlement is a phenomenon to reduce strength andductility because hydrogen invades it in materials. The
materials used for a hydrogen-related apparatus for thisphenomenon are limited. A6061 and sus316L withsuperior hydrogen properties-resistant are domestic
safety levels, and use is accepted now. Of these, in
SUS316L, the use in more extreme strong processing
materials is hoped for the purpose of the light weightingof the apparatus and spacing-saving, reduction of the cost.
However, as for the hydrogen behavior of processing
materials, a lot of any questions do not yet lead toelucidation. Therefore a solution of the SUS316L steel
performed hydrogen micro print technique (HMPT) and
Thermal Desorption Spectrometry (TDS) about
solution-treated materials and cold-rolled by 60%
materials in this study and investigated visualization ofthe-releasing behavior of hydrogen and the hydrogen
quantity in materials.

Fig.1

Schematic for cathodic electrolytic charging

2-2. Principle of HMPTThe principle of HMPT is schematically shown in Fig. 2.
In HMPT, a hydrogen atom evolved at the specimen
surface is visualized as a silver particle using
photographic emulsion layer containing silver bromide.
Following the oxidation-reduction reaction indicated in
Eq. 2, the metallic silver atom will be produced by astrong reduction power of the hydrogen atom at the sitewhere the hydrogen atom is emitted.
Ag+ + H → Ag + H+
(2)
The silver bromide particles that have not been reactedwith hydrogen will dissolve out into the fixer, and finally
only the metallic silver particles will remain on thespecimen surface in gelatin film of the emulsion. Hence, it
is possible to visualize the emission site of hydrogen.

Ag

Photographic
Emulsion(AgBr)

2. Specimens and Procedure
2-1. Cathodic electrolytic charging
Cathode places the specimen and anode places theplatinum. The chemical reaction of each side was shown
expression(1).
Anode(+) : 4OH-→2H2O+O2+4eCathode(-) : 4H++4e-→2H2(1)
However, many of occurring atomic hydrogen causes
the recombination reaction, and do not invade into a
specimen. Then, by adding NH4SCN called hydrogen
recombination poison to an electrolysis solution, arecombination reaction can be inhibited and hydrogeninvasion can be promoted remarkably.

HydrogenSpecimen

Fig. 2 Schematic drawing showing the principle of thehydrogen microprint technique (HMPT)

2-3. Specimens
Specimen used in this study is SUS316L. Table 1 showstheir chemical composition. The specimen was
cold-rolled by 60% into 0.2mm, and a part of specimen
was solution-treated at 1050 oC for 1 hour. One side of thespecimen surface was polished using #400 paper andelectropolished to mirror-like finish.
Mirror like surface was electrolytic-etched in 10 mass%
H2C2O4 solution. Fig.3 shows their optical micrographs.
Table. 1 Compositions of the specimens in mass%.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
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P11
(a)

(b)

L
LT
Fig. 3 Optical micrographs of the SUS316L(a) solution-treated and (b) cold-rolled by 60%

2-3. Experimental Procedures
In this study, two kinds of specimens were prepared.
One of specimens was cold- rolled by 60%, the other was
solution-treated. Hydrogen was charged cathodically for
mirror side of specimens in 0.1 mass% NH4SCN solution(ph=2.5) consisting of H2SO4 at a current density of
0.01A/cm2 for 3 hour from the backside of the one
surface covered with the protective film. The protective
film was removed and, specimens surface were covered
with collodion. After this process, the specimen surfaces
were covered with a photographic emulsion (Ilford L-4,
diluted by pure water, 4 times) composed of gelatin andsilver bromide crystals using a wire loop method. The
emulsion layer was dried and at 24hour in the dark roomand hydrogen was made to emit. Then, the specimens
were dipped into formalin (35 mass% HCHO water
solution) for 5 seconds to harden the gelatin layer, andimmersed in a fixing solution (15 mass% Na2S2O3 water
solution) for 8 minutes to remove the remaining silver
bromide particles that had not reacted with hydrogen.
The specimens were washed with water for 15 minutes.
Arrangement of the silver particles was observed with ascanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped withenergy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDXS). The
amount of hydrogen contained in the specimen afterhydrogen charging was also measured by the thermal
deposition
Spectrometry
(TDS)
using
gas
chromatography with a heating rate of 10oC min-1 until
the temperature reached 600oC.

specimens in cold-rolled specimens, and, as for thedifference of the hydrogen total release quantity per unitof each uncharged specimens and charged one mass to
100oC to 600oC, as for the hydrogenation quantity by thecathodically charging, cold-rolled specimens were bigger.
It is thought that increase of the transposition density by
the processing increased a trap site of hydrogen as forthis. Again a solution-treated in comparison withimmanence hydrogen of the cold-rolled. It is thought that
there was little influence on materials by the cathodicallycharging because the quantity of hydrogenchargedcold-rolled was remarkably small, and it is thought thathydrogen was added in only materials surface aroundwithout being scattered enough by the specimens inside.
Thus, it is thought that a position of a silver particle
observed in Fig.1 is a trap site at the specimen surface ora-releasing course of hydrogen which scattered specimen
surface around. Because hydrogen immanence quantityof the cold-rolled specimens grew big thesolution-treated one than hydrogen added in processing
materials by a cathode charge by this experiment, it isthought that it is necessary to perform HMPT in
uncharged specimens of each sample in future.
(a)

(b)

Fig.3 Fig.1 HMPT/SEM images of the hydrogen-charged
SUS316L (a)solution-treated (b)cold-rolled by60%
Table. 3 Hydrogen desorption profiles

3. Results and Discussion
HMPT/SEM images of the hydrogen-charged specimens
solution-treated and cold-rolled by 60% were shown Fig.
3. A particle of the white was confirmed insolution-treated, both SEM images of cold-rolled. The
white particles observed were identified as silver by an
EDXS analysis. From this, it is thought that AgBr
particle included in photographic emulsion became thesilver particle by released hydrogen. In addition, a silver
particle was confirmed in the solution-treated mainly ona grain boundary. On the other hand, a silver particle wasconfirmed in the cold-rolled from the processing
structure. As a result of TDS was shown Table 2. As forthe quantity of hydrogen, the charged solution-treatedbecame big in order of the uncharged one, charged
cold-rolled and the uncharged cold-rolled solution. In
addition, the peak of the hydrogen release boiled around
200 oC with both specimens. When it compares the result
between the uncharged specimens, it is confirmed
solution-treated specimens that there is more quantity of
immanence hydrogen cold-rolled specimens. In addition,
solution-treated was 0.4molppm in 0.2molppm, rolling

4. Conclusion
Release of hydrogen was confirmed solution-treatedand cold-rolled specimens. The old-rolled specimens had
more immanence quantity of water than solution-treated,but the quantity of hydrogenation by the cathodicallycharged had a bigger cold-rolled specimens. In thehydrogen charged for 3 hours, hydrogen to the specimens
inside cannot spread enough. The release of hydrogen
was confirmed on processing structure in cold-rolled on a
grain boundary in solution-treated.

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014
P12

Development of ELID grinding wheel by PELID and 3D-printer○Daiki Yamamoto*, Nobuhide Itoh*, Nozomu Yamada*, Hitoshi Ohmori**, Teruko Kato**, Shinjiro Umezu***,Takashi Matuzawa****, Akihiko Nemoto*****, Yuji Hasegawa******,*Ibaraki University, ** RIKEN, *** Waseda University, **** Ikegami Mold Engineering Co.Ltd,***** Yamagata University, ****** Ibaraki National College of Technology,
E-Mail: * 14nm446f@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Keywords: Grinding, Grinding wheel, ELID, PELID

1. Introduction
In recent years, competition in the manufacturingindustry is growing increasingly intense every year on a
global-scale. For this reason, the reduction of
manufacturing costs and shortening of manufacturing
time are important challenges to companies. As one
solution, the use of 3D printers is being reviewed. The
authors are developing a technique for fabricating
grinding wheels by combining the use of a 3D printerand liquid droplet ejection technique PELID[1] to cut
manufacturing costs and shorten manufacturing time,
aiming at an on-demand manufacturing approach which
can fabricate only the required grinding wheel at therequired time.
This report discusses the fabrication of a grinding
wheel for ELID[2] using the hybrid system combining
the 3D printer and PELID, and the results of fundamental
grinding experiments conducted using the fabricatedgrinding wheel.

2.3. Hybrid system for fabricating grinding
wheel using 3D printer and PELID(Fig.6.) shows the overview of the hybrid system
combining a 3D printer and PELID for fabricating
grinding wheels. The PELID liquid needle electrode ispositioned at the same. Axis as the 3D printer nozzle, anda plane electrode is used for the stage.
3D printer nozzle
Filament-shape
resin
Stage
Fig.1. Principle of fused deposition modeling method using
3D printer.

Liquid needle

2. Principle
2.1. 3D printerThe 3D printer is a device which can fabricate
three-dimensional objects based on 3DCG data createdusing 3D CAD. In this study, we used the 3D printerbased on the fused deposition modeling method. (Fig.1.)
shows the principle of the fused deposition modelingmethod. With this method, a filament-shaped resin is fed
into the nozzle, then the resin is heated and melted, andthen extruded and laminated to build thethree-dimensional objects.

Electrodedistance
Plane electrodeFig.2. PELID principle.

Fig.3. Ejection of liquid droplet

Line

2.2. PELID technology(Fig.2.) shows the principle of PELID. PELID stands
for Patterning with Electrostatically Injected Droplet. By
applying pressure to the liquid needle electrode whose
nozzle is filled with liquid, liquid droplets are ejected out
to the plane electrode by static electricity. As shown in(Fig.3.), the ejection method of the liquid droplets canbroadly be divided into three types: Mode I where thedroplets accumulate at the nozzle tip and are ejected,
Mode II where the droplets are ejected continuously toform a line shape, and Mode III where the droplets are
dispersed by static repulsion and sprayed out. The
ejection method of the droplets can be varied according
to the electrode distance, nozzle diameter, pressure
applied, and properties of the liquid. (Fig.4.) shows theline drawn by the suspension of alumina abrasives andethanol in Mode II, and (Fig.5.) shows the ejection
method by spraying in Mode III. By dispersing abrasives
in ethanol in this way and ejecting the abrasives by
PELID, abrasive dispersion cab be controlled.[3]ModeⅠ ModeⅡ ModeⅢ

500μm

200μm

Fig.4. Drawing of line

Fig.5. Spray ejection(ModeⅡ)(ModeⅢ)
Filament

X-axisPower
Liuqid needle
Z-axisPC
Y-axisStage（Plane electrode）
Fig.6. Overview of grinding wheel fabrication system

The 10th International Student Conference at Ibaraki University,
Ibaraki, Japan, November 15-16, 2014P12

3. Fabrication of grinding wheel using
hybrid system
In this experiment, electrically-conductive ABS resin(with resistance of about 3kΩ), which is the bond materialof the grinding wheel, was laminated using the 3D printer.
Next, a suspension of alumina abrasives (WA#3000) andethanol was sprayed by PELID to disperse the abrasives
while fabricating the grinding wheel. Electrically-conductive ABS resin was used as the electro-conductive
material of the 3D printer’s filament so that the productmade by the 3D printer can serve as an electrode in PELID.
Another reason is to enable the product to be ground by
ELID. With PELID, alumina abrasives are suspended inethanol to enable the abrasives to be sprayed. After
spraying the ethanol, only the volatilized abrasives can bedispersed. (Table.1.) shows the conditions for fabricating
the grinding wheel. (Fig.7.) shows the fabrication state.
The fabrication time of the grinding wheel under these
conditions is about 40 minutes.
(Fig.8.) shows the external view of the fabricatedgrinding wheel. The wheel made using the hybrid system
is given a metal shaft. The X-X in (Fig.8.) was cut tocheck the state of the abrasives. (Fig.9.)(a) shows theSEM observation images while (b) shows the distributed
state of the abrasives obtained by EDX analysis. It can be
confirmed that white alumina abrasives (WA#3000) of
about 5μm are held in place between the electrically-conductive ABS resin (black part) of the parent material.
The abrasive layer is held in place as if sandwiched by theresin. This demonstrates that grinding wheels can
successfully be fabricated using the developed hybrid
system.
Table.1.

4. Grinding experiments
Using the mounted grinding wheel fabricated using the
hybrid system combining the 3D printer and PELID. The
work piece used for grinding was the COP resin(ZEONEX) whose surface has been ground with a #400
grinding wheel. (Fig.10.) shows the photo of the hybrid
grinding system and the grinding state. (Fig.11.) (a) and(b) show the optical microscope image of the work
surface before and after the ion shot dressing. (Fig.12.)
shows the surface roughness of the work before and after
the dressing. It can be seen in (Fig.11.) that there arelarge grinding marks before the dressing, which
disappear after the dressing. In (Fig.12.), given that thesurface roughness has improved after the dressing, thisconfirms that the mounted grinding wheel made using
the hybrid system combining the 3D printer and PELID
has good removal capability.
Grinding
wheelWork piece(a) Overview of machining(b) Enlarged viewFig.10. Grinding of COP resin

200μ
200μm
m
(a) Before processing(b) After processing
Fig.11. Surface properties before and after grinding of COP
resin

Grinding wheel fabrication conditions
Shape
Outer diameter
LengthGrinding
wheel

Use material
3D printerLaminate thickness
Lamination width
Nozzle moving speed
Nozzle temperature
Use liquid

PELID

Applied voltage
Distance between electrodes
Inner diameter of the nozzle
Discharge form

Axis with cylindrical
7mm
16mm
Electrically -conductive
ABS resin
0.1mm
0.4mm
5mm/s
523K
Ethanol+WA#3000(Mass ratio10：1）
4.4kV
40mm
0.41mm

Fig.12. Difference in surface roughness before and after
COP resin grinding

5. Conclusion

Mode IIIPELID nozzle
3D printer nozzle
Grinding
wheel

X

X

Stage（Plane electrode）
Fig.7. Fabricationof grinding
Fig.8. Appearance of
電wheel using hybrid system
grinding wheel極）Alumina
Aluminaabrasivesabrasives

10μm

10μm

This report discusses the attempts by the authors tofabricate a hybrid system combining a 3D printer and
PELID in the aim to realize on-demand manufacturing,then fabricate a grinding wheel using this system, andconduct grinding experiments using the fabricatedgrinding wheel. We succeeded in fabricating the grinding
wheel by forming the bond material using the 3D printerand scattering the abrasives by PELID. In the grinding
experiments using the grinding wheel, improved surface
roughness of the workpieces was confirmed. These
results demonstrate that the developed system is able tofabricate grinding wheels.

References
[1].

[2].
[3].

(a) SEM observation images(b) EDX analysis

Fig.9. Results of observing cross-sectional (X-X) structure

Suzuki, Umezu, Koizumi, and Kawamoto: Injection of Micro Water
Droplets in Static Injection Phenomenon ， IIPThe Japan Society of
Mechanical Engineers Information/Intelligent/Precision Equipment
Seminar Proceedings (2004) pp.254-257
Hitoshi Ohmori: ELID Grinding Technique, Japanese Industrial Standards
Committee (2000)ISBN4-7693-2151-1 C3053 pp.139-164
Watabiki, Itoh, Hasegawa, Umezu, Matsuzawa, and Yamamoto: Efforts inFabricating Grinding Wheel for ELID Grinding using 3D Printer，The
Japan Society for Precision Engineering (2014)Author2, (Date). “BookTitle” Publisher.

Executive Committee General Chair
Anjeza ALAJ

Graduate School of Science and Engineering Vice Chairs
Jing NING

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

G. Anne NISHA

Graduate School of Science and Engineering Members
Yoshihiro ITO

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Liying XIAO

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Wenzhe LI

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Tomonori WATANABE

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Ryodai SUZUKI

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Kunimitsu TAKAHASHI

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Kai WANG

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Atsushi KATO

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Erjing ZHOU

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Yuji FUJISHIMA

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Xuan MA

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Kosuke KURIHARA

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Takuya WADA

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Sachin RAI

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Thai TRAN VAN

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Kun HAN

Collage of Engineering Advisers
Zhishen WU

Faculty of Engineering

Tatsuya NUMAO

Faculty of Engineering

Masaru KAMADA

Faculty of Engineering

Yuji KUWAHARA

Faculty of Engineering

Hideyuki TONOOKA

Faculty of Engineering

Atsushi MINATO

Faculty of Engineering

Makoto TAMURA

Institute for Global ChangeAdaptation Science