The State of Eritrea
Ministry of Education

National Policyfor

ICT in Education in Eritrea

July 2005

In telecommunications, the extension of mobile telephone services
is growing rapidly. Its importance and utility is illustrated by
growing demand. Expansion of fixed and mobile telephone services
coupled with narrow and broadband Internet access throughsatellite linkup, which is principally aimed at enhancing
information services for education and students, are additional
communications projects the government is pursuing vigorously.
Remarks by H.E. Isaias Afewerki, President of the Stateof Eritrea, on the occasion of the 14th Independence
Day Anniversary, May 24, 2005

ii

List of Acronyms
AME – Department of Adult and Media Education
AUP – Acceptable Use Policy
DGE – Department of General Education
DVD – Digital Video DisksEMIS – Educational Management of Information Systems
ESDP – Education Sector Development Project
FM – Frequency Modulation
FOSS – Free Open Source Software
HIV/AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
ICT – Information and Communication Technology
ISP – Internet Service Provider
LAN – Local Area Network
M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation
MoE – Ministry of Education
NUP – Network Use Policy
PMU – Project Management Unit
POP – Point of Presence
R&D – Research and Development
RHRD – Department of Research and Human Resource Development
SIE – Society of Innovative Educators
TEVT – Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
VSAT – Very Small Aperture Terminals
WAN – Wide Area Networkiii

Table of Contents
1

Introduction..........................................................................................................1
1.1
Background ....................................................................................................1
1.2
Vision for ICT in Eritrea................................................................................2
1.2.1
Global Commitment...............................................................................2
1.2.2
Millennium Development Goals............................................................2
1.2.3
Access & Basic ICT Literacy ................................................................2
1.2.4
ICT as an Economic Industry ................................................................2
1.3
Vision for ICT in Education ..........................................................................3
1.3.1
ICT as a Teaching and Learning Tool ...................................................3
1.3.2
ICT for Management of Information .....................................................3
1.3.3
ICT for Human Resource Development ................................................3
1.4
Policy Context................................................................................................3
1.4.1
Macro-Policy – 1994..............................................................................3
1.4.2“Concept Paper” – 2002.........................................................................4
1.4.3
Eritrea: National Education Policy (Draft) – 2003 ................................4
1.5
Education in Eritrea .......................................................................................5
1.5.1
Historical Context of Education in Eritrea.............................................5
1.5.2
Defining Principles of Education in Eritrea...........................................5
1.6
Overview of Reform ......................................................................................6
1.6.1
Access – Basic Education ......................................................................6
1.6.2
Modernization – Secondary Education..................................................6
1.6.3
Equity – Sector Wide .............................................................................6
1.6.4
Literacy – Adult Education....................................................................72
Approach to the Policy ........................................................................................8
2.1
Sector-wide Approach ...................................................................................8
2.2
Priorities.........................................................................................................8
2.3Inter-Ministerial Discourse ............................................................................8
2.4
Collaborative..................................................................................................8
2.5
Best Practices .................................................................................................8
2.6
Emphasis on Teaching and Learning.............................................................93
Priorities for ICT in Education for Eritrea.....................................................10
3.1
ICT in Secondary and Technical Schools....................................................10
3.2
Training of Master Trainers .........................................................................10
3.3
Ministry of Education Local and Wide Area Network ................................10
3.4
ICT-related Staff Development at All Levels..............................................10
3.5
Establishment of a National ICT Steering Committee ................................10
4
National Policy for ICT in Education ..............................................................11
4.1
Policy Goals .................................................................................................11
4.2
Presidential Articulation of National ICT Vision & Goals..........................11
4.3
Ministerial Articulation of ICT in Education Vision & Goals ....................11
4.4
Designation of National ICT Steering Committee.......................................12
4.5
Review of National Communications Proclamation....................................12
4.6
Alignment with National ICT Policy...........................................................13
4.7
Establishment of an ICT Unit ......................................................................13
4.8
Public Awareness Program ..........................................................................14
4.9
Development of Departmental ICT Terms of Reference.............................14
4.10 Establishment of a MoE ICT Steering Committee ......................................15
4.11 Establishment of ICT Infrastructure for the Ministry ..................................16
4.11.1 Establishment of a Ministry-wide Network.........................................16iv

4.11.2 Security and Virus Protection ..............................................................16
4.11.3 Establishment of a Software Policy .....................................................17
4.11.4 Employee Email...................................................................................17
4.11.5 Establishment of a Network Use Policy (NUP)...................................18
4.11.6 Establishment of an MoE Website.......................................................18
4.11.7 Ministry ICT Training Facilities..........................................................19
4.12 Multimedia Development Center.................................................................19
4.13 Human Capacity Development ....................................................................20
4.13.1 Regulation and Financing ....................................................................20
4.13.2 Ministry of Education Staff .................................................................21
4.13.3 Teacher Training..................................................................................224.13.4 Staff Performance Appraisal and Advancement..................................23
4.13.5 Formal Education.................................................................................23
4.13.6 Non-formal Education .........................................................................24
4.14 Regional and Sub-regional Offices..............................................................24
4.14.1 Network Infrastructure.........................................................................24
4.14.2 Establishment of Regional ICT Unit....................................................24
4.14.3 Regional MoE Staff Development.......................................................25
4.15 Curriculum and National Examination ........................................................26
4.15.1 Establishment of an ICT Panel at the DGE .........................................26
4.15.2 National Curriculum Reform ...............................................................26
4.15.3 Basic ICT Literacy Curriculum ...........................................................27
4.15.4 ICT as a Teaching and Learning Tool .................................................27
4.15.5 Revision of Assessment Procedures & Examinations .........................28
4.16 ICT in Schools .............................................................................................28
4.16.1 School Vision and Plan........................................................................28
4.16.2 ICT Coordinator...................................................................................29
4.16.3 School Technology Committee............................................................29
4.16.4 Community Engagement .....................................................................30
4.16.5 School Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) .................................................30
4.16.6 Technology in Educational Facilities...................................................31
4.17 Environmentally Safe Goods and Procedures..............................................31
5
Strategy for ICT in Education ..........................................................................33
5.1
Budgeting.....................................................................................................33
5.2
Recurrent Costs............................................................................................33
5.2.1
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) .............................................33
5.2.2
Student Support Technicians ...............................................................34
5.2.3
Community Linkage ............................................................................34
5.2.4
Public/Private Partnerships ..................................................................34
5.2.5
School-based Telecentres.....................................................................35
5.2.6
School Fees ..........................................................................................35
5.3
Planning .......................................................................................................35
5.3.1
Strategic Planning ................................................................................35
5.3.2
Collaboration........................................................................................35
5.3.3
Case Studies .........................................................................................35
5.3.4
Crosscutting Topics and Issues............................................................36
5.3.5
Planning Transparency.........................................................................36
5.4
Program Interventions..................................................................................36
5.5
Research and Development..........................................................................36
5.6
Monitoring and Evaluation ..........................................................................37v

5.7
Challenges of Sustainability ........................................................................37
5.8
Pedagogical Considerations .........................................................................37
5.8.1
Establishing a Need..............................................................................37
5.8.2
Classroom Configuration.....................................................................37
5.8.3
Formal and Non-formal Education ......................................................37
5.8.4
Community of Learners .......................................................................38
5.8.5
Variety of ICT Tools............................................................................38
5.9
Curriculum Considerations ..........................................................................38
5.9.1
Current Reform Effort..........................................................................38
5.9.2
From the Outside In .............................................................................38
5.9.3
Alternative Options for Reaching Same Outcomes .............................38
5.9.4
Evergreen Model..................................................................................38
5.9.5
Provide More Autonomy Regionally and Locally for Equity .............39
5.9.6
Authentic Learning ..............................................................................39
5.9.7
Alternative Assessment........................................................................39
5.9.8
Mentorship Programs and ICT Clubs ..................................................39
5.9.9
Community Engagement .....................................................................40
5.9.10 Assessment & Examination Reform....................................................40
5.10 Technical Considerations.............................................................................40
5.10.1 Security ................................................................................................40
5.10.2 Licensing..............................................................................................40
5.10.3 Classroom Configuration.....................................................................40
5.10.4 Pedagogical Rationale of Equipment Purchases..................................40
5.10.5 Alternative Models...............................................................................40
5.10.6 Student Support Technicians ...............................................................41
5.11 Installation of ICT in Schools ......................................................................41
5.11.1 Coordination ........................................................................................41
5.11.2 Feasibility.............................................................................................41
5.11.3 Assessment...........................................................................................41
5.11.4 Procurement and Transport..................................................................41
5.11.5 Installation............................................................................................41
5.12 Long Term Sustainability ............................................................................41
5.12.1 Staff Technical Training ......................................................................42
5.12.2 Network Use Policy .............................................................................42
5.12.3 Strategic Planning ................................................................................42
5.12.4 Reliable Data Sources ..........................................................................42
5.12.5 Resources for Long-term Technical Support.......................................42
5.12.6 Integrate Processes...............................................................................42
5.12.7 Local Involvement ...............................................................................43
6
Strategy for Implementation.............................................................................44
6.1
Strategic Planning ........................................................................................44
6.2
Office of the Minister...................................................................................44
6.3
ICT Unit .......................................................................................................44
6.3.1
ICT Infrastructure ................................................................................44
6.3.2
Immediate Priorities.............................................................................44
6.3.3
Second Priority.....................................................................................44
6.3.4
School ICT Feasibility and Facilities Installation................................44
6.3.5
ICT Unit Strategic Plan........................................................................45
6.3.6
Establish the MoE ICT Steering Committee .......................................45
6.3.7
ICT Research and Development Team ................................................45

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6.4
Department of General Education ...............................................................45
6.4.1
Strategic Planning ................................................................................45
6.4.2
Curriculum Planning & Development .................................................45
6.4.3
Monitoring & Quality Assurance.........................................................46
6.4.4
Assessment & Examination .................................................................46
6.5
Department of Technical Education & Vocational Training.......................46
6.5.1
Strategic Planning ................................................................................46
6.5.2
Curriculum Planning & Development .................................................47
6.5.3
Monitoring & Quality Assurance.........................................................47
6.6
Department of Adult & Media Education....................................................47
6.6.1
Strategic Planning ................................................................................47
6.6.2
Curriculum Planning & Development .................................................47
6.6.3
Media Education ..................................................................................47
6.6.4
Monitoring & Quality Assurance.........................................................47
6.7
Department of Research & Human Resource Development .......................48
6.7.1
Strategic Planning ................................................................................48
6.7.2
Research, EMIS & Statistics Division .................................................48
6.7.3
Human Resource Development Division.............................................48
6.7.4
Project Management Division..............................................................48
6.8
Department of Administration & Finance ...................................................48
6.8.1
Strategic Planning ................................................................................48
6.8.2
Finance Division ..................................................................................49
6.8.3
Human Resource Management Division .............................................49
6.8.4
General Services Division....................................................................49
6.9
Regional Offices ..........................................................................................49
6.9.1
Basic Education Unit ...........................................................................49
6.9.2
Secondary Education Unit ...................................................................49
6.9.3
Finance & Administration Unit ...........................................................49
6.9.4
Human Resource Development Unit ...................................................49
6.9.5
Sports, Culture, & Health Unit ............................................................49
6.10 Pedagogical Resource Centers.....................................................................49vii

1 Introduction
1.1

Background

The Government of Eritrea recognizes that globalization is a reality, and that Eritrea
must develop the capacity to compete in a global market if she is to realize economic,
social, and cultural prosperity. Two essential elements for realizing this vision are
creating the human capacity and the technological infrastructure to meet the needs ofa global market.
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are tools that have overarching
implications on all aspects of government and society. ICT tools include television,analog and cellular telephone, radio, audio/video cassette recorders, DVD players,
computers, networks, email, the Internet, productivity software, video camera
microscopes, and other media and technical innovations. ICT tools help to access,organize, process, and present information clearly and efficiently. ICT has thepotential to enhance and transform how government and the entire economic sectors
are run. ICT can make a significant impact on demand responsiveness for human andother capacity resources. With appropriate and thoughtful application of ICT tools,
and parallel human resource development, the entire public and private sector canoperate more efficiently and more cost effectively.
ICT has brought the world into a new knowledge and information age. The
implications of ICT on the education sector are broad and complex. Educators must
understand that ICT is a catalyst for transformation, and should not be approached as
an end in itself, but as one element in the broader spectrum of education reform.
The Education Sector is universally recognized as the foundation of any country’s
human resource development. The Ministry of Education of Eritrea has embarked on
an ambitious, sector-wide reform program in support of the Government vision. ICT
is an essential element in education reform, and this National Policy for ICT in
Education is the framework by which the Ministry will move forward to invest thenecessary resources to meet the needs of the education sector and the country.
The development of the knowledge, skills, attitudes and actions facilitated by theinfusion of ICT in the education sector will have long-lasting benefits for citizens andthe economic sector in general. Team-work and process skills developed through thisinfusion will open doors of opportunities for the citizens of Eritrea. ICT provides agateway to world of information that will provide new, affordable, life-long learning
opportunities important in responding to a changing world.
The National Curriculum of Eritrea is currently being reformed to broaden student
learning outcomes to include process and life-long learning skills. The MoE seeks tointegrate student-centered activities that provide the opportunity for students tobecome more actively involved in their learning and develop the social and processskills essential for successful employment in the workplace. The pedagogicalconsideration for this new teaching paradigm substantially departs from traditional
methodologies, and will require teachers to develop new teaching and management
skills. The integration of ICT as a teaching and learning tool will help to create a1context for new teaching methodologies, helping to illuminate for teachers how the
new pedagogy is supported by ICT.
The National Policy for ICT in Education reviews the context of education in Eritrea
with a brief overview of the reform process. It provides a rationale and objective tothe introduction of ICT in the education sector, and outlines the defining principles of
education in Eritrea, and the visions of Government and the Ministry of Education.
The National Policy for ICT in Education covers Government and Education Sector
considerations, giving brief rationales and objectives, followed by the policy
statements. The Strategy for ICT in Education assumes a broad approach to “highlevel” considerations that may apply to all sub-sectors of education. Included is a
Strategy for Implementation which makes recommendations for The Office of the
Minister, and each Department on how to move forward.
The Policy serves to direct the Ministry of Education in establishing a well-planned
integration of ICT into its operations and schools. It seeks to raise awareness of theessential elements important in this process. The Policy is brief, and is shaped by thecontext of Eritrea, best practices of similar projects, and the vision and need of many
stakeholders in education. The Policy intends to address all aspects of the education
sector.

1.2

Vision for ICT in Eritrea

1.2.1 Global Commitment• Eritrea will enter the global information age and be economicallycompetitive.
• Eritrea is committed to a sector-wide capacity development that is vitally
linked to appropriate and efficient applications of ICT, in order to narrow the“digital divide.”

1.2.2 Millennium Development Goals• Eritrea fully embraces the Goals of the Millennium affirmed by the United
Nations and that ICT plays an integral part of the process in meeting thesegoals. The goals are: to 1) eradicate poverty and hunger, 2) universal primaryeducation for all, 3) promote gender equality and empower women, 4) reducechild mortality, 5) combat HIV/AIDS, 6) ensure environmental sustainability,7) develop a global partnership for development, and 8) improve maternal
health.

1.2.3 Access & Basic ICT Literacy• The Government of Eritrea envisions all citizens, regardless of their origin,language, gender, or geographic location, will have access to information andcommunication technology, and will attain at minimum a basic ICT literacy
level within their lifetime.

1.2.4 ICT as an Economic Industry• The development of a sustainable ICT industry that is capable of competingin the global market.

2

1.3

Vision for ICT in Education

1.3.1 ICT as a Teaching and Learning Tool
• ICT in education as a key contributor to improving the quality of education in
Eritrea, and engendering life-long learning skills, such as information
processing, critical thinking, and problem solving.
• ICT will be integrated both vertically and horizontally throughout theeducational provision of Eritrea.
• Human capacity and infrastructure will be developed to support thisinstitutional deployment to ensure all stakeholders in the education sector
have basic ICT literacy skills, and are appropriately trained to respond to
pedagogical and managerial needs.
• The Ministry of Education will actively develop multimedia materials andother media related tools for the purposes of teaching and learning• The provision of ICT as a teaching and learning tool in the education sector
will include radio, audio cassette recorders, video cassette recorders, DVDplayers and recorders, television, analog and cellular telephones, computers,
satellite downlink and uplink technology, the Internet, and other digitaltechnologies.

1.3.2 ICT for Management of Information• ICT will be an essential and fundamental component for capacity
development in all education sub-sectors.
• ICT infrastructure and interconnected network will be procured and installed
throughout the entire administration sector of education, and utilized to its
fullest extent for a more efficient management of information.
• A comprehensive network use policy and training program will be developed
and deployed to ensure all employees in the sector use the networkcompetently and safely.

1.3.3 ICT for Human Resource Development• ICT will be utilized to support training and continued professional
development of teachers, management and operations staff, and the public atlarge.

1.4

Policy Context

The National ICT in Education Policy for Eritrea is underpinned by a number ofexisting policy documents.

1.4.1 Macro-Policy – 1994
The Government of the State of Eritrea affirmed the vision of the Nation through its
Macro-Policy published in November, 1994. The Macro-Policy establishes thefoundational vision of development in Eritrea for all sectors of the country, public andprivate. All subsequent policy has emerged from the vision of the Macro-Policy,
including the “Concept Paper for a Rapid Transformation of the Eritrean Educational
System” published in July, 2002, and the National Education Policy (Draft), publishedFebruary, 2003. Some aspects of the Macro-Policy that have provided a foundation
for the National ICT in Education Policy are:3

National Development Objectives:• An upgraded and technologically improved informal sector.
• Broad-based education incorporating widespread dissemination of skills andlanguages and extensive human capital formation
Manufacturing:• Develop light manufacture based on agro-industry as a start and promote
high-tech industries.
Telecommunications:• Develop high-tech telecommunication facilities for international and domestic
services.
Expenditure Policy:• Supplying supplementary services to enhance the growth of directly
productive sectors of the economy like: Dissemination of information on
investment and market opportunities.

1.4.2 “Concept Paper” – 2002
The “Concept Paper for a Rapid Transformation of the Eritrean Educational System”
is a corner-stone document influencing the current reform efforts in the education
sector. ICT in education will support many transformational aspects envisioned by the
paper:
Life-long Learning:• “..[The] door for furthering one’s education would always be open for those
who seek it and maintain appropriate levels of standard. This will beenhanced by extensive use of ICT and all venues of distance education.”
Sharing of Resources:• “During the transition period [of school facilities and programs], the highschools with better facilities...will assist those with deficiencies…through theuse of ICT…”

1.4.3 Eritrea: National Education Policy (Draft) – 2003
The National Education Policy Draft contains many points supported by the scope of
the National ICT in Education Policy:
National Education Policy:• The creation of a modern, technologically advanced and internationallycompetitive economy.
Policy Objectives – Curriculum:• Science and Technology and ICT will be at the heart of the new curriculum at
all levels in order to cope with the rapidly developing technology and swiftlychanging society.
Priority Areas of Focus – Access and Equity:4• Mobilize resources for restructuring and reallocation of government finances
towards strengthening the educational system.
Priority Areas of Focus – Quality and Relevance:• Improving teacher education and training so that teachers could acquireappropriate teaching methodology that would enhance competence in aparticipatory approach, and the use of new technologies.
Strategies for the Education Sector – Curriculum Reform:• Provide teachers with sufficient training on Modern Technology and ICT as
instructional, managerial and research tool.
• Prepare adequate resource materials for the enrichment curriculum courses(including Science and Technology and ICT).
Institutional Capacity Development – Managerial Capacity:• Develop the managerial capacity of the existing staff and make preparation
for more professionally trained ones with structuring and reforming thecapacity development policy dimension.
Science and Technology:• Introduce ICT as instructional, management, and research tool in order topromote creativity, independent learning, and innovative thinking in thestudent population.

1.5

Education in Eritrea

1.5.1 Historical Context of Education in Eritrea
Eritrea has a rich education history with a consistent national priority for literacy andinnovation. Dedication to learning, at any cost, helped carry the convictions whichlead the Eritrean people to independence. The Zero School and Adult Literacy
Campaign helped to unify Eritreans by building a community of learners focused onenhancing knowledge and skills to form a new nation. The “culture of innovation”
nurtured during the independence movement is alive today as Eritrea moves forwardin the new Millennium with efforts to provide opportunity for all Eritreans throughaccessible, equitable, and quality education.

1.5.2 Defining Principles of Education in Eritrea
Today, the climate of education in Eritrea is one of excitement and commitment
towards empowering youth and adults to develop the necessary skills to expand theiropportunities, and enhance the economic and social prosperity of the country.
Educators in Eritrea, whether they are policy makers at the highest level ofgovernment, or teachers in remote areas of the country, demonstrate a uniqueconviction to real and demonstrable improvement in the education system for all. It isclear that dialog and discourse underpin the way forward, and this “conversation” hasilluminated defining education principles that guide current reform efforts:• Education is a basic and fundamental human right.
• Every citizen of Eritrea must have access to high quality education.

5• Education must be equitable, providing equal opportunity of access to underserved and disadvantaged citizens, such as women, minority groups, and thedisabled.
• Education must be of the highest quality, providing up-to-date resources, andcurrent and innovative instructional methodologies.
• Education must be relevant to the needs of Eritrea, and flexible to respond to theneeds of all learners, and to the realities of a changing society.

1.6

Overview of Reform

1.6.1 Access – Basic Education
Increasing access to education opportunities is a top priority of the Ministry of
Education. Currently, a significant proportion of all school aged children do not haveaccess to basic education, particularly in rural communities. National policy mandates
universal basic education, and has committed to expanding and improving earlychildhood education programs. New school construction in underserved communities,
and expanding teacher training programs underpin the MoE strategy to increase
access to meet policy goals. ICT will play a critical role through capacity
enhancement and distance learning.

1.6.2 Modernization – Secondary Education
The Ministry of Education sees the provision of secondary education as a criticalcomponent in Eritrea development. Secondary education is an essential locus foracademic preparation for students of Eritrea. However, current secondary programs
are geared exclusively towards academic achievement, and provide little in terms ofpractical skills and employment readiness. Moreover, a significant portion of teachers
are under-qualified. To better prepare students to meet the human capacity needs ofthe country, a comprehensive curriculum reform effort is underway, crosscutting all
sectors of education. The new curriculum embraces a student-centered, outcomebased approach emphasizing critical thinking, problem solving, and real-life(authentic) applications of their learning. This new curriculum structure will help toensure a climate of academic rigor, and at the same time provide a more flexible
environment to develop a broad-base of skills more relevant to the workplace.
Complimenting the new curriculum will be substantial school upgrades, constructionof new schools, sector-wide staff development, installation of classroom computerswith Internet access, and other resources are planned to support students and staff for
the transformation of secondary education. In addition, an expansion of tertiary
education is currently underway to help bolster human capacity needs in all sectors ofsociety.

1.6.3 Equity – Sector Wide
Currently, a significant imbalance in educational opportunities for girls and othermarginalized groups exists in Eritrea. The Ministry of Education sees this disparity as
unacceptable and as a significant impediment to the growth of the country. The MoE
has articulated its commitment to providing opportunities to reduce impediments forthe underserved. Increasing access through new schools, coupled with specificallytargeted programs to raise awareness of girls education are planned61.6.4 Literacy – Adult Education
Literacy is a significant problem in Eritrea. A key aspect of reform efforts for Eritrea
is to increase the overall literacy level of her population. The Ministry of Educationplans to dramatically reduce this rate through access enhancements coupled withsupport of program augmentation and increase of continuing education opportunities.

7

2 Approach to the Policy
2.1

Sector-wide Approach

The integration of ICT in Education has significant implications for the entire
education sector, particularly those concerning curriculum, professional development
and training, and infrastructure support. A sector-wide approach to ICT in Education
will help to:• Create a “Culture of Innovation” among all education stakeholders;• Bring to bear alertness to the consideration of ICT integration in every aspectof education;• Ensure that Eritrea is well positioned to “do it right.”

2.2

Priorities

The Ministry of Education has mandated urgency for the deployment of ICT
infrastructure throughout the education sector. The Policy balances this urgency witha pragmatic approach to help ensure all capacity elements (human and technological)
are in place with clear guidelines for planning and implementation of facilities andprograms. However, the immediate and urgent concern is to narrow the “digital
divide” between the “haves” and “have-nots.” To this end, the Policy makes special
dispensation for providing ICT access and training to remote areas of the country
during the first phase of the implementation.

2.3

Inter-Ministerial Discourse

Integration of ICT in the education sector has implications on many aspects ofsociety. It will be important for policy makers to engage in dialog across ministries to:• Validate the overarching implications of ICT;
• Ensure parity in thinking, vision and policy;• Be responsive to evolving government policy;• To ensure harmonization within all levels of government.

2.4

Collaborative

The Policy development has been a collaborative process. Considerable effort has
been taken to consult a variety of stakeholders in formulating the draft. A subsequent
sector-wide review process helped to refine the Policy to ensure alignment with thevision and mandates of the MoE and Government sectors.

2.5Best Practices

The Policy draws, in part, on important lessons-learned from interventions andprograms in Sub-Sahara Africa, and from cases around the world. Many of these “bestpractices” provide key insight into:• Planning and deployment of ICT infrastructure;• Teacher professional development and training;• Perspective on curriculum and ICT integration.
• Maximizing efficiency of planning and deployment;• Minimize the chance of wastage.

8

As the Policy is implemented, every effort should be made to revisit related casestudies and best practices to ensure actions are well planned and pragmatic. However,each school and community in Eritrea is unique, and local involvement in planning isessential for buy-in and success.

2.6

Emphasis on Teaching and Learning

The mandate of the Ministry of Education directs that ICT in education must be
deployed for the purpose of teaching and learning. Though the Policy addresses allcomponents of the education sector, each aspect of the Policy is underpinned by its
implications on teaching and learning.

93 Priorities for ICT in Education for Eritrea
The following are priorities for the Education Sector as they relate to ICT.

3.1

ICT in Secondary and Technical Schools

Schools best positioned in Eritrea to begin ICT programs are the upper grade schoolsof secondary and technical education. Some of these schools currently have ICT
programs, and the human capacity to integrate such programs is most easily
implemented at these levels.

3.2

Training of Master Trainers

A cascade model of training in Eritrea will be cost effective and develop a communityof educators committed to supporting ICT in education. A cohort of Master Trainers
made up of motivated and talented teachers will be essential to train teachers and staff
in their local areas, and troubleshoot and maintain computers labs and related
technology in their schools. Master Trainers will be particularly crucial in local staff
development of student-centered, outcome-based pedagogical strategies put forth by
the new curriculum, and essential for effective integration of ICT as a teaching andlearning tool. Master trainers will be given appropriate incentives and release timefrom regular classes to facilitate training.

3.3

Ministry of Education Local and Wide Area Network

The Ministry of Education network is out-of-date and extremely inefficient, andupgrading the local area network (LAN) will be an essential capacity enhancement
measure to support ICT in education. Included in this same effort will be theconnection of all zoba offices to the main MoE offices with fixed fiber optic wide
area network (WAN) essential for developing capacity of the entire education sector
across all zobas. Network use policy will be developed in parallel to installation of the
new network.

3.4

ICT-related Staff Development at All Levels

Human capacity development will be essential to support the planned ICT
infrastructure and the new pedagogical practices required for the new national
curriculum. Furthermore, a more efficient EMIS system will be essential forincreasing the capacity of the sector, and related training should be a top priority. The
Ministry of Education will make staff development a top priority and will pursue thisvigorously.

3.5

Establishment of a National ICT Steering Committee

The Minister of Education should immediately begin the process of establishing a
National ICT Steering Committee to ratify and mobilize the National Policy for ICT
in Education.

10

4 National Policy for ICT in Education
4.1

Policy Goals• To articulate an informed national policy framework for ICT in education toprovide direction in all ICT-related endeavors in education.
• To identify important components of effective ICT integration into educationin order to build awareness among stakeholders, and designate points ofdeparture for the policy.
• To coordinate and manage ICT in education and related issues to establish acoherent policy and implementation framework.
• To outline a cross-sector strategy for pragmatic implementation of ICT in
education to maximize effective utilization of tools and minimize wastage.
• To narrow the “digital divide” by addressing key constraints through the useof ICT to ensure all citizens of Eritrea has equitable access to ICT.

4.2

Presidential Articulation of National ICT Vision & Goals

The Office of the President of Eritrea is the highest level of government in Eritrea.
All policy directives emerge from the Office of the President, and a clear endorsementof all policy is essential for national credibility.
Policy Objectives:• To articulate the ICT vision and goals of the Nation.
• To ensure the National Policy for ICT in Education has credibility.
Policy Challenge:• Communicating a public awareness of the use of ICT and how it may
potentially impact all citizens.
Policy Statements:• The President of Eritrea will articulate the ICT goals of the nation.
• The President of Eritrea will endorse the National ICT in Education Policy.

4.3

Ministerial Articulation of ICT in Education Vision &Goals

The Minister of Education is the leader of the Sector of Education in Eritrea. All
education policy directives must be endorsed by the Minster of Education, both interms of the National vision and educational relevance.
Policy Objective:• To ensure the National ICT in Education Policy is given credibility within the
Ministry of Education and the education community at large.
Policy Challenge:• Articulating the variety of applications of ICT to the education communitythat best makes the importance and benefits of ICT understood.
Policy Statements:11• The Minister of Education will affirm and support the President’s
endorsement of the National ICT in Education Policy.
• The Minister of Education will declare support of the National ICT in
Education Policy to the education community in Eritrea.
• The Minister of Education will articulate the vision and goals for ICT in
Education.

4.4

Designation of National ICT Steering Committee

ICT has implications relevant to all aspects of Government and society. A
collaborative body focusing on ICT in Eritrea would help coordinate and implement
national strategy, and bring to bear knowledge and issues, and new developments inthe field.
Policy Objectives:• To coordinate ICT strategy and efforts throughout the public and private
sectors of Eritrea.
• To bring to bear important and current ICT knowledge and developments ona national level.
Policy Challenges:• Ensuring that the steering committee understands the educational implicationsof policy, including pedagogical, financial, and administrative.
• Receiving relevant and timely information from all sectors to make informed
decisions.
Policy Statements:• The Government of Eritrea will form a National ICT Steering Committee.
• Each sector of Government will appoint an ICT Officer to oversee internal
ICT-related issues and considerations.
• ICT officers from selected/relevant institutions (ministries) will be membersof the National ICT Steering Committee.
• ICT officers and private sector stakeholders, such as Internet providers andother technology-related companies will be members of the National ICT
Steering Committee.

4.5

Review of National Communications Proclamation

The current Communications Proclamation of the Government of Eritrea makes noprovision for the Internet and related network technology. A national review of theCommunications Proclamation, with the intent to re-define the proclamation for amore inclusive and flexible policy, will greatly contribute to the ICT capacity
potential of all sectors of Eritrea.
Policy Objectives:• To re-define the scope of the National Communications Proclamation to
include provision for the Internet and related digital technology.
• To raise awareness among policy makers of the importance of a sound andflexible telecommunications regulatory policy.

12Policy Challenges:• Establishing the political will to review and amend the proclamation.
Policy Statements:• The Minister of Education will convene the National ICT Steering Committee
to review the National Communications Proclamation, and begin discussions
and procedures on a national level to re-define the regulatory policy toinclude the Internet and related digital technologies.

4.6

Alignment with National ICT Policy

The National ICT in Education Policy must align with the (pending) National ICT
Policy. Policy makers are encouraged to find innovative solutions to ICT-related
issues, particularly those arising from current infrastructure-related challenges inregions of the country.
Policy Objectives:• To facilitate a national vision for ICT.
• To ensure policy makers have parity in vision and strategy.
• To facilitate cross-ministry collaboration on policy and strategy.
Policy Challenges:• Coordinating the vision of ICT across all sectors in Eritrea.
• Keeping pace with new developments in ICT, and communicating informed
applications of new developments, and how they may affect current policy
strategies.
Policy Statements:• Policy makers within the Ministry of Education will establish open channelsof dialog, particularly with the Ministry of Transport and Communication and
the Ministry of National Development and related ICT agencies, on ICT
policy issues as they relate to education and the country as a whole.

4.7

Establishment of an ICT Unit

The implications of ICT are universal. Every aspect of the education sector will be
impacted by the introduction and utilization of ICT technology tools. A coordinated
Ministry team tasked to all ICT-related considerations is essential.
Policy Objective:• To provide the capacity for the Ministry of Education to move forward withICT in Education.
Policy Challenges:• Identifying and recruiting talented individuals for the unit.
• Developing a strategic plan for the unit that meets the needs of the MoE andthe entire education sector.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will establish an ICT Unit specifically tasked tosupport all ICT-related considerations including sector-wide planning,
13

departmental support, procurement, installation, sector-wide liaison, researchand development, monitoring and evaluation.
• The human capacity of this unit will be ample, especially during the planningand implementation phases of this policy.
• The ICT Unit Head will report directly to the Minister of Education.

4.8

Public Awareness Program

The Policy has broad implications for all communities in Eritrea. However, somecommunities may not know the implications that ICT may have on them or how it canchange their lives.
Policy Objectives:• To provide a context for all citizens of Eritrea for ICT.
• To promote the positive aspects of ICT to the citizens.
• To raise awareness among all groups throughout Eritrea of ICT.
• To manage expectations concerning ICT related issues in the country.
Policy Challenges:• Ensuring the broadest proportion of the population has access and receives
awareness communications.
• Developing a vocabulary that is understood by all language groups.
• Eliminating social and cultural barriers in both the awareness program
developers and recipients of information.
• Ensuring that misconceptions about ICT are minimized, and that relevant,real-world applications are understood by the public.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will launch and maintain a Public Awareness
Program of ICT related developments and programs in the sector of education.
• The Public Awareness Program will use a variety of media to disseminate
information.
• The Ministry of Education Website (See Section 4.11.6) will be a primary
component of the Public Awareness Program.

4.9

Development of Departmental ICT Terms of Reference

In order to facilitate the institutionalization of ICT, each department will need to
identify its various roles and responsibilities as they related to ICT within thedepartment, and relate the significance of these roles to the institution as a whole.
Within the institution, each department’s ICT needs will have similarities anddifferences with other departments. Moreover, the diffusion of ICT practices within adepartment will impact the diffusion of practices within the institution as a whole. If
harmonization within the Ministry is to be achieved, all departments and units within
the ministry will need clearly defined roles and responsibilities, and these roles andresponsibilities will need to be understood in terms of their significance in the
Ministry as a whole.
Policy Objectives:14• To facilitate the change in behavior of staff and personnel to accept ICT as animportant and relevant practice that brings value to their work, and to the
Ministry as a whole.
• To facilitate acceptance among staff of the importance, the need, andrelevance ICT brings to their lives and to the institution.
• To develop a supportive climate among staff that will allow for a sustained
practice of ICT use within the Ministry.
• To raise awareness and clarity among all Ministry employees of the Policy.
• To identify specific ICT departmental needs and task related action items.
• To designate an ICT Steering Committee Member. (See Section 4.10)
Policy Challenges:• Motivating staff to integrate ICT into their daily work practice.
• Providing staff with the necessary ICT equipment and services to minimize
frustration and maximize productivity.
Policy Statements:• Each department will develop an ICT Roles and Responsibilities Terms ofReference for the department.
• The ICT Unit will support the Departments in developing ICT Roles andResponsibility Terms of Reference.

4.10 Establishment of a MoE ICT Steering Committee
To further harmonize and institutionalize ICT within the Ministry of Education, aninter-departmental ICT Steering Committee can significantly contribute to a positivetransformation to an “e-Ministry.”
Policy Objectives:• To significantly support and strengthen ICT-related policies and programs at
the MoE and the six zobas.
• To establish a visionary and dedicated advisory group concerned with ICTrelated developments, issues, and strategies for the sector of education.
Policy Challenges:• Ensuring a balance of education-oriented and policy/administrative-oriented
members of the committee.
• Articulating committee findings and recommendations that are understood bypolicy makers.
• Harmonizing and prioritizing findings that will be viable within the current
capacity environment.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will designate an ICT Steering Committee.
• The ICT Steering Committee will be made up of educators appointed by eachof the respective departments and units of the Ministry.
• The ICT Steering Committee will be a recommending body concerning all
aspects and implications of ICT in education, particularly as they relate toteaching and learning.

15• There will be a balance of IT and education specialists on the committee.
• The activities and schedules for the ICT Steering Committee will becoordinated by the ICT Unit.

4.11 Establishment of ICT Infrastructure for the Ministry
The ICT infrastructure of the Ministry of Education must work efficiently andreliably, and must be utilized for the benefit of the Ministry and its operations. The
measures in this section are critical and should be implemented as soon as possible.
The initial investment of dedicated technical staff will be returned through theirattention to other matters concerning ICT in Education of Eritrea.
General Objectives:• To ensure the Ministry of Education has an efficient ICT network.
• To reduce the “capacity gap” between top officials and junior staff.
• To significantly strengthen the information processing capacity of the MoE.

4.11.1

Establishment of a Ministry-wide Network

Policy Objectives:• To more efficiently coordinate and manage Ministry functions, programs, andprocedures.
• To significantly strengthen communication capacity between MoE
Headquarters, the Regional Offices, Desks, Clusters, and schools.
• To provide a mechanism for efficient and secure document sharing storage,
processing, and retrieval.
Policy Challenges:• Installing a secure and stable network.
• Funding, maintenance, and sustainability of the network.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will procure and install a Local Area Network(LAN).
• The Ministry of Education will procure and install a Wide Area Network(WAN), connecting all Ministry offices, Desks, and schools in Eritrea.

4.11.2

Security and Virus Protection

The current situation at the Ministry in terms of desktop computer viruses and otherelectronic nuisances is unacceptable, and wastes time.
Policy Objectives:• To ensure all ICT-related data at the MoE, Regions, and schools areelectronically secure, and risk free from Internet-related threats.
Policy Challenges:• Developing best practices among staff to minimize virus threats.
Policy Statements:16• The MoE will purchase, install, and maintain up-to-date security software, andany necessary hardware to eliminate the virus problem and the potential foroutside “hacking” into the MoE computer network.
• Security measures will be taken to minimize misuse by employees.

4.11.3

Establishment of a Software Policy

Policy Objectives:• To maximize computer operations efficiency for the MoE.
• To streamline technical support for maximum efficiency.
• To provide a mechanism to review current and future software needs.
Policy Challenges:• Educating policy makers on the benefits of free and open source software(FOSS).
Policy Statements:• The MoE will review and identify employee software needs, and designate astandard software configuration for all computers at headquarters.
• A policy and guidelines for software identification, installation, usage andreview will be developed.
• The ICT Unit will play a leadership role in creating the Software Policy.
• The Software Policy will specifically accommodate free and open source
software (FOSS).
• The Software Policy will make provision for proprietary software.
• The Software Policy will be flexible to accommodate the diverse needs ofEritrea.
• The Software Policy will include “need to have” stipulations for unique needsfor departments/divisions, such as EMIS, ICT Unit, and Administration and
Finance.
• The Software Policy will be formally reviewed annually to ensure the policy
remains aligned with the needs of the sector.

4.11.4

Employee Email

Policy Objectives:• To standardize all employee electronic communication.
• To strengthen capacity for internal and external communication.
Policy Challenges:• Mitigating email-based security threats.
• Engendering a regular institutional practice of email correspondence.
• Developing best practice use of email correspondence.
Policy Statements:• All employees of the Ministry of Education will have a designated email
account for work-related use.

17• All employees of the Ministry of Education will integrate email use into their
daily professional practice.

4.11.5

Establishment of a Network Use Policy (NUP)

In parallel to the network installation a Network Use Policy (NUP) will be developed.
Policy Objectives:• To standardize rules and regulations for MoE network use and operations.
• To ensure all employees understand the rules and regulation of network use
including email, file server, and the Internet.
• To create a climate of professional, accountable, and responsible use of the
network.
• To provide regulations and procedures for electronic documents within the
MoE.
Policy Challenges:• Establishing a legitimacy of the policy among employees.
• Facilitating regular use of the network by all employees.
• Monitoring network use and organization of files and data.
Policy Statements:• The MoE will develop a Network Use Policy (NUP) designating policy,
guidelines and procedures as they relate to the use of the MoE network andemail.
• The NUP development will be an inter-departmental collaborative processlead by the ICT Unit, and will consider best practices from the region andworld.
• The ICT Unit will lead the development of the Network Use Policy.
• All employees will be trained on the NUP.
• All employees will sign the NUP in duplicate: one copy for the employee, andone copy to be kept in the employee record file.

4.11.6

Establishment of an MoE Website

Policy Objectives:• To establish a global presence for the MoE.
• To facilitate public awareness of the policies and programs of the MoE.
• To provide a resource for researchers including downloading of public
documents.
• To provide a forum for human resource development.
Policy Challenges:• Hiring a webmaster familiar with related educational issues and practices.
• Developing a process for content identification and development.
Policy Statements:• The MoE will procure the necessary hardware, software, domain and host to
establish a state-of-the-art and robust website.

18• The MoE will establish the website.
• The MoE will hire a webmaster and website team for design and maintenance.
• The ICT Unit will lead the website initiative.
• The ICT Steering Committee will coordinate Ministry-wide website content.

4.11.7

Ministry ICT Training Facilities

With the implementation of the Policy, the Ministry of Education will engage insignificant training of its employees.
Policy Objectives:• To establish a reliable and convenient ICT training facility for on-goingtraining activities for Ministry employees.
• To minimize out-sourcing costs for training.
Policy Challenges:• Staffing and maintenance of the facility.
Policy Statements:• The MoE will procure and install a state-of-the-art training facility within theconfines of the MoE headquarters.
• The ICT Unit will coordinate the development and maintenance of the facility.
• If necessary, a convenient and adequate external ICT training facility will be
designated by the Ministry for the purpose of employee training.

4.12 Multimedia Development Center
The Ministry of Education sees multimedia as a critical element in the overall ICT
program for education. To that end, the MoE wishes to establish a multimedia center
for research, development, and distribution of multimedia materials.
Policy Objective:• To establish a state-of-the-art multimedia center to develop multimedia
educational materials for formal and non-formal education.
• To develop multimedia educational resources relevant to the context ofEritrea.
Policy Challenges:• Funding for the multimedia center.
• Staffing the center with trained human resources.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will establish a multimedia research anddevelopment center to design and produce multimedia materials foreducational purposes including: CD-ROM, video cassettes, television
programs, audio cassettes, mother tongue materials, radio programs,
computer programs, virtual laboratories, etc.
• The ICT Unit will coordinate the development and administration of thecenter.

19

• All MoE Departments will actively participate in the development ofmultimedia materials for their respective programs.

4.13 Human Capacity Development
Human capacity development is the cornerstone for a sector-wide approach to ICT in
Education. Human resources are the organs of any institutions, and their professional
development and training is essential for a functional, responsive, and flexible
institution. The Ministry of Education is the organizational and administrative bodyfor the Education sector in Eritrea. The scope of the Ministry of Education includes
formal and non-formal education in their entirety. The MoE has administrative
authority over tertiary education institutions and universities, and works closely with
non-governmental institutions to ensure parity of curricula and equitable distributionof students. Human capacity considerations at the MoE affect the entire education
sector through the transference of students and staff throughout the sector.
General Objective:• To facilitate a responsive, efficient institutional capacity through continued
human resource development and recruitment.
Policy Challenges:• Targeting and prioritizing staff development.
• Aligning training outcomes with respective needs of all staff.
• Engendering a social transformation to acceptance and daily practice of ICT
tools.
Policy Statements:• Ministry of Education will make human capacity development in ICT a toppriority.
• The Department of Research and Human Resource Development (RHRD), in
close collaboration with the ICT Unit, will oversee all ICT-related humancapacity development.
• Human capacity development will include traditional, distance, and e-learningmodes of delivery.

4.13.1

Regulation and Financing

Policy Objective:• To clearly define the role of the Ministry of Education as the regulator andfinancier of ICT-related human resource development within the education
sector.
Policy Challenges:• Securing funds for human capacity development.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will be the primary regulator and financier ofhuman resource development within the education sector.
• The scope of the Ministry of Education human resource development will be
including: Ministry staff, teacher in-service training.
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4.13.2

Ministry of Education Staff

Ministry of Education staff includes all staff employed by the MoE, including
teachers, administrators, support staff, headquarters and zoba office staff, pedagogicalsupport staff, etc.
Policy Objectives:• To create an ICT-literate MoE staff.
• To establish a standard of ICT literacy for the MoE.
• To facilitate a climate of transformation to a less paper-reliant administrative
bureaucracy.
• To train staff on appropriate use of the MoE network and email.
• To establish an accountable understanding of the policies and practices of
document classification, sharing, and security for all staff.
• To establish a provision to train designated MoE staff for specialized software
requirements.
• To establish a provision for decentralized human resource development.
Policy Challenges:• Financing and prioritizing staff training.
• Inculcating a behavioral change for ICT use among staff.
Policy Statements:• All Ministry employees, including MoE staff, directors, and teachers will
receive basic ICT training.
• A basic ICT literacy level will be required by all staff.
• All staff will be trained on both proprietary and open source software.
• The ICT Unit, in collaboration with all Ministry departments, will develop abasic ICT literacy curriculum and program, and develop a sector-wide training
plan.
• The ICT literacy training will be flexible to accommodate alternativetechnologies, such as satellite downlink, solar panel powered ICT, VSAT, andsimulated Internet environment, to be used in remote areas of the country.
• All MoE staff will be trained in network use and email.
• All MoE staff will sign the Network Use Policy (NUP) before being assigned
their account user information and allowing them to use the network.
• Appropriate staff will be trained on specialized software, depending on theneeds of the specific departments and divisions of the MoE.
• Staff-specific specialized training will be coordinated with RHRD and the ICT
Unit.
• The Ministry of Education will integrate a distance education program forhuman resource development, particularly for the training and upgrading ofteachers.
• The Ministry of Education will seek relationships with current distancelearning institutions, such as the African Virtual University, to help leveragean Eritrean distance education program.
• The Ministry of Education will utilize ICT innovations to enhance distancelearning through a parallel e-learning program.

21• The human capacity development provision of the Ministry of Education will
include the option of out-sourcing of staff-related training to the private sector.

4.13.3Teacher Training

Teachers will be the primary focus of human capacity development for ICT in
education. As the new National Curriculum focuses on student-centered, outcomebased instruction, ICT technology will play a significant role in this transformation.
Eritrea has a shortage of qualified teachers, and an increase in need will soon result
from building new schools, and the phasing out of expatriate teachers. As the new
curriculum brings technology integration to bear on all aspects of education, preservice and in-service teachers must be prepared for these new developments inpedagogy and practice.
Policy Objectives:• To inculcate a tradition of ICT literacy in education.
• To engender new standards of the teaching profession.
• To provide a supportive and iterative environment for developing bestpractices for curriculum and technology integration.
• To ensure all teachers have a basic ICT literacy.
• To support teachers in the pedagogical and technological transformation in
Eritrea.
• To establish a “culture of innovation” among educators through practice.
• To engender the spirit of collaboration among educators.
Policy Challenges:• Facilitating the pedagogical transformation of all teachers.
• Accommodating for the disparity in levels and abilities within the teachingpopulation.
• Inculcating ICT integration in teaching practices.
Policy Statements:• The DRHRD, the DGE, and other departments will work closely with all
tertiary teacher training programs to plan and implement basic ICT literacy
and pedagogical training for integration of ICT in teaching and learning for all
pre-service teachers.
• All in-service teachers will achieve a basic level of ICT literacy throughMinistry-provided training.
• Teachers will be provided specialized pedagogical training concerning theory
and practice of technology integration in teaching and learning.
• The establishment of a Society of Innovative Educators will be one componentof in-service professional development (see below).
• The MoE ICT Unit and the ICT Panel at the DGE will work closely with all
departments in advising on ICT applications for teaching and learning,developing the national training plan and curricula. This process is time
consuming and should begin immediately.

22

4.13.4

Staff Performance Appraisal and Advancement

It is intended that Ministry of Education staff performance appraisal will be modified
to include measurement and evaluation of ICT-related considerations, and including
those that apply to teachers and their practice.
Policy Objectives:• To ensure that the standard of performance among all staff remains high.
• To establish incentives for adjustment of professional practice.
• To specifically provide a framework for expectations for teachers in terms ofthe new National Curriculum and ICT integration.
Policy Challenges:• Developing fair and equitable phase-in procedures for ICT-related
performance appraisal and salary advancement mechanism.
Policy Statements:• An appropriate incentive scheme for staff performance appraisal and/or
advancement will be developed for all staff that includes demonstration ofability to integrate technology in their daily work.
• RHRD and the Department of General Education (DGE) will collaborate with
the Technical Education and Vocational Training (TEVT) and Adult andMedia Education (AME) on the development of new performance appraisal
instruments and an implementation plan.
• Augmentation of skills will contribute to salary advancement.

4.13.5

Formal Education

The provision of formal education includes all levels of school from kindergarten to
post-graduate studies (K-20) including regular and technical education. The policy
must be clear on how the MoE will approach ICT in formal education.
Policy Objectives:• To establish a standard of provision for all students in formal education interms of ICT-related human capacity development.
• To set expectations among the education sector on the scope of ICT in
education.
Policy Challenges:• Providing the necessary infrastructure for equitable access to ICT for all
formal education students
Policy Statements:• The MoE will provide equitable opportunities for students of formal
education, including kindergarten, primary, secondary, technical, and tertiary
students, to access and utilize ICT tools as stand-alone courses and as ateaching and learning tool.

23

4.13.6

Non-formal Education

A provision of non-formal education includes adult and continuing education, out-ofschool youth education, special needs, marginalized groups, and other students notserved by formal education.
Policy Objectives:• To establish a standard of provision for all students and participants in nonformal education in terms of ICT-related human capacity development.
• To set expectations among the education sector on the scope of ICT in
education.
Policy Challenges:• Identification of appropriate technologies for non-formal education.
• Awareness raising across the education sector of non-formal education issues,
especially as they relate to ICT as a teaching and learning tool.
Policy Statements:• The MoE will provide equitable opportunities for students of non-formal
education, including adult and continuing education, out-of-school youth,
special needs, marginalized groups, and other students not served by formal
education, to access and utilize ICT tools as stand-alone courses and as ateaching and learning tool, and any appropriate applications to advance theirlearning needs.

4.14 Regional and Sub-regional Offices
4.14.1

Network Infrastructure

Policy Objectives:• To close the capacity gap between Headquarters and the Regional offices ofthe Ministry of Education.
Policy Challenges:• Cost and lengthy procurement periods.
• Sustainability and maintenance of the network
Policy Statements:• All regional and sub-regional offices of the Ministry of Education will have acomputer network linked to the Ministry headquarters.
• This network will be used for data transfer, file sharing and email.

4.14.2

Establishment of Regional ICT Unit

Policy Objectives:• To facilitate management and assessment of ICT-related issues and programsin the Regional Offices, Clusters, and schools.
Policy Challenges:

24• Finding skilled and knowledgeable staff that can support technical issues aswell as pedagogical issues associated with ICT as a teaching and learning
tool.
Policy Statements:• The Ministry of Education will phase in Regional ICT Units in all regional
offices of the MoE.
• Trained teachers (master trainers) will be the primary source of staff for theregional ICT units.
• The MoE will appoint a Regional ICT Unit Head that will report to the MoE
ICT Unit Head at headquarters in Asmara.
• The MoE ICT Unit will help to identify and staff the Regional ICT Units.
• The Regional ICT Unit will be in close contact with the Clusters, Desks,
schools and the headquarters ICT Unit on ICT-related issues and programs.
• The Regional ICT Unit will remain separate from the EMIS-related activities,
unless called upon for ICT-EMIS synergies.

4.14.3

Regional MoE Staff Development

Staff of the Regional Offices, Pedagogical Resource Centers, Adult Literacy Centers,
Clusters, and Desks will require a variety of special training concerning ICT relatedplans and developments. Among these will be: new systems of data collection andtransmission to headquarters, receiving and distributing curriculum pilot materials,
providing local training on a variety of initiatives.
Objective:• To facilitate the deployment, retrieval, and organization of new EMIS datacollection procedures.
• To facilitate the national curriculum pilots in their region.
• To support local pedagogical and technical training.
• To create a more supportive and efficient zoba staff to enhance capacity for avariety of education sector activities.
Policy Challenges:• Rapid deployment of EMIS tools, curriculum, and other resource materials toremote schools.
• Efficient communication between zoba offices and local offices, pedagogicalcenters, and schools.
Policy Statements:• Staff from Regional Offices, Pedagogical Resource Centers, Adult Literacy
Centers, Clusters, and Desks will receive specialized training on new EMIS
systems for data collation and transmission.
• Staff from Regional Offices, Pedagogical Resource Centers, Adult Literacy
Centers, Clusters, and Desks will receive training to support national
curriculum piloting efforts, distance learning, and other zoba-related activities.

25

4.15 Curriculum and National Examination
4.15.1

Establishment of an ICT Panel at the DGE

ICT in Education will have a significant impact on all aspects of curriculum andpedagogy. It will be very important that a coordinated ICT Panel is established at the
Department of General Education.
Policy Objectives:• To coordinate all curriculum and pedagogical considerations as they relate to
ICT for teaching and learning.
• To designate a team to develop curricula, teacher guides, teacher training
programs, ICT in Education website, and other ICT-related resources for the
MoE.
Policy Challenges:• Adequately staffing the ICT Panel without compromising programs inschools through staff transfers.
• Developing a new national exam that integrates measurement of student
outcomes and competency skills.
Policy Statements:• The Director General of the Department of General Education will
immediately establish and staff an ICT Panel for the purpose of developing
ICT-related curriculum as stand alone courses, and using ICT as a teaching
and learning tool.
• The ICT Panel head will develop a strategic plan for the new ICT Panel, withthe help of the ICT Unit and third party consultants if needed.
• The ICT panel will be made up of experienced teachers in the field that havedeveloped ICT related activities and curricula.
• The ICT Panel’s responsibilities will include the development, testing andproduction of all ICT-related curricula, teacher guides, teacher training
programs, the ICT for teaching and learning aspect of the MoE website, andany other ICT-related considerations for pedagogy, and teaching and learning.

4.15.2National Curriculum Reform

Information and knowledge have become the fundamental tools for economic
prosperity for the 21st Century. Curriculum is the framework for responding toevolving needs in society and civilization. Therefore, all departments of the MoE willreform their respective curricula to respond to the needs of a flexible economic
outlook for Eritrea.
Policy Objectives:• To establish an education sector response to the information society.
• To provide students with content and process skills important in the workplace and for career flexibility.
• To facilitate the vision for global economic competitiveness for Eritrea.
• To facilitate a life-long learning practice among citizens of Eritrea.
Policy Challenges:
26• Efficiently piloting the new curriculum, such as timely dissemination ofmaterials to local schools.
• Preparing teachers for the new pedagogical paradigm of the new national
curriculum.
• Choosing and supporting motivated teachers to conduct the pilot withenthusiasm, and able to convey this enthusiasm to other teachers,
administrators, and students for diffusion of innovations.
Policy Statements:• The national curriculum will be reformed to facilitate the development of theknowledge, skills, attitudes and actions important for an information literatesociety.
• The new curriculum will be revised to accommodate a more student-centered,outcome based approach.
• All aspects of the new curriculum will include the provision of ICT as ateaching and learning tool.
• The new curriculum will accommodate for alternative assessment strategies,
specifically portfolio assessment, project-based learning, and authentic
activities that have real-world applications.
• All curriculum development departments, including the AME, DGE, andTVET, will have regular inter-departmental meetings to discuss ideas,
strategies, and issues related to curriculum, particularly as it relates to ICT as ateaching and learning tool.

4.15.3

Basic ICT Literacy Curriculum

Policy Objectives:• To establish a standardized curriculum for basic ICT literacy.
Policy Challenges:• Ensuring no duplication of efforts.
• Ensuring equity of access for all students.
• Adapting the curriculum to be suitable for all levels of education (K-12).
Policy Statements:• The DGE, TVET, and AME, facilitated by the ICT Unit and the DGE ICT
Panel, will develop curriculum for basic ICT literacy. This provision willintervene at all levels of education: kindergarten, primary, middle, andsecondary schools.

4.15.4

ICT as a Teaching and Learning Tool

Policy Objectives:• To inculcate the practice of utilizing ICT as a teaching and learning tool.
• To utilize ICT tools in student-centered teaching environments.
• To provide a means for demonstration of outcome-based learning.
Policy Challenges:• Pedagogical transformation of teachers.
• Procurement and installation of ICT tools in schools and other learning
environments.
27

Policy Statements:• ICT will be integrated across the curriculum as a teaching and learning tool.
• Curriculum design will include provisions for ICT integration in every topic of
instruction, and at every level of education from kindergarten through Grade12, including adult and technical education.
• The DGE, TVET, and AME will work with the ICT Unit and curriculum
experts to develop a phased implementation approach that is congruent withlocal human and infrastructure capacity.

4.15.5

Revision of Assessment Procedures & Examinations

The education reform strategy in Eritrea has sector-wide implications on student
learning outcomes. Until now, assessment of students has focused mainly on a“content banking” approach, where students recall memorized information as themeasure of learning. The transformation to include a student-centered, outcome-based
approach to learning will require that the National Examination for academic
advancement be reformed to reflect these new learning skills and practices.
Policy Objectives:• To ensure parity with learning outcomes and assessment.
• To provide a mechanism to measure the effectiveness of curriculum reform.
Policy Challenges:• Informing and engendering the development of alternative assessment tools
among MoE staff.
• Training teachers in practicing alternative assessments.
• Designing examinations that accurately measure process skills withoutburdening the system through extended marking time.
Policy Statements:• In order to measure the knowledge, skills and behaviors developed by the new
outcome-based, student-centered curriculum approach, the national
examinations will be revised to accommodate this new approach.
• In addition to a cognitive measure, a performance-based assessment will be
implemented that includes student portfolios, project-based learning, andauthentic learning that is relevant to real-world work.
• Ability to utilize ICT as a tool for learning will be an important measurable
component of this examination.
• The DGE, DRHRD, the ICT Unit, and experts in developing assessments for
ICT integration will collaborate to revise the national examinations.

4.16 ICT in Schools
4.16.1

School Vision and Plan

The school is a part of the community. Installing ICT technology to schools, andutilizing it for teaching and learning, will illicit a variety of responses and reactions
from members of the school community. The community will play a key role inshaping the vision of ICT for the school.

28

Policy Objectives:• To establish a forum for community dialog and discourse on ICT in theschool.
• To provide awareness in the school community of the benefits andapplications of ICT as a teaching and learning tool.
• To ensure computers and facilities are secured to minimize theft.
Policy Challenges:• Ensuring the plan is equitable and has realistic goals and objectives.
• Developing a sense of community commitment important for success of theplan.
Policy Statements:• In order to promote a more effective use of ICT, and be sensitive to equity andthe community’s socio-cultural needs, each school community will develop a
clear, shared vision and plan of ICT integration in their school.
• The vision and plan will be a collaborative effort to include school staff,
teachers, students, parents, and the community at large. An ICT master plan
will be developed as a result of this vision.
• The Ministry of Education, facilitated by the ICT Unit will provide guidelines
for the development of the school plan, including security.

4.16.2ICT Coordinator

Policy Objectives:• To provide leadership for ICT-related issues and considerations in schools.
• To provide ICT-related administrative and pedagogical support for schools.
Policy Challenges:• Heavy burden of work put on the coordinator.
• Developing strategies, such as student support technician programs, to easethe burden on the coordinators.
• Developing interest and enthusiasm among other staff to support thecoordinator in ICT related efforts in the school.
Policy Statements:• Every school will appoint ICT Coordinator, or head of ICT department, who
help ensure administrative and pedagogical support for teachers.

4.16.3

School Technology Committee

Policy Objectives:• To provide an ongoing forum for dialog and discourse related to ICT issues
and considerations in the school.
Policy Challenges:• Buy-in by all school staff.
• The integration of ICT into the routine work practices of staff.
• Translating plans into actions.
29• Establishing an effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism for schoolplans.
Policy Statements:• Each school will establish a Technology Committee, headed by the ICT
Coordinator, to focus on issues related to ICT as a teaching and learning tool.
• The committee will include a school administrator, teachers, and otherstakeholders in education.
• The technology committee will include at least two students, one school
administrator, and one member of the community.

4.16.4

Community Engagement

Every region and school is different, and will have some unique needs. A policy ofcommunity engagement will help to ensure these needs are met.
Policy Objectives:• To ensure public awareness of programs, plans and events related to ICT.
• To provide open dialog between school and community concerning ICT.
Policy Challenges:• Developing understanding within the community of the intent of the new
curriculum and the role of ICT in education.
Policy Statements:• The school will make every effort to engage and include the community indialog and discourse around issues important for the new curriculum and ICTin education.

4.16.5School Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)

An acceptable use policy (AUP) relating to ICT in schools is an important instrument
in school to establish expectations in the school around ICT. The policy includes
appropriate use behavior when students are using computers and the Internet, anddesignates specific behaviors, such as tampering, maliciousness, accessing
inappropriate Internet content, as “misuse”, and specifies consequences to be levied if
misuse occurs.
Policy Objectives:• To designate acceptable and unacceptable use of ICT tools.
• To affirm responsibility and accountability for appropriate use of ICT tools.
• To designate consequences of misuse.
Policy Challenges:• Establishing a high credibility of the AUP.
• Developing an understanding among parents and students of the reasons
behind the policy and the necessity for consequences of inappropriate
behavior.
Policy Statements:30• The Ministry of Education ICT Unit will provide each school with guidelines
on acceptable use of computers and the Internet.
• Each school will develop and implement its own acceptable use policy inorder to meet their contextual needs.
• The AUP will be translated into the local language to ensure understanding.
• Each student and parent will sign the AUP in understanding and agreement.

4.16.6

Technology in Educational Facilities

Policy Objectives:• To ensure learners in formal and non-formal institutions of Eritrea have accessto ICT.
• To ensure learners in formal and non-formal institutions of Eritrea areprovided the opportunity to harness the benefits of ICT for economic, socialand cultural advancement.
Policy Challenges:• Facilitating the procurement and installation of ICT in remote areas.
Policy Statements:• All schools, pedagogical resource centers, and adult literacy centers will
receive appropriate ICT technology to fulfill the requirements of the new
curriculum and programs in the education sector. This may include audio
cassette, video and DVD, television, computer lab, Internet access, and related
peripherals, software, and support technology.
• All schools will provide the ways and means for the local community to utilize
ICT facilities.
• Providing ICT in remote and isolated communities will be a top priority.
• Alternative solutions will be implemented, including solar panels, diesel
generators, and satellite downlink technology in remote areas.

4.17 Environmentally Safe Goods and Procedures
All directives initiated from the National Policy for ICT in Education will beenvironmentally safe, including the types of goods purchased and the activities
conducted.
Policy Objectives:• To ensure that ICT use in schools and communities are free from hazard to theusers and the environment.
Policy Challenges:• Developing and implanting a national policy for environmentally safe goods
and procedures for ICT.
Policy Statements:• All goods and procedures as they relate to ICT in Education will beenvironmentally safe.

31• The Ministry of Education will facilitate a national discussion on
environmentally safe goods and procedures, including make these practices
law.

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5 Strategy for ICT in Education
The strategy outlined in this section of the policy aim to provide a framework for ICT
integration across the education sector to maximize the capacity for their utilization
for teaching and learning.

5.1

Budgeting

Budgeting should be inclusive of educators who are in a position to understand therelative value of certain ICT-related tools in terms of institutional administration andteaching and learning.
• Team approach to identifying cost components.
• The team should include members from Planning and Budgeting, the ICT
Unit, and the MoE ICT Steering Committee.
• Clear rationale for all cost components• Develop a provision in the budgeting process to include options for “best fit.”
For example: ICT procurement and implementation plan for a secondary
school in Asmara, where infrastructure is reliable, should be different than an
ICT procurement and implementation plan in a rural area of Anseba.
• Utilize ICT tools and software for budgeting.

5.2

Recurrent Costs

Technology, by nature, has a finite lifetime before obsolescence. Recurrent costs ofmaintenance and upgrade can be defrayed by a thoughtful roll-out of the initialtechnology investment in the sector.

5.2.1 Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
Proprietary software has prevalence in ICT. However, a significant and compelling
alternative exists that provides Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) solutions forusers. Although there is a trend for proprietary software companies to offer
governments and Ministries free software to support their ICT role-out, the “downthe-road” costs in licensing and hardware upgrades can be debilitating in a leanbudget environment. Furthermore, once countries are “locked-in” to a proprietary
solution, it is very difficult to “refit” from proprietary to open source. Many countries
in Africa have implemented FOSS programs for the education sector. Some strategies
include:• Engage in high-level discussion regarding proprietary vs. open source
software.
• A decision should be made early regarding the designation of proprietary vs.
FOSS.
• Draw on other African experiences with software deployment before making
the decision.
• Allow innovation among educators who would like to try alternative
approaches.
• Develop a budget projection, with two options, one with proprietary solutions
and one with a FOSS solution.

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• Draw on local expertise in the ICT community in Eritrea in making thesoftware decisions. Many experts in the field can provide the Ministry
valuable perspective on proprietary vs. FOSS.

5.2.2 Student Support Technicians
Technical support for teachers and schools, especially during ICT for teaching andlearning classroom instruction, will be crucial, especially in the short and medium
range phases of ICT rollout. Every school will need to have a hired technical staff tofacilitate all the school technology needs. However, a Student Support Technician(SST) program in schools will help to ensure the development of a cohort of students
that are authorized to support teachers and administer systems. This will not only
support teaching and learning needs, but will provide a valuable training program forstudents.
• The MoE should establish guidelines for a Student Support Technician (SST)
program for schools.
• African and world case studies should be consulted in developing the SST
program.
• The MoE should use its public awareness campaign to advertise the program.
• The SST program should be accredited by the MoE as a regular course thatwill apply to successful completion of secondary school.

5.2.3 Community Linkage
Support from the community, in terms of human and financial resource should be
discussed at the national, zoba, sub-zoba, and school level.
• The MoE should provide schools with guidelines on engaging the community
to support ICT related school activities.
• Strategies should include potential ways to raise funds for recurrent costs.

5.2.4 Public/Private Partnerships
Public/Private partnerships will be very important in sustaining the ICT in education.
Some strategies include:• Creating a mentorship program for school-to-work.
• Establishing a mechanism to respond to human resource supply needs.
• Engage the private sector in telecommunications and related strategicplanning.
• Use the MoE website to inform the public and private sector of respective
programs and activities related to ICT.
• Provide resources and training for grant writing and fund raising.
• Negotiate a reduced ISP fee for schools.
• Using National Service in ICT-related endeavors.
• Tap-in to existing ICT related program, such as those provided by the National
Union of Eritrean Women, and the National Union of Eritrean Youth &Students.

34

5.2.5 School-based Telecentres
Converting the school Internet lab into a revenue generating “Internet Café” is one of
the best models for recovering recurrent costs associated with ICT. Some strategies
include:• Creating a nominal fee structure for student use of the Internet after school
hours.
• Developing an open community Internet Café, including business facilities
such as photocopy, fax, and printing.
• Provide organized classes community participation such as basic ICT skills,
Internet research, and advanced applications.
• Develop an advertisement campaign for telecentres.

5.2.6 School Fees
Schools should consider levying additional annual fee for all enrolling students to offset costs of the ICT facilities.

5.3

Planning

As ICT becomes more relevant and important in programs, planners will need to havea good grasp of the implication of ICT, plus have the flexibility and will to seek avariety of stakeholders during the planning process.

5.3.1 Strategic PlanningIt will be essential that all departments of the Ministry of Education conduct a
departmental strategic plan that includes the roles, terms, and expectations as they
relate to ICT in education.

5.3.2 Collaboration
Collaboration is a key component to making sound planning decisions, particularly inplanning for ICT for teaching and learning.
• Include all relevant and impacted departments in the planning process.
• Provide for an inter-ministerial planning mechanism, particularly with ICTrelated ministries.
• It will be crucial to include both public and private sector in the planning
process for ICT in education. The roll-out of ICT in schools will havesignificant implications for all sectors. Consider including, local private ISP
providers, local manufacturers, the University of Asmara and other tertiary
institutions.
• Collaboration will minimize wastage, especially in purchasing unnecessary
equipment.

5.3.3 Case Studies
Case studies and best practices will be essential information in planning. Somesuggestions include:• Seeking out program planning strategies and best practices developed by SubSaharan African countries and other similar contexts around the world.

35

• Review and discuss relevant publications from organizations such as theWorld Bank, UNESCO and the Commonwealth of Learning.
• Fund study visits to countries conducting similar programs.

5.3.4 Crosscutting Topics and Issues
ICT has implication in all sectors of government and society. The planning process
must have a mechanism to consider crosscutting implications or themes.
• Revise planning templates to include crosscutting considerations, such assustainability and security.
• Include experts from various stakeholder groups, such as IT teachers, school
directors, and the private sector.

5.3.5 Planning Transparency
The planning process should be transparent in order to be inclusive and prudent interms of resources, both financial and human.
• Hold regular review session of plans.
• Provide a venue for public review and feedback on high-stakes planning (MoE
website).

5.4

Program Interventions

An important mechanism for exploring contextual aspects is the program intervention,or pilot. Though the planning process will be thorough, not all variables influencing a
program idea will be identified without testing the idea in the field. Since ICT
programs and training by nature require a significant investment of capital and humanresource, it will be prudent to pilot ideas, especially those in rural and remote areas of
the country. Suggested pilots include:• Solar technology for power generation.
• Low-power ICT network solutions, such as thin-client technology.
• Satellite provider of information and Internet, such as VSAT or World Space.
• Short range FM radio transmission for adult literacy.
• Hand-held computer devices for data collection and organization.

5.5

Research and Development

Research and Development (R&D) will be a critical aspect of ICT in Education.
• An R&D team must have an educator on staff that has experience with ICT in
education for teaching and learning.
• Finding new, cost-cutting solutions, particularly with FOSS and durable
technologies important in low infrastructure and rural environments.
• Action Research will be a critical component for collecting formative datafrom the field. The MoE website can serve as a repository of action researchdata to share with the education community. Action research will be an
important component of the Society of Innovative Educators.

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5.6

Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will be an essential strategy for ICT in Education.
• An M&E team will be essential for effective program implementation.
• All planning efforts should include a M&E plan, including identifying impact
or outcome indicators, developing benchmark assessments, and develop data
gathering strategies for program evaluation.
• The M&E team should pursue innovated data collection strategies that employ
ICT tools in the field.
• Every effort should be made to include both formative and summativeevaluations for programs. The MoE should consider implementing tracer
mechanisms for high stakes programs.
• Results of programs could be an important highlight to include in the MoE
website.

5.7

Challenges of Sustainability

The initial capital investment for ICT in education is considerable, and planners
should consider the prospects of sustainability in all initiatives.
• All planning must include a sustainability plan.
• The MoE must create a “human capacity buffer” to ensure that current
programs can be staffed appropriately after attrition. Program policies,
guidelines and job descriptions will be key elements in helping to sustain
programs.

5.8

Pedagogical Considerations

5.8.1 Establishing a Need
Technology is not an end in itself; it is a tool to be used appropriately. As ICT is
integrated in teaching and learning, educators must establish a need, or rationale, forusing the technology in that specific situation or in the chosen instructional capacity.
In other words, what is the benefit that technology brings to this lesson? All
curriculum developers within the sector should engage in dialog and discussion on
this matter, and develop strategies that clearly show need to teachers and students.

5.8.2 Classroom Configuration
The most appropriate ergonomic configuration for classroom computers is in ahorseshoe-shaped arrangement, with the computers placed around the perimeter of theroom, with the monitors facing inwards. This is true for instruction and physicalwiring of the network. Ideally, a work table will be placed in the center of the room to
be used when students will need a place to do small group work, or the teacher
conduct full group instruction away from the computer. A computer island can beinstalled in the center of the horseshoe for economy of space if needed.

5.8.3 Formal and Non-formal Education
Pedagogical transformation must occur throughout all education sub-sectors. Regular
discussions on this matter through discussions between all curriculum developers and37human capacity development staff will ensure pedagogical transformation occurs
throughout all sub-sectors, and that overlap and wastage are minimized.

5.8.4 Community of Learners
An important pedagogical element for ICT in Education will be to establish an online
community of learners for classroom instruction. The DGE ICT panel should develop
the framework and guidelines for such a community, and include related training in its
professional development plan.

5.8.5 Variety of ICT Tools
ICT is not just computers, and many technology tools should be considered that best
fit the situation in Eritrea. Tools to consider are television, audio cassettes, video
cassettes, radio, telephone, video microscopes, software games, multimedia, virtuallaboratories, solar panel powered ICT, and other related innovations. As planners aredeveloping curriculum and teacher training, a variety of tools and pedagogicalapplications should be considered, especially for regular and technical schools,
pedagogical resource centers, and adult centers to best fit the context of Eritrea.

5.9

Curriculum Considerations

5.9.1 Current Reform Effort
The current curriculum reform effort in Eritrea emphasizes a student-centered,outcome-based approach. ICT fits well within this framework as tool for teaching andlearning. The newly designated ICT Panel will be essential in facilitating ICT-related
pedagogy and curricula. Harmonizing both the curriculum and technology within theclassroom will be a key challenge of the reform effort, especially in terms ofpedagogical and infrastructure readiness.

5.9.2 From the Outside In
Outcome-based curriculum is intended to be flexible to the needs of society.
Curriculum reformers should work closely with all sectors of Eritrea to establish aneffective demand-response mechanism to identify skill-gaps and human resource
needs. Curriculum should be adaptable and have provision for new activities thatdevelop skills that respond to evolving workforce need in Eritrea.

5.9.3 Alternative Options for Reaching Same Outcomes
A caveat to curriculum reform is the timing of implementation of the curriculum vs.
the readiness of the ICT infrastructure. As curriculum writers re-shape the national
curriculum to integration of ICT across the curriculum, it will be essential thatteachers have choice of instructional approaches to facilitate the same learning
outcome for students. In other words the course syllabus should include: 1) a direct
instruction option; 2) a student-centered instruction option; and 3) an ICT integration
option. Providing the flexibility of choice during the pedagogical transformation
period will help teachers develop good practices defined by the goals of reform.

5.9.4 Evergreen Model
Curricula should remain “evergreen.” In other words, curricula should be flexible, andbe able to respond to the changing market needs, student needs, and technology
innovations. Reformers and curriculum writers should consider strategies for making
38the curriculum flexible without the need for a national revision effort. Best practicesof curriculum reform regionally and globally will help provide strategies for keeping
the curriculum “evergreen.”

5.9.5 Provide More Autonomy Regionally and Locally for Equity
Eritrea has nine ethnic groups, with widespread variety socially, culturally andgeographically. Though a national curriculum is intended to, in part, act as a unifying
element of the nations. However, the curriculum should be flexible to meet the needsof local communities in order to provide an optimal environment for equitablelearning.

5.9.6 Authentic Learning
Authentic Learning provides opportunities for students to explore real-life issues andsolve real-life problems. Authentic Learning is a student-centered learning structurethat allows students to choose their topic of learning from the context of their local
community and environment. (An example would be to investigate strategies for
improved crop yield for the local farmers.) Curriculum reformers are encouraged toprovide a framework for students to engage in Authentic Learning projects. These
projects are very compelling for students, as they see them as being directly relevantto their families and communities. Authentic Learning projects are student-centered,outcome-based, and are supported by ICT in education.

5.9.7 Alternative Assessment
The new National Curriculum stresses a student-centered, outcome-based approach tolearning. The added value to this pedagogical framework is the opportunity forstudents to develop and practice process-related skills: problem solving, criticalthinking, research, collaboration, presentation, etc. Some of these outcomes can beassessed with traditional objective testing. However, many of the process skills will
require alternative assessment strategies, such as presentations, peer critiques, and a
portfolio of work. A portfolio gives evidence of the learner’s abilities to produce
work, a key skill in the workplace. ICT plays a central role in this portfolio
assessment. Electronic portfolios are common in outcome-based learning
environments. Curriculum developers are encouraged to provide a framework for
introducing the practice and assessment strategies for alternative assessments.

5.9.8 Mentorship Programs and ICT Clubs
Mentorship programs and ICT clubs in schools provide frameworks for building
school awareness and practice for ICT, and developing a sense of connection throughschool-to-work for students. Mentorship programs are an excellent strategy for:• Establishing a venue for ICT momentum in schools.
• Engaging in activities that link schools with community• Providing positive role models for children• Engaging the private sector in education.
• Providing a mechanism for market appraisal.
• Develop workplace skills in students.
Mentorship programs can work both ways. Often, students with basic and advanced
ICT skills can help facilitate small business to develop ICT capacity.

39

5.9.9 Community Engagement
Learning takes place in communities, and communities have a high stake ineducation. Providing an avenue of collaboration between the school and thecommunity is very important, especially in terms of ICT and workplace skill
development. Curriculum reformers should provide a mechanism for educators toengage the communities in various learning capacities. Community-based projects(authentic learning) are an excellent way to engage the community in a beneficial
education process.

5.9.10Assessment & Examination Reform

As mentioned earlier, assessment and examination reform will be important toaccommodate and assess the objectives of the new curriculum. The new curriculum
requires teachers to develop and practice alternative teaching practice, and student
assessment and examination must make provision for these new practices. Included
will be assessment tools such as student portfolios, project-based learning, andauthentic learning activities that are directly relevant to real-world issues.

5.10 Technical Considerations
5.10.1

Security

All schools must provide adequate security for ICT equipment and infrastructure. A
full assessment of facilities regarding security should be carried out at every school.
Security appraisers will be provided guidelines for secure labs from the Ministry of
Education. It’s important to note that security threats are both hardware and software,and include nature (mice chewing wires).

5.10.2

Licensing

As mentioned earlier, ICT software licensing is a consideration on both micro- andmacro-level, and implementation strategies should consider software licensing interms of sustainability and future upgrades.

5.10.3

Classroom Configuration

As mentioned in the Pedagogical Considerations above, there are technicalconsiderations for network installation in classrooms. Again, the “horseshoe” shaped
configuration will provide ease of installation of wiring and movement around theroom.

5.10.4

Pedagogical Rationale of Equipment Purchases

Though it seems that installing computer labs is the MoE strategy for ICT in all
schools, and this may be appropriate for most schools, planners should always
consider local context before purchasing hardware. Much waste has happened in thisarena in other similar contexts as Eritrea. To minimize the problem of purchasing thewrong equipment for a particular school, educators (knowledgeable ICT teachers)
should always review local purchasing plans to ensure that all pedagogical,
infrastructure, and technical aspects have been considered.

5.10.5

Alternative Models

Technical planners have a variety of infrastructure and institutional challenges for
effective integration of ICT in schools. If teachers are to be asked to integrate ICT
40

across the curriculum, then class access to the technology will be required. Fixed
computers labs will require the teacher and the class to move to the lab for lessons.
Thus, lab scheduling and demand will be a concern for directors and school staff.
Some schools have experimented with a mobile computer lab to “bring the lab to thestudents.”

5.10.6Student Support Technicians

All schools will need technical support for troubleshooting and maintenance. As
mentioned earlier, an organized Student Support Technician program is recommended
strategy for supporting ICT in schools.

5.11 Installation of ICT in Schools
5.11.1

Coordination

The coordination of the installation of ICT in schools will be the responsibility of the
ICT Unit.

5.11.2

Feasibility

The ICT Unit will develop a National feasibility plan. Included in this plan will be acountry-wide installation strategy. It is suggested that the plan include three options
for implementation: 1) a reliable and present electrical and telecommunications
infrastructure; 2) an “imminent” infrastructure situation, where power andtelecommunications capacity will be established within the term of Phase I; and 3) an
indefinite infrastructure, where power and telecommunications are not planned during
Phase I or in the near future.

5.11.3

Assessment

On-the-ground assessment must take place that will impact ICT configuration andinstallation. For example, some computer labs may need air conditioners or special
security hardware. The ICT Unit will work closely with planners, the zobas, andschools to assess parameters influencing procurement and installation.

5.11.4

Procurement and Transport

The ICT Unit will work closely with the ESDP Project Management Unit (PMU) to
follow all established procedures for ICT procurement and transport.

5.11.5

Installation

The ICT Unit will develop physical installation guidelines. Of particular importancewill be the installation and testing of the LAN, and facilitating a local support
strategy.

5.12 Long Term Sustainability
Long term sustainability of ICT programs will be a challenge. Measures taken today
can greatly help to sustain the viability of ICT programs in the future.
Institutionalization of ICT is a key factor in sustainability, and the following measures
will help in this process.

41

5.12.1

Staff Technical Training

Training staff will be critical for long term sustainability. Developing staff ICT skills
will help to institutionalize expectation of ICT and create a culture of ICT use,
grounding the expectation of using ICT tools for standard operating procedures.

5.12.2

Network Use Policy

The MoE Network Use Policy will standardize ICT operations and use for all staff,
raising awareness and institutionalizing expectations for ICT use throughout thesector. The Network Use Policy will provide the structure for all documentclassification and use in the Ministry, and help to streamline all processes.

5.12.3Strategic Planning

Strategic planning will be essential for sustainability. Strategic planning provides a
focus of discussion for ICT related policy and issues, and creates a mechanism thatwill guide staff towards defined goals, and assess the progress of activities aimed atthese goals. The structure of a strategic plan provides a responsive framework for
adjust of tasks and procedures important for maximizing success with minimal
wastage.

5.12.4

Reliable Data Sources

Access to reliable electronic data will be essential for sustainability of ICT within the
sector. Ministry databases must be robust, easy to access, and have reliable back-up
systems. Furthermore, streamlined distribution of local surveys and collection of data
will help planners respond to needs within the sector that are credible and relevant,minimizing the chance of embarking on stop-gap measures based on unreliable
information. A ministry-wide WAN will help to facilitate accurate and reliable data
sources. Other types of communication and transmission of data, such as satellite
downlink and uplink, will be important as well.

5.12.5

Resources for Long-term Technical Support

Earmarking resources early to support long-term technical training for teachers andstaff will be important for institutionalization of ICT. Increasing the capacity of thesector to respond to technical issues will help keep systems operational. Furthermore,expert consultations at critical junctures, such as when new systems are being plannedand coming online or new procedures are being deployed will help to minimize
wastage. A train-the-trainer model for technical support will help to increase overall
capacity of ICT-related activities in the sector.

5.12.6Integrate Processes

Whenever possible, the MoE should seek to integrate processes to minimize wastage.
ICT-related curriculum development, staff training development, and pre-service
teacher training are critical areas where collaboration among all stakeholders will be
important. For instance, integrated databases such as staff and payroll data will help toease burden on school staffing, and streamline payroll processes throughout thesector.

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5.12.7

Local Involvement

Local involvement in school related ICT activities will be important to develop andmaintain a social climate dedicated to sustaining ICT in schools. Local school
strategic planning can facilitate community development around ICT issues, and the
MoE should support planning in local communities, particularly for developing andimplementing innovative practices for recurrent cost recovery and additional revenue
for programs and equipment.

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6 Strategy for Implementation
6.1

Strategic Planning

All sectors of education should develop a strategic plan. Department planners should
consider how ICT might enhance the goals and objectives of the plan. The ICT Unit
will assist by providing advice and suggestions.

6.2

Office of the MinisterAll units within the office of the Minister of Education will be impacted by the rollout
of ICT in the education sector. Each unit should begin planning sessions to review thecurrent needs and constraints of operation, and how ICT could streamline tasks. ICT
roles and responsibilities and terms of reference should be drawn up as required bypolicy. The Office should develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhancegoals of the department. The ICT Unit will provide guidelines for the planning
strategy.

6.3

ICT Unit

6.3.1 ICT Infrastructure
The ICT Unit is the MoE body responsible for:• Procurement of all ICT hardware and software for the entire MoE.
• Assigning technical specifications for procurement.
• Initiating pilot interventions to test new or alternative technologies.

6.3.2 Immediate Priorities
The ICT Unit will make a top and immediate priority of the following key capacity
and sustainability components:• Security and integrity of all MoE computers;• Installation of a Ministry-wide LAN;
• Guidelines for ICT capacity planning for the MoE• Establish a web-presence of the MoE.
• Develop a work plan for these activities, including staffing needs.

6.3.3 Second Priority
The ICT Unit will make a second priority of:• Developing and implementing an appropriate training program for all MoE
employees for network operations and integrity (security).
• Developing a Network Use Policy (NUP).

6.3.4 School ICT Feasibility and Facilities Installation• The ICT Unit will lead the development of a national feasibility plan,
including a budget, the specifications for the MoE WAN, and for the
installation of ICT in schools.
• The ICT Unit will add (sub-contract), designate, and train a new Facilities
Installation Team to configure and install ICT in schools.

446.3.5 ICT Unit Strategic Plan
• The ICT Unit will develop a strategic plan for the ICT Unit.
• The strategic plan will include the implementation plan for ICT in Education.
• Develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhance goals of the unit.

6.3.6 Establish the MoE ICT Steering Committee• The ICT Unit will establish and convene the MoE ICT Steering Committee as
required by the National ICT in Education Policy.
• The Unit Head of the ICT Unit will lead the development of the MoE ICTSteering Committee Mission and Charter framework for discussion andratification during the first session of the meeting.

6.3.7 ICT Research and Development TeamThe research and development team will assist all departments in identifying andimplementing ICT innovations to increase capacity and productivity in the MoE.
• The ICT Unit will develop the terms of reference for an ICT Research andDevelopment Team.
• The ICT Steering Committee will review, discuss and ratify the R&D terms ofreference.
• The ICT Unit will detail appropriate staffing of the R&D team and develop awork plan.

6.4

Department of General Education

6.4.1 Strategic Planning
The Strategic Plan for the DGE should:• Develop a phased approach to introduction of the new ICT-enhanced
curriculum.
• Consider electronic book publishing.
• Ensure equity considerations are throughout the new curriculum.
• Include a provision for alternative assessment in the new curriculum.
• Develop cost-effective extension curriculum that align with market needs.
• Develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhance goals of thedepartment.
• Develop the framework and strategy for an online community of students.

6.4.2 Curriculum Planning & Development
ICT in education has universal implication, and must be considered at all levels. Thisis particularly true with curriculum, as it is the substance of education, and integral
with the future of Eritrea.
• A basic ICT literacy curriculum will be developed for all levels.
• All frameworks for curriculum planning and development will include theconsideration of an ICT component.
• The component must be flexible by offering ICT-inclusive lesson options for
instruction based on the availability of ICT infrastructure in the local school.
• Develop guidelines for teacher training for ICT integration in schools.
• A rollout plan, including pilot interventions will be developed.
• External consultants will assist in this process.
45• Include satellite downlink technology as a strategy for national distribution ofmaterials for pilots and programs.
• Staff and support pedagogical resource centers as primary place for housing
resources and venues for training of curriculum related activities.

6.4.3 Monitoring & Quality Assurance
Performance assessment of teachers is essential to ensure that teachers are effective
and innovative in their practice. The new curriculum of Eritrea aims to be dynamic innature, and the teachers must demonstrate their skills and aptitudes to expand theirpractice in this new curriculum environment. As ICT will be an integral aspect ofeducation in Eritrea, performance evaluation of teacher must align with these new
outcomes. Therefore, the Monitoring & Quality Assurance Division of the DGE must:• Work closely with curriculum developers and teacher development units toensure performance indicators align with the new curriculum, in particularwith the ICT aspects of teaching and learning.
• Develop a phased approach to teacher performance assessment for theutilization of ICT in teaching and learning to allow for professional
development of teachers and the establishment of appropriate ICT
infrastructure.
• Plan for a phase-in of teacher assessment of ICT for teaching practice.
• Requirements for demonstration of technology integration in teaching andlearning should be expected of teacher, and integrated into teacher annual
performance evaluations.

6.4.4 Assessment & Examination• The National Exam will be revised to reflect the student-centered, outcomebased approach of the new curriculum.
• Other teaching instruments will be reviewed and aligned with the new
curriculum expectations.

6.5

Department of Technical Education & Vocational
Training

6.5.1 Strategic Planning
The strategic plan for the TEVT should consider:• Developing a clear policy to include ICT considerations.
• Developing a strategy for market appraisal that includes employing ICT tools
to facilitate the process.
• Implementing a market appraisal mechanism.
• Liaising with private schools to augment public school ICT programs.
• A strategy and budget for ICT in TEVT schools, including Skill Development
Centres.
• Program interventions.
• Supporting the “comprehensive” model for secondary education.
• Developing a school-to-work program.
• Develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhance goals of thedepartment.

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6.5.2 Curriculum Planning & Development• Conduct a review and develop a strategy for ICT as a component of Technical
Education, including teacher training.
• Conduct a review and develop a strategy for ICT as a component ofVocational Training, including teacher training.
• Standardize ICT skill straining.

6.5.3 Monitoring & Quality Assurance• Supervision Unit will develop a plan to integrate ICT-related performanceappraisal for teachers.
• Assessment & Examination will review the examination content and process
to respond to ICT-related program developments.

6.6

Department of Adult & Media Education

6.6.1 Strategic Planning
The strategic plan for the AME should consider:• Developing a clear policy to include ICT considerations, particularly
alternative technology solutions for remote areas of Eritrea.
• Introducing the basics of ICT in AME programs: awareness and use.
• Expanding programs through Distance Learning, including teacher education.
• Develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhance goals of thedepartment.

6.6.2 Curriculum Planning & Development• Evening program utilizing distance learning• Explore expanding fee for service programs, including ICT telecentre
utilization in schools.
• Include satellite downlink technology to support programs in remote ares.

6.6.3 Media Education• Work closely with the ICT Unit to explore alternative technology models for
ICT-assisted instruction for remote and isolated areas.
• Investigate ICT-related funding for enhancement and expansion of the radio
program.
• Development of video production and educational TV transmission center.
• Consideration for a variety of media, including television, radio, audio
cassette, satellite downlink technology, computer games, virtual environments,
and any other media to support programs.

6.6.4 Monitoring & Quality Assurance• Supervision Unit will develop a plan to integrate ICT-related performanceappraisal for teachers.
• Assessment & Examination will review the examination content and process
to respond to ICT-related program developments.
• Pedagogical Services Unit will provide relevant pedagogical ICT-related
support and training.

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6.7

Department of Research & Human Resource
Development

6.7.1 Strategic Planning
The strategic plan for the RHRD should consider:• Making a top priority of significantly increasing capacity of EMIS
• Unifying all personnel records in an up-to-date database.
• Streamline personnel data gathering and processing to reduce redundancies inthe system.
• Developing comprehensive teacher incentive strategy for professional
development and advancement.
• Develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhance goals of thedepartment.

6.7.2 Research, EMIS & Statistics Division• Develop a strategy for expanding the needs and staffing of EMIS.
• Strengthen EMIS capacity through new equipment and software purchases,
addition of technical staff, and external consultants.
• EMIS will use the ICT infrastructure for all activities.
• Work closely with the ICT Unit in developing a streamlined data gathering
capacity.
• Include satellite downlink as a strategy for deploying questionnaires.

6.7.3 Human Resource Development Division• Conduct ICT-enhanced distance learning pilot in towns with local Internet
point of presence (POP).
• Develop a “train-the-trainers” national basic ICT and pedagogical training forteachers.
• Work closely with database developers (EMIS and consultants) to ensure thenew database will meet the needs of HRD.
• Work closely with the ICT Unit in developing the MoE website concept andteam.

6.7.4 Project Management Division• Develop a process for identifying and utilizing ICT innovations.

6.8

Department of Administration & Finance6.8.1 Strategic Planning
The strategic plan for the DAF should consider:• Developing a process for identifying and testing ICT innovations.
• Develop strategies for utilizing the MoE website to enhance goals of thedepartment.

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6.8.2 Finance Division• Utilize and train staff on up-to-date budget development software.
• Utilize and train staff on up-to-date accounting software.

6.8.3 Human Resource Management Division• Integrate an electronic system of staffing assignments.
• Integrate an electronic filing and retrieval system for all MoE documents.

6.8.4 General Services Division• Utilize and train staff on up-to-date ICT tools for all aspects of the General
Service Division: procurement; stores, production and printing, and supply
services.

6.9

Regional Offices

6.9.1 Basic Education Unit
• Use ICT for supporting curriculum pilots, such as through satellite downlink.

6.9.2 Secondary Education Unit
• Coordinate pedagogical programs for local secondary schools

6.9.3 Finance & Administration Unit
• Integrate both staff and payroll data with databases that are developed
nationally

6.9.4 Human Resource Development Unit
• Coordinate Distance Learning program for middle school upgrading, and otherrelated programs.

6.9.5 Sports, Culture, & Health Unit
• Use ICT clubs to link activities in schools with other activities in thecommunity related to sports, culture and health.

6.10 Pedagogical Resource Centers• The MoE will use pedagogical resource centers as primary places for teachers
and local staff to access resources, computers, and training.

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