当報告の内容は、それぞれの著者の著作物です。
Copyrighted materials of the authors.
研究会報告「アフリカ諸語のイベントの統合のパターンに関する研究」平成26年度第1回研究会
日時:
平成26年5月10日（土曜日）午後2時30分より午後7時
場所:
東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所 304室
[1]

稗田乃（AA研所員）"Complex	 events	
 and	
 clause	 combining	
 in	
 Saamia"[2]

吉野宏志（筑波大学大学院生）「アッレ語におけるイベント統合のパターン」[3]

全員「論文集の出版について」

Complex events and clausecombining in Saamia
Osamu Hieda

How does Saamia expresses complex
events? A Satellite Language
Intransitive
1) Yéeruha
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run LOC‐house‘He ran in/into/out of the house.’
2) Yá‐kenda
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk LOC‐house‘He walked in the house (inside the house).’‘*He walked into/out of the house.’Clause combining
CLAUSE 1 + CLAUSE 2
Intransitive3) Yéeruha,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He ran and entered the house.’ = ‘He ran into
the house.’
4) Yá‐kenda,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He walked and entered the house.’ = ‘He
walked into the house.’

Cf. Applicative is not ‘motion toward’,but iterative.
Applicative
Yá‐kend‐era
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk‐AP LO‐house‘He walked (was walking) inside the house.’5) Ómupíra kwésiringisa, kwéengira mú‐nyumba.
ball SP:PAST:roll
SP:PAST:enter LO‐house‘The ball rolled and entered the house.’ = ‘The
ball rolled into the house.’
6) Yá‐siegéra, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐limp 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘He limped and entered the house.’ = ‘He limped
into the house.’Transitive
7) Yá‐sukunáómupííra mu‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐throw ball
LOC‐nyumba‘He threw the ball into/to the house.’
CLAUSE 1 + CLAUSE 2 (non‐agentive)8) Yá‐sukuná ómupííra, kwéengira mu‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐throw ball SP:PAST:enter LOC‐
nyumba‘He threw the ball and it entered the house.’ =‘He threw the ball into the house.’

9) Yá‐tacha ómupííra, kwéengira mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐kick ball SP:PAST:enter LO‐house‘He kicked the ball and it entered the house.’ =‘He kicked the ball into the house.’
10) Chuháámaachi mu‐chúpa.
IMP:pourwater
LOC‐bottle‘Pour water into the bottle.’

Transitive CLAUSE 1 + CLAUSE 2 (agentive)11) Sindiha esidomolo, w‐ingise
mu‐stowa.
IMP:push jerican 2SG‐enter:CAUS:SUB LOC‐store‘Push the jerican and made it enter the store.’ =‘Push the jerican into the store.’
12) Yá‐leta
esíkónó, yá‐yingisa
mú‐nyumba.
3SG‐PAST:bring basket 3SG:PAST‐enter:CAUS LO‐
house‘He brought the basket and made it enter thehouse.’ = ‘He brought the basket into the house.’

13) Yá‐hwesa émbusi, yá‐yingisa
mú‐nyumba.
3SG‐PAST:pull goat 3SG:PAST‐enter:CAUS LO‐
house‘He pulled the goat and made it enter the house.’= ‘He pulled the goat into the house.’Appositive combining is one sentence?
Ⅰ An appositive combining sentence has anintonation as one sentence.
Ⅱ Scope of Adverbs
14) yeeruuhé ekúlo, yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:YPAST:run yesterday 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house15) yeeruuhé, yéngira
mú‐nyumba ekúlo.
3SG:YPAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house yesterday‘She ran into the house yesterday.’9) ≒10)16) Yéeruha mangú, yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run quickly 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house17) Yéeruha, yéengira
mú‐nyumba mangú.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house quickly
1. ‘She ran into the house quickly.’ 17 > 16
2. (Her mother called Sherry.) ‘She ran into thehouse quickly.’ 17 > 16
3. (Sherry walked lazily in the garden.) ‘She ran into
the house quickly.’ 16 > 17
4. (Her mother wanted Sherry to come into thehouse as soon as possible.) ‘She ran into the housequickly.’ 16 = 17 n15

スライド 11n15１６）は、副詞quicklyが走るを修飾している。１７）は、入るを修飾している
nile, 2014/04/16

18) yéeruha ná‐ye, béengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run with‐3SG 3PL:PAST:enter LO‐house‘She ran with him into the house.’
19) yéeruha, yéengira
mú‐nyumba ná‐ye.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house with‐3SG‘She ran into the house with him.’11) ≠ 12)20) */? Yéeruha ésawa cibili, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run hours two 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house21) *Yéeruha, yéengira mú‐nyumba ésawa cibili.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house hours two‘*She ran for two hours into the house.’ n1022) Yéeruha ésawa cibili. Yéengira mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run hours two 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘She ran for two hours and entered the house.’23) *Yéeruha. Yéengira mú‐nyumba ésawa cibili.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house hours two‘*She ran and entered the house for two hours.’

スライド 13n10

「家に入る」は一瞬の出来事である。継続を表す「２時間」というような副詞と共起できない。
しかし、C1とC２のあいだにポーズがあると、「走る」と継続を表す副詞とは共起できる。日本語でも「２時間走って、家に入った」は、やはりポーズがあると考えられる。
「走って入った」とポーズのある「走って、入った」は区別しなくてはならない。
サーミア語においてもClause 1とClause ２の間にポーズがあるものと、ないものを区別しなくてはならない。
nile, 2014/04/09

24) Yéeruha, ní‐yéengira mú‐nyumba mángu.
3SG:PAST:run when‐3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐
house quickly‘He ran and entered the house quickly.’25) Yéeruha mángu, ní‐yéengira mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run quickly when‐3SG:PAST:enter
LOC‐house‘He ran quickly and entered the house.’n7

スライド 14n7

副詞の位置により修飾している動詞がことなる
主動詞のあとにおかれるとむしろ主動詞を修飾し、第２の動詞のあとにおかれるとその動詞を修飾することがある
nile, 2013/07/05

26) *Yéeruha, yéengira
mú‐nyumba múno.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house verymuch‘*He ran into the house hard.’27) Yéeruha múno, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run very much 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐
house
‘He ran hard into the house.’

Ⅲ Scope of negation
28) Si yéeruha,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
NEG 3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house29) *Si yéeruha,
si yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
NEG 3SG:PAST:run NEG 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house30) Si yéeruha,(di) si yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
NEG 3SG:PAST:run (but) NEG 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐
housea) She did not run but entered into the house.
b) She did not run and did not enter the house.
28) = a), b) 30) = b)

Non Appositive
31) Si yéruha,
hándí yá‐hengae‐ngíra.
NEG 3SG:PAST:run but 3SG:PAST‐cut road
1) He did not run but crossed the road.
2) *He ran but did not crossed the road.
3) *He did not run and did not cross the road.

Non Appositive32) Yéruha, hándí si yá‐hengae‐ngíra.
3SG:PAST:run but NEG 3SG:PAST‐cut road
1) He ran but did not crossed the road.’
Appositive33) Si yéruha,
yá‐hengae‐ngíra.
NEG 3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐cut road
1) He ran but did not cross the road.
2) *He did not ran but crossed the road.
3) He did not run and did not cross the road.

Ni‐construction34) Si‐yéruha,
ní‐yá‐hengae‐ngíra.
NEG 3SG:PAST:run when‐3SG:PAST‐cut road
1) *He ran but did not cross the road.
2) He did not run but crossed the road.
3) *He did not run and did not cross the road.

Ⅳ Illocutionary scope
1) Yéeruha,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba?
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘Did she run into the house.’
2)Hába. Si yéeruha. Yá‐kenda, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
No NEG 3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘No. She did not run. She waked into the house.’3) ?Hába. Si yéengira mú‐nyumba. Nayé yéeruha.
No NEG 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house but 3SG:PAST:run‘No. She did not enter the house. But she ran.’Information structure4) Q: What did she do?
A: Yéeruha,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘She ran into the house.’5) Q: How did she do?
A: Yéeruha,ní‐yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when‐3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐
house
‘She ran when entering the house.’

Presupposition (Lie test)6) Yohána yá‐bola atí yéeruha, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
John 3SG:PAST‐say that 3SG:PAST:run
3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘John said that she ran into the house.’
7) Sí si‐túfu. Si yéeruha. Yá‐kenda, yéengira mú‐
nyumba.
NEG NEG‐true NEG 3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐walk
3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘That is a lie. She did not run. She walked into thehouse.’

8) Yohána yá‐bola atí yéeruha, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
John 3SG:PAST‐say that 3SG:PAST:run
3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘John said that she ran into the house.’
9) *Sí si‐túfu. Yéeruha. Si yéengira mú‐nyumba.
NEG NEG‐true 3SG:PAST:run NEG 3SG:PAST:enter
LO‐house‘That is a lie. She ran. She did not enter the house.’10) Yohána yá‐bola atí si yéeruha, yéengira mú‐
nyumba.
John 3SG:PAST‐say that NEG 3SG:PAST:run
3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘John said that she did not run into the house.’
11) Sí si‐túfu. Yéeruha, yéengira mú‐nyumba.
NEG NEG‐true 3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐
house‘That is a lie. She ran into the house.’10) Yohána yá‐bola atí si yéeruha, yéengira mú‐
nyumba.
John 3SG:PAST‐say that NEG 3SG:PAST:run
3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘John said that she did not run into the house.’
12) Sí si‐túfu. Yéeruha. Nayé si yéengira mú‐
nyumba.
NEG NEG‐true 3SG:PAST:run but NEG
3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘That is a lie. She ran. But she did not enter thehouse.’

Semantics of appositive combining
1) Yéeruha,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘She ran and entered the house.’ = ‘She ran
u3
into the house.’
2) ndá‐huba ómusaacha, yáá‐fa.
1SG:PAST‐hit man
3SG:PAST‐die‘I hit the man and he died.’ = ‘I hit the man tothe death.’スライド 26
u3

「走った」結果、「家に入った」。ある特定の時間にすでにeventが成し遂げられている。
user, 2014/04/15

(comma intonation)3) *Yéengira
mú‐nyumba, yéeruuha.
3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house 3SG:PAST:runn18‘She entered the house and ran.’(period intonation)
4) Yéengira
mú‐nyumba. Yéeruuha.
3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house 3SG:PAST:run‘She entered the house. She ran. (After entering
the house she ran.)’スライド 27
n18

Appositiveの場合Clause 1 Clause２の順序をかえることはできない
nile, 2014/04/22

Appositive5) Yósaengubo,chá‐laba.
3SG:PAST:wash cloth
SP:PAST‐clean‘He washed the cloth clean.’6) *Yáá‐fa,
ndá‐huba ómusaacha.
3SG*PAST‐die 1SG:PAST‐hit man‘He died and I hit the man.’Ni‐construction
7) Yéeruha,ní‐yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when‐3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘She ran when entering the house.’
8) Ní‐yéengira mú‐nyumba,
yéeruuha.
when‐3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house 3SG:PAST:runn19‘When she entered the house, she ran.’スライド 29
n19

Ni-constructionの場合、Clause 1Clause 2の順序を変えても意味はほぼ同じ
nile, 2014/04/22

Summary (Appositive combining)• Scope of Sentence adverbs extends to Clause 1
and 2 in apposition. They are naturally located in
Clause 2.
• Scope of manner adverbs is limited to verbs thatare modified.
• Scope of negation extends to Clause 1 and 2.
• Illocutinary scope is limited in Clause 1.
• Assertion is in Clause 1 and Clause 2 ispresupposed.
n20• Clause 1 is Cause, Clause 2 is Result.

スライド 30
n20

AppositiveはClause2がClause1のイベントの結果を示すため、Clause1Clause2の順序をいれかえることができない。
nile, 2014/04/22

Trial on ‘Revising Talmy’s typologicalclassification of complex events’
Manner
CLAUSE 1
Intransitive
Run
Crawl
Walk
Limp
Rush
Roll
Fly
Float
Follow Flow
Float
Jump

Motion
CLAUSE 2
Transitive(Non‐Agentive)
Throw
Kick
(Agentive)
Push
Pull
Bring

Into
To
Out ofTowards
ThroughAcrossClassification of events in CLAUSE 2
INTO (Appositive Clause combining)
1) RUN INTO
Yéeruha,yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He ran and entered the house.’ = ‘He ran into then11house.’
2) WALK INTO
Yá‐kenda,
yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He walked and entered the house.’ = ‘He walked
into the house.’スライド 32n11

動作者は、すでに家の中に入っている。入る過程を表現していない。入った状態にすでにある。
nile, 2014/04/13

3) RUSH INTO
yá‐laalá,yéengira
mu‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐rush 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He rushed and entered the house.’ = ‘Herushed into the house.’4) FLY INTO
Eyoni lyá‐buruhá, lyéengira
mu‐kúlú.
bird
SP:PAST‐fly SP:PAST:enter LOC:cloud‘The bird flew and entered the cloud.’ = ‘The
bird flew into the cloud.’5) LIMP INTO
Yá‐siegéra,
yéengira
mu‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐limp 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘He limped and entered the house.’ = ‘Helimped into the house.’
6) CRAWL INTO
Yá‐fula,yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐crawl 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘He crawled and entered the house.’ = ‘He
crawled into the house.’

7) PUSH INTO
Sindiha esidomolo, w‐ingise
mú‐stowa.
IMP:push jerican 2SG‐enter:CAUS:SUB LOC‐store‘Push the jerican and made it enter the store.’ =‘Push the jerican into the store.’
8) FLOAT INTO
Ecúpa yá‐benga,
yéengira
mú‐lina.
bottle SP:PAST‐float SP:PAST:enter LO‐hole‘The bottle floated and entered the hole (cave).’ =‘The bottle floated into the cave.’9) *CRAWL INTO (CRAWL TO UNDER)
Yá‐fula,yá‐chaáási we meéza.
3SG:PAST‐crawl 3SG:PAST‐come under of table‘He crawled and came under the table.’‘*He crawled into the table.’10) JUMP INTO
Yá‐tumá,yá‐kwamú‐maachi.
3SG:PAST‐jump 3SG:PAST‐fall LOC‐water‘He jumped and fell into water.’ = ‘He jumped
into water.’TO (Appositive)10) RUN TO
Yéeruha,yá‐chamú‐sokóni.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐come LO‐market‘He ran and came to the market.’ = ‘He ran ton12
the market’11) WALK TO
Yá‐kendá,yá‐chahú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk 3SG:PAST‐come LO‐house‘He walked and came to the house.’スライド 37n12

動作者は、すでに目的地へ到達している。目的地への過程を表現していない。目的地に到った状態を示している。
nile, 2014/04/13

12) RUSH TO
Yá‐laalá,yá‐chahú‐musaala.
3SG:PAST‐rush 3SG:PAST‐come LOC‐tree‘He rushed and came to the tree.’ = ‘He rushed tothe tree.’13) CRAWL TO UNDER
Yá‐fula,yá‐chaáási we meéza.
3SG:PAST:crawl 3SG:PAST‐come under of table‘He crawled and came under the table. = He
crawled under the table ’14) LIMP TO
Yá‐siegéra,
yá‐chaéna musaala.
3SG:PAST‐limp 3SG:PAST‐come LOC:with tree
‘He limped and came where the tree is.’

OUT OF/FROM (Appositive)15) RUN OUT OF
Yéeruha,yá‐tulamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐come from LOC‐housen13‘He ran and came from the house.’
16) WALK OUT OF
Yá‐kendá,yá‐tulamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk 3SG:PAST‐came from LOC‐house‘He walked and came from the house.’スライド 40n13

動作者は、すでに出発点から目的地へと到っている。Clause 2の動詞は、たとえば、完了時制で使うと出身地を聞くときに使う。
nile, 2014/04/13

17) RUSH OUT OF
Yá‐laalá,yá‐tulamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐rush 3SG:PAST‐came from LOC‐house‘He rushed out of the house.’18) CRAWL OUT OF
Yá‐fula,yá‐tulaáási we meéza.
3SG:PAST:crawl 3SG:PAST‐came from under oftable‘He crawled and came from under the table.’19) LIMP OUT OF
Yá‐siegéra,
yá‐tulaéna musaala.
3SG:PAST‐limp 3SG:PAST‐come from LOC:with tree
‘He limped and came from where the tree is.’20) FLY OUT OF
Lya‐buruhá, lyátula
mú‐nyumba yalyo.
SP:PAST‐fly SP:PAST:come from LOC‐house its‘It flew and came from its nest.’

TOWARD (Non Appositive)21) RUN TOWARD
Yéeruha,náá‐chaéna nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when:3SG:PAST‐come LO‐with
house
n14
‘He ran when coming where the house is.’22) WALK TOWARD
Yá‐kendá,náá‐chaéna nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐walk when:3SG:PAST‐come LO‐withhouse‘He walked when coming where the house is.’

スライド 43n14

過程を表現している。目的地へまだ到達していない。
nile, 2014/04/13

23) RUSH TOWARD
Yá‐laalá,náá‐chaéna nyumba.
3SG:PAST‐rush when:3SG:PAST‐come LO‐withhouse‘He rushed when coming where the house is.’24) CRAWL TOWARD
Yá‐fula,náá‐chaéna meéza.
3SG:PAST‐crawl when:3SG:PAST‐come LO‐withtable‘He crawled when coming where the table is.’25) FOLLOW ___ TOWARD
Yá‐londa ómúsaachá, náá‐chaéna ngúlú.
3SG:PAST‐follow man when:3SG:PAST‐come LO‐with mountains‘He followed the man when coming where themountains are.’ACROSS (Appositive)26) RUN ACROSS
Yéeruha,yá‐hengamú‐ngíra.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐cut LOC‐road‘He ran and cut the road.’ = ‘He ran across the road.’27) WALK ACROSS
Yá‐kendá,yá‐hengamú‐ngíra.
3SG:PAST‐walk 3SG:PAST‐cut LOC‐road‘He walked and cut the road.’ = ‘He walked acrossthe road.’28) RUSH ACROSS
Yá‐laalá,yá‐hengamú‐ngíra.
3SG:PAST‐rush 3SG:PAST‐cut LOC‐road‘He rushed and cut the road.’ = ‘He rushed
across the road.’29) DANCE ACROSS
Yá‐hina,yá‐hengamú‐ngíra.
3SG:PAST‐dance 3SG:PAST‐cut LOC‐road‘He danced and cut the road.’ = ‘He danced
across the road.’30) PUSH ACROSS
Yá‐sindiha émotoka, yá‐yi‐hengesa
engíra.
3SG:PAST‐push car 3SG:PAST‐OP‐cut‐CAUS road‘He pushed the car and made it cut the road.’ =‘He pushed the car across the road.’THROUGH (Appositive)31) RUN THROUGH
Yéeruha,yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC –door‘He ran and passed the door.’ = ‘He ran throughthe door.’32) WALK THROUGH
Yá‐kendá,yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC –door‘He walked and passed the door.’ = ‘He walked
through the door.’33) RUSH THROUGH
Yá‐laalá,yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST:rush 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC –door‘He rushed and passed the door.’ = ‘He rushed
through the door.’34) Yáhina,
yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST:dance 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC –door‘He danced and passed the door.’ = ‘He danced
through the door.’35) FOLLOW THROUGH
Yá‐mu‐lónda,yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST‐OP‐follow 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC‐door‘He followed him and passed the door.’ = ‘He
followed him through the door.’Appositive vs. ni‐ Construction
1) Yéeruha, yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘He ran into the house.’
2) Yéeruha, ní‐yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when‐3SG:PAST:enter LO‐house‘He ran when entering the house.’

3) Yéeruha,
yá‐tulamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐come from LO‐house‘He ran out of the house.’
4) Yéeruha,
náátulamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when:3SG:PAST‐come from LO‐
house‘He ran when coming from the house.’

5) Yéeruha,
yá‐hengamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐cut LO‐house‘He ran across the house.’
6) Yéeruha,
ní‐yá‐henga
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when‐3SG:PAST‐cut LO‐house‘He ran when crossing the house.’

7) Yéeruha,
yá‐bitamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐pass LO‐house‘He ran through the house.’
8) Yéeruha,náá‐bita
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when:3SG:PAST‐pass LO‐house‘He ran when passing the house.’

9) Yéeruha,
yá‐chamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐come LO‐house‘He ran and came to the house.’‘He ran to the house.’‘*He ran toward the house.’
10) Yéeruha, náá‐cha
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when:3SG:PAST‐come LO‐house‘He ran when coming to the house.’‘*He ran to the house.’‘He ran toward the house.’

11) Yéeruha,
yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC‐door‘He ran through the door.’12) ?Yéeruha, náá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST:run when:3SG:PAST‐pass LOC‐door‘He ran when passing the door.’n3スライド 57
n3

doorのような薄いものを継続的な動作を続けることは不自然
nile, 2013/07/05

13) Yéeruha, yá‐bitamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST‐pass LO‐house‘He ran through the house.’
14) Yéeruha, náá‐bitamú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run when:3SG:PAST‐pass LO‐housen16‘He ran when passing the house.’スライド 58n161),2)と3)4)がことなるのは、Locationの形状がことなる。
「家」は、継続的な動作が可能な広がりをもつが、「ドア」は、継続的な動作が可能な広がりがない。「ドア」はあっというまに通り過ぎてしまう。通り過ぎるという結果が生じる。
nile, 2014/04/16

15) ?Yá‐mu‐lónda
yá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST‐OP‐follow 3SG:PAST‐pass LOC‐door‘He followed him through the door.’n516) Yá‐mu‐lónda
náá‐bitamú‐lwiki.
3SG:PAST‐OP‐follow when:3SG:PAST‐pass LOC‐
n4
door
‘He followed him when passing the door.’スライド 59n4

おなじドアからつづいて入った

n5

１つの動作としては不自然
自然な解釈としては、ことなるドアから続いて入った。

nile, 2013/07/05

nile, 2013/07/05

17) ndá‐huba ómusaacha yáá‐fa.
1SG:PAST‐hit man
3SG:PAST‐die‘I hit the man and he died.’ = ‘I hit the man to thedeath.’
18) ?ndá‐huba ómusaacha náá‐fa.
1SG:PAST‐hit man
when:3SG:PAST‐dieu2‘*I hit the man to the death.’‘I hit the man when he was dying.’スライド 60u2

話し手は、不自然と判断する。「死にかけている男をさらに打つ」という解釈なら可能。
user, 2014/04/15

Appositive combining & Tense
Today Past + Past
1) Nderúhíré,ndéngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:TPAST:run 1SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘I ran into the house today.’2) Yesterday Past + Past
Ndéruhere,
ndéngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run 1SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘I ran into the house yesterday.’Past + Past
3) Ndéruha,
ndéngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run 1SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘I ran into the house.
Appositive combiningは、Clause1が過去を表現す
る時制（今日過去、昨日過去、単純過去）で、Clause2はつねに単純過去時制である
文全体の時間を決定するのはClause1の時制である。Clause1が主節で、Clause2は従属節である。

Present + Subjunctive4) Nj‐íruha,
ny‐ingiremú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐run 1SG‐enter:SUB LO‐house‘I run and I can enter the house.’ = ‘I run into thehouse.’
Immediate Fut + Subjunctive5) Ní‐njicha óhw‐iruha, ny‐ingire mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐go INF‐run 1SG‐enter:SUB LO‐house‘I am going to run and I can enter the house.
(After I am going to run, I can enter the house.)’Near Future + Subjunctive6) Ní‐nja óhw‐iruha, ny‐ingire
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐run
1SG‐enter:SUB LO‐house‘I come to run and I can enter the house. (After I
come to run, I can enter the house.’
Fut + Subjunctive7) Ndiruhira, ny‐ingire mú‐nyumba.
1SG:FUT:run 1SG‐enter:SUB LO‐house‘I will run and I will be able to enter the house.’ = I
will run into the house.’過去を除く時間では、Clause2は接続法を用いる

Ni‐construction & Tense
Present + Pres
4) Nj‐íruha,ní‐ny‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐run when‐1SG:PRES‐enter LO‐house‘I run when entering the house.’
5) Present + Immediate Fut
Nj‐íruha,ní‐njicha óhw‐ingira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐run when‐1SG:PRE:go INF‐enter LO‐
n8house‘I run when I am going to enter the house. (After I
run I am going to enter the house.)’スライド 66
n8

njicha nja は現在時制の形式をしているのでOK
nile, 2013/07/05

Present + Near Fut6) Nj‐íruha,
ní‐nja óhw‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐run when:1SG:PRE:come INF‐enter
LO‐housen17‘I run when I come to enter the house. (After I run
I come to enter the house.’*Present + Fut
7) *Nj‐íruha, ní‐ndiríngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES‐run when:1SG:FUT:enter LO‐house‘*I run when I will enter the house.’スライド 67
n17

ninja は、現在時制であるのでClause1が現在時制であることと照応している。
nile, 2014/04/16

Today Past + T Past
8) Nderúhíré, ní‐ndengíríré
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:TPAST:run when‐1SG:TPAST:enter LOC‐
house
‘I ran today when I entered the house.’
Today Past + Present9) Nderúhíré, ní‐ny‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:TPAST:run when‐1SG:PRES‐enter LOC‐
house
‘I ran today when I enter the house today. (AfterI ran today, I enter the house.’

Today Past + Immediate Fut10) Nderúhíré, ní‐njicha óhw‐ingira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:TPAST:run when‐1SG:PRE:go INF‐enter LOC‐
house
‘After I ran today, I am going to enter the house.’
Today Past + Near Fut11) Nderúhíré, ní‐nja óhw‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:TPAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:come INF‐enter
LOC‐house‘After I ran today, I come to enter the house.’*Today Past + Fut12) *Nderúhíré, ní‐ndiríngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:TPAST:run when‐1SG:FUT:enter LOC‐house‘After I ran today, I will enter the house.’

Yesterday Past + Yesterday PAST
13) Ndéruhere, ní‐ndéngirere
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run when‐1SG:YPAST:enter LOC‐house‘I ran yesterday while entering the house.’
Yesterday Past + Today Past
14) Ndéruhere, ní‐ndengíríré
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run when‐1SG:TPAST:enter LOC‐house‘After I ran yesterday, I entered the house today.’Yesterday Past + Present
15) Ndéruhere, ní‐ny‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:enter LOC‐house‘After I ran yesterday, I enter the house.’
Yesterday Past + Immediate Fut16) Ndéruhere, ní‐njicha óhw‐ingira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:go INF‐enter LOC‐
house
‘After I ran yesterday, I am going to enter thehouse.’

Yesterday Past + Near Fut17) Ndéruhere, ní‐nja óhw‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:come INF‐enter
LOC‐house‘After I ran yesterday, I come to enter the house.’*Yesterday Past + Fut18) *Ndéruhere, ní‐ndiríngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:YPAST:run when‐1SG:FUT:enter LOC‐house‘After I ran yesterday, I will enter the house.’Past + Past
19) Ndéruha, ní‐ndéngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:PAST:run LOC‐house‘I ran when entering the house.’
Past + Yesterday Past
20) Ndéruha, ní‐ndéngirere
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:YPAST:run LOC‐house‘After I ran, I entered the house yesterday.’Past + Today Past
21) Ndéruha, ní‐ndengíréré
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:TPAST:run LOC‐house‘After I ran, I entered the house today.’Past + Present22) Ndéruha, ní‐ny‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:run LOC‐house‘After I ran, I enter the house.’Past + Immediate Fut23) Ndéruha, ní‐njicha óhwingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:go INF‐run LOC‐
house
‘After I ran, I am going to enter the house.’
Past + Near Fut24) Ndéruha, ní‐nja óhw‐ingira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:PRES:come INF‐run LOC‐
house
‘After I ran, I come to enter the house.’

*Past + Fut25) *Ndéruha, ní‐ndiríngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PAST:run when‐1SG:FUT:run LOC‐house‘After I ran, I will enter the house.’

Immediate Fut + Immediate Fut26) Njicha óhw‐irúhá, ní‐njicha óhw‐ingira mú‐
nyumba.
1SG:PRES:go INF‐run when‐1SG:PRES:go INF‐enter
LOC‐house‘I am going to run while entering the house.’
Immediate Fut + Near Fut27) Njicha óhw‐irúhá, ní‐nja óhw‐ingira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES:go INF‐run when‐1SG:PRES:come INF‐
enter LOC‐house‘After I am going to run, I come to enter the house.’

Immediate Fut + Fut28) Njicha óhw‐irúhá, ní‐ndiríngira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES:go INF‐run when‐1SG:FUT:enter LOC‐
house
‘After I am going to run, I will enter the house.’Near Fut + Near Fut29) Nja óhw‐irúhá, ní‐nja óhw‐ingira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES:come INF‐run when‐1SG:PRES:come INF‐
enter LOC‐house‘I come to run while entering the house.’
Near Fut + Fut30) Nja óhw‐irúhá,
ní‐ndiríngira mú‐nyumba.
1SG:PRES:come INF‐run when‐1SG:FUT:enter LOC‐
house
‘After I come to run, I will enter the house.’Fut + Fut
31) Ndirirúhá, ní‐ndiríngira
mú‐nyumba.
1SG:FUT:run when‐1SG:FUT:enter LOC‐house‘I will run when entering the house.’Ni‐construction32) Ní‐yéengira
mú‐nyumba, yéeruha.
when‐3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house 3SG:PAST:run‘When entering the house he ran.’33) Yéeruha, ní‐yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:ran when‐3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He ran when entering the house.’
Clause 1とClause 2の順序をかえてもほぼ意味は
n21
同じスライド 82n21

Clause1Clause2のlinkageのシグナルが存在する。Appositive combiningがClause1の時制が文全体の時間をコントロールするのに対して、ni-constructionでは、Clause1Clause2の時制のコントロールは意味的な制約をまもっていれば、独立している。これからわかるようにAppositiveは、Subordinationの性格をはっきりもっているが、ni-constructionは、はっきりしていない。
Clause1Clause2の順序をかえられることとも関係している。
nile, 2014/04/22

34) Yéengira
mú‐nyumba, yéeruha.
3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house 3SG:PAST:run‘He entered the house, and ran (After heentered the house, he ran.)’35) Yéeruha, yéengira
mú‐nyumba.
3SG:PAST:run 3SG:PAST:enter LOC‐house‘He ran and entered the house (After he ran, he
entered the house.)’Appositive Combiningは意味が変わるまとめ１）Ｓａａｍｉａは、Ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ－ｆｒａｍｅｄ２）Ｓａａｍｉａは、イベント統合をＡｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ
ｃｌａｕｓｅ ｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇを用いて表現する（例えば、subordinate ｃｌａｕｓｅｓ ｉｎ ａｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎを構成する動詞を、比ゆ的に前置詞とみなしてみることも可能である。’run INTO’）
３）Ｓｕｂｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅ ｃｌａｕｓｅｓ ｉｎ Appositionは、意味的にＣｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅを表現する
４）ただし、ＳａａｍｉａのＡｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｃｌａｕｓｅ ｃｏｍ
ｂｉｎｉｎｇは、英語のConsequence (Result)とは、Ｍａｉｎ ｃｌａｕｓｅｓの位置がことなる。どちらかといえば、Ｍｏｔｉｏｎ ｐｕｒｐｏｓｓｉｖｅとＭａｉｎ ｃｌａｕｓｅｓの位置が一致する

• Clauses in appositiveが１つのComplex eventを表現することを証明する必要がある
証拠１ Main sentenceにおかれた否定辞のス
コープがappositive clausesに拡張している
証拠２ Main sentenceｓにAssertionがあるが、Appositive clausesはPresupposeされている
証拠３ Eventsを修飾する副詞はclauses inappositionに置かれる

研究会報告アッレ語におけるイベント統合のパターン
吉野宏志（筑波大学大学院生）
本発表ではアッレ語（東クシ語群）におけるイベント統合の表現パターンを概観し、アッレ語がシダーマ語（Kawachi 2012）のような「逸脱を見せる動詞枠付け言語」であることを論じた。そして連続形（consecutive verb）を用いた構文がイベント統合の表現パターンとして認められるかを考察した。
アッレ語は副動詞（converb）を持たないクシ語で、他のクシ系言語が副動詞を使用する場
面で連続形を用いていると考えられる。同じく東クシ語群に属するシダーマ語では副動詞を用いた構文がイベント統合の表現パターンとして認められている。しかしアッレ語の連続形を用いた構文は個々の独立したイベントの重複しない連続を表すことから、イベント
統合の表現パターンではないという結論に至った。ただし、xol-「繰り返す」を主動詞とする連続形構文は例外的にイベント統合の表現パターン（temporal contouring の repetition）
として認められる可能性がある。その場合でも、枠付けイベント（「繰り返す」）が主動詞
によって表されるため、アッレ語が動詞枠付け言語であることとの整合性が見られる。

論文集の出版について	
 全員	  「アフリカ諸語のイベントの統合のパターンに関する研究」平成 25 年度第 3 回研究会（平成 25 年 10 月 26 日に開催）で出版について決まった事柄を再確認し、個別の問題について話し合った。