Friday Morning Session (09:30-11:30)
The neural basis of social perception and understanding.
Tjeerd Jellema, Utrecht University.
Social scenes usually contain complex stimulus configurations,derived from the postures and actions of one or more agents. A
description of the social scene can be made at two successive
levels. At the first level, a literal, mechanistic, description is madein terms of causes and consequences of goal-directed actions. At
the second level, a mentalistic description is made, in terms of themental states and intentions of the agents. The latter involves
associations with emotional values and memories, and possibly therecruitment of mirror-neuron systems, resulting in a meaningfulinterpretation. A number of distinct visual cues have to be taken
into account to accomplish the mechanistic, or perceptual,description. These include: (1) Form: e.g. the perspective view atwhich the agents are seen. (2) Motion: the articulated, or whole
body, actions performed by the agents. (3) Spatial location: therelative positions of the agents with respect to each other andobjects. (4) Immediate perceptual history: actions usually consistof sequences of motions/postures.
Cells in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (STSa) of
the macaque monkey are selectively responsive to one or more ofthese four visual cues, or to intricate interactions between them.
Therefore, the STSa seems well equipped to represent a social
scene at the perceptual level. Next, concerted activity of the STS
with e.g. the amygdala, cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
may form the basis of the second, interpretation, level.
The findings from the single cell studies have directed our thinking
about what the components and neural underpinnings of social
cognition are, and have guided the design of behaviouralexperiments. In the latter experiments a perceptual distancejudgment task was used to measure quantitatively the extent towhich social stimuli are processed automatically at theinterpretation level by autistic and typical participants. The
judgments of typical participants were biased by the implicationsof the social stimuli, while the autistic participants remained
unaffected. This suggests that the semantic processing of social
stimuli in autistic people is not automated.
When and how do we perceive the biological motion? : An
event-related potentials approach.
Masahiro Hirai, The University of Tokyo.
Biological motion (BM) is well know and interesting phenomenon
that we can get vivid impression of human figure just from only
moving point-lights. Recently, it is discussed in the context ofsocial perception (e.g. Blake et al., 2002). As supporting thisnotion, neuroimaging studies have revealed that the responsiblearea for the BM perception was same as other social perception(e.g. gaze direction). However, there remain several questions forneural substrates of the BM perception: (Q1) How does our brain
process the BM? (Q2) When does our brain begin to process theBM?
Firstly, to reveal the neural dynamics involved in the BM
perception (Q1), event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded
from twelve healthy adults. Participants were shown BM or
scrambled motion (SM) as a control stimulus. In the SM, eachpoint had the same velocity vector as in the BM, but the initialstarting positions were randomized. The perception of both stimuli
elicited negative peaks at around 200 (N200) and 240 ms (N240).

Furthermore, both negative peaks were significantly larger in the
BM condition than in the SM condition over the rightoccipitotemporal region.
Secondly, to clarify the way of processing for the BM perception(Q1), the attentional effect was investigated. Participants observed
BM or SM that was overlaid with noise (ten randomly movingdots) and four rectangles (one of which was/was not rotated 90°
relative to the others). They were required to direct their attention
to one of two features of the visual stimulus, namely the type of
motion (BM or SM; attention-to-motion condition) or therotational angle of the overlaid rectangles (attention-to-rectangle
condition). As above result, the ERPs had two negative
components at ~200 ms (N200) and ~330 ms (N330) in both
attentional conditions. The result showed that the amplitude ofN330 in response to BM was greater in the attention-to-motion
condition than in the attention-to-rectangle condition, and was
greater than the amplitude of the response to SM in the attentionto-motion condition.
Finally, to investigate the BM perception from developmental
point of view (Q2), 6- and 8-month-old infants were measured
ERPs during the perception of BM or SM. The activation of theright hemisphere in 8-month-old infants was similar to that of
adults.
These results suggest that the BM is 1) processed in 200-300ms at
the right occipitotemporal region 2) affected by attention (topdown manner) in this experimental condition 3) processed ataround 8 month of age.
Perceiving one's own movement with delayed visual feedback
Sotaro Shimada and Kazuo Hiraki, The University of Tokyo.
How can you recognize an image of an arm as your own arm? We
consider that co-occurrence of proprioceptive and visual feedbackis crucial in this process. The parietal cortex has often been
considered to be the region where proprioceptive and visual
information of one's own body are integrated. In this study, weinvestigated the parietal cortical activity during a visualproprioceptive synchrony judgment task in which visual feedbackof passively moving one's hand was delayed. Twelve subjects (onefemale and eleven males, 18-28 years old) participated. The
subject's right hand was placed on a turntable that rotatedapproximately 36 degrees / s electrically. Visual feedback ofsubject's hand was delayed (86-319 ms, at 33 ms intervals). The
subject judged whether there was a delay between proprioceptive
and visual feedback or not. The parietal cortical activity wasmeasured by a 48-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
apparatus (OMM-2000, Shimadzu). The activity of the parietal
area appeared to be modulated by the length of delay between
proprioceptive and visual feedback. The threshold of delay for thesynchrony judgment (50% point) was about 190 ms. Several
channels located on the inferior parietal region showed thetendency that the degree of NIRS responses reached the largest
around at the 186-ms delay condition and decreased gradually as
the delay becomes longer or shorter in both hemispheres. These
results demonstrate that the activity in the inferior parietal cortex
was modulated by the delay between proprioceptive and visualfeedback of passively moving one's own hand and was consistent
with subjective judgment. We suppose that the inferior parietal
cortex is essential for integrating proprioceptive and visual
information to distinguish one's own body from others.

Friday Early Afternoon Session (13:00-15:00)
Functional neuroimaging studies of action-perception
matching in typical development and autistic spectrum
disorder.
Justin H G Williams, Aberdeen University.
I will present the findings of two seperate neuroimaging studies
that have used fMRI to identify the neural substrate of imitationand joint attention. In the first study we administered an imitation
paradigm to 16 male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder,and 15 controls matched for age, IQ and sex. We found that during
imitation the controls, unlike the ASD group, showed greater
activation in posterior brain areas previously associated withmental state attribution. ASD subjects showed greater activation ofparahippocampal areas. We conclude that even very simple
imitation utilises brain areas associated with mental state
attribution. Additionally, during imitation, these and other areas
undergo modulation that is absent when observation and execution
occur separately. In a second independent study, we examined theneural substrate of shared attention, which we have conceptualised
previously as the matching of perceived and enacted attentional
direction. A series of video clips was made where the model in theclip was seen to be either looking at a moving red dot or looking
elsewhere, but with an equal number of gaze shifts. Subjects wereasked to watch the moving dot. In one series of clips this generated
a shared attention condition, which could be contrasted with thenon-shared attention condition generated by the other series. The
shared attention condition resulted in greater activation of medial
frontal cortex, the left frontal pole and other areas serving
executive function. This is evidence that joint attention processes
do indeed form the cognitive precursors of theory of mind function,in areas serving the matching of perceived and enacted
relationships between object and eye gaze. These influence thedevelopment of attentional and possibly motivational regulatory
systems, the dysfunction of which may explain the inflexible
patterns of behaviour, and interests devoid of social content, thatcharacterise autism.
The self- and other-processing in verbal children with PDD:
Effects of self- and other-action on episodic memory.
Yukiko Yamamoto, National Institute for Physiological Sciences.
To explore the self-, and other-processing in autism, verbal PDD
children (n = 16) and mental age (MA) matched group typicallydeveloping (n = 14) and mentally retarded children (n = 10) were
examined using the subject-performed task (SPT) and theexperimenter-performed task (EPT). To assess the effect of selfaction, the memory performance after the SPT, and EPT wascompared with memory performance of the verbal task with noaction cues as baseline. Results showed that the SPT effect wasalmost the same degree of the EPT effect for the PDD group,
whereas the SPT effect was superior to the EPT effect for the two
MA matched control groups indicative of the uniqueness of selfprocessing. These findings point to an atypical nature of selfconsciousness that is characteristic of autism.

Imitation-related visuomotor integration: ERP and behavioral
studies.
Hirokata Fukushima and Kazuo Hiraki, The University of Tokyo.
Motor imitation is considered to be an important basis of social
cognition. We have been investigating neural activity inherent toimitation using event-related potential (ERP), which has almost
never been applied to imitation studies. Here we will report theimitation-related ERPs elicited in a couple of imitative reaction
time (RT) tasks, as well as a strong task-dependency of thosepatterns.
Firstly, we examined ERPs of subjects who were required a quick
button-pressing in reaction to another person pressing a button in
front of them. This reaction was executed both in left and righthand in a mirror-like configuration, and it was considered‘imitative’ given that the cueing and responding motions (buttonpress) were equivalent. Compared with reactions to a non-humancue (alternation of LED illuminations), the surface topography inthe imitative reaction was characterized by a negative component.
This component was generated around the pre-central region
contralateral to the response hand, with a latency of 130 - 200 ms
post cueing. This pattern suggests that imitative action elicits
dominant motor-related processing during information transferfrom visual to motor areas.
In following experiments, apparent motions (or pseudo-movies) offinger movements on a CRT are employed as visual cues, tocontrol stimulus timings for much precise examinations of RTs and
ERP latencies. However in these setups, the differences in ERPs
between imitative and non-imitative conditions were highly
diminished. Moreover ERP topographies appeared dependent on
stimulus properties and contents, such as smoothness of motion or
direction of finger movements.
Together with these ERP data, we will also report confusing results
found in RTs. Former behavioral studies of imitation have revealed
that the imitative reaction is released faster than an identical but
non-imitative visually cued action. However, the results of myparadigms showed RTs in the imitative reaction was not shorter, or
sometimes even longer, than that of control conditions. A similar
conflict with former studies was also observed in terms of goaldirectedness of imitation, that is, the notion that the presence of agoal in an imitated action facilitates its imitation. In some subjects
RTs were prolonged when a dot was added as a goal of imitatedfinger movement. These ERP and behavioral results are discussed
in a frame of visuomotor information transfer.

Friday Late Afternoon Session (15:30-17:30)
Facial emotional perception during normal and autistic
children.
Magali Batty, Université Paul Sabatier.
The human face is a source of easily accessible information fromwhich we can deduce the mood of people with a simple glance.
This ability is present very early in normal development although it
continues to improve until adulthood. However, this aptitude isoften absent in autistic children, and in large part responsible for
their difficulties in integrating socially. The present study
investigated the underlying processes of facial emotional
perception in adults, children and autistic children.
In adults, the early ERP components (P1 and N170) showedemotional effects even without directed attention, showing that theemotional processing was very rapid (90 to 150 ms after stimulus
presentation) and automatic. These results were also confirmed by
MEG data. Source analyses confirmed the distinctive activations
for the different emotions. Sex differences appeared only inprocessing explicitly emotional faces.
In normal childhood, the development of the components
measured extends over a long period. These protracted changes
suggest that the analysis of emotions is modified on an ongoingbasis until adulthood. The only effect seen in adults that was
found in children was the N170 amplitude effect of emotions in the
14-15 year olds. The processing of the basic emotions inadolescence resembled that of adults, but the mature pattern was
not yet achieved. However, young children (4-7 years old)
showed an effect of emotion on P1, suggesting global emotional
processing during the first part of childhood which fades or is
obscured by other processes, with age.
Children with autism also showed changes in ERPs with age,although the emotional processing found in normal adults did notappear even in the oldest autistic children. In contrast, the P1
emotional effect found in young children without autism waspresent in the children with autism and did not change with
development.
Neural and psychological mechanisms for processing ofdynamic facial expressions of emotion.
Wataru Sato, Kyoto University.
Dynamic facial expressions of emotion constitute natural andpowerful media in day-to-day interaction. However, little is known
about the neural and psychological mechanism for processing ofdynamic facial expressions of emotion. We depicted the brain areas
by using fMRI with twenty-two right-handed healthy subjects. The
facial expressions are dynamically morphed from neutral to fearfulor happy expressions. Two types of control stimuli were presented:(i) static facial expressions, which provided sustained fearful or
happy expressions, and (ii) dynamic mosaic images, which
provided dynamic information with no facial features. Subjects
passively viewed these stimuli. The left amygdala was highly
activated in response to dynamic facial expressions relative to bothcontrol stimuli in the case of fearful expressions, but not in thecase of happy expressions. The right ventral premotor cortex
showed higher activation during viewing of the dynamic facial
expressions than it did during the viewing of either control
stimulus, common to both expressions. In the same manner, thebroad region of the occipital and temporal cortices was also
activated. Based on this neuroscientific evidence, we hypothesizedthat the psychological processing for dynamic facial expressions
would have at least two specific characteristics compared with theprocessing for static expressions: (i) when subjects view dynamic
facial expressions, they experience stronger emotions from faces
than when they are observing static faces; (ii) the observation ofother's dynamic facial expressions induces the perceiver's
spontaneous facial motor responses more evidently than theobservation of static expressions. The results of our psychologicalstudies supported these hypotheses. These results suggest that theprocessing system of dynamic facial expressions of emotion
includes the elicitation of own emotion and motion as importantcomponents.
Modularity of facial expression recognition: Differential
psychology approach.
Atsunobu Suzuki, The University of Tokyo.
A controversial issue concerning facial expression recognition is
the interrelationship between recognition of different basic
emotions (surprise, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, happiness).
Neuropsychological research has reported that focal brain damage
causes disproportionate impairment in recognizing facial
expressions of a specific emotion, especially fear (Adolphs, Tranel,
Damasio, & Damasio. (1994). Nature, 372, 669-672.) or disgust(Sprengelmeyer et al. (1996). Brain, 119, 1647-1665.), suggestingneural substrates that are specialized in recognizing certain
emotions. Somewhat moderate differentiation such as between
positive (happy) emotions and negative (unhappy) emotions is also
indicated by broader recognition deficit except for happiness(Adolphs, Tranel, & Damasio. (2003). Brain & Cognition, 52, 6169.). These previous reports, however, have been criticized forlacking control over differing recognition difficulty acrossemotions in their assessment of facial expression recognition(Rapcsak et al. (2000). Neurology, 54, 575-581.). Critics argue thatapparently emotion-specific impairments are mere artifacts that are
due to such differential difficulties. To address the issue, colleagues
and I propose a new method that is designed to measure individual
differences in recognizing emotional facial expressions as
sensitivities to basic emotions in faces. In order to obtain facial
expression stimuli with various levels of difficulty, the current
method utilizes ambiguous facial expression stimuli created bymorphing technique. In addition, a refined psychometric method of
item response theory (IRT) enables us to estimate sensitivities
comprising different levels of difficulty across stimuli. Results
confirmed that estimated scores of sensitivities varied substantiallyamong individuals, and that they were reliable measures withinternal consistency. Most intriguingly, we found that sensitivities
to five emotions other than happiness were all positively correlated,but sensitivity to happiness was not correlated with sensitivity to
any other emotion. Our findings indicate that independence of
happiness recognition is not simply due to overall ease ofhappiness recognition, indicating separable systems dedicated to
the recognition of positive emotions or negative emotions.

Saturday Morning Session (09:30-11:30)
Autism and the social brain: Taking the recent findings at facevalue.
Chris Ashwin, Cambridge University.
Certain areas of the brain are key to processing social information.
These brain areas are associated with cognitive mechanisms
important for human survival and well-being. These cognitive
mechanisms include such processes as threat detection, gaze
perception, face and emotional expression processing.
Autism is a neuropsychiatric condition characterised by severesocial and communication deficits. These problems includedifficulties in relationships with others, perceiving non-verbal
aspects of communication, and emotion expression and perception.
Although autism is generally understood to have a brain basis, thisbasis is still poorly understood. Given the significance of social
deficits in autism, there has been a recent surge of research intosocial cognition. These findings have generally emphasized autism
to be a condition characterised by a lack of normal social
processing capabilities, at both the neural and cognitive level.
I will summarise recent neural and cognitive findings from studies
in our lab of various social-emotional tasks and people with andwithout autism. These tasks involve fMRI and behavioural studies
investigating the processing of faces, emotional expressions, andgaze. While some findings show autism might involve deficits insocial brain functioning, other results suggest normal or differentialfunctioning in some aspects of social information processing bypeople with autism.
Development of face processing in infant chimpanzees.
Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi1, Masaki Tomonaga2, Masayuki
Tanaka2 and Tetsuro Matsuzawa2, 1The University of Shiga
Prefecture, 2Kyoto University.
We present three experiments on developmental changes in theability to process faces in infant chimpanzees. Firstly, weinvestigated the facial imitation from just after birth. Results
showed that chimpanzee neonates were able to imitate several
human gestures such as tongue protrusion and mouth opening.
Secondly, the ability of recognizing faces was investigated. We
prepared photographs of the mother of each infant and an"average" chimpanzee face using computer-graphics technology.
Before 4 weeks of age, the infants showed few of tracking
responses and no preferences. Between 4 and 8 weeks of age, they
showed strong preferences for mother's face. From 8 weeks, theyagain showed no preferences, but exhibited frequent tracking
responses. Thirdly, we studied gaze perception. We found that the
infants aged 10 weeks preferred looking at direct/open-gaze faces.
However, in the context of scrambled faces, they did not showsuch differences. These findings suggest that gaze perception bychimpanzees may be influenced by the surrounding facial context.
Our findings suggest that there may be similarities in the ability of
facial information processing in humans and chimpanzees in theirearly stages of life. We discuss the relationship between gaze
perception, face processing, and the adaptive significance of earlysocial communication from an evolutionary perspective.

The evolution of “social eyes” as an exterior of the social brain.
Hiromi Kobayashi and Kazuhide Hashiya, Communications
Research Laboratory, Kyushu University.
It should be important for an animal to detect quickly whether it
being looked at by the other individual or not. The directed gazeto an individual has often been interpreted as a sign of hostility oranger and as releaser of the escape response for most of animals
including humans (Tinbergen, 1958).
However, at least in
humans, the communicative function of the directed gaze is not
limited to be like that; we usually interpret it as the signal for
liking, trust, respect, and so on. Such multi-layered functions of
the directed gaze might be found only in humans, though further
comparative investigation is necessary especially in great apes.
Kobayashi and Kohshima (1997, 2001) have shown that the humaneye has exceptional morphological feature in primates: it has thelargest ratio of exposed sclera in the eye outline, and theextraordinarily elongated eye outline in horizontal direction.
Furthermore, the exposed white sclera was observed only inhumans. They explained such features of human eyes mainly as
ecological adaptations, specifically, extending the visual field by
eyeball movement, especially in the horizontal direction.
In this presentation, we report that the exceptional feature ofhuman eyes should be explained not only by ecological factors but
also by “social” factors. We found in primates high correlation
between the eye morphology and the parameters reflecting social
factors (relative neocortical volume and/or group size). The
horizontally elongated eye outline might enable the animal toutilize the eyeball movement (independent of the head movement)
to observe the other individual, possibly without being detected by
the target. Such a morphological feature should benefit the
animal in competitive situation. The evolution of neocortex as an
inner device to deal with social problems (Humphrey, 1976) mightneed outer organs that adapt corresponding problems. In otherwords, the evolution of social brain might have changed not only
the animal’s behavioral pattern but also their morphology, as anouter communicative device.
The white sclera observed only in humans at least among primatesmight enhance the signal value of eye gaze. The lack ofpigmentation in sclera should enable the gaze to serve as overt
signal even from a distance (Hall, 1970), which should lead tomulti-layered functions of the human gaze.

Saturday Early Afternoon Session (13:00-15:00)
Eye gaze processing and the Development of the “social brain”.
Teresa Farroni, Birkbeck College.
The perception of faces, and the understanding that faces canreflect internal states of social partners, are vital skills for the
typical development of humans. Of particular importance isprocessing information about eyes, and eye gaze direction. In
adults the perception of averted gaze elicits an automatic shift ofattention in the same direction, allowing the establishment of joint
attention. Mutual gaze provides the main mode of establishing acommunicative context between face to face humans. The
importance of eye-gaze perception has generated muchcontroversy as to its developmental and neural basis. In fact, themajor debate in social cognitive neuroscience concerns the originsof the "social brain" in humans, and theoretical arguments about
the extent to which this is acquired through experience are raging.
Here we will review evidence from recent neurophysiological andbehavioural studies with both adult and infants on the processingof direct and averted gaze. Our results suggest that mechanisms
underling the use of averted gaze for shifting attention are present
from early in life, but that those may differ between infants andadults. With regard to direct gaze, recent studies show that evennewborns prefer to look at faces that engage their mutual gaze.
Further, our electrophysiological evidence shows that al least from4 months of age faces with direct gaze show enhanced processing
as compared to those with averted gaze. We conclude by
speculating on mechanisms that underlie those early abilities, andsuggest they provide the foundation for later more complex social
cognition.
Effect of eye aversion on the early stage of gaze processing inchildren.
Ikumi Kimura, Masaya Kubota and Yoichi Sakakihara, The
University of Tokyo.
[Background] It is widely accepted that face and gaze perception isan essential element for non- verbal communications in humansocial life. Several studies have reported the effect of gaze
direction on N170, the well-known face-sensitive component of
event related potentials (ERP) at about 170ms post-stimulus, inhuman adults. However, little is known about the effect of eye
direction on the gaze processing in children. [Subjects andMethods] We recorded visually evoked magnetic fields and event
related potentials in response to the stimuli of a face in two gazeconditions ("Gaze" task) or two equiluminous mosaic images("Mosaic" task), in healthy children aged 8-12 years and adults
aged 26-34 years. [Results] In children, a clear occipito-temporalmagnetic fields activity "P1m", corresponding to the P1 peak of
ERP preceding the N170, was observed bilaterally. Only the rightP1m was increased at viewing the averted gaze than at viewing theforward gaze in children, and this effect on the P1m was notobserved in adults. The source for the right P1m in children at theGaze task was mainly estimated to be located at the posterior partof the inferior temporal sulcus, around the putative human MT/V5
area, while in adults, the estimated source for the right P1m was
mainly distributed around the posterior occipital cortex. For the"Mosaic" task, there was no significant difference between
conditions. [Conclusion] It was suggested that the area around
MT/V5 in children contributes to P1/P1m component and might besensitive for biological salient motion such as gaze or changeable

aspects of face, like the more specified role of the superior
temporal sulcus (STS) region in adults.
Eye contact detection in autism: neural and behavioral
evidence.
Atsushi Senju, The University of Tokyo.
Eye contact conveys rich information and establishes effective
communication in human social interaction. Atypical eye contact
behavior is observed among people with autism, who suffer fromsevere difficulties in social interaction and communication.
However, it is still controversial about the nature of cognitive andneural underpinnings which produce atypical eye contact behavior
in individuals with autism.
We will present recent findings from our studies investigating how
individuals with autism perceive and react to perceived eye contact
though behavioral and neural measurements. Children with autism
and typically developing children (age: 9-15 years) participated inthese studies. Written informed consent was obtained from all thechildren and their parents, which had been approved by the ethicalcommittee of the University of the Tokyo.
In the behavioral testing, children were required to detect faces
with either direct eye gaze or averted eye gaze and press acorresponding key as soon as possible. Results revealed thatchildren with autism were equally adept at detecting direct andaverted eye gaze, which contrasted with the facilitative effect of
direct eye gaze on the performance of typically developingchildren.
In the neural assessment, ERPs were recorded from children while
they were looking and attending to either direct or averted eye gaze.
Results revealed that eye gaze direction made no effect on the
ERPs of the children with autism, while perceived direct gazeelicited larger negative ERP component in occipito-temporal area
in typically developing children.
These behavioral and neural findings collectively suggest thatchildren with autism lack the neural mechanism ‘tuned’ to theother’s direct eye gaze, or perceived eye contact, which typicallydeveloping children are equipped with.

Saturday Late Afternoon Session (15:30-17:30)
Neurodevelopmental bases of communicative impairment in
autism.
Ralph-Axel Müller, San Diego State University.
Although diagnostic criteria for autism have been tightened in thepast years, the disorder is still defined by behavioral outcome. It istherefore unclear whether autistic phenotypes can be explained bya unique type of neurodevelopmental aberration. Nonetheless,socio-cognitive impairments are, by definition, a common core in
autistic phenotypes. I will review some of the most promising
recent findings on developmental neuroscience in autism (such asevidence for brain growth abnormalities) and will discuss how
these may relate to disturbances of social cognition. Further, I will
focus on evidence from functional neuroimaging suggesting thatprocessing efficiency of autistic neocortex may be broadly
diminished and that functions requiring polymodal integration tend
to be impaired. These findings can in turn be regarded as a firststep to a better understanding of why autistic patients are impaired
in ingredient processes of language acquisition (such as imitationand joint attention).
Perception of phoneme sequence by Japanese adults andinfants.
Sachiyo Kajikawa, Laurel Fais, Janet F. Werker and Shigeaki
Amano, NTT Communication Science Laboratories.
The speech perception of humans is tuned to their native language.
One of those language-specific perceptions is Japanese speakers’
auditory illusion of an epenthetic vowel between the consonants in
the C-C cluster in words of the form VCCV (Dupoux, Kakehi,
Hirose, Pallier, & Mehler, 1999). On the other hand, C-C clusters
are accepted in some contexts of fluent Japanese speech. For
example, high vowels (/i/ and /u/) tend to be devoiced when they
appear between or after voiceless consonants (e.g., k<i>sha). In
these contexts, it can be hypothesized that Japanese speakers feelthat voiced vowels are unnatural or disfluent. In that case, Japanese
speakers may discriminate between contexts where vowel
devoicing is likely to occur and those where vowels are likely to bevoiced. On the other hand, Japanese speakers may neglect
differences between words with voiced vowels and those withdevoiced vowels, because of their perception of vowel epenthesis.
This study sheds light on how Japanese speakers perceive
phoneme sequences according to Japanese phonotactic features.
First, we investigated Japanese adults’ goodness ratings ofnonsense words as exemplars of Japanese words. The adults were
presented with two- or three-mora words with voiced vowels(CVCV, CVCVCV) and the same consonant configuration withoutsome of the vowels (CVC, CVCC). The adults rated the CVC
forms where vowel devoicing occurs in natural speech better than
CVC forms where devoicing is not allowed. However, they rated
CVC and CVCC worse than CVCV and CVCVCV. These results
indicate that Japanese speakers are sensitive to the legitimacy ofvowel devoicing. In addition, Japanese speakers tend to consider
phoneme sequences that follow the fundamental Japanesephonotactic rules to be better than exceptional but possible
sequences. We also tested infants’ sensitivity to phoneme changes
in words that included vowel-devoicing contexts. Six-, 12-, and 18month-old infants were presented with CVC, CVCC, and
CVCVCV nonsense words. The infants of all age groups detecteddifferences between CVCC and CVCVCV. However, only the

infants at 18 months of age detected differences between CVC and
CVCC. These results indicate that vowels that can be devoiced are
detected by infants from 6 to 18 months of age. On the other hand,sensitivity to word-final consonant changes might develop between
12 and 18 months of age. Based on the results of these experiments,
the development of perceiving native phonotactic features will be
discussed.
Exploring audiovisual speech perception in infancy. -On thebasis of laterality and the role of experienceRyoko Mugitani, The University of Tokyo.
Speech perception is a multimodal function of human perception.
Which means not only auditory input through ears, but also visual
input through eyes, namely the movement of lips and a tongue, canbe important information to perceive target speech correctly.
Speech perception is developed remarkably in the first year of life
in order to acquire one’s native language.
Therefore,
investigating infant’s audiovisual speech perception is inevitable tounderstand the process of language acquisition. Several peaces ofpast research have indicated that infants perceive phonetic
information from the lips and sounds cross-modally (Kuhl 1982,
Patterson 1999).
The present study was aimed at verifying whether specificlanguage environment and experiences affect infants’ ability tomatch lip movement for articulations with respective vocal sound.
Two-display preferential technique and one display visual fixation
technique were both employed, and several experiments testing
infants’ audiovisual matching on vowels and consonants wereconducted sequentially.
As results, the infants showed robust audiovisual matching ability
on perceptually and productively well-experienced sounds, such as
vowel /a/ and bilabial trill. On the other hand, no evidence ofaudiovsiual matching was suggested with sounds without abundant
experiences. Also, testing by Two-display visual preference
procedure, the infants could match consonantal sound (bilabial
trill) only when the sound matched face was presented on the righthand side of display. This right side bias for audiovisual
matching was shown even when infant’s right/left visual fields
were strictly considered. This finding supports a speculation ofleft hemisphere advantage on audiovisual matching and consonants
processing.

Poster Session (March 12th, 17:30-19:30)
P-01: Does the processing of negative words need attentional
resources?
Ken Kihara1, Yoshiaki Nakajima2, & Naoyuki Osaka1
1
Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, 2Graduate Schoolof Human Sciences, Osaka University (Now at the Graduate
School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)
We investigated the attentionalprocessing of negativity bias
before detection. If processing requires attentional resources,
another attentional processing would interfere with it. Using
emotional words, we examined whether detection performance ofthe subsequent target (T2) interfered with that of the precedingtarget (T1), such a paradigm is known as attentional blink (AB)and is an index of the attentional processing of undetected stimuli.
In Experiment 1, we investigated whether AB and negativity bias
appeared in our paradigm using two-character Kanji words as
RSPV stimuli. The results suggested that performance of negative
T2 was higher than that of neutral T2, indicating that both AB andnegativity bias occurred. Experiment 2 investigated that negative
T1 should grab attentional resource, called automatic vigilance
during AB in our paradigm. The results showed that theperformance of neutral T2 decreased when T1 was negative,
indicating an occurrence of automatic vigilance. Experiment 3 wasdesigned to explore whether the negativity bias of undetected
negative stimuli interfered with automatic vigilance during AB
using negative T1 and negative T2. The results, however, showedthat processing of negative T2 was facilitated at Lag 1 during
automatic vigilance induced by negative T1, it did not clearly showwhether the cause of that effect was negativity bias or affective
priming. Experiment 4 was conducted to determine test whether or
not affective priming occurred in our paradigm using positive T1
and positive T2. The results did not indicate the occurrence ofaffective priming when both T1 and T2 were positive.
Consequently, the present results suggested that the processing ofnegative stimuli was facilitated without attentional resources
before detection independently of their negative intensity. Based on
the two-stage models of AB and the two-stage models of thenegativity bias, we proposed a unified model that describes theattentional processing of undetected negative stimuli.
P-02: Infants’ reaction to another infant.
Wakako Sanefuji
Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu
University
In daily life, we can often observe that infants gaze at anotherinfant, as adults do. Is it possible to explain that by preference for“baby schema” like the case of adults?
According to
Negayama(1997), the face just before one year old was chosen as
the cutest one by adults.
Alley(1983) suggested that the
impression of attractiveness made from the whole body achieved amaximum in childhood between 2 and 11 years, rather than ininfancy. However, it has not been investigated whether infants
prefer special month-aged infant as adults do. As for anotherpossibility, an infant might see other infants as he/she considers
them as rivals for investments given as protection in the samecommunity? Regression is one of the interesting cases. Not
only comparing adults with infants but also comparing various
aged infants would offer the key to an understanding of the cause.
Comparing various aged infants would offer the key to anunderstanding of the reason. For infants, one year is long enoughto come to walk and talk. The present study examined whether
infants discriminate another infants’ age and how they react toinfants who are same, older, and younger infants.
To research this, I prepared VTR stimuli without sound. For the
stimuli, each four person in 5 different ages, which are 6-, 9-, 12-,36-month and adult, was asked to play each 3 kind of objects. As
stimuli, I used each 20-s scene from those. The participants weredivided into two groups due to their month-age: 6-month olds and9-month olds. Their looking time and physical reactions were
measured.
P-03: The effect of positive emotion on infant’s gaze shift.
Misa Kuroki
Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu
University.
Joint attention is famous phenomenon that two men (in particular,
infants and their caretakers) shared their attention toward same
object. In recent studies, the relation between emotion and joint
attention was focused. For instance, Folm(2000) suggested that
affective expressions of adults contribute to visual joint attention of
7-month-olds. Thus the studies, which take up the relation between
caretakers’ (or adults’) emotion and infants’ response to joint
attention, were in progress. But on the other hand, the relation
between infants’ emotion and joint attention was not clarified yet.
Adamson & Russell(1999) proposed that arousal of infants’positive emotion with objects would be opportunity to shift theirgaze from objects to caretakers in early days of joint attention. Thisidea was very attractive to investigate the relation between infants’emotion and joint attention initiated by infants.
So in this study, we examined whether infants’ gaze switching
would be affected with their emotion in particular with theirpositive emotion, as a first step of investigating infants’ emotion
and joint attention.
Purpose & Hypotheses: The purpose of this study was toinvestigate the influence of positive emotions on infants’ gazeshifting. It was predicted that when infants be aroused positive
emotion by objects, they shift their gaze between objects and theircaretaker.
Participants: 6- to 12- months old infants and their caretaker wererecruited for this investigation.
Procedure: Infants were required to sit in baby chair with aattractive toy in front of them. Their caretakers sat beside them,and were instructed not to engage their infants. Infants wereallowed to play with them freely for five minutes. In data analysis,
infants’ facial expressions and direction of their gaze were coded.
Result: Rates of infants’ gaze switching were compared in neutral
expression and positive expression. As a result, the hypothesis was
supported.
P-04: The inhibitive effect of punishment on stereotype
activation.
NODERA Aya
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University.
This study examined the inhibitive effect of punishment on
activation of female stereotypes. Fifty male students wererandomly assigned to two conditions: punishment condition orcontrol condition. The experiment was constructed of three phases.
The first phase was to manipulate the punishment; participantscounted syllables of two words presented on CRT under the
instruction that aversive sound was presented if they mademistakes. However, the aversive sound was presented regardlessthe participants’ answers; in the punishment condition, aversive
sound was inflicted as punishment when negative female
stereotypical associations (e.g. Woman-Dependent) were presented,
whereas in the control condition, the sound was given whenunrelated words to female stereotypes were presented. In thesecond phase, the activation of female stereotypes was measured
with a semantic priming paradigm (i.e. word recognition task). The
targets were constructed of non-words and three kinds of female
stereotypical words: negative stereotypical words (e.g. hysterical,
nagging), positive stereotypical words (e.g. modest, lovely) andunrelated words to female stereotypes (e.g. vague, various).
“Woman" and “People” were presented as prime words, andreaction time toward the target word under these two primes werecompared. In the third phase, participants’ explicit attitudes toward
women were measured with a questionnaire. The results indicatedthat the negative female stereotypes were more activated in thecontrol condition than in the punishment condition, and positive
rather than negative female stereotypes were activated in thepunishment condition. Moreover these effects of punishment were
not modified by participants' explicit attitudes toward women. The
mechanisms governing the inhibitive effect of punishment onstereotype activation and the role of valence of stereotypes in theactivation were discussed.
P-05: How the brain expresses and understands intentions.
Michael Klein1,2 and Kenji Doya1,3
1
ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, 2Stuttgart
University, Insitute for Natural Language Processing, 3CREST,JST
It is a widespread assumption that an utterance expresses a certain
intention of the speaker, and that to understand the full meaning ofsuch an utterance, his intention needs to be rediscoverd by theaddressee. So far, however, neither a general way of computing the
speaker's intention from its utterance, nor a way of generatingutterances from intentions is reported in the literature. In this study
we address this problem by building a computational model oflanguage acquisition, in which each agent learns a forward modelthat predicts for every utterance its (context-depended) effect. This
forward model is learned by observing language use of otheragents and is then used (i) to find the right utterance for an
intended effect, and also (ii) to understand other agents by mapping
speakers' utterances on their intentions.
To test whether the proposed mechanisms can accomplish thesegoals, we designed a simulated game environment, where agentsneed to "eat" certain types of "food", growing on "trees". The
agents can either harvest a tree, ask another agent for a type offood, give a type of food to another agent,or do nothing. To train
the agents in this game we use TD(0) reinforcement learning. An
agent learns a value function that evaluates the states, and uses it
along with a rule-based forward model to select actions.
On top of these capabilities, two agents with a rule-based forward
model are used to train one language learner. Using supervisedlearing, the learner trains his forward model by observing thecommunication of the other agents. We were able to show, that therelation between intentions and utterances can be learned by such amodel and that, in a simulated environment, it can be used tocommunicate well with respect to a task.
P-06: Are facial expressions contagious among Japanesepeople?
Ryo Tamura and Tatsuya Kameda
Hokkaido University.
Previous studies have revealed that facial expressions of emotion
are transmitted from one person to another automatically (Hess &Blairy, 2001; Lundqvist & Dimberg, 1995). In these studies,
responses of Levetor labii superiouris for disgust face,
Zygomaticus major and Orbicularis oculi for happy face, andCorrugator superioris for angry face were observed respectively.
Corrugator superioris also responded for sad face.
These
responses have not been confirmed among Japanese people. The
purpose of this research is to confirm that Japanese people also
mimic other's facial expressions of emotion automatically. I used
happy, sad, angry, and disgust face from Matsumoto and Ekman(1988) as stimuli in this experiment. Following the procedure of
Hess and Bleiry (2001), neutral face and emotional face were
presented sequentially in this experiment. Contagions of facial
expressions of emotion were measured by the differences between
electromyography (EMG) for a neutral face and that for emotional
face. Results show that Corrugator superioris responded for angryand sad face as predicted, while responses of Levetor labii
superiouris for disgust face and Zygomaticus major andOrbicularis oculi for happy face were not identified. After
controlling for the sex effect, I found that the responses ofCorrugator superioris for angry and sad face were strong among
males. These results contradict the findings in the previous
studies (Hess & Blairy, 2001; Lundqvist & Dimberg, 1995).
Potential problems of stimuli and the method that were used in thisexperiment are discussed.
P-07: The effects of congruent facial response on subject's
facial expression.
Hiroko ICHIKAWA1, Naiwara P. Chandrasiri2, Hiroshi
HARASHIMA2, Junshiro MAKINO3
1
Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Universityof Tsukuba, 2School of Information Science & Technology,
University of Tokyo, 3Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba
Tomkins (1962, 1963) argues that a facial expression engenders acorresponding expression in an observer. It is commonly known
that congruent facial expression is evoked by pictures of faces
expressing not only happiness but also anger and sadness.
However, interactive effects of facial responses on subject’s faceand counterpart’s face in continuous sequences have not been
explored at all. In this study, we observed how a subject's facial
expression of an emotion is affected by synchronized facial
responses. Subjects were asked to display facial expression ofhappiness, anger or sadness and communicate with counterparts
using only facial expressions. We utilized recently developed
technologies that enable to synthesize counterpart's facial
expressions corresponding to subject's expressions as facial images
on a computer display. This facial image sequences are synthesized
for responding to the subject's expressions using a real time facial
expression recognition-synthesis system. Synthesized images are
the same or opposite/different categories in congruent orincongruent conditions respectively. For example, while a subject
is smiling, in congruent condition, counterpart shows a smilingface with a corresponding intensity and in incongruent conditions
faces of counterpart turn into anger or sadness. Subjects
maintained their anger expressions in congruent conditions. For
happiness expression, facial congruency didn't affect facial
responses of subjects however. We also observed that the responsesof counterparts of the different race helped the subject to enhance
his/her sadness expression in congruent conditions.
P-08: Investigating environmental (or social) self: An ERP(P300) study of recognition of personal possessions.
Makoto Miyakoshi1, Michio Nomura2, and Hideki Ohira1.
1
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University,
2
Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science
When considering what self is, there are two aspects; Conscious
self and environmental (or social) self. Conscious self here means
the cognitive functions based on recognizing one’s own motor
action with its feedback (e.g. Blakemore et al., 2000). On the other
hand, environmental self refers to functions processing information
related to self preferentially (self reference effect etc.). However,
although the explanation in terms of “cognitive resource
allocation” is widely known, what is actually going on in thebrain? By date such a question was hard to handle withexperimental psychophysiology, because it is difficult to introduce
social situation in dark and isolated laboratory experiment. This
research is aimed for investigating the basic neural mechanism ofenvironmental self with newly-devised design, and thus trying toconfirm the first step of investigating environmental self.
We employed two-stimulus oddball paradigm, which is known toelicit P300 (a kind of ERP regarded as reflecting the allocation of
cognitive resources) for low-frequent stimuli. Before theexperiment, we took pictures of subject’s personal possessions andgraphically cut them out from background and made them as visual
stimuli of subject’s possession (P). On the other hand, pictures ofothers’ possession were similarly processed as others’ possession(N). In the experiment, we controlled the display frequency of P
and N such that high-frequent: low-frequent = 80:20. The
combination of stimuli was NN (it means high-frequent = N, lowfrequent=N), PP, and NP. Thus we recorded and measured P300s to
see effects of possession on modification of P300.
The result showed that amplitude of P300s in low-frequent stimuli
was NP > PP > NN. This result supported the conventional theory
that we allocate more cognitive resource for self-related
information. It may also suggest that investigating environmental
self with a method of using personal possession was within therange of possibility.
P-09: Self-reference effect and meta-attitude as the selfknowledge.
Mikiya HAYASHI1 and Takashi HORIUCHI2
1
Nagoya University, Graduate School of Education and Human
Development, 2Tokai Women's University.
The meta-attitude is not the attitude itself but the metaknowledge about the attitude. The purpose of this study is to
examine the meta-attitude (i.e. subject's own knowledge of whatkind of personality traits the subject likes) as the self-knowledge.
In experiment 1, subjects were asked to rate each trait words in
one of five judgment conditions: meta-attitude (like-dislike), selfdescriptiveness (real-self), desirability, semantic, and physical.
Then they were given the surprised recall task. Meta-attitude andself-descriptiveness tasks produced greater recall than semantic
task. This is, the self-reference effect occurred. This results
suggests that the meta-attitude is a rich knowledge structure as wellas the real self.
In experiment 2, in order to estimate degree of overlap ofprocessing between the self-descriptiveness judgments and themeta-attitude judgment, the task facilitation paradigm was used.
When the initial task was self-descriptiveness judgments, time forthe meta-attitude judgments in the target tasks were faster thanwhen the initial task was the semantic judgment. That is, theprocess of meta-attitude judgments and self-descriptivenessjudgments overlaps each other. This result suggests that the metaattitude is one of the self-knowledge in the semantic memory
system.
In experiment 3, in order to distinguish between self metaattitude and other meta-attitude, a two-factor within subjects
design was used. The first factor was the type of referent person:
self and other. The second factor was the type of orienting task:
descriptiveness and like-dislike. After an incidental learning, thenthey were given the surprised recall tasks. A two-way ANOVA on
the recall score revealed the main effect for the the referent person.
This result suggests that self meta-attitude is richer than othermeta-attitude as the self knowledge.
These results suggest that the meta-attitude is one of the selfknowledge in the semantic memory system and has same property
as other self-knowledge.
P-10: Exploration of the action monitoring system by using
error-related negativity (ERN) as an index.
Naho Ichikawa, Hideki Ohira
Nagoya University
The negative component of event-related potential (ERP), which isrelated to error commission or negative feedback against one’s
response, has been focused and called an error-related negativity(ERN/Ne). It is generated from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
and regarded as a signal which means that the consequences areworse than expected. ERN/Ne is taken as the key to understand theaction monitoring system because it has been suggested that itcorrelates with behavioral indices of response control anduncertainty about the given response.
Frequency effect on ERN/Ne, Holroyd & Coles (2002) reported
that the larger ERN/Ne was observed in high frequent response
condition. However, it has not been clarified whether suchsensitivity of ERN is due to the frequency of visual stimulus
appearance or that of motor response. The purpose of this study
was to examine which kind of the frequency dominantly influences
ERN/Ne, stimulus-processing or response-processing.
In this study, participants performed the Eriksen flanker task
(Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974). The frequency of stimulus appearance
and motor response were independently manipulated in order toexamine which situation evoked the larger ERN/Ne. As a result,our data suggested that the frequency effect on ERN/Ne which waspreviously reported by Holroyd & Coles (2002) should have been
induced by the frequency of motor response rather than thestimulus appearance. The larger ERN/Ne was observed in highfrequent response condition, and the smaller ERN/Ne wasobserved in the Low-frequency of response condition. There wasno significant difference observed between response time and error
rate by the stimulus frequency in the same high response condition.

Conclusively, our data supported the idea that ERN/Ne was
influenced by the bottom-up control including the motor
frequency.
P-11: Gender difference in the role of the cognition of social
dangers in phobias.
Yumi ITO and Yoshihiko TANNO
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo.
INTRODUCTION: Recent researches demonstrate the cognition
is important factor for maintenance of the symptoms in phobias.
The purpose of the present study is to see the role of the cognitions
contributing to interference with one’s life.
METHODS: Subjects were presented fearful situations in theform of writing and requested to imagine it as vividly as possible.
While imagining each situation, Ss had to answer the following
questionnaires.
a) Fearful Cognition Scale
This was designed to measure various cognitive factors when one
feels fears. This constituted four subscales: cognition of physicalresponse, coping, social danger, and primary danger. While all
subscales except primary danger had the common items among all
four situations, subscales of primary danger only were made up ofdifferent items depending to each situation. In each instance Ss had
to rate how much they believed each statement to be true on 5point Lickert-type scale.
b) Fearful Emotion Scale
The Negative Affect Scale including 8 items which is a subscale of
the General Affect Scale were adopted to measure the intense of
the fearful emotion.
c) Fearful Behavior Scale
This was developed to measure the avoidance behavior tendency
and the interference with daily life caused by the fears in eachsituation, each subscale including 4 items.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Multiple regression analyses
predicting interference by all cognitions, emotion, and avoidancewere conducted in both sexes in each situation. In male, cognitionof social danger predicted interference significantly in all situations,while only in spider situation in female. The results may indicate inmen cognition of social danger is more closely related tointerference than in women. For men, cognition of social dangers,
namely, taking attitudes for fearful objects in childish way andlooking foolish may have more damage to social activity thansubjective fearful feeling to the objects.
P-12: Do PDD children show the face-inversion effect?
Norio Murayama and Hiroshi Yamada
Tokyo Metropolitan Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Nihon
University.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is one of the Disordersof Psychological Development, characterized by a chronic
impairment in socialization, language, and imagination. The
present study examined what makes the children with PDD worse
to recognize facial expressions of emotion. PDD and non-PDD
children were shown the virtual realistic average faces in thenormal up-right orientation condition and the inverted one, andasked to judge the perceived emotions in either orientation. If PDD
children could process the face as a whole when observed the upright faces as well as non-PDD children and also we could do, theinversion effect should be expected to occur. In the experiment 25

PDD children (23 males and 2 females) and 23 non-PDD children(19 males and 4 females) participated. The mean age of PDD
children were 7:4 (SD=1:4), and non-PDD children were 4:8(SD=0:6). They were matched with the preoperational period in thestages of J.Piaget’s developmental sequence. The following results
were obtained: PDD children did not differ in their up-right orinverted orientation (A’: t(24)=0.89, n.s., FA%: t(24)=-0.78, n.s.),
and, non-PDD children did (A’: t(22)=3.27, p<.05, FA%: t(22)=4.87, p<.05). Thus, the result revealed that PDD children do notshow the inversion effect, indicating that they process the partial
information even when observing the up-right faces. According toDiamond & Cary (1986), in the case of the dog pictures presented
inverted, the dog novices do not show the inversion effect also.
One interpretation of this result is that PDD children do not get
used to seeing facial expressions of emotion, in contrast to nonPDD children. This interpretation is in agreement with symptomsof PDD.
P-13: The effects of olfactory stimulus intensity and precedingcue on hemodynamics in orbitofrontal region: a near-infrared
spectroscopy study.
Takeo Kondou, Shiori Aoyama and Tamotsu Toshima
Japan Foundation of Aging and Health, Hiroshima University.
In this study, we investigated whether near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) can measure the hemodynamics in orbitofrontal region
which reflects olfactory processing. Eight healthy subjects
participated in this study. Olfactory processing is known to beeffected not only by attributes of stimulus, but also subjects’internal expectations concerned with the stimulus. We manipulated
the stimulus intensity (STRONG, WEAK and CONTROL
condition) as the attributes of stimulus, and the availability of
preceding cue (WITH CUE and WITHOUT CUE condition) for
the onset of the stimuli as the modifier of expectations for stimulus(both were the within-subject independent variables).
In WITH CUE condition, activations in STRONG condition were
not different from baseline (activation at rest). However,activations in WEAK and CONTROL (odorless) condition
decreased from baseline. On the other hand, in WITHOUT CUE
condition, activation in STRONG condition increased frombaseline, and activation phase in WEAK condition declined fromSTRONG condition. Activations in CONTROL condition were notdifferent from baseline.
NIRS measures hemodynamics in cortex at relatively shallow
depth (almost 25 mm). The hemodynamics in this study indicatesthat activation in orbitofrontal cortex was linearly increased as afunction of the stimulus intensity. However, when preceding cues
were available, expectation was evoked by the cues and it activatesthe deep structures (i.e., cingulate gyrus and amygdale, which are
involved in expectations and NIRS can’t measure thehemodynamics which occur in such a deep place), thus it isconsidered that the blood decentration from orbitofrontal region
was occurred in the consequence of the blood concentration to thedeep structures. This confirmed that the availability of NIRS in
measuring the hemodynamics in orbitofrontal region which evokedby olfactory stimulus.

P-14: The motivation of self-presentation on social anxiety.
Jun SASAKI1,2, Kensuke SUGAWARA3, Yoshihiko TANNO1
1
Graduate School of Art and Science ,University of Tokyo.
2
Research Fellow of the Japanese Society for the promotion ofscience. 3University of the sacred heart.
The anxiety in front of others is called as “social anxiety”, and thisphenomenon has been often explained by self presentation model(Schlenker and Leary, 1982). This model has two components: themotivation of trying to present their own good self image, and theefficacy to do such action. This model is also usable to merge theprevious psychogenetic of social anxiety. Leary (1983) emphasized
not only the motivation of presenting positive self-image but also
the motivation of avoiding negative self-image. This aim ofpresent study is to confirm the correlation among social anxiety,motivation for acquiring praise or avoiding rejection, and consider
which motivation has more important influence on social anxiety.
In correlation analysis, while the correlation between social
anxiety and motivation for avoiding rejection was positive, thecorrelation with motivation for acquiring praise was negative. This
result suggested that social anxiety is fundamentally the anxiety for
negative evaluation from others, and that the purpose of selfpresentation had very important influence on social anxiety. Twoway analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that both main effects
and interaction were significant, and that degree of motivation for
acquiring praise had influence on social anxiety when the degree ofmotivation for avoiding rejection was high, while the degree ofmotivation for acquiring praise has no influence when that was low.
This suggests that motivation for acquiring inhibits motivation foravoiding rejection. It is considered as the element of new treatment
technique.
Keyword: social anxiety, self-presentation, motivation for
acquiring praise, motivation for avoiding rejection.
P-15: Theory of mind in a communicative context.
Yohsuke Ohtsubo* & Masanori Takezawa***Nara University, **Hokkaido University
It is commonly considered that theory of mind fully develop by theage of 5 or 6. However, Keysar, Lin, and Barr's (2003) recent study
shows that even normal adults sometimes fail to use theory ofmind in a communicative context. This study attempts toconceptually replicate Keysar et al.'s results and extend the study.
Participants in this study engaged in a communication game with aconfederate. In the communication game, one person played a roleof message sender and the other played a role of receiver.
Participants were assigned either role. The sender requested thereceiver to pass a certain snack to the experimenter. The receiver
followed the request. Before the game, the experimenter asked theconfederate to wait room for a while outside the room. In theabsence of the confederate, the experimenter took out two snacks
from their boxes and put them into different boxes (i.e., snack A
was placed in the snack B's box and vice versa). When theparticipants are in the sender role, given that the confederate does
not know that some boxes contain deceptive contents, participants
should ask to pass snack B to the experimenter so that theexperimenter will receive snack A. On the other hand, when theparticipants are in the receiver role, when asked to pass the box ofsnack A, they should pass the box of snack B so that theexperimenter will receive snack A. Obviously, theory of mind isrequired to be successful in both sender and receiver roles. Theoryof mind ability was also assessed with some games that require
strategic reasoning and theory of mind. Interestingly, success in agame was correlated with success as a receiver (r=.55, p<.01,n=27), but not with success as a sender (r = -.05, ns, n=21).
P-16: 'Present self' for 3-year-old children.
Michiko Miyazaki and Kazuo Hiraki
Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo
Povinelli et al. (1996) gave rise to an important question on atemporal aspect of self-recognition. Using videotaped image, they
revealed that even 3-year-olds couldn’t utilize 3-min delayed selfimage on an analog of the mark test. They interpreted thischildren’s failure was due to their underdeveloped episodic
memory. However, we rather interpret this failure was due todifficulty of detecting the contingent relation between children’s
action (proprioceptive information) and their delayed visualfeedback. If the children could detect such temporal imperfectcontingency on delayed feedback, they would find the temporalcausal connection between delayed image and their current states.
In this study, to be easy to detect visual-proprioceptive contingency
relation, we extended the Povinelli’s experiments by introducing
much shorter temporal delay and some prior experience of delayed
contingency.
In Experiment 1, we investigated the effect of 1- or 2-sec delayed
feedback on an analog of the mark test and got follow findings.
First, although 88% and 71% of the 3-year-olds in the live and 1sec delayed group could pass the mark test, only 38% did so in the
2-sec delayed group (p < .01). Second, 83% in 1-sec delayed groupwere judged as showing spontaneous explorative behaviors (hands
shaking, tongue protrusion etc.) for detecting contingent relation
before searching for the sticker, whereas 44% and 38% in the live
and the 2-sec delayed group, respectively (p < .05).
In Experiment 2, we examined whether some prior experience ofdelayed contingency improves children’s detection of visualproprioceptive contingency. The children were presented their 2sec delayed feedback and also required mimicking experimenter’s
action for about 60-sec before the mark test. Ninety-four percent of
3-year-olds passed the mark test (p < .001). Interestingly, in the
delayed contingency experience phase, 71% showed spontaneous
explorative behaviors.
These results suggested that children’s self-recognition on delayed
feedback is supported by detecting visual-proprioceptive
contingency.
P-17: The effect of dynamic property of a face on therecognition of emotional facial expressions. -Analysis by
fixation-pointsMotoyasu Honma and Yoshihisa Osada
Rikkyo University
We focused on the effect of the dynamic property of moving faces
on face processing, particularly on eye movements as the cognitive
strategy of an observer. We investigated what cue observers use tojudge moving emotional facial expressions when presented bandpass-filtered faces.
METHOD: A 2AFC task was employed. We used a 2 x 2 x 3factorial design with presentation formats (dynamic and static),
emotional facial expressions (happy and sad), and spatial
frequencies (low-pass filtered, high-pass filtered, and original). We
also recorded eye movements to monitor saccades made by theobserver, and analyzed the data by the VVF (Variance Value of
Fixation-points) equation.
RESULT: [Original faces] The VVF decreased on moving faces incomparison with that obtained on static faces. The VVF on happy
faces was smaller than that on sad faces. [High-pass filtered faces]
The VVF increased for moving faces in comparison with thatobtained for static faces. The VVF on happy faces were larger thanthat on sad faces. In addition, the VVF on happy faces did notincrease with morphing rate, although the VVF on sad faces
increased.
DISCUSSION: The results suggest that humans may utilize
different cues to recognize moving and static faces. This implies
that the effect of the dynamic property of a face changes with thespatial frequency of emotional facial expressions. In particular, inthe case of a high-pass filtered happy face, the dynamic property
may facilitate the integration of local components of the face, andmake the configural information of the face.
P-18: Predictors of unexpected approaches by strangers; withimpression ratings of a natural gait.
Kikue Sakaguchi and Toshikazu Hasegawa
The University of Tokyo, Dept. of Life Sciences
We examined predictors of unexpected approaches by strangers,
with the perspective of the estimation of a target person's social
attitude through expressive behavior in a natural gait. Three
conditions were considered; sexual approaches from a man to a
woman [1) to pick up, 2) to grope without permission], and 3)
nonsexual approaches. Female walkers (n = 23) reported thefrequencies of encountering those approaches and their personality
traits (self-monitoring and Big Five). Male raters (n = 53) viewed
video segments (mean length: 15.7s) of the women walking in
vicinity of Shibuya station, and rated their appropriateness astargets for those approaches and impressions of their physicaltraits.
Men's ratings of a woman's appropriateness depended on her
grooming and physical attractiveness, but corresponded with thereported frequency of actual experiences only partially. Analysis
revealed that the best predictor of the frequency of being a target
for picking up was a woman's self rated self-monitoring trait(controlling strongly emotion expression), instead of her grooming
or attractiveness. In regard to "groping", female grooming andawkwardness of movement were the best predictors. In regard tononsexual approaches, self-rated extraversion of NEO-FFI
inventory was the best predictor. Analysis also revealed thecommon predicting factor of the frequency of being a target for
two kinds sexual approaches (picking up, groping) as awkwardnessof movement. This factor related with the slowness of walking
speed, but not with self-monitoring trait, bottom-wear nor withfootwear.
P-19: Slightly different mechanisms of imitation between
children with and without autism.
Yura Kunihira1, Atsushi Senju1, Toshikazu Hasegawa1 andYoshikuni Tojo2.
1
The University of Tokyo, 2National Institute of Special Education
We investigated whether the mirror image- or anatomical
imitations and the positional relationship affect the performance ofimitation in children with and without autism. Fourteen children
with autism (mean age 11.9) and 18 typically developing children(mean age 11.8) participated in two kinds of imitation tasks:
imitating the model's simple hand action such as moving one handto the ear (Hand and Ear Test; Head, 1920) or holding both hands
out in front with the palms presenting backward or forward (Palm
Test; referring to Ohta (1987)). There were two within-subject
factors: positional relationship between the model and the child(face to face or side by side) and task instructions (for mirrorimage or anatomical imitation). As a result of Hand and Ear Test,
when sitting face to face, both children with and without autism
made more mistakes in anatomical (i.e. crossed) than mirror-image
imitation. But when sitting side by side, only typically developingchildren made more mistakes in mirror-image (i.e. axisymmetrical)
than anatomical imitation, while there was no such tendency inchildren with autism. As for Palm Test, children with autism made180º rotation mistakes (i.e. confusing the palms' direction of
backward or forward) more frequently than typically developingchildren in both face to face and side by side position, which mightsuggest that children with autism made such rotation mistakes not
because they were face to face with the model. These results
indicated that children with autism may use somewhat different
mechanisms in imitation from those of typically developingchildren.
P-20: Word meanings acquisition model via context
information separation.
Kousuke Kurosaki and Takashi Omori,Hokkaido university, Graduate school of engineering
The stance that “meaning is relationship” is the standard one innatural language processing, artificial intelligence and cognitive
science studies. A word meaning acquisition model needs to beable to extract this “relationships”. Meanwhile, a word has various
meaning, often multiple. So, a system that extracts and learns
relationship between the word and various sensory informationneeds to have an ability of detecting a polysemic word, separating
the meanings and learning them independently. And the fact thathuman can identify the polysemic word without explicit labeling
implies that a computer can identify and learn the polysemy withan algorism without explicit labeling, too. But now, there isn’t sucha word meanings acquisition model focusing on this point. So, in
this study, we regard a simple computer game as a model of realworld and propose the word meaning acquisition model that learns
relationships between the environmental information and a speechin the game, in other words, meanings of the speech using thestructural learning with forgetting. And for the polysemic words,
we take the environmental data as a mixture of gaussian
distribution. The distribution approximates the separate meanings
by the separate gaussian distributions of the environmental sensory
data. We regard each of the distribution as the independent
meanings. In the experiment on the game scene speech, the model
could acquire the meanings of the polysemic word corresponding
to intentions of the game player.
P-21: The comparison of the mechanism of embarrassment.
Jun Moriya1, Jun SASAKI2,3, Yoshihiko TANNO2
1
University of Tokyo, 2Graduate school of Arts and Science,
University of Tokyo, 3Research Fellow of the Japanese Society for
the Promotion of Science.
There are three different theories of embarrassment of mechanism.
First, the self-esteem theory insists that a loss of self-esteem

produces embarrassment. Second, the interaction theory explainsthat embarrassment is caused by a person’s perception that he or
she cannot perform coherently in a social situation. Third, theexpectation theory proposes that embarrassment is fear whenpeople will disappoint others’ expectation. It has been not clear
which theories is the most valid. The aim of present study is toinvestigate which three theories is the most valid empirically. 131
undergraduates were asked how embarrassed they feel in several
situations.
In Study1, based on Parrot et al (1988), in order to test which selfesteem theory and interaction theory is valid, three actions to eachsituation predicted different result in two theory were presented.
Parrot(1988) revealed that the interaction theory is valid, but inthis study, the self-esteem theory was supported. We think that thisconflict result can be explained by complexity of eliciting situationof embarrassment. According to Higuchi & Fukuda (2001), there
are complex situational categories of embarrassment. And for the
self-esteem theory, ‘Private embarrassment’ is important and thisexperiment included many situations of ‘Private embarrassment’.
So the self-esteem theory may be supported.
In Study 2, in order to test which interaction theory andexpectation theory is valid, four actions to each situation predicteddifferent result in two theory were presented. This study mainly
supported the interaction theory, but in some participants, theinteraction theory was more applied to the expectation theory than
the interaction theory.
Based on these results, it was suggested that the selection ofeliciting situation is important in order to investigate which
theories is most valid, because a definition of embarrassment is
obscure.
P-22: The placements of facial expressions of emotion in thetwo-dimensional space of affective meanings using the AffectGrid technique.
Nobuyuki WATANABE1, Ryuta SUZUKI1, Daisuke TSUZUKI2, andHiroshi YAMADA3
1
Graduate School of Literature and Social Sciences, Nihon
University, 2SYSDAC, Inc, 3College of Humanities and Sciences,
Nihon University
Our previous study showed that two kinds of facial structuralvariables, so named as "slantedness" and "curvedness/openness,"accounted for our judgments of emotion from facial expressions(Yamada, 1993). Another study revealed that these structuralvariables correlated with the dimensions of semantic meanings: theformer correlated with "pleasantness," and the latter with "activity"(Yamada & Shibui, 1998). This study investigated the placements
of facial expressions in the two-dimensional space of affective
meanings, and the relationship between the visual information("slantedness" and "curvedness/openness") and the affective
meanings ("pleasantness" and "activity") involved in therecognition of facial expressions of emotion. Using four schematic
faces representing happiness, surprise, sadness and anger obtainedin Yamada (1993), six series of 21 schematic faces morphed fromone expression to another were produced. In order to obtain theaffective scores of each schematic face, the Affect Grid technique(Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, 1989) was applied. A hundred andseven participants were divided into the two groups. In the firstgroup (54 participants), three series of schematic faces ("angersadness," "happiness-anger," and "surprise-sadness") were

presented in random order, while in the second (53 participants),
the rest series ("happiness-surprise," "happiness-sadness," and"surprise-anger") were presented in the same way. Participants
were asked to rate the faces in terms of the Affect Grid technique.
Affective scores obtained in this experiment were averaged out per
face and plotted in the two-dimensional space of affective
meanings. The placements of faces in the affective space were very
similar to the ones in the visual information space. To examine therelationship between the visual information and the affective
meanings, canonical correlation analysis was conducted. Two highsignificant correlations between the two variables were obtained.
The result indicates that "slantedness" correlates with"pleasantness," and "curvedness/openness" with "activity," asshown in Yamada & Shibui (1998).
P-23: The role of a distraction goal in the relation between
distraction and negative mood.
Megumi Oikawa and Junichiro Hayashi
Department of Educational Psychology, Graduate School of
Education, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Distraction is a useful coping strategy in overcoming depression.
However, one of the features of distraction is avoidance coping,and so distraction is also considered to have negative effects. The
present study focused on how one handles and moderates negative
mood. Although distraction is avoidance as behavior, it is notalways avoidance as intention. People can use distraction when
they are trying to deal with a problem. Distraction may be usedwith a highly positive goal. In previous studies, there has been
the confusion between coping use and coping goal. The purposeof the present study was to investigate the effect of a distraction
goal on the relation between distraction and negative mood, so that
distraction could be used more effectively. A questionnairemeasuring approach goal, distraction, negative mood, and so on in
the depressed event was completed by Japanese college students.
On the basis of the students’ scores, three groups (low distraction,high distraction and high approach goal, and high distraction andlow approach goal) were identified. The results were as follows:
In the negative mood scores, the score of the group with a highapproach goal and high distraction was the same as the score of thegroup with low distraction. However, the score of the group withhigh distraction and a low approach goal was significantly higher
compared to the score of the group with low distraction. It wastherefore concluded that high distraction does not always lead tonegative mood, and that using distraction with a high approachgoal was an important way of moderating negative mood. The
results also showed the importance of separating coping use andcoping goal to investigate the effect of coping on negative mood.
P-24: Visual recognition of biological motion in children withand without autism: An ERP study.
Yumi Yamamoto1, Atsushi Senju2, Masahiro Hirai2, Kiyoshi
Yaguchi3 and Yoshikuni Tojo4
1
Musashino University, 2The University of Tokyo, 3Jikei University,
4
National Institute of Special Education
Autism is a severe developmental disorder suffering fromdifficulties in social interaction and communication associated withrestricted, stereotypical behavior and interest. Recent advances incognitive neuroscience have revealed that individuals with autism
process social stimuli such as face, facial emotion or other’smental states in atypical neural substrates. Current study recorded
event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore whether biologicalmotion (BM), another kind of social stimuli, is also processed
atypically in children with autism. If children with autism havegeneral deficit in processing social stimuli, it was predicted thatthey show atypical ERPs associated with BM perception. ERPs
were recorded from 14 children with autism (age: 9:5 – 14:11,
average age: 12:0) and 17 typically developing children (age: 9:5 –
14:8, average age: 11:10) while they were viewing animation ofhuman walk depicted by 10 point-lights (BM) or those of randomly
moving point-lights (scrambled motion, SM). Perception of BM
and SM elicited negative components around 420 msec after
stimulus onset at bilateral occipital-temporal scalp regions (T5 andT6). This component was thought to be analogous to the adult ERP
component related to BM perception (N240; Hirai et al., 2003).
Contrary to our prediction, children with autism, as well as
typically developing children, elicited larger amplitudes of thisnegative component for BM than for SM (F(1, 29)=6.1, p < .01).
Results suggest that children with autism, at least around the age
range of current participants, have intact BM processing.
P-25: Probabilistic judgment of delusional ideation.
Hiromi Arakawa, Shudo Yamasaki and Yoshihiko Tanno
University of Tokyo, Japan
Objective: Non-psychotic person sometimes has beliefs likedelusions. These beliefs are named delusional ideations, and have
many aspects similar to delusion. The purpose of the present
study is to investigate whether "Jumping-to-conclusions" (JTC)
reasoning tendency, which is one of main characters of delusions,would be found in non-psychotic undergraduates.
Method: Thirty-one undergraduates participated in the present
study. Participants rated Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI)
and probabilistic judgment tasks (Colbert and Peters, 2002). PDI
measures not only the amount of delusional ideations but also its
distress, conviction, and frequency of those delusional ideations
multidimensional.
Probabilistic judgment tasks are used toinvestigate data gathering bias and conviction height of subjective
judgment of certainly in studies about delusions.
Result: In the probability judgment tasks, the students with highscore on PDI showed higher conviction about their judgment thanstudents with low score on PDI. But it seemed that the amount of
information had no relationship between students with high score
on PDI and students with low score on PDI.
Discussion:
JTC reasoning tendency would affect thedevelopment of delusional ideation.
Since JTC reasoning
tendency was seen in non-psychotic students, this findings
supported the spectrum hypothesis that delusion is not discrete
belief but continuous thought to non-deluded people.
P-26: The relationship between temperament, psychosocial
stressor and delusional ideations in college students.
Yamasaki, S, Takahashi, Y, Arakawa, H and Tanno, Y
Graduate school of arts and sciences, University of Tokyo
Objective: Delusional ideation in the general population has been
investigated recently (Johns and van Os, 2001). However, there
were a few studies about the relationship between delusional
ideation, personality and psychosocial stressor in normal samples.
Cloninger et al. (1994) developed Temperament and Character
Inventory (TCI).
TCI was developed based on thepsychobiological model of personality. In the model of Cloninger,
four temperament dimensions, novelty seeking (NS), harm
avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD) and Persistence (P) aredependent on central monoaminergic systems, respectively
dopaminergic (NS), serotonergic (HA), and noradrenergic (RD and
P). And the genesis of delusional ideation also has been related to
psychosocial stressor (Garety et al. 2001). We examined therelationship between delusional ideation, psychosocial stress andtemperament.
Method: Three hundred and eight college students (207 men and
101 women with mean age±SD of 18.75±1.67) participated in thisstudy. The PDI, four temperament scales of TCI and Scale of Life
Events in Interpersonal and Achievement Domains for
Undergraduate Students (Takahira 1999) were administered.
Results: Regression analysis with PDI as dependent variable andTCI subscales and negative life events (stressors) as independent
variable was conducted to examine the relationship between PDI,TCI and negative life events.
There were significant ß
coefficients of three temperament scales (NS: ß=0.16, RD: ß=-0.16,
P: ß=0.14). There were also significant ß coefficients of two
kinds of stressors (achievement: ß=0.13, interpersonal: ß=0.30).
Conclusions: Regression analysis revealed that delusional ideation
has relation to novelty seeking. This result supported dopamine
hypothesis of delusional ideation. However, regression analysis
also revealed that delusional ideation has more relation tointerpersonal stressor than to temperament and the other stressor.
The results of the present study suggested that delusional ideationin the normal population had relation to psychosocial factor rather
than biological factor.
P-27: The relations of Eysenck's, Gray's and Cloninger's
personality dimensions in a Japanese sample.
Yusuke TAKAHASHI and Shinji YAMAGATA
Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, The Universityof Tokyo
Gray has defined the existence of two conceptual nervous systems:
one of them called Behavioral Inhibition System(BIS), linked toanxiety; and another called Behavioral Activation System(BAS),
related to impulsivity. Both systems arise from neurobiological andbehavioral research with animals, and are supported by animportant amount of experimental evidence. Initially, Gray’s
personality theory stems from a modification of Eysenck’ s
personality model. Gray proposed a 45-degree rotation of
Eysenck’s Extraversion and Neuroticism dimensions(Gray, 1981).
Later on, Gray suggested that the 45-degree rotation was purely
schematic to explain his model, whereas a 30-degree rotation
would be more exact(Pickering et al., 1999). In this study, we
examined the accuracy of this assumption by the aspects ofEysenck’s and Cloninger’s, to be more precise, investigatedfollowing hypotheses; (1)the BIS and BAS scales must showorthogonality, not correlating with each other; (2)the BIS scale
should correlate negatively with Extraversion(E), Novelty
Seeking(NS) and positively with Neuroticism(N), Harm
Avoidance(HA); and (3)the BAS scale should correlate positively
with both E, NS and N, HA. From the analyses performed with
192 Japanese university students, the aforementioned hypotheses(1) and (2) were supported, but (3) was unsupported; BIS showed
no correlation with BAS(r=-.13), a negative correlation with E(r=.36), NS(r=-.22), and positive with N(r=.85), HA(r=.71). BAS

correlated positively with E(r=.35), NS(r=.47), negatively with
HA(r=.-30), and had no correlation with N(r=.05). The
measurement of BIS and BAS dimensions is one of the main
problems that Gray’s model has no standard way to assess the
personality dimensions that arise from the theory. In this sense, thefuture task is to investigate the interrelationships across manydifferent scales commonly used in anxiety(BIS) and
impulsivity(BAS) assessment, to provide some empirical clues that
could help in the decision on which scale to use for the assessmentof individual differences based on Gray’s theory(in particular,BAS).
P-28: The effects of self-disclosure on self-disclosure recipients-Examination by depressiveness of the recipientsAiko Moriwaki and Yoshihiko Tanno
The University of Tokyo
Purpose: It is said that rates of depression are increasing. It isalso said that prevention of or recovery from depression in daily
life is very important. Moriwaki et al. (2002) then examined theeffects of self-disclosure and self-preoccupation on depression
using path analysis. Path analysis (Structural Equation Model,
SEM) indicated that inadequate self-disclosure of self-disclosers
increase negative responses of recipients, and that these negative
responses of recipients increase depression of self-disclosers.
Self-preoccupation increased both inadequate self-disclosure anddepression.
In this study, we experimentally examined effects of self-disclosureand levels of depression of the recipients on responses of
disclosure-recipients.
Method: One hundred and twelve university students (67 males
and 45 females) participated. The mean age was 20.56 (SD=3.73).
First, participants rated their positive and negative feelings (Time1). The participants were randomly divided into a depressive
self-disclosure group and a non-depressive self-disclosure group,
and were asked to read depressive or non-depressive disclosure
script (Gurtman, 1987) correspondingly. Following this, they
rated positive and negative feelings again (Time2) and also rated
how they would react to the self-disclosure.
Result: The results showed an interactive effect of self-disclosure(depressive/non-depressive) and depressiveness (high/low) of therecipients on negative feelings of the disclosure recipients(F(1,111)=9.56, p<.01). Negative feelings of the high-depression
group were higher when they were assigned to non-depressive selfdisclosure than when were assigned to depressive self-disclosure,while negative feelings of the low-depression group were higher
when they were assigned to depressive self-disclosure than when
were assigned to non-depressive self-disclosure.
Conclusion: These results indicate that it is important to consider
traits of the recipients when we think of the effects of selfdisclosure on negative feelings of disclosure-recipients. Futurestudies should be conducted to examine the mechanism of thisinteraction in more detail.
P-29: The pattern of eye gaze in telling a lie.
Mitsue Nomura and Sakiko Yoshikawa
Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University
Eye gaze plays an important role in our communication. The
present study focused on how human adults used eye gaze in actualsocial interaction. Especially, we tried to examine systematicallythe pattern of eye gaze associated with lying and the relationshipbetween eye gaze and utterance. Naive undergraduates participatedin about 20-min. conversation with a conspirator who asked
participant 2 questions. Participants were instructed to be evasive
for one question and weren't given any instruction for the otherquestion. Their face and voice were captured from hidden video
camera and analyzed frame by frame. As a result, gaze pattern was
significantly different between lying and not-lying condition. Thisdifference was observed at the point when participants just started
answering the question. These results seem to suggest that
temporal structure of gazing behavior related with utterance could
be important in ongoing social communication. How these gaze
pattern can be perceived by another observer will also be
discussed.
P-30: Development in memory of word's sound pattern inJapanese children.
OKAMOTO Masahiko
Osaka Prefecture University
The purposes of this study are to examine the two problems. (1)Is
there a difference between memory of sound pattern with word andsound pattern only?, (2)How developmental change are there inmemory of word's sound pattern
In Exp. 1a 4-, 5-, 7-, 9-years old children and Adult asked for torecall of 8 sound patterns with clapping immediately. The results
showed that children of all age level and adult showed higher
recall in sound pattern with word condition than in sound patterncondition. Exp. 1b showed that adult showed same recall in soundpattern with non-word condition and sound pattern condition. Exp.
1 indicated that (1)memory performance of sound pattern withword is higher than memory of sound pattern without word, (2)thisword effect was found in even 4 years old children.
In Exp. 2, 5- and 6-years old children were asked to recall of soundpattern with clapping in syllable sound pattern or mora soundpattern. The result showed that children show high recall insyllable sound pattern condition, but high language ability children
show higher recall than low ability children in mora pattern. In Exp.
3, 5- and 6-years old children were asked to produce sound patternof known words and unknown words. The result showed thatchildren produce mora sound pattern with clapping both known
word and unknown words condition.
These results indicated that (1)children acquire sound pattern ofwords as same as meanings and readings of words, (2)children will
be able to use from syllable sound pattern to mora sound patterndevelopmentally.
P-31: TV-game play with “models of other” in three- to sixyear-old children.
Satoru ISHIKAWA*, Takayuki SHIMOTOMAI*, Aki ITO*, Takashi
OMORI*, Kazuo FUJITA***Hokkaido University, **Kyoto University
In this study we attempt to confirm that three- to six-year-old
children utilize “model of self”, “model of environment” and“model of other” to interact with the external world.
We prepared two kinds of TV-game tasks to confirm utilization of“model of self” and “model of environment”. The character in thegame was operated with a joystick, and the goal was to have thecharacter find a desired treasure from four treasure boxes shown
previously to the children in a map. In the game, the charactersuddenly moves toward the opposite direction for a few seconds.
We compared the children’s joystick performance between
opposite and regular movement to investigate utilizing the “modelof self”. In another experimental condition, we changed thelocation of the treasures among the four treasure boxes to test
having the “model of environment”. Three- to six-year-old childrenchanged their operational pattern to the joystick according to theexperimental condition, which suggests that the children utilize“model of self” and “model of environment”.
In the next experiment, we prepared a tag-like game. A participant
operates a character (self-agent) and chases another agent (otheragent) when she is the tagger. If she is not the tagger, she has to run
away. In the task, the children have to change their operation of thejoystick according to their role. If the children have and utilize
several “models of other”, they do not have any problems playing.
There are two playing conditions to control game difficulty. In the“cue” condition, a “star” circles around the agent to indicate which
one is the “tagger”. In the “no-cue (without “star”)” condition, theparticipants have to estimate their own or other’s role from theirown or the other-agent’s movement. Although this experiment isstill in progress, we present some preliminary data.
P-32: An fMRI study of gaze perception in people with andwithout Autism.
C. Ashwin, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, B. Wicker, E. T.
Bullmore
Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge.
Autism is a psychiatric condition emerging in childhood
characterised by severe social deficits. Among the most striking
social characteristics of autism is abnormal gaze behaviour,
although the neural mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are
currently unknown. There has been a recent surge of interest inunderstanding the neural mechanisms for gaze discrimination in
the normal population. The resulting research has produced
neuroimaging findings allowing for hypothesis driven
investigations about how gaze processing may be different inpeople with autism.
The aim of the present study was to use functional MRI to
investigate neural differences between people with and withouthigh functioning autism (HFA) or Asperger (AS) Syndrome during
a gaze discrimination task. The study involved pictures of faces
with eyes looking in various directions. Subjects made a choice
about which direction the eyes in the pictures were looking
towards.
When gaze was directed towards the participants, the normal
control group showed significant activations in posterior social
perception areas, and in the medial prefrontal consistently
activated in Theory of Mind tasks. The group with HFA/AS
showed more widespread activations in the posterior visuo-spatial
processing areas of the brain, but no activations in the prefrontal
ToM area. The results provide in vivo evidence for neuraldifferences in gaze perception in autism.
This work was funded by a program grant from the MRC(UK)* to SBC and ETB

P-33: Differential activation of the social brain in people withand without autism: An fMRI study.

C. Ashwin, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright*, & E. T. Bullmore
Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge.
Certain brain areas appear to be particularly important forprocessing social information, and together these areas have beentermed the social brain. It has been suggested that abnormal
functioning of the social brain may be implicated in autism, a
psychiatric condition characterised by severe social deficits.
We investigated neural activity of the social brain in people
with and without high functioning autism (HFA) or Asperger (AS)
Syndrome using fMRI.
Our scanning paradigm involved
showing pictures of faces with fearful expressions, and scrambled
versions of these faces. Subjects pressed a button every time they
saw a picture presented on the screen.
The normal control group (N = 13) showed significantly
greater activation in areas of the social brain including theamygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex, compared to the group with
autism. The group with HFA/AS (N = 13) activated these areas to asignificantly less degree, and instead showed significantly greater
activation of the superior temporal and anterior cingulate cortices.
The results provide in vivo evidence for differential activation of
the social brain in autism, and may reflect different processing
strategies during social perception in autism. This work was
funded by a program grant from the MRC (UK) to SBC and ETB.