Attachment C

SM.2: SUPPORTING MATERIAL ON MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS AND OTHER
DIRECT HUMAN INFLUENCES THAT LEAD TO DEGRADATION AND
DEVEGETATION.
This Annex is here as an aide memoire – hopefully more detailed textual information on the operations/influences will be made available in theIPCC report on the issue of degradation and devegetation (Task 2).

C at e g ory

A c ti v it yAbove
gr oundbi o mass
C st oc ks
Slightly
decrease
Decrease

Be l ow
gr o u ndbi o ma ss
C st oc ks
No change

Lit t er C
stoc ksDead woodstoc ks

S oi l C
stoc ks

CH 4 f lu x

Increase

No change

Slightly increase

Modest increase

Little effect(Little effect)
Little effect(Little effect)

Little effectDecrease

NochangeMayslightlyincrease
Decrease

Reduce uptake(Increase inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
Little effect(Little effect)
Decrease uptake(Increase inemission)
Decease inuptake(Increase inemission)

Increase inemissiona. Preharvestinga. Preharvesting

Climber cutting &underbrush clearance
Non-commercial treedevitalisation1a. Pre
harvesting

Surface scarifyingIncrease

Increase

Mixed with soil
to decrease

No changeb. Harvesting

Felling (chainsawcomplete)Large
decrease

Largedecrease

Large increase

Large increase

Largedecreaseb. Harvesting

Felling (chainsawselective)
Felling andprocessing(harvesters)
Unmanaged
extraction (e.g.
skidders)

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Increase

Large
decrease

Large
decrease

Large decrease

Large increase

LittleeffectLargedecrease

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Increaseb. Harvestingb. HarvestingLarge
decrease

N2O f lu x

Ref er e nce( w et s oi l)

Little effect

Increase inemission

Little effect
Increase inemission
Increase inemission

1

Sometimes just ring-barking, or coating painting thin-barked species with diesel fuel, often poisoning with 2,4, -5 t. Sometimes small pioneer trees are poisoned with diesel---: The item does not relate to the activity

61

C at e g ory

b. Harvestingb. HarvestingA c ti v it yCareful extraction(e.g. forwarder)
Stump & Root
extraction

Lit t er C
stoc ks

Dead woodstoc ks

S oi l C
stoc ks

CH 4 f lu x

Increase

Increase

Large
decrease

Decrease

Large decrease

SlightdecreaseLargedecrease

Little effect(Little effect)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Little effect)
Large emission(Large emission)Above
gr oundbi o mass
C st oc ks
Decrease

Be l ow
gr o u ndbi o ma ss
C st oc ks
Decrease

Large
decreaseb. Harvesting

Whole tree harvestingLarge
decrease

Large
decrease

Large decrease

No changeLargedecreaseb. Harvesting

Residue comminution------

Increase

Increase

Increaseb. Harvesting

Residue combustion------

Largely decrease

Largely decreaseb. Harvesting

Onsite portable
milling/ chainsaw
planking

Largely
decrease

Largely
decrease

Increase

Increase

Decreasebutcharcoal
may beadded
Decreaseb. Harvesting

Road construction

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decreaseb. Harvesting

Storage of logs inforest
Final removal oflogs/planks.
Deep ploughing/draining/ ripping------

---

---

---

---

Slightly decreaseby decay
Decrease

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Decreaseb. Harvestingc.
Regeneration

N2O f lu x

Ref er e nce( w et s oi l)
Little effectLarge
increase inemission
Increase inemission

Increase inemission
Largeemission---

Decrease inuptake(Decrease inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)---

Increase inemission------------

Decrease

Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)

Increase inemission

Increase inemission

62

C at e g ory

A c ti v it yAbove
gr oundbi o mass
C st oc ks
Increase

Be l ow
gr o u ndbi o ma ss
C st oc ks
Increase

Lit t er Cstoc ks

Dead woodstoc ks

S oi l Cstoc ks

CH 4 f lu x

Slight decrease

Little effectSlightdecrease

Slight decrease
in uptake(Slight reductionin emission)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
---

---

Slightly decrease
in uptake(Little effect)---

Slightly
increase inemission---

Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
Little effect(Little effect)
Little effect(Little effect)
No effect(Little effect)
No effect(Little effect)

Increase inemission
throughfertilisatin
Little effectc.
Regeneration

Careful site
preparation – e.g.
moundingc.
RegenerationDirect seeding

Increase

Increase

Decrease

No effect

Decreasec.
Regeneration

Fertilisation

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Decrease

Decreasec.
Regenerationc.
Regeneration

Planting (increplanting)Weeding

Increase

Increase

Increase------

Slightly
decrease

No effect

increase

No effect

No effectc.
Regenerationd. StandManagement

Animal protection(guards/fencing)
Clearance forcommercial crops(e.g. coffee, oil palm)

Increase

Increase

---

---

---

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decreased. Standmanagementd. Standmanagementd. Standmanagementd. Standmanagement

Thinning (precommercial)Thinning(commercial)
Fuelwood removal

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Large increase

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Increase------

Little effectDecrease

Pest control

Increase

Increase

Little effectDecrease

Slightincrease
Slightincrease
LittleeffectNo effect

N2O f lu x

Ref er e nce( w et s oi l)
Slightincrease inemission
Increase inemission

Large
increase inemission

Little effectNo effect
No effect63

C at e g ory

Lit t er C
stoc ks

Dead woodstoc ks

S oi l C
stoc ks

CH 4 f lu x

Increase byincreasing
production, ordecrease byincrease indecomposition
Increase

Increase

Decrease in
uptake(Increase inemission)

Largeemission

No effect

Increase byincreasing
production, or
decrease byincrease indecomposition
Increase

No effect

Decrease

Increase

Increase

Little effectLittle effectDecrease

Decrease

No effect(Little effect)
Little effect(Little effect)
Little effectAbove
gr oundbi o mass
C st oc ks
Increase

Be l ow
gr o u ndbi o ma ss
C st oc ks
Increasesanitary fellings

Slightdecrease
Decreaseraking litterA c ti v it yd. Stand
management

Fertilisationd. Standmanagementd. Standmanagementd. Standmanagementd. Standmanagementd. Standmanagement

pruning (selective)

fire breaks + preburns
Establishing
Protected Areas

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

LittleeffectLittle
effectSlightdecrease
Decrease

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increasee.
Neighbouring
Effectse.
Neighbouring
Effects

Spraying, drainage &other management on
adjacent lands.
Pressure for cropping& grazing.

Decrease or
increase

Decrease or
increase

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Decreasee.
Neighbouring
Effects

Recreation

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decreasee.
Neighbouring
Effects

Rural Land
Abandonment

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

N2O f lu x

Ref er e nce( w et s oi l)Large emission(Large emission)
Increase inuptake(Increase inemission)(Decrease inemission)
Decrease in
uptake by soil
compaction or bycontamination offertiliser
Decrease in
uptake(Increase inemission)
Increase inuptake(Increase inemission)

Little effectDecreaseemission
Largeemission
Reduceemission

Increase inemission
Increase inemission

Increase inemission

Decrease inemission

64Abovegr oundbi o massC st oc ks
Decrease

Be l ow
gr o u ndbi o ma ss
C st oc ks
Decrease

Lit t er C
stoc ks

Dead woodstoc ks

S oi l C
stoc ks

CH 4 f lu x

Litter effectLittle effectLittleeffectLittle effect(Decrease inemission)

Little effectTree death

Tree death

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase inemission

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Increase

Slightincrease

Emission occur(Increase inemission)
Little effect(Little effect)

Conflict, war &transmigration
resulting in periodic
high pressure on
forest resources & use
of war-linked
herbicides.
Breeding and tree
improvement
CO2 fertilisation

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)

Increase inemission

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase------

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increasef. Global
Effects

Temperature increase

Increase or
decrease

Increase or
decrease

Increase by highproduction or
decrease bymineralisation
Decrease

Little effect(Little effect)
Reduce uptake(Increaseemission)

Little effectAtmosphericfertilisation (mainlyN)

Littleeffect
Increase

Decrease

Decreasef. Global
Effects

Rainfall decreaseIncrease or
decrease

Increase or
decrease

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Increase inuptake(Increase inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Decrease inemission)

C at e g orye.
Neighbouring
Effectse.
Neighbouring
Effectse.
Neighbouring
Effectse.
Neighbouring
Effectsf. Global
Effectf. Global
Effectsf. Global
EffectsA c ti v it y

Water-table lowering
by neighbouring
agriculture & urban
uses
Canalisation andalteration ofwatercourses
Introduction exotic
flora and fauna.

N2O f lu x

Ref er e nce( w et s oi l)

Little effect

Increaseemission

Increase inemission

Decrease inemission

65

C at e g ory

A c ti v it yf. Global
Effects

Deeper cyclonicsystems

f. Global
Effects

Atmosphericpollution (e.g.
sulphur and ozone)Above
gr oundbi o mass
C st oc ks
Decrease

Be l ow
gr o u ndbi o ma ss
C st oc ks
Decrease

Lit t er C
stoc ks

Dead woodstoc ks

S oi l C
stoc ks

CH 4 f lu x

Increase

Increase

LittleeffectDecrease

Decrease

Increase

Increase

LittleeffectDecrease inuptake(Increase inemission)
Decrease inuptake(Increase inemission)

N2O f lu x

Ref er e nce( w et s oi l)
Increase inemission

Increase inemission

66