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5
The Religion, Politics, and Cultural Activities of Paraiyars in Tamil Nadu:
Paraiyattam as a Religio-Political Symbol
Takako INOUE
1. Paraiyars and Their Social Status among Dalits in Tamil Nadu
This paper will discuss and explore how the performance of the Paraiyattam, a traditionalgroup dance accompanied on the parai, a frame drum also called the thappu, has becomea paradoxical symbol, within the traditional arts supported by the upper castes and thereligio-political practices of the Paraiyars,1 one of the Dalit communities, in association
with growing and revitalizing Dalit liberation movements in Tamil Nadu. Although the
Paraiyattam was once an indispensable part of the Hindu funeral ceremony and associatedwith pollution, today its performance is regarded as a positive practice that expresses Dalit
liberation, that is, a symbol related to their fight against caste discrimination.
According to the data of the 2011 Census, the population of Scheduled Castes (SCsor Dalits) accounts for approximately 20% of the 72.15 million of the total population of
Tamil Nadu, and 76 names of SCs are listed.2 Out of the total SC population of Tamil
Nadu, Paraiyars (including so-called Adi Dravidar) account for 62.8%, the largest Dalitgroup; Pallar (including Devendrakula Vellalar) account for 17.01%; and Arunthathiyar(including Chakkiliyar) account for 14.42%. Thus, these three Dalit caste groups accountfor more than 94% of the total SC population. I will describe below the three Dalit
communities.
The caste name Paraiyar is derived from the parai, a frame drum beaten by a pair ofsticks, handed down mainly by the Paraiyars. This caste group started the struggle toimprove their social status as early as the late nineteenth century. Ayothee Dasa3 (18451914), who converted to Buddhism, which he believed to be the original religion of
Paraiyars, launched an anti-caste movement (Basu 2011: 162-163). He established the
Sakya Buddhist Society, also known as the Indian Buddhist Association, in 1898, calling
Paraiyars to convert as he did so. He advocated adoption of the term “Adi Dravidar”
1

The Tamil name of this particular caste has previously been spelled with the non-honorific “n” ending,“Paraiyan,” or without this ending, “Paraiya” (Pariah), but today, it is spelled with the honorific “r” ending,“Paraiyar.” A similar process widely is adopted by other Tamil caste groups.
2
Lopol.org, “List of Tamil Nadu Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)” (https://www.lopol.
org/article/list-of-tamil-nadu-scheduled-castes-sc-and-scheduled-tribes-st accessed on 30 December 2020).
3
There are several Anglicized spellings of his name, such as Iyothee Thass, C. Ayodhya Dasa, and C.
Iyothee Doss.

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