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TH=GOV=RNMENT O「Re5〃 セβォβ
σゴOβ 5.

THE STATE OF ERITREA

INttRODUC丁 10N
Eritrea, a small, emergent nation located in eastern Africa, officially became a state in 1993 after an arduous
thirty-year-long armed struggle against Ethiopian colonialism. The socio-economic composition of Eritreansociety includes more than 60 per cent agro-pastoralists, with the remaining 40 per cent comprised ofworkers, merchants, students and professionals. There are nine ethnic groups in Eritrea, each with its own
language. The literacy rate remains low at 50 per cent. Although the role of women in society was valued lessunder traditional patriarchal attitudes, this is currently changing.
Eritrean women played a significant role in the country's independence struggle, making up 30 per cent of
the liberation army. Emboldened by women's contribution to Eritrean independence, the Government of theState of Eritrea (GSE) has demonstrated its value for social justice and gender equality, which has in turncreated an atmosphere conducive to gender equality, including through specific reference to gender equality
in policies and programs.

After a few years of respite from the destructive thirty-year conflict, war again flared up when Ethiopia
formally declared war on Eritrea in 1998. A peace agreement was signed between the two countries in
December 2000. The recent conflict has displaced more than one million people, mainly farmers, whose
livelihoods have been undermined. Land mines also rendered a significant proportion of fertile farmland
unusable. Major socio-economic infrastructure was destroyed. From 2000 to 2003 droughts exacerbatedexisting food insecurity by further reducing agricultural output. The high incidence of both de facto andde jure female-headed households due to the war has intensified this situation. Despite the 'no war, nopeace' situation created by Ethiopia's non-compliance with the international verdict, and the silence of theinternational community, which has been a major stumbling block, the resilient and committed Eritrean
people have continued to work towards peace and development and enable major achievements towards
gender equality.

￨::￨￨:￨:111■ ￨￨:－￨:11:￨￨:■ 1111■■■

o Ple n′The 2003レ itrean Natlo∩ al Educatio∩ Po∥ cy is prernised on the prlnciple of equality betN/vee∩ 「nen and v、 ′N/vhich has bee∩ forged through the co∥ ective struggle of the Eritrea∩of E「 ltrean N/vorne∩ .丁 he overa∥ policy guldance ls to r′ promoterele∨ a∩ ce′

and conti∩ uity of education to a∥people and the remarkable particlpatlon

equal opportu∩ ity in terrns of access′ equity′

school― aged ch∥ dre∩ by e∩ su「 ing that geographical′

genderissues and lifestyle are considered a∩ di∩ tegrated i∩ to the∩ ational developrne∩ t process,″ ln the same policy
docurnent′ the Go∨ ernment commlts to impleme∩ ti∩ g the six′ 巨d∪ cation for AII′

obiectiVes a∩ d the two

releva∩ t Mille∩ nium Development Goals,

丁he 2004 gender a∩ d educatio∩ strategy clearly states that gender i∩ equality i∩ education is not iust a∩
educational cha∥ engelits baslc causes are rooted in、 γider soclal′ eco∩ ornic a∩ d culturalfactors that cannot becomprehensi∨ ely addressed by the educatioP sector aloη e,lt recognlzes that i∩ equality is rooted i∩ cha∩ 9ing
and changeable soclal structures′a∩ d particuiarly ln structJres of dorlnlnation,Addressi∩ 9 ge∩ der disparlty in′/ards the ellnll∩ atio∩ ofvork toヽ ハ
educatio∩ ′the Go∨ er∩ me∩ s educatio∩ policy statesi′ the go∨ ernment shallヽ プt′gender disparlty at a∥fu∥ a∩ dlevels of the educatio∩

systemi″ lt further corlnFlaitS the Co∨

er∩ mentto′

equalaccess to a∩ d achieveme∩ ti∩ basic a∩ d secondary educatlon of good quality,′

′

re∩

′
￨∩

ofthe mai∩ oblecti∨ es Of the Ministry of ttducatio∩ s(Mo巨 )National Literacy Programme is to″gender disparity in literacy by increasl∩－￨￨￨:￨::￨￨￨￨－￨－■●:￨￨－ ￨￨￨:.:￨￨￨－

1111:￨￨■

g wornen′ s participation i∩s∪「￨∩ g girls′

additlon′ o∩ enarrow theliteracy programs,″－ 11111:■ ￨■ ■ ￨￨:￨￨:￨￨￨■ ￨￨￨:'￨■ ■ ￨■ ■ 111:■ ￨￨￨1111■￨:・Key cha∥ e∩ ges that hi∩ der girls′ education l∩ cludei

・ 丁raditional values′ social attitudes and the irnpact of patrlarchal attit∪ des′ ￨∩ cluding the prefere∩ ce forsending boys to school rather tha∩ 91「 ls′ norrns around domestlc chores a∩ d the fear that educatlon N/vlll
affect girls′

rnarriage suitability;ヘ/ヽ 、/omen lr tle teac↑ν・ There are feヽ ノ/へrnaklng↑O prlЭ fessiloハ `ca「 1 3υ ar,F8111e↑ icler eveis and in decisio∩ ―posltlonsi・ Existi∩ gi∩ equality related to∩ atural a∩ d cultural barrlersi
・ Lirnited acceSS tO i∩ forrnatio∩ and key facilitiesi
・ 丁he indirect costs that discourage farnilies frorn se∩ ding girls to school,ln additio∩ ′although concerted efforts have ge∩ erated significant progress i∩ educatio∩ ′data lndicates thatfemale en「 olrne∩ t in elementary′ middle a∩ d seco∩ dary schools co∩ tinues to lag behi∩ d rnale e∩ rolrlne∩t′indicati∩ g that co∩ ti∩ uous effort is stl∥needed to reach ge∩ der parity at a∥le∨ els.

THE STATE OF E獄 ITREA C Ott N TttY

義鍵POnTTギ 書nds of kttv ttdttca瞳 io穐 i機 dittatttFS―

the gender dil■ o朧 sionindicator

2005

2010

Gross admission rate boys and girls

63。

5%

92.0%

. Gross admission rate boys

65.8%

99.0%

. Gross admission rate girls

60.9%

84.9%

0%

35.0%

. Net admission rate boys

28.3%

37.9%

. Net admission rate girls

27.7%

32.10%Net admission rate boys and girls

28。

70.3%

92.3%

. Boys

7533%

97.3%

. Girls

64.8%

86.7%

Gross enrolment ratio in elementary school

52.6%

70.4%

. Boys

5486%

73.1%

. Girls

50.4%

67.5%

Net enrolment ratio in elementary school

49.5%

61.6%

. Boys

59.9%

66.7%

. G irls

38.8%

56.2%

Gross enrolment ratio in middle school

22.3%

32.0%

. Boys

24.7%

33.1%

. Girls

1988%

30.8%

23.1%

34.5%

Net enrolment ratio in middle school

Gross enrolment ratio in secondary school. Boys

29摯

9%

39.5%

. Girls

16.3%

29.5%

13.3%

25.2%

. Boys

15.4%

28.0%

. Girls

11.2%

22.4%

Net enrolment ratio in secondary school

Source: Progress Report of Education MDGs MoE 2012

量

嬌

鶴

鶴

麟

購

購

畿

職

ぽ

職

雛

機

1竃 酪

丁he health status of the Eritrean populationヽ

Ⅳas at its lowest point at the time of lndependence.tthe GSE

has found that achieving its vision of bullding a society with the highest attainable health standard has beena ma10r challenge.

A key priority is to empowerk/vomen and men to protect and care forthemselves′ particularly in relatio∩ tornaternal and infant mortality′ HIV/AIDS and other lnfectious diseases.丁 he National Health Policy(NHP)′
whlch was updated in 2009′ is comprised of a number of specific policies that have dealt with the genderissue at various levelsi tthese include the Prlmary Health Policy′ the Health Promotion Policy′

the Rural

Sanitation Policy′ the Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy′ the HIV/AIDS Policy and the Human Resources

Development PoHcy.

試鬱機‡
th懸 鬱liv撥「y se「 vice$i醗 懸FitF畿 曇
丁he R/11nistry of Health(MoH)has devised a strategy of preventive′

promoting′ curative and rehabilitative

health care services to accomplish its rnlsslon.
At the national level′ the MoH adrninisters and oversees the work of the National Referral Hospitals′
specialized diagnostic and care/servlce provislon lnstltutionsr tralning institutions and regulatory bodies.At
the third tier regional/zoba levelr the Zoba Medical Team is responsible for the provision of health services,

丁he second tier health station services are the primary forFnal health facility′
preventive and curative services′which provides basic p「 omoting′including corlnrlnunity hospital′ health centre and cornrnunity level ser∨ ices.

Although health care spending is genera∥ y low in Eritrea′ the prevention strategy generated significant
achievements′ including more than 90 per centimmunization coverage and a malor deCIlne in prevalence levels ofcommunicable diseases′ malaria and HIV/AIDS.丁 hese achievements are also due to community health services′which mobilize and empower communities wlth key skllls and ensure the availability of basic health servicesi

Cende「 轟nd「 ep「 ⑫ぽ載ctive healt発
丁he 2004 1nternational Conference on Population and Development(ICPD)considers reproductive health(RH)and reproductlve rights(RRs)vvithin the broader context of providing basic health services and fulfillingthe overa∥ soclo― econornic development needs of populations.

丁he RH unit within the Prlrnary Health Care Division(PHCD)has been working towards reducing maternalmortality.丁 he coverage and quality of their servlces′

including the delivery of RH inforrnatlon′ services andcornrnodities at the locallevel′ have continued to improve,Free health care is currently offered to pregnant

women and children under 5′

as are strengthened referral servlces′ emergency obstetric care′neonatal

and assisted de∥ very services′ and interventions such as early rnalarla treatment and provlslon of vitarnin A

supplements.
丁he rnaternal rnortality rate decreased frorn 998 per 1 00′
in 2010′000 1ive births in 1995 to 240 per 100′000 blrths

when 35 per cent of births were attended by skilled health personnel。 丁his reduction lndicates that

great effort has been rnade ln the area of RHi Eritrea is one of the fevv countrles on the African continent toachieve the卜 ЛIIlenniurn Development Goals(MDGs)in this area.Antenatal service coverage increased 48
per cent bet、 Ⅳeen 1998 and 2012′ to 65,7 per cent.Health fac∥ ities with functional emergency obstetric careincreased frorn 40 per centin 2004 to 82.3 per centin 2012.

THE STATE O夢 瞳RIT獄 顧A

磯翻鰺鍾軍醗Υ 懃難P翻 斃TOver the past decade′ a number of additional achieveme∩ ts ha∨ e take∩ placet Since 2008′ treatment for
eclampsia with magnesiurn sulphateヽ Ⅳas introduced natlona∥ yl and since 2004′ home― based postpartum
and∩ eo∩ atal teta∩ us elirninated′ as certifiedcare 1/vas initiated′ maternal and pre∩ atal death auditintroduced′by the World Health C)rga∩ izatio∩ .ln addition′ advocacy、Ⅳork with partners such as the Natio∩ al∪ nion of

巨ritrean Wome∩ (N∪ EVV)was carried outto tackle the issues of underage rnarriage and tee∩ pregnancy′ bothof vvhich co∩ tribute to rnaternal rrnortality and rnorbidity.
－電鐙鰊 隆釉囃埒予痣ξ
・・
Ψ軒醸軋陪艤 1魏 饂跛抒 鶉鰊畿暑寵軋 ‡畿鰺§馨魏竃骰蓼雛・
量
はな蝙ヅξ
了雉
写

Goal

Value

lndicator
Maternal mo「 tality ratio{per 100′ 0001市
bi「eFemale Total
N.A.
380

NA

55

55%

NA

93

93%

NA

53%

53%

－

－

50

…

－

37

92.6%

93.1%

92.8%

ths,2013)

Percentage of births attended by skilled

Improved Maternal

Male
N.A

health personnel

H ea lth

Percentage of pregnant women who
received antenatal care
Met need* for Emergency 0bstetriccare

Under‥ f市 e mortality rate{perl′ 0001市 ebirth;201鋤

Reduce Childlnfant mortality rate{perl′

Mortality

0001市 e birth;

2012}
Percentage of one― vear－ old children

immunized against measles

Percentage of current users ofcontraception who are using condoms(any contraceptive method, currently
married women and men age 15-49)

Zg.Z% 10.3o/o lg.4o/o

Condom use at last high-risk sex

91.9%

Combat HIV/AlDS, Percentage of population aged 15-24
years with comprehensive
malaria andknowledge of HIV/AIDS

otherdiseasescorrect

Percentage Of Hlv― positive women andmen 15¨ 49{EPHS 2010}

Contraceptive prevalence rate (anycontraceptive method, currently
women age 15-49) (EPHS 2010)

married

N.A

N.A

33.8% 24.70/o 27.9%
O.5%

1.1%

8

.4%

0日 93%

8.4%

Source: Report of MoH 2014

* 'Met Need' refers to the proportion of women who actually reach formal health facilities for care when they have complications

10■■￨￨=￨=、 ■■'I III■

111==■ ■ ■■■－ ::■ ●=■懲口鶴 軸 翻 鬱壼 畿鑽di磯 鍵鎖

Although Eritrea is currently on the verge of social transforrnation′it has traditiona∥ y been a peasant society

wlth a paterna∥ stlc culture.Ag「 iculture and pastu「 ing are the population′s llvellhood mainstays′ rnaking landownership the society′ s life∥ ne,VVomen′ however′ have traditiona∥ y not been entltled to own orinherltland
or other property′

whlch are the rnost pertinent factors in deterrnining status and lnfluence.

Eritrea has opted to eradicate old traditions that underrnlne gender equality in society.丁

he GSE Proclamation

No.58/1994 on Land Tenure airns to abolish the traditional land tenure systern and give、 〃omen equal
entitlement and ownership rights forland.As a result′at the household level′ 70 per cent ofland is owned byboth men and、 Ⅳomen′ and the remaining 30 per centis owned speclfica∥

Mai⑫「 Challenges to achigvintt gentter eq機

y by、 Ⅳomen― headed households.

轟:ityVVhen operationalizing the land legislation′ however′ the Nttnistry of Land′

VVater and Environment(MLVV巨)′

did incorporate some discrirninatory directives against women vvith the exc'use of temporarlly catering to
the backlog of rnale households.丁 his was remedied during a subseque∩ t series of rneetings between the

MLVVE and N∪ EllV.丁 he lesson learned from this controversial regulation、 Ⅳas that enforcement mechanisms
should always be looked at frorn a gender perspective.
Frorn this experience and others it is clear that it wi∥ take tirne for certain social norms to be overcome.ln

some cases′ women were inditterent to the new legislationr and p「 efer「 ed not to antagonize their husbands
orthe rnale rnembers of theirfarnilies.A few traditional older women were adamantly against women gaining
access to land ownershipr adhering instead to the traditio∩ al belief that la∩ d belo∩ gs to the heir′ i.e,theirsons′ since rnar「 ied、 Ⅳomen are not expected to stay in thei「village of origin.

丁he maOr campaign and advocacy work undertaken included efforts to:●Popularlze the Proclamation of Land so that as many women as possible understand its content and areempowered to fight forthel「 right to access land.

●Neutra∥ ze the elderly women who couldn′ t be convi∩ ced and1/vin backthose women、 Ⅳho、 Ⅳere vacillating
due to the negative consequences they rnight encounter from the rnale rnembers of the farnily.

・ ldentlfy rnembers of the rnale population who believe in social change and gender equa∥ ty and bring themon board to support efforts to halt the discrirninatory regulation.

●Lobby for establishlng an engendered rnechanisrn of enforcement and ensure compliance according to the
proclamation.

4睦

Υttle爾 機畿機爾議蝙雛宝爾脩麒鬱魏

lrnmediately followlng independencerthe GSE was keen to implementits comrnitmentto social progress andProclamation
amended the criminal and civ∥ law and abrogated discrimination based on race and sex(GSE′
No.1/1991).丁 he predominant forrns of violence against women in Eritrea are certain traditional practices suchas female genital mutilation(FGM)and underage marriage.巨

rltrea is cu「 rently making progress towards its

cornrnitment to eradicate such negative traditional cultural practicest

T開 匿STATE◎ F

ttRITREA 慇◎覇開 T tt V 醗麗P醸 魏T

炒り難骰:翁 祗攀轟ま竜
婁:粽 袂 ::a'き ま蛯鱚
FGN4 is a deeply rooted and widely practiced tradition in ttritrea.Many ttritrean k/vomen and rnen sti∥that FG)d can reduce sexual desire in girls and as a result′believeensure their virginity until rnarriage and fidelity

during marriage. Many Ch「 istlans and Mus∥ ms also consider FG)d a religious ob∥

gation′ despite contraryclairns from prorninent religious figures that the practice is not a religious prescription.Attitudes towards

FGR/1 are socia∥ y constructed a∩ d the practice itself violates basic human rights pri∩issue is o∩ e of genderinequality in that the practice u∩

ciples.巨 sse∩ tia∥ y′ thederrnines the physicall∩ tegrity of a girl child and canhave severe health consequences.
E「 itrea has handled FGN/1 vvith a multi―
discipllnary approach「 lncluding biological′ social and culturalconsiderationst tthe FGN/1 strategy advocates for demystifying the culture of assurlling wome∩ are helplessa∩ d vul∩ erable vlctims in need of rescuing′

and worksto nu「 ture women as socialage∩ ts that are corlarnitted

to determi∩ ing the cou「 se of thei「 own l市es.ln add面 on′ maOr actors′ including the MoH a∩ dN∪ EW′
co∥ aborated and developed strategies that refer to operational research on FGR/1 practices.丁hese efforts

highlighted the differences that exist bet、 Ⅳeen FG卜 d practices in distinct cornrnunities′ and the myths thatsurrou∩ d the practice.

A∩ ationvvidenetworkofstakeholdershasbeenestablishedthatlncludesrepresentativesoflocaladrninistration′

the MoH and N∪ 巨VV representatives at zoba/regional and sub zoba and village levels.丁 he capacity of thenetヽ Ⅳork

N/vas effectively enhanced using a wide range of human「ights and ge∩ der training materials. Key

messages were developed with the airn ofincreasing awareness among cornrnunity rnembers′

particularly

women and girls′ of the ll∩ ks bet、 Ⅳeen FGR/1a∩ d human「 ights and equipping co「lrnunity rnembers vvith thelnforrnation needed to negotiate and clairln their own「ights.

丁he success ofthe social mobilization strategy depe∩

ded on popular education′such as cornrlnunity dialogue′

leadership consultation and popular dramar tO support the development of critical awareness and to enablesocial action aimed at generating community level change`丁s∥his has been the malor catalyst for breaking theence 1/vithin rnany cornrnunities and led to the public declaration of Zero Tolerance for FGM by certain「olemodel villages.After almost 30 years of campaigning against FGM′ a consensus was reached to forward
a drastic measure to accelerate the abolition of FGM.As a result′in 2007′

the GSE e∩ acted a national

legislation bannlng FGM(FGM Proclamation′ 2007).
ln 2010′ the prevale∩ ce of female circumcision among young women aged 15 to 19 was 68.8 per ce∩t′compared N/vith 93.l per cent among、 Ⅳome∩ aged 45 to 49′ indicating a decline in the FGR/1 prevale∩ ce rate
among young gl「 lsr a prornislng trendi

恣 隆:覇 た4髪 :拿 な不N毛 繹 鱚辣麒 渉ヅhJ穐 靡 v:躊 :渉『11彦 魃拿嚢1萎 八 膏 貧:燒 炸錢

丁he statutory laws that have been ratified continue to face cha∥enges related to traditio∩ al customs′ religious

mandates′ backward cult∪ ral attitudes and socio― econonη ic barriers to change.Various reports indicate thateven after vvome∩ become aware of their basic legal「ights′

some remain reluctant to pursue their case in

the courts.Reasons for this lncludei

・ Social pressurei women are not encouraged to go to court because such an actio∩

is considered contrary

to accepted∩ orrns′ unfenη inine and disrespectful to the farnily.The expectation is that one has to e∩
whatever happens and continue vピ

12■1111:￨￨￨:I TI、 1■ ■1111::「 :1.II■ ■ 1,I■

:1■ ￨￨￨ll.■'ヽ

ith the role of careglver.

dure

o Financial constraints: the majority of women agriculturalists are not used to having cash on hand to pursue
their case. Distance is also a barriel and the cost of transportation is beyond the capacity of many women.

o Cross-border practice: whether in the vicinity village, sub-zoba, zoba or in a neighbouring country, thesepractices can threaten a slippage back to older customs.

Additional cha∥ enges include:・ Border conflict and delay in the implementation of demarcation′ i.e.the no peace no、 Ⅳar situation●Deeply entrenched traditional values and practices such as FG卜 d pose considerable danger to the healthand、 Ⅳe∥ ―being of womenin E「 itrea●Lack of institutional capacity
・ lnadequate representation of、 Ⅳomen in decision― rnaking posts at a∥levels・ Lack of disaggregated data in certain public sectors

velopttents
Cottstittttiottalr iettisiative a轟 基legal選 彗
丁he Eritrean Constitution′ ratified i∩ 1997′ guarantees equal「 ights for、 Ⅳomen and men, ln addition to thevhich prohibits discrirnination on account of race′
supreme principle enshrined in the Constitution′ 、
ethniclanguage′ colour′ gender′ rel19ion′ disab∥ ity′ ager politlcal vievv′ soCia1 0r econonη ic status′ various
articles ln the Constitution grant equal rights to women and men′ including ln regards to key issues such as
origin′land ownership′ farnily and rnarriage′

equality before the lavv′ inherltance and passing on citizenship to ch∥ dren.

The State of E「 itrea also has an exce∥ ent track record of ratlfying international conventions and human「lghtstreaties.Among those ratlfied are the Convention on the Rights of the Child(CRC)on 3 August 1994ithe
Convention on the巨 limination of A∥ Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW)on 5 September 5
1995;the lnternational Covenant on Econornic′
Civ∥ and Political Rights′

Social and Cultural Rights and the lnternational Covenant on

both on 20 January 20 1999ithe African Charter on Human and Peoplers Rights on

4」 anuary 4 19991 and the Beling Declaration and Platform for Action.

Soon after E「 itrea acceded to the CEDAW′ the Convention、 Ⅳas translated into local languages and widely
disseminated′particularly among women.丁 he implementation of CEDAVV is ongolng′ in tandem with theirnplementatlon of the Platforrn for Action.N/1oreover′mortality′

national efforts to reduce maternal rrnortallty′

gender disparity in education and adult female i∥elected bodies′ are a∥ in line with the'dDGs.

iteracy′

child

and increase women′ s participation in

A report on the implementation of the Platforrn for Action and future strategies for the promotion of gender
perspectives(Beling+fiVe)was prepared at the country levelin 1999′

followed by a second and third report

prepared to take stock ofthe same issues as they stood in 2004 and 2008.

THE STATE OF ERITREA 0 0購 拇 TRY RttP瞳 興TΨ轟賂‡羮 量ξ:童 ξ馨肇攀 罐l嘲 鬱騒頷攀ぽ鬱彎襲慇￨1壇 v]1機 褥馨v灘 ‡‡鬱轟量鬱醗翁饉 ξ

VearNational gender policies related to internationalinstruments

The National Democratic Program of Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) in its article of 4B
ro77
tJt,
on women's rights clearly stipulated gender equality

The Constitution of the National Union of Eritrean Women states in its oblectives that it will work

1979 for the empowerment of women's equality and will, in particular, fightto stop harmfultraditional
practices
1991

GSE Proclamation No.lon C市 il Law

1994 Proclamation No. 58 on Land Tenure
After gaining formal independent and ioining the United Nations in 1994, GSE immediately ratified
1995 the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1995, which isin line with GSE's basic principles of sociallustice and equality

帥hS
瀾1∬ ∬ tti翼 恵i蠣 :I:Lil「柵殺I∬ 1::罵 洲附相円
meC° nsistent tt m me ttme
20041[:W:i:::1紆 認群
Tl輝鳳
鳳躙 ふ
尊
2007
∫
allll::]l::1:f::1lllil∫ llil襴
獣』
:ユ
1997鷲

:認

::ξ

lβ

￨∥

:::::[:￨三￨－1lllЪ l:8/2007 of GSE statesthat:llill「

1::■ ].￨三::.::￨:二 :11:」 ::き 11■￨－:￨::.:::￨::こ :::ニ

巨
「itrea ratified the follovving lnternatio∩ al Labour Organization(ILO)Conventions i∩ the year 2000.丁 hese
conve∩ tions are knovvn as lLO Core Con∨ e∩ tions′ 鴇/hich are aimed at protecting fundamental huma∩ 「ightsa∩ dpromoting equal opportunities for rnen and N/vomen.

1,Con∨ e∩ tio∩ 29 co∩ cer∩ i∩ g Forced or Compulsory Labour(adopted 1930).
2.Con∨ entlon 87 co∩ cerni∩ g Freedorn of Association and Protection of the Right to C)rganlze(adopted
1948},

3,Co∩ ve∩ tion 98 concerη lrg the Rlght to O「 ga∩ ize a∩ d to Bargal∩ Co∥ ectlvely(adopted 1949).
」
orく ers for Work of Eq∪ al∨ alue
4.Co∩ ve∩ tion 100 corcerrirc三 3し a ReTuneration for R/1en and VVo?⌒ erヽ へ(adopted 1951),

5,Convention 105 co∩ cerni∩ gthe Abo lc－

3三Fcrce3_aCCυ r acooled 1957).

6,Co∩ ve∩ tion lll co∩ cerni∩ g Discrlmlnatio↑ ⌒Rescecl cf Enlployrnent a∩ d Occupation(adopted 1958).
7.Co∩ vention 138 co∩ cerni∩ g Mi∩ imum Agefo「 AdPIsslo∩ to巨 mployrlnent(adopted 1973).
Eritrea′ s various legal instruments are conslste∩ t wlth the provislons of the lLC)co∩ ventio∩ s app∥ cable toerYlployme∩ ti

:辣
:瘍 盗
鉤難電
難ξ鯰難
夕扮ξ

VVith regard to the budgeting system′

an integrated approach is in practice.Forinstance′

substantial portlo∩ sof the budgets of the Mi∩ istry of ttducation and the Ministry of Health 9o to support girls′

educatio∩a∩ dwomen′ s health′ respectively.ln additio∩ ′there is a standalone prograrnrne implemented by N∪ 巨VV airned
at closing gender gaps through the developme∩

t of a gender rnai∩ streanη i∩ g strategy in relevant sectors andadvocacy progra「 lrnes on female genital rnutilation′ gender equality′ reproductive health′etc.′

as we∥ as

econornic rnicrofinance supporti

摯:桑 :幸 華11拳:〕幸t警 幸幸::1羹 幸撃 彗諄 ::l幸 ::肇 曇 ::奪 :∵ ::婁 奉義:義 :∵`ン

丁here is a gender focal perso∩ positioned within releva∩
h/1inistry of Education′ the h/1inistry of Corlarnunicatio∩the〉引inistry of Agriculture′t rninistries′ i∩ cluding the h/1inistry of Health′a∩ d ttra∩ sport′ the N/1inistry of ttrade and l∩thedustry anda∩ d represe∩ ti∩ g key civil society orga∩ izations such as the National Confederatio∩

of巨「itrean Wo「 kers′ National∪ ∩lo∩ of E「 itrean Youth a∩ d Stude∩ ts′ the National Association of Disabled andthe tteachers Associatiop,丁 he focal oersons ITeet regularly and support the preparation of key reports′ヘ/a「 6 Beili↑ 9■ 20,I～ cυ 3－ I^e Crol s c´lncludi∩ g CEDAヽ ノc三⌒ctt ard reedback`－:::1－ ■:￨￨￨=二 ￨■義幸巻菱 ::奉 :l華 ,1轟 三=轟':￨:￨丁he Governme∩ t is vvorking N/vith the ttast Africa Strategic Support l∩itiati∨ e′COMttSA Gender Di∨ isio∩ ′theAfrican∪ nion Africa∩ Centerfor Gender and De∨ elopment a∩ d non― alig∩ ed groupsi tthrough its interaction
with these orga∩

izations′

the Government has received support forthe elaboration of cross―border businessde∨ elopment guidelines and has participated i∩ various ge∩ der― related tral∩ i∩ gs′ includi∩ 9o∩ female genital
mutilation′

human resources and the de∨ elopme∩ t ofla∩ d policy.

馨 :::暑 萎羹:華 撃 靱奪T奪 :幸 菱:榛 拳羮:導 幸薬:奪As a cross― cutti∩ g issue′ genderis relevant to all MDGs a∩ d as a resultr the N/1DGs create an enviro∩rlne∩ t∩umber of differe∩ t a∩ gles,￨∩ ∨iew of thls′ theGovernment has worked to al19∩ a∩ di∩ tegrate its efforts o∩ the Belil∩ g PlatfOrm for Action with the MDG

co∩ ducive to explori∩ g a∩ d addressing ge∩ der frorn atargets′ including ln rYnaternal health′child mortallty′

pre∨ e∩ tio∩ of coγlrnunicable diseases and educatio∩′

particularly the educatlo∩ of 9i「 ls a∩ d female e∩ rolrnent.

罐5

彊蹴
鱚写隆欲輪鼈鰺咆燒讚倅辟輪仄鵞抒
A number of socio― culturalfactors explain the poor econornic conditions of women in Eritrea′

including thoserelated to the long… lasting war and drought′ the traditio∩ al patriarchal systern a∩ d other traditional norrns andvalues.At the same tirne′

rnore than 40 per cent of ttritrean households are headed by women′wh∥ e rnore

than 50 per cent of vvomen are illiterate.丁 hese and otherfactors deterrnine gender roles′ responsibilities and′wome∩ s position in society and i∩

general make their participation in the economy rnore difficulti隆雉 咸隧赳‡ポ魏vi濾 熙掌勒趾ポ尿ま亀睫隆枷攣蝠彦孟
丁here are several credit and saving schemes run by the h/1inistry of Labour and Human Welfare′of Agriculture′regiona1 9overnments and the Savi∩ gs Micro Credit Programme(SMCP)′

institution that promotes sma∥ and medium― scale businesses geared towards enhanclng self―
and granting access to critica∥

the h/1inistrya specialized financial

employment

y needed funds.llVomen and women― headed households make up roughly

40 per cent of SMCP beneficiaries.丁his is in addition to the N∪

econornic empowerrnentandimproving women′

巨VV「 un credit schemes aimed at women′ ss livelihoods,lt is、 Ⅳorth noting that rnost ofthe prograrnrne′ sclients are located in rural and serlni一 u「 ban areas and that the number of participants is consiste∩

tly increasing

every year,Between 2008 and 201 0 different credit scherlne operato「 sp「 ovided between 45 and 49 percent
of rnicro credit to 1/vomen"

言
不翁妙鋏軋贔
贅き拶魃凡歩ヅ量N沐 瞑荼洟鵞辣眈蟷讀な
丁he Ministry of ttducation(MoE)has taken on the task oflmprovlng the quality of education and expanding
educational access for various sections of the population.A new prograrlarlle to enhance access to educationin remote and hard― to― reach locations is co∩ tributing to i∩ creasing female access to education′

as we∥ asaccess of disabled ch∥ dren and ch∥ dren in hard― to― reach locations.∪ nder this initiative′ new elementary′rniddle and secondary level schools have been opened across the country′
thus b「 inging schools closer tothe homes of stude∩ ts of a∥ ages and decreasing dropout rates.ln addition′

moblle schools in nomadic areas

have enabled∩ omadic boys and girls to enrolin school.

丁he data provided in the fo∥ owing tables shows the progress rlnade frorn 2009/2010 to 2011/2012 in pre―school′ elementary′rniddle and secondary schoollevelsi鯰絣 饉 鍮鱚電醗夢屏 饒 v饂 :鯰「 N曇 掌 靭 瑠辣 羹曇電等欠バ勒 ギ 曇羮電⊇肇量ξ
壽 戌vT彗 翁ぎ難羹は 導鍮翼 鰤苓饉ヅ∫秒倅彊苓 …邁倅霙 孟 靡彊鼈Gross enrolment ratio

Net enrolment ratio

Male

Female

Total

Male

FemaleTotal

2009/2010

69.50

62.30

66.10

51.40

47.60

49.60

2010/2011

97.30

86.70

92.30

73.10

67.50

70.40

2011/2012

104.20

93.00

99.00

79日

70

73.40

76.80

丁目E SttAttE OF ERITREA

00UttTRY REPORTFor the elementary level, the female net enrolment ratio showed a steady rise between the 2009/2010 and201112012 academic years, growin g 21.4 per cent during the three-year period under review. Although there

remains a 6.3 per cent disparity in net enrolment between males and females (favouring the males), thisincrease is encouraging.

憮 饉 辣ξ
蛯 鉤 曹顆 :4鐵 s菫 曇羹躙 萎椒 奢鰊 洟 難 畿鰺抒 当華燿 憑萎八 拿曇I軋 彦倅⑮ 予辣 γ 斃

y肇 量意
醸釉

Net enrolment ratio

Gross enrollnent ratio

Male

Female

Total

Male

FemaleTotal

2009/2010

52.40

44.40

48.50

30。

00

28.00

29.20

2010/2011

66.72

56.23

61.62

33.10

30.80

32.00

2011/2012

72.30

62.10

67.30

39.70

36.80

38.3

For the rniddle le∨ el′ the o∨ era∥ gross enrolrnent rate grevヴ by 4.6 per centfrorn 2009/10 to 2011/12.丁 he neten「 olrllent ratlo also i∩ creased by l,2 per cent du「ing the same period.丁 he net enrolrnent rate increased byl.8 per ce∩ tforfemales and O.6 per cent for rnales.As a result′ the net enrolrnent ratio gap bet、 Ⅳeen rnales

and females narrowed′

fro阿 14,l per centin 2009/1010 to 2,9 per centi∩

い嚇慇醸繁ポ醗隆Υ鑢￨1儡 鬱竃攀羹覇熙魏鷺 彗巽竃ξtttio by yeaF醗 爾d『∵§

2011/2012.

sex 209912011－ 2011

Gross enrolment ratio

Net enrolment ratio

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female2009/2010

27.00

19.60

23.40

17.70

13.60

15日

2010/2011

39.51

29.51

34.52

27.95

22.42

25.19

2011/2012

36.30

27.00

31日

70

24.40

19.80

22.10

Forthe seco∩ dary level′ the fernale∩ et en「 olrne∩ t ratio i∩ creased frorn 13.6 per ce∩

ti∩

Total

70

2008/2009 to 22.4

per centi∩ 2010/2011′ but declined to 19.8 perce∩ tin 2011/2012.丁 he disparity betwee∩ rnales and females

remains alrnost constant at about 5.5 per centi Note that male and female net e∩ 「olrlnent decreased l∩
2011/2012 compared to the pre∨ious academic yeari

丁he o∨ eral ret errolrlnent figures and net enrolrne∩ t ratio during the three― year Oeri。 。こ「 der re∨ leⅥ /showedarゃ scい oOI′ tle ∩et e∩ rolrnent ratio
both lncreases a↑ o 3eCreases fo「 both rnales a∩ d fernalesi For secoハ ё/ed froP1 6,5 0erccハ IIc 4,6 cer oert Oし 「 g the three― year period.
ee↑ ^^81es arOこ emales∩ a rro、 へdlffere∩ ce bet、 ャ
￨∩

■

￨￨￨￨－

::il,■ 1■ ■:■:￨● ::●■■￨. :=￨:￨￨￨￨■

Vear

Total enrolments

2009/2010

1304591

45日 3

2010/2011

199271336.6

2011/2012

25201128

Female enrolment2520% female enrolment

44.8

丁he participation of females in vocatio∩ al and technicai schools decll∩ ed between 2009/2010 and 2010/2011′
but rebounded in 2011/2012.

丁he overa∥ enrolrlne∩ t offemales l∩ the Natio∩ al∨ocatio∩ al丁 rai∩ g Ce∩ tre duri∩ g the 2009-2012 period vvas￨∩

43 per centt Although there is female and male partlclpatlo∩
Trai∩ ￨∩ g Centre′

fields of study i∩ the National∨ ocational

in a∥females domi∩ ate certain trades′ such as accounti∩ 9′ material ma∩ agement′ soil a∩ d water

conser∨ atio∩ and pla∩ t science. On the other hand′ rnales dorninate i∩electricity′bu∥ di∩ g co∩ struction′ drafting′carpe∩ try′ plumblng and heavy duty rnachinery operatlonsi

墓 躁華奪ま轟:羮 奪攀髪墓 拳萎量
f蒙 肇量:等 it季 事
言争幸::百 :幸 委苺塾曹 車幸翼 萎罫:蒙 T華 轟ぎ

Schoolforthe blind

Academicyear
2009/2010

Total

Femaleenrolment enrolment

School for the deaf

54

Femaleenrolment enrolment% femaleenrolment

22.2

2010/20112011/2012

Total% femaleenrolment

2239

50.7

28.8

52

124

49,2

Although female en「 olFllent in the school for the blind remains very low′

the female en「 olrnent「 atio in theschoolforthe deaf has「 eached near parity v面 th the rnale enrolrlnent ratio.丁 he participation of females in theschoolforthe b∥ nd is stuck at close to one… fourth ratio.

A嚢 嚢it i:電 轟新轟懇T:欠 購『 轡鑽鷺攀騒驚轟嚢輔 難醸動 瀞:彗 言:攀 鶏 務∵ 轟攣x醗 購纏 曹撥畿群

Participants enrolled

Participants completed

Academic
year

Female

Male

Total

Female

Male

Total

2008/2009

42749

4081

46830

33087

2750

35837

92.3%

2009/2010

36639

3550

40189

28736

2661

31397

91.5%

2010/2011

40828

5297

46125

31292

3793

35085

89.2%

2011/2012

47449

4255

51704

37043

2737

39780

93.1%

Female %completed

Overall enrolment in the adult literacy programme fell during the reporting period due to increased Iiteracy
within the population. lt is encouraging that the female enrolment and completion ratios have consistently
been above 90 per cent, with males comprising about 10 per cent. Female participation far exceeds maleparticipation in this programme, which in some ways compensates for the disparity within formal education.
The literacy rate is much higher for younger women than older women. ln 2010 aboulTT per cent of womenage 15 to 19 years were literate compared with about 90 per cent of men of the same age. For the 45 to 49

age group, the literacy rate was about 30 per cent for women and about 64 per cent for men (NSO, 2010).
Younger women and men are more likely to be literate and to reach higher levels of education than older
women. Adult education programmes have focused on eliminating illiteracy, and an increasing number ofwomen are participating in the programme.

THE STATE● F ERITRttA 億翁 UttTRY R腰 攣彗 RT

典醸懇it鬱 醸轟慇職鼈‡機籠 pr機 彗「 轟濾 翻 es《 蟻輔鵜ti魏 懇i職 鸞 攣醸閣懲畿童io穐 騒職覇『 鸞輪鑽bill軸 驚i癬 潟 魯犠魏童ぎes}

Enro∥ edAcademic

Total

year

Gompleted

Female Female ofo/oenrolment enrolment total

2009/20102010/2011

2626
5989

2011/2012

5803

1111

Total

Female Female % of

2190

979

enrolment enrolment total

42.3

2425

40.5

3977

1934

1742

30,0

4448

1425

44=7
48.6

32。

0

丁he number of females and males e∩ ro∥ ed i∩ the adult continuing education prograrnrne has genera∥i∩ycreased over the three― year period.丁 he absolute number of those completi∩ g the prograrnrne has alsosteadily increased,Contrary to the tre∩

ds observed in the adult literacy prograrnrne′

the female en「 olrnent

and completion ratios fluctuated and remained below that of the rnale ratios,

藪魏豪曇:濾 畿萎驚礎電匡竃醸儡 攀Υ ttξ 曹 l鑽 彦 墨攀x『 :電『 彗曇羹 鼈 六 :鷺 攣菫攀 鸞督T攀 曇鑽§

Vear

Education

Engineering

Science

Total Female Female % Total Female Female % Total Female Female %enrolment enrolment of total enrolment enrolment of total enrolment enrolment of total
2009/2010

528

233

2010/2011

1569

201112012 980

44.1

2262

349

2544

4

1094

370

33.8

18.0

1677

700

41.7

15。

421

26.8

459

241

25.2 2681 492

18.4 1694 697

41.1

The number of males and females enrolling at the Eritrean lnstitute of Technology (ElT) has been increasing.
The per cent of females enrolled in the engineerrng programme has risen steadily, while the per cent offemales enrolled the education programme has declined. The enrolment rate of females in the sciences
increased and decreased over the three-year period.

Academic

year

Total

enrolment

Femaleenrolment Female % o{total

2009/2010

550

73

13.3

2010/2011

641

90

14.0

2011/2012

580

102

17.6

Female participation in the College of Marine Sciences and Technology grew in absolute and relative terms
during the three-year period under review.

『13日 ltttr鬱 hy sex
麗購『顆颯●輔竃曇電歩墨:K警 暑of桑 彗

Academic vear

Total enrolment

Female enrolment

Female o/o ol total

2009/2010

1142

366

32.0

2010/2011

1377

434

31.5

2011/2012

1574

584

丁he enrolrnent rate of females at the Co∥ ege of Agriculture has gradua∥ y increased from 32 per cent in2009/2010 to 37.l per centin 2011/2012.

匿資『oll隅 ent at Collette of Bttsiness and匿 oonttIIIics tty sex
Academic year

Tota! enrolment

2009/2010

1439

2010/2011

1226

369

2011/2012

1389

459

Female enrolment

Female o/o ol total
28.6

33.0

Llkewise′ the enrolrnent of females in the co∥ ege of Business and Econornlcs is gradua∥ y but steadily rising.

I蝙『 慇 辣 曇趙驚畿寵骰厖 雉 隣鰈 餞』癸 貪 鶴 磯楼痣 鯰鬱鏃祓 ‡麟櫃 購蝿慇鬱 《癸 祗‡咤屁 鑽》鰊抒 §鬱xAcademic year

Total enrolment

Female enrolment

Female o/o ol total

2009/2010

658

150

22.8

2010/2011

774

203

26.2

2011/2012

740

184

24.9

Female enrolrnentin the College of Arts and Social Sciences rose frorn 22.8 per centin 2009/2010 to 24.9
per centin 2011/12.

I醗
醸 彗織竜轟瞳輪『 鍮畿 曇 轟彗醗撃畢:of ttedic言 羮華『 難‡Female o/o ol total

Academic year

Total enrolment

2009/2010

259

22.0

2010/2011

302

24.2

2011/2012

320

25.9

Female enrolment

The enrolment of females at the Orotta School of Medicine showed a small but steady increase over thethree-year period.

虚罐

目
＝
＝

THE STATE OF ERITREACOUNTRY REPORTEnrolIIlent at College of Heaith Sciences

Female o/o ol total

Academic year

Total enrolment

2009/2010

1158

2010/2011

1259

401

31.9

2011/2012

1394

497

3 5.7

Female enrolment

27.4

The enrolment ratio of females at the College of Health Sciences rose from 27.4 per cent in 20091201 0 to
35.7 per cent in 201112012.The increasing trend of female participation in the diverse health sciences, which
includes degrees in pharmacy, medical laboratory, nursing, anaesthesia and radiology, is quite encouraging.
饒颯鑢●鞣屹颯辣誂晰燒量鶉
了凄
丁he Government has made stro∩ g efforts to improve citizens′ access to health services and the qua∥ ty ofhealth services throughout the country.ln addition to the expansion of fac∥
health sector、 Ⅳork force has been growlng annua∥

ities providing health services′

they.巨 fforts have been made both to increase the numberof domesticttorigin health professionals and to hire health professionals frorn abroadi tthe de∥very of bothpreventive a∩ d curative health services has broadened in coverage and impro∨ ed in quality.丁 he health of thegeneral public has experienced unprecedented development due to the improvements in living conditions
and the enhanced quality of social services.
Dravving on various quantitative health indicators′ data indicates that E「 itrea has rnade extraordinary progress
towards the elirnination or prevention of rnorta∥ ty and morbidity resulting frorn cornrnunicable diseases suchas malarla′ pollo and measles.Epidernic disease outbreaks have become a thing of the past.

ln additlon to the provision of health services to the general pub∥health and welfare of rnothers and children.As shown in the fo∥c′the MoH has pald special atte∩ tion to the

ovving table′ the various mother and ch∥ dhealth prograrnrnes that have bee∩ put into place are delivering lmpressive results.

Anti Ntttal Care Eritrea{ANCE}感 overage 2010彗 2012

Vear

Number

2010

85′

718

57.2

2011

90′

904

59.0

2012

83′ 199

52.6

2013

91′

178

58.0

Percentage

丁he ANCtt coverage du「 ing the past four years stood at close to 60 per ce∩ t. Considering the geographic
barriers and various levels of econornic de∨ elopmentin the diverse regions andthis level of coverage represents an achlevement.

ethnic groups in the cou ntry,

鞘atiottal deiivery service coverage 2藝 10－ 2参 竜
2Service coverage (%)
Act市 ity

2010

2011

Total delivery

28.5

31.5

Live births

99.3

97.2

97.2

7.2

7.4

2012

Fresh sIIl births

Macerated still births

0.07

Total f resh and macerated

0.67

Low birth weight丁otal C/S

3.4

Maternal death at health facilities

0.19

0.16

Neonatal deaths at health facilities

0.4

0.4

0.16

丁he table above gives the status of the dell∨ eries in the health facilities.丁 he percentage of deliveries taking
place in health facilities at a national level has been stead∥ y「 isi∩ g, Regarding live and sti∥births′the tableshows that the rate of combined fresh and rnacerated sti∥ births greぃ /bet、 〃een 2010 and 2012′ frorn as low
as O.67 per centin 2010 to as high as 3.3 per centin 2012).Fresh still births account for the malority Of thestl∥births that took place in the health facilitiesi

丁he rnaternal mortallty rate ln health facilities dec∥ ned between 2010 and 2012′ frorn O.19 per centin 2010 toO.15 per centin 2012.Neonatal rnortalities at health fac∥ities have also decreasedr except forin 2012′

which

showed an alrnost doubling of the cases compared to the years before and after.
According to the E「 ltrea Populatlon and Health Survey(巨 PHS 2010)the use of any rneans of contraception

Ⅳomen aged 15 to 49 years、 Ⅳas 5.5 per cent′ v輌 th 4.7 per cent using modern methods.丁 he use
among a∥ 、of any contraceptive rnethod among rnarried、 Ⅳomen was 8.O per cento Nearly one third(31.6 per cent)of
sexua∥ y active unmarried women use some forrn of contraceptlon.

ぽ攀鐘 議鶴 釉,電 Y委 参 議f cattS彗『以鬱潟ceは :s竜『 1贔 膀電:醸 魏 暑詈撃趨萎毯鬱夢畿騒 醸魏鬱 亀『 攀v嬢 暑SubieCt

2010

2011

Malignant neoplasm of breast

232

235

Malignant neoplasm of cervix

uteri

2012

686
313

94

Malignant neoplasm of other uterus parts

45

Benign neoplasm of breast

174

Leiomyoma of uterus

522

Total

32

499
699

631

1852

20

THE STATE O夢 駐RITREA C曇 稲獄TRY

翼

=PORT

Ma∥ gnant neoplasrn of breast、 Ⅳas the dorninant type of cancerin women throughout the period between

2010 and 2012.丁 he second most cornrnon type of cancerin women was ma∥

gnant neoplasm of cervix′fo∥ owed

he total annual prevalenceby rnalignant neoplasrn of other uterus parts and leiomyoma of uterus.丁of cancer among women durlng the stated period declined′with the lowest recorded cases at 352 1n 2012.

丁he E「 itrean N4inistry of Health is actively engaged in addressing this deadly disease and is in the process ofestablishing a Cancer ttreatrnent Centre.

灯
V畿 爾颯 雛攀x購 議‡￨マ 請 購魏議齢 1堂 菫鍮躙 鶉 薔畿購鼈1鼎 購艤 :鯰 W‡ }:蝿 贔 趙 隆 躙購猥驚i購 頌 鯰魏攣 黛購『 鬱曹轟鼈 購購攀 群騒電蜻 ◎督輔‡
『 v八 羹畿鶉癬轍 轟覇鮮∵攀抒Years

HIV/AIDS

STIs

2009

1.31

0.62

2011

0.89

0.24

Sou「 cei ANC Sentire Site Surveillance Survey′

2007′ 2009′ 2011

Notethatthe preva erce rate is evalし ated every two vears´ ′三・The prevale∩ ce rate of HIV/AIDS in三 ′1′ ea⌒ es・ E =ハ
3.~ E/ 33′ 3● ´
1''⌒ 2009 to O,89 oer ce∩ ti∩ 2011,
Since HIV/AIDS prevalence ls e∨ aluated e∨ ery l,・ ,c ,3ars l se=こ eE133 1E ´ale cec:ハ eO fし rther by 2013′

though the evaluation process has∩ ot bee∩ completed,下 re cre「 こ crccreSS^^a38 ⌒reё しcing HI∨ /AIDS
prevalence ln巨「itrea is considered a∩achievementi

As for sexua∥ y tra∩ srnitted i∩ fections(S丁
i∩

￨)′

a∩

∩ual cases sta∩ d at betN/veen 4′ 000 and 5′ 000′ N/vlth neither

creasing ∩or decreasing trendsi tthe prevailing number is ma∩

decrease the number of cases sig∩:■ :.:::￨:■￨￨￨111■ ■ ￨::￨::￨￨￨￨■ :￨:■ ■ ￨￨:￨:￨■

Years

￨￨－

￨￨■ ■

ageable a∩ d efforts are being made toifica∩ tly.

■ ￨￨■ ■ ■ ■ ￨￨￨￨■ :■ ￨￨￨￨￨■￨■

1

Pregnant women tested Ior HIV

Number HIV positive

Per cent HIV positive

2009

48′

437

320

0.66

2010

52′

205

318

0.61

2011

66′

986

295

0.44

2012

61′

874

297

0.48

Source: National AIDS Control Program Reports

The HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women remained below 1 per cent between 2009 and 2012. Those

pregnant women found to be HIV positive are now recerving antrretroviral therapy regardless of CD4 countand free of charge in order to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission. This is encouraging and speaks to
the Government's ongoing campaign against the epidemic. Of more than 60,000 pregnant women tested for
HIV annually, only about 300 cases are found to be HIV positive.

24

鉤量
珀以
彗曇銀巻萎g VO]嚢 nta『 780懇 nSe:::費 g and testintt iVCT,attettdees
轟電『 攀¥曇 輻 醗奪曇ξYears

Total VCT visits

HiV positive

2009

86′

285

1941

2325%

2010

73′

685

1488

2.02%

2011

77′

008

1353

1′

2012

76′

292

1060

1.39%

Percentage

77%

Source: National AIDS Control Program Reports

Here again we notice that VCT visits generally increased during the reporting period. The H lV prevalence rate
among those tested fell from 2.02 per cent in 2009 to 1 .39 per cent (under 1 per cent) in 2012, the trend isconsrstently on the decline.

4菫

Violence agaittst wol■ e雛

Although violence against women and abuse of women are not serious concerns in E「

itrea′

coordinatedwork ls needed to rrlaintain this state of affairs and elinlinate even the few occurrences of abuse of women,
lt is also important to note that pockets of violence against women do exist in Eritrea′

physical abuse.Although the number of reported rape cases is rnodest′

particularly rape andthe number did increase du「 lng theperiod 2009 to 20128丁 his is not an area for complacency′ co∩ sidering that some cases rnay not be reported
for fear of social alienation.

lt is encouraging to noter hOWever′that rnany、 Ⅳomen are breaking the barriers related to traditional beliefs

that have prevented them frorn exercising their rights in the past′

and are now standing up fortheir socialandeconornic rights.丁 he adult education prograrnrne for legal literacy′ which was developed ln 1998′ played am司 0「 「01e in raising awareness and changing attitudes around violence against women.Given the diverstty
of women′ s lifestyles′ the prograrnrne rnethodology、 Ⅳas designed to be participatory and empowering for a∥women and has enabled、 Ⅳomen to question long… held traditional and religious views.

5“

犠#olylem attd artted conflictE「ltrea pald a heavy price during the war of independence.llVhen the E「ltrean― Ethiopian

Federation was

abrogated in 1961 and the ttthiopian colonial regirne subsequently cornrnitted widespread atrocities′

theEritrean population、 Ⅳas left vvith little decision― rnaking power.丁 he∪ nited Nations was not operational during
this extended perlod of arrned conflict′which continued until Erltrea galned independence in 1 991.VVomen

were fu∥ y― fledged participants in the arrned struggle as their villages were burned and as they endured

dally harassment from the Ethiopian soldiers.Although the war took its hardest to∥ on women and children′
women maintained the social fabric of ttritrea and d∥ igently fulfilled their caregiver roles′

even du「 ing themost cha∥ enging periods.

餓纂THE STATtt OF ERITREA

C tt U N T ttY Rtt P O R T

After a short respite′tirne′

a secondヽ Ⅳar with Ethiopia took place between 1998 and 2002.During this difflcult

the ttritrean population at large and women in particular faced indiscrirninate and forceful evacuatlon

frorn ttthiopia and the bombardment of villages.For the second tirne the steadfastness of Erltrean women
was rnanifesti they、 Ⅳere deterrnined to keep their national dignity and were ready to sacrifice theirllves andloved ones. ln addition′ rnore than 50′ 000 women participated in a peace ra∥y in Asmarar the capital city.

VVomen also vislted the∪ nited Nations′ ca∥ ing for peace with the rnotto ofthe tirne:″ VVe ca∥ for Peace since
we know the price of peace″E「 itrea is stl∥.

in a no war no peace situation―

peace is not only the absence of war′

but the presence ofiUSJCe′ equal醍 y′ cattng and harmony.Women′ s expettences have shown that wた houtiuS」 Ce no peace canbe guaranteed.
Du「 ing the stru9gle forindependence′ 30 per cent of the fighters、 Ⅳereヽ Ⅳoment As a result′ the post… confllct

phase is an opportunity to change the status of women in society and for women to actively partlcipate ln
the country′ s political system.

眩姜軋「中眩 勿魏 隆盗磋亀鱚蛯 幸曇彦礫蓼轟 仄

丁he m司 o百 ty of the popula」 on of巨 画trea′ roughly 60 per ce∩t′subsistence farmi∩ 9,Wlthis engaged i∩

the rnain source of income for rnost of the populatio∩ dependent on rainfa∥ s and rudirnentary technology′
productivity can face significant constralnts.1/Vomen make a signlficant contributio∩

to agriculture ln Eritrea

and are sirnultaneously responsible for homemaki∩ g′ including activities related to ch∥ dcare′ elder care′cooklng′ clea∩ ing′
partlcipatlo∩
a∩ d

i∩

y managing household welfare.Women′ s

fetching water and firewood and genera∥

the business sector is genera∥ y within the inforrnal sector′

due to low levels of educatio∩∥rnited financial capacity.Female participation in the service sector is genera∥ y co∩ ce∩ trated within

occupatio∩ s such as nursing′teaching and non― technica1 10bS SUch as catering services.Women are stl∥

significantly under― represented in rnany occupations′ especia∥ y、 Ⅳithin the flelds of science and technology.

議購嬢浴絋『 轟1爾 翁融 機鵜 轟雖鹸 轟餞畿彗餞議 竃輪 暑

S.No

land distributed to IIlale and ferFlale轟Land category
Housing Iand (tiesa)

Females
5′

320

丁otal

10′

540

Total
15′

860

376

Commercial agriculture
Commercial enterprises

Males彗ads ttf households「 2109藤 2012

305
5′

700

1′

33.5
16.6

068

1′

984

17′

11′

Female %

373

28.6

684

32.2

Women heads of household had access 1o32.2 per cent of the land distributed for various purposes between
2009 and 2012. Comparatively speaking, women accessed the lowest percentage of land for commercial
agriculture purposes. This is a new domain for women and the capacity of women to invest in commercial
agriculture remains low.

26

彦圭武 ξ
倅諫 晰鶉 魏 鰊晰熙 靡予骰鐙燒 赳靡痣 ヅξ熔妙酪鼈雛祠 鱚洸ξ

The BeJing PlatfOrm for Action set the 9oal of women representing 30 per ce∩
positions as a milesto∩ e toward the ultimate oblectiVe Of 50 per centiln sub―frorn conflict′ such as South Africa′

Mozambique′the percentage of women ln their∩ew parliaments(Palmieri′

t of national decision― makl∩ g
Sahara Africa′

nations emerging∪ganda and ttritrea′ have succeeded in increasi∩ 9

Narnibia′p.4).

By the time 巨「itrea gained its independe∩ ce in 1993′ rnale perception of gender equality had greatly
irnproved and more women were empowered to participate.丁 he Government created a ge∩ der― sensitiveenvironment that was stipulated i∩

its policies and prograrnrnes.丁 he Constitutio∩ demonstrates the cha∩ ging

attltude towards wome∩ at that time.For example′

Article 7(2)′O∩ Democratic Principles′prohibits a∩ y formof discrimination agalnst wome∩ =lt readsi″ A∩ y act that violates the human「 ights of women or∥ mits orotherwise thwarts thei「role and participatlo∩ is prohibited.″

Proclamation No.86/1996 on the establishmentof loca1 9o∨ ernme∩ t stipulates that 30 per ce∩ t of the seats in the Regional Assembly w∥

l be reserved for

women and that women will also contestthe remaining 70 per cent.
VVomen currently rnake up 22 per cent of Natlonal Assembly rnembers′

and accountfor betvveen 27 per centand 34 perce∩ t of the six Reglonal Assemblies,丁 here are currently three wome∩
the Cabi∩ et of Ministers)′ holding the positio∩ s of」 ustice Minister′
Nationwide′Mi∩ isters(18 per ce∩ t of

Health Mi∩ ister and Tourism Ministeri

399 wome∩ serve as community courtiudges′ comprising 22.5 per cent of the total number

OfiUdgesi vkJome∩ make up 27.2 per cent of al1 9overnment employees.Although women constitute morethan 41 per cent of all administrative and clerical posltions′ and more than 29 per cent ofiunior prOfesslonalposltions′ thei「 ratio in the professional cate9ory is o∩ ly ll.6 per ce∩ t.Continuous effort is∩ eeded to reachthe parity declaration of the A∪.

1版は 降ざ蜆鉤 骰箋平吻尚 礼 γ 眈蝙 饒膊影予氣Υ馨識 麒 攀卜 鵞ヅ赳 慾
Vear 2009
Government Post

Total

FemalesYear 2012
Females %ol total

丁otal

Females %F.
remalesof total

22

22.0

Ministers

23.53

23.53

Regional Governors

16.67

16.7

Director Generals

5.67

54

20.7

245

10.6

31.9

424

35.4

National Assembly

D ire cto rs

Unit heads

280
397

1′

950

Am bassad o rs

Consul General
First Secretary
High Court Judges

35

Regional Court Judges
Community Court J udges
丁otal

2′

164

1′

071

11.4

22.2

10.5

12.6

947

300

37.7

1999

533

26.7

鑽7

丁目E STATE OF ERITREACOUNTRY REPORT

Representatiott at the illternationa:level

Vear 2009
Post
Total

Vear 2012

Females % Females

Females % Females

Total

MinisterDirector Genera!

28.6

22.2

D ire cto r

25.0

23.5

25

16.0

25.0

30

10.0

Head of unit
Am bassador

Consul General
1st Secretary

2nd Secretary20

3rd secretary

50.0

12.5

9.4

10.1

Attaches丁otal

Wornen are also fal「 ly wellrepresented in the NGO cornrnunity′

for exarnple within the National Confederationof ttritrean Workers(NCEVヴ )and the National∪ nion of ttritrean Youth and Students(N∪for more than 30 per cent ofthe N∪

EYS).ヽ Ⅳomen account

EYS Central Corn「 nittee′ and a、 Ⅳoman serves in an executive positiont

VVomen comprise 27 per cent of the NCttVV Central Cornrnittee and are also represented on the executive
cornrnittee.Both organizations have estab∥ shed a gender unit、 Ⅳithln their structures.

摯:通 霙凩$巻 撃まは攣 彗夢◎摯攀憑攀爾り報な 綺:轟 凰夢雄羹c攀 導:竃Although Eritrea is one ofthe few African cou∩

tries to take strong steps forward on women′ s representation′

many Eritrean women are stillreluctant to run for positions within the national parllament orthe zoba(regional)

assembly.Some ofthe cha∥ enges arei
●丁he patriarchal attitudes internalized by women′

including that politics are the domain of rnen.

・ Lack of confidencei even forthose women who wln political seats′ it takes tirne to overcome the inferiority
complex tぃ at 90es with the common perception that male parliamentarians are better acquainted wた hpolitics.丁 he fear and tension that confront、Ⅳomen working in the malettdorninated political arena makes
thern relucta∩ t to play an active role.

●Relucta∩ ce to vote for fe∥ ow women′ including due to the concern that such responsib∥ ities would
unde「 rnine a、 Ⅳoman′ s life of caretaking or that the public sphere is best perforrned by rnen.
●丁he perception that the public sphere would be a very draining lifestyle′ including because it is a male―dorninated arena and because of the added burden of caregivlng responsib∥●Farnily values:in traditional Eritrea it is absurd for a woman to run for pub∥itiesic office while her husband isdoing anotheriob.EnteJng politics for some women means ending their marriage.

28

鶴螂蝙$電 ‡驚腫電量
鬱購畿番鸞ecttanisln foF the advancerTlent ofl爾o「 Tl母

難N∪ 巨VV is a grassroots organizatlon that was established in 1 979 to rnobilize women to participate in the country′ssocial transformation and the establishment of social equality,As part ofits work under the Beling Platform of
Action′the Government opted to give N∪ 巨VV the mandate to act as the country′ s authority and institutional

mechanism for women.Since its formation′
participate equa∥ y in the political′

N∪ EW has plaved an important role ln enabling Etttrean women to

econornic and social spheres of the country.丁 he organlzatlon has been we∥

pos面 oned forthtt respondЫ I仕 y dueto Ls:￨)輌 sbn ofensuttngthatthe naJon ettOys sodalequal性 y and equal百 ghts
among male and female citizensi{ii)historical role as champion of Erltrean women′s liberty and advancementi(lii)conslderable experience fighting for the rights of Eritrean women and coordinating and implementing programs
to improve their condltionsi and(iv)extensive grass―roots presence throughout Eritrea and substantial outreachcapacity.N∪ 巨VV ls a network organization thatis able to reach rlnany different groups ofゝ
Acting as the prirnary institutional mechanism for women in E「co∥ aborating with a∥itrea′Ⅳomen in Eritrea.

N∪ EVヴ has been actively engaged inpublic sectors to develop policies and prograrnrnes and conduct training on genderconcepts and analysis,丁 irnely reports are produced in partnership 1/vith the concerned entities. Every five
years′

a series of participatory workshops is organized with the public sectors and other partners to takestock ofthe status of wome∩ in a∥ areas.

艤鰤趙艤鶉 蛾爾 炉:醸 鱚竃s紆 響爾 醸炒 扮購

丁he Constitution of E「 itrea indicates that a∥persons are equal before the laⅥ /and prohibits any forrn of

discrirnination based on sex′ religion or creed,VVomen are accorded identical capacity and opportunities in a∥legal rnatters′ includlng clvil rnatters′

as men3丁 he Proclarnation in Volume l′ No.l on the ttransitional Codes

repeals a∥ discrirninatory clauses and connotations in the Penal and Civ∥colonial regirnes. Legal rneasures were taken to lnclude women′

Codes inherited from previouss protection against discrirnination in the丁ransitional Code of E「 itrea in 1 991.
丁here are no legal distinctions that treat women differently than rnen in court ortribunal procedurestllVomen
have the same rights to conclude contracts and adrninister property′

and can freely choose to appearln courtin person or represented by an attorney`丁heiudiCialprofessionis also equalvopentO men andwomen toworkin anycapactty.Women are represented
in varlous positions in the Ministry of Justice.For examplerthe Minister of」
in the High Courtr registrars′ legal advisors and attorneys.Te∩cent of zonal courtiudgeS are women′

ustice is a woman′ as are iUdges

per cent of High Courtiudges and 12 perand atleast one of the three village― leveliudges is a woman.Strong

representation of women in various iudicial posts is essentialto the strength of the entire iudiCial system.
ln practical terrns′ however′ most of the ttritrean population ls not we∥versed in these modern legal
procedures.Much work remains to enlighten the population atlarge′
and women in particular′ on women′ s

constitutional and legal「 ights′ and to change traditional attitudesi

罐艤ョu10酷 醸魏機濾覇竃%議 饉奪咤議

丁he media reaches the entire population and plays a ma10r rOle in shaping the attttudes and opinions of society.
丁he Minlstry of lnformation{Mol)has a policy of not discriminating against any part of the population′
includingwomen′ and as part of lts training program for ioUrnallsts and editors′

the Mol works to socialize its team on

29

C O U N TttV穐 整PORT

gender and media.丁 he media and radio have documented the strong role that vvomen have played in巨「itrea′ sliberation struggle′ as we∥ as the contributions、 vomen have rlnade in「 oles and positions traditiona∥ y held by rneni

Even fo∥ ovving independence′

female youth have continued this trend′

training in a∥ fields as part of their national

service.丁 he media has shown this and has portrayed Eritrean women as capable and deterrnined to reach their
9oalsi ln addition′ panel discussions cha∥ enging harrnful practices are aired via radio and television to reach large

segments of the population.丁 his has plaved a crucial role in raising awareness and changing attitudes,
Gender gaps continue to exist in the media′

however′ and are influenced by traditional stereotypes thattake tirne to change.ttraditional cultural values conti∩ ue to influence the portrayal of women′

for example

in television dramas where women are shown only in caregiving roles or otherN/vise negatively portrayed.
ln addition′

there are few women in decision― rnaking positions within the Mol and few women working as

iO∪ rnalist or media technicians.

11さ

Womett and the ettvironment

丁he R/1inistry of Land′ VVater and巨 ∩vi「 o∩IFlnent ca「「leo oし t an assessment on the state of Eritrea′ s environment.
丁he prelirninary results indicate that there are c「 itical e∩ vi「 onmental「nanagementissues i∩ the country that
may have negative implications forthe population and for Eritrean women in particular.For example′ althoughforest coverage is estimated at less tha∩

30 per cent of ttritrea was covered by forest one century ago′one

per cent today.

Having realized thatlack of appropriate energy sources、 ⅣIIl have a slgnificantirnpact on the environment andeconornlc gro1/vth′

the Governmentls working to instaH and dissernlnate renewable energy technologies andenergy… efficient end use devicesi tthe Nttnistry of Energy and N4ining is in the process of introducing andexpandlng renewable energy sources′ focusing i∩ particular on「 ural areas,
丁he National巨 nvi「 onment h/1anagement plan clearly articulates the reasons、 Ⅳhy k/vomen must play an activerole in environmental protection′

the promotion of environmental hygiener and ensuring clean water andadequate domestic energy′

noting that″ ln巨「ltrea′ 、Ⅳomen play a significant role in environmentalissues.ln

the rural areas in particular′

itis the women who assume primary respo∩ sib∥ ity for clean water′ adequate

firewood′ and clean homes and compounds.VVomen fetch water of fuel―wood′ irrespective of the dlstancefrorn the sourcei VVhen e∩ viro∩ mental sanitation is inadequate′

or indoor air po∥ utlon frorn smoke a∩ d so

becomes a health hazard′ itis women who are the mostaffected′

the ones who suffer most.E「 itrean womenin「 ural areas carry the heaviest burden in providing their households with basic environmental services.″

Worki∩ g vvith partners′ includi∩ gthe MlnistryofAgriculture′N∪ 巨W′ local Gover∩ ment′ and∩ on-9overnmentalorganizations′ the N4inistry of ttnergy and h/1inlng has also introduced and implemented Adhanet′meaningsavlour′ a cooking stove technology using energy saving fuelthatis less hazardous to health.丁 he introduction

ofimproved cooking stoves hasimproved ventilation and saved up to 50 per ce∩t offuel(mainly wood)′a maorreducing the amount of tirne that、 Ⅳome∩
have to spend co∥ ecti∩ g wood forfuel′ and improvi∩ g the sanltation of rural、Ⅳomen′ s working conditionsi

contrib∪ tion to reducing E「 itrea′ s alarrning rate of deforestation′

For this and other reasons′、
vomen are primary be∩ eficiaries of this technology′、
Ⅳhich also reduces eye

and respiratory problemsitthe improved stove received the 2003 Ashden Award for Sustainable Energy′

anoverseas food security award.丁 he technology is designed specifica∥ y to meet the needs of people livingi∩poverty′ providi∩ g the benefit of greater efficlency′

bu「 ning clean′ dry

30

and untreated woodi、
Ⅳhile at the same tirne reducing air po∥ ution through褪鶉電は写写◎m彦 鐵醸魏醸慇csess t◎ c:e毅 轟ゝ
「P百 orto independence′

As a result′the avallability of clean water sources was limlted to巨「itrea′ s maor citles and towns.

coverage was very low and did not benefit the maOrity Of the populatlon′

located in rural areas.

inking、 〃ater for both
Since independence the Government has worked to ensure an adequate supply of d「urba∩ and「 ural residents th「 ough the N硼 ∩istry of Land′ Water and ttnvi「 onment(MoL1/V巨 ).丁 he MoLWE

airlns to reduce the burden of distance trave∥ ed to fetch water by women and children and also reduce

the number of people that die frorn waterborne diseases. ln this respect the Government has introduced
lntegrated Water Resource Management(IWRM)and has launched va画 ous proiects Of Rural Water and巨∪ Water andSanitation that are impleme∩ ted with the support of development partners such as the ACP‥
Sanitation proleCtS.丁 he Gover∩ ment′ s ultimate aim is to upgrade the quality of sanitation and health ofthe population through the provlsibn of adequate safeヽ Ⅳateri tthe llVater Resource DepartrYlent(VVRD)has
mainstreamed gender in its National Action Plan and the Government has set high targets despite lirnited
financial resources,ln recent years′ coverage has drastica∥ y increased thanks to the Government′ s concerted
efforts to improve、 〃ater security th「 oughout the country′

but particularly in the rural areas.At present1/VRD

estimates that drinking、 〃ater coverage is about 70 per cent and the country is on track to meet the MDG
target of 80 per ce∩ t co∨ erage.

丁he coverage of clean water supply in the Zobas has shown significant improvement betvveen 2002 andy′ water supply coverageヽ Ⅳ
as 75 per centin 2010′
2010′ as presented in the EPHS 2010 reporti Natlona∥compared to 20.3 per cent in 2001. Studies also shovv that diarrhoea and other N/vater borne diseases′
which were leading causes of rnortanty and morbidity in the past′ have not become more significant healthproblems in recent yearsi‡
Ⅲ磁眩罐凩摯T軋 畿写量馨鰊‡The findlngs of the ttPHS 2010 show that 91 per cent of Eritrean、
prohibiting female circumcision3 SeVentyttseven per cent of巨「itrean wome∩ and 82 per cent of ttritrean

men believe that there is no benefit frorYn female clrcumcision.丁
drastica∥ y declined in recent years.ln 2002′

Ⅳomen have heard of the proclamation
he practice of FGR/1 is belleved to havenine out of 10 women(89 per cent)haVe been circumcised′

representing a slight decline from 95 per cent in 1995. ￨∩2010 the prevalence of female circumcisionamo∩ g young women aged 15-19ヽ Ⅳas approxirnately 68.8 per ce∩ while 93.l per cent of women aged
45-49、Ⅳere circumcised.丁 his shows that there has bee∩ a decline l∩ the FG陶l prevale∩ ce rate over tirnet′amo∩ g young 9irls.
下he Anti FG陶 l Campaigns car「 ied out by N∪ 巨VV and other partners culn∩ inated in 2007 with the enactrnent of alaw banni∩ gFGM a∩ d the introduction of an innovative mechanisrn for enforcing the Governrnent′ s proclarnation.

A cornrnunity― based enforcement cornrnittee has in the last four years taken 144 perpetuators to court.

丁he h/1inistry of Education has taken on the task of improving the quality of education′

as we∥ as expanding

access to education for various sections ofthe population.A ne1/v prograrnrne to enhance access to educationin remote and hardttto― reach places is enab∥ ng access to education for girls′

women′ the disabled and ch∥ dren

living in hard― to― reach places,丁 his effort、 Ⅳas demonstrated by the opening up of new elementary′and secondary level schools across the country.Bringing schools closer to students′
to decreasing dropout rates.

阿柄ddlehomes is contributing卜Лoreover′ mobile schools in nomadic areas have enabled nomadic male andfemale children to enrolin schools.

;￨￨:■ ￨￨￨■ ￨￨￨￨￨￨

丁he National Statistics Office(NSO)is responsible for collecting′analysing and interpretlng data anddisseminati∩ g inforrnation thatis relevantto policy makersitthe NSO airns to provlde timely′

accurate′ reliable′

age and sex― dlsaggregated gender― responslve data to enable evidence― based policies a∩ d instruments.

IttY ttchicvo輔 中礼
tSi・ The E「 itrean Demographic and Health Survey(EDHS)questionnalre is gender中 specific.
●Disaggregated Demographic and Health Su「 vey 2010 Database:Every year′ the NSC)conducts a survey ofdernographic and health issues ln巨 「itrea′ known as the E「 itrean Demographic and Health Survey(EDHS).
ln 2010′ NSO staff conducted the demographic and health su「 vey in E「 itrea.tthe obleCtiVe of the survey

was to co∥ ect and a∩ alyse data on fertility′rnortality′

farnily planning and vvomen′ s health.lt also included

a malaria module′ questions on gender issues and additional questions relating to flstula′

HIV/AIDS andmaterial rnortality,∪ nllke data co∥ ected under previous su「 veys′ a∥ data vvas gender― disaggregated on the

巨DHS 2010,Whereas prevlous survey data、Ⅳas analysed in Eu「 ope orthe USA′ EDHS 2010 data was a∥analysed in the NSO office ln E「 itrea.This helped the NSO bu∥ d the analytical capacity of its own staff.

黛鶴建::傘 識彗③轟
ected useful′ up―tottdate′ reliable
・ Late dissemination and Publication of ttDHS 2010:Although the NSO co∥Ⅳand disaggregated demographic and health′ as、 e∥ as econornic data′ the data、 Ⅳas dissenη inated late a∩ d
is currently published i∩

・ Sectors other tha∩a bookletllke that of the ttDHS 2002.

education and health lacked ge∩ der― disaggregated data′

forrlnulate gender― sensltive pollcies and prograrnrnes in those areas.

which will rnake it difficult to護 :￨Since Eritrea's perspective on gender equality is a pillar of development rather than an instrument, thenationalgender action plan is currently in the process of being revised forthe period 2014-2019. The major
areas of intervention have been identified through a series of consultations held with all partners. These
will continue to be education, health, economic empowerment and power and decision-making. ln addition,
the gender mainstreaming strategy approach will be strengthened and standalone programs and projects
will be pursued. A comprehensive system of collecting and analysing information and generating genderdisaggregated statistics will involve all government line ministries, private sector actors and non-governmentalorganizations. ln consultation with NUEW, the National Statistics office will further develop the indicators
used. ln addition to the upcoming framework of the National Gender Action Plan, gender indicators will befurther developed for each set of planned actions and objectives.

35

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なは言
量
は
Prod∪ ction(copy― editing′ layout and printlng):」

Photography:◎ ∪N/Ladaviclusu∥e Pudlowski Consulting