six Documentation
Release 1.15.0

Benjamin Peterson

May 05, 2021

Contents

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Indices and tables

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Package contents
2.1 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Object model compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Syntax compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Binary and text data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 unittest assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Renamed modules and attributes compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Python Module Index

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Index

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six Documentation, Release 1.15.0

Six provides simple utilities for wrapping over differences between Python 2 and Python 3. It is intended to support
codebases that work on both Python 2 and 3 without modification. six consists of only one Python file, so it is painless
to copy into a project.
Six can be downloaded on PyPI. Its bug tracker and code hosting is on GitHub.
The name, “six”, comes from the fact that 2*3 equals 6. Why not addition? Multiplication is more powerful, and,anyway, “five” has already been snatched away by the (admittedly now moribund) Zope Five project.

Contents

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Contents

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Indices and tables• genindex• search3

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six.PY2
A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 2.
six.PY3
A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 3.

2.1 Constants
Six provides constants that may differ between Python versions. Ones ending _types are mostly useful as the second
argument to isinstance or issubclass.
six.class_types
Possible class types. In Python 2, this encompasses old-style types.ClassType and new-style typeclasses. In Python 3, this is just type.
six.integer_types
Possible integer types. In Python 2, this is long and int, and in Python 3, just int.
six.string_types
Possible types for text data. This is basestring() in Python 2 and str in Python 3.
six.text_type
Type for representing (Unicode) textual data. This is unicode() in Python 2 and str in Python 3.
six.binary_type
Type for representing binary data. This is str in Python 2 and bytes in Python 3. Python 2.6 and 2.7 include
bytes as a builtin alias of str, so six’s version is only necessary for Python 2.5 compatibility.
six.MAXSIZE
The maximum size of a container like list or dict. This is equivalent to sys.maxsize in Python 2.6 andlater (including 3.x). Note, this is temptingly similar to, but not the same as sys.maxint in Python 2. Thereis no direct equivalent to sys.maxint in Python 3 because its integer type has no limits aside from memory.
Here’s example usage of the module:5six Documentation, Release 1.15.0

import six
def dispatch_types(value):
if isinstance(value, six.integer_types):
handle_integer(value)elif isinstance(value, six.class_types):
handle_class(value)elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
handle_string(value)

2.2 Object model compatibility
Python 3 renamed the attributes of several interpreter data structures. The following accessors are available. Note thatthe recommended way to inspect functions and methods is the stdlib inspect module.
six.get_unbound_function(meth)Get the function out of unbound method meth. In Python 3, unbound methods don’t exist, so this function justreturns meth unchanged. Example usage:
from six import get_unbound_function
class X(object):def method(self):passmethod_function = get_unbound_function(X.method)

six.get_method_function(meth)Get the function out of method object meth.
six.get_method_self(meth)Get the self of bound method meth.
six.get_function_closure(func)
Get the closure (list of cells) associated with func. This is equivalent to func.__closure__ on Python 2.6+
and func.func_closure on Python 2.5.
six.get_function_code(func)
Get the code object associated with func. This is equivalent to func.__code__ on Python 2.6+ and func.
func_code on Python 2.5.
six.get_function_defaults(func)
Get the defaults tuple associated with func. This is equivalent to func.__defaults__ on Python 2.6+ andfunc.func_defaults on Python 2.5.
six.get_function_globals(func)
Get the globals of func. This is equivalent to func.__globals__ on Python 2.6+ and func.
func_globals on Python 2.5.
six.next(it)six.advance_iterator(it)Get the next item of iterator it. StopIteration is raised if the iterator is exhausted. This is a replacement
for calling it.next() in Python 2 and next(it) in Python 3. Python 2.6 and above have a builtin next
function, so six’s version is only necessary for Python 2.5 compatibility.
six.callable(obj)
Check if obj can be called. Note callable has returned in Python 3.2, so using six’s version is only necessary
when supporting Python 3.0 or 3.1.
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six.iterkeys(dictionary, **kwargs)
Returns an iterator over dictionary’s keys. This replaces dictionary.iterkeys() on Python 2 anddictionary.keys() on Python 3. kwargs are passed through to the underlying method.
six.itervalues(dictionary, **kwargs)
Returns an iterator over dictionary’s values. This replaces dictionary.itervalues() on Python 2 anddictionary.values() on Python 3. kwargs are passed through to the underlying method.
six.iteritems(dictionary, **kwargs)
Returns an iterator over dictionary’s items. This replaces dictionary.iteritems() on Python 2 anddictionary.items() on Python 3. kwargs are passed through to the underlying method.
six.iterlists(dictionary, **kwargs)
Calls dictionary.iterlists() on Python 2 and dictionary.lists() on Python 3. No builtin
Python mapping type has such a method; this method is intended for use with multi-valued dictionaries like
Werkzeug’s. kwargs are passed through to the underlying method.
six.viewkeys(dictionary)
Return a view over dictionary’s keys. This replaces dict.viewkeys() on Python 2.7 and dict.keys()on Python 3.
six.viewvalues(dictionary)
Return a view over dictionary’s values. This replaces dict.viewvalues() on Python 2.7 and dict.
values() on Python 3.
six.viewitems(dictionary)
Return a view over dictionary’s items. This replaces dict.viewitems() on Python 2.7 and dict.
items() on Python 3.
six.create_bound_method(func, obj)
Return a method object wrapping func and bound to obj. On both Python 2 and 3, this will return a types.
MethodType object. The reason this wrapper exists is that on Python 2, the MethodType constructor requires the obj’s class to be passed.
six.create_unbound_method(func, cls)
Return an unbound method object wrapping func. In Python 2, this will return a types.MethodType object.
In Python 3, unbound methods do not exist and this wrapper will simply return func.
class six.Iterator
A class for making portable iterators. The intention is that it be subclassed and subclasses provide a __next__
method. In Python 2, Iterator has one method: next. It simply delegates to __next__. An alternate
way to do this would be to simply alias next to __next__. However, this interacts badly with subclasses that
override __next__. Iterator is empty on Python 3. (In fact, it is just aliased to object.)@six.wraps(wrapped,assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES)This is Python 3.2’s functools.wraps() decorator. It sets the __wrapped__ attribute on what it decorates. It doesn’t raise an error if any of the attributes mentioned in assigned and updated are missing on
wrapped object.

2.3 Syntax compatibility
These functions smooth over operations which have different syntaxes between Python 2 and 3.
six.exec_(code, globals=None, locals=None)
Execute code in the scope of globals and locals. code can be a string or a code object. If globals or locals are
not given, they will default to the scope of the caller. If just globals is given, it will also be used as locals.

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Note: Python 3’s exec() doesn’t take keyword arguments, so calling exec() with them should be avoided.
six.print_(*args, *, file=sys.stdout, end="\n", sep=" ", flush=False)
Print args into file. Each argument will be separated with sep and end will be written to the file after the lastargument is printed. If flush is true, file.flush() will be called after all data is written.
Note: In Python 2, this function imitates Python 3’s print() by not having softspace support. If you don’tknow what that is, you’re probably ok. :)six.raise_from(exc_value, exc_value_from)
Raise an exception from a context. On Python 3, this is equivalent to raise exc_value fromexc_value_from. On Python 2, which does not support exception chaining, it is equivalent to raise
exc_value.
six.reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback=None)
Reraise an exception, possibly with a different traceback.
In the simple case, reraise(*sys.
exc_info()) with an active exception (in an except block) reraises the current exception with the last traceback. A different traceback can be specified with the exc_traceback parameter. Note that since the exception
reraising is done within the reraise() function, Python will attach the call frame of reraise() to whatevertraceback is raised.
six.with_metaclass(metaclass, *bases)
Create a new class with base classes bases and metaclass metaclass. This is designed to be used in classdeclarations like this:from six import with_metaclassclass Meta(type):
passclass Base(object):passclass MyClass(with_metaclass(Meta, Base)):pass

Another way to set a metaclass on a class is with the add_metaclass() decorator.
@six.add_metaclass(metaclass)
Class decorator that replaces a normally-constructed class with a metaclass-constructed one. Example usage:@add_metaclass(Meta)
class MyClass(object):pass

That code produces a class equivalent toclass MyClass(object, metaclass=Meta):
passon Python 3 orclass MyClass(object):__metaclass__ = Meta

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on Python 2.
Note that class decorators require Python 2.6. However, the effect of the decorator can be emulated on Python
2.5 like so:class MyClass(object):pass
MyClass = add_metaclass(Meta)(MyClass)

2.4 Binary and text data
Python 3 enforces the distinction between byte strings and text strings far more rigorously than Python 2 does; binary
data cannot be automatically coerced to or from text data. six provides several functions to assist in classifying string
data in all Python versions.
six.b(data)
A “fake” bytes literal. data should always be a normal string literal. In Python 2, b() returns an 8-bit string. In
Python 3, data is encoded with the latin-1 encoding to bytes.
Note: Since all Python versions 2.6 and after support the b prefix, code without 2.5 support doesn’t need b().
six.u(text)
A “fake” unicode literal. text should always be a normal string literal. In Python 2, u() returns unicode, and in
Python 3, a string. Also, in Python 2, the string is decoded with the unicode-escape codec, which allows
unicode escapes to be used in it.
Note: In Python 3.3, the u prefix has been reintroduced. Code that only supports Python 3 versions of 3.3 andhigher thus does not need u().

Note: On Python 2, u() doesn’t know what the encoding of the literal is. Each byte is converted directly tothe unicode codepoint of the same value. Because of this, it’s only safe to use u() with strings of ASCII data.
six.unichr(c)Return the (Unicode) string representing the codepoint c. This is equivalent to unichr() on Python 2 andchr() on Python 3.
six.int2byte(i)Converts i to a byte. i must be in range(0, 256). This is equivalent to chr() in Python 2 and bytes((i,)) in Python 3.
six.byte2int(bs)Converts the first byte of bs to an integer. This is equivalent to ord(bs[0]) on Python 2 and bs[0] on
Python 3.
six.indexbytes(buf, i)
Return the byte at index i of buf as an integer. This is equivalent to indexing a bytes object in Python 3.
six.iterbytes(buf )Return an iterator over bytes in buf as integers. This is equivalent to a bytes object iterator in Python 3.
six.ensure_binary(s, encoding=’utf-8’, errors=’strict’)
Coerce s to binary_type. encoding, errors are the same as str.encode()

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six.ensure_str(s, encoding=’utf-8’, errors=’strict’)
Coerce s to str. encoding, errors are the same as str.encode()
six.ensure_text(s, encoding=’utf-8’, errors=’strict’)
Coerce s to text_type. encoding, errors are the same as bytes.decode()
six.StringIO
This is a fake file object for textual data. It’s an alias for StringIO.StringIO in Python 2 and io.
StringIO in Python 3.
six.BytesIO
This is a fake file object for binary data. In Python 2, it’s an alias for StringIO.StringIO, but in Python 3,
it’s an alias for io.BytesIO.
@six.python_2_unicode_compatible
A class decorator that takes a class defining a __str__ method. On Python 3, the decorator does nothing. On
Python 2, it aliases the __str__ method to __unicode__ and creates a new __str__ method that returns
the result of __unicode__() encoded with UTF-8.

2.5 unittest assertions
Six contains compatibility shims for unittest assertions that have been renamed. The parameters are the same as theiraliases, but you must pass the test method as the first argument. For example:
import six
import unittest
class TestAssertCountEqual(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
six.assertCountEqual(self, (1, 2), [2, 1])

Note these functions are only available on Python 2.7 or later.
six.assertCountEqual()
Alias for assertCountEqual() on Python 3 and assertItemsEqual() on Python 2.
six.assertRaisesRegex()
Alias for assertRaisesRegex() on Python 3 and assertRaisesRegexp() on Python 2.
six.assertRegex()
Alias for assertRegex() on Python 3 and assertRegexpMatches() on Python 2.
six.assertNotRegex()
Alias for assertNotRegex() on Python 3 and assertNotRegexpMatches() on Python 2.

2.6 Renamed modules and attributes compatibility
Python 3 reorganized the standard library and moved several functions to different modules. Six provides a consistentinterface to them through the fake six.moves module. For example, to load the module for parsing HTML on
Python 2 or 3, write:from six.moves import html_parser

Similarly, to get the function to reload modules, which was moved from the builtin module to the importlib module,
use:

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from six.moves import reload_module

For the most part, six.moves aliases are the names of the modules in Python 3. When the new Python 3 nameis a package, the components of the name are separated by underscores. For example, html.parser becomes
html_parser. In some cases where several modules have been combined, the Python 2 name is retained. This is
so the appropriate modules can be found when running on Python 2. For example, BaseHTTPServer which is in
http.server in Python 3 is aliased as BaseHTTPServer.
Some modules which had two implementations have been merged in Python 3. For example, cPickle no longer
exists in Python 3; it was merged with pickle. In these cases, fetching the fast version will load the fast one on
Python 2 and the merged module in Python 3.
The urllib, urllib2, and urlparse modules have been combined in the urllib package in Python 3. The
six.moves.urllib package is a version-independent location for this functionality; its structure mimics the structure of the Python 3 urllib package.
Note: In order to make imports of the form:
from six.moves.cPickle import loads

work, six places special proxy objects in sys.modules. These proxies lazily load the underlying module when an
attribute is fetched. This will fail if the underlying module is not available in the Python interpreter. For example,
sys.modules["six.moves.winreg"].LoadKey would fail on any non-Windows platform. Unfortunately,some applications try to load attributes on every module in sys.modules. six mitigates this problem for some
applications by pretending attributes on unimportable modules do not exist. This hack does not work in every case,though. If you are encountering problems with the lazy modules and don’t use any from imports directly from six.
moves modules, you can workaround the issue by removing the six proxy modules:d = [name for name in sys.modules if name.startswith("six.moves.")]for name in d:del sys.modules[name]Supported renames:
Namebuiltins
configparser
copyregcPicklecStringIO
collections_abc
dbm_gnu
dbm_ndbm_dummy_threademail_mime_base
email_mime_image
email_mime_multipart
email_mime_nonmultipart
email_mime_text
filterfilterfalse
getcwdPython 2 name__builtin__
ConfigParser
copy_reg
cPicklecStringIO.StringIO()
collections
gdbm
dbm
dummy_threademail.MIMEBaseemail.MIMEImage
email.MIMEMultipart
email.MIMENonMultipart
email.MIMEText
itertools.ifilter()itertools.ifilterfalse()
os.getcwdu()

2.6. Renamed modules and attributes compatibility

Python 3 namebuiltins
configparser
copyreg
pickleio.StringIO
collections.abc (3.3+)
dbm.gnu
dbm.ndbm_dummy_thread (< 3.9) _thread (3.9+)
email.mime.base
email.mime.image
email.mime.multipart
email.mime.nonmultipart
email.mime.text
filter()itertools.filterfalse()
os.getcwd()
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Name
getcwdb
getoutput
http_cookiejar
http_cookies
html_entities
html_parser
http_client
BaseHTTPServer
CGIHTTPServer
SimpleHTTPServer
input
intern
map
queue
range
reducereload_module
reprlibshlex_quote
socketserver_threadtkintertkinter_dialog
tkinter_filedialog
tkinter_scrolledtext
tkinter_simpledialog
tkinter_ttk
tkinter_tix
tkinter_constants
tkinter_dnd
tkinter_colorchooser
tkinter_commondialog
tkinter_tkfiledialog
tkinter_font
tkinter_messagebox
tkinter_tksimpledialog
urllib.parse
urllib.error
urllib.request
urllib.response
urllib.robotparser
urllib_robotparser
UserDict
UserList
UserString
winregxmlrpc_client
xmlrpc_server
xrange12

Table 1 – continued from previous page
Python 2 namePython 3 nameos.getcwd()
os.getcwdb()
commands.getoutput()
subprocess.getoutput()cookielib
http.cookiejar
Cookiehttp.cookies
htmlentitydefs
html.entities
HTMLParser
html.parser
httplibhttp.client
BaseHTTPServer
http.server
CGIHTTPServer
http.server
SimpleHTTPServer
http.server
raw_input()
input()
intern()sys.intern()
itertools.imap()
map()
Queue
queue
xrange()range
reduce()functools.reduce()
reload()imp.reload(), importlib.reload() on Py
repr
reprlibpipes.quoteshlex.quote
SocketServer
socketserver
thread_threadTkintertkinter
Dialogtkinter.dialog
FileDialog
tkinter.FileDialog
ScrolledText
tkinter.scrolledtext
SimpleDialog
tkinter.simpledialog
ttk
tkinter.ttk
Tixtkinter.tix
Tkconstants
tkinter.constants
Tkdnd
tkinter.dnd
tkColorChooser
tkinter.colorchooser
tkCommonDialog
tkinter.commondialog
tkFileDialog
tkinter.filedialog
tkFonttkinter.fonttkMessageBox
tkinter.messagebox
tkSimpleDialog
tkinter.simpledialog
See six.moves.urllib.parse
urllib.parse
See six.moves.urllib.error
urllib.error
See six.moves.urllib.request
urllib.request
See six.moves.urllib.response urllib.response
robotparser
urllib.robotparser
robotparser
urllib.robotparser
UserDict.UserDict
collections.UserDict
UserList.UserList
collections.UserList
UserString.UserStringcollections.UserString_winreg
winregxmlrpclib
xmlrpc.client
SimpleXMLRPCServer
xmlrpc.server
xrange()range
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Name
zip
zip_longest

Table 1 – continued from previous page
Python 2 namePython 3 nameitertools.izip()
zip()
itertools.izip_longest()
itertools.zip_longest()

2.6.1 urllib parse
Contains functions from Python 3’s urllib.parse and Python 2’s:
urlparse:• urlparse.ParseResult• urlparse.SplitResult• urlparse.urlparse()• urlparse.urlunparse()• urlparse.parse_qs()• urlparse.parse_qsl()• urlparse.urljoin()• urlparse.urldefrag()• urlparse.urlsplit()• urlparse.urlunsplit()• urlparse.splitquery• urlparse.uses_fragment• urlparse.uses_netloc• urlparse.uses_params• urlparse.uses_query• urlparse.uses_relative
and urllib:• urllib.quote()• urllib.quote_plus()• urllib.splittag• urllib.splituser• urllib.splitvalue• urllib.unquote() (also exposed as urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes())• urllib.unquote_plus()• urllib.urlencode()

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2.6.2 urllib error
Contains exceptions from Python 3’s urllib.error and Python 2’s:urllib:• urllib.ContentTooShortErrorand urllib2:• urllib2.URLError• urllib2.HTTPError

2.6.3 urllib request
Contains items from Python 3’s urllib.request and Python 2’s:urllib:• urllib.pathname2url()• urllib.url2pathname()• urllib.getproxies()• urllib.urlretrieve()• urllib.urlcleanup()• urllib.URLopener• urllib.FancyURLopener• urllib.proxy_bypass
and urllib2:• urllib2.urlopen()• urllib2.install_opener()• urllib2.build_opener()• urllib2.parse_http_list• urllib2.parse_keqv_list• urllib2.Request• urllib2.OpenerDirector• urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler• urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler• urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor• urllib2.ProxyHandler• urllib2.BaseHandler• urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgr• urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm• urllib2.AbstractBasicAuthHandler

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six Documentation, Release 1.15.0• urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler• urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler• urllib2.AbstractDigestAuthHandler• urllib2.HTTPDigestAuthHandler• urllib2.ProxyDigestAuthHandler• urllib2.HTTPHandler• urllib2.HTTPSHandler• urllib2.FileHandler• urllib2.FTPHandler• urllib2.CacheFTPHandler• urllib2.UnknownHandler• urllib2.HTTPErrorProcessor

2.6.4 urllib response
Contains classes from Python 3’s urllib.response and Python 2’s:urllib:• urllib.addbase• urllib.addclosehook• urllib.addinfo• urllib.addinfourl

2.6.5 Advanced - Customizing renames
It is possible to add additional names to the six.moves namespace.
six.add_move(item)
Add item to the six.moves mapping. item should be a MovedAttribute or MovedModule instance.
six.remove_move(name)Remove the six.moves mapping called name. name should be a string.
Instances of the following classes can be passed to add_move(). Neither have any public members.
class six.MovedModule(name, old_mod, new_mod)
Create a mapping for six.moves called name that references different modules in Python 2 and 3. old_mod
is the name of the Python 2 module. new_mod is the name of the Python 3 module.
class six.MovedAttribute(name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None)
Create a mapping for six.moves called name that references different attributes in Python 2 and 3. old_mod
is the name of the Python 2 module. new_mod is the name of the Python 3 module. If new_attr is not given, it
defaults to old_attr. If neither is given, they both default to name.

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Python Module Indexssix, ??
six.moves, 10
six.moves.urllib.error, 14
six.moves.urllib.parse, 13
six.moves.urllib.request, 14
six.moves.urllib.response, 15

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IndexA
add_metaclass() (in module six), 8
add_move() (in module six), 15
advance_iterator() (in module six), 6
assertCountEqual() (in module six), 10
assertNotRegex() (in module six), 10
assertRaisesRegex() (in module six), 10
assertRegex() (in module six), 10Bb() (in module six), 9
binary_type (in module six), 5
byte2int() (in module six), 9
BytesIO (in module six), 10

C
callable() (in module six), 6
class_types (in module six), 5
create_bound_method() (in module six), 7
create_unbound_method() (in module six), 7

E

integer_types (in module six), 5
Iterator (class in six), 7
iterbytes() (in module six), 9
iteritems() (in module six), 7
iterkeys() (in module six), 7
iterlists() (in module six), 7
itervalues() (in module six), 7

M
MAXSIZE (in module six), 5
MovedAttribute (class in six), 15
MovedModule (class in six), 15

N
next() (in module six), 6

P
print_() (in module six), 8
PY2 (in module six), 5
PY3 (in module six), 5
python_2_unicode_compatible() (in modulesix), 10ensure_binary() (in module six), 9
ensure_str() (in module six), 9
ensure_text() (in module six), 10
exec_() (in module six), 7

R

G

S

get_function_closure() (in module six), 6
get_function_code() (in module six), 6
get_function_defaults() (in module six), 6
get_function_globals() (in module six), 6
get_method_function() (in module six), 6
get_method_self() (in module six), 6
get_unbound_function() (in module six), 6

six (module), 1
six.moves (module), 10
six.moves.urllib.error (module), 14
six.moves.urllib.parse (module), 13
six.moves.urllib.request (module), 14
six.moves.urllib.response (module), 15
string_types (in module six), 5
StringIO (in module six), 10

I
indexbytes() (in module six), 9
int2byte() (in module six), 9

raise_from() (in module six), 8
remove_move() (in module six), 15
reraise() (in module six), 8T
text_type (in module six), 5
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Uu() (in module six), 9
unichr() (in module six), 9Vviewitems() (in module six), 7
viewkeys() (in module six), 7
viewvalues() (in module six), 7W
with_metaclass() (in module six), 8
wraps() (in module six), 7

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Index