November, 2018
Quezon City is the largest city in Metro Manila, accounting for at least quarter of the land area of the metropolis. It isalso the second largest city in the Philippines, with a total
land area of more than 160 km2. The city is also considered
the most populated in the country with approximately 3 million people. Through the years, Quezon City’s environmental
program has evolved from adopting a mere “clean andgreen” strategy to a more holistic and comprehensive one
taking into consideration the global challenge of addressing
the impacts of climate change. The City Government, with its
continuing effort to save the environment, has a vision towards a Low Carbon and Sustainable City in the hope of becoming a model for other local government units to emulate.
In response to climate change and to comply with the Climate Change Act of the Philippines, Quezon City developed“Quezon City Local Climate Change Action Plan 20172027” (QC LCCAP). Projects, Programs, and Activities (PPAs)
were identified in LCCAP in accordance with seven pillars of
the National Climate Change Action Plan, namely: Food Security, Water Sufficiency, Environmental and Ecological Stability, Human Security, Climate-Friendly Industry and Services, Sustainable Energy, and Knowledge and Capacity Development.

to quantify socioeconomic indicators and CO2 emissions inboth the base year and the target year. ExSS was developedby Asia-pacific Integrated Model Team (AIM) and applied toa lot of cities to design LCS scenarios. Business as Usual(BaU) scenario and Low Carbon Society (LCS) scenario, areprepared to analyze reduction potential of CO2 emissions in
Quezon City. In BaU scenario, it is assumed that there is no
policy or technology intervention to reduce carbon emissions, while implementation of low carbon projects to reduce
emissions is assumed in LCS scenario.
CO2 emissions in 2016 are estimated to be 6,129 ktCO2 in
Quezon City and it will double by 2030 in BaU scenario. On
the other hand, CO2 emissions in 2030 will be reduced by
50% in LCS scenario compared with BaU scenario. LCS projects by the Quezon City contributes half of the reduction
while other results is from the improvement of CO2 emission
factor in national electricity grid. Various projects under four
LCS actions are promoted in LCS scenario. It is concluded
that Quezon City can reduce 50% of carbon emissions in
2030 due to the effort of both City and the country. Given
the rapid growth of the city, it is no less ambitious than thenational target of 70% reduction, which is shown in Intended
National Determined Contribution (INDC) of Philippines.

Currently, the QC LCCAP is focused on climate change
adaptation. With this said, Quezon City is now developing its
climate change mitigation roadmap to be integrated in the
QC LCCAP which deal with the City’s protocol in Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) emissions inventory and other related low carbon
initiatives as well as setting the City’s emissions reduction
target. Moreover, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
on Developing Low-Carbon City in Cooperation between
Quezon City and Osaka City is concluded for the realizationof low carbon society in Quezon City last 30 August 2018.
This research on low carbon society (LCS) scenario is also
expected to contribute processes formulating various concrete measures setting the GHG emission reduction targetsof Quezon City and update the QC LCCAP focused on mainstreaming both adaptation and mitigation aspects.

14,00013,38826%

CO2 emissions [ktCO 2]

12,000This research sets a framework wherein a target year of
the LCS scenario for Quezon City is 2030 and a base year for
estimation is 2016. Main GHG to be calculated will be Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) while energy related activities such as industry,
commercial, residential and transport sectors will also behighlighted. Data and information on socioeconomic activities and energy demand for this research are collected froma variety of sources used as reference including both regionaland national statistics and international reports. Said dataand information are input to Extended Snapshot Tool (ExSS)by
Projects
in QC

10,00024% byImprovementof gridelectricity

8,000

6,129

6,675

6,000
4,000

2,000
0
2016
Industry

Commercial

2030BaU

2030LCS

Residential

Transport

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions and Reductions

1

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Socioeconomic indicators such as population and grossregional domestic products (GRDP) in 2030 has been estimated as shown in Table 1 based on the collected information from the Philippine Statistical Yearbook, Regional
Accounts and other sources.

Table 3. GRDP by Economic Activity
2016
2030
[mil. PHP] [mil. PHP]

Population will increase to 3.7 million in 2030 or become
1.3 times as large as that in 2016. Population growth rate is
1.17 %/year from 2016 to 2020 corresponding to population
projection of Quezon City, while it is assumed to be 1.85 %/year from 2020 to 2030 following INDC of Philippines. No. ofhouseholds will reach 1.2 million in 2030 or increase by 1.6
times compared to 2016. It is assumed that household size
will decrease from 3.9 persons/household in 2016 to 3.0 persons/households in 2030 with economic growth and improvement of living standard.

Primary

2,169

3,733

1.72

Secondary

155,131

337,982

2.18

Mining and Quarrying

00Manufacturing

105,089

222,267

2.12

Construction

50,042

115,7152.31

840,204

2,062,401

2.45Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

21,67945,201

2.08

Transportation, Storage andCommunication

30,717

79,2622.58

Trade and Repair of Goods

277,315

665,841

2.40

Financial Intermediation

127,626

304,3392.38

186,250

454,415

2.44

67,979177,001

2.60

128,638

336,343

2.61

997,505 2,404,116

2.41

Tertiary

With regard to macro economy of Quezon City, GRDP in2016 is estimated to be 998 bil. PHP based on GRDP of National Capital Region (NCR) and the ratio of No. of establishments between Quezon City and NCR. Tertiary industry accounts for 84% of GRDP in Quezon City. GRDP will grow at
an average rate of 6.5 %/year and reach 2,404 bil. PHP in
2030. The same assumption as INDC is used for GRDP
growth rate. GRDP per capita in 2030 will be 643,050 PHP or
1.9 times as large as that in 2016. Commercial industries
which are represented by ICT industry will lead economic
growth of Quezon City, therefore share of tertiary industry
will expand in the coming decade.

Real Estate, Renting and Business
Activities
Administration and Defense;
Social Security
Other Services
Total
100%

persons

No. of Households

households

GRDP per capita

thous. PHP

GRDP

mil. PHP

2030

1.26

761,374 1,246,205

1.64

336

643

1.91

997,505 2,404,116

2.41

Primary

2,169

3,733

1.72

Secondary

155,131

337,982

2.18

Tertiary

840,204 2,062,401

2.45

739,544 1,716,751

2.32

Gross Capital Formation mil. PHP

185,417

430,420

2.32

Exportmil. PHP

227,765

528,724

2.32

Importmil. PHP

267,150

599,647

2.24

Final Consumption

mil. PHP

Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities

70%

2030/
2016

2,970,562 3,738,615

Administration and Defense; Social
Security

80%

GRDP Share [%]Population

2016

-

Other Services

90%

Table 2. Key Socioeconomic Indicators
Unit

2030/
2016

Financial Intermediation

60%
Trade and Repair of Goods

50%
Transportation, Storage andCommunication

40%

Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

30%

Construction

20%

Manufacturing

10%

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

0%

2016

2030

Figure 2. GRDP share by economic activity
Table 4. Transport Demand

Transport demand and share in 2016 is estimated as described in Table 4 mainly based on the technical report on“The Project for Capacity Development on Transportation
Planning and Database Management in the Republic of thePhilippines” by ALMEC Corporation and Oriental Consultants.
Jeepney is the most frequently used transportation otherthan walking and biking in Quezon City.

Unit

2016

2030BaU

2030LCS

19,852

33,62332,974

mil.ton.km

105

227

227

20%

60%

80%

100%

Passenger Transport mil.pass.km
Freight Transport

2016

Transport demand will also rise with population growthand economic growth. Passenger transport demand will increase by 1.7 times between 2016 and 2030. Figure 3 showsmodal share in passenger transport. Share of private cars,and motorbikes will expand in BaU scenario as income increases. In contrast, modal shift from motorbikes and private
cars to public transportation such as bus and MRT are expected in LCS scenario. Freight transport demand will growas manufacturing production increases. The demand in 2030
will become 2.2 times as much as that in 2016.

2030BaU
2030LCS
0%40%

Modal Share in Passenger Transport [%]Walk. Bicycle

Motorbike

Car

Bus

Jeepney

Tricycle

Figure 3. Modal Share in Passenger Transport

2

MRT

ENERGY DEMAND & SUPPLY
It is estimated that final energy consumption in Quezon
City is 1,524 ktoe in 2016. Electricity consumption data canbe acquired from an electric company. Other fuel consumption is estimated based on national energy consumption dataprepared by Philippine Statistics Authority and an energybalance table made by International Energy Agency (IEA),
because it is difficult to collect data of Quezon City. Nationalenergy consumption data is divided into the city’s consumption at a ratio of socioeconomic indicators in each sector.

mentation of LCS projects will lead to shifting from coal andoil to electricity and renewable energy.
Figure 4 shows energy mix in power supply in the Philippines. Coal accounts for nearly 50% in 2016. We assumed thesame energy mix as 2016 for 2030 BaU scenario. On the other hand, Use of natural gas and renewable energy in energy
mix will expand and it will result in improvement of CO2
emission factor of electricity in LCS scenario. Share of renewable energy will increase to 28% except for hydropower. Philippine Energy Plan 2017-2040, Renewable Energy Plans &Programs 2011-2030 are used as reference for energy mix in
LCS scenario. It is also assumed that transmission loss inelectricity supply will be reduced in LCS scenario. Reductionchanges can also be attributed based on the implementationof national and regional policies in the country.

Final energy consumption will rise by 2.1 times from 2016
to 2030 under BaU scenario due to population and economic
growth. Moreover, energy consumption in the commercial
sector will grow remarkably as described in Figure 3. It is also
indicated that an increase of electricity demand is the largest
among fuels. In LCS scenario, end use energy demand will be
2,269 ktoe with 29% of reduction from BaU scenario. Imple3,500

3,195

2,500

2,269

2,000
1,500

1,524

1,000
500
0
2016

Industry
Residential

3,000

100%

3,195

By
Fuel

2,500

2,269

2,000
1,500

1,524

1,000
500

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

0
2016

2030BaU 2030LCS

Commercial
Transport

Energy Mix in Power Generation [%]

3,000

By
SectorFinal Energy Cconsumption [ktoe]

Final Energy Consumption [ktoe]

3,500

Coal
Solar

2016

2030BaU 2030LCS

Oil
Biomass

2030BaU

Coal
Gas
Solar, Wind, Geothermal

Gas
Electricity

Figure 3. Final Energy Consumption

2030LCS

Oil
Hydro
Biomass

Figure 4. Energy Mix in Power Generation

CO2 EMISSIONS & REDUCTIONS
Table 5 describes estimated CO2 emissions in Quezon City.
CO2 emission will increase by 2.2 times from 6,129 ktCO2 in2016 to 13,388 ktCO2 in 2030 BaU scenario. The largest emission source is the commercial sector both in 2016 and 2030. It
is indicated that the commercial sector has a big potential toreduce CO2 emission for Quezon City. In LCS scenario, CO2
emission in 2030 can be reduced by 50% compared with BaU
scenario. LCS actions and projects in Quezon City contributes
half of the emission reductions. LCS projects are grouped byfour LCS actions shown in Table 6. The amount of emission
reduction by Action 4, named “Clean & Smart Transport”, isthe largest among the actions. Other half of the reductions
results from improvement of CO2 emission factor of electricity.

Table 5. CO2 Emissions by Sector
2030
BaU

2030
LCS

BaU/
2016

LCS/
BaU

6,129 13,388

6,675

2.18

0.50

2016
CO2 Emissions [ktCO2]
Industry

959

2,204

1,409

2.30

0.64

Commercial

2,108

5,603

2,659

2.66

0.47

Residential

1,427

2,653

1,241

1.86

0.47

Transport

1,635

2,927

1,365

1.79

0.47

6.1

5.6

2.8

0.91

0.50

2.1

3.6

1.8

1.74

0.50

CO2 Emissions per
GDP [tCO2/mil. PHP]
CO2 Emissions per
capita [tCO2/person]

Table 6. Contribution to CO2 Emission Reductions by Action and Sector [ktCO2]
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Transport
Action 1. Green Energy

16

220

Action 2. Sustainable Economy

435

877

Deployment of renewable electricity
Diffusion of low-energy offices and efficient factories

Action 3. Smart & Eco-friendly Lifestyle

8

1,312

Action 4. Clean & Smart Transport

Energy efficient vehicle and modal shift

244

427

Promotion of low-energy home and appliance

Total

427

1,452

1,452

Total of Action by Quezon City
Improvement of CO2 emission factor of electricity

451

1,097

435

1,452

3,435

344

1,847

978

110

3,279

Total

794

2,944

1,412

1,562

6,713

Change of energy mix and reduction of transmission loss

3

CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION BY LCS ACTIONS/PROJECTS
35 LCS projects under the 4 actions will be implemented
by 2030 to achieve CO2 emission reduction in LCS scenario as
shown in Table 9. These LCS projects are considered basedon current climate policies in Quezon City, measures plannedin “Osaka City Climate Change Action Plan” and projects described in LCS scenarios of other Asian cities which AIM teamhas developed. 8 projects of them has been already started
as Low Carbon Development Initiative in Quezon City.

Action 2: Sustainable Economy

Action 1: Green Energy

Action 3. Smart & Eco-friendly Lifestyle

Action 2 covers LCS projects pursuing energy efficientbuildings and factories. Energy consumption will be saved
through behavioral change as well as installation of technologies. Reduction of CO2 emissions by this action will accountfor 1,312 ktCO2. Waste heat recovery in factories is one ofprojects promoted under the city-to-city collaboration with
Osaka City.
LCS projects reducing home energy consumptions areincluded in Action 3. A variety of low carbon technologies
such as LED lighting, solar water heater and heat pump water
heating system will become popular in 2030. Energy standard
for houses is also important to use energy efficiently. Total
CO2 emission reduction through this action is 427 ktCO2.

LCS projects regarding introduction of renewable electricity are categorized as Action 1, which will reduce carbon
emissions by 244 ktCO2 in 2030. Quezon City has a pilot solar
power facility in Commonwealth High School which can generate 146,000 kWh every year. The City is also supported by
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group for the solarization of
50 public schools under the Cities Finance Facility (CFF) Program. We assume these pilot projects will lead diffusion ofsolar power generation in households, buildings and factories in the future and will result in installation of 100MW ofphotovoltaics by 2030. In addition, Quezon City is promoting
Waste-to-Energy project that can process and convert thecity’s municipal solid waste (MSW) into clean energy. The
facility will be capable of processing 3,000 ton/day of MSW
and converting into 42MW of renewable energy.

Action 4: Clean & Smart Transport
Action 4 is a group of LCS projects focused on transportation like modal shift to public transportation and diffusionof fuel efficient vehicles. CO2 emission reduction by this action amounts to 1,452 ktCO2, which is the largest among theactions. Quezon City has partnerships with Meralco Energy
Inc. and MC Metro Transport Operation Inc. to promote electric vehicles (EV). In LCS scenario, EV will accounts for 20% ofpassenger cars in 2030, which is equivalent to approx. 74
thousands of EVs on the road.

REFERENCES
Table 7. Main References for Base Year
Data
Population
Demography

2010

Input-Output Tables
GRDP
GDP

2012
1998-2017
2009-2017

No. of Establishments

2016

No. of Vehicles

Transport
No. of Trips & Modal Share
Electricity Consumption
Energy2009-20172010-2017

No. of Households

EconomyYear
2010, 2015-2017

Energy Consumption
Energy Supply
Power Generation
Energy Consumption
Energy Balance Table

2016
2015-2016
2002-20162014
2014
2011-2013, 2016
1995-2016
2008-2016
1965-20172010-2015

Area
QC
NCR
National
QC
NCR
National
National
NCR
National
QC
NCR
QC
NCR
National
QC
NCR
QC

SourceQuezon City
Regional Accounts (Philippine Statistics Authority)
Quezon City
2017 Philippine Statistical Yearbook (Philippine Statistics Authority)
Philippine Statistics Authority
Regional Accounts (Philippine Statistics Authority)
National Accounts (Philippine Statistics Authority)
2017 Regional Social and Economic Trends(Philippine Statistics Authority)
Quezon City

Philippine Statistics Authority
The Project for Capacity Development on Transportation Planning(ALMEC Corporation and Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd.)
Quezon City

National

2017 Philippine Statistical Yearbook (Philippine Statistics Authority)

National
National

BP Statistical Review of World Energy (BP)IEA World Energy Balance (IEA)

Table 8. Main References for Future Projection

Socioeconomic

Information
Population Projection
GDP Growth Rate
Key Industries
Peak System Demand

Area
QC
National
QC
National

EnergyInstalled Renewable Capacity

National

Installed Capacity

National

SourceQuezon City
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (The Philippine Government)
VISION OF QUEZON CITY (Quezon City)
Philippine Energy Plan 2017-2040 (Department of Energy)
Philippine Energy Plan 2017-2040 (Department of Energy)
Renewable Energy Plans & Programs 2011-2030 (Department of Energy)
Power Development Plan 2016-2040 (Department of Energy)

4

LCS PROJECTS TOWARD 2030
Table 9. CO2 Emission Reduction by Project
Extension
Adoptingof Current Projects ofProjects*1 Osaka City*2

Project

Sector

1. Green Energy

Emission
Reduction(ktCO2)243.9

1-01 Solar Energy Project (Buildings)✓✓

Commercial

53.4

1-02 Solar Energy Project (Factories)✓✓

Industry

15.3

1-03 Solar Energy Project (Households)✓✓

Residential

7.6✓

Commercial

12.4

Commercial

155.2

1-04 Promotion of Geothermal Heat Pumps
1-05 Waste to Energy Project✓

2. Sustainable Economy

1,311.9

2-01 Green Building Ordinance and Advanced Energy Efficiency Standards✓

Commercial

291.7

✓

Commercial

86.8

2-03 Installation of High Efficiency Air Conditioner in Buildings

Commercial

160.0

2-04 Installation of Heat Pump Water Heater in Buildings

Commercial

87.9

2-05 Introduction of Solar Water Heater to Buildings

Commercial

69.8

✓

2-02 Installation of High Efficiency Lighting in Buildings

2-06 Implementation of Energy Management in Buildings✓

Commercial

127.6

2-07 Promotion of Energy Saving Behaviors in Workplaces✓

Commercial

48.6

2-08 Promotion of Energy Conservation to SMEs✓

Industry

291.7

Industry

94.2

Industry

29.5

2-09 Introduction of Carbon Reporting Program for Large Scale Facilities
2-10 Waste Heat Recovery in Factories✓

2-11 Energy Efficient Streetlighting Program✓

Commercial

3.1

2-12 Green Public Procurement Project✓

Commercial

20.9
427.0

3. Smart & Eco-friendly Lifestyle3-01 Introduction of New Housing Energy Saving Standards✓

Residential

105.0

3-02 Promotion of Energy Efficiency Retrofits of Housing✓

Residential

8.1

3-03 Installation of Heat Pump Water Heater in Households✓

Residential

12.3

Residential

33.0

Residential

30.8

3-06 Installation of High Efficiency Air Conditioners in Households

Residential

70.9

3-07 Promotion of Energy-efficient Appliances

Residential

114.0

3-04 Introduction of Solar Water Heater to Households
3-05 Installation of High Efficiency Lighting in Households✓

3-08 Implementation of Energy Management in Houses✓

Residential

35.5

3-09 Enlightenment of Energy Conservation in Households✓

Residential

17.5

1,451.8

4. Clean & Smart Transport
4-01 Electric Vehicle ProjectTransport

323.7

Transport

526.2

4-03 Introduction of Electric Motorbikes

Transport

30.8

4-04 Promotion of Energy-efficient Vehicles (Motorbikes)

Transport

19.7

4-04 Promotion of Eco-Driving with Digital Tachographs

Transport

1.5

4-06 Shift to EV bus

Transport

73.3

Transport

26.5

4-08 Expansion of Frequencies and Routes of Bus Transportation

Transport

301.9

4-09 Development of Public Transportation like MRT

Transport

148.1

✓

4-02 Promotion of Energy-efficient Vehicles (Passenger & Commercial Cars)

4-07 Promotion of Traffic Flow Management✓✓

Improvement of CO2 Emission Factor of Electricity

3,278.5

TOTAL

6,713.1*1 These projects are extension of current projects under Low Carbon Development Initiatives in Quezon City.
*2 These projects are considered based on measures planned in Osaka City Climate Change Action Plan.

5

METHODOLOGYACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIM
BaU
CO2
CPG
DPG

1. Start of the Story
First, we authorize a task force to develop LCS scenario
and allocate human resource and budget for the research.
We also make a schedule based on the needs and situationof a local government.

EPWMD

2. Framework Setting

EV
ExSS
GDP
GHG
GRDP
ICT
IEA
IGES
INDC
LCCAP
LCS
LED
MOU
MRT
MSW
NCR
NIES
pass.km
PHP
PPAs
QC
tCO2
toe

Background research is important to set an effective
framework suited with the target region. We determine
framework of the scenario (the target year, the base year,
types of greenhouse gases, the target activities and the number of scenarios) by reference to the background. The baseyear should be decided with consideration for data availability. More than one scenarios such as BaU scenario and LCS
scenario should be set to analyze effects of LCS actions to
reduce GHG emissions.
3. Data Preparation
Two kinds of data are needed. One is for the current status and the other is for the future vision. We collect data andinformation about population, No. of household, economic
accounts, input-output tables, transport volume, energy balance tables and GHG emission. If some data are unavailable
in the target region, it can be estimated based on other available regional and national data.
4. Design of LCS Projects and Projection of Future Scenario
Based on the collected information, GHG emission for thebase year and BaU scenario are estimated by the quantification tool, ExSS. This model was developed by Kyoto University. We adopt both bottom-up approach and top-down toestimate LCS scenario. First, we list LCS projects that can be
implemented in the target region by the target year, andcalculate GHG emission reduction by each project from bottom up based on assumption of degree of implementation.
Then, ExSS is used again to estimate GHG emission and reduction from a macro perspective in LCS scenario to remove
duplication of GHG reduction among projects and to keep
consistency.

AUTHORS & CONTRIBUTORS
Environmental Protection and Waste Management
Department, Quezon City Local Government
Vincent G. Vinarao Planning Development Officer III
Joemar V. Capili Environmental Management Specialist II
Andrea Andres Assistant Department Head
Frederika C. Rentoy Department Head

5. Bridging the Output to Real World

E-Konzal Co. Ltd.

We formulate actions by grouping projects according tothemes and fields for implementation. The whole outputs are
summarized to a brochure/report and reported to policy
makers.
EconomyExport by goods

Investment
Government
expenditure
Import rate

Input coefficientmatrixPrivate consumption
Floor area per output
Energy service
demandper driving force

Energy end-use
device share
Energy end-use
device energy
efficiency
Dispersed power
generation (DPG)
Energy efficiency in
DPG

IO
analysis
Output ofcommercial
industry

Tomoki Ehara Representative Executive

ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Southeast
Asia Secretariat

Demography

Jose Bernardo B. Gochoco III Project Officer - Adaptation
Vic Aquitania Regional Director

Household size

Output ofmanufacturingindustry

Number ofhouseholdInstitute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan (NIES)

Trip per person
Trip distanceCommercial
building floorarea

Freighttransport
demandPassenger
transport
demandJunichi Fujino Programme Director, City Taskforce, IGES/
Junichi Fujino Senior Researcher, NIES

Modal share
Freight generation
per output

Environment Bureau, Osaka City Government

Transport distance
Fuel share

Energy service demand

Transport

Energy efficiency
Final energy demand

Energy demand
to DPG

Central power
generation (CPG)
Energy demand to CPG

Primary energy supply

EnergyExogenous variables
Parameters

Yuki Ochi Researcher

Population

Output byindustry

Endogenous
variables

Asia-Pacific Integrated Model
Business as Usual
Carbon Dioxide
Central Power Generation
Dispersed Power Generation
Environmental Protection and Waste Management
Department
Electric Vehicle
Extended Snapshot Tool
Gross Domestic ProductGreenhouse Gasses
Gross Regional Domestic Product
Information and Communication Technology
International Energy Agency
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
Local Climate Change Action Plan
Low Carbon SocietyLight Emitting Diode
Memorandum of Understanding
Mass Rapid Transit
Municipal Solid Waste
National Capital Region
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Passenger-km
Philippine Peso
Projects, Programs, and Activities
Quezon City
Tons of Carbon Dioxide
Tons of Oil Equivalent

Modal share

Toshikazu Nakaaki Assistant Manager for International Cooperation

Energy efficiency in
CPG

Asami Hirao International Cooperation Officer

Fuel share in CPG

Makoto Mihara Manager for International Cooperation

Transmission loss in
CPG

We welcome feedback and suggestion. Please contact us.

Own use in CPG

Yuki Ochi: ochi.ekonzal@gmail.com
Junichi Fujino: jfuji55@gmail.com

CO2 emission factor

Carbon sink
CO2 emission

Acknowledgement

Figure 6. Structure of ExSSThis research is supported by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.

6