Integrating Science, Policy & Local
Communities:
A 21st Century Paradigm
for Marine Eco-Risk Management
Global Center of Excellence (G-COE) Forum
Yokohama National University
August 2010

Dr. Michael P. Crosby - Senior Vice PresidentChallenges with Interaction Between
Managers, Scientists, & the Public• Poor and/or tenuous linkages between managers,scientists & stakeholder communities.
• Scarcity of truly management-oriented science.
• Political goals & poorly informed public pressure
driving priorities of science support & resource
management policy.
• Management-oriented science impeded by nonscience variables.

Contrasting perspectives between
Scientists and Policymakers
Ends and Means
Scientists
Goal, purpose:seek truth
Basic orientation: understand, explain
Mechanisms:
unbiased methods-impersonal

Policy makers
represent constituentsact, decide
opposing interests-highly personal

Attention Spans
For system:
For individual:
Attention span:

Scientists
long, incremental
next grant, tenure
long

Policy makers
short - must act now
next election
short due to situational press

Accountability
Responsible to:Real-world:
Rewarded for:Mode of action:

Scientists
standards, peer
lowexperimentingautonomy

Policy makers
constituency
highbeing rightbeing “team player”

ROLE OF SCIENCE/RESEARCHERS(Classic Scientific Method)

Scientist observes natureScientist formulates null hypothesis (Ho)
Scientist designs experiment/study to test Ho
Scientist conducts study to test Ho
Scientist interprets results as disproving or not disproving HoModification of Ho and/or experimental design, and run again

et cetera
Theorem establishedManagement-Oriented Research Should:• Address needs of managers by focusing on theecological & socio-economic impacts of management
strategies.
• Yield information to build more cohesive partnerships
between Managers/Scientists/Special Interests/Public
for development, implementation & operation ofmarine resource sustainable use strategies.
• Focus on critical management strategies that
influence ecological, economic & sociologicalsustainability.
• Foster analyses & recommendations for dealing withcurrent & emerging issues on resource sustainability.
• Illustrate how sociological, cultural & economic
factors (i.e., the human dimension) are included.

Improved Translation & Transfer ofInformation Among & Between
Scientists, Managers & the Public• Agencies & other funding institutions must
commit long-term support for translation &transfer of S&T information in formats that areunderstood by different user groups.
• New generation of professionals must be
trained & employed as “translators” to bridge
gap in cultural “personalities” of different
communities (i.e., scientists, managers, public).

ROLE OF SCIENCE/RESEARCHERS(Classic Scientific Method)

Scientist observes natureScientist formulates null hypothesis (Ho)
Scientist designs experiment/study to test Ho
Scientist conducts study to test Ho
Scientist interprets results as disproving or not disproving Ho
Modification of Ho and/or experimental design, and run again

et cetera
Theorem establishedINTEGRATED SCIENCE, MANAGEMENT,& EDUCATION/OUTREACH[New Paradigm]

Managers receive
understandable
information

Managers, Scientists &Public realize existenceof a problem

Need facts to base policy upon;
Managers and Scientists develop
research agenda and call for proposals
Scientist observes
nature and RFP

Scientist formulates
null hypothesis (Ho)

Scientist designs
study to test Ho

Proposal submittedto Agency

New Policies
Public Pressure
Change in public
perception & action

Education & OutreachTranslators(Blend of science, policy & education)

Scientist interprets results asdisproving or not disproving Ho
Scientist conducts
study to test Ho
Proposal funded

Results forwarded to Agency

Flow Diagram for Ecological Risk Management
A Guideline for Ecological Risk Management Procedures(Rossberg et al., 2005; Landscape Ecol Eng)Coordinating System in Shiretoko WNH Site
Expanding fisheries co-management to ecosystem-based management: A case in theShiretoko World Natural Heritage area, Japan(Makino et al., 2009; Marine Policy)

Leading the Way inGlobal Marine Scienceand Education

The Red Sea Marine Peace Park Cooperative
Research, Monitoring and Management(RSMPP) Program:
Lessons Learned from the Integration ofMarine Science and Resource Management
The Red Sea Marine Peace Park International Symposium
Aqaba, JORDAN

December 2-4, 2003

•RSMPP implemented a pioneering effort to employ & test this new paradigm.

•Jordan & Israel resource management & marine science institutions have partnered
together to initiate this trans-boundary Cooperative Research, Monitoring &Management Program.”•Overall goal was to foster cooperation & partnership among Jordan & Israel
stakeholder groups in studying, managing, promoting awareness of, & protecting
their shared marine resources

The 4th Conference on theProtected Areas of East Asia
IUCN/WCPA-EA-4March 2002 - Taiwan
Marine Session
Recommendation for East Asia

“Following the example of
the Red Sea Marine Peace
Park Research, Monitoringand Management Program,recommend that APEC
consider designing andimplementing aninternational cooperative
research and monitoring
program to focus on theSpratly Islands marine
environment with the goal ofestablishing marine
protected areas.”

The 10th Pacific Congress on Marine Science and Technology
PACON 2002, July 2002 - JapanSpecial Forum on Spratly Islands Environmental Issues
Co-Convenors: Dr. T.E. Chua and Dr. M.P. Crosby
Panelists: Dr. R. Guerrero, Dr. H.S. Hou, Dr. B.H. Long, Prof. Y. Wang, Dr. Q. Zhang

Consensus Recommendation

PACON should Establish a
Scientific Committee toPromote Collaboration andCooperation between
Scientists through ScientificFora, with a Focus on theProtection of the Spratly
Islands Marine
Environment.

Candidates for Cooperative TransBoundary Marine Protected Area
Research, Monitoring andManagement Programs• Eastern Caribbean Island States• Gaza/Jordan-Israel on Mediterranean• Pakistan-India• Former Republics of Yugoslavia in Adriatic• Greece-Turkey on Cyprus• Pratas Island & Spratly Islands• Japan-Russia Marine Heritage Park

Key to New Paradigm: Integration ofScience & Management withlink to the Public•Research & Monitoring teams deliver
relevant data to management team.
•Management teams integrate the data &analyses into decision-making process.
•Management teams, R&M teams andlocal Communities jointly discuss trends& issues leading to increased
communication & coordination thatachieve shared goals.

VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF
ECO-RISK MANAGEMENT• Paradigm for managing marine resources must
shift from a fragmented to an integrated approach,from a site-specific to an ecosystem-wide context,
and from a reactive to a pro-active mode.
• Identification and understanding of the economic
and social driving forces behind non-sustainable
use of natural resources• Improved stakeholder communication andpartnership.
• User friendly information and validated analyticalmodels.
• Stronger public education program.