DIWPA: DIVERSITAS in the Western Pacific and Asia

DIWPA News Letter
Office: Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan

Messagefrom the ChairpersonShin-ichi Nakano

From 21 to 22 February 2018, I
attended to the 9th Workshopof Asia Pacif ic Biodiversit y
Observation Network (AP-BON) held at Kasetsart
University, Bangkok, Thailand. This was thefirst opportunity for me to visit to Thailand, but
unfortunately I could stay there only three days:
my arrival was in the evening of 20 February, andleaving in the evening of 22 February. We had
71 participants from 15 nationalities, and there
were experts for forest, marine and freshwater
ecosystems. The workshop was mainly hosted
by Prof. Yongyut Trisurat, and there were four
keynote speeches in the morning of the first day.
In the afternoon, we discussed about AP-BON’scontribution to IPBES. In the morning of thesecond day, parallel sessions for the ecosystems
were conducted, and I joined in the session ofFreshwater Biodiversity Group chaired by Dr. Yuichi
Kano, Kyushu University, and gave a talk aboutFreshwater BON which has been newly establishedin the last year by Drs. Eren Turak, Aaike De Wever

Messagefrom the Secretary GeneralAtsushi Ishida

We held International Field
Biology Course (IFBC) in August,2018 at Kiso in Japan. In this year,
the main topic in IFBC was stream ecosystems.
We invited a young researcher from Malaysia. The
report from the invited researcher will be deliveredin the next newsletter. Furthermore, Center of
Ecological Research in Kyoto University is planninga symposium related to biodiversity and ecology.
The symposium will be conducted in February 2019
in Kyoto. DIWPA will be able to invite a researcher

October
2018

No.

39

and Jeanne Nel. Other speakers were Drs. Te-Yu
Liao (Taiwan), Chaiwut Grudpan (Thailand), Yuichi
Kano (Japan) and Chhuoy Samol (Cambodia). Prof.
Tetsukazu Yahara and Dr. Mike Gill, Co-Chair of GEO
BON, also attended the session. In the afternoon,
we had a plenary session to discuss about the newwork plan of AP-BON. I thank Professors Yongyut
Trisurat, Tetsukazu Yahara, Eun-Shik Kim (South
Korea) and Sheila Vergara (Philippines) for theirgreat organization of the workshop. Thanks are also
due to the support by the Ministry of Environment
Japan. More information about the workshop isavailable at: http://www.esabii.biodic.go.jp/ap-bon/meetings/documents/summary_20180221-22.pdf
Since my stay in Thailand in this time was soshort, and I really want to visit there again. The
10th AP-BON Workshop was held from 6 to 7 July
2018 in Kuching, Malaysia, but unfortunately I
could not attend due to schedule conflict. GEOSS
Asia-Pacific Symposium and GEO WEEK 2018 will
be respectively held from 24 to 26 October and 29
October to 2 November in Kyoto, and I intend toattend them. I hope many biodiversity researchers
would attend them to discuss about futurecollaboration for biodiversity conservation all over
the world.
to the symposium. Please look at the back of thisnewsletter.
In this summer, it was unusually hot inJapan. I sometimes found dead trees planting
along roadsides, probably because of heat wave.
Furthermore, many typhoons and torrential rains
pounded Japan. Such abnormal weather phenomena
will severely affect terrestrial ecosystems. Droughtinduced tree death and collapse of forest ecosystems
have been reported in many biomes worldwide
under global climate change. I believe that we needto more exchange recent information relating to
the change of biodiversity and ecosystem service
among countries. I hope DIWPA can be a good
platform for it.
DIWPA News Letter No.39

1

ReportBrown rot caused by Pyrrhoderma noxium
in Ogasawara Islands.
Where does it come from?
1

2

Yuko Ota1 and Norio Sahashi2

College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (Japan)
Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (Japan)

The fungus Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou
and Y.C. Dai is infamous for causing brown root rot

in a variety of woody tree species in landscapes,
orchards and forests. This fungus is distributed intropical and sub-tropical regions in Southeast andEast Asia, Oceania, Australia, Central America andAfrica. It has a wide range of hosts including morethan 200 species in 59 families (Ann et al. 1999) andseveral new tree species have recently been added
to this list. The economically important plants
attacked by P. noxium include cacao (Theobroma
cacao) , coffee (Coffea spp.) and rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis) as well as diverse fruit, nut, ornamental
and other native/exotic trees. This pathogen shows
little host specificity (Sahashi et al. 2010). Its wide
geographical distribution and the severe damage
which it causes have drawn significant concerns.
The conventional diagnosis of brown root
rot caused by P. noxium involves observation of

the symptoms and isolation of the pathogen from
diseased tissues. Trees infected with P. noxium

Fig. 1. Trees infected with P. noxium defoliation and diebackof branches.

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DIWPA News Letter No.39

normally show slow
and reduced growth,
discoloration andwilting of foliage,
defoliat ion anddieback of branches(Sahashi et al. 2012)(Fig. 1). The exposedroots and basal stem
are often encrustedwith a yellowishbrow n, brow n or
Fig. 2. A dark brown to blackb r o w n i s h - b l a c k mycelial crust at the stem base;mycelial mat (Fig. 2). encrustation sometimes grows
up to over 1m above the ground.
The disease name“brown root rot” describes this symptom. However
this fungus causes “white rot” which makes thewood soft, spongy and whiter than normal. Welldeveloped white rots caused by P. noxium haveconspicuous brown lines permeating the rottedwood, which is known as white pocket rot (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Well developed white rot with conspicuous brownlines.

ReportWhite pocket rot fungi can selectively remove lignin
from wood leaving substantial amounts of cellulose

et al. 2014). The results suggested that there is awere sometimes observed on dead and/or fallentrees (Figs. 4a, b).

In 2008, the first suspected case of brownroot rot was found on Pittosporum boninense in

in isolated areas. Most affected trees die within only
a few months of infection. Mature fruiting bodiesabpossibility of serious damage if P. noxium invades
the temperate zone of Japan as climate change
progresses.

Chichi-jima in the Ogasawara Islands, oceanicislands located approximately 1,000 km southof Tokyo. In 2009, the pathogen was isolated

from dead Neolitsea sericea var. aurata and wasFig. 4. Mature fruiting bodies of Pyrrhoderma noxium on
dead fallen trees. a: A conk-shaped fruiting bodies. Afterthese fruiting bodies occurred, the tree was fallen. b: A
resupinate type of fruiting body.

P. noxium can be isolated from infected tissues
on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Brown colonies formon PDA accompanied by irregular dark brown lines
or patches.
In Japan, brown root rot was first found inwindbreaks composed of Casuaira equisetifolia,
Calophyllum inophyllum, Podocarpus macrophyllus,
Garcinia subelliptica, etc. on Ishigaki Island in
Okinawa Prefecture in 1988 (Abe et al. 1995). Since
then, the disease has gained increasing attention
as it has appeared on several of the Ryukyu Islands
in both Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures,causing serious problems for shade, windbreakand ornamental or landscape trees. Recently,

there have been concerns about severe damage tomango (Mangifera indica) trees in orchards and to
big trees around “Utaki”, a sacred site in Okinawa.

So far, the northernmost distribution point of thedisease is Amami Oshima Island (Sahashi et al.
2007). Cape Sata in Kagoshima Prefecture, whichis the southernmost point of Kyushu Island, isthe northernmost record of basidiocarps. The
pathogenicity of P. noxium against commercially
important species in Kyushu and Honshu has
been explored using inoculation tests (Sahashi

positively identified as P. noxium. In 2012, there
were 33 recorded host species of P. noxium
including 13 endemic species (Shimada et al. 2013).
These numbers had increased to 41 host species
including 15 endemic species by 2014 (Sahashi etal. 2015). Interestingly, basidiocarps of P. noxium
were recorded on the Ogasawara Islands in 1916.
However, if this recent damage was due to recently
introduced new genotype (s) , the scale of thedamage could become enormous. The pathogen has
a wide host range with little host preference andthere are many endemic species in the Ogasawara
islands.
Akiba et al. (2015) examined the population
genetics of P. noxium in Japan with 20 microsatellites
and found high levels of genetic diversity within 128
isolates from 12 of the Ryukyu Islands and threeof the Ogasawara Islands. All isolates had uniquegenotypes indicating that basidiospore infection isa primary dissemination method for the formationof new disease foci. The highly polymorphic natureof the microsatellite loci suggested that Japanese
populations are indigenous or were introduced
a very long time ago because genetic diversity iscommonly lower in introduced populations thanin native populations due to the so-called “foundereffect”. In addition, two distinct populations withlittle admixture were detected from Ryukyu
and Ogasawara islands, suggesting the possible
invasion of a genetically distinct population to
the Ogasawara Islands, possibly introduced via
basidiospores or mycelia within wood carried by atyphoon from the Mariana Islands.
DIWPA News Letter No.39

3

ReportResearchers have also focused on how P.
noxium has spread throughout the regions ofAsia. Genomic analyses of isolates from Taiwan,
the Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands showed that

Taiwanese isolates grouped together with Ryukyu
isolates, separately from Ogasawara isolates (Chunget al. 2017). The pattern of gene flow within andbetween islands suggested that human activity
such as planting of infected seedlings may havepromoted the movement of P. noxium and provided

new environments for the population to increase.
Further population genetics studies using

isolates collected from around the world will be
useful to understand the evolutionary historyof P. noxium and its worldwide dispersal routes.
Analyses of the genetic relationships and ecologicaldifferences among P. noxium lineages across eastern
Asia and Oceania are ongoing and include isolates
from Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Australia,

and the Pacific islands of Palau, Guam, Saipan, Yap,
Pohnpei, Kosrae and American Samoa (Fig. 5). It is
important to predict the pathogen’s behavior andinvasive capacity, especially under the conditions ofclimate change in the near future.

Fig. 5. The research trip to Micronesia. Under the infected
tree in Pohnpei with the member from USA, Korea, Japanand Pohnpei. See the dark brown to black mycelial crust on
the base.

References
Akiba M., Ota Y., Tsai I.J., Hattori T., Sahashi N. andKikuchi T. 2015. Genetic differentiation and spatial

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DIWPA News Letter No.39

structure of Phellinus noxius, the causal agent of brownroot rot of woody plants in Japan. PLoS One 10(10)e0141792.
Ann P.J., Lee H.L. and Huang T.C. 1999. Brown root rot of
10 species of fruit trees caused by Phellinus noxius in
Taiwan. Plant Disease 83: 746-750.
Chung C.L. et al. 2017. Comparative and population
genomic landscape of Phellinus noxius: A hypervariable
fungus causing root rot in trees. Molecular ecology 26:
6301-6316.
Sahashi N., Akiba M., Ishihara M., Abe Y. and Morita S.
2007. First report of the brown root rot disease causedby Phellinus noxius, its distribution and newly recorded
host plants in the Amami Islands, southern Japan.
Forest Pathology 37: 167-173.
Sahashi N., Akiba M., Ishihara M., Miyazaki K. andKanzaki N. 2010. Cross inoculation tests with Phellinus
noxius isolates from nine different host plants in the
Ryukyu Islands, southewesterm Japan. Plant Disease
94: 358-360.
Sahashi N., Akiba M., Ishihara M., Ota Y. and Kanzaki
N. 2012. Brown root rot of trees caused by Phellinus
noxius in the Ryukyu Islands, subtropical areas ofJapan. Forest Pathology 42: 353-361.
Sahashi N. et al. 2015. Brown root rot caused by Phellinus
noxius in the Ogasawara (Bonin) islands southern
Japan – current status of the disease and its hostplants. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 10: 33.
Sahashi N., Akiba M., Takemoto S., Yokoi T., Ota Y. andKanzaki N. 2014. Phellinus noxius causes brownroot rot on four important conifer species in Japan.
European Journal of Plant Pathology 140: 867-873.
Shimada R. et al. 2015. Occurrence of brown root rot
and its host species in Chichijima and Hahajima,Ogasawara Islands. Ogasawara Kenkyu Nenhou 36:
71-77. (in Japanese).

New Site

Phu Koa - Phan Kham National Parkin Northeast Thailand
Ananya Popradit

Philosophy Program in Environmental Studies,
Varaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University (Thailand)

Introduction
Phu Kao–Phu Phan Kham National Park (PKNP)
is one of the 127 national parks in Thailand. The
national park is named after the Phu Kao (PK) and
Phu Phan Kham (PPK ) mountain ranges of the
Khorat Plateau which covers an area of 318.4 km2.

It is located between 16°44'–17°2'N and 102°25'–

102°43'E in Nong Bua Lamphu Province, southof Udon Thani Province and north of Khon Kaen
Privince (Fig. 1).

bivalves that once inhabited in the area. Suchassemblages have been found in PK and the Khorat
Plateau of northeastern Thailand (Sha et al. 2012).

In PK area, three village communities, Dong

Bak, Wang Mon and Chai Mongkala, have settled
down in its central plain. These communities

expanded very rapidly within the last 20 years,
which resulted in the severe forest fragmentationand degradation of the plain. The government ofThailand designated this national park as its 50th
national park on September 20, 1985, as a measure
to stop the severe degradation of this area causedby an increase in human activities over the past
20 years (Trisurat 2007). The Phu Koa Mountain
Range consists of two parallel lines of mountains.
The outer line is steeper and higher and ranges
from 447 m to 580 m a.s.l., whereas the inner line islower, ranges from 313 m to 380 m a.s.l..

Meteorology and geology in PK
From the climate record over the 34 years from 1982
to 2017, the highest monthly mean temperature
was 30.0 °C in the month of April, and the lowest

temperature was 22.7 °C in December. Annual
rainfall was 1,295.5 mm (Fig. 2). The maximum
precipitation was 289.0 mm in August, and theFig. 1. Location of Phu Kao – Phu Phan Kham National Parkin Thailand ("Thailand_location_map.svg" by NordNordWest
is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Thailand_location_map.svg)

Based on the stratigraphic sequences and fossil

correlation, two assemblages of the trigoniodid
bivalves are indicators of non-marine cretaceous

minimum precipitation was 3.0 mm in December.
The period of rainy season is usually from Juneto October. The rainy days reached 21.5 days inAugust, and 0.8 day in December. At the beginningand end of the rainy season, storms sometimes
occur and result in natural disasters, such as
flooding. In PK, there is a dam known as Ubonrat
dam which 1,674,100,000 m3 of water flow through
DIWPA News Letter No.39

5

New Site
per year.
Huay Bong is a small creek that lies from thenorth to the south in the area of PK, and the waterof the creek flows into Nam Phong River in the west
PK. Of 114 km2 area, it is located in Nam Pong basin
which makes up Nam Chi basin. (Fig. 2). Huay Bong
creek is a major creek with a total length of 13.5

km and its annual runoff yield is of approximately
7.68 L min-1 km-1 and 28,090,000 m3 (data from theweather station at Ubonrat dam, 2017).

Fig. 2. Monthly precipitation from 1982 to 2017

Forest vegetation in PK
The vegetation mainly consists of three typesof forests, mixed deciduous forests (MDF ), dry

dipterocarp forests and dry evergreen forests.
Almost all trees in MDF are dry-deciduous treesthat have an off-leaf period during the dry season(Ellis et al. 2010, Santisuk et al. 1991, Myers et al.

2000, Stibig et al. 2007 and Bajracharya et al. 2007).
In the MDF, 23 predominant woody plants
have clumped distribution (Table 1), where clumped
distribution is the most common type of tree
dispersion pattern in PK. For clumped distribution,

the distance between neighboring individuals is
minimized which suggests that soil resources arepatchily distributed in PK (Bajracharya et al. 2007).

As a result of relatively heavy seeds, the dispersal
distance is shorter, thereby contributing to theirclumped distribution.

6

DIWPA News Letter No.39

Table 1. The distribution pattern of individual trees of 23
predominant woody plants species (Important value, IV >11). A value of 1 in Morisita’s index ( Iδ) indicates a random
distribution, the values more than 1 indicate a clumped
distribution, and the values less than 1 indicate a uniform or
regular distribution.

Scientific name

FamilyIδ

Cananga odorata
Pterocarpus marcocarpus
Shorea obtula
Vitex pinnata
Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre.
Sindora siamensis
Lagerstroemia floribunda
Terminalia corticosa
Dalbergia nigrescens
Hymenopyramis brachiata
Bombax anceps
Sterculia guttata
Haldina cordifolia
Anthocephalus chinensis
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius
Irvingia malayana
Pentaptera tomentosa
Caesalpinia godefroyana
Hymenodictyon excelsum
Shorea siamensis
Xylia xylocarpa
Rothmania wittii
Microcos paniculata

Annonaceae
Fabaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Verbenaceae
Fabaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Lythraceae
Combretaceae
Papilinoideae
Lamiaceae
Bombacaceae
Sterculiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Rvingiaceae
Combretaceae
Leguminosae
Rubiaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Leuminosae-Mimosoideae
Rubiaceae
Tiliaceae

1.8
1.3
4.1
1.6
1.5
1.7
3.8
1.8
4.0
2.2
3.1
2.8
1.6
2.2
6.0
6.0
3.3
2.9
1.7
3.0
1.9
5.3
5.5

Data sources are from Popradit et al. (2015)

Scenario in forest conservation in PK
The Royal Thai Government has emphasized theimportance of maintaining biodiversity (Bajracharya
et al. 2007 ), and the government has identified
continued development as the reason for serious
deterioration of the natural and environmental
resources in Thailand. In 1995, Thailand was
grobally ranked among the bottom ten tropicalcountries with the worst annual rate of forest
loss (Popradit et al. 2015). The Government has

implemented two measures; first, they havedesigned forest policy to avoid further deforestationand to increase forest cover; second, they haveestablished a network of local governments tooversee issues related to protected forests andreforestation. Although PK was declared as aprotected area more than 20 years ago, forest

invasion by local people has ongoing until now.

New Site
Conflict between the national park staffs and the
local people in PK creates severe problems, such as

illegal use and/or the occupation of park lands.
As the natural forests have economical uses, andthey serve as a major food bank to the local people,
such as mushroom, bamboo shoots, medicinal herbs,

wild fruits and wild animals, more communications
between the local people and researchers are needed
to reduce the anthropogenic effects on naturalforests’ rich resources.

References
Sha J., Pan Y., Wang Y., Zhang X. and Rao X. 2012. Nonmarine and marine stratigraphic correlation of Early
Cretaceous deposits in NE China, SE Korea and SW
Japan, non-marine molluscan biochronology, andpalaeogeographic implications. Journal of Stratigraphy
36: 357–381.
Trisurat Y. 2007. Applying gap analysis and a comparison

index to evaluate protected areas in Tailand.
Environmental Management 39: 235–245.
Ellis E. C., Klein Goldewijk K., Siebert S., Lightman D. and
Ramankutty N. 2010. Anthropogenic transformationof the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global Ecology and
Biogeograohy 19: 589–606.
Santisuk T. et al. 1991. Plants for our Future: BotanicalResearch and Conservation Needs in Tailand. Royal
Forest Department, Bangkok, Tailand, 1991.
Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Da Fonseca
G.A. and Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots forconservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.
Stibig H. J. et al. 2007. A land–cover map for South andSoutheast Asia derived from SPOT–VEGETATION data.
Journal of Biogeography 34: 625–637.
Bajracharya S. B., Gurung G. B. and Basnet K. 2007.
Learning from community participation in conservation
area management. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 6:
54–66.
Popradit A. et al. 2015. Anthropogenic effects on atropical forest according to the distance from humansettlements. Scientific Reports 5: 14689.

CALL FOR NEW MEMBER OF DIWPA
We are now calling for membership of DIWPA. Membership fee is no charge. When you become a member, you can;
1. Receive the DIWPA News Letter

You can receive the News Letter by post or e-mail. News Letter contains various information of biodiversity
research in Asia Pacific area, especially reports on every project and activities of AP-BON (Asia–Pacific Biodiversity
Observation Network) as well as J-BON ( Japan Biodiversity Observation Network), IPBES (Intergovernmental
Science and Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem) and new big project which is “Observation, Evaluation
and Prediction of Biodiversity in Asia” by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund. All you
can get above information is ONLY in DIWPA News Letter except that AP-BON provides them in its own website.
2. Apply for the Field Biology Course

You can apply for the Field Biology Course sponsored by DIWPA. The chosen candidate would participate the Field
Biology Course which is organized by Kyoto University. There are few international initiatives which conduct
educational activities such as DIWPA even though some of the initiatives carry out biodiversity research.
3. Run your articles regarding your biodiversity activities in DIWPA News Letter

DIWPA introduces our member’s various activities in DIWPA News Letter. Your activities would spread throughout
the world, and you may receive more information about biodiversity conservation as well as the supports.
4. Build up a circle of friends within biodiversity research

Ask DIWPA when you want some information of foreign countries regarding your biodiversity research. DIWPA
can introduce people who have information you want. More than 400 members in 41 countries belong to DIWPA
network.
If you would like to join DIWPA, please contact to "DIWPA@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp".

DIWPA News Letter No.39

7

DIWPA scholarship for“Symposium of Integrative Biology 2019 :Biodiversity in Asia”
DIWPA invites applications for a scholarship to attend “Symposium of Integrative Biology 2019 : Biodiversity
in Asia” which will be held on February 21-22, 2019 at Kyoto University, Japan. Kyoto University is proud of its
diverse and large pool of ecologists and environmental scientists. Some studies behavior of mammals, others
studies diversity of plants, and still others study ecological function of microbial organisms. Here we aim tointegrate such biological knowledge to tackle further understanding of the nature, and share its efforts withdiverse group of biologists in Asia.
This year, we will also have an additional workshop regarding the application of drone mapping techniques
to the environmental science, where the participants will learn the techniques and discuss future applicationof the tool for the research. One of the main functions of DIWPA is “capacity building of scientists in particularyoung scientists from developing countries”. We look forward to your applications.

DIVERSITAS in the Western Pacific and Asia (DIWPA) is an international network for the promotion ofcooperative studies and information exchange on biodiversity in the Western Pacific and Asia. The term of"Western Pacific and Asia" is used in this proposal to intend to cover East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia,
Melanesia, Micronesia, Australia and New Zealand. DIWPA aims to connect existing networks of people working
on biodiversity and research projects in Asia and the Western Pacific. For more information, please visit our
URL: http://diwpa.ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp/index.html

Details

1. Date  : February 21-22, 2019
2. Place : Maskawa Hall, Kyoto University, Kyoto
Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga
3. Application :Applicants should be a member of DIWPA at the time of October 31, 2019.
If you would like to join DIWPA, please contact to DIWPA@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Applicants interested in drone mapping techniques are particularly preferable.
Applicants should prepare the following documents.
1 ) CV2 ) A statement of their interests in the field of ecology
3 ) A recommendation letter
4. Application submission and deadline :Submit an application to DIWPA office (DIWPA@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp) by e-mail before November 20, 2018.
5. Financial support :	Kyoto University provides a scholarship to cover his/her expenses for accommodations and travel.

DIWPA

Chairperson
Secretary General
Secretary

OFFICE
Assistant SecretaryShin-ichi Nakano
Atsushi Ishida
Shigeo Yachi
Shoko Sakai
Yoshikuni Hodoki
Akiko Seki

Center for Ecological Research
Kyoto University509-3, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu 520-2113, JAPANTel & Fax : +81-77-549-8238
E-mail : diwpa@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp

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