l nvited Ta I k

Name:
Tatsuo Matsuura

Date of Birth:
March5, 1928
Education:-

1947 Graduatedfrom Science Course,the DaiichiHigh Schoo1

1966- Acquiredthe Degree ofDoctor of Sciencefromthe Univ.ofTokyo

1950 Graduatedfrom Department of Chemistry,Facultyof Science.the Univ.ofTokyo〇ccupation:1950 Assistant,Facultyof Science,Rikkyo University

1952- Lecturer,Facultyof Science,Rikkyo University
1960- Assistant Professor,Institute ofAtomic Energy,Rikkyo University
1967- Professor,Institute ofAtomic Energy,Rikkyo University
1983-1988 Part-time Lecturer,the UniversityofTokyo

1993:RetiredfromRikkyo University,and acquiredthe title of Professor Emeritus
Rikkyo University
1994:Established the Radiation Education Forum
2000:SecretaryGenera1,NP0 Radiation Education ForumStudy Field:
Radiochemistry,Hot Atom Chemistry,HealthEffect of Radiation,and Radiation
Education

Present Address:- - - E-mai1:mt01 -ref@kt.rim.orjp-

1 11 23,Nishi Kamakura,Kamakura City,248 0035 Japan
Te1/Fax:+81 467 31 6014
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Radiation Education the Importance of Proliferating the Correct
Knowledge about Radiation, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Related
Matters
Tatsuo Matsuura--

R a diation Education ForMn, 3-23-6 Msh i Shimbashi,Minato-ku nokyo 10 5 000.1i, Japan
Abstract

The fol1owing topics willbe reviewed:(1)why Japanese have the feeling of Radiophobia ,(2)what our

Radiation Education Forum aims and have done for these15years,(3)thefundamentalknowledge-

about radiation and radioactivity,(4)examples o f incorrect expression about radiation and nuclear related

mattersfrequently found in textbooks and in mass media,and(5)thefuture prospects of radiation
education.

、,,

Keywords ◆ rad iat1on, radioacti 1,ity, radiophobia, ato mlc li1o m blng schoo,1cu ・・1culum ,1 . Introduction-

The word, Sustainable deve1opment, seems to have become a popular catch word among severa1

developed countries,as a synonym ofsubjugation ofthe energy andthe environmentalproblems.

The

practicaleffort for this goalis to save the fossilenergy such as oiland coa1,and to exploit the naturalor
new energy,such as solar,wind,biomass and so on,as we1las the utilization ofnuclear energy.
For obtaining the sustainable deve1opment,we have to rely much on the role ofnuclear energy.

In

Japan,about32%of the electricityis supplied at present by nuclear power. However,nuclear energy

has greatimplications with radiation and radioactivity,and the feeling of the generalpublic in Japanagainst radiation ( radiophobia ) makes the socia1 acceptance of nuclear energy considerably
problematic .
In the hope ofimproving this situation,we have organized Radiation Education Forum in1994,and

are continuing our efforts in various ways. In this paper,our endeavor to propagate the in correct-knowledge about radiation and nuclear related matters to the public,especially to improve the educational
circumstance in schoo1,willbriefly be reviewed.

We propose here to extend this activityof educating

generalpublic a1ong thisline into g1obalscale,because thefuture of the energy and environmenta1

circumstances in the whole world willnot be optimistic ifa11matters willbeleftaccording to the present
competitive principle.

2. Why Japanese have the feeling of radiophobia
There are severalreasons why Japanese generalpublic have the feeling ofradiophobia.
2.1.

The aftereffect ofatomic bombings ofHiroshima and Nagasaki

It was quite an unhappy event that the discoveryof nuclear fission,which was purely an academic

achievement,worthy of Nobelprize ifthis was not in a wartime,wasimmediately utilized as such a-

non humanistic purpose as killing and injuring many innocent citizens and destroying the prosperous

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Dec 1 8 08:30 ˜ 10:30

cities.The survived people,named HIBAKUSHA,have been told that their residual ii ves w iii be
shortened due to the minor radiation dose received by the instantaneous flash ofthe bomb. Since then,al1 Japanese people have been told repeatedly about the risk ofradiation by the mass media.

It is truethat there are not a few Japanese people who don'tlike even to hear the word radioacitivity.

2.2.

The attitude of mass media and schooleducation

In the1950's,a subsequent event occurred and reminded Japanese ofthe horror ofnuclear weapon:in
1 9 5 4 i n Bukini. Fol1owing this,during the period of continuous deve1opment of the nuclear power

production in Japantwo major nuclear accidents occurred in abroad,one in TMI in1979and then in
Chemobylin1986,and these disasters werelargely reported by mass media.

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The mass media has a-tendency of reporting the demerit of radiation and nuclear related mattersfi equently with muchexaggeration. The usefu lness ofradiations such as in medicalpurpose should be much more advocated.
In schooleducation also, Japanese Monbusho(MinistryofEducation,Science,Sports,and Culture)has-

been reluctant in the education for nuclear energy and radiation radioactivityat the primaryand

secondary schoolage,contraryto the govemmentalpolicy of promoting the utilization of nuclear energy

as the nationalpolicy. So the young students at the compulsoryeducation have not the chance ofstudying theknowledge about these areas,and only alimited percentage of students have had this chance
after entering into the senior high schools.
.
2.3.

--

The fundamentalprinciple ofthe radiation protection L N T hypothesis-

In the region of radiation protection,the Linear Non threshold Hypothesis (LNT Hypothesis),whichassumes that radiation may be riskyeven in a verysmalldose,is the basic principle .

Although this is aconventionalhypothesis,many people believe this is a scientific fact,and has surely become one ofthereasons ofbecoming radiophobia.
It should be bome in mindthat the recent radiologicaldata(epidemio1ogicaland animalstudies)in the
low dose(and1ow dose rate)region show the existence ofthe threshold,and sometimes there are even-

health promoting effect(radiation hormeses)such as used as a medicaltreatment(the radon therapy).
We sincerely hope that this policy of ICRPwillbe amended in some nearfuture. This author has a firm

confidence that the LNT hypothesis is not correctfrom the detailed examination of the data of atomic-

bomb survivors,especially on the carefulconsideration ofthe additionaldose received due to the residual
radiations(Matsuura,2002).
3.What our Radiation Education Forum has done to improve the present situation〇ur Radiation Education Forum(REF) ,which was established i n 1 9 9 4 b y us,to improve thesesituation,namely for fi11ing the gap between the scienti fic facts and the perception of generalpublic for-

The members consist mainly of investigators(universities

and institutes)in the fields ofradiation and nuclear sciences,andteachers in schools. (The number ofthe radiation and the nuclear related matters.

members is at present about250.) The basic philosophy is to deliver the correct scientific facts,by
excluding prejudices .

-W e t r y t o explain the data in an easily-understandable way when talking to

non experts. W e are doing fo11owing various activities:
3.l. Holding of seminars and symposia .

*Seminars for members are held regularly three times in a year in Tokyo.

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*The IntemationalSymposium on Radiation Education(ISRE)was organized three times:in1998in

Kanagawa by REF,in2002in Debrecen,Hungaryorganized bylate Prof.Marx,in2004in Nagasaki by
REF,and the present symposium is the forth,organized by Taiwan group.
* Seminar on Energy,Environment,and Radiation for schoolteachers has been held since2001in

various places throughout in Japan . This is for providing the recent information for schoolteachers toteach the radiation,radioactivity,and the related subjects in schoo1.

(The totalnumber ofparticipants inthe seminar per year is about500 . )3.2.

Holding the expertise committees.

There are6committees at present in the REF to discuss various aspects ofradiation education: 〇n
the curriculum ofradiation education in school , 0n experimentalmaterials for teaching for radiation in-classroom , 0n risk education , 0n radiation effect at1owleve1 , 0n the description in the text book ,and 〇n the account in newspaper and other mass media .

The summaries of each committee arereported at the end of each FiscalYear.
3.3. Publishing the periodicals'' Newsletters are published3times i a year,and tota11y42number ofpamphlets(8˜12pages)hasnbeen issued up to Nov.2008.
*Japanese joumal RADIATI〇N EDUCATI〇N is published annually, a n d 1 1 v o l u m e s

already been published up to Apri12008.

have

In addition,since March2000,it has now become a rule topublish as the extra version of this joumala summaryreport ofthe activityof the REF. Nine volumes

have already been published,and these have become a suitable materialfor teaching radiation and-nuclear related problems in schools forthe participants ofthe seminar.

・ SubmittingAppeaIstotheGovernment

3.4

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. .

In order to improve the radiation education circumstances in schools,REF have submitted the--appealing documents to the Monbu Kagaku Sho(Minister of Education,Science,Sports and Culture)
severaltimes during these15years. We have appealed the revision of officialeducation guideline,whichprescribes the detailed contents of curriculum of Science Studies in junior and senior high schools:in
1995,in1996,in2005,and in2006. Ourrecenttwo appeals succeeded in revising the guidelines ofthejunior high schools,so that radiation and radioactivityshould be taught in the Science Studies after the30

years'blankperiod of excluding these items in the teaching curriculum at this stage.

3.5. Preparing the teachers'guide for teaching radiation,especially to meet the needs in juniorhigh school

Responding the newly revised regulation for schoolcurriculum,we have started to prepare theteachers' guide for teaching radiation and the related topics in the classroom injunior high schools .

4. The Items about Radiation to be Taught at the Stage o f J u n i o r or Senior High SchooI
The fol1owings are the items which we believe should be taught for relatively young students:
4.l.

Existence ofnaturalradiation and radioactivity

Radiation and radioactivityexist everywhere in our environment. (This fact must be demonstrated

experimentally,using radiation measuring instrument)〇rigin ofnaturalradiation comesfrom various sources:ground,cosmic rays,human bodies,and radon

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D e c 1 8 0 8 : 3 0 ˜ 10:30

in the air. The dose of radiationfrom the ground variesfrom place to place,depending on the geometriccondition. There are severalplaces in the world,where theleve1ofnaturalradiation is extraordinarily-

Naturalradioactivitysuch as K 40 exists in a food which we daylily eat and so they exist also in ahuman body.
4.2.

What is the nature ofradiation and radioactivity?

Radiation is onetype of energy. They should be taught in connection with the atomic and nuclear
structures,nucleons(proton and neutron),isotopes,and the stabilityofnucleus,halflife ofradioisotopes.
What is the action of radiation with matter?
4.3.

What is the nuclear energy?

M a t is the difference between nuclear power station and atomic bomb?
fission?
4.4.

What is the nuclear

What kind ofutilization does radiation have?

To what kind ofnature ofradiation does the utilization depend?
4.5.

How is the radiation effect to the human body?

To what extent is the radiation can be regarded to be safe?

According to the most recent data,we cansay that it wi1lbe safe up to about200 mSv. The effect ofradiation for human body varies not only withthe totaldose,but also with the dose rate,i.e.,the effiect becomesless ifthe dose rate is smallcomparedwith the case when the same dose is given in a short time.
The effect is independent on whether the radioactive source is naturalor arti ficia1.
4.6.

What is the commonknowledge forprotecting our bodyfrom the source?

There are me mree principle s : ( a ) t o take a distance,(b)to place a shield,and(c)to minimize theworking time.
4 .7.

There is a regulatinglaw system to minimize the radiation exposure for working people.

It is recommended to use radiation according the principle ofARALA:(a)not to use when there is no

merit of using radiation,(b)to use radiation under due caution,and(c)to obey the exposurelimit,
determined for the workers and for the generalpublic.

5. Vlarious Examples of Incorrect Statements about Radiation
The fo1lowing are the examples of incorrect statementsfrequently foundin textbook used at junior orsenior high schools or in other publications:(1) Nuclear power produces radioactivitywhich is poisonous to human body inlarge amount.
(2) Because radioactivityis highly poisonous,it is difficultto dispose it.

(3) Radioactivityhas an eff el ct ofthreatening the existence ofa111iving things.
(4) 〇nce nuclear accident occurs,a vast area is contaminated with radioactivity,and it brings anenorm ous bad affect for human body and eco1ogicalsystem for a1ong time.
( 5 ) A s shown in the examples of accidents occun・ed in alarge scale in abroad,the safetyof nuclear

power station is incomplete .
(6) In Chemobylaccident,the radioactive contamination occurred in the scale of 500 times ofthat in theatomic bomb in Hiroshima.

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i ● l:1 il : ■ : 目● l(7) In J C 0 accident,700 residents were exposed with radiations.

(8) New construction of nuclear power stations is rarely done in European countries and in America,

considering the high cost and safety.
In generalin the textbook of socialstudies ,we canfrequently see the statements which favor thenaturalenergy by almost neglecting their demerit and by exaggerating the demerit ofnuclear energy.
6.Perspective for the Future of Radiation Education
The activityof making the correctknowledge widespread should be continued not only for school

education,but also to the entire society.

For thelatter purpose,we think we experts should have much

more contact with the mass media and those who may have great in fluence for changing the opinion ofgeneralpublic.

I believe this necessityis not restricted only to Japan,but also to a11over the world,because many

countries wi1lprobably have to meet the similar problem;namely,they wi1lhave to depend much on
nuclear energy and to do with the various problems in some nearfuture.

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Then,our experience andknow how to propagate the co rrectknowledge especially about the risk of radiation willsurely be helpfu1-

for the decision making of these countries.

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This kind of information wi1lsurely be welcomed as avaluable estate for the welfare making ofthat countryor district.
I fee1,for that purpose,we experts should make our idea and opinion about the degree of risk ofradiation more clear,and unite them into almost the same direction,such as for the basic criticism for the
LNT hypothesis.

Then,we hope we can be able to recommend I C R P t o l e a d the revision of theirrecommendations.

Acknowledgements
I deeply thank the 〇rganizing Comnittee of ISRE08for giving me the opportunityof delivering thispresentation .
References

Matsuura T and Sugahara T,-

0 n the Existence o f a threshold in the Dose Response Relationshipfrom

the Epidemiologica1 Data of Atomic Bomb Survivors

Korea; nn:p:// www.iips1 ran/ spo1:1 ignI / K assei/ maIu 1.ntm(in Japanese)

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AOCRP 1, O ctober 20 24, Seoul,

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:

Kunihiko HASEGAWA

Date of Birth:
February19,1934

Education:

1959-Graduated from Department of Chemistry,Shizuoka University
1972 Received Dr. of Science from Tohoku University
1976 l977 Appointed Visiting Professor in UniversityofNotre Dame,USA-〇ccupation:

1986 -1993Appointed Head of RadiochemistryResearch Laboratory,Shizuoka
1983 Appointed Professor of Chemistryin Shizuoka University

University

1977-2005Appointed part-time instructors in Shizuoka University,Universityof
1977 Appointed Professor Emeritus of Shizuoka University-

Shizuoka,and Tokai University

1977 Appointed Director of Radiation Education Forum in Tokyo, Japan-

2004 Appointed Vice President of Radiation Education Forum in Tokyo, Japan
Study Field:
Radiation Chemistry,Radiochemistryand Radiation Education

Present Address:

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Chiyoda2 4 22Aoi ku Shizuoka City,420 0803 Japan
Te1/Fax+81 54 247 7921--

E mailkhase@mx1.s cnet.ne .jp

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Radiation Education in School
K Hasegawa *S hizuoka U n ivers i t y , 8 3 6 ( )hya Suruga -ku Shizuoka City422- 8 5 2 9 J a p a n

Abstract
The seminar has been for the teacher ofjunior and high schoolmainly to reflect energy,

an environmentalproblem for schooleducation definitely.
It is to train the fair judgments of the nature of the citizen for the issue of energy,

environmentaland atomic energy problems. It is important to perform substantia11y
and upbringing ofthe schooland in the societyto find afuture talented person in thisfield. The event is served the increase ofthe public interest.The seminar accords withmind which is both in the articles of association of N P 0 hoJ i n Radiation Education-'

Forum. For a class of Recommendation to Integrated Science and Education for theschoolteachers,the time when the seminar has been keeping up with us i n 2 0 0 1 a n d

aimed at spreading rightknowledge to the pupils.
There are involving the seminarlectures,the experiment ofradiation,a paneldiscussion,a free paneldiscussion,interchange societyand visit to instrument party.
Keywords;energy,environ ment,radiation,rightknowledge

Introduction

When the atomic energy experience

Association(RADA).The Seminar wasseminar facultyof liberalarts course that
intended for the staff of a schoo1of theestablished Energy,Environ ment,andRadiation seminar"as a new businessfacultyof liberalarts was carried out
mainly from2001,NP0 hotり i n Radiation
Education forum cooperated with
Radiation Application Deve1opment

which aims at right knowledge spreading-

to pupils through Recommendation to

Integrated Science and Education
starting in2003in high schoolfrom2002-

by deepening understanding for energy,
environment,and radiation such as the

purpose of the N P 0 hoりi n Radiation
Education Forum"planned substantiality
by deepening understanding for energy,
environment,and radiation such as thes t a f f o f a schoo1. Realizing for theN P 0 houJin Radiation Education Forum

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一 ii I ■ 目 ●

700

︶
a
﹂

600
500

the spread of right knowledge for energy

environmenta1 problem, radiation andtraining of fair judgments nature of thecitizen for the issue of atomic energy and

400

u
n
E
q

300

200
100

securityof the future talented person inthis field. It is to contribute to the2001 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7

year

increase of the public interest"as for thisseminar.

Fig . Recruitment and participant

helped a class in time for genera11eaming(1)Aneducation system and energy andan environmentalproblem of educationa1
issue(an idea and idealmethod,an idea1

2. The summaryof the seminar
The seminar was held in ten nationa1

districts

i l: ● : 印

Tohokumethod of the education of he21 S t century

District, North Kanto District, South
Kanto District,Shizuoka and Yamanashi
District,Aichi,Gifuand Mie District,and the directionalitywhen it take up fora class o f
Recommendation to(Hokkaido

District,

Integrated Science and Education''.
internationalcomparison ofthe scholastic
abilityof the Japanese junior and seniorschoolpupi1.techno1ogy and society. t h epositioning of radiation in the scientific
as the basic knowledge.)(2)
Energy and an environmenta1

Toyama and Ishikawa and Fukui District,
Kinki District, Chugoku and Shikoku
District,Kyushu.and 〇kinawa District).
0 f these,establishedthe held course had

been done in each district on held course,

a day and second days.
From

2001

problem of the21st century,fossilenergy(coa1,oil,naturalgas),an interest and the
1oss and gain of the natura1 energy(waterpower,the sun,the ve1ocityof thewind,biomass,the ocean)nuclear energy,

to 2007, recruitments

n u m b e r a n d participant number w a s

indicated i n figure. Planning it by thecontents which the member of the

Radiation Education Forum played a keyrole as for the course contents,and staffs

Japanese energy
circumstances and afuture prospect. a
g1oba1 environment problem (carbon
dioxide,acid rain,ozone,food and an
theof facultyof liberalarts of a j unior highschoo1 and the high schoo1 mainly
intended for the education person
concerned by the expert ofeach field,and

world

and

artificialproblem),aliving of the21st
century.(basic knowledge about radiationand the radioactivity. ) o f radiation and theradioactivity. Naturalradioactivity and

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artificialradioactivity,radioactivityand

the seminar whether it is the teaching

everydaylife . Application to each fieldthat used radioactive rays,influence onhuman body. environmenta1 endocrine
disrupter).
(3) The fundamentaland usage(4) Pane1 discussion and topics(amaterials helping the enforcement of theclass o f Recommendation to Integrated
Science and Education directly. Let us
fi11up as the thing which is an inventive
idea without deciding to make use ofthecharacteristic of the seminar of eachreport about an action and practice

district(popular the theme ofthe medica1
application of radiation b y 2 0 0 7 ) , a n d

example of "Recommendation to
Integrated Science Study"and how doplace energy and an environmenta1
education in an education system byassuming the program of ten nationa1
districts uniform contents.It is referred tothe questionnaire results that include not
only the district organizer but also the
1ocalschoolstaff of a s c h o o l i n this

discussing it each other cooperation witheach subject?) Deve1opment of the

purpose on the occasion of the seminarplan of each district and examine needs
information investigation and performed
ti11now.There is made the program that
did matching by the reporting fromorganizers as we11as this as much as

educationalprogram about energy andthe environment: Deve1opment of the
1eaming teaching materials for education
about energy and the environment.
(5) Training and showing to observe
radiations(The production ofthe Wilson's
c1oud chamber and hydraulic power
generation by observation and the mode1of radiation and nuclear power
generation)(6) Visit society (The institution of acompany about atomic energy institution,
environment related institution, energy
and radiations)

possible. I n addition,it is put enoughbreaks and keep it in mind for the makingof the program with a space in time
genera11y.
About thelecture involves environmenta1

energy,atomic energy,and radiations by a
1ecture name and the contents from the-(7)

purpose of this seminar(with a thing
concemed with atomic energy andradiation in the contents about the theme

Interchange society (Reply to

exchange o f opinions with alecturer andan observer and the student attending a
1ecture, the question of the schoo1

only for environment)
It isthought that thelectures such as afundamentalproblem or the problem toextend over a facultyof liberalarts andthe border domain with the physica1
science help it in Recommendation to
Integrated Science Study" . However,teacher.)

3Discussions

Including a thing to be usefulfor verymuch in the contents of the program of

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out.

m
- i :-i■i i l: ■ : l l ■,ii l ● 目■actua11y it is the present conditions thatjust finish a seminar by difference indifference of the knowledge withdividing it into the smali group when
perform interchange partyand carryit

knowledge and consciousness with a
1ecturer and the teacher,the teacher ofthe

Further more,it gathers up a seminar the
document for one book,and distribution

physicalscience and the teacher of thefacultyof liberalarts or personalability,
1ack inlecture time. It is to move anis thought about as a CD with
distribution or a document ofPowerPoint on carrying out a seminar.

important point as a problem withconcreteness by cooperation between
subjects from an idea of thelearning ofConclusions

The seminar has been enf ol rced for eight

synthesis without remaining incontent of genera1 Recomnendation to
Integrated Science ,and it is necessary
to co11ect in an idealmethod and antheyears and achieved the results surely.
It is important that this seminar

performs by a steady effort steadily. I t isnecessaryfor the teacher of the schoo1
to te11the acquisition of right knowledgeof radiation and the radioactivity tochildren by this seminar.
References

example of the practice in"time of the
1earning ofthe synthesis"in a mass.
It is popular at a11with the teachers ofthe

facultyof liberalarts, and,about theexperiment, as for the training thatnatura1 radiation can observe with al[1]Enforcement reports and enforcement
plan,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,
2006,and2007 E n d of fisca1 year

handmade briefmeasuring instrument;aconstant se11er becomes it by the seminarof each district as we11as the teacher of,report Energy, Environment andRadiation Seminar'

the physica1 science. I n addition, a-re student attending alecture is extremely
sma1l,but it is necessary to prepare for'[2] T. Matsuura 2002 Energy

andanother experiment for such a teacher.
About interchange society or theradiation education for facultyof
1ibera1 arts teachers seminarexchange of opinions party,it is popular
by the device of each district,but there
are many people who do not likeco11ective actions as a modem trend,and

Isotope N e ,l,,s 10,12 14、

consideration that an organizer,alecturer,

an observer make the opportunity o f thestory for such a person positively isnecessary. In addition,it is effective when

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NAME

Yasuhito S a s a k i , M . D . , P h . D

PRESENT APP〇INTMENT

Executive Director o f Japan Radioisotope
Association(JRIA),,

Professor o f InternationalUniversity o f Healthand W e l f a r e ( I U H W ) a n d Director o f I U H W
Center for Radio1ogicalSciences,
PERS〇NAL INF〇RMATI〇N

Date o f B i r t h :Place o f B i r t h :April2,1937
Tokyo, JapanEDUCATI〇NAL H I S T 〇 R Y-

A p r i l 1 9 5 3 t o M a r c h 1 9 5 6 T o k y o Metropolitan Hibiya High Schoo1
April1957 March1959GeneralEducation
A p r i l 1 9 5 9 March1963Faculty o f M e d i c i n e
Degree:"Igakushi"or M.D.equivalentA p r i l 1 9 6 4 March1968Postgraduate S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e
Degree:"Igakuhakushi"or Ph.D.equivalent〇 C C U 〇 A R I 〇 N A L HIS T 〇 R Y--

Apri11963 M a r c h 1 9 6 4 M e d i c a l I n t e r n s h i p , T h e University o f T o k y o Hospita1
A p r i l 1 9 6 8 Sept. 1973Assistant,The Second Department o f InternalMedicine,
The University o f Tokyo Hospita1
J a n u a r y 1 9 6 9 Aug . 1 9 7 1 R e s e a r c h Fel1ow,Division o f N u c l e a r Medicine,
Department o f Radiology , T h e Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions

-

,

-

,

-

〇ct.1973 Sept.1981

Associate P r o f e s s o r , T h e 3 r d Department o f InternalMedicine,
St.Marianna University S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e
Apri11978 Sept.1981 Deputy D i r e c t o r , C h i e f o f N u c l e a r Medicine,Centralized
Radio1ogy S e r v i c es , S t . M a r i a n n a University Hospital〇ct.1981 M a r c h 1 9 8 5 Professor,Department o f Radiology,
Toho University Schoo1of Medicine
Apri11985 March1990 Professor and Chairman,Department o f N u c l e a r
Medicine,Gunma University S c h o o l o f Medicine
April1990 0ct.1997
Professor and Chairman,Department ofRadio1ogy,
Faculty o f Medicine,The University of Tokyo
Nov.1996 June1997
Director,Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Center,NationalInstituteo f RadiologicalSciences
Apri11997 M a r c h 2 0 0 1
Director General,NationalInstitute ofRadiologicalSciences
April2001 March2006
President,NationalInstitute ofRadiologicalSciences(Independent Administrative Institution)
Apri12006 M a r c h 2 0 0 7
Vice President and Professor ofGraduate School(Radio1ogicalsciences)
Apri12007
Director,IUHW Center for Radio1ogicalCenter,
Professor o f Graduate School(RadiologicalSciences)
May2008
Executive Director o f J apan Radioisotope Association
,

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aspects is presented.

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Heavy particle beam therapy
Yasuhito Sasaki,M.D. , P h.D.
Japan Radioisotope Associationl.Introduction-

As a medicaldiscipline,radio1ogy began immediately after the discoveries of Xrays(1895),radioactivity(1896)and radium(1998).There are three major fields ofclinicalradio1ogy:diagnostic radio1ogy,radiotherapy and nuclearmedicine.Amongthese,radiotherapy deals nowadays almost exclusively with malignant tumors.
Approximately300,000 people died of cancer everyyear in Japan.It its believedthat twice as many new cancer patients are observed everyyear.The surgica1
operation is usua11ythe first choice of treatment for1ocalized cancers.Radiotherapy
has been used as we11for1ocalized cancers. Its use has been increased of latebecause of its non-invasive nature.Techno1ogy of radiotherapy has remarkably
progressed in recent years.In this presentation the heavyparticle beam therapy using
proton and carbon is to be described.In particular experiences with carbon beam
therapy using HIMAC(HeavyIon MedicalAccelerator in Chiba)and its future

2. Principles and classification of radiotherapy
High dose radiation exposures break D N A strands,which disables ce11divisions
and eventua11y cause ce11death.
I n principle idealradiotherapy consists deliveryof radiation high enough to ki11a11cancer ce11s without irradiating normalce11s and tissues.
Varieties of techniques have been deve1oped to deliver high radiation doses tocancer tissues sparing surrounding healthy tissue with exposureless than its tolerable
dose which causes hazardous reactions.Those techno1ogy are classified as externa1
beam irradiation(tele therapy), intra cavityor intra tissue irradiation(brachy
therapy)and radiotherapy using unsealed radioisotopes.The heavyion beam therapy
is a cutting edge techno1ogy ofextemalirradiation.

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3. Characteristics of proton and carbon beam therapy
Routinely used high energy X rays from a Lineac or Gamma rays from Co 60,
when irradiated,pass through the body gradua11y1osing its kinetic energy.Therefore,
it is unavoidable to deliver higher radiation doses and damage the tissues whichlie
a1ong the path before reaching a deep seated cancer in the body. 0 n the other hand
proton and heavyion such as carbon1oselarge fraction of kinetic energy nearthe
stopping point forming the so ca11ed Brag peak.This Brag peak can be irradiated tothe cancer tissue by manipulating the energy in accordance with the depth of thecancer. Thus the dose to the tissues whichlie in the path before the target can be kept
minimum. The tissues and organs whichlie behind the targetare not exposed to

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NIRS .

Dec 1 8 0 8 : 3 0 ˜ 1 0;30

radiation.

In addition to the exce11ent dose distribution in cancer therapy the carbon ion has
high relative biologicaleff el ctiveness(RBE),which is estimated a s 2 3 a s comparedwith one for X ray and1 1.2for proton.

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4. Facilities of proton and carbon beam therapy i n Japan
There are4facilities which treat cancer patients with proton therapy,one withboth proton and carbon beam and one with carbon beam.Those facilities insta111arge
scale accelerators. Those facilities need alargefund for construction and operation
as we11as highly trained human resources.The construction costs have beenless for
proton accelerators than for carbon accelerators.

5. Carbon beam therapy using H I M A C-

Alarge scale medicalpurpose accelerator,the first of its kind in the world,wasconstructed i n 1 9 9 3 i n NationalInstitute of Radio1ogicalSciences(NIRS)under abudget provided for the nationa1 Ten year Comprehensive Strategic Plan against
Cancer . This accelerator was named as the HeavyIon MedicalAccelerator in Chiba(HIMAC) . Clinicaltrials of cancer treatment using HIMAC started in June1994
under the auspices of the N I R S . A l a r g e scale multi institutionalclinicaltria1of
heavyion beam therapy for cancer was conducted under t h e N e w Ten year
Strategic Plan for the Conquest of Cancer. A l a r g e number of specialists form
outside the NIRS has been participating in clinicaltrials,whichare of veryhighqualityfrom both a scientific and an ethicalpoint o f view.
0 n the basis of the successfulresults of the clinicaltrials including more than
1,000 cancer patients the carbon beam therapy using HIMAC was approved bythe
Ministryof Health,Labour and Welfare as a highly advanced medicalprocedure asof October2003.

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By now more than4,000 patients with various cancers have been treated at
Veryhigh1ocalcontrolratios have been revealed inlung cancer,hepatoma,prostate cancer,malignant melanoma,osteosarcoma,etc.Representative cases wi11
be demonstrated.
6. Future aspects
Aresearch project on the deve1opment of a compact size(1/3of HIMAC)carbon
beam accelerator to be applied in the medicalcommunitywas vigorously conducted
at NIRS in the year2004and2005.The first accelerator based on the research is
now under construction at Gun ma University,which wi11be put into practicaluse
within2years.
There has been1ots of interest to insta11the same facilities as that in Gunma-

University.The increase in numbers ofsites should facilitate the inclusion ofparticle
beam radiotherapy in the nationalhealth insurance system.

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Curriculum Vitae

Masahito Kaneko,M.Eng.
Date of bi rth:1February1942(Tokyo)

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Present address:4 28 1Hakusan,Bunkyo ku,Tokyo112 0001, Japan

Academic career:
March1965Graduated from UniversityofTokyo,FacultyofTechnology
Bache1or of Science in Nuclear Engineering
March1967〇btained Master of Engineering degree from Univ. of Tokyo(Laboratory:Department ofRadio1ogicalHealth,Schoo1ofMedicice,Univ. ofTkyo)〇ccupationalcareer

Apri11967

Joined Tokyo Electric Power Company(TEPC0)

Planning and management of radiation protection programsfor nuclear power stations
1977 - 1982 Assistant Chief,DosimetryGroup,RadiologicalHealth and SafetyCenter(Head 〇ffice)1982 - 1984 RadiationProtectionManager,
Fukushima Daiich Nuclear Power Station
1983 - 1988 Chief,DosimetryGroup,RadiologicalHealth and SafetyCenter(Head Office)1988 - 1990 GeneralManager,Engineering Department,
Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Station
1991 - 1993 Director,Division ofStatistics,
Institute ofRadiation Epidemio1ogy,Radiation Effects Association
1994 - 1996 GeneralManager,
RadiologicalHealth and SafetyCenter(Head Office)1996 - 2000 GeneralManager(Radiation Safety),Nuclear Power Division(Retired from TEPC0 in June2000)
2000 -2006
Managing Director,Radiation Effects Association
2006 Consultant,Radiation Effects Association
1967 - 1977

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Other activities:
1992 - 2000

1995 - 2000
1994 -2000

Member ofthe Radiation Counci1ofJapan
Member ofthe Board ofDirectors, Japan Health Physics Society
Steering Committee member of the ISOE,0ECD/NEA representing Japanese
Nuclear Utilities

Reward:O ctober2005 Rewarded for contributing to nuclear safety by Minister of Economy,
nade a n d Industry
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Evolution of the system of radiological protection

一-

M Kaneko *

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RadicltionElfftectsAssociation i 9 16 Kajlcho C hiyoda ku, T'okyo 101 0 044, J,apan

Abstract-

The current system of radio1ogicalprotection based on the Linear N o Threshold(LNT)hypothesis has greatly
contributed to the minimization of doses received by workers and members of the public.However,it hasbrought about radiophobia among people and waste of resources due to over regulation,because the LNT
implies that radiation is harmfulno matter how sma1lthe dose is . The author reviewed the results ofresearchon health effects of radiation including majo l- cpid,L; l niologicalstudies on radiation workers and found noc lear evld,:nce ol clelete l・lous1 ealtl l eff s from radiation ex pl:1su l・es be1ow the current maximum doselimits(50 l-n y ;l1or worke rs・ and . 5 Tli Sv / y for members ofthe pubii c ) . which have been adopted worldwide in thescco;r1 d h al t of l h e20th centu l・ . Now t h at t h e eslste n ce llf bio defensive mechanisms suchasDNA repair,
apoptosis and adaptive response are we1lrecognized,thelinearityassumption cannot be said to be scientific
Evidences increasingly show that there are threshold effects in risk of radiation.A concept of practicalthresholds or virtually safe doses willhave to be introduced into the new system of radiologicalprotectionin orderto resolve thelow dose issues.

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Keywords:radiation protection;low 1evelradiation;health effects; threshold

1)Updating the radiation and tissue weighting
factors and radiation detriment based on thelatest available information o f biology2)Maintaining the threefundamentalprinciples
of radiologicalprotection,namely
justification,optimization,and application ofdoselimits
3)Evolvingfrom the previous process based
protection approach using practices andinterventions,by moving to a situation based
approach4)Maintaining the individualdoselimits for
effective dose and equivalent dose5 ) R e enforcing the principle ofoptimization ofprotection6)Including an approach for developing aframework to demonstrate radiologicalprotection ofthe environment

1.Introduction

How to secure necessaryenergy for thefutureis our big problem to be solved. Nuclear power
does not emit attributable gases such as carbon
dioxide and sulfur oxides,and now it is the only
safe,economic and practical altemative to thedangerous methods of electricitygeneration bybuming fossilfuels. Disposal of radioactive
wastes wi1lno1onger be a problem difficult tobe solved and medicaluses of radiation w i l l b e
fu11y enJoyed,ifpeople don't have unnecessary
fear of radiation after being familiar with thetruth about the health eff e, cts of radiation insmallquantities.
In this paper the author is going to makeproposals for an evolved and simpli fied systemo f radiologicalprotection in view ofthe current
knowledge about low level radiation health
eff ei cts.

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A d m i t t i n g that there are r e c o g n i z e d
exceptions,for the purpose o f radiologicalprotection the ICRP judges that the weight ofevidence on fundamentalcellular processes
coupled with dose response data supports theview that,in thelow dose range,below about
100 mSv,it is scientifically plausible to assume
that the incidence of cancer or heritable eff el cts
willrise in direct proportion to an increase in the--

2.Current system of radiologicalprotection
The ICRPrevised its Recommendations in
2 0 0 7 ( I C R P 2 0 0 7 ) . The major features of the
new Recommendations are:

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'Corresponding author.Te1: 十 81 5295 1583;fax:十 81 5295 1486;e mail:mkaneko@rea. or jp

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一 i : iI■i i i【●●rather increase anxietyabout radiation.

equivalent dose in the relevant organs andtissues. T h i s v i e w ( L N T model)accords withthat given byUNSCEAR(2000),NCRP(2002)
and NAS/NRC(2006)while a report from the
French Academies(2005)argues in supportof apracticalthreshold for radiation cancer risk.
Because ofthis uncertaintyon health eff el cts at
1ow doses,ICRP judges that it is not appropriate,
for the purposes of public health planning,tocalculate the hypotheticalnumber of cases ofcancer or heritable disease that might beassociated with very smal1 radiation doses
received bylarge numbers of people over very
long periods oftime.
The updated nominalrisk coefficients to be
applied to whole populations(notto individuals)
remains unchanged at around5%per Sv.
Recommended doselimits for workers andmembers ofthe public remain unchanged firom
those recommended in1990 recommendations.

4.Evidence of low dose radiation healthe mects
4.1. Hereditaryeff(ects
T h e 4 0 year follow up studies on the genetic
effects of atomic bomb radiation of Hiroshima
Nagasaki have demonstrated that there is n ostatistically significant effect o f parenta1
exposure to radiation of0.4to 0.6Gy on any of
the genetic indicators studied(Kondo1999).

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4 2. Cancer causing effetcts(a)According to the report ofthe experts' groupof 〇ECD/NEA 200 mSv is the smallest
dose for which a statistically sign 面cantradiogenic risk has been observed in the Life
Span Study on Hiroshima Nagasaki atomic
bomb survivors(0ECD/NEA1998).
(b)Under acute irradiation conditions, nontumor doses , the h ighest d oses a t whichno
sign fi icantincrease of tumors w ere o bser ved
above thecontro1l 1leve11 ,were greater than 0.1
Gy forlow LET radiations and greater than
0.01Gy for high LET radiations. Under1ow
dose rate,chronic or partialbody exposure
conditions, non tumor doses were muchhigher than the doses above(Tanooka2001).
(c)Although there are high radiation areas
exceeding10 mSv/y in India,Braziland Iran,there is no evidence that naturalradiations
are causing adverse health effects among the
inhabitants(Krishnan Nair et a1 1999).
(d)The second analysis ofmortalityof
Japanese nuclear industry workers concludes
that the results have not yielded any definite
evidence as to whether exposure tooccupational1ow levelradiation increases
cancer mortality(Iwasaki et a1 2003).
(e)The finalreport ofthelarge study ofUnitedStates nuclear shipyard workers funded by
the U S Department ofEnergy showed that
there was significantlylowertotalmortality
in the exposed groups(both the < 5 m S v and≧ 5 m S v groups)than in the non radiation
workers who engaged in similar work
(Matanoski 1991).
(f) Thelarge combined study of nearly96,000l-

3 . T h e L N T hypothesis

3.1. T he advantages of LNT-〇wing to theassumed additivityof radiation
doses the LNT hypothesis simpl面es exposure
dose control and recording in radiation
protection.Another merit of the hypothesis isthat it can give people an incentive of exposure
reduction .

-3 2 T he d isa dvantages of LNT
The assumption that radiation is harmfulat a11
levels of dose has been regarded as a provenscientific fact by public opinion,mass media,
regulatory agencies and many scientists,and hasbrought about radiophobia among people.
The criticalityaccident occurred at the JC〇
nuclear fuelprocessing plant in Tokai mura,
Japan on September 30, 1999 caused
psycho1ogicaluneasiness of people around theplant and a tremendous amount of economic
damage due to rumors,although most of the
nearby inhabitants received only such minutedoses of radiation asless t h a n l m S v. Fear ofradiation has proved to be more harmfulto
public health than radiation itself.

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Regulators are apt to misunderstand that
the1ower the doselimits,the more reassured
people may fee1.Lowering doselimits wi11

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United States,United Kingdom and Canadian
nuclear workers showed no excess(negative) risk of total cancer mortality.
(Cardis et a 1 1995).
(g)The100 years ofobservation on British
radiologists revealed no statisticallysignificant increase in cancer mortality
among radiologists who first registered after
1920 compared to other male physicians in
England. Their mortalitywas significantly
1ower than that of allmale medica1
practitioners.Moreover,there was noevidence of an effect ofradiation on diseases
other than cancer even in the earliest
radio1ogists whose averagelifetime dose wasestimated to be20 Sv(Berrington et a1 2001)

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5.2 T he syste m s h a li be coordin a ted w i t h that ofother みazardous''substances

N e w systems can be coordinated with other
health hazards such as ultra violet rays and toxic
chemicals,ifwe consider that ionizing radiations
are no exception o f the maxim o f Paracelsus(1493 1541)below,which has been a principle
in toxicology up to now.
A11substances a re p ois
1 ons, there i s n o newhich is not a poison The rightdosedfi「e rentiates a p o iso n fr om a re m edy ''--5.. 3. Implicationsof ''practica1 threshold
A practical threshold is alevelof
exposure below which induction o fdetectable radiogenic cancers or hereditaryeffects is not expected(Jaworowski1999).
As far as exposures are maintained below
practical thresholds there w i l l b e no need of''1j ustification and optimization (ALARA).
Accordingly the ethicalissue of''1j ustification
to al1ow benefit to societyto offset radiation
detriments to individuals can be resolved.And
also the ethica1 issue of optimization to
exchange health or safetyfor economicalgain
can be resolved.Introduction of the concept ofpractica1 thresholds can be said to be based on
an individua1 oriented philosophy and satisfies
the egalitarian principle ofethics.

5. Proposalof an evolved system ofradiologicalprotection

5. 1.T he syste m sha11 be based o n so u n d sc ienceN o w that the existence of bio defensive
mechanisms such as DNA repair, apoptosis,
adaptive response and immune system are wel1
recognized,thelinearityassumption at alldose
levels can be said unscientific .
There are an abundance of data i n l o w doseradiation health effects contradictoryto the LNT
hypothesis, including biologically bene ficial
hormesis(Luckey1982).
Evidencesincreasingly show that there are threshold effects
in risk ofradiation(Kondo1999).
Calabrese and Baldwin commented on theirbelief that the mostfundamentalshape of thedose response is neither threshold norlinear,but
U shaped(hormetic),and hence both current
models,especially thelinearitymodel,provide
less reliable estimates of low dose risk
(Calabrese and Baldwin2003).

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5. 4 Proposed dose f 1 mlfs
The fo1lowing doselimits are assumed to be
below practical thresholds.
Worker ◆ 5 0 mGy/1y ( 50 0 m( ]y/1y fi
orpartia1
body o r single orga n exposure)Pub11c .・ 5 ″〔iy/y ( 50 mGy/1y f(or partia1tbody or si ngle o rga n e:lposure)l'In case of highLET-radiatio ns su c h asalpha particles a n d neutrons, the above
dose limits should be mu1liplied by 1 / 1 0.

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The US Health Physics Society issued aposition statement in1996(revised in2004),in
which the Society recommends against
quantitative estimation of health risks below anindividualdose of 5 r e m ( 5 0 m S v ) i n one year oralifetime dose of 10 rem(100 m S v ) i n addition
to background radiation,because be1ow10 rem,risks of health effects are either too sma1lto beobserved or are non existent(HPS2004).

6.Conclusion
ICRP emphasizes its v i e w that ionizing
radiation needs to be treated with care rather
than fear and that its risks should be kept inperspective with other r i s k s ( I C R P 1 9 9 1 ) .
Radiation protection professionals do not needto convince scientists;they need to convince

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Berrington A e t a l 2 0 0 1 100yearsof
observation on British radiologists:mortality
from cancer and other causes1897 1997 British
J of Radio1logy 74507 519
CalabreseEJ andBaldwin LA2003Toxicology
rethinks its centralbelief Nlature 421691 692
Cardis E et a1 1995Effectsof lowdosesand
low dose rates of externalionizing radiation:
cancer mortalityamong nuclear industry
workers in three countries RadiatRes l 4 2 1 1 7
132
ICRP2007The2007Recommendations ofthe
Intemationa1 ・llmals of the ICRP, 3 7 , N o . 2 4
Health Physics Society2004Radiation Risk in
Perspective(Position Statement) Hlealth
Physics News 〇ctober 2 004 15 16
Iwasaki Tetal2003SecondAnalysisof
MortalityofNuclear IndustryWorkers in Japan
1986 1997 R a d i a t i o n Research 159228 238

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REFERENCES

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Jaworowski Z 1999 Radiation Risk and Ethics
Physlcs Today 5 2 ( 9 ) , 2 4 29
Kondo S1999EvidenceThatThereareThreshold Effects in Risk ofRadiation J
Nuclea r S c ien ce & Techno1ogy 3 6 1 9
KrishnanNair M et a 1 1999Population Study in
the High NaturalBackground Radiation Area in
Kerala,India RadiationResearch l 5 2 S 1 4 5
S148
Luckey T D 1 9 8 2 PhysiologicalBene fitsfrom
Low Levels ofIonizing Radiation H ealth
Physlcs 4 l 7 7 1 -789
Matanoski GM1991HealthEffectsofLow
LevelRadiation in Shipyard Workers,Final
Report D 〇E / EW10095 T2,NationalTechnica1
Information Service,Springfield,Virginia〇ECD/NEA1998Developments in Radiation
Health Science and Their Impact on Radiation
Protection Reportof T he WGS T R H S, p.14
TanookaH2001Threshold dose response inradiation carcinogenesis:an approach fromchronicβ一irradiation experiments and a review
ofnon tumor doses Int. J of R a diat.Bio1. 77
541 551

ordinarycitizens who are afraid and worried,
and who want to judge and decide forthemselves.
We must notlet radiation protection become ahealth hazard.

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C u r r i c u l u m Vita e
Katoh,Kazuaki
M a l e ; B o r n o n J u l y l S t, 1 9 3 5-

H o m e : 1 3 1 8 T s u k u b a , T s u k u b a 3 0 0 4352 J A P A N

O f f i c e : R I S S = R e s e a r c h Institute o f Sophisticated Subjects-

Surpass Tsukuba R o o m 2 1 1 ,,--D4 3Kenkyugakuen,Tsukuba305 0817 J A P A N

1 9 5 8 G r a d u a t e d f r o m T o h o k u University i n E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g-

1958 1 9 7 1 : R e s e a r c h Scientist at J A E R I = Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute(Health Physics D i v i s i o n / N u c l e a r Reactor S c h o o l )-1971 1 9 8 3 : A s s o c i a t e Professor at K E K = N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y f o r High Energy

Physics,present High Energy Accelerator Research O rganization(Department o f R a d i a t i o n Safety)

1995 - 2 0 0 4 : P r o f e s s o r o f R a d i a t i o n Safety Sciences at I P U = I b a r a k i Prefectura1
1983 1 9 9 4 : P r o f e s s o r at K E K

University o f Health Sciences

For the time being:

Professor Emeritus o f K E K , P r o f e s s o r Emeritus o f I P U ,,Representative o f R I S S , R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Director o f A I M C o . L t d . ,,Director o f ( N P 0 ) R a d i a t i o n Education F o r u m , P r e s i d e n t o f( N P 0 ) R a d i a t i o n Safety Forum,Fe11ow o f N u c l e a r Science Association,,

Fe1low o f Japan A t o m i c Energy S o c i e t y , A d v i s o r to C T C = C h i y o d a

T e c h n o l C o r p o r a t i o n , R e s e a r c h Advisor to J R E C = Japan R a d i a t i o nEngineering Company

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Non Ionizing Radiation
Kazuaki Katoh
Resea rc h lnst1 lute of Sophlsticated Sl:ibjects-/3 1 8 Tsukuba, Tsukuba 30 0 4352, J a p a n-

A b s t r a c t : F i r s t , t y p i c a l e x a m p l e s of non ionizing r a d i a t i o n s ( N I R s ) a r e s h o w n a n d
deductive definition of N I R is given. Secondly, t a k i n g electromagnetic fields produced i n
the vicinity of p o w e r l i n e s a n d mobile phone receivers for example i n focus,actions to
h u m a n bod:lf,possibly induced substantialhealth effects,reported results of studies on
evidence hunting for adverse effects,examples of introduced or proposed contro1ling
criteria for exposure are given.Thirdly, i s s u e s of radio p hobia to N I R are discussed.
Finally,speaker's view a n d stance to the issue are presented. 、

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Keywords:non ionizing radiation;action to h u m a n body;adverse health effects;risk ofcarcinogenesis;electromagnetic fields;power lines,cellular phones;controlling criteria
for exposure .
1. Introduction

Deductive definition of radiation is elementaryparticles i n motion. Among various
kinds,radiation called X ray or g a m m a ray is most familiar,whose constituents arephotons. Usuall:y, w e cannot detect nor evaluate quantitatively the amount for theincidence of radiation to the body. Moreover,the actualtarget of exposure controlis the
suppression of the associated risk ofcarcinogenesis . I n addition to these two facts,theknowledge o f w o r k s of radiation as the power o f t h e weapon,atomic b o m b , m a k e somepeople be af flicting with the so called radio p hobia .
F r o m view point of physics treating microscopic world,electromagnetic fields(EMF)
are composed of photons. X r a y a n d g a m m a ray are EMF composed of high energy
photons . Radiations having capability of directly or indirectly ionizing matter are ca1led
ionizing radiations(IRs)and the other is non ionizing radiations(NIRs).
O u r l i v i n g space is filled with various EMFs. Among them,those produced i n thevicinity of transmitting p o w e r l i n e s , m o b i l e phone receivers,microwave o v e n s , d r a w
people's attention concerning w i t h their health effects . These are typicalNIRs. The
word
radiation,remind people the harmfuleffects o f I R s occasiona11y.
Before views a n d stance of the speaker to the issue is stated,physicalsubstances
a n d natures of NIRs,their actions to h u m a n body a n d possibly induced effects to health,studies ofevidence hunting,introduced or proposed guidelines for exposure controls are
given.

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During the preparation,the speaker knew that the American PhysicalSociety issued
statements o n the matter ofPower Lines i n 1 9 9 5 a n d the statement w a s reaffirmed by
its C o u n c i l i n 2 0 0 5 . Views a n d stance o f t h e speaker o n NRIs are exactly the same w i t hthese.

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2.

Substance a n d Nature of N o n Ionizing Radiation

Photons of e n e r g y l e s s than 1 2 .4 e V or wave
longer t h a n 100 n m are n o n ionizing photon
radiation. Static fields of electricity or magnetism,field of virtualphotons f r o m q u a n t u m physicalview,a n d ultra sound, similarly field of phonons, areincluded NIRs occasiona1ly.
I n genera1,the substance ofradiation h a s natureof particle a n d wave, simultaneously. Ionizing
photon radiations,such a s g a m m a rays
Fig 1Permittivity a n d Permeability
from Co 6 0 or Cs 137,are particle -like radiation
ofliving substancea n d N o n ionizing photon radiations such as EMFs ofhigher frequencies,like stray EMFs produced near cellular phones or micro wave ovens,
are wave like radiation . EMFs produced i n the vicinity of high voltage a n dhigh current transmitting power lines a r e not necessarily suitable to be called N I R a n dalias of alternative electro magnetic f i e l d i s preferable instead. I n fact,electricalengineers treat these stray EMFs induced around power lines a s quasi static .
Comparison of energies of quanta a n d wavelengths of N I R s taken for examples are
s h o w n T a b l e 1.

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3. Actions to the H u m a n Body a n d SubstantialAdverse Effects to Health-

To magnetic fie l d s , h u m a n body is transparent,while to electric fields the body isdielectric substance . Penetrated electric field is weaker inside the body a n d highest
near the surface.0scillating magnetic fields c a n induce electricalcurrent i n the bodya n d the intensity o f t h e induced current increases a s thefrequency increases. T h u s , t h e
EMFs except static magnetic field make induction current i n the body,in general.
Substantialadverse effect for static or quasi static electric field is Electric Shock(thunder stroke) through penetration a n d for EMFs of high frequencies are
Temperature Rise and Physio1ogicalDisorder through induced currents or throughdirect electromagnetic interaction. Risk of carcinogenesis,which is of major concern i ncase o f I R s . i s not for N I R s .

--Recommended or Proposed Guidelines
Examples are s h o w n i n the right figure.
I t i s clearly seen that effects depend strongly o n
w a v e l e n g t h s.
4.

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Claims of Prudent Considerations for NIRs-

Studies i n evidence hunting have failed to them o m e n t. Almost allresults of studies o n mechanisma r e negative a n d results of phenomenological,ie.
epidemio1ogicalstudies cannot bear quality checks.
The toolof epidemiologicalstudy is not so powerfu1
to fin d extremely1ow risk coefficients,i.e.,valuesof r i s k per u n i t amount of risk source .

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Fig.2Examples of Guidelines

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? ? ll■Criticaldifference between I R a n d NIRs is i n capabiiity of ionization

7. Conclusion

A s exactly same to I R s , N I R s should be feared properly.Aspects of health effects of
N I R s are quite differentfrom those of IRs. Potentiality of carcinogenesis with N I R s i srelatively very s m a l l , i f a n:y, a n d no specific measures for risk controls are necessary.

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9'i

- :f
' ):'

,
;

, ;̲˜'ii f 1:t ''1p 0 ン6し,r

References
いン'1). http://www.aps.org/policy/statements/95̲2.cfm

T a b l e 1 . PhysicalSubstance a n d P i,operty ofSelected N I R s
N o n Ionizing Radiation
Static a n d Quasi Static Field HF VHF UHF-

ExamplePhysicalExistence
Frequency
[Hz]
Wave

LengthQuantum
Energy--1lIonizing Radiation- X- , γ - rays
Co - 6 0 γ

of Electricity or Magnetism
Power Lines

EMF
Mobile Phone

Alternating EMF

Electromagnetic
Waves

Elementary
Particles

50(Tokyo)/60(Hsinchu)

800M=8.0x10(十8)2.9E=2.9x10(十20)6.0km(Tokyo)/5.0km(Hsinchu)

37.5 c m

100pm=1.0x10( 12)0 .2peV

10µ eV
5.3x10( 2 5 ) J

-

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-

3.3x10( 3 2 ) J

T a b l e 2 . Action a n d Effects to H u m a n Body
Mobile Phone
Power Lines

Ionizations
Thermal.全tｫElectromagnetic
ChemicalPhysiol Disorder
Denature of Protein
.

x

x

〇
〇

〇
〇

x

x

〇 (in principle)〇〇 ( i n principle)〇

X ( i n principle)
X(practically)

Damage to DNA
X ( i n principle)
Indirect Damage to X(practically)
DN A

T a b l e 3 . Adverse Effects Needed Exposure Contro1
Mobile Phone
Power Lines

˜1.2MeV
1.9x10( 1 3 ) J--

Co 6 0 γ〇〇(fata1)x〇(thru ionization)i

X ( p r a c t i c a l y)X(practically)〇X(practically)-

Stochastic Effectsxx

Co 6 0 γ〇 (accumulative)

Rise i n Temp〇(passing)〇(passing)

X (practically)

ElectricalShock〇〇X (practica11y)

Table4.Quantities Used for Protection
Mobile Phone
Power Lines
Co 60 γSAR*
Protection Doses
Evaluation
SAR*
Hazard Index of Intensity of EMF
Intensity of EMF
SpatialDose Rates
Space
Accumulated Doses
Exposure Contro1* S A R = S p e c ific Absorption Rate[W/kg]=Absobed Dose Rate[J/kg/s l i n I R termino1ogy

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Professor Jem M a u Lo
Department ofBiomedicalEngineering and Environmenta1
Sciencesand Institute ofNuclearEngineering and science
NationalTsing Hua University,Hsinchu30013,Taiwan
Education:

M.S.Chemistry,May1975,Universityof Idaho,Moscow,Idaho,USA
B. S. Chemistry, July1968,NationalChung Hsing University,Taichung,Taiwan

Current Position:

Professor,NationalTsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan(08/1985˜)

ProfessionalExperiences:

Professor,NationalTsing Hua University,Hisnchu,Taiwan(08/1985˜)

Visiting Professor,Purdue University,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA(10/1997˜02/1998)

Visiting Professor,UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA(08/1987˜08/1988)

Head,Isotope Division,NationalTsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan(08/1983˜07/1986)

Associate Professor,NationalTsing Hua University,Hisnchu,Taiwan(08/1980˜07/1985)

Visiting Associate Professor,UniversityofIdaho,Moscow,Idaho,USA(02/1981˜02/1982)
Instructor,NationalTsing Hua University,Hisnchu,Taiwan(08/1976˜07/1980)
Technician,NationalTsing Hua University,Hisnchu,Taiwan(08/1970˜07/1976)
Honors and Awards:-

Sun Yat sen Scholastic Achievement Award(1984)

NationalScience CouncilExce11ent Research Award(1990)

NationalScience CouncilExce11ent Research Award(1994)
Atomic Energy CouncilExce11ent Research Award(1995)-

Sun Yat sen Scholastic Achievement Award(1997)
NationalScience Counci1/Atomic Energy CouncilExcellent Research Award(2003)

NationalTsing Hua UniversityAcademic Exce11ence Award(2006)
NationalTsing Hua UniversityAcademic Exce11ence Award(2008)

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o i : i :1 ; iii:1

Current Nuclear Medicine Related Researchin NationalTsing Hua University-

Jem M a u Lo、

Departm en t of Biom edicali E ngi neer ing an d E n ;,ironmenta1l Sciences, NationalTsing
Hua University, 1Hsincht i 300t3,naiwan

The unique nuclear faciiities of Co11ege ofNuclear Sciences and Nuclear
Science&Techno1ogy Deve1opment Center(NSTDC)at the NationalTsing Hua
Universitybestow the faculty the nuclear medicine related research.In recent3years,
one neutron beam has been constructed together with a patient treatment room in the-

Tsing Hua Open poolReactor(THOR)specifica11y for boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT) . I 131is currently produced from the reactor and supplied to the major
hospitals in Taiwan for diagnosis and treatment ofthyroid diseases or cancers.Various
radiolabeled compounds or pharmaceuticals for diagnoses and therapy for cancers are
currently deve1oped in the radiolabelinglaboratoryat the Department ofBiomedica1
Engineering and Environ mentalSciences(BMES) .

-Based on the three aspects of nuclear medicine techno1ogy as above mentioned,

the undergoing key research works include the fo11owing topics:●

Deve1opment of boronated RGD peptide for BNCT for brain cancer(by Prof
Jem Mau Lo,Department of BMES)●

Deve1opment of boronated nanoparticle drug for BNCT forliver cancer(by Prof
Feng In Chou,Director ofNSTDC)

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●

99mTc(aγ一emitter)and l88Re(or i 31I ) ( a β一一emitter)1abeled monoc1onalantibody(e.g.,Herceptin)and peptide(e .g.,octreotide)for diagnosis and treatment of-cancers(e.g.,breast cancer and pancreas cancer)(by Prof. Jem Mau Lo)
99mTclabeled histidine tagged annexin V for apoptosis imaging(by Prof-

Jem Mau Lo)●

123I or i 8 Flabeled nucleosides asgene probes for gene therapy(by Profs.

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Chung Shan Ylu and Chi Shiun Chiang,Department of BMES)

Some of the works are being co11aborated with the RadiopharmaceuticalProduction
Center ofthe Institute ofNuclear Energy Research,Lungtan,Taiwan.Most ofthe

developed drugs have undergone the in vitro and in vivo trials.The contents ofthesestudies are briefly elucidated as be1ow:
Boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is a binarytherapy modalitythat is to

give a suitable boronated drug being absorbed by tumor tissue and then to exert
thermalneutron irradiation.By nuclear reaction o f 1oB with thermalneutrons,high1inear energy transfer(LET)α2+ and 7Li+ are produced.Ifthe boronated drug is able
to concentrate on tumor tissue,the resulted high LET radiations wi1lki11tumor withsparing ofthe normaltissue. αvβ3 integrin is an important ce1ladhesion receptor
involved intumor induced angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.The high binding
specificitytoαv l33 integrins ofthe peptides containingArg Gly Asp(RGD)residue
suggests that the RGD peptides conjugated boronated compound may be deve1oped asa potentialBNCT agent. We have deve1oped the boronated compound,
4 (4,4,5,5 tetramethyl 1,3,2 dioxaborolan 2 y1)benzoic acid(TDBA)and its
conlJ ugates with RGD for BNCT for treatment ofbrain tumor.In another study,
synthesis ofphenylboric acid 1ipiodolnanoparticles combined with boric acid isdeve1oped for BNCT treatment ofhepatoma in the campus.

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Trastuzumab(Herceptin®) , a humanized IgG1 monoc1onalantibody directedagainst the extrace11ular domain ofthe HER2protein,acts as an immunotherapeutic
agent for HER2 overexpressing human breast cancers.Radiolabeled trastuzumab withl3 orαemitters can be used as radioimmunotherapeutic agent for the similar purpose
but with additionalradiation effect. In our study,trastuzumab islabeled with l88Re for

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radioimmunotherapy ofHER2/neu positive breast cancer. 188Re(I) tricarbonylion,[188Re(0H2)3 (C0)3 ]+, i s emp1oyed as a precursor for directlylabeling the monoc1ona1-

antibody with l88Re.The immunoreactivityof 188Re(I) trastuzumab is estimated bycompetition receptor binding assay using HER2/neu overwxpression BT 474humanbreast cancer ce11s. The1ocalization properties of 188Re(I) trastuzumab within both
tumor and normaltissues of athymic mice bearing BT 474human breast cancer

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xenografts(HER2/neu overexpression)and similar mice bearing MCF 7humanbreast cancer xenografts(HER2/neu 1ow expression)are investigated.
188Re(I) trastuzumab is shown to accumulate specifica11y in BT 474tumor tissue in i n

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vzvo biodistribution studies.By microSPECT/CT,the image of 188Re1ocalized--

BT 474tumor is clearly visualized within24h.In contrast, 188Re(I) trastuzumab
uptake in HER2 1ow expressing MCF 7tumor is minimaland the 188Re image at the

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1ocalization of the tumor is dim.These results revealthat 188Re(I) trastuzumab could
be an appropriate radioimmunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of-

HER2/neu overexpressing cancers.

A n nexin Vlabeled with aγemitter can be used for the imaging of apoptosis.
99mTc is verysuitable for clinicalimaging with its140 keVγray,6 h halflife andeconomicalavailabilityfrom a 99Mo 99mTc generator.In this study,we haveconstructed a form of annexin V with a N terminalextension containing six histidine
residues.The histidine tagged annexin V(his annexin V ) c a n be directlylabeled with
99mTc(I)tricarbonylion,[99mTc(0H2 )3(C0)3 ]+ . I n l a b e l i n g, [99mTc(0H2 )3 (C0)3 ]+ isfreshly synthesized and incubated with his annexin V a t 3 7 ℃ f o r l h. The resultant

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by high performanceliquid chromatograph(HPLC)
with size exclusion column. The labeled yield can be as high as ≧ 8 7 % .
99mTc(I) his annexin V demonstrates good stabilityin PBS and serum. I n thefurthermore work, 99mTc(I) his annexin V wi11be applied for apoptosis imaging in aγ
ray irradiated animalmode1.
99mTc(I) his annexin V is assayed

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The rat prostate cancer ce111ine Tramp C1 is transduced with HSV1 sr39tk andIL 3and uptakes o f 5 123I iodo arabino uridine(abbreviated as[ 123II IaraU)]inthe

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transduced Tramp Clreferred as Tramp C1/IL3 tk and in the parentalTramp C l a s acontrolare investigated.The Tramp C1/IL3 tk ce11s as wellas the Tramp Clce11s are
inoculated subcutaneously into theleftflank and the right flankof C57BL/6J mice

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separately to produce the prostate tumor xenografts. Biodistribution study in thetumor implanted animals is carried out after intravenous ir1jection of [ l23IIIaraU at
certain period oftimes,e.g. , 6 h and24h.The animals are imaged after injection of[123IIIaraU using microSPECT/CT at certain period oftimes,e.g. , f r o m 1 , 3 , 6 t o 2 4 h

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e l l: i 目 目 ● 一 ii l 目iNew energy resources and nuclear power for a sustainable future
Hiroshi Kudoana ohokuRadiationScien ce Ce n ter--

1l -1-3 0 lchibancho,Aoba ku, Sen da1 9 80 0811, J a p a n

Abstract
Climate change or g1obalwarming is increasingly recognized as one of the mostserious threats to humankind.To attain a sustainable future,we are envisaged to reduce
emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse g a s e s ( G H G s ) t o 5 0 % o r l e s s of the present
1evelby2050. Reduction of C 02 emissions from the combustion offossilfuels(i. e. coa1,o i l a n d naturalgas)is practica11y crucia1,and extensive utilization of carbon freeresources of energy is highly appreciated. In fact,utilization of solar and wind energy ofcurrent interest is rapidly expanding worldwide. H e r e , w e should be aware ofsignificance of nuclearpower,which provides not onlylarge amounts of electricity
without C 02 emissions, but also base 1oad electricity that can compensate
disadvantages of lnterm前ency associated with both solar and wind power systems. The
present paper deals further with advanced techno1ogies offuture interest such as ocean
wave,enhanced geothermalsystems, artificialphotosynthesis and nuclearfusion
reactors.

--

Keywords:new(renewable)energy;photovoltaic;wind power;nuclearpower;nuclear
fusion;sustainablefuturel. Introduction
The IntergovemmentalPane1on Climate Change(IPCC)has reported that warmingof the climate system of our planet is unequivoca1,as is now evidentf 1r om observationsof increases in g1obalaverage air and ocean temperatures,widespread melting of snow
and ice and rising g1obalaverage sealeve1[1].Most ofthe observed increase in g1oba1
average temperatures since the mid 20th centuryis verylikely due to the increase inconcentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases(GHGs)such as C〇2, C H4 and N20 .
G1obalincreases in atmospheric C 02 concentrations from280 to387ppm over the past
50 years are due primarily to fossilfueluse.
To attain a sustainablefuture,we wi11have to suppress the rise in g1obalaveragetemperatures within2°C at the end ofthis centuryby reducing the anthropogenic GHG
emissions to50%orless ofthe presentleve1(39.4in1990 and49.0 GtC02 eq/y in2004[ 1 ] ) b y 2 0 5 0. The stabilization can be achieved by dep1oyment of a portfolio oftechno1ogiesthatare either currently available or expected to be commercialized incoming decades as summarized in Table1[1].
The present paper gives perspectives on new or renewable energy resources ofcurrent interest and dealsfurther with advanced techno1ogies offuture interest,
including ocean energy,enhanced geothermalsystems(EGS),artificialphotosynthesis,
and nuclear fusion reactors(CRIT)anticipated to be realized after2050.

--

2. Electricitywithout C〇2 emissions
G1obalelectricitygeneration provides18PWh ofenergy a year(around40%oftota1
energy use in our civilization),and emits more than10 Gt of C 02 everyyear[2],most

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Dec 1 8 1 3;3 0 ˜ 15:30

of which are released from the combustion of fossii f u e l s . 0 f a wide range ofTable1

Kcy mitigation tcchno1ogi,ts aad practiccs for cncrgy supply[l]、Currently

Improved supply and dist ributiou e「「iciency ; 「 u e l s vitchingfrom c o a l t o gas;nuclear power , renewable heat and power(hydropowcr, solar、 wind, gcothcrma1 and biocncrgy ):combinc(i heat an(i powcr . carly applications of C C S ( c.g.
s to ra g e o「 rem o v ed C〇2 「rom na t ura1 gas)
Carbon Capturc and S t o r a g c ( C C S ) f o r gas, biomass andcoal fi red electriciしy gen eratin g l・l cilities . a d ,anced nuclea1
p o w e r : a d ,,anced renewabIe energy,including tidaland waves
energy,concen l:r a1 l:ing so l ar, ana so1a r pnoIovo l uics l t' v )commercia11y
availablc=
Projcclcdtobc
comn erciaIt7 ed、-

before2030

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、

、

techno1ogies that can generate
electricity without C 02 emissions from fue1,the use of new or renewable energy geother ma1.hydroelectric.solar and wind p o w e r - e n s u r e s a possibility to reduce
atmospheric C 02 (Fig. 1 ) . Renewable energy supplies18%ofthe world's finalenergy
consumption,including13%oftraditionalbiomass for cooking and heating[3] . With
respect to electricity generation. the use of solar and wind resources is remarkable for its
rapid expansion[4 6] . Particularly,capacityof wind power has risen by nearly25%ineach ofthe past5years and the world 、s insta11ed capacityas of 2007is94GW(Table2),while the estimated solar ce11(photovoltaic)capacityis about9GW(one tenth ofwind)in2008[2].

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8

1

一
一
一
︒
o
a
o3 a 0︶o u
一 一 〇〇︐Ba︐ 一 一E︐ 〇
︑︑

︒一
︒
一
一一一
一
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e

一一
0

j
i
ol
-

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M 〇〇

一一n
l
︐

o
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o

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'
・
oa
一
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-一

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u
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一
︐
︐

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一 一
-

〜

Fig. 1.C〇2 emission rate in power generation for a varietyof energy sources.(Agency for
NationalResources and Energy, Japan)

Here,we should pay attention to nuclear power without C 02 emissions from fue1.At
present,440 nuclear reactors in operation worldwide have an overa11capacityas high as
370 G W ( a r o u n d 1 5 % o f the electricitygeneration),and35nuclear plants are underconstruction in2007,almost a11inAsia[2].
The use of nuclear power is highly appreciated,because not only of its negligible
C 02 emissions,but also of its important role in supplying base 1oad electricitythat
can compensate disadvantages of intermittency associated with both solar and wind
power systems of current interest.The inherently quite1ow energy density of sunlight

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2. u S .

3 . U.S .

m
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i : iti:lil ■一 iil :;l■(<kW/m2) a s we11as wind(a few W/m2) i s another disadvantage that makes it hard to1

exp1oit new Locations appropriate for exten ive insta11ations;e. g. thearea2 necessaryfor
a nuclear power station of I G W is 0 . 3 k m , b u t areas aslarge a s 6 0 k m f o r solar and2 5 0 k m2 for wind are needed in order to generate the same amounts ofelectricity.
It is essentialto compare costs of power generation. Thelight water reactors,
making up most of world's nuclear power capacity, produce electricity at
˜$0.03 0.07/kWh,whereas wind turbines produce at ˜$0.1/kWh.For solar power,
photovoltaic(PV)ce11s produce electricityat around$0.25 0 .40/kWh,while the cost ofconcentrated solar thermalsystems

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1able2Intemationalr m kings o「 vind , solar phoLovo1l aic and nudcar po v l.lr capaciL y (in G W )、、Solar PV(2006)
2.86
l Ge m nny
l .7 i2. JapanWind(2007 )22 .25
1 . G e mlanyl 6 S215 . l 4
3 ̲ Spain
7 . 85
4. lndia
5 91
5 ̲ Chi11a.

.

13 . Japan
World total

Nuclear(2006)
l . t ' .S .
.

-

̲

2 F l anc ,
,

pai1

0 .62

ll . J: t.

4 . Spain
5 Australia

0. l 20. 07

4 . l il l isia
5. ( i e mlan

1 . 5494 . 0World total

5. lWorld tota1.

l04 . 75
66 .0249.58
23 . 19、 2 l ̲1 7
370

(using mirrors to focus the Sun's heat for heating up a workingfluid that in turn drives aturbine)is estimated at about$0.17/kWh[2].

3. Advanced renewalenergy
In addition to conventionalrenewalenergy sources currently used to reduce C 02
emissions,R&D is extensively carried out in advanced fields oftechno1ogies,including
ocean(tides and waves)energy,enhanced geothermalsystems(EGS),concentrated
solarsystems as wellas solar PV with high efficiency,and artificialphotosynthesis.
0 f these,ocean energy would be margina1on the g1obalscale,although many
researchers are trying to break into the renewable energy market[7] .
Geothermalsystems use part of vast amounts of heat contained in earth's interior,
but it is a hard resource to use for electricitygeneration except in a few specific places,such as those with hot springs.0nly five countries
CostaRica.EI Salvador,Iceland,
Kenya and the Philippines generate more t h a n 1 5 % o f their electricitythis way.
Recently,however,a DOE sponsored study by a pane1ofthe Massachusetts Institute ofTechno1ogy(MIT)[8]suggested that enhanced geothermalsystems(EGS)that injectwater at depth from3to10kmwould make it possible

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to set u p 1 0 0 G W of geothermalelectricityin the United States a1one[9]. This idea
1eads to a g1oba1 figure o f a terawatt(TW)1eve1of electricitygeneration.although there
are uncertainties in the analysis and gaps in knowledge.
Earth receives about100 PW of solarpower at its surface. this is enough energy
everyhour to supply humanity 's energy needs for a year . Taking account ofthe size ofthe resource,solar power would be the most promising carbon ?ree energy,butfurther
technologicaldeve1opment is required to overcome the ultimatelimitation of darkness.

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Dec 1 8 13:30 ˜ 15:30

Solar ce11s do not generate electricityat night,and c1ouds decrease the power avaiiable.
Some concentrated solar thermalsystems get around this by storing up heat during the
day for use at night(molten salt is one possible storage medium),which is one of thereasons they might be preferred over photovoltaic ce1ls forlarge insta1lations[2] .
MIT researchers have reported a revolutionaryleap that could overcome a maj orbarrier tolarge scale solar power:storing energy for use when the sun doesn't shine[10]Inspired by the photosynthesls performed by plants, they have deve1oped an
unprecedented process that wi11a11ow the sun's energy to be used to split water into H2
and 02 gases. Later,the oxygen and hydrogen may be recombined inside afuelce11,
creating carbon free electricityday or night. The key component in their process is a
new catalyst that produces 02 from water;another catalyst produces H2. T h e newcatalyst consists of cobalt meta1, phosphate and an electrode,placed in neutralpH water,
and works at room temperature .

--4. Nuclear fusion,the ultimate energysource
Nuclear fusion research began early in the1950's,with hopes of deve1oping a fusion
reactor or contro11ed thermonuclear reactor(CTR)that might give an ultimate solution
to energy problems on the earth. During the first internationalconference on thepeacefuluse of atomic energy,held in Geneva in1955,the chairman said that fusion
techno1ogy would be deve1oped within20 years.It has passed more than50 years since
the conference,but the hope is not yet realized . Nobody understood the difficultyof
confining high temperature plasmas,which would be the key to nuclear fusion to occur.
Based on the progress of plasma confinement techno1ogies attained withlarge
tokamak devices such as JET(EU),TFTR(US)and JT 60(Japan)in the past decades,w e are climbing now the stairs to realizing a CTR,ca11ed ITER(Internationa1
Thermonuclear ExperimentalReactor).ITER is designed to test the feasibility offusion
power.The machine willtrap hydrogen isotopes
deuterium(D)and tritium(T)inmagnetic 111i l.1 lds and heat them to abo e100 mi1lion ( elsi Ll s. At that temperat t l l e .the Da n d T nuclelwi11fuse to form l目e. releasing14 MeV neutrons and e1l crg l1 in theprocess.Although the naturalabundance of deuterium(0.0 1 5 3 % ) w o u l d ensure asufficient supply of this isotope for thefueling of D Tfusion reactors,tritium withnegligible abundance is to be artificia11y produced and a practicalfusion reactor should
breed atleast as much tritium it consumes[11].Despite the use ofradioactive tritium as
thefue1,a fusion reactor is envisaged to be a clean energy source,because it generate
1ess amounts of 1ong 1ived radioactive waste compared with current fission reactors.
The ITER project was set up in1988 jointly by US,EU, Japan and Russia as design
w o r k , a n d extendedlater to the construction project with7partners,including
1atecomers such as China,South Korea and India[12]. After a n 1 8 month stalemate
over whether Japan or France should host the ITER,the site was decided in Cadarache,France in June2005 . The construction ofITER machine was scheduled to start in2007,
but it wi11reportedly be delayed by as much as3years,because the experiment is set tocost up t o 3 0 % m o r e than anticipated($12bi11ion over30 years)[13] . And theexperiment, already delayed,wi11not be completed untilanywhere from one to three
years after its current2016due date. 0peration of the first commercialfusion plant,
anticipated in2050,wi11also be delayed.Nevertheless,we do hope realization of
nuclearfusion reactors that wi11solve the energy problem in its entirety.

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2007.
816.

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5. Conclusion
There are a variety of carbon free energy resources currently used or envisaged to
become available in thefuture.To attain a sustainable future,we are expected to use
different sorts of energy resources(not only renewable energylike solar and wind. but
also nuclear power),taking account of their advantages and disadvantages.Nuclear
fusion energy is an ultimate energy source,but we wi11have to wait untilthe second
halfofthis centuryfor its realization.

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References[1] Climate Change2007 :AR4ofthe IntergovernmentalPane1on Climate Change[S.
So1omon,D. Qin,M.Manning,Z. Chen,M. Marquis,K.B . Averyt,M. Tignor and H.L .
Mi11er(Eds.)].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK and New York,USA,[2]Q. Schiermeier, J.Tollefson,T. Scully,A . Witze and 0. Morton,Nature454(2008)[3]Renewable2007:G1obalStatus Report,Renewable Energy Policy Network for the
21st Century(REN21)www.ren21.net,2008.
[ 4 ] R. Wiser and M.Bolinger A n nualReport on U.S.Wind Power Insta11ation,Cost,
and Performance Trends:2007,U.S.Department of Energy,Washington,DC,2008 .
[5]Renewable Energy Consumption and ElectricityPreliminary2007Statistics,U.S .
Department ofEnergy Washington,DC,2008.
[6]G1obalWind2007Report,G1obalWind Energy Counci1,Brussels,2008 .
[7]E.Ga11away,Nature450(2007)156.
[8]The Future of GeothermalEnergy:Impact of Enhanced GeothermalSystems(EGS)on the United States in the21st Century,Massachusetts Institute ofTechno1ogy,2006.
[9]AnEvaluation of Enhanced GeothermalSystems Techno1ogy,U.S. Department ofEnergy,Washington,DC,2008.
[10]M.W.Kanan and D.G.Nocera,Science321(2008)1072.
[11]H. Kudo,Radiochim.Acta70/71(1995)403 .
[12]D.Clery,Science321(2006)238.
[13]G. Brufie1,Nature453(2008)829.

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Chuan Jong Tung

Contact
Department of MedicalImaging and Radio1ogicalSciences
Chang Gung University
Kweishan,Taoyuan
Taiwan333
Te1(03)2118620
Emailcjtung@mai1.cgu.edu.tw
Education
1975 UniversityofTennessee,Ph.D.,Physics(Ma1or:Health Physics)
1972 University ofLouisvi11e,M.S.,Physics
1969 Chung Yuan Co11ege ofScience and Engineering,B . S.,Physics-

Experience
1975 1977
1977 1981
1981
1982 1985
1989 1992
1982
1984
1987 1988
1992 1993--

Research Associates,Health Physics Division,0ak Ridge NationalLaboratory
Associate Professor,Institute ofNuclear Science,NationalTsing Hua University
Professor,Department ofNuclear Science,NationalTsing Hua University
Director,Health Physics Division,NationalTsing Hua University
Chairman,Institute ofNuclear Science,NationalTsing Hua University
Visiting Professor,Department ofPhysics,0dense University,Denmark
Visiting Professor,Department ofBiophysics,Dundee University,U.K.
Visiting Research Co11aborator,Health Physics Division,Brookhaven NationalLab.
Visiting Professor,Department ofNuclear Engineering,Texas A & M University

Research Interest
MicrodosimetryofBNCT,proton therapy,and Auger emitter〇ptimization ofdiagnostic radio1ogy(image qualityversus radiation dose)
QA and radiation dosimetryofradiotherapy
Health physics-

P u b lications(2007 2008)
1. C. M . K w e i , Y . H . T u and C. J.Tung,Surface ExcitationParameter for Electrons Crossing the AIN
Surface,Vacuum82,197 200,2008(SCI).

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2. C . J.Tung,C. J.Lee,H.Y.Tsai,S.F.Tsai andI, J.Chen,Body SizeDependentPatientEffective-

3.

Dose for Diagnostic Radiography,Radiation Measurements43,1008 1011,2008(SCI).
C. J.Tung,L.C.Wang,H.C.Wang,C.C.Lee andT.C.Chao,In vivo Dose Veri fication forPhoton
Treatments ofHead and Neck Carcinomas using MOSFET Dosimeters,Radiation Measurements43
870 874,2008(SCI).
Y . H . T u , C . M. Kwei and C. J.Tung,Angular and Energy Dependences ofthe Surface Excitation
Parameter for Semiconducting III V Compounds,Surface Science601,865 870,2007(SCI).
H . Y . T s a i , C . J . T u n g , C . C . Y u and Y.S.Tyan,Survey ofComputed Tomography Scanners in
Taiwan:Dose Descriptors,Dose Guidance Levels,and Effective Doses,MedicalPhysics34,1234
1243,2007(SCI).
C. J . T u n g , W . T . C h a n , T . C . C h a o , Y . H . T u and C.M.Kwei,Inelastic Interactions ofLowEnergy
Electrons with Bio1ogicalMedia,Nuclear Instruments and Methods A580,598 601,2007(SCI).
C. J.Tung,T.C.Chao,H.W.Hsieh and W.T.Chan,Low Energy ElectronInteractions with Liquid
Water and Energy Depositions in Nanometric Volumes,Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 2 6 2 ,231 239,2007(SCI).
C. J . Tung,H.Y.Tsai,M.Y.Shi,T.T.Huang,C . H. Yang and I. J.Chen,APhantom Study of

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5.

6.

7.

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Advancement of MedicalPhysics Education in Taiwan-

Chuan Jong Tung

Departmen t of M edica1 Im a gi ng a n d Radio1ogica1 Sciences, C hang Glu ng U n iverslty,
naiwanDepartm en t of Biom edica1l Englneering andEnviro nm enta1l Sciences, N at1onalTsing

aua Unl versia, llaiwan

The historyof medicalphysics education in Taiwan began at NationalTsing Hua
University(NTHU)more than30 years ago. In1975,the Graduate Institute of
Nuclear Science ofNTHU established its Health Physics Program for a Master degree(1ater for a Ph.D.degree),see Fig . 1.

At that time,students were trained through asummer internship program at the Radio1ogicalDepartment ofNationalTaiwan
UniversityHospita1. The Graduate Institute ofNuclearScience later became theDepartment ofNuclear Science which then became the Department of Biomedica1
Engineering and EnvironmentalSciences as we know it today. At the same time,the Health Physics Program has also been renamed as the MedicalPhysics
Program.
Today,eleven M.S.and five Ph.D. students are enro11ed in the Medica1,

Physics Program each year. Approximately one third ofthem are working
professionals,including physicians,medicalphysicists,medicaltechno1ogists,
govemment emp1oyees and etc. The Program off el rs fundamentalcourses such as
Nuclear Science,Physics ofRadio1ogy,Health Physics,Radiation Bio1ogy,Radiation
Dosimetry and Radiation Detection and Measurement.
Advanced courses inmedicalimaging(BiomedicalImage Processing,ClinicalMedicalPhysics Seminar:
Diagnostic Radio1ogy,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles andApplications,andPrinciples ofMedicalUltrasonics),nuclear medicine(Diagnostic NuclearMedicine,
Molecular Imaging Pharmaceuticals,and Nuclear Medicine and Techno1ogy),andradiotherapy(Radiation Therapy Physics and ClinicalMedicalPhysics Seminar:
Radiation Therapy)are also available. Currently,alarge number of clinicalmedica1
physicists working at hospitals in Taiwan as we11as many renowned medica1
physicists in the United States are a11graduates from this NTHU program.
,

,

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2 36

-

D e c 1 8 1 5 : 5 0 ˜ 17:10

NgtionalTsing Hua Univers ity.

Coliege of N aclearScieace

Of adluate lnstituteof Nucleaf Sciefice(M.S.andPh D . Degf ees )̲1975 Healtl1l PhpicsProg m m

Radiochemis try Programof Suoce
Depatment 0f BiomedicalEnginee11'ing mdEnvirm m的tal Sciences(B ̲ S.,M S.andPh D .Degrt1es)
MBP Pro,̲

M edicalP1ll gicsPn1lgranl
1997

E M S Prog

Fig . I The Deve1opment of MedicalPhysics Program at NTHU
Since NTHU does not have a medicalschoo1,students ofits MedicalPhysics
Program can only receive practicaltrainings from the off site clinicalfacilities.
Presently,through the2 month summer intemship program,trainings are provided to
students at both1ocaland oversea hospitals. Participants of such training programs
include most ma1j or hospitals in Taiwan and a few cooperative hospitals in the U.S.,
see Fig. 2 . In addition,to further promote the study ofMedicalPhysics,a contract
has also been signed betweenNTHU and Chang Gung MemorialHospitalwhere thetwo parties agreed to join efforts on a wide range of activities,including faculty
exchange,research co11aboration,and clinicaltraining .

--Fig.2Student ClinicalTrainings through Cooperation with Localand O versea Hospitals.

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iI

The release of Ionizing Radiation Protection Act in2002has had a profound

impact on the medicalphysics profession in Taiwan. Before2002,radiation
protection standards applied only to radiation workers and members ofthe public.
After the passage ofthe Act, protections are now extended to include patients who aresubject to medicalradiation exposures. Article17ofthe Act regulates a11medica1
insta11ations to perform QAon their facilityand personne1. The purpose of QA is toassure that medicalexposures to radiation workers and patientsare as1ow asreasonably achievable(ALARA). Current QA standards genera11y fo11ow thoserecommended by theAmerican Association ofPhysicists in Medicine(AAPM)andthe Mammography QualityStandardsAct(MQSA). Presently,QAis mandatory
only for mammography x ray units,radiotherapylinear accelerators,Co 60 treatment
units,brachytherapy sources,and CT simulators. QAfor computed tomography andfluoroscopywi11be required in the near future. The adoption ofthe Ionizing
Radiation Protection Act has substantia11y increased the demand ofmedicalphysicists
in the hospitals.
I n Taiwan,important researches ofnew technologies in diagnosis and therapy
involving medicalphysics are currently in progress. The NTHU has recently enteredinto an agreement with Taipei Vleterans GeneralHospitalto promote a study thatled toa clinicaltria1ofthe boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT). This study includes
interdisciplinaryareas ofboron compounds,nuclear engineering,radiation
dosimetry/microdosimetry,and treatmentplanning . I n addition,the Chang Gung
MemorialHospitalhas signed a contract with Sumitomo HeavyIndustry, Japan tobuild a state of the art proton therapy facility i n Taiwan. Furthermore,theEvergreen Group is considering the importation ofheavyion therapy facilityand
promotion ofhea1vyion research in Taiwan. Both proton and heavyion therapies
have the advantages ofhaving alarger value on the relative bio1ogicaleff el ctiveness(RBE)and a sma11er value on the oxygen enhancement ratio(0ER),see Fig. 3 .
Therefore,they are superior to the photon therapy. As the result ofthese ongoing
researches,there is a growing demand of clinicalmedicalphysicists in Taiwan.

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RBE

Thehigher
th e better

E

Raa l:a tior1),(・ rav

protonHel i u m.

p I o, n广・

c arb lo n

f li

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Sj1」conA r lllonf〕
fli1

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the :l l etter10.

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2 .口 3 口 4 [].

Fig . 3Comparison ofDifferent Particles on theRBE and OE R for Radiotherapy.
Despite the steady progression and advancement ofmedicalphysics education in
Taiwan,we continue to face many cha11enges. For one,pay compensation forclinicalmedicalphysicist in the hospitals are relatively1ow and should be increased.
Another m可or issue is related to the establishment of QA regulations for medica1
exposures which certainly require ftlrther deve1opment and expansion.
References1.

http://www.nthu.edu.tw/english/index.php

2.

http://www.nuc1.nthu.edu.tw/3.

http://www.ns.nthu.edu.tw/bmes/

4.
5.

http://www.nes.nthu.edu.tw/
http://www.aec.gov.tw6.

http://140.112.124.117/xms/7.

http://www.cgumirs.org/web2/

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.

Personalhistory
Name
Date of birth

Kimiko Horiuchi
Jan.16,1938

Occupation
DegreeOfficeProfessor
Doctor of Science

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Otsuma Women's University
Dept.ofEnvironmenta1
Information Science

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1961

3

1964

Riken Plastic Ltd. Kugahara Laboratory
9 ˜1991 3 :1991

Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityAssistant Researcher
3 ˜ 1992 3 :1981

Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityAssistant Professor
11 ˜ 1983 4 :Business career

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Present address
TEL

TEL

こ

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-,, ,iTokyo206- 8540 Japanfi i+81 - 042-339-0089
2- 1 -23Nakai S hinjuku- ku Tokyo 161 - 0035 Japan+81 - 03 -3951 -5720

Address in office

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2 7 1 Karakida Tama City

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Tokyo Metropolitan University:Dept.of Science:
ChemistrySection Graduation
1961 4 ˜ 1 9 6 4 8 :-London University:MedicalResearch Counci1,Hammersmith
Hospital,Cyc1otron Unit,ChemistryDept.:
Postdoctoralfe11ow
1994 3 ˜ n o w

Otsuma Women's University:Dept.ofEnvironmenta1
Information Science:Professor
Research subj ect

1

The radon concentration measurement and radiochemistryand

geochemistryof naturalwater(thermalwater,underground water,
spring water,and river water,etc.)
2. RadiationEducation

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f Pf

Kimiko Horiuchi

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2- 7-1 Krakid,a na m a CltyT(okyo 2 06 8540 Japan〇tsuma W mens U n lversity,1 EnvironmentalInf(o rmation Sclence- -T,e11 ◆ +81-42 .1i.1i 9 0 089--

Falc◆ +81 4 2-3 39-0 044 E m al11 ◆ horiuchi@otsum a a c Jp

Introduction

The radiation and the radioactive substance exist everywhere on the earth. We always

receive cosmic rays and the radiation fromthe radioactive substance ofnature after
the birth ofthe earth. Various radioactive sources exist in the environment thatsurrounds us.However,welive hardly considering the radiation because the radiation
doesn't feelit in our senses.

Historyof the earth
The birth of the element and the formation of the celestialbody are related to thenaturalexistence of the radioactive materia1on the earth. Space exists fromlong ago-

etema11y,and it seems not to change forever.But,the starin space is bom,grows up
and grows old as we11as the animaland the plant.In the begin ning the hydrogen
subject which is drifting in the space shrinks by its own weight and it begins to makethe star.When these gases shrink,this gravityenergy changes into heat and becomes ahigh temperature.The nuclearfusion reactions of the hydrogen combustion and thehelium burning,etc.happen and a heavyelement is made gradua11y when becoming ahigh temperature.These heavyelements gradua11y make a heavier element from aheavyionic reaction further.This nuclearreaction continued for about six bi11ion
years. The dust generated after the nuclearreaction hardened over200 mi11ion years
1ater. Then the solar system was formed,and the earth was bom.Though the earth isborn and4.6bi11ion years have already passed,the earth consists ofthe dust generated
with various nuclear reactionslike this.Therefore,many kinds of radioactive
elements exist sti11in the earth. U and Th exist enormously since the time ofthe birth-ofthe earth. Np etc.that are the short half 1ife elements have already disappeared.
Therefore,radiationlevels were farhigher than now before three bi11ion years thebirths ofthelife on the earth.Time untiltoday is verylittle elapsed time comparedwith the historyofthe earth fortwo mi11ion years when the human race showed up on
the earth.Therefore,it can be said that theleve1ofthe radioactivitydoesn't have a big

difference too much either.However,theliving being including man has done
evolution and deve1opment as it is surrounded by such alarge amount of a radioactive
materia1. The entire amount ofthe radioactive materialcontained in the earth's crust is

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:i i : i●

一 ii mpresumed to exceed 1015Ci.The decay energy of the radioactive materialthat exists inthe soilis used to maintain the heat ofthe earth as a geothermalenergy.
Cosmic rays
It is thought that the supemova exp1osion ofthe Galaxy and the sun wi11be the originof cosmic rays.Cosmic raysare the mixture of not a single radiation but various
radiations and there are primaryand secondarycosmic rays in them.The primarycosmic ray that is the particle mainly composed of the proton is accelerated in thespace and enters toward the earth. The secondarycosmic ray is generated with thenuclearreaction of the atom in atmosphere and the primarycosmic ray. A part ofthe
cosmic ray that progresses toward the earth is captured in the magnetic field of earth
which is in the height of over hundredskmfrom the groundleve1. And,the stratified
space that is ca11ed a Vlan A11en belt with strong radiation intensityis made. Cosmic
rays withlarge energy progressfurther to the earth,and the number of cosmic ray's
particles that reach the earth becomes1 2pieces/cm2・ s on the earth. Cosmic rays
which came to atmosphere where the earth is surrounded reacts with the nucleus of
the oxygen,nitrogen,argon,etc.and radioactive materia1,neutron,electron,etc.are
generated. In additionthe neutron reacts withthe nucleus of oxygen and nitrogen,and generates the radiocarbon.Strength ofthe cosmic ray is almost constant from the
1ong ago to the present age and strengthens whileleaving the groundlevelhigh.The
cosmic ray's strength rises rapidly which is one in the sealeve1,become to five at
4,500 meters high then become to75at16,500 meters high.

--Radiation from the earth
A1ot ofradioactive materialsuch as U , T h exists in the earth's crust after the birth ofthe earth.The uranium and the thorium,start elements of the decay series,decay one

by one and become the stablelead . There are three decay series ofthe uranium series,
the thorium series,andthe actinium series in nature.The element that be1ongs to three
decay series,decay with radiation and changes into the other elements. Besides,in theearth's crust,there are many kind ofthe nuclide shown in Table1.Therefore,we wi11
receive the radiationf 1rom the earth from the outside of the body.The main radiationthat we receive from the earth is a gamma ray.Strength ofthe gamma ray is different
according to the chemicalcomposition ofthe soi1ofthe area.
Radioactive substance i n water and foodRadioactive substances such as radon and 3H exist in a11naturalwater such as thesurface seawater,the river water,thelakes and marshes water,rain water,and the hotspring water. BecauseRnis a soi1origin,it exists a1ot in underground water than in

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the surface water.0n the other hand,man's food also grows whiie taking water andthe chemicalcomposition from the earth.Therefore,in food there are various
radioactive materialespecia11y 4oK.Food, plant and anima1,takes K from water andthe earth as a essentialelement of theliving body. A n d there are various radioactive
substances such as 14C and 3H and 21oPb also excluding 4oK in food.
Table1

ActiveAdditionalnatura11y occurring radioactive substances
Half Life
Isotopic AbundanceType of Disintegration-

Substance
4oK

5o

v

β一(89%),EC(11%)β一( ˜ 3 0 % ) , E C ( ˜ 7 0 % )P

l23 TeEC138La

l3- ( ˜ 3 0 % ) , C ( ˜ 7 0 % )

ce

142

144N d
147

sm

152

Gd

α
α
α
α

l 7 6Lu

174Hf

α

l57Re

pt

l70

(%)
0.0118x 1 0 15
4 . 8 x 1 0 1o
6 x 1 0 14
1 2 x 1 018
1 .1 2 x 1 0 11
˜ 5 x 1 015
2 . 4 x 1 0 15
1.05x1011
1 1 x 1 0l4
2 . 2 x 1 01o
2 0 x 1 0 15
4 . 3 x 1 0 1o
6.9 x 1 0 l 1

0.25

6

87R b

115I n(Years)1 . 2 6 x 1 09

α

27.85
95.77
0.87

0.089

11 .07
23.87

15.07
0.20
2.60

0 . 16362.93
0 .0127

Radioactive substance in human body
There is a radioactive substance in the human body because the person depends onwater and food with the radioactive substance.In the comparison,about 0 . 2 % o f t h ehuman body is essentialelement K. A n d , 0 . 0 1 2 % o f K is radioactive element, 4oK.
The main radioactive elements that existed in the human body are summarized inTable2.

Table2Radioactive materialin human body and example of the concentration

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m
・ ,i a n
一Radioactive substanceConcentration

4oK(Bq/kg)
67

c

41

87R b

8 .5

14

21 o

pb or 21opo

l l:Radioactivityof whole body
(Number of Bq ofpeople of 60 kg)
4,100
2,600
520
19

0 . 0 7 4 ˜ 1 .5

238U

1.1

The person is always receiving the radiation to the inside of the body withtheseradioactive elements.This says, "Internalexposure",and is distinguished from
"Externalexposure" of the radiation received from outside of the body. The
radioactive substance taken into the inside of the body is excreted without

accumulating afterwards though is distributed in various intemalorgans and theorganization according to the interna1organs compatibility.Bio1ogicalhalflife is time
untilthe amount ofthe radioactive materialin the inside ofthe body decreases to1/2
with the excretion mechanism. The radioelement is properly excreted to outside ofthebody without accumulating by metabolizing.Therefore,radiationlevels in the inside-

ofthe body do not go up.For instance, 137Cs with a physicalhalf 1ife about30 years is
actua11y excreted to outside ofthe body at the half 1ife of about100 days.

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That is,the amount of the radioactive substance taken into the inside of the bodydecreases by the synergy eff el ct of the physicalhalf life and the bio1ogicalhalf 1ife.
Thus,radiationlevels in the human body are kept constant almost through thelife.
And,the difference is not seen between ancient people and modern people as forradiationlevels.

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Conclusion

A11men wholive on earth have received the environmentalnaturalradiation.Table3
showed average value of the exposure dose of people in the world.However,thisvalue is a mean value to the end,and it changes considerably greatly according to theregion and thelifestyle where welive.
For instance,the radiation dose of the Kanto where Kanto 1oam is made of the--

volcanic ash region is 0.2 0.3mSvless than that ofthe Kansai area whereare a1ot of

granite zones.In the world,there are some regions where the exposed dose is high in
China,India,and Brazi1.In these area,the height of the exposed dose are5 20 m S v
per year.However,there is no case who says that it died young by the natura1
radiation in such the provinces,and the Kerala area in India is known as a1onglife
region.

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一 i ilTable3Exposure dose(average value in the world)

Origin o f radiation

Exposure dose(mSv)

Cosmic Ray
Earth

0.39

0.48

Food

1.29

R n i n atmosphere
Tota1

1 .26

i

˜ 2.4

Human race's1ong historyhas progressed as mentioned above in the natura1
radiation that surrounds us. We cannot request the environment of radiation zero.
Therefore,it is important tolearn correct knowledge conceming the radiation and theatomic energy which increases more and more about the importance degree.
It is more important to be going to promote the radiation education in thefuture.

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Biograph y of D f.Chin Pan
Dr. Chin Pan is a professor of the Department of Engineering and

System Science and the Dean ofthe Co11ege ofNuclear Science ofthe
NationalTsing Hua University(NTHU). Dr.Pan received his B S
degree in nuclear engineering from NationalTsing Hua Universityin
1979,MS and Ph.D degrees in nuclear engineering from Universityof
I11inois at Urbana Champaign(UIUC)in1983and1985,respectively.
After receiving his doctoraldegree,Dr.Pan served as a visiting research assistantprofessor at UIUC before joining NTHU as an associate professor i n 1 9 8 6 a n dpromoted to fu1lprofessor in1990. From August1992to August1993,Dr. Pan
conducted research and served as a Visiting Professor of the Department of Nuclear
Engineering ofUIUC with a fe11owship from the NationalScience Counci1ofTaiwan,
R〇C. In the summer of 1998,he conducted microchannelboiling studies in the-

Department of Engineering Science of the Universityof Oxford as an academic
visitor with a visiting fe11owship from Engineering and PhysicalSciences ResearchCounci1,UK.In the next summer,he conducted researches on multidimensiona1-

modeling of two phasef1ow in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institutes as a visiting
scholar with a fe11owship from the NationalScience Counci1of Taiwan,ROC. He
served as the Chairman of the Department of Engineering and System Science of

NTHU from February,2001to January,2004and the director ofthe Center for Energy
and EnvironmentalResearch from December2003to July2008. Dr. Pan has been

serving as the Dean ofCo11ege ofNuclearScience since August,2005.
Dr. Pan's research activities for the past twentyyears have been in the areas of-two phase flow,boiling heat transfer and energy engineering with a specialfocus ontransition boiling,nucleate boiling near CHF,nuclear reactor thermalhydaulics,
two phasef1ow instabilitywith or without nuclear coupling,two phase natura1
circulation1oops,microchanneltwo phase flow,microchannelboiling,microchanne1
heat sink,microchannelreactor,and therma1 fluid transport infuelce11systems,

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especia11y micro direct methanolfuelce11s.He published a book in Chinese entitled
Boiling Heat Transfer and Two phase F1ow in2001 . He authored and co authoredabout60 SCI journalpapers and80 conference papers. He received a distinguishedresearch award in1998and three exce11ent research awards earlier from the Nationa1--

Science Counci1of Taiwan,ROC. He also received an outstanding industry-

academy co11aboration award from the M inistryofEducation of Taiwan,ROC in2003 ,He served as the chairman of the academic committee for joint projects of Atomic
Energy Counciland NationalScience C o u n c i l f r o m 2 0 0 1 t o 2 0 0 5. He is now
serving as the chairman of the AdvisoryComnittee ofNuclearSafetyin the Atomic
Energy Counci1.

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o ?9 ● : 目■ l i ■ i' ■Research and Education on Nuclear Science and Engineeringat NationalTsing Hua University
Chin Pan

Coliege of Nucle ar Sclence
NationalTsing Hua U n ivers lty
Hsinchu,T,aiwan
Abstract

Nuclear science and techno1ogy has been one of the m可or subjects of researchand education in NationalTsing Hua University(NTHU)since its establishment at
Hsinchu in1956. In fact,at that time,the Institute ofNuclearScience was the firstand only educationalunit in the University. The construction of Tsing Hua Open
Poolresearch reactor was started in1959and it reached first criticalityon Apri119,
1961.

The Co11ege ofNuclear Science was established in1974and now the Co11ege

has been one of thelargest educationalunits in the world on nuclear science andengineering off el ring comprehensive education and conducting integrated research. I n
this talk,the evolution of the Co11ege,some research activities and education on
nuclearscience and techno1ogy at NTHU,recent effiort ofthe Co11ege on g1obalization,and contribution ofNTHU nuclearscience and techno1ogy education and research to
the deve1opment of nuclear power and other civilapplications wi11be addressed. It
can be revealed that education provided and research conducted at NTHU has been

the major driving force for the development of nuclear science and engineering in
Taiwan-2 47

Curriculum vitae:Dr. Eszter T6th
I was bom in Budapest,Hungaryin1948.
Graduating Roland Eotvos University,Budapest as a teacher ofmathematics,physics1971
PhDin1976 Teaching ofQuantum mechanics at Roland Eotvos University,Budapest.

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1971 - 1991physics teacher in Jozsef Attiia High Schoo1,Budapest.
1990-2003physics teacher in Lauder Javne Schoo1,Budapest
1982 - 1992and2002-co worker at the Eotvos University,Atomic Physics Department-

19922005-

leader of the R A D Labor(RAD: CancerRisk in Low Radioactive Doses)
chairwoman ofFoundation Young Researchers,Science Center Vac-

1973 - 1983 member of the Education Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1971 member ofthe Roland Eotvos PhysicalSociety(four years cycles serving twice as
secretarygenera1ofthe EducationalGroup)
1990member ofthe HungarianNuclear Association

1979member of GIREP(IntemationalResearch Group for Physics Education),
1991-1995secretarygenera1of GIREP
1985-1998I taught in 10 Third Word countries sent by theUNESC0 project: "Computers in
Physics Education ofthe Abdus Salam IntemationalInstitute for TheoreticalPhysics,Trieste

Up ti11now I gavelectures at Conferences,Workshops and Symposiums on Physics
Education(in50 countries)and from1992on research i n Indoor Radon Survey in Hungary

I have published70 papers in English on physics education,and26papers in English and20
in Hungarian on indoor radon research.I wrote6books,among them4high schooltextbooksin Hungarian.The one written for18years old(contained atomic and nuclear physics)wastranslated to Chinese(published in Beijing in2000),to Japanese(published in Tokyo in1997,
1998,1998),and the one written for14years old students was translated to Spanish
Oublished in Venezuela in1998)and to Chinese(published in Be1lj ing in1997).
Vac,Hungary,11december2008-(Dr. Eszter Toth)e maii: et3l5 a f reemai i.h Llphone: 36 30 263 8997

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Nuclear Literacy and Radiation Effects in Hungary
Eszter T6th
Young Researchers-Science Center,VAC
et ikuvac .hu

a

Nuclearliteracy is needed for a11citizens to be free of fear from radioactivityand
nuclear power or medicine.Hungaryis a veryspecialcountryconcerning this task.

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From geo1ogicalpoint of view:two tectonic plates-The European Asian and theAfrican plates co11ide just across under Hungary. I t means that geo1ogy of ourhomeland is very complex. There are some regions where uranium radium
concentration of soilis high,the s o i l i s relatively porous,and therefore the radon
concentration in homes can belarge . Indoor radon activityconcentrations can bemeasured by nuclear track detectors easily. L o c a l p u p i l s can be involved in the
distribution and co11ection of detectors.They also enthusiastic to co11ect information
about the house structure,to draw conclusions on maps of their vi11age,to findcorrelations between house structure parameters and radonleve1. And even theylearn
to feelresponsibilityfor the vi11age community;since theyleam from the media thatindoor radon in high concentrations can causelung cancer.

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But Hungaryhas another advantage from the point o f view o f the education on
nuclearliteracy. L e o Szilard,George de Hevesy,Eugen Wigner, Johnvon Neumann,
Edward Te11er was bom in Budapest,Hungary.They spent their youth in Hungarian
schools;they1oved the Hungarian poems,music,and the beautifulcityBudapest.For
the Hungarian students one can teach nuclear physics and medicine as a kind of
Hungarian business .
And the third advantage is that Hungarya smali, flat country . W e have no
possibilityfor hydroelectric power,we have no good coalmines,we have a sma11
amount of gas,and the number of sunny or windy days is not enough for using solar
or wind powers inlarge scale.The only cheap and clean electric energy source is our
nuclear power plant.About40%of our electric consumption is given by our nuclear
power plant.

Age8tol4
From1992there is a survey of indoor radon measurement in Hungary . This survey
invited the teachers and their pupils in sma11vi11ages into a common project with theR A D Laboratory,which also ran by teachers and high schoolstudents. The CR39
track detectors can be handling easily. T h e detectors were placed in bedrooms forthree seasons(autumn,winter,and spring),and from the three results the yearly
average ofradon activityconcentration were estimated.
The starting point of the common project was an afternoon tea ;participants were
the1ocalpupils and the R A D Labor students.They were speaking about natura1
radioactivity, b u t which is more important they play with Geiger counters,they madesome experiments.They realized that even human being is a source ofradioactivityas
we11as the wa11s or tables or flowers in the schoo1.

Experimentl.

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Take a ba1loon!Before you flo w up to a big sphere measure how many clicks per
minute are given by the Geiger counter.F1ow it up!Rubbed it with your hair!(Theba11oon wi11be electrica11y charged.)Hang the ba11oon for a half an hour in thebasement or the1owestleve1ofthe schoolbuilding!Thenlet the air out ofthe ba11oon,
measured it radioactivityagain!
(Ifthere is enough time you can measure the halflife time ofthe ba11oon radioactivity .
It is about40 minutes,and it is a semi halflife time,because of two daughters of
the radon series-214Bi and214Pb.)

Experiment2.
Take a vacuum cleaner;put61ayers ofmedicalgauze at the end ofitstube.Sip the air
for a halfan hour.Measure the radioactivityofthe gauze before and after the sipping .
For the best results the sipping should be done in the1owestleve1ofthe building,in a
c1osed room. Even if someone is smoking in the room,the result is fantastic!(Andshowthe students that smoking is dangerous!; )-At the aftemoon tea the1ocalpupilsleam also how to distribute the detectors,how
to administrate it,how to fi11the questionnaire of the house structure andliving styleofthe family in the house.Because they meet the people ofthe measured homes,theyare eager tolearn everything about radon,about naturalradioactivity,its possible
health effects,and about the ways how to reduce radonlevelifit would be too high.
When the results arrive to the vi11age from the R A D Laboratorythe pupils post themto the families,they explain the meaning ofthe numbers,the can te11them what to do
for reducing. T h e y become important persons in their vi11age via their nuclear
knowledge!

Agel4to18
In traditionalphysics textbooksthe nuclearchapter introducesthe discoveryof
radioactivitywith some sentences of history,pictures of men with beards,and withthe we11 known figure in which a goesleft, li goes right,andγgoes straight forward.
The poor studentsleaming these things may veryproperly ask: H,o ,l,,can I decidef ior
or aga i nst nuclear p ow er f a11I k n ow that a goes left or w hen Rutherf(ordwas born? ''-、I n 1 9 8 4 a new physics curriculum was introduced in Hungary , i n which the nuclear
chapters are on the fo11owing topics:
I.
Experimenta1 discovery of nuclei and the neutron (Rutherford's,
Chadwick's and other experiments,shown by computer simulation).
I I.
Droplet modelfor heavynuclei(mapping the energy va11ey - i.e. p1ot ofenergy per nucleon versus the number of protons and the numbers ofneutrons) .
III.
Application ofthe droplet mode1(radioactive decay as'cooling'ofnuclei,
fission,naturaland artificialradiation,health effects,medicaluse of
isotopes,reactors,powerplants,bombs).
The textbook in this structure was written origina11y in Hungarian,but it is available
in Chinese and Japanese as we11. (For Chinese version contact professor Qin Kecheng( l i n ,anp(
1 u . e(1u.c ,for Japanese version:Maruzen Publisher.)
,

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■二I1ili E ■ : 目■

i ■ 目iExperimentation in high schools uses one of the above mentioned experiments. There
are also possibilities to observe the radioactivityofpieces ofrocks,diff e, rent minera1
waters,or plants.
Some of the high schools were participated also in the Hungarian radon survey . Theirstudents were eagertoleam some mathematicalstatistics to evaluate thelarge numberof the data.

In each year there is a student competition in nuclear physics in two age groups:from
1 2 t o 1 6 a n d for17 18years old. Hundred problems ofthis competition are off el red tothe organizing committee of I S R E 2 0 0 8 , o n e can ask the pdf file from them.
Surprisingly many of the students are able to solve these problems but the university
professors-̲Some examples-

1. The activities,the half lives and the energies of the emitted particles are the same for two
substances,which are called A and B .Substance A showsα一decay,substance B shows l3
decay .
a) Is substance A or substance B more dangerous for us ifthey are atthe same distance fromus?
b) Ifsubstances A and B enter a human organism and remain there,which and why wi11
cause more harm to the person's health?

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2. Leo Szilard,when heard about the discoveryof nuclear fission by German scientists,in
1939thought that nuclear chain reaction can be realized in practice.
a) What made him thinkthat nuclear chain reaction can be realized by nuclear fission?
b) What features are fissile nuclei supposed to have in order to be able to produce neutron
chain reaction?
c) When and where was the first chain reaction initiated?Who were the Hungarian born
scientists who participated at this event?
3. N o spontaneous nuclear chain reaction could set off by itself on planet Earth now . However,-traces o f an ancient reactor were found in the vicinityof rich uranium sites in Mid Africa(〇klo,Republic ofGabon)dating back to2bi11ion years.
a ) W h a t evidence do you think the research workers found,which made them conclude thatprehistoric reactors were active there,in which controlled neutron reactions went on?
b) What conditions could have existed2billion years ago that allowed the spontaneous
regulation ofthe nuclear chain reaction?How could this nuclear chain reaction have been set
o f f?
4 . There are two stable helium isotopes occurring on the Earth,namely the rare 3 He and themore frequent 4He. 3He has much higher concentration in the air than in naturalgas. How did
this difference evolve?

The Hungarian Nuclear Association calis the high schools in each year for acompetition. The participating schools have to create a series of events to introduce
the topic ofthe year for the widest range ofpopulation taking the knowledgeleve1of
the audience into account.The presentations can belectures,drama or music
performances,experiments,posters,exhibition or any other interesting event. This
year topic was Ed wa r d Te11er born 100years ago,the2009year wi11be dedicatedT he FirstArtjficia1l Nuclear C hai n Reaction ln Hungary, 1959.Thistype of activity
brings the non science students c1oser to nuclear physics.For example Edward Te11er

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一 ii ■ 目iwas a briliiant pianist as weli; h e wrote some poems in Hungarian,so a group of mystudents played some Mozart's pieces,recite Te11er's poems when they introduce
nuclear power safety̲Some results by the students but not in a childish way

A mathematicalstatisticalevaluation ofhouse structures and radonlevels showed thatthe oneleve1,no basement family houses built of sun dried mud bricks are the mosteff el cted by radon,ifthey1ocated in North Hungary in the hi11s,or on a granite hi11inCentralHungary .

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Indoor radon map of Hungaryfor the European radon mapping(10x10km2 grid)(Ra do nszint means a nnualaverage of radon activityconcentration.)

One o f the most radon aff el cted vi11age in Hungaryis Matraderecske.The populationof Matraderecske is2500 people;they be1ong mostly to the Pa1otz ethnic group. The
population ofthe vi11age is rather steady .There is no air po11ution. Men have worked
in mines,factories,60%ofthem is smoking Wom en however,stay at home and do n't
smoke. About2000 people were studied concerning radon inhalation and cancer
incidences. We can conclude w i t h 9 8 % c o nfidence,that women of the age group30-?

60 years do have a sma11e c hance of◆gefti3ng cancer ifthey live at m edium high radon
1eve1(between110 Bq/m and185Bqfm ), which is three to five times the oouatry
average.As ifthelittle bit elevated radonlevelwould save them from cancer .
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Curriculum Vitae
Name:

Kazuo Sakai

Date of Birth:

March19,1955

Place of Birth:Tokyo, Japan

Nationality:

Japanese

Mailing Address:

4 9 1Anagawa,Inage ku,Chiba
263 8555 J A ])A N--

Phone:+81432066290-

1

Fax:+81432064134-

E mail:kazsakai@nirs. go .j p
Education
1977

B . S . i n Biophysics and Biochemistry,UniversityofTokyo

1979

M.S. in Biophysics and Biochemistry,UniversityofTokyo1982

Ph. D . i n Biophysics and Biochemistry,UniversityofTokyo

ProfessionalCareer-1982 83

1985 - 89

1983 85-

1989 99-

Research Associate,Department of Radiation Biophysics,Facultyof Medicine,

Universityof Tokyo
Research Fe11ow,Genetics Division,Children's Hospital,Harvard MedicalSchoo1
Research Associate,Department of Radiation 〇nco1ogy,Facultyof Medicine,

Universityof Tokyo
Lecturer,Department of Radiation Oncology,Facultyof Medicine,Universityof

Tokyo

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1999 2000

Senior Research Scientist,Department o f B i o Science,CentralResearch Institu te-of Electric Power Industry
Senior Research Scientist, Low Dose Radiation Research Center, Centra1

2000 2006

Research Institute ofElectric Power Industry
2006to dateDirector, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute ofRadio1ogicalSciences.
Membership
A n Executive Committee Member ofJapan Health Physics Society

A member ofthe Committee5ofICRP

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Bio1ogicaleffects of lowlevelradiation
Kazuo Sakai,,

Rese a r c h Center f(o rRadiationProtectto 1. Nat1ona111stitute of Radio1oglcalSclences, Chiba263-,855 5 Japan

Abstract
Radiation is often said to be harmfulno matter how1ow the dose is. This concept,called LNT mode1,is abasic concept for risk estimaion in the current radiation protection system. However,it is based only on
extrapolation ofdata at high doses into1ow dose range,even to zero dose. Living organisms,on the other hand,posesse some protectivefunctions;they are effective to reduce damage caused by radiation when its dose and/or
dose rate islow . In this sense the effects ofradiation highly deped on itslevel. The detrimentaleffect ofhighlevelradiation should not be underestimated;however,one should not be too much scared ofradiation.

--

Keywords:low dose;low dose rate;adaptive response;LNT mode1

l. Introduction-

It is sometimes said that radiation is detrimenta1
no matter h o w l o w its dose is. It istrue that highdoses ofradiation is damaging.However,situation isdifferent when thelevelof radiation is1ow,as webeen carried out on the groups of people exposed toradiation,including A bomb survivors in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki,no increase in the hereditaryeffects
has been detected. Therefore,the major concem isthe induction ofcancer.
Epidemio1ogicaldata suggest cancer risk increases
at the dose higherthan100 mSv. In the1ower dose
range,due to uncertainty associated with data,there
is no significant increase in cancer risk(Pierce1996,
Preston2003).
From the viewpoint of radiation protection,it has
been assumed that the risk would increaselinearlywith the dose without threshold(ICRP2007). This
assumption is called LNT hypothesis or LNT
model . The LNT hypothesis relies on a simple
m o d e l o f carcinogenesis,which was proposed inearlier days(Fig. 1 ) . Cancer is caused by a mutatedce11. Mutation is caused by DNA damage;theamount of DNA damage is increasedlinearly to thedose;therefore,cancer is induced proportiona11y to
the dose.From the viewpoint ofthe current bio1ogy,
this is too simple.

wi11discuss be1ow

2.Two types of biologicaleffects

Bio1ogicaleffects of ionizing radiation has beengrouped intotwo categories depending on the causeof effects.
One is ca1led deterministic effects which arecaused by theloss of the cells in tissues/organs.
Radiation damage other than cancer and hereditaryeffects are classified into this category . The dose
response ofthistype of effects has a threshold,below
which no effect would be observed.
The othertype of effects is termed stochastic
effect which are thought to be caused by mutation ofa cel1. Cancer and hereditarydiseasesare classified
in this category.Although extensive research has

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the D N A damage;(3)a sophisticated system calied
apoptosis to remove those potentia11y malignant
c e l l s , i n which mutation has been accumulated;and( 4 ) t h e immune system to revomve malignantly
transformed ce11s. With these protectivefunctions
taken into account,it would be reasonable to think
the acturalrisk f r o m l o w doses radiation would beless than predicted by the LNT mode1.

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4.Dose rate effects

Fig . 1: A Simple Modelas a Basis for LNT Hypothesis

Bio1ogicaleffects in general is sma1ler when adose is given infractionated manner. This effect is
explained as fo1lows(Fig . 3 ) . When the protectivefunctions work to some extent,actualeffect appears
corresponding to those exceeding the protective
capacities.
For fractionated exposure, the theprotective functions dealwith the damagefrom eachfractions to end up withless totaleffects. The same
istrue w h e n a dose in a uniti of time(dose rate)is
1ower. The dose rate eff el cts have been demonstrated
in experimentalsystems(Ina et a1.2005)as we1lasin epidemio1ogicalstudies(Tao 2000).

3. Multiple steps in carci nogenesis and protectivefunctions

Advances in cancer biology have revealed that theprocess of carcinogeneses is much more complexedthan thoght earlier(Fig. 2 ) . It begins with DNA
damage caused by carcinogenic agents,including UVlight,environmentalcarcinogens,and high doses ofionizing radiation. Thses agents damage DNA
directly or indirectly through producing reactive
oxygen species . DNA damage would cause mutation .
When some types ofmutation accumulate in a single
celI,it w i l l b e transformed into a maIignant celI
which would keep growing without obeying tonormalce11growth regulation to end up with atumor.
It was also revealed that against each step in
carcinogenesis protectivefunctions are equipped.(1)Antioxidative molecules to remove the reactive
oxygen species;(2)DNA repairfunctions to remove

DNARepair

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1]

l

Muta lionAccumulation

Apoptosis
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Fig . 3Effects of dose fractionation /dose rate on risk frc

DNADamage̲̲Levelof protective fu r1ctlons

Va lに,us Calcinogeri li Agents --̲ ( C herrllals ll V, Radi allo l111 l-====:::[l lReactiveOxygenSpeaes
」
̲

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Acute exposure Fractionated expos l i'w dose rate exposu

o
a
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]

5.Adaptive Responses?

MalignantTransform ation

Under certain condiions the protectivefunctions
areknown to be stimulated by1owlevelradiation(Kojima1998for antioxidants;Le1998for DNA
repair;Chen2004for apoptosis;Ina and Sakai2005,

Proliferati1o nof Mallgnant Celis
ト

Ca的er

Fig 2: Protective Functions and Carcinogenic Process

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223
1 332
. 594
. 597 .

Ina et a1.2005,and Kojima et a1. 2002)forimmune
functions). 〇ne may expect the increase in theprotectivefunction would results in the induction ofresistance against radiation damage. In fact,aquiredradioresistance after1owlevelexposure has beenreported.This phenomenon was termed radiation
adaptive response. O riginally the response wasreported in human periphera11ymphocytes exposed to
1owlevelbeta raysfi omtritiated thymidine fo11owed
by exposure to X rays(01ivieri1984).The endpoint
was chromosome aberration(Ikushima1989). The
phenomena drew much attention of scientists and themany experiments have been done. Materials havebeen varioustypes of cultured ce11s as we1las human
lymphocytes.
Endpoints
studiedincludechromosome aberration, micronuclei formation,
mutation induction, and in vitro malignant
transformation.
The adaptive response is also
observed in whole body system . C57BL/6mice preirradiated with sma1ldoses acquire resistance against
1ethaldoses given severaldays later(Yonezawa
1996).
Also, increased resistance against
tumorigenesis has been reported for radiationinduced(Ina et al.2005)and chemically induced skintumors(Sakai et al. 2003)-

Cregan S P et a1 1999,Apoptosis and the Adaptive
Response in Human Lymphocytes . I nt J R a diat
Blo1l. 75:1087 1094 .

--Ikushima T., 1989, Radio adaptive response:characterization of a cytogenetic repair inducedby 1ow level ionizing radiation in cultured
Chinese hamster ce11s.Mutat Res. 227. 241 246.

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Ina

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,

Kojima S,Ishida H,Takahashi M,Yamaoka K.,2002
Elevation o f glutathione induced by 1ow -dose
gamma rays and its involvement in increased
naturalki1ler activity .Radiat Res.157,275 280 .

-Although for the purpose of radiation protection it isassumed that cancer risk increaselinearly with dose.
As we discussed above this does not necessarilyreflect the actualeffects of ionizing radiation.0ne
should not ignore the harmfuleffects of highleve1
radiation;however,one should not be too muchscared ofradiation when itslevelis1ow.To convey
this message to younger generation through radiation
education should be essentialfor ourfuture withgood use of inoizing radiation.

Kojima S et a1. 1998,Induction of mRNAs for
Glutathione Synthesis related Proteins in Mouse
Liver by Low Doses o f Gamma rays . Biochi m.
Biophys. Acta l384:312 318.

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Le XC et a1.1998, Inducible Repair of Thymine
GlycolDetected by an Ultrasensitive Assay for
DNA Damage. Science 280,1066 1069 .

-〇livieri G,Bodycote J, W o l f f S. 1984Adaptive-

response of human lymphocytes to 1ow
concentrations of radioactive thymidine. Sclen ce

Chen Z , S a k a i K. 2004Enhancement of radiationinduced apoptosis by preirradiation w i t h l o w
dose X rays in humanleukemia M〇LT 4ce1ls.
J Rad iat Res . 45. 239 243.

--

IntemationalCommission on Radio1ogicalProtection
2007, The 2007 Recommendations of theIntemationa1 Commission on Radio1ogica1
Protection . ICRPpublication103 . Ann ICRP.37,

6.Conclusions

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Ina Y.,Tanooka H,Yamada T . a n d Sakai,K. 2005
Suppression of thymiclymphoma induction by
1ife long1ow dose rate irradiation accompaniedatby immune activation in C57BL/6mice. Radiat
Res. 163. 153 158--

Y , and Sakai K 2005 Activation of
immuno1ogicalnetwork by chronic1ow dose rate
hadiation in wild type mouse strains;analysisi of
ummune ce1lpopulations and surface molecules.
I nt J RadiatBio1. 8 1 7 2 1 729.
l-References--

Pierce DA,Shimizu Y,Preston DL,Vaeth M,
Mabuchi K. l996,Studies ofthe mortality of
,

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Gamm a Irradiation, Int. J. Low Radiat l : 142
146

atomic bomb survivors.Report12,Part I. Cancer:
1950 1990. Radia1:Res. 1 4 6 , 1 27.

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Preston DL,Shimizu Y,Pierce DA,Suyama A,
Mabuchi K.,2003,Studies ofmortalityofatomic
bomb survivors.Report13:Solid cancer andnoncancerdiseasemortality:1950 1997. Radiat

Tao Z. et al.2000.Cancer Mortalityin the High
Background RadiationAreas of Yangjiang,China
during the Period b e t w e e n 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 9 5. J.
R a d i at Res. 41 .S31 S41.

Sakai K e t a1. 2003,Suppression of Carcinogenic
Processes in Mice by Chronic Low Dose Rate

Yonezawa M,Misonoh J and Hosokawa Y.1996,
Twotypes of X ray induced radioresistance in
mice:presence of 4 d o s e ranges with distinct
biologicaleffects. MutatRes.358,237 243.

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Res. 160. 381 407.

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4.

BI〇 DATA

l.

Name:

Mrs. Pannee Pakkong

2.

Position:

Assoc..Professor Applied Radiation and Isotopes Dept.Facultyof Science,KasetsartUniversityAge:

58year(date ofbirth:22 07 1950)--

Professionalarea of specialization and interest:
Radiochemistryastracer technique
EnvironmentalRadioactivity
5.

Education:

EducationalInstitutions Attended

Location

Major fields of
study

Degrees, Dip

South Dakota Schoo1of Mines andTechno1ogy

U.S.A.

Chemistry

M.S(1979)

Chula1ongkorn University

THAILAN
D

NuclearTechno1ogy

M.En(1976)

Chula1ongkorn University

THAILAND

GeneralScience

B.Sc(1972)

6. Some publications:P.Pakkong,U.Kovitvadthi,V.Ratanathongchai,P.Youngermjun,(2004).Elementa1
alysis of Mo11usk She11using Neutron Activation .T h e 4 3 t h Kasetsart
UniversityConference FisherySection,1 4Feb2004,P59 65
Boonyarath Pratoomchat,Pichan Sawangwong,Pannee Pakkong,Jorge Machado.
(2002).0rganic and inorganic compound variations in haemolymph,
epidermaltissueAnd cutica1over the molt cycle in Scy11a serrata(Decapoda)
Comparative Biochemistryand Physio1ogy PartA.131(2002)243 255
Somboon Techapinyawat,Pannee Pakkong,Poonpilai Suwanarit and P attarawadee
Sumthong, 2002, Eff el ct of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Fertilizer on
Phosphorus Uptake of Vetiver Using Nuclear Technique,Kasetsart
J .(Nat.Sci.)36:381.391.(2002)P381 391
P.Parkpain,P . Anurakpongsatorn,P . Pakkong and W. H. Patrick. J r ( 1 9 9 8 )ADSORPTION AND DEGRADATION 0 F
ENDOSULFAN I N
TROPICAL SOILS 0 F THAILAND, J.ENVIRON.SCI.HEALTH,B33(3),211 233

˜

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Kovitvadthi
Uthaiwan,Pannee
Pakkong,Napavam
Noparatnaraporn,Laura
Vilarinho,Jorge Machado .(2002)Study of a suitable fish plasma for in vitro
culture of g1ochidia Hyriopsls myersiana,Aquaculture209(2002)197 208.
Kovitvadthi
Uthaiwan,Pannee
Pakkong,Napavam
Noparatnaraporn,Laura
Vilarinho,Jorge Machado.(2003)Studies on the plasma composition of fish
hosts ofthe freshwater musse1, Hyriopsis myersiana ,with implications for
improvement of the medium for culture of g1ochidia. Invertebrate
Reproduction and deve1opment44(1)53 61
M anipong Kamdee,Pannee Pakkong, Kanitha Srisuksawad, Nipon Tungtham,
2006.Development of Ra(1lioanalv t i c a l 「h ecnicl ue for Lead 210 in sediment.
39th Sci li n,,; ti fic SocietyCon feren ce. October2006.Ba ngkok.Thaila nd

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7.

Former research work:Use ofradioisotope as a tracer in biology,
Agriculture and environment
1. Gross Alpha Beta in environmentalsamples.
2. Use ofUltra Low LevelLiquid Scinti11ationto deter mine alpha
spectrum of radon in ground water samples of some part ofThailand
3. Eff el ctive Use ofPhosphorus from Sewage Sludge as fertilizer of
Crop plants by Using NuclearTechnique
4. Impact ofRole ofNuc!ear Technique to assessment l h e l nl pact o f
l 4 C endosulfan o nL Ap 1111e SnailinRice Pa tldy Ecosysie m .

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8.

Current research work:Use of radioisotope as a tracer agriculture
ecosystem and environment
1. Analysis ofnaturaland manmade radioisotopes in soiland sedimentas environmentalterrestrialmonitoring and for erosion andsedimentation in specificlandused areas.
2. Use ofnuclear methods in elementalanalysis of food andenvironmentalsamples such as N A A X R F I C P AES
3. Use ofnuclear technique to study growth promotion ofPlant with depolymerized chitin/chitosan by gamma irradiation

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9.

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Training
1.
2.

I A E A / R C A RegionalTC Project (RAS/5/039,Part2)Project
Formulation Meeting,Philippines,20 22March2005 .
IAEA/RCA RegionalTC Project (RAS/5/039,Part2)Measuring
SoilErosion/Sedimentation and Associated Pesticide Contamination
by Using the Cs 137Technique B e i j i n g & Y a n q i n g , C h i n a 9 - 2 0
May2005

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l 0.

Academic activities in KasetsartUniversity:
Lecture Courses in undergraduate,graduate courses at Department of Applied
Radiation and Isotopes and Doctor in Phi1osophy in Bioscience facultyof Science:
Credit421421
Isotope Tracer Techniques in Bio1ogy
3421431
Environ mentalRadioactivity
3421511
Nuclear Facilities and Utilization
3

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Selected Topics in Applied Radiation and Isotopes
Radiation Health Protection
NuclearMethod ofAnalysis
Research Methods in Applied Radiation and Isotopes
Radioeco1ogy
Seminar33333 1421596421411421412421591421532421597Chairman of the department committee to establish undergraduate andgraduate programs inNuclear Science for human resource deve1opment ofMinistryof Education for NPP policy was put in the NationalDevelopment Plan to the next5
years from2003.
Committee in Committee Board of Standard Regulation and License of
Radiation SafetyOfficer(in OAP).

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Dec 1 9 10:50 ˜ 12:10

Present and Status of Radiation Education i n Thaiia n d〇n

4 th InternationalSymposium on Radiation Education-

18 19December, 2008

Pannee Pakkong
Abstract

Thailand had been established Office of Atomic Energy for Peace(0AEP)
since1961 ,0AEP was renamed as Office of Atomic for P e a c e ( 0 A P ) a n destablished Thailand Institute of Nuclear Techno1ogy(TINT)in2002.The main
activities concem of nuclear knowledge management in Thailand as nuclear
1egislation,research and deve1opment including education and training are focus on
non power application. O AP and TINT had been supported nationalradiation
education programs in the universities and institutes both research and intemationa1
co11aboration with member countries as students and staffsscientific exchange
programs. Universities in Thailand established academic programs both inundergraduate, graduate and doctor of Phi1osophy in Science and Engineering inmany universities. Kasetsart Universityestablished undergraduate program in BS,(Bio1ogy)of Applied Radiation and Isotopes and graduate program in MS.(Applied
Radiation and Isotopes)in Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes,Facultyof
Science.Chula1ongkorn Universityestablished graduate programs in MS and MEn.
(Nuclear Techno1ogy)and PhD.(NuclearEngineering)in Department of Nuclear
Techno1ogy,FacultyofEngineering.There were graduate program in MS.(Physic)ofNuclear Physic in Chaingmai University,Suranaree Techno1ogy Universityand
Kasetsart University. 0 A P and TINT provide research grants to graduate students andco1laboration research works with the universities staffsin field ofnuclear reactor andpower plant,radiation safety,environmentalradioactivitymonitoring,radiation
dosimetry,radioeco1ogy,nuclear materials, nuclear electronics and instrumentation,
radiochemistryand radiation processing . e t c . 0 A P and TINT and universities
established nationaltraining programs in Radiation Protection at differencelevels forworker who applied for radiation safetyofficer certificate. Education and training of
medicaland paramedicalprofessionals are done mainly on the academic education. A
specialist in Radio1ogicalMedicine is providing in MedicalSchoo1. There is a numbero f Radio1ogicalTechno1ogy Programs providing in everyFacultyof AssociatedMedicine . Training for nurses working in radio1ogicaldepartment in hospitalis also
provided in major hospitals.0AP and TINT established specific training courses onreactor operation,non destructive testing and nuclear energy utilization. The othertraining programs on understanding nuclearenergy and application promotion suchas Nuclear Camp for students and science teacher,NuclearKnowledge Contest,
OAP and TINT open house,NuclearScience Exhibition and NationalConference
mostly co11aboration with the universities.The universities also established training
programs in knowledge base of nuclear energy and specific field of nuclear energy
application.Kasetsart Universityestablished Gamma Irradiation Service Center andNuclearTechno1ogy with supported by IAEA had been set up gamma irradiated room
for plants as acute and chronics irradiation for teaching and training program in
nuclear energy application in agriculture as mutation breeding of ornamentalplants

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by using nuclear energy for teacher,researcher and farmer.The successfulresults
were nuclear techno1ogy transfer through public for understanding and acceptance of
nuclearenergy applications.The researcher and farmer had been co11ected newvarieties of economic ornamentalplants from induce mutation using gamna
irradiation technique
RecentIy Thailand govemment was put NationalDeve1opment Plan on NPP
policy in the next10 years from2003 .The current status were feasibilitystudy for site
selection(4candidate sites were selected),EIA studies,establishment of Nuclear
Regulatory Body and Nuclear Legislation preparation. In Human Resource
Deve1opment, Ministry of Education plan to deve1op and establish academic
programs to educate students and public groups ofpeople for Understanding /Public
Acceptance in high schools and universities.People must be educated about nuclear
energy for benefit forlife.
Introduction
Thailand had been participated in nuclear energy science1954by thegovem ment and was deve1oped in series as:
1954: Thai Atomic Energy Comnission(Thai AEC)was initiated as policy making
body for peacefuluses ofnuclear energy .
1961:Atomic Energy for Peace Act was enacted.
1 9 6 1 : 0ffice ofAtomic Energy for Peace(0AEP)was established.
1966:NuclearElectricitySub committee was set up.
1976:Cabinet approvedNPP600 M W .
(the project was opposed by public)
1984 88:Economic aspect ofNPP was studied with support from IAEA.
1992 96:NPP policy was submitted in the NationalDeve1opment Plan.
1997:Study for NPP in Thailand was re initiated,
NPP are not suitable during economic crisis.
2002: Restructuring into Office ofAtoms for Peace(0AP)2006 complete separation of OAP and TINT

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The nuclearlegislation in Thailand was composed ofNuclear Legislation andNationalNuclear Program,nationalnuclear education system,NationalNuclear
Training System.The main responsibilities ofOAPare cooperate for nuclear affairs
and foreign relations,establish rules,regulations and measure forthe controland
regulation ofthe use ofnuclear energy and waste management,research,deve1opment
and promote the use ofnucleartechno1ogy including the operation ofnationa1
research reactor and techno1ogy transfer. Present situation ofnuclear energy
programs except nuclearlegislation are research and deve1opment including educationand trainingare focus on non power application such as medica1,industry,
agriculture and environment . Nationaleducation on nuclearrelated programwas
cooperative withintheuniversities,0AP andTINT . In1993Nuclear Societyof
Thailand(NST)
was established and the members were group ofAcademies,Research Centers,
Power Industries,Authorities,Nuclear Medicine,and etc.NST had been supported by

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Ministryof Science and Techno1ogy,NationalResearch Councii ,Councii of
Scientific and The Techno1ogicalAssociations ofThailand including Electricity
Generating Authorityof Thailand.
Radiation Education in Thaiia n dThai Research Reactor 1 ( T R R 1 ) w a s constructed in1961under responsibilityof O AEP and radiation education of Thailand was implemented in O AEP and university
was purposed elective courses in nuclearphysic,radiochemistryand radiobio1ogy
including the application. 0 A E P was implemented training for teacher and researchersand cooperative ofnuclear affairs and foreign relations under IAEA exchange programsof operation of nationalresearch reactor and techno1ogy transfer on the application.

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Kasetsart University(KU)was implemented in radiation education on 1962,
Establishment ofAtomic Energy LaboratoryUnit with Gamma Greenhouse Irradiation
Building and100 Ci of Cs 137was insta11ed for plant mutation breeding research workand provided elective courses concemed nuclear application in agriculture in Department
ofBio1ogy,Facultyof Science.Academic program in BS Bio1ogy(applied radiation andisotopes)was conducted on1981in Department ofApplied Radiation and Isotopes,
Facultyof Science with maL1or course sy11abi are as:,-,

Radiation Life and Environment
NuclearScience
Radiation Detection
Radiobio1ogy
Radiation Health Protection
Radioisotopes tracer in Bio1ogy
The elective course sy11abi are Principle of Nuclear Medicine,Environ menta1
Radioactivity,Radiation Mutation,Radiation Imaging,Nuclear Method ofAnalysis,

I n 2 0 0 2 K U provided academic graduated program in MS.Applied Radiation and
Isotopes with m可or course sy11abiare as:

NuclearFacilityand Utiiization
Radiation Dosimetry
Advance Radiobio1ogy
Research Methodo1ogy

The elective course sy11abi are Nuclear Instrument,Radioecology,Applied Radiation
Techno1ogy,Radio1ogicalMonitoring and Assessment ofthe Environment,Induced
Mutation Techno1ogy in Plant etc.

Facultyof Science provided resources for support radiation education in K U as
Gamma facilityof Gamma Room for Chronic Exposure and SelfShielded Gamma
Irradiator,Nuclear measurement instruments(HPGe Gamma spectrometer,the student
have to practice in research work for thesis which focus on radiation monitoring inenvironrnent,radiation safety,radiation processing for polymer modification and gem
enhancement,effect of 1ow dose radiation and bio dosimetry,radiation mutation anddetection ofirradiated food.KU have research co11aboration and support grant with
OAP and TINT forundergraduate,graduate and other researchsourceof fund.

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K U also have arrangement the intemationalco11aboration with many foreignorganization and universityon training and exchange programs such as IAEA, JAEA(FNCA and NSRA).

Chula1ongkom University(CU)was implemented radiation education program on
M.En(NuclearTechno1ogy)in Facultyof Engineering in1972for main responsibilityof
Nuclear Electricitysub committee on NPP approvalproposaland fo11owed by M. S,and
Doctor ofPhi1osophy inNuclearEngineering . Course sy11abi and research in nuclear
field at CU were focused on industrialapplication,nuclearreactor and power plant,
nuclear materials,nuclearelectronics and instrumentation,radiation measurements andapplications, radiation chemistryand radiation processing,radioisotope production andutilization and radioactive waste management.

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Techno1ogy transfer was one of important toolfor radiation education in nuclear
knowledge management.Establishment of Gamma Irradiation Service and Nuclear
Techno1ogy Research Center(GISC)in K U were sponsored by the United Kingdom,
IAEA and the Thai Govemrnent under the TechnicalCooperation Program(TC Project),which were composed of THA/5/037,THA/5/039and THA/5/045 . From initiation unti1
completion,the project took almost8years(l989-1997) . The gamma room(composed
ofthree Co 60 sources200,400 and200 Ci)was designed for chronic irradiation of i nvitro culture as we11as pot plants,under contro11edlight and temperature.The gamma
irradiator Mark-I(Cs-137,4500 Ci)was used for acute irradiation ofbiologica1
materials.These irradiator facilities provide gamma irradiation services to scientists,
researchers and plant breeders,and act as the main irradiation Center in Thailand and theregion,especia11y in Southeast Asia.The center carried out researches on induced
mutation techniques for the improvement ofplant varieties were successfulin training
program as techno1ogy transfer to far mer as co11aboration research work for producing
new varieties of plant

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Conclusion
Nuclear energy and radiation education had been implemented in Thailand since
1961untilrecently,0AP and TINT are main responsibilities organization for the contro1
and regulation ofthe use ofnuclear energy and cooperate for foreign organization relations
including research,deve1opment and promote the use ofnucleartechno1ogy including andtechno1ogy transfer.The universities were implemented radiation education on academic
program to serve the need of countrypolicy onnuclear energy strategy .There are very
c1ose cooperation between the universities,0AP,TINT and private sector are fate throughNuclear SocietyofThailand(NST).Radiation education canprovide not only serve forscientist but publicare main responsibilityfor techno1ogy transfer and understanding .

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TAI CHIN L I U
Radiation Protection Association R.0.C.
Phone:+886 3 5722224,Fax:+886 3 5722521

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E mai1:rpa@ms9.hinet.net
ExP E RIT IsE

Health Physics,Radioactive Waste Management.

PE RsoN A L

Birth date:Aprii 26,1966.Gender:Male.Nationality:Taiwan,R. 〇 . C.

EDUcAIT IoN

Doctor of P h iilosophy 加 Atomic ,S:cilence (06/1995 )Institute ofAtomic Science,NationalTsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan
Academic supervisors:Prof.Chun N an Hsu

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EMPL〇YMENT C1li'ef o Tram l'ng I)i 1is1lolt (07/19 98-

P resen0

Radiation Protection Association R.0.C.

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Training Programs for Radiation Protection Engineers,Technologists andTechnicians
TC Liu--、-15 1, N o 295, Se c 2. Kuang Fu Rd. Hsin Chu. Ta1 ya n 300/ :7 R 〇 C

Abstract

The concept of as1ow as reasonably achievable(ALARA)is becoming an impollant approach to reduce the worker's
exposure to radiation with worldwide consensus. Based on the ALARAconcept the training programs given by the Radiation
Protection Association have been devised and conducted with continuing efforts to modi fy in order to meet the newrequirements. In this presentation the management of training programs in Taiwan and the perfo rm ing experiences by the
Radiation Protection Association are fu1ly elucidated. The benefits caused by training programs and the new Intemational
Commission on RadiologicalProtection(ICRP)recommendations incorporating into ourtraining programs are also presented.
Keywords : A L A R A ; t r a i n i n g program;ICRP

that the personne l w h o a r e engaging in radiation
practice sha1lreceive specialtraining spec面ed by the
AEC and obtain the radiation safetycertificates orl.Introduction

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

In the past yearsfrom2003to2007,the radiation
workers in Republic of China(Taiwan)grew inquantityyear by year. The number of radiation
workers monitored increasedfrom31,683(in theyear 2003) to 43,447(in the year 2007)1. The
increment reveals the fact that the use of radiation isgetting widespread in Taiwan. The number ofradiation workers in Taiwan is shown in Fig. 1 . T ochoose the year2003as the reference is due to factthat the Ionizing Radiation Protection Act(Taiwan)
was promulgated in2003,and the recommendationsof ICRPPublication60 was also incorporated in theregulations in2003.
In R.〇.C.(Taiwan)the Atomic Energy Council(AEC) is the Competent Authority on radiation
applications and protection, and the Ionizing
Radiation Protection Act is the major law forradiation protection.To assist the radiation workers
inleaming the speci ficknowledge and techno1ogy inpromoting radiation protection,the AEC stipulates

l

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M
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0
0
0
0
0
0
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n
0
0
0
0

N

o
2002

2003

200,l

的05

2006

2007

2008

Year

Fig1.The number ofradiation workers

licenses. T h e currently emp1oyed radiation workers
are requested to participate in regular and periodica1
training program in accordance with the Ionizing
Radiation Protection Act,particularly for certificate
orlicense renewa1.

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Dec 1 9 10:50 ˜ 12:10

1.

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The Radiation Protection Association(RPA)of
the Republic of China established in1990 is a non
profit organization aimed at assisting govemment topromote the radiation protection. With the assistancefrom AEC,NationalTsing Hua Universityand otherrelevant organizations,theRPA has become themajortraining organization in R.0.C . During the past
years theRPA has provided manytraining courses onradiation protection and assisted many radiation
workers in applying for certificates orlicenses. The
training program provided b y R P A also includes
specia1 seminars on new radiation protection
knowledge and techno1ogy .

2.

3.

2. CIassification of Training Program

In compliance with the Ionizing Radiation
Protection Act(in the year2003),the training course
is divided into four categories as following,eachtrain ing courses with different contents andlecturing
hours was shown as table1.

X

4.

Radiation Protection Personne1:This is acomprehensive training course for theradiation protection perso nne1.The radiation
protection personnelare required to have theresponsibility and ability to design andmanage radiation protection practice,even toserve as alecturer for the training courses etc
The radiation protection personnelinclude
radiation protection officer ( R P 0 ) andradiation protection expert (RPE). The
training course f o r R P 0 i s 1 4 4 h o u r s , a n dthat forRPE is108hours.
Radiation SafetyCertificate(RSC):This is ataining course for operators with alecturing
period of 36hours.
Training in Lieu of Radiation Safety
Certificate(TLRSC): This is a simp 価ed
t a ining course for operators with alecturing
period of 18hours.
PeriodicalEducation and Training:This is a
training program for currently emp1oyed
radiation workers,since each workers should
receive atleast3hours oftraining per yearas
required by the regulations.

Table I The subjects and hours of eachtraining course,

Ca 1ego l y

SubJecls

Basic Courses
Measurements
Dosimetrv
Applications and Protection
Regulations
ExercisesII

RPEll 0 8 h )
18h
18h
18h
26h
12h
16h

RP0(144h)
18h
27h
24h
36h
16h
23h

R SC(36 h )
6h

1

7h
14h
6h
3h

、

III
TLRSC( 1 8 h
4h

8h
3h
3h

radiation protection officersfrom485to759,and theradiation protection expertsfrom1,845to2,397.3

The trainees for Categories I and II should
participate in a govemment sponsored examination,and can apply for a certificate afier passing theexamination.The average success rates for passing
the examination are shown in Table2.2 The1owest
success rates f o r R P 0 andRPE examination indicate
the dif ficultyof passing the examination . A sim ple
statistics shows the increase of radiation workers in
CategoryI and I I from the year2003to July2008.
The number of operators with radiation safety
certi ficate increases fiom 6,899 to 12,284, the-3. The Training Program of R P A

Thetrainees mostly comefrom the industria1
sector.Most ofthem are engineers,techno1ogists andtechnicians.For the training courses of radiation
protection engineers,theRPA has provided manytaining courses for a11Categories aslisted above
during the past years.

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m
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i

i

exercises consist o f radiation contro1,radiation
measurement and decontamination.This course also
helps participants to prepare for the govemment
sponsored examination for thelicense application.

3. ]. TLRSCl「1 8 h)--

The3 day course provides basic knowledge ofradiation protection to operators who operate theregistration radiation sources.Thelectures consist
ofthe nature of radiation,measurement ofradiation,
bio1ogicaleffects ofradiation and simple safe
handling ofradioisotope.The major exercise isradiation measurement.Thelaws and regulations arealso introduced in this course.

;1 4 R P 〇 ( 108 h + 36h).

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The RP〇 course consists ofRPE and a 5 day
advanced course.Thelectures ofthe advanced course
consist of the radiation protection for neutron
activation and accelerator,the specific radiation
protection for high intensityradiation facilities
containing highly radioactive source or high energy
equipment capable ofproducing ionizing radiation.
Thelectures ofthetraining courses willbe
revised with new radiation protectionknowledge andtechno1ogy . Thelectures were revised recently
according to the recommendations ofthe ICRP 60,
the report NCRP 147for x ray shielding,and the newmaterials for dosimeter,such as
rad 〇 lli lhotolummescence (RPL),optica11y stimulated
luminescence(0SL),etc.
Since2003till2007,there were17ltrainees
attending radiation protection officer course and70
ofthem passing the govemment sponsoredexamination,419trainees attending radiation
protection expert course and228ofthem passing theexamination . There were3,5l4trainees attending
CategoryII,6,856 trainees attending CategoryIII,and8,360trainees attending CategoryIV . The
success rates for passing the examination byR」l'At a ineesare shown in Table2comparing with theaverage passing rates ofAEC statistics.The successrates ofRPAtrainees are higher than the average
passing rate given by AEC statistics.

1 2. RSC136 h )

l.
.

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The6 day course is designed for operators who
operate the permission radiation sources. It
provides broader and deeper radiation protection
bowledge and technology than TLRSC course.
Except thelectures given in the TLRSC,
decontamination and radioactive waste management,utilization ofradioisotopes and relevantlaws areincluded this course.This course also helps
participants to prepare for the governnent sponsoredexamination for thelicense application.

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1 3 RPE;(108 h )

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The4 week course is designed for supervisor inradiation contro1. Thelectures consist ofthe physics
ofradioisotopes,radiobiology,measurement ofradiation,safetyhandling ofradioisotope,intema1
and extemalradiation control,decontamination andradioactive waste management,utilization ofradioisotopes,design ofradiation facilities andstudies of relevantlaws and regulations. The,

Table2The success rates for passing the examination of AEC(totalaverage)andRPA(2003˜2007)
RP0

RPE
RSC
31.5%
71.1%
54.4%
2007,the number of radiation workers monitored
increasedfrom3l,68lto43,447,the totalco11ective
dose decreasedfrom12.04man S v in2003down to
9.83man・ Sv in2007.The averageannualdose for a1l
radiation workers monitored w a s f i・om 0 . 3 8 m S v in
2003down to 0 . 2 3 m S v i n 2 0 0 7 . 4 The downward
trend of dose for radiation workers indicates the

21.2%
40.1%

Statistics by AEC'frainees o f R P A-

4.Possible Effect of the Training Program
A good radiation protection practice needs a goodtraining program. As a result of intensive training
program,the possible effects can be seenfrom thepersonaldose statistics.In the periodfi o m 2 0 0 3 t o

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training programs. The lecture notes should be

extent.

m- ・ i 一 ia■

possible effects of intensivetraining to a certain

Radiation

̲iE iI ■■i■

T h i s is another challenge for ourrevised accordingly,and the teaching staff should
study the new ICRPrecommendations.
5.ConcIusions
References

Our experience shows the good coordination
among teaching staff,trainees,administration support
together with Ionizing Radiation Protection Act
enforced by the Competent Authoritywould reachthe goa1ofa good radiation protection practice yet
without undulylimiting the bene ficialactions giving
rise to radiation exposure.
The ICRPproposed its new recommendations in2007 . According to Article 5 of the Ionizing
Radiation Protection Act, In order to limit theradiation exposure firom radiation sources or practices
the Competent Authorityshallrefer to thelatest
standards of the I C R P t o lay down the Safety
Standards
forProtection
againstIonizing

1.AEC(R.〇.C. )Report20070ccupationalRadiation
Exposure in Taiwan,R.0 .C. 15
2 . AEC(R.〇.C.) Report 2007 The Statistics ofIonizing Radiation Application and Management
15
3 . A E C ( R . 0 .C. ) 2 0 0 7 T h e Contro1of Radioactive

Materialand Equipment Capable of Producing
Ionizing Radiation
4 . A E C ( R.0.C.)Report20070ccupationalRadiation
Exposure in Taiwan,R.0.C. 13 14

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