fJ -lt~1;-±MJ~~.~·!c.f
Transactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
a~HIJ

10 ~

1935

[:It!! 'L1t~!:Wtl.;~ 42 !&~1; 1 ?1J!

No. 1

1.f~ 504-50aX

fUIJJ[Reprinted from Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, vol. 4~, No. 504-507.1

Palaeontological Society of Japan

1.

§

:k

~

-is Transactions

CONTENTS

Tuneteru OINOMIKADO, Some Molluscan Remains f ro In the
Pleistocene Deposits of t he Kwanto Region. (Published S 2pt.
20) · ..... , .. . .. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gfJ jlU1!l1Jl:J1i f}(f.fLiili (7J = .=. ")~j(~IT.ilWJ Oi'~~) ( 9 Jl

20 fl 1&£O ........ · .. ·.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .......... ............ .. .... .. .. .. .. ~Jc i:k ~ FHtll 7l!U
2. Yanosuke OTUKA, Se1'r-ipes in J apan . (Published Sept. 20) . .
r:J ;;j~iili Serripes G~'ii~) (9 JJ 20 1:11&£0

3.

5
S

Seido E NDO, Pleistocene F lora as a n I nclicator of Climatic
Condition. (Published Oct. 20) ........ ... . .... .... .. . . ... .

9~;\,~]'IkVi'.4 f.l~*c VC(7)r:J;;j~9!;mi!!:;lf{ff:!l lf~ Gil:i~) (10fJ 20 r:J1&~) .. ..
24

Teiichi KO BAYASHI, Restudy on Manch~t1' oce1'as with a Brief
Note on the Classification of Endo cero-ids. (Published Nov.
20)· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

26

Afancltm'oceras (7)flWHt C Endoce'l'oids (7) ~}ij!IiKJM: V' L Gfl:j~) (11 J1
20 1:1 1&~ ) ··· .. · ........ · · .. · .. · .... .. .... ·· ...... .. 'J],
J!!i. -

41

*

5.

4

. . . . ..... ... .. j, ~ liN Z JJ)J.......................... ... ....... .......... ..... ... ~ iN! 1\1£ ill:
4.

1¥-IQ=*:.ffi D es mo stylus.' D. mirabilis nov. (12 H 20 B ~~O . .. .
... .... ... ... .. ... . .. . . . .. . ......... -. .... . .. :&:

~'f:

:Dj

43

Takumi NAGAO, Desmostylus m'il'abilis nov. from Saghalin (ResumEi)(Published Dec. 20.)·· " . . " . . " ... ....... .. . . " .... " .. " . . " " . . . .

45

*c

~

Proceedings

·597

1.

Some Molluscan Remains from the
Pleistocene Deposits of the
Kwanto Region
By

Tuneteru OINOMIKADO
Of four species referred to in thi s note, JJfys ella paula (A.
ADAMS) has been reported from the fossil beds of Tako-mati, Tibaken by Messrs. SUZUKI and TAKAI, while Nassa?'itts gemm;nlatto.s(L AMARCK) from Okine, Nagai-m·ati, K anagawa-kon is listed by
Mr. SUZUKI in his paper "On the Pliocene series near Atuki,
K anagawa Prefecture. Part II" (Jour. Geol. Soc. Tok yo, 39, 462,
1932). I di scovered other localities of these species wher e twoother . pecies wer e [found, namely, .Ll lactm dolab?'ata R EEVE andS ea?'lesia simosensis n. sp. The:oe specimens are stored ill the Tokugawa Institute of Biological Researcb.

1J:£ysella paula (A. ADAMS) ·PI. L figs. J, 2.
1856 Pyth'i11a pau la A. ADAMS, Prec. ZooL Eoc. London., p. 47.
]856 Pythina peculi(tr·is A. ADAMS. Prec. ZooL Soc. London., p. 47.

l E85 1fonta( ula pallia., SMITH, Challenger Report, Lamellibr., p. 2C3, PI. 12, f. I, lb.
1935 1fysella Faula, SUZUKI and TAKAT, JOllr. GeoL Soc. J apan, 42, 496, p. 6.
Shell small, r ather t hin ; anterior and posterior margins rounded;
antel'O- and postero-dorsal margins slig htly arched a nd slop ing, ventral ex'"cavat ed in middle. Surface ornamented with only fine growth-lines. In
right valve (according to SMITH) two widely divergent cardinal teeth
separated from · dorsal margins by a deep groove; anterior rather shorter
than posterior, both prolonged SOUle distance parallel with dOl'sal edges.
In the other valve, edge prominent on each ·sides so as to fit in grooves
111 opposite . valve.
Measurement.-Length, 5·3 mm, height, 2·6111m.
Occurrence.-Atohara, Hunasima-mura, Ibaraki-ken (about 8 km southeast of Tutiura-mati).
.
I
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1

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T . <:h~Q)[!KADO

598

Living-Awazi (YAGURA), Torre.> Strait, Ceylon (A. ADAMS), South of
N ew Guinea (Challenger ).

Smith carefully studied the two forms of A . AD AMS, andcombined them into a single '3 p3cie. In th e living state, thisp eculiar sh ell attaches itself to the columolla of certain Gast?·opocla.
.1l1..act'l"ft (lJtI(tCt1" i1~t~lfl.) dolab " rita REEVE
PI. I . figs. 3, 4.
1854
1884
19 17
1933

Mactm d olaurCLta REE VE, Conch:I con ., sp. 107.
Ma ctra do labntta, VV E I N KAUF F, Syst. COllch. Cab. Mart. Chem., ./J(Ctct rCL, p . 93
PI. 3 1, figs. 5.
lofcwtm dolabnttct, LAMY, Jour. de Conch., 63, p. 275.
M actra (MctCtl'inula ) d olabl'atct, PRASHAD, Sibog.'l, Exped., Lamellibr., p. 210,

PI. 6, fi gs. 3, 4.
REEVE describes this' sp ecies as follows: " sh ell oblong, triang ular,
sub qua drate, posteriorly a little gaping, equilat eral, beneath the lens very
fin ely tran sver sely striat ed, shining white, interior side rotundately produced, post erior abrupt ly slanting, obtusely angled, umboes p eculiarly
compressed, close ; lUllule and area rat her narrow, excavated, s mooth."
The largest left valve in the collection' is 38·2 mm long a nd 26·7 mm
Jlig h .
Occurren ce.-Atohara a nd Arayasiki, Hunasima -mura, Ibara ki-ken.
Living.-Kii (KURODA), East coas t of Aru I slands (Sibog .1).

The fo ssil sp ecimenI' are identical with those living from Kii.
The fossil and living forms in Japan differ from REE VE'S specimen
in attaining to a larger size and in having their anterior side moreproduced, although , iV EINKAUFF was of the opinion that llIa ct?'a
dol alwata R EE VE "I s based on a young sh ell.

.._.
Sem'lesia sim,osensis n. sp .
PI. I, Figs. 5, 6.
Shell· fusiform, moderately s olid. Five who .. ls in a height of 2t3ulll1
s lightly convex ; the last whorl concave below, produced in a slender,
somewhat recurved rostrum. Surface sculpt ured with slightly oblique
longitudinal folds and s piral cords. Longitudinal fold s rounded, nearly as
wide as their intervals, 13 in number on the p enultimate whorl, obsolete 'on the base. Spiral cords alternating with threads or striae, of ,,,hichthere are sometimes two in each interval; coaser cords about 6 in number
on whorls of spire, slightly widening as they intersect the longitudinalfolds; spirals alone developed on base. Ap erture fusiform;. outer lip
-

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Some Molluscan Remains from the Pleistocene Deposits

99

thin, ,,·ith folds; inner lip covered with a glaze and SI1l00th; canal short
open, slightly b ent sideward as well as baclnl·arcl .
Measurement.- I-Ieigh t of 5 whorls, 24·3 mm (a pex want ing); diameter
10 mm (holoty p e).
Occurr ence.- Wada, Nak ago-mura, Tiba-k en (abou t 2 km north of
N arita-mati).

This species is closely allied to Scm'l csic(, ft6SC olabiatc6 (SlIIITH) l)(PI. 1. Fig. 7), a species living in Rikuzen and Tugaru Strait. It
differs from the latter in that the spire is lower, the whorls are
not so convex and the aper ture is narrower.
The fossil form is also r elatrd to Sca?'lcsia ho7vkaidonis (PILSBRyr, from which it is distinguifih ed in h aving a less thin shell,
the spire moreover being la-weI' than PIT-SBRY'S species.
Th e present species differs di stinctly fron1 Searlesic6 jap oni ca
YOKOYAMA, a fossil f:i h ell from Sado; the latter being more solid,
and having a much more prominent spiral sculpture.
Nasslt'l'ius (Niotha) flC1nnnllat'tts (L AMARCK )Pl. I . fi g. 8.
1855
]871

1874
1882
1895
1908
]928

Na BSCt f}1'7r.rmdata , REEYE, Conch., I con., sp. 29.
Na ssa f}emrr!ulata , LISCHJ(E, J ap. Meeres Conch ., 2 . p . 167.
jJfassa gemmlllata, LISCHKF, Ibid., 3, p. 36.
Nassa f}{ rr!l'IiuZata, TRYON, Man. Conch., 4, p. 55, PI. 17, figs. 312-315.
Nassa !;emmulatct, PILSBRY, Cat . Mar. Mo ll. J apan, p. 35.
Nassa (Nic,tlw) gfmmulata, HlR ASE, Conch. Mag., 2, 6, p. 184, 1'1. 30, fi gs. 119,
120.
Nassa (Niotha) f}(1'Il1'lluia ta , YOKOYAMA, Moll. Oil-Field Ta.iIY3n, p . 40, pl. 2,

fi g. 8.
1932

lYassar'ius (lViotha ) f}eml1wlolu~, SUZUKI, J our. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, 39, 462, p .
118.

This is a very widely distributed and somewh at locally yariable species. The . fo ssil form h as no prominent tubercles at the shoulder, butdiffers f rom N ass a1'h,s (Niotha ) livescens (PHILIPPI) in t hat the shell ismore g lobose, and also fiatly chann elled along the sutures.
l\I[easurement.-Heig ht, 27·6 mm; diameter, 16·3 mm.
Occurrence.- Atohara. and A rayasiki, Hunasima -mura, Ibal'aki-ken.
Okin e, N agai-mati, K an agawa -ken (Suzuki).
1) Euthr'ia luscolabiata SMI'l'Ef, A nn. Mag., (1875 ), p. 422.
2) Eutlwia h okkaidonis PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 53, p. 389,
PI. 19, fi g. 17.
3) Sem'Zesia japonica YOKOYAu[,I, F02s. Shells Sarlo, (1926) p. 269, P I. 32, fi o-. 22.

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T . ODlOmKADO

600

L iving.- Centr al and We3tern Japan;

P hilipp ines ;Sunda S trait(YOKOYAMA) .

E xplanation of Plate I.
F igs. 1, 2. JIysella paula (A. A D AMS), 5'3 x 2'0 mm.
Figs. 3, 4. luactra (lIra ctrinulCL) dolcLbrata REEVE 33'2 x 26'7 mm .
Figs. 5, 6. Searlesia simosens'is n . sp., 24'3 x 16'3 mm.
Fig. 7.
,SecLrles'in fU Eco/a/riata (SMITH), li lTing she ll from Rikuzen ke pt int he T okyo Science Museum (Mr. Hil'ase's collection). 20 x 11 '5 m m.
NCLssarius ( iYiotha) gm/,rnulatus (LAMARCK), 27'6 x 16'3 mm.
F ig. 8.

~t3tll4iH':: f,i3fl(\t L- t:: Jm~.ill (7) rp

11fysella pallZcL (A. AD fDrS) IHit*, j'iiJi:JI:Mi*±/c1:& Q "fNassa·rius gemrnulatu.• ( L AMARCK) IHIII ~ }I1~!\\;,\ffi. ·~/I!rllf:tl!i: GT)7JlJj~J!lj:l1 · b GT)?;~H!i' :l1{ib 1) ,J\lf.-ft:) I: lltT1~f1l::l1 ' f:, 1':t;f:.,t}!± Ie 1t~ '?· c ~1H!i- ~ ;11" "C J.;; ~ ii"
REEVE

f1Jw =:: f.i.fi ],[actm dolabrataJ1t..V' SearlesicL sirnosensis n . sp. l i5IUc·IMtI31!:I:I!!.1jO'»),J~fttJcr:l1>f:, ~n b~1- "C 1.;; tJ::l1'-::>

1'::0

Sea7'les ia simosens'is l;t S./uscolabiata (SMITH) ~':: J;[;-<"C!i:,1lJ!lj I';t ibi lJJJi;l1"l', '%!:I::J
I'.t~\"oS. hoHa'iclonis (PILSBRY) KfW."C 1.;; Q iI')'&f;t llktill ".:> :t,lU[ Kif!~ < t,l < , t!Rf>,HJ:1[ ,,' oS. jCLpon-ica. YOKOYAMA l;t;;js:fill J: 1) l'i\l:iJ'ml:J:"(', t!RRk~~1j iJ,-J!lj!!li~"('ib Q 0
S. sirnosensis ~ ~*,,' t:: fil! 'D=-lillf;t fiiJ~1- b ffl. Etfill"(', !f#:-':: N. gernrnulatus (LAMARCK)GT)7}-:nr1'.tJl/i < ~ f:, l..-" , b GT)"(';;t t,l II ' ii" IbM JjUllr1J "J¥~J;fj~Jcr<l) 1t~,,(, f;t flfi tJ:1.f"(' ib Q
0

-

(

4)-

PI. I . C~ 1 Im'iI IllV

1

4

8

s

6

7

.9

10

Figs. 1,2 J.fysellcb paula (A-ADAMS). Figs. 3,4. Hac/:ra (Mact1··inula) ,lolabm.I.CI,
REEVE. Figs. 5, 6 Secwles'ia sim.osel18'is. O ' NOMIKADO n. sp. Fig. 7 Scm'leB'ia
fu scolabiata (SlIUTH). Fig. 8 Nassm"ius (Niotha ) gemmulatn8 (LAMARCK) .
Figs. 9, 10. Se1'1'ipes notabilis SOWERBY .

.Gt
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r.n-;: l,lrl

C']r>

~

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l-.:l

~
l""l.'...-~......

0>

~
~

3t
-..
H

i
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Figs. ],2. Sel'?'ipes /ctp eTOttS'i'i (Deshayes). Figs . 3-6. Sel'1'ipes yok07/ctmwi 6TUKA n. sp.

Serripes in Japan

2.

.

601

Serripes in Japan
By

Yanosuke OTUKA
Ther e ar e 7 species of Se1'I'1p eS in Japan. Se1'1'ipes g1'oenlandicus(BRUGUIERE), the genotype of Se1'ripes BECK 1814, was r eported by
SCHRE~CK from Hakodate, northern J apan. Since then two otherspecies of Se1'?'ip es h ave been r eported from northern Japan andJapan Sea, namely, Se)'1'ipes lapel'ot&sii (DESHAYES) and Sel'l'ipes
notabi lis SOWERBY.
Th ese three sp ecies are now living in the seas near Japan.
Prof. M. YOKOYAMA, who h as contributed much to our knowledgeof Japanese paloeoconchology, describad four f0 3sil Ser1' ip e.s fromthe J apanese Neogene. T hese sp vcies wer e originally describedunder the generic names " C'cwdium." and" J1Iaclm." T . KURODA
described a Sen 'ipes from the Middle Neogene of Sinano.
R ecently T. SUGAI found a SelTipes jn the Miocene formationof Hukusima prefecture, Japan. This species is new.
The following is a list of these species of Ser ripes in Japan,
together with their descriptions.
Genus Se J"1"ipes BECK in GOULD, Invert. Mass. 1841.
18H SelTipes (BECK MS.) GOU LD, Invert. lI~a5s., p . 93.
ee Valve smooth me5ially, rad ially s triate towards the ends; car dinalteeth obsolete; pallial line truncate behind; foot geniculate, compressed,
serrate on the edge bel ow (D ALL, 1900)."].

Sen'ipes fj1"oenl anclicu8 (B.RUGUIERE)(1789 Ca1'Cl'ium r./1·oenla:ltc/-iCtl111, CHEMNITZ, B[lUGUlimE, EncyL Meth. Vers., 1, p t . 1,
p . 222.)(1792 Cctrd·ium groenlandicl.t'ln, GMELIN in LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., 13, p 3252.){1841 8erripes !Jriinlandicus, BECK, in GOULD, Invert . Mass. , p. 93.}
1924 Senipes gr oenlanclir.tls, OLDROYD, Stanford Un iv. PubL Geol. Sci. 1, 1, p. 145,
PI. 8, fig. 3.
1929 Cd7'llimn groenland'ic!l7n, YOKOYAMA, Jour. Fac. Sci, Imp. Univ T okyo, (i i),
2 , 9, p. 300, pl. 73, fi g. 3.
-( 5

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602

1931

Y.OrUKAf.'ewi:pes grihlZandicus (Bm;GUIERE), GRAN'r aud GALE, Sau Diego Soc. Nat,Ri st . Mem. 1, p . 3H.

1933

f.'eT?·ip es g7'oenlanclicus, No. luHA, J ap: J ourn. Geol. Creog r. 11, 112, p . 6.

Geo1. age.-Mioceue? -Recent .
Geogr. cl istr.-Ar ctic Sea; Quebeck, A.laska; H a koda te, J a p an .

2.

Ser"l"ipes lCtpe1 'o'Us'l'i (DESHAYES)
PI. II, fi g. 1.

(1839 Ca7'cl-ium ZaperGus'ii DESfl AYES, B e,' . Zoo I. Soc:, Cuvierienne, p. 360.)
I 9Z1 f.'nr'ipes lar-e7'ousi'i, DALL, Tra ns , "Vagn e')' Free I ust, Sci., 3 pp, 1112, 1113.
1900 Serripcs lar-ercllsii, DALL, U. S. Nat ioAal iVins. Bul l. 112, p . 40. '1931 Serri1.es Zare7'ousii, GRANT . and G ALE, Mem . San Diego Soc. Nat .. Ri st. 1, p,
314.
i"
I '\
1

,t,

"

",

Geo1. age.-Pleistoceue-Recen t-.
Geogr. distI·.-Bering Str ait to Hokkaido, Japan;. Sit ka, Alaska.

3.

t'e'J'' 'r ipes notabiUs SOWERBY
Pl. 1, fi gs.

9, 10.

1915 Seni].es notabiris SOWERBY, Ann. Mag. Nat . B ist. 8, 16, p. 169, PI. 10, fi g. 9:1928 Mactm mokiyamai YOKOYAMA, J our. Fa c. Sci. I mp. Univ. Tokyo, (ii), 2, pt.
7, p. 360, PI. 49~ fig . 3.
.
.
1934 f.'errip's nutab'iZis, RlRASE, Collec tion Japanese ' She lle, PI. 31, fi g. 1.

Th e fossil sp ecies of YOKOYAj)IA may be identical with Serril)~s:
notabilis SOWERBY. The latter sp ecies, howe~er, h as a moi'e elongate
shell and roundly arcuate ventral margin a n d distinct rarliating ribs OIL
the middle part of the shell slU'face.
Geo1. age. - Lower Pliocene-Recent.
Geogr. distT.-Higasiyama, Niigata prefecture; J apl1n sea.

4.
1923

Se'J"'l"ipes pa'ttpe1"c'U:l '"/'('s (Y OKOY AhlA)

Canl-ium pourercu Zus YOKOYAMA, Jap. J ourn. Geol. Geog r., 2, p . 6, PI. I, fig:
2.

1931 Serr'i,[-'cs r-auperculu ~ , KURODA in H OMMA'S Geolr.gy of Central Shinano, pt,
2, p. 55 (in Japa nese).

This fossil sp ecies has a mOl'e acute apex I1nc1 a more ' angulatecl'
postero-ventral marg in than Se7'rilles notabiUs Sowel'by.
Geol. ag-e.-Middle Neogene (or Upper lVIiocene).
Geogr. c1istr.-Simane prefecture.

5.
1023

Se'I"'j'1pes f'ujinensis (YOKOYAMA)

Cardium jvjinel1 s-is YOKOYAMA, Jap. J e urn . Geol. Gecgr., 2, p . 6, PI. 2, fig. 2:
-

(

6 )-

Serripes in J apa u
193 1 Sei'ripe.~ jujinens i$,

KUR ODA603'in Hommj.'s G "ology of Central Sinano, pt. 2,

p. 55 (in Japan ese).
This fossil species has a m or e inequila teral and more convex -shellthan that of Se1'1'ipes gro enl1ndi clts (BIW G UIl~R E). Serripes lape rousii( DE SH AYES) has a l arge shell with straight' postero-tlorsal niargin.
Geol. age.- - Miocene of S imane prefecture.
Geogr. distr.-S iman e prefecture.

6.

Sel"1'ipes yoTwyCtn~Cti OTUKA n. sp.
Pi. II, ·figs. 3, 4 ; 5, 6.

One left valve and s ome incomplete sp ecimen s were examined. The
shell is large, convex, roundly trigonal, inequi later al, r ounded in front, 'and vertically truncated behind, with broadly r :mnded ventral m argin.
The surface of the shell where its material is preserved shows numerous
blunt r adiating ribs, distinct in the a.nterior part, but indistict in the
middle, a.nd probably a lso in the posterior p art. The beak is rather swollen, pointed and curved foreward, striated in the middle part of the dorsal
margin.
No 1. Height 70 nun, length 77 mm, depth 23 mm.
No. 2. Height 64 mm, length 71 mm, depth 18·5 mm.
Type locality : l\Iio cene formation, Hag ino, Yamanogo-mura, Yamagori, Hukusima prefecture. In lig ht gray tuffaceous sand.
Holotype (No. 2531) and Cotyp e (No . 2532) are stored in the Earthq.
Res. Inst. Imp. Univ. Tokyo.

Although this species I S closely allied to 8en ipes notabilis
SOWERBY, the umbone of the fonner is situated at about the middle
part of the dorsal margin, while the latter has :1 more inequilateralshell, the umbo of the btter species being situated nearly in theanterior third of the sh ell length.
Phylogenically, S e1T ipes yo7coVamai OTUKA may be closely connected with Sen'ip es noictbilis SOWERBY.
o

7.

Sm'ripes' sp.

1931 Ser?"ipes sp. K URODA iu HO~!MA' S Geology of Central Sinano,- pt. 2, pp. 54,55,

PI. 5, fig. 31 (in Japanese).
Geol. age.-MidcUe Neogene (Lower Plio cene?)
Geogr. distr.-Nagano l)l'ef ectur e.

-(

7

)~.,

604

Explan ation of Plate.
PI. I, fjgs. 9, 10. Sempes I1ctabilis SO WERBY (Living; Japan Sea) (No. 394).
Pl. II, figs. I, 2. Serripes lapcrotlsi·i (DESR AYES ) (Living; Is. Attu, Aleutiau)(No. 1663).
PI. II, figs. 3, 4. Sem".z::es yokoyamai OTUKA (Holotype) (No . 2531).
PI. II, fi gs. 5, 6. Serripes yokoYClmai OTUKA (Ootype). (No. 2532).

2.

B Ji'-.il(1~~)

Se?'?"ipes

F.I*ilE Serripes ~I i:£:l!l l::- 7 :fill~nb~1-"U.;)Oo :%P !:>(1)

Serri'Fes groenlalldictlS (Bm;Gur.imE·) (~I;;m~, ~1: ;~Hr, !I ", ,,~ '/ !I )(2) Serripes lapcl'Otlsii (DESHAYES) (~1:11H[*, ~9 ;/ ?'·1f~,I~, 7' '7 ? :h)(3)

Se1"T'ipes 11Otab'ilis SOWERBY (fo[ ;;j;:mlJi!&, ;lfri~l\tf.m*;lfr;FO(4)'

Serripe.< pal.lpe1·culus tYOK OYAMA) (r<h;tR!~4'3lrr;Fn

(5 )
(6)

Serripes .fv.jinensis (YOKOYAMA) ('Q;WJ~4';lfr;FOSm'ipes yo!.-oyam(f:i OTUKA ( ~li\~:;;J\!,f.r[l~fr~'El(7)

Sm-ipes sp. of K U RODA ( mig~ <[l$1f,;="if;)J: ilc. tV ]7q (1), (2" (3) I:J:~W~f;lll::-, fiiTJ.1.t{I: ;r:j'!: l...- "Ct~1i-li'b;tl-"C;.;)00 (4),(5\(6)(7)
1'.t11');=..*2 tV {l:;r:j.!: I.. - "CtV~~ b~1-"C;;J 0 0 (6) li;lfrfilll::-, (7) tiff!I ~7F'7t:£: t.k t1Jf;;j;:""("ho o(4), (5), I'i;l:jlillrW± tVill!~!XKiI' ''\' 0 t tV l::-, -'i:~b l :J: Cardium Jiif, Jk..tF .Mact ml!1l\ .!: I...--C~~~-Ii' b ~1- -C 1.:> Q 0 (7) fi~FJH!A\~ J,<; e:> ~\!l-1i' b ~ to: ~, 17.:> 1::-, ilfr.flll tV :tiE iJ{<I'.> Q 0 (6) I'Nkili~UlJt=:j;U \r,w.~I~If11 Iit!/l l\lll / ~li;ft~!Jlj'Kfl\-tl1 -,. 0 ~-@'~liR. J(1HtJ;* UiJjfJlW/1-@'~EliR.*, .!:fill· I.. - "C 1.:> 0
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658

3.

A Pleistocene Flora of Japan as an
Indicator of Climatic Condition
By
SEIDO ENDO

(Contribution from the Institute (.f Geology and Pa:aeol1tology,
Tohoku Impe ri a l University ; Senda i)

Siobara i~ one of the famous hot spring and summer resorts
in Japan, lying a little north of Nikko and within easy reach of
the Nisi-Nasuno station on the Tohoku main railway line. It isvisited every summer and autumn by several thou sands of tourists.
It lies at nearly lat. N. 37°.
The geology of the district was early studied by Mr. N. KANEHAR.'
and lately by Professor H. YA BE1J , and then by Messers R.
TAYAMA and H. NUNO more in detail. It is a depression in th e
northern part of the Simotuke mountainland; it subsided late in
the Tertiary and 'wa s subsequently filled vvith yolcanic materials
from two volcanoes, SiobJ,ra (older) Takahara-yama, (younger) ~'ising
within the depression.
A lak e was ther e once brought to existence between the highwall at the north and the earliest ejecta from the Siobara volcano
from south; ,in a certain horizon of fine lacustrine deposits mostlyof volcanic origin myriads of plant leaves ,ver e buried. Thesefossil leaves are in oxcellent preservation , and now dug out andsold by a ground owner to the visitors of the spas. They are wellknown under the name Konoha-isi, " Konoha " meaning p lant leaves
and "lsi" ston e. Only a few of them wer e examimed by Prof. E.
G. NATHoRsT2) of Sweden half a century ago but no further palaeo1) YA TIE , H. ,. Siobara volcano a nd its relation to geolog ical structure." Pro c.
Jupcm. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 4. (1928), pp. 302-317, (in Japanese).
2) :!'IA'l'EORS:!', A. G.: Zur fossilen Flora J apan s. Pa.I : Abhan dl. , bemus. VOll
DAMES und KAYSER, 4, (1888), pp . 225-229, Pi s. 25, :lG.
-

(

9)-

A Pleistocene Flora of Japap. as an Indicator Climatic Condition659,

botanical has ever been made.
The geological histor y ' of ' the distl'ict almost begins' with -thedeposition of liparitic green tuff formation called Hukuwata groupby . NIINO") upon an eroded 'surface of younger ·Palaeozoic rocks,.
sandstone, shale,. quartzite, . chert and F~ls~dina-limestoi.1e; the
Hukuwata group is at least partly marine in origin, intercalating
several layers with marine shells, andsucceeded upwards by
Kanomata.:gawa group consisting of sandstone and tuff, with a richshallow sea molluscan fauna4 ) of which the most common ' forms
are Ca7'dium .shioca1'e'l1se YOKOYAMA and Pecten kaneha?'ai YOKOYAMA, Subsequent marine regression built. a series, the Sekiya
group, of conglomerate, shale and pisolitic tuff, with interbedded
lignite seams and bearing fossil plants such as S eq1loia sempe?'vi?'ens ENDL, fossilis Enda, ' Ace?' No?'clenskiold.i Nl;l.thorst and,Die?'villa sp."), etc. After a crustal deformation of these three
Tertiary formations as shown by a number of -folds and faults, theland as in other regions of Japanese Islands received. planation
or extensive abrasion, which gave rise to an even land surface taken
by Prof. Y.<\.BE as marking the boundary plane. between Tertiaryand Pleistocen€ deposits, The next event in the Siobara district isthe formation of depression within which the two volcanoes ofSiobara and Takahara-yama were built and gave rise to ~he fossillake stated afore and to a series of the lacllstrine 'sediments called
the' Siobara ·group. Several terraces within the Siobara district
and along the eastern border of the Simotuke mountainland as
well 'as those of the ' Kwant!) basin are indicators of general upliftof the whole land in the subsequent time ; perhaps very early inthis stage the lake had its water drained by the present Hoki-gawaand was finally brought to extinction,
The lacustrine deposits of the fossil lake are especially thinlayers where the fossil leaves are buried, and the feature of theirpreservation is such to lead us to infer their derivation from places
near and not remote from the lake, The deposits are partly dia-c
tomaceous.

is3) NIINO, H. "Geology of Siobani district ", Graduate thesis oj the Inst'itute oj
Geology and Palaeontology, Tohoktt Impel'ial Univel's'ity, (1930) MS. (in .Japanese. )4) YOKOYAMA, M. "Tertiary molluEca from Shiobara in Shimotsuke." Jour.
Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. To kyo, [ii], II, 1, 4 (1926), pp'. HT-138, Pis. 16-20.
5) YABE, H.: Op coil., (1928), p . 306.
_. - .

660

S. ENDO.

The present contribution was based on several hundred speci~
inens' of the fossil plants from the Siobara group, untirely sampled'by Prof. Y ABE and also by me during a long p eriod of years ; thetype specimens' are all stored in the Institute of Geology andPalaebntology, Tohciktr Imperial University, Sendai.
The Siobara Flora
So large a pJ:oportion .of these fossil plants from the Siobara
plalit b8ds belong to g~nera ancl species previously umecorded inp),Ia~ontological literature, that it makes comparifion with any
fossil flor~ almost impossible or at least worthless. In consequence~ateri~ls for comparison were a:lways sought after in h erbaria oflivingpli:mts, ~nd in the course of my present study, it was fonnd~ecessal'Y to make rich collections of ,living tree leaves from val~i­
ous parts of 'Japan, since in certain caseS the h erbaria 'for botanistsp;oved insufficient 'for the present purpose. The collecting andexamining of the 10ssil ~aterials and living ones for comparison
tooi{ me about ten years, as the progress of my work was muchhinder e'd by my professional business as a teach er; durIng thislong' p eriod living plants were collected by myself from various
rn.rts 01 Honsyu, Sikoku, Hokkaido, Saghalin (Japanese as well as
Rus~ianl, Korea, China, and also in certain limited parts of Northllmerica.
.
The sound basis for distinguishing plant sp ecies on folia!
character only was sometimes q~lestioned by bJtanists ; but, myb 3lief is different and I am now almost fully donfident of theb 3lief. Indeed, there are simple and small leaves of differ ent plants
having similar aspect as the leaves of many shrubs and h erbs are ;but in the leaves of dicotyledonous trees, either palmately lobed
or ' l)3al'ing complex duplicate-'serration, sp 8cies can be definitely
aiscriminated almost without any danger.
'
As alr:eady stated, NAl'HORSl'"') describ 8d in 1888, 15 sp ecies ofp lants from the Siobara plant b :xls which h e then assigned to they)anger Pliocene, saying "SoUte es sich ab8l: h erausstellen, dassii ie Mogi-Flora AltpliocIn ist, so diirften wohl die pflanzenfUhrenden
Ablagerungen von Siobara, Yokohama und 'wohl auch von Sado
j'ungpliocanen Alters sein." Our consideration on the geologi~al
6)

NATIiOR3T,

A. G. (18S8), Op. cit. p. 49.

_ .( il ) -A Pleistocene Flou of J ap:l.1l as an I ndicator of Climatic Con ':litionaM

age . of the fossil flora will be given in the n ext ch apter .
Species then described by NATHORST are as follows:
1. Thu ites sp.
9. Fagus .iaponica MA x nr.
2. Betula alba L.
10. Cercid'iphyllwn japonicum S. et Z.
3, B etula sublenta NATIIORST
11. Actinicz.iophyllu1n sp.
4. A lnus sp.
12. Tilia s p. (cfr. T . c01"data. l\irLL.)
5. Carpimts w beol'data NATllonsT
13. Cfr. Aeer NOI"Clenskiolcli NATIIORST
6. Quercus crispula BL.
14. Aeer? sp.
7. Que1'cus sp.
15. MY1'iophyllu1n sp.
-8. Fagus sylvati ca L. val'. asiat'ica Dc.

Soine of the specific identification by NA'l'HORST are question;a ble. For instance, his Acti ni di ophyllt('?n is quite similar to our.S'te1.ua1·ti a pseUd OCal11,Cllia MAXIM., and Thl('i tes sp . may possibly be.our Th'l.('ja j ap onica MAXIM., while FagtlS sylvatica var. cGsiatica js
synonymous with our F . C?'enata BL. B et'l.G la sublenta is anotherdoubtful species ; his material figm ed is too incomplete and too
fragmental for erecting a new species. B etula alba is closely allied .
.to B . jap onica SIEB.
The present material is considerably rich er, and the species
distinguish ed of it are listed below (Table 1); most of th em are't rees now common in mountainlands of HOllSy(t and in H okkaido
T able 1.
Componen ts of the Siobara Flora with the' Geog r a phical
Distribution of Its Existing Species.
(The figu res of the first column indicate climatic forest zones i ) of Japan;.namely,
1 -Species growing in the fri gid for est zone only.
1* - Species growing in t he frigid and cold temper ate forest zones.
·I **-Species growing in the fri gid, cold temperat e and warm t empe rate
forest zones.
2 -----..C:;pecies growing in the cold temperate forest zone only.
·2* -Species growing in th e cold t emperate nn d warm temperate forest
zones.

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1*
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2*
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Cm'pinus subcordata NATHORST . .
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Fagus japon'ica MAXIM.
2
1* +Quercus cris]Jula BL.
2*
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Celtis Bungeana EL, val'. jessoensis
MIYA BE et K UDO
2
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1* +Ceraid'iphyllurn japonicurn S, et Z .
2
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Ranunculus acr-is var. jap on-ica MAXIM,+.Rannnctdus .aqual'ilis L?
2*.J[agnolict obomta THUNB:,J[agxwlia. sp ..
Hydrangea hirta S. et Z .
2Hydrang ea p anin.llat,a ' SIEB,r-( ;13 ,)-+
+ + + +
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2*+ + + + .+Crataegus sp. .
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+ +Microrneles alnifol·i a KOEIINE
1*.++ + + +.. 1*
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+ + + +
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+ + + + + +Ace?' crataeg'ijo/ium S, et Z,+ + + + +A cer diabol'ic'um BL.
+ + + + + +AceI' eupalmatum (GR. v, SCfIW,) KOIDZ. 2+ + + + +Acer euseptenlobllm (GR, V, SCIIW.)
KOIDZ,
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1**+ + + + +Ace?' rlljine?'ve S, et Z,
2·+ + + + + +AceI' SieboldianU'ln MIQ,
+ + + + '+ +1*
Acer Tschonoskii MAXIM+ +ACe?'? sp,
Meliosma mY?'iantha S, et Z ,2+ + + + +Berchem·ia racemosa S. et Z.
2++ + +. +Rhamnus sp,
Vitis flexuosa THUNB,++ + +Tilia distans NA'l'HORST?
. Tilla J,fiyabei JACK,2+ +Tilia japonica SIMK,
1*' - , +' + + + +'Tilia sp.
Actinidia polygama PLANCR+' + + + ++-r- --+ .. -=t' -- + +-2*
Stewartia psendo-Camellia MAXIM
Myriophyllum spicaturn L,?
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2*Clethm barvinervis S,et. Z,+
Rhododendron degronianum CARRIERE~
f. spol1taneum NAKAI
1*
2*
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+
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Vibm'nvm TYrightii MIQ.
+
P1Lyllites sp. (1) cfr. Kalu panax ricinijolium MIQ.
Phyllites sp. (2) cfr, B etula nikoensis KOIDZ.
Phyllites sp. (3) dr. Tl'ochodendron aral-ioides S. et 7,.
Phyllites sp. (4)Phyllites sp. (5)Phyllites sp. (6)Phyllites sp. (7)Phyllites sp. (8)Phyllites sp. (9)112+ + + + ++ + + + ++ + + + +
+ +
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+
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+
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Table 2.
Components of Siobal'a Flora, Classifiec1.
Embl'yoJJh yta, Asiphonogama.
Ptel' idophyta :Filicales;
Polypod-iaceae, 6*
Embl·yophyta.,. Siphonogama.
Gymnospcnnae :Conijcl'alcs;
Taxaceae, 1.
Pinaceae, 2.
CLLpl'eSS(Lceae, J.
Angiospe1'mae:
Monocotyledon ae;
Glumiflome;
Gramineae, 1.

" N.umber of' species.

~A Pleistocpne Flora of Japan as all Indicator of Climatic Condi1.ion695

Dic6tyleclo11Ct~ ;.f'alicalcs :Juglandnlcs :Fagales:
Ulticale.s :'Ranales:
Rowles :SaNcact'al', 1.
Ju.glandctceoe, 3.

Betulaceae,' :4.
Ulmaceae, 2.
Cerc-icliphyllaccae, 1.
Magnol-iaceae, 2.

Fa] (.. ce"e, 5:
Ranuncu~acwe, 3.

Sax'~fragaceat', 3.

I:TamamcliciaceCll', 1.
Rosaceae, 11.
Leguminoceal', 1.
Gcmniales :Rutaceae, 1.
Spindalos : .
AqwijoZ,iaceae, 1Acemcea, 15.
Eabiacel] e, 1.
Rhamnales:
Rh.arnnaccae, 2.
'V'itacfae, 1.
.Malmles :Tiliacwe, 4 .
. Pm·ietales :DilleniacealJ, 1.
Theacea~, 1.
][yrtijlome :Halo1"1"/w~ aceae, 1.
Umbellijlome: Aral'iaceae, 2 . .
COI·naCc.ae, 2.
Ericale.~ :Clethrcweae, ].
Ericaceae, 9.
Erenales:Syinplocaceae, '1.
StYI'acaceae, 1.
Contorlac :Oleaceae, 1.
Rubiales :Cctprifoliaceae, 3.
Besides 9 species of unknown order, family and genus.

As shown in the foregoing list (Table 2), this flora consists of
115 species in 58 genera, 35 families and 20 orders, aside 9 of
unknown nature.
Most of them belong to deciduous trees of. Dicotyledonae, con~re1"C/,l es being somewhat and 111onocotyledona e extremely rare ! Of
lYlonocotyledoncte we have only o~e or . two· doubtful nlaterials ..
. Filiwles is rather common ancl all examined by me belong
to the single family, Polypodiacecte. vVaterplants are not commonly
preserved without 111Y?'iophyllnm and Diatoms.
In general composition, we have h er e a cold . temper ate mewphytic flora.
Geological Age of the :Siobara Flora.
,Vhereas a Pliocene flora usually consists of (a) species stil~iiving in the vicinity, (b) extinct species, in So considerable pe:r~
centage, and (c) conformable species in r emote r egions, the Siobara
flora has no conformable species in r ell1.ote r egions suel1.'as Sequoia"'Paxodium, GlyptoSL?'ob'llS, J1tgZans, Liq7.tidamba?', Li?'iodendJ'on 'a nd
Fagus je?TufJinea AlT'., etc., which were commop. .and widel y, 4i8tributed plants during the Tertiary time,:over Asia (including 'Japan)-. - ( I G ) -liM ,' : ; ,,\; ;): . .. , -~nd Europe, and left their remains abundantly in certaIn ' Tertiary
plant beds of Eurasia,B) One explanation of th,e 6ause of the total
extinction of these cosmopolitan species from the .extensive area issurely that it is due to certain climatic influence of: the encroaching
Pleistocene ice age:
More tl;tan 90 ..percent of tlie' species distinguished from the
Siobara flora ' b elong to the trees ';now living in Japan and mostof them are ' th9~e c~mmon in the present temperate and frigid
forest zones of northern Honsyu aud Hokkaido, : Above ' all, Ace1'aceae9 ) and B etulaceae give to the 'flora mos~ characteristic ele. ments, which are rich in ' number bo~h of species and individuals,
and most of the remains of B et'l.!> wceae belong to the trees now
existing in the frigid forest zone of northern Japan,
There are aboli.t 150 sp(lcies ' recorded froin the . w:orld of fossil
Acer including 'some of doubtful nature; the oidest ,remains arefrom the Upp'er' Cretaceous of west!3rn Greenl~ndlO) and North
Americall ), where they are extremely scanty in the number of
species. First in the Lower ' MIocene time, A~e1" acquired p~edo­minance and is richly represented in Pliocene and Pleistocene.floras. Some of the" fossil and living species possess palma~ely8) BOULAY, M. A.: ~ 'Flore Pliocene du Mont-Dore," (1892) .. ENDO. S.: 'Cenozoic
fossil plants," (1931),(in Japanese), ENDO, S.: ",A Neogene speCies bf Sequoia fromJapan." Ba.t. Gazette 94 .3. (1933). ENDO, S.: "Supplement to the Cenozoic fossil
p~ants ': (1933), (in ~apanese) : ESDO S,: "The butternut (Juglan,~ cinel'e.a L.) fromthe Upper Pliocene of Japan." Jctpan. JoUT. Geo.qr. 11 3-4. (1934). ENDO. S,: "Discovery of L iTiodend,'on leaves from the Neogene of Japan." P,·oc. Imp. Acad. 10 9.
(1934). ENDO, S. and MORITA, H.: "Notes oli the genera COmlJtoniphyllnm ' an1
Liquidamba,'." & i. R ep. '/'ohoku Imp, Univ., Sendai, (2) (Geology) 15 2. (1932).
FLORIN, R: "Zur Kenntuis del' Jungtertiiiren Pflanzenwelt Japans." K,ql. Svenska
Vet . Al~ctd, H andl., 61 1, (1920). MASSALONG O, A. E. and SCARA13ELLI, G.: "Studii
sUlla Flora Fossile F, Geologia Stl'atigrafica del Sen igalliese," (1858). NATEioRsT,
A . G.: 'Contribution i't Ja flora fossil e du ;fapon.': Kgl, SVe1,~sl~a Vet. Ahad. ~Handl"
20, 2, (1883). REID, C. and REID, E. : "The Pliocen e Floras of the Dutch-Prussian
border'" Mitteil. Boh?'. Niederlander. 6, (1915). SAPRTA, G. DE, et . MARION. A. F .:"Recherches Sur les VeJitaux Fossiles de Meximieux," (1876). STRAUS, A.:"Dikotyle Pflanzenreste aus dem Oberplioziin von vVillerslnusen (Kreis Osterode,H 'a rz) 1." J cth?-b. P,'euss. Geol: Lcmdescmst., Berlin, 51 I, (1930).
, . 9) ENDO, S.: "Some Japanese Cenozoic plants, I. On tlie fossil Acer from the
Siobara Pleistocene p lant beds/' , J ctpan, Jour . Geol. Geogr. 11 3-4, {1934):
10) HEER, 0: "Flora Foss. Arct." 7, (1883), pp: 38-39" PI. 65, figs . .1-3. .
11) BERRY, E. W ,: ' 'The Flora of the Rip'ley ForJll~tion," 'U. S. Ge~'l: Su?'·v. Prof.
f- 136, (19 J5~, pp. 66-,67, :h 13, fig. 2.
' ,
-(

17)-

A Pleistocene Flora of' Japan as an Indicator of Climat:c Condition

667,

lobed leaves and the . nUn;l.ber of lobes increases with advancii1g
geological ages :(Table 3).
According to .SINNO;l"l'
T able 3.
an,d Ro\.ILEy12>, leave's of
Number of lobes
Geological age.
the primitive angiosperm.
were palmate and threeUpper Cretaceons '3
lobed. This may be true;
E ocene3 to 5but. on the . other hand,
Oligocene
3 to 5. (ra,i'ely 7? )the first leaves of living
Miocene3 to 7
angiosperm seedlings andPleiocene
3 t o 7 (rarely 9)abnormal leaves of vigoPleistocene
3 to 11rous YOlmg ' shoots orRece nt
3 to 13 (rarely 15)
young trees, which sometimes ,e~hibit most primitive featm'es, are' simple. L UBBOCK says13)"The .great majority of cotyledons are entire, but some are more orless lobed, a nd the first leaves are generally simple, 01' a t any ratfi! s impler
than t hose which follow. In species with trifoliate leaves, the first leaf
is gener ally simple. Wh en th e mature leaves are pinnate (co'mpound), thefii'st ones are generally trifoliate; a nd wl~en the final leaves art~ bipinnate,th ~ first ones are generally pinnate.
In most cases, therefore, the firstleaves are simpler than those which follow."

The question whether the leaves of the earliest species of Ace?'
was simple or lobed is out of th e scope of the present study, but
it is at least certain that later the lobation of leaves increased
with advancing geological ages and we see at present such multilobed palmate leaves as possessed by Acer japonic16?n, A. sieboldianurn, A. shi?'asa'Wan'wm and A. circinat'lorn. Furthermore, palmate leaves, accordin g to SINN01"1' alld BAILEyl'!), are remarkably
absent among tropical p.lants, while those are common among theplants growing under a, temperate m.esophytic environment.
"While the lobed leaves of Ace?' pictu?rl- and some other species
h ave entire margin, those of a great mailJ species of the Pleistocene
and the ' present northern frigid zone are margined by fine and]2) SrNNOl', E . W, and :.BAILEY, J . VV. "FoltaI' evidence as to the ancestry
arid early climatic environment of 'the angiosperms." .A:mer. JOtw. Bot. 2 , (1915),
pp. 15-16.
13) L UBBOCK , J. A contribution to oUt' knowledge of seed lings. 1, (1892), pp,20-21, 25, 40, 74- 75.
14) SINNOT, E. W ., andBAILEY~ J : W .: Op,. 'c'it., (1915), p. 15 . .
- ( 18 ) -668

relatively , regulady duplicate-serrations. More' in general, leaves
with a duplicately-serrated margin are almost absent in woody
plants of the present tropical and subtropical regions. Consequently
the commonness of the Ace?' leaves, multilobed palmate and duplicately serrated along the margin, in a flora can safely be taken
as a sIgn indicating a cold climatic conditio'El under which it h ad
grown.
Now, Ace?' jap onicurn and A. Sieboldian?(,rn15 ) etc. of the Sio.
bara flora both in possessing leaves, 9-11 lobed palmate and in:being duplicately serrated along the margin, are suggestive of the
Pleistocene age of the flora.
The Mogi and Amakusa floras well k nown by the studies of
NATHoRsT and FLORINlH) have several 'exotic species as Fagus je?'-,1'uginea, Taxo diurn distichurn?, L iq'L('idarnbct?' j o?'rnosana, L. e'L('?'Ol)ae'L('?n, R1HtS g?'i, ffithii, Ostrya vi1'giniana and Celtis efr. occidentalis L., which do no more exist in the present Japanese I slands ;'these two floras are younger Pliocene according to NATHORST and
FLORIN audthe Siobara flora, they believe, is decidedly younger.
The Pleistocene age of the Siobara plant IbedFJ was also maintained ~by H . YABE I7 ) from stratigraphical standpoint and on careful
study. of terrace", both of this district and the K wanto basin, wheremarine Pleistocene deposits are well developed.
All the facts mentioned above point to th e one ' and the sameconclusion that th e Siobara flora is Pleistocene in age. It seems
to me, the Pleistocene and P leiocene floras of Japan can be welldefined by their floral ch aracters, peculiar to their own and sharply
discriminable one another.
Climatic Condition .
Fossil flora is undoubtedly most · useful aFJ th e indicator of
past climate. R EID sayslS) :" :Mammals, or any warm-blooded animals, are unsafe guides : for they15) ENDO, S.: "Some J apanese Cenozoic plants. I . On the fossil Acel' from the
Siobara Pleistocene plant beds." Op. cit. (934), pp. 241-243.
16) NATHORST, A. G. : "Contributions a Ia Flore Fossile du J apon." Kg Z. Svenska
Ve t. Alwd . H ancll., 20, 2. (1883). FLORIN, R: "Zur Kenntnis del' JUngtertiaren
J>fianzenwelt J apans." Ditto,- 21, 1, (1920).
17) YABE, H.: Op. c'it., (1928), p. 317.
18) REID, C" -and REID. E .: Op. cit., (1915), pp. 1-2.
- ( 10 ) -A l'leistocene Flora of Japan ,as an 11ldicator of Climatic Condition

6 ~9,have great p ower of resistin; and adapting themselves to climatic changes.
Closely allied species may inhabit arctic and tropical regions, and we ca nnot learn from any living mamnuiJ under what conditions an extinct ally
may have lived. The elephant and the rhinocerQs : ;tre now tropical; , extinct elephants and rhinoceroses, clothed with thick fur, are found frozen
up in the soil of Siberia, and were evidently adapted to an arctic climate.
The land and ' fresh wat er mollusca have proved less use than w~s ex­
p ected. The coleoptera 'p robably would be a ' veryvali13ole group for thisstudy, were their 'f ossil' 1:el11ains less fragmentary a:ri<;l less difficlilt to .001lect and preser ve. Ther e r emain the flowering pla'n ts a lld cryptog ams,
both of which a r e extrel1~ely u sefuL" ,' ., ..

The plants r epresented in the fossil flora now we concern ar etrees common' 'in ' the ' t emperate and frigid zones of the present
Japan. The flora of Mt: Hakk6c1a in the most northerly part ofHonsyu has lat~ly~ ' be~n . studi~d ' by MI'. y', HORIKAWAIVJ, and azone of deciduous trees closely allied to those of the Siobara florais met with f!-t a h eight at about 900m. above the sea level. On
the slope of the famous Mt. Huzi (Fuji) in central Japall, the floraof which is well known to us by the excellent work of the late Pl'o~fe8sor B. IIAYATA20J , we find at about 1500m. a similar communityof trees in most luxuriant growth. A few elements of the Siobara
fossil flora ar e confined in their present distribution to the frigid
forest zone, and ther e is none which now live only within warmt emperate zone. Living trees of the dominant species of the flor a,for instance, those belon ging to the families B etulaceae, FagcLceaea
and Rosaceae, ar e the m ost common plants of the lowland ofcentral Hokkaid6 which is nearly on the boundary between thetemperate and frigid forest zones. At the present time, the m eanannual temperature of the city of Utunomiya siting on the plain
nearest to Siobara differs in about 5·5° C. from that of the cityof Sapporo in central Hokkaid6.
In the first coloumn on the annexed table (Table 4) are
given the names of the dominant speeies of the Siobara fossil flora
and in the second the altitude at which the living trees of these
species enjoy their most luxuriant growth in the mountainlands19) HORIKAWA, y,: "The vegetation of Mt, H akkoda," Sci. Rep. Tolwku Imp.
Univ. (4) (Biology), 5 3, (1930), pp. 555-573, PIs. 17-20,20) HAYATA, B.: "The vegetation of Mt, Fuji." (1911), p. 29, table 23; p. 34,
table 29; Map.
- ( 20) ----

S: ENDO: ..

670.T abl e 4,:4cer carpinij oliu m S. et Z. ·. .• .. . : . . . ,' .. ... .' ..' . ... . .... .. ; .. . . . . , . . 900 . ... 1500
A cer eupalmatum Kommn . .- •. . . : .; .... : .. . .. . . .. . . ... . ..... . .. . .. 1500±,
Acer rufinerve S. et Z. . .. .. .. ... ; •.•••...• , . . . ; ..... . ...... .. . . : . . . . 600 . ... 1600
Acer japonicum THUNB . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . ... , . . . .. ...... . . .. . ...... .. 900 . . .. 1600
A cer diabolicum BL, . . . . • ... .•,.. .- . .... , . • .. ... .. . . . . .. • ... . .. . . , . . 1500±
A cer pictvm TBUN~. • .. ... ....... . ... .... ...... ., . .. .. . . .... ~ .. .. . . . 1500±
Acer Tschonoskii MA X IM . . , .. .... . .. . . . :. , .. . . . . .. . . . . . . , . .. . . .. , . ,1000 ... ,1800
A lnus incana VVI LLD, -var, sibirica SPACH: " ' .... , . , . , . . . ' , .' , : ... .. 1500±
Alnus lIfax'im ow'i cz-ii CALL. . .... , . .. . ...
1600±
Betu la .Japon·ica SIER .. . , ... . .- .. . .. .. : . . ... .... . .... . . ... . ... . . .. .. . 1000 . . .. 1600
B etula E?·ma n·i ·i ·Cn AM . .... . .. . .. . , . .. . .. . . ,' . ... .... . . . . .... .. . ... . .. 1600±
Betula lIf ctxim owicziana REGEL . .. . . .. . . . ... . . .. . .. .... . . . . . . . ' . ' ' .• .. . 1400. , . ,1700
B etula & l;miati'i R E GEL ....... .... ... . .- . .. ... . ... . .- .... .. ... '... .. .. .-1500± . 'Carp'inus ,cordata BL. · , . . . . . ........ : . . . ... .. ..... .. .. . ' .. .- .. .. .. . . .1500£ .
Cal'pinus cal-pino·ides Z. et S .... .. .. . .. ... ... .. . . ..... ... . . .. .. .. . .. 1500±
Castanea Cl'ena ta BL. . .. . . ~ ... .. . . . . ' ... .. .. .. •. .' . . .. .... . . . , . . .. .. 1COO ... . . 1500
9 1p,thra barbine?·uis .s. ev Z . ..... .. . .... .. .... . . .. .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . .. 1500±
Cercidip h1l11um japon'ic um S. et Z ... . . .. .. .... . . . .- .. . . .. . . . .. ' , ' . . .. 1fiOO±
Cornus COnl?'ov'!?'s~ HE1ISL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . ... .. .. .... .... . ' .. . 1500±
Cyno.cylon .iaponica NAKAI .... . . .... ... . .. .. ... .. . . .. .. '... .. ... ... 1000 .. .. 1500
Fagus c?'enata BL . .' . . . .. .. . ..• .. . . ... . , ' .. . . . . . . . . . ..... . .... . . . 1000 .. . ,1600
Fagus .Jctponica l\U XlM ... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .... . ... . , . . .. " ... 1000 . .• . 1600
F mx·i nus longicuspis S. et Z . .. . . . . . . , . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . ... ..... 1500±
H ctm amelis jap on-ica S. et Z. . . .. . " '. . . .. . ... : . . . . . . ... . . . ... .. . . . . 1500±
H ydmngea paniculatc! SIEB, ..... .. .. . . . .. ' .' . . . . ' . ' . , .. . .. . ... . . ' .. . . 1600±
J uglans S iebo lcliana MAXIM , . . . , . .• . • • • • . , • • .•• . .. .. • • . . •• •• • .• . •• •• 1500±;!J[agnol';a oboutta T HUNB... ...... . ..... .' .. .. . . .... . ... .. ..... , .. . : 100 .... 1500±
lIfe·isteriC! ca:mpanu lata 'N AKA!. ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1500 ±Mic?'omcZes alnijol-ia KOEHNE. . ... ..... . : .. .. . , . . . ... . .. .. . .-. , . , . .. ,llOO± . . 1500±
lIficromeles .iaponica KOEHNE: .. . , . , . . . . . .. ... ..... , . . ... . . . . . .- . . . . . 1500±
Phellodenel?'on amurense R UPR . • ..... ... .. . . . ' . . . . . . . ' •. •. ' " . •.•. .. 1000 .. . ,1600
Prunus lIfa.,!;imow-icz'ii R U PR .. .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . ... .... . .. , . ,_ .. . 1500±
QU e1'CUS cl'ispula BL. . .•. , , : . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . , .• .. .- . .. . . ... : .... . .. 1000± . . 1BOO±
S lewa?'tiet pseudo-cctmellia MA X IM . • • . , . .. . ' . ... , . . . , . . . •. . . , • • •• .• • . 1500±
Thuja japon-iea MAxnr . . ... . . . .......... '" . ' . _ . .. . ... .. ... , .. . .. ". '. . 1500±.' .<.. .... , .. .. ... ..... .. .. .

21)' HAYATA, B.: Op , OU. , (1911); ~A KEDA, K . : "The v eget ation of Mt. Fuji."
Scientifi c Knowledge, 4, July (1924) (in J apan ese); K USA'NO, S.: "The for est ·vegetation of Nikko," Guide-B ook, E xcw's'ion B-1, Pan-Pacific &i, Congo T0 7~yo , (1926)
30 ; Y ABE, H.: Op . Cil., p. (1 928) 315 ; I NOKUMA, T ,: ." Pi'eTiminal'Y n ot es onligneou s plants indigenou s .i n th e '" Chichil.iu " University :for est and its adj acentd istricts," Bull. T o/:ya I mp. Un·iv.- F01· est.~ . 14, (193.1); INOKUMA,. T.: 'A n ' enumer ati on :of the' lign eous ,plants ' indigenous, t o "Min obusan " a11d .~. Shichimenzan"in the Provin ce of "Kai." Op. cit" 18, Art. 2, (1934).
, .,
-

( 21

J -'

A Pleistocene Flo' a of Japan .a s an Indicator of Climatic Condition?~ ~'J'ilia japoniea Snm:. . , .. '; .. . .. ......... . . . .. _ .... ... .. . .... '.' ..' . . ~ . . 1600±'Ulmus japoniea SARG .••• : .. . . . . . . .,.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... ..... . . . . . . . . .. 1500±.Viburnumjureatum BL .. ·. .... .. .. ..... .. ............ .. . : ........ . .. 1500±

On the other hand, H. Y ABE22 ) has shown on a comparative
s tudy of the t er:races of the Siobara district, those outside of themountainland and along the Utunomiya plain, ' and also those of
the K wanto regio~, . tha,t . the Sio bara fossil lake in which the plantbeds had accumli:j,ted had an altitude 500-600 m . above the sea
level of ' that time. It is therefore obvious that there is a differenceof some 900-1000 m. in altitude between the inost favourable
habitats of the one at the present and the other in the past, ofnearly the same community of forest trees, which approximately
corresponds to a temperature difference of 5° to 5.5°C., since thetemperature is said to decrease in a rate of about 5.5°0. per 1000 m.
below 9000m.23) in central Japan at presen.t. Consequently wemust conclude with him. that once during the Pleistocene, central
Japan was a little cooler than now, mean annual t emperature being
5.0°-5.5° lower.
There is an evidence on another line in favour of the above
inference, which now comes to my thought. In general, the natureof leaf margin in dicotyledonous trees seemr:; much to depend on
climatic factors, the relative number of tree species bearing leaves
with entire margin to those bearing leaves not entIre along the
T able 5.
Climatic forest zones
of Japan,I.

Warm-temperate.
(Central and Soutbern
Honsyu, Northern KyfIsyu and Nothern Sikoku)II.

T em per!1te .
. (Northern Hnnsyfi andSouthern Hokkaido.)

III.

22}
23}

Entireleaves%Doubly serrate Serrate serrulate
and incisedand dentate
leavesetc, l eav~s

%

%

56

1

43

19

4~

39

8

84

8

Fri"id.

(No~thern Hokka jdo andSouthern Karabuto)

Op. cit., (1 928), p. ,317. ,T.: The meteorology, (1 927), pp. 36, 534-545 (in Japanese) .

YABE, H.:OKADA,.- ..-( 22 ) -S E'NDO .

.margin increasing grad'ually from - the frigid forest zone throughtemperate to warm-temperate. . In the following table (Table 5) are
given p ercentages of entire leaved trees to the total number of
dicotyledonous trees growing in tlu'ee regions each selected in fri.g id, temperate and warm-temperate forest zones of Japan.~4)
It will be remember ed .in this connection an early statement
by BAILEY and SINNOT'l,~5) which runs as follow:"The percentage of entire leaved woody plants in the c1ico(y.lec1onous'flora, wit~ regarc1 to the climatic zones, is as follows:
Table 6.
( I)

1Ucsopllytic-colc1 tempera te.
Entire %(II )Non entire %Tr cc~

10DO

S111'uhs

14
I·!

85
87

00

]0

87
8S

12

Woody
l\Iois t-low land- tr opi cal .
) Trees
Shrubs

Woody

J3(The first flora (1), cold-tem;:>erate m ~ s ophytic, ~: as constructe -l by eliminatingfrom the flora of east-central North America ; east of the 95th m eridian andbetween the 40th and 50th parallels of latitude, all plants growing on physiologically dry environments. The second flor,t (II), tropical, was form ed from thewoody plants of the m~ist lowlands of the Amazon Valley.)
From this table (Table 6) it is clear that leaves with non-entire
margins ara of v,e ry infrequent occurrence in lowla nd tropical floras, andthose with entire marg ins in mesophytic colc1-temperate ones.
In fact the correlation between leaf structure and cli.mate is so intimate in wic1ely se)arat ed reg-ions of the ea ~· th in the distribution ofmany fam ilies, ge uera a"lc1 even sp ec'es that modifying influences of'environment are clearly demonstratec1."

It is quite manifest from this table that the plants bearing
leaves with non-entire margin are of a very infrequent occurrencein tropical lowland floras, while those bearing leaves with entire
margm are like'ivise extremely rare in cold temperate m esophytic
floras.
24) ENDO, S, "On the relation between the climatic zones and the leaf margins of dicotyledonous trees." Jo n?'. GeoJ'r, S oc. T ok yo, 43, (1931), pp. 231-234,(in Japanese). (Abstract) Ja pan, J our. Geol, Geogr., 9, 1 & 2, (1931), p. 4.
25) BAILEY, J. W. and SINNOTT, E, W .: A botanical index of Cret.lceous andTer~ia l'y 'CIim~te , Science, New Series 41, (1915), pp. 831-833.
- ( 23 ) -A Pleistocen e Flora of Jap an :as an Indicator of Olimatic Oondition 613

W e learn from the Table 5 given above that in northernmost"Japan, which lies in the frigid forest zone, the p ercentage hardly
amounts to 8, whi'le it attains 13 in Hokkaido and 56 in cen'tral
and southern J apan.
I n the Siobara flora, species of dicotyledonous trees are 68 in
number so far as we know at present and those bearing leaves
with entire margin 9, the percentage of the latter to the former
being 13. I n this percentage, therefore, the fossil flora closely
approach the living one of centr al Hokkaido, an evidence which
confirms the view already expressed, llamely that the climate ofcentral Japan was much colder at least once in the Pleistocene
than now, and was more or less similar to th e conditiones prevailing over central Hokkaid6 in the present day.
A detailed description of Siobara flora will be given in aseries of papers of which the, first part was published in the Journal · of Geology and Geography.
Finally I wish to express my sincer e thauks to Professor
Hisakatsu Y ABE of our Institute, for his kind support and efforts
to facilitate this study, and to Professor EDWARD , iVILBER BERRY,
the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD., for the valuableadvice, the free u se of his private library, and his all sided com-tesy
enjoyed during my stay in Baltimore.

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PI. IV, (!!f4- 4 IhllJlN)

736(Transaction of the Palaeontological Society of Japan)

4.

Restudy on Manchuroceras with a Brief Noteon the Classification of Endoceroids.
By
TEl/CHIKOBAYASHI(Cont.ribution from the Geological Inst.itute, Imperial Universit.y of Tokyo, Japan.)
1.

OZAKI'S D e,cription of JJ1anchu?·oceras.
Observation on OZAKI'S Specimen .
3. Internal Stru cture of the Endosiphuncle.
4. Asiatic Spccies of Pil oce?·as .
5. Classi fi cation anti Phylogeny of Endoceroids and Piloceroids.
6. Acknowledgement.
2.

1. Ozedci's D esc?'iption oj .ll lemclawoce?"Cts:- In 1927 K . OZAKI l )instituted a new genus, .lllanch~t?·ocems, on the basis of a cephalopod
from the "\i\T olungial1 (Lower Ordovician) limestone of Manchoukon. The English translation of his .description (not literal) lfi ns
follows : Extenwl Feat ~l?" e .
1) Siphun cle large, cylindrical, rounded n ear the apex , supposed to
be terminated in a hemispheric shape. Its apical end is not preser ved.
2) A constriction is seen at a point about 30 mm. from the ap ical end.
3) Many annulations oblique to the axis of the siphuncle, run all
the surface. These, however, are obsolete in the apical portion .
4) At a point about 30 mm. from the apex the siphuncle measures
25 mm. in diameter; four anllulations or so are distributed in a distanceof 10mm.
I ntel'nal Stnl,ct'Lwe.
5 ) In the longitud inal section thc siphullcle has a tilbular a lveoluson the dorsal s ide. (Here OZAKI u scs a term "dorsal" for the ventralj.
In the cross section the inner margin of the alveolus arched and its outer
1) K . OZAKI (927 ), On a New Genlls of Ordovi cian Cephalopoda from Manchuria, (Jour. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, Vol. XXXIV), pp. 45-50.
-

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margin runs close to .the outer margin · of the siphuncle; and' its inter.spaces filled with tile .stereoplasm.
6) The r est of the siphuncle is occup ied .. by the main alveolus (i.e.
enc1ocone) which is communicated with the exterior of the siphuncle'through an enc1osiphotube (i.e. enc1osiphun cl e). It cannot i)c asc.ertainec1
whether this has a mammilary scar at the apex 01' not .
7) Tne ventra l sic1e of the main alveolus is concave and not flat.

Further, h e adds the opinion that'.
Jllanchu?'ocems is ~istinguishecl from...Chihliocem s GRABAU in the number 'and shape of the la:teral alveoli. H e'misse~l , hO~\Tev er , the assignment of a
specific name to the genotype in his
description.
2. Obse?'vationson
Ozaki'sSpecimen :-The CR.merate portion is
Text-figure ] . Cross secti on ofpoorly preserved. The siphuncle ' is1J[anchu1'ocem s wolungense
quite large, presumably as broad as
Kobayashi
h alf the si~ell- diameter or w . It has a week cons"triction which,however, does not mark off the preseptal cones as that of P?'ote?'ocame?'ocem s, bL1t ·both sides of the constrictiOii are septate. I n the'transverse ~ection (PI. III, fig. 1, text-fig. 1,) a septum ad nates withthe sh ell on the flat venter; a nother septum does so with thepreceding septum to some distance, o'L1tliuing the siphuncle for'7 mill. H ere it is detach ed from the siphuncle. Thus the siphuncularwall is under stood to b9 compo.sed of septal Iiecks in double layer s,-in
other '\rardR, the feature r eveals the invaginated septal funn el. of
the holochoanltic type,- but no endosipholining of RUEDEMA NN cfl,nbe seen. Both above inentioned septa ar e bi:oken off a short distance from th ,iphuncular wall. As it is the case of CO?'eanocems/lthe shell and septa ar e rather thin and the camerae free fromster eoplasmic deposits.
These might bJ the r easons why thecamerate portion wa s so easily destroyed.
On the external view of the siphllncle (PI. III, fig. I,) four
septal sutures and thl'ee intel'spaces are distributed in 11 mm. wher e
the dorso-ventral diameter of the siphuncle measures 29 mm. The
1) T . KOBAYASHI (1931 A), Studi es on t hc Ord ovi cian St.rat igrapby an d Pa laeon·t ology of Nor t.h K orea wit.h Notes on t.h e Ordovician F ossils of Sbantung and
Liaotung, (Bull. Geo l. Surv. Chosen, (Korea), Vol. XI, (No. I), p. 45- 48.
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Restudy on }.[anchu1'ocems, etc,

septal suture ascends from dorsum to venter for a distance of two
and half septal distances, but they are obscured, though som e ofthem traceable, on the venter,In two Cross section (PI. III, figs, 2-3.) which are about 7 mm ,apart from each other, the siphuncle is subcircular, more or lessovate, slightly depreEsed in the dorso-ventral direc tion and 'widely
flattened on the venter; the endocone is off-center; the siphuncular wall increases its thickness from dorsmn to venter and abruptly swells up inward, forming the " ventml elevation", inwhich respect lvlanch~wocems is more ::,pecialized than the Endoceratidae, As to its bearing on the anim,allife nothing is certain,
but at least it is obvious that such an elevation serves for them antle attachment very effectively,
A siphuncular channel runs along the ventral flattening somelittle distance and then traverses the ventral elevation, but it
cannot be ascertained whether thi,. channel has penetrated compl etely through the elevation or not, because on this specimen thestereoplasmic layers are crystallized on the inner side of tho elevation, It is, however, certainly not a narrow tube, but has somelongitudinal distance, since it ca n be seen in two sectiOJ1s 7 mm,apart, It if', therefore, a type of an " endosiphoblade " by R UEDEMANNI) or an ·" endosiphobladet" by HOLM,
Through the researchof Co?'eanoce?'CLs now bving undertak en, I am inclined to believethat th e endosiphoblade is a. channel communicating the soft animal with the air chamber, In this regard it coincides with thediverticula in the actinoceroids, Further information will be presented in another paper which will appear in the future,
3, I nte?'?1Ctl St?'~wtu?'e of the Endosiplnmcle :-An important
ob,3el'vation can be made in the clear cut longitudinal section of theendosiphuncle (PI. III, fig, 4,) The end ocone has an apical angleof 25 degrees, At the apex is seen a dark niaterial irregularly
outlined, precisely a small cone with a .'hort cylindrical elevation,
A g uess is that it may be the la.-t encrmitation on the endocone
wall which has not b en completed by the death of the animal.
Since the h eight and breadth of the endosiphuncular segment
diminish abruptly in the later part of the endosiphuncle, it is1) R. RUEDEM A.<.~N (1905 ), The Structure of some prim iti ve Cephalopods, (N.
Y. State Museum , Bull. 80), p. 304,

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K OBA YA SilI.

739

p ~esun1.ed

th at this por tion reveals a senile stage of growth.
At th 9 apical end, th e endocone iii connected with the so-cLlledendosiph uncle, wh ich in turn is divided into chai ne; of endosiphw1Culm' segments by a numbsr of black tabulae. Ther e is atendency of the distance between th e tabulae incl'ea:;ing from . theapical side. to another , but not regularly. (Text-fig. 2.)
J. F . VlHITEAVES 1) once stated that th e endosiphllncle of Endo cems c1'ctssi siphoncttum, is p :u titioned by a few transverse concave
dissepim onts or "endosiph uncular partitions~) . " Although I havenot examined h is r:: pecimen, it might be said that the interspace
between the dis:oepiments is left vacant, or is fi lled up with dirtor "Spiess", since h e compared these dissepiments to the diaphragms of Diph1'Ctgmocems . Furth er the partitions are very
widely separated from one anoth er in h isillustration. On the contrary, in the specim enat hand th e spaces between the black tabulae
which ar:) close-set, are filled up with ster eoplasm, instead of dirt. Another distinction
from ' iVRITEA. VE' S example is the cone-in-cone
structure of the endosiphuncu lar segments
which is very clearly seen in a few places in
the apical portion (pI. IV), and thereby theendosiphuncle changes its breadth Rbrllptly.
In th e later part of the endsiphuncle 17
segment ,; are to be counted in a distance of
p:aslll
4 mm., where the endosiphuncular breadth Text-figL1re 2. Diag ramsecmeasures 0.58 mill. at the maximum. I n the lll attiiconlongitudinalof the cnrl os ipb uncle'3ame distance about the same number of theendosh eathes are distributed. As the endosheathes are not so clearly defined from one another as the endosiphuncular ::egrncnts, I cannot convince that each endosheath corresponds
exactly to each endosiph uncular segment, although this appears to1) J. F. WHITEAVES (1891), The Odbocemtidae of th e Trenton L imes tone of
the Winnipeg Basin , (Roy. Soc. Canada, Trans. V ol. IX, Sect, IV,) p. 79, p I. VI,
figs. 1-4, pl. VII, fig. 1.
2) For "\Vnl'l'EAVES' di ssepim.ent I used the term" endosipbuncular partition
in my paper " On th e Pbylogeny of the Pri m itive Nautiloids, witb Descriptionsof P lecl1'onocel'as l-iaotungense, n ew species, and Idd'ingsia (? ) shantungensis, n ew
species," (J ap an. Jour. Geol. Geogr . Vol. XII, 1935), p. 212.
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R estudy on ]'[(tI1clmrocem s, etc.

be likely.
On this specimen the endosheathes are interrupted to trace inthe whole lengUl from the 'endosiphuncle to the ,iphuncular wallby the obstruction of a crystnJline body. A car eful observation of ·it located in the middle of the ventral elevation r evcals that the
body is composed of crysta.lli ne calcite, layer by layer, irr rgularly
outlined, but d.efined by no definite wall. Some tr ace of theendosheath fragm,:m t is st'll r etained in the body.
I n examing a nlunber of Asiatic endoceroids and piloceroids,
I noticed that it was quite common that the endosh eathes werepartly altered into calcite, and that various stages of such an alternation could be seen in the majority of specimens. Ther efore,
it may be easily understood by nautiloid students that the crystalline body which OZAKi 'once called a tubular alveolus is not an
original strncture, but is brought forth from the endosh cath througha secondary crystallization of the stereoplasm.
"Whether the endosiphuncle is closed or opcn at the apex, andhow far the soft part of the animal has penetrated the space inthe endosiphuncle h ave been moot quefitions. It is, h owever, qui.te
seldom th at we are able to find specimens with thoir inter nal
structu re w well preserved that we may make such an investigation. Since the diwL1ssions of th'j preVi01.1S investigators have beensummarized by R UEDEMAKN,tJ a r epetition h er e has been avoided.
So far as th e present specim.en of lvlanchu1'occ1'CtS is concerned,
th e ,'o-called endosiphuncle can be divided into a sh ort vacant
tube and a Eeries of endosiphuncular segments, the latter of which
are residual structures. For the former I wish to employ a
RUEDEMANN'S term "endosiphotube " h ereafter. My opinion isth at i t is the endosi phuncle proper, or the apical end of th e vacantendocone and it is defi nite that th e soft animal cannot be extended
beyond it. OZAKI'S observation with regard to this is therefore
incorrect.
In the course of the animfLl growth, the body is pushed forward, and simultaneously the stereoplasmic layers are secreted in
the space left behind the animal. Thus the speed of calcar eoussecretion depends upon th e growth of the animal which In turn,1) R. RUEDEMANN ( 905), Op. cit., p. 300.
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KOBAYASHI.

741

is controlled under the condition of the enviroment and otherfactors. If the condition is favourable, the gro,vth of the anim.al,consequently the secretion of the stereoplasm, proceeds very quickly.
It happens sometimes, however , that r egular cessations of growthoccur causing ster eoplasmic secr etio n to proceed very slowly . 01'
even cease completely, thu,' resulting in ster eoplH smic deposits
which are demarcated by lines. This aspect is similar to theyear-ring in plants. RUEDEMANN I ) said that such a period icity ofgrowth depends upon the r eproductivo times and the r est 'between,
Anyhow we should take the endosipuncular segment, insteadof the black tabulae them. elves, as tho unit of structure, and so
the same for theendosh eathes. Thus it is not the black line itself, but the layer bstween the lines which should be consider ed
the endosheath. If the siphuncular segment is so defined, its
magnitude is th e exponent of growth. On this specim.en for example, the increasing size of the endosiphun cular segment is explained by normal growth and the decrease i n the last stage ofsenility.
4. · Asi(£tic Species of Pi locems :- Since GRABAU'S descriptionof Pil ocems platyvent?'u?n2) from the Lower Ordovician formationof Chihli, two species and one variety'l) have been ad dod from
North Chosen , South Manchuria and Shantung. The/'e are as
follows : Piloceras woltmgense K OBAY ASHI.
Piloce?'as wolungense, val'. comp?'esS1pn KO BAYAS HI. 'Piloce?'C£s ?nanch~£?'ie7~SC E~DO.
Since no camerate portiou of the conch of these Asiatic P ilocems have been discovered, lhe specific distinction among them ismer ely based ul)on the ' nature of the siphuncule, especially the1) R. R UE O)[ANN (192 1), Ol>scl'\'ittiolls of tbe Mode of Life of Primitiv ~Cepbalopods, (Bul l. Geol. Soc. Am. Vo l. 32), p. 319.
2) A.vV. GR ABAU (1922), Ordovician F oss ils from Nortb Cbina, (Palaeontol.
Sinica, Sel'. B, Vo l. I, Fasc. 1).
3) 1'. KOBAYASHI (ID31 B), SLuc1ies on the Stratig rapby and Palaeontology of theCambro·Ordovician Formation of Hlla-lien-cba i and Niu-bs in-tai, South Manchuria, (Japau, J ou r. Geol. Geog r. Vol. VIJI,); (1931 A), Op. cit. R. END~ (1932),
The CaJl'tdian awl Ordovician F ormati on and F oss ils of Soutb Manchuria, (U. S:
Nat. Mus. Bull. 164).
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Restudy on Manch'IlTOccras, etc,

rate of tapering, curvature, septal suture, crOSs section and otherfeatures of the siphuncle.
In exami.ning ENDO'S types in the United States National
Museum: at 'Waehington, D, 0. , I found two forms to be dist:inguish~
ed, In the holotype (ENDO, PI. 32, figs. 5- 7,) the siphuncle isstraight and circul~r in the cross secti.on, \",hi~e it is clistinctly
curved and rapidly increases its lateral diameter. In the paratype
its cross . ection is considerably depressed in the dorso-ventral
direction. (ENDO, PI. 33, fig ... 14-15,) Therefore I propose here aJ1 ew specific name, J.11anchu?'oce?'as endoi, for the latter form inhonoui- of Dr. RYUJI E NDO of the Educational Institute, South
Manchurian R ailway Oompany, Mukden, Manchoukou .
,\iVhen cOln pared with Piloce?'Cts s. str. which is prevalent ineastern Nor th America and ill Scotland, typified by Piloce?'as invaginctt'I.Lm SA LTER, these A .. iatic species are t atally different in thefoll wing r espects.
1) The siphuncle is .. ubcircular or dor .. o-ventl'ally depre,'sed
into an ovate form in the Asiatic species, while it is subcircularor more commonly compressesd laterally in Pil ocem s s. str. The
lateral compression is very di stin ct in Pil oce?'as invctginat~t?n.
2) The siphuncle is marginal in the Asiatic form, in stead ofbeing submarginal as in the Atlantic one.
3) The siphuncle expands much more rapidly in Pi loce?'ass. stl'. than in the Asiatic forms.
4) In the Asiatic forms the siph uncle I S long and nearlystraight, although curved to some e:xtent, while it rapidly tapers
in P i loce?'as s. str.
5) The mammilary scar frequently found at the ap:cal endof the Asiatic form has nevor been observed in Pilocem s s. str .
6) In P i loce?'as s. str. ,the endocone is subcentral, while it isoff-center and its ventral side sometimes' concave in the Asiaticform __
I consider these distinctions enough to segrigate the Asiaticforms from Pil oce?'as s. stl'. as a solid group. I gnoring the t abularalveolus, OZAKI'S specimen of .L11anch-I.L?·oce?·as which I have ill
hand, is, as far as I can sec, identical with Piloce?'as 1uoltmgense .
KOBAYASHI. Th er ofore, to distingui. 11 Asiatic. pecias of Pi loce?'CLSfrom Pil ocem s s. str. I recommend OZAKI'S generi.c nam ', J.l lan-

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KOBAYASHI.

743

ch~t1'oce1'Cts, whose genotype is naturally Pil oce1'as 1Uolungense. B)T
the r eason discussed above the generic diagnocis, however, requires
some em endati.on in the following manner:-

Genus ManchuJ'ocel'as OZAKI em, KOBAYASHI.
Brevicoll ic orthoceraconeJ str aight 01' little curved, subcircular toovate in cross section; siphuncl e large, cylindrical, straight 01' slightly
curved, marginal, subcircular, 01' ovate a nd dorso-ventrally depl·essed incross se ction; its ventral side frequently flattened; septa holochoanitic;
septal suttll'e oblique to the axis of the siphuncle, ascending from dorsum
to venter; apical part of the siphul1cle conical, s ometimes provided witha mammilar y scar; endocone off-center, close t o the dorsum; its , entntl
wall most ly concave, formin g the ventra.l el evation.

5, Classification cmd Phylogeny oj E ndoce?'oids and Piloce?'oids:-vVe paleontologists u.-e a term "p?'imitive " which isfrequently ra ther subj ective and ideal, but generally means eitherls impl ' ~ or a rchaic >,It is more real and obj ective only in th ecas:) that simplicity and ar chaism are combined. The Holocho·
anites, for C'xa mple, was placed in the first suborder of th e fo ssilr autiloids by HYA'l"l'. This idea 'Tas based presu mably on th efact tb at the suborder was the oldest gr oup availa ble at t hat tin1.e
and it was accepted by the nautiloid students until about t en years
ago. If the organization is, how(;"ver, consider ed, it is obvioll sthat th e Orthochoanites is much simpler than the Holochoanites,
The situation naturally gives a chanca for play of imagination
as to which is r eally more primitive, Holochoanitrs or Orthoc hoaniteR,
In r ecognizing Volbo?,thellct as an ancestor of c phalopod.,
SCf:IINDEWOLF first argued on this r egard, Since then the cephalopodnature of Volbo?,thella as well as Salte?'ella of the L ::Jwer Cambrian have been di scussed by TEICHERT, PO ULSEN, GURICH, SPATH
and many others, but as yd none have arrived at a common
agreemenf l , On the other h and r ecent r esearches on primitive
nautiloids date, back to a period before the Canadian, Form the1) The primiti ve characters are somctilues based on the obser vations of theearlier st·'ge of the ontogeny.
2) I believe that Y olborthell ct is most proba.bly a cephalopo d, and at least
closes !; to Cephalopoda than anything else.
-( 33 ) -7!14

Restudy on Man ch1!TOCemS, etc.

Asiatic side I l ) discover ed facts which led me to conclude that .
HYA.'l'T'S classification does not apply to vVanwanian cephalopods infundamental lines. Subsequently ULRICH and FOERSTE,~) in dealing with Ozakian material, clarify that the Diphragmida whichprevailed in that period comprises of not oll'y the holochoanoidal
g enera, but the ellipochoanoidal olles. Further, I d"em that
Pl ect?'onoce?'Cts liaotungense Kobayashi fro 111. the Upper Cambrianof Liaotung is the oldest and simplest, and thus the most primitive and unquestionable for its cephalopod-nature. The study3 ) on
this progenitor, ther efore, makes clear the original branching ofnautiloid-evolution.
In summarizing the r esults of my ob3ervations on Asiatic
materials, it can be said with' certainty that;1). the length and curvature of the septal neck is variable
even in one individual of the Plectronocer atidar,
2) . the Upper Cambrian nautiloid is not a Holochoanites m
the sense of HYA'l"I', and
3). Holochoanites is not primitive, but highly specialized.
Further, as seen in the Plectronoceratidae, n1.ost of thearchai c nautiloids have laterally compressed conch s with crowded
septa and narrow marginal siphuncles on the ventral side. These
primitive aspects are equally as well seen on tho Ellesme.r eciceratidae. Further, most of the archaic cephalopods ar e straight ora little curved; quite a few gyroceraconic ; and none nautiliconic.
If the conch is cyrtoconic, the siphunde is endogastric or locatedon the concave side.
E xcept for Volbo?,thella and Salte?'ella, the archaic cephalopods are distributed most abundantly on both sides of the northern
Pacific wher e the center of the dispersal or migration is naturally
expected. Only a fe'w specimens of the basal Ordovician i.e. late
Ozarkian cephalopods are procured from the Ar ctic r egion which
are exClusively ellesmereoceroids. The Tremadocian strata in1) T. KOBAYASHI (1933), Faunal Study of the ,Vanwanian (Basal Ordovician)Series and Special Notes on the Ribeiridae and the Ellesl11ereoceroids, (Jonr.
Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. II, V ol. III, Pt. 7), pp. 302-309.
2) E. O. ULRICrr and AUG. F . FOERSTE (1933 ), The E arli est kno\\'n Cephalopods, (Science Vol. 78), pp. 288-289.
3) T . KOBAYASHI (1935), Op. cit., pp. 17-26, pI. VI.
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KOBAYASHI,

745·

northern Europe, since it IS distant frOlTl the center of orlglU,
yields little material. O?,thoc'ems (?) attamtS BRO GGER l ) in Norway
is a tiny orthoceracone with a submarginal narrow siphuncle andcrowded s· pta.; O?,thocem s (?) se?'icettm SAL'rER and Cy?'tocem s (?)
pmecox SALTER~) have also close-set septa, but theiT siphuncles are notwell preserved. At any raye th9se primitive characteristics r eferred
to above ca nnot be overlo )k Gd in Tremadocian cephalopod;;.
So far as I am aware, it appears to b3 a r ule that, if thesiphuncle is narrow, its internal str ucture is simple, an d complicated structnre like endoceroids are found only in tho;;e forms whose
siphuncles are expanded to a certain magnitilde. Since the structure of the sipho was simplo at the) beginning, it did not r equire
much space in the s iphllJlclc. Tho highly camerate form s are later
appcaranc,', The reasons are that the primitiye naut iloid did nothave the ability to / push its body forward at one boun d in thecourse of its growth.
Thus the complicacy of the s:phllncular structure depends upon
the specialization of the sipho, or the soft part of the animal
occupying the space of the siphuncle,-in other words, the increaseof the siphuncular space, that is, the magnitude of the endocone
advances in accordanc(1 with the complicacy of the viscera.
As a ,result of this specialization the siphuncle increases its
weight and con sequently the animal presllmably takes on a crawling habit, For this benthonic adaptation the cros' section of thesh ell change. from a laterally compressed form into a dOl'so-ventrally depressed and ovate outline ,,,,ith a flattened vcnter. If thestereoplasmic deposits increa~e in the camer ae as well as in thesiphuncle, the animal is, after all, hardly capable of swim Lng. I,
therefore, agree \\rith TROEDSSON") and TEICHERT") -in their interpretation that the heavy sh elled cephalopod are benthos.
Thus, not only the length and curvature of the septal neck,<1) W.C. BROGGER (1882), Die Si lurischen Etagen 2 und 3, p. 53, pI. IV, fig.
9-10, pI. X, fig. G.
2) . J .F. BLAKE (1882), A Monograph of th e British F oss il Cephal opoda, Part

I, Introduction and Silurian species.
3) T. TROEDSSON ,(1926), On the Middle a nd Upper Ol'dovieian Faunas of
N or thern' Greenland, I. Cephalopods (Julilaemsekspeditionen Nord om Gri1lnland
1920':23, Nr. I,) p. 65.
4) C. TEICHERT (1935), Structures and Pbylogeny of Actinoceroids, (Am. Jour.
Sci. Vol. XXXIX,) p . 15.
- ( 35 ) -746

R estudy on .ilfa nclmrocel'a .• , et c.

l:)ut the ' coiling of the sh ell, cross section of the conch, positionand size of the siphuncle, stereoplasmi.c deposits in the siphuncle·
a nd camer ae, and other characteristics should be counted on for
the natural classification. Un~ess th e combination of these evolutional characteristics are brought into consideration, we cannot
r ead through the story of nauti loid evolution.
F or. example, if we follow HYA'l.'T, B alto ce·m s is an Orthoceratidae, but it is, in fact, quite distinct from other genera of the family.
It is cer tainly better explained, as an orthochoanit;c endoceroid.
The feature of the ::::eptal neck in Baltocems is simply due to thatit improves more rapidly than it does in other endoceroids in thi sr espect. Ther efore, I myself believe that B altocems is der ivedfrom the stock of the Endoceratidge rath er than from that of the
Orthocel'atidae.
By the same reason P olyg1'Ctmmocems endo ce?'oides TRoEDssoN')
is segregated from th e K ionoceratidae and h er e a new generic nameTl'o edssonella is attach ed to it, Its gener ic significance is in thepolygrammocel'o:d with the ellipochoano idal septa, endosh eath tls andendosiphuncle, its genotype being r. e?}doce?'oides.
On th e other hand I am inclined to r ecognize that P?'otocycloceras or 01'yg oCe1'Cts~) is a Oycloceratidae or an Orthoceratidaewith a holochoanitic siphuncle in wh ich the evolution in r efOl'ence
to th e sep tal character is r etarded. Ther efore the Pl'otocycloceratidae (nov.) is so defined h er e that th e cycloceroid h as asiphUJ.lcle of the h olochoanitic t ype and sometimes partitions withiu
th e siphlm cle.
From these points of view I am led to be sceptic as to whether the Sl ptal Dature on which HYATT'S major divisions are founded is 01' prime importance, or we can h ave a better ex'p lanatio uof the 'phylogeny and classification fro m oth er basis. The latterattempt h as been initiated in my preceding paper") in which I h ave
dealt with th e initial branching of th e P lectronoccratidae, Elles1) G. T. TROEDSSON (1 932), Studies on Balti c Fossil Cephalopods, II, V ertically
Striated o · Fluted Ort.hoceracones iu the Ol'thoce1'as Limeston e, (Lund U nivel'sitets
Arssk rift, N . F. Avd. 2, Bd. 28, N I'. 6,) p. 30. pI. III, figs. 2, 3, pI. I V, fig. 6.
2) A. F . FOERs'rE (1924), Notes on American Paleozoic Cepbalopods, (J our. Sc.
Lab. Den is"n , Univ. Bull. Vol. XX), pp. 202- 203.
3) T . KOBAYASHI (1935 ), Op. cit., pp. 20-25.
-

(

36

) -

T . KOBAYA SE[ 1747

mereoceratidae and Endoceratidae. H or e the consideration is extended into the endoceroid:') and piloceroids and their r elation tothe orthoceroids.
In the majority of the Canadian a nd later Ordovician cephalopods it is quite easy to recognize two major groups, endoceroids
and orthoceroids, but whether th e former is derived from the latteror vice versa is a moot question. Between the two groups th ere
are ef'sential distinct.ions which cannot be overlooked. Besides thet('ptal character , the form er has mostly a narrow ,'ubcentral andsimple siphuncle wher eas the latter has a broad marginal or submarginal and complica te siph \~ ncle . As discussed elsewhere!), thepresence of the endosh eath a nd endosiphuncle should be much more
important characters for the la tter group than the holochoanitic
nature of the septa.
It is r eally quite seldom that we find the Holochoanites witha narrow and suocentl'al s{phuncle. Ther e are, however , a few
exceptions, such as TVo l'ung oce?'c~s~) and Chisilocem s';) which h ave
subcentral siphunclos. These two genera differ mainly in thelength of the septal neck. If t ho length diminishes still more thanthat of the Wolungoceratidae without endosh eathes, it is quitepossible that the Orthoceratidae will be in troduced. Chisilocem s4 )in Caracorum is accompanied by N'ile'l.£s a?'?naclill o, Illaen'l.£sesmcwki, . and oth er fossils, and the fauna, according to GORTANI,] .~ the upper Aren igian or lower Llandeilian; TVo l~~ngocems in
1) T . KOBAY ASm (1935), Op. cit., p. 20-25.
2) T . KOB AYASEII (1931 Bl, Op. cit. p. 166.
3) M. GORTANI (1 934), F ossili Ordoviciani de l Caracorum , pp. 68.

4) Accordi ng to GOR~AT I. Chisiloce1'as is an orthoce racone without any tra nsverse annulat.ion and Iougitudilml custae; its cross secti on circular or only a little
elliptical ; siphul1 cle large, central o r subcentral; the septa l fun nel prolo ged
beyond the p receeding s(·'ptal neck. In short, Chisiloceras is an Ol'thocl'1'CtS in
out line, but has a siphllncle of Y Minocel'as type ; in other words, it is Ya.'7inocel'as
except for th e central siphun cle.
Fnrther Chis'iioce1'as is a llied t o Wolungocera.~ K OBAYA SHI in the Ordovician ofMauchuria, but in compa riso n with it, Ch-isiloce1'as h ~s a much more prolonged
endocQl1 e a nd a g reat er number of ,(mdosheathes. W e can say exactly that there lation of Chisiloce1'as to Troltmgoce1'as is just like the re lati on of Va.gin oceras t o
Endoce1'Cts.
T he genus comprises of Ckis·£locems marindlii and Chis'ilccercts dainell-ii amongw};ich the former is se lected for the genotype, because it shows th e diag nostia
characters more clea rly th an the latter.
·- ( : 1 7

) -

-748

Eastern Asia is the 'Volungian .and oWer formations.
It is inter esting . to note that the vVanwanian Wolungocems
chi~6sh~6ense' ) has a siphuncle shifted from the center to the ventral
side to some distance, in which r espect it is intermediate between
the Plectr on,0ceratidae ' and Vololnngoceratidae.
FOERSTE once . claimed that · no ellipochoanoidal ceph alopod. has
been found befor e the Chazyan, and this r esult is still accepted,
if the ellipochoanoidal cephalopod is not taken in the sense of
H YATT, but with a substitution of absent siphuncular partition .
1'he Chikunsan, approximately contemporaneous with the Llandeili,a n of Europe and Chazyan of North America, is a period of
Orthoceroi d -eli v ergen ce.
Based upon these grounds I found it r easonable to consider
that from the stock of 'the ViTolungoceratidae the Orthocerati~ae
is branched off, fr om which in tm'n the Actinocer atidae is brought
forth through Sc~ct01 ·thocems . R egarding the latter accouut I h ave
already discnssed on ' some occasion. 2) It must, however, be r emember ed that the Ol'tj:lOceratidae and vVolung.oceratidaeshould nave
diverged from · the common evolutional line befor e the time when
the latter aquired the endo ·h eath. structure.
Another qnestion not yet well clarified is whether the ' Volungocel'atidae is derived from the E llesmereoceratidn.e, or derived
directly from the common ancestral stock with the P lectronocer atidae and E llesmereoceratidae. It is, however, more certainthat excepting the ' Volungoceratic1ae branch, most of the endoceroids an d piloceroids are de.'cendants from the Ellesmel'eoceratidae.
Th ese two groups ar e more advanced and complicated than the
E llesmereoceratic1ae with r egard to the siphuncular structure.
Since the Piloceratidae is ch?-l'act.erized by a lateral compressionof the conch, it is presumed thn.t it branch ed off from the E llesmer eocern.tidae line and not through the Elldoceratidae. The
Cyrtendoceratidae and Baltoceratidae are side off-shoots from ' the
Endocer atidae. The former is ' improved in r egard to coiling of
conch; the latter in r egard to .·ep~al nature.
1) T. KOBAYASHI (1933), Op. cit., p. 275, pi. III, fig. 4.
2) T. KO BAYaS ln (1934), Tile Cambro-Ordovician Form at,ions, and Faunas ofSouth ..Chose n, P,Li aeolltology Pt. I, Middle Ordovicia.n Fauuas, (J ollr. Fac. Sci. Imp.
'Oniv. T okyo, Sect. II, Vol. III, Pt. S,) pp . 429- 432.
.
.
-

( 38 ) -749

In my Opll'llOn it · is hard to group' Ohihliocems and Pilocerass. str. in one family and GRABAU is correct to establish the Chihliocer atidae for the former in which Oo;' e ano ce~'as should be involved.
The questions is in 111anch1.L1:ocems .which is intermediate in character between the Endoceratidae and Chihlioceratidao. It differsfrom the Endoceratidae in ' its large complicate siphuncle and small
mammilary scar, but it is certainly a Holochoanites. Nothing
definite is known as yet of the sep tal nature of the Chihlioceratidae
but well preserved specimens of 001'eanocems which I am now
studying" proj ect a doubt that it may not be a normal Holochoanites. Therefore, I consider that it is wise to sepa)'ate the'Manchnroceratidae from the
Chihlioceratidae.
I
A question of tl).e endoceroid .to be left for future r esearch isthe bearing of the apical bulb on the phylogeny and classification .
At any rate there are a group of endocerClids which have a siphuncular bulb at the apex and they are woll known in Europe
and North America. Penhsihoce?"CLs is an exa mple of this kind
known from East ern Asia. ' E~:601) has establish ed Fenhsihoce1'as
out of Penhsih.oce1'as J'l.Lsijo1'1ne ENDO which is a long, straight andcylindrical siphuncle with an apical bulb. H e compared it with
Pilocems and Ohihlioccms Bnd placed it in the Piloceratidae, but
by some unknown r eason h e missed to cOlupare it with Nannoand Sneccoce'ms with' which it should be put in array. As a r esult, the pb ylogenetical relation of tho CHmbro-Ordovician nautiloids is dem.onstrated in the following table (on page L19. )Finally the Upper Cambrian and Ordov ;cian ellesmC'reoceroid:-;,end6ceroid s, alld piloccr oids are classifi ed as followi3 :I. Pl cctronoceratidao KOBA.Y.·\ SHI 1935.
,II. E llesmer eoceraticlRe KOBAYASHI, 193<l,III. Enc1oceratic1ao HYA'l"l', 1884.
Section 1. Encloce?'cts H ALL, Vctginoc ems HYA'lvl', Oame?'oce?'cts
CONRAD, f(oto cc?'as KOB AYASHI,2) 'Pct?'a'L'ctginoceras KOBAYASHI.
1) R. Endo. (1932 ), Op. cit. , p p. G4- 55, PI. 3'>, figs, 8-10.
2) It is unfo rtun a tE' that f(ctocercts KOBAYASRl, 1934, is duplicated by YABE'S
Kutoc (JI'ctS , 1927, (Sci. Rept. Toh oku Imp. Univ. Vol. ·X I,No. 1. 1927, p . 44), but
still more unfortunate is it that SmllllZ0 and OBA'fA have proposed Sub~'ctg-inoCL'1'ctS'1.935, fo r my Xutocems b.V thi s duplicat,iOll, (Chikyu, the Globe', Vol. XXIV, No. 2,]935). This proposal is, howe,,!?):, nullified by tbe reaso n that J(otoccrcts Yabe is
nO.ill nudnIO., and l (otoce1'as KOBA'YASHr is a valid n ame.
-

( 39

)-

R estudy on jlfal1chU?'ccem s, etc.

750

Table showing the phylogenetical rlliation of the primitive ilautiloids.
~--- Pi loceratidae,,--- Chihliocoratidae .
15\

1,--- Manchuroceratidae

2,3,'

"
f2

~:...!- - - - - --Enrioceratidae

I,' 5
/

, /
,

I

II

1

' ' - - Baltoceratidae
Endoceroids

5 1 \7

1 ,\"-- Troedossonellidae

I I,

I'

"

\3
,

/

L -_ __

Cyrtoondoceratidac

1,4,6/,.i/~------ E llesmereoccrlitidaerE llesmereoceroids .

///""'::: _ "c~______ P lectronoceratidao-- ,________ Wolullgocertttidae

(?)

\,7

\

>~---- Protocycloceratidac

5\ \,''-~\~------- Orthoceratidae

,

1,5,\
,'-- - - - -Actil10ceratidae

rActinocoroidR

Evolu t ional Trends
1) Cross secti on of t he shell. (laterally co mpressed->s u bc il'c ll ' a r-~dol'so - vent mlly
d epressed. )2) L en gth of the she ll. (longico nic -+bl'evicon ic.)
3) Coiling of the shell (orthocon ic ·-) cyr toconic->gyr ocer,lconic -"?n au t iiiconic.)
4) Cam era-h eight (sh ort->broacl.)
5) Septal ch aract er .
1. (holochoanoidal.... ellipochoanoidal.)~. (orth ochoan tic -~cyrt ochoa niti c. )6) Sipn ll ncul ar structure, (diaphragm- >endosheath es an d enclosiphuncle. )7) Surface ornamentati on.
Note:-The W olungoceratiriae m ight be located close to t·he Troedosso nellidae.

Section II. Cyclendoce?'CGs GRABAU & SHIMER, I(a1uasalcice?'CGs
K OBAYASHI.
Section III. Cy?·tomginoce?·as KOBAYASHI.
Section IV. Ncmno CLARK, S'l.LeCCOCems H aUII, P? 'o te? 'oca?1W?'o ~cents R UEDEMANN, Penhsioce1'as E NDO.
I V. vVolungocer atidae KOBAYASHI. (nov.) Endocer oids with l:!-

( 40

)-

T. KOBAYASHI

751. subcen ttal siphuncle, or · the Orthocer atidae with' a holochoanitic . iphuncle. Endosh eathes present in the later. form.
TVol'ungoce?'as KOBAYASHI, Chisiloce?'Cls GOR1'ANI.
V . Baltocel'a tidao KOBAYASHI, (nov.) Endoceroids with an
orthoch oanitic, marginal or submarginal siphuncle.
Baltocems HOLM.
VI. TroedssoneU:dae KOBAYASHI, (nov.) (See page 45)
T?'oedssonella KOBAYASHI, (nov.)
VII. Piloceratidao MILLER, 1889.
Pi loce?'as SALTER.
VIII. Cyrtendocel'atidae HYAn, 1896.
Cy?'tencloce?'Cls RElIIELE.
IX. Manchuroceratidao KOBAYASHI, (nov.) Bl~eviconi c endocol'oids
with a ventra l elevation in the siphuncle.
illancl:~G?'oce?'(GS OZAKI em. K OBAYASH!.
J.
Xr • Chihliocel'atidao GRABAU, 1922.
Chi .'. li oce?'Cls GRABAU, CO?'eanoce?'Cls KOBAYASHi.
6. Aclcnmuledgement: - During my stay in Nor th Am.erica I
was a ble to exam ine a num ber of Pilocem s in the U nited States
National Museum at W ashin gton, D. C., in the New York State
Museum at Albany, N . Y, in the Victori a Memorial Museum at
Ottawa, and in oth er place.3 for comparison with Asiatic p iloceroids ; and h ad an opportUl~ it.Y to discuss with Dr. AUG. F , FO:mRS1'E
Oil t his gi'Ollp of cephalopods. In Italy I could see the types of
Chisilocem s in the Geological I nstitute, R. Univer si ty of Florence:
Since I r eturned, Prof H. YABE of the Geological I nstitute, Tohoku
Imperial Univer sity at Sendai bestowed upon m e the privilage ofr 6visiog OZAKI'S sp ecim en. My sincer e thanks are due to Dr. R. S.
BASSLER, Dr. R UD. R UEDEMA}'TN, Dr. E. M. KINDLE, Dr. , AUG. V.
FOERS1'E, Prof. G. DAINELLI and. Prof. H. YABE.
(fi)'ij~)-,' :/ =r = p -t '7 .7.- Q) {:IJ.:rJff~'C c = :/ F' -t p /{ F' Q) 5NJi G'L 81 V' -C
1))tlil.\i~;(,{{:rr I"JJ;\';"..)" :/1-",- 0 t~ illl -,o :% -?;N~<7.)·1: 7'17 <7.) ,)< 0::J.

"7 ;:<cD fflllJilUi: :;.it it::n" , 2) ;!'J~ <7.) JjfU,~, !'C ~~.•) - Q~<7.) i/iJ1*

T =- -r-( "J-!/ t~ Q C- ( 'H ).-c til'ill , llfi:1ffi'(/) n};i DlU !·c n};i DlIJ~Arj@7.l ~ lf:Restudy Oll ],fanehu?'oeeras, etc.

752;(£ L,,za:' endosiphoblade (j) l~t®T Q c. c, 3) eMosiphuncle iJ: endosiphotube condosiphullculal' segments c.J: ~ t£ ~, I*J JI,tH;tl1Ij ~U.R ~ c L-, '1it7/jj'v;t~,:~llV'~':RKW

c:iill t: J,.)
lku-:./'blli&f lJ;v ~~i'J~kt,\f;t el1dosbeath a: WiliX-1E Q stereoplasm v:Pf

U''lit1ff'[~ ~ tt. t;: Q tt ifi,lit1l 17:> 3'Ct91ll'{\ Ie L- "( , &~fj: e 'ldosiphuncle bill c: "( ¥!-!lt;: Q t 17':> vC91" ~' ;:, Co c,

M.K.~,,(&[~Q=*~m.~~c.ciili~o4)

Jff51I V fYj- t.~~Pil oeems a: J1't v Piloeeras UtM: L-, ;t;I~v~~ JJlh":~iHI a:W:'. . . , JlBliV

Piloeems l\:@\c L-"( Pil oeeras s. str . .J: D5-j-k"ffiL, ZK 1\,;q- L-"(, J'tJf,{Hx;v~1'ia::wm L ,;R:v;l~71;;:~ c L- 'C Piloeems wolungense KOBAYASHI ~ iJililf, JiJI </)lji31IH:: iITlE-; 05)." -1 l' ':J ,. v 5-N!i'i~Y~li [, ;ifrt;: t£ {,:t£m.J: D*;Nc5-j}ii1~:t£'C , ~f;t* C~t 491'0 v:f,Ln@**lca:m:~:n,0;;j;: mtox a:::iill t: 'C mII,~ ~ o(l f;: ~ ~r;f;;r, ~j)~ , ~r*lIl fj: :7( (j):f,Ln L.. 0

lIfanelm?'oeeras OZAKI em . KOBAYASfll
lIfanehu?'oce?'as enclo·i KOBAYASHI
TroeclssoneUa KOBAYASHI
Prntocyclocel'atidae KOBAYASHIManchuroceratidae KOBAYASDl
VVOIlllJgoceratidac KOBAYASIII
Baltoceratidae KOBAYASHI
Troedssonellid ae' KOBAYASDl

Explanation of Plato 20(III).
11fanch~L?'oce?'ClS 1Uol~Lngense (KOBAYASHI.)

Figure 1. L ateral view of the siphuncle.
Figures · 2-3. Polished cross sections slightly oblique to theil.xi:; of the Siphuncle. The two sections are apart 6 to 8 mm.
from each other.
Figure. 4. Polished longitudinal Eection.
All magnified one and half times.
Figure 5. Polish ed longitudinal section of the endosiphuncle;
X4; untouched.
Explanation of Plato 21(IV).
l11CLnch~L?'oce?'as 'tuolungense (KOBAYASHI).

Poli::h ed longitudinal section of the endosiphuncle retollChedby the author, X 14. .
The specimen kept in the Geol. Inst., Tohoku Imp. Univ.
Sendai, Japan.
-

(

42

) -

5. *,$~~lt!~ Desmostylus: D. mirabilis nov.
(Read November 30th, 1935.)-R'F1p1i.f:J:f1I!;t;:i1~m~l!:!.)I I~VlE K-C ~J!;:;tL"k Desmostylus vM*~

A=f- L-tc~1RI1:*15"J¥-± c:f.\:K fj'1j~tk::&U'F~J[vjifj[BJl'C}[ 0-cf!;*~ml1:t:t~ L-tc o f!;~*~~~wAil!cJtg: Ltc~-.\l!*1.n(7) tv'C' ~ 01:
ttlZ:~ L-

c ~1.n0tcq)l:"< Desmostylus mi~abiUs 1I. 7.1;flR~ ~ W'""'-o 1: c c -;- 7.1 0

Desmostylus -C-~'1:9iI1 btLtcmNt:;?(v 2 -C-~ 00
1. D. hesperus MARSH (Amer. Jour. SeL, Ser. 3, 35, 1888):
1)

Genotype.
2. D. japonicus TOKUNAGA and IWASAKI (Jour. Geol. Soc.
2)

Tokyo, Vol. 21, 1914).
:f1I!;J.cti:Jt!.~(7) t (7) 'C' r.tJ:~ ~I2 -n~~1'C ~m c; tL -C (;) 0 llIli:b> b J!

-c *1-' ;:/:/~VM* J: !J ~~'C' ~!J, 3(i~~li~*I'C.l:~ L-J:-F~W!m=*El~vmM-n~*~ 0:b> G~&;g:0t'1: tv ."[,1I. \/>:b>c ~"o *!iJt*'C' r.t~$-n'*1f. c; tL -c (;) 00

I'C t :ti;] Gf1t£*(7)~$ffiI1:f:&-:::>-C;.f L <~ L-, ~1'C~$J:IDi-n,tc:b> G;t1'C1IJl c;

tL -c (;) 00

1: V1.&~~?JT-c:r..t$[;'j-n,5t3tU !J t M<m~ <1I. !J, ~ c; l1:~t -C:Jt*

J: !J t fnFp.'C' ~ 7.10 :J;t:t-lL!'l!~~~(T)m~'ffl" c ~'$V\!fIJfl- ~ .l:tlIBZ-;- 7.1 1: c ~5't::71-i'L
1)Type specimens: ~fmCD 1lIl3U;l: ~lfJut1klfi'lm 'lt ~o ilt::!t!1. •. J\l1W j; 1) 7>1' / 1- =. 7'

CD Alameda Co. c ~;!1.1t ~~, MERRIAM K J; tt f:!rm1-H Contra Cost.a <:'0 <> c "'~'o ::4'
;1/:2';/!1'H Yaquina illtilti: CDillH'l'I';l:;;ff)l!c ~;tL-CJ;JOo
2) Syn.: D. watasei HAY (Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus. 49, 1915). Type specimen:
lI'trijt.,. . . t:: ob}Hl'cD-$ (YOSIrIWARA and IWASAKI, JOlir. ColI. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo, 61, 6, 1902). il::!t!1.: ~itt~±I!lI<W!ilJilt;ftfiJ\i'o.--<43 }---

*'**"rtI.iili Desmosfylus: D. mi·rctbilis nov.

823

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{b:fa I19RII: "l~1;:r.: !lU. ~ it t:: ~ ~ .=:. *.ciij!t- e:> At ". it!1.'i1tJJ!~wt., 35 (1928) p.
569

5. Desmostylns mimbilis nov. from Saghalin (Resume)

By
TAKUMI

NA(jAOA name D~smntylus mimbilis noy. is proposed for the remain recently acquired
from a tributary of the K eton-gawa in Japanese Saghalin, which, the writer
thinks, represents a species distinct from D. hesperus MARSH and D. japonicus
TOKUNAGA arid IWASAKI, the two well established species of the genus. It bas
a much larger skull with a narrower parietal region and a smaller internoanteri or column of the last upper premolar than the Oregon form and differsfrom ' D: japonicus in being proYided with a broader M' and a smaller P' in theupper jaw and a broader M, in the lower. The columns of the lower M. are in the
new species 7 in number instead of being 6 and those of the upper M3 seem tobe less slender.
.
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~~lWI'Hcft(!J International Palaeolltolog-ical Un:oll

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On occurrence of TWlli ulrema rubrllm ill the Pleistocene
Syozo NISIYA~[Aof Turumi. (ft:li'i)I{estudy on -],[anchuroceras with urief no:e on t.he classifiication -c)f Endoceroicls.

T eiichi KOBA YAsm·

Coreanoceras, one 1,£ the most specialized Piloceroids,

and its benthonic adapt.ation.

T eil<:hi KOBAYASHI

Some molluscan remains from t.hl' Pleis,t.ocene depositsof the Kwanto region.

Tunetern OIXOmKADO'

Pseudopythina VJ1t:filc;y.t",-c&rr·ipes in Japan.

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Note 011 the genns EII(1elhardt ia. and its occurrence in
the Palaeflgene of Konl'u. (11;1JJt)- ( 47)--

Saburo OISHI

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Constitution of til e Palaeontological Society af Japan .
.Article 1. This Society shall be known as the Palaeontoglogical Society of Japan.
It forms a section of the Gelological Society of Japan.
Article 2. The object of this Society is the promoti on (If palaeontology andrelated sciences.
Article 3. This Society to exccute the scheme outlined under Article 2, shallhold annual meetings and discussions.
Article 4. Proceedings of the Society and articles for publication shall be published through the Journal of the Geological Society of Japan. Separates and circulations will be sent to members of the PalaeontologicalSociety who are not members of the Geological Society of Japan .
Article 5. The annual dues of this Societ.y is tw o dolla rs f eJ !' the foreign lllembers of the Society.Article 6. This Society shall hold the following e;~e cutiye s , President one pr(-son, Councils several perso ns.
,Article 7. The President and Councils shall be elected anllually. The President
and Councils shall be elected from the Eociet,y body by vote of its
members. All elections shall be ballot- ( 49 ) -2.

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~rt~~Constitution of the Palaeontological Societyof Japan.
Arti cle 1. This Society shall be kn own as the Palaeontoglogical Society of Japan.
It forms a sect io n of t,be Geological Society of J apan .
Art.ic:e 2. The object of t.his Society is the promoti on of ra'aeontology aml re·lated sciences.
Art.i cle l'l . This Societ.y t o execute the scheme out.lined under Arti c!e 2, shalllIold
annual meetings and discussions.
Art.ic!e 4. Proceedings of t.h e Societ.y and articles for publication shall be publislled t.hrough the J ournal of the Geological Society of J apan. Separat es and circulat.ions ,,-ill be sent t o members of th e PalaeontologicalSociet.y who are not members of the Geological Society of Japan.
Art.i cle 5. The annual dues of this Societ,y is two dollars for the foreign Il1embersof the Society.
Arti cle G. This Societ,y shall hold the following execut ives. President one person,
Councillors several persons.
Article 7. The President and Councillors shall be elected annually. The President and Counc illors shall be elected from the Society body by vot eof its members. All electi ons shall be ballot.

P r esident

Hisakatsu Y ABECouncillors Hal'uyoshi FUJIMOTO"

Ichiro HAYASAKA

Tsunenaka IKI

Kinosuke I NOUYE

N obuyasu K ANE1:I ARA

Takeo KATO

R okuro KIJlfURA

Teiichi KOBAYASHI'"

Hanzo MURAKAJlH

Takumi N AG.AO

Shintaro N AKAMURA

Tunet eru OINOMI KADO*

I chizo OMURA *Y anosuke OTUKA*

Iwa o TATEIWA

Shig ey asu TOKUNAGA *Hisakat su Y ABE(* E xecutive committee)

A ll Communicat.i ons re:at.ing t o t.his J ournal should be adcb'esse I t o the
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN

Geological r;lstitute, F aculty of Science, Imperial Uni versit.y of Tokyo, Japan