Journal of Global Resources

Volume 5 (01)January 2019
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

Page 01-12

01
POPULATION AND URBAN SPRAWL IN LUCKNOW CITY: PROBLEMS & PROSPECTS
Upendra Bhai Patel and B.L. Teli
Dept. of Geography, School of Earth Sciences
HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Pauri Campus, Pauri (Uttarakhand) India
Email: ubppatel@gmail.com, blteli33@gmail.com

Abstract: An unprecedented population growth and migration, and increased urban population
and urbanization are inadvertent. These urban ecosystems are a consequence of urbanization
through rapid industrial centers and blooming up of residential colonies, also became hub of
economic, social, cultural, and political activities. Urbanization, as such, is not seen as a threat
to the environment and development, but it is the unplanned urbnization and subsequent urban
growth, or the sprawl that affects the land-use of any region prone to extensive urbanization
with loss of prime agricultural lands. Therefore there are certain demorgaphic, physical,
economic, social and environmetnal and lastly governance factors which contribute to thisphenominon of sprawl. Ideally, the growth that takes place around urban areas should bechanneled in an orderly manner that will produce an economically efficient, socially andpersonally satisfying living environment. In practice, ideal growth can hardly be achieved due tomany practical reasons. But, it can be said that growth is a phenomenon, it can be guided toprevent it from becoming sprawl.
Key words: Urban sprawl, Urban-rural fringe, Migration trend, LU/LC change, GIS
Introduction
In industrial countries the future growth of urban populations will be comparatively modest since
their population growth rates are low and over 80 percent of their population already live inurban areas. Conversely, developing countries are in the middle of the transition process, whengrowth rates are highest. The transition drifts from agricultural employment, high overall
population growth and increasing urbanization rates. In the initial stages, development in theform of service centers such as shops, cafeteria etc. is seen on the roadside, which eventually
become the hub of economic activities leading to sprawl. This type of upsurge caused by a road
network between urban / semi-urban / rural centers is very much prevalent and persistent inmost places in India. Biggest challenge is to ensure adequate housing, sanitation and health,and transportation services in a habitable urban environment in developing countries. Sprawl isseen as one of the potential threats for such developing and for better management of
resources in developing country. Hence, it is very essential to understand the phenomenon ofurban sprawl.
Literature Review
There are so many studies done by Geographers, Planners, and Scientists & Researchers in
the concerned study area. Er. Rajeev Shekhar et al. prepared a land use land cover map of theconcerned area. Swadesh Kumar et al. (2013) also described the assessment of land use
around highly populous business centre. Another study done by Pathak et al. (2009) he
described that the issues arising from unplanned and rapid urban growth, developing countries
could significantly gain from the information generated using advanced technologies such as
satellite Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System
1(GPS) and LiDAR etc. for generating appropriate plans and strategies for sustainable
development of urban environment. Venkatesh Dutta et al. (2010) described that migration leadto large-scale urban sprawl and the inherent distinctiveness of hydrological environment isbeing neglected in urban planning. With the expansion of the urban sprawl and the increasing
population, there has been a surmounting pressure on a) natural and built drainage systems b)
surface/subsurface hydrological storage units, of Lucknow. The anthropogenic factors have also
contributed to the presence of heavy metals in the hydrological units of the city. Up to now theregeneration of water by nature kept the surface and subsurface water ecosystem pure,satisfying the urban and peri-urban requirements.
An assessment of the relative contributions of various factors that causes unregulated
spatial expansion is very important to understanding the dynamics of urban population growth(Bhagat, 2011). The natural increase, net rural-urban classification and rural-to-urban migration
are some of the important components of urban growth. Economists believe that three
underlying forces—population growth, rising household incomes, and transportation
improvements—are responsible for this spatial growth (Mieszkowski and Mills, 1993). Brueckner(2000) describes three types of market failures which may lead to excessive spatial growth ofcities. The first arises during the process of urbanization, when economic agents fail to take into
account the social value of open space and greenbelt. The second type of market failure arises
due to failure on the part of urban dwellers to recognize the social costs of congestion createdby their use of the transportation network, which leads to excessive commuting and congestion.
Finally, the third market failure arises from the failure of public and private real estatedevelopers to take into account all of the public infrastructure costs generated by theirdevelopment projects. Thus, development appears artificially cheap from the developer‘s pointof view, but encourages excessive urban growth making enabling infrastructure to function
below standard.
Study Area
Luckonw is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh in India, also the administrative headquarters ofLucknow District and Lucknow Division. Located in what was historically known as the Awadh
region at an altitude of about 128 meters above the mean sea level and lies on 26.85˚N latitude
and 80.92˚E longitude. Well Connected to all the four major regions and divisions of Uttar
Pradesh like Pachimanchal, Purvanchal, Madhyanchal, Budelkhand and also to the major cities
like Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Varanasi and Gorakhpur towards the eastern side of Uttar Pradesh.
The Gomti River, the chief geographical feature, meanders through the city, dividing it into theTrans-Gomti and Cisa-Gomti regions. Lucknow is situated about 500 km southeast of New
Delhi, in the heart of the great Gangestic plain. Lucknow city is surrounded by its rural towns
and villages like the orchard town of malihabad, historic Kakori, Mohanlal ganj, Gosainganj,
Chinhat. Itaunja. While Lucknow city has an area of 310 sq. km in 2011, the Lucknow
Agglomeration consists of the Cantonment as well. The Urban Agglomeration area is 340 sq.
km. The population of the city is 28.15 lakhs (Census 2011) and 55.45 lakhs for the urban
agglomeration.
It is imperative to understand that sprawl cannot be acknowledged by problems alone.
Certain factors are responsible for sprawl which may provide it a positive connotation or anegative. This has to be decided by the study that it proves to be a problem or a potential. The
two major problems with urbanization trend are its growing rate and the area it swallows toaccommodate the urban.

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Figure 1: Location of the Study Area

Objective
The main objective of the research is to develop plan for urban growth forecasting and it’splanning. The research is aimed at demonstration of planning for complex urban sprawl in thisstudy. Research objectives in this broader scenario are as follows: To study the phenomenon and identify the causative factors for urban sprawl.
 To suggest planning strategies for and integrated and planned development.
Database and Methodology
The data collection is done from both primary and secondary data sources. The primary datacollected by field survey. The secondary data is from the office of Town & Country Planning
Organization, Lucknow Development Authority, Office of Registrar General of India, Lucknow
and also collected from Lucknow Municipal Corporation. Top sheets are collected (1:50,000)
from the Survey of India, Lucknow. The pattern of urban sprawl, its magnitude and effects on
Land use/Land cover (LULC) will be identified with the help of temporal data of primary andsecondary (satellite images (Google Earth) & ancillary data) and also field survey & groundtruth. The collected data will be analysed by using Remote Sensing & Geographical information
system (GIS) techniques. GIS software will be utilized for database generation andintegration/analysis. Vector database will be created by using GIS. It is used for preparing ofmaps. In this study is also used other statistical techniques for preparing of graphs & charts.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
Urbanization Trend in India
Table 1 clearly depicts the picture of urbanization this urbanizing scenario. The total population
is growing at a very rapid rate and so is the urban population which has reached a rate of 32.18
percent in 2011. The urban population growing rate can be attributed to two major growthcomponents i.e. natural growth and in-migration. This phenomenon is in turn having an impact
on cities which are becoming more and bigger and the urbanization rates increasing at a very
fast pace. This also had an impact on the growth on urban land area, reduction in agriculture
land, and increase in number of towns and hence increasing there by the population in Class 1
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cities table 2 describes the trade of growing population in class 1 cities (having population morethan 1 million) as compare to any other class cities. Figure 2 shows the growing population ofIndia from 1901 till 2011. The rising urban population is increasing the stress on the urban land
and thereby increasing the load and its usage.
Table 1: Urbanization trend in India from 1901 to 2011Year

Total Population Urban Population inin Lakhs
Lakhs
1901
2383.96258.551911
2520.93259.48
1921
2513.21280.91
1931
2789.77334.62
1941
3186.60
441.62
1951
3610.88624.44
1961
4392.35
789.37
1971
5481.60
1091.14
1981
6833.29
1594.621991
8464.212175.66
2001
10287.37
2861.192011
12105.69
3771.06
Source: Office of the Registrar General, India

Urban Population (percent)
10.8
10.3
11.2
12.0
13.9
17.3
18.0
19.9
23.3
25.7
27.8
31.2

No. of UAs/Towns
1830
1815
1944
2066
2253
2822
2334
2567
3347
3769
5161
7935

Figure 2: Growth of Total Population and urban population from 1901 to 2001 in India

Growth of Population
14000

Population (Lakhs)

12000
10000
8000

Total Population

6000

Urban Population

4000
2000
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Source: Census of India, Urbanization in India Statistical Unit

Figure 3: Migration Trend from 1961-2011

Source: Census of India, IIHS Analysis on Migration4

Tracing the rate of change of the component of urban growth from 1961-71 to 2001-11,
the rate of nature growth has declined from 59 percent in 1991-01 to 44 percent in 2001-11,
whereas the estimated rate of net urban migration has marginally increased from 21 percent in
2001-11. This rapid rate is a result of free – market economy and high population influx whichleads to SPRAWL. (Refer fig. 3)
To achieve sustainable urbanization is known to be an outcome of improper planning,inadequate policies and lack of good governance due to varies reasons. Inability of the planningmachinery to visualize problem area of sprawl and its growth is persistent with the lack ofappropriate spatial information and indicators. Lopsided development activities have led tolarge-scale deforestation and about 30 percent of land has become barren or unproductive. It isthus impetration to study and bring out the intricate and implications associated with the
problem of unplanned urban growth or the sprawl. Thus, in the present context, with theescalating pace of urban sprawl, the challenges for further research is to arrive at an integrated
spatial planning support system to effectively plan, review and review and evaluate the different
policy option while capturing the dynamics involved.
The investigation of patterns of this kind of growth is very crucial from regional planningpoint view to provide basic amenities in these regions. It is essential for authorities concernedwith administration and management of urban area and urban development to adopt integrated
approaches in regional planning while addressing the need of its stakeholder’s and manage theresources sustainably. This also necessitates proper planning to manage the urban growth andto mitigate the pressure on natural resources and environment while catering to the need of theeconomy that sustains these urban areas. It is this philosophy that drive, sustainable
development, essentially addressing to balance both economics development andenvironmental, not only for the present but also for the future generation. Urban growth patterns
resulting in sprawl are ‘unsustainable’. With the current consumption surging ahead of regions
carrying capacity and leading to depletion of natural resources for future generations.
The need for managing urban sprawl also arises out at the global concerns of achieving
sustainable urbanization. The study of this kind reveals the type, extent and nature of sprawl
taking place in a region and the drivers responsible for the growth. This would help developers
and town planners to project growth pattern and facilitate various infrastructure facilities. In thisdirection, an attempt is made to identify the sprawl pattern and the reasons for this growthoutside defined boundaries which result in fringe development.
Hence the study shall aim understanding the major factors of urban growth which are:
 Population increase due to natural growth population increase due to in-migration
 Boundary charge De-classifications
Sprawl in Lucknow
Sprawl is a very natural phenomenon for any urban Centre which is driven to various push andpull factors occurring within the city. Lucknow has witnessed a great amount of urban expansion
in the last few decades. This urban growth, though occurring in the planning area (which is
supposed to be under the jurisdiction of the Development authority and reserved for planneddeveloped mentioned in the Master Plan) has seen uncoordinated growth which gives it thename as SPRAWL. The detail study is only done for the inner fringe in the course of the thesis
to highlight the issues associated with these specified areas designated for planned

5developments seeing unplanned growth. The triggering factors that give rise to such a processor phenomenon have been discussed in the next chapter.
Figure 4: Land Use/Land Cover of the Lucknow District

Source: National Natural Resources Census, National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Dept. of Space, Hyderabad

But, how can we actually say that whether sprawl is a phenomenon characterizing the
Lucknow city. For this reason the Google imagery was overlaid with the different boundaries to
see the growth pattern of the city. It was found that the city is witnessing rapid growth along thecorridors and specifically outside the city limits which further confirms its existence as sprawl.
Also the ribbon, low density development typically characterizing sprawl is witnessed in the casespecific. Other factors in the subsequent factors will try in providing a basis for the above
mentioned argument.
FACTORS LEADING TO SPRAWL\Sprawl has various contributing factors that lead to this process. The various factors discussed
in this chapter are Demographic, Physical/Spatial covering Land and infrastructure aspects,
Social and Environmental, Economic and Governance related. The factors have been tried to
be analyzed with respect to Lucknow (taken as case study to prove the factors) from both thepoint of views – City (which is regarded as an area where these factors play major role) as wellas the fringe (which is supposed to be the spatial manifestation of sprawl).
1. Population
Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) – Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) became amillion-plus area in 1981. Besides the areas under jurisdiction of the Lucknow Municipal
Corporation, the agglomeration also includes the Lucknow Cantonment. Census 2001
estimated the population of the Lucknow Urban Agglomeration as 22.46 lakhs. This included an
estimate of about 60,000 as population of the Lucknow Cantonment and 21.85 lakhs populationof Lucknow City. The LUA population in 2011 is 29.01 lakhs. The population of the Lucknow
City Cantonment has remained constant in the last three decades. (Refer Table 2)
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Table: 2: Population of LC and LUA from 1971-2021
Year

Pop. (LMC)

Lucknow Municipal Corporation
Growth Rate (%) Area (sq.km)

1971
8,27,000
14.60
1981
9,47,990
22.38
1991
16,19,116
70.79
2001
21,85,927
35.00
2011
28,15,601
28.80
2021*
44,40,000
57.69
Source: Master Plan 2021, Census of India

110.00146.00159.26
310.00310.00414.34

Density(sq.km)
10,712
6,493
10,819
7,049
9,082
10861

Lucknow U.A.
Pop.
Growth Rate (%)(UA)
8,13,982
10,07,604
23.79
16,69,204
65.66
22,45,509
34.53
29,01,474
29.00
45,00,000
39.49

Lucknow City (Municipal Corporation limits, LMC) – The population of Lucknow has seen a
considerable rise since 1971. The population of Lucknow City was 8.27 lakhs in 1971 and has
risen to 28.15 lakhs in 2011 (Census of India, 1971, 2011). The growth rates have shownconsiderable rise in population trends from 14.6 percent in 1971, 22.38 percent in 1981, 70.79
percent in 1991, 35 percent in 2001 and 28.8 percent in 2011. The expected population growthrate is 57.69 percent in 2021 with a population of 44.40 lakhs (Refer Table 2 and Fig. 5 & 6).
The great influx of population is a factor that poses a demand for land and hence may be one of
the reasons for the city sprawling across boundaries at the fringes.
Figure 5: Population Growth of the City

Population in Lakks

Population Growth60

Population (LMC)

40
20
0
1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2021*

Year

Official records show that Lucknow’s population grew more than that of other cities in the
1980s– mainly due to the extension of the jurisdiction of the Lucknow municipal corporation –from 14,594 increase in 1981 to 88,751 increase in 1991 in the 1990s, average growth rate wascomparable to that of cities of similar size, more that Kanpur and Nagpur, but lower than Jaipurand Surat.
Figure 6: Decadal population growth rate of the city

Growth Rate in (%)

Polpulation Growth Rate
100
50
Growth Rate

0
1971

1981

1991

2001

2011 2021*

Year

Population Density: The population density has shown a considerable decrease in 1981 ascompared to 1971 i.e. 107 pph to 64 pph. The sudden decrease in population density was due
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to the expansion in municipal limits. In 2001, the density is 91 pph for the city. The population
growth projected varies between 3.51 to 4.37 percent per year over different 5 years periods
until 2021, somewhat higher than for the average growth rate of cities of similar size in the
country and the state.
Lucknow Planning/Development Area: The population of the planning area in 2001 was
24.46 lakhs whereas in 2011 the population is 34.03 lakhs. The population rise is 39.10 percent
as compared to 29 percent Growth rate of the city and urban agglomeration. This clearly
indicates that the fringes are growing as a faster rate as compared to the city. Hence, people
are moving to the outskirts of the city for shutting down, increasing the load on the fringes.
Figure 7: Population division in Planning Area-Lucknow 2011

Population Division
2%
15%
LMC
Cantonment
Fringe Area
83%

Source: Census of India, Village Directory 2011, LDA

The division of population in the planning area accounts for most of the population nearly
83 percent living in the city whereas a considerable amount of 15 percent of the total population
living in the Fringe area and only 2 percent in the Cantonment. (Refer Fig.7 and Table 4)
Table 3: Planning Area population growth rate viz a viz District, LMC and LUA
Lucknow
District
LMC
LUA
Planning Area
Population 2001 (Lakhs)
36.5
21.85
22.45
24.46
Population 2011 (Lakhs)
45.9
28.16
29.02
34.03
Growth (%)
25.80%
28.80%
29%
39.10%
Area 2011 (sq. km.)
2,528
310
340
608
Source: Master Plan 2021, Census of India, Town Village Directory 1991, 2001, 2011

2. Migration
Migration is considered yet another major reason for population influx in the city which in turnarises the need/demand for housing. Migration into Lucknow accounts for 37 percent increasein population over the last decade i.e. from 2001 to 2011 and 36 percent in 2001. Of the 5.76
lakh people added to the LUA during 1991-2001, about 2 lakh were migrants. In comparison,
the natural growth was 3.68 lakh. Census 2001 estimates that in the last decade, Lucknow
received 2,07,3077 migrants, 56.6 percent of which were from rural area and cities the following
as reasons (Refer Fig. 8 & 9)As a Capital City, Lucknow offers better social and physical infrastructure and activities
compared to other cities in the state. With a population density of 91 persons per8

hectors, Lucknow is recognized as a low-density-low-rise city with open spaces andgrocery. The City is also comparatively cleaner than most other cities in the state.
The City offers better employment opportunities and education facilities.
Lucknow’s position as a city bordered by smaller towns like Hardoi and Sitapur in thenorthwest, Barabanki in the northeast, Rae Bareli in the south-east and Unnao in thesouth west attract migrants in search of better employment opportunities and higher
order services like education and health. According to the census, 22 percent of the
migrants from rural areas and 27 percent from urban areas cited ‘employment’ ass thereason for migration. The other reasons for migration include business reasons,education opportunities, marriage etc.
Figure 8: Reasons for migration from
Rural areas (2001)

Source: Census of India

Figure 9: Reasons for migration fromurban areas (2001)

Source: Census of India

3. Gender Ratio
In the Lucknow City, in 2011, there has been a steady increase in the number of women per1000 men-from 829 in 1971 to 849 in 1981, 862 in 1991 and 893 in 2001. While this rise isattributable partly to natural growth, discussions with the LDA identify the cause as being the‘security’ that the city offers and the good education facilities factors that have meant that a lotof women and children are staying in Lucknow even when the male members of the family are
working elsewhere. An additional factor could be that entire rural families are migrating insearch of employment instead of the general practice of only men migrating.
4. Density
Density of the city is 91 pph in 2011 when population is 28.15 lakhs (Delhi had density of 90 pph
in 2011). The density of the city is more towards the old areas with minimum density towards
the Fringes. The peripheral wards in the city are rapidly changing to higher density ranges(Refer Fig. 10) the city can be categorized as low density low rise development city.
The city had an average population density of 65 pph in 1981, 108 pph in 1991, 70 pph
in 2001 and 91 pph in 2011. The average population density is low as per the UDPFI. The
standard density is 150 pph (125 to 175 pph for metro cities as per UDPFI). The city limits canaccommodate 46.5 lakhs i.e. 18.35 lakhs more of the total population presently living in the city.
The ward wise growth rate of population supports the fact that the peripheral wards viz.,
Adarshnagar, Jai Praksh nagar, Rajajipuram, Daultaganj and Aliganj have recorded the9maximum growth during 1981-1991 while other wards viz., Gomtinagard, Indiranagar,
Triveninagar, Sarojininagar and Kharika have sprung up after 1980’s along the major axes of
the city corridors, absorbing the growing population as the ability of the inner city to absorb the
population growth has reached near its saturation point. It is evident that maximum ward wise
density (within city) in 2001.
Figure 10: Change in Ward Densities 2001 and 2011

Number of Wards

Change in Number of Wards in Density
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-100

100200200300300400400500500600600700700800800900900- 1000
1000 Above

2001

51

23

11

6

3

3

2

0

2

4

5

2011

40

23

13

9

3

6

1

1

5

2

7

Source: Lucknow Municipal Corporation, Ward wise population

1450 pph and in 2011 it rose to 3063 pph. Maximum village wise density (fringes) in2001 was pph and lowest was 2 pph. But it can also be seen that the less dense wards arechanging into dense wards and so on showing rising density within the city. (Refer Fig. 11). Anyother city the core of the city is most dense. This indicates that Lucknow’s growing population issetting mostly in new extensions of the city. Hence overcrowding or high density in city can beone of the reasons for moving to the outskirts but the overall average city density shall within
permissible or acceptable limits.
Figure 11: Density of the city (ward wise) and fringe (village wise) 2011

Source: Lucknow Municipal Corporation, ward wise population 201110

Issues
As above results have given a glimpse of the various factors responsible for sprawl in Lucknow
one of the factors have high impact, while the others have medium and low impact. There iscertain issue related with the city and fringe development that is giving way to sprawl.









Higher migration rate (of family) increasing housing demand in the city.
Free market economy leading to land value speculation as private developers entering
the market. This is making affordable housing and land a dream for the common people
near the Lower density (90 pph only) in the city as compared to prescribed norms of
UDPFI. The city capable of accommodating more population if the density can be taken
anything between pph to 150pph.
Restricted FAR for development within the city forcing people outwards the city whiles
many capable of accommodating and absorbing more population.
Development spreading on ecologically sensitive areas and agriculturally suitable land.
Scattered/unplanned development in the fringes and lack of integrated development planwith the city.
There are vacant plots in the fringe, occupancy rate are low which creates unnecessary
demand & housing shortage in the city.
Developments taking place on marshy lands and flood pains in the city which suggest
development taking place on ecologically sensitive sites.

Suggestions
 The problems faces due to urban sprawl, it is suggested that the town planners andpolicy makers should coordinate with the academicians, geographers and NGOs.
 The city development plan should prepare according to sprawl.
 To create awareness among the students and citizens of study area about problem
related with the urban sprawl.
 In the present research work, maximum civic amenities are concentrated in the core partof the city, hence decentralization of services are must for future planning.
Conclusion
The present work is evaluated the urban area and urban sprawl of Lucknow city. It includes
major civic amenities in the study area. The study is investigated the development of urban areafrom its starting to present extension in LMC. It also studied the urban sprawl of Lucknow city
occurred in last three decades.
 The Lucknow city extension process initially very slow, but after 1992, city expands
rapidly.
 The extension of CBD playing vital role to extent the city boundary.
 The rapid population growth is one of the major reasons of extension of urban area.
 The city extension results electoral wards were grew from 87 to 110 wards.
Thus, it may be summed up in a manner that still there are many milestones which should
unturned for maximum benefits of the development and future growth of the city and fringes withwill absorb the growing population of the city and aspirations. And if the areas are properdeveloped as per plan it will become the role model for the development of other peri-urban
area of the city and other city areas. So, in larger context there is need of careful attention from
authority side and implementation side.

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