U.S.-Japan-India Strategic Dialogue
February 27 –March 1, 2009
Tokyo, Japan
Recognizing the growing importance of India in East Asia and the enormous potential
for expanding cooperation on global challenges based on shared values and interests,
the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the Confederation of IndianIndustries (CII), and the Japan Institute for International Affairs (JIIA) initiated theU.S.-Japan-India Trilateral Strategic Dialogue in June 2006. Co-chaired by Central
Japan Railroad Chairman Yoshiyuki Kasai, CII Chief Mentor Tarun Das, CSIS President
John Hamre and former Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, and directed byMichael Green of CSIS, the trilateral strategic dialogue has met five times, mostrecently in Tokyo from February 27 to March 1. Each meeting has increased theparticipants’ enthusiasm for working together and has reinforced the importance ofstrengthening this trilateral strategic dialogue at the official level so that our three great
democracies can play a leading role in defining the future contours of the Asia Pacificregion and positively affecting human society.
In this meeting, the participants focused their discussions on five areas: domestic
political developments; the economic crisis; international security challenges; regionalarchitecture; and climate change /energy.
The Economic Crisis
The participants noted that the possibility that the current economic crisis could lead toprolonged difficulties with an “L” shaped recovery rather than the “V” shaped recovery
more often seen after recessions, but also acknowledged that previous models forpredicting recoveries have frequently proven inaccurate. There was consensus that in
the current environment:zz

All three nations have a responsibility to resist protectionist tendencies througha renewed effort to successfully conclude the Doha Round, strengthen
multilateral institutions, and explore liberalization through bilateral EPAs,FTAs or ECAs.
Japan’s commitment to significantly increase support for the IMF demonstrates
important leadership at a global level.

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The international economic architecture needs to better reflect the increased
importance of Asian economies.
Japan’s commitment to cooperation with India through yen loans (India iscurrently one of the leading recipients of Japanese ODA) and FDI has
particular strategic and economic significance at this time.
India’s commitment to improve the environment for FDI has improved, but
further efforts are required with respect to infrastructure, governance, andreduction of intergovernmental obstacles within India.
Technology innovation and collaboration can continue strengthening relations
among the three countries, as it did when the U.S. FBI made its forensic
capabilities available to the government of India after the Mumbai attack.

Security
The three delegations discussed the challenges and opportunities in South Asia, thesecurity environment in East Asia, and the possible modalities for increased trilateral
security cooperation. It was noted that:z U.S.-Japan-India trilateral naval exercises are a strong element in the security
interface of the three countries and should be continued annually.
z Indian and U.S. participants highlighted the importance of Japan’s naval
deployments in the Indian Ocean in terms of countering terrorism and piracy
and increasing Japan’s strategic presence.
z The passage of Japan’s new space law points to the expanding possibilities forcommon efforts on commercial space launch vehicles and satellites forenvironmental monitoring, arms control and missile defense.
z The three nations can contribute jointly and each in their own way tostabilization and recovery in Afghanistan.
z All three delegations shared concern about developments in Pakistan.
z All three delegations agreed on the importance of a complete and verifiable end
to North Korea`s nuclear program and a complete accounting by North Korea
on the abductee issue.
Regional Architecture
Participants were briefed on the February 2009 CSIS survey of elite strategic opinion
in Asia on the region`s future architecture, including key findings that:2

z 80% of respondents in East Asia welcomed a role for India and 79% welcomeda role for the United States in forming an “East Asia Community.”z 65% expect China to be more powerful in Asia in ten years, but China led thelist of nations that were seen as a potential threat to regional peace andsecurity while the United States led the list of countries seen as contributing topeace and security in the future.
z Large majorities highlighted the importance of governance, human rights, andfree elections – values shared of the United States, Japan and India.
Based on discussion of these findings, it was agreed that the region’sinstitutional architecture will continue to be fluid and diverse, but the UnitedStates, Japan and India should continue coordinating closely to ensure that
regional forums continue to consolidate an open economic regionalism and thepromotion of universal norms.
Climate Change/Energy
The participants compared national strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
and welcomed the United States’ leadership in this area and Japan’s path-finding
technology innovations on renewables and energy efficiency. It was noted that:z The delegations shared a consciousness of the need to balance economic,environmental, and social issues.
z It was highlighted that measures on both the demand and supply side ofenergy-use play critical roles in solving climate change issues. On the demandside, promoting “Electrification” in the transportation sector (e.g. electricvehicle) as well as heat utilization (e.g. heat pump appliances) is essential.
z The delegations also recognized the importance of modeling, simulating energy
portfolios, and using concrete figures (e.g. amount of CO2 reduction andrequired investment cost) as market principles to effectively promoteenergy-saving technologies.
z Nuclear energy is an essential element of strategy, but proliferation issues need
to be addressed if there is a world-wide expansion of nuclear energy use, andit will be important to consider the entire nuclear fuel cycle.
z Near term political pressures complicate national long-term resource
allocations.
- The current recession (with lower energy costs) limits investment in3

modern infrastructure and investment in (more expensive) alternative fuels.
z The United States has a strong intention to lead international efforts at
Copenhagen, but this will be more difficult without carbon-constraining
legislation in the United States, and the economic crisis has cast doubt on theprospects for swift passage.
z The AP-7 Forum on clean energy and climate in Asia, which includes theUnited States, Japan and India, can play a key role in building cooperation andconsensus.
The delegations briefed Prime Minister Taro Aso, Foreign Minister Hirofumi Nakasone,
Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada, Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Toshihiro
Nikai, Finance Minister and State Minister in charge of Economic and Fiscal Policy
Kaoru Yosano, and Democratic Party of Japan leaders Katsuya Okada, Yukio Hatoyama
and Seiji Maehara on the discussions and recommendations. Briefings will also bemade to the U.S. and Indian governments by those delegations upon their return tocapitals.

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