German-Japanese Symposium
Panel session on “Climate Policies and Regional Economic Development”
02.11, 2016

External Regional Benefit of Renewable
Energy Project

Yasushi MARUYAMA(Nagoya University)

Objective

Externality of renewable energy projectPossibility and necessity of “translation” between
global environmental discourse and local socialcontext.

Citizens’ proactive social movement after
Fukushima disaster in 2011 in Japan.
1

Contents

Current Status and Challenge
A trial for better local acceptanceGood Practice of Citizen Cooperative Local ordinanceConcluding Remarks2

Background: Acceptance divide
General acceptance-Mitigation of global warming-Sustainability-Green economy, Ecological modernization-Energy shift, Anti-nuclear

Local acceptance issues
Local economy
Well-being
Distribution
ProcedureLocal Initiative for renewable energy$ 50million invest
from 6000people

Citizen RE projects

Local Initiatives in 2015

Protest movement against wind power projects

Zenibako

NemuroShiokubimisaki

Shirakamimisaki

Kuzumaki
SakataOfunatoShiraisan
Awara

Kurobokke
Iwaki (Offshore)

Aoyama Kohgen
Minami Awaji Asago

Takayama
InaIzumo
GotsuTokyo

NagatoShirataki Yama

ChikuraHigashi Izu (Misujiyama, Atagawa)Kawazu (Hachinoyama)

Ukushima
Goto Islands

YuraIkata

ToyohashiTaharaGyosya YamaWatarai

Minami Izu

Ownership of Renewable energy projects（Capacity） of Renewable
WindSolar
Unknown

Others6%

Locals(City)

Local(Prefecture)
17%

Regionals(Prefecture)
Tokyo/Osaka
Other area
77%
METI, Statistics of Factory Location 2012~2013
http://www.maff.go.jp/j/press/shokusan/soumu/pdf/150310-03.pdf
6Agree or disagree to wind farm in your local area
大いに反対

Disagree やや賛成
やや反対
大いに賛成
DisagreeAgreeAgreestronglystrongly
3%

Did 今の段階では、「Y風力発電所」が稼働する
you agree or disagree to operate
ことに賛成ですか、反対ですか 1)
wind turbines in Y wind farm ?

11%

49%37%1)Y wind farm is a wind farm already installed in the survey area.

Do あなたの居住地の近くに新たに風車が建設
you agree or disagree to a proposalされるとしたら、あなたは賛成ですか、反対to install
new wind turbinesですかin your local area?

25%

29%

31%

15%

Method• 1001 residents around a wind farm in Japan• Random sampling from among eligible voters• response rate is 32%• Distribute and collect forms by post

Agree or disagree to wind farm in your local area
New wind farm

Y wind farm

Disagreestrongly

Disagree

Agree

Agree
strongly

SumDisagreestrongly

3%（7）

0%（0）

0%（0）

0%（0）

3%（7）

Disagree

7%（18）

4%（11）

0%（1）

0%（0）

11%（30）Agree

10%（28）18%（48）20%（55）0%（1）49%（132）Agreestrongly

4%（11）

8%（21）

11%（30）

15%（40）38%（102）Sum

24%（64）30%（80）32%（86）

15%（41）

100%
（271）

Agree→Agree
46%（126 people）
Agree→Disagree
40%（108 people）
Disagree→Agree
1%（1 people）
Disagree→Disagree 14%（36 people）▶Opportunity to express my opinion（t(207)=2.50, p<.05） significant difference▶Redesign the project as requested（t(203)=3.45, p<.001 ） significant differenceCurrent Status and Challenge
A trial for better local acceptanceGood Practice of Citizen Cooperative Local ordinanceConcluding Remarks

9Structure of social acceptance

Wüstenhagen et al.(2007), IEA Wind (2011)10

Renewable energy and social consensus

Negative Impact

Positive Impact
Revitalize region
by ripple effects

EnergySecurity
Stabilityof energy
priceImpact onecosystem
and landscape

Antinuclear

Businessprofit

Avoid
the climate change

Distribution

Stability ofsupplyPrice ofelectricity
by renewableenergy11

Diversity of “Local benefit”
Internal Economy/ Direct EffectFinance/ Invest
 Tax
 Construction
 Operation
 Maintenance Cheaper energy costExternal Economy/ Indirect EffectLocal fund Contribution to solve local issues Biomass and pest animal
 Smart meter with Observant Care Services for the Elderly Small hydro with improving maintenance of agricultural waterchannel
Social network / Social exchange to promote
 Green-tourism
 Local products
12

Example of External Benefit:
Seikatsu(life)-club consumer cooperative

Started in 1965 with cooperative purchase of milk
Founded as cooperative union in 1968
Expanded activities to rice(1970), meet(1976),
vegetable(1983)
345,000 members (in 2016)
Food, Care, Energy
Equal and mutual benefit relation between
consumer and farmer(stakeholder)High activity on energy issue since Chernobyl13

Energy policy of Seikatsu-club in 2011

Energy efficiency/saving take priority
Nuclear free
CO2 freeBenefit natural environment and local society
Transparency“Energy Self consumption” with activating social
network of food products
Use more renewables as ethical consumer
Accountable and responsible for whole lifecycle ofenergy resources
14

Cooperative Wind (2012 Akita)
Motivation: Green electricity (Nuclear free, CO2 free)
Problem: Lack of local renewable resources
Business model
Financed by Consumer cooperative in large Tokyo Wind power project sell electricity to power supplier (PPS) Power supplier sell electricity to consumer cooperative


Coop

Coop
windElectricity
PPS

Payment
15

16

17

External benefit of local society
New social network
 New market for local(agricultural) products External economic benefit of 60mil. JPY (≒€500.000)
 “Something different” (mayor)
18

Green PPS of Citizen cooperative(cooperative purchase)

Cooperative
Farmers

Cooperative
Office/ Shop

Cooperative members

Green electricity Supply

・Electricity market
・Back upCooperative energy
High tension line
Farmers

Cooperative
Officedistribution line
Green electricity Purchase
Cooperative
PowerMembers
WindSolar
Small Hydro
Biomass

Roof top solarStand alone solar
Wind
Small Hydro
Biomass

・Rooftop solar
・surplus power
・Energy efficiency

Important criteria of electricity(conjoint analyses)
5044,632

45

40,752403533,361

35,0933025

24,15422,00720
151050Leaders
Rate of Renewables

Location

Members
enterprising bodyCurrent Status and Challenge
A trial for better local acceptanceGood Practice of Citizen Cooperative Local ordinanceConcluding Remarks

21

Guideline/ OrdinanceDefinition of local renewable energy resource
Local benefit
 Environmental Impact management
 Sustainability
 Transparency, Consensus building processGovernanceZoning (priority area for renewable energy)
 Social Responsibility/ Good neighbor Financial participation
 Employment
 Donation
 External benefit

Adaptive management with monitoring Transparency, communication
Roll and power of local authority
22

Concluding remarks
GlobalFramingGlobalInter regional

wormingbiodiversity

Framing

Framing
Framing

Energysustainability

Framing
Risk / cost

Local
Autonomy

Short term

Economic
benefitLong term

Concluding remarks

Definition and/or scale of social acceptance“Silence” do not always mean approval Acceptance model(without benefit) to risk-benefit
model

Possibility of community benefit
External effects(benefit) as a possible strategy forimproving social acceptance OrdinanceSustainable development as unintendedconsequences24Reference
Furuya, Shota and Yasushi Maruyama, 2014, “Capacity building
programs for community based project development in Japan”
Presentation paper in World Wind Energy Conference 2014.
Makoto NISHIKIDO et.al., 2014, “Polyvalent Meaning of Community
Wind Power Movements: Comparing with Anti-Nuclear Movements
in Japan” Presentation paper in XVIII ISA World Congress ofSociology (July 13-19, 2014).
MARUYAMA, Yasushi, Makoto NISHIKIDO, Tetsunari IIDA, 2007,“The rise of community wind power in Japan: enhanced acceptancethrough social innovation” Energy Policy 35, 2761-2769
Motosu, M., and Maruyama, Y., 2016, “ Local acceptance by people
with unvoiced opinions living close to a wind farm: A case study fromJapan”, Energy Policy, 91, 362–370.
Wüstenhagen, R., Wolsink, M., & Bürer, M. J. (2007). Social
acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to theconcept. Energy policy, 35(5), 2683-2691.
IEA Wind Task 28, 2011, “State of the Art-Report”.
25Thank you!

ym@nagoya-u.jp
26