FAA-S-8081-6C
with Changes 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5

U.S. Departmentof Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR
Practical Test Standards
for

AIRPLANE

November 2006

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE
Washington, DC 20591

FLIGHT INSTRUCTORAIRPLANE
Practical Test Standards

2006

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE
Washington, DC 20591

NOTE
Material in FAA-S-8081-6C will be effective November 1, 2006. All previous
editions of the Flight Instructor—Airplane Practical Test Standards will beobsolete as of this date.

Record of Major Changes
Introduction
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

The Reference section has been updated to current FAA
publications
An Abbreviation section has been added
Special Emphasis areas updated
Practical Test Prerequisites updated
Added Letter of Discontinuance information
Added ADM and Risk Management Information
Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor Matrix revised.
Area of Operation II, added TASK L and one other TASK. Added
Area of Operation IV, one TASK.
Reference to the metric system has been eliminated

SECTION 1 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR AIRPLANE—SINGLE ENGINE
•
•
•
•
•

Area of Operation II, J TASK, added element, TFR
Area of Operation V, B Task, Single-Pilot Resource Management
added. C TASK, added element h, carburetor fire hazard. D TASK,
added element f, avoiding runway incursions.
Area of Operation VII, F TASK, added element e, course of action if
selected touchdown point is going to be missed.
Area of Operation XI, H TASK, Accelerated Stalls have been added
Area of Operation XIII, D TASK, Emergency Descent has been
added

SECTION 2 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR AIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE•••

Area of Operation VII, E TASK, added element e, course of action if
selected touchdown point is going to be missed. F TASK, added
element k, importance of manufacturer’s recommended
procedures.
Area of Operation XI, D TASK, Accelerated Maneuver Stalls havebeen added.
Area of Operation XIII, E TASK, added element e, follows
manufacturer’s procedures.

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 1 dated 1/10/07••

Added Area of operation IV to Section 1 Renewal or Reinstatement
Matrix.
Area of Operation XIII (Section 2), E TASK, Element e, added theword “follows.”

Change 2 dated 2/22/08
Introduction•

Page 13, changed to reflect 400’ instead of 200’ as the minimum
altitude for simulated engine failures.

Change 3 dated 2/03/09
Introduction•

Page 10, changed to reflect Notice 8000.331 (inactive, but can befound at http://fsims.avs.faa.gov), Airplanes Equipped with
Retractable Landing Gear, Flaps, and FADEC Meet the Definitionof a Complex Airplane.

Change 4 dated 3/16/09
Introduction•

Page 5, added Abbreviation AM•

Page 6, added Abbreviations RM, SA, and TM•

Page 8, added Special Emphasis Area 16, and changed verbiageof paragraph immediately following it.

Section 1 Additional Rating Risk Table•

Page 1-xi, changed IA and IH entries for II and III

Change 5 dated 6/9/2010
Introduction•

Page 10, Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

FAA-S-8081-6C

SECTION 1 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR AIRPLANE—SINGLE ENGINE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Area of Operation I, B TASK, Objective
Area of Operation II, D TASKArea of Operation III, C TASKArea of Operation V, B TASKArea of Operation VIII; A, B, C, and D TASKs
Area of Operation IX; B, C, and D TASKs
Area of Operation X; B, C, and D TASKs
Area of Operation XIII, D TASKSECTION 2 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR AIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE••••

Area of Operation I, A and B TASKs
Area of Operation III, D TASKArea of Operation V, B and E TASKs
Area of Operation XIII, D TASKFAA-S-8081-6C

FOREWORD
The Flight Instructor—Airplane Practical Test Standards book has been
published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish thestandards for the flight instructor certification practical tests for the
airplane category and the single-engine and multiengine classes. FAA
inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests incompliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants shouldfind these standards helpful in practical test preparation.

/s/ 9/22/2006________________________
Joseph K. Tintera, Manager
Regulatory Support Division
Flight Standards Service

FAA-S-8081-6C

CONTENTSINTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1
General Information................................................................................1
Practical Test Standards Concept ..........................................................2
Flight Instructor Practical Test Book Description ....................................2
Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards Description ............................2
Abbreviations..........................................................................................5
Use of the Practical Test Standards Book ..............................................6
Special Emphasis Areas.........................................................................8
Practical Test Prerequisites....................................................................9
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test........................10
Flight Instructor Responsibility..............................................................11
Examiner Responsibility .......................................................................12
Satisfactory Performance .....................................................................13
Unsatisfactory Performance .................................................................14
Letter of Discontinuance.......................................................................15
Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management..........................15
Single-Pilot Resource Management .....................................................15
Applicant’s Use of Checklists ...............................................................16
Use of Distractions During Practical Tests ...........................................16
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ....................................................16
Initial Flight Instructor Certification........................................................17
Addition of Aircraft Category and/or Class Ratings to a
Flight Instructor Certificate..................................................................17
Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor Certificate..................17
SECTION 1:
CONTENTS..........................................................................................1-i
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .................................1-v
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST ................................ 1-vii
ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE................................................. 1-xi
RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT OF A FLIGHT
INSTRUCTOR TABLE ................................................................... 1-xiii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING ....................................1-1
TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS ..............................................1-4
PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ................................................1-11
PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BEPERFORMED IN FLIGHT....................................................1-14
PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES.................................................1-15
AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS................1-22
TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS.....................1-25
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT ..............................................1-38
PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS ...........................................1-42
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS ................................1-46
SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, AND SPINS ..................................1-50

i

FAA-S-8081-6C

XII.
XIII.
XIV.

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS ....................................1-58
EMERGENCY OPERATIONS ...............................................1-63
POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES ..............................................1-66

SECTION 2:
CONTENTS..........................................................................................2-i
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .................................2-v
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST ................................ 2-vii
ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE................................................. 2-xi
RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT OF A FLIGHT
INSTRUCTOR TABLE .................................................................... 2-xii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING ....................................2-1
TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS ..............................................2-4
PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ................................................2-11
PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BEPERFORMED IN FLIGHT....................................................2-13
PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES.................................................2-14
AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS................2-21
TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS.....................2-24
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT ..............................................2-33
PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS ...........................................2-37
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS ................................2-38
SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS................................................2-41
BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS ....................................2-45
EMERGENCY OPERATIONS ...............................................2-50
MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS ..............................................2-56
POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES ..............................................2-62

FAA-S-8081-6C

ii

INTRODUCTION
General Information
The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) has developed this practical test as the standard to be used byexaminers1 when conducting flight instructor airplane practical tests.
Instructors are expected to address all of the elements contained in thispractical test standard (PTS) when preparing applicants for practicaltests. Applicants should be familiar with this PTS and refer to thesestandards during their training.
The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided bymany individuals, companies, and organizations throughout the aviation
community who have contributed their time and talent in assisting withthe revision of this practical test standard.
This book may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325,
or from GPO’s web site, http://bookstore.gpo.gov.
This PTS is also available for download, in pdf format, from the FlightStandards Service web site, www.faa.gov.
This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch,
AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.
Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in e-mail form, to
AFS630comments@faa.gov.

1

The word “examiner” denotes either the FAA inspector, FAA designated pilot
examiner, or other authorized person who conducts the practical test.

1

FAA-S-8081-6C

Practical Test Standards Concept
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies
the AREAS OF OPERATION in which knowledge and skill must be
demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a flight instructor
certificate with the associated category and class ratings. The CFRs
provide the flexibility that permits the FAA to publish practical test
standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION and specific TASKS
in which competency must be demonstrated. The FAA will revise thisbook whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interestof safety. Adherence to the provisions of regulations and thepractical test standards is mandatory for the evaluation of flight
instructor applicants.
Flight Instructor Practical Test Book Description
This book contains the practical test standards for Flight Instructor—
Airplane (single-engine and multiengine). Other flight instructor practical
test books include:•••

FAA-S-8081-7, Flight Instructor—Rotorcraft (Helicopter andGyroplane)
FAA-S-8081-8, Flight Instructor—Glider
FAA-S-8081-9, Flight Instructor—Instrument (Airplane andHelicopter)

The Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards include the AREAS OF
OPERATION and TASKS for the issuance of an initial flight instructor
certificate, for the addition of category and/or class ratings to thatcertificate, and for renewal or reinstatement of a certificate or rating by apractical test.
Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards Description
AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test. In thispractical test book, the first AREA OF OPERATION is Fundamentals ofInstructing; the last is Postflight Procedures. The examiner may conduct
the practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete andefficient test; however, the ground portion of the practical test must
be completed prior to the flight portion.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2

TASKS are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers
appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. The abbreviation(s) withinparentheses immediately following a TASK refer to the category and/orclass aircraft appropriate to that TASK. The meaning of eachabbreviation is as follows:
ASEL
AMEL
ASES
AMES

Airplane—Single-Engine Land
Airplane—Multiengine Land
Airplane—Single-Engine Sea
Airplane—Multiengine Sea

NOTE: When administering a test based on sections 1 and 2 of this
PTS, the TASKS appropriate to the class airplane (ASEL, ASES, AMEL,
or AMES) used for the test must be included in the plan of action. The
absence of a class indicates the TASK is for all classes.
NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the
AREA OF OPERATION or TASK.
REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK.
Descriptions of TASKS and maneuver tolerances are not included inthese standards because this information can be found in the current
issue of the listed reference. Publications other than those listed may be
used for references if their content conveys substantially the same
meaning as the referenced publications.
These practical test standards are based on the following references:
14 CFR part 1
Definitions and Abbreviations
14 CFR part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic,
and Commuter Category Airplanes
14 CFR part 39 Airworthiness Directives
14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding,and Alteration
14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification
14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
NTSB part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents
and Incidents
AC 00-6
Aviation Weather
AC 00-45
Aviation Weather Services
AC 60-22
Aeronautical Decision Making
AC 60-28
English Language Skill Standards as Required by
14 CFR Parts 61, 63, and 65
AC 61-65
Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors

3

FAA-S-8081-6C

AC 61-67
AC 61-84
AC 61-94

Stall and Spin Awareness Training
Role of Preflight Preparation
Pilot Transition Course for Self-Launching orPowered Sailplanes (Motorgliders)AC 61-107
Operations of Aircraft at Altitude Above 25,000
Feet MSL and/or Mach Numbers (MMO) Greater
Than .75
AC 90-42
Traffic Advisory Practices at Airport Without
Operating Control Towers
AC 90-48
Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance
AC 90-66
Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns for
Aeronautical Operations at Airports Without
Operating Control Towers
AC 91-13
Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
AC 91-55
Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following
Aircraft Engine Starting
FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook
FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor’s Handbook
FAA-S-8081-4 Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-12 Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-14 Private Pilot Practical Test Standards
FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-23 Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped
Helicopter Operations Handbook
FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Order 8080.6
Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests
AC 150/5340-1 Standards for Airport Markings
AC 150/5340-18 Standards for Airport Sign Systems
AC 150/5340-30 Design and Installation Details for Airport Visual
Aids
AIM
Aeronautical Information Manual
A/FD
Airport/Facility Directory
NOTAMs
Notices to Airmen
POH/AFM
Pilot Operating Handbooks and FAA-Approved
Airplane Flight Manuals
USCG
Navigation Rule: International—Inland
The Objective lists the elements that must be satisfactorily performed todemonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes:
1. Specifically what the applicant should be able to do,
2. Conditions under which the TASK is to be performed, and3. Acceptable performance standards.

FAA-S-8081-6C

4

Change 4 (3/16/09)

The examiner determines that the applicant meets the TASK Objective
through the demonstration of competency in all elements of knowledge
and/or skill unless otherwise noted. The Objectives of TASKS in certain
AREAS OF OPERATION, such as Fundamentals of Instructing andTechnical Subjects, include only knowledge elements. Objectives of
TASKS in AREAS OF OPERATION that include elements of skill, as
well as knowledge, also include common errors, which the applicant
must be able to describe, recognize, analyze, and correct.
The Objective of a TASK that involves pilot skill consists of four parts.
The four parts include determination that the applicant exhibits:
1.
2.
3.

4.

Instructional knowledge of the elements of a TASK (accomplishedthrough descriptions, explanations, and simulated instruction);
Instructional knowledge of common errors related to a TASK,
including their recognition, analysis, and correction;
The ability to demonstrate and simultaneously explain the key
elements of a TASK at the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level2;
andThe ability to analyze and correct common errors related to a
TASK.

Abbreviations
14 CFRAC
ADM
AGL
AIRMETS
AM
AME
AMEL
AMES
ASEL
ASES
ATC
ATIS
CFIT
CRM
DME
FAA
FDC
FSDO
G
GPO
GPS

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Advisory Circular
Aeronautical Decision Making
Above Ground Level
Airman’s Meteorological Information
Automation Management
Airplane Multiengine
Airplane Multiengine Land
Airplane Multiengine Sea
Airplane Singe-Engine Land
Airplane Single-Engine Sea
Air Traffic Control
Automatic Terminal Information Service
Controlled Flight into Terrain
Crew Resource Management
Distance Measuring Equipment
Federal Aviation Administration
Flight Data Center
Flight Standards District Office
GliderGovernment Printing Office
Global Positioning System

2

The teaching techniques and procedures should conform to those set forth in
FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation
Instructor’s Handbook; FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook; and FAA-H-8083-15,
Instrument Flying Handbook.

5

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 4 (3/16/09)

IA
IH
LAHSO
LORAN
MEL
MMO
NAVAID
NDB
NOTAM
NTSB
NWS
PC
PTS
RG
RH
RM
SA
SIGMETS
SUA
TFR
TM
VFR
VHF
VOR
VMC
VSSE
VX
VY
VYSE

Instrument Airplane
Instrument Helicopter
Land and Hold Short Operations
Long Range Navigation
Minimum Equipment List
Means Maximum Operating Limit Speed
Navigation Aid
Non Directional Beacon
Notice to Airmen
National Transportation Board
National Weather Service
Proficiency Check
Practical Test Standard
Rotorcraft Gyroplane
Rotorcraft Helicopter
Risk Management
Situational AwarenessSignificant Meteorological Advisory
Special Use Airspace
Temporary Flight Restriction
Task Management
Visual Flight Rules
Very High Frequency
Very High Frequency Omnirange
Minimum Control with the Critical Engine Inoperative
Safe Single-Engine Speed
Best Angle of Climb
Best Rate of Climb
Single-Engine Best Rate of Climb

Use of the Practical Test Standards Book
The Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards are designed to evaluate
competency in both knowledge and skill.
The FAA requires that all Flight Instructor practical tests be conductedin accordance with the appropriate Flight Instructor Practical Test
Standards and the policies set forth in the INTRODUCTION. The flight
instructor applicant must be prepared to demonstrate the ability to
instruct effectively in ALL TASKS included in the AREAS OF
OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standards, unlessotherwise noted.
All of the procedures and maneuvers in the Private Pilot and Commercial
Pilot Practical Test Standards have been included in the Flight Instructor
Practical Test Standards. However, the flight instructor PTS allows theexaminer to select one or more TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION,
therefore allowing the practical test for initial certification to becompleted within a reasonable time frame. In certain AREAS OF
OPERATION, there are required TASKS, which the examiner must select.
These required TASKS are identified by NOTES immediately following the
AREA OF OPERATION titles.
FAA-S-8081-6C6

The term “instructional knowledge” means the instructor applicant iscapable of using the appropriate reference to provide the “application or
correlative level of knowledge” of a subject matter topic, procedure, or
maneuver. It also means that the flight instructor applicant’s discussions,explanations, and descriptions should follow the recommended teachingprocedures and techniques explained in FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation
Instructor’s Handbook.
In preparation for the practical test, the examiner must develop a written“plan of action” for each practical test. The plan of action is a tool, forthe sole use of the examiner, to be used in evaluating the applicant.
The plan of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal
format. The plan of action for an initial certification test includes one ormore TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION and always includes therequired TASKS. The plan of action must incorporate one or morescenarios that will be used during the practical test. The examinershould try to include as many of the TASKS into the scenario portion of
the test as possible, but maintain the flexibility to change due to
unexpected situations as they arise and still result in an efficient andvalid test. Any TASK selected for evaluation during a practical test
must be evaluated in its entirety. If the applicant is unable to performa TASK listed in the “plan of action” due to circumstances beyond
his/her control, the examiner may substitute another TASK from theapplicable AREA OF OPERATION.
The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the
AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS appear in this book. The
examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKS with similar
objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test.
The “plan of action” for a test administered for the addition of anaircraft category and/or class rating to a flight instructor certificate
includes the required AREAS OF OPERATION as indicated in the table
at the beginning of each section. The required TASKS appropriate to
the rating(s) sought must also be included. In some instances, notes
identify additional required TASKS. Any TASK selected must be
evaluated in its entirety.
NOTE: AREA OF OPERATION XI, Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins,
contains TASKS referred to as “proficiency” and “demonstration.” Theintent of TASKS A and B (proficiency) is to ensure that the flight
instructor applicant is tested on proficiency for the purpose of teaching
students these TASKS that are required for pilot certification. The intent
of TASKS C, D, E, G, and H (demonstration) is to ensure that the flight
instructor applicant is knowledgeable and proficient in these maneuvers
and can teach them to students for both familiarization and stall/spin
awareness purposes.

7

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 4 (3/16/09)

With the exception of the required TASKS, the examiner must not tell
the applicant in advance which TASKS will be included in the “plan ofaction.” The applicant should be well prepared in all knowledge and skill
areas included in the standards. Throughout the flight portion of thepractical test, the examiner will evaluate the applicant’s ability tosimultaneously demonstrate and explain procedures and maneuvers,
and to give flight instruction to students at various stages of flighttraining and levels of experience.
The purpose for including common errors in certain TASKS is to assist
the examiner in determining that the flight instructor applicant has theability to recognize, analyze, and correct such errors. The common
errors listed in the TASK Objectives may or may not be found in the
TASK References. However, the FAA considers their frequency ofoccurrence justification for their inclusion in the TASK Objectives.
The examiner is expected to use good judgment in the performance of
simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for
simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions,both meteorological and topographical, at the time of the test, as well as
the applicant’s workload, and the condition of the aircraft used. If theprocedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected thatthe applicant will simulate that portion of the maneuver.
Special Emphasis Areas
Examiners must place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft
operation considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Positive aircraft control,
Positive exchange of the flight controls procedure,
Stall/spin awareness,
Collision avoidance,
Wake turbulence avoidance,
LAHSO,
Runway incursion avoidance,
CFIT,
ADM and risk management,
Wire strike avoidance,
Checklist usage,
Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs),
Special use airspace (SUA),
Aviation security,
Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM), andOther areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical
test.

With the exception of SRM, a given special emphasis area may not
be specifically addressed under a given TASK. All areas are essential
to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical test.
FAA-S-8081-6C

8

Practical Test Prerequisites
An applicant for a flight instructor—initial certification practical test isrequired by 14 CFR part 61 to:
1. Be at least 18 years of age;
2. Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28, English Language
Skill Standards;
3. Hold either a commercial/instrument pilot or airline transport pilot
certificate with an aircraft category rating appropriate to the flight
instructor rating sought;
4. Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor on thefundamentals of instructing appropriate to the required
knowledge test;
5. Have passed the appropriate flight instructor knowledge test(s)since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which
he or she takes the practical test. Knowledge test validity can beverified in FAA Order 8080.6, Conduct of Airman Knowledge
Tests, Chapter 7, Eligibility Requirements; and6. Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifyingthat the applicant has been given flight training in the AREAS OF
OPERATION listed in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.187, and awritten statement from an authorized flight instructor within thepreceding 60 days, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section
61.39, that instruction was given in preparation for the practicaltest. The endorsement must also state that the instructor finds
the applicant prepared for the required practical test, and that theapplicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of thesubject area(s) in which the applicant was deficient on theairman knowledge test.

9

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 3 (2/3/2009) & Change 5 (6/9/2010)

An applicant holding a flight instructor certificate who applies for an
additional rating on that certificate is required by 14 CFR to:
1. Hold a valid pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the flight
instructor rating sought;
2. Have at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category andclass aircraft appropriate to the rating sought;
3. Have passed the appropriate knowledge test prescribed for theissuance of a flight instructor certificate with the rating sought
since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which
he/she takes the practical test; and4. Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifyingthat the applicant has been given flight training in the AREAS OF
OPERATION listed in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.187, and awritten statement from an authorized flight instructor within thepreceding 60 days, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section
61.39, that instruction was given in preparation for the practicaltest. The endorsement must also state that the instructor finds
the applicant prepared for the required practical test, and that theapplicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of thesubject area(s) in which the applicant was deficient on theairman knowledge test.
If there are questions concerning English language requirements, refer
to your local FSDO or to AC 60-28, English Language Skill Standards
Required by 14 CFR parts 61, 63, and 65. English language
requirements should be determined to be met prior to beginning thepractical test.
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test
The flight instructor applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45
to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test.
This section further requires that the aircraft must:
1. Be of U.S., foreign or military registry of the same category, class,and type for the certificate and/or rating for which the applicant isapplying;
2. Have fully functioning dual controls except as provided in 14 CFR part61, section 61.45(c) and (e); and3. Be capable of performing all appropriate TASKS for the flight
instructor rating sought and have no operating limitations, which
prohibit the performance of those TASKS. A complex airplane mustbe furnished for the performance of takeoff and landing maneuvers,
and appropriate emergency procedures. A complex landplane is one
having a retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable propeller. A
complex seaplane is one having flaps, floats, and a controllable
propeller. Airplanes that are equipped with a full authority digitalengine control (FADEC) system are considered to have acontrollable propeller.
FAA-S-8081-6C

10

Flight Instructor Responsibility
An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training theflight instructor applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matterareas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within each
AREA OF OPERATION in the appropriate flight instructor practical test
standard.
Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe,
proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level ofknowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill tostudents. The flight instructor must certify that the applicant is:
1.
2.

3.

4.

Able to make a practical application of the fundamentals of
instructing;Competent to teach the subject matter, procedures, andmaneuvers included in the standards to students with varying
backgrounds and levels of experience and ability;
Able to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in thestandards to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level while
giving effective flight instruction; andCompetent to pass the required practical test for the issuanceof the flight instructor certificate with the associated category
and class ratings or the addition of a category and/or class
rating to a flight instructor certificate.

Throughout the applicant’s training, the flight instructor is responsible
for emphasizing the performance of, and the ability to teach, effective
visual scanning, runway incursion avoidance, collision avoidance
procedures, and Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO). The
flight instructor applicant should develop and use scenario basedteaching methods particularly on special emphasis areas. These areas
are covered in AC 90-48, Pilot’s Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H-8083-3,
Airplane Flying Handbook; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge; and the current Aeronautical Information
Manual.

11

FAA-S-8081-6C

Examiner Responsibility
The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible fordetermining that the applicant meets acceptable standards of teachingability, knowledge, and skill in the selected TASKS. The examiner
makes this determination by accomplishing an Objective that is
appropriate to each selected TASK, and includes an evaluation of theapplicant’s:
1. Ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing;
2. Knowledge of, and ability to teach, the subject matter,procedures, and maneuvers covered in the TASKS;
3. Ability to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in thestandards to the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level while giving
effective flight instruction; and4. Ability to analyze and correct common errors related to theprocedures and maneuvers covered in the TASKS.
It is intended that oral questioning be used at any time during the
ground or flight portion of the practical test to determine that theapplicant can instruct effectively and has a comprehensive knowledgeof the TASKS and their related safety factors.
During the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner acts as a
student during selected maneuvers. This gives the examiner an
opportunity to evaluate the flight instructor applicant’s ability to analyze
and correct simulated common errors related to these maneuvers. The
examiner must place special emphasis on the applicant’s use of visualscanning and collision avoidance procedures, and the applicant’s ability
to teach those procedures.
Examiners should to the greatest extent possible test the applicant’s
application and correlation skills. When possible scenario basedquestions should be used during the practical test. The examiner will
evaluate the applicant’s ability to teach visual scanning, runway
incursion avoidance, collision avoidance procedures, and Land andHold Short Operations (LAHSO).
If the examiner determines that a TASK is incomplete, or the outcome
uncertain, the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that TASK,or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interestof fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the
repeating of an unsatisfactory task is permitted during the certification
process. When practical, the remaining TASKS of the practical test
phase should be completed before repeating the questionable TASK.

FAA-S-8081-6C

12

Change 1—2/22/08

On multiengine practical tests where the failure of the most criticalengine after lift off is required, the instructor applicant and examiner
must give consideration to local atmospheric conditions, terrain andtype of aircraft used. However, the failure of an engine shall not be
simulated until attaining at least VSSE/VYSE and at an altitude not lower
than 400 feet AGL.
During simulated engine failures on multiengine practical tests, after
simulated feathering of the propeller the engine shall be set to zerothrust. The examiner shall require the instructor applicant tosimultaneously demonstrate and explain procedures for landing with asimulated feathered propeller with the engine set to zero thrust. The
examiner must not simulate any conditions that may jeopardize
safe flight or result in possible damage to the aircraft.
Satisfactory Performance
The practical test is passed if, in the judgment of the examiner, theapplicant demonstrates satisfactory performance with regard to:
1. Knowledge of the fundamentals of instructing;
2. Knowledge of the technical subject areas;
3. Knowledge of the flight instructor’s responsibilities concerning
the pilot certification process;4. Knowledge of the flight instructor’s responsibilities concerning
logbook entries and pilot certificate endorsements;
5. Ability to demonstrate the procedures and maneuvers selectedby the examiner to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level
while giving effective instruction;
6. Competence in teaching the procedures and maneuvers selectedby the examiner;
7. Competence in describing, recognizing, analyzing, and correcting
common errors simulated by the examiner; and8. Knowledge of the development and effective use of a course of
training, a syllabus, and a lesson plan.

13

FAA-S-8081-6C

Unsatisfactory PerformanceIf, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet thestandards of performance of any TASK performed, the applicable AREA
OF OPERATION is considered unsatisfactory and therefore, thepractical test is failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue thetest at any time when the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes
the applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test is
continued only with the consent of the applicant. If the test is
discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for only those AREAS OF
OPERATION and their associated TASKS satisfactorily performed;
however, during the retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any
TASK may be reevaluated, including those previously consideredsatisfactory. Specific reasons for disqualification are:
1.

2.

3.
4.

Failure to perform a procedure or maneuver to the
COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level while giving effective flight
instruction;
Failure to provide an effective instructional explanation while
demonstrating a procedure or maneuver (explanation during thedemonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate, andcomplete with no prompting from the examiner);
Any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires
corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight;
Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques
to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

When a Disapproval Notice is issued, the examiner must record theapplicant’s unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREA OFOPERATIONS and specific TASKS not meeting the standard
appropriate to the practical test conducted. If the applicant fails thepractical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice ofDisapproval must indicate the associated TASK. An example would be:
AREA OF OPERATION IX, Maneuvering During Slow Flight, failure toteach proper collision avoidance procedures.

FAA-S-8081-6C

14

Letter of Discontinuance
When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other thanunsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, or illness)
FAA Form 8700-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if
applicable, the Airman Knowledge Test Report, is to be returned to theapplicant. The examiner at that time prepares, signs, and issues a
Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuanceshould identify the AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated
TASKS of the practical test that were successfully completed. The
applicant should be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance must bepresented to the examiner when the practical test is resumed, andmade part of the certification file.
Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management
Throughout the practical test, the examiner evaluates the applicant’s
ability to use good aeronautical decision making procedures in order to
identify risks. The examiner accomplishes this requirement by developing
scenarios that incorporate as many TASKS as possible to evaluate theapplicants risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For
example, the examiner may develop a scenario that incorporates
weather decisions and performance planning.
The applicant’s ability to utilize all the assets available in making a risk
analysis to determine the safest course of action is essential forsatisfactory performance. The scenarios should be realistic and within
the capabilities of the aircraft used for the practical test.
Single-Pilot Resource Management
Single-Pilot Resource Management refers to the effective use of ALL
available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. It issimilar to Crew Resource Management (CRM) procedures that are
being emphasized in multi-crewmember operations except that only one
crewmember (the pilot) is involved. Human resources “…includes allother groups routinely working with the pilot who are involved indecisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups
include, but are not limited to dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenancepersonnel, and air traffic controllers.” Pilot Resource Management is nota single TASK; it is a set of skill competencies that must be evident in
all TASKS in this practical test standard as applied to single-pilot
operation.

15

FAA-S-8081-6C

Applicant’s Use of Checklists
Throughout the practical test, the instructor applicant is evaluated on
the use and teaching of an appropriate checklist. Proper use isdependent on the specific TASK being evaluated. The situation may besuch that the use of the checklist, while accomplishing elements of an
Objective, would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a singlepilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements
have been accomplished would be appropriate. Division of attention
and proper visual scanning should be considered when using achecklist.
Use of Distractions During Practical Tests
Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when
the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate
the applicant’s ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing
attention both inside and outside the cockpit, the examiner must cause
realistic distractions using the flight portion of the practical test toevaluate the applicant’s ability to divide attention while maintaining safe
flight.
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls
During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding
between students and flight instructors of who has control of the aircraft.
Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes theprocedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-stepprocess in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a provenprocedure and one that is strongly recommended.
When the instructor wishes the student to take control of the aircraft, heor she will say, “You have the flight controls.” The student
acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” Theflight instructor again says, “You have the flight controls.” When control
is returned to the instructor, follow the same procedure. A visual checkis recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should
never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft. The instructor
applicant is expected to teach proper positive exchange of flightcontrols during the practical test.

FAA-S-8081-6C

16

Initial Flight Instructor Certification
An applicant who seeks initial flight instructor certification will be
evaluated in all AREAS OF OPERATION of the standards appropriate
to the rating(s) sought. The examiner must refer to the NOTE in thefront of the AREA OF OPERATION to determine which and how manyTASKS to test.
Addition of Aircraft Category and/or Class Ratings to a Flight
Instructor Certificate
An applicant who holds a flight instructor certificate and seeks anadditional aircraft category and/or class rating will be evaluated in atleast the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS that are unique andappropriate to the rating(s) sought (see table at the beginning of eachsection). At the discretion of the examiner, the applicant’s competencein ALL AREAS OF OPERATION may be evaluated.
Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor Certificate
14 CFR part 61, sections 61.197(a)(1) and 61.199(a), allows anindividual that holds a flight instructor certificate to renew or reinstatethat certificate by passing a practical test. The examiner shall develop aplan of action that includes the AREAS OF OPERATION and at least
the minimum number of TASKS prescribed in the table at the beginningof each section. The Renewal or Reinstatement of one rating on a Flight
Instructor Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on thecertificate.

17

FAA-S-8081-6C

FAA-S-8081-6C

18

SECTION 1
FLIGHT INSTRUCTORAIRPLANE—SINGLE-ENGINE
Practical Test Standards

CONTENTS
Airplane—Single Engine
CHECKLISTSApplicant’s Practical Test Checklist ............................................ 1-v
Examiner’s Checklist..................................................................1-vii
ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE..............................................1-xi
RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT OF A FLIGHT
INSTRUCTOR TABLE .................................................................... 1-xiii
AREAS OF OPERATION:I.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

II.

The Learning Process.......................................................... 1-1
Human Behavior and Effective Communication... …………1-1
The Teaching Process......................................................... 1-2
Teaching Methods ............................................................... 1-2
Critique and Evaluation........................................................ 1-2
Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities.......... 1-3
Planning Instructional Activity .............................................. 1-3

TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.

Aeromedical Factors ............................................................ 1-4
Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance ........................... 1-4
Principles of Flight................................................................ 1-5
Airplane Flight Controls........................................................ 1-5
Airplane Weight and Balance .............................................. 1-5
Navigation and Flight Planning ............................................ 1-6
Night Operations .................................................................. 1-6
High Altitude Operations ...................................................... 1-7
Federal Aviation Regulations and Publications ................... 1-7
National Airspace System.................................................... 1-8
Navigation Systems and Radar Services ............................ 1-8
Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements.................. 1-9
Water and Seaplane Characteristics ................................... 1-9
Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation... 1-10

1-i

FAA-S-8081-6C

III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Certificates and Documents............................................... 1-11
Weather Information .......................................................... 1-11
Operation of Systems ........................................................ 1-12
Performance and Limitations ............................................. 1-12
Airworthiness Requirements.............................................. 1-13

IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMEDIN FLIGHT
A. Maneuver Lesson .............................................................. 1-14
V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

Preflight Inspection............................................................. 1-15
Cockpit Management......................................................... 1-16
Engine Starting................................................................... 1-17
Taxiing—Landplane ........................................................... 1-18
Taxiing—Seaplane............................................................. 1-19
Sailing................................................................................. 1-20
Before Takeoff Check ........................................................ 1-21

VI. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS
A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals ................ 1-22
B. Traffic Patterns................................................................... 1-23
C. Airport/Seaplane Base, Runway and Taxiway Signs,
Markings, and Lighting....................................................... 1-24
VII. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS
A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb........................ 1-25
B. Short-Field (Confined Area ASES) Takeoff andMaximum Performance Climb ........................................... 1-26
C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb ............................................. 1-27
D. Glassy-Water Takeoff and Climb....................................... 1-28
E. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb ....................................... 1-29
F. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing................. 1-30
G. Slip to a Landing ................................................................ 1-31
H. Go-Around/Rejected Landing ............................................ 1-32
I. Short-Field (Confined Area ASES) Approach andLanding............................................................................... 1-33
J. Soft-Field Approach and Landing ...................................... 1-34
K. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach and Landing............. 1-35
L. Glassy-Water Approach and Landing .......................…….1-36
M. Rough-Water Approach and Landing................................ 1-37

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-ii

VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT
A.
B.
C.
D.

Straight-and-Level Flight.................................................... 1-38
Level Turns………….......................................................... 1-39
Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns .................................. 1-40
Straight Descents and Descending Turns......................... 1-41

IX. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
A.
B.
C.
D.

Steep Turns........................................................................ 1-42
Steep Spirals...................................................................... 1-43
Chandelles………. ............................................................. 1-44
Lazy Eights…….. ............................................................... 1-45

X. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
A.
B.
C.
D.

Rectangular Course ........................................................... 1-46
S-Turns Across a Road...................................................... 1-47
Turns Around a Point ......................................................... 1-48
Eights on Pylons ................................................................ 1-49

XI. SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, AND SPINS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

Maneuvering During Slow Flight........................................ 1-50
Power-On Stalls (Proficiency)............................................ 1-51
Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency) ............................................ 1-52
Crossed-Control Stalls (Demonstration)............................ 1-53
Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration)................................. 1-54
Secondary Stalls (Demonstration)..................................... 1-55
Spins .................................................................................. 1-56
Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration).................. 1-57

XII. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Straight-and-Level Flight.................................................... 1-58
Constant Airspeed Climbs ................................................. 1-59
Constant Airspeed Descents ............................................. 1-60
Turns to Headings.............................................................. 1-61
Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes ............................ 1-62

XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
A.
B.
C.
D.

Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) ............... 1-63
Systems and Equipment Malfunctions .............................. 1-64
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ........................ 1-64
Emergency Descent........................................................... 1-65

1-iii

FAA-S-8081-6C

XIV. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Postflight Procedures......................................................... 1-66
Anchoring ........................................................................... 1-67
Docking and Mooring ......................................................... 1-68
Beaching ............................................................................ 1-69
Ramping............................................................................. 1-70

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-iv

APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLISTAPPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOR OR EXAMINER:
NAME: _____________________________________________
TIME/DATE: _________________________________________
ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT






View-Limiting Device (if applicable)
Aircraft Documents:
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Operating Limitations
Aircraft Maintenance Records:
Airworthiness Inspections
Pilot's Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved Airplane
Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT







Current Aeronautical Charts
Computer and Plotter
Flight Plan Form
Flight Logs
Current AIM
Current Airport Facility Directory

PERSONAL RECORDS










Pilot Certificate
Medical Certificate
Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate
and/or Rating Application
Airman Knowledge Test Report
Logbook with Instructor's Endorsement
Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)
Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
Examiner's Fee (if applicable)

1-v

FAA-S-8081-6C

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-vi (Blank Page)

EXAMINER’S CHECKLISTFLIGHT INSTRUCTOR—AIRPLANE(SINGLE ENGINE)APPLICANT’S NAME: _________________________________
EXAMINER’S NAME: __________________________________DATE:TYPE CHECK: ____________________TYPE AIRPLANE: ___________________

AREA OF OPERATION:I.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING









A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

II.

TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS
















A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.

The Learning Process
Human Behavior and Effective Communication
The Teaching Process
Teaching Methods
Critique and Evaluation
Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities
Planning Instructional Activity

Aeromedical Factors
Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
Principles of Flight
Airplane Flight Controls
Airplane Weight and Balance
Navigation and Flight PlanningNight Operations
High Altitude Operations
Federal Aviation Regulations and Publications
National Airspace System
Navigation Systems and Radar Services
Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
Water and Seaplane Characteristics
Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation

1-vii

FAA-S-8081-6C

III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION






A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Certificates and Documents
Weather Information
Operation of Systems
Performance and Limitations
Airworthiness Requirements

IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN
FLIGHT

Maneuver Lesson

V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES








A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

Preflight Inspection
Cockpit Management
Engine Starting
Taxiing—Landplane
Taxiing—Seaplane
Sailing
Before Takeoff Check

VI. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS

A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
B. Traffic Patterns
C. Airport/Seaplane Base, Runway and Taxiway Signs, Markings,
and Lighting

VII. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS











A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
B. Short-Field (Confined Area ASES) Takeoff and Maximum
Performance Climb
C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb
D. Glassy-Water Takeoff and Climb
E. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb
F. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing
G. Slip to a Landing
H. Go-Around/Rejected Landing
I. Short-Field (Confined Area ASES) Approach and Landing
J. Soft-Field Approach and Landing

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-viii

K. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach and Landing
L. Glassy-Water Approach and Landing
M. Rough-Water Approach and Landing

VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT





A.
B.
C.
D.

Straight-and-Level Flight
Level Turns
Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
Straight Descents and Descending Turns

IX. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS





A.
B.
C.
D.

Steep Turns
Steep Spirals
Chandelles
Lazy Eights

X. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS





A.
B.
C.
D.

Rectangular Course
S-Turns Across a Road
Turns Around a Point
Eights on Pylons

XI. SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, AND SPINS









A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

Maneuvering During Slow Flight
Power-On Stalls (Proficiency)
Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency)
Crossed-Control Stalls (Demonstration)
Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration)
Secondary Stalls (Demonstration)
Spins
Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration)

XII. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS






A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Straight-and-Level Flight
Constant Airspeed Climbs
Constant Airspeed Descents
Turns to Headings
Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes

1-ix

FAA-S-8081-6C

XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS





A.
B.
C.
D.

Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)
Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Emergency Descent

XIV. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES






A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Postflight Procedures
Anchoring
Docking and Mooring
Beaching
Ramping

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-x

Change 4 (3/16/09)

ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE
ADDITION OF A SINGLE-ENGINE CLASS RATING (AND AN
AIRPLANE CATEGORY RATING, IF APPROPRIATE) TO A FLIGHT
INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATEREQUIRED
AREAS OFOPERATION

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE AND RATING HELD
AME

RH

RG

G

IA

IH

I

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

II

NONE

C,D

C,D

C,D

*

*

III

NONE

C,D

C,D

C,D

ALL

ALL

IV

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

V

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

VI

NONE

*

NONE

*

*

*

VII

*

*

*

*

*

*

VIII

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

IX

*

*

*

*

*

*

X

D

*

*

*

*

*

XI

*

*

*

*

*

*

XII

NONE

*

*

*

NONE

*

XIII

*

*

*

*

*

*

XIV

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

NOTE: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor
certificate and the table indicates both a “NONE” and a “SELECT ONE” for aparticular AREA OF OPERATION, the “NONE” entry applies. This is logicalsince the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the AREA OFOPERATION on a previous flight instructor practical test. At the discretion of
the examiner, the applicant’s competence in any AREAS OF OPERATION
may be evaluated.
* Refer to NOTE under AREA OF OPERATION for TASK requirements.

1-xi

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-xii (Blank Page)

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 1 (1/10/07)

RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT
OF A FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR TABLE
Airplane Single-Engine Category
REQUIRED AREAS OF OPERATION
II
III
IV
V
VII
IX
X
XI
XIII
XIV

NUMBER OF TASKSTASK L and 1 other TASK
1
1
1
2 Takeoffs and 2 Landings
1
1
2
1
1

The Renewal or Reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor
Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on the certificate.
(14 CFR part 61, sections 61.197 and 61.199)

1-xiii

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-xiv (Blank Page)

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

I.

AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF
INSTRUCTING

NOTE: The examiner must select TASK F and one other TASK.
A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESSREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Learning theory.
Characteristics of learning.
Principles of learning.
Levels of learning.
Learning physical skills.
Memory.
Transfer of learning.

B. TASK: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of human behavior and effective
communication as it applies to the teaching process by describing:1.

Human behavior—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

control of human behavior.
human needs.
defense mechanisms.
the flight instructor as a practical psychologist.

Effective communication—
a.
b.
c.

basic elements of communication.
barriers of effective communication.
developing communication skills.

1-1

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESSREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional
period.
Presentation methods.
Application, by the student, of the material or procedure
presented.
Review and evaluation of student performance.

D. TASK: TEACHING METHODSREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Material organization.
The lecture method.
The cooperative or group learning method.
The guided discussion method.
The demonstration-performance method.
Computer-based training method.

E. TASK: CRITIQUE AND EVALUATIONREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation by explaining:
1.

Critique—
a.
b.

2.

purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.
methods and ground rules for a critique.

Evaluation—
a.
b.
c.
d.

characteristics of effective oral questions and what types toavoid.
responses to student questions.
characteristics and development of effective written
questions.
characteristics and uses of performance test, specifically,
the FAA practical test standards.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-2

F.

TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTORRESPONSIBILITIESCHARACTERISTICSANDREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics andresponsibilities by describing:
1.

Aviation instructor responsibilities in—
a.
b.
c.

2.

Flight instructor responsibilities in—
a.
b.
c.

3.

providing adequate instruction.
establishing standards of performance.
emphasizing the positive.

providing student pilot evaluation and supervision.
preparing practical test recommendations and endorsements.
determining requirements for conducting additional training
and endorsement requirements.

Professionalism as an instructor by—a.
b.

explaining important personal characteristics.
describing methods to minimize student frustration.

G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITYREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of planning instructional activity bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Developing objectives and standards for a course of training.
Theory of building blocks of learning.
Requirements for developing a training syllabus.
Purpose and characteristics of a lesson plan.

1-3

FAA-S-8081-6C

II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS
NOTE: The examiner must select TASK L and at least one other TASK.
A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing:
1.
2.
3.

How to obtain an appropriate medical certificate.
How to obtain a medical certificate in the event of a possible
medical deficiency.
The causes, symptoms, effects, and corrective action of thefollowing medical factors—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

4.
5.

hypoxia.
hyperventilation.
middle ear and sinus problems.
spatial disorientation.
motion sickness.
carbon monoxide poisoning.
fatigue and stress.
dehydration.

The effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to flightsafety.
The effect of nitrogen excesses incurred during scuba divesand how this affects pilots and passengers during flight.

B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCEREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25, AC 90-48; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance
by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Relationship between a pilot’s physical condition and vision.
Environmental conditions that degrade vision.
Vestibular and visual illusions.
“See and avoid” concept.
Proper visual scanning procedure.
Relationship between poor visual scanning habits andincreased collision risk.
7. Proper clearing procedures.
8. Importance of knowing aircraft blind spots.
9. Relationship between aircraft speed differential and collision risk.
10. Situations that involve the greatest collision risk.
FAA-S-8081-6C

1-4

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

C. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHTREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of principles of flight by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Airfoil design characteristics.
Airplane stability and controllability.
Turning tendency (torque effect).
Load factors in airplane design.
Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken.

D. TASK: AIRPLANE FLIGHT CONTROLSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to the airplane flight controls by
describing the purpose, location, direction of movement, effect, andproper procedure for use of the:
1.
2.
3.

Primary flight controls.
Secondary flight controls.
Trim Controls.

E. TASK: AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCEREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of airplane weight and balance by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Weight and balance terms.
Effect of weight and balance on performance.
Methods of weight and balance control.
Determination of total weight and center of gravity and thechanges that occur when adding, removing, or shifting weight.

1-5

FAA-S-8081-6C

F.

TASK: NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of navigation and flight planning bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Terms used in navigation.
Features of aeronautical charts.
Importance of using the proper and current aeronautical charts.
Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops andalternates, and appropriate actions in the event of unforeseen
situations.
5. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.
6. Fundamentals of radio navigation.
7. Diversion to an alternate.
8. Lost procedures.
9. Computation of fuel consumption.
10. Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.
11. Importance of a weather check and the use of good judgmentin making a “go/no-go” decision.
12. Purpose of and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.
G. TASK: NIGHT OPERATIONSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.

FAA-H-8083-25;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of night operations by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Factors related to night vision.
Disorientation and night optical illusions.
Proper adjustment of interior lights.
Importance of having a flashlight with a red lens.
Night preflight inspection.
Engine starting procedures, including use of position and anticollision lights prior to start.
Taxiing and orientation on an airport.
Takeoff and climb-out.
Inflight orientation.
Importance of verifying the airplane’s attitude by reference toflight instruments.
Night emergencies procedures.
Traffic patterns.
Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.
Go-around.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-6

H. TASK: HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONSREFERENCES: 14 CFR partFAA-S-8081-12; POH/AFM, AIM.

91;

AC 61-107, FAA-H-8083-3;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of high altitude operations by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I.

Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen.
Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations.
Characteristics of a pressurized airplane and various types ofsupplemental oxygen systems.
Importance of “aviator’s breathing oxygen.”
Care and storage of high-pressure oxygen bottles.
Problems associated with rapid decompression andcorresponding solutions.
Fundamental concept of cabin pressurization.
Operation of a cabin pressurization system.

TASK: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONSREFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; NTSB part 830; AC 00-2;
FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM, AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to Federal Aviation Regulations andpublications:
1.

Availability and method of revision of 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91,
and NTSB part 830 by describing—
a.
b.

2.

purpose.
general content.

Availability of flight information publications, advisory circulars,
practical test standards, pilot operating handbooks, and FAAapproved airplane flight manuals by describing—
a.
b.
c.

availability.
purpose.
general content.

1-7

FAA-S-8081-6C

J.

TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEMREFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of the national airspace system bydescribing:
1.
2.

Basic VFR Weather Minimums—for all classes of airspace.
Airspace classes—the operating rules, pilot certification, andairplane equipment requirements for the following—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

Class A.
Class B.
Class C.
Class D.
Class E.
Class G.

Special use airspace (SUA).
Temporary flight restrictions (TFR).

K. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICESREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.

FAA-H-8083-15;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems and radar
service by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

One ground-based navigational system (VOR/VORTAC, NDB,DME, and LORAN).
Satellite-based navigation system.
Radar service and procedures.
Global positioning system (GPS).

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-8

L.

TASK:
LOGBOOKENDORSEMENTSENTRIESANDCERTIFICATEREFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries and certificate
endorsements by describing:
1.
2.
3.

Required logbook entries for instruction given.
Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including
appropriate logbook entries.
Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test,
including appropriate logbook entry for—
a.
b.
c.

4.
5.

initial pilot certification.
additional pilot certification.
additional aircraft qualification.

Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactorycompletion of the required FAA flight review.
Required flight instructor records.

M. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to water and seaplanecharacteristics by describing:
1.

The characteristics of water surface as affected by features,such as—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

2.
3.

size and location of water operating area.
protected and unprotected operating areas.
surface wind.
direction and height of waves.
direction and strength of water current.
floating and partially submerged debris.
sandbars, islands, and shoals.

Seaplane’s float or hull construction and its relationship to
performance.
Causes of porpoising and skipping and pilot action necessary
to prevent or to correct those occurrences.

1-9

FAA-S-8081-6C

N. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE
NAVIGATION (ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23;
FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14;
USCG
Navigation
Rules,
International—Inland.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, rules, and aids tomarine navigation by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in
directories.
Operating restrictions at various seaplane bases.
Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane
operation.
Purpose and identification of marine navigation aids such as
buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-10

III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATIONNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 23, 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The training requirements for the issuance of a recreational,
private, and commercial pilot certificate.
The privileges and limitations of pilot certificates and ratings atrecreational, private, and commercial levels.
Class and duration of medical certificates.
Recent pilot flight experience requirements.
Required entries in pilot logbook or flight record.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATIONREFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to weather information by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Importance of a thorough preflight weather briefing.
Various means and sources of obtaining weather information.
Use of real-time weather reports, forecasts, and charts fordeveloping scenario based training.
Inflight weather advisories.
Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind shear.
Factors to be considered in making a “go/no-go” decision.

1-11

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

C. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23,
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-25;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems, asapplicable to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing thefollowing systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Primary and secondary flight controls
Trim
Water rudders (ASES)
Powerplant and propeller
Landing gear
Fuel, oil, and hydraulicElectricalAvionics including autopilot
Pitot static, vacuum/pressure and associated instruments
Environmental
Deicing and anti-icing

D. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25,
AC 61-84; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by
describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Determination of weight and balance condition.
Use of performance charts, tables, and other data indetermining performance in various phases of flight.
Effects of exceeding airplane limitations.
Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance.
Factors to be considered in determining that the required
performance is within the airplane’s capabilities.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-12

E. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

parts

23,

39,

43;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to required airworthiness by
explaining:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.
Procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the
airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment with andwithout a minimum equipment list (MEL).
Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flightpermit.
Airworthiness directives, compliance records, maintenance/
inspection requirements, and appropriate records.
Procedures for deferring maintenance on aircraft without anapproved MEL.

1-13

FAA-S-8081-6C

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A
MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT
NOTE: Examiner must select at least one maneuver TASK from
AREAS OF OPERATION VII through XIII, and ask the applicant topresent a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson
would be taught to a student.
TASK: MANEUVER LESSONREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23,
FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the selected maneuver by:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Stating the purpose.
Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description, including
the elements and common errors.
Using instructional aids, as appropriate.
Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common
errors.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-14

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURESNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
AC
61-84;FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a preflightinspection, as applicable to the airplane used for the practicaltest, by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
preflight inspection by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

reasons for the preflight inspection, items that should be
inspected, and how defects are detected.
importance of using the appropriate checklist.
how to determine fuel and oil quantity and contamination.
detection of fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks.
inspection of the oxygen system, including supply andproper operation (if applicable).
inspection of the flight controls and water rudder (ifapplicable).
detection of visible structural damage.
removal of tie-downs, control locks, and wheel chocks.
removal of ice and frost.
importance of the proper loading and securing of baggage,cargo, and equipment.
use of sound judgment in determining whether the airplane
is airworthy and in condition for safe flight.

failure to use or the improper use of checklist.
hazards which may result from allowing distractions tointerrupt a visual inspection.
inability to recognize discrepancies to determine
airworthiness.
failure to ensure servicing with the proper fuel and oil.
failure to ensure proper loading and securing of baggage,cargo, and equipment.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a preflight inspection
from an instructional standpoint.

1-15

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of cockpit
management by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
cockpit management by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

proper arranging and securing of essential materials andequipment in the cockpit.
proper use and/or adjustment of cockpit items such as
safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals, andseats.
occupant briefing on emergency procedures and use ofsafety belts.
proper utilization of all resources required to operate aflight safely: dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenancepersonnel, and air traffic control.

failure to place and secure essential materials andequipment for easy access during flight.
failure to properly adjust cockpit items, such as safety
belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals, and seats.
failure to provide proper adjustment of equipment andcontrols.
failure to provide occupant briefing on emergency
procedures and use of safety belts.
failure to utilize all resources required to operate a flightsafely.

Demonstrates
andsimultaneously
explains
management from an instructional standpoint.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-16

cockpitC. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25;
AC 91-13, AC 91-55; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine
starting, as appropriate to the airplane used for the practicaltest, by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toengine starting by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

safety precautions related to starting.
use of external power.
effect of atmospheric conditions on starting.
importance of following the appropriate checklist.
adjustment of engine controls during start.
prevention of airplane movement during and after start.
safety procedures for hand propping an airplane.

failure to properly use the appropriate checklist.
failure to use safety precautions related to starting.
improper adjustment of engine controls during start.
failure to assure proper clearance of the propeller.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine startingfrom an instructional standpoint.

1-17

FAA-S-8081-6C

D. TASK: TAXIING—LANDPLANE (ASEL)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of landplanetaxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tolandplane taxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

proper brake check and correct use of brakes.
compliance with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals,
and ATC clearances or instructions.
how to control direction and speed.
flight control positioning for various wind conditions.
procedures used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.

improper use of brakes.
improper positioning of the flight controls for various windconditions.
hazards of taxiing too fast.
failure to comply with airport/taxiway surface marking,signals, and ATC clearances or instructions.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains landplane taxiing
from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tolandplane taxiing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-18

E. TASK: TAXIING—SEAPLANE (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules, International—
Inland.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of seaplanetaxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toseaplane taxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

wind effect.
prevention of porpoising and skipping.
selection of the most suitable course for taxiing, following
available marking aids.
conditions where idle, plowing, and step taxiing are used.
procedures for idle, plowing, and step taxiing.
control positioning for various wind conditions.
use of water rudders.
procedures used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
procedures used to avoid excessive water spray into thepropeller.
180° and 360° turns in idle, plowing, and step positions.
application of right-of-way rules.

improper positioning of flight controls for various windconditions.
improper control of speed and direction.
failure to prevent porpoising and skipping.
failure to use the most suitable course and available
marking aids.
failure to use proper clearing procedures to avoid hazards.
failure to apply right-of-way rules.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains seaplane taxiing
from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toseaplane taxiing.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

F.

TASK: SAILING (ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules, International—
Inland.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of sailing bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tosailing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

procedures used in sailing (engine idling or shut down, as
appropriate).
conditions and situations where sailing would be used.
selection of the most favorable course to follow.
use of flight controls, flaps, doors, and water rudders tofollow the selected course.
procedures used to change direction from downwind to
crosswind.
control of speed.

failure to select the most favorable course to destination.
improper use of controls, flaps, and water rudders.
improper procedure when changing direction.
improper procedure for speed control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains sailing from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tosailing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-20

G. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the before
takeoff check by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tothe before takeoff check by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

positioning the airplane with consideration for otheraircraft, surface conditions, and wind.
division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.
importance of following the checklist and responding toeach checklist item.
reasons for assuring suitable engine temperatures andpressures for run-up and takeoff.
method used to determine that airplane is in a safe
operating condition.
importance of reviewing takeoff performance airspeeds,
expected takeoff distances, and emergency procedures.
method used for assuring that the takeoff area or path isfree of hazards.
method of avoiding runway incursions and ensuring noconflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

failure to properly use the appropriate checklist.
improper positioning of the airplane.
improper acceptance of marginal engine performance.
an improper check of flight controls.
hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency
procedures.
failure to avoid runway incursions and to ensure no conflictwith traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a before takeoff
check from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
before takeoff check.

1-21

FAA-S-8081-6C

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE
BASE OPERATIONSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.

FAA-H-8083-25;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio
communications and ATC light signals by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toradio communications and ATC light signals by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.
recommended procedure and phraseology for radio
communications.
Receipt of, acknowledgement of, and compliance with ATC
clearances and instructions.
interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light signals.

use of improper frequencies.
improper procedure and phraseology when using radio
communications.
failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATCclearances and instructions.
failure to understand, or to properly comply with, ATC lightsignals.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains radio communication
procedures from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toradio communications and ATC light signals.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-22

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25, AC 90-42, AC 90-66;
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic
patterns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related totraffic patterns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

operations at airports and seaplane bases with and without
operating control towers.
adherence to traffic pattern procedures, instructions, andrules.
how to maintain proper spacing from other traffic.
how to maintain the desired ground track.
wind shear and wake turbulence avoidance procedures.
orientation with the runway or landing area in use.
how to establish a final approach at an appropriate distancefrom the runway or landing area.
use of checklist.

failure to comply with traffic patternprocedures, and rules.
improper correction for wind drift.
inadequate spacing from other traffic.
poor altitude or airspeed control.

instructions,

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns froman instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related totraffic patterns.

1-23

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: AIRPORT/SEAPLANE BASE, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAYSIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM; AC 150/5340-1, AC 150/5340-18.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airport/
seaplane base runway and taxiway signs, markings, andlighting by describing—
a.

b.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toairport/seaplane base, runway and taxiway signs, markings,
and lighting by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.

4.

identification and proper interpretation of airport/seaplanebase, runway and taxiway signs and markings withemphasis on runway incursion avoidance.
identification and proper interpretation of airport/seaplanebase, runway and taxiway lighting with emphasis on
runway incursion avoidance.

failure to comply with airport/seaplane base, runway andtaxiway signs and markings.
failure to comply with airport/seaplane base, runway andtaxiway lighting.
failure to use proper runway incursion avoidance
procedures.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains airport/seaplanebase, runway and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toairport/seaplane base, runway and taxiway signs, markings,
and lighting.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-24

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND
GO-AROUNDSNOTE: The examiner must select at least two takeoff and two landing
TASKS.
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal
and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anormal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff area
to ensure runway incursion avoidance.
normal and crosswind takeoff and lift-off procedures.
difference between a normal and a glassy-water takeoff(ASES).
proper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY).
proper use of checklist.

improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
improper use of controls during a normal or crosswind
takeoff.
inappropriate lift-off procedures.
improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or acrosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to anormal or a crosswind takeoff and climb.

1-25

FAA-S-8081-6C

B. TASK: SHORT-FIELD (CONFINED AREA—ASES) TAKEOFF AND
MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE CLIMB (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-fieldtakeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ashort-field takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff area
to ensure runway incursion avoidance.
short-field takeoff and lift-off procedures.
initial climb attitude and airspeed (VX) until obstacle iscleared (50 feet AGL).
proper use of checklist.

improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
improper use of controls during a short-field takeoff.
improper lift-off procedures.
improper initial climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed(VX) to clear obstacle.
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a short-field takeoffand climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to ashort-field takeoff and climb.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-26

C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a soft-fieldtakeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to asoft-field takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff area
to ensure runway incursion avoidance.
soft-field takeoff and lift-off procedures.
initial climb attitude and airspeed, depending on if an
obstacle is present.
proper use of checklist.

improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
improper use of controls during a soft-field takeoff.
improper lift-off procedures.
improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY
or VX).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a soft-field takeoffand climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to asoft-field takeoff and climb.

1-27

FAA-S-8081-6C

D. TASK: GLASSY-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 91-69, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-808112, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassywater takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
glassy-water takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the takeoff area to ensure
waterway is clear of objects or obstructions.
flight control, flap, and water rudder use during glassywater takeoff procedures.
appropriate planning attitude and lift-off procedures on
glassy water.
initial climb attitude and airspeed (VX, if an obstacle ispresent (50 feet AGL), or VY).
proper use of after takeoff checklist.

improper takeoff water way clearance procedures.
poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.
improper use of controls during a glassy-water takeoff.
inappropriate lift-off procedures.
hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after
becoming airborne.
improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY
or VX).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-watertakeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
glassy-water takeoff and climb.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-28

E. TASK: ROUGH-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a roughwater takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to arough-water takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the takeoff area to ensure
waterway is clear of objects or obstructions.
flight control, flap and water rudder use during rough-watertakeoff procedures.
appropriate planning attitude and lift-off procedures onrough water.
initial climb attitude and airspeed (VX, if an obstacle ispresent (50 feet AGL), or VY).
proper use of after takeoff checklist.

improper takeoff water way clearance procedures.
poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.
improper use of controls during a rough-water takeoff.
inappropriate lift-off procedures.
hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after
becoming airborne.
improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY
or VX).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-watertakeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to arough-water takeoff and climb.

1-29

FAA-S-8081-6C

F.

TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING(ASEL and ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal
and a crosswind approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration, power, and trim.
obstructions and other hazards which should beconsidered.
d. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown area.
e. course of action if selected touchdown area is going to be
missed.
f. coordination of flight controls.
g. a precise ground track.
h. wind shear and wake turbulence avoidance procedures.
i. most suitable crosswind procedure.
j. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
k. directional control after touchdown.
l. use of brakes (landplane).
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anormal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.

4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes (ASEL).

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or acrosswind approach and landing from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to anormal or crosswind approach and landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-30

G. TASK: SLIP TO A LANDING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3,

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a slip
(forward and side) to a landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to aslip (forward and side) to a landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

configuration, power, and trim.
obstructions and other hazards which should beconsidered.
a stabilized slip at the appropriate airspeed to the selected
touchdown area.
possible airspeed indication errors.
proper application of flight controls.
a precise ground track.
wind shear and wake turbulence avoidance procedures.
timing, judgment, and control procedure during transition
from slip to touchdown.
directional control after touchdown.
use of brakes (ASEL).
use of checklist.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to maintain a stabilized slip.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
improper procedure during transition from the slip to thetouchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes (landplane).

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a forward orsideslip to a landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
forward or sideslip to a landing.

1-31

FAA-S-8081-6C

H. TASK: GO-AROUND/REJECTED LANDING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a goaround/rejected landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
go-around/rejected landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.
4.

situations where a go-around/rejected landing is necessary.
importance of making a prompt decision.
importance of applying takeoff power immediately after the
go-around/rejected landing decision is made.
importance of establishing proper pitch attitude.
wing flaps retraction.
use of trim.
landing gear retraction.
proper climb speed.
proper track and obstruction clearance.
use of checklist.

failure to recognize a situation where a go-around/rejectedlanding is necessary.
hazards of delaying a decision to go-around/rejected landing.
improper power application.
failure to control pitch attitude.
failure to compensate for torque effect.
improper trim procedure.
failure to maintain recommended airspeeds.
improper wing flaps or landing gear retraction procedure.
failure to maintain proper track during climb-out.
failure to remain well clear of obstructions and other traffic.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a go-around/rejectedlanding from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
go-around/rejected landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-32

I.

TASK: SHORT-FIELD (CONFINED AREA—ASES) APPROACH
AND LANDING (ASEL and ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-fieldapproach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration and trim.
proper use of pitch and power to maintain desired
approach angle.
d. obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.
e. effect of wind.
f. selection of touchdown and go-around points.
g. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown point.
h. coordination of flight controls.
i. a precise ground track.
j. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
k. directional control after touchdown.
l. use of brakes (ASEL).
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ashort-field approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

3.
4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
improper procedure in use of power, wing flaps, and trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a short-fieldapproach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to ashort-field approach and landing.

1-33

FAA-S-8081-6C

J.

TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL)

REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a soft-fieldapproach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration and trim.
obstructions and other hazards which should beconsidered.
d. effect of wind and landing surface.
e. selection of a touchdown area.
f. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown point.
g. coordination of flight controls.
h. a precise ground track.
i. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
j. touchdown in a nose-high pitch attitude at minimum safe
airspeed.
k. proper use of power.
l. directional control after touchdown.
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to asoft-field approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

3.
4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
failure to consider the effect of wind and landing surface.
improper procedure in use of power, wing flaps, and trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
failure to hold back elevator pressure after touchdown.
closing the throttle too soon after touchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a soft-field approachand landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to asoft-field approach and landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-34

K. TASK: 180° POWER-OFF
LANDING (ASEL)

ACCURACYAPPROACHAND

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a 180°
power-off accuracy approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
180° power-off accuracy approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

3.

4.

configuration and trim.
effects of wind and selection of a touchdown area.
the key points in the pattern.
a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown area.
coordination of flight controls.
timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
directional control after touchdown.
use of checklist.

failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
proper time or in proper sequence.
failure to identify the key points in the pattern.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
failure to consider the effect of wind and landing surface.
improper use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
failure to hold back elevator pressure after touchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a 180° power-off
accuracy approach and landing from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
180° power-off accuracy approach and landing.

1-35

FAA-S-8081-6C

L.

TASK: GLASSY-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassywater approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

j.
k.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
glassy-water approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration and trim.
deceptive characteristics of glassy water.
selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
coordination of flight controls.
a precise ground track.
a power setting and pitch attitude that will result in therecommended airspeed and rate of descent throughout the
final approach to touchdown.
how to maintain positive afterlanding control.
use of checklist.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time and in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach at
the recommended airspeed and rate of descent.
improper procedure in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
failure to touch down with power in the proper stabilized
attitude.
failure to maintain positive afterlanding control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-water
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
glassy-water approach and landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-36

M. TASK: ROUGH-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a roughwater approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
review of wind conditions.
how landing area characteristics can be evaluated.
selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
g. configuration and trim.
h. coordination of flight controls.
i. a precise ground track.
j. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown area.
k. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
l. maintenance of positive after-landing control.
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to arough-water approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
improper procedure in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
failure to maintain positive after-landing control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related arough-water approach and landing.

1-37

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

VIII.
AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLIGHTNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightand-level flight by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight-and-level flight by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,yaw, and power control; the cross-check and interpretationof those references; and the control procedure used.
trim procedure.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
faulty trim procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level
flight from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight-and-level flight.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-38

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

B. TASK: LEVEL TURNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level turns
by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tolevel turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,yaw, and power control; the cross-check and interpretationof those references; and the control procedure used.
trim procedure.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
faulty altitude and bank control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains level turns from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tolevel turns.

1-39

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

C. TASK: STRAIGHT CLIMBS AND CLIMBING TURNS (ASEL and
ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightclimbs and climbing turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight climbs and climbing turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,yaw, and power control; the cross-check and interpretationof those references; and the control procedure used.
trim procedure.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
improper correction for torque effect.
faulty trim procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight climbs andclimbing turns from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight climbs and climbing turns.

FAA-S-8081-6C

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Change 5 (6/9/2010)

D. TASK: STRAIGHT DESCENTS AND DESCENDING TURNS (ASEL
and ASES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightdescents and descending turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight descents and descending turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,yaw, and power control; the cross-check and interpretationof those references; and the control procedure used.
trim procedure.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
faulty trim procedure.
failure to clear engine and use carburetor heat, as
appropriate.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight descentsand descending turns from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight descents and descending turns.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERSNOTE: The examiner must select at least TASKS A or B and C or D.
A. TASK: STEEP TURNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep turns
by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tosteep turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed.
overbanking tendency.
torque effect in right and left turns.
selection of a suitable altitude.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
entry and rollout procedure.
coordination of flight and power controls.
altitude, bank, and power control during the turn.
proper recovery to straight-and-level flight.

improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry
and rollout.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
improper procedure in correcting altitude deviations.
loss of orientation.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tosteep turns.

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Change 5 (6/9/2010)

B. TASK: STEEP SPIRALS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep
spirals by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tosteep spiral by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

the purpose of steep spirals and their relationship toemergency landing procedures.
selection of entry altitude.
entry airspeed and power setting.
selection of a proper ground reference point.
division of attention and planning.
coordination of flight controls.
maintenance of constant radius around selected point.
maintenance of constant airspeed throughout maneuver.

improper pitch, bank, yaw, and power coordination during
entry or completion.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
improper planning and lack of maintenance of constantairspeed and radius.
failure to stay orientated to the number of turns and therollout heading.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a steep spiral froman instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tosteep spirals.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

C. TASK: CHANDELLES (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of chandelles
by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tochandelles by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

the purpose of chandelles and their relationship tobasic/advanced airmanship skills.
selection of entry altitude.
entry airspeed and power setting.
division of attention and planning.
coordination of flight controls.
pitch and bank attitudes at various points during the
maneuver.
proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.
achievement of maximum performance.
completion procedure.

improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry
or completion.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
improper planning and timing of pitch and bank attitudechanges.
factors related to failure in achieving maximum
performance.
a stall during the maneuver.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains chandelles from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tochandelles.

FAA-S-8081-6C

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Change 5 (6/9/2010)

D. TASK: LAZY EIGHTS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of lazy eights
by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tolazy eights by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

the purpose of lazy eights and their relationship tobasic/advanced airmanship skills.
selection of entry altitude.
selection of suitable reference points.
entry airspeed and power setting.
entry procedure.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
coordination of flight controls.
pitch and bank attitudes at key points during the maneuver.
importance of consistent airspeed and altitude control at
key points during the maneuver.
proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.
loop symmetry.

poor selection of reference points.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
unsymmetrical loops resulting from poorly planned pitchand bank attitude changes.
inconsistent airspeed and altitude at key points.
loss of orientation.
excessive deviation from reference points.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains lazy eights from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to lazyeights.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

X. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE
MANEUVERSNOTE: The examiner must select TASK D and one other TASK.
A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rectangularcourse by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to arectangular course by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

how to select a suitable altitude.
how to select a suitable ground reference with consideration
given to emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
relationship of a rectangular course to an airport traffic
pattern.
wind drift correction.
how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distancefrom ground reference boundaries.
timing of turn entries and rollouts.
coordination of flight controls.

poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
improper correction for wind drift.
failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
selection of a ground reference where there is no suitable
emergency landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rectangular course
from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to arectangular course.

FAA-S-8081-6C

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Change 5 (6/9/2010)

B. TASK: S-TURNS ACROSS A ROAD (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns
across a road by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toS-turns across a road by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

the purpose of S-turns across a road and their relationshipto basic/advanced airmanship skills.
how to select a suitable altitude.
how to select a suitable ground reference line withconsideration given to emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
entry procedure.
wind drift correction.
tracking of semicircles of equal radii on either side of theselected ground reference line.
how to maintain desired altitude and airspeed.
turn reversal over the ground reference line.
coordination of flight controls.

faulty entry procedure.
poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
improper correction for wind drift.
an unsymmetrical ground track.
failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
selection of a ground reference line where there is nosuitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains S-turns across aroad from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toS-turns across a road.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns
around a point by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toturns around a point by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

the purpose of turns around a point and their relationshipto basic/advanced airmanship skills.
how to select a suitable altitude.
how to select a suitable ground reference point withconsideration given to emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
entry procedure.
wind drift correction.
how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distancefrom reference point.
coordination of flight controls.

faulty entry procedure.
poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
improper correction for wind drift.
failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
selection of a ground reference point where there is nosuitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns around apoint from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toturns around a point.

FAA-S-8081-6C

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Change 5 (6/9/2010)

D. TASK: EIGHTS ON PYLONS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of eights onpylons by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toeights on pylons by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

3.
4.

the purpose of eights on pylons and their relationship tobasic/advanced airmanship skills.
how to determine the approximate pivotal altitude.
how to select suitable pylons with consideration given to
emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
relationship of groundspeed change to the performance ofthe maneuver.
pilot’s “line-of-sight” reference to the pylon.
entry procedure.
procedure for maintaining “line-of-sight” on the pylon.
proper planning for turn entries and rollouts.
how to correct for wind drift between pylons.
coordination of flight controls.

faulty entry procedure.
poor planning, orientation, and division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
use of an improper “line-of-sight” reference.
application of rudder alone to maintain “line-of-sight” on thepylon.
improper planning for turn entries and rollouts.
improper correction for wind drift between pylons.
selection of pylons where there is no suitable emergency
landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains eights on pylons
from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to eights
on pylons.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

XI. AREA OF OPERATION: SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, ANDSPINSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one proficiency stall (TASK B
or C), at least one demonstration stall (TASK D, E, F, or H), andTASK G.
A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the
maneuvering during slow flight by describing—
a.

b.
c.

d.
e.
f.
g.
2.

e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

4.

of

relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity,
maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flightcharacteristics and controllability.
relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations,such as go-around.
performance of the maneuver with selected landing gearand flap configurations in straight-and-level flight and levelturns.
specified airspeed for the maneuver.
coordination of flight controls.
trim technique.
reestablishment of cruise flight.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tomaneuvering during slow flight by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

elements

failure to establish specified gear and flap configuration.
improper entry technique.
failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.
excessive variations of altitude and heading when aconstant altitude and heading are specified.
rough or uncoordinated control technique.
improper correction for torque effect.
improper trim technique.
unintentional stalls.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering duringslow flight from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tomaneuvering during slow flight.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-50

B. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (PROFICIENCY) (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
AC
61-67;FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-on
stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selectedlanding gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.

4.

aerodynamics of power-on stalls.
relationship of various factors such as landing gear andflap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor,
and bank angle to stall speed.
flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may
occur.
entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straightor turning).
coordination of flight controls.
recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls.
recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap
configuration prior to entry.
improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straightahead and turning stalls.
improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
rough or uncoordinated control procedure.
failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
failure to achieve a stall.
improper torque correction.
poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during
recovery.
secondary stall during recovery.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains power-on stalls, inclimbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gearand flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (PROFICIENCY) (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-off
stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selectedlanding gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.

4.

aerodynamics of power-off stalls.
relationship of various factors, such as landing gear andflap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor,
and bank angle to stall speed.
flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may
occur.
entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
performance of power-off stalls in descending flight (straightor turning).
coordination of flight controls.
recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls.
recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap
configuration prior to entry.
improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straightahead stalls.
improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
rough or uncoordinated control technique.
failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
failure to achieve a stall.
improper torque correction.
poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during
recovery.
secondary stall during recovery.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains power-off stalls, indescending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing
gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-52

D. TASK: CROSSED-CONTROL STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL
and ASES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of crossedcontrol stalls, with the landing gear extended by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tocrossed-control stalls, with the landing gear extended bydescribing—
a.
b.

c.
d.

3.

4.

aerodynamics of crossed-control stalls.
effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed
descending turns.
flight situations where unintentional crossed-control stalls
may occur.
entry procedure and minimum entry altitude.
recognition of crossed-control stalls.
recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry.
failure to establish a crossed-control turn and stall condition
that will adequately demonstrate the hazards of a crossedcontrol stall.
improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition
and recovery from a cross-control stall.
failure to present simulated student instruction thatemphasizes the hazards of a cross-control condition in a
gliding or reduced airspeed condition.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a crossed-control
stall, with the landing gear extended, from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to acrossed-control stall with the landing gear extended.

1-53

FAA-S-8081-6C

E. TASK: ELEVATOR TRIM STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL
and ASES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of elevator
trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations by
describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toelevator trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap
configurations by describing—
a.

b.
c.

3.

4.

aerodynamics of elevator trim stalls.
hazards of inadequate control pressures to compensate forthrust, torque, and up-elevator trim during go-around andother related maneuvers.
entry procedure and minimum entry altitude.
recognition of elevator trim stalls.
importance of recovering from an elevator trim stall
immediately upon recognition.

failure to present simulated student instruction that
adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor correction fortorque and up-elevator trim during go-around and othermaneuvers.
failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry.
improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition ofand the recovery from an elevator trim stall.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains elevator trim stalls,
in selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toelevator trim stalls in selected landing gear and flap
configurations.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-54

F.

TASK: SECONDARY STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and
ASES)

REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of secondary
stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations by
describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tosecondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations
by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.

4.

aerodynamics of secondary stalls.
flight situations where secondary stalls may occur.
hazards of secondary stalls during normal stall or spin
recovery.
entry procedure and minimum entry altitude.
recognition of a secondary stall.
recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry.
improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition ofand recovery from a secondary stall.
failure to present simulated student instruction that
adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor procedure in
recovering from a primary stall.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains secondary stalls, inselected landing gear and flap configurations, from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tosecondary stalls in selected landing gear and flap configurations.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

G. TASK: SPINS (ASEL)
NOTE: At the discretion of the examiner, a logbook record attesting
applicant instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin
recoveries may be accepted in lieu of this TASK. The flight instructor
who conducted the spin instruction must certify the logbook record.
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 23; Type Certificate Data Sheet; AC 61-67,
FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of spins by
describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tospins by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.
4.

anxiety factors associated with spin instruction.
aerodynamics of spins.
airplanes approved for the spin maneuver based on
airworthiness category and type certificate.
relationship of various factors such as configuration, weight,
center of gravity, and control coordination to spins.
flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.
how to recognize and recover from imminent, unintentional
spins.
entry procedure and minimum entry altitude for intentional
spins.
control procedure to maintain a stabilized spin.
orientation during a spin.
recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude forintentional spins.

failure to establish proper configuration prior to spin entry.
failure to achieve and maintain a full stall during spin entry.
failure to close throttle when a spin entry is achieved.
failure to recognize the indications of an imminent,
unintentional spin.
improper use of flight controls during spin entry, rotation, or
recovery.
disorientation during a spin.
failure to distinguish between a high-speed spiral and a spin.
excessive speed or accelerated stall during recovery.
failure to recover with minimum loss of altitude.
hazards of attempting to spin an airplane not approved forspins.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a spin (one turn)from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to spins.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-56

H. TASK: ACCELERATED MANEUVER STALLS (DEMONSTRATION)(ASEL and ASES)
NOTE: This TASK must be completed by oral examination ordemonstration at the discretion of the examiner.
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of accelerated
maneuver stalls by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.
3.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains accelerated
maneuver stall, from an instructional standpoint.
Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toaccelerated maneuver stalls by describing—
a.
b.
c.

4.

aerodynamics of accelerated maneuver stalls.
flight situations where accelerated maneuver stalls may
occur.
hazards of accelerated stalls during stall or spin recovery.
entry procedure and minimum entry altitude.
recognition of the accelerated stall.
recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish proper configuration prior to entry.
improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition ofand recovery from an accelerated maneuver stall.
failure to present simulated student instruction that
adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor procedures inrecovering from an accelerated stall.

Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toaccelerated stalls.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

XII. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT
MANEUVERSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightand-level flight solely by reference to instruments bydescribing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, andhow those instruments are used to maintain altitude,
heading, and airspeed.
trim procedure.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power
adjustments during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.
faulty trim procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level
flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-58

B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight andturning, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference toinstruments by describing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight and turning, constant airspeed climbs, solely byreference to instruments by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
entry, during the climb, and during level off, and how those
instruments are used to maintain climb heading andairspeed.
trim procedure.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power
adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
improper entry or level-off procedure.
faulty trim procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight andturning, constant airspeed climb, solely by reference toinstruments, from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight and turning, constant airspeed climbs, solely byreference to instruments.

1-59

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight andturning, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference toinstruments by describing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight and turning, constant airspeed descents, solely byreference to instruments by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
entry, during the descent, and during level off, and how
those instruments are used to maintain descent heading
and airspeed.
trim procedure.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power
adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
improper entry or level-off procedure.
faulty trim procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight andturning, constant airspeed descent, solely by reference toinstruments, from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight and turning, constant airspeed descents, solely byreference to instruments.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-60

D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns toheadings, solely by reference to instruments by describing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toturns to headings, solely by reference to instruments bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
turn entry, during the turn, and during the turn rollout, andhow those instruments are used.
trim procedure.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power
adjustments during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections.
improper entry or rollout procedure.
faulty trim procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a turn to a heading,solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toturns to headings, solely by reference to instruments.

1-61

FAA-S-8081-6C

E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES (ASEL
and ASES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery
from unusual flight attitudes by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related torecovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

4.

conditions and situations that may result in unusual flight
attitudes.
the two basic unusual flight attitudes—nose-high (climbingturn) and nose-low (diving spiral).
how unusual flight attitudes are recognized.
control sequence for recovery from a nose-high attitude
and the reasons for that sequence.
control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude andthe reasons for that sequence.
reasons why the controls should be coordinated during
unusual flight attitude recoveries.

failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude.
consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual
flight attitude by “feel” rather than by instrument indications.
inappropriate control applications during recovery.
failure to recognize from instrument indications when the
airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a recovery fromnose-high and a nose-low flight attitude from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related torecovery from unusual flight attitudes.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-62

XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONSNOTE: The examiner must select at least TASKS A and B.
A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED)(ASEL and ASES)
NOTE: The examiner must NOT simulate a power failure by placing thefuel selector to the “off” position or by placing the mixture control in the“idle-cutoff” position. No simulated emergency approach is to be continued
below 500 feet AGL, unless over an area where a safe landing can beaccomplished in compliance with 14 CFR section 91.119.
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an
emergency approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toan emergency approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

prompt establishment of the best glide airspeed and therecommended configuration.
how to select a suitable emergency landing area.
planning and execution of approach to the selected landingarea.
use of emergency checklist.
importance of attempting to determine reason for the
malfunction.
importance of dividing attention between flying the approachand accomplishing emergency checklist.
procedures that can be used to compensate for undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area.

improper airspeed control.
poor judgment in the selection of an emergency landing area.
failure to estimate the approximate wind speed anddirection.
failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing situation.
failure to accomplish the emergency checklist.
undershooting or overshooting selected emergency
landing area.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an emergency
approach with a simulated engine failure from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an
emergency approach with a simulated engine failure.
1-63

FAA-S-8081-6C

B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (ASEL
and ASES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

NOTE: The examiner must not simulate a system or equipment
malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result inpossible damage to the airplane.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of at least five (5) of the equipment malfunctions,appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing
recommended pilot action for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Smoke, fire, or both, during ground or flight operations.
Rough running engine or partial power loss.
Loss of engine oil pressure.
Fuel starvation.
Engine overheat.
Hydraulic malfunction.
Electrical malfunction.
Carburetor or induction icing.
Door or window opening in flight.
Inoperative or “runaway” trim.
Landing gear or flap malfunction.
Pressurization malfunction.

C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (ASEL
and ASES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment andsurvival gear appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by
describing:
1.
2.

Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various
climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.
Purpose, method of operation or use, servicing and storage ofappropriate equipment.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-64

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

D. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT) (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to emergency descents appropriate
to the airplane flown by:
1.

Exhibiting instructional knowledge of the elements related to an
emergency descent by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
2.

Exhibiting instructional knowledge of common errors related toan emergency descent by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.

3.
4.

situations that require an emergency descent.
proper use of the prescribed emergency checklist to verify
accomplishment of procedures before initiating and during
the emergency descent.
proper use of clearing procedures before initiating andduring the emergency descent.
procedures for recovering from an emergency descent.
manufacturer’s procedures.

the consequences of failing to identify reason for executing
an emergency descent.
improper use of the prescribed emergency checklist toverify accomplishment of procedures for initiating the
emergency descent.
improper use of clearing procedures for initiating the
emergency descent.
improper procedures for recovering from an emergency
descent.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains emergency decentsfrom an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toemergency decents.

1-65

FAA-S-8081-6C

XIV. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURESNOTE: The examiner must select TASK A and, for ASES applicants, atleast one other TASK.
A. TASK: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of postflightprocedures by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

parking procedure (ASEL).
engine shutdown and securing cockpit.
deplaning passengers.
securing airplane.
postflight inspection.
refueling.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related topostflight procedures by describing—a.
b.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
poor planning, improper procedure, or faulty judgment in
performance of postflight procedures.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-66

B. TASK: ANCHORING (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of anchoringby describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toanchoring by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

how to select a suitable area for anchoring.
recommended procedure for anchoring in a lake, river, or
tidal area.
number of anchors and lines to be used to ensure
seaplane security in various conditions.
hazards to be avoided during anchoring.
requirements for anchoring lights.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
anchoring procedures.
consequences of poor planning, improper procedure, orpoor judgment when anchoring.
consequences of failure to use anchor lines of adequate
length and strength to ensure seaplane security.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains anchoring from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toanchoring.

1-67

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of docking andmooring by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
docking and mooring by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

how to select a suitable area for docking and mooring.
recommended procedure for mooring in a lake, river, or
tidal area.
number of tie-downs and lines to be used to ensure
seaplane security in various conditions.
hazards to be avoided during docking and mooring.
requirements for docking and mooring lights.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
consequences of poor planning, improper procedure, orpoor judgment when docking and mooring.
consequences of failure to use docking or mooring lines ofadequate length and strength to ensure seaplane security.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains docking andmooring from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
docking and mooring.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-68

D. TASK: BEACHING (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of beaching bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tobeaching by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

recommended procedures for beaching.
factors to be considered, such as beach selection, water
depth, current, tide, and wind.
procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.
hazards to be avoided.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
consequences of poor beach selection, poor planning,
improper procedure, or faulty judgment when beaching.
a consequence of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains beaching from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tobeaching.

1-69

FAA-S-8081-6C

E. TASK: RAMPING (ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of ramping bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
ramping by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

factors such as type of ramp surface, wind, current, anddirection and control of approach speed.
recommended procedures for ramping.
hazards to be avoided.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
consequences of poor planning, improper procedure, or
faulty judgment when ramping.
consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that the seaplane is secure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ramping from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
ramping.

FAA-S-8081-6C

1-70

SECTION 2
FLIGHT INSTRUCTORAIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE
Practical Test Standards

CONTENTS
Airplane Multiengine
CHECKLISTSApplicant’s Practical Test Checklist ........................................ 2-v
Examiner's Checklist............................................................... 2-vii
ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE......................................... 2-xi
RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT OF A
FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR TABLE................................................... 2-xii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING
A. The Learning Process .........................................................2-1
B. Human Behavior and Effective Communication..................2-1
C. The Teaching Process ........................................................2-2
D. Teaching Methods...............................................................2-2
E. Critique and Evaluation .......................................................2-2
F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities..........2-3
G. Planning Instructional Activity..............................................2-3
II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS
A. Aeromedical Factors ...........................................................2-4
B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance ...........................2-5
C. Principles of Flight ...............................................................2-5
D. Airplane Flight Controls .......................................................2-5
E. Airplane Weight and Balance ..............................................2-6
F. Navigation and Flight Planning............................................2-6
G. Night Operations .................................................................2-7
H. High Altitude Operations .....................................................2-7
I. Federal Aviation Regulations and Publications ...................2-8
J. National Airspace System ...................................................2-8
K. Navigation Aids and Radar Services...................................2-9
L. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements ..................2-9
M. Water and Seaplane Characteristics.................................2-10
N. Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation ...2-10

2-i

FAA-S-8081-6C

III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
A. Certificates and Documents ..............................................2-11
B. Weather Information..........................................................2-11
C. Airworthiness Requirements .............................................2-12
D. Operation of Systems........................................................2-12
IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMEDIN FLIGHT
A. Maneuver Lesson..............................................................2-13
V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. Preflight Inspection............................................................2-14
B. Cockpit Management ........................................................2-15
C. Engine Starting..................................................................2-16
D. Taxiing—Landplane ..........................................................2-17
E. Taxiing—Seaplane ............................................................2-18
F. Sailing................................................................................2-19
G. Before Takeoff Check........................................................2-20
VI. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS
A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals.................2-21
B. Traffic Patterns ..................................................................2-22
C. Airport/Seaplane Base, Runway and Taxiway Signs,
Markings, and Lighting ......................................................2-23
VII. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS
A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb ........................2-24
B. Short-Field (Confined Area AMES) Takeoff andMaximum Performance and Climb ....................................2-25
C. Glassy-Water Takeoff and Climb ......................................2-26
D. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb.......................................2-27
E. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing .................2-28
F. Go-Around/Rejected Landing............................................2-29
G. Short-Field (Confined Area AMES) Approach andLanding..............................................................................2-30
H. Glassy-Water Approach and Landing ...............................2-31
I. Rough-Water Approach and Landing................................2-32

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-ii

VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT
A. Straight-and-Level Flight ...................................................2-33
B. Level Turns........................................................................2-34
C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns..................................2-35
D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns.........................2-36
IX. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
A. Steep Turns.......................................................................2-37
X. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
A. Rectangular Course ..........................................................2-38
B. S-Turns Across a Road .....................................................2-39
C. Turns Around a Point ........................................................2-40
XI. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS
A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight .......................................2-41
B. Power-On Stalls ................................................................2-42
C. Power-Off Stalls ................................................................2-43
D. Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration)..................2-44
XII. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
A. Straight-and-Level Flight ...................................................2-45
B. Constant Airspeed Climbs.................................................2-46
C. Constant Airspeed Descents.............................................2-47
D. Turns to Headings .............................................................2-48
E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes ............................2-49
XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
A. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions ..............................2-50
B. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC ........................2-51
C. Engine Failure After Lift-Off...............................................2-52
D. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine...........2-53
E. Emergency Descent ..........................................................2-54
F. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ........................2-55

2-iii

FAA-S-8081-6C

XIV. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS
A. Operation of Systems........................................................2-56
B. Performance and Limitations.............................................2-56
C. Flight Principles—Engine Inoperative ...............................2-57
D. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative .......................2-58
E. VMC Demonstration ............................................................2-60
F. Demonstrating the Effects of Various Airspeeds andConfigurations During Engine Inoperative Performance ...2-61
XV. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. Postflight Procedures ........................................................2-62
B. Anchoring ..........................................................................2-63
C. Docking and Mooring ........................................................2-64
D. Beaching ...........................................................................2-65
E. Ramping ............................................................................2-66

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-iv

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLISTAPPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOR OR EXAMINER:
NAME: _________________________________________________
TIME/DATE: ____________________________________________
ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT:






View-Limiting Device (if applicable)
Aircraft Documents:
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Operating Limitations
Aircraft Maintenance Records:
Airworthiness Inspections
Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT







Current Aeronautical Charts
Computer and Plotter
Flight Plan Form
Flight Logs
Current AIM
Current Airport Facility Directory

PERSONAL RECORDS










Pilot Certificate
Medical Certificate
Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating
Application
Airman Knowledge Test Report
Logbook with Instructor’s Endorsement
Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)
Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)

2-v

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-vi (Blank Page)

EXAMINER’S CHECKLISTFLIGHT INSTRUCTOR—AIRPLANE(MULTIENGINE)APPLICANT’S NAME ________________________________
EXAMINER’S NAME _________________________________TYPE CHECK _____________________DATETYPE AIRPLANE _________________________

AREA OF OPERATION:I.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING








II.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

The Learning Process
Human Behavior and Effective Communication
The Teaching Process
Teaching Methods
Critique and Evaluation
Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities
Planning Instructional Activity

TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS















A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.

Aeromedical Factors
Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
Principles of Flight
Airplane Flight Controls
Airplane Weight and Balance
Navigation and Flight PlanningNight Operations
High Altitude Operations
Federal Aviation Regulations and Publications
National Airspace System
Navigation Aids and Radar Services
Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
Water and Seaplane Characteristics
Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation

2-vii

FAA-S-8081-6C

III.

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION





IV.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Certificates and Documents
Weather Information
Airworthiness Requirements
Operation of Systems

PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMEDIN FLIGHT
 Maneuver Lesson

V.

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES








VI.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

Preflight Inspection
Cockpit Management
Engine Starting
Taxiing—Landplane
Taxiing—Seaplane
Sailing
Before Takeoff Check

AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS
 A.
 B.
 C.

Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
Traffic Patterns
Airport/Seaplane Base, Runway and Taxiway, Signs,
Markings, and Lighting

VII. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS AND, GO-AROUNDS
 A.
 B.








C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.

Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
Short-Field (Confined Area (AMES)) Takeoff and Maximum
Performance Climb
Glassy-Water Takeoff and Climb
Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb
Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing
Go-Around/Rejected Landing
Short-Field (Confined Area (AMES)) Approach and Landing
Glassy-Water Approach and Landing
Rough-Water Approach and Landing

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-viiiVIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT





IX.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Straight-and-Level Flight
Level Turns
Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
Straight Descents and Descending Turns

PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Steep Turns

X.

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
 A.
 B.
 C.

XI.

Rectangular Course
S-Turns Across a Road
Turns Around a Point

SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS





A.
B.
C.
D.

Maneuvering During Slow Flight
Power-On Stalls
Power-Off Stalls
Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration)

XII. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS






A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Straight-and-Level Flight
Constant Airspeed Climbs
Constant Airspeed Descents
Turns to Headings
Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes

XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS







A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMCEngine Failure After Lift-Off
Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine
Emergency Descent
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

2-ix

FAA-S-8081-6C

XIV. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS







A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Operations of Systems
Performance and Limitations
Flight Principles—Engine Inoperative
Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative
VMC Demonstration
Demonstrating the Effects of Various Airspeeds andConfigurations During Engine Inoperative Performance

XV. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES






A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Postflight Procedures
Anchoring
Docking and Mooring
Beaching
Ramping

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-x

ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE
ADDITION OF A MULTIENGINE CLASS RATING (AND AN
AIRPLANE CATEGORY RATING, IF APPROPRIATE) TO A FLIGHT
INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATEREQUIRED
AREAS OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE AND RATING HELDOPERATION

AME

RH

RG

G

IA

IH

I

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

II

NONE

C,D

C,D

C,D

C,D

C,D

III

NONE

C,D

C,D

C,D

NONE

NONE

IV

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

V

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

VI

NONE

*

NONE

*

*

*

VII

*

*

*

*

*

*

VIII

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

IX

*

*

*

*

*

*

X

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

XI

*

*

*

*

*

*

XII

NONE

*

*

*

NONE

*

XIII

*

*

*

*

*

*

XIV

*

*

*

*

*

*

XV

NONE

*

*

*

*

*

NOTE: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor
certificate and the table indicates both a “NONE” and a “SELECT ONE” fora particular AREA OF OPERATION, the “NONE” entry applies. This is
logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the AREA OFOPERATION on a previous flight instructor practical test. At the discretionof the examiner, the applicant’s competence in any AREAS OF OPERATION
may be evaluated.

* Refer to NOTE under AREA OF OPERATION for TASK requirements.

2-xi

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-xii (Blank Page)

FAA-S-8081-6C

RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT
OF A FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR TABLE
Airplane Multiengine Category
REQUIRED AREAS OF OPERATION
II
III
IV
VII
IX
X
XI
XIII
XIV

NUMBER OF TASKSTASK L and 1 other TASK
1
1
2 Takeoffs and 2 Landings
1
1
1
2
1

The Renewal or Reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor
Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on the certificate.
(14 CFR part 61, sections 61.197 and 61.199)

2-xiii

FAA-S-8081-6C

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-xiv

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

I.

AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF
INSTRUCTING

NOTE: The examiner must select TASK F and one other TASK.
A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESSREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Learning theory.
Characteristics of learning.
Principles of learning.
Levels of learning.
Learning physical skills.
Memory.
Transfer of learning.

B. TASK: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of human behavior and effective
communication as it applies to the teaching process by describing:1.

Human behavior—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

control of human behavior.
human needs.
defense mechanisms.
the flight instructor as a practical psychologist.

Effective communication—
a.
b.
c.

basic elements of communication.
barriers of effective communication.
developing communication skills.

2-1

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESSREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional
period.
Presentation methods.
Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skillspresented.
Review and evaluation of student performance.

D. TASK: TEACHING METHODSREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Material organization.
The lecture method.
The cooperative or group learning method.
The guided discussion method.
The demonstration-performance method.
Computer-based training method.

E. TASK: CRITIQUE AND EVALUATIONREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation by explaining:
1.

Critique—
a.
b.

2.

purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.
methods and ground rules for a critique.

Evaluation—
a.
b.
c.
d.

characteristics of effective oral questions and what types toavoid.
responses to student questions.
characteristics and development of effective written
questions.
characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically,
the FAA practical test standards.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-2

F.

TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS ANDRESPONSIBILITIESREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics andresponsibilities by describing:
1.

Aviation instructor responsibilities in—
a.
b.
c.

2.

Flight instructor responsibilities in—
a.
b.
c.

3.

providing adequate instruction.
establishing standards of performance.
emphasizing the positive.

providing student pilot evaluation and supervision.
preparing practical test recommendations and endorsements.
determining requirements for conducting additional training
and endorsement requirements.

Professionalism as an instructor by—a.
b.

explaining important personal characteristics.
describing methods to minimize student frustration.

G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITYREFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of planning instructional activity bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Developing objectives and standards for a course of training.
Theory of building blocks of learning.
Requirements for developing a training syllabus.
Purpose and characteristics of a lesson plan.

2-3

FAA-S-8081-6C

II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS
NOTE: The examiner must select TASK L and at least one other TASK.
A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing:
1.
2.
3.

How to obtain an appropriate medical certificate.
How to obtain a medical certificate in the event of a possible
medical deficiency.
The causes, symptoms, effects, and corrective action of thefollowing medical factors—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

4.
5.

hypoxia.
hyperventilation.
middle ear and sinus problems.
spatial disorientation.
motion sickness.
carbon monoxide poisoning.
fatigue and stress.
dehydration.

The effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to flightsafety.
The effect of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives and how
this affects pilots and passengers during flight.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-4

B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCEREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25, AC 90-48, FAA-H-8083-3; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance
by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Relationship between a pilot’s physical condition and vision.
Environmental conditions that degrade vision.
Vestibular and visual illusions.
“See and avoid” concept.
Proper visual scanning procedure.
Relationship between poor visual scanning habits andincreased collision risk.
Proper clearing procedures.
Importance of knowing aircraft blind spots.
Relationship between aircraft speed differential and collision risk.
Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.

C. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHTREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of principles of flight by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Airfoil design characteristics.
Airplane stability and controllability.
Turning tendency (torque effect).
Load factors in airplane design.
Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken.

D. TASK: AIRPLANE FLIGHT CONTROLSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to the airplane flight controls by
describing the purpose, location, direction of movement, effect andproper procedure for use of the:
1.
2.
3.

Primary flight controls.
Trim control(s).
Wing flaps.

2-5

FAA-S-8081-6C

E. TASK: AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCEREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1,
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14.

FAA-H-8083-3,

FAA-H-8083-25;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of airplane weight and balance bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

F.

Weight and balance terms.
Effect of weight and balance on performance.
Methods of weight and balance control.
Determination of total weight and center of gravity and thechanges that occur when adding, removing, or shifting weight.

TASK: NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES:
FAA-S-8081-14.

FAA-H-8083-3,

FAA-H-8083-25;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of navigation and flight planning bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Terms used in navigation.
Features of aeronautical charts.
Importance of using the proper and current aeronautical charts.
Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops andalternates, and appropriate actions in the event of unforeseen
situations.
Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.
Fundamentals of radio navigation.
Diversion to an alternate.
Lost procedures.
Computation of fuel consumption.
Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.
Importance of a weather check and the use of good judgmentin making a “go/no-go” decision.
Purpose of, and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.
Global positioning system (GPS) navigation.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-6

G. TASK: NIGHT OPERATIONSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.

FAA-H-8083-25;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of night operations by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Factors related to night vision.
Disorientation and night optical illusions.
Proper adjustment of interior lights.
Importance of having a flashlight with a red lens.
Night preflight inspection.
Engine starting procedures, including use of position andanticollision lights prior to start.
Taxiing and orientation on an airport.
Takeoff and climb-out.
Inflight orientation.
Importance of verifying the airplane’s attitude by reference toflight instruments.
Night emergency procedures.
Traffic patterns.
Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.
Go-arounds.

H. TASK: HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONSREFERENCES: 14 CFR partFAA-S-8081-12; POH/AFM, AIM.

91;

AC 61-107, FAA-H-8083-3;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of high altitude operations by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen.
Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations.
Characteristics of a pressurized airplane and various types ofsupplemental oxygen systems.
Importance of “aviator’s breathing oxygen.”
Care and storage of high-pressure oxygen bottles.
Problems associated with rapid decompression andcorresponding solutions.

2-7

FAA-S-8081-6C

I.

TASK: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONSREFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; NTSB part 830: FAA-H-8083-25;
POH/AFM, AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to Federal Aviation Regulations
publications by describing:1.

Availability and method of revision of 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91,
and NTSB part 830—
a.
b.

2.

Availability of flight information publications, advisory circulars,
practical test standards, pilot operating handbooks, and FAAapproved airplane flight manuals by describing—
a.
b.
c.

J.

purpose.
general content.

availability.
purpose.
general content.

TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEMREFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of the national airspace system bydescribing:
1.
2.

Basic VFR weather minimums—for all classes of airspace.
Airspace classes—their operating rules, pilot certification, andairplane equipment requirements for the following—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

Class A.
Class B.
Class C.
Class D.
Class E.
Class G.

Special use airspace (SUA).
Temporary flight restrictions (TFR).

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-8

K. TASK: NAVIGATION AIDS AND RADAR SERVICESREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.

FAA-H-8083-15;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to navigation aids and radar service
by describing:
1.
2.
3.
L.

One ground-based navigational aid (VOR/VORTAC, NDB,DME, LORAN).
Satellite-based navigation aids.
Radar service and procedures.

TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATEENDORSEMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries and certificate
endorsements by describing:
1.
2.
3.

Required logbook entries for instruction given.
Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including
appropriate logbook entries.
Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test,
including appropriate logbook entry for—
a.
b.
c.

4.
5.

initial pilot certification.
additional pilot certification
additional aircraft qualification.

Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactorycompletion of the required FAA flight review.
Required flight instructor records.

2-9

FAA-S-8081-6C

M. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23;
FAA-S-8081-14; Seaplane Manual.

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to water and seaplanecharacteristics by describing:
1.

The characteristics of water surface as affected by features,such as—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

2.
3.

size and location of water operating area.
protected and unprotected operating areas.
surface wind.
direction and height of waves.
direction and strength of water current.
floating and partially submerged debris.
sandbars, islands, and shoals.

Seaplane float or hull construction and its relationship to
performance.
Causes of porpoising and skipping and pilot action necessary
to prevent or to correct those occurrences.

N. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE
NAVIGATION (AMES)REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-69, FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; USCG Navigation
Rules, International—Inland.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, rules, and aids tomarine navigation by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.

How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in
directories.
Operating restrictions at various seaplane bases.
Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane
operation.
Purpose and identification of marine navigation aids such as
buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-10

III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATIONNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 23, 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents bydescribing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The training requirements for the issuance of recreational,
private, and commercial pilot certificates.
The privileges and limitations of pilot certificates and ratings atrecreational, private, and commercial levels.
Class and duration of medical certificates.
Recent pilot flight experience requirements.
Required entries in pilot logbook or flight record.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATIONREFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to weather information by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Importance of a thorough preflight weather briefing.
Means and sources of obtaining weather information.
Use of real-time weather reports, forecasts, and charts fordeveloping scenario-based training.
Inflight weather advisories.
Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind shear.
Factors to be considered in making a “go/no-go” decision.

2-11

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

C. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 39, 43; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14;
POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to required airworthiness by
explaining:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.
Procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the
airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment without aminimum equipment list (MEL).
Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flightpermit.
Airworthiness directives, compliance records, maintenance/
inspection requirements, and appropriate records.
Procedures for deferring maintenance on aircraft without anapproved MEL.

D. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMSREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23,
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-25;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems, asapplicable to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing thefollowing systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Primary and secondary flight controls
Trim
Water rudders (AMES)
Powerplant and propeller
Landing gear
Fuel, oil, and hydraulicElectricalAvionics including autopilot
Pitot static, vacuum/pressure and associated instruments
Environmental
Deicing and anti-icing

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-12

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A
MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT
NOTE: Examiner must select at least one maneuver TASK from
AREAS OF OPERATION VII through XIV, and ask the applicant topresent a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson
would be taught to a student.
TASK: MANEUVER LESSONREFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23,
FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the selected maneuver by:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Stating the purpose.
Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description, including
the elements and common errors.
Using instructional aids, as appropriate.
Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common
errors.

2-13

FAA-S-8081-6C

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURESNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: AC 61-84, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-S-808112, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a preflightinspection, as applicable to the airplane used for the practicaltest, by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
preflight inspection by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

reasons for the preflight inspection, items that should be
inspected, and how defects are detected.
importance of using the appropriate checklist.
how to determine fuel and oil quantity and contamination.
detection of fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks.
inspection of the oxygen system, including supply andproper operation (if applicable).
inspection of the flight controls and water rudder (ifapplicable).
detection of visible structural damage.
removal of tie-downs, control locks, and wheel chocks.
removal of ice and frost.
importance of the proper loading and securing of baggage,cargo, and equipment.
use of sound judgment in determining whether the airplane
is in an airworthy condition for safe flight.

failure to use or the improper use of checklist.
hazards which may result from allowing distractions tointerrupt a visual inspection.
inability to recognize discrepancies to determine
airworthiness.
failure to assure servicing with the proper fuel and oil.
failure to ensure proper loading and securing of baggage,cargo, and equipment.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a preflight inspection
from an instructional standpoint.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-14

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of cockpit
management by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
cockpit management by describing—
a.
b.

c.

d.
e.

3.

proper arranging and securing of essential materials andequipment in the cockpit.
proper use and/or adjustment of cockpit items such as
safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals, and seats.
occupant briefing on emergency procedures and use ofsafety belts.
detection of fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks.

failure to place and secure essential materials andequipment for easy access during flight.
failure to properly use and/or adjustment of cockpit items,
such as safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals,
and seats.
failure to provide improper adjustment of equipment andcontrols. occupant briefing on emergency procedures anduse of safety belts.
failure to provide occupant briefing on emergency
procedures and use of safety belts.
failure to ensure proper loading and securing of baggage,cargo, and equipment.

Demonstrates
andsimultaneously
explains
management from an instructional standpoint.

2-15

cockpit

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25,
AC 91-13, AC 91-55, FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14;
POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine
starting, as appropriate to the airplane used for the practical
test by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toengine starting by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

safety precautions related to starting.
use of external power.
effect of atmospheric conditions on starting.
importance of following the appropriate checklist.
adjustment of engine controls during start.
prevention of airplane movement during and after start.

failure to properly use the appropriate checklist.
failure to use safety precautions related to starting.
improper adjustment of engine controls during start.
failure to assure proper clearance of the propeller.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine startingfrom an instructional standpoint.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-16

D. TASK: TAXIING—LANDPLANE (AMEL)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of landplanetaxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tolandplane taxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

proper brake check and correct use of brakes.
compliance with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals,
and ATC clearances or instructions.
how to control direction and speed.
flight control positioning for various wind conditions.
procedures used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
avoiding runway incursions.

improper use of brakes.
improper positioning of the flight controls for various windconditions.
hazards of taxiing too fast.
failure to comply with airport/taxiway surface marking,signals, and ATC clearances or instructions.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains landplane taxiing
from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tolandplane taxiing.

2-17

FAA-S-8081-6C

Change 5 (6/9/2010)

E. TASK: TAXIING—SEAPLANE (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-12;
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules, International—
Inland.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of seaplanetaxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toseaplane taxiing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

wind effect.
prevention of porpoising and skipping.
selection of the most suitable course for taxiing, following
available marking aids.
conditions where idle, plowing, and step taxiing are used.
procedures for idle, plowing, and step taxiing.
control positioning for various wind conditions.
use of water rudders.
procedures used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
procedures used to avoid excessive water spray into thepropeller.
180° and 360° turns in idle, plowing, and step positions.
application of right-of-way rules.

improper positioning of flight controls for various windconditions.
improper control of speed and direction.
failure to prevent porpoising and skipping.
failure to use the most suitable course and available
marking aids.
failure to use proper clearing procedures to avoid hazards.
failure to apply right-of-way rules.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains emergency
descents from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toemergency descents.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-18

F.

TASK: SAILING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules, International—
Inland.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of sailing bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tosailing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

procedures used in sailing (engine idling or shut down, as
appropriate).
conditions and situations where sailing would be used.
selection of the most favorable course to follow.
use of flight controls, flaps, doors, and water rudders tofollow the selected course.
procedures used to change direction from downwind to
crosswind.
control of speed.

failure to select the most favorable course to destination.
improper use of controls, flaps, and water rudders.
improper procedure when changing direction.
improper procedure for speed control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains sailing from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tosailing.

2-19

FAA-S-8081-6C

G. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the before
takeoff check by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tothe before takeoff check by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

positioning the airplane with consideration for other aircraft,
surface conditions and wind.
division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.
importance of following the checklist and responding toeach checklist item.
reasons for ensuring suitable engine temperatures andpressures for run-up and takeoff.
method used to determine that airplane is in a safe
operating condition.
importance of reviewing takeoff performance airspeeds,
expected takeoff distances, and emergency procedures.
method used for ensuring that the takeoff area or path isfree of hazards.
method of avoiding runway incursions and ensures noconflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

failure to properly use the appropriate checklist.
improper positioning of the airplane.
improper acceptance of marginal engine performance.
an improper check of flight controls.
hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency
procedures.
failure to avoid runway incursions and to ensure no conflictwith traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a before takeoff
check from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
before takeoff check.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-20

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE
BASE OPERATIONSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS(AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.

FAA-H-8083-25;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio
communications and ATC light signals by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toradio communications and ATC light signals by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.
recommended procedure and phraseology for radio
communications.
Receipt of, acknowledgement of, and compliance with ATC
clearances and instructions.
interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light signals.

use of improper frequencies.
improper procedure and phraseology when using radio
communications.
failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATCclearances and instructions.
failure to understand, or to properly comply with, ATC lightsignals.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains radio communication
procedures from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toradio communications and ATC light signals.

2-21

FAA-S-8081-6C

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-3, AC 90-42, AC 90-66;
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic
patterns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related totraffic patterns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

operations at airports and seaplane bases with and without
operating control towers.
adherence to traffic pattern procedures, instructions, andrules.
how to maintain proper spacing from other traffic.
how to maintain the desired ground track.
wind shear and wake turbulence avoidance procedures.
orientation with the runway or landing area in use.
how to establish a final approach at an appropriate distancefrom the runway or landing area.
use of checklist.

failure to comply with traffic pattern instructions, procedures,and rules.
improper correction for wind drift.
inadequate spacing from other traffic.
poor altitude or airspeed control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns froman instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related totraffic patterns.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-22

C. TASK: AIRPORT/SEAPLANE BASE, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAYSIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-12,
FAA-S-8081-14; AC 150/5340-1, AC 150/5340-18.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements of airport/seaplane base, runway andtaxiway signs, markings, and lighting by describing:
1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airport/
seaplane base, runway and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting
by describing—
a.

b.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toairport/seaplane base, runway and taxiway signs, markings,
and lighting by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.

4.

identification and proper interpretation of airport/seaplanebase, runway and taxiway signs and markings, with emphasis
on runway incursion avoidance.
identification and proper interpretation of airport/seaplanebase, runway and taxiway lighting, with emphasis on runway
incursion avoidance.

failure to comply with airport/seaplane base, runway andtaxiway signs and markings.
failure to comply with airport/seaplane base, runway andtaxiway lighting.
failure to use proper runway incursion avoidance
procedures.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains airport/seaplanebase, runway and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toairport/seaplane base, runway and taxiway signs, markings, andlighting.

2-23

FAA-S-8081-6C

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND
GO-AROUNDSNOTE: The examiner must select at least two takeoff and two landing
TASKS.
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB(AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal
and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anormal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff area
to ensure runway incursion avoidance.
normal and crosswind takeoff procedures.
difference between a normal and a glassy-water takeoff(seaplane).
normal and crosswind lift-off procedures.
proper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY).
proper use of checklist.

improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
improper use of controls during a normal or crosswind
takeoff.
inappropriate lift-off procedures.
improper climb attitude, power setting and airspeed (VY).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or acrosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to anormal or a crosswind takeoff and climb.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-24

B. TASK: SHORT-FIELD (CONFINED AREA (AMES)) TAKEOFF
AND MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE AND CLIMB (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-fieldtakeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ashort-field takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff area
to ensure runway incursion avoidance.
short-field takeoff procedures.
short-field lift-off procedures.
initial climb attitude and airspeed (VX) until obstacle iscleared (50 feet AGL).
proper use of checklist.

improper runway incursion avoidance procedures.
improper use of controls during a short-field takeoff.
improper lift-off procedures.
improper initial climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed(VX) to clear obstacle.
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a short-field takeoffand climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to ashort-field takeoff and climb.

2-25

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: GLASSY-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASES)
REFERENCES:
AC
91-69,FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassywater takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
glassy-water takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the takeoff area to ensure
waterway is clear of objects or obstructions.
flight control, flap and water rudder use during glassywater takeoff procedures.
appropriate planning attitude and lift-off procedures on
glassy water.
initial climb attitude and airspeed (VX, if an obstacle ispresent (50 feet AGL), or VY).
proper use of after takeoff checklist.

improper takeoff water way clearance procedures.
poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.
improper use of controls during a glassy-water takeoff.
inappropriate lift-off procedures.
hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after
becoming airborne.
improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY
or VX).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-watertakeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
glassy-water takeoff and climb.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-26

D. TASK: ROUGH-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a roughwater takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to arough-water takeoff and climb by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

procedures before taxiing onto the takeoff area to ensure
waterway is clear of objects or obstructions.
flight control, flap, and water rudder use during roughwater takeoff procedures.
appropriate planning attitude and lift-off procedures onrough water.
initial climb attitude and airspeed (VX, if an obstacle ispresent (50 feet AGL), or VY).
proper use of after takeoff checklist.

improper takeoff water way clearance procedures.
poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.
improper use of controls during a rough-water takeoff.
inappropriate lift-off procedures.
hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after
becoming airborne.
improper climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY
or VX).
improper use of checklist.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-watertakeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to arough-water takeoff and climb.

2-27

FAA-S-8081-6C

E. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING(AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal
and a crosswind approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration, power, and trim.
obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.
a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown area.
e. course of action if selected touchdown area is going to be
missed.
f. coordination of flight controls.
g. a precise ground track.
h. wind shear and wake turbulence.
i. crosswind procedure.
j. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
k. directional control after touchdown.
l. use of brakes (landplane).
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anormal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.

4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes (landplane).

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or acrosswind approach and landing from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to anormal or crosswind approach and landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-28

F.

TASK: GO-AROUND/REJECTED LANDING (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a goaround/rejected landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
go-around/rejected landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.
4.

situations in which a go-around is necessary.
importance of making a prompt decision.
importance of applying takeoff power immediately after the
go-around decision is made.
importance of establishing proper pitch attitude.
wing flaps retraction.
use of trim.
landing gear retraction.
proper climb speed.
proper track and obstruction clearance.
use of checklist.
Importance of manufacturer’s recommended procedures.

failure to recognize a situation where a go-around/rejectedlanding is necessary.
hazards of delaying a decision to go around.
improper power application.
failure to control pitch attitude.
failure to compensate for torque effect.
improper trim technique.
failure to maintain recommended airspeeds.
improper wing flaps or landing gear retraction procedure.
failure to maintain proper track during climb-out.
failure to remain well clear of obstructions and other traffic.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a go-around/rejectedlanding from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
go-around/rejected landing.

2-29

FAA-S-8081-6C

G. TASK: SHORT-FIELD (CONFINED AREA—AMES) APPROACH
AND LANDING (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-fieldapproach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration and trim.
proper use of pitch and power to maintain desired
approach angle.
d. barriers and other hazards which should be considered.
e. effect of wind.
f. selection of touchdown and go-around points.
g. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown point.
h. coordination of flight controls.
i. a precise ground track.
j. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
k. directional control after touchdown.
l. use of brakes (landplane).
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ashort-field approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

3.
4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, and trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
poor directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes (landplane).

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a short-fieldapproach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to ashort-field approach and landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-30

H. TASK: GLASSY-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassywater approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

j.
k.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a
glassy-water approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
configuration and trim.
deceptive characteristics of glassy water.
selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
coordination of flight controls.
a precise ground track.
a power setting and pitch attitude that will result in therecommended airspeed and rate of descent throughout the
final approach to touchdown.
how to maintain positive afterlanding control.
use of checklist.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time and in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach at
the recommended airspeed and rate of descent.
improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.
failure to touch down with power in the proper stabilized
attitude.
failure to maintain positive afterlanding control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-water
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
glassy-water approach and landing.

2-31

FAA-S-8081-6C

I.

TASK: ROUGH-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a roughwater approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

how to determine landing performance and limitations.
review of wind conditions.
how landing area characteristics can be evaluated.
selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
g. configuration and trim.
h. coordination of flight controls.
i. a precise ground track.
j. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to theselected touchdown area.
k. timing, judgment, and control procedure during roundout
and touchdown.
l. maintenance of positive afterlanding control.
m. use of checklist.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to arough-water approach and landing by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time and in proper sequence.
failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
improper procedure in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.
improper procedure during roundout and touchdown.
failure to maintain positive afterlanding control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related arough-water approach and landing.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-32

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT
NOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightand-level flight by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight-and-level flight by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of
those references; and the control technique used.
trim technique.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
faulty trim technique.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level
flight from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight-and-level flight.

2-33

FAA-S-8081-6C

B. TASK: LEVEL TURNS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level turns
by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tolevel turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of
those references; and the control technique used.
trim technique.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
faulty altitude and bank control.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a level turn from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tolevel turns.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-34

C. TASK: STRAIGHT CLIMBS AND CLIMBING TURNS (AMEL and
AMES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightclimbs and climbing turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight climbs and climbing turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,and power control; the cross-check and interpretation of
those references; and the control technique used.
trim technique.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
improper correction for torque effect.
faulty trim technique.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight climbs anda climbing turns from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight climbs and climbing turns.

2-35

FAA-S-8081-6C

D. TASK: STRAIGHT DESCENTS AND DESCENDING TURNS(AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightdescents and descending turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight descents and descending turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

effect and use of flight controls.
the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank,and power control; the cross-check and interpretation of
those references; and the control technique used.
trim technique.
methods that can be used to overcome tenseness andovercontrolling.

failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside andinstrument references.
application of control movements rather than pressures.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
faulty trim technique.
failure to clear engine and use carburetor heat, as
appropriate.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight descentsand descending turns from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight descents and descending turns.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-36

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERSTASK: STEEP TURNS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep turns
by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tosteep turns by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.
4.

relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed.
overbanking tendency.
torque effect in right and left turns.
selection of a suitable altitude.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
entry and rollout procedure.
coordination of flight and power controls.
altitude, bank, and power control during the turn.
proper recovery to straight-and-level flight.

improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry
and rollout.
uncoordinated use of flight controls.
improper procedure in correcting altitude deviations.
loss of orientation.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tosteep turns.

2-37

FAA-S-8081-6C

X. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE
MANEUVERSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of arectangular course by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to arectangular course by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.
4.

how to select a safe altitude.
how to select a suitable ground reference with consideration
given to emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
relationship of a rectangular course to an airport traffic
pattern.
wind drift correction.
how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distancefrom ground reference boundaries.
timing of turn entries and rollouts.
coordination of flight controls.

poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
improper correction for wind drift.
failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
selection of a ground reference where there is no suitable
emergency landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rectangular course
from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to arectangular course.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-38

B. TASK: S-TURNS ACROSS A ROAD (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns
across a road by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toS-turns across a road by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

3.
4.

how to select a safe altitude.
how to select a suitable ground reference line withconsideration given to emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
entry procedure.
wind drift correction.
tracking of semicircles of equal radii on either side of theselected ground reference line.
how to maintain desired altitude and airspeed.
turn reversal over the ground reference line.
coordination of flight controls.

faulty entry technique.
poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
improper correction for wind drift.
an unsymmetrical ground track.
failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
selection of a ground reference line where there is nosuitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains S-turns across aroad from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toS-turns across a road.

2-39

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns
around a point by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toturns around a point by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.
4.

how to select a safe altitude.
how to select a suitable ground reference point withconsideration given to emergency landing areas.
orientation, division of attention, and planning.
configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
entry procedure.
wind drift correction.
how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distancefrom reference point.
coordination of flight controls.

faulty entry procedure.
poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
uncoordinated flight control application.
improper correction for wind drift.
failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
selection of a ground reference point where there is nosuitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns around apoint from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toturns around a point.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-40

XI. AREA OF OPERATION: SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK. Stalls must not be
performed with one engine at reduced power or inoperative and theother engine(s) developing effective power.
Stalls using high power settings should not be performed. The highpitch angles necessary to induce these stalls could possibly result in
uncontrollable flight.
Examiners and instructors should be alert to the possible developmentof high sink rates when performing stalls in multiengine airplanes withhigh wing loading.
A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of maneuvering
during slow flight by describing—
a.

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tomaneuvering during slow flight by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

3.

relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity,
maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flightcharacteristics and controllability.
relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations, suchas go-arounds.
performance of the maneuver with selected landing gear andflap configurations in straight-and-level flight and level turns.
specified airspeed for the maneuver.
coordination of flight controls.
trim technique.
reestablishment of cruise flight.

failure to establish specified gear and flap configuration.
improper entry technique.
failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.
excessive variations of altitude and heading when aconstant altitude and heading are specified.
rough or uncoordinated control technique.
improper correction for torque effect.
improper trim technique.
unintentional stalls.
inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering
during slow flight from an instructional standpoint.
2-41

FAA-S-8081-6C4.

Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tomaneuvering during slow flight.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-42

B. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-on
stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing
gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.

4.

aerodynamics of power-on stalls.
relationship of various factors, such as landing gear andflap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor,
and bank angle to stall speed.
flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may
occur.
entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straightor turning).
coordination of flight controls.
recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls.
recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap
configuration prior to entry.
improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straightahead stalls.
improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
rough or uncoordinated control technique.
failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
failure to achieve a stall.
improper torque correction.
poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during
recovery.
secondary stall during recovery.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains power-on stalls, inclimbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gearand flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight and turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations.

2-43

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-off
stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selectedlanding gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

4.

5.

aerodynamics of power-off stalls.
relationship of various factors, such as landing gear andflap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, andbank angle to stall speed.
flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may
occur.
entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
performance of power-off stalls in descending flight (straightor turning).
coordination of flight controls.
recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls.
recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap
configuration prior to entry.
improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straightahead stalls.
improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
rough or uncoordinated control technique.
failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
failure to achieve a stall.
improper torque correction.
poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during
recovery.
secondary stall during recovery.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains power-off stalls, indescending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing
gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), withselected landing gear and flap configurations.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-44

D. TASK: ACCELERATED MANEUVER STALLS (DEMONSTRATION)(AMEL and AMES)NOTE: This TASK can either be completed by oral examination ordemonstrated at examiner’s discretion.
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of accelerated
maneuver stalls by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.
3.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains accelerated
maneuver stall, from an instructional standpoint—
Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toaccelerated maneuver stalls by describing—
a.
b.
c.

4.

aerodynamics of accelerated maneuver stalls.
flight situations where accelerated maneuver stalls may
occur.
hazards of accelerated stalls during stall or spin recovery.
entry procedure and minimum entry altitude.
recognition of the accelerated stall.
recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude.

failure to establish proper configuration prior to entry.
improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition ofand recovery from an accelerated maneuver stall.
failure to present simulated student instruction that
adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor procedures inrecovering from an accelerated stall.

Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toaccelerated stalls.

2-45

FAA-S-8081-6C

XII. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT
MANEUVERSNOTE: The examiner must select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straightand-level flight, solely by reference to instruments bydescribing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, andhow those instruments are used to maintain altitude,
heading, and airspeed.
trim technique.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments
during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.
faulty trim technique.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level
flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-46

B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight andturning, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference toinstruments by describing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight and turning, constant airspeed climbs, solely byreference to instruments by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
entry, during the climb, and during level off, and how those
instruments are used to maintain climb heading andairspeed.
trim technique.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments
during heading and airspeed corrections.
improper entry or level-off technique.
faulty trim technique.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constantairspeed climb, solely by reference to instruments, from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference toinstruments.

2-47

FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight andturning, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference toinstruments by describing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tostraight and turning, constant airspeed descents, solely byreference to instruments by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
entry, during the descent, and during level off, and how
those instruments are used to maintain descent heading
and airspeed.
trim technique.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power
adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
improper entry or level-off technique.
faulty trim technique.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constantairspeed descent, solely by reference to instruments, from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tostraight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference toinstruments.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-48

D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns toheadings, solely by reference to instruments by describing—
a.
b.

c.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toturns to headings, solely by reference to instruments bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

3.

4.

instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, andaircraft control.
instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
turn entry, during the turn, and during the turn rollout, andhow those instruments are used.
trim technique.

“fixation,” “omission,” and “emphasis” errors during instrument
cross-check.
improper instrument interpretation.
improper control applications.
failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power adjustments
during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections.
improper entry or rollout technique.
faulty trim technique.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a turn to a heading,solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toturns to headings, solely by reference to instruments.

2-49

FAA-S-8081-6C

E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES(AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15; FAA-S-8081-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery
from unusual flight attitudes by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related torecovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

4.

conditions and situations that may result in unusual flight
attitudes.
the two basic unusual flight attitudes—nose-high (climbingturn) and nose-low (diving spiral).
how unusual flight attitudes are recognized.
control sequence for recovery from a nose-high attitude
and the reasons for that sequence.
control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude andthe reasons for that sequence.
reasons why the controls should be coordinated during
unusual flight attitude recoveries.

failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude.
consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual
flight attitude by “feel” rather than by instrument indications.
inappropriate control applications during recovery.
failure to recognize from instrument indications when the
airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains recovery from anose-high and a nose-low unusual flight attitude from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related torecovery from unusual flight attitudes.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-50

XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONSNOTE: The examiner shall select TASKS B or C, D, and one otherTASK.
A. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (AMELand AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

NOTE: The examiner must not simulate a system or equipment
malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result inpossible damage to the airplane.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to systems and equipment
malfunctions, appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test, bydescribing recommended pilot action for at least five (5) of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Smoke, fire, or both, during ground or flight operations
Rough running engine, partial power loss, or sudden engine
stoppage
Propeller malfunction
Loss of engine oil pressure
Fuel starvation
Engine overheat
Hydraulic system malfunction
Electrical system malfunction
Carburetor or induction icing
Door or window opening in flight
Inoperative or “runaway” trim
Landing gear or flap malfunction
Pressurization malfunction

2-51

FAA-S-8081-6C

B. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC(AMEL and AMES)NOTE: Engine failure must not be simulated at a speed greater than
50 percent VMC.
REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related toengine failure during takeoff before VMC by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toengine failure during takeoff before VMC by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

4.

use of prescribed emergency procedure.
prompt closing of throttles.
how to maintain directional control.
proper use of brakes (landplane).

failure to follow prescribed emergency procedure.
failure to promptly recognize engine failure.
failure to promptly close throttles following engine failure.
faulty directional control and use of brakes.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated engine
failure during takeoff before VMC from an instructional
standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toengine failure during takeoff before VMC.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-52

C. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related toengine failure after lift-off by describing—
a.

b.
c.

d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toengine failure after lift-off by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

f.

3.
4.

use of prescribed emergency checklist to verify
accomplishment of procedures for securing the inoperativeengine.
proper adjustment of engine controls, reduction of drag,and identification and verification of the inoperative engine.
how to establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will
result in the best engine inoperative airspeed, considering
the height of obstructions.
how to establish and maintain a bank as required for best
performance.
how to maintain directional control.
methods to be used for determining reason formalfunction.
monitoring and proper use of the operating engine.
an emergency approach and landing, if a climb or level
flight is not within the airplane’s performance capability.
positive airplane control.
how to obtain assistance from the appropriate facility.

failure to follow prescribed emergency checklist.
failure to properly identify and verify the inoperative engine.
failure to properly adjust engine controls and reduce drag.
failure to maintain directional control.
failure to establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will
result in best engine inoperative airspeed, considering theheight of obstructions.
failure to establish and maintain proper bank for best
performance.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated engine
failure after lift-off from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toengine failure after lift-off.

2-53

FAA-S-8081-6C

D. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVEENGINE (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an
approach and landing with an inoperative engine by describing—a.

use of the prescribed emergency checklist to verify accomplishment of procedures for securing the inoperative engine.
b. proper adjustment of engine controls, reduction of drag,and identification and verification of the inoperative engine.
c. how to establish and maintain best engine inoperative
airspeed.
d. trim procedure.
e. how to establish and maintain a bank as required for best
performance.
f. the monitoring and adjusting of the operating engine.
g. proper approach to selected touchdown area, at therecommended airspeed.
h. proper application of flight controls.
i. how to maintain a precise ground track.
j. wind shear and turbulence.
k. proper timing, judgment, and control procedure during
roundout and touchdown.
l. directional control after touchdown.
m. use of brakes (landplane).
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to an
approach and landing with an inoperative engine by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3.

failure to follow prescribed emergency checklist.
failure to properly identify and verify the inoperative engine.
failure to properly adjust engine controls and reduce drag.
failure to establish and maintain best engine inoperative
airspeed.
improper trim procedure.
failure to establish proper approach and landing
configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.
failure to use proper procedure for wind shear or turbulence.
faulty technique during roundout and touchdown.
improper directional control after touchdown.
improper use of brakes (landplane).

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an approach andlanding with a simulated inoperative engine from an instructional
standpoint.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-54

4.

Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an
approach and landing with an inoperative engine.

Change 1 (1/10/07) & Change 5 (6/9/2010)

E. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective: To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an
emergency descent by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toan emergency descent by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.

3.

4.

situations that require an emergency descent.
proper use of the prescribed emergency checklist to verify
accomplishment of procedures for initiating the emergency
descent.
proper use of clearing procedures before initiating andduring the emergency descent.
procedures for recovering from an emergency descent.
follows manufacturer’s procedures.

the consequences of failing to identify reason for executing
an emergency descent.
improper use of the prescribed emergency checklist toverify accomplishment of procedures for initiating the
emergency descent.
improper use of clearing procedures before initiating andduring the emergency descent.
improper procedures for recovering from an emergency
descent.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an approach andlanding with a simulated inoperative engine from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an
approach and landing with an inoperative engine.

2-55

FAA-S-8081-6C

F.

TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (AMELand AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment andsurvival gear appropriate to the airplane flown by describing:
1.
2.

Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various
climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.
Purpose, method of operation or use, servicing and storage ofappropriate equipment.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-56

XIV. AREAOF
OPERATIONSOPERATION:

MULTIENGINENOTE: The examiner must select TASKS D, E, and one other TASK.
A. TASK: OPERATIONS OF SYSTEMS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems, asapplicable to the multiengine airplane used for the practical test, bydescribing at least five (5) of the following systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Primary flight controls and trim
Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers
Water rudders
Powerplant and propellers
Landing gear
Fuel, oil, and hydraulic system
ElectricalAvionics
Pitot static/vacuum system and associated instruments
Environmental.
Deicing and anti-icing

B. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to multiengine performance andlimitations by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Determination of weight and balance condition.
Use of performance charts, tables, and other data indetermining performance in various phases of flight.
Effects of exceeding limitations.
Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance.
Factors to be considered in determining that the required
performance is within the airplane’s single and multiengine
capabilities.

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FAA-S-8081-6C

C. TASK: FLIGHT PRINCIPLES—ENGINE INOPERATIVE (AMELand AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional
knowledge of the elements related to flight principles—engine
inoperative by describing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Meaning of the term “critical engine.”
Effects of density altitude on the VMC demonstration.
Effects of airplane weight and center of gravity on control.
Effects of bank angle on VMC.
Relationship of VMC to stall speed.
Reasons for loss of directional control.
Indications of loss of directional control.
Importance of maintaining the proper pitch and bank attitude,
and the proper coordination of controls.
9. Loss of directional control recovery procedures.
10. Engine failure during takeoff including planning, decisions, andsingle-engine operations.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-58

D. TASK: MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE(AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

NOTE: The feathering of one propeller can be demonstrated in any
multiengine airplane equipped with propellers that can be safely
feathered and unfeathered in flight. Feathering for pilot flight test
purposes should be performed only under such conditions and at such
altitudes (no lower than 3,000 feet above the surface) and positions
where safe landings on established airports can be readily
accomplished, in the event difficulty is encountered in unfeathering. At
altitudes lower than 3,000 feet above the surface, simulated engine
failure will be performed by throttling the engine and then establishingzero thrust.
In the event a propeller cannot be unfeathered during the practical test,
it should be treated as an emergency.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related tomaneuvering with one engine inoperative by describing—
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

flight characteristics and controllability associated withmaneuvering with one engine inoperative.
use of prescribed emergency checklist to verify
accomplishment of procedures for securing inoperativeengine.
proper adjustment of engine controls, reduction of drag,and identification and verification of the inoperative engine.
how to establish and maintain the best engine inoperative
airspeed.
proper trim procedure.
how to establish and maintain a bank, as required, for best
performance.
appropriate methods to be used for determining the reason
for the malfunction.
importance of establishing a heading toward the nearest
suitable airport or seaplane base.
importance of monitoring and adjusting the operating engine.
performance of straight-and-level flight, turns, descents,
and climbs, if the airplane is capable of those maneuvers
under existing conditions.

2-59

FAA-S-8081-6C2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tomaneuvering with one engine inoperative by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

3.
4.

failure to follow prescribed emergency checklist.
failure to recognize an inoperative engine.
hazards of improperly identifying and verifying theinoperative engine.
failure to properly adjust engine controls and reduce drag.
failure to establish and maintain the best engine
inoperative airspeed.
improper trim procedure.
failure to establish and maintain proper bank for best
performance.
failure to maintain positive control while maneuvering.
hazards of attempting flight contrary to the airplane’s
operating limitations.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering with
one engine inoperative from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tomaneuvering with one engine inoperative.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-60

E. TASK: VMC DEMONSTRATION (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

NOTE: Performing this maneuver by increasing pitch attitude to a highangle with both engines operating and then reducing power on thecritical engine should be avoided. This technique is hazardous and may
result in loss of aircraft control.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to VMC
demonstration by describing—
a.

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
VMC demonstration by describing—
a.

b.
c.
d.
3.
4.

causes of loss of directional control at airspeeds less than
VMC, the factors affecting VMC, and the safe recovery
procedures.
establishment of airplane configuration, adjustment of
power controls, and trim prior to the demonstration.
establishment of engine inoperative pitch attitude andairspeed.
establishment of a bank attitude as required for best
performance.
entry procedure to demonstrate loss of directional control.
indications that enable a pilot to recognize loss of
directional control.
proper recovery procedure.

inadequate knowledge of the causes of loss of directional
control at airspeeds less than VMC, factors affecting VMC,
and safe recovery procedures.
improper entry procedures, including pitch attitude, bankattitude, and airspeed.
failure to recognize imminent loss of directional control.
failure to use proper recovery procedure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine inoperativeloss of directional control from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toengine inoperative loss of directional control.

2-61

FAA-S-8081-6C

F.

TASK: DEMONSTRATING THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS
AIRSPEEDS AND CONFIGURATIONS DURING ENGINEINOPERATIVE PERFORMANCE (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES:
POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-3;

FAA-S-8081-12,

FAA-S-8081-14;

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to theeffects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine
inoperative performance by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

selection of proper altitude for the demonstration.
proper entry procedure to include pitch attitude, bankattitude, and airspeed.
effects on performance of airspeed changes at, above, andbelow VYSE.
effects on performance of various configurations:(1) extension of landing gear.
(2) extension of wing flaps.
(3) extension of both landing gear and wing flaps.
(4) windmilling of propeller on inoperative engine.

e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tothe effects of various airspeeds and configurations during
engine inoperative performance by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

4.

airspeed control throughout the demonstration.
proper control technique and procedures throughout thedemonstration.

inadequate knowledge of the effects of airspeeds above or
below VYSE and of various configurations on performance.
improper entry procedures, including pitch attitude, bankattitude, and airspeed.
improper airspeed control throughout the demonstration.
rough and/or uncoordinated control technique.
improper procedures during resumption of cruise flight.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the effects ofvarious airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative
performance from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to theeffects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine
inoperative performance.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-62

XV. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURESNOTE: The examiner shall select TASK A and for ASES applicants atleast one other TASK.
A. TASK: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES (AMEL and AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of postflightprocedures by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related topostflight procedures by describing—
a.
b.

3.
4.

parking procedure (landplane).
engine shutdown and securing cockpit.
deplaning passengers.
securing airplane.
postflight inspection.
refueling.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
poor planning, improper procedure, or faulty judgment in
performance of postflight procedures.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains postflight proceduresfrom an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related topostflight procedures.

2-63

FAA-S-8081-6C

B. TASK: ANCHORING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of anchoringby describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related toanchoring by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

how to select a suitable area for anchoring.
recommended procedure for anchoring in a lake, river, or
tidal area.
number of anchors and lines to be used to ensure
seaplane security in various conditions.
hazards to be avoided during anchors.
requirements for anchoring lights.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
anchoring procedures.
consequences of poor planning, improper procedure, orpoor judgment when anchoring.
consequences of failure to use anchor lines of adequate
length and strength to ensure seaplane security.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains anchoring from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related toanchoring.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-64

C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of anchoringand mooring by describing—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
docking and mooring by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

how to select a suitable area for docking and mooring.
recommended procedure for mooring in a lake, river, or
tidal area.
number of tie-downs and lines to be used to ensure
seaplane security in various conditions.
hazards to be avoided during docking and mooring.
requirements for docking and mooring lights.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
consequences of poor planning, improper procedure, orpoor judgment when docking and mooring.
consequences of failure to use docking or mooring lines ofadequate length and strength to ensure seaplane security.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains docking andmooring from an instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
docking and mooring.

2-65

FAA-S-8081-6C

D. TASK: BEACHING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of beaching bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related tobeaching by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

recommended procedures for beaching.
factors to be considered such as beach selection, water
depth, current, tide, and wind.
procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.
hazards to be avoided.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
consequences of poor beach selection, poor planning,
improper procedure, or faulty judgment when beaching.
a consequence of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains beaching from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related tobeaching.

FAA-S-8081-6C

2-66

E. TASK: RAMPING (AMES)REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3,
FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

FAA-H-8083-23;

FAA-S-8081-12,

Objective. To determine that the applicant:1.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of ramping bydescribing—
a.
b.
c.

2.

Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to
ramping by describing—
a.
b.
c.

3.
4.

factors, such as type of ramp surface, wind, current, anddirection and control of approach speed.
recommended procedures for ramping.
hazards to be avoided.

hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
consequences of poor planning, improper procedure, or
faulty judgment when ramping.
consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that the seaplane is secure.

Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ramping from an
instructional standpoint.
Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
ramping.

2-67

FAA-S-8081-6C