Standard ECMA-130
2n d Edition - Jun e 1996

Standardizing

Information

andCommunication

S ys t e m s

Data interchange on read-only
120 mm optical data disks(CD-ROM)

Ph o n e : + 4 1 2 2 8 4 9 . 6 0 . 0 0-

Fax: +41 22 849.60.01-

UR L : h t t p : / / www. ec m a. c h-

I n t e r n e t : h el p d es k @ ec m a. c h.

Standard ECMA-130
2n d Edition - Jun e 1996

Standardizing

Information

andCommunication

S ys t e m s

Data interchange on read-only
120 mm optical data disks(CD-ROM)

Ph o n e : + 4 1 2 2 8 4 9 . 6 0 . 0 0
M R Ecma-130.doc 30-09-96 16,42-

Fax: +41 22 849.60.01-

UR L : h t t p : / / www. ec m a. c h-

I n t e r n e t : h el p d es k @ ec m a. c h.

Brief History
In the past years compact disks originally developed by the Philips and Sony Companies for recording music have also beenused for recording data as they allow recording of large amounts of information in a reliable and economic manner. As aread-only medium they are particularly suitable for use in applications such as auditing and legal documents. It appeared very
quickly that there is an urgent need for public standards for this medium.
In October 1985 a number of industrial and software companies in the USA invited experts to participate in the elaboration ofa working paper describing a proposal for the volume and file structure of such disks. The result of this work, in which also
expert members of ECMA/TC15 as well as from Japan participated, was a report dated May 1986 and known as the “High
Sierra Group” proposal. This proposal was submitted to ECMA for their consideration. ECMA TC15, in collaboration withexperts from user organizations, invested a considerable amount of work into this proposal in order to clarify and complete its
technical contents and to re-edit it in a form suitable for an ECMA Standard. This led to the issue in December 1986 ofStandard ECMA-119 which has been adopted by ISO as ECMA Standard ISO 9660.
The specification of the disk itself was contain in a document called “Yellow Book” issued by the Philips and Sony
Companies for their licensees only. In Spring 1987 ECMA was asked to produced a standard reflecting the contents of the“Yellow Book” as the necessary complement to Standard ECMA-119. As a consequence the present ECMA Standard wasdeveloped by ECMA TC31. It has been adopted by ISO/IEC JTC 1 under the fast-track procedure, and published as
International Standard ISO/IEC 10149.
A minor revision of ISO/IEC 10149 has been published in Summer 1995. This second edition of ECMA-130 has been fullyaligned with the new edition of ISO/IEC 10149.

This ECMA Standard has been adopted by the ECMA General Assembly of June 1996

.

- i -

Table of contents
1 Scope1

2 Conformance

1

3 References

1

4 Definitions

1

4.1 Audio Track1

4.2 concentricity

1

4.3 Control byte

1

4.4 Digital Data Track1

4.5 F 1 -Frame

1

4.6 F 2 -Frame

1

4.7 F 3 -Frame1

4.8 Information Area1

4.9 Information Track2

4.10 Physical Track2

4.11 radial acceleration

2

4.12 radial runout2

4.13 Section

2

4.14 Sector

24.15 User Data Area

2

5 Environments

2

5.1 Testing environments2

5.1.1 Optical stylus

25.1.2 Clamping

2

5.1.3 Normal testing environment2

5.1.4 Restricted testing environment2

5.2 Operating environment

3

5.3 Storage environment

3

6 Inflammability

3

7 Material

3

8 Mechanical, physical and dimensional characteristics

3

8.1 Reference planes

3

8.2 Centre hole

4

8.3 First transition area

4

8.4 Clamping area4

- ii -

8.5 Second transition area

5

8.6 Information area

5

8.7 Rim area

6

8.8 General remarks

7

9 Mechanical deflection of the entrance surface

7

10 Deflection of the reflective layer

7

11 Physical Track geometry

7

11.1 Physical Track shape7

11.2 Direction of rotation

7

11.3 Physical Track pitch

711.4 Scanning velocity

7

11.5 Radial runout of tracks

7

12 Optical read system

8

12.1 HF signal

812.2 Modulation amplitude8

12.3 Symmetry

8

12.4 Cross talk8

12.5 Quality of the HF signal

812.5.1 Position jitter of the Channel bits

8

12.5.2 Specification of random errors

912.5.3 Specification of burst errors

912.6 Radial track-following signal

912.6.1 Magnitude

9

12.6.2 Defects

9

13 General aspects of recording

13

13.1 Information Tracks

13

13.2 Bit coding

14

14 Sectors of a Digital Data Track

1414.1 Sync field

15

14.2 Header field

15

14.3 EDC field

16

14.4 Intermediate field

16

14.5 P-Parity field

16

14.6 Q-Parity field

16

15 Scrambling

16

16 F1 -Frames16

- iii -17 CIRC encoding - F2 -Frames

16

18 Control Bytes - F3 -Frames and Sections

17

19 Recording of the F3 -Frames on the disk

17

19.1 8-to-14 Encoding

17

19.2 Sync Header

17

19.3 Merging Channel bits

1719.4 Channel Frame

17

20 Track structure of the Information Area18

20.1 Lead-in Area18

20.2 User Data Area18

20.3 Lead-out Area

18

21 Addressing system in the Information Area

18

22 Specification of the Control bytes of Digital Data Tracks

19

22.1 Setting of r-channel to w-channel

1922.2 Setting of the p-channel

1922.3 Setting of the q-channel

20

22.3.1 Control field

20

22.3.2 q-Mode field

20

22.3.3 q-Mode 1 - q-Data Field in the User Data Area and in the Lead-out Area20

22.3.4 q-Mode 1 - q-Data field in the Lead-in Area

22

22.3.5 q-Mode 2 - q-Data field in the Information Area

22

Annex A Error correction encoding by RSPC

25

Annex B Scramble

31

Annex C Error correction encoding by CIRC

33

Annex D 8-bit to 14-Channel bit conversion

39

Annex E Merging bits

43

Annex F Storage tests

45

- iv -

1

ScopeThis ECMA Standard specifies the characteristics of 120 mm optical disks for information interchange between
information processing systems and for information storage, called CD-ROM.
The optical disk specified by this ECMA Standard is of the type in which the information is recorded before delivery
to the user and can only be read from the disk. This ECMA Standard specifies− some definitions, the environments in which the characteristics of the disk shall be tested and the environments
in which it shall be used and stored,− the mechanical, physical and dimensional characteristics of the disk,− the recording characteristics, the format of the tracks, the error-detecting and the error-correcting characters, andthe coding of the information,− the optical characteristics for reading the information.
These characteristics are specified for tracks recorded with digital data. According to this ECMA Standard, a disk
may also contain one or more tracks recorded with digital audio data. Such tracks shall be recorded according to IEC
908.

2

Conformance
An optical disk is in conformance with this ECMA Standard if it conforms to all its mandatory requirements.

3

References
ECMA-119 Information processing - Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange, 1987.
IEC 908 Compact disc digital audio system, 1987.

4

Definitions
For the purpose of this ECMA Standard the following definitions apply.

4.1

Audio Track
An Information Track containing digitally encoded audio information.

4.2

concentricity
The diameter of a circular tolerance zone within which the centres of two circular features must lie.

4.3

Control byte
An 8-bit byte from a table of 98 bytes, added to an F2-Frame and containing addressing information.

4.4

Digital Data Track
An Information Track organized in sectors and containing digital user data.

4.5

F1 -Frame
A group of 24 8-bit bytes, being the output of a scrambler and input to a CIRC encoder.

4.6

F2 -Frame
A group of 32 8-bit bytes, being the output of a CIRC encoder.

4.7

F3 -Frame
A group of 33 8-bit bytes, being an F2-Frame with a control byte, and input to a 8-to-14 encoder.

4.8

Information Area
An area on the disk with physical tracks, consisting of a Lead-in area, User Data area and a Lead-out area.

- 2 -

4.9

Information Track
An area on the disk containing a collection of user information.

4.10

Physical Track
A 360° turn of a continuous spiral line on the disk, followed by the optical stylus.

4.11

radial acceleration
The radial acceleration of any physical track in the direction perpendicular to that of the axis of rotation of thedisk, at a specified rotational speed.

4.12

radial runout
The difference between the maximum and the minimum distance of a physical track from the axis of rotation
measured over one revolution.

4.13

SectionA group of 98 F3-Frames containing one complete table of Control bytes.

4.14

Sector
The smallest addressable part of a Digital Data Track in the information area that can be accessed independentlyof other addressable parts of the area.

4.15

User Data Area
A part of the information area containing User Data.

5

Environments

5.1
5.1.1

Testing environments
Optical stylus
The optical stylus used for testing measurements shall have the following characteristics.
wavelength λpolarization
numerical apertureintensity at the rim of the pupil of theobjective lens

: 780 nm ± 10 nm: circular: 0,45 ± 0,01
: larger than 50% of the maximum intensity value

The rms wave front error of the beam near the information layer shall be less than 0,07 λ. The contribution of
the disk to this error shall be less than 0,05 λ.
5.1.2

Clamping
Where applicable, the disk shall be held between two concentric rings having an inner diameter of at least 29
mm and an outer diameter of at most 31 mm holding the disk with a force in the range 1 N to 2 N.

5.1.3

Normal testing environment
Unless otherwise stated, tests and measurements made on the disk to check the requirements of this ECMA
Standard shall be carried out under the following conditions:temperature
relative humidity
atmospheric pressure
conditioning before testing: 25 °C ± 10 °C: 45 % to 75 %: 96 kPa ± 10 kPa: 24 h min.

No condensation on the disk shall be permitted to occur.
5.1.4

Restricted testing environment
Where specifically stated tests and measurements shall be carried out under the following conditions:temperature
relative humidity: 23 °C ± 2 °C
: 45 % to 55 %

- 3 -

atmospheric pressure
conditioning before testing: 96 kPa ± 10 kPa: 24 h min.

No condensation on the disk shall be permitted to occur.

5.2

Operating environment
Disks used for data interchange shall be operated under the following conditions, when mounted in the drive
supplied with voltage and measured on the outside surface of the disk.
The disk exposed to storage conditions must be conditioned in the operating environment for at least two hours
before operating.
temperature
relative humidity
absolute humidity
sudden change of temperaturesudden change of relative humidity: -25 °C to 70 °C: 10 % to 95 %: 0,5 g⋅m-3 to 60,0 g⋅m-3: 50 °C max.
: 30 % max.

There shall be no condensation of moisture on the disk.

5.3

Storage environment
Storage environment is the ambient condition to which the disk is exposed when stored. No condensation ofmoisture on the disk is permitted (see annex F).
temperature
relative humidity
wet bulb temperature
atmospheric pressure

6: -20 °C to 50 °C: 5 % to 90 %: 29 °C max.
: 75 kPa to 105 kPa

Inflammability
The disk shall be made from materials that, if ignited from a match flame, do not continue to burn in a still carbon
dioxide atmosphere.

7

Material
This ECMA Standard specifies the material of the disk only in the information area (see 8.6). The remainder of thedisk can be made of any material as long as all mandatory requirements of this ECMA Standard are met.
The weight of the disk shall be within 14 g and 33 g.

8

Mechanical, physical and dimensional characteristics
Dimensional characteristics are specified for those parameters deemed mandatory for interchange and compatible useof the disk. Where there is freedom of design, only the functional characteristics of the elements described are
indicated. The enclosed drawings show the dimensional requirements in summarized form. The different parts of thedisk are described from the centre hole to the outside rim.
All diameters are referred to the centre of the centre hole.
Other dimensions are referred to two Reference Planes P and Q.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

8.1

shows a cross-section of a part of the disk,
shows at a larger scale the edges of the centre hole,shows at a larger scale a cross-section of the disk in the information area,shows at a larger scale a cross-section of the rim area.

Reference planes
Reference Plane P is the primary Reference Plane. It is the plane on which the bottom surface of the clamping area(see 8.5) rests.

- 4 -

Reference Plane Q is the plane parallel to Reference Plane P at the height of the top surface of the clamping area.

8.2

Centre hole
The centre hole shall have a cylindrical shape. Its diameter shall be+ 0,1 mmd1 = 15,0 mm- 0,0 mm

Diameter d1 shall be measured in the restricted testing environment.
The bottom edge of the centre hole may have a chamfer up to a heighth1 = 0,1 mm max.
above the bottom surface of the first transition area (see 8.3) at an angle
α = 45°
Alternatively this edge may be rounded off with a radius of not greater than 0,1 mm.
The top edge of the centre hole may present burrs which are permitted to extend by
h2 = 0,2 mm max.
above the top surface of the first transition area.

8.3

First transition area
The first transition area shall extend between diameter d1 and diameter d2.
+ 6 mmd2 = 20 mm- 0 mm

In this whole area the top surface of the disk is permitted to be below Reference Plane Q by
h3 = 0,2 mm max.
and the bottom surface of the disk is permitted to be above Reference Plane P by
h4 = 0,2 mm max.
In addition, in the part of the area defined by
20 mm < d2 < 26 mm
the top surface of the disk is permitted to be below Reference Plane Q by
h5 = 0,4 mm max.
and the bottom surface of the disk is permitted to be above Reference Plane P by
h6 = 0,4 mm max.

8.4

Clamping area
The clamping area shall extend between the maximum value of diameter d2 and diameter d3.
d2 (max.) = 26 mm
d3 = 33 mm min.
The bottom surface of the clamping area shall be flat within 0,1 mm and shall lie on Reference Plane P.
The top surface of the clamping area shall be parallel to Reference Plane P within 0,2 mm, it defines Reference
Plane Q.

- 5 -The height of the top surface above Reference Plane P shall be+ 0,3 mmh7 = 1,2 mm- 0,1 mm

8.5

Second transition area
The second transition area shall extend between diameters d3 and d4.
d4 = 44 mm max.
In this area the bottom surface of the disk is permitted to be either above Reference Plane P by
h8 = 0,4 mm max.
or below Reference Plane P by
h9 = 0,4 mm max.
and the top surface of the disk is permitted to be either above Reference Plane Q by
h10 = 0,4 mm max.
or below Reference Plane Q by
h11 = 0,4 mm max.

8.6

Information area
The Information Area shall extend between diameters d4 and d5.
d5 = 118 mm max.
The Information Area comprises the following zones.
− An inner buffer zone that extends between diameters d4 and d6.
d4 + 1 mm ≤ d6 ≤ 46 mm max.
This diameter shall be measured in the restricted testing environment.
+ 0,0 mmd7 = 50,0 mm- 0,4 mmThis diameter shall be measured in the restricted testing environment.
− A user data zone that extends between diameter d7 and d8.
d8 = 116 mm max.
This diameter shall be measured in the restricted testing environment.
− A lead-out zone that extends between diameters d8 and d9.
d9 = (d8 + 1 mm) min.
− An outer buffer zone that extends between diameters d9 and d5, where
d9 + 1 mm ≤ d5 ≤ 118 mm
Between diameters d4 and d5 the disk shall consist of (figure 3):−−−−

a transparent substrate,a reflective layer,
a protective layer,
an optional label.

- 6 -The label may extend beyond the so-defined zone.
The height of the label above Reference Plane P shall be+ 0,3 mm

h12 = 1,2 mm- 0,1 mm

The thickness e of the transparent substrate shall be
e = 1,2 mm ± 0,1 mm
The bottom surface of the transparent substrate shall lie on Reference Plane P.
The index of refraction of the transparent substrate shall be
1,55 ± 0,10
The birefringence of the transparent substrate expressed as a retardation (parallel beam, circularly polarized,
normal incidence, double-pass) shall be
100 nm max.
The reflectance of the transparent substrate and reflective layer measured under normal incidence and parallel
beam in an unrecorded part of the information area shall be
70% min.
The relative variation of this reflectance for frequencies below 100 Hz shall be less than 3% for a disk rotating at
scanning velocity.
These parameters shall be measured at the wavelength specified in 5.1.1.

8.7

Rim area
The rim area shall extend between diameters d5 and d10.
d10 = 120,0 mm ± 0,3 mm
This diameter shall be measured in the restricted testing environment.
Its concentricity relative to the largest circle inscribed in the centre hole shall be within
0,2 mm.
In the zone extending between diameters d5 and d11, where d11 shall satisfy both of the following conditions:d11 ≥ d5
117,7 mm ≤ d11 ≤ 118,3 mm.
The bottom surface of the disk shall lie on the Reference Plane P and the height of the top surface above Reference
Plane P shall be equal to h12.
In the zone extending between diameters d11 and d10 the bottom surface of the disk is permitted to be below
Reference Plane P by
h13 = 0,1 mm max.
and the top surface of the disk is permitted to be higher than h12 by
h14 = 0,1 mm max.
The values of h13 and h14 shall satisfy the condition:(h12 + h13 + h14) ≤ 1,5 mm
In this zone the thickness of the disk is also permitted to decrease so thath16 - h15 = 0,6 mm min.
as shown in figure 4.

- 7 -

8.8

General remarks
All heights specified in the preceding clauses and indicated by hi are independent from each other. This means,for example, that if the top surface of the first transition area is below Reference Plane Q by up to h3 there is no
implication that the bottom surface of this area has to be above Reference Plane P by up to h4. Moreover, whilst
the height and tolerances for the top surfaces of the clamping area and the information area (i.e. h7 and h12) havethe same numerical values, this does not imply that the actual values have to be identical.

9

Mechanical deflection of the entrance surface
The following requirements apply to both a static disk and a disk clamped according to 5.1.2 and rotating at thescanning velocity.
The bottom surface of the information area (i.e. the entrance surface of the read beam) shall not deviate from
Reference Plane P by more than ± 0,4 mm between d6 and d11. The rms value over one revolution shall not exceed
0,3 mm.
The angle which the normal to this entrance surface, averaged over an area of 2 mm diameter, makes with thenormal to Reference Plane P shall not exceed 0° 36'. If a beam of light enters the disk along a normal to theReference Plane P, then the angular deviation of the reflected beam in radial direction from the normal to Reference
Plane P shall not exceed 1° 36'. This figure includes the tolerance on the parallelism of the information layer and theentrance surface.

10

Deflection of the reflective layerWith the disk clamped according to 5.1.2, and rotating at the scanning velocity, the deflection of the reflective layer
is its axial deviation from its nominal position related to Reference Plane P (see 8.6) as seen by the optical stylus.
Thus, it comprises the tolerances on the thickness, on the index of refraction and the deflection of the entrance
surface. This deflection shall be measured between diameters d4 and d5.
a) Frequencies below 500 Hz
The deflection on either side of the nominal position of the reflective layer shall not exceed 0,5 mm. The rms
value shall not exceed 0,4 mm. The acceleration of the reflective layer along a fixed line normal to the Reference
Plane P shall not exceed 10 m/s2.
b) Frequencies above 500 Hz
The deflection on either side of the nominal position shall not exceed 1 µm.

11
11.1

Physical Track geometry
Physical Track shape
There shall be Physical Tracks between diameters d6 and d9 each of which forms a 360° turn of a continuous
spiral line.
Each Physical Track shall consist of a succession of depressions as seen by the optical stylus, called pits, in theotherwise flat reflective layer. The encoded information is represented by variations of the pit length and byvariation of the distance between pits. The depth of the pits shall be such that the requirements of 12.2 are met.

11.2

Direction of rotation
The Physical Tracks shall spiral outward when the disk rotates counter-clockwise as seen by the optical stylus.

11.3

Physical Track pitch
The spiral shall have a pitch of 1,6 µm ± 0,1 µm.

11.4

Scanning velocity
The scanning velocity during recording shall be between 1,20 m/s and 1,40 m/s with a Channel bit rate of
4,321 8 Mbit/s (see clause 20). The velocity variation for a disk when recorded shall be within ± 0,01 m/s.

11.5

Radial runout of tracks
The following requirements shall be met with the disk rotating at scanning velocity.

- 8 -a) Frequencies below 500 Hz.
The radial runout of any Physical Track, i.e. the variation of the distance between the Physical Track and thecentre of the centre hole, shall not exceed 140 µm, peak-to-peak.
The acceleration shall not exceed 0,4 m/s2.
b) Frequencies above 500 Hz.
The noise in the radial tracking signal is measured in the closed loop situation of the radial servo in afrequency band from 500 Hz to 10 kHz. (zero dB point of the open-loop transfer function of the servo: 200
Hz; cross-over points of the lead network: 65 Hz and 650 Hz; see figure 5).
The rms value of the noise in the residual error signal shall correspond to a tracking error of less than 0,03 µm,
integration time 20 ms.
In addition, to avoid strong single frequency noise contributions, this rms value shall be less than 0,01 µm whenmeasured with a scanning filter with a width of 100 Hz over a range from 500 Hz to 10 kHz.

12

Optical read system
For testing the requirements of 12.1 to 12.6 the information in the reflective layer shall be read by the opticalbeam from an optical stylus according to 5.1.1 and focused on this layer through the transparent substrate. During
reading the scanning light spot is diffracted by the pits of the reflective information layer. The optical power thatis diffracted back into the objective lens of the optical system is modulated according to the encoded digital
information. The modulated photo current is called the high frequency (HF) signal.

12.1

HF signal
The HF signal is measured before a.c. coupling (see figure 6). The highest and lowest fundamental frequencies
that occur are 720 kHz and 196 kHz, respectively. The peak-to-peak values of the detector current of the highest
and lowest fundamental frequencies are denoted by I3 and I1, respectively. The top level of HF signal, which is
given by the lowest fundamental frequency, is denoted by Itop.
The information contained in the HF signal is extracted in the form of the positions of the crossings of the HF
signal with a decision level ID. This decision level ID is the level in the middle of the extreme values of I3. There
are three lozenges of the eye pattern between successive crossings of I3 and ID.

12.2

Modulation amplitude
The relationship between I3, I11 and Itop shall be
0,3 ≤

I3

≤ 0,7

I top

I11
≥ 0,6
I top

12.3

Symmetry
The symmetry of the HF signals with respect to the decision level ID shall be- 20 % ≤

12.4

1 ID
−
100 % ≤ + 20 %2 I11Cross talk
The cross talk is measured as the ratio between the HF signal amplitude with the beam half way between two
tracks and with the beam on track. This ratio shall be less than 0,5.

12.5
12.5.1

Quality of the HF signal
Position jitter of the Channel bits
Position jitter of the Channel bits (see clause 19) causes a frequency modulation of the Channel bit rate (see11.4). The maximum jitter allowed, expressed as time error, for a single modulating frequency is given by
figure 7. The time error shall be measured at a constant scanning velocity (see 11.4)

- 9 -

12.5.2

Specification of random errors
An 8-bit byte shall be considered erroneous if one or more bits of that byte are erroneous.
A frame error is the occurrence of one or more erroneous bytes in a frame at the input of the C1-decoder, after
the 1-byte delay section (see figure C.2). The frame error rate averaged over any 10 s shall be less than 3 x 10 -2.

12.5.3Specification of burst errors
A frame at the input of the C1-decoder after the 1-byte delay section is called uncorrectable if it contains two or
more successive erroneous bytes.
The number of successive uncorrectable frames shall be less than 7.

12.6

Radial track-following signal
A radial off-track position of the scanning spot results in a diffraction pattern that is asymmetrical in the radial
direction of the disk. Subtraction of the optical powers I1 and I2 diffracted into the two halves of the aperture of
the objective lens (positioned on opposite sides of the track) yields a servo signal Is for radial track following,
Is = I1 - I2 measured at far field.
This servo signal Is is low-pass filtered with a time constant of 15 µs. In figure 8 the tracking signal is given as afunction of the radial position of the spot. The radial position of the scanning spot is at the centre of the track foreach zero crossing of Is with positive slope when the spot is moving radially away from the centre of the disk. Thissign of the tracking signal is determined by the geometry of the pits and by the detector arrangement.

12.6.1

Magnitude
The slope of the tracking signal at the positive zero crossing measured with circularly polarized light, is given
by
0,040 ≤

Is
I top

≤ 0,070

at a radial offset of 0,1 µm of the focus of the beam from the centre of the track. Itop is defined in 12.1.
On one disk, the magnitude of the tracking signal shall not deviate from its average value by more than 15%.
12.6.2

Defects
Defects shall be tolerated if their diameter does not exceed the following values.
air bubbles
black spots with an area aroundit with increased birefringence
black spots without such an area

: 100 µm
: 200 µm
: 300 µm

In addition, the distance between adjacent defects along a track shall be at least 20 mm.
Black spots may be dirt particles enclosed in the substrate or pin holes in the reflective layer.

- 10 -

Figure 1 - General cross-section of the disk

Figure 2 - Cross-section of a detail of the centre hole- 11 -

Figure 3 - Enlarged cross-section of the information area

Figure 4 - Cross-section of a detail of the rim of the disk

Figure 5 - Schematic representation of the open-loop transfer function for radial tracking measurements

- 12 -

Figure 6 - HF signal

- 13 -

Figure 7 - Position jitter of the Channel bits versus the modulation frequency

Figure 8 - Radial tracking signal versus the radial spot displacement away from the centre of the disk

13
13.1

General aspects of recording
Information Tracks
In the information area tracks containing information are called Information Tracks. Each Information Trackshall consist of a part of a physical track, a complete physical track or more than one physical track.

- 14 -

Information Tracks containing digital data are called Digital Data Tracks. These tracks are described in clauses 14
to 21. Information Tracks containing audio information are called Audio Tracks. These tracks shall be according
to IEC 908. A CD-ROM shall contain either Digital Data Tracks only or Digital Data Tracks and Audio Tracks.

13.2

Bit coding
When the coding method requires it, the user data field shall be regarded as an ordered sequence of bit positions,each containing a bit.

14

Sectors of a Digital Data Track
The digital data to be recorded in an Information Track shall be represented by 8-bit bytes and grouped into Sectors.
A Sector is the smallest addressable part of the information area that can be accessed independently. The number ofSectors of an Information Track is variable. It depends on the amount of information to be recorded in the
Information Track.
A Sector shall comprise 2 352 bytes and have the following layouts depending on the setting of the Sector Mode byte.
In the following figures the byte positions are numbered starting with 0. Position 0 corresponds to the first byte of a
Sector. Digits in parentheses denote the contents of bytes expressed in hexadecimal notation.

Figure 10 - Sector Mode (00)Figure 11 - Sector Mode (01)- 15 -

Figure 12 - Sector Mode (02)14.1

Sync field
The Sync field shall consist of 12 bytes recorded in byte positions 0 to 11:- 1 (00) byte
- 10 (FF) bytes- 1 (00) byte

14.2

Header field
The Header field shall consist of 4 bytes:a) a Sector Address of 3 bytes.
If the Lead-in Area contains a Digital Data Track, the Sector Address of the Headers in this area shallcontain the Physical Address of the Sector expressed in terms of the relative time elapsed since thebeginning of the Lead-in Area.
- byte 12 shall be set to the contents of the MIN field, to which the value (A0) has been added. For example,(03) becomes (A3),- byte 13 shall be set to the contents of the SEC field,- byte 14 shall be set to the contents of the FRAC field.
These three fields are part of the q-channel of a Section in the Lead-in Area (see 22.3.3.3 and 22.3.4.4).
The Sector Addresses in the user Data Area and, if the Lead-out Area contains a Digital Data Track, thosein the Lead-out Area, shall contain the Physical Address of the Sector expressed in absolute time elapsed
since the beginning of the User Data Area (see clause 21).
- byte 12 shall be set to the contents of the A-MIN field,- byte 13 shall be set to the contents of the A-SEC field,- byte 14 shall be set to the contents of the A-FRAC field.
These three fields are part of the q-channel (see 22.3.3.5) of a Section (see clause 18) that comes out of the
8-to-14 encoder at the moment at which the Sync of the Sector enters the scrambler. The time in the Header
shall be given with an accuracy of ± 1 s (see clause 21). This tolerance takes care of the delay caused by the
CIRC (see annex C) and possibly other storage registers. The length of these delays is of the order of 30 ms,
i.e. the recording length of one Sector on the disk.
b) a Sector Mode byte in byte position 15. The setting of this byte shall be as follows:
If set to (00) :This shall mean that all bytes in positions 16 to 2 351 of the Sector are set to (00).

If set to (01) :This shall mean that all bytes in positions 16 to 2 063 are user data bytes and that thebytes in positions 2 064 to 2 351 are set according to 14.3 to 14.6 below. Thus the user
data is protected by EDC, ECC and CIRC.

- 16 -

If set to (02) :14.3

This shall mean that all bytes in positions 16 to 2 351 are user data bytes. Thus the user
data is protected by CIRC only.

EDC field
The EDC field shall consist of 4 bytes recorded in positions 2 064 to 2 067. The error detection code shall be a 32bit CRC applied on bytes 0 to 2 063. The least significant bit of a data byte is used first. The EDC codeword must
be divisible by the check polynomial:P(x) = (x16 + x15 + x2 + 1) . (x16 + x2 + x + 1)
The least significant parity bit (x0) is stored in the most significant bit position of byte 2 067.

14.4

Intermediate field
The Intermediate field shall consist of 8 (00)-bytes recorded in positions 2 068 to 2 075.

14.5

P-Parity field
The P-parity field shall consist of 172 bytes in positions 2 076 to 2 247 computed on bytes 12 to 2 075 as specified
in annex A.

14.6

Q-Parity field
The Q-parity field shall consist of 104 bytes in positions 2 248 to 2 351 computed on bytes 12 to 2 247 as specified
in annex A.

15

Scrambling
Bytes 12 to 2 351 of each Sector shall be scrambled according to annex B. The resulting layout of a Scrambled Sector
shall be as follows.

Figure 13 - Scrambled Sector

16

F1 -Frames
Each Scrambled Sector shall be mapped onto a series of consecutive frames. Each frame consists of 24 8-bit bytes,
numbered from 0 to 23. Byte 0 of the Sector shall be placed in byte 4n of a frame, where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
Consecutive bytes of the Sector are placed in consecutive bytes of the frames. Byte 2 351 of a Sector is immediately
followed by byte 0 of the next Sector.
Subsequently, the byte order of each even-odd numbered pair of bytes in the frame is reversed. That is, the byte order0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is changed to 1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4 .Such a frame with 24 interchanged 8-bit bytes is called an F1-Frame. The
position of byte 0 of a Sector in an F1-Frame is 4n + 1, where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

17

CIRC encoding - F2 -Frames
The F1-Frames shall be fed into a Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon encoder according to annex C.
The F1-Frames of 24 bytes each are transformed into F2-Frames of 32 bytes each. The bit pattern of each of the 24
8-bit bytes of an F1-Frame remains unchanged but the bytes themselves are displaced and re-distributed over 106 F2Frames. Eight additional 8-bit bytes with parity information are added so that each F2-Frame comprises 32 bytes.

- 17 -

18

Control Bytes - F3 -Frames and Sections
A single byte called Control byte is added as first byte to each F2-Frame of 32 bytes. This yields a new F3-Frame of
33 bytes.
The Control byte shall be obtained from a table of 98 bytes as defined in clause 22. The information in the Control
bytes is mainly used for addressing purposes. The bytes in the table are added to 98 consecutive F2-Frames, coming
out of the CIRC encoder, byte 0 of the table first, byte 97 last. This operation yields groups of 98 F3-Frames of 33
bytes each, called Sections. These Sections are asynchronous with the Sectors, i.e. there is no prescribed relation
between the number of the F1-Frame in which the first byte of a Sector is placed and the number of the F3-Frame inwhich the first Control byte of the table is placed. Each Section has its own table with Control bytes.
Clause 22 specifies how the Control bytes are generated.

19

Recording of the F 3 -Frames on the disk
In order to record the F3-Frames on the disk each 8-bit byte shall be represented by 14 so-called Channel bits. Each
F3-Frame is represented by a so-called Channel Frame comprising a Sync Header, Merging bits and 33 14-Channel
bit bytes.

19.1

8-to-14 Encoding
All 33 bytes of the F3-Frames of each Section are 8-bit bytes. They shall be converted into 14-bit bytes according
to the table of annex D. The bits of these 14-bit bytes are called Channel bits. These bytes of 14 Channel bits arecharacterized by the fact that between two ONEs there are at least two and at most ten ZEROs.
The first byte of the first two F3-Frames of each Section, i.e. the Control byte of these frames, is not converted
according to this table but is given a specific synchronisation pattern of 14 Channel bits that is not included in thetable of annex D. These two patterns shall be:
1st Frame, byte 0, called SYNC 0 : 00100000000001
2nd Frame, byte 0, called SYNC 1 : 00000000010010
The left-most Channel bit is sent first in the data stream.

19.2

Sync Header
A Sync Header shall be the following sequence of 24 Channel bits:
100000000001000000000010
The left-most Channel bit is sent first in the data stream.

19.3

Merging Channel bits
Merging Channel bits shall be sequences of three Channel bits set according to annex E and inserted between thebytes of 14 Channel bits as well as between the Sync Header and the adjacent bytes of 14 Channel bits.

19.4

Channel Frame
Each F3-Frame is converted to a Channel Frame with the following configuration.
−−−−

Sync Header : 24 Channel bits
Merging bits : 3 Channel bits
Control byte : 14 Channel bits
Merging bits : 3 Channel bits

Bytes 1 to 32, each followed by Merging bits : 32 x (14+3) = 544 Channel bits
Thus, each Channel Frame representing a F3-Frame comprises 588 Channel bits.
These Channel bits shall be recorded on the disk along a Physical Track. A ONE Channel bit shall be represented
by a change of pit to land or land to pit in the reflective layer. A ZERO Channel bit shall be represented by nochange in the reflective layer.

- 18 -

20

Track structure of the Information Area
The Information area shall contain Information Tracks in− the Lead-in Area;− the User Data Area;− the Lead-out Area.
The Lead-in Area shall contain only one Information Track called Lead-in Track. The Lead-out Area contains only
one Information Track called Lead-out Track.
The user data shall be recorded in the Information Tracks in the User Data Area. All Information Tracks containing
digital data shall be structured in Sectors.
For the purpose of linking Information Tracks in the Information Area, these tracks may have:a) Pause :A part of an Information Track on which only control information but no user data is recorded.

b) Pre-gap :A first part of a Digital Data Track not containing user data and encoded as a Pause. It is divided
into two intervals:- first interval: at least 75 Sections (at least 1 s) coded as the preceding track, i.e. the Control field(see 22.3.1) of the q-channel (see 22.3) and, in case of a preceding Digital Data Track, the settingof the Sector Mode byte are identical with those of the previous Information Track;- second interval: at least 150 Sections (at least 2 s) in which the Control field of the q-channel andthe setting of the Sector Mode byte are identical with those of the part of the track where user
data is recorded. In this interval of the Pre-gap the data is structured in Sectors.

c) Post-gap :20.1

A last part of a Digital Data Track, not containing user data, and structured in Sectors. It has thelength of at least 150 Sections (at least 2 s). The setting of the Control field of the q-channel andthe setting of the Sector Mode byte are identical with those of the part of the track where the user
data is recorded.

Lead-in Area
The Lead-in Track is either a Digital Data Track or an Audio Track. If it is a Digital Data Track, it shall be
structured in Sectors and end with a Post-gap. If it is an Audio Track, it shall be according to IEC 908.

20.2

User Data Area
The Information Tracks in the User Data Area shall be either Digital Data Tracks only or Digital Data Tracks andAudio Tracks. The following rules apply to the tracks in the User Data Area:− If the first Information Track is a Digital Data Track, it shall start with a Pause of 150 Sections (2 s) and shallbe coded as the second interval of a Pre-gap.
− A Digital Data Track, not being the first track in the User Data Area, shall begin with a Pre-gap if thepreceding track is a Digital Data Track with a different Sector mode or if it is an Audio Track.
− A Digital Data Track shall end with a Post-gap if the following track is an Audio Track. This rule applies also
to the last Digital Data Track in the User Data Area, which is followed by the Lead-out Track.

20.3

Lead-out Area
The Lead-out Track is either a Digital Data Track or an Audio Track. If it is a Digital Data Track, it shall be
structured in Sectors, without Pre-gap. If the Lead-out Track is an Audio Track, it shall be according to IEC 908.

21

Addressing system in the Information Area
The address of a Section of an Information Track on the disk is given as the elapsed time from the start of the User
Data Area to that Section. This time is recorded in the Control bytes of each Section, and is called absolute time. It is
given with a resolution of 1/75 of a second. The time is given for a data rate from the disk of 4,321 8 x 106 Channel
bits per second. This amounts to exactly 75 Sections per second.

- 19 -

The address of a Sector is recorded in the Sector Header, also as an absolute time. It has no prescribed relation to theaddresses of the Sections, because the mapping of a Sector on the Sections during recording is implementationdependent due to the freedom left in clause 16. Therefore, the address of a Sector is filled in just before the Sector
enters the CIRC encoder.
The nominal value of the absolute time in the Header of a Sector shall be equal to the absolute time recorded in theControl bytes of that Section which is being processed by the 8-to-14 encoder at the instant that the Sync of the
Sector enters the CIRC encoder. This prescription assumes that the CIRC encoder is the only delaying element in therecording electronics.
The tolerance on the nominal time in the address of the Header of a Sector shall be ± 1 s. This tolerance is large
compared with the recording time of a Section (1/75 s) and of a Sector, in order to accommodate the freedom this
ECMA Standard leaves for the implementation.
Each Sector has a unique address. The address of the first Sector with User Data of an Information Track is written
in the table of contents of the disk (see 22.3.4). Thus, the table of contents points to the start of an Information Trackon the disk in terms of the absolute time in the Control bytes with an accuracy of ± 1 s.

22

Specification of the Control bytes of Digital Data Tracks
As specified above (see clause 18), each F3-Frame of each Section contains a Control byte as the first byte. For each
Section the Control bytes make up the following table. The contents of this table are renewed each 1/75 s, i.e. at thesame rate at which the Sections are being processed.
Byte

b8

b7

b6

b5

b4

b3

b2

b1

No.

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

0

SYNC 01

SYNC 1

2
.
.
.
.
.
.
96
97
Figure 14 - Control bytes
Each byte comprises eight bits numbered b1 to b8. Bit b8 is the most significant bit.
The table of Control bytes of a Section defines eight channels called p-channel, q-channel, v-channel and w-channelof 96 bits each, as byte 0 and byte 1 are treated separately as specified above (see 19.1).

22.1

Setting of r-channel to w-channel
These six channels, i.e. bits b1 to b6 of the Control bytes of each F3-Frame are not used and always set to ZERO.

22.2

Setting of the p-channel
All p-channels of the consecutive Sections constitute the p-channel of the Information area.
This p-channel is used to set Flags indicating each the beginning of an Information Track. Flags are specified bysequences of bits set to ONE, else the bits of the p-channel are set to ZERO. All bits of the p-channel of a Section
shall be set to the same value.

- 20 -The minimum length of a Flag (i.e. a continuous sequence of ONEs in the p-channel) shall be 2 s (i.e. 150
Sections). The last F3-Frame with a ONE in the p-channel (i.e. the last F3-Frame for which bit b8 of its Control
byte is set to ONE) shall be the first Section containing user data.
If the Information Track starts with a Pause longer than 2 s, the Flag shall have the same length as this Pause.
The p-channel bits of the Lead-in Track shall be set to ZERO.
The p-channel of the last Information Track in the User Data area shall end with a Flag of 2 s to 3 s (i.e. 150 to
225 Sections). Its end shall indicate the beginning of the Lead-out Track. In this track the bits of the p-channel are
set to ZERO during 2 s to 3 s. Then the bits of the p-channel are alternately a ONE and a ZERO at a rate of
2,00 Hz ± 0,04 Hz and a duty cycle of 50 % ± 5 %.

22.3

Setting of the q-channel
All q-channels of the consecutive Sections constitute the q-channel of the information area.
The q-channel contains detailed control information as specified hereafter. The most significant bit of the qchannel of a Section is that of F3-Frame No. 2, it is sent first in the data stream. Therefore, a bit of the q-channel
is numbered according to the number of the frame in which it is recorded.
The layout of the q-channel of a Section shall be as follows.

Figure 15 - q-channel layout
22.3.1

Control field
The first field in the q-channel, the Control field shall consist of the four bits in positions 2 to 5. It specifies thetype of user data recorded on the Information Track and whether this user data may be copied or not.
If set to 0100 :this shall mean that the user data is digital data and that it shall not be copied.
If set to 0110 :this shall mean that the user data is digital data and that it may be copied.
The left-most bit is the most significant bit, it is recorded in position 2.
The bits of the Control field can change only during a Pause of at least 2 s (i.e. when the INDEX field is set toZERO, see 22.3.3.2) or in the Lead-in area, except the Copy bit, viz. the 3rd bit from the left, which can change
between two Sections.
Other settings of the Control field apply to Audio Tracks only (see IEC 908).

22.3.2q-Mode field
The second field in the q-channel, the q-Mode field, shall consist of the four bits in positions 6 to 9. It specifies
the contents of the q-Data field (see 22.3.3, 22.3.4 and 22.3.5).
It shall be set to q-Mode 1, i.e. to 0001 or to q-Mode 2, i.e. to 0010. q-Mode 3 applies to Audio Tracks only (seeIEC 908). The information in q-Mode 1 is repeated at least nine times in each succession of ten Sections. If qMode 2 is present, it is repeated at least one time in each succession of 100 Sections.

22.3.3q-Mode 1 - q-Data Field in the User Data Area and in the Lead-out Area
The q-Data field contains time information. The layout of the 72 bits of the q-Data field in positions 10 to 81
shall be as follows in the User Data area and in the Lead-out area. The most significant bit is recorded inposition 10.

- 21 -

Figure 16 - q-Data field in the User Data Area and the Lead-out Area
Most of the fields described below contain numbers expressed by two digits recorded each in binary notation by
a 4-bit byte. Where the content of a field is not a number but a specific bit pattern , this is indicated inhexadecimal notation.
Each field of the q-Data field consists of 8 bits.
22.3.3.1

TNO field
This field specifies the Track Number of the Information Track to which the Section belongs.
Track Numbers 01 to 99 shall be those of the Information Tracks in the User Data area. Consecutive
Information Tracks shall be numbered consecutively. The first Information Track of the user Data area of adisk shall have Track Number 01.
When set to (AA) the TNO field specifies the Lead-out Track.

22.3.3.2

INDEX field
This field contains an Index specifying the subdivisions of an Information Track.
Index 00
This value of the Index indicates that the Section is coded as a Pause. The total length of the Pause corresponds to the number of consecutive Sections with Index set to 00.
Index 01 to Index 99
These values specify the indexes of the subdivisions of that part of an Information Track that contains User
Data. The first subdivision shall have Index 01. Consecutive subdivisions shall have consecutive Index
values.
The Index field of the Lead-out Track shall be set to 01.

22.3.3.3

MIN, SEC, FRAC fields
These three fields specify a relative time, viz. the running time within each Information Track in minutes in
the MIN field, seconds in the SEC field and 1/75th s in the FRAC field identified by 00 to 74.
At the beginning of a Pause (i.e. Index = 00) the relative time is set to the duration of the Pause. During the
Pause this relative time decreases and equals zero in the last Section.
In the first Section of the User Data part of an Information Track in the User Data area (Index = 01) and in
the first Section of the Lead-out Track (Index = 01) the relative time is set to zero. It increases until the endof the Information Track.

22.3.3.4

ZERO field
All eight bits of this field shall be set to ZERO.

22.3.3.5

A-MIN, A-SEC and A-FRAC fields
These three fields specify an absolute time, viz. the elapsed time from the start of the User Data area to theSection to which these fields belong (see clause 21). It is recorded in minutes in the A-MIN field, in seconds
in the A-SEC field and 75th of a second in the A-FRAC field identified by 00 to 74.
This absolute time is set to zero in the first Section of the first Information Track of the User Data area (atdiameter d7, see 8.6). The absolute time increases until the end of the Lead-out Track.
The absolute time specifies the position of each Section on the disk and is used for addressing.

- 22 -

22.3.4q-Mode 1 - q-Data field in the Lead-in Area
In the Lead-in area, the q-channel contains the table of contents of the disk. Each q-data field contains one itemof the table. Each item is repeated thrice in three consecutive Sections. An item indicates the address of the
beginning of the user data of an Information Track. It is expressed in absolute time with an accuracy of ± 1 s.
An item consists of a track number Pointer and the position P-MIN, P-SEC and P-FRAC of the first Section ofthat track with INDEX = 01. The Control field of each item is identical with the Control field used in the
Information Track to which the Pointer refers. After all subsequent Information Tracks in the User Data area
have been listed in the table thrice, three additional items are added three times each to the table, with the
Pointer field set to (A0), (A1) and (A2). The entire table is continuously repeated in the Lead-in Track. At theend of the Lead-in Track, the table of contents can be terminated with any value of Pointer.
The q-Data field in the Lead-in Area shall have the following layout. The most significant bit is recorded inposition 10.

Figure 17 - q-Data field in the Lead-in Area
22.3.4.1

TNO field
The TNO field shall be set to 00, which identifies the Lead-in Track.

22.3.4.2

POINTER, P-MIN, P-SEC and P-FRAC fields
The POINTER field shall be set either to the decimal values 01 to 99 or to hexadecimal values.
When set to 01 to 99 it specifies the Track Number of an Information Track. In this case the P-MIN, P-SEC
and P-FRAC fields specify in absolute time the position of the first Section with Index = 01 of thisInformation Track.
If set to (A0), the P-MIN field specifies the Track Number of the first Information Track in the User Data
area and all bits of the P-SEC and P-FRAC fields are set to ZERO.
If set to (A1), the P-MIN field specifies the Track Number of the last Information Track in the User Data
area and all bits of the P-SEC and P-FRAC fields are set to ZERO.
If set to (A2) the P-MIN, P-SEC and P-FRAC fields specify the beginning of the Lead-out Track, thus theaddress of the first Section of the Lead-out Track.

22.3.4.3

ZERO field
All eight bits of this field shall be set to ZERO.

22.3.4.4

MIN, SEC, FRAC fields
The relative time in the Lead-in area specified by these fields (see 21.3.3.3) can be set at an arbitrary value atthe beginning of the Lead-in Track. It increases until the end of the track.

22.3.5q-Mode 2 - q-Data field in the Information Area
The q-Data field contains a Catalog Number of the disk. The layout of the 72 bits of the q-Data field in
positions 10 to 81 of the q-Channel shall be as follows:- 23 -

Figure 18 - q-Data field in the Information Area
22.3.5.1

Catalog field
The Catalog Number N1 to N13 of the disk is expressed by 13 digits recorded in binary notation forming an
identification number according to the article numbering standard ENA/UPC of the International Article
Numbering Association EAN. The Catalog Number does not change on a disk.
In case no Catalog Number is provided, either N1 to N13 shall be set to all ZEROs, or q-Mode 2 deleted
from the disk.

22.3.5.2

ZERO field
All twelve bits of this field shall be set to ZERO.

22.3.5.3

A-FRAC field
This field contains absolute time in 75th of a second as a continuation of the time specified in the A-FRAC
field of the q-Channel of the preceding Section. These eight bits shall be set to ZERO in the Lead-in Track.

22.3.6

CRC field
This field specifies in positions 82 to 97 a 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check character computed over theControl, q-Mode and q-Data fields. This field contains the inverted parity bits. The CRC code word must be
divisible by the check polynomial. The most significant bit of the CRC shall be in position 82 of the q-Channel.
The generating polynomial shall be
G(x) = x16 + x12 + x5 + 1

- 24 -

- 25 -

Annex A(normative)

Error correction encoding by RSPC

A.1

GeneralThe error correction encoding of the Sector is carried out by a Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC).

A.2

Input
Bytes 12 to 2 075 of each Sector (see clause 14) are input to the RSPC encoder. These input bytes and bytes 2 076 to
2 351 in the parity fields are ordered in 1 170 words of two 8-bit bytes each for the RSPC only. Each word S consistsof two bytes B, one in the position of the most significant byte (MSB) and one in the position of the least significant
byte (LSB). The n-th word consists of the following bytes:
S(n) = MSB [B(2n + 13)] + LSB [B(2n + 12)]with n = 0 to 1 169.
The RSPC, operating on bytes, is applied twice, once to the codeword consisting of the MSBs, once to the codeword
consisting of the LSBs. The number of a byte in each application of the RSPC is equal to the number of the word ofwhich it is a part.

A.3

Encoding
The RSPC is a product code over GF(28) producing P- and Q-parity bytes. The GF(28) field is generated by theprimitive polynomial
P(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1
The primitive element α of GF(28) is
α = (00000010)
where the right-most bit is the least significant bit.
The following description is the same for the MSB and for the LSB. Each set of bytes is arranged in the following
matrix.

- 26 -

NP

0
1
2
3
4

2

0

1

0000
0043
0086
0129
0172

0 0 01 00 0 2
0 0 44 00 4 5
0 0 87 00 8 8
0 1 30 01 3 1
0 1 73 ........

41........ ........ ........
........ ....... ........
........ .......
........

42
0 0 41 00 4 2
0 0 84 00 8 5
0 1 27 01 2 8
01 7 1
02 1 4QP

H ea de r+
U se r D a ta+
P a rt o f
A u x iliary D a ta

MP
22
23

0 9 4 6 0 9 47 09 4 8 ........ ........ ........
0 9 8 9 0 9 90 09 9 1 ........ ........ ........

24
25

1 0 3 2 1 0 33 10 3 4 ........ ........ 1 0 7 2 1 0 7 3 1 07 4
1 0 7 5 1 0 76 10 7 7 ........ ........ 111 5 1116 111 7

P -PA R IT Y

26
27

111 8 111 9 11 20 ........ 114 3
114 4 11 45 11 46 ........ 116 9

Q -PA R IT Y

0

1

2

........

0 9 87 09 8 8
1 0 30 10 3 1

25

95-0204-A

The 43 columns are denoted P-vectors which are (26, 24) Reed-Solomon code words over GF(28). The NP-th vector
contains the following bytes.

- 27 -

S143 * 0 + 1 6 "#S143 * 1 + 1 6 #S143 * 2 + 1 6 ##S143 * 3 + 1 6 #
##
S1
6#
S1
6#
S1
6 ##
V = S143 * 0 + 1 6#
#
S1
6 ##
S1
6#
S1
6 ##
S143 * 22 + 1 6 ##S143 * 23 + 1 6 ##S143 * 24 + 1 6 #!S143 * 25 + 1 6 #$
3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

P-parity byte

3

P-parity byte

where:
Np = 0, 1, 2, ..., 42
Mp = 0, 1, 2, ..., 25
The two P-parity bytes calculated over the 24 bytes are added at the end of the vector. VP satisfies the equation
HP x VP = 0
where the parity check matrix HP is:+3 =1 1 . ..1 1"#!α α α 1$
25

24

1

The 26 diagonals of the matrix are the Q-vectors which are (45, 43) Reed-Solomon code words over GF(28). When
the Q-vectors are written as rows, the following matrix is obtained for the set of bytes.

- 28 -

MQ
0

1

2

0
1
2
3
4

0000
0043
0086
0129
0172

0 04 40 08 7
0 13 00 13 7
0 21 6

0088
0131
0147
0217
0260

22
23
24
25

0946
0989
1032
1075

0 99 0 1 0 3 4
1 03 3 1 0 7 7
1 07 6 0 0 0 2
0 00 1 0 0 4 5

40

41

42

Q0

Q1

........
........
........
........
........

........ 0 6 42........ 0 6 85........ 0 7 28........ 0 7 71........ 0 8 14

06 8 607 2 907 7 208 1 508 5 8

0730
0773
0816
0859
0902

111 8
111 9
11 2 011 2 1
11 2 211 44
11 45
11 4 6
11 4 7
11 4 8........
........
........
........

........
........
........
........

05 1 405 5 706 0 006 4 3

0558
0601
0644
0687

11 4 0
11 4 1
11 4 2
11 4 3

11 6 6
11 6 7
11 6 8
11 6 9NQ

95-0205-A

The NQ-th Q-vector contains the following bytes.

0 4 700 5 130 5 560 5 99- 29 -

S244 *0 + 43* 1 7 "#S244 *1 + 43* 1 7 ##S244 * 2 + 43* 1 7 #
S1
6 ##
S1
6 ##
S1
6 ##
S244 * 0 + 43 * 1 7#
##
9 =
S1
6#
S1
6#
S1
6 ##
S244 * 41 + 43* 1 7 ###S244 * 42 + 43 *1 7##
S243* 26 +1 7##
!S244 *26 + 1 7 $
4

Q

Q

Q

Q

4

Q

Q
Q

Q-parity byte

Q

Q-parity byte

where:
NQ= 0, 1, 2, ..., 25
MQ= 0, 1, 2, ..., 42(44* MQ + 43* NQ) shall be calculated modulo 1118. The two Q-parity bytes calculated over the 43 bytes are addedat the end of the vector. VQ satisfies the equation
HQ x VQ = 0
where the parity check matrix HQ is:

1Q =

A.4

  ... 1 1 "#!α α ... α 1$
44

43

1

OutputBytes 0 to 2 075 of the Sector are unaltered at the output of the RSPC. Bytes 2 076 to 2 351 of the Sector are filledwith the parity bytes of words 1 032 to 1 169 according to the rule given in A.2. The LSB of word 1 032 is recorded
in byte 2 076, the MSB of word 1 169 in byte 2 351 of the Sector.

- 30 -

- 31 -

Annex B
(normative)

Scramble

A regular bit pattern fed into the EFM encoder can cause large values of the digital sum value in case the merging bits cannot
reduce this value (see annex E). The scrambler reduces this risk by converting the bits in byte 12 to 2 351 of a Sector in aprescribed way. Each bit in the input stream of the scrambler is added modulo 2 to the least significant bit of a maximum
length register. The least significant bit of each byte comes first in the input stream. The 15-bit register is of the parallel
block synchronized type, and fed back according to polynomial x15 + x + 1. After the Sync of the Sector, the register is pre-set
with the value 0000 0000 0000 0001, where the ONE is the least significant bit.

Figure B.1 - Scrambler

- 32 -

- 33 -

Annex C
(normative)

Error correction encoding by CIRC

C.1

GeneralThe error correction encoding of the F1-frames is carried out by a Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (CIRC)
encoder consisting of three delay sections and two encoders C1 (figure C.1) and C2 (figure C.2). This CIRC is thesame as that described in IEC 908.

C.2

Input
The input of the encoder consists of the 24 bytes of each F1-Frame. These bytes are ordered into 12 words of two 8bit bytes each, denoted A and B. Byte 0 of F1-Frame No. n is indicated as W12n,A, and byte 23 as W12n+11,B (seefigure C.1).

C.3

First delay section
The interleave scheme of the first delay section (see figure C.2) divides the words into two groups one of which isdelayed by two F1-frame times.

C.4

Encoder C 2
The error correction encoder C2 generates a (28,24) Reed-Solomon code. There are four parity bytes Q (see C.7
below) output from 24 bytes of input.

C.5

Second delay section
The second delay section consists of a series of 28 delays from 0 to 27 D F1-frame times, where D equals 4.

C.6

Encoder C 1
The error correction encoder C1 generates a (32,28) Reed-Solomon code. There are four parity bytes P (see C.7
below) output from 28 bytes of input.

C.7

Parity Symbols
The eight parity bytes P and Q of the C1 and C2 encoders satisfy the equations:
HP x VP = 0
HQ x VQ = 0

- 34 -The vectors VP and VQ are shown in figure C.3.
The matrices HP and HQ are:"#α α α α α α α  #+ =α α α α α α α  ##!α α α α α α α  #$        "#α α α α α α α  #
+ =
α α α
α α α α  #
##

α
α
α
α
α
α
α
!
$
3

4































































































The calculation is defined on the GF(28) field by the following primitive polynomial
P(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1
The primitive element of GF(28) is
α = (00000010)
where the right-most bit is the least significant bit.

C.8

Third delay section
The third delay section yields a delay of one F1-Frame time to every alternate byte out of the C1 encoder.

C.9

OutputThe output of the CIRC encoder is grouped into F2-Frames as indicated in figure C.4. All parity bits in the P and Q
bytes are inverted before they leave the encoder. The longest delay for a byte between input into, and output from, theencoder is 108 F1-Frame times. The shortest delay for a byte is 3 F1-Frame times.

- 35 -

Figure C.1 - CIRC encoder. The byte numbers are given at one instant in time- 36 -

Figure C.2 - CIRC decoder. The byte numbers are given at one instant in time- 37 -VP =W 1 2 n - 1 2 (2 ),A
W 1 2 n - 1 2 (1 D + 2 ),B
W 1 2 n + 4 - 1 2 (2 D + 2 ),A
W 1 2 n + 4 - 1 2 (3 D + 2 ),B
W 1 2 n + 8 - 1 2 (4 D + 2 ),A
W 1 2 n + 8 - 1 2 (5 D + 2 ),B
W 1 2 n + 1 - 1 2 (6 D + 2 ),A
W 1 2 n + 1 - 1 2 (7 D + 2 ),B
W 1 2 n + 5 - 1 2 (8 D + 2 ),A
W 1 2 n + 5 - 1 2 (9 D + 2 ),B
W 1 2 n + 9 - 1 2 (1 0 D + 2 ),A
W 1 2 n + 9 - 1 2 (1 1 D + 2 ),B
Q 1 2 n - 1 2 (1 2 D )Q 1 2 n + 1 - 1 2 (1 3 D )Q 1 2 n + 2 - 1 2 (1 4 D )Q 1 2 n + 3 - 1 2 (1 5 D )W 1 2 n + 2 - 1 2 (1 6 D ),A
W 1 2 n + 2 - 1 2 (1 7 D ),B
W 1 2 n + 6 - 1 2 (1 8 D ),A
W 1 2 n + 6 - 1 2 (1 9 D ),B
W 1 2 n + 1 0 - 1 2 (2 0 D ),A
W 1 2 n + 1 0 - 1 2 (2 1 D ),B
W 1 2 n + 3 - 1 2 (2 2 D ),A
W 1 2 n + 3 - 1 2 (2 3 D ),B
W 1 2 n + 7 - 1 2 (2 4 D ),A
W 1 2 n + 7 - 1 2 (2 5 D ),B
W 1 2 n + 11 - 1 2 (2 6 D ),A
W 1 2 n + 11 - 1 2 (2 7 D ),B
P12n
P12n + 1
P12n + 2
P12n + 3

VQ =W 1 2 n - 2 4 ,AW 1 2 n + 2 4 ,BW 1 2 n + 4 - 2 4 ,BW 1 2 n + 4 - 2 4 ,AW 1 2 n + 8 - 2 4 ,AW 1 2 n + 8 - 2 4 ,BW 1 2 n + 1 - 2 4 ,AW 1 2 n + 1 - 2 4 ,BW 1 2 n + 5 - 2 4 ,AW 1 2 n + 5 - 2 4 ,BW 1 2 n + 9 - 2 4 ,AW 1 2 n + 9 - 2 4 ,B
Q 1 2nQ 1 2n + 1
Q 1 2n + 2
Q 1 2 n +32
W 1 2 n + 2 ,AW 1 2 n + 2 ,BW 1 2 n + 6 ,AW 1 2 n + 6 ,BW 1 2 n + 1 0 ,AW 1 2 n + 1 0 ,B
W 1 2 n + 3 ,AW 1 2 n + 3 ,BW 1 2 n + 7 ,AW 1 2 n + 7 ,BW 1 2 n + 1 1 ,AW 1 2 n + 1 1 ,B

96-0241-A

Figure C.3 - Column vectors of CIRC

- 38 -

Byte number
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Byte name
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB

Qm
Qm
Qm
Qm

Sequencem=12n-12(3)m=12n-12(D+2)
m=12n+4-12(2D+3)
m=12n+4-12(3D+2)
m=12n+8-12(4D+3)
m=12n+8-12(5D+2)
m=12n+1-12(6D+3)
m=12n+1-12(7D+2)
m=12n+5-12(8D+3)
m=12n+5-12(9D+2)
m=12n+9-12(10D+3)
m=12n+9-12(11D+2)
m=12n-12(12D+1)
m=12n+1-12(13D)m=12n+2-12(14D+1)

15
16
17

WmA
WmB

m=12n+3-12(15D)m=12n+2-12(16D+1)
m=12n+2-12(17D)

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB
WmA
WmB

m=12n+6-12(18D+1)
m=12n+6-12(19D)m=12n+10-12(20D+1)
m=12n+10-12(21D)m=12n+3-12(22D+1)
m=12n+3-12(23D)m=12n+7-12(24D+1)
m=12n+7-12(25D)m=12n+11-12(26D+1)
m=12n+11-12(27D)

28

Pm
Pm
Pm
Pm

m=12n-1229
30
31m=12n+1
m=12n+2-12m=12n+3
D=4; n=0, 1, 2, ...

Figure C.4 - Structure of output of CIRC encoder

- 39 -

Annex D(normative)

8-bit to 14-Channel bit conversion

The left-most bit of an 8-bit byte and the left-most Channel bit of a 14-Channel bit byte are the most significant bits. The
most significant Channel bit is sent first in the data stream.
Table D.1

00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
00000101
0000011000000111
00001000
00001001
00001010
00001011
00001100
00001101
0000111000001111
00010000
00010001
00010010
00010011
00010100
00010101
00010110
00010111
00011000
00011001
00011010
00011011
00011100
00011101
00011110
00011111
00100000
00100001
00100010
00100011
0010010000100101
0010011000100111
00101000
00101001
00101010

01001000100000
10000100000000
10010000100000
10001000100000
01000100000000
00000100010000
00010000100000
00100100000000
01001001000000
10000001000000
10010001000000
10001001000000
01000001000000
00000001000000
00010001000000
00100001000000
10000000100000
10000010000000
10010010000000
00100000100000
01000010000000
00000010000000
00010010000000
00100010000000
01001000010000
10000000010000
10010000010000
10001000010000
01000000010000
00001000010000
00010000010000
00100000010000
00000000100000
10000100001000
00001000100000
00100100100000
01000100001000
00000100001000
01000000100000
00100100001000
01001001001000
10000001001000
10010001001000

01000000
01000001
01000010
01000011
01000100
01000101
0100011001000111
01001000
01001001
01001010
01001011
01001100
01001101
0100111001001111
01010000
01010001
01010010
01010011
0101010001010101
0101011001010111
01011000
01011001
01011010
01011011
0101110001011101
0101111001011111
01100000
01100001
01100010
01100011
01100100
01100101
0110011001100111
01101000
01101001
01101010

01001000100100
10000100100100
10010000100100
10001000100100
01000100100100
00000000100100
00010000100100
00100100100100
01001001000100
10000001000100
10010001000100
10001001000100
01000001000100
00000001000100
00010001000100
00100001000100
10000000100100
10000010000100
10010010000100
00100000100100
01000010000100
00000010000100
00010010000100
00100010000100
01001000000100
10000000000100
10010000000100
10001000000100
01000000000100
00001000000100
00010000000100
00100000000100
01001000100010
10000100100010
10010000100010
10001000100010
01000100100010
00000000100010
01000000100100
00100100100010
01001001000010
10000001000010
10010001000010

- 40 -

00101011
0010110000101101
0010111000101111
00110000
00110001
00110010
00110011
0011010000110101
0011011000110111
00111000
00111001
00111010
00111011
00111100
00111101
0011111000111111
10000000
10000001
10000010
10000011
10000100
10000101
10000110
10000111
10001000
10001001
10001010
10001011
10001100
10001101
10001110
10001111
10010000
10010001
10010010
10010011
10010100
10010101
10010110
10010111
10011000
10011001
10011010
10011011
10011100
10011101
10011110
10011111
10100000
10100001
10100010

10001001001000
01000001001000
00000001001000
00010001001000
00100001001000
00000100000000
10000010001000
10010010001000
10000100010000
01000010001000
00000010001000
00010010001000
00100010001000
01001000001000
10000000001000
10010000001000
10001000001000
01000000001000
00001000001000
00010000001000
00100000001000
01001000100001
10000100100001
10010000100001
10001000100001
01000100100001
00000000100001
00010000100001
00100100100001
01001001000001
10000001000001
10010001000001
10001001000001
01000001000001
00000001000001
00010001000001
00100001000001
10000000100001
10000010000001
10010010000001
00100000100001
01000010000001
00000010000001
00010010000001
00100010000001
01001000000001
10000010010000
10010000000001
10001000000001
01000010010000
00001000000001
00010000000001
00100010010000
00001000100001
10000100001001
01000100010000

01101011
01101100
01101101
0110111001101111
01110000
01110001
01110010
01110011
01110100
01110101
0111011001110111
01111000
01111001
01111010
01111011
01111100
01111101
0111111001111111
11000000
11000001
11000010
11000011
11000100
11000101
11000110
11000111
11001000
11001001
11001010
11001011
11001100
11001101
11001110
11001111
11010000
11010001
11010010
11010011
11010100
11010101
1101011011010111
11011000
11011001
11011010
11011011
11011100
11011101
1101111011011111
11100000
11100001
11100010

10001001000010
01000001000010
00000001000010
00010001000010
00100001000010
10000000100010
10000010000010
10010010000010
00100000100010
01000010000010
00000010000010
00010010000010
00100010000010
01001000000010
00001001001000
10010000000010
10001000000010
01000000000010
00001000000010
00010000000010
00100000000010
01000100100000
10000100010001
10010010010000
00001000100100
01000100010001
00000100010001
00010010010000
00100100010001
00001001000001
10000100000001
00001001000100
00001001000000
01000100000001
00000100000001
00000010010000
00100100000001
00000100100100
10000010010001
10010010010001
10000100100000
01000010010001
00000010010001
00010010010001
00100010010001
01001000010001
10000000010001
10010000010001
10001000010001
01000000010001
00001000010001
00010000010001
00100000010001
01000100000010
00000100000010
10000100010010

- 41 -

10100011
10100100
10100101
10100110
10100111
10101000
10101001
10101010
10101011
10101100
10101101
1010111010101111
10110000
10110001
10110010
10110011
10110100
10110101
10110110
10110111
10111000
10111001
10111010
10111011
10111100
10111101
10111110
10111111

00000100100001
01000100001001
00000100001001
01000000100001
00100100001001
01001001001001
10000001001001
10010001001001
10001001001001
01000001001001
00000001001001
00010001001001
00100001001001
00000100100000
10000010001001
10010010001001
00100100010000
01000010001001
00000010001001
00010010001001
00100010001001
01001000001001
10000000001001
10010000001001
10001000001001
01000000001001
00001000001001
00010000001001
00100000001001

11100011
11100100
11100101
1110011011100111
11101000
11101001
11101010
11101011
1110110011101101
1110111011101111
11110000
11110001
11110010
11110011
11110100
11110101
11110110
11110111
11111000
11111001
11111010
11111011
11111100
11111101
1111111011111111

00100100000010
01000100010010
00000100010010
01000000100010
00100100010010
10000100000010
10000100000100
00001001001001
00001001000010
01000100000100
00000100000100
00010000100010
00100100000100
00000100100010
10000010010010
10010010010010
00001000100010
01000010010010
00000010010010
00010010010010
00100010010010
01001000010010
10000000010010
10010000010010
10001000010010
01000000010010
00001000010010
00010000010010
00100000010010

- 42 -

- 43 -

Annex E
(normative)

Merging bits

Each group of 14 Channel bits is preceded by three Merging bits to satisfy the requirement of at least two and at most ten
ZEROs between two ONEs, also between consecutive groups. Whilst two Merging bits would suffice for this purpose, thethird bit is added to be able to minimize the digital sum value (DSV). The DSV at a given position is the sum of the value of
the Channel bits from the start of the disk up to the specified position. The DSV must be as close to zero as possible to allow
reliable radial tracking and reliable detection of the crossings of HF signals with the decision level.
The Merging bits shall be chosen such thati) the number of ZEROs between consecutive ONEs is everywhere between 2 and 10,ii) the pattern 100000000001000000000010 occurs only at the position for the Sync Header,iii) power spectrum of the HF signal below 20 kHz must be equal to, or below, the spectrum of the minimum systemdescribed below.

initialize DSV: = 0
do for all frames until end of data
send Sync Header
update DSV
do for 33 bytes (1 control, 12 data, 4 parity, 12 data, 4 parity)
get byte
do for all 4 possible merging bit combinations
combination forbidden because it1) violates rule of min. 2 and max. 10
ZEROs between ONEs.
2) gives erroneously Sync Header
yes

skip
combinationnodetermine DSV for eachcombination and the following
byte; retain that combination giving
the lowest DSV. If two
combinations give the same, lowest
DSV, a combination with atransition shall be chosen.

send three merging bits, then 14 Channel bits update DSV−

send 000 or 100 according to DSV criterion as merging bits
for the Sync Header−

update DSV

- 44 -

- 45 -

Annex F(informative)

Storage tests

In order to assess whether disks will successfully withstand the storage conditions specified in 5.3 of this ECMA Standard,
the following two tests can be performed.

F.1

IEC 68-2-30:1980, Basic environmental testing procedures, Part 2: Tests, Test Db and guidance: Damp
heat, cyclic (12+12-hour cycle).
The disk should be submitted to this test, severity 40 °C, 6 cycles.

F.2

IEC 68-2-2:1974, Basic environmental testing procedures, Part 2: Tests, Tests B: Dry heat, Test Ba.
The disk should be submitted to this test, severity 55 °C, 96 h.

F.3

After recovery of each of these tests, the disk should meet all mandatory requirements of this ECMA
Standard.

F.4

If the condition of F.3 is satisfied, it can be expected that the recorded information will be available
from the disk after the storage period.

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