NIES GOSAT NIESPROJECT NEWSLETTER ISSUE#9 SEP. 2010

ISSUE # 9
SEP. 2010NIES

GOSJ ATPRO ECT
NEWSL ETTERCONTENTSNEWSNew Versions of Level 2 Data Products Now Released to the General Users 01
Symposium on Greenhouse Gases Measurement from Space
Hosted by GOSAT Project03
INTERVIEW
Remote Sensing Society of Japan President Shuichi Rokugawa
04
AHA! OF THE MONTH"Moshiri" Ground-Based Observation Site for "IBUKI" Validation
06
DATA PRODUCTS UPDATE07
CALENDAR
07
PUBLISHED PAPERS
07

Independent Administrative Institution
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
A newsletter on the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite(GOSAT, “IBUKI” ) project from the NIES GOSAT Project Oﬃce.

http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/

NEWS

New Versions of Level 2 Data Products Now Released to the General Users- Akira Yuki, NIES GOSAT Project Office

GOSAT Project upgraded two
Level 2 standard data products, andstarted to offer the new versions to thegeneral users on August 24, 2010. The
new versions are available for FTS Level
2 CO2 column amount1 (SWIR) and FTS
Level 2 CH4 column amount (SWIR).
Starting with this version upgrade, theversion numbers are of format V01.xx (xxare numbers). According to the relationshipdefinition shown in table 1, the data
products are offered as V01.10, V01.20,
V01.302.
There are three notable differences
between the new and old versions ofLevel 2 standard data products.
1 The number of molecules of a gas in acolumn of atmosphere from the ground to top.
2 Each of the three versions corresponds
to the version of input data, Level 1B 050050,
080080, 100100.
Ta b l e 1 . T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h eobservational periods and version numbersof FTS SWIR Level 2 standard data products.
Version Numbers

V01.10V01.20V01.30Observation Periods
2009/04/06 ~ 2009/04/08
2009/04/20 ~ 2009/04/28
2009/06/03 ~ 2009/07/31
2009/10/29 ~ 2010/02/08
2009/08/01 ~ 2009/09/30
2010/02/08 ~ 2010/03/16
2009/10/01 ~ 2009/10/29
2010/03/16 ~ current

Figure 1. Global maps of the CO2 column-averaged volume mixing ratios in 1.5 deg mesh for themonth of April 2009, which were created from the FTS-SWIR Level 2 CO2 column-amount data. (Top:The new version (V01.10), Bottom: The old version (V00.50)) In the new version, many of abnormal highconcentrations over Sahara and Arabian peninsula are relieved. The number of retrieved data of the newversion is smaller than that of the older version.

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NIES GOSAT NIESPROJECT NEWSLETTER ISSUE#9 SEP. 2010

Figure 2. Global maps of the CH 4
column-averaged volume mixing
ratios in 1.5 deg mesh for the monthof October 2009, which were createdfrom the FTS-SWIR L e v e l 2 C H 4column-amount data. (Top: The newversion (V01.30), Bottom: The oldversions (V00.90, V00.50))* The range of color scale in the newversions of the global distribution of
XCH 4 averaged over 1.5 deg meshshown in Figure 2 is shifted to higher
direction by 0.05 ppm than the caseof the old versions. The number of
retrieved data of the new version issmaller than that of the older version.

The first difference is that in the new versions, many ofabnormal high concentrations over Sahara and Arabianpeninsula seen in old versions are relieved (Figure 1). The
second is, the concentrations of methane (CH4) as the columnaveraged mixing ratios3 are higher overall (Figure 2).
The reasons for these improvements are the three following
major changes in the methods of calculation (algorithms);
the use of O2 A band4, change of absorption line parameters,
and degradation correction. Details on these changes will be
described in "Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for GOSATTANSO FTS SWIR."
The third difference is that the number of retrieved andreleased data products is smaller (Figure 1 and 2). Before
releasing the FTS SWIR Level 2 standard data products, thequality of data is always checked after the retrieval process. If

the data products do not meet these standards, they are notreleased. In the new version, the quality checklist has beenrevised and check items are added, and the quality criteria
were also revised, and this resulted in smaller number of data
products to be offered. One example of revisions is that the
2-micron Band Scattering Material Determination5 is refined. All
the quality check items are listed in "Important Notes on the Useof FTS SWIR Level 2 Data Products (Version 01.xx) for General
Users." 6In this version upgrade, we revised and made additions to
the quality checklist, and now we offer smaller number of data
products that are of better quality.
These new versions of two Level 2 standard data products areavailable at GOSAT User Interface Gateway (GUIG)7 for everyone
once registered as a general user.

3 The column-averaged mixing ratio of a gas is the column amount of
the gas devided by column amount of dry air.

5 A method to detect the existence of scattered substances in theatmosphere such as thin clouds called cirrus clouds that can cause
erroneous estimations of greenhouse gases concentrations. Data fromobservation points affected by these scattered substances will not beprocessed.

4 O2 A band is an absorption band that exists around wavelength rangeof 0.76 μ m that absorbs O2. Since the band 1 of TANSO-FTS observes the
wavelength range including this O2 A band, the band 1 is often referred
to as the O2 A band. In the old version, abnormal high concentrations ofgases near the areas with aerosols could be seen. It is possible to reducethe impact of aerosols if the column-averaged volume mixing ratios of
CO2 and CH4 are estimated by dividing CO2 and CH4 column amounts
retrieved from band 2, with the column amount of dry air retrieved fromband 1.

6 Important Notes on the Use of FTS SWIR Level 2 Data Products(Version 01.xx) for General Users:
https://data.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatWebDds/productorder/distribution/user/V01XX̲FTS̲L2̲gu̲en.pdf
7 GOSAT User Interface Gateway (GUIG)：http://data.gosat.nies.go.jp

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NIES GOSAT NIESPROJECT NEWSLETTER ISSUE#9 SEP. 2010

SYMPOSIUM
ON

GREENHOUSE GASES MEASUREMENT FROM SPACE

Photos: (top) The lectures.
(middle and bottom) During the exhibition(Photos by Yuki Tanaka)NEWS"Symposium on greenhouse gases Measurement from Space- a Role of greenhouse gases observing Satellite "iBuki" (goSaT) -" hosted by goSaT Project- Yuki Tanaka, Specialist, NIES GOSAT Project Office

The GOSAT Project hosted "Symposium on Greenhouse
Gases Measurement from Space - A Role of Greenhouse Gases
Observing Satellite "IBUKI" (GOSAT) -" held at the KOKUYO Hallin Tokyo on August 25, 2010. As many as 298 people visited theevent, and it was a great opportunity for the GOSAT Project tointroduce "IBUKI" and the greenhouse gases measurement fromspace to a wide range of audience. The GOSAT Project Officewould like to thank everyone who attended the event.
In the first part of the program, the significance of "IBUKI"
from multiple approaches was talked about in the lectures by
Dr. Chiaki Mukai, an astronaut and space medicine researcher at
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), an environmental
journalist, Professor Hiromichi Yokoyama of Shukutoku

Photos (from left) Dr. Chiaki Mukai of JAXA, GOSAT Science Team Chief
Scientist Professor Gen Inoue of RIHN, Professor Hiromichi Yokoyama of
Shukutoku Univ.

University, and the Chief Scientist of GOSAT Science Team,
Professor Gen Inoue of Research Institute for Humanity andNature. Following the lectures, JAXA GOSAT Mission Manager
Masakatsu Nakajima gave a presentation ‘like a physics class’ on"IBUKI"’s observation mechanism. Then, the NIES GOSAT ProjectManager Tatsuya Yokota introduced "IBUKI"’s data products.
From the GOSAT Project’s close partners, NASA’s Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Dr. David Crisp took a part in the event and gave avideo lecture.
The second part of the symposium was the exhibition and"IBUKI" specialists (about 20 members including researchers andstaff) interacted with visitors to explain about earth observationfrom space, research using the observational data, how to
download "IBUKI"’s data products.
The entire event was recorded by Necovideo Visual Solutions
and live-streamed on multiple websites. If you missed theevent, now the videos of entire event are available to watch on
Necovideo Visual Solution’s website.
The videos of "Symposium on Greenhouse Gases
Measurement from Space - A Role of Greenhouse Gases
Observing Satellite "IBUKI" (GOSAT) -"NIES GOSAT Project on
Necovideo Visual Solutions website.
http://nvs-live.com/achievements/20100825gosat.html
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(Photo by Yuki Tanaka)

INTERVIEW
The Remote Sensing Society of Japan (RSSJ)
President

Shuichi Rokugawa
Professor,

Department of Technology Management for Innovation

Continued from July issue, NIESGOSAT PROJECT NEWSLETTER is focusingon The Remote Sensing Society of Japan(RSSJ), an academic society with the objectiveof advancement of remote sensing and its
applications. In this issue, we are going to bring
you an interview with the newly appointed (May2010) President Shuichi Rokugawa.
President Rokugawa is a professor at the
Department of Technology Management for
Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering,t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f To k y o , s p e c i a l i z e d i n
exploration and monitoring technology using
electromagnetic wave and elastic wave.
President Rokugawa currently works on
research and development on the following
themes; the conservation of living environment
in Asian delta regions, a method to distinguishsuitable sites for forestation and to estimate
the effect of forestation using satellite data, anda method using a ground penetrating radar
to measure the carbon sequestration of soil
and root systems of trees that are difficult toestimate. From the viewpoint of a researcher aswell as an educator of remote sensing, we asked
what he thinks of GOSAT Project. (Interviewer:
NIES GOSAT Project Tatsuya Yokota. May 27,
2010.)

Graduate School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo

Yokota (Y): Thank you very much for taking your time
for this interview today. You have just been appointed Presidentof The Remote Sensing Society of Japan (RSSJ), and I would liketo know how you feel about leading the society from now on.
Rokugawa (R): I think it is such a great honor, but at the sametime I feel anxious about fulfilling all the duties, especially
under the current circumstances. (There have been talks ontransforming the organization from "general incorporated
association" to "public interest incorporated association.") I hope
to do my best to live up to the expectations of my supportive
colleagues.
Y: You have been devoted to RSSJ for a long time, and you know
the A to Z. I am certain that you will lead the society to where it
needs to be.
For this interview, first I would like to ask where you are
originally from, and how you became involved in the current
research.
R: I was born in Nakano city in Nagano prefecture. It is about
half-an-hour train ride from the capital of Nagano, and it is at
the foot of Shiga Heights. I went to Nagano High School there,
and went on to the University of Tokyo.
I became a member of male choir there. Since I was spending
most of my time for these club activities during my liberal arts
years, I really did not think about what to pursue after that.
When I had to decide my major, I chose resource development
engineering. It is more like earth science but different fromgeophysics, and I think I was more interested in how to apply
science to human society. At that time, it was not really apopular field of study.
Then, I went on to pursue exploration engineering, and I cansay this is where I met remote sensing. The first thing I was
involved with happened to be the Synthetic Aperture Radar
1(SAR) . I was intrigued by the idea of looking at the whole globe,
and fascinated by how data processing creates a picture of
faraway things like holography and makes it visible just likemagic. Since then, I have been involved with various aspects ofresources observation.
Around the same time, an earth-observing sensor ASTER2
project was started in Japan, and I became a part of it as a young
researcher. Through this experience, I was able to learn what it is
to be a part of an international project, in other words, fun anddifficult aspects of it. It was very dynamic and exciting, and kept
1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): An active microwave sensor thattransmits a microwave and detects the wave reflected back by objects toobserve the topographical features, such as land cover type, undulations,roughness and slopes at high resolution. By processing data acquired byobserving reflected waves of one object at different locations while thesensor travels on a satellite or an airplane, it is possible to get informationon the object at high-resolution that was only possbible with big antenae.
It is not affected by weather conditions, it creates pictures of geographicalfeatures, forrests, ocean waves, and ocean ice regardless of time of a day.
2 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Ref lec tion
Radiometer (ASTER): An advanced optical sensor with 14 spectral
channels ranging from the visible to thermal infrared region. It is acooperative effort between NASA, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry (METI). ASTER is on Terra satellite launched in December 1999 aspart of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS).

4­­NIES GOSAT NIESPROJECT NEWSLETTER ISSUE#9 SEP. 2010

me involved in it for a long time. So, this is how it all started.
Y: The satellites (sensors) you have used are SAR and
ASTER?
R: I have used the old Landsat3, as well as GFO4, AMSR5,
and ASTER. I have used ILAS6 as well. As for SAR, I now use
PALSAR7.

seeking something very practical, and also skills that can beadvantage to getting a job. It is a long way to get to theultimate targets from these observations or data, so it ismore difficult than I expected to communicate the valuesof such observations. I think what is exciting is to grasp thestate of the earth, but when people think about the benefitsof mankind, these days they tend to be more businessY: What do you mean by resource exploration? Do you minded and realistic. So, I feel I have difficulty explaining
have specific targets like oil or minerals?
these values. There should be education or study that is
R: By exploration, of course I do not mean the resources about getting an overview, in other words, looking at thecan be found by the satellites directly. Such resources whole view, not just focusing on details.
can be looked for based on the information provided bythese satellite data. With minerals, if you examine the state Y: I feel that there is a connection between what youof metamorphism or composition of rocks on the land have talked about and how we process data to extract orsurface, you can get some information on the resources visualize information that otherwise we would not get fromthat appears on the ground surface as an outline survey.
the GOSAT observational data as they are. Could you tell us
what impression you have on the current GOSAT project?
Y: I know that you are not only a researcher but also an R: As I mentioned, these earth observation data do
educator at the University of Tokyo. From an educator’s not create practical values right away. With that said,
point of view, how do you describe today’s students learning it is important that the observation is done as a part ofabout remote sensing?
mechanism that reveals some kind of logic on what goes
R: I might be wrong, but I think students nowadays are on in the whole system. In the case with GOSAT, as it
continuously looks at the whole globe, it intends to get
3 Landsat: A series of Earth Resources Technology Satellites jointly the global picture of greenhouse gases concentration
managed by NASA and U.S. Geological Survey. The first Landsat wasand aerosols in a systematic sense. If you consider thelaunched in 1972, and the seventh and latest was launched in 1999.
(The launch of the eighth Landsat is scheduled after December international trend, I believe it is an important point of view
2012.) It is often said a pioneer of the earth observing satellites. The in terms of giving an adequate explanation to complex
satellites have carried optical sensors such as, Multi-Spectral Scanner matters.
(MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and its improved version, Enhanced
Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+).

4 GFO: Geosat Follow-On is a U.S. satellite launched on February
10, 1998. Sensors on the satellite were a water vapor radiometerand a radar altimeter, providing the distance from the satellite tosea surface with an accuracy of 3.5cm. It stopped its operation in
October 22, 2008. (Currently, the launch of GFO-2 is scheduled in
2014.)
5 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR): A
microwave sensor for the purpose of obtaining water-related
physical parameters such as profiles of atmospheric temperatureand humidity, clouds and precipitation, net radiation, snow andsea ice, sea-surface temperature, oceanic primary production, andsoil water. It can continue observation day and night, regardless of
the weather, and without being interrupted by clouds. Installed on
ADEOS-II satellite, it was launched in 2002 and stopped its operationin 2003. The same sensor named AMSR-E was launched in 1999 on
NASA’s Aqua satellite and continues its observation.
6 Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS): Japan’s first atmospheric observing sensor to monitor and research theozone layer in the polar stratosphere developed by Ministry of theEnvironment of Japan. It was installed on Advanced Earth Observing
Satellite (ADEOS, "MIDORI") and launched in August 1996.
7 Phased Array t ype L-band Synthetic Aper ture Radar(PALSAR): A microwave sensor developed based on JERS-1
SAR (Japanese SAR made in 90s) with improved functions andperformance. With an ability to analyze the geological structure at
the accuracy of a few centimeters, it is expected to contribute toresource exploration and development, observation of vegetation,
classification of land use. It is also possible to correspond to
emergency observation requests at the time of natural disasters. It
is mounted on Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and waslaunched in January 2006.

Y: What do you expect in GOSAT from here on? Could you
give us some suggestions?
R: I think, it is still difficult to reflect the results in practicesuch as in policymaking, or for ‘the benefit of human kind.’
How do we communicate with people outside science? I
think more efforts should be made to appeal to broader
audience to bring awareness of its significance and forbetter understanding.
Another thing you should be alert is that in this"environmental era," these data will be used for economic
purposes, such as ultimately for trade in CO2 emissions. Thismeans scientific evidence will be more important. GOSAT
project has a range of validation programs, but you need tomake sure this aspect is fully covered. You need a validation
program that takes into account that basically these data
will be applied to various fields such as business. There isa possibility that it will have a much bigger impact in theworld than what the original researchers imagined. I am
not saying you should take responsibility of the data, but
you should proceed with the project with a sense that thequality and integrity of data at each step, and so on should
be assessed completely.
Y: You mean the project should ensure the objectivity of
information, and the data should be indisputable.
R: Right. I believe these two aspects, a power to appeal tobring awareness and the objectivity of the data are very
important.
Y: Thank you very much.

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NIES GOSAT NIESPROJECT NEWSLETTER ISSUE#9 SEP. 2010

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

AHA! OF THE MONTH"Moshiri" Ground-Based Observation Site for "IBUKI" Validation- Nobuyuki Kikuchi Specialist, NIES GOSAT Proejct Office

There are two ground-based
Associate Professor Tomoo Nagahama ofobservation sites for validation of "IBUKI" in Nagoya University is mainly in charge of theJapan. One of them is at NIES in Tsukuba, and the observation using the FTIR Spectrometer forother is Moshiri Observatory of Solar-Terrestrial validation of "IBUKI." The concentrations ofEnvironment Laboratory of Nagoya University.
CO2 and CH 4 are measured by spectroscopic
Moshiri is located by Lake Shumarinai in the observation of the light between wave number
upstream region of Uryu River, a side stream range of 5500 cm-1 and 10500 cm-1 usingof Ishikari River in Hokkaido, the northernmost IFS 120HR (BRUKER)(Photo 3). The instrument
prefecture of Japan. Lake Shumarinai is an is installed inside, but a sun tracker (Photo 4)
artificial lake stemmed by Uryu Dam constructed outside takes in sunlight using a mirror.
On the other hand, Professor Takashi Shibata
in 1943. Photo 1. is an image acquired on May
18, 2010 by CAI on "IBUKI," and the location of Nagoya University leads the observation usingof Moshiri is indicated by the two red marks. the LIDAR. The instrument (Photo 5) emits laser
There was some snow left even in May, and in pulses (at the wave number 532 nm and 1064
the wintertime it marks as low as 30 degrees nm) towards the sky, then a telescope gathers
Celsius below zero. Ranching and farming are and measures the light that comes back after
the primary industries, and Soba noodles and being scattered by molecules, aerosols, andclouds in the air. The distance toKumazasa Tea are the local specialties.
Moshiri Observatory (Photo 2.) was established the aerosols and clouds can bein 1963, and various kinds of observation have calculated from the time the light
took to come back to the ground.
been conducted there ever since.
Among these observations, the following are The amount of substance isrelevant to "IBUKI"’s validation; the observation estimated from the number ofof carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) returned light pulses.
column amounts using FT-IR Spectrometer
The observation using the(Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrometer), S k y R a d i o m e t e r ( P h o t o 6 )the observation of clouds and aerosols using a was initiated by NIES. The Sky
LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR), and the Radiometer measures direct andobservation of aerosols using the Sky Radiometer. scattered solar radiation. Then,
The other observations include the following; the optical depth, the particle-size
observation of VLF radiation1 from thunders, distribution, and the absorption
measurement of column amounts of CO2 and coefficient of aerosols can be
Ozone (O3) in the stratosphere using a visible estimated from the distribution of brightness inspectrometer, observation of low-latitude aurora the sky by radiative calculation.
using a 630 nm photometer. In the past, it used
Using the data observed by FTIR Spectrometer,
to be the receiving end of satellite observation of it is possible to validate the accuracy (variability
VLF emission, and used to observe O3 within 20 and bias) of concentrations of CO 2 and CH 4
km altitude using ozone sondes.
measured by "IBUKI"’s TANSO-FTS. It is also
possible to examine the possible error factors
1 Very low frequency radiation (VLF radiation) is a kind ofof "IBUKI," using the data on aerosols and cirrus
electric waves of frequency between 1 and 30kHz from theionosphere and the magnetosphere. Phenomenon such clouds observed by the LIDAR and the Sky
Radiometer.
as chorus and hiss are known.

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Photo 3.
Photo 4.

Photo 5.

Photo 1. A CAI image of
Hokkaido obtained on May 18,
2010. Where the two red marks
cross is the location of Moshiri.
Blue=Band 1, Green=Band 3,
Red=Band 2.
Photo 2. An overview ofMoshiri Observatory, SolarTerrestrial Environment
Laboratory, Nagoya University.
Photo 3. FTIR Spectrometer
Photo 4. A mirror on sun
tracker
Photo 5. LIDAR
Photo 6. Sky Radiometer(Photos by Nobuyuki Kikuchi)

Photo 6.

NIES GOSAT NIESPROJECT NEWSLETTER ISSUE#9 SEP. 2010DATA PRODUCTS UPDATE

Data Processing Status update from goSaT Project oﬃce
- Fumie Kawazoe, Specialist, NIES GOSAT Project Office

Here we report an
update on data processing
status for the months of lateAugust and early September
2010.
We are processing theV10 010 0 of the F TS L1B
data products, V00.90 of
the CAI L1B, L1B+, and L2
cloud flag data products.
As reported in August issue,
now we offer the upgradedversions (V01.10, V01.20,
V01.30) of FTS L2 SWIR CO2
and CH 4 column amountdat a p ro duc t s . Fur th er
details on this upgrade are
explained in the article on
page 1, "New Versions ofLevel 2 Data Products Now
Released to the General Users." The monthly global maps of column-averaged volume mixing ratios created with the new versions
are also available in "Gallery" at the GOSAT User Interface Gateway（http://data.gosat.nies.go.jp). From here on, we will continue torelease the upgraded versions of data products after June 2009 until now.
The number of registered users reached 883 as of September 10, 2010.

CALENDAR
2010/10/11-14
Participation at the SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010 held in Incheon, Korea.
2010/10/27-29
Participation at the Meteorological Society of Japan’s 2010 Autumn Meeting held in Kyoto, Japan. There will be a special topic session for
GOSAT: Utilization studies of the greenhouse gas observing satellite (GOSAT) "IBUKI."
2010/11/2
Lecture at the lecture meeting: - "Let’s Think about Environmental Issues from Scientific Points of View" held at the Institute of Statistical
Mathematics in Tokyo, Japan.

PUBLISHED PAPERS
Name of Journal：Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ( Volume 10, Number 16, Aug 2010, pages 7659-7667)

Title：CO2 column-averaged volume mixing ratio derived over Tsukuba from measurements by commercial airlines
Authors : M. Araki, I. Morino, T. Machida, Y. Sawa, H. Matsueda, H. Ohyama, T. Yokota, and O. Uchino

Name of Journal：Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer ( Volume 111, Issue 15, October 2010, pages 2211-2224)
Title：GOSAT-2009 methane spectral line list in the 5550‒6236 cm-1 range

Auhtors : A.V. Nikitin, O.M. Lyulin, S.N. Mikhailenko, V.I. Perevalov, N.N. Filippov, I.M. Grigoriev, I. Morino, T. Yokota, R. Kumazawa, T. Watanabe

NIES GOSAT PROJECT NEWSLETTERISSUE #9 SEP. 2010

Issued On : 2010.10.12
Revised On : 2011.02.08

edited and published by : NIES GOSAT Project Oﬃce

NIES

GOSJ ATPRO ECT
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