GHG measurement standards for cities
IPCC Expert Meeting:
Application of 2006 IPCC
Guidelines to Other Areas

11ContentsAgenda
1. About C40
2. Measurement standards
3. Challenges

IPCC Expert Meeting: Application of 2006 IPCC
Guidelines to Other Areas, 1-3 July, Sofia, Bulgaria

2C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group3

The C40 Cities
Addis Ababa
Amsterdam
AthensAustinBangkok
Barcelona
Basel
Beijing
BerlinBostonBogotaBuenos Aires
Cairo
Cape Town
CaracasChangwon
ChicagoCopenhagen
Curitiba
Dar es Salaam
Delhi
Dhaka
Hanoi
Heidelberg
Ho Chi Minh City
Hong Kong
HoustonIstanbul
Jakarta
Johannesburg
Karachi
Lagos
LimaLondon

Los Angeles
MadridMelbourne
Mexico City
MilanMoscow
Mumbai
Nairobi
New Orleans
New York
OsloParis
Philadelphia
PortlandRio de Janeiro
Rome
San Francisco
Santiago
Sao Paulo
SeattleSeoul
Shanghai
Shenzhen
Singapore
Stockholm
SydneyTokyo
TorontoVancouver
VeniceWarsaw
Washington, DC
Wuhan
Yokohama

4The Power of the C40
8%of all humans

5%of global GHG
emissions21%of global GDP

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2e

CO2eCO2e$$$$$5The Power of the C408%of all humans

5%of global GHGemissions

21%of global GDP

CO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2eCO2e$$$$$6The Power of the C40
ONE BILLION TONS IN POTENTIAL REDUCTIONS

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The Power of the C40
ONE BILLION TONS IN POTENTIAL REDUCTIONS

8The Power of the C409

The Power of the C4010

C40 creates NETWORKS
PEER-TO-PEER
EXCHANGE
ON-THE-GROUNDCITY SUPPORTRESEARCH &KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT

11C40 provides SUPPORTPEER-TO-PEER
EXCHANGE

ON-THEGROUND CITY
SUPPORTRESEARCH &KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
12C40 shares KNOWLEDGE
PEER-TO-PEER
EXCHANGE
ON-THE-GROUNDCITY SUPPORTRESEARCH &KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
13Cities decideCity streets &parking

87%

Outdoor lighting

80%

Transit63%

Residential
waste

66%

Landfills

60%

Building
regulation

57%

Water supply

60%

City planning50%
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Final demand as driver of emissions

Source: John Barrett, Lead author, IPCC Working Group III
15What gets measured …
Cities are critical to mitigation- Release GHGs
- Capacity to act (contribute to national targets)
Ability of city leaders to take effective action depends onaccess to good quality data on GHG emissions
Measurement enables cities to:•• Assess risks andopportunities•• Track their progress•• Partnerships

Create a strategy to reduce
GHG emissions
Report (legal / voluntary)
Access to finance162. Measurement standards

A City-wide

Topic 1

B Consumption-based

Topic 2C Actions

Topic 317

2A. City-wide inventories
CDP Cities Survey 2014
60 Cities reported (90%)

46 City-wide GHG inventories (77%)

Methodologies

Categories

ICLEIUSAIEAP

N/A

3025IPCCbased

2015GPC10Other50➡ Need for greater consistency and improved access to data18

2A. City-wide inventories
Global protocol for community-scale GHG emissions➡ GPC Presentation, Wee Kean Fong, WRI

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2A. City-wide inventories
Challenges- Emissions from grid-supplied energy generation counted atpoint of consumption rather than production- Emissions from transboundary transport included – travel
and hubs located out of boundary- Emissions from waste treatment based on waste generated- Availability of detailed transport data
- Disaggregation of data at sub-national scale and by subsectors- Data confidentiality (point sources may be significant at cityscale)20

2A. City-wide inventories
ASK• Guidance on disaggregation of national-level data
• Guidance on aggregating sub-national GHG inventories
Example: Sub-national disaggregation, United Kingdom• GHG inventories for England,
Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland• Energy consumption statistics
at local authority level (gas,electricity and residual fuels)
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2B. Consumption-based
Emissions from sources
within boundary

Territorial

Emissions from activitieswithin boundary

Consumptionbased

Inboundary “plus”
22

2B. Consumption-based
Cities are networks of commerce, people … and GHGs

Research indicates significant trade in GHGs between“consumer cities” and “producer cities”
232B. Consumption-based
17 cities measure scope 3 emissions (30%)
2 cities have conducted full consumption-based assessment
1 city developed standard (PAS 2070; London and BSI)
100
80
60
40
200LondonSeattle➡ Assessment of consumption-based emissions24

2B. Consumption-based
Consumption-based measurement allows cities to:•Take a more holistic approach to GHG emissions•Assess the carbon dependence of the local economy•
Realize opportunities for more efficient urban supply
chains – cross-sector and international
ASK• Guidance on conducting LCA• Guidance on disaggregating national consumption-based
data based on I-O assessments25

2C. Actions
CDP Cities Survey 2014
718 Actions reported (median = 10)
110 Quantified actions (15%, majority 0.1 to 1m+ tCO2e)
4030
20100

➡ Need to quantify GHG effects of policies and actions
26

2C. Actions
CDP Cities Survey 2014tCO2e

CityProject

Rio de Janeiro

Capture of landfill gas

1,240,000

Cape Town

Renewable energy

2,055,018

Washington DC

Building design

2,234,500

Rotterdam

CCS

15,200,000

Also need to capture other activity in city – led by national
governments and companies. Requires consistent frameworkand clever reporting to avoid double counting and leakage,and ensure proper attribution.
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2C. Actions
ASK• Guidance on project-specific accounting to ensure
consistency between national governments, cities,
companies and others
Define activity and conduct high-level estimate
Before Map causal chain and define assessment boundary
Estimate baseline emissions & GHG effects ex-ante
During Monitor performance
Estimate GHG effects ex-post
After
Verification and reporting28

3. Challenges• Boundary issues: city accounting very different to nationalaccounting• Availability of activity data: Lack of data at city-scale• Limited resources and capacity issue
Opportunities to empower city-scale action• Guidance on disaggregation of national-level data forsmaller spatial scales• Guidance on aggregation sub-national inventories• Guidance on LCA and consumption-based accounting• Guidance on project-specific accounting
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Concluding remarksCities• Critical to mitigation• Capacity act
Measurement standards• New global processes for measuring city GHG emissions• Consumption-based accounting• Actions and policies
Challenges and opportunities• Activity data gap – more data, better insight• Win-win from closer alignment of national and city reporting30

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C40 Cities
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