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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

45Coordinating Lead Authors

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Tom Wirth (USA) and Chengyi Zhang (China)

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Lead Authors

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Gusti Zakaria Anshari (Indonesia), Kenneth Byrne (Ireland), Elke Hodson (Switzerland), Hans Joosten(EC/WI/FAO), J. Boone Kauffman (IUCN/UNESCO), Leif Klemedtsson (Sweden), Tuija Elina Lapvetelainen(Finland), Christoph Mueller (Germany), Phillip O'Brien (Ireland) and Mitsuru Osaki (Japan)

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Contributing Authors

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Tonya Del Sontro (Switzerland), Mark Flugge (USA), Stephen Ogle (USA), Riitta Pipatti (Finland), Rachel
Steele (USA), Victoria Thompson (USA) and Kiyoto Tanabe (TFI TSU)

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Review Editors

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Fatih Evrendilek (Turkey) and Steen Gyldenkærne (Denmark)

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Contents

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1

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1.3
1.1

Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1.3

1.2

Scope of this Supplement .................................................................................................................... 1.3

1.3

Emission characteristics of wetland mineral soils and organic soils under human management ........ 1.5

1.4

Definition, distribution and extent of wetland ecosystems .................................................................. 1.6

1.5

Definition, distribution and extent of organic soils ............................................................................. 1.8

1.6

Managed wetlands and organic soils ................................................................................................... 1.9

1.7

Coherence and compatibility with 2006 IPCC Guidelines ................................................................ 1.12

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1.7.1

Guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines...................................................................................... 1.12

23

1.7.2

Supplementary guidance in this report ....................................................................................... 1.13

1.8

Relevant databases for wetlands and organic soils ........................................................................... 1.17

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References ...........................................................................................................................................................1.20

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Figures26
27

Figure 1.1

Decision tree for finding the appropriate guidance chapter
within this Supplement or the 2006 IPCC Guidelines .......................................................... 1.4

28

Figure 1.2

World map of the distribution of soil carbon (to 1m depth) ................................................. 1.8

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Figure 1.3

Some typical management activities and associated greenhouse gas
emissions and removals on wetlands and organic soils ...................................................... 1.11

Tables31

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Table 1.1 Global distribution of wetlands (in 1,000 km2) from different authors(Adapted from Lehner and Döll, 2004) ...................................................................................... 1.7

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Table 1.2 Classification and Extent of Wetlands as represented in GLWD-3(Adapted from Lehner and Döll, 2004)a ..................................................................................... 1.7

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Table 1.3 Examples of interventions and practices related to production, ecological andsocial functions that result in managed wetlands and organic soils ......................................... 1.10

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Table 1.4 Mapping between the categories and guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines andthe changes to those introduced by the Wetlands Supplement.................................................. 1.15

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1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) acknowledgedthat the guidance on Wetlands in Volume 4, Chapter 7 is incomplete and limited to estimating emissions ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from ‘peatlands cleared and drained for production of peat forenergy, horticultural and other uses’ (Vol. 4, Sec. 7.2). The 2006 IPCC Guidelines also include an approach forestimating greenhouse gas emissions from ‘reservoirs or impoundments, for energy production, irrigation,navigation, or recreation, and CO2 emissions from all lands converted to permanently Flooded Lands’ (Vol. 4,
Sec. 7.3). In October 2010, an IPCC expert meeting on harvested wood products, wetlands, and N2O emissions
from soils concluded that there is sufficient new scientific information available to provide additional
methodological guidance and fill gaps in the existing guidelines for the rewetting and restoration of peatlands;
emissions from fires, ditches, and waterborne carbon; and constructed wetlands for waste water disposal (IPCC
2011). In December 2010, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) invited the IPCC to undertake further
methodological work on wetlands, focusing on the rewetting and restoration of peatland, with the objective of
filling in the gaps in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in these areas.

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In response to the invitation of SBSTA, this 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands - Methodological Guidance on Organic and Wet Soils across IPCC
Land-use Categories - (Wetlands Supplement) provides new and supplementary guidance on estimating andreporting greenhouse gas emissions and removals from lands with organic and wetland mineral soils in Wetlands
and other land uses with these soil types that are subject to human activities (‘managed’) in the following
chapters:

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

Chapter 2: Drained Inland Organic Soils

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

Chapter 3: Cross-cutting guidance on Rewetted Organic Soils and Restored Peatlands

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

Chapter 4: Coastal Wetlands

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

Chapter 5: Inland Wetland Mineral Soils

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

Chapter 6: Constructed Wetlands – Wastewater Treatment

68

Chapter 7: Cross-Cutting Issues and Reporting

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1.2

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This introductory chapter is intended to provide guidance on how to use this Wetlands Supplement inconjunction with the existing 2006 IPCC Guidelines when preparing a greenhouse gas inventory that includes
land with organic and/or wetland mineral soils across all IPCC land-use categories (Forest Land, Cropland,
Grassland, Settlements, Wetlands and Other Land). The decision tree (Figure 1.1) can be used as a guide to therelevant chapters within this Wetlands Supplement or the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

BACKGROUNDSCOPE OF THIS SUPPLEMENT

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Figure 1.1

Decision tree for finding the appropriate guidance chapter within thisSupplement or the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

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Guidance on using the decision tree:

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1)

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Start with classifying all land into the six IPCC land use categories as specified in Chapter 3, Volume 4 ofthe 2006 IPCC Guidelines “Consistent Representation of Lands”. If using approach two or three for theland representation, land-use conversions (e.g., Forest Land converted to Cropland, Cropland converted toSettlements) should also be identified. This land-use classification should not differ from the classification
countries would have developed without this Wetlands Supplement.
Each land use category should be subdivided into subcategories with similar characteristics, as is indicatedin the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In each of the six IPCC land-use categories, managed land area should bereported separately from unmanaged land area and emissions/removals should only be estimated for
managed land. It is good practice to sub-divide each of the six managed land-use categories into four
subcategories: wet organic soil, dry organic soil, wet mineral soil and dry mineral soil. In the case where
dry mineral soil remains dry mineral soil, use the 2006 IPCC Guidelines guidance on soil carbon estimationin the Forest Land, Cropland or Grassland Chapters as appropriate. In all other cases (including in the caseof conversion from dry mineral soil to wet mineral soil, and vice versa), use the decision tree in Figure 1.1
to identify the appropriate guidance chapter within this Wetlands Supplement or the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

2)

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‘Organic soils’ are soils with a high concentration of organic matter (> 20%), consistent with establisheddefinitions of organic soils in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (see further details in section 1.5). All other typesof soils are classified as ‘mineral’, following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines ( Chapter 3, Annex 3A.5, Volume4). The mineral soils found in wetlands are referred to as ‘wetland mineral soils’.
‘Wet soils’ are inundated or saturated by water for all or part of the year to the extent that biota, particularly
soil microbes and rooted plants, adapted to anaerobic conditions control the greenhouse gas emissions andremovals. Collectively these soils are referred to as Hydric soils – soils formed under conditions ofsaturation, flooding, or ponding long enough to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part during thegrowing season.

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3)

‘Flooded Land’ is defined as reservoirs or impoundments, for energy production, irrigation, navigation, or
recreation. Flooded Land excludes regulated lakes and rivers unless a substantial increase in water area has
occurred. This Wetlands Supplement does not include additional guidance for Flooded Land. Estimating
emissions from this category of land use is discussed in Section 7.1, Chapter 7, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines

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4)

‘Constructed wetlands’ are human-made wetlands. Synonymous terms include ‘man-made’, ‘engineered’ or‘artificial’ wetlands. Chapter 6 of this Wetlands Supplement only provides guidance for constructedwetlands for wastewater treatment. Other constructed wetlands are not included in this Wetlands
Supplement or the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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5)

‘Coastal wetlands’ are wetlands at or near the coast, that are influenced by saline or brackish water and/or
astronomic tides (see Chapter 4). Their seaward limit is the deepest occurrence of rooted vascular plants.
Coastal wetlands may occur on both organic and mineral soils. Brackish/saline water is water that contains
500 or more parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts. ‘Inland wetlands’ (cf. Chapter 5) are not ‘coastal’.

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6)

‘Drained’ refers to formerly ‘wet’ soils (see note 2 above) where the water table has been lowered as aresult of human intervention. ‘Rewetted’ refers to soils that were formerly ‘drained’ but are ‘wet’ because
the original hydrology has been re-established.

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7)

Chapter 3 focuses on rewetted organic soils and restored peatlands, but also covers undrained inland
organic soils. While chapter 3 does not provide Tier 1 methods for ‘wet’ management practices such as
paludicultures etc., these are discussed in the general discussion and in the sections dealing with higher tiers.

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1.3

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EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLAND
MINERAL SOILS AND ORGANIC SOILSUNDER HUMAN MANAGEMENT

Lands with wetland mineral soils and organic soils are crucial in maintaining the Earth’s carbon balance, withsoils in peatlands, mangroves, and marshes containing the largest carbon stocks of the terrestrial biosphere(Gorham 1991; Mitra et al., 2005; Joosten and Couwenberg 2008; Donato et al., 2011; Pendleton et al., 2012).
Human interventions and practices (e.g., agriculture, forestry, peat extraction, aquaculture) and theirconsequences (e.g., oxidation of soil organic matter, anthropogenic fires) may significantly affect their carbon
and nitrogen balance as well as their greenhouse gas emissions.

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Emissions from land with wetland mineral soils and organic soils are largely controlled by the degree of water
saturation, climate and nutrient availability (Couwenberg et al., 2010; Hodson et al., 2011) as well as byvegetation (Blodau 2002; Limpens et al., 2008; Lafleur 2009; Couwenberg and Fritz 2012).

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Undrained or rewetted wetlands with water levels at or near the soil surface emit methane (CH4) (Couwenberg
and Fritz 2012; Xu and Tian 2012), but generally have very low fluxes of CO2 to the atmosphere (Couwenberg
et al., 2011). Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from undrained wetlands are typically low, unless an outside sourceof nitrogen enters the wetland, such as from nearby agricultural lands.

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Drained wetlands, in contrast, generally have negligible CH4 fluxes but emit increased levels of CO2. Nitrous
oxide emissions can be higher as well, with the emissions regulated by nitrogen availability (soil fertility, peat
decomposition, atmospheric deposition), oxygen status and carbon availability (Strack 2008; Couwenberg et al.,2010). Other losses resulting from drainage waters that conduct dissolved and particulate waterborne carbon outof the organic soil (Joosten and Couwenberg 2008) are also included in this Wetlands Supplement along with thesignificant CH4 emissions that can take place in ditches made for draining organic soils.

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Aggregate fluxes of CO2 and N2O (in CO2 equivalents) from drained wetlands are generally larger than theaggregate CH4, CO2, and N2O fluxes (in CO2 equivalent) from water saturated soils (Wilson et al., 2012). The
global carbon emissions (by microbial peat oxidation and peat fires) from drained peatland over the last decadeare estimated at 0.5 Pg carbon annually. In other words, 0.3% of the global land area may be responsiblefor >5% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Victoria et al., 2012). Another global hotspot is mangrove
deforestation (i.e., land-use change), which generates emissions of 0.02–0.12 Pg carbon per year—up to 10% ofemissions from deforestation globally, despite accounting for just 0.7% of the area of tropical forests (Donato etal., 2011).

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While rewetting of drained wetlands generally increases CH4 emissions, it can decrease CO2 and N2O emissions(Wilson et al., 2012). The actual magnitude of human-influenced emissions and removals from wetlands depends
on numerous variables, including wetland type, wetland area, management practice, vegetation composition,water table depth, growing season length, precipitation, and temperature (Fenner and Freeman 2011).

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1.4

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DEFINITION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENTOF WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS

Wetland ecosystems, i.e. ecosystems with wet soils (Chapter 1.2), may naturally occur throughout the world in
inland and coastal areas, and near shore environments, as saline and freshwater ecosystems (e.g., swamps,
marshes, fens, bogs, riparian forests, mangroves, tidal freshwater wetlands and seagrass beds). Wetland
ecosystems can also be man-made, (e.g., fish ponds, wetlands for wastewater treatment, drainage canals, dams
and reservoirs). Estimates of the total area of wetlands on Earth vary considerably (see Table 1.1) reflecting not
only differences in accounting accuracy, but also different approaches to defining wetlands. The Global Lakes
and Wetlands Database (GLWD) estimates the maximum global wetland extent to be 12.8 million km2 including
lakes and reservoirs (Lehner and Döll 2004). Table 1.2 presents the classification of wetlands as represented in
GLWD.

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TABLE 1.1
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF WETLANDS (IN 1,000 KM2) FROM DIFFERENT AUTHORS(ADAPTED FROM LEHNER AND DÖLL, 2004)
RegionMatthew
and Fung(1987)

Cogley(1994)

StillwellSoller etal. (1995)

GLCCa);
Lovelandet al.
(2000)

MODISb);
Hodges etal. (2001)

Grosswetlands
mapc)

GLWD
Level-3;
Lehner and
Döll (2004)

Africa

718

368

265

152

296

1431

1314

Asia

1688

2043

1183

587

659

3997

2856

Australia &Pacific Region

188

67

8

1

108

342

275

Europe

811

413

432

22

18

1195

260

North America

1126

872

1542

248

153

2609

2866

South America

727

578

1365

80

58

2132

1594

Total

5260

4340

4795

1093

1291

11,711

9167a) Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC) datasetb) MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover productc) Derived as maximum wetland area per cell identified in either Matthews and Fung, Cogley, Stillwell-Soller et al., GLCC, or MODIS

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TABLE 1.2
CLASSIFICATION AND EXTENT OF WETLANDS AS REPRESENTED IN GLWD-3(ADAPTED FROM LEHNER AND DÖLL, 2004)A
Global area
ID

Class

3

10 km

2

% of total global land surface areaB

1

Lake

2428

1.8

2

Reservoir

251

0.2

3

River

360

0.3

4

Freshwater Marsh, Floodplain

2529

1.9

5

Swamp Forest, Flooded Forest

1165

0.9

6

Coastal Wetland

660

0.5

7

Pan, Brackish/Saline Wetland

435

0.3

8

Bog, Fen, Mire

708

0.5

9

Intermittent Wetland/ Lake

690

0.5

Total lakes and reservoirs (classes 1 and 2)

2679

2

Total Wetlands (classes 3 – 9)

6547

4.9

Total All Classes

9226

6.9

A

In developing a global database of lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands, Lehner and Döll, 2004 combined existing maps, dataand information using Geographic information systems (GIS).
B

Total global land surface area (excluding Antarctica and Glaciated Greenland) is 133 million km2.

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1.5

DEFINITION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENTOF ORGANIC SOILS

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This Wetlands Supplement follows the definition of organic soils as used in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (Volume
4, Chapter 3, Annex 3A.5): “Organic soils are identified on the basis of criteria 1 and 2, or 1 and 3 listed below(FAO 1998):

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1.

Thickness of organic horizon greater than or equal to 10 cm. A horizon of less than 20 cm must have 12
percent or more organic carbon when mixed to a depth of 20 cm.

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2.

Soils that are never saturated with water for more than a few days must contain more than 20 percent
organic carbon by weight (i.e., about 35 percent organic matter).

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3.

Soils are subject to water saturation episodes and has either:

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a.

At least 12 percent organic carbon by weight (i.e., about 20 percent organic matter) if the soil has
no clay; or

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b.

At least 18 percent organic carbon by weight (i.e., about 30 percent organic matter) if the soil has
60% or more clay; or

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c.

An intermediate proportional amount of organic carbon for intermediate amounts of clay.”

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines definition for organic soils thus largely follows the FAO (1998/2006) definition of a‘Histosol1’ and links (and even largely equates) organic soils to peat soils. For peat soils, no globally accepted
definition exists. Apart from soils with shallow (10-40 cm thick) organic horizons overlying ice or rock, organicsoils (Histosols) are identical with peat soils with at least 40 cm of peat within the uppermost 100 cm of the soil
profile, and with the peat containing at least 12 percent organic carbon (~20 percent organic matter) by weight.
The latter criteria deviate from most European definitions, which require a slightly thinner organic layer for‘peatland’ (30 cm) and a slightly higher organic matter content for ‘peat’ (30 percent) (Joosten and Clarke, 2002).
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines have omitted the thickness criterion from the FAO definition to allow for country
specific approaches 2 to define organic soils. Figure 1.2 presents the distribution of soil organic carbon
throughout the world. A total of around 4 million km2 of peatlands occur in the world (Lappalainen 1996;
Joosten and Clarke 2002) of which some 10% are found in tropical regions (Page et al., 2011). The total soil
carbon stock in peatlands amounts to 500 Gt (Joosten and Couwenberg 2008; Page et al., 2011).

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Figure 1.2

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The highest three classes give a fair indication of the occurrence of organic soils. (From Hiederer and Köchy (2011)).

World map of the distribution of soil carbon (to 1m depth)

1More information on histosols is provided by FAO in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, 2006).

2

It is important that whatever definition is used by the country that definition is applied consistently across the entire national
land area.

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1.6

MANAGED WETLANDS AND ORGANIC SOILS

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According to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, it is good practice that, when preparing a greenhouse gas inventory, acountry produces a complete and consistent land-use representation that divides the land-uses into six major
categories: Forest Land, Grassland, Cropland, Wetlands, Settlements and Other Land. The 2006 IPCC
Guidelines provide definitions for each of these land-use categories. Only general definitions are provided,
which can be modified by the country to better represent their unique conditions. Except for Cropland andSettlements, which are always considered to be “managed”, all IPCC land-use categories can be subdivided into
managed and unmanaged sub-categories based upon the definition used within each country.

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines provides methods to estimate anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhousegases. In the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sector, emissions and removals on managed
land are taken as a proxy for anthropogenic emissions and removals. Inter-annual variations in natural
background emissions and removals, which can be significant, are assumed to average out over time. That is, theGuidelines assume that all emissions and removals from managed land are anthropogenic (the so-called"managed land proxy") (Section 1.1, Chapter 1, Volume 1 and Section 1.1, Chapter 1, Volume 4 of the 2006
IPCC Guidelines).

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According to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (Volume 4, Chapter 3, Section 3.2) ‘managed land is land where humaninterventions and practices have been applied to perform production, ecological or social functions’. Section 7.1,
Chapter 7, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (“Wetlands”), however, restricts ‘managed Wetlands’ to‘Wetlands where the water table is artificially changed (e.g., drained or raised) or those created through humanactivity (e.g., damming a river).’ It includes reservoirs as a managed sub-division and natural rivers and lakes as
unmanaged sub-divisions.

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This Wetlands Supplement extends the coverage to also include wetlands where the water table has not beenaltered or that have not been created as long as emissions and removals are directly influenced by human activity.
Emissions and removals should be estimated for all land-use categories within a country that are designated as
managed.

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Where emissions and removals from lands with wetland mineral soils or organic soils are directly impacted byhuman activities, the respective areas should be considered managed. Table 1.3 provides some examples ofinterventions and practices related to production, ecological and social functions that – according to countryspecific national definitions - may result in lands with wetland mineral soils and organic soils being consideredpart of the managed land base. Figure 1.3 illustrates some typical human interventions and practices andassociated greenhouse gas emissions and removals on managed lands with wetland mineral soils and organicsoils.

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TABLE 1.3
EXAMPLES OF INTERVENTIONS AND PRACTICES RELATED TO PRODUCTION, ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS THATRESULT IN MANAGED WETLANDS AND ORGANIC SOILS

Production functions

Ecological functions

Social functions

Benefits

Provision of water, food, rawmaterials, energy, and genetic
materials

Regulation of climatic, water,soil, ecological, and genetic
conditions

Provisionofnon-material
sensations that are pleasant,agreeable or beneficial or
identify one’s position in theworld

Interventions
and practices

Protection, conservation,
restoration and management for:Protection, conservation,
restoration and management for:Protection, conservation,
restoration and management for:






















Hunting/fishing/gathering
Protection of genetic
resources
Water procurement
Aquaculture (fish,
shrimps, snails)
Paludiculture
Agriculture andhorticulture
Forestry and agroforestry
Peat extraction
Extraction of mineral
resources









global (greenhouse gas
fluxes, C-storage), regional
and local climates(evaporation cooling)
air quality (capturing dust)
natural hazard mitigation
catchment hydrology(flood control, baseflow),
water purification andwaste water treatment
erosion control, soil
formation and permafrost
conservation
pollination and pest
controlsocial amenity
recreation and tourism,
aesthetics and inspiration,
education and science,
signalisation
heritage and identity,
symbolisation, spirituality
and religion.

Source: Joosten and Clarke 2002; De Groot et al., 2010; Elmqvist and Maltby 2010

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The use of the managed land proxy to identify anthropogenic emissions and removals has some drawbacks, inparticular with respect to inclusion of emissions or removals that would have occurred regardless ofanthropogenic influences (IPCC 2010). However, no alternative approach has been agreed upon by the authorsof the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or this Wetlands Supplement. While in some circumstances it may be possible toestimate these non-anthropogenic emissions and removals and subtract them from the total emissions estimatesfor some wetland types and activities, this would introduce a number of problems. These problems include (1)lack of consistency with reporting for other land-use categories where the guidance does not adopt this approach,(2) lack of comparability between countries dealing with this issue in different ways, (3) high uncertainty
associated with estimation of these emissions and removals, and (4) difficulty of capturing these emissions using
Tier 1 or 2 methods. Therefore, for consistency, the managed land proxy for anthropogenic emissions should beapplied uniformly across all land uses.

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Figure 1.3

Some typical management activities and associated greenhouse gas emissions
and removals on wetlands and organic soils(Figure by Riikka Turunen, Statistics Finland)

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COHERENCE AND COMPATIBILITY WITH
2006 IPCC GUIDELINES

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1.7.1

Guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

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CARBON STOCK CHANGES IN MINERAL AND ORGANIC SOILS

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide guidance for estimating carbon stock changes from mineral soils and/or
drained organic soils within the land use categories Forest Land, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements
and Other land. In Section 2.3.3, Chapter 2, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, complete guidance isprovided at the Tier 1 level, with additional guidance for Tiers 2 and 3. For mineral soils, the default method isbased on changes in soil carbon stocks over a finite period of time. The change is computed based on the carbon
stock after the management change relative to the carbon stock in a reference condition. To estimate CO2
emissions from drained organic soils an area-based annual emission factor is applied that is differentiated byclimate region and land use.

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BIOMASS AND DEAD ORGANIC MATTER CARBON STOCK CHANGES

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The generic methodologies for estimating above-ground and below-ground biomass carbon stock changes for allland use categories are available in Section 2.3.1, Chapter 2, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Guidance
to estimate the dead organic matter pool is provided in Section 2.3.2, Chapter 2, Volume 4of the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines. More specific guidance by land-use categories can be found in Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines under the specific land-use category Chapters: 4 (Forest Land), 5 (Cropland), 6 (Grassland), 7(Wetlands), 8 (Settlements), and 9 (Other Land).

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT N 2 O EMISSIONS FROM MANAGED SOILS

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290

In Section 11.2, Chapter 11, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, methodologies are provided to estimate
both direct and indirect N2O emissions from managed soils. Generic equations are presented, which can beapplied to all land areas in aggregate or to specific land-use categories if activity data are available. N2Oemissions from drained organic soils are estimated using an area-based annual emission factor differentiated byclimate region. Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils arising from agricultural inputs (which may end up
in wetlands via hydrological transport or deposition from agricultural sites) are addressed in Chapter 11, Volume
4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Indirect N2O emissions from combustion-related and industrial sources ofnitrogen deposition are described in Section 7.3, Chapter 7, Volume 1 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. To prevent
double-counting, the N input into wetlands as a result of leaching/runoff or deposition from other land-use
categories or activities (e.g., combustion for energy) should not be accounted for in the Wetlands category as
these emissions are included in the estimation of indirect emissions of N2O from other managed soils. In addition,
the average annual loss of soil carbon from mineral soils for each land-use type (referred to as ΔCmineral,LU, an
output of the estimates in Chapter 5) must be included in the soil N2O estimates as shown in Equation 11.8 of
Chapter 11, Volume 4 of the 2006 GLs. This ΔCmineral,LU values is used to calculate FSOM, which is the annual
amount of N in mineral soils that is mineralised, in association with loss of soil C from soil organic matter as aresult of changes to land use or management. The FSOM value is used in Equation 11.1 to estimate direct N2Oemissions from managed soils.

291

NON-CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING

292
293
294
295

Generic guidance for non-CO2 emissions due to burning of live and dead biomass on managed lands (Forest
Land, Cropland and Grassland) is provided under Section 2.4, Chapter 2, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Existing guidelines do not include burning of peat and other soil organic matter, which is a large emission source
for some countries.

296

RICE CULTIVATION

297
298
299

Methane emissions from rice cultivation are included in Section 5.5, Chapter, 5, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines. Soil carbon stock changes are accounted for using guidance as described above in Section 2.3.3,
Chapter 2, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

300

WETLANDS

301
302
303
304

In the Wetlands chapter of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (Volume 4, Chapter 7), methodologies are provided toestimate greenhouse gas emissions and removals from peatlands cleared and drained for extracting peat forenergy, horticulture and other uses (Section 7.2). Emissions from the use of horticultural peat are accounted forin Chapter 7, while peat used for energy generation is estimated under the Energy Sector (Volume 2 of the 2006

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255

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306
307
308
309
310

IPCC Guidelines). Guidance for peat extraction that does not include drainage is not provided. The 2006 IPCC
Guidelines (Volume 4, Chapter 7) furthermore provide guidance for estimating CO2 emissions from reservoirs or
impoundments used for hydroelectricity production, irrigation, navigation, or recreation (Section 7.3). This
guidance, however, is restricted to CO2 emissions from land converted to Flooded Land, i.e., where humanactivities have caused an increase in area covered by water. Regulated lakes and rivers that do not havesubstantial changes in water area in comparison with the pre-flooded ecosystem are not considered Flooded Land.

311

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

312
313
314
315

Chapter 6, Volume 5 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (wastewater treatment and discharge) provides amethodology to estimate CH4 and N2O emissions from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment. CO2
emissions from wastewater are not considered in the IPCC Guidelines and should not be included in national
total emissions because of their biogenic origin.

316

1.7.2

317

CHAPTER 2—DRAINED INLAND ORGANIC SOILS

318
319
320
321
322

Chapter 2 provides supplementary guidance on estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals from inlanddrained organic soils for all land-use categories: Forest Land, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements andOther Land. The Tier 1 guidance provided by land-use category includes the impact of drainage depth (watertable level) on the emission estimates. New emission factors to estimate the release of CH4 from drainage ditches
are also provided.

323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330

Chapter 2 also identifies additional pathways by which carbon is lost from the soil: namely carbon loss as
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), as Particulate Organic Carbon (POC), and as Dissolved Inorganic Carbon(DIC). These waterborne carbon losses can lead to offsite emission of CO2 from organic soils. Good practiceguidance to estimate these carbon losses separately from the direct emissions is provided. The loss of carbon
from managed organic soils via DOC can be estimated using the Tier 1 methodology and emission factors set out
in Chapter 2 of this Wetlands Supplement. The Tier 1 methodology assumes that the carbon lost via DOC isemitted into the atmosphere in the form of CO2. The application of a higher Tier methodology may identify aportion of this carbon released to the atmosphere in another form (e.g. as methane).

331
332
333
334

Fire on peatlands or drained organic soils causes not only on-site CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions directly from theburning, but also has a high potential to increase the off-site carbon loss from the waterborne organic matter.
Chapter 2 of this Wetlands Supplement provides supplementary methodological guidance to estimate theseemissions (refer to Chapter 2 for detail).

335
336

Chapter 2 does not provide Tier 1 methodologies for emissions associated with POC or DIC. However, theAnnex 2A.1 sets out the basis for future methodology development for POC.

337
338

CHAPTER 3—CROSS-CUTTING GUIDANCE ON REWETTED ORGANICSOILS AND RESTORED PEATLANDS

339
340
341

Lands with organic soils that have been drained for forestry, crop production, grazing, or peat extraction may be
rewetted and restored/rehabilitated. While restoration may take place on undrained site (e.g., restoration ofvegetation cover), in the majority of cases restoration is accompanied by rewetting.

342
343
344
345
346

Chapter 3 of the Wetlands Supplement provides guidance for assessing the greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4 and N2O)
emissions and removals from various types of rewetted and restored peatlands and organic soils by climate
region and peat type. Chapter 3 covers but only provides generic guidance for higher tiered methodology on
undrained inland organic soils, and peatlands undergoing wet management or restoration not necessitating
rewetting.

347

CHAPTER 4—COASTAL WETLANDS

348
349
350
351
352
353

Chapter 4 provides methodologies for estimating and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and removals
associated with specific activities on managed coastal wetlands, such as mangrove forests, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows at or near the coast that are influenced by saline or brackish water. Both organic and mineralsoils can occur in coastal wetlands. Separate guidance is given for land remaining in a land-use category,
conversion from a land-use category that includes coastal wetlands, and conversion to a land-use category that
includes coastal wetlands.

354

CHAPTER 5—INLAND WETLAND MINERAL SOILS

355
356

Chapter 5 deals with inland managed lands with wetland mineral soils not included in Chapters 4 and 6. The
chapter provides methodologies for reporting greenhouse gas emissions and removals, gives updated default

Supplementary guidance in this report

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358
359
360
361
362

reference values for Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and offers a default Stock Change Factor for long term
cultivation of croplands. It also gives guidance not contained in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, including a default
Stock Change Factor for wetland restoration on croplands, and methodologies and emission factors for CH4
emissions for mineral soils in any land-use category that have undergone wetland restoration or have beeninundated for the purpose of wetland creation. Methods for estimating N2O emissions are not included in thischapter.

363

CHAPTER 6—CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS—WASTEWATER TREATMENT

364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371

Chapter 6 provides guidance on estimating CH4 and N2O emissions from constructed wetlands used for
wastewater treatment. The guidance supplements the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 5, Chapter 6 onwastewater treatment. Default emission factors for different types of constructed wetlands, e.g., those withsurface, subsurface vertical or subsurface horizontal flows, are provided by the Tier 1 method. To avoid doublecounting, nitrous oxide emissions from wetlands managed for the filtration of non-point source agricultural
effluents, such as fertilizers and pesticides, are included in indirect emissions from soil amendments (2006 IPCC
Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 11) as part of the leaching/ runoff and volatilization components of indirectemissions, and are not considered within this supplement.

372

CHAPTER 7—CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES AND REPORTING

373
374
375
376
377
378

Chapter 7 provides guidance on reporting and crosscutting issues, including uncertainties, key category analysis,completeness, time series consistency, quality control, and quality assurance. The chapter summarizes relevant
sections from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and addresses the cross-cutting issues specific to the wetlands subcategories in Chapters 2 to 6 of this Wetlands Supplement. Worksheets, which can be used for estimating theemissions and removals for each category using the Tier 1 guidance, and revised background tables are includedin the annex of the chapter.

379
380

GENERAL LINKAGES BETWEEN THE WETLANDS SUPPLEMENT AND THE
2006 GUIDELINES

381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388

Chapters 2, 3 and 6 do not provide specific guidance on estimating carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas
emissions and removals related to above/below-ground biomass and dead organic matter pools (dead wood andlitter). Generic guidance for estimating carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas emissions and removals related
to biomass and dead organic matter pools (i.e. dead wood and litter) can be found in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Chapters 4 and 5 provide new emission factors for carbon stock changes in biomass and dead organic matter in
addition to soils and new stock change factors associated with activities that occur in these systems. Chapters 4
provides methodologies for estimating CO2 and non-CO2 emissions from specific practices, and Chapter 5
provides guidance on estimating CH4 emissions in wetland mineral soils..

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390
391
392

It is good practice for countries to avoid double-counting emissions that have already been estimated elsewherein the greenhouse gas inventory. This is especially relevant because various wetland types (e.g., aquaculture
ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land not including rice cultivation, canals and drainage
channels, ditches) can be included under various land categories.

393
394
395
396

In particular, care should be taken that using the guidance provided in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of the Wetlands
Supplement does not result in any double-accounting of specific emission sources, such as N2O emissions fromwetlands, that result from non-point source agricultural effluents and are already addressed as indirect emissions
from the soil amendments (e.g., nitrogen fertilizers) within Chapter 4, Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

397
398
399

Furthermore, waterborne carbon may already be included in a country’s emission estimates if the country uses amethodology in which soil carbon stock changes are measured in situ (e.g., soil sampling associated with forest
inventories).

400
401

Table 1.4 shows how the guidance and categories in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the supplementary guidanceand categories in this Wetlands Supplement are linked and summarises the changes introduced in the Supplement.

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TABLE 1.4
MAPPING BETWEEN THE CATEGORIES AND GUIDANCE IN THE 2006 IPCC GUIDELINES AND THE CHANGES TO THOSEINTRODUCED BY THE WETLANDS SUPPLEMENT.

Source ofemissions/sink forremovals

2006 IPCC Guidelines
Category

Wetlands Supplement

Guidance byCategory

Guidance byDrained Inland Organic Soils
3B1 to 3B6 (except
3B4)
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Settlements andOther Land
Category 3B4ai:
Peatlands Remaining
Peatlands
Category 3B4bi:
Land Converted forPeat Extraction



CH4

-

-

N2O

3C4 Direct N2Oemissions frommanaged soils drainage/managementof organic soils



CO2





land-use category
andclimatedomain ,for allland-usecategories except
Peatlands (lands
managed for peat
extraction)
For
Peatlandsclimate domain
and nutrient status(forboreal/temperate
climate only)byland-usecategory
andclimate domain
fordrainedorganic soils in allland-usecategories except
Forest Land andPeatlands (lands
managed for peat
extraction)byland-use,
climate domain
andnutrient
status for Forest
Land
andPeatlands (lands
managed for peat
extraction)for
temperate
andborealclimatedomains only

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Land
Category 3B4ai
renamed as Peat
Extraction Lands
Remaining Peat
Extraction Lands and3B4bi Land Converted
for Peat Extraction

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Landor 3C8 Non-CO2
greenhouse gas
emissions not included
elsewhere, Other






land-use category
vegetation typeclimate domain
land-use intensity

3C4




land-use category
vegetation
type(acacia, palm oil,sago plantation)
climate domain
nutrient status for
Forest Land fortemperate/boreal
climate domains
and Grassland fortemperate climate
domaindrainage depth for
Grassland











land-use category
vegetation
type
(such
as
plantations
andshrublands)climate domain
nutrient status
drainage
depth(deep vs. shallow)
precipitation
regime (DOC)

Cross-cutting Guidance on Rewetted Organic Soils and Restored Peatlands
CO2,-

DRAFT 2013 Wetlands Supplement-

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Land
Subcategories forclimate domain
nutrient statusprecipitation
regime (DOC)

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rewetted landremaining rewetted
lands and lands
converted to rewetted
lands should be
introduced for theland-use categories
under which theactivity takes place.

CH4

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Landor 3C8 Non-CO2
greenhouse gas
emissions not included
elsewhere, Other

N2O

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Landor 3C8 Non-CO2
greenhouse gas
emissions not included
elsewhere, Otherclimate domain
nutrient status

Assumednegligible at Tier
1

Coastal Wetlands

CO2

-

-

3B4aiii (Other
wetlands remaining
wetlands)or
3B4biii (Landconverted to otherwetlands)
or
3B1 to 3B6
Forest land, Cropland,
Grassland, Wetlands,
Settlements and Other
land

CH4
and
N2O

3B1 to 3B6
Forest land, Cropland,
Grassland, Wetlands,
Settlements and Other
land
or 3C8 Non-CO2
greenhouse gas
emissions not included
elsewhere, Other








management
activity including
restoredanddrainedcoastalwetlands
andaquaculture use
climate domain
vegetation type:mangrove forest,
tidal marsh andsea grass meadow
salinity (where EF
applicable)

management
activity including
restoredanddrainedcoastalwetlands
andaquaculture usevegetation type:mangrove forest,
tidal marsh andseagrass meadow

salinity (where EF
applicable)

land-use
climate domain
management
activity (restored,
created or drained)

Inland Wetland Mineral Soils
CO2,

1.16

3B1 to 3B6
Forest land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands,
Settlements and-land-use category- climate zone
-management
practices

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Land

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Other land

CH4

-

-

3B1 to 3B6
Forest Land,
Cropland, Grassland,
Wetlands, Settlements
and Other Landor 3C8 Non-CO2
greenhousegasemissions notincluded elsewhere,
Other




climate domain
management (onlyraising of watertable)-

4 D Wastewater
treatment anddischarge

Wastewater typeTypeofconstructedwetlandConstructed wetlands
CH4,
N2O

-

403
404

1.8

405

RELEVANT DATABASES FOR WETLANDSAND ORGANIC SOILS

406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414

To generate estimates of emissions and removals from wetlands, inventory compilers will need to gather activity
data or determine appropriate proxy data, such as soil type (organic or mineral), wetland type, size, water table
depth, vegetation composition, precipitation, temperature, and management practices. Guidance on datacollection is provided in Chapter 2, Volume 1 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. It is good practice to focus these
efforts on collecting data needed to improve estimates of key categories, which will vary by country dependingon which emission sources are the largest, have the largest potential to change or have the greatest uncertainty(2006 IPCC Guidelines). Chapters 2-6 of this Supplement provide specific guidance on where and how to obtain
activity data for the relevant emission estimates. Additionally, Chapter 7 provides general guidance for
producing consistent times series when activity data is not available for all years.

415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422

After determining which lands with wetland mineral soils and organic soils to include in the inventory, inventory
compilers may be able to collect data such as size, type, and management practice from in-country natural
resource agencies or national experts. If national wetland and soil databases do not exist, data on lands of interest
may be available from individual land managers, organizations, or interest groups. Data on wetland rewetting or
restoration, in particular, are likely to be available through conservation organizations. Depending on theconservation/land administration structure within a country, wetland managers or interest groups could be
individually contacted or surveyed to acquire data for the inventory. For wetlands created for wastewater
treatment purposes, data are likely available from the operators of such systems.

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425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434

To supplement in-country data on lands with wetland mineral soils and organic soils, or if in-country data are notreadily available, inventory compilers may use internationally available data. Although availability of dataneeded to accurately estimate emissions and removals is limited, certain meta-databases may prove useful. The
most notable wetlands dataset is the Ramsar Wetland Data Gateway (see list of global databases below). For
most ‘wetlands of international importance,’ the Ramsar database provides relevant characteristics, as of 2004,
including wetland type, area, elevation, persistence of water, salinity, soil type, land use inside and adjacent to
the wetland, and vegetation types. This database has the level of detail necessary to provide inputs to themethods in this Wetlands Supplement, but does not contain every wetland mineral soil or all organic soils in theworld. However, the information contained in the database could be used to find proxy data for areas known tobe similar. The type of management activity on each wetland (e.g. drainage, restoration) is typically tracked bynatural resource agencies within individual countries. Wetlands International also tracks wetland drainage
practices at an international scale.

435
436

Below is a list of resources that may prove useful to inventory compilers in obtaining activity data for estimating
greenhouse gas emissions and removals from wetlands and organic soils included in this guidance.

437

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DATABASES

438



439

Ramsar Wetland Data Gateway - http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ramsardg/ and www.ramsar.orgoData for 2004

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440
441
442

o


Wetland type, area, elevation, persistence of water, salinity, soil type, land uses inside site, land uses
outside site, noteworthy flora values, noteworthy fauna values, internal threats, and external threats

IPCC Emission Factor Database - http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php

443oDefault emission data for wetlands and organic soils

444oEmission or removal data for specific types of wetland and organic soils

445

UNEP Global Resources Information Database (GRID) - http://www.grid.unep.ch

446
447
448

o


Metadataset

WWF Global Lakes and Wetlands Database - http://worldwildlife.org/pages/conservation-science-data-andtools449oGeospatial dataset

450oData for multiple years

451

UNEP-WCMC Wetlands database - http://www.unep-wcmc.org/

452oGeospatial dataset

453oData for 1993454



ISRIC World Soil Information http://www.isric.org/

455oWeb based soil maps

456oWorld soil database457oTraining on global soils, soil and terrain classification, soil mapping and soil information systems

458

International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) Global Peatland Database459

http://www.imcg.net/pages/publications/imcg-materials.php?lang=EN.

460

For all countries/regions of the World and for the years 1990 and 2008, data on

461oOccurrence, ecology, history and area of peatland

462oLand use and drainage status of peatlands

463oCarbon stocks of peatlands464o

CO2 emissions from peatlands

465

International Peat Society - http://www.peatsociety.org/

466oAreas of peatland at end 1999

467

oPeat resources and reserves 1999

468

oPeat extraction and combustion 1999

469

European soil data base- http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

470
471

OTHER POTENTIAL RESOURCES

472



National Soil Surveys473National Geological Surveys

474



Research institutions of relevant former colonial powers

475



Land tax authorities476



Chambers of Agriculture477

National Forest Bureaux478National environmental or natural resources agencies

479



National statistics agencies

480

Sector experts

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

Wastewater treatment wetland managers

482

Stakeholder organizations (e.g., Wetlands International, Ramsar Bureau)483

Natural resource or wetlands conservation organizations484



Universities

485



Scientific literature

486
487



Verified Carbon Standard: Requirements and methodologies for quantifying and crediting carbon projects inpeatlands, mangroves and coastal and tidal wetlands, and other wetlands

488

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References

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Bonn, A., Allott, T., Evans, M., Joosten, H. and Stoneman, R (eds.) (2013). Peatland restoration and ecosystemservices: Science, policy and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

492
493

Cogley, J.G. (1987/1991/1994). GGHYDRO: global hydrographic data, Release 2.1. Department of Geography,
Trent University, Peterborough, Ont., Canada.

494
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496

Couwenberg, J. and Fritz, C. (2012). Towards developing IPCC methane ‘emission factors’for peatlands(organic soils). Mires and Peat, Volume 10 (2012), Article 03, 1–17. http://www.mires-andpeat.net/map10/map_10_03.pdf

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499

Couwenberg, J., Dommain, R. and Joosten, H. (2010). Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in southeast
Asia.
GlobalChangeBiology16:
1715- 1732.
http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/biodiversity_climate/library?l=/ghgfluxestropicalpeatlan/_EN_1.0_&a=d

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502

Couwenberg, J., Thiele, A., Tanneberger, F., Augustin, J., Bärisch, S., Dubovik, D., Liashchynskaya, N.,
Michaelis, D., Minke, M., Skuratovich, A. and Joosten, H. (2011). Assessing greenhouse gas emissions frompeatlands using vegetation as a proxy. Hydrobiologia 674: 67-89.

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de Groot, R.S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L. and Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in integrating the conceptof ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. EcologicalComplexity 7: 260–272.

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Donato, D.C., Kauffman, J.B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., Kanninen, M. (2011). Mangroves
among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geosciences 4: 293-297.
http://mangroveactionproject.org/files/resources/Donato.etal_2011_NatureGeo_MangroveCarbonStorage.pdf

509
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Elmqvist, T. and Maltby, E (CLAs) (2010). Biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services. In: The Economics
of Ecosystems and Biodiversity : The Ecological and Economic Foundations ( TEEB D0 ) Chapter 2, 96 p.

511

FAO (1998). World Reference Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Resources Reports, 84, 88 pp.

512
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514

FAO (2006). World reference base for soil resources 2006: A framework for international classification,correlation and communication. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. World Soil
Resources Report 103. Retrieved from: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/wsrr103e.pdf

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Fenner, N., and C. Freeman. C. (2011). Drought-induced carbon loss in peatlands. Nature Geoscience, doi:
10.1038/ngeo1323. http://www.eenews.net/assets/2011/11/21/document_cw_01.pdf

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Gorham, E. (1991). Northern peatlands: Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming.
Ecological Applications 1: 182–195.

519
520

Hiederer, R. and Köchy1, M. (2011). Global Soil Organic Carbon Estimates and the Harmonized World Soil
Database. EUR 25225 EN. Publications Office of the European Union.79pp.

521
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Hodges, J.C.F., Friedl, M.A., Strahler, A.H. (2001). The MODIS global land cover product: new data sets for
global land surface parameterization. Proceedings of the Global Change Open Science Conference,
Amsterdam,
2001.
Documentation
at
http://www.bu.edu/lcsc/.
Data
downloadedfrom
http://duckwater.bu.edu/lc/mod12q1.html.

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Hodson, E. L., Poulter, B., Zimmermann, N. E., Prigent, C. and Kaplan, J. O. (2011). The El Niño–Southern
Oscillation and wetland methane interannual variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08810,
doi:10.1029/2011GL046861. http://www.wsl.ch/staff/niklaus.zimmermann/papers/GRL_Hodson_2011.pdf

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IPCC. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Retrieved November 21, 2011,
from: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.

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533

IPCC. (2010). Revisiting the Use of Managed Land as a Proxy for Estimating National Anthropogenic Emissions
and Removals, eds: Eggleston H.S., Srivastava N., Tanabe K., Baasansuren J. Meeting Report, 5 -7 May,
2009, INPE, São José dos Campos, Brazil, Pub. IGES, Japan 2010 http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/meeting/pdfiles/0905_MLP_Report.pdf

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