Quantum Information Science(and Quantum Computing)Presented to theFusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee
bySteve Binkley
Deputy DirectorFebruary 1, 2018
FESAC Quantum February 1, 2018

Introduction to Quantum Information Science (QIS)
Quantum Theory

Classical Information Theory“The universe is lumpy and fuzzy”“Information is physical”

1900-1905: light and matter are quantized
1925-1926: mathematical formalism;
uncertainty principle

1940s: information encoded in bits, manipulatedwith boolean algebra
1960s: information related to energy, entropy

Provides a basis for understanding physicalprocesses ranging from sub-nuclear to thecosmological.
Applications include lasers, magnetic resonanceimaging, atomic clocks, …

Provides a basis for understanding communicationand computation, allows efficient encoding andtransmission of information.
Applications include computers,telecommunications networks, cryptanalysis …

Quantum Information Science
The combination of quantum theory and classical information theory provides
powerful tools for scientific discovery and development of new technology.
1970s: quantum optics; theoretical description of quantum information, quantum communication
1990s: Shor’s algorithm (prime factorization), first quantum gates (theory and experiment)
Applications include information processing (including quantum computing), ultra-secure information
encoding, high-fidelity communication, precise sensing, metrology, timekeeping, navigation, imaging …
FESAC Quantum February 1, 2018

2Key Concepts
QIS applications differ from earlier applications of quantum mechanics byexploiting quantum properties to measure, process, and transmit information in
novel ways that greatly exceed existing capabilities.
Superposition: Quantum systems, including single particles, aredescribed by a set of variables that can take on a range of values.
Until the value of each variable is measured, the system is in asuperposition state that includes all possible measurement
outcomes with some probability.

1 = onY = a 0 +b 1
a + b =12

2

0 = off
Quantum “qubits”: state superposition

Classical “bits”

Entanglement: An entangled state is a superposition of thestates of multiple particles in which the properties of each particle
are correlated with the properties of the other particles, even if theparticles are separated by a large distance.

Squeezing: The uncertainty principle places a lower bound on thecombined uncertainty in pairs of variables, but does not specify how
the uncertainty is distributed between them. A squeezed state has
the minimum allowed total uncertainty, but allows more precise
determination of one variable than the other.

PRD 23, 8 (1981)
FESAC Quantum February 1, 2018

3

QIS Significance and Applications
QIS will provide the basic technological foundation for countless applications,
including those in the following areas:
Sensing and Metrology

Communication

Simulation/Computing

Improved sensitivity:

Quantum information transfer:“Analog” simulation:• magnetometry• gravimetry• inertial and rotation sensors• low-noise imaging• precision timing• technically challenging (“no cloning”)• for distributed sensor networks• long-distance information exchange• inside a quantum computer“Digital” computing:

Example: noiseless amplification• eavesdroppers easily detected• “quantum fingerprinting”

input

outputSecure information exchange:• model materials and chemicals• significant speedup for select problems• fully programmable• many possible technologies• applications in factorization, searchalgorithms, optimization (?)• potential not yet fully understoodsame color scale in both images

Basic Science• Basic research in the physical sciences will continue to drive progress in QIS• QIS research will continue to lead to innovation in other fields (e.g., high energy physics)• QIS techniques and technology will impact experimental research in all fields• QIS modeling and computational methods will drive scientific discovery (e.g., materials)
FESAC Quantum February 1, 20184

Quantum Information/Technology Landscape
todayDigital
Quantum Simulation

Simple/Analogue
Quantum Simulation

QKD, Quantum
Communication,Protocols

0Quantum Algorithms
and Applications
Long-Distance
QuantumCommunicationComputing

Extended Quantum
Networks
Communication

Entanglement Based
Quantum Sensors

SimpleQuantumSensors

General Purpose
Quantum Computer

Ubiquitous Quantum
Measurement/Sensors
Sensors

510~1520?

25??

Time (years)
FESAC Quantum February 1, 20185

Strategic Impacts of QIS
National Security––––––

Cryptography and cryptanalysis
Robust, reliable inertial navigation
Detection of underground structures
New materials for military ships, aircraft, electronics
Quantum-secure ground-to-satellite communication
Robust, secure GPS

Economic Competitiveness– New products based on quantum properties–• Metrology, sensors, communications, imaging tools, quantum computing, cryptography
Quantum-secure communications networks, unforgeable virtual money, quantum fingerprinting– New industries to create and market these technologies– Expanded opportunities for existing companies– International marketplace; Leverage by owning intellectual property

Frontiers of Science–––––

Discovery of new materials using quantum simulations
New, fundamental insights in nuclear & particle physics, cosmology, astronomy
New sensors, detectors, imaging capabilities across all physical science domains
Further advances in quantum mechanics itselfPushing boundaries in other fields (e.g., light sources that serve life sciencescommunities)
FESAC Quantum February 1, 20186

Quantum Information Science is at a Tipping Point
Sustained USG investments over 20+ years have set the stage for rapid
progress in application of QIS. Within the last five years,
U.S. and international companies are embracing QIS––––Major IT industries: Google, Microsoft, IBM, Intel
Technology companies: Lockheed-Martin, Northrop Grumman, Battelle, BBN, Toshiba
New companies: AOSense, MagiQ, ColdQuanta, Zyvex, D-Wave (Canadian)
U.S. companies are making significant investments in research in both the U.S. andabroad

Foreign competition is expanding rapidly– Some foreign investment levels are approaching those in the U.S.
– Foreign governments are implementing focused QIS initiatives•

China, UK, Germany, Canada, Japan, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, EU– Lucrative research opportunities abroad are attracting top-tier U.S. researchers– If current trends persist, some countries may exceed U.S. capabilities within a decade

But significant challenges lie ahead– QIS is inherently multidisciplinary – barriers exist between disciplines in both universities
and federal funding agencies– Research performers perceive stability and predictability of funding as issues– Poor alignment of workforce with employment opportunities and required skills

FESAC Quantum February 1, 20187

Quantum Materials & Quantum Chemistry: Web of Science Stats (2004 – 2015)

Quantum Materials
Country

Population (M)

USA
China
Germany
Japan
UK
FranceIndia
South Korea
Italy
CanadaRussiaSpain
TaiwanSwitzerland
Australia
PolandNetherlands
SwedenBrazilSingapore
Belgium

322
1,373
82
127
65
64
1,292
51
61
36
1500
143
46
23
1000
8.2
243817500
9.8
204
5.5 0
11

Quantum Chemistry# papers Total Citations

Avg.
Citationsh-index18,03656
8,887
435,947
49.05
266
4,459
173,140
11,1828.1
6,225
157,889
25.36
155
2,709
48,366
3,365
41
3,406
107,079
31.44
135
2,029
72,044
4,124
32
2,559
72,391
28.29
115
851
17,397
2,858
44
2,259
114,171
50.54
113
904
42,342
2,420
38
1,867
60,317
32.31
92
1,192
40,733
2,073
1.6
1,614
25,41715.75
64710
10,471
1,378
27
1,515
42,562
28.09
81
255
9,625
1,816
301,262
40,65132.21
76686
17,491
1,551
43
1,083
40,54437.44
91
564
18,492
Quantum
Materials
Publications(2004– 2015)
1,326
9.2
1,065
23,20321.79
52859
17,795
USA 26
China
1,200
966
39,06940.44
76752
18,154Japan
523Germany22885
19,300
21.81
67
167
3,888
664UK
80
663
37,88057.13
82395
16,2671,225
51
636
19,033
29.93
63
331
9,790
475
12
604
7,411
12.27
37
442
7,207
751
44
533
34,42764.59
84
256
19,734493
50
528
13,99626.51
57
322
13,021
1,773
8.7
486
7,177
14.77
42265
3,738
293
53
469
18,654
39.77
65
86
4,920
454
41 20073462008 9,427
46282 20146,236
2004 2005 2006
2009 201027.25
2011 2012
2013
2015

38.06
17.85
35.51
20.44
46.84
34.17
14.75
37.75
25.5
32.79
20.72
24.14
23.28
41.18
29.58
16.31
77.09
40.44
14.11
57.21
22.11

163
90
100
57
79
75
40
41
59
58
3758
30
56
43
36
47
50
2725
41

GDP ($B)

GDP/PC ($K)

# papers Total Citations Avg. Citations h-index

FESAC Quantum February 1, 20188

DOE QIS Strategy

Builds on community inputHighlights DOE/SC’s unique strengths
Leverages groundwork already established
Focuses on cross-cutting themes among programs
Targets impactful contributions, science for nextgeneration advances, and mission-focused
applications

DOE/SC Contributions to QIS
Fundamental
ScienceTools,Equipment,
Instrumentation

DOE Community Resources

QIS Applications

Quantum Computing:
Simulation, Optimization,
Machine Learning

Analog Quantum
Simulation
Sensing andMicroscopy

FESAC Quantum February 1, 20189

Fundamental Science That Advances QIS
ASCRQuantum
algorithms;
uncertainty
quantificationand verification &validation
methods;
software stack;quantum
networks

BES

Synthesis,characterization,theory, modeling,
andinstrumentation toadvance quantum
materials &chemicalphenomena

HEP

Black holephysics;
quantum gravity
and quantum
error correction;
fundamental
aspects ofentanglement

NP
Isotopes andtrapped ions forquantum devices;lattice quantum
chromodynamics

Quantum Field Theory and Topology
Control of Quantum Phenomena

SC Unique Strengths• Intellectual capital accumulated for more than a half-century• Successful track record of forming interdisciplinary yet focused scienceteams for large-scale and long-term investments• Demonstrated leadership in launching internationally-recognized SC-wide
collaborative programs

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201810

Fundamental Science That Advances QIS
We will leverage the groundwork already established in DOE National Labs and theacademic groups to maximize SC’s impact on QIS. Examples include:

In April 2017, the researchers havesuccessfully run the largest eversimulation of a quantum computer at
NERSC, LBNL. The simulation wasmade possible by the performance
boost gained through the use ofRoofline model during theoptimization process. The Rooflinemodel was developed by SciDAC
Institutes; a flagship ASCR program.

Illustration of a topologicalinsulator with a superconducting
layer on top for detection ofMajorana fermions (colored lines).
Once identified and isolated,
Majorana fermions could form thebasis of qubits. Electrons (green)
travel along the edges of thestructure. Supported in part by
the BES Energy Frontier ResearchCenter (EFRC) program.

Tensor networks are a key
theoretical tool forunderstanding
entanglement, topologicalorder, and other aspects ofquantum systems. They
comprise a broad family oftechniques (2DMulti-scale EntanglementRenormalization Ansatz(MERA) shown here).

A laser cooled, RF confined ion
trap at Argonne National
Laboratory: trapped ions can beused as qubits and as quantumsimulators.

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201811

Fundamental Science That Advances QIS
Quantum Integration Across Scales• BES Nanoscale Science Research Centers user facilities are key to the synthesis and characterization ofmaterials and structures from nano-components to prototype-scale quantum systems.
• Integration and testing couple closely to theory, design, and systems efforts• Co-located with National Lab x-ray, neutron, computing, and microfabrication facilities forunderstanding and scale-up of quantum structures• Next-generation qubits and sensors• BES research broadly advances understanding and use of quantum materials and chemical phenomena,
integrating theory and experimental science

Sub-atomic SpatialPrecision

Solid State
Artificial Atoms

Single-nm
lithography

Entangled Qubit Arrays

Quantum-LimitedSensors
Quantum
Chip TestingAtomic Precision
Fabrication

Nanoscale
3D Printing

Single Photon Emitters andDetectors

Nano

Meso

Waveguides,Cavities, Traps

MicroFESAC Quantum February 1, 201812

Tools, Equipment, Instrumentation
Computing Hardware
Quantum Computing Hardware

Tool R&D for QIS

ASCR’s Testbeds Program:• Research into device architectures andsystem integration optimized for science
applications• Development of hybrid platforms andquantum/classical coprocessors• Early access to new quantum computing
hardware for the research community• Extensive nanoscience tools for quantum
structure synthesis and integration• Detectors and metrology• Quantum sensors enabling precision
measurements• Quantum computational tools• Superconducting RF cavities, laser cooling,neutral ion traps, spin manipulation technology,
and isotope productionKey DOE-SC Contributions:• Well-established co-design practices in computer hardware development• History of fundamental research leading to prototype devices, characterization and synthesis tools,and techniques• Experience in collaborations with industry and core competencies in delivering major projects
involving equipment, tools, and instrumentation for discovery and implementation• Demonstrated success in generating leading scientific tools with and for the international user
community

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201813

Tools, Equipment, Instrumentation
DOE SC programs and DOE National Laboratories embody a wealth of knowledge andexperience in key technologies to provide mechanisms to enable precision quantum
sensors, quantum computing, and development of quantum analog simulators.

Quantum
computing (Qubit)

A qubit can be asuperposition ofboth 1 and 0 states

Fabrication of high-performancesurface ion trap chips for quantum
computation is a unique capability
developed at Sandia National
Laboratories.

(Top left) A graphical representation of
nitrogen vacancy (NV) qubits fabricated within
diamond.
(Right) These NVs were made in precise, dense
arrays (µm = micrometers) for future quantum
computers.
Work performed in part by MIT users at anNSRC.

Development of advanced
superconducting radio frequency(SRF) cavities (as shown above fromFNAL), cryogenics, and othertechnologies supporting
development of qubits, theirensembles, quantum sensors, andquantum controls across DOE
National Labs.

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201814

DOE Community Resources
World-Class National Laboratory
resources

Focused programs and intellectualproperty•

Advanced fabrication capabilities, (e.g. Microsystems &Engineering Sciences Applications (MESA) facility at SNL)

•Strong university and national laboratory researchprograms•

Specialized synthesis and characterization capabilities (e.g.
Enriched Stable Isotope Prototype production plant)•Internships and visiting programs for students and faculty•

National Laboratory technical assistance programs•

Internal research computing capabilities, experimental
equipment, and prototypes (e.g. D-Wave)•

Access to intellectual property developed at National
Laboratories via technology licensing agreements•

Engineered physical spaces (e.g. EM-shielded rooms, lowvibration chambers, deep shafts)•

Early Career Research Program•

Small Business Innovation Research

User Facilities include:

Synchrotron and x-ray free electron
laser light sources

Observational and communications
networks

Nanoscale Science ResearchCenters

High Performance Computingand Network

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Quantum Computing Applications for SC Grand Challenges

Focus on grand challenges fordiscovery of materials andchemical processes, andnuclear matter equation ofstate

Simulations ofquantum field
theory andquantum
dynamics

Machinelearning for large
data sets andinverse
molecular design

Optimization forprediction of biologicalsystems such as protein
folding

Transformative Impact Through Partnership Programs among ASCR, BER, BES, HEP, NP

Algorithms, Software Tools, and Testbeds

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201816

Impacts of Quantum Computing• National and economic security:
̶ Quantum computers could break all present-day public key
encryption systems
̶ Quantum encryption not susceptible to computational attack• Physical sciences:̶ Quantum simulations: materials design, pharmaceutical design,chemical processes, etc. – any problem that involves quantum
mechanics
̶ Broad non-computing impacts in new sensor and detector
technologies:• Diamond NV (nitrogen-vacancy) centers are leading to previously
unimaginable magnetic imaging systems• Chip-scale atomic clocks – precision timekeeping• Exquisitely sensitive magnetometers, accelerometers, gravimeters• Fundamentally new detectors and sensors in physical sciences, based onsuperposition, entanglement, and squeezing
FESAC Quantum February 1, 201817

DOE-Relevant Quantum Computing Applications
FEYNMAN QUANTUM SIMULATION: 1982

• Simulate physical systems in a quantum
mechanical device• Exponential speedups
LLOYD, et al., LINEAR EQUATIONS SOLVER: 2010

• Applications shown for electromagnetic
wave scattering• Exponential speedups
GROVER’S SEARCH ALGORITHM:1996

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201818Questions?

FESAC Quantum February 1, 201819