Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ······························································································ v
Introduction ········································································································ 3Chapter 1Input and Output Properties of V-Forming Conversion ·········· 7

1.1. Input Properties of V-Forming Conversion
1.1.1. Input Category
1.1.2. Phonological Restrictions
1.1.3. Morphological Restrictions
1.2. Output Properties of V-Forming Conversion
1.2.1. Derivational Possibilities
1.2.2. Inflectional Properties
1.2.3. Semantic Properties
1.2.3.1. Output of V-Forming Conversion
1.2.3.2. Output of V-Forming Affixation
1.2.3.3. Semantic Comparison between Converted Verbs andAffixed Verbs
1.2.4. Argument Structure
1.3. Summary

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Chapter 2Conversion and Back-Formation in English

Basic Framework ······································································· 33

2.1. Introducing Two Theoretical Models
2.1.1. Inventory of English Morphological Processes2.1.2. Morpheme-Based Model
2.1.3. Word-Based Model
2.2. Examination of the Morpheme-Based Model
2.2.1 Zero-Derivation Analysis
2.2.2. Arguments against Zero-Derivation Analysis
2.3. Examination of the Word-Based Model
2.3.1. Conversion and Affixation in the Word-Based Model
2.3.2. Arguments against the Word-Based Model
2.4. Introducing the Hybrid Model
2.4.1. Need for Synthesis
2.4.2. Hybrid-Model for V-Forming Derivation
2.4.3. The Morpheme-Based Hybrid Model
Chapter 3

Semantic Aspects of V-Forming Conversion ···························· 57

3.1. Three Approaches to Semantic Function
3.1.1. Syntactic Approach
3.1.2. Lexical Semantic Approach
3.1.3. Sparse Semantic Approach
3.2. Evaluation of the Three Approaches
3.2.1. Evaluation of the Syntactic Approach
3.2.2. Evaluation of the Lexical Semantic Approach
3.2.3. Evaluation of the Sparse Semantic Approach
3.2.4. More on the Sparse Semantic Approach
3.2.4.1. Interpretative Freedom and Semantic Gaps
3.2.4.2. LCS Template: Predetermined or Not?
3.3. SummaryChapter 43333363843434446474850505255585859616262666771717479

Categorial Aspects of V-Forming Conversion·························· 81

4.1. Five Approaches to Categorial Function
4.1.1. Zero Derivation Approach
4.1.2. Correspondence Rule Approach
4.1.3. WFR Approach

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4.1.4. Relisting Approach
4.1.5. Category Underspecification Approach
4.2. Directionality of Conversion
4.2.1. Semantic Criteria
4.2.1.1. Semantic Dependence
4.2.1.2. Semantic Range
4.2.2. Quantitative-Distributional Criterion
4.2.3. Possibility of Further Derivation
4.2.4. Restrictions on Word-Form
4.2.5. Relative Frequency
4.2.6. Summary
4.3. The Lexical Properties of Conversion
4.3.1. Productivity
4.3.2. Blocking
4.3.3. Lexicalization
4.3.4. Compositionality of Meaning
4.3.5. Summary
4.4. Arguments for the Relisting Approach
4.4.1. Evaluation of the Five Approaches
4.4.2. Uniform Analysis of Various Categorial Combinations ofConversion
4.4.3. Restriction against Conversion from Suffixed Words
4.4.4. Non-Uniformity of the Conversion Output
4.4.5. Summary
4.5. Conclusion
4.5.1. The Sparse Semantic Approach as a Part of the Relisting
Approach
4.5.2. Essentials of V-Forming Affixation and Conversion
4.5.3. On “Deconstructing Morphology”
Chapter 5ix

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95
96
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103
103
103
104
105
108
109
110
110
110
111

Conversion and Morphosyntactic Contexts ····························113

5.1. Dependence on the Morphosyntactic Context
5.2. Biese (1941)
5.2.1. Central Claim
5.2.2. Morphosyntactic Contexts of ME and ModE Converted Verbs

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5.2.2.1. Denominal Converted Verbs
5.2.2.2. Converted Verbs from Non-Nominal Categories
5.3. Morphosyntactic Contexts of PE Converted Verbs
5.3.1. General Characteristics
5.3.2. Exemplification and Discussion
5.3.3. Summary
5.4. Three Types of Syntactic Means of Expression
5.4.1. “Converted Verb + It ” Construction
5.4.1.1. The Empty Object It as a Category Marker
5.4.1.2. “Converted Verb + It ” in PE Data
5.4.2. “Converted Verb + Particle” Construction
5.4.2.1. Particles as Category Markers
5.4.2.2. “Converted Verb + Particle” in PE Data
5.4.3. “Go + Ving” Construction
5.4.3.1. “Go + Ving” as a Category Marker
5.4.3.2. “Go + Ving” in PE Data
5.4.4. Summary
5.5. Morphosyntactic Contexts of PE Affixed Verbs
5.6. Conclusion and Notes on Semantic Fixation by Morphosyntactic
Contexts
Chapter 6119
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148
149
152

Back-Formation as a Type of Conversion ·······························157

6.1. Overview
157
6.2. Back-Formation in English Morphology
159
6.2.1. Introduction
159
6.2.2. Back-Formation as a Synchronic Process
160
6.2.2.1. Evidence for the Synchronic Relevance of Back-Formation 160
6.2.2.2. The Role of Criteria Other than the Semantic Dependence
Criterion
164
6.2.2.3. A Continuum of Semantic Detachment
167
6.3. Two Preceding Approaches to Back-Formation
168
6.3.1. Back-Formation as a Backward Application of WFR
168
6.3.1.1. Aronoff (1976)
168
6.3.1.2. First Problem: Back-Formation without a Model Rule169
6.3.1.3. Second Problem: Anti-Iconicity of Back-Formation
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6.3.2. Back-Formation as a Process Equivalent to Affixation
174
6.3.2.1. Haspelmath (2002)
174
6.3.2.2. The First Problem under Hypothesis B
176
6.3.2.3. The Second Problem under Hypothesis B
177
6.3.2.4. The Productivity of Back-Formation under Hypothesis B 178
6.4. Back-Formation as a Type of Conversion
180
6.4.1. Marchand (1960, 1969)180
6.4.2. Deriving Hypothesis C
183
6.4.3. The Two Problems under Hypothesis C
186
6.4.3.1. Model-less Back-Formation
186
6.4.3.2. Anti-Iconicity of Back-Formation
188
6.5. Further Support for Hypothesis C
189
6.5.1. Semantic Parallelism between Conversion and Back-Formation 189
6.5.2. Input Property of Back-Formation
195
6.5.3. Three Types of Syntactic Means of Expression
197
6.5.4. Morphosyntactic Contexts of Back-Formed Verbs
199
6.5.5. Inflection of Back-Formed Compound Verbs
205
6.5.6. -Ate Verbs
213
6.6. Nature of Formal Adjustment Operation
216
6.6.1. Subtypes of Formal Adjustment Operation
216
6.6.2. Formal Adjustment Operation and Conversion Doublets
221
6.6.2.1. Conversion Doublets of Differently-Adjusted Forms
221
6.6.2.2. Conversion Doublets of Adjusted and Non-Adjusted Forms 223
6.6.2.3. Conversion Doublets and Morphosyntactic CategoryMarkers226
6.7. Summary
233
Chapter 7

Concluding Remarks ································································ 235

Appendices
Appendix I: The List of Back-Formed One-Root Verbs
239
Appendix II: The List of Back-Formed Compound Verbs247
Appendix III: The List of Doublets of Back-Formed and Converted Verbs 254
Appendix IV: The Semantic Comparison between Doublet Members
257

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References ·········································································································263
Index··················································································································273