An update on treatment of FIP using antiviral drugs in
2024: growing experience but more to learn

Updated May 2024

Sam Taylor BVetMed(hons) CertSAM DipECVIM-CA MANZCVS FRCVS
Séverine Tasker BSc(hons) BVSc(hons) DSAM PhD DipECVIM-CA FHEA FRCVS
Danièlle Gunn-Moore BSc(hons) BVM&S PhD MANZCVS FHEA FRSB FRCVSEmi Barker BSc(hons) BVSc(hons) PhD PGCertTLHE DipECVIM-CA MRCVSStephanie Sorrell BVetMed(hons) MANZCVS DipECVIM-CA MRCVS
The above specialists run the ‘FIP advice’ email address (fipadvice@gmail.com) for vets,
answering queries on the new treatments on a voluntary basis and disseminating
information to veterinary professionals around the world. So far, they have answered
nearly 2,500 emails via this free service, hoping this increases access to care for FIP incats. Please see the Bova FIP Advice Page for detailed information.

Introduction
In the UK, antivirals with high efficacy in the treatment of FIP have been legally available since 2021 (initiallyremdesivir, and subsequently its active form GS-441524). In that time, we have gained experience in managing thedisease and monitoring treatment, and we have seen excellent outcomes. Legally available sources of antivirals
effective for FIP now exist in many other countries, although in some parts of the world there remains, sadly, no
quality assured, legally available supply. This article summarises the current advice on treatment of FIP to aid
practitioners managing these cases and is based on current available information; however the information will likely
change as more experience and publications become available. It includes information on the recently available
additional antiviral EIDD-1931 (the active form of molnupiravir). Treatment needs to be tailored to the individual cat
based on response, compliance, and client finances. For further information on making a diagnosis of FIP, pleasesee further reading at the end of this document.
Treatment protocols (updated May 2024)
Legally available antivirals in the UK and other countries via import now include remdesivir (injectable), GS-441524(oral suspension and oral tablets), and EIDD-1931 (oral tablets). The following advice is based on published andunpublished data and experience. Treatment of individual cases remains the responsibility of the attending veterinary
surgeon. The dosages below are based on experience using reputable preparations of known antiviral content.
Extrapolation is not applicable to other oral preparations where the active component and/or its content are notknown or provided by the manufacturer.
Use of oral GS-441524 for the whole treatment course, including at the start
Oral GS-441524 (available as a suspension 50 mg/mL and tablets 50 mg (quad-scored)) can be used from the startof FIP treatment for the entire treatment course (e.g., 12-week/84-days; see later regarding the duration oftreatment courses). It is important to support owners in medicating their cats, which can be challenging. Oral
GS-441524 suspension or tablets can be given with a small treat (tablets can be crushed for this) or directly into the
cat’s mouth. Further study is needed to review the effect of food on absorption, but it is recommended to give in asmall treat or on an empty stomach, leaving a gap of an hour or more before feeding a larger meal. Fasting cats
overnight can increase their hunger to facilitate medicating in the morning, and similarly for an evening dose.
However, starving kittens are never recommended as they cannot cope with this. Any withholding of food needs tobe tailored to the age of the cat.

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Injectable remdesivir is reserved for cats thatcannot be medicated orally
Injectable remdesivir (10 mg/mL) is effective in thetreatment of FIP but is associated with some side effects(see below); particularly pain on subcutaneous injection
which is seen in 50% of cats. Previous FIP treatment
protocols suggested this be used at the start oftreatment before transitioning to oral GS-441254.
However, we now know that FIP cats can be treatedsuccessfully with oral GS-441524 from their first day oftreatment. This avoids pain on injections and reduces
the costs of the treatment (the dose for the weight of thecat using GS-441524 is cheaper than remdesivir). Useof injectable remdesivir should be reserved for thefollowing situations:
Severe neurological signs and inability to swallow ortolerate oral medication;
Extremely dehydrated/unwell cats;Cats that cannot be orally medicated for otherreasons.
In some circumstances, if a cat is hospitalised and has apoor appetite, which is affecting the ability to medicate
it, 48 hours of remdesivir (given intravenously, notsubcutaneously)canresultinsignificant

clinicalDuration of antiviral treatment
Recommendations have usually been to treat for 84days/12-weeks minimum and most of the authors’experience is with 12-week courses. However, weknow that cats have been successfully treated withshorter courses of oral GS-441524 (at 15 mg/kg PO
SID) for 42-days/6-weeks duration (personalcommunication K. Hartmann, R. Hofmann-Lehmann,
D. Gunn-Moore). Publications are in preparation forthese shorter courses, but the knowledge of thesestudies, and the reduced costs associated with 6weeks, compared to 12-weeks, of treatment, meansthat we should also consider them if appropriate forthe patient. Further study is needed to learn about
the experience and reported outcomes for different
durations of treatment. If treated cats respondrapidly, with resolution of clinical signs (including
effusions), normalisation of biochemistryabnormalities (and if available normalised serumalpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels at 4 and 6
weeks), the attending clinicians could consider
stopping and monitoring the cat carefully for possible
relapse. This would include (if available) checking
AGP and/or biochemistry 4 weeks after stopping
treatment, increasing confidence of remission if
results remain normal. AGP is not available in many
countries and it may be that serum amyloid A (SAA)
can be used similarly, but further studies are needed.
Communication with owners should discuss that,currently, most published response rates andoutcomes are for cats treated for 12 weeks.

improvements which may facilitate subsequent oral
medication with GS-441524. The remainder of the

Dosage recommendations
With experience, and as yet unpublished data on

treatment course can then be given as oral GS-441524.

therapeutic

The transition between remdesivir and oral GS-441524

recommendations have increased from previous FIP

can be immediate, i.e., from one treatment to the next.

treatment protocols. However, one must remember

drugmonitoring(TDM),

dosagethat published evidence shows that over 85% of cats
respond to the previously recommended drug dosages,
which is still a great response. Based on TDM studies,
Administer remdesivir IV diluted to a total volume of
10ml with saline and administer slowly over 20-30
minutes manually or with a syringe driver.

we also now know that individual cats vary in theirabsorption of oral GS-441524, with those absorbing
poorly likely requiring higher dosages to achieve clinicaland biochemical remission.

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It is important that dosage of oral GS-441524 is adjusted

some cats may benefit from twice daily treatment toaccording to clinical response, given these variations in

optimise serum levels of GS-441524;

absorption and the limited availability of TDM to guide

For cats challenging to medicate, and responding

treatment.

well, once daily treatment is acceptable;
Higher dosages may overcome issues with poor

Based on our collective experience, our current dosage

absorption in some cats and have a better chance ofrecommendations are:crossing the blood brain barrier and the blood eye

The daily dosage of oral GS-441524 can be given

barrier;

once daily (every 24 hrs) or divided twice daily (every

Dosage should be adjusted according to response

12 hrs);(and TDM if measured and available).

Table 1

Clinical presentation

GS-441524 PO dosage

Remdesivir IV or SQ injection
dosageEffusion(s) and without ocularor neurological signs

15 mg/kg q 24hrs or split q 12 hrs

10-15 mg/kg q 24 hours

No effusion and without ocularor neurological signs

15 mg/kg q 24hrs or split q 12 hrs

12-15 mg/kg q 24 hours

Ocular signs present(± effusion)

15-20 mg/kg q 24hrs or split q 12
hrs

15 mg/kg q 24 hours

Neurological signs present (±effusion)

10 mg/kg q 12 hrs

20 mg/kg q 24 hours

PO, per os (orally); IV, intravenous; SQ, subcutaneous; q, every; hours
Cats should be re-examined after 1-2 weeks (sooner if not improving or deteriorating) and dosage
adjusted depending on monitoring at this point (see ‘Monitoring’).
Notes on weighing cats
It is very important to weigh cats weekly during
treatment, using accurate scales e.g., cat or baby
scales. Weight gain and/or growth in kittens will occur
with successful treatment necessitating an increase indose to ensure that the dosage of antiviraladministered is still appropriate for the type of FIP
being treated as in Table 1.
Not increasing the dose as the kitten grows appears
to be one of the most common causes for a poor
response to treatment, and treatment failure.

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Pg 3
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of oral

note that globulins can initially increase when a large

GS-441524 during treatment

volume effusion is absorbed. In some cases, globulins

TDM is available currently at University of Edinburgh in

may remain mildly increased even at the end of a

the UK. Cats are sampled after 3-5 doses of starting

successful

the oral GS-441524; ideally 1.5ml serum and 0.5ml
EDTA should be taken at peak (2-3 hours post-dose) ortrough (9-12 hours post-dose) times after GS-441524
is given. This can be combined with alpha-1 acidglycoprotein(AGP)

Hammondinformation

measurement.

Email

Rachael(Rachael.Hammond@ed.ac.uk)
onsubmission.

Resultsforcantreatment

course,

and

this

mild

hyperglobulinaemia has not been associated withrelapse in our experience, if all other parameters havenormalised.
Lymphopenia and anaemia may take longer toresolve, up to 10 weeks. A lymphocytosis (andeosinophilia)

can

also

occur

duringsuccessfultreatment.

allow

Enlarged lymph nodes typically reduce in size over aadjustment of GS-441524 dosage or frequency of

few weeks of treatment, but in some cases, they doadministration.

not return to normal size nor normal ultrasonographic
echogenicity, even by the end of treatment. However,this does not seem to signify FIP relapse if all otherW﻿hat to expect during treatment
In

the

first

2-5

days

you

shouldsee

animprovement in demeanour, appetite, resolution ofpyrexia, and reduction in abdominal or pleural fluid(if present).

parameters have returned to normal; treatment can be
stopped as planned and the patient monitored.
If progress is not as expected, consider reviewing thediagnosis (see below) and/or increasing dosage;occasionally other antivirals can be considered.

NB: More clinical signs attributable to FIP may beseen during the initial few days of treatment, i.e.,
before the medication has had time to take effect.
This can include development or recurrence of
pleural fluid which may require drainage (if the cat is
at home, advise the owner to measure resting
respiratory rate and respiratory effort). Neurologicalsigns or uveitis may also develop (e.g., owners may
notice a change in iris colour). If neurological orocular changes are noted, the drug dosage should
be reviewed in case an increase is indicated.
Effusions usually resolve by 2 weeks. If an effusion
is still present at 2 weeks, consider increasing thedosage (by 5-10 mg/kg/day and consider splitting
into twice daily doses if treated orally once daily).
Serum albumin increases and globulin decreases

Prognosis
Response rates are around 85%, with cats that
respond rapidly (e.g., returning to completely normal
within 30 days) having a better overall response.
Some cats fail to respond to antiviral treatment, often
deteriorating in the first 2 weeks; some cats may be
too sick for the antivirals to work (although consider
intravenous remdesivir in sick cats that cannot be
medicated otherwise). Relapse is uncommon (<10%)
but tends to occur in the first few weeks after
stopping treatment. Using TDM to inform dosing,
and/or higher dosages, may result in higher response
rates. Survival times are long (although we are all stilllearning about this) with late relapses (or reinfections)rarely reported. Since the drugs have only been
available since late 2021, we don’t yet know if catsthat appear to be cured stay that way lifelong,
although results so far are very encouraging.

(i.e., they normalise) may take several weeks, but

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After 48 hours an improvement in demeanour andaid to diagnosis

normothermia is expected. A verbal report ofIn some situations, it is not possible to achieve a

progress and ease of medicating the cat should be

definitive diagnosis of FIP due to cost constraints,

obtained around this time.

availability of testing, or instability of the patient

After 2 weeks weight, demeanour, effusions (in-precluding invasive testing. Antiviral treatment trials canhouse scanning, abdominal girth measurement)

be considered using an appropriate dosage andshould be reviewed. Additionally, serum

objective measures to identify improvement e.g., serial

biochemistry and haematology can be assessed,

neurological or ocular examinations. Improvements indemeanour and return of normothermia are expected
within 48 hours, and add weight to the diagnosis. Notethat effusions can take longer to resolve (see ‘What toexpectduringtreatment’)andimprovements

inhaematology and biochemistry abnormalities can also
take weeks. Failure to improve on an adequate dosageof antivirals (preferably with TDM if available) should
prompt investigation for an alternative diagnosis. Most

adapting to cost constraints as needed (e.g.,consider whether measurement of total protein,
PCV, and plasma colour assessment, using a spun
microhaematocrit tube, could be used as a costeffective and rapid initial screen to indicate whether
additional testing is indicated). Normalisation ofserum AGP (if elevated before treatment) may be
useful to predict remission;
After 6 weeks the cat should be re-examined andthe above assessments repeated.

cats are notably better by 2-5 days, however, a small

After 12 weeks the cat should be examined before

number of cats can take up to 10 days; however, there

stopping treatment and all assessments shouldhave usually been some positive signs before then.

ideally be normal. Mild persistent
hyperglobulinaemia and mild abdominal

Monitoring during treatment

lymphadenomegaly are sometimes reported andClinical response is most important to monitor; a failure

not associated with relapse. If all other parameters

to improve may necessitate an increase in dosage.

are normal (including AGP) then treatment can still

Monitoring should be adequate to assess response

be stopped.

but, particularly when the cat is doing well, repetition of

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) to monitor

costly tests that are unlikely to alter treatment (e.g.,

for effusion resolution and/or lymph node size islimiting testing to previously abnormal parameters anduseful if available and affordable (see below image)basic screen) and multiple, potentially stressful, clinic
visits should be limited. Owners should be encouraged
to weigh their cat at home (e.g., using inexpensive baby
scales) and keep a diary of appetite and demeanour,
respiratory rate and other parameters as indicated. The
recommendations below will change depending on the
cat’s response to treatment:

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Monitoring after treatment
Once treatment is completed (usually 12 weeks’duration), cats should be monitored for relapse by theirowners; loss of appetite, weight changes, or other clinicalSupportive care for FIP catsCats with FIP may benefit from various types of
supportive care. No specific supplements have beensigns. The clinical signs of relapse may differ from thosestudied alongside antivirals, and multiple oral

at initial diagnosis (e.g., neurological signs in cats that

medications may not be optimal due to compliancepreviously had effusions). Ideally, the cat is examined ~4(as well as additional costs). However, sick andweeks after stopping treatment. Monitoring AGP may

dehydrated cats may require intravenous fluid

provide reassurance if it remains normal. Any clinicaltherapy. The following interventions can besigns should be promptly investigated.

considered depending on the case:

Side effects of remdesivir and GS-441524
Remdesivir may cause pain on subcutaneous

Affected cats may be painful e.g., from pleuraland peritoneal inflammation, distension frominjection in 50% of cats so pre-treatment with

masses, uveitis, and neurological lesions.

analgesics

Treatment with opioids, such as buprenorphine,(e.g.,

gabapentin,pregabalin,buprenorphine) is recommended;

may be of benefit and other drugs such as

Cats may seem depressed or nauseated for a few

NSAIDs (if hydration status and renal parameters

hours after IV remdesivir administration;

are normal and the cat is eating) as part ofRemdesivir and GS-441524 may result in mild
increases in ALT enzyme activity that do not require
specific treatment (seen in ~30% of cats). Althoughsome vets prescribe hepatoprotectants such as S-

multimodal analgesia;
Repeat drainage of pleural effusions may berequired during the initial treatment period if

adenosylmethionine (SAME) supplements, the needassociated with dyspnoea.

for these has not been confirmed and so their use

Abdominal effusions are not normally drained,should be balanced with funds and ease ofunless they are causing respiratory compromise

administering oral medication;

due to pressure;

Mild eosinophilia and lymphocytosis are also reported
and do not require treatment;
Uroliths of GS-441524 have been rarely described,
although not with the legally available GS-441524 orremdesivir preparations, so it may be that they occur
when illegal or unlicensed preparations containing
higher (often unknown) levels of antivirals are used. It
may be prudent, when using high dosages ofantivirals, to increase water intake and investigate anyurinary signs that develop. Urine can be assessed forcrystals that could represent GS-441524.

A cat with FIP being treated with antivirals but
also fluid therapy and with an O-tube in place
for nutrition.

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Pg 6Cats with FIP have often lost weight and bodyIn the event of a poor response duringcondition so nutrition is a priority. Appetite

treatment or relapse

stimulantse.g., recurrence or lack of resolution of effusion,

such

as

mirtazapine(and/orcapromorelin oral solution) may be useful and somesick cats benefit from feeding tube placement
short-term and this can also facilitate medicating.

pyrexia, development of new ocular or neurologicalsigns, or persistent clinical pathology abnormalities:
Ensure that you are still confident that the cat has
FIP; review diagnosis, look for additional pathology,

Since nasal tubes are poorly tolerated by cats andconsider repeat sampling (e.g., external laboratory

may cause depression, cats with profound anorexia

analysis and culture of any fluid; cytology or biopsythat cannot be alleviated by the drugs above mayof lymph nodes ± feline coronavirus antigen or RNA

benefit from an oesophagostomy (O-)tube being

detection, but bear-in-mind that finding the virus isplaced;more difficult when on treatment), AGP;

Drugs such as maropitant may benefit cats feelingdosage of GS-441524 (or remdesivir) by 5-10

nauseous and encourage eating;Occasionally, FIP can cause severe (sometimes
haemolytic,

see

below)

anaemia

If relapse occurs during treatment; increase theandmg/kg/day and consider splitting into twice daily
doses if treated orally once daily) and monitor as

blood

above, ensuring treatment is not stopped before

transfusion can be considered alongside antivirals;

the cat has been normal clinically and on clinicalHepatoprotectants e.g., SAME, with or without

pathology for at least 2 weeks. The increased

silybin are not usually required, even in cats withdosage used will depend on the dosage the cat is

ALT enzyme activity increases;on at the time of the relapse, the nature of theGenerally, corticosteroids are contraindicated in thetreatment of FIP with antivirals to avoid adverse
effectsandimmunosuppression.

If

an

anti-

inflammatory agent is required in cats undergoing
FIP treatment, consider using a NSAID (if hydration
status and renal parameters are normal and the cat
is eating). However, cats with uveitis may need
topicalcorticosteroids

and

cats

with

severeneurological signs occasionally require short-term
systemic corticosteroids (1-5 days) to reduce
inflammation.

withwhen considering this);If relapse occurs after completion of treatment;
restart GS-441524 (or remdesivir) course at ahigher dosage (by 5-10 mg/kg/day and consider
splitting into twice daily doses if treated orally once
daily previously); the optimum duration for repeat
treatment is not known but 12-weeks repeat
treatment

has

been

used

successfully.

The

increased dosage used will depend on the dosage
the cat was previously treated with and the nature

theseof the relapse, but can be up to that recommended

systemic

FIP

table above) or even higher (please seek guidance

immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) andrequirecats

recommended for neurological FIP (see dosage

develop

often

Rarely,relapse and finances, but can be up to thatcorticosteroid

treatment for more than a few days to help resolve

for neurological FIP (see dosage table 1 above);the anaemia alongside the antiviral treatment.

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designed by Bova groupwww.bova.vetPg 7Consider TDM, if available, to check serum GS-

The recommended dosage is 15 mg/kg every 12 hours,

441524 levels to inform dosing;and it is available in 60 mg tablets for oral use. Potential

If the cat is already receiving a high dosage ofadverseGS-441524 and/or TDM serum levels areneutropenia,

adequate, consider switching to EIDD-1931 (seeappetite/nausea, increased ALT enzyme activity and,below) and seeking guidance (FIP advice email or

potentially, renal compromise. Use of EIDD-1931

specialists), as adjunct treatments such as

should thus be reserved for:mefloquine,

felineinterferonor

polyprenyl

immunostimulant may be options (see below).

effects

includerarelycytopenia,

especiallypancytopenia,

reducedCats failing to respond to treatment with GS441524 or remdesivir despite adequate dosage(ideally assessed with TDM if possible and

EIDD-1931

available);This drug (the active form of molnupiravir) is anotherCats relapsing after treatment with GS-441524 orantiviral effective for the treatment of FIP in cats,remdesivir at adequate dosages.

although our knowledge on its usage is much lessthan for GS-441524.

Neutering, parasiticide treatment, and vaccination during or after treatment for FIP
Neutering is ideally performed from a month after treatment is completed if the cat has responded well.
However, if leaving the cat unneutered is causing stress (e.g. attempts to escape or distress for queens onheat) then neutering during treatment can be considered if the cat is doing well on treatment with at least
another 2-4 weeks of treatment remaining if possible. Measuring AGP (if available) to confirm it is normal
before neutering can be reassuring;
There is no contraindication to routine worming or flea treatment for cats on GS-441524 or remdesivir;
No information is available on response to vaccination of cats receiving treatment for FIP. Prospective
studies are needed but analysis of treated cases suggests that cats can be safely vaccinated after or during
successful treatment without causing relapse of FIP. Vaccine should be given as recommended for the cat
depending on its environment and risk (see WSAVA or ABCD Vaccination Guidelines). If urgent vaccinationis needed during treatment, due to risk of infectious disease, then they should only be given if the cat isclinically well;If veterinary visits and procedures are necessary, clinic stays should be minimised and Cat Friendly Clinic
protocols and handling implemented to reduce stress to the cat.

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designed by Bova groupwww.bova.vetPg 8Treatment with feline interferon (IFN), polyprenyl immunostimulant, or mefloquine
Combinations of IFN omega, polyprenyl immunostimulant, and mefloquine have been used in the period
following the end of treatment with GS-441524 (or remdesivir) in some cats; however, currently there is noevidence to suggest they are needed as high response rates of over 85% have been seen without these adjuncttreatments;
Mefloquine has also been used to treat cats with FIP when cost constraints absolutely prohibit the use of a fullcourse of, or increased dosage of, more effective antivirals such as GS-441524. Studies are needed to evaluate
its effectiveness but it should only be used when absolutely no alternatives are available as GS-441524 is known
to be very effective.
Further reading
Diagnosis of FIP
Tasker S, Addie DD, Egberink H, Hartmann K,
Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Truyen U, BelakS, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio
F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Mostl K (2023): ABCD FIP
Diagnostic Approach Tools.
https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/portfolioitem/factsheets-tools-for-feline-infectiousperitonitis-fip/ Accessed 10th May 2024.
Thayer V, Gogolski S, Felten S, Hartmann K,
Kennedy M, Olah GA (2022): 2022 AAFP/EveryCat
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines.
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 24 (9) 905933.
Information on feline coronavirus and FIP - link tounabridged pdf is at bottom of this webpage
Tasker S, Addie D, Hartmann K, Egberink H, HofmannLehmann R, Lloret A, Belak S, Boucraut-Baralon C,
Frymus T, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E,
Truyen U, Hosie MJ, Mostl K (2024): Feline infectious
peritonitis. ABCD Guidelines.
https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-felineinfectious-peritonitis/ Accessed 10th May 2024.
Response to antivirals
Coggins SJ, Norris JM, Malik R, Govendir M, Hall EJ,
Kimble B, Thompson MF (2023): Outcomes oftreatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis using
parenteral remdesivir, with or without transition to oral
GS-441524. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
10.1111/JVIM.16803.

Krentz D, Zenger K, Alberer M, Felten S, Bergmann
M, Dorsch R, Matiasek K, Kolberg L, HofmannLehmann R, Meli ML, Spiri AM, Horak J, Weber S,
Holicki CM, Groschup MH, Zablotski Y, Lescrinier E,
Koletzko B, von Both U, Hartmann K (2021): Curing
Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis with an Oral
Multi-Component Drug Containing GS-441524.
Viruses 13 (11).
Taylor SS, Coggins S, Barker EN, Gunn-Moore D,
Jeevaratnam K, Norris JM, Hughes D, Stacey E,
MacFarlane L, O'Brien C, Korman R, McLauchlan
G, Salord Torres X, Taylor A, Bongers J, Espada
Castro L, Foreman M, McMurrough J, Thomas B,
Royaux E, Calvo Saiz I, Bertoldi G, Harlos C, Work
M, Prior C, Sorrell S, Malik R, Tasker S (2023):
Retrospective study and outcome of 307 cats withfeline infectious peritonitis treated with legallysourced veterinary compounded preparations ofremdesivir and GS-441524 (2020-2022). Journal ofFeline Medicine and Surgery 25 (9)1098612X231194460.
Unregulated antiviral agents
Kent AM, Guan S, Jacque N, Novicoff W, Evans
SJM (2024): Unlicensed antiviral products used forthe at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis
contain GS-441524 at significantly different
amounts than advertised. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 262 (4) 489-497.
Mulligan AJ, Browning ME (2024): Quality
assessment and characterization of unregulated
antiviral drugs for feline infectious peritonitis:
implications for treatment, safety, and efficacy.
American Journal of Veterinary Research
10.2460/ajvr.23.10.0221 1-9.

Updated May 2024
Thank you to Richard Malik, Alex Kennedy & Sally Coggins for their advice and assistance in producing this document.

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