July 22, 2014
Nagoya University
Summer Intensive Program 2014

Technology Innovation andChallenge for Sustainable Mobility
TOSHIO HIROTA, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor
Environmental Research Institute
Waseda University
hirotat@aoni.waseda.jp

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan1

Toshio Hirota, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor, Waseda University
1972 Engineering Lab., Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
R&D on Fuel cell electric vehicles
H2 engines, Methanol engines
1990 Engine Development Department
FFV, Emission Technologies,
Production engines
1994 Nissan R&D USA

Ultra low emission vehicles, EVs
1998 Development of FCV2005 R&D Planning of Environmental technologies,
including EVs, FCVs and ICEs
2014 Retired Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
2008 Waseda University
Research on EVs and Smart mobility
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan2

Technology Innovation and Challenge for Sustainable Mobility

 Conventional technologies
ICE: Internal combustion
enginesHEV: Hybrid electric vehicles
 Alternative fuel vehicles
Biofuel engine vehicles
FCV: Fuel cell vehicles
BEV: Battery electric vehicles
 Smart mobility
Renewable energyHarmonized transportation
Sustainable mobility
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan3Ecological Footprint
Vision 2050 by WBCSD,*WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development
 Ecological footprint with human activity exceeded the Earth’s
natural ability to absorb these impacts in the late of 1980s.
 The requirement in 2010 was 50% larger than world biocapacity.
 Key components: Carbon, Cropland, Grazing land, forest

Number of Earth

2.5
2.0

Ecological footprint by Component

1.5
Carbon footprint

1.0

Cropland

0.5

Grazing
Forest

0.0
1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2000

2020

2030

2040

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan2050

4

CO2 Emission from Gasoline Vehicle■CO2 emissions per gasoline 1L・Vehicle driving：2.3kg
・Refinery：0.5kg･Total:2.8kgCO2/L
For example:
Fuel economy: 10km/L
Mileage: 10,000km/year･CO2 emissions：280g/km･10,000 km runs a year :2.8t/year

Amount of CO2
Emissions
0.5kgCO2(Per Gasoline 1L)

RefineryAmount of CO2
Emissions
2.3kgCO2(Per Gasoline1L)

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan5

Technology Innovation and Challenge for Sustainable Mobility

 Conventional technologies
ICE: Internal combustion
enginesHEV: Hybrid electric vehicles
 Alternative fuel vehicles
Biofuel engine vehicles
FCV: Fuel cell vehicles
BEV: Battery electric vehicles
 Smart mobility
Renewable energyHarmonized transportation
Sustainable mobility
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

6

Energy Efficiency of Gasoline Engine

Output Torque Maximum efficiency of gasoline engine is 30 - 36%.
 Average efficiency under actual driving is around 20%
because of low torque driving.

Maximum
Efficiency

Efficiency
Act. Drive

Engine Speed (rpm)Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan7

Cycle efficiency improvement

Cycle efficiency ηth

Theoretical efficiency ηth of internal combustion engine is
improved with increasing of the compression ratio ε andthe specific heat ratio.

Compression ratio εSource: Symposium on ICE technologies, Nov. 10, 2010
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

8

High compression gasoline engine:
Mazda Sky active

Output torque Increase the compression ratio causes reduce theoutput torque because of knocking.
 Modifications of the combustion chamber and fuelinjection system realize high compression ratio withoutknocking.

Source: Symposium on ICE technologies, Nov. 10, 2010

Engine speed rpm

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

9

Best fuel economy K-car in Japan
Suzuki Alto Eco
Dec. 18, 2013
 Fuel economy 35.0 km/L
(JC08 mode) Ene-charge(Regeneration system) Idling stop
 Eco-cool Light weight vehicle

Daihatsu Mira e:SJuly 9, 2014
 Fuel economy 35.2 km/L
(JC08 mode) High compression ratio,Atkinson cycle Dual injector fuelinjection system
 Adv. regeneration system

Source: Suzuki Website, Dec. 18, 2013, http://www.suzuki.co.jp/car/alto_eco/
Daihatsu Website, July 9, 2014, http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/wn/2014/0709-1/20140709-1.pdf
10Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

Efficiency Improvement by Hybrid System

Engine torque① Engine stop mode （Low revolution・Idle range）② EV driving mode （Starting・Low speed range）③ Shifting engine driving range to high efficiencyrange (Charge the battery with surplus torque）④ Cooperation recovery of brake energy（Deceleration）① ENG Stop
② EV driveHigh efficiency zone
Efficiency 30% Engine operating at the20%③ condition of higher efficiency

10%Lower efficiency zonerpm
Number of engine revolutions

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan11

Toyota Hybrid Aqua
 Compact size passenger car Start of sale: Dec. 2011
 Hybrid system: THS-Ⅱ Fuel economy: 37.0 km/L
(JC08 mode) Price: 1,748 k-yen
 Top sales model in Japan,
260,000 in 2013

Size

3,995 x 1,695 x 1445 mm

Seating capacity

5Curb weight

1050kgF.E

37.0 km/L (JC08 mode）

Engine1.5L Atkinson cycle
54kW/4,800rpm

Motor

PMAC synchronous motor
45kW, 169N・mBattery

Ni-H 6.5Ah

Source: Toyota Website, http://toyota.jp/aqua/Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan12

Aqua hybrid system
 Hybrid system is basically same as Prius system.
 A lot of efforts are made to install the complex system in thecompact engine compartment.
 Engine length is 51 mm shorter and the transmission with 2motors is 21 mm shorter than previous system.

Source: Toyota Website, http://toyota.jp/aqua/Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

13

High thermal efficiency engines
 Toyota Crown hybrid Sept. 2012 Thermal efficiency: 38.5%
 Atkinson cycle, Cooled EGR

 Honda Accord hybrid
June. 2013
 Thermal efficiency: 38.9%
 Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC

Source: Toyota Website, Honda Website
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan14

Toyota Hybrid Vehicle sales
June 25, 2014

Source: Toyota Presentation Material on FCV, June 25, 2014
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan15

Plug-in hybrid vehicle
 Equipped a large capacity battery and a charger by grid power Driven by a motor with battery at short distance driving and driven
by a hybrid system with engine and motor at long distance driving.

Hybridvehicle

Plug-inHybridvehicle

Gen Eng.

Gen Eng.

FuelTank

FuelTank

CHBatteryBattery

AC PlugToshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan16

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid, Jan. 2013
 Honda developed a series hybrid system for passenger car.
 The system is consist of 2 motors, 100kW generator
and120kW motor, a clutch, and a lithium-ion battery.
 An engine drives wheels through electric transmission.
 Under high speed driving condition, an engine drives wheels
mechanically through a clutch and reduction gears.
 AER, all electric driving range, is 13 miles with 6 kWhbattery.

Source: Response, Jan. 17, 2013
http://response.jp/article/img/2013/01/17/189002/517835.html
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan17

Improvement of plug-in hybrid vehicles
VW 1 liter car “XL1”
 Prototype model for advanced technology
 2 seat plug-in hybrid vehicle
 Fuel consumption: 0.9L/100km (111km/L)
 CO2 emission：24g/km
 EV drive range：35km
 Power unit
Max torque 140N・ｍ
 2 cylinder diesel engine
800cc, 48PS Motor：20kW
 Max speed：160km/h
 Acceleration：11.9
seconds(0-100km/h)

Source：http://car.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/impression/20110506_439383.html (2011/5/6)
18
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

Technology Innovation and Challenge for Sustainable Mobility

 Conventional technologies
ICE: Internal combustion
enginesHEV: Hybrid electric vehicles
 Alternative fuel vehicles
Biofuel engine vehicles
FCV: Fuel cell vehicles
BEV: Battery electric vehicles
 Smart mobility
Renewable energyHarmonized transportation
Sustainable mobility
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan19

Fuel cell vehicle
Advantages
 Zero CO2 emission
 High energy efficiency
 Quiet and smooth driving

Need to improve Cost reduction of FC andhydrogen storage tank
 Hydrogen infrastructure

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan20

PEMFC: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
 Hydrogen resolves into protons and electrons at an anodeelectrode Proton moves to cathode side through a membrane Proton and oxygen react at cathode side to generate water電極電極

Anode

CathodeSource：JHFC website
http://www.jhfc.jp/fc_fcv/about_fc/index.html
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan21

Toyota Reveals Exterior, Japan Price of Fuel Cell Sedan

News release, June 25th, 2014

 Toyota will introduce FCV in Japan before April 2015.
 The price of the FC sedan is approximately 7 million yen.
 The FCV features performance similar to a gasoline engine
vehicle, with a cruising range of 700 km (JC08) and arefueling time of 3 minutes.
 FCVs contribute to the diversification of automobile fuels,
emit no CO2 or harmful substances during operation.

Fuel Cell System
Output: 100kW
Placed under seat

Hydrogen Tanks
70MPa
5.7wt%

Source: Toyota Website, http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/3286486/
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

22

Electric Vehicle LEAF

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan23

Acceleration of electric vehicle
 Significant improvement in acceleration
Acceleration [G]Situation: First- in-line
at green lightEVICE

Driveshaft
torque[Nm] High Torque Motor Motor Control Technology

time [sec]MotorSpeed (km/h)

Source: Takaaki Karikomi, JSAE paper, May 2011
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan24

Improvement of Handling Performance

Quick responseat the beginning

Deflection of Yaw rate

Linearity at the end

Turn Moment [Nm]StrAng [deg]Yaw rate [deg/s]
DriveTrq [Nm]

 Quick and linear response to driver’s steering
operation with motor torque control
 Torque up at the beginning and torque down at theend of turnSource: Yuuki Shiozawa, JSAE, May 2011
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japantime]25

EV, PHEV Market introduction in Japan
60,000

保有台数(日本)
EV, PHEV Stock台

50,000EV-micro
EV原付四輪

40,000EV軽商用車EV-K commercial
EV軽乗用車EV-K passenger

30,000

EVトラック、バス
EV-Truck, Bus
20,000EV乗用車
EV-passenger
PHEV乗用車
PHEV-passenger

10,000
0
2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012 FY

Source: Next generation vehicle PC: EV, PHEV stock data
http://www.cev-pc.or.jp/NGVPC/data/index.html
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan26

EV Charging infrastructure in Japan
 Increasing number of EV charging stations

July 18, 2014
 Normal Charging
7,580 stations
 Quick Charging
2,706 stations

2km

Kamakura city area
Kanagawa prefecture
Source: GoGoEV, July 18, 2014, http://ev.gogo.gs/
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan27

Technology Innovation and Challenge for Sustainable Mobility

 Conventional technologies
ICE: Internal combustion
enginesHEV: Hybrid electric vehicles
 Alternative fuel vehicles
Biofuel engine vehicles
FCV: Fuel cell vehicles
BEV: Battery electric vehicles
 Smart mobility
Renewable energyHarmonized transportation
Sustainable mobility
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan28

Power-train efficiency
 We should evaluate not only the power-train technologies
but also energy for automotive application.
Power-trainefficiency
20 ⇒ 30 %30 ⇒ 40 %Depend onbat. capacity

40 ⇒ 60%

70 ⇒ 80 %ICE: Internal Combustion Engine
HV: Hybrid Vehicle
PHV: Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
FCV: Fuel Cell Vehicle
Bat-EV: Battery Electric-drive Vehicle

G: Gasoline
D: Diesel fuel
NG: Natural Gas
Bio: Biomass fuelH2: Hydrogen
M: MotorToshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

29

Increase energy efficiency andsift energy for 90% reductionof fossil fuel consumption

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan30

Smart House
 Solar Energy is utilized for appliances and EV
 EV battery is used for stabilizer of home power line.

Solar PanelConverter

Grid line

DCAC

MeterCharge
ACDischarge

DCAppliances

Battery EV

Source: Toshio Hirota, Nissan Technical Review, Vol.69,70, 2012
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan31

Improvement of PV utilization with EV
 V2H, Vehicle to Home, system improves PV utilization ofa smart house to reduce gap between solar generationand electricity consumption.
 CO2 emissions of house and EV are reduced with lower
CO2 intensity.
2,00073%

factorPV utilization
PV自家利用率

80%

60%

53%

40%

20%

kg/yearemission kg/年
CO2 CO2排出量

100%

22%
1,500

House
1,000

1435

1102
500

EV
414
00%
1House/PV+EV

2House/PV+EV(V2H)

House

1House/PV+EV

Source: Toshio Hirota, Nissan Technical Review, Vol.69,70, 2012
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

EV338
2House/PV+EV(V2H)

32

EV battery for energy storage
 Effective use of renewable energy by storing fluctuatedpower into the battery of EV
 Reduce energy consumption and shift to renewableenergy from fossil fuels for Smart house system
NEC Smart House System
Solar powerGas engine
co-gen system

Solar power

ElectricVehicle

Stationarybattery

Source: http://www.nec.co.jp/environment/energy/house.html
http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2011/4110523.html
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan

Home energy
managementsystem

33

Micro Electric Vehicles

Toyota COMS

Nissan NMC

Honda MC-βSource: Response, June 28, 2013, http://response.jp/article/2013/06/28/201115.html
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan34

Micro mobility sharing in Yokohama city
 Yokohama city and Nissanstarted a EV sharing
feasibility program at
Minatomirai and central areaof the city Oct. 2013.
 100 micro EVs and 70 sharing
stations for the program Easy to access with smart
phone and one way rental
 New mobility concept:
1-2 passengers
Lithium ion battery
Vehicle weight: 500 kg
Max. speed: 80 km/h

Source: Choi-mobi, http://www.choi-mobi.com/
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan35

Electric Bus for Public Transportation
FY2011-2013 Waseda University
 Field test incl. cold condition in Nagano city for 3 years
 Environmental friendly, low noise and low vibration
 Ready for practical usage as public transportation withgovernment support
 Vehicle weight: 5620kg
 Vehicle size:
6.99×2.08×3.10m
 Number of passenger:
31 persons
 Permanent magnet AC
synchronous motor Lithium-ion battery: 44 kWh
 Inductive charging systemand conductive charging
systemToshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan36

Smart Mobility/Smart Community

Private Use
Home Charging

Government Fleet
Post Office
Police Car

Parkingwith EV Charger

Charging Stationat Highway
ParkingZero Emission Societywith Solar, Wind, Nuclear

All Electric Homewith Solar Energy
Quick Charging
at Underground
ParkingIslandMobility

Quick Charging
at Shopping Mall
Remote Charging
with PLC ICT
and other applications

Park and Ride
Car Rental
Electricity Network

EV Car Sharing
for Short Distance Mobility

Source: METI, EV/PHV Town Concept, 2009
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan37

Yokohama Smart City Project Field test program in 3 areas, 2010 - 2014
 Target: 64,000 ton-CO2 reduction with 27MW PV,
4,000 HEMS, and 2,000 Electric vehicles*HEMS: Home energy management system

Minatomirai Area

Yokohama Green Valley Area

Smart city2’20”

Smart City
Mgmt Center

Kohoku Newtown Area

Source: Yokohama city press releaseToshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan38

Yakushima CO2 Free Island Project Introducing electric vehicles with renewable electricity
in Yakushima.
 Local government provides incentives for EVs andcharging infrastructure.
*Yakushima island is famous with a natural World Heritage Site.
World Heritage

Yakushima Island

Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan39

Low Carbon and Sustainable Mobility Technology: Vehicle, Energy and Mobility
 Electrically-Drive Technologies
Hybrid/Plug-in Hybrid, FCV, Battery EV Multiple approaches: Technology, Policy, Behavior Change
1970

1990

Vehicle Technologies

2010

2030

2050

Energy Technologies
FCVICE
Bio-ICEICE Vehicle
Carbon Neutral Energy

Fossil FuelPublicTransportation

Harmonization of
Personal/Public Trans.

Mobility Innovation
Toshio Hirota, Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan40