07
ANALYSING THE STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR CONSERVATION:
KEY STRATEGIES FOR SUTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MAHOBA DISTRICT OFUTTAR PRADESH (INDIA)
D. S. Yadav1 and G. S. Chauhan2Assistant professor, Department of Geography, C.R.S. University, Jind, Haryana, India
2
Former Head, Department of Geography, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College Delhi, India
Email: devyadavgis@gmail.com

1

How to cite this paper:

Yadav D.S. and Chauhan
G. S. (2022) Analysing The
Status of Water Resources
and their Conservation: key
Strategies for Sustainable
Development In Mahoba
District of Uttar Pradesh(India), Journal of Global
Resources, Vol. 08 (02)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i02.007

Received: 29 May 2022
Reviewed: 10 June 2022
Revised: 15 June 2022
Final Accepted: 25 June 2022

Abstract: Water is one of the most important natural
resources on the earth surface. It is the base not only forsurvival of human beings but to operate different types ofactivities for existence of biotic and abiotic eco-system.
Although, water is abundant on the earth but the usable
water is considerably very limited. The Mahoba district of
Uttar Pradesh is water stressed district which is part of
Bundelkhand region, known as a water deficit and droughtprone region in the country. Therefore, water crisis is themain issue of the entire region. Due to the less annual
rainfall, the availability of water resources is very limited in
Mahoba district of Uttar Pradesh. Consequently, there is anurgent need to conserve and manage all type of water
resources in order to quench the thirst of large population of
the region and to operate different types of agriculturalactivities including tremendous anthropogenic activities forlivelihood security and to feed millions of people. Hence, it isalso very important to conserve and manage the water
resources of the target area. By applying different types ofmethods and techniques including traditional and modern,we may not only conserve and manage the water resourcesof the region by involving local people, farmers, youth andwomen but also provide drinking water to the millions ofpeople of the area as well as to irrigate farm lands. An
attempt has also been made in the research paper to know
the people’s perception for management and conservationof water resources.
Key words: Resources, Conservation, Anthropogenic

Journal of Global Resources, July 2022, Volume 08 (02) D. S. Yadav and G. S. Chauhan P a g e | 6 2

Introduction
Water resource management strategy is that the action of arranging, creating, conveying andideal utilization of water resources under characterized water arrangements and guidelines. It
incorporates the management of irrigation, water treatment of beverage, industrial water,
sewage or wastewater, the management of water resources, the management of flood security
and therefore the management of the water level. Water management is that the chief anddevelopment of water resources to limit mischief to life and property and to expand effective
positive use. Ideal water management of dams and levees contracts the danger of harm due
to flooding. Irrigation management frameworks make the foremost proficient utilization of
constrained water supplies for the expansion and development of agriculture and horticulture.
There are generally three sources of water availability within the region i.e. (i) rainwater (ii)surface water and (ii) underground water. But out of them, the main source of replenishing thewater resources is rainfall. Because it has been already stated that due to the rising and falling
terrain and climatic variation, the study region frequently experiences scanty and partial
rainfall. It’s observed that due to the spatial difference in rainfall, there's great variability fromyear to year. Because of the recurring droughts phenomenon, the extent and coverage of
rainfall variability have a reverse impact on its quantity and availability. In rain-fed areas, lowtide concentration and inconsistent rainfall place strict constraints on the introduction of anenhanced, sustainable production system.
In the case of the target, most of the rainfall i.e. about 83 to 95 percent is received only
during the season mostly in July, August, and September. An outsized amount of the rainwater
further goes to the atmosphere through the dynamic method of evapotranspiration andfollowing an equivalent, an outsized percentage of rainwater further goes as run-off within thearea leading to not inadequate replenishment of water resources within the study area. Coming
to subsequent form the water constituent i.e. surface water within the study region contains
relatively lower surface water potential. Because there's no perennial river that passes throughthe region. Only a couple of seasonal-rivers (Urmil, Birma, and Chandrawal) flow in theseplateau areas which have a limited and really particular catchment basin. These all-seasonalrivers including a number of their streams flow but only within the season with the limited
release of water. So, the most source of surface water within the region are ponds like Bela
Sagar, Urwara pond, Madan Sagar and Keerat Sagar. The surface water resources within theregion are extremely variable both in quality and quantity and are undependable. Surface water
is being utilized very inefficiently because there's a good gap between potential created andutilized. Some 15-20 per cent of irrigation water is wasted by seepage through unlined fieldchannels.
Groundwater is that the third source of water within the target. The groundwater table
is extremely deep (60-80 meters). Essentially contribution to water during this rain-fed area isfrom precipitation which is scanty and erratic. The rainfall phenomenon isn't at the properinterval due to several climatic and environmental parameters. Because of the complex andundulating topography dominated by stone/granite, the groundwater table is sort of low withsome minor exceptions due to which the traditional irrigational facilities aren't feasible. At
various places, the water level varies with rainfall, physiographic, drainage and climate. The
most source of recharging to the groundwater is seepage from the ponds, reservoirs, aquifers,
seasonal rivers and canal systems existing throughout the study region. Water preservation
may be a key component of any system meaning to lighten the water shortage emergency inany geographic area. With precipitation changing consistently, the Indian government has
begun seeing intends to resuscitate the traditional frameworks of water collecting within thenation. Water Resources Management may be a significant and major issue concerning thepreservation and therefore the insurance of water. Water demand management is meant toJournal of Global Resources, July 2022, Volume 08 (02) D. S. Yadav and G. S. Chauhan P a g e | 6 3

affect the accessible water resource acutely and to convey the elemental sum for practicalimprovement.
Geographical Profile of the Study Region
The study area is that the part of Bundelkhand region (Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Jalaun,
Jhansi, Lalitpur and Mahoba) which is found between 25001′30′′ and 25039′40′′ north latitudeand from 79015′00′′ to 80010′30′′ east longitude. It consists of a neighborhood of three, 144
Sq.km comprising 3 tehsils (Kulpahar, Charkhari, Mahoba), 4 development blocks (Jaitpur,
Kabrai, Charkhari and Panwari) and 521 villages inhabited by 8, 75,858 people with apopulation density of 279 persons per sq. km. as per 2011 census which is extremely low visa-vis the state i.e. 829 persons per sq. km. the agricultural area covers 3116.1 sq. km.
Aims and Objectives of the Research Study• To analyze and assess the status of water resources.
• To discuss the normal and modern methods of conservation.
• To highlight the conservation & Management of water resources from historicalperspectives.
• To suggest key strategies for conservation and management of water resources forsustainable development.
Database and Research Methodology
The entire research study is predicated on both primary and secondary data collected by an
in-depth structured questionnaire associated with govt. which covered four Blocks (i) Jaitpur,(ii) Kabrai, (iii) Panwari, (iv) Charkhari and elicit their personal observation and know thepeople’s perception. Regarding the district has been earmarked. So, the sampling method has
been used and therefore the whole survey was conducted so as to urge the precise
observation. Precisely, all the info has been analyzed by applying various statistical methods
and techniques.
Historic Approaches of Water Resource Management within the Study Region
The Water Management Conservation in Historical Perspectives: Chandela Kings (851-1545)
of Bundelkhand, found out a system of several hundred tanks that guaranteed a suitable levelof groundwater. They were built by stopping the progression of a Nullah or an existing running
between 2 slopes with a monstrous earthen bank. The quartz reefs running under the slopes
kept the water between them. The Bundela Kings who came later utilized lime and mortar
brickwork and were flanked by steps, structures, and imperial gardens. The tanks wereconstructed near royal residences and sanctuaries and weren't initially implied for irrigation by
any stretch of the imagination, however for the use of all. Rupturing of dikes and developmenton the tank bed has annihilated many. Be that because it may, the wells within the direction
territory of those tanks keep it up yielding admirably and furthermore serve to rejuvenate thegroundwater.
On the idea of People's Perception, we all realize that water may be a basic need, yeta big number folks believe it's boundless. In any case, as a general rule, freshwater lakes andstreams are evaporating by notice atmosphere limited resource that's quickly ending up rare.
Within the study area, while speedy urbanization and pollution are putting enormous weight on
the quantity and nature of groundwater and surface water too. The area’s fragile agriculture
framework relies upon precipitation and a feeble monsoon season can pulverize wear the
economy. Water preservation may be a key component of any system that expects to diminish
the water shortage emergency within the region. With precipitation patterns changing
consistently, the Indian government has begun seeing intends to offer emergency procedure
to the normal frameworks of water harvesting. Traditions are straightforward, ecoJournal of Global Resources, July 2022, Volume 08 (02) D. S. Yadav and G. S. Chauhan P a g e | 6 4

accommodating and usually, they're not simply exceptionally powerful for the individuals whobank on them and useful for nature also.
Table 01: Block wise Water harvesting Traditional Methods in Study Region (Percent)Charkhari
Block
1 Pond/Tank
37
2 Bandhi/Check dam
39
3 Others
7
4 No idea
17
Total
100
Source: Personal survey, 2018#

Methods

Jaitpur
Block
33
18
10
38
100

Kabrai
Block
28
31
6
35
100

Panwari
Block
33
38
6
23
100

Study Region
33
32
7
28
100

These traditional methods were too helpful to conserve water. A private survey within
the study region shows that about 65 percent of individuals say that Ponds and Check dams
like traditional methods are considerably helpful for conservation. While the remainder of thepeople either choose other methods or haven't any idea about it. As per the people’s
perception (33 percent), the normal methods of conservation were ponds and tanks followedby check dams and “bandhi” (bandhi was the local terminology that refers to the formation ofhigh-rise structure made from loose soil by the farmers to reap water for agricultural uses inStudy region). About 28 percent (Table 1) of respondents had no idea regarding the normal
methods of conservation. From several years ago, Ponds and Bawdi have been wont to affectthe matter of water depletion and water crisis.
Figure 01: Block Wise Water Harvesting Traditional Methods in Study Region
Pond/Tank

17
7

Bandhi/Check dam

Others

No idea

38

35

23
6

39

10
18

6
31

38

37

33

28

33

JAITPURBLOCK

KABRAIBLOCKCHARKHARIBLOCKPANWARI
BLOCK

Revival and Redesign of Conventional Water Frameworks
Bundelkhand has been generally known for its customary water harvesting structures, as an
example, Bundela and Chandela tanks, aside from rainwater collecting frameworks thatexisted in forts and landmarks. Be that because it may, acknowledgment of their criticalness
in illuminating water difficulties and therefore the need for his or her revival and maintenancehas been only sometimes underscored within the formative projects and schemes within thearea. No such accentuation has been within the dry spell alleviation or an alternate course ofaction reports also. Adjustment to season hazard and therefore the climatic test must
incorporate conventional knowledge and auxiliary of water resources the management for
maintainable improvement at nearby levels.
Reduce Irrigation with Pumped up Deep Level Groundwater
Groundwater could be an inexhaustible resource. It relies upon if the water inside the basin isbeing invaded during a healthy watershed. On the off chance that the hydrologic cycle is

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broken, at that time pumping deep groundwater can exhaust aquifers and debase water
resources.
Select Plants and Animals Conversant in Warmth Stress and Periodic Droughts
Locally and regionally adjusted species and varieties, or sorts of scheme plants and animals
that are regionally adjusted inside an identical to the atmosphere are the simplest wagered toscheme ting and rearing correct species and cultivars.
Decrease the use of Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals and other petroleum imitative based hardware utilized within the farm for tillingsoil, lifting groundwater, post-harvest handling then on both in and round the farmhouse.
Reducing the vitality impression of farmhouse tasks diminishes reliance on non-renewableenergy sources, which could be imported from distant and be a powerless connection in by
and enormous strength due to far away supply lines. Diminishing petroleum product utilization
also brings down the carbon impression of farm duties, reducing worldwide environmental
change.
Reduce erosion by Physical and Natural Methods
Erosion is caused by wind and water streams, even as mechanical and organic methods,
almost like foot activity from touching animals. Soil is that the premise of earthbound agriculture
and moderating and building soil is an institution of fruitful agribusiness.
Diminish Uncovered Soil Surfaces
Covered soil is all the more naturally dynamic, and would thus be ready to hold more humidity.
Soil that's presented to the sun, wind and falling raindrops is progressively inclined to erosion
and lack of hydration.
Upgrade the Water Holding and Carbon Sequestration Capacities
Upgrade the water holding and carbon sequestration capacities of soil to enhance profitability,
soil structure, and reduce the need for tillage and air circulation. Healthy soil biology willachieve all of those things. Covering soil and protecting it from erosive powers is that the
primary basic advance to putting together and maintaining healthy soil biology.
Diversify Agricultural Source of Income
The permaculture rule "Produce no waste" is tied in with considering waste to be a resource.
Agrarian residues and byproducts might be potential earnings producing materials wheneversaw as resources and utilized inventively.
Decrease Territories under Harvests Requiring Incessant and Concentrated Irrigation
This is about a suitable decision of plant types and assortments. The world over, individuals
are developing water-escalated crops in places that do not have the long-term water resources
to assist those crops. This is often the way by which aquifers break down.
Develop Different Tree Items and Parasitic/Pollinating Bugs
Perennials are more resilient by and enormous to yearly vacillations of water accessibility asa results of their found-out root frameworks, particularly if those trees, bushes, herbs, andgrasses are climatically suitable species. Another methodology to feature to the present list
that's being executed within the Bundelkhand region relates to not expanding warmth and dry
spell, yet to the expanding power of tempests and therefore the danger of fireside flooding. In
spite of the very fact that the provincial landscape is totally intended for water harvesting andwater invasion to assemble groundwater resources, flooding is additionally represented
through several methodologies:
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• Overflows on water harvesting structures are vigorous and estimated for huge scalemonsoon events.
• Water stream inside farm fields is channelized so flood stream doesn't open up inside
fields and harm crops. In spite of the very fact that channelizing water are often hazardous
as a rule on account of the erosive intensity of concentrated water, balancing out thechannels is basic when water is being channelized.
• Water streams are sometimes brought into a field at the dike at the bottom of the sector,so water can back flood into the sector, to abstain from harming streams from the top tofinish of the sector.
Stakeholders Awareness program
Appropriate conservation deals with the natural resources of instantaneous water, to guard thehydrosphere and to satisfy the human interest of this and future. Water use is influenced bypopulation, relatives size, growth and fate, and every one affect what proportion water is
employed. For instance, environmental change has increased the load on natural water
resources, particularly in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation. Various countries haveeffectively executed strategies focused on conservation with much achievement.
The major problem in India within the coming years would be a crisis of water so it'snecessary to urge action and spread awareness about conservation and its methods. In rural
areas like the Study region, the foremost beneficial method to spread awareness is meetingwith farmers consistent with a specific survey during which 55 percent of individuals said that
farmers would use many water in irrigation and tons of water has been wasted during the
agriculture period. Gram panchayat is additionally an honest method to make awareness which
is chosen by 16 percent of individuals of the Study region. Presently, women even have ideas
for conservation and 14 percent women and 14 percent student also said that meeting withthem also get benefitted from modern ideas (Fig. 2)
Figure 02: Awareness for Conserve Water Resources in Study Region

19%

Farmers
Women

10%
56%
15%

Student
Gram Panchayat

Early Morning Field Irrigation Habit
More and more emphasis should be given on early morning field irrigation habits and systems
so as to provide each drop of water for the crops. Diligence should be finished to arrest the
rapidly evaporating water through plastic material.
Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest modern strategies for water management andwater preservation. The term is used to demonstrate the build-up and storage of water forhumans, animals, plants and agricultural needs. It includes gathering and storage of rainwaterat the surface or during a sub-surface aquifer before it's lost as surface overflow. The enlarged
resources are often harvested during a significant instant. Artificial revival to groundwater may
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be a procedure by which the groundwater store is enlarged at a rate surpassing that undernormal conditions of renewal. The conserved water is put away and pumped in several pipe
dissemination.
Mitigate the Water Crises
The water crises mitigating approach of dipping susceptibility by increasing handlingmachineries and pliability of the production systems is different than the catastrophe relief.
Water crises mitigation is additionally prearranged around usual or extreme precipitation
periods when there's abundant rainfall for revitalizing soil with water, aquifers, surface storage
and adequate production to achieve resources. Water crises mitigation strategy comprises
renovation, repairs, de-silting, raising embankments and crest height to rising storage capacity.
Digging trenches, erecting gully plugs, check dams, afforestation and better agriculture
practices is that the principal phase to rectify biomass productivity. Mitigation strategy includes
digging of farm ponds, wasteland management, Sensitizing and organizing communities
programs and other stakeholders into various institutions, participatory planning, and therefore
the complementation and exit protocols could also be observed for long-lasting solutions.
Water resource management deals with groundwater development, surface water project andvarious surface water schemes repairs for droughts like canal systems and lifts irrigation
systems in UP.
According to People’s Perception, some initiates, are taken to rural areas to mitigate
the water crises. Afforestation is that the major step to mitigate the water crises consistent with
31 percent of peoples’ views. The second major step to mitigate the water crisis is that theconstruction of a check dam, 26 percent of respondent’s views and 20 percent of peoples’
views better agriculture practices to mitigate water crises. 17 percent of individuals don’t have
any idea about mitigation of water crises.
Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Areas
In urban areas, rainwater accessible from housetops of structures, cleared and therefore theunpaved areas go waste. This water is often revived to an aquifer and may be usedproductively at the desperate hour. The rainwater harvesting framework should be structured
such it doesn't need an enormous space for accumulation and recharge framework. Housetop
water collecting are often a compelling apparatus to fight the difficulty of water deficiency,
especially in urban areas. Housetop rainwater harvesting depends on the measure of
precipitation and therefore the roof area. More the measure of precipitation is that the collectedwater from the housetop. So, a huge amount of rainwater harvesting is collected from rooftops.
Some techniques may be used in urban areas that are given below:
Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Areas
In rural areas, water harvesting is taken up thinking about the watershed as a unit. Surface
spreading strategies are common opinion space for such frameworks is available in bounty
and the amount of recharge water is also huge. The subsequent strategies could be received
to save lots of water going waste through pipelines, waterways, rivulets, and Nalas.
Suggestions
Key strategies for conservation and management of water resources are discussed intimately
one by one as under:• It has already been mentioned that Irrigation facilities are limited within the entire region due
to less rainfall which further worsens the condition of water resources. In sight of anequivalent, there's an urgent need to conserve and manage maximum water resources
within the target area. To realize this goal, the Govt. of UP, particularly the Department ofAgriculture has launched various pertinent schemes which are vital for the farming
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•

•

•

•

community are namely “Khait Talab Yojana”, “Maidh Bandhi”, “Dig Well Schemes”,“Construction of Check Dams”, for conservation and management of water resources andconservation. It’s also been observed by the researcher during the sector survey that theabove prestigious schemes didn't implement and monitor properly to urge the specified andbetter results. To implement such important schemes, the acceptable selection of the checkdams, hand pumps, wells, and tube wells should be constructed at the proper andappropriate places. Besides, big water structures should be constructed within the lower
hills dominated areas in order that the large amount of rainwater could also be naturally
stored therein. That’s the simplest traditional method to save lots of water and conserve thewater resources of the target for the longer term needs of the people. Special incentives
should tend by the govt. to the farmers to make water structures within their farms especiallyin the low-lying locations and tree plantation and pasture land should even be promoted
and encouraged so as to recharge the groundwater that has reached up to the juncture. It’s
also one among the simplest traditional methods to recharge underground water resources.
It has been perceived that the local farmers are producing more water-consuming like
peppermint, sugarcane, wheat, pea, etc. for his or her better economic returns and wishes.
Therefore, more focus should be given to save lots of groundwater resources and moreemphasis should tend to cash and commercial crops for better output also as lessconsumption of water.
Just before the season, awareness programs should be launched within the study area withthe general public and personal partnerships by involving the farming community, local
people and NGOs, to wash and take away the debris deposited within the aquifers, ponds,
wells, and streams so as to extend their water storage capacity. For this specific purpose,
financial assistance should tend to the local masses and farmers to wash and obtain theirstructure of water resources owning to extend the water storage capacity in and aroundtheir agricultural fields.
The fund sharing ratio between the middle and therefore the states is restored to 90:10 forvarious agriculture development programs. Urgent and concrete steps should be taken for
doubling the farmer’s income to realize this goal to redirect the main target and prove theessential institutional support.
Efforts should be made by the govt. agencies and anxious departments of water resources
to make sure potability, reliability, sustainability convenience, equity, and consumer
preference while planning for a community-based water system.

Conclusion
The study region is currently facing many issues and challenges especially water resource
scarcity has emerged as a core problem. This problem is caused by numerous forces andfactors which are explained intimately within the above discussion. It had been observed during
the research period that there have numerous issues and challenges like socio-economic andenvironmental also within the study region. A previous few decades have seen a dramatic rise
within the demand for water within the study region due to a spread of socio-economic
processes and demographic trends. Water scarcity issues would grow in terms of intensity andextent. Besides deficiency, the conflicts are probably to grow not solely between sectors,
however additionally among sectors. Advancements in water technology aimed toward
evolving technically possible, economically viable, environmentally and ecologically sound,and socially acceptable solutions in water management don't seem to be occurring. Secondly,
existing establishments within the water sector are technically oriented, sectoral andcentralized, having the mandate of managing provides. They adopt piece-meal approaches tounravel sectoral issues, and seriously lack capabilities to vary social systems to plug efficientwater use and management pollution. Drought in Mahoba district depends on the physicalevent instead of these are a cycle of inter-dependent natural events and processes of water
situation, deforestation, surface detentions, storages in water bodies, irregular rainfall, etc.
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Most of the areas, within the study region of Bundelkhand surviving natural vegetation, aredestroyed or constantly depleting due to intensive agriculture and rampant mining andquarrying activities especially Kabrai and Charkhari Block. Moreover, declining water
availability (per person) within the study region lost their quality and quantity for his or her
survival of life.
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