JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

MOEJ/GEC JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014
Summary of the Final Report“Energy Saving by Micro Flush Toilet”(Implementing Entity: LIXIL Corporation)
1．Overview of the Proposed JCM ProjectJapan<Nippon Koei Co., Ltd>To develop JCM methodology which calculates greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission reductions quantitatively
To identify JCM candidate model project, etc…

Study partners

Project site
Category of project

Description ofproject

Host country<Loxera Advisory Services>
To introduce of Micro Flush Toilet (MFT) in detached houses
To cooperate for investigation of business plan for introducing MTF, etc…
<National Social Security Fund (NSSF)>
To introduce of MTF in collective houses
To cooperate for investigation of business plan for introducing MTF, etc…
<FEP Corp>
Same as NSSF
<National Housing Corporation (NHC)>
Same as NSSF
<Serena Hotels>
To introduce of MTF in Hotels
To cooperate for investigation of business plan for introducing MTF, etc…
<Sarova Hotels>
Same as Serena Hotels
Kiserian, Kajiado County, and other counties ,Kenya
Energy Saving
This Project aims to introduce MTF produced by LIXIL Corporation (LIXIL).
into the detached houses developed by Loxera Advisory Services (Loxera).
Loxera is the private company of the host country and they have beendeveloping 32 detached houses.
Moreover, Loxera have a plan to install 1,000 Jyokaso (septic tank) and 2 MTFs
are able to install for 1 septic tank. Therefore, it is expected to have the Projectwith these septic tank and MTF.
In this connection, this Project contributes to the water-saving in Kenya whichsuffering from water shortages, and also reduces the energy consumption of thewater and sewerage management in Kenya.

Expected project
implementerJapan

LIXIL Corporation

Host country

Initial investment

JPY 5,824,000

Loxera Advisory Services
Date ofgroundbreaking

Annualmaintenance cost

JPY 0

Construction period

Willingness toinvestment

Yes

Date of projectcommencement

September, 2015
6 months
Construction-installation
March, 2016

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Loxera is the private company of the host country and they have a plan to
Financial plan ofproject

develop 32 detached houses. In addition, they can implement not only selling
1,000 septic tank but also construction and maintenance by themselves.
Therefore, there are no issues about their financial plan of detached housebusiness.
182 [kgCO2/year](6-1.63)[L/flush] x 16[flush/day] x 365[days] x 32 / 1,800[L/hr] x 0.6kw x
0.6672 [kgCO2/kWh]

GHG emission
reductions

64 units of MTFs will be installed in 32 detached houses developed by Loxera.
Reference scenario of one flush is calculated as 6 liter/flush. Reference scenario
of water consumption is calculated as 1.63[liter/flush]. The flush number oftimes per day is calculated as 16 times. The grid coefficient, 0.6672[kgCO2/kWh], is adapted by the grid coefficient authorized in Kenya.

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

2. Study Contents(1) Project development and implementation
1) Project planningi) Expected project implementer(Construction
planandOperational plan)
Loxera is project implementer in thehost country. Loxera have alreadybeen developing total 8 detachedhouses in Kiserian, Kajiado County,
Kenya. In addition to above
development, they have plans i) to
develop 32 detached houses in same
area, in Kiserian, Kajiado Count, ii)
to install 1,000 septic tank to existinghouses in whole Kenya. Together
with detached houses and septic tank,
it is expected to install approximately
2,000 MTFs. LIXIL Cooperation
have already installed 2 units of
MTFs to one detached housedeveloped/constructed by Loxera as
shown in the right figure. (1 story:
15m x 14m: excluding garden,
parking on the space). And, with the
Figure 1：Floor Plan of Detached House
cooperation of Loxera and residents, it
developed by Loxera
is planned to establish MRV structure
for collecting actual usage and various data of MTF. As the figure on the right, 2 units of Toilet
are installed in detached houses. Flow meter will be installed in these toilets and it is planned tocarry out the MRV.
ii) Management Structure and Performance of the Project implementer
Loxera is the private company of the host country and they have a plan to develop 32 detachedhouses. In addition, they can implement not only selling 1,000 septic tank but also construction
and maintenance by themselves. Therefore, there are no issues about their financial plan ofdetached house business.
iii) Profitability Evaluation
Business profitablity of Loxera is described on ii) Management Structure and Performance of
the Project implementer. In addtion, LIXIL implemneted the Credit Check for Loxera from the
aspect of understanding the future business development.
iv) Initial Investment, Maintenance, MRV costAccording to the result of the investigation, market rate of standard size toilet to be used in
middle-income class is 20,000 to 45,000 JPY. On the other hand, the price of MTF is about
70,000 JPY. Thus, to utilize of the JCM Demonstration Projects and JCM Model Projects, it isexpected to recover the inferiority of a cost with its competitors product. Initial investment,
mainenace cost, and MRV cost by LIXIL for 32 detached houses of Loxera are summarized intablee below.

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Table 1

Initial Investment, Maintenance, MRV cost related Micro Flush Toilet

#
1

Item
InitialInvestment

construction

for

Cost
detached

house

Unit

4,480,000 JPY

Defrayer
Loxeranote 1

2

Maintenance cost for MTF note 2

0 JPY/year

Loxera3

Cost for power consumption note 3

0 JPY/year

End user

4

MRVcostnote 4

1,344,000 JPY

LoxeraNote 1 ： Condition before the budget of JCM Model Projects is provided. In considering the import method of MTF to Kenya,taking into account the reduction of customs and import duty, it is investigating a reduction from the original cost. In
the above table, it is calculated as "70,000 JPY x 32 households x 2 units/household".
Note 2 ： Basically, periodic maintenance for the toilet (except failure) is not expected, maintenance cost is defined to 0 JPY.
Note 3 ： MTFs (except the shower toilet), in principle, electrical power is unnecessary.
Note 4 ： There are no MRV cost by end users. However, the expense of flow meter to be installed in each householdburdened by Loxera (42,000 yen / unit) is described. And, periodical measurement will be implemented together
with Loxera and LIXIL.

Regading to cash planning, market rate ofstandard size toilet to be used in middle-income
class is 20,000 to 45,000 JPY. On the other
hand, the price of MTF is about 70,000 JPY.
However, Since it is possible to greatly reducethe consumption of water, it is expected to havean attractive benefit for the person who is living
expensive water tariff area. LIXIL and Loxera
have been discussing to install the Toilets insuch areas. In addition, the budget for detachedhouse construction by Loxera is expected to use
the loan from the bank in Kenya. The budget
for supplying the LIXIL product to Loxera, it isunder consideration to find an inexpensive way.
However, there are no issues relateing to theimplantation of the Project.
Figure 2：Installed Micro Flush Toiletv) Risk Analysis
Risk analysis of the Project are summarized in Table below.
Table2 Risk Analysis for Installation of Micro Flush Toilet to Detached House
Issues for Consideration
Issue 1:
Needs for adjustment ofschedule between housing
construction/sales and JCM
Model Projects
Issue 2:
Needs for sale of detachedhome by Loxera

Summary
It is necessary to adjust/consider of the schedule between housing
constructions/sales and JCM Model Projects (application andgetting the result). This Project will be implemented by privatecompany, therefore, after the negotiations; it is possible to proceed
promptly to the sales contract. However, it is intended for multipleof detached houses by Loxera. Thus, it is important to adjust theschedule.
Even if LIXIL manufactures/sells MTF, it is necessary to installdetached houses, and to use by residences. Otherwise, GHG
emission reductions are not achieved. And it is expected to takelong time to sell detached houses. In addition, housing

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Issues for Consideration

Summary
construction also takes several months. Moreover, since theexpansion of Loxera's business is ongoing, it is difficult to predict
the number and time schedule of sale detached house by Loxera.
Proper implementation of MRV is a principal thing in JCM.
Issue 3:
Implementationof However, the characteristics of the facilities of the toilet, it isaccurate/appropriate assumed that monitoring at all times from the outside is notmonitoring
intended very pleasant from the aspect of end user. In addition, inthe detached houses, it is difficult to monitor the internal situation(private space).

2) Permits and Licenses for the project development and implementationi) Construction of Detached Houses
Permits and Licenss relating to housing construction are necessary to apply by the housing
construction operator (e.g. Loxera, NSSF, etc...). In Kenya, normally, housing construction
operators and owner have made these licensees by themselves. Therfore, it is not considered asa problem of permits and licenses. E.g. Loxera has all permits and licenses for all detachedhouses which have been developing in same area, Kiserian, Kajiyado county, Kenya. In
addition, the Project area’s detached houses have no connectable water and sewerage facilities.
Thus it is necessary to use ground water and wastewater treatment to use a septic tank bythemselves. Therefore, while approval the water supply and sewerage is not required, it isnecessary to acquire the groundwater use permission. In addition, Loxera has been applying forthe planned Project to be carried out in 2015.
ii) Sales of Sanitary Ware
For the components (Pipe fittings, joint, pulp, and pump) to be used in MTFs introducing the
project, it is managed as receiving the same authentication in KEBS (Kenya Bureau ofStandards) if it is certificated by SGS (Certification of Société Générale de Surveillance). In
fact, each transaction (each container) need to get the certification, LIXIL product has notcertified yet by SGS because it has not shipped yet. SGS has already confirmed that thecomponents of MTF can get their certification. There are no issues relateing to theimplemtation of the Project.
3) Advantage of Japanese technology
MTF which is installed in the Project is described in detail below.
Main feature of this technology (MTF) is to clean the sewage andwaste by opening and closing the bottom of the toilet flapper valve to
use lever (see Figure 3 and Figure 4) Than the structure of the thistoilet, sewage and filth in the toilet to flow down in the opening andclosing of the flapper valve. After that, it is possible to wash the insideof the toilet bowl in the wash water only 350ml. For preventing smell
leak with a small water(about 700 ml) and flapper valve. In conclusion,
it is also possible to achieve further saving water is to minimize theaccumulated water. In addition, the sturcutre of this MTF is
recognized to have the same function of "Water trap"1.

1

Enforcement Ordinance of Construction Standard Law in Japan, Article 29 and Article 30, Ministry of Construction NoticeNo. 1386
as a facntion of ”Outhouse Toilet”

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Rod

Water

Flapper Valve

Cleaning

Water Trapping

Figure 3：Example of Lever Operation

Prevent smell leakwith a small water &flapper Valve

Figure 4：Structure of Flapper

In addition, not only this Micro Flush Toiliet, but also all toilet produced by LIXIL is possible
to avoid adhesion of bacteria. All products are antimicrobial type.
4) MRV StructureThis project plans to conduct MRV for GHG emission reduction from the installation of MTF
to detached houses in Kenya. Therefore, it is considered to measure the flush water
consumption in actual usage. MRV implementation structure by international consortiums for
the Project implemented by LIXIL and Loxera is shown below figure.
International consortium
LIXIL Corporation, Prime･ Sales of MFT・ JCM registration etc.
LIXIL Kenya office・ Support of local
company on JCM
activities, including
MRV support etc.

Loxera Advisory Service Inc.
・ Construction/sales of singlefamily house with MFT・ Support of end users on MRV
activities etc.

Third Party Entity (TPE)･ Conduct of validation･ Conduct of verification

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
･ Support on JCM meth.
registration & PDD preparation･ Support of other JCM activities

Note : MFT means Micro Flush Toilet

Figure 5

MRV Implementation Structure

MRV Implementation Structure of the Project is expected to implement not only
implementation flow of MRV (monitoring, reporting, and verification), but also investigationof capacity development for stakeholders in Kenya related to MRV. Thus, it is expected tobuild a foundation for realizing MRV implementation structure sustainably and stability.
Moreover, monitoring of the Project is planned to measure volume of water consumed in toilets
as described above. Also ,at the initial stage of this feasibility study, it was consider to be
declared the number of flash, but the device for count the number of flushes have not been
confirmed.
From the above, in the Project, flow meter will be installed for each MTF to measure thecleaning water directly. However, it is unusual that monitoring of flushing water of the toilet,
and it is necessary for agreement by end users. These matters are issues for considerations infuture. Therefore, if it is difficult to get data by actual measurement, alternative solution such as
sampling measurement will be considered.

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

Moreover, the target project of this study, regular monitoring of the flush water consumption isrequired. However, it is not feasible to have everyday monitoring by person due to thecharacteristics of toilet. Therefore, the Project consider to install monitoring equipment which
can get data by equipment itself as shown in table below.
Table 3Item
Name of Equipment
Corresponding flow rate
Power
Structure
WeightSimultaneous indication
Accumulated indication
Max. available pressure
Available liquid temperatureSpecification of Monitoring Equipment
Specification
Aichi Tokei Denki Co.,Ltd; Instantaneous Integrating Flow meter
More than 0.3 [liter/min]
Lithium battery (No external power required in 4 years)
Anti-dust and indoor type (IP64)
Approx. 250 [g]0.05L/min
000000.00 L
1MPa, 20 degree Celsius : liquid
0 to 60 degree Celsius[Features]
Built-in lithium batteries (No external power
Approx. 70 [mm]supply is required)
Approx 50 [mm]Indications of both instantaneous flow-rateand integrating flow volume by only 1 flow
meter
Revolving display unit (It can be fixed to aeasy-to-read position)
Simplified structure with the vane wheel typemeasuring principle
Approx 90 [mm]Measurement of various liquids
Reset function for indications of Integrating
Flow Volume (Total) and Integrating Flow
Volume (Trip)
Value holding function for Instantaneous
Source ： Aichi Tokei Denki Co., Ltd.
Flow-Rate indication
Pulse output function (Option)

Photo : Monitoring equipment
5) Environmental integrity and Sustainable development in host country
Through the project implementation, MTF can mitigate maximum 90 % of water consumption,comparing to conventional flush toilet. By using MTF, it contributes to not only water saving in
Kenya but also energy saving in Kenyan water treatment system. Also, it contributes tomitigation of polluted sludge and prevention of environment deterioration etc. In addition, incase of using septic tank, processing ability can be improved with longer retention time.
By diffusion of MTF in Kenya, power saving in water system, GHG emission reduction,
improvement of public health etc. will be realized. And, Kenya has faced water shortage by
rapid economic growth and urbanization. MTF can support such issues from the viewpoint ofeffective water usage and contributes to sustainable development in Kenya in term of energy
resource and water resource.

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report6) Toward project realization (planned schedule and possible obstacles to be overcome)To implement the Project, the following issues shall be considered properly.
[Issue 1] Schedule arrangement between house construction & housing sales and JCM
financing programme
It is necessary to consider how to apply for JCM financial programme in parallel with project
implementation (house construction and housing sales).
[Issue 2] Proper housing sales by Loxera
Based on the progress and plan of housing sales by Loxera, production of MTF will be adjusted.
In case of sudden demand in Kenya, not only production in Japan but also third country
production will be considered with Lixil overseas bases.
[Issue 3] Implementation of proper and accurate monitoring
Normally lavatory basin is not popularly sold to end-users, it seems therefore to be difficult toimplement monitoring with them. So proper monitoring method, such as sampling etc. shall beconsidered in case of monitoring with many users.
(2) JCM methodology development
In the JCM methodology, there are some terms and special definitions are made for smooth
understandings. In this JCM methodology, the following descriptions were prepared.
Terms

Definitions

Micro flush toilet

The toilet system which consists of lavatory basin, toilet seat, water tanketc. and has consumes water less than two (2.0) liters for one flush.

Flush water

Flush water uses for flushing solid waste and/or waste water fromlaboratory pan.

Water supply system

Water for micro toilet uses water is produced by water supply system
which consists of intake, transmission lines, treatment plant anddistribution lines etc.

As for the summary of the methodology, the following descriptions were prepared.
Items
Summary
GHG emission reduction This methodology applies to the project that aims for saving energy bymeasuresintroducing MTF for the target facility, commerce facilities etc. in
Kenya.
Calculation of reference Reference emissions are GHG emissions from using reference toilet,
emissionscalculated with water consumption of project toilet and CO2 emission
Calculationoffactor for water supplied.
project Project emissions are GHG emissions from using project toilet,

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final ReportemissionsMonitoring parameters

calculated with water consumption of project toilet and CO2 emission
factor for water supplied.
Water consumption of project toilet (micro flush toilet)

1) Eligibility criteria
This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1

Toilet is utilized for solid waste and urine.

Criterion 2

Water usage for one flush is less than two liters.

Criterion 3

Water for toilet is supplied by water supply system

Criterion 4

Waste water after flushing discharges to septic tank or sewerage system.

Criterion 5

Toilet shall be taken care of good hygiene.

Criterion 6

Proper maintenance service/framework, which consists of Manufacturer or agent who
appointed from the manufacturer etc., shall be set.

2) Calculation of GHG emissions (including reference and project emissions)
Based on the draft JCM methodology, the information of GHG emissions and relating
information and data was prepared below.
Reference emissions are calculated by multiplying water consumption of project toilet and CO2
emission factor for water supplied.
REi,p ＝ Σ(WCRE,p x CEFwater / 1,000)
RE , : Reference emissions during the period p [tCO2/p]

WC , , : Water consumption of reference toilet during the period p [liter/p
CEF: CO2 emission factor for supplied water [tCO2/m3]

Project emissions are also calculated by multiplying water consumption of project toilet andCO2 emission factor for water supplied.
PEi,p ＝ Σ(WCPE,p x CEFwater / 1,000)
PE , : Project emissions during the period p [tCO2/p]

WC , : Water consumption of project toilet during the period p [liter/flush]
CEF, , : CO2 emission factor for consumed water [tCO2/m3]

Then, emission reduction of MTF system in Kenya can be calculated with the following
formula.

JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report
,

=

,

−

ER , : Emission reductions during the period p [tCO2/p],

RE , : Reference emissions during the period p [tCO2/p]
PE , : Project emissions during the period p [tCO2/p]

3) Data and parameters fixed ex ante

The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter
CEF

Description of data

SourceWhen project toilet consumes water supplied, Based on the official data
CO2 emission factor for supplied water (CEFwater) /information from Kenyan
is used with the following calculation.

organization, this value will be

CEFwater [tCO2/m3]

calculated.

= EFwater-production [kWh/m3] * EFelec [tCO2/kWh]

WC,

Water consumption of reference toilet i during the Specifications of reference toilets
period p [liter/flush] is selected six (6) liter from which are in widespread use in
the data of reference scenario.
Note : The above data is set tentatively and will be
fixed by the completion of Final Report.

Kenyan market.