Google’s Ideological Echo Chamber
How bias clouds our thinking about diversity and inclusion
go/pc-considered-harmful
James Damore - damore@
July 2017
Feel free to comment (they aren’t disabled, the doc may just be overloaded).
For longer form discussions see ​g/pc-harmful-discuss
Reply to public response and misrepresentation
TL;DR
Background
Google’s biases
Possible non bias causes of the gender gap in tech
Personality differences
Men’s higher drive for status
Non discriminatory ways to reduce the gender gap
The harm of Google’s biases
Why we’re blind
Suggestions

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Reply to public response and misrepresentation
I value diversity and inclusion, am not denying that sexism exists, and don’t endorse using
stereotypes. When addressing the gap in representation in the population, we need to look at
population level differences in distributions. If we can't have an honest discussion about this,then we can never truly solve the problem.
Psychological safety is built on mutual respect and acceptance, but unfortunately our culture of
shaming and misrepresentation is disrespectful and unaccepting of anyone outside its echochamber.
Despite what the public response seems to have been, I've gotten many†personal messages
from fellow Googlers expressing their gratitude for bringing up these very important issues
which they agree with but would never have the courage to say or defend because of ourshaming culture and the possibility of being fired. This needs to change.

TL;DR●●●●●

Google’s political bias has equated the freedom from offense with psychological safety,
but shaming into silence is the antithesis of ​psychological safety​.
This silencing has created an ideological echo chamber where some ideas are toosacred to be honestly discussed.
The lack of discussion fosters the most extreme and authoritarian elements of thisideology.
○ Extreme: all disparities in representation are due to oppression○ Authoritarian: we should discriminate to correct for this oppression
Differences in distributions of traits between men and women may in part explain why we
don't have 50% representation of women in tech and leadership.
Discrimination to reach equal representation is unfair, divisive, and bad for business.

Background​1
People generally have good intentions, but we all have biases which are invisible to us.
Thankfully, open and honest discussion with those who disagree can highlight our blind spots
and help us grow, which is why I wrote this document​2​. Google has several biases and honest
discussion about these biases is being silenced by the dominant ideology. What follows is by nomeans the complete story, but it’s a perspective that desperately needs to be told at Google.

Google’s biases
At Google, we talk so much about unconscious bias as it applies to race and gender, but werarely discuss our moral biases. Political orientation is actually a result of deep moral
preferences and thus biases. Considering that the overwhelming majority of the social sciences,media​, and Google lean left, we should critically examine these prejudices:___________________________________________________________________________
This document is mostly written from the perspective of Google’s Mountain View campus, I can’t speak
about other offices or countries.
2 ​Of course, I may be biased and only see evidence that supports my viewpoint. In terms of politicalbiases, I consider myself a ​classical liberal​ ​and strongly value ​individualism and reason​. I'd be very happy
to discuss any of the document further and provide more citations.
1​Neither side is 100% correct and both viewpoints are necessary for a functioning society or, in
this case, company. A company too far to the right may be slow to react, overly hierarchical, anduntrusting of others. In contrast, a company too far to the left will constantly be changing(deprecating much loved services), over diversify its interests (ignoring or being ashamed of its
core business), and overly trust its employees and competitors.
Only facts and reason can shed light on these biases, but when it comes to diversity andinclusion, Google’s left bias has created a politically correct monoculture that maintains its holdby shaming dissenters into silence. ​This silence removes any checks against encroachingextremist and authoritarian policies. For the rest of this document, I’ll concentrate on theextreme stance that all differences in outcome are due to differential treatment and theauthoritarian element that’s required to actually discriminate to create equal representation.

Possible non-bias causes of the gender gap in tech​3
At Google, we’re regularly told that implicit (unconscious) and explicit biases are holding womenback in tech and leadership. Of course, men and women experience bias, tech, and theworkplace differently and we should be cognizant of this, but it’s far from the whole story.
On average, men and women biologically differ in many ways. These differences aren’t justsocially constructed because:● They’re universal across human cultures● They often have clear biological causes and links to prenatal testosterone● Biological males that were castrated at birth and raised as females often still identify
and act like males● The underlying traits are highly heritable● They’re exactly what we would predict from an evolutionary psychology perspective
Note, I’m not saying that all men differ from all women in the following ways or that thesedifferences are “just.” I’m simply stating that the distribution of preferences and abilities of men
and women differ in part due to biological causes and that these differences may explain why
we don’t see equal representation of women in tech and leadership. Many of these differences
are small and there’s significant overlap between men and women, so you can’t say anything
about an individual given these population level distributions.
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Throughout the document, by “tech”, I mostly mean software engineering.

Personality differences
Women, on average, have more​:●

Openness directed towards feelings and aesthetics rather than ideas. Women generally
also have a stronger interest in ​people rather than things​, relative to men (alsointerpreted as ​empathizing vs. systemizing​).

○ These two differences in part explain why women relatively prefer jobs in socialor ​artistic areas. More men may like coding because it requires systemizing and even
within SWEs, comparatively more women work on front end, which deals with bothpeople and aesthetics.

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Extraversion expressed as gregariousness rather than assertiveness. Also, higher
agreeableness.
○ This leads to women generally having a harder time negotiating salary, asking forraises, speaking up, and leading. Note that these are just average differences
and there’s overlap between men and women, but this is seen solely as a
women’s issue. This leads to exclusory programs like Stretch and swaths of men
without support.
​Neuroticism​ ​(higher anxiety, lower stress tolerance).
○ This may contribute to the higher levels of anxiety women report on Googlegeist
and to the lower number of women in high stress jobs.

Note that contrary to what a social constructionist would argue, ​research suggests​ ​that "greater
nation-level gender equality leads to psychological dissimilarity in men’s and women’s
personality traits." Because as “society becomes more prosperous and more egalitarian, innate
dispositional differences between men and women have more space to develop and the gap
that exists between men and women in their personality traits becomes wider.” We need to ​stop
assuming that gender gaps imply sexism​.

Men’s higher drive for status
We always ask why we don't see women in top leadership positions, but we never ask why wesee so many men in these jobs. These positions often require long, stressful hours that may not
be worth it if you want a balanced and fulfilling life.
Status is the primary metric that men are judged on​4​, pushing many men into these higher
paying, less satisfying jobs for the status that they entail. Note, the same forces that lead men
into high pay/high stress jobs in tech and leadership cause men to take undesirable anddangerous jobs like coal mining, garbage collection, and firefighting, and ​suffer 93% of
work-related deaths​.

Non-discriminatory ways to reduce the gender gap
Below I'll go over some of the differences in distribution of traits between men and women that I
outlined in the previous section and suggest ways to address them to increase women's
representation in tech without resorting to discrimination. Google is already making strides inmany of these areas, but I think it's still instructive to list them:● Women on average show a higher interest in people and men in things○ We can make software engineering more people-oriented with pair programmingand more collaboration. Unfortunately, there may be limits to how
people-oriented certain roles at Google can be and we shouldn't deceive
ourselves or students into thinking otherwise (some of our programs to get
female students into coding might be doing this).
● Women on average are more cooperative○ Allow those exhibiting cooperative behavior to thrive. Recent updates to Perf may
be doing this to an extent, but maybe there's more we can do.
○ This doesn't mean that we should remove all competitiveness from Google.
Competitiveness and self reliance can be valuable traits and we shouldn't
necessarily disadvantage those that have them, like ​what's been done ineducation​.
● Women on average are more prone to anxiety____________________________________________________________________________For heterosexual romantic relationships, ​men are more strongly judged by status and women by beauty​.
Again, this has ​biological​ ​origins and is culturally universal.
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Make tech and leadership less stressful. Google already partly does this with its
many stress reduction courses and benefits.
Women on average look for more work-life balance​ ​while men have a higher drive forstatus on average○ Unfortunately, as long as tech and leadership remain high status, lucrative
careers, men may disproportionately want to be in them. Allowing and truly
endorsing (as part of our culture) ​part time work​ ​though can keep more women intech.
The male gender role is currently inflexible○ Feminism has made great progress in freeing women from the female genderrole, but men are still very much tied to the male gender role. If we, as a society,allow men to be more "feminine," then the gender gap will shrink, althoughprobably because men will leave tech and leadership for traditionally "feminine"roles.

Philosophically, I don't think we should do arbitrary social engineering of tech just to make it
appealing to equal portions of both men and women. For each of these changes, we needprincipled reasons for why it helps Google; that is, we should be optimizing for Google—with
Google's diversity being a component of that. For example, currently those willing to work extra
hours or take extra stress will inevitably get ahead and if we try to change that too much, it may
have disastrous consequences. Also, when considering the costs and benefits, we should keep
in mind that Google's funding is finite so its allocation is more zero-sum than is generally
acknowledged.

The harm of Google’s biases
I strongly believe in gender and racial diversity, and I think we should strive for more. However,to achieve a more equal gender and race representation, Google has created several
discriminatory practices:● Programs, mentoring, and classes only for people with a certain gender or race​5●●●

A high priority queue and special treatment for “diversity” candidates
Hiring practices which can ​effectively lower the bar​ ​for “diversity” candidates bydecreasing the false negative rate
Reconsidering any set of people if it’s not “diverse” enough, but not showing that same
scrutiny in the reverse direction (clear confirmation bias)● Setting org level OKRs for increased representation which can incentivize illegal
discrimination​6____________________________________________________________________________
5 Stretch, BOLD, CSSI, Engineering Practicum (to an extent), and several other Google funded internal and external programs are for people with acertain gender or race.
6 Instead set Googlegeist OKRs, potentially for certain demographics. We can increase representation at an org level by either making it a better
environment for certain groups (which would be seen in survey scores) or discriminating based on a protected status (which is illegal and I’ve seen itdone). Increased representation OKRs can incentivize the latter and create zero-sum struggles between orgs.

These practices are based on false assumptions generated by our biases and can actually
increase race and gender tensions​. We’re told by senior leadership that what we’re doing isboth the morally and economically correct thing to do, but without evidence this is just veiled left
ideology​7 ​that can irreparably harm Google.

Why we’re blind
We all have biases and use motivated reasoning to dismiss ideas that run counter to ourinternal values. Just as some on the Right deny science that runs counter to the “God > humans> environment” hierarchy (e.g., evolution and climate change), the Left tends to ​deny science
concerning biological differences between people (e.g., IQ​8 ​and sex differences). Thankfully,
climate scientists and evolutionary biologists generally aren’t on the right. Unfortunately, theoverwhelming majority of humanities and social sciences lean left (​about 95%​), which creates
enormous confirmation bias​, changes what’s being studied, and maintains myths like social
constructionism and the gender wage gap​9​. Google’s left leaning makes us blind to this bias anduncritical of its results, which we’re using to justify highly politicized programs.
In addition to the Left’s affinity for those it sees as weak, humans are generally biased towards
protecting females. As mentioned before, this likely evolved because males are biologicallydisposable and because women are generally more cooperative and agreeable than men. We
have extensive government and Google programs, fields of study, and legal and social norms toprotect women, but when a man complains about a gender issue issue affecting men, he’slabelled as a ​misogynist and a whiner​10​. Nearly every difference between men and women isinterpreted as a form of women’s oppression. As with many things in life, gender differences areoften a case of “grass being greener on the other side”; unfortunately, taxpayer and Google
money is being spent to water only one side of the lawn.
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7 Communism promised to be both morally and economically superior to capitalism, but every attempt
became morally corrupt and an economic failure. As it became clear that the working class of the liberal
democracies wasn’t going to overthrow their “capitalist oppressors,” the Marxist intellectuals transitioned
from class warfare to gender and race politics. The core oppressor-oppressed dynamics remained, but
now the oppressor is the “white, straight, cis-gendered patriarchy.”
8 Ironically, IQ tests were initially championed by the Left when meritocracy meant helping the victims ofaristocracy.
9 Yes, in a national aggregate, women have lower salaries than men for ​a variety of reasons​. For thesame work though, women get paid just as much as men. Considering women spend more money thanmen and that salary represents how much the employee sacrifices (e.g. more hours, stress, and danger),
we really need to rethink our stereotypes around power.
10 “The traditionalist system of gender does not deal well with the idea of men needing support. Men are
expected to be strong, to not complain, and to deal with problems on their own. Men’s problems are more
often seen as personal failings rather than victimhood, due to our gendered idea of agency. This
discourages men from bringing attention to their issues (whether individual or group-wide issues), for fearof being seen as whiners, complainers, or weak.”This same compassion for those seen as weak creates political correctness​11​, which constrains
discourse and is complacent to the extremely sensitive ​PC-authoritarians​ ​that use violence andshaming to advance their cause. While Google hasn’t harbored the violent leftist protests that
we’re seeing at universities, the frequent shaming in TGIF and in our culture has created thesame silent, psychologically unsafe environment.

Suggestions
I hope it’s clear that I'm not saying that diversity is bad, that Google or society is 100% fair, that
we shouldn't try to correct for existing biases, or that minorities have the same experience of
those in the majority. My larger point is that we have an intolerance for ideas and evidence that
don’t fit a certain ideology. ​I’m also not saying that we should restrict people to certain genderroles; I’m advocating for quite the opposite: treat people as individuals, not as just anothermember of their group (tribalism).
My concrete suggestions are to:● De-moralize diversity.
○ As soon as we start to ​moralize an issue​, we stop thinking about it in terms ofcosts and benefits, dismiss anyone that disagrees as immoral, and harshly
punish those we see as villains to protect the “victims.”● Stop ​alienating conservatives​.
○ Viewpoint diversity is arguably the most important type of diversity and politicalorientation is one of the most fundamental and significant ways in which peopleview things differently.
○ In highly progressive environments, conservatives are a minority that feel likethey need to ​stay in the closet to avoid open hostility​. We should empower thosewith different ideologies to be able to express themselves.
○ Alienating conservatives is both non-inclusive and generally bad businessbecause ​conservatives tend to be higher in conscientiousness​, which is required
for much of the drudgery and maintenance work characteristic of a maturecompany.
● Confront Google’s biases.
○ I’ve mostly concentrated on how our biases cloud our thinking about diversity andinclusion, but our moral biases are farther reaching than that.
○ I would start by breaking down Googlegeist scores by political orientation andpersonality to give a fuller picture into how our biases are affecting our culture.
● Stop restricting programs and classes to certain genders or races.
○ These discriminatory practices are both unfair and divisive. Instead focus onsome of the non-discriminatory practices I outlined.
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11 Political correctness is ​defined​ as “the avoidance of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, orinsult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against,” which makes it clear why it’s a phenomenon of theLeft and a tool of authoritarians.

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Have an open and honest discussion about the costs and benefits of our diversity
programs.
○ Discriminating just to increase the representation of women in tech is as
misguided and biased as mandating increases for women’s representation in thehomeless, work-related and violent deaths, prisons, and school dropouts.
○ There’s currently very little transparency into the extent of our diversity programs
which keeps it immune to criticism from those outside its ideological echochamber.
○ These programs are highly politicized which further alienates non-progressives.
○ I realize that some of our programs may be precautions against government
accusations of discrimination, but that can easily backfire since they incentivize
illegal discrimination.
Focus on psychological safety, not just race/gender diversity.
○ We should focus on psychological safety, which has shown positive effects andshould (hopefully) not lead to unfair discrimination.
○ We need psychological safety and shared values to gain the benefits of diversity.
○ Having representative viewpoints is important for those designing and testing our
products, but the benefits are less clear for those more removed from UX.
De-emphasize empathy.
○ I’ve heard several calls for increased empathy on diversity issues. While I
strongly support trying to understand how and why people think the way they do,
relying on affective empathy—feeling another’s pain—causes us to focus on
anecdotes, favor individuals similar to us, and harbor other ​irrational anddangerous biases​. Being emotionally unengaged helps us better reason about
the facts.
Prioritize intention.
○ Our focus on microaggressions and other unintentional transgressions increases
our sensitivity, which is not universally positive: sensitivity increases both ourtendency to take offence and our self censorship, leading to authoritarianpolicies. Speaking up without the fear of being harshly judged is central to
psychological safety, but these practices can remove that safety by judging
unintentional transgressions.
○ Microaggression training ​incorrectly and dangerously equates speech withviolence​ ​and ​isn’t backed by evidence​.
Be open about the science of human nature.
○ Once we acknowledge that not all differences are socially constructed or due todiscrimination, we open our eyes to a more accurate view of the human condition
which is necessary if we actually want to solve problems.
Reconsider making Unconscious Bias training mandatory for promo committees.

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We haven’t been able to measure any effect of our Unconscious Bias training
and it has the potential for overcorrecting or backlash, especially if mademandatory.
Some of the suggested methods of the current training (v2.3) are likely useful,but the political bias of the presentation is clear from the factual inaccuracies andthe examples shown.
Spend more time on the ​many other types of biases​ ​besides stereotypes.
Stereotypes are much more ​accurate and responsive to new information​ ​than the
training suggests (I’m not advocating for using stereotypes, I just pointing out thefactual inaccuracy of what’s said in the training).