東日本大震災における被災動物対応の現状と今後の課題―放射性物質汚染への対応を考える―
The Current Situation Concerning the Handling of Animals Affected by theGreat East Japan Earthquake - Considering Responses to Radioactive Material
Contamination
福島県 酪農業協同組合 生産部診療課 課長／獣医師・佐藤 利弘

Toshihiro SATO, Veterinarian, Medical Care Division Head,
Production Department, Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming Association

Unlike the previous speaker, who talked about small

extent unique. There were fewer deaths due to theanimals, my main focus will relate to industrial animals.

earthquake and tsunami in Fukushima than in the

I will of course also speak about the situation inside

prefectures further north but it is unique in that it

the evacuation zone but I should mention from thealso suffered a major nuclear accident on top of thestart that I have not been inside the zone myself.

earthquake disaster.

Nevertheless, as an industrial official of sorts, I have
handled a variety of information resources includingThis is a photograph taken using a mobile phone onstories and reports made by colleagues from myMarch 11th, the day of the earthquake, just after the

Association who did make temporary visits into thequake hit. Immediately after the shaking died down,

evacuation zone. From such sources I have produced

I could see cracks in the ground here and there and I

the materials I am going to share with you today.

thought it would be a good idea to photograph them.
However, I don’t have any of the photos I took afterAs I am connected with Fukushima Prefecture Dairy

this one so when I later show you photos of my office

Farming Association, I will be centering today’s talkand other places, I will use photos taken by otheron dairy cattle. As an overview, I am first going tostaff members. This photo shows the scene of thetalk about the events that happened in Fukushima

earthquake. I heard that the force of the tremor here

Prefecture approximately one year ago.

was measured as 6 upper. The side of this cattle shed
has been crushed and the cows gathered here are

At present, I live in Koriyama City in Fukushima

almost in panic trying to get out. Here is my mobile

Prefecture. This is the newspaper delivered to my homehealth clinic and below this place is an embankment

on March 12th, the day after the earthquake. You saw

that was created by leveling a mountain. When I looka picture of the same newspaper in a slide shown byback now, because the ground had been so weakened

Dr. Ito earlier. I saved this copy, keeping it in a bag for

it would have buried the road below if it had collapsed

more than half a year.

and I would have been unable to get back. Inside thisbuilding is a processing room where the refrigerator

I remember that the March 13th edition of thehas slid to one side and the roof has come down. This

newspaper didn’t arrive, and I thought that thewas the only actual photo I took under these conditions.

newspaper shown in Dr. Ito’s slide must have been
this particular edition. The news about the earthquake

Here is a map of Fukushima Prefecture. At the timewithin the prefecture was like this. As you can see, theof the earthquake I was here, in Shirakawa City. I

tsunami was reported in many places.

have homes in Shirakawa and in Koriyama, and theoffice where I work is in Motomiya City. The distance90

Regarding the disaster situation, as Dr. Kawamata was

between Shirakawa and Koriyama is just undersaying just now, Fukushima’s situation was to some

50km. When driving between them I usually take the

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

expressway but even when I use the ordinary road thejourney only takes about an hour. After the earthquake

As for traffic, I placed marks to indicate places where

the expressway was obviously closed and, along thethe roads had collapsed to a serious extent and where

ordinary road, there were landslides or subsidence

the possibility for restoration were poor. This situation

points in many places. Because such falls had narrowed

continued for a while. Also, most telecommunication

the navigable road width, only one lane was available.

links were completely severed. Even mobile phone

This meant that both traffic directions had to alternate

connections were difficult to maintain and we had toand congestion was inevitable. Because National

dial several times to get through. So we had a lot ofHighway 4 was jammed with traffic I was unable to go

trouble contacting with other people at that time.

directly home and I had to take an alternative road. But
even taking advantage of this indirect route I remember

As for food, just after the earthquake I remember

how it took me about five hours to make the usual one-buying about twice as much bread, etc., as usual from ahour journey from Shirakawa to Koriyama. Once there I

convenience store on my way home but, after that food

was able to confirm that my wife and children were safe

had virtually disappeared from all the shops.

and then checked on the situation at my work place.
I also found out about my parents and their situation.

Then, gradually, fuel shortage became the big problem.

They were at our old family home in Tamura City. All

Immediately after the earthquake things were not sothese checking activities filled the rest of the day. I wasbad but the situation grew worse little by little. On theable to return home by 11pm but around 2am there

evening of the earthquake day I filled up my car on mywas an after-shock so I hardly slept that night. That’s

way to my parents’ home in Tamura City. This was out

my recollection of the day of the earthquake.

in the countryside and the gas station was still open.
On the morning of the next day, I saw lines of vehicles

This is a photograph of my office building in Motomiya

including private cars filling up at gas stations. After

City. As Dr. Kawamata said earlier, the situation differedthat, supplies were cut off completely and there wasfrom place to place but I heard that the extent of

absolutely no prospect of refueling. In addition, because

damage to the buildings themselves was not so great.

of the nuclear accident, everybody began thinking that

Dairy farmers reported no direct damage to cattle

they would need to find a way to evacuate to a far-off

sheds, although processing room equipment units werelocation. Obviously they needed to prepare enougha complete mess, of course.

gasoline to be able to travel distances beyond 100km
when the time came.

The main immediate problem was not so much thedestruction of buildings but the problem of broken

News was reported on a piecemeal basis, and there“lifelines” for electricity, gas and water supplies. In

was little information about the actual nuclear accident

the case of livestock farming, and dairy farming insituation. People were saying, “I saw smoke coming out

particular, it is impossible to operate on a daily basisof the power station on TV, but what’s going on?” There

without electricity or water. In the northern area of

was little from the media in terms of specific evacuation

Fukushima Prefecture, the lifeline situation was severe.

information.

Many farms were using subterranean water obtainedby boring wells, but with no electricity to power the

At work, I first checked on the safety of other staff

pumps, the water stopped flowing. I believe Fukushimamembers. When I got to my office I confirmed theCity also experienced many power cuts. Due to pastdamage status to our related facilities and buildings,

incidents, some farmers did have off-grid power

discussed what we should do next, and tried hard togenerators but because most of these units had notevaluate what we would need to do and prospects forbeen run on a regular basis their engines were not in

the future. This work took about two or three days.

perfect running order and they proved unreliable.

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201291This is a communications record table from that time.

supplies and other distribution-related items had

If we were having trouble making contact with people,

been cut off. The milk processing plant itself was also

when I was able to reach them, I tried to keep a record

damaged. Of course, we were also unable to continueof each instance like this. This is a photograph taken

to supply feed. Although farmers continued their milkin the office. First of all, we systematically worked

production, the milk was not in a fit condition to be

to confirm safety, fuel quantities, and staff member

shipped. Conveying information of this kind to farmers

movements.

was one of the association’s first priorities.

The next slide shows the congestion as vehicles waited

I was overseeing medical care services and, due tofor refueling at a gas station after the earthquake. The

the earthquake situation, we could only respond tostation was actually closed but a rumor had spread thatemergency cases. I instructed staff “to minimize theit might be possible to obtain gasoline there which led

distance travelled by our ambulances to provide

to this queue of vehicles forming in front of the station.

medical care efficiently each and every time we go out.”

My impression is that, as time passed and information

As for breeding dairy cattle and trading calves, thetools such as Twitter and Mixi began to be used

usual auctions could not be held because of damage tomore effectively, people became more aware of thethe livestock auction marketplace. The slaughterhouses

opportunities that came along to obtain fuel.

and related facilities to which beef cattle are usuallyshipped were also damaged and there was no prospect

However, the situation for refueling service vehiclesof them reopening in the foreseeable future.

remained severe. ‘Emergency vehicle’ designation asshown in this photograph became necessary. With such

In the light of this situation, the Ministry of Agriculture,a designation certificate, drivers of hospital-related

Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Nationaland other emergency vehicles could obtain limited

Federat ion of Dairy Co-operat ive Asso ciat ionsamounts of fuel at gas stations involved in the scheme.

(Zenrakuren) issued written notices concerning cattle

However, because counterfeit documents also beganrearing management. They asked farmers, for example,

to proliferate in Fukushima and Koriyama cities, local

to nurse calves on whole milk in order to reduce theofficials restricted the number of permits issued. Even

amount of milk having to be discarded. I will talk morewith a designation certificate, separate identification

about this later, but the MAFF sent us documents

documents became necessary. I heard that someon livestock feed management following the nuclear

people who already had emergency vehicle designation

accident, and we notified the association’s members

certificates resorted to driving onto the expressways

accordingly.

just to obtain fuel at service area gas stations.
Our thinking with respect to the emergency was that,
This photograph was taken in front of a supermarket.

in the case of dairy farming, it would be difficult to

No rationing system had been introduced and a queue

suddenly stop milking the cows and, of course, in

had already formed in front of the store before it

order to produce a lot of milk cows usually consume

opened. A system of letting customers enter in groups

a lot of feed. So under a situation in which feedstuffof 20 at a time was operated. Supplies in the store were

supplies are interrupted we set out to manage things sorunning low, and naturally there were no natto or milkthat the cattle would get by on the available feed andproducts available.

live longer, even if leaner. But managing this plan inpractice proved to be a problem. Reducing the amountOn the work front, we had to inform association

fed to the cows did reduce the volume of milk theymembers and other farmers about the association’s own

produced but, as the practice continued, the animals

damage and our milk collection capability. Basically,began to develop a variety of different illnesses.

milk collection could not be carried out because fuel92

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

Based on the above situation, we produced andfrightened. This is a photograph of a cypress plantation

distributed notices informing farmers about certain

where the trees along the fault line have fallen and arepoints of caution and advising “in such and such a case,standing at an angle. This continues for about 2km

please take the following course of action.” Also, withthrough the plantation. Witnessing this with my own

regard to anticipated illnesses, I remember we sent out

eyes made a very powerful impression on me.

advice notices saying, “In this situation, please note thatsuch and such a disease can easily occur.”

The industrial animals or livestock field can be broken
down into a rough classification as shown here.

A c t u a l l y, w e l l b e f o r e t h e e a r t h q u a k e , w e h a d

Industrial animals include, first of all, cattle, which

experienced some similar situations. For instance, inare sub-divided into dairy cattle, commercial cattle,

1980, Fukushima Prefecture suffered heavy snow

and beef cattle. Other cattle classifications include

which caused a breakdown in the distribution system.

breeding wagyu (Japanese cattle), so called stock

In 1998, heavy flooding had also affected the prefecture

cattle, and wagyu veal calves. Next come pigs, which

which resulted in similar distribution problems. But

include breeding pigs and meat pigs. As for chickens,such past problems had been confined to limited areas

there are broilers and layers, while horses are divided

whereas this time the situation affected the entire

into breeding horses, commercial horses and tourism

prefecture. So while we were able to apply know-how

horses. Fukushima is well known for the Soma-Nomai

gained from past breakdown experiences it was still

Festival (in which participants dress as Samurai onvery difficult to gauge future recovery prospects forhorseback) and horses are kept specifically for thissuch a prefecture-wide problem.

purpose.

For dairy farmers, throwing away good milk isThis data is also from somebody related to the

obviously a hard thing to do both psychologically andprefectural government. These figures show thefrom a business standpoint. To try and lessen thisnumbers of animals being raised about a year before

problem, I remember issuing guidance notices to ask

the earthquake. Actually, this data is for the Soso

farmers to pay attention to feeding details. For example

District, a costal jurisdiction with approximately

I suggested they feed cows on grass only in order to

2,700 dairy cattle, 10,000 beef cattle, 400 horses,

reduce the amount of milk produced, etc.

40,000 pigs, as well as the figures for sheep, goats andchickens. Of these, the figures for animals being raised

Changing the subject to address damage to buildings,

inside the evacuation zone were 1,400 dairy cows,

the March 11th earthquake caused little damage to5,500 beef cows, 127 horses, and 34,000 pigs.

buildings in Shirakawa. But one month later, on April
11th, there was an aftershock measuring above 5 on

Let me repeat that the earthquake or the tsunami of

the Japanese earthquake intensity scale. I heard fromMarch 11th, 2011 caused almost no direct damage tomany people that this tremor caused considerable

livestock in this region. I heard of only one farm being

damage to farm houses and other buildings.

damaged, and that was no longer operating. An empty
cattle shed was washed away in the tsunami. However,

The April 11th earthquake had its epicenter near

there were no reports of livestock having been taken by

Iwaki (about 30km south of the Fukushima Daichi

the tsunami.

Nuclear Power Plant). This photograph shows wherea seismic fault slipped during the quake. At that time

The southern part of Fukushima Prefecture suffered

I was visiting farms in Iwaki as part of my work, andlittle direct damage from the earthquake. Lifelines

I took this photograph during my journey. The fault

such as electricity, gas and water supplies were not

jumped by about two meters. It was the first time I had

affected in most places, and there were no problems

ever seen a fault slip with my own eyes and I was very

with buildings or facilities. What was different after the

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201293

earthquake was that feedstuff was no longer delivered

production cycle, including the disposal of manure. In

and milk-collecting trucks stopped coming to farms.

particular, because the livestock industry operates on

Apart from that the situation on most farms wasa production cycle including the handling of feces andnormal.

urine (as well as animal feed) radioactive contamination
had become a big problem. Simply throwing away feces

There was an animal feed manufacturing plant inand urine would create enormous problems within a

Ishinomaki in Miyagi Prefecture, but it was badly

production cycle for producing products using raw

damaged by the disaster, and it proved very difficult

materials. And naturally, this also touches directly on

to make it operational again. So for feed supplies wethe “food safety issue”.

had to turn to a plant in Kashima in Ibaraki Prefecture.
The feed makers had a hard time, but they were able to

Earlier I mentioned the initial evacuation instructions

respond to the emergency demand.

given to people living in the 20km and 30km zones
following the nuclear accident, which had a negative

The milk from these farms is usually shipped to theimpact on livestock management. A major turning point

dairy plant at Fukushima Prefecture Dairy Farming

came with the zoning designation that came into effect

Association, where I work. Naturally, the earthquake

on April 22nd. Up until that time, even though farmers

caused damage to the plant and, while we tried as hard

had evacuated from their homes, they were still able toas we could to effect repairs, it took almost two weeks

keep their cows by commuting back and forth between

before we were able to resume operations.

their temporary homes and their farms. There were also
some farmers who ignored the evacuation instructions

After that, the number-one issue was physicaland remained home while continuing to tend theirdistribution. Along with the fuel supply problem, thisanimals. I have no way of confirming the story, but I

was an extremely severe problem.

did hear from a reliable source about an elderly couple
living 3km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear PowerIn addition, we had the nuclear accident to deal with.

Plant who did not evacuate but instead continued toFarmers living inside the evacuation zone, including

tend their cows.

those who kept animals, were ordered to evacuate.
Of course, some people in designated areas were

Next we come to the topic of livestock evacuation. I

told to evacuate immediately after the earthquake,heard that, immediately after the earthquake, somebut most were instructed to evacuate afterwards asfarmers requested livestock dealers to completely

the nuclear accident unfolded. One problem was that

evacuate their livestock. But despite these measures,the instructions given were changed. For instance,

the actual situation was that animals taken out ofthese instructions were finalized when the previous

Fukushima by dealers could not be sold. In the end,

designated area was changed on April 22nd. Initially,

there was no alternative but to return them to theirdesignated 20km and 30km zones were established andplaces of origin.

the general agreement of all was requested. But later,
after this was changed to a systematic evacuation zone,

During this time, farmers considered various ways toa considerable number of farmers found themselves on

evacuate their animals, such as putting cattle with thethe borderlines. They faced a tough situation in which

best pedigrees into the care of acquaintances living

they had to evacuate.

outside the evacuation zone. Some farmers inside the
20~30km zone (where residents were instructed to

As all this was going on, the feeding environment also

remain indoors) also attempted to temporarily movechanged. Surveys revealed that in the latter half of

their animals.

2011 the situation had reached a point where many
farmers were unable to use feed or maintain the94

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

This was a problem. As was shown in the slide a little

earlier, first of all, the evacuation zone was designated.

now. For almost two months following the earthquake

The livestock were then tethered and left, or else put

up until early May, the situation was that no milkout to pasture. This remains the case even now because

could be shipped to market throughout Fukushimaclaims for compensation are involved. Many farmers

Prefecture. However, although there were still various

are in a situation in which their livestock are being kept

debates ongoing, milk processing factories began

in this way while their dairy business is temporarily

operating two weeks after the earthquake. Because

closed, or else they have gone out of businesslocal raw milk could not be used the business owners

altogether.

brought in raw milk from Iwate Prefecture.

As for the planned evacuation zone, in the beginning,

The restoration of facilities such as the auction market

according to the government ordinance, livestock were

and the slaughterhouses took between two or three

to be left in the same way as in the earlier evacuation

weeks. Although beef cattle distribution, including tozone. However, the new zone covered a very wide area,

the slaughterhouses, did restart we then had a riceand on top of that, it would be hard for the industry

straw problem in July and radioactive cesium was

if so many production resources were lost. So after

detected in beef. So beef cattle shipments stopped again

discussing with Fukushima Prefecture about thefrom July until the middle of August.

method and procedure for transferring livestock, we
decided on some rules including the issue of external

The general public was not informed about it but weradioactivity screenings. Then we transferred livestock

also had a dead cattle problem. Any cattle that died on

to other areas within the prefecture on a temporary

family farms had to be examined for BSE. Procedures

basis. It was decided that the transfers would be carried

dictated that such livestock carcasses were sent toout during May, which was the time limit for thethe Livestock Hygiene Service Center to be examinedplanned human evacuation. They went ahead in line

for BSE, and then sent to Aomori Prefecture wherewith the procedures decided.

they were handed over to industrial waste disposal
operators for rendering. However, because radioactive

Regarding the area designated as the emergency

contamination was detected in the meat and bone

evacuation preparation area, following the designation,of some carcasses after disposal, the transport ofmilk shipment controls etc., were put into effect for the

livestock carcasses into Aomori was temporarily

period until the end of June. After this period, normal

prohibited. Accordingly, a special measure was put

production and shipments were resumed.

into effect in Fukushima, under which farm households
were instructed to bury any cattle that died on their

Many radioactive hot spots were found in Fukushimapremises. Before doing so they were required to obtain

City. This problem affected farmers more than otherthe permission of not only the Ministry of Agriculture,

residents. Some farmers were found to have hot

Forestry and Fisheries, but also of the local Public

spots on their land, others were declared to be OK

Health Department. The latter would issue orders thatafter individual examinations were made and a third

the burial must not take place anywhere near watergroup had to close their businesses due to radioactive

sources and must be performed to a depth of so many

contamination.

meters. This order was related to the Rendering Plant
Control Act. Later on, similar stories came out from

When the earthquake struck, this place sufferedinside the evacuation zone. In any case, with thisdirect damage and it took about two weeks before a

special measure, the disposal of livestock carcasses

recovery was achieved. Then there was an order to stop

was speeded up. Early on, the carcasses were kept

shipments because radioactivity was detected in raw

refrigerated at the Livestock Hygiene Service Center.

milk. Indeed, except in the Aizu district, the production

But it was when the center became full that theand shipment of milk has remained suspended until

rendering plant was unable to process carcasses. Even

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012

95

after the rendering plant restarted operation, within

exceed the 50 becquerel standard, the other cattle

less than a week, processing halted again becausefrom the same farm could be shipped outside of theradioactive material was detected in meat and bone.

prefecture. Even so, in reality, the cattle that were soldThis situation continued until June.

outside the prefecture did not sell at the subsequent
December auction market and had to be returned toWhen evacuees began to make temporary visits to their

Fukushima.

homes inside the evacuation zone, livestock carcasses
were covered with blue sheets and sterilization carried

Later, I will be showing some slides of livestockout using hydrated lime. There was a suggestion to

inside the evacuation zone. Problems such as thedispose of carcasses in advance of the visits in view ofabandonment of livestock carcasses and so-called

public hygiene issues and the potential psychological‘runaway’ animals are happening even now. Also, thedamage to evacuees.

situation with pig and chicken farming is just as theprevious speaker reported.

The reason why carcasses could not be buried and why
they had to be covered with blue sheets and sterilized

I suppose many of you find it difficult to imagine thewith lime was because suitable instructions forshape of the map of Fukushima Prefecture. Actually, it

processing matter contaminated with radioactivity was

has a shape a little like that of Australia basically. Lake

not specified in the Act on Special Measures Concerning

Inawashiro is located in the center; the Aizu district is

Nuclear Emergency Preparedness.

on the west side; Nakadori, with the cities of Fukushima,
Koriyama and Shirakawa, occupies the central area; andWith regard to the treatment of feeding livestock in

Hamadori, with cities such as Iwaki and Soma, is on thethe designated area, until April 22nd, farmers wereeast side. Here are the Abukuma Mountains. There is aallowed to move such animals independently. Up until

concentration of livestock farmers around here. There

that date, although there were gates in place, people

is a nuclear power plant here, and here is Iitate Village.

were still allowed to enter and leave the evacuation

From Iitate to the nuclear power plant flows the Ukedo

zone. But from April 22nd onwards, solid barricades

River. This river supports salmon, which swim slowly

were set up and people were ordered to remain outside,

upstream through this gorge.

with the result that farmers simply had to leave theirlivestock behind in the evacuation zone. As far as

Regarding the evacuation zone, as decided after the

possible, some livestock in the planned evacuation zone

earthquake, at first an order was given for people

were transferred to other locations within Fukushima

living between 20 and 30km from the Fukushima

Prefecture.

Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to remain indoors. Among
livestock farmers, there were those who wanted to96

Eventually, in a so-called “mobile sellout”, farmers

continue operating their dairy businesses and others

elsewhere in the prefecture were asked to purchase as

who took the disaster as an opportunity to stop dairy

many cattle as possible at a temporary auction market,

farming. (Eventually, some of them moved to otherand in this way a significant number of cattle wereplaces and reestablished their dairy businesses there).

transferred out of the zone. There were also some cases

At first, dairy farmers naturally complied with thewhere farmers were able to sell their cattle outside ofevacuation orders for the 20km and 30km zones. But,

the prefecture. At that time, the prefectural government

later, when the designated areas order was issued,

made a regulation under which the external exposure

while some farmers were delighted (because it meantcondition of cattle was to be checked prior to transfer,they were still all right), there were others who felt, “I’with one cow or bull per family farm to be examined asve already made my decisions, so it’s too late now.”a monitoring animal. This animal was to be slaughteredAlso, as I mentioned earlier, with the detection of hot

and, provided that its meat contamination did not

spots, two family farms were identified in zones where

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

hot spots were discovered and, following a second

200 tons of milk this way.

survey, one household had to close down its business.
Concerning the resumption of milk shipments, several
As Dr. Ito mentioned, notices such as “Don’t feed cows

procedures have had to be followed. The basic rule ison grass” and “Don’t put cows out to pasture” were sentthat the raw milk must be examined every week. If theout to give guidance with feeding management.

radioactivity level is found to be below 100 becquerels
for three successive weeks, the milk can be shipped.

As I mentioned during my outline explanation there

Raw milk shipments were resumed under this rule.

was a period after the earthquake when raw milk

Eventually, the monitoring examinations were carried

shipment was impossible. A ban on the raw milkout weekly in the cooler station units at the dairy

shipment was imposed which was later replaced byplants. These examinations are continuing even now.

the present raw milk shipment stop order. So, after theearthquake, Fukushima Prefecture made sure that no

There have been no cases of milk found to have a

local milk circulated in the market at all and, when thehigher reading than the standard level since shipments

milk processing plants did start up two weeks later, thewere resumed. Basically, raw milk collection was

raw milk used was produced in Iwate Prefecture.

restarted on April 18th and milk shipments resumed on
May 3rd apart from in the designated areas.

I’m afraid this slide is somewhat detailed and hard tosee. Monitor surveys uncovered about 15 samples with

However raw milk collection has not been resumed

readings above the standard levels. In the beginning, it

within the evacuation zone or the planned evacuation

was radioactive iodine that was detected. I heard thatzone. Some of the dairy cows remain there but others

the highest levels recorded were approximately 50,000

have been transferred according to a set of procedures.

becquerels. These days the highest levels are for cesium
at about 5,200 becquerels.

Regarding dead cattle, because radiation was detectedfrom carcasses as well as from meat and bone,

These black circles are dairy processing plants. There

carcasses could not be rendered “up-stream”. So,

are two places in the Fukushima City area and one eachinstead, the method of burying carcasses was employed.

in Motomiya, Koriyama and Aizu. I don’t believe theNow, however, we have changed rendering operatorsplant in Aizu was subject to any shipment controls.

and carcass rendering is proceeding as normal.

It is a very tough job for farmers to dispose of raw

We had cattle at many stages of life, including calves,

milk on their own. One method is to sprinkle the milk

newly pregnant heifers, etc., Until April 21st, theonto fields or grassland, but this cannot be carried out

decision to transfer these animals was left up to therepeatedly in the same place. This is because, in small

judgment of their owners. But after that, designatedamounts the milk can be a fertilizer, but if too much isarea movement restrictions were imposed.

spread on the ground rancid milk prevents grasslandfrom being used. At one farm I visit, their shipment

Regarding the planned evacuation zone, under thevolume is 4 to 5 tons per day which is far too large asituation at the time, it was impossible for individual

quantity to sprinkle on grassland. So they have dug

farmers to sell all their animals and transfer them,

deep holes and pour the milk into them. In the holeso the Dairy Farming Association secured temporary

shown here, about 50 tons of milk has been thrownplaces to hold them. We renovated closed-down oraway. With the passing of time, the milk has evaporated

empty cattle sheds and moved the animals in groups.

and the volume reduced, but the milk surface has

At first, during discussions on what to do about the

become so hard that a cat can walk on it. The farmer

evacuation zone, Fukushima Prefecture considered

has dug such holes in four places and disposed of about

leaving or transferring all livestock, including those

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201297

that were in the planned evacuation zone. The local

Regarding transfer of the cattle living in the planned

authorities and the organizations involved held

evacuation zone, there are various rules to follow as

discussions and came to a decision about how towell. One is that we must carry out radiation exposure

proceed. Consequently, the Dairy Farming Association

screening tests before cattle transfers. The same

secured temporary evacuation places and transferred

applies when shipping cattle to auction markets or tothe cattle from the planned evacuation zone to theseslaughterhouses.

facilities.
According to a veterinarian working for the Prefectural
This photo shows one of the empty cattle sheds

Government, the very highest readings obtained fromwe restored. In moving the cows, we faced a lot ofthese tests were about 12,000cpm. Decontamination islimitations. In keeping with the Act on Domestic Animal

required in cases where the rate exceeds 100,000cpm.

Infectious Diseases Control, we had to check thatthe animals were not infected with diseases such as

Even after cattle have been transferred from theJohne’s Disease (which would mean they could not bedesignated evacuation area, farmers are not necessarilytransferred). And we had to follow procedures underallowed to transfer or resell their animals withoutthe ‘livestock friendly insurance system’. If, in the event

specific permission. Once resold, the cattle areof an accident during transfer, there were any reports

presumed to be “for human consumption” so there aremishandled when applying for insurance payments,

rules. For this reason, evacuated cattle destined for

insurances would not be paid. Moreover, since cattle

sale have to undergo a monitoring examination first. In

were gathered from various stock farms, we had tothe case of slaughterhouse shipments, the first animal

perform a certain degree of preventative sanitation. So

in every group will be subject to animal productwe carried out the minimum necessary vaccinations,monitoring tests without fail.

dermatological measures, tick treatments, etc.
In the case of Fukushima Prefecture, there is only
In particular, cattle sheds that have been left empty

one slaughterhouse having a processing capacity ofare prone to harbor ticks due to the likelihood of wild

only 36 animals per day, in Koriyama City. Given its

animals having used or visited them. There is also likely

small scale, it is impossible for this facility alone toto be mold growing in such places.

deal with general shipments from the prefecture’scommercial cattle farms. So after their monitoring tests

Following the earthquake, a variety of concerned

are done, farmers have to use slaughterhouses outsideorganizations sent aid supplies and donations to theof Fukushima Prefecture. The procedures are needed

disaster site and to organizations working on the

because of this. The same also applies to raw milk. The

front lines. The largest donation came from Hokkaido,

produce from the first cow is subject to a monitoring

consisting of several consignments of wrapped roll-

examination. In the case of meat, a certificate is issued

bale silage. In particular, there are many farmers infor products where radioactivity levels of less than 50

Hokkaido’s Ashoro district who originally came frombecquerels are recorded, allowing them to be shipped

Fukushima. Centered on an association formed byoutside of Fukushima Prefecture. At present, many

these people, JR Ashoro launched its own disaster siteof the animals are shipped to a slaughterhouse insupport activities, including a periodic provision of aid

Yuki City, Ibaraki Prefecture. The governors of bothsupplies in April, May and June. Just the other day,prefectures discussed and agreed to introducing thesimilar aid supplies were delivered to the Dairy Farming

examination system I just outlined.

Association, and a portion was used as feed for animals
kept in the temporary evacuation cattle sheds. The rest

Moreover, it has been decided to set the validity period

was distributed among the members of our Association.

of these certificates at three months and make thecertificates subject to renewal. So in cases when the98

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

period between testing and shipment is extended,government has tried to deal with all dead animals

the animals in question have to receive additionalin the same way. However, due to problems in themonitoring inspections in Fukushima before they begin

working environment such as the air radiation dosages,

to be shipped outside the prefecture. This regulation

etc., while there were some places accessible to people,

is still in effect. The same procedures apply to beefsome other places were too dangerous to enter. So not

cattle, dairy cattle and to shipments of raw milk fromall dead animals could be treated.

primiparous cows.
Animals are still having to be destroyed inside theRegarding external radioactive exposure, there is a ruleevacuation zone. The animal is first captured andthat animals found to have readings above the standard

its individual identification established. This allows

10,000cpm should be decontaminated.

the owner to be identified. Then, with the owner’s
consent, the animal is destroyed. (Without the owner’

Changing the subject, I will next talk about thes agreement, the animal cannot be destroyed). The

restarting of dairy businesses by evacuated farming

procedure used to destroy the animal is to use ahouseholds. Naturally, everybody living within thesedative, followed by an anesthetic and lastly a muscle

evacuation zone was evacuated leaving their cows

relaxant. Then the death of the animal is confirmed,

behind so the number of farmers who have restarted

the individual information recorded and the external

their operations inside the zone is zero. These people

radioactivity exposure dosage measured. Finally theare living in temporary accommodation and haveanimal is buried.

suspended their operations. For the farmers in theplanned evacuation zone, the situation was a little

According to a report, as of the end of January 2012,

different because they had a period of preparation.

a total of 1,142 cattle had been destroyed, as well as

Invitations came from Yamagata, Hokkaido andabout the same number of pigs and 80,000 chickens.

elsewhere for Fukushima dairy farmers to move to a

The veterinarian working for Fukushima Prefecture also

new prefecture and restart their farming operations

made this report. Actually, the prefectural government

there. However, diary farmers usually have strong

funded all the procedures carried out in the evacuation

attachments to their land and find it difficult to decidearea, and there was no support from the central

to move. Nevertheless, two dairy farming families fromgovernment at all.

within the planned evacuation zone did find vacant,closed-down, dairy farming facilities elsewhere andAt first, the biggest problem was that burying the

moved their own cows in to restart operations, after

carcasses of destroyed livestock was not permitted.

milk shipments from their original farms were no

Carcass disposals were restricted under the Basic Act

longer possible. Also, one dairy farmer voluntarily

on Nuclear Energy Measures although, from July 8th,

closed down due to a hot spot being found on his land.

it became possible to temporarily bury carcasses with

Some dairy farmers in the designated area discontinued

measured radioactivity levels below 8,000 becquerels.

their businesses by taking the crisis as an opportunity.

Because such burying was not generally allowed, there

Business discontinuation rates of diary farmers

were severe problems from the decay and stench ofoutside the designated area and outside of Fukushima

rotting carcasses and from maggots and flies. While

Prefecture have risen since the time of the disaster.

hydrated lime was spread as a countermeasure, at thetime, it was said to be only of limited effectiveness.

Let me go back now to the sprinkling of hydrated
lime on the carcasses of dead animals, the emergency

When we came to ask owners for their agreement toeuthanasia of dying animals and the emergency

destroy carcasses, many of them wanted confirmation

measures for runaway cattle. Since temporary visitsthat they would be compensated for their losses.

resumed at the beginning of May, the prefectural

However, at that time, compensation for individual

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 201299

animals having to be destroyed had not yet been

for the future.

decided. My understanding is that the administration’s standpoint was that they could not pay such

Although it is widely surmised that no livestock werecompensation. Eventually, claims for compensation

evacuated from the evacuation zone, in fact this waswere made to TEPCO. But, in the event, I have heard

not the case. For instance, Fukushima Prefecturethat obtaining agreement to destroy livestock wasapproved the transfer of 31 horses kept for the Soma-difficult.

Nomaoi festival. These animals were approved as theresult of an examination performed by Dr. Ito. Also, 26

I also heard that it was a huge task looking for cattle

pigs were approved for transfer to Tokyo University forcarcasses because the remains were badly spoiled byexamination purposes. Their movement was approved

runaway pigs, etc. Even when traps were set to capture

under the condition that their meat would not be used

cows in some cases the animals were later released. So

for food.

the task of capturing them was a tough one.
I must warn you in advance that the next photos depict
Early on, Tomioka Town was against taking actionsome very unpleasant things. They are actual scenes

against this problem. But when the number of runaway

from inside the evacuation zone. This photographanimals increased and the amount of damage theyshows mostly dead cows but some are still alive here

caused became greater, the town changed its policy

too. Basically, about 90% of these Holstein cows diedand encouraged people to capture and destroy such

while the other 10% became runaways.

animals. But there are some livestock farmers who lived
in the evacuation zone who still wish to continue theirI’ve heard from people who paid temporary visits tooperations, and the administration has had difficulties

the evacuation zone that Holstein cows somehow move

dealing with them.

around as if they have a type of homing instinct. They
are always found hanging around cattle sheds even

Another problem concerned handling cattle that did notthough they would be better off roaming far away tohave individual identification earmarks. In principle,

where there is plenty of vegetation for foraging. On the

all cattle should have earmarks. But in quite a few

other hand, in the case of Japanese Black cattle, aboutcases the tags had dropped off. Also, those cattle later

90% became runaways and only 10% stayed behindborn in the wild naturally do not have an earmark. As

and starved to death.

Dr. Ito mentioned earlier, after discussions with legal
professionals, it was decided to treat these animals as

This next photograph shows some runaway cattle. Even

being ownerless.

some Holstein cows and calves became runaways.

In addition, there was the problem of securing land for

At the 33rd annual meeting of the Japanese Society

the burial of carcasses. Burial became permissible onof Clinical Veterinary Medicine, President Yamane

July 8th. But in the same order it was stated the owners

expressed his concern that the processing of carcassesof the carcasses had the right to appoint the plannedin Fukushima was not progressing. Since then, thesites for the burials. I have heard that there weresituation has gradually moved from burying heaps ofmany cases in which agreement could not be reachedcarcasses to tidying up. But despite this progress, I havebecause the administration had to ask the owner, “where

heard that the work remained unfinished even intois the land you are appointing as the burial site?”2012.

This resulted in strong feelings among many owners.

100

Moreover, as this burial would only be temporary, theI also heard that people have attempted to catchquestion of how to later proceed with intermediate

runaway animals by making trap-like fences, but

processing and final disposal of the carcasses remained

it is actually very difficult to capture livestock that

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

have turned feral. Moreover, population proliferation

standard value being established for animal feed. The

due to mating between runaway farm animals or

tentative value was 300 becquerels. For compost, thebetween livestock and wild animals is a very serious

tentative value was 400 becquerels. The feed grown by

development from the perspective of containing

dairy farmers themselves is examined while the grass iscommon infectious diseases between animals. This also

still growing, but further tests become problematic after

relates to the issue of abandoned cultivated land andthe grass is cut and made into hay. During this process,to the “satoyama” problem (i.e., common land between

the hay is turned over and becomes dusted with soil.

areas of human-habitation and the wild) including

So if the soil is contaminated, the hay will be affectedthat of destructive wild animals such as boar and deer.

and cannot be used as feed. The three organizations

Abandoned cultivated land has been a problem fordiscussed this problem and decided not to use the first,

many years. With the nuclear power plant accident, it issecond and third crops of cut grass for feed.

very important for the livestock industry that livestock
farmers are able to produce their own animal feed, andOn the other hand, the use of dent corn as a feed crop

this year will be a turning point in seeing whether thiswas not a problem. Because the corn is cut up andis practical. If they can’t produce their own feed, they

carried away by a harvester there is no contamination

will not be able to claim compensation, but on the otherfrom the soil. So it was decided that dent corn could be

hand, they are asking the question, “If I can’t feed myused as feed.

livestock, how can I raise them?”
Regarding the dos and don’ts of feeding, one
The situation is that the number of dairy farmers inparticularly troubling problem is that different cities,

Fukushima has been reduced by 22~23% in the waketowns and villages within Fukushima Prefecture haveof this disaster. There are three dairy organizations indrawn between what can and what cannot be used as

the prefecture, and the overall volume of dairy produce

livestock feed. This may be OK from the standpoint

they handle has fallen to 80% of the pre-disaster level.

of judging final products but, in the case of animal

These are the figures for number of cows and the

produce, it is very difficult to make judgments about

volume of milk produced in the designated area, andusing grass from here and not using grass from overthis amount has been lost.

there. This is because the animals may be fed on hay
made from grass grown in neighboring municipalities.

Just after the earthquake, raw milk production volumes

That is why the three organizations felt the need towere down to 30% compared to the year before, butmake an overall decision.

then they recovered to about 70%. However, due to the
exceptionally hot summer, milk shortages continued

You are probably aware of the rice straw problem, as

through to the end of the year. Even moving into

this has been reported in the media. Radioactivity was

January of this year, production volumes have only

detected in meat from cattle in Fukushima fed on rice

recovered to 80% of the previous January’s level.

straw that had been harvested after the earthquake.
Regarding this meat, since beef from cattle shipped

This is a report on the monitoring examinations

from Minamisoma City and Asakawa Town exceeded

conducted by Fukushima Prefecture. According to thisthe standard value, beef cattle producers in Fukushimareport, high levels of radioactive contamination were

were initially requested to implement a voluntary

detected in the meat of wild boar, although not so highban on shipments of beef. This was then followed bythat the meat could not be used as food. However, evenshipment restrictions which meant that the producers

after the hunting season began, these animals were notbecame unable to slaughter their animals.

used for food.
These restrictions were lifted at the end of August and
The nuclear power plant accident led to an allowed

replaced by a set of procedures that had to be followed

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012101

before shipments could restart. Under these procedures,storage.

the first animal of each farmer’s shipment has to betested. The slaughtered animal’s meat must have aThis is an outline of the present problems. A new

radioactive contamination level below 40 becquerels.

standard has been decided for feed and farmers have

If the meat passes the examination, the rest of the

begun to adjust to it. Under the present temporary

animals in the shipment can be transferred outside ofstandard, if cows are fed on feed with a radioactivity

Fukushima Prefecture. But the situation has been madelevel of less than 300 becquerels, their milk can beserious due to the fact that, even before the earthquake,shipped, as can their calves. These calves will go on tothere was a serious shortage of slaughterhouse

become fattening cattle and people will consume theirfacilities in Fukushima Prefecture. Most cattle produced

meat. The milk will also be for human consumption. In

in Fukushima have long had to be slaughtered outside

the case of breeding wagyu cows, the calves are sold atof the prefecture at facilities in Ibaraki and Saitama

auction, and then fattened to produce beef.

Prefectures. Also, nowadays, all meat from slaughteredanimals raised in Fukushima is examined in Shibaura.

Breeding dairy cows and breeding wagyu cows are

Initial cattle monitoring examination results have aallowed to feed on materials with radioactivity levels

three-month limit, so if another slaughter takes place,

below 3,000 becquerels. At these levels there are no

the figures can be renewed based on the newer meat

problems when their calves become fattening cattle

examination results, eliminating the need for follow-up

and are turned into meat. However, after the cows havemonitoring of livestock in Fukushima Prefecture.

delivered five or six calves and are sent for slaughteras retired breeding cows, a problem occurs. The meat

Another difficulty in livestock farming has been thefrom these cows can’t be shipped. As a result, theircompost problem. For fattening cattle and dairy cattle,

carcasses have been accumulating in great numbers

the standard radioactive contamination limit for feed

and this is now a major problem. This is why we hearis 300 becquerels. On the other hand, for breeding

questions such as, “since they can’t be used as meat,

wagyu cattle that are not due to be shipped for somewhy can’t they be euthanized?” or “Can’t they be used

time, it has been decided that feed with levels below

for testing?” I think this problem foreshadows what

3,000 becquerels is OK. However, if farmers feed

Dr. Ito said about the desire to check on the internal

their cattle materials with high concentrations of

exposure condition of cattle.

radioactivity, then contamination levels in the animals’manure also becomes high. This compost problem is

Next, I would like to talk a little about the present

an ongoing issue right now. At present, the permitted

business situation of diary farmers in Fukushima

limit for fertilizer such as compost is a value below 400

Prefecture. Those who were evacuated from thebecquerels, but in actuality, according to individual

designated area are receiving compensation fromtest results, more than three-quarters of specimens

TEPCO under the assumption that they have

have radioactivity levels exceeding the limit. Because

temporarily suspended their operations, not that

this radioactive material was allowed into the animals’

they have closed down their business. (If a farmer

feed, a serious situation has developed. It is now

closes down his business, this compensation will noquestionable whether setting that regulation value was

longer be paid). Another issue concerns for how longa wise decision.

this compensation will be paid. This uncertainty isextremely demanding on the farmers mentally, a factor

When radioactivity in compost exceeds 400 becquerels

which itself has become a barrier to them restarting

it cannot be sold to the public but farmers are

their businesses.

allowed to re-use their own compost. However, if

102

the radioactivity exceeds 8,000 becquerels, it must

The present business environment is also a problem

be treated as nuclear waste and put into temporary

for the disaster victims. Within the livestock industry,

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

which includes compost, the need now exists for thecompost, feed crops, etc. Sodium iodide scintillators

environmental cycling of production which makes thehave been introduced by each agricultural cooperative

business situation severe. Even if dairy farmers re-start

for testing rice but, in order to test other items, atheir operations, this problem will remain from now

difficult adjustment procedure is needed to correct foron. Furthermore, working farmers who evacuated fromthe background. In particular, for testing rice straw, athe evacuation zone or designated area now have tovery fine adjustment is needed which requires great

commute in from their temporary housing. This is notcare.

a situation they will be able to cope with over the longterm.

Two days ago, at a meeting of Fukushima Veterinary
Medical Association’s Farm Animal Group, the following

Already almost a year has passed since the earthquake

point was brought up. “Although monitoring information

struck and they are struggling to maintain theiris announced on the prefectural website, who is actually

motivation for their business. There are also many

looking at it?” Regarding product safety awareness,

cases in which the wife or other members of thethere is huge discrimination against Fukushima

farmer’s family have evacuated to places outside

products. Although the prefectural government has

Fukushima Prefecture. As the designated areas become

been publicizing their countermeasures, many question

reconfigured, the time is drawing near when theseif this is enough and the subject remains a major issue.

people - including farmers who have temporarily

At first, a descriptive term “ND” (No Detection) was usedsuspended their operations - will have to decide what toin the announcements but, since around November,do for the future.

the notation system has changed to read “ND” and“Detection Limit Value”.

This is the actual air dose situation. Our association
has a branch office in Kodaka in Minamisoma City,

It is good to display the figures but the most important

approximately 13km from the Fukushima Daiichi

thing is to change the public’s zero-risk-oriented

Nuclear Power Plant. The air dose in this building is 6

attitudes. Since this new notation system started, “ND”

microsieverts per hour. This is the office in Motomiya

readings have continued. It is the same with beef,

City where I work. It has a comparatively high air dose

where occasional low radiation readings such as 13

figure. Earlier Dr. Kawamata said that he had to stopbecquerels are being detected. But as I mentioned

working because the accumulated dose he received wasearlier, all beef shipments are examined, and most ofhigh. I personally have been exposed to a cumulative

them are classified as “ND”.

dose of about 1.8 milisieverts.
A shipment embargo remains on mushrooms and
Seminars such as the one shown here are being held in

vegetables, but monitoring examinations are still

Fukushima Prefecture.

carried out on these products and results announced.

In the prefecture, radioactivity tests are conducted

Concerning monitoring examinations, the existing

using germanium-testing equipment, but these tests aretemporary standard will be replaced by a new standard

expensive and take a considerable amount of time tofrom next April. However, I am concerned that instead

carry out. So some organizations are performing theirof making consumers feel more safe this change may

tests using a sodium iodide scintillator. Our association

result in their zero-risk orientation becoming stronger.

already has two of these devices and we will obtain
another one soon. But even then, we will have nowhere

Compared with beef, for which all shipments arenear enough capacity to meet all the demands for

examined, raw milk monitoring tests, which are

testing. In addition to milk, which naturally has to be

performed on mixed milk in CS units and factory units,tested in Fukushima, we are called upon to test feed,

are subject to random inspections. For this reason,

2nd Live Love Animals International Conference on Animal Care in Kobe 2012103

there have been requests for raw milk to be examined

But in reality, even if such decontamination is carriedin each farmer’s bulk unit. But if this were actuallyout, the soil can still show higher levels of radioactivity

carried out there would be so many samples that itlater.

might not be physically possible to examine them all. It
would be very difficult in practice.

This is a demonstration video made by Fukushima
Prefecture. It shows the process of removing theOnce a product’s standard value has been decided,

surface layer from a meadow. This image shows athe standard value for the feed is also determined byplough turning over the land to reduce the amountmeans of a transfer coefficient, etc. This itself raisesof radioactivity measured. But although the levels do

another problem; whether it is OK to simply to cut

decline temporarily when the soil is turned over, it will

feed and examine it by unit acreage sampling or not.

still require further decontamination at a later date.

Yet another problem is that the detection limit differs

So even after decontamination is carried out, the basic

according to the type of detector used. In the case ofproblem remains. Also, when radioactive particles

the NAI scintillator, when it detects a figure of 10 or 20

are blown or washed down from the mountains, thebecquerels, these figures fall within the device’s error

radioactivity levels within the hydrological system (suchrange of plus or minus 30. So it is difficult to decide if

as freshwater springs and mountain runoff) rise again.

such a reading is OK or not.
Because of these increasing biological concentrations
Under the new set of standards that will start inof radioactive contamination, a number of tasks still

April, for milk, the cesium level tolerance will changeremain within the livestock industry related to thefrom the present 200 becquerels to 50 becquerels.

feeding of raw materials to livestock, animal productIn the case of meat, it will change from the present

distribution control, and risk analysis.

500 becquerels to 100 becquerels. Consequently,
for feed, the tolerance will change from the present

Because the government’s initial reaction to the

300 becquerels to 100 becquerels. Whether or not a

nuclear accident was so poor, the people have little

given feed crop is considered acceptable to use will be

trust in them. That lack of trust is resulting in many

determined according to the new standards and, on the

problems in many areas including food safety. Cattle

farms, this issue is considered to be a crucial point thisfarmers in particular are facing a severe situation in

year.

which they are, in many cases, being asked to agree tothe destruction of their own cattle and they have had

On the front lines in Fukushima Prefecture we are

restrictions imposed on the movement of these animals.

carrying out a variety of examinations based on these
conditions. For example, in the case of meat, radioactive

Regarding food safety, unless validation and proof ofcontamination is tested for by performing antemortem

safety can be established with greater assurance, it will

inspections. But I would ask, instead of this type ofbe difficult for producers in Fukushima to regain theinspection, could we not check meat prior to shipment

consumer confidence. At the end of the day, essentially,

by taking and examining blood samples or carrying out“trust” is the most important consideration.

a decontamination test? In this context, we have held aresearch results meeting to discuss possible methods ofFinally, I believe there needs to be a general review

decontamination.

of how to respond to nuclear accidents from now on.
It will not be easy to regain the public’s confidence in

104

As Dr. Kawamata also mentioned earlier, how tofood safety unless some such process is undertaken.

decontaminate soil is yet another problem. What isHowever, the effectiveness of the information released

being recommended is to remove the surface layer ofis impacted by problems on the information issuing

the soil and turn the remaining soil over with a plough.

side. Plus there is the quality of the information itself

りぶ・らぶ・あにまるず 神戸アニマルケア国際会議 2012

and the receiving side’s level of knowledge. So for the
dairy industry, the biggest and most important item on
our agenda is food risk management.
Thank you very much for listening.

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