• .A3i~~ t:.is tt .Q J7 7 '7 f-..~ ~ :/ BGm5~~t -t (7) ~ ~lim t t. -r (7)Aspergillus section Flavi ,: "? \, \Reprint from MYCOTOXINS
Vol. 58, No.2
July, 2008-r

Mycotoxins Vol. 58 (2), 2008

107~}'3ifE~t:stt.QJ777 "q:.~/ BG~5~~c:-t0)JJi(~ilmc: ~-(0)Aspergillus section Flavi t: '? l, \*1 I!113f1~A.-y-r-1 :J ".:t-:/ /~1tm$; (230-0054~~*~5e,I2f::kJli~.b~j 15)(537-0025 ::k1i&**pl(;12f rp}fi 1-3-69)*3 **~UI&*~::k~1Ift *i&:~1iJf~H (173-8602 **m;fJMII2f1JU.1-18-1)*2 *Ii&RH~1Km1:.1iJf~fJf

b7'J~OOI:tftUA ~ n~1:.~:m1:.O) oj ~, ±~tftUAOOO)~fH:--::>t)-r,±f.Fs', *~ 2,300-3,000 ~f*1:--::>P-r2002±f.7'J'G2006±f.~,""(,,0)77-7 ,,'t~/ (AF) ~1tO)*6*~C:IJ~c:~t.:. 5±f.Fs'O)IlmJ1tWlFdH:top-r, i=J:tOO, 1¥J77 1) » , ?\(:OOto J: L1J~ -7 ~/71 imO)~:m1:.I:--::>P-r
AFB1, B2 7'J~~ili ~ n~ to) t AFB1, Bz, c.. Gz 7'J~~ili ~ n~ to) t J:I:J~-t ~ C: C: t I:, b
7'J~OOO) AFBIJ¥a!ll10 ug/kg ~JUjrj Gt.::t~1}t, OO~rtH:1*m~-rt) ~ B~, G ~AF ~~:Ii
15 ug/kg '""("~Jlf!jIj G t.:jjj1}~~JE G -r~1t~*,H&I::if-t ~ MMIilHIi ~itti;t ~ ~flO)J:I:J*~Jt~t
Gt.:. *6*c: t r , ~\fl~O)$7'JL::d.:i=J:tOOim~:m1:.,""("I;tAFBIJ¥a!ll~Jlf!jrj,""("l;t 0.4-0.8 %7'J~mf!jrj
fli ~itti;t, AFBG ~:Ii~Jlf!jrjl:'I;t 0.4-1.1 % 7'J~mf!jljfli ~itti;t -r P -r, Ii t Iv c' IPJ~'""(" ib"? t.:. 1¥J77 I) j] im~:m1:.'""(" t 1PJ~l:', AFBIJ¥a!ll~Jlf!jrj,""("I;t 0.3-1.0 %, AFBG tf,:Ii~Jlf!jIj'""(" 0.3-1.2 %7'J~~Jlf!jrjfli~itti;t -rt )t.:.
tftUA~:m1:.E8*m 1:--::> ~ , AF¥15~O),,*E51 t tJ: ~ Aspergillus section Flavi/:P!fJ!-t ~ m 1:--::>t) -r~~I'J9, AF to J: r.J s- -7 n t: 7 '.f / ~O) im1:.'I1:, heteroduplex panel analysis (HPA) I:
J: ~~531j ~~~>t G i: C: =-.:5, i=J:tOOim AFBG ~lli~flO)¥15~,,*E51I;t A. parasiticus '""("ib "? t.:O)
I:X'j G, 1¥J77 I) j] ~ AFBG ~lli~:itfl7'J' G 5tmtE LJ.: mf;lu: l;t A. prasiticus O)li7'J' 1:/J\~O)m~~ $~IOf~px; G, AFBG ~~im1:.-t ~~~~~I'J9tJ: A. flavus 7'J~ff1£ G t.:. =- O)jijfjl;t section
Flavi I:~-t~ HPAI:jop-r MF4 1:J!-t~m;£?Kl:'ib"?t.:.

n~-7-~:~A1:.~:m1:., 77-7"'t~/m~, 77-7"~~/im1:..,Aspergillus section Flavi(Received: April 30, 2008, Accepted: June 25, 2008);b 7'J~OOO)jt~wj1:.WI:'6 C: -:5<mtfO)jt6~d:.to It ~ 7 7 -7 " -t- ~ / (AF) O)j;J\l.lfilJ 1;;1:, '6 -:) C:'117'J~~p C: ~ n~ AFB1O),ij.~xg-~ C: L" -CP ~ iJ~, OO~~B9i: 1;;1:,t.

AFB1, Bz, G1 , G2 O)ktt:lt ~1}b-ttt.:, ktt:ltmlfiU ~ tf -:) -C t ) G 00 7'J~ $ t ) 1,2) •8 *1:ftltrA ~ nG it~ . itflO)IJ:7'J'--c-¥~HE~&tfT 'y 'Y~~I;;I:, it~m1:.WI: J: G~~J:iP~O)M~ C: IJ: -:) -C.to o . y 1 :J " -t- ~ /~~t6b~ (J-2rT~Mh~) ~ 1;;1: c; b6, ~5t;fR~~iJ~~~~~1iI§ L,,-C
PG.
ftltrAii1E1:.O) AF f5~~j(1JLI: -:) P -C 1;;1:, Tl" I: 1972 if-tUltO) ~t6b~O)~1!t,Ql(J~I: '6 C: -:5P t.:~15 3-5) 7'J~ IJ: ~ -C l ) G iJ~, f'1J1i G 4) 1;;1: 1972 - 1991 if-O) 20 if-rs'O)~1!tT - ~ O)f¥it;fRiJ' G, AFB 1 •

n

108

Mycotoxins

AFBG ffO)~tjHJliblJ t&-T G z ~ iJ~O)i:'i G t ~ t:t!~ G-rt ~ G.
~ i: , 1999 :¥O)Jl1tuA~1t~*H~~¥!O)tl)(5E, ~1t¥!0)~Ji17 0"7 I-- 7" '77 1 - (TLC) ¥!iJ> G ~~1&f* 7 0"7 I-- 7" '7 7 1 - (HPLC) ¥!.A"O)tl)(JE -a:- b ~ ;t t::.~1t~5IH:--:J P -r Lt. ~~ G 5) iJ~ 1994
- 2000 fj:.O)~1tnlt~ t&-, tlE*¥! t tl)(5E¥!I: ~ G*5*-a:-:xtl:~ ~ -l:t-r1t:~t G¥lii5 G iz,~@HJ:, 2002 fj:.iJ> G 2006 if-O) 5if-ra' I: io ,t GJlituAYi1E1:O) AF11J~O)~~tT - 17 -a:- t t l : , AFBl
*JiblJ G td~%t AFBG lWO)~;mfljIJ G t:::~%-a:-M.Jt G-rWHfiT G =. t -a:-~J\h-t:::. ~ t:::, Yi:ffil±.I:
AF 11J~ -a:- t t::. GT Aspergillus flavus io ~ If.lf O)}li~M (sectionflavi) 0) AFB ffi!E1:.'!1:, AFBG M
EEl±.'!1:I:--:J p-rJl1tuA~i\*,H: io It G 7J';ffJ~*17G-a:-~1t G i: t .: 0, Yi:ffi1:~EEI~H:~ !') AF EE1:MO) 51;fp"iJt~td: G =. t iJq:l~ G iJ>I: td: -:> t::.0) l:¥IH5T G.
~~*!iblj ~ !') t

iiflif2002 if-:6> G 2006 if- ~ l:I:Jl1tuA ~ n, ~thbi~:6~~~~1':EG t:::Yi:ffi~O) '5 '5, if-rdl~1':E~i\
fl~iJ~ ~ t ~ -:> t:::JlituA~O) t 0) -a:- ffl pt:::. ~ iz , z n G O)fu:\~GI-O)-fflH:--:Jp -r AF i!E1:.1f0)~~0)
t:::66 I:if~I39td:~J\,~O)M~ c G r:
77:7"7 A .:f-;/ /iifM;~~1t~i\fl~~1* 6) I: t t -j ~ 3*1& G t:::fJf1i:t~i\fl50 g I:, JJ1J~ 77'7 I--.:\=-~/}iffi1*7) I:$OOG, 71:: I---=- I- 1))l--* (9:1,v/v) -a:-1JlJ;t, *.::c~T1 ;;(Gt::.1&0~
G, 01f€-a:- ~~fjlUJ '7 P. I:¥iA G i: . .lfO)mtlfH&-a:-1!U'ffi¥Z~ G t::.O) '5, "J) 7 )l-/t oi@~l:~~f*{tG-r:6>GAFB1, B2, G1, G2-a:-HPLCl:nlIJJEGt::.. ~ili~lU'flJ:, AFB1, B2, c., G21:--:Jp-r;fr
0.111g/kg t G t::..
lJJJ!!Igle!ENlif£ fJ (/)li!HJJI;~
1~JfI] G t:::~i\*,," 10 g -a:-ffS: G, A ""7 ''j j] -~~I: ~!') 10 fS­
1ij~1&, 100 mlij~~-a:-~9b\! Gl, ;fr1ij~1&-a:-m1Rl3951mtfHmO)Aspergillus Flavus Parasiticus Agar
(AFPA, Oxoid) O)lf;f&I:~:f*:/:fHt G t::.. 30°C t: 48 - 72lf-frdl:/:fHt Gl, ~~;ffO)1t:YiJHfijiJ~/tt- /~@.-a:- ~T GM1*-a:- A. flavus }li~M (Aspergillus section Flavi) t Gl CFU/g -a:-U1JI1J G, 16'J!I:};fj
C -r;Rr "T=t- A " 0- A~7( (PDA) *~ffij:/:fHml: c !') , AF £1:.FJ~td:~' -a:-~«G c t t l : , rPJJEmO)~i\,~M1*~ G t::..
Ji1/ifb4r(/)ftillalfl!(/)i!i!Eiifg~,~M1* -a:- 2 %MBJ:.x. =t- A (Difco) , 15 % ~ ::1 M -a:- *llnlt c
T G YES broth I::t~fi G l*~ffijo)~*~l: 30°C, 7 B ra,:l:fHt G i: 0) '5 . :1:*.01& 10 llL -a:- silicagel 60
7°1.-' -'- " I:fdW~;fp" Gl TLC I: ~ !') {~~£~0)£1:.;!1:-a:-~~ G t::.. TLC O)~~i~~L;J: AF I:--:JPlli700*)vp.-71::" /-n"'-':\=--!T/ (85:15:20,v/v/V), ~70e07~f/~ (CPA) IJ: I--)V.x./-i@~.x.T)v-o¥~ (5:4:1, v/v/v) io~lf«/-e'/-j@~.x.T)l--~IJ / -)l- (90: 5: 7, v/v/v)-a:- m P, .If n.lf'hfl$£ c xfJ::~ Gl , AF li~JH~ 365 nm "F 0):El:tJ't -a:-W't~, CPA li.x. -)l- 1) ''j e ~J\~io ctIf 50 %li*~P.'Rf&o)~@.I: ~ !') }E'!1:l39t:£1:FJ~ 1f-~«t::..
7JJllIi!.t(/)/iflJ£f~~£~O)~J\,~-a:-ff-:> t::.If1*IJ:, Aspergillus ~O)IPJJEm~~:I:*j:mO) 1 --:Jo)~
5f.x..:\=-A~7( (MEA) :l:g:/:mO)-Sf*&I:3gWfiGl, ~YiO)@~, If~O)~nltO);ff1M, *~~7d:~tg.1'f,J'!1:~t: ct G llilll~lllPJJE C: ;tU:, Kumeda G 8.9) O)~~ G t::.5t-=t-1:~~I39td:-¥1*t: ~ G section Flavi
O)IPJJE-a:-~J\h-t:::. T7d::b'5, ~Ji.o)PDA broth I::I:~. Gtd#:~J\1*O)mf*ct!') DNA -a:-!mili G, ITS10
io ct If ITS4 0) 7 '7 -1 y - -a:- rl!ffl Gl ~t::. PCR ~~ I: --:J t ~ l heteroduplex panel analysis (HPA) 1!
I: ~ !') Aspergillus section Flavi 0) IPJ JE -a:- ff -:> i: .

I;
Ij

Vol. 58 (2), 2008

109

Table 1 I:::: 2002 ij:.
J/JIi 5.tF/l71t: ,IJ (j 9IRA!tfE1E!t (J) AFi~flHJ)J.HiflC ~NJJlf5(/fiBC (J)XI;;!;
IJi t; 2006 ij:.0) AF ~~~1tT-;; 0)"5 t, j::~¥i1E1:._AOOip6 O)~A*4~:x'.t~I::::, AFB 1W~~~.Qt) Ii AFBG It¥iI~g,g60 6 tLfc:~A*4~.to J: LJof tL t; O)~itgA~~I::xstT ~ ~Jii-~~ G fc:. ~ t;I:bil~OO0)~JMtljf1!1AFBl10 ug/kg ~~;t ~ ~A~~.to J: LJoftL t; O)~1t~A~~I::xstT ~ ifIJii- (:, ED I::::.to It.Q it~~H~(: G'"(O)mlJUiW ~ ~ t )li~}]!Et9~fJI!iWO)¥i1E1:.O) AF kttJl1511g/kg10) ~j{];t.Q ~A~~.to J:
LJof tL t; O)~ft~A~~l:::::xst-t ~ iflJii- t ii-b-tt'"(iK G fc:.
Table 1. Five years survey of aflatoxin contamination in imported raw peanuts during the years of 2002-2006
Country
Imported

AF-detected samples

Aflatoxin regulation**Year

No. ofSamples

BI, B2

B&G

AFBI ~ 10 ug/kg

TotalAFs ~ 15 ug/kg'

China (V)*

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

1,328
1,814
1,683
1,428
1,645

1 (0.1 %)
8 (0.4 %)
17 (1.0%)9 (0.6 %)
15 (0.9 %)2 (0.2 %)7 (0.4 %)
14 (0.8 %)5 (0.4 %)
12 (0.7 %)0
7 (0.4%)13 (0.8 %)9 (0.6 %)
13 (0.8 %)1 (0.1 %)
8 (0.4 %)
16 (1.0 %)9 (0.6 %)18 u.i %)China (S)*

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

386
550
621
590
576

2 (0,5 %)
2 (0.4 %)
1 (0.2 %)2 (0.3 %)2 (0.3 %)0
1 (0.2 %)2 (0.3 %)
1 (0,2 %)2 (0.3 %)0
1 (0.2 %)1 (0.2 %)1 (0.2 %)2 (0.3 %)0
1 (0.2 %)1 (0.2 %)1 (0.2 %)2 (0.3 %)S. Africa

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

378
449
207
298
252

6 (1.6 %)
6 (1.3 %)1 (0.5 %)
4 (1.3 %)2 (0.8 %)1 (0.3 %)3 (0.7 %)
2 (1.0 %)3 (1.0 %)3 (1.2 %)0
2 (0.4 %)
2 (1.0 %)1 (0.3 %)2 (0.8 %)0
3 (0.7 %)
2 (1.0 %)1 (0.3 %)
3 (1.2 %)U.S.A.

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

298
262
170
137
138

5 (1.7 %)
16 (6.2 %)1 (0.6 %)
3 (2.2 %)
6 (4.3 %)1 (0.3 %)2 (0.8 %)0
3 (2.2 %)
2 (1.4 %)

1 (0.3 %)
10 (3.8 %)0
2 (1.5 %)
5 (3.6 %)1 (0.3 %)
10 (3.8 %)01 (0.7 %)
5 (3.6 %)Paraguay

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

43
61
38
26
34

7 (16 %)
12 (21 %)
8 (21 %)
2 (7.6 %)2 (5.9 %)

0
0
0
0
0

1 (2.3)2 (3.3 %)
4 (10.5 %)1 (3.8 %)0

1 (2.3 %)2 (3.3 %)
4 (10.5 %)1 (3.8 %)0* (V): Virginia type variety; (S): Spanish and runner type variety**regulation of Japan: ~ 10 ug/kg; regulation of EU, raw peanuts R 15 ug/kg'

r:p ~~¥i1E1:.l: Ii, **,:'lO)J \ - :;.::: 7¥m (: d\*,.:LO) A J,.::: "J ~::L • =] /' T -¥mil~ ih ~ IKlJU G'"(~Elt
G fc: iI~, *~¥m0) jo J: of 1,300 ii' t; 1,800 }~O)~ft~flO) "5 -S, AFB MiI~~ili ~ tL ~ t 0) iI~ 0.1 ­1.0 %rf.ft G, AFBG MiI~~ili ~ tL~ t 0) iI~ 0.2 - 0.8 %rf.ft G fc: iI~, AFB M, AFBG MiI~~ili ~ tL
~ ~AflO).J:lJ?¥l:* ~ tJ:;~:H;J: tJ: ii' ~ ts .

;t fe:, AF ~~'I1?¥iI~rI"U t ):¥;jzl."!;;J: AFBl.5Ek~JMtfJ Gtd~ii- (: AFBG ktt:IHJMtU Gfc:.t~{} (: c', ~JMtUfl!1

110

Mycotoxins-a:-~;t ~ ~i\*,,"0) J:~.?,fiJ\~-T~td: ~ ipj(iJ\ iV -:> ic,-11 IJ\*'.:Lt~H: tot ':\l Ij:AFBI *~!RnMlilJ t AFBG ~tilJJMIiIJ t -r:, *jfliIH@ ~~it ~ ~i\ftO)J:~~I:&:~iJ"~~6tJ Gntd: iJ~ -:> tz .

/¥ji 7 1) }J ~~m1:Ij:/J\*'.:Ltm-r:, to J:.f 200 iJ~ G 450 ,Q~~ L t::~;jS/-O) '7 '5, AFB ltfiJ"~ili iE h
~ t o)iJ" 0.5 ~ 1.6 %1'ftE t.. AFBG ltfiJ"~ffi iE n~ t o)iJ" 0.3 ~ 1.2 %1-¥tE t. tz: -~i:, AFB M
iJ"~ffi iE n ~ J:fJ.?,fiJ\ ~ t ':IftflrBJiJ\~~6tJ G nt:: iJ\~ftif.j(I: J:: I) ~tJ: -:> lt ':I t::. ~jfliIJf~ to) iJ, iJ~b I) I:
toP -c Ij:, AFBI.ij!.5!R~jfliU G td~~J:: I) AFBG ~il:mflilJ G t.::tNi~O)~JjlJljIJfIt ~~ it ~ ~*'!-O)J:fJ~iI"*T~1J: ~ '¥~Xil" cb -::> tz .
*oo~~m1:(:":)t ':Il (j:~~,Q~0) ~iJ~ -::> t.:!j\fI=Lf'!IH:":)t ':\l O)t8-~lit G i: iJ",:ts J::.f 140 iI~ G 300,QO) '7 '5, AFB f¥iI"~ili iE h~ t 0) O)J:fJ.?,f iJ" , 2004 if.O)~*,,"~~t ':Il ~ <, 1.7 ~ 6.2 %1-f.ft G ,t <I: 2003 if. I: :tsp -c 262 '¢'UP 16 '¢'U: 6.2 % t fi'U~(:1-f.tt Giz . AFBG f¥ib"~tl1 ~ n~ to) (i 0.3- 2.2 %1-f.tt Gt.:. rJ!fliUfltt o)iI~iI~b I) -r:(j:, 2005 if.0)~i\*'!-0)t8-;6" AFBI.ij!.~!R~jfliU t AFBG ~itJJ!
fliU t 0) ra~ (:~~;6"~~6tJ Gn, .f h.f·n 1.5 %, 0.7 %;6"miliIHIt ~€g.t::.
1fJ*)\ '7 :7" 7 -1 ~O)~m1: t IJ\fl111c' iV ~ iJ", z: n ;l-r:(:/R Gt.:!\iDUffilE t (j:~tJ: t) , AFB tt-f0)t8­
iJ\~I~ iE n l to t) , AFBG tt-fib"~ili ~ n ~ ~i\;jSH;t, .: O)~~'¥*c'(itJ: ib' -::> te: .
.J.2tJ:I:/R L td~lJUa*iI~ G, b iI" lEO) AFBI *5!R~jflilJ ~ AFBG ~jiJlfliIH:~~ L t:::t~ii-, 1f=!1E~*lV~{E:1:.(j: 2004 ip 0.8 %iJ" 1.0 %,2006 if. 0.8 %;6" 1.1 %i:tJ: t) , 1fJ77 I) }J~~m1:.lj: 2003 '¥0.4 %iJ\ 0.7 %, 2006 ip 0.8 %;6" 1.2 %I: tJ: t) *JtiliIJfIi~~it ~ ~i\fl-O)J:~.¥iJ"~-T~tJ: ~ z: t iJ"/R~ ~nt::. *1E~(j:, AFBI 10 ppb O)mflilJfIi-r:c;I: 2 ~f*-r: d; -:> t.:iJ" , AFBG ~"c'lj: 1 ~f*t~:':!.> G t.:.
'5 tJ: .ij.(:, ~@]O)~~t*6*~, *IEO)~~(:xfT~ AFBG ~:ilmililJfli 20 ppb ~ it ~ t 0) ~~fflT~.:tt~t8-k#, .fO)MrBJ~~.~iV-:>k.

MA~~~C777f~~/BGN~~~~~69M.

mtt,T~~(1I~)~:tsJ::~~~

tJ: E' JJH'Ftt?go) AF O)~~l*lZlOO t I I (j:, Aspergillusflavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius tJ: C!. iJ"W G tL
~ ib", ::Go)®lillPI:ili:~-r:, m~5tIt~l"(j: section Flavi I:PJf~T ~ Aspergillus ~m t iE~. iE ~ l:/R G t.: J:: '7 i:, b;6\~ ':!\iDUA iE n~ ±~mm:1:.:1:.~IEO) td: ;6'c', If=! lEim:ts J:: ~1fJi 7 1)
}J ~O)~i\*,,"ib~ GAFBG tt-fl: J:: ~ ~~~i\niJ"~~6tJ Gnt.: ore, .: h G0)~i\*,,"0) AFBG ~~l*lZlOO I:":)t ':\l~~~1T-:> t.:.
f;JUi\iji\*'!-li Table 2 l:/t l i: J:: -5 I:, AFBG tt-fo)~~ib"~N66 G tL~ to) t, AFB lffO).ij.iJ"~ili iE
h~ t 0) ~x'f~ t LJ:: iI", A. flavus lli~mO)JiURl¥J7HjjBgtm-r: cb ~ AFPA tgtml: to It ~ ~ffiif~(CFU/g) t, )}.iff*~ YES ¥~f*:J;gtt!!l:tti.l t.: t ~ 0) AFBG im~mf*~t AFB t!fo).ij.~ im~T~ mf*~~xfJ:fJ ll/RGt.:.
*6*t Gl, ~ili AFBG ~:l:ib~fi'U P~i\*,!-ib' G A. flavus }li:~m ibt~ <5tmi ~ n~ftJ!rPJ:b" ~ -::> te: iI\,No.2 O)~i\)jSH:~ Gn ~ J:: '7 I:, 2.2 x 103 CFU/g t 5tlillm~Ij:~iI' -::> t:: iJ", AF ~ili:iliJ"f1fpWU~,
No.5 ~ No.8 O)~fto) J:: '7 I: . AF ~ili:l:iJ"~ t ':I I: t iJ~iI~b G T5t~ltm~iI":':!.> tJ: t ':IfYlJtJ: <!::' iI"1-f.ttT ~tJ: <!::', a)nitJ:m~~1*Ij:~N&9 GntJ: iJ' -:> t.:.
5tmftiff*O) AF ~~JI1:':~ G lli,~ <0) r:p1E~ AFBG 'Fi~~nil' GIi AFBG ~~MiI"5tmlt ~ h-C:ts t), t~.E8JI1::l*iI'G 73- ~ t, pbA :I:~tiB, MEA :I:~tt!!l:t~. G t:: t ~ 1:~~@.O)@.~O)~m t tJ:!) , AFBI, Bz , Gl, Gz ~~'I1:~/tT A. parasiticus t ~JE iE nt::.
AFB t!f J:: I) t AFG t!fO)~ili:ilib" ~ ib~ -:> t::, No.2 O)~i\;jSJ-il' G5t1ltG t::. 10Mf*r:p 9 Mf*'i A. /lavus
t 1PlJi:: ~ nt:: iI"pfh ~ AF ~~'/'1:(i.ij. Gh T, 1 mf*o).ij.ib" A. parasiticus t 1Pln:: ~ n, AFBG £1::M-r:~ -::> t::.. No.3 O)fu:""t*'!-J::!) -5HII ~ nt.: AFBG £~Mlj:t ':ITnt A. parasiticus t iE nt.:iI", IP1

n

n

.~

Vol. 58 (2), 2008

111
Table 2. Detection of aflatoxin and aflatoxin-producing fungi in imported peanuts
Aflatoxin (ug/kg)

Sample(Origin)No.1 (S.Africa)
No.2 (China)
No.3 (China)
No.4 (China)
No.5 (China)
No.6 (China)
No.7 (China)
No.8 (China)
No.9 (China)
No.10 (China)
No.11 (China)
No.12 (China)
No.13 (S.Africa)s, jlavi

Aflatoxin-producer
B&G : BI, B2 /tested

BI

B2

GI

G2

total

onAFPA*

11.8
1.7
11.9
1.4
9.1
2.8
0.8
56.4
32.7
15.8
59.8
100.3
251.8

1.2
0.3
1.0
0.4
1.8
0.4
0.2
10.8
4.9
6.1
4.8
11.3
21.3

88.2
10.8
54.0
6.3
56.9
11.3

15.8
2.8
9.4
1.6
11.4
2.7

277
148

48.7
27.8

165
19.3

17.3
2.9

117.0
15.6
76.3
9.7
79.2
17.2
1.0
392.9
213.4
21.9
64.6
293.9
295.3

2.9x1022.2x1033.5x1032.0x105.OxlO
1.OxlO
1.Ox108.Ox103.6x1031.2x102l.lx1023.6x1035.2x104

4 : 8
1 : 0
8 : 0
o:0
5 : 0

o:0
8 : 0
10 : 0o: 0o:7
10 : 0
5 : 4

/15
/10
/10
/ 2
/ 6
/ 0
/ 1
/10
/10
/10
/10
/10
/15

* s. flavi on AFPA: sectionflavi on Aspergillus Flavus Parasiticus Agar~!:::5HIIH.,f.: A. flavus I:li AF fi-€1:ttb~~£(~ I? h/J:b>-:;d.:. No.9:to J:Lf No.12 O)~rtflb> I? :St~fU_,f.:

AFBG ift1:mliT"''l A. parasiticus -C- eX> -:> t.:. AFB lffO)J%i~~~b~h. I? ht.: No.ll O)~rtflb> 1?:St.
l,f.:m~Ii AFB lffo)h.O).im1:'t1~1fT G A. flavus ~ 1J5JJ:i:: ~ ht.:.
4Jl!I£Wf·ffi1: t IJ5J~I:, AFBG lffO)~tt ~ ht.: 2 ,QO)IW7 7 1) :fJ .imO)¥i};ffi1:b> I? :St.l,f.: m~l:-:J~ vt:oi AF ~1:'I1~~MLdd5*, AFBG lff~1:m t AFB M~1:m t b~~1f: G-n )t.:. ;:O)IW7
7 1) :fJ £~rtfl b> I? Ii, PDA ~~ ffij:l:{t* .L-c-/j\ID! 0) mif~ ~ ~ ~~ fiX, T G A. flavus 3lI~ m b~1f::(£ G i: .
z h I? O)lj\~mif~:MfiX,m-C-li AFB lffO)h. ~,i~1:T G m~t, ~1:J!'ifl\:p/J: b~ I? AFBG lff~.im1:b~~£(~ I? ht.:. -fO)fili, AFB lffO)h. ~ ~1:T G A. flavus, AF ~F~1:JI1O) A. flavus ~ AFBG lff~fi-€
1:TG A. parasiticus /J: E, JW77 1):fJ ~¥i};ffi1:I:Ii~ifl/J:AF fi-€1:mb~1f::(£-tG;: ~ iJ~aJl I? iJ> t/J: -:> t.:.
MAg~~$*0777f~~/8~M0M~~@o)AFBG~~O)~~l?hG~A¥i};ffi1:

iJ> 1?:St. G t.:~~~lZ9ml: li~ifl/J: AF fi-€1:miJ~1f::(£ G t.:O)-C', -f:h I? O):St.mO) -) is, f~?HI9/J:
m~I:-:J ~ Aspergillus ~J{O)IJ5JJ:i::ffl£$:I:{ttt.l!O) l-:J ~ ~ hG MEA :I:{ttt.l!--.tO);J:g*~¥i}O)@~, m~O)
~fiX,0):¥J~ /J: E O)IDff!HJ9'I1~*O)fili, YES ~f*:I:{ttt.l! I::to tt G AF ~1:'11,:to J: Lf A. flavus I: ~~I'r9I:~1:'l1iJ~fflGhG ':/-'/ t1l:::°7~.f/~ (CPA) /J:E{~~fi-€~O)fi-€1:'l1t, Kumeda I? 8.9) o)~~Gt.::St-1-~!/"11J~t8-¥tt;0) HPA 1= J: G section Flavi O)rmJE*8*~xH~ G-em G t.:O) iJ} Table 3 '1.".t> G. /J::to ,m~.~0)~l:toJ:Lf~l3~,m770:fJfi-€¥i};ffi1:~*m~-c-eX>~,-fO)filiO)m~~4JOOfi-€¥i}Th1:~*m~'1." eX> G.

Table 3 I:h. I? hG J: -) I:, JW77 1) :fJ ~O)¥i};ffi1:iJ> 1?:St1f G t.: AFfi-€1:m I: Ii AFB MO)h. ~ fi-€
1:-t G~~I'r9/J: A. flavus O)IiiJ> , Ij\~O)m~~IDfiX,T G mttiJ~1f::(£ G, .:eh I? Ii AFB M~~1:T
G mtt~ B1 t G1 ~ ~~T Gmtt~ 1:5}iJ>hl.:iJ~, pfh~ A. flavus ~ lJ5Jifll: CPA ~ fi-€1: G t.:. z
hI? O)/j\~m~~IDpl(;TG m~Ii HPA -C'IiPfh~ A. flavus I=Jlip AfF4 0) /;11 7°1:51~~ tlt.:.
4J OOfi-€~Th1:iJ> I? 511!l G t.: m~li, 1WJz!l0) J: ? I: A. parasiticus iJ~ ~ iJ> -:> t.: iJ~, HPA I: J: G 51~-C-lipfh~ ApPl I:JiJf~ G t.:. 4Jl!Ifi-€~Th1:~*O) A. flauus Ii, HPA I: J: G 5}~l"li AfFl .t> G~ )Ii AfF2 l:pJf~ G t.: iJ}, ~-r AF fi-€1:'l1iJ~ eX> G ~ Ii ~ , it /J: iJ> -:> t.:.

.<

112

Mycotoxins
Table 3. Morphological and metabolic characters of isolates from imported peanuts
StrainNo.

Colony coloron 2 %MEA

Selerotia
formation

P-l-l
P-I-3
P-1-4
P-1-5
P-I-8
P-1-15P-13-l
P-13-3P-13-5
P-2-9
P-3-1
P-3-7
P-5-1
P-5-4
P-7-1
P-8-1
P-8-7
P-11-1yellow green
yellow green
yellow green
yellow green
dark green
dark green
yellow green
yellow green
yellow green
dark green
dark green
dark green
dark green
dark green
yellow green
dark green
yellow green
yellow green

small scl.
large sel.
none
large sel.
large scl,none
small sel.
small scl.
small sel.
none
none
none
none
none
large sel.
none
large scl,none

Aflatoxins

B1

B2

++

+

±

GI

Gz

CPA*
+

±

±

++

+

+

++

+

+

+

±

++

+

±

±

+

++
+

++

±

±

+

++

+

++

+

++

+

++

+

++

+

++

+

++

+

++

+

+

+

±
++

+

++

+

++

+

±
++

Identification

A. jlavus S strain
A. jlavus
A. jlavus
A. jlavus
A. parasiticus
A. parasiticus
A. jlavus S strain
A. jlavus S strain
A. jlavus S strain
A. parasiticus
A. parasiticus
A. parasiticus
A. parasiticus
A. parasiticus
A.jlavus
A. parasiticus
A. jlavus
A. jlavus

HPA**
type
(MF4)
(MF2)

(MF1)
(MF2)

(ApPI)(ApPI)
(MF4)
(MF4)
(MF4)

(ApPI)(ApPI)(ApPI)(ApPI)(ApPI)(AfF2)(ApPI)(AfFI)(MFl)*CPA Cyclopiazonic acid production; **HPA: heteroduplex panel analysis/iiAg1elt(/)'Y7;7 A.::r:l// B(7l1if~{;:"::nI ' (!/iWJA~:ffij:O) AFBG M¥5~I=-::H ~-r l:t,
34l
Fi"l:I=wrE8 l , fj iii 6 I=J::-:>-rmtiWi~n-rPG~=0l:~~, 1972c¥;O>61991c¥O)FdH=. *~,1¥i77 I) fJ, A -?f '/, $~, 7 )L--l!' '/ 7- '/, 7'7 ~ JL-iJ: ~ O)~rE;O> 6 ~A l,f-:~:ffi1:.;O> 6 AFBG
1l5~~J\*'I-;O~~ili~n-rPG.

;:n60)¥R~c'I:t, ~;O~, *OOggO)~:ffij:O)AFBG 1l5~I:OO L -rl:t,<1=*OO~!J\*JLfjo)AFBG1l5~I=a§ l,-rPG

FDA 0) Urano 6 11) 0) ~ :3 - ~ 7*, rEJL~:ffij:~Jf

3'eJiJf ~ O)~lRJ~JfJ<GO)¥R~;O~ ~ G.
-rn», mrE83) O)¥R~c'I:t, -1 '/ F, -1 '/ F.*~7~toJ::lfJ\'7;f7-1~0)~:ffij:;O>61:tAFB
f¥o).:9.;O~~.l$IJfI1l~Ml;:t -r~ili ~ nG iJ: E, ~:ffij:O)j:~I!H:J:: G 1l5~AF 0);f§Jl~8N~ -r P G;O~,~@JO)#;~tl: t J '\ '7 ~f7-1 ~;O> 6 l:t AFB Mo).:9.;O~~ili ~-r ~ ~ G.
~@JO) 2002c¥;O> 6 2006c¥l: ~ vi: G~~pJ(;.O)mfJfl:l:t, ~A~;O~ 1990c¥f-t c: 1;;t~iJ: ~ ~fJ 00 1=~lttE ~
't: ~ ) G to)O) , b ;O~OOO) AFB1 .3!k~.lffjIJ c: OO~Jjta9 iJ:1tJr5J ~ .s, i ;:t t: AFBG iK~.~j$1J ~ ~tii"G~, J'\'77··7-1~~AFBtlfo).:9.~~ilii"G~~$~, 1¥i77 1) fJ , *OO~AFBtl¥, AFBGM~~iliOO;O~&> ~ ~A~l: J:: -:> -rxjlJ5;O~~iJ: G;: ~ ~1K~i"G~*~ iJ: -:> ic ,Girbert and Shephard'" 0) ~o_ T 'J .'Y J'!J -~T 'J 'Y~~o) AFB1 , AFBG 1l5~0)~*IIliJ:¥R-&I:t,
EU 1= to It G AFBG ~.m$IJO);f!H~o)-~l: tJ: -:> t: ~;mJi:: ~ nG.
/iiA)"1f1elt(/)'Y7;7 A.::r:l//i§~JJ[miJtil;:'?l- I ' (~@]0)J¥j7 7 1) fJ ~ AFBG ¥5~8J\*'I-;O> 6
71. ~ nt.:!J\m!M;f~~~~*%l(;TG ~1*I:OO L -rl:t, Cotty and Cardwell ?" ;O~1ffi"7 7 I) fJ O)«=-. '/~*~0)±~;O>651.l,t.:M1*I:-:JP-r, Sstrain ~ l,-ra13 l,-rto~, gg77 I) fJ~M1*l:I:t
AFG tl¥ ~ rp]p~l=~j:T G;O~, *~~M1*C'l:t AFB lffO).:9. ~ ~j: t, rPJ t:!J\m!M~7fjJ?l(;if 1::t1B~a9nnVol. 58 (2), 2008
7t1JJ~~~;N~lPG.

113
~t.:,

]ftipPildain; 14) Ii, 7)/.--1:t/'T/'O)ViTh~837ffiil:/j\~if~~ff%lt
T G AFBG ~~mO)ffft~~;N~, biQ~~o) Saito G 15) O)~15 G i: A. fiaous var. paruisclerotigenus C::O)~~'I1I:-Y~ § lit G,<i&]fto) Pildain ; 0)*15 16) -rli Aspergillus section Flavi 1:-:> Pl5tr*k1fC~89id:~MI:1JIJ;tl , 5t~~89id:~*~tr"5c:: t I: J: It), 7 )/.--1:t /' T /' &tViTh~83*O);j\~if*~~Jttifl*~ A. minisclerotigenes sp.nov. C:: Gl~JTfjO)~CtIG~ V-CPG.
z :h G AF ~ ~ fJ~ ~ 1'f T G IJ\ ~ if ~ ~ Jtt if I: -:J t, lli, Frisvad G 17) I: J: G, A. /lavus var.
sclerotigenus ~fjO) t- «)/.-I:#~ ~ -It A. paruisclerotigenus C:: Gt.::?l1i1i ~13~ l , ~lf!J~ G:htdlJ7
7 1) :JJ ~~Th~E8*O)/J\~m~~$;M~ EO) J: "5 l:::if~ffJl:::~ It) t'&"5 iQ', ~f&, 1PJ~7d:jl1:1*~1f,Tz:

ml*~$~~.G,~.89,5tr~~~897d:M~~tr7~~~~Gt~;tGhk.

(1) lliipO)±~id:ViTh~~~~iQ' G O)fDUA~\flO) AF i5~I:::~ Glli, AFB1 !J!3!Rmfljlj ~ AFBGlW~:lJjfljIH:::~J! Gt.: t i. l'5, ~trn::O)OOiQ' G O)filgA~ ~~Pl, j;jfljljfiR~~it G ~J\flO)j:I:J?¥I:::*~

id:'3~li~;N~;:hid: t,.

(2) *,€;.mfljIH:::~-,§-T G AFBG lWi5~O)!*lZ9if~O)5t1JJI::: Ii,

M/fifjO) Aspergillus parasiticus O)fl!!

I:, IJ\ID!O)if*~~$~~JttTG A. flauus lli**ifiQ'ffft G, -fO)5t1JJli;im~~~~I: ~ -::> l ~id: G c::

C:: l:il~T G16\~iQ'~ It) , -f 0) AFBGlWi5~~O)~-'§-I:-:>Plli ~ G I:~MT G c:: t iQ'o)-f.~ hG.
*~15 ~ t It) ~ t ~ G I: ~ t: It) , 1f~id:WJ § ~ P t.: t~ ~, ~ G 1:i&*'T0)'~~ ~mfft Gl P ~ -::> t.: ,OO.ft12H~~it~wj~~Jf~PJfO)/J\~~rwj~~~~tiI)*I:::~<~*L$ G--.tlf~ T.

~ t.:, *M~O)if~89id:~~'1"O)~1TI:~ Gl , Jlnj{*i&*~*i&~~Jf~H-#rm~Jf~;JtJ!UfO)WJ$;~~Itt.:. ~1*~1li.I:~~~vi: G ~ T.

1) Van Egmond, H.P. and Jonker, M.A.: Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins. "New Horizon of
Mycotoxicology for Assuring Food Safety" Proc. Int. Symp. Mycotoxicol. in Kagawa 2003. Yoshizawa, T.
Ed. pl-15 (2004)
2) l~L!J~-, 'NJ:9~r : fHI17 -r 'T ~ » n-, 23 (4),73-78 (2007)3) mfEEthb-: 71 ::J r -t-~ /', 31,7-17 (1990)4) fjtmi~!f4., M"EEIhb-, ~Wt~~lJjg : 71 ::J r -t- ~ /', 51, 13-24 (2001)
5) Wi1ffm~, ~E8m~, ~1¥JiEJ!t: 71 ::J r -t- ~ /', 53,25-29 (2003)
6) )!j[ 1:.1~H1[ffl : ~it 43 % (SfpJt11 if- 3 Ji 12 B)
7) )!j[1:.'11"IlJ~D~O : itiiiJ£ 0326001 % (Sfnlt 14 :ft. 3 J1 26 B)
8) Kumeda, Y., Asao, T.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 4084-4090 (2001)
9) ;Z*SHsr: [)1fOO\)jj~, 23, 569-576 (2005)
10) Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, Rome (2004)ll) Urano, T., Trucksess, M.W, Beaver, R.W, Wilson, D.M., Dorner, r.w, Dowell, EE.: J. AOAC, 75, 838-841(1992)

114

Mycotoxins

12) Gilbert,]., Shepherd, M.].: Food Addit. Contam., 2, 171-183 (1985)

13) Cotty, P.J., Cardwell, KF.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 2264-2266 (1999)
14) Pildain, M.B., Vaamonde, G., Cabral, D.: Int.]. Food Microbiol., 93, 31-40 (2004)

15) Saito, M., Tsuruta, 0.: Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol., 37, 31-36 (1993)16) Pildain, M.B., Frisvad, J.c., Vaamonde, G., Cabral, D., Varga, ]., Samson, RA.: Int. ]. Systemati
Evolutionary Microbiol., 58, 725-735 (2008)
17) Frisvad, I.C, Skouboe, P., Samson, RA.: Systematic Appl. Microbiol., 28, 442-453 (2005)

Aflatoxin B and G contamination in imported peanuts and Aspergillus section Flavi of thcausing fungi
Kiyoshi OKANO and Tsuneyoshi TOMITA: Mycotoxin Research Association (15, Daikoku-futo, Tsurumi-kt
Yokohama 23-0054, Japan)
Yuko KUMEDA: Osaka Prefectural Insititute of Public Health (1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osak
537-0025, Japan)

Keiko MATSUMARU and Masakatsu IcHINOE: Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School, Tokyo kas
University (1-18-1, Kaga, ltabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8602, Japan)
We have summarized the results of the examinations for aflatoxins (AFs) conducted from 2002 to 2006 :approximately 2,300 to 3,000 annual samples of raw peanuts imported to Japan from major exportircountries. In peanuts from China, South Africa, the U.S. and Paraguay, a comparison was made between tl
proportion of products in which AFB1 and/or Ba was detected and that of products in which AFB1, Be, (and/or Gz was detected during the five years of survey. We also calculated the proportions of samph
showing AF levels above the Japanese regulatory value (10 ppb for AFBI only) and those showing leve
above the international limit (a total of 15 ug/kg [ppb] for B- and G-group AFs) to all samples examine
during the same survey period.
The results showed that, in the Chinese peanuts which had large sample sizes, the proportion of produchaving AFB1 levels above the AFB1-focused regulatory value (0.4 % to 0.8 %) and that of products having J
levels above the limit of total B- and G-group AFs (0.4 %to 1.1 %) were very similar. Similarly, in South Afric.
peanuts, 0.3 % to 1.0 %and 0.3 to 1.2 % of the products showed AF levels above the Af'Bi-focused limit and tJ
AF B- and G-group total limit, respectively.
Isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi (the cause of AF contamination) from peanuts were identified fmorphology and AF and cyclopiazonic acid productivity, and by heteroduplex panel analysis (HPA). It w
found that the contamination of Chinese samples by B- and G-group AFs was caused mainly by A. parasitic:
whereas isolates from South African samples contaminated by B- and G-group AFs included, in addition toparasiticus, an atypical A. flaous isolate which forms numerous small sclerotia and produces B- and G-gro
AFs. This isolate was categorized into AfF4 by HPA of section Flavi.
Key words: imported raw peanuts, aflatoxin regulation, aflatoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus section Flam