Clean Coal Day 2024
September 2, 2024

New Thermal Power Plants
inCarbon Neutral Society
September 2, 2024
Dr. Shozo Kaneko
Research Advisor
Institute of Industrial Science
University of Tokyo

Carbon Neutrality⚫ Carbon Neutral(CN) does not mean “Zero Emission GHG”
⚫ It means balance of “Emission” and “Absorption”
Emissionby Artificial
Emission

Absorption

by Landby SeaCO2

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo2

Trees absorb CO2 while growing up

CO2 in the air is converted to Carbon in wood by Photosynthesis

Required time will be 30 to 40 years

Time Constant ≈ 50 years
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

3

Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O= C6H12O6+ 6O2

sunlight
sunlight

GlucoseGlucosestoma

H2O(from soil)

CO2O2
stoma

Soil

Photosynthesis is one of the most vital phenomena in the history of the earth
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

4

Historical Change of CO2 in the atmosphere
Partial pressureof CO2 (atm)

Relative ratio of CO2(Present Level=1)

Life on earth

Glacial Age of Huronian
CO2 level
Glacial Ageof Proterozoic
CO2 level

Estimated CO2level
Limit of Photosynthesis
for C3 Plant( CO2≈150 ppm)

×100 million years
All Rights Reserved.

Source: Casting(1993)

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

5

Ocean Circulation System : Ocean Belt
Ocean Belt

By W.S.Broecker

Circulates in 700 years
Time Constant ≈ 500 years
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

6

CO2 after Carbon Neutrality

Once emission and absorption reach equilibrium,
CO2 concentration in the air decreases in several hundred years
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

7

Zero Carbon → No Life

Algae, Fungi, Moss, Amoeba, VirusAnimals

All Rights Reserved.

PlantsDr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

8

All animals, plants are made of carbon

Animal Cell

All Rights Reserved.

Plant Cell

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

9

Even bacteria and virus are made of carbon

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

10

Composition of Human Body
70

HumanBody

65.0

60
50
40

Tree

Weight %Others 1%30

H 6%

18.0

20

O 44%

10.0103.00OCHN1.51.00.3CaPS

C 49%

Carbon is the vital element of Human Body!
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

11

Carbon is the basis of human life
Combustion in the CellDNA⚫ Mitochondria⚫ ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)

Food⚫ Protein⚫ Fat⚫ Carbohydrate

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

12

Human Body and Coal Fired Power Plant
CO2CO2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

CmHn + pO2 = mCO2 + n/2H2O⚫ 2400 kcal/day/person⚫ 40 g-CO2/h/person⚫ 120million Japanese people≈ 40 million tonnes CO2 per year

⚫ This is equivalent to 6GW coal
fired power plants

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

13

Zero carbon means no life
With carbon , full of life

No carbon , no life

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo14

⚫ Types of Renewable Energy
Type⚫ Variable Renewable Energy(VRE)⚫ Stable Renewable Energy(SRE)

Load Control

NoneControllable

SecuredCapacity

No （because of unpredictability

YesConclusion

No contribution to demanddispatch control

Load can be controlled to matchthe demandExamplePVWind

Hydro

Geothermal

BiomassFeatures

・No generation
at night
・1/10 on rainydays・No wind, nopower・High
speed loadcontrol・Same asthermalpower・Same asthermalpowerand intermittency)

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

15

➢VRE needs back-up to compensate!
Defects of VRE① VRE output is intermittent and unpredictable② VRE output does not comply with demand③ The gap must be compensated by back-up

Demand100%

Always there exists a gap!
Output by VRE

0%timePV⚫ No power output at night!
Fine day⚫ 1/10 on rainy days!
Cloudy or rainy day

outputoutput

Direct Current vs. Alternating Current⚫ Fight over DC or AC
Thomas Alva Edison

Nicola Tesla(1847-1931)⚫ Direct Current(1856-1943)⚫ Alternate Current⚫ 1883⚫ New York City
⚫ Pearl Street Station⚫ Transmission:1km⚫ Free Voltage Control⚫ Electrical Network⚫ 1895⚫ Niagara Falls Hydro⚫ Transmission:40km⚫ Finally, AC won and was adopted

for electric network worldwide.

⚫ Frequency must be controlled at any time!
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo17

Alternating Current⚫ Direct Current⚫ Alternating Current

50Hz---50 cycles per second
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo18

⚫ Alternating Current⚫ 50 cycles per second

1 second⚫ Alternating Current system is shutdown by 5% deviation!
Alternating Current System
Basic Freq. 50 Hz

Electric system isfar more sensitive!

Human Body
Basic Pulse

50 beat/min

Deviation

5%→47.5Hz

Deviation

5%→47.5pulse(∆3)

ResultShutdown by UFR

ResultHeart can sustain

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

19

Supply and Demand must meet at any moment!
Japanese standard frequency control range：±0.2Hz

Supply(Power Generation)

DemandFrequency(Consumption)

48.5⚫ If the deviation is over 1.5HZ , UFLS (Under Frequency LoadShedding) is activated !
⚫ If the deviation is over 2.5HZ , all generating plants
go to automatic shutdown -----Blackout occurs!
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

20

⚫ Two limits against the frequency drop…
UFLS：Under Frequency Load Shedding: Cut demand side
UFR : Under Frequency Relay: Cut generating side

Hz50
Limit49

UFLS: Demand-cut

48.5
48

UFR: Generating Equipment shutdown47.5

47

BO: Blackout0
All Rights Reserved.

sechourDr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo21

Outages in the World
Mongolia 54.0
SouthAfrica South
44.0
44.0
Africa12.6
BrazilBrazil
12.6

Bangladesh 64.5

Power outage time SAIDI (h)

5.0
5.0

India

Indonesia

4.5
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.0

Egypt

2.5
2.0
2.0

Saudi Arabia

1.5

China

Australia

1.0
1.0

Developed country
Middle country
Low country

MexicoUSA
Malaysia

0.5

Thailand

Qatar
UKUAE00.0

France00

Source: TEPSCO June 26, 2021

100100Germany

200200300300

Japan
400
400

500
500

Population density（person/km2）

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

22

Frequency Variation Record on March 16th,2022
It is a serious problem to prevent blackout in Tokyo
Before Earthquake
Frequency
in TokyoArea∆Frequency
After Earthquake

UFLS
Setting
48.5Hz∆ = 1.0HZ
UFR
Setting
47.5HzAll Rights Reserved.

Source：TEPCO Power Grid HP

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo23

⚫ Possibility of Blackout in Tokyo

People enjoy life of electricity, but…

Wake-up ! Look at thescientific reality……
All Rights Reserved.

Damocles swordDr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo24

AC Electric System vs. Human Body
AC Electric System

Human Body

5% deviation

3 Hz out of 60

3 beats out of 60

UFR and Shutdown
Blackout!

Healthy and Normal⚫ AC Electric System is much more delicate and sensitive
compared to Human Body!
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

25

VRE vs. SRE
Solar and Wind

Hydro and Geothermal

Variable Renewable Energy

Stable Renewable Energy

Intermittent and unpredictable

Stable and Controllable

Sacrifice System Stability

Harmonize with AC System

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

26

Solar and wind are cheap and economical?
Generation Facilities

Energy Storage Facilities

SolarVREWindSRE

Hydro

Dam

Geothermal

Magma &Well

Biomass

ForestAll Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

27

Reality for electric system stability
Generation Facilities

Energy Storage Facilities
Battery

Solar

VRE
Battery

Wind

SRE

Hydro

Dam

Geothermal

Magma &Well

Biomass

ForestAll Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo28

⚫ Seasonal Time Shift⚫ Wind power generation is greater in winter than in summer！
→Seasonal power shift is necessary when wind percentage is high!

Off-shore
Output(TWh)On-shoreWind Power

151050Jan

Feb MarApr May JunJul

Aug SepOct

Nov Dec

Monthly Power Generation by Wind in Germany(2020)
Source:All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

29

Energy Storage
Large-scale energy storage
Power to Gas⚫ 1GW-1 Week storage
by batteries is very
difficult

Source:All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

30

Renewable Energy needs Thermal Power !

Renewable➢ 現在、まじめに火力発電の高効率化のための研究開発を行っているのは日本だけ
Thermal（ただしガスタービンの開発は欧米も熱心）
EnergyPower➢ 鉄系高温材料の開発は経験、実績、熱意で日本がトップである➢ 各国は日本の結果を見て動いている➢ 日本でトップは即、世界でトップである

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

31

Thermal Power Plants in the future⚫ Thermal Power never die, only fossil fuels are
switched to synthetic fuels!
Surplus Renewable Energy

Synthetic Fuels

Fossil Fuels(H2・NH3・CH4)(Coal・Nat.Gas)

ThermalPowerPlant

2020

2030
All Rights Reserved.

2040
Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

2050
32

Requirements for new thermal power plants
Fuel Versatility
Multiple Fuel Capability⚫ Energy Security⚫ Lowest cost fuel,either fossil or synthetic

Quick Load Change⚫ To coexist with AC Currentnetwork⚫ Prevention of Blackout

Minimum Construction⚫ To minimize construction
and time

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

33

⚫ Outline of FlexPower System
New Thermal Power Plants in Carbon Neutral Society

FlexPower System
Flex-USC

Flex-GTCC

SystemConfiguration

B-ST-G

GT-HRSG-ST-G

Fuels

Coal/Oil/Natural Gas/Residue Natural Gas/Light Oil

FossilCN Fuels H2/NH3/Biomass

H2/NH3/e-methaneConstruction

Small Modular

Small Modular

High Efficiency(Inlet Temp.)

ST：650℃

GT: 1650℃
ST: 650℃

Stage

Step1

Step2

Step1

Step2

Load ChangeRate(%/min)

515

515

Minimum Load (%)

155155Heat Storage

w/ow

w/ow

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

34

Don’t put all your eggs in one basket!
➢Risk hedge➢Risk distribution➢Multiple options⚫ If you don’t have options,
you cannot negotiate.
All Rights Reserved. Ⓒ Prof. Kaneko Laboratory, IIS, University of Tokyo

35

Flex-USC Angel Boiler⚫ Any Fuels can be used
⚫ Inverted Furnace⚫ SH & RH Modules in Horizontal
Passage⚫ Minimum Length of SH & RH piping⚫ Small Modular Construction

Coal
Biomass
OilMainSteam pipe

Steam Turbine

FurnaceNatural Gas
H2NH3CH3OH

SH・RH.ECONAll Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

36

Flex-GTCC
Natural Gas

Synthetic Gas

Coal

H2Biomass

NH3Residue

Light Oil

RefuseSAF
Combustor

CH3OH
Gasifier

O2
Air
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

37

Optimum Thermal Power Plant in CN Society⚫Conversion will be done within the Boundary
Power Station Perimeter

FlexPower
Transformer
Gas Turbine
Steam Turbine
O2⚫ Accept aselectricity anddischarge aselectricity→minimize
conversion loss

BoilerO2

H2Electrolyser
Hydrogen and Oxygen are used on the spot!

All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo38

⚫ Synthetic Fuels and Overall Efficiency
Conv. toH2 ɳ=70

Renewable
Energy100

Conv.toCH4
ɳ= 50

H2① PEFC

ThermalPower
PlantsCH442 30

② SOFC 42 30③ B-ST

28 20④ GTCC 42 30⑤ GTFC 49 35⑥ SOBT 49 35

Heat
Storage 90

CarnotBattery⑦ Carnot B.

54⑧ Engine

36

Compressed Air Storage 60：
Battery 80：
Pumped Hydro 70：
All Rights Reserved.

Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo

39

The future is bright…

nThank you!

The End